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^

i

THE

ANNUAL REGISTEE

1899

ALL THK VOLUMES OF

THE

1
NEW SERIES OP THE

ANNUAL

BEGISTER

1863

to

1898

MAI

' BE 1

SAD

THE

ANNUAL REGISTER

REVIEW OF PUBLIC EVENTS AT HOME

AND ABROAD

FOR THE YEAR

I89t)

M^W SDRIUS

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, & CO., Ltd. ; HOULSTON A SONS

SMITH, ELDER, & CO. : J. & E. BUMPUS, Ltd. ; H. SOTHERAN A CO.

BICKERS & SON ; J. WHELDON & CO. ; R. WASHBOURNE

1900

CONTENTS.

PART I

ENGLISH HISTOEY.

CHAPTER I.

State of Affairs Abroad and at Home — Foreign Policy — Mr. Morley'a Defence of
the '* Little Englandcr " — Dissensions of the Liberal Leaders — Mr. Morley,
Mr. Asquith and Sir E. Grey — Mr. Balfour at Manchester — The Crisis in
the Church — The Madagascar Blue-book — The Settlement of the Soudan —
Proposals for the Peace Conference par/e [1

CHAPTER II.

The Now Leader of the Opposition — Opening of Parliament — Debate on the
Address — British Policy in China — The Church and Parliament — Land Law
Reform — Reform of the House of Lords — Scottish Crofters — Ministers as
Directors — Irish Home Rule — Congested Districts — The Bishops and Their
Seats — Egyptian Affairs — London Government Bill Introduced — Slavery in
East Africa — Mr. Morley on the Soudan Campaign — The Sultan of Muscat —
The Education of Children Bill — The Army, Navy and Civil Service Estimates
— Affairs in China — Russian Policy — The Outlanders of the Transvaal —
Eastern Africa — Government of London Bill Read a Second Time — The Peers
and the Church — Secondary Education Bill Introduced — The Money-lending
Bill — Old Age Pensions and other Socialistic Bills — The Telephone Company
and the Post Office — Scotcli Private Bill Legislation — Bye-elections — National
Liberal Federation — Irish Catholic University — Convention with France —
Central African Settlement — Mr. Rhodes in Europe — Restlessness in the
Transvaal — SirH. Campbell-Bannerman's Defence — Railways Regulation Bill
Withdrawn [13

CHAPTER III.

The Socialists at Leeds — Mr. Courtney in Cornwall — Harrow Election — The
Budget — Small Houses Acquisition Bill — Decoration of St. Paul's — Board of
Education Bill — The London Government Bill in Committee — The Finance
Bill — The Primrose League at the Albert Hall and the Salvation Army at the
Mansion House — The Education Estimates — The Vice-President's Protest —
The Church Discipline Bill — Technical Education Bill for Ireland — China and
the Transvaal — The Licensing Commission — Lord Rosebery and the State of
the Liberal Party— The Que^n'e Eightieth Birthday .... [77

vi CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.

Mr. Chamberlain on Old Age Pensions — Mr. Morloy, Lord Spencer and Sir Wm.
Harcourt on the Liberal Party — The Bloemfontein Conference — The South
African Imbroglio — Mr. Robson's Bill — Grant and Vote of Thanks to Lord
Kitchener in Parliament — London Government Bill — Illegal Commissions
Bill — The Telephone Bill — Lord C. Beresford on British Policy in China —
The Indian Tarifif Bill — Youthful OfEenders Bill — The London Government
in the Lords — The Tithe Rent Charge Bill — The Bye-elections — Mr. Balfour
and Mr. Chamberlain on the South African Crisis — Sir H. Campbell-Banner-
man on the Liberal Party — Legislation by the Lords and Commons — The
Niger Company and Mr. Chamberlain — The Transvaal Dispute — Debates in
Parliament — Irish Agriculture and Technical Instruction — Colonial Loans
Bill — Board of Education — The Indian Budget — Old Age Pensions, Commit-
tee's Report — Prorogation of Parliament — Convocation and the Clergy — The
Peace Congress 2^^^ [1^

CHAPTER V.

Public Interest in the Dreyfus Case — Church Troubles — Transvaal Blue-book —
Colonial Sympathy with Government — Mr. Chamberlain's Highbury Speech
— Boer Conditional OfEer- British " Qualified Acceptance " — Boer Withdrawal
— British Despatch of September 8 — Negative Boer Reply — Some Criticism,
but General Support, of Government Policy — •• Interim Despatch " of Septem-
ber 23 — Mr. Balfour and the Duke of Devonshire on the Crisis — Last Hopes
of Peace — Military Preparations — Boer Ultimatum — Autumn Session — Great
Ministerial Majorities — Public Confidence about the War — Disappointments
— Lord Rosebery's Stimulating Speeches — Ministers at the Mansion House —
Speeches by Mr. Bryce, Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, and Mr. Asquith — Lord
Methuen's Successes — German Emperor's Visit — French Press Insults — Mr.
Chamberlain's Leicester Speeches — Khalifa's Defeat and Death — The •• Black
Week " of Reverses — Patriotic Enthusiasm at Home and in the Colonies —
Fresh Military Measures —Venezuelan Arbitration — Political Party Resolu-
tions— Church Difficulties — Trade Prosperity [172

CHAPTER VI.
Scotland and Ikeland ... [289

CONTENTS. vii

FOEEIGN AND COLONIAL HISTOEY.

CHAPTER I.
Fbance and Italy . page [245

CHAPTER II.
Qebmany and Austbia-Hungary [269

CHAPTER III.
Russia — Turkey and the Smaller States op Eastern Europe . . [300

CHAPTER IV.

Minor States of Europe : Belgium — The Netherlands — Switzerland

— Spain — Portugal — Denmark — Sweden — Norway .... [322

CHAPTER V.
Asia: India, etc. — China — Hong-Kong — Korea — Japan — Siam . . [351

CHAPTER VI.

Africa : Egypt — South Africa — East Africa— West Africa — Central

Africa [364

CHAPTER VII.

America : United States— Canada — Newfoundland— Mexico — Central

America — West Indies— South America [386

CHAPTER VIII.
Australasia [403

PART II.

CHRONICLE OF EVENTS IN 1899 page 1

RETROSPECT OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE AND ART IN 1899 . 77
OBITUARY OF EMINENT PERSONS DECEASED IN 1899 . . 127

STATE PAPERS: TRANSVAAL— VENEZUELA 187

INDEX 223

PREFATORY NOTE.

The Editor of the Annual Register thinks it neces-
sary to state that in no case does he claim to offer
original reports of speeches in Parliament or else-
where. For the former he is greatly indebted to the
Editor of the able and impartial summaries of ** Ross's
Parliamentary Record," which when necessary have been
supplemented by the more extended reports 6f ** Han-
sard's Debates," and in rarer instances of the Times,
Standard, etc. He has also to express his appreciation
of the obliging courtesy of the Editors of the Spectator
and the Guardian for their permission to make use
of the summaries of speeches delivered outside Parlia-
ment appearing in their columns.

ANNUAL EEGISTEK

FOE THE YEAE
1899.

PABT I.
ENGLISH HISTOEY.

CHAPTEE I.

State of Affairs Abroad and at Home — Foreign Policy — Mr. Morley's Defence of
the *• little Englander " — Dissensions of the Liberal Leaders — Mr. Morley,
Mr. Asquith and Sir E. Grey — Mr. Balfour at Manchester — The Crisis in
the Church — The Madagascar Blue Book — The Settlement of the Soudan —
Proposals for the Peace Conference.

The position of Great Britain in the councils of Europe had
been considerably altered by the events of the preceding year ;
but, whilst the new year opened under aspects externally peace-
ful, there was in reality little relaxation of the tension which
had lasted so long. The Czar's invitation to induce the statesmen
of Europe to make peace the primary aim of their policy was
regarded as delusive, or denounced as chimerical. On the other
hand, the hope of a better understanding with the United States
of America, and the prospect of estabhshing more cordial relations
with their politicians seemed the dawn of a brighter period for
Great Britain, of which the isolation in the European Concert
was more than ever patent. The Nile campaign with its corol-
lary, the Fashoda incident, had stirred the permanent but latent
ill-will of France, where a war-cry was anxiously awaited which
would unite the contending factions. In Germany the word had
been given from high quarters that British policy in South
Africa and elsewhere was to be supported, but public sentiment
was as hostile as ever, and .trade rivalry as keenly pressed.
Towards Russia, which with one hand was signing invitations
to a peace congress and with the other was threatening the
existence of the Chinese Empire, no cordial co-operation seemed
possible so long as the words of her ruler and the deeds of his

0

2] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [jah.

ministers were at variance. Turkey was momentarily unob-
trusive, and had become once more the open field of foreign
financiers, seeking from their respective Governments support
for their rival schemes. The European Concert had, after much
delay, succeeded in obtaining the reality, and not merely the
form, of an autonomy for the Cretans, and the island was at
length placed under the responsible government of a Christian
ruler. South Africa was still the most unsettled portion of the
empire, the racial diiBferences of the British and Afrikander
settlers becoming more accentuated as questions of supremacy
or preponderance arose. In the Transvaal, where the feeling
was most marked, a growing feeling of impatience was notice-
able on both sides ; and the murder of a British subject, and the
Bubsequent acquittal of the murderer, further embittered the
relations of the two nationalities.

Little apparent change had come over the position of political
parties at home. The withdrawal of Sir Wm. Harcourt and
Mr. Morley from the counsels of the Liberal leaders had been
received with equanimity by the rank and file of their own
party. Lord Eosebery*s chief aim was to mark his dissociation
from their views on foreign policy, whilst reserving to himself
the right to act with them in the criticism of the domestic policy
.of the Government. By general consent the question of the
party leadership was left in abeyance until the meeting of Par-
liament ; in other words, until arrangements could be made by
which her Majesty's Opposition could be rendered most effective
during the ensuing session. The most noteworthy incident of
this campaign was the issue of a manifesto by the long-dormant
Cobden Club in favour of the policy of the " open door," which,
if necessary, was to be blown open by artillery. Whilst recog-
nising the right of foreign Powers to settle their own tariiBfs in their
own way in their own territories and possessions, " we cannot
recognise that they have a similar right in countries now passing
from under their control, and where Englishmen have already
established interests.'* How far the Cobden Club represented
any body of opinion in Lancashire or elsewhere it would be diffi-
cult to say, or whether this manifesto was merely the personal
opinion of Lord Farrer, who made use of the name of a great
economist to give weight to his own opinions. If the Cobden
Club had any existence as a political influence, and had endorsed
its president's views, it was only evidence that the Liberal party
was more imperialist in its sentiments than the detractors of
Lord Eosebery imagined. It was not unreasonable, however,
for the representatives of British manufacture to desire to see
their interests better protected than had been the case in Mada-
gascar, where our treaty rights were deliberately set aside by
the French. They were therefore anxious that in the general
scramble for " derelict " territory all over the world the acquisi- .
tions of continental Powers should not be fenced in vrith
protectionist barriers. From this point of view the Cobden

1899.] Foreign Policy and Home Affairs, [3

Club was only offering support to the policy which Lord
Salisbury had been urging in China, Siam, West Africa and
elsewhere where our trade interests were threatened by European
Powers. This view, however, was not endorsed by Sir Edward
Clarke, one of the acutest-minded members of the Conservative
party. Speaking to the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (Jan.
5), he showed the fallacy of the fear that when imcivilised
coimtries pass into the hands of European Powers they ceased
to become profitable to the British merchant. He took, for
instance, the case of China, where the door was open and in the
keeping of natives, but where our trade during the past fifteen
years had decreased steadily. Sir Edward Clarke, however, in
his argument seemed to put aside the fact that the period he
had selected coincided with the adoption of an aggressive and
bounty-fed colonial policy by France, and with the enormous
commercial expansion of Germany.

The practical confidence felt in Lord Salisbury's management
of public affairs was seen in the results of the bye-elections held
during the earlier portion of the year. For Mid-Bucks Mr.
Rothschild, a Unionist, was elected without opposition to the
seat held by his uncle ; in the Newton division of Lancashire,
Colonel PiUdngton, and in Mid-Surrey Mr. Keswick, both Con-
servatives, were elected without a contest. Sir Charles Dilke,
speaking at Newent (Jan. 5), seemed to recognise the prevailing
political apathy, which, he said, was due to a variety of causes
originating in the Liberal party itself. The advanced Liberals,
he maintained, formed the bulk of the Liberal electorate, but
they were in a minority on the Liberal side of the House of
Commons. There were, moreover, many Liberal members who
wished virtually to justify the disruption of 1886, and the action
of the Liberal Unionists, by shelving Home Rule altogether.
Under these circumstances the new leader of the party would
probably be its most Conservative representative on the front
bench.

In the absence of more exciting topics, the proceedings of the
the annual conference of the Miners* Federation held at Edin-
burgh (Jan. 11) offered certain points of interest to students of
politics. The admission for the first time of the delegates of the
South Wales and Monmouthshire coal-fields, representing 60,000
men, showed the tendency of workmen, as of employers, to close
their ranks. The Compensation Act, which had passed in the
previous session, was received with more favour by the bulk of
the delegates than it had been by their representatives in Parlia-
ment, who had pohtical as well as class interests to consider.
Their conduct in this respect did not pass without hostile
criticism. One of the delegates, however, pointed out how very
far short the act fell of its intentions or of its promises. In the
course of the previous year (eleven months) 3,228 lives had been
lost in all trades by fatal accidents, and 63,562 persons had been
injured. More than half these accidents were due to causes

▲ 2

4J ENGLISH HISTOEY. [jan.

unrecognised under the act, and consequently the victims had
no redresa A desire was also expressed to raise the hmit of age
for the employment of boys and girls from thirteen to fourteen
years. With regard to the former a great diversity of opinion
was shown ; but of the employment of .girls, even at any age,
there was practically unanimous disapproval.

The more active poUtical campaign, preceding the meeting of
Parliament, was opened at Brechin by Mr. Morley (Jan. 17),
who took this occasion to explain his withdrawal, in company
with Sir Wm. Harcourt, from active participation in the policy
of the front Opposition bench. His reception by his constituents
was sufl&ciently cordial to show that he had not thereby lost their
confidence. There were, he said, cross-currents running in the
country, and in the Liberal party, as was not unnatural in the
bewildering circumstances of the day. These cross-currents had
aJBfected the leaders of the Liberal party, and had compelled Sir
Wm. Harcourt t6 resign, for no man could continue to lead a
party when his authority was liable at any juncture to be called
in question. Sir Wm. Harcourt had acted, therefore, as Mr.
Pitt had acted in 1801, Mr. Gladstone in 1894, and Lord
Eosebery two years later. The personal aspects of such acts
were always obscure, and on them Mr. Morley threw no light,
beyond saying that he agreed with Sir Wm. Harcourt. He
himself had not resigned, for he had nothing to resign. He had
kept in the background during the past year to avoid having
any share in making the cross-currents in question ; and he had
decided independently of Sir Wm. Harcourt, but on similar
grounds, that he could no longer take an active and responsible
part in the formal counsels of the heads of the Liberal party.
He would not go about the country praising Mr. Gladstone and
at the same time wiping off the slate all the lessons Mr. Glad-
stone had taught. The Liberal party, he contended, would only
prosper so long as it stuck to its watchwords — peace, economy,
and reform. Imperialism meant militarism, and militarism
meant vast expenditure — an increase of power in the privileged
classes, and outlay for every purpose except the improvement of
the taxpayer's home. He objected to the conquest of the Soudan
as likely to yield no return ; to the means employed for ejecting
France from Fashoda, and to the treatment of the wounded at
Omdurman. In conclusion Mr. Morley eloquently denounced
the policy of making war for the sake of making money. '* I
want here to put a question to you. Have you in Scotland
made up your minds, once for all, that it is right to kill people
because it is good for trade ? You will admit, as a nation with
a conscience, that that is a delicate question, an interesting
question, and a nice question. If you have not considered it,
you should. It was only the other day, in another part of Africa,
you were with your famous Maxim guns mowing down swaths
of Matabele who had been driven by the plunder of their cattle,
by forced labour, and by stupid mismanagement, into what is

1899.] Mr, Morley and Mr. Chamberlain. [5

absurdly called rebellion. Is it a good and valid defence for
these operations that they are opening up markets for British
goods ? Turn the question over in your minds. Meanwhile,
here is an answer for you, not from me, but from an eminent
Tory lawyer. That eminent Tory lawyer, Sir Edward Clarke,
speaking the other day, used this language. He said : ' If you
seek to extend the area of your commerce by the use of Maxim
guns and lyddite shells, and all the devilish contrivances of
modem warfare, you are embarking on a policy which is a crime
as well as a blunder. War for commerce sounds a very innocent
phrase, and may be allowed to pass. Murder for gain has an
uglier sound, but it as truly represents that course of policy.' "

Mr. Chamberlain promptly rephed to several points raised by
Mr. Morley, and to his challenge to define a ** little Englander.*'
Speaking at the Wolverhampton Chamber of Commerce (Jan.
18), the Secretary for the Colonies said he thought the most
prominent feature of the political history of the previous year
was a clearer conception of an imperial poUcy, and a determina-
tion to accept the necessary obligations and to make the necessary
sacrifices. He defined a **'Uttle Englander' as a man who
honestly beUeves that the expansion of this country carries with
it obUgations which are out of proportion to its advantages,'*
instancing as a prominent representative of this theory Lord
Farrer, who tried to prove that trade did not follow the flag, a
fallacy which our trade with Mauritius and Burmah, as compared
with our trade with Madagascar and Tonquin, fully demonstrated.
With regard to foreign affairs, Mr. Chamberlain declared that by
firmness and open dealing we had gained much in our negotia-
tions with France, especially in Western Africa, where our
influence in the Central Soudan had been recognised. There
were two other questions requiring settlement — Madagascar
and Newfoundland — and with reference to the latter he traced
the history of the French rights ; and, whilst fully recognising
their existence, expressed his willingness to remove this cause of
constant friction by arrangement on fair and reasonable terms of
compensation.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir M. Hicks -Beach,
speaking at Bristol on the same day, defended the more cautious
school of imperialism against the ever-increasing demands of the
" Jingoes." '* It was of no use to us," he said, *' to add to our
territories more territory than we could digest. We could not
do everything at once, and we should be wiser for the moment
if we attempted to develop what we had already acquired rather
than to add still further to the extent of our empire."

Of far greater interest and importance was Mr. Asquith's
speech at Louth (Jan. 16), in which, whilst praising Mr. Morley,
he did his utmost to bury him politically. He lamented his
withdrawal from active co-operation with his former colleagues ;
but he wholly dissented from Mr. Morley's estimate of the
Fashoda incident, and dissociated himself entirely from his

6] ENGLISH HISTOBY. [jan.

criticism of the Soudan policy of the present Government. He
had criticised the Soudan expedition when originally planned,
but the energy of our commanders had made it a stupendous
success. He demurred somewhat to Mr. Chamberlain's defini-
tion of a " little Englander," and suggested in its place, as the
definition of a true imperialist, one " who believed in such
expansion only as carried with it advantages not out of propor-
tion to its obligations." In connection with the choice of a new
leader of the party, he saw no necessity for putting forward a
new programme. The Liberal party had two functions to
perform — to civilise and to educate ; in other words to complete
our political freedom, and to complete our national education.

Mr. Morley had an excellent opportunity of replying to his
critics and opponents when addressing another section of his
constituents at Montrose (Jan. 19) ; but he preferred to touch
upon the several questions which dealt more directly with pubUc
welfare. In the matter of temperance reform he adhered to the
views held by the Liberal Government in 1895, and expressed in
the Local Option Bill brought forward at that time. The old-
age pension question also needed a practical solution ; but he
was not prepared to accept any scheme so far put forward. The
Irish question presented no difficulties to him, for if the Irish
maintained their demand for a national subordinate assembly
the Liberals would not be justified in throwing it over, but
must treat it as they did the demand for Catholic emancipation.
He was, therefore, strongly in favour of retaining the Irish vote
in the House of Commons, recognising the debt due to it by
every Liberal Administration since 1832. He maintained his
definition of the duties of true Liberals in the scramble for
derelict countries. In the competition between nations we
could only win by trade not by territory, and we could only
beat our most dangerous competitors by increased economy and
by increased economy of production. In conclusion he described
the creed of the Jingo, as he understood that personage, as one
by whom the following tenets were held dear : (1) Territory was
territory, and all territory was worth acquiring ; (2) all territory
— especially if anybody happened to want it — was worth paying
any price for ; (3) this country possessed the purse of Fortunatus,
bulging and overflowing with gold, and was free to fling millions
here and there with the certainty that benignant fairies would
by magic make them good ; (4) " do not show the slightest
regard to the opinions of other nations, and you have no share
whatever in the great collective responsibility of civilised people
as joint guardians of the interests of peace ; '* (5) the interests
of the people of this country, classes or masses, advancement in
all the arts of civilised life and well-being, their needs and their
requirements, were completely and utterly a secondary and
subordinate question.

It fell to Sir Edward Grey, one of the most brilliant and
capable members of the last Liberal Government to reply to

1899.] Sir Edward Grey on Public Affairs. [7

this speech, and to show on how many vital points Mr. Morley
was out of sympathy with the majority of his own party in
the House of Commons. Speaking to the members of the
Liverpool Beform Club (Jan. 20) Sir Edward Grey defended
the attitude of his friends towards the Irish party. The
Liberals did co-operate with the Irish party in the House of
Commons, and they might co-operate with them again ; but it
was no part of their aspirations, and it could be no part of the
intentions of the Liberal party to go into office dependent upon
the Irish party. He thought the country had not given up
Home Rule, but only suspended its judgment, and that the new
County Councils would only give a new outlet to Irish feeling,
and that the outcome of their working would be that the Home
Eule demand would grow up again with new life and new
vigour. Coming to the more dangerous ^ound of Irish uni-
versity education, two things impressed hun — the necessity of
this suggestion, and its unpopularity with both pohtical parties
in England ; meantime Ireland was being starved for want of
university education. Sir Edward Grey next turned to the
charge of Jingoism brought against the Liberal party by some
of its own members. He asked pertinently did any portion of
that party propose to evacuate Egypt and the Soudan? In
China we wanted not a sphere of influence or interest so much
as a better understanding with Eussia. The whole burden of
the criticism of the Opposition had been that the Government
was so wooden, so wanting in intelligent anticipation of events
that it allowed matters to drift to a deadlock.

The hesitation and confusion of the Liberal party, however,
were even more strongly marked at a meeting of the party at
the National Liberal Club, called to discuss the ** Liberal
pohcy,** upon which no two speakers seemed able to agree ;
whilst there was almost equal divergence of opinion as to who
should be regarded as leader of the Liberal party outside the
House of Commons. Sir R. T. Reid, M.P., who presided,
thought it would be gross ingratitude to say anything unkind
of Sir William Harcourt, and forthwith denounced various
acts in which that gentleman had been closely associated.
Mr. Labouchere denounced Mr. Asquith ; and Lord Coleridge
declared Mr. Morley's reasons for resignation were positively
childish ; whilst Mr. Lloyd George, M.P., declaring m favour
of a strong Navy as a protection against militarism, maintained
that on questions of foreign policy there was no appreciable
difference between Mr. Morley, Mr. Asquith and Lord Rose-
bery. The meeting, as might be anticipated, arrived at no
practical results, and outsiders asked how in the face of such
divergence of opinion the Liberal party could be reconstituted
before the next general election.

The remaining speeches of the recess, as the meeting of Parlia-
ment drew near, multiplied in number without adding much to
public enlightenment. Those most worth noticing were from the

8] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [jan.

titular leaders of the three political camps. The Duke of Devon-
shire on behalf of the Liberal Unionists, speaking at Birmingham
(Jan. 23), declared himself completely satisfied with the Govern-
ment and its administration of foreign and colonial affairs. He
noted with satisfaction that ** We alone amongst all the nations
of the world " had viewed " with real and active sympathy " the
entrance of America into the field of international politics.
The recent firm assertion of our rights had brought us into
closer relations with Germany and Italy, and '* I will not exclude
Russia,'* and even in the case of France the brief crisis would,
he believed, lead to a better state of things. He warmly denied
the existence of Jingoism in the Cabinet, and closed his speech
vnth an admirable defence of free trade, which drew from Mr.
Chamberlain, who spoke afterwards, a declaration of his com-
plete endorsement of the duke's opinions.

Lord Kimberley who, pending the selection of Sir Wm.
Harcourt's successor, became titular head of the Liberal Opposi-
tion, found an opening for a public speech at the meeting of the
Wymondham Liberal Association (Jan. 24). After briefly
expressing his regret at the retirement of Sir Wm. Harcourt
and Mr. Morley, and expressing his opinion that the differences
between Jingoes and little Englanders had been made too pro-
minent, he reminded his hearers that while Palmerston's firmness
had preserved peace, Lord Aberdeen's conciliatory temper
had involved us in the Crimean war, and he (Lord Kimberley),
as Under Secretary, had always believed that war might have
been avoided by a firmer tone at the outset. He was glad that
the Fashoda question was settled, and hoped the other questions
pending with France might end as satisfactorily. The French
Foreign Minister had recently said he was prepared to enter on
a friendly discussion, but when he himself was Foreign Secretary
under Lord Eosebery they both were anxious for a general
settlement, and proposed that all the questions should be dis-
cussed together, but very little progress was made. As to the
Soudan generally, all were proud of the management of the
campaign, and glad at the release of the Soudan from a cruel
tyranny, but they were now face to face with a serious responsi-
bility, especially if the Government undertook to reoccupy the
whole of the country. No one however had a clearer conception
of the dangers of unlimited expansion than Lord Salisbury. As
to China, people never quite knew which horse the Government
was riding — the open door or the sphere of influence. Our
interest was to maintain our trade in China, and as far as
possible to maintain the good relations with other Powers
engaged there, and especially Eussia. After a passing reference
to the crisis in the Church and an incidental statement that
personally he had no dread of Disestablishment, Lord Kimberley
turned to the Irish question. He thought that the coming into
operation of the Irish Local Government Act had strengthened
the Nationalist cause in the towns, and would, he fully expected.

1899.] Mr. Balfour at Manchester, [9

do 80 in the counties. He did not at all believe it would do
away with the demand for Home Bule, and he remained as
firmly convinced as ever of the policy of that measure. In con-
clusion, he said he would like to see the House of Lords reformed,
for the Constitution could not work satisfactorily if one House
had majorities varying from one party to the other, and the
other a permanent division of several hundreds to forty.

Mr. A. J. Balfour, in accordance with his custom, paid a
visit to his constituents on the eve of the meeting of Parliament.
In his first speech (Jan. 30), he insisted upon the need of the
revival of the Liberal party for the good of the nation. ** Vast
bodies of our fellow-countrymen by tradition belong to that
party, and they only await the man and the policy again to
become great and important factors in public life." In his
opinion the Liberal party, notvnthstanding Lord Bosebery's
invitation, would not touch the House of Lords, by which body
they were saved from the Home Eule Bill. At the same time
he anticipated that under the force of circumstances, and the
pressure of seventy organised votes, the necessity of advocating
Home Eule was paramount. He thought, however, that it
would be rather towards DisestabUshment that the real efforts
of the Liberals would be directed. After touching upon the
frequent failure of ministers to understand the foreign nations
whose policy they were studying, Mr. Balfour ended with a
warm recognition of the fellowship of the English-speaking race,
and an earnest hope for its maintenance.

Mr. Balfour's other speeches at Manchester (Jan. 31) were
more Hmited in their scope, one being devoted to Irish university
education, and the other to Sir Wm. Harcourt's campaign
against the Romanising tendency of certain clergy of the Church
of England. On the former subject he carefully explained to
his hearers that he was speaking his personal opinion, not that
of the Cabinet, and he warmly vindicated his right to express,
even against his own interests, views which he conscientiously
held. On the university question he declared that he fully
understood and appreciated the reasons which prevented Roman
Cathohcs sending their sons to Trinity College, Dublin; and
recognising the immense importance of university training, he
would wish to see a Roman Catholic university established and
endowed in Ireland. He was quite aware of the opposition to
such a proposal which would be aroused in his own party, but
he felt that his conscience moved him in that direction, and
therefore he ought to follow its motioning.

On the other question Mr. Balfour's main thesis was that
the bishops should be given a fair chance to restore order in the
Church before Parliament was called upon to intervene. He
refused to believe that the bishops, having both the will and the
power to enforce discipline, would be disloyal to the Church of
England. The apathy with which the bishops were upbraided
was explained by their want of the assurance of support from

10] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [jan.

public opinion. On the few occasions in which they had taken
action they had been accused of making martyrs, whilst every
attempt to extend the episcopal power had been met with
hostility by Parliament.

The fact that the country at large was disturbed by the con-
troversy raised by Sir Wm. Harcourt, and maintained in the
Press for several months, was fairly shown in the Protestant
demonstration held at the Albert Hall (Jan. 31). The building,
one of the largest in the kingdom, was closely packed with an
audience wholly sympathetic, but no more typical Protestant
could be found than Lord Kinnaird, and the only outcome of
the meeting was the despatch of a telegram to the Queen, asking
her to give the Prime Minister directions to take the necessary
steps in the coming session of Parliament for suppressing the
Bomish practices in vogue in numerous churches.

The object of Sir Wm. Harcourt in promoting a discussiou
on the " Crisis in the Church ** was not easily discoverable.
Its importance was due to the fact that it had been originated
by the one-time leader of the Liberal party in Parliament, but
it was difl&cult to see what political benefits could be derived
from a question from which the nonconformists of all denom-
inations held themselves aloof, and the nonconformists had
always been the backbone of the Liberal party. The marked
unanimity, moreover, with which laymen of any importance
refrained from taking part in the discussion was a further
indication of the unwillingness of the leaders of opinion and
thought to identify themselves with a movement of which the
inception was so obscure. From the correspondence which
appeared in the columns of the various newspapers, the only
feature of the discussion which seemed to be permanent was
the wholly antagonistic view of the Eeformation taken by the
two parties in the Church. To the High Churchmen, Bitualists,.
and Anglicans, the Beformation was an isolated act, committed
by one of the tyrannous Tudors in order to satisfy his selfish
purposes, but his successors and their advisers had been anxious
to preserve as far as possible the continuity of their connection
with the Church of Bonae. Their opponents held that the Befor-
mation was merely an incident in the evolution of independent
thought and freedom of conscience in religious matters, which had
existed in England since the days of Wyclifife, and had with time
increased in strength. The events of Henry's reign and the
temper of the Tudors gave the Beformers a political standpoint,
of which they took full advantage, but did not press their
doctrinal views to extremes, and were content for a while to
accept formularies and to adopt ceremonies with which they
anticipated the public mind would in time dispense, although in
a period of transition they might have had their uses. Any
attempt at compromise between two schools of thought, tending
in absolutely opposite directions, was futile, and the bishops to
whom the spread of religious thought and views was pre-

1899.] The Madagascar Blue Book, [11

sumably the first consideration were attacked on all sides for
not repressing Ritualists on the one hand, and on the other not
insisting upon Evangelicals conforming with the rubrics.

The publication of the Madagascar blue book so immedi-
ately after the withdrawal of Major Marchand from his foothold
on the Nile at Fashoda was diiBferently interpreted in this
coimtry than in France. To the former, the correspondence
showed the danger of allowing questions in dispute to be
suspended ; whilst to the French it seemed only another instance
of British eagerness to provoke a quarrel upon a point of httle
or no importance. The matter of good faith and unequivocal
promise was altogether put aside by French publicists, who for
once seemed almost unanimous in supporting their Government
in the past and in the present. The principal document in the
blue book was a despatch dated July, 1898, in which Lord
Sahsbury called the attention of the French Foreign Minister
to the position into which things had drifted. In 1890 the
French Ambassador in London had stated in writing that ** it is
understood that the establishment of the protectorate [over
Madagascar] will not affect any rights or immunities enjoyed by
British subjects on the island.** These rights were the most-
favoured-nation treatment, and an agreement that the duty
upon imports should never exceed an ad valorem duty of 10
per cent. In 1894 and 1895 the French went to war with
Madagascar. We took up a friendly attitude, and did not issue
a proclamation of neutraUty, which would have embarrassed the
French, because we were assured that our commercial rights
under the protectorate would not be interfered with ; M.
Berthelot, the Foreign Minister, publicly declaring in the
Chamber on November 27, 1895, that the occupation of the
island would raise no difficulties, as France would respect the
engagements made with foreign Powers. Nevertheless, in
June, 1898, a decree was issued greatly increasing the duties on
British goods. Against this state of things Lord Salisbury
ordered Sir Edward Monson to protest. No reply, however,
was given to our remonstrance, and shortly afterwards the
Fashoda incident threw every other international question into
the background ; but up to the close of the year no French
Foreign Minister had thought fit to make answer to Sir Edward
Monson's protest, or to explain what was apparently a flagrant
act of bad faith. In addition to this strange display of inter-
national discourtesy, the blue book gave instances of the way
in which French officials had attempted to boycott English
goods, and to force French goods upon the native population.
Threats of imprisonment were made to natives buying English
goods, and the French local newspaper published at Tamatave
gave publicity to the following speech of a French official to a
meeting of natives : ** I will not allow any one of you to buy any
goods whatever in the shops of Messrs. So-and-So, So-and-So,
and So-and-So. Any one caught making the smallest purchase.

12] ENGLISH HISTOBY. [jan.

or carrying on the slightest business, with the houses I have
mentioned will be at once imprisoned, no security being given
against heavy penalties." At this un indighne moins moutonneux
(sic) protested that ** it may so happen that the articles which
we need can be only found in the shops which are prohibited
to us/' To which the ofl&cial replied : ** Well, you must do
without them.'*

The extinction of our trading rights with Madagascar with-
out negotiation or pretext of compensation was an act of high-
handed hostility of which our ministers failed to take notice at
the time, and Lord Salisbury possibly found some difficulty in
reviving a claim which we had failed to press with sufficient
insistence at the moment. The simultaneous discussion of the
questions of the Nile Valley, Madagascar trade, and the New-
foundland Fisheries seemed a favourable opportunity for the
simultaneous settlement of three harassing matters of discord
between the two countries ; but the disturbed state of politics in
France seemed to render any definite arrangement impossible
with the constantly changing occupants of the Quai d'Orsai.

The publication of this correspondence almost coincided with
that of the convention between the British and Egyptian
Governments dealing with the future of the Soudan, an ar-
rangement which provoked a general irritation among French
newspaper writers. The convention began by reciting that the
Soudan had been reconquered by the joint military and financial
efforts of the two Governments. The Soudan was defined to be
territories south of the twenty-second parallel of latitude con-
quered or remaining to be conquered. Throughout these the
British and Egyptian flags were to fly side by side, except at
Suakin. The Governor-General of the Soudan — appointed by
Khedivial decree, but only with British consent, and removable
only with the same consent — was to have supreme miUtary and
civil control, and to be empowered to rule by proclamation. No
Egyptian laws or decrees should apply to the Soudan, and no
Europeans have special privileges (the capitulations being thereby
ignored). Import duties were to be identical with those on goods
entering Egypt, but Egyptian goods would enter the Soudan free.
The jurisdiction of the Mixed Tribunals was not to extend into
the Soudan, which remained under martial law. No foreign
consuls could reside in the territory without the consent of the
British Government, and the slave trade was absolutely abolished.
The situation created by this document, although the logical out-
come of preceding events, could not fail to challenge the notice
pf European statesmen, bringing before them, as it did, the
inferential intention of Great Britain to remain the practical
protector of Egypt, and to hold that position against all comers.
On this point it was expedient as well as inevitable for England
*' to have a conversation with Europe '* in order that her de facto
position should be morally recognised by the other Powers.

After the first explosion of irritation had passed off, the tone

1899.] The Czar*s Eirenicon, [13

of the Parisian journals, and still more of the debates in the
Chamber, became more concihatory. The Press preached peace
between the two Powers as a necessity of civilisation, and
urged its minister to meet amity with friendHness. In the
Fashoda debate no speaker attacked Great Britain ; and
M. Delcasse, the Foreign Minister, even complimented Lord
Eatchener on his attitude towards Major Marchand.

The thirteen proposals in which Count Muravieff embodied
the great idea of the Czar were not very favourably received by
the Press of Great Britain or of Western Europe generally.
Briefly summed up, those relating to actual warfare amounted
to four proposals — that (1) the Powers should agree not to in-
crease their armaments for a specific period ; (2) they should not
increase their war budgets ; (3) that the provisions of the Geneva
Convention with regard to wrecked and wounded should be
extended to naval operations, and (4) all scientific improve-
ments in naval construction and the manufacture of materiel
should come to an end. The proposals then went on to suggest

(5) the acceptance in principle of good offices in mediation, and
optional arbitration in cases which lent themselves to such
means, in order to prevent armed conflicts between nations;

(6) an understanding on the mode of appUcation and the estab-
lishment of some uniform practice in making use of mediation.
In order to save the susceptibilities of the Powers having grave
questions of difference at stake, it was added that nothing
touching the political relations of states or the actual order
of things as estabhshed by treaties would be discussed at the
congress. The only proviso with regard to the meeting place
was that it should not be in the capital of any great Power.

CHAPTEE II.

The New Leader of the Opposition — Opening of Parliament — Debate on the
Address — British Policy in China — The Church and Parliament — Land Law
Reform — Reform of the House of Lords — Scottish Crofters — Ministers as
Directors — Irish Home Rule — Congested Districts — The Bishops and Their
Seats — Egyptian Affairs — London Government Bill Introduced — Slavery in
East Africsb — Mr. Morley on the Soudan Campaign — The Sultan of Muscat —
The Education of Children Bill — ^The Army, Navy and Civil Service Estimates
— ^AfiEairs in China — ^Russian Policy — The Outlanders of the Transvaal —
Eastern Africa — Government of London Bill Read a Second Time — The Peers
and the Church — Secondary Education Bill Introduced — The Money-lending
Bill— Old Age Pensions and other Socialistic Bills — The Telephone Company
and the Post Office — Scotch Private Bill Legislation — Bye-elections — National
Liberal Federation — Irish Catholic University — Convention with France —
Central African Settlement — Mr. Rhodes in Europe — Restlessness in the
Transvaal — Sir H. Csjnpbell-Bajmerman's Defence — Railways Regulation Bill
Withdrawn.

The assembling of Parliament was preceded by a meeting of the
members of the Liberal party, held (Feb. 6) at the Eeform Club,
to elect a successor to Sir Wm. Harcourt, whose resignation of
the leadership was declared to be final. The choice of Sir Henry

14] ENGLISH HISTOBY. [fbb.

Campbell-Bannerman was already agreed upon when the meeting
came together, the names of Sir Henry Fowler and Mr. Asquith,
Q.C., having been withdrawn by their respective supporters.
The only significance, therefore, of the gathering, apart from the
formal installation of Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, was the
attitude of those Liberals who desired to reserve the leadership
for Sir Wm. Harcourt, should he at any time wish to resume it ;
and at the same time to publish abroad the domestic squabbles of
the party, which had ended for a while in the retirement of its
most effective champion. Lord Eosebery's refusal to act again
with Sir Wm. Harcourt was too notorious to need expression at
the meeting, but Mr. Atherley- Jones {Durham, KW.), who made
himself the spokesman of the anti-Eosebery section of the party,
insisted that something more than the usual stereotjrped ex-
pressions of regret should 8U3Company Sir Wm. Harcourt in his
retirement. After a slight display of cojmess on the part of the
more ardent Eoseberyites, the words "expresses its continued
confidence in him " were added to the formal resolution. Sir
H. Campbell-Bannerman was then formally proposed, seconded
and supported by representative members of the various sections
of English, Scotch and Welsh Liberal opinion. In reply. Sir
H. Campbell-Bannerman made a distinctly favourable im-
pression on his hearers, conveying a sense of the responsibility
of the post he was ready to assume. He promised to bring all
his powers to maintain and advance the name, fame and power
of the House of Conmions, and urged his party to make the
Opposition a reality by giving the Government a watchful and
active, and not a violent or reckless Opposition.

On the following day (Feb. 7) Parliament was opened by
royal commission, with a speech from the throne longer and
duller than usual. No one anticipated that the assembling of
Parliament would add much to the enlivenment of political life.
The opposing forces were too unequally balanced to render
struggles exciting, and whilst the minority were helpless to
promote legislation, the Ministry, secure of their majority, were
unwilling to attempt reforms or improvements which, however
necessary, might alienate some section of their followers. It
was, moreover, well known beforehand that the Ministry were
keenly interested in only one of their own bills — that for the
better administration of London — and that, however many
measures might be promised in the speech from the throne,
no intention of pushing them through was to be deduced there-
from ; for, whilst it was politic to satisfy one section .of their
followers by the introduction of certain measures of domestic
and social reform for discussion, it was still more unadvisable to
offend another section by pushing such measures to the extent
of legislation.

The speech from the throne, read by the Lord Chancellor,
read as follows : —

1899.] The QueerCs Speech, [15

**My Lords and Gentlemen,

** My relations with other Powers continue to be friendly.

**The expedition against the Dervishes, conducted with
brilliant ability by Sir Herbert Kitchener and the oflScers serv-
ing under him, has resulted in the fall of Omdurman, and the
complete subjugation of the territories which had been brought
under the dominion of the Khalifa. I am proud to acknow-
ledge the distinguished bravery and conduct of the British and
Egyptian troops who have won this victory. My officers are
engaged, in conjunction with those of his Highness the Khedive,
in the establishment of order in the conquered provinces.

** The Powers who have been in the occupation of Crete have
delegated the authority necessary for the government of the
island to' his Royal BUghness Prince George of Greece. The
restoration of peace and order resulting from the establishment
of his Royal Highness* Government has been gladly welcomed
by the Cretans of both rehgions.

** His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia has summoned
a conference to consider the possibihty of limiting the vast
armaments which impose so heavy a burden on every nation.
I have gladly signified my willingness to take part in its
deliberations.

" A profound impression has been created by the appalling
crime which has robbed the people of Austria-Hungary of
their beloved Empress. A conference, at which my delegates
were present, was summoned at Rome to consider the dangers
of the fiuiarchist conspiracy. Though I was not able to concur
in all the resolutions proposed at the conference, some amend-
ments in the present laws of the realm upon this subject appear
to be required, and will be submitted for your consideration.

" Some of my West Indian colonies have been visited by a
hurricane of extraordinary violence, causing loss of hfe and
great destruction of houses and other property. The consequent
distress of the poorer inhabitants was promptly relieved, as far
as possible, by the strenuous exertions of the local authorities,
aided by contributions of money from other colonies and from
the United Kingdom.

**I have learned with great satisfaction that the Parliament
of the Cape of Good Hope has recognised the principle of a
common responsibility for the naval defence of my empire by
providing for a permanent annual contribution towards that
object.

" In parts of my Indian Empire, I grieve to say, the plague
still continues ; and though it has diminished in some districts
previously affected, it has spread to fresh places in Southern
and Northern India. Unremitting efforts continue to be made
to relieve sufferers from the disease, to check its spread in India,
and to prevent its transmission to other lands. I am glad to
be able to inform you that the harvests of the past year hav^

16] ENGLISH HISTORY. [peb.

been abundant, and that the trade and revenue of the country
have recovered with a rapidity and completeness that have
surpassed all expectation.

"Gentlemen of the House op Commons,

** The estimates for the service of the ensuing year will be
laid before you. They have been framed with the utmost
economy that the circumstances of the present time permit.

**My Lords and Gentlemen,

**A bill for more fully organising the government of the
metropolis will be commended to your careful consideration.

'* A measure for the establishment of a board for the adminis-
tration of primary, secondary and technical education in England
and Wales will be again laid before you.

*'You have already partially considered provisions for sim-
plifying the process of private legislation for Scotland. They
will be again brought before you.

"A measure will be submitted to you for enabling local
authorities to assist the occupiers of small dwellings in the
purchase of their houses.

** Bills will also be introduced for encouraging agriculture
and technical instruction in Ireland, and for the relief of the
tithe-rent-charge payer in that country ; for providing a more
complete distribution of water supply in cases of emergency in
the metropolis ; for the regulation of limited companies ; for
the prevention of the adulteration of articles of food; for
controlling the contracts of money-lenders; for amending the
Factory Acts in certain respects ; and for amending the law in
respect to agricultural holdings.

'* I pray that Almighty God may have you in His keeping,
and guide your deliberations for the good of my people.**

In the House of Lords the Address was moved by the Duke
of Bedford, who in a remarkable speech which attracted much
notice boldly declared that it was unreasonable to expect that
Eussia would refrain from taking advantage of her railway
enterprise in Russia, and urged that we should recognise the
fact that she must exercise a dominant influence over Northern
Asia. The address having been seconded by the Earl of
Cawdor, Lord Kimberley commenced by a general review of
our foreign relations, touching hghtly on the Fashoda incident,
although he confessed himself perplexed with regard to our
position in the Soudan. The Prime Minister, in one of his
recess speeches, had said that the Kitchener expedition had
resulted in the complete subjugation of all the territories, and
that these had been brought under the dominion of the Khedive.
The recently published agreement between England and Egypt,
moreover, had practically made the Soudan part of the British
Empire, and, although he had no wish to censure the Govern-

1899.] Debate on the Address, [17

ment for its action, they had to bear in mind that such an
announcement was fraught with very far-reaching consequences
for the Queen's dominions. He doubted whether the Soudan
might not prove too great a strain for the British Army, and
hinted at the dangers inseparable from the occupation of a
Mahomedan country by Mahomedan troops. With regard to
our position in China, and how far we were able to actively
support the claims and rights of our countrymen against
Russian and foreign influences, the country was kept very
much in the dark. There was even more mystery about the
arrangements said to exist between Great Britain and Germany
with regard to the maintenance of their mutual and several
interests in South - Eastern Africa, and he trusted that the
Foreign Secretary would be able to clear up the doubts which
had been expressed as to the nature of the understanding.
Lord Sahsbury, in reply, following the line of the Opposition
leader, confined his speech wholly to an explanation of the
foreign policy of the Government during the recess. Inci-
dentally he thought Lord Kimberley's criticism of the word
** subjugation " hypercritical, for which he might huve sub-
stituted the word *' conquered.'' We held the dominions of
the B^haUfa by two titles. We held them as forming part of
the possessions of Egypt, but we also held them by the more
simple, less comphcated, and much better understood title of
conquest. Lord Sahsbury went on to express a hope that the
construction of a railway coming up from the south would
contribute to the ultimate estabhshment of the state of things
which they desired to see restored. He declined to give details
of stipulations with Germany, which, for the time at least,
required no action on the part of Great Britain. As to our
future policy in China, we had to deal there, as elsewhere, with
a Government which was a ** going concern," and we had only
to take care that the treaties which had been concluded with us
were fairly carried out and that the interests of our nation were
duly regarded. ** If the noble Lord wants to know what is the
destiny which is impending over China I will ask him to reveal
to me what is going on in a certain palace in Pekin, and perhaps
on a certain island in that palace. The future of China does not
lie in our hands, but in those of the governing body of China."
Meantime the Government would do the best it could for
British interests, and so far there had been no want of success
on the part of the Government. ** I believe, if you carefully
examine it, you wiU find that during the past year the advan-
tages which this country has gained in China are not only
greater than have been gained in a similar time before, but
are also greater comparatively than have fallen to the lot of
any other country, and with that we must be satisfied." The
address was then agreed to, no reference having been made to
the domestic legislation of the session.

In the House of Commons, before proceeding to regular

B

18] ENGLISH HISTOKY. [pbb.

business, Mr. James Lowther {Isle of Thanet, Kent) renewed
his protest against the valueless sessional order, which declared it
to be an infringement of the privileges of Parliament for a peer
to concern himself in the election of members. Mr. Balfour
opposed the motion on the grounds previously stated by him,
and the motion was rejected by 359 to 90 votes. The debate on
the address was opened by Captain Bagot (Kendal^ Westmorland)
and Mr. W. F. D. Smith {Strand), who were followed at once
by Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman {Stirling Burghs) in his new
character of leader of the Opposition. He complained that the
Government had not responded to the Czar's rescript with the
readiness and alacrity which might have been expected, and in
this connection he challenged the Ministry to show what pro-
gress had been made towards estabhshing a good understanding
with Russia, which he believed to be the key to the situation in
the Far East. Mentioning what he called the strange pilgrimage
of Lord C. Beresford, he asked whether he had gone to China as
an emissary of the Government. If the London Government
Bill was likely to facihtate the work and sustain the power of
the London County Council the Opposition would give it their
Assistance. He criticised the omission of overcrowded and
insanitary dwellings and of old-age pensions, and thought a
more prominent place ought to have been given to the question
of agricultural holdings. Mr. Balfour {Manchester, E.), in reply,
reminded the House that bills were not necessarily mentioned in
the Queen's Speech in the order in which they would be brought
forward. With regard to the question of the aged poor, he
admitted that if this Parliament were to come to an end before
it had been dealt with in some manner, the Government would
be open to criticism. He assured the leader of the Opposition
that no time was lost before a reply was sent to Russia, couched
in language of the warmest sympathy. In China our progress
had been constant and steady during the last year, and our
relations with foreign Powers in the Far East were more
satisfactory than formerly, and there was much less mutual
suspicion. He saw no reason to doubt that the pohcy of the
** open door " would be successful, and that we should have our
full share of those concessions upon which so much stress had
been put. Lord C. Beresford had not gone to China as a repre-
sentative of the Government, but on a purely commercial mission.
While upon the subject of foreign affairs, he took the opportunity
to announce that in future the Under-Secretary would decline
to answer questions in that House without notice. This change
was necessary in order to obviate possible diplomatic misunder-
standings.

The general debate on the speech from the throne was con-
tinued by several speakers, who for the most part pressed the
Government to give further information on the future of the
Soudan, and on the exact purpose of the Anglo-German Treaty.
On both these points the Under-Secretary of State, Mr.

1899.] The Address in the Commons : China, [19

Brodrick (Guildford, Sivrrey), declared that it would be undesir-
able in the interests of this country to say more for the present.
Ten sittings were then devoted to debating amendments
proceeding from various quarters of the House, in accordance
with the received parliamentary privilege of ** grievances before
supply," and although these prolonged and resultless discussions
were seriously criticised in the Press, in the House they were
recognised as justifiable in view of the restrictions now placed
upon the debates on the estimates. Sir Ashmead-Bartlett
(Ecclesall, Sheffield), led the way (Feb. 8) with an amendment
urging the Government to take early and effective measures to
assist the Chinese Government in maintaining the territorial in-
dependence of the Chinese Empire, and especially of the province
of Manchuria, in accordance with the unanimous resolution of
the House passed in the preceding session. A divergence of
opinion among the most bellicose Tories at once became mani-
fest, for Mr. Yerburgh (Chester) ** dissociated himself absolutely "
from a policy which would certainly involve us in a war with
Bussia, and he was strongly in favour of coming to an under-
standing with that Power. From the other side of the House
Mr. J. Walton (Bamsley, Yorkshire, W.B.) contrasted, to the dis-
advantage of Great Britain, its position in China as compared
with Bussia, in commercial as well as in political influence.
Beplying on behalf of the Foreign Ofl&ce Mr. Brodrick dis-
criminated between the resolution of the previous session and
that now submitted. The former was an academic assurance,
while the present was a direct guarantee. He did not believe
that the maintenance of our trade and the realisation of our
wishes were advanced by speaking with jealousy, still less with
hatred, in that House of any Power. The Government recog-
nised to the full the absolute necessity of maintaining British
interests in China. Month by month during the past year they
had seen advantages gained and restrictions removed. The non-
alienation of the Yang-tsze Valley and thq opening of its water-
ways had been obtained ; and the Government proposed to send
an officer to survey and see how far navigation was possible. The
four treaty ports mentioned last March had all been opened or
would be open within a month. The opening of Nanning had
been made effective within the last few days. The ports occupied
by Bussia and Germany were both open as treaty ports. British
firms were acting in conjunction with German firms in the
construction of one trunk railway. The Hankow-Canton line
concession had been obtained for a British and American
syndicate. To British capitalists concessions had already been
granted for 2,800 miles of railways, involving an expenditure of
some twenty millions of capital. The right to advance the
Burma railway 700 miles had been obtained, and numerous
coal and mining concessions had been granted ; so that it was
unfair to say that British industry and capital had been squeezed
out of China. Sir Edward Grey followed, and ^although he held

b2

20] ENGLISH HISTOKY. [feb.

that many of the concessions obtained from China were over-
valued, he expressed his behef that if the policy of the " open
door" were accepted by other nations it would act as the
most potent solvent of international rivalries. His most effec-
tive criticism, however, was directed against Lord Salisbury's
estimate of the value of Wei-hai-wei by evidence of the moral
support we had given to China. ** The moral support had
taken the form of a revolution at Pekin and the deposition of
the Emperor of China." After a few other remarks the amend-
ment was withdrawn, its supporters being unwilling to challenge
a division.

On the following day (Feb. 9) the crisis in the Church
occupied the attention of both Houses. In the House of Lords
the Bishop of Winchester (Dr. Randall Davidson) called
attention to *' statements lately made respecting the action of
the bishops in dealing with irregularities in public worship."
According to Sir Wm. Harcourt, he observed, the episcopal
veto had been systematically used to cover the most flagrant
breaches of the law. As a matter of fact, with three trifling but
significant exceptions, no living bishop had in any instance ever
exercised that veto at all. Twenty -three years previously a case
had been vetoed by the then Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol
(Dr. EUicott) on the ground that the facts which were in dispute
were at the moment sub jxidice in the courts of law; and the
next case was in 1886, when the Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Bicker-
steth) exercised his right of veto in a case which, as far as the
records showed, seemed to have been of a somewhat insignificant
character. The third case in which the veto was exercised was
by the Bishop of London (then Dr. Temple) in the case about the
reredos in St. Paul's Cathedral. The matter had been already,
he considered, decided in a court of law, and further litigation
was undesirable. It had also been said that, short of exercising
the veto, the bishops had come to an agreement to allow no case
to go forward. There had been no such agreement, though he
admitted that one bishop (Dr. Eyle of Liverpool) had expressed
his intention never again to sanction a prosecution. In truth
prosecutions had ceased because the Church at large — Low as
well as High — was against them.

Lord iSnnaird, who had presided at the Albert Hall meeting,
declared that some action on the part of the bishops was
necessary, and gave a number of figures in support of his con-
tention that illegal practices were greatly on the increase, and
contended that the only subjects of the Crown precluded from
seeking redress from the law were the aggrieved members of
the Church of England. The Bishop of London (Dr. Creighton)
thought Sir Wm. Harcourt's letters more amusing than instruc-
tive. The picture they drew was that of a Church which was
entirely riddled by the insidious treachery of a traitorous crew,
which was mismanaged by a body of craven and feeble-minded
bishoDS, while in the middle of this universal disaster there

1S99.] The Church and Parliament. [21

stepped forth the colossal figure of a new Elijah denouncing judg-
ment, but at the same time clamouring that somebody else, of
course the bishops, should take off his hands the trouble of slay-
ing the priests of Baal. The bishops, if they had been to blame,
had been to blame for having acted as Englishmen and not
as ecclesiastics. Prosecution and persecution were very closely
connected in the mind of the ordinary Englishman, and those
who had to administer the affairs of the Church would always
remember that that public opinion which goaded them to prose-
cute their clergy would be the very first that deserted them and
held them up to derision and contumely when they had under-
taken the task forced upon them. It was not, however, to be
assumed that because the bishops did not prosecute they were
doing nothing. They strove their utmost to bring about a good
understanding in all parishes where their intervention was called
in, and the consequence was that in most country dioceses all
disputed questions of ritual were settled by episcopal intervention,
on the grounds of the good sense and good feeling of those who
Uved within the parish. In the diocese of London, which pre-
sented pecuhar diflBculties, his intervention had been generally
successful. Some of the clergy indeed were not prepared to
accept his decision on the question of the mode in which the
services of the Church should be conducted ; but, while regret-
ting that that should be so, he acknowledged that on some of the
points involved there was a certain amount of legal obscurity.
The archbishop had in this crisis undertaken to hear all that
could be said respecting any ceremonial which was claimed as
being permissible under the regulations of the Church of
England.

Viscount Hahfax, president of the English Church Union
and a leader of the Ritualist party, pointed out that the Albert
Hall meeting, of which so much had been made, was largely a
Nonconformist meeting, and he asked with all seriousness what
business had Nonconformists to meddle with the internal affairs
of the Church of England? Those who thought with him
denied, and would continue to deny, that it was within the
competence of Parliament or the Crown, according to the tradi-
tions of the Church of England, to ajter matters ceremonial. It
was hateful to them to seem to be in opposition to the bishops.
It was impossible, however, to assent to the principle that any
interpretation of the rubrics could be legitimate which implied
that omission to prescribe was equivalent to prohibition to do.
Nor was it possible to assent to the principle that use, however
long and continuous, could be brought forward as legitimate
evidence of what the Church of England permitted or forbade.
He entreated his hearers not to risk the chance of certain disaster
by endeavouring to force on the consciences of members of the
Church of England decisions of secular courts in spiritual affairs.
On the other hand, the Earl of Kimberley thought it vain to
disregard the fact that the Church was regulated to a large

22] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [feb.

extent by the Act of Uniformity. There might be things in that
act with which they did not agree ; still it was the charter under
which the Church held her position, not as a spiritual Church,
but as a Church established by law and enjoying certain emolu-
ments. Subject to that principle he agreed that the Church
should be comprehensive. The Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr.
Temple) claimed that there had been no remissness on the part
of any bishop in insisting that the true doctrines of the Church
of England should be observed. He shared with a great many
other people the belief that the fewer prosecutions they had the
better, and his conviction was that the amount of anything like
Eomanism in the Church was exceedingly small. " I do not
say,'* he continued, ** that there are not men who have really
gone beyond the limits of the doctrine which the Church of
England prescribes. I do not mean that there are not some
here and there, but I am sure they are very few, and I am quite
certain in the vast majority of the cases in which the ritual has
been complained of the clergy who are indulging in these ritual
irregularities have no desire whatever to join the Church of
Eome themselves, or to get others to join that Church. . . .
When you find that a man who is, perhaps, very foolishly going
into all sorts of ritual excesses is at the same time devoted to
the work which is assigned him to do, you cannot help feeling
that you must exercise great delicacy and care before you inter-
fere with such work as his." The Prayer-book distinctly puts it
on the bishops and archbishops to settle such matters as were
now in controversy if they could, and they aimed at willing
obedience. **If, after all, we succeed in bringing about the
obedience of the clergy generally, but there are still a few who
stand out and refuse altogether to obey, we must consider care-
fully what step is next to be taken. I have never said, and I
certainly do not mean to say, that we shall not have recourse
to the courts of law ; but we really ought, for the sake of the
Church, for the sake of the work the Church is doing, to try
every means before we take those harsh means with which the
law courts supply us. I appeal to the great body of the laity of
this country to support the bishops in quietly endeavouring to
set these matters right, as I assure you we really mean to do."
After the archbishop had spoken, the subject was allowed to
drop.

In the House of Commons the subject was treated in a more
militant tone, and Mr. Samuel Smith (Flintshire), as champion
of the Evangelical party, moved a direct resolution to the effect
that ** having regard to the lawlessness prevailing in the Church
of England, some legislative steps should be taken to secure
obedience to the law." He believed that no change worth
speaking about had been made in the practices of the clergy as
the result of the charges which the bishops had been delivering
during the past twelve months. Besides, the lawlessness was
not confined to the clergy ; the bishops, who were largely

1899.] The Church and Parliament. r23

selected from the Eitualist party, themselves broke the law.
The root of the evil lay in the training given to candidates for
holy orders in the theological colleges. The manuals in use in
many of these colleges taught almost all the doctrines of the
Church of Rome. The voluntary schools were also becoming
mere seed plots for the spread of Romanism. Viscount Cran-
bome {Bochester)y a representative of the High Church party in
the House, disclaimed any sympathy with the extreme practices
of certain Churchmen, least of all did he sympathise with the
attitude some of them had taken towards their ecclesiastical
superiors. But quite as distinctly must he dissociate himself
from any approval of the methods which had been adopted in
what was virtually an attack on the Church— an attack made
with weapons some of which were altogether unworthy.

Mr. Birrell (Fifeshire. W.) followed with a racy speech, in
which he declared that, though a Nonconformist of the Non-
conformists, he found himself quite unable to support the
amendment. He declined altogether to have anything to do
with any legislative measures designed to harry any particular
class or school of thought within the Church. The only cure
for the present state of things was to be found in Disestab-
lishment.

Sir John Kennaway {Honiton, Devonshire) • said that the
question for the House to decide was whether they would give
the bishops time to do what he believed they were bent on doing,
or rush into legislation, and thereby run the risk of bringing
about a disruption of the Church of England, which those who
remembered what happened in Scotland in 1843 might well
regard as a warning and beware. Ultimately, Mr. A. J. Balfour
(Manchester, E.) closed the debate with a judicious speech, which
satisfied all but the extremists on both sides. On one point, he
said, they were all agreed, and that was that the law of the
Church must be obeyed by the clergy of the Church. How
obedience could be best enforced was another question. He
should earnestly deprecate any course which might have the
efifect of alienating in the smallest degree the sympathies of any
single section of the English Church, or of diminishing the
broad toleration which was a characteristic mark and most
glorious heritage of that Church. He could not see that any
good would be done by depriving bishops of the veto. On the
contrary, should need be shown, it would be the duty of the
Government to strengthen the bishops' hands. The amend-
ment was then rejected by 221 votes to 89, the Nonconformists
and Roman Catholics taking no part in the division.

The next amendment, moved (Feb. 10) by Mr. E. J. C. Morton
(Devonport), expressed regret that no measure dealing with the
ownership, tenure and taxation of land in towns was promised.
The debate turned chiefly upon the escape of ground landlords
from local taxation, and the proposal that unoccupied land in
towns should be taxed at its full value. Mr. Asquith, Q.C.

24] ENGLISH HISTORY. [feb.

(Fifeshirc, E.), who was the principal supporter of the amend-
ment from the front Opposition Bench, wished (1) larger com-
pulsory powers of acquisition to be given to local authorities,
which would make it possible to use the purchased land
advantageously ; (2) to reform local rating so as to make it
impossible for an owner to withhold land from public use ; (3)
to introduce the principle of betterment. These remedies,
which, he declared, no one could say were ** inconsistent with
sound principles of poHtical economy or the elementary rules of
justice," inferentially condemned all those who desired to pre-
serve " lungs and open spaces " in our great towns as
unworthy of the name of public benefactors. The defence of
the inaction of the Government was undertaken by Mr. A. J.
Balfour {Manchester, E.) and Mr. Goschen ; the former explaining
that the defects of the existing system of rating were being
inquired into by a royal commission. Overcrowding, he
admitted, and the difficulty of getting land, were the chief
obstacles in the way of practical legislation, but a former
Conservative Government had in 1890 passed the Housing of
the Working Classes Act, and he asked why, in such cases as
had been cited, this act had not been appUed. If, however,
it should be proved necessary to grant larger compulsory powers
for the acquisition of land for building purposes, the matter
would have to be considered — and, as he hoped, dispassionately.
Mr. Goschen ascribed the overcrowding in towns to the fact
that more people wished to hve in certain spots than there was
room to accommodate, and not to the results of the law or of any
rating system. He feared that it was almost beyond human
power to solve this tremendous problem, and he warned the
House lest by increasing the burdens upon land they should put
difficulties in the way of the erection of workmen's dwellings on
the outskirts of great towns. If any further measures could
be taken to prevent overcrowding, the Government would be
glad to adopt them. The taxation of unoccupied land, which
had been recommended, was not an easy matter to accomplish,
but he should not object to its taxation on just terms. To
compel proprietors to sell such land in all circumstances would
be undesirable, for unoccupied land often supplied much-needed
breathing spaces in the metropolis and elsewhere. One of the
difficulties in the way of those who desired to tax ground-rents
was the impossibility in many cases of distinguishing between
and separating the interests of the landlord and the tenant, and,
in any case, special contracts would always baffle every attempt
to fix the actual incidence of taxation. He trusted that the
royal commission might make recommendations which would
render possible some reform.

The division which followed showed the difficulties to which
the Government would have been exposed had they attempted
legislation on this extremely thorny question. The Liberal
Unionists could scarcely be expected to think with the Con-

1899.] Beform of the House of Lords. [25

servatives on such a question, and consequently held aloof from
the division, in which the amendment was defeated by only 34
votes— 157 to 123.

The grievances of Wales were more summarily disposed of
(Feb. 13), and although they were championed by Sir H.
Campbell-Bannerman on the ground that no proposed legisla-
tion had followed on the reports of the royal commissions on
Welsh agriculture and Sunday closing, yet the House by 194
to 144 votes endorsed Sir M. White Eidley's view that except
under very special circumstances separate legislation for Wales
was not desirable.

Much greater interest was aroused by Mr. Labouchere's
effort to restrict the powers of the House of Lords. His
proposal was that the Upper House should be allowed to reject
a bill once ; but, if the same bill were passed unaltered by the
Commons in the following session, it should becoro^e law. It
was interesting to find that no definite views on this subject
were held by the Eadical party. Mr. Mendl (Plymouth) and
Mr. Cawley (Prestwich, Lancashire) supported Mr. Labouchere ;
but Mr. Lawson Walton (Leeds, S.) desired to substitute a
more general way of mending the House of Lords by declaring
that the power it possessed to overrule the decisions of the
Commons demanded the attention of Parliament. Sir H.
Campbell-Bannerman (Stirling Burghs) at once avowed his
distinct preference for Mr. Lawson Walton's amendment over
Mr. Labouchere's proposal, inasmuch as the latter had among
other defects that of inviting the Queen's action which would be
absolutely illegal. He wished to see the Lords' veto abolished,
not so much on the grounds of party expediency, but because he
regarded it as likely in some time of political excitement to
bring about a constitutional crisis which could not but be
dangerous to the State. He desired to maintain, as against
the Lords, the rights of the representative Chamber, but at the
same time he would leave the Lords a sufficient share of their
ancient constitutional powers. Mr. Balfour, in reply, pointed
out that the proposal would place everything in the State at the
mercy of the House of Commons, including the nation, to which
no appeal would be allowed. He insisted that the House of
Lords had done the country great service by rejecting measures
which had never been brought forward again ; and, by delaying
measures, for which the country was not ripe, it had prevented
violent reactions. The House of Lords was very amenable to
public opinion, and would not resist any reform which should
be called for by the people a second time ; but the existence of
some constitutional machinery by which the constituencies
could again be asked to reconsider their position was not only
expedient, but an absolute essential of any healthy community.
The divisions which then took place showed a somewhat
curious result, for whilst Mr. Lawson Walton's amendment
was negatived by 257 to 107 votes, Mr. Labouchere's less

26] ENGLISH HISTOKY. [feb.

sweeping but more practically applicable reform was rejected by
only 228 to 105 votes — the minority in both cases being almost
identical.

The grievances of the Scottish crofters and cottars were
dismissed (Feb. 14) with scarcely less ceremony than those of the
Welsh tithe objectors. Mr. Weir (Ross and Cromarty) was of
opinion that 1,782,785 acres of land devoted to deer forests,
grouse moors, etc., might be advantageously devoted to agri-
culture and to the bettering of the condition of the labouring-
classes of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. The Lord
Advocate, Mr. Graham Murray {Buteshire), jfinding that Mr.
Weir was generally supported by the Scotch members, pleaded
for time in order that the Congested District Board might deal
with the problems, which it had already attacked in a tentative
way. A beginning had been made in the creation of new
holdings, and the crofters had been provided vnth plant and
seed. Under these circumstances the House consented by 197
to 142 votes to give the Government further time to carry out
its experiments.

There was the keener relish of something personal in Mr.
MacNeill's {Donegal, S.) amendment, declaring that twenty-five
out of the forty-four actual ministers of the Crov^m held among"
them forty-one directorships in public companies, and that the
union of such offices was calculated to lower the dignity of
public life. The question was warmly debated for the best part
of two days (Feb. 14 and 15), although in the end the
amendment to the address, which if carried would have
amounted to a vote of want of confidence, was negatived by
247 to 103 votes. Notwithstanding this result, there was Uttle
doubt that Mr. MacNeill expressed a very widely spread feeling"
that on acceptance of office a minister should completely sever
his connection with commercial life, in order that under no
circumstances could corrupt motives be imputed to him. The
Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir M. Hicks-Beach (Bristol TF.),
put forward the conventional plea that ministers, like other
people, were free to devote their leisure time to such occupa-
tions as they chose ; and he protested with unnecessary warmth
against the idea that all joint-stock enterprise was dishonest,
and all directors corrupt. Mr. Balfour followed upon much the
same lines, holding that the security and integrity of public Hfe
was to be sought in parliamentary tradition and pubhc opinion
rather than in definite and inapplicable rules. Mr. Asquith
{Fifeshire, E.), however, bluntly pointed out that the existing
system, defended by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, contained
two elements inconsistent with the principles which should
govern the State, viz,, first, that a man should devote his whole
time to its service ; and secondly, that no man should place
himself in a position where his pubhc and private interests
might come into colhsion. In Mr. Gladstone's last Ministry
the rule had been strictly enforced and acted on, and its relaxa-

1899.] National Granaries. — Irish Affairs. [27

tion upon the return of the Unionists to office had been
severely commented upon. No actual scandal had arisen, but
there had been more than once angry recriminations in the
Press and elsewhere with reference to the secret influence of
ministers (not in the Cabinet) upon the fortunes of companies
of which they were directors.

An even more academic discussion was raised by the Unionist
Mr. Seton-Karr (St. Helens), and seconded by the Eadical Mr.
Atherley- Jones (Durham, N.W.), upon our dependence on foreign
imports for the necessaries of life, and hinted at the establish-
ment of national granaries as a safeguard, or the discovery of
means to check the decay of agriculture. Mr. Amold-Forster
(Belfast, T7.), was rather more in favour of instituting a scheme
of national insurance against maritime risks in time of war,
though he did not make if clear how this would benefit any
but the foreign importer. Politicians so generally opposed as the
Badical Mr. Allan (Gateshead) and the Tory Admiral Field {East-
bourne, Sussex) supported the vague and harmless amendment,
which as Sir Charles Dilke (Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire), pointed
out was wholly useless until some understanding was arrived at as
to the scheme to be pressed upon the Government. Official
optimism, never failing at such m'oments, was voiced by the
I^esident of the Board of Trade, Mr. Ritchie (Croydon), who
hoped to reassure the public by the assurance that the subject
had been considered both by the Admiralty and the Board of
Trade. He made light of the gloomy views of previous speakers,
and while admitting that the price of corn would rise in time oiE
war, he did not believe that there would be any serious scarcity
unless it was declared contraband of war, a step which would
arouse the hostility of the United States and other countries.
As for the expedients suggested, he dismissed protection in any
shape as outside the range of practical politics, whilst either
national insurance or national granaries would impose a burden
too heavy to be borne.

The most important amendment on the address was moved by
Mr. John Redmond (Waterford), the leader of one of the smallest
sections of the Irish party. The retirement of Mr. Morley from
the counsels of the front Opposition bench left the Irish Home
Rulers without any distinct guarantee that their demands would
be formally recognised by the Liberal party. Mr. Redmond, there-
fore, determined to obtain (Feb. 16) from the new Opposition
leader some definite indication of his future policy by moving
an amendment in favour of the "legislative independence" of
Ireland. Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, supported by Mr.
Haldane and Sir Henry Fowler, met these tactics by a bold de-
claration that, though the Liberal party remained the only party
attached to the principle of Irish self-government, they claimed
the right to say when and how they should apply that principle.
They were practical men, and refused to give a promise that
Home Rule should be the first subject with which they would

28] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [feb.

deal on their return to power. He also stated that any Irish
Parliament established must be " subordinate and not an indepen-
dent body ". There was no formal alliance between the Liberals
and the Irish party, but ** alliance, in the sense of sympathy
and the desire to co-operate was as strong as ever it was."
That this attitude was satisfactory to the bulk of the English
and Scotch Liberals was evidenced by the divisions, which
showed that only 43 Nationalists were found to support Mr.
Eedmond, while 300 Unionists and others voted against the
amendment, although no member of the Ministerial bench had
taken part in the debate.

Two more evenings were devoted to the discussion of Irish
affairs. Mr. Field (SL Patrick's, Dublin City) urging (Feb. 17)
the purchase or control by the State of the Irish railways, and
Mr. Davitt (Mayo, S.) insisting upon the lukewarmness of the
Government in dealing with the distress in the West of Ireland.
Mr. Field, to make good his case, admitted the inefficiency of the
Irish railway management and their high rates. Mr. Gerald
Balfour {Leeds, C.) pointed out, and in this was conjfirmed by
Mr. J. Bryce {Aberdeen, E.), that Ireland was the very last
country where the State should own the railroads. If they
belonged to the State the Government would control all em-
ployed upon them, and the experience of the Government was
not such as to encourage them to increase the servants of the
State. He beUeved that the best means of improving the Irish
railways would be by partial voluntary amalgamations, but the
amalgamation of all under a central body would necessitate the
appointment of a Board of Control, which would be difficult to
manage ; and, if represented by a minister in Parliament, Irish
members would expect the railways to be managed exclusively
in the interests of the traders and travellers, and without regard
to the shareholders and bondholders. Mr. Field ultimately
withdrew his amendment, so that the actual support it might
have obtained could not be ascertained. The ground was thus
left open to Mr. Davitt's attack upon the Government on
account of the distress in the West of Ireland. The Unes
followed by the speaker on this occasion differed little if at all
from . his previous indictments of the Government, and the
remedy he proposed, ** a scheme of migration *' to lands com-
pulsorily purchased by the Congested Districts Board, had been
urged on more than one previous occasion. The Irish members
as a body supported Mr. Davitt, although each had points of
difference from him with regard to the efficacy of his proposed
remedy. The Secretary for Ireland, Mr. G. Balfour {Leeds, C),
whilst recognising the existence of a certain, but not very
serious, distress in the West of Ireland, maintained, and illus-
trated his argument by instances, that the real object of Mr.
Davitt and Mr. O'Brien was not so much to benefit the unfor-
tunate peasants of the West of Ireland as to stir up an agitation
like that which had devastated and disgraced Ireland some years

1899.] The Address Agreed to. [29

previously. With regard to the remedy proposed, he regarded
migration as an extremely difficult operation, because the people
were loth to leave their homes, and in order to carry out the
experiment on a large scale it would be necessary to remove
them compulsorily. Similarly there was a difficulty in the way
of the enlargement of holdings, for in many of the congested
districts there was not sufficient suitable land available for the
purpose. Where, however, in the immediate neighbourhood of
small holdings there was other land that could be divided among
them, the Congested Districts Board would undertake the opera-
tion. The Congested Districts Board did not now desire
compulsory powers, and there was no difficulty about purchasing
land for resale to the tenants. The Board had a large number
of estates to dispose of, and expected hereafter to find owners
willing to sell. Up to the present the work of the Board had
been experimental, but it had now reached a point at which its
sphere of operations could be usefully extended. For this pur-
pose floating capital to the amount of 60,000Z. would be employed
and an addition would be made to the income of the Board, so
that it would be in a position to spend 30,000Z. or 40,000/. a
year in improving estates before resale to tenants.

The debate was prolonged until a subsequent day (Feb. 20)
without bringing up any fresh elements of interest or importance,
and finally the amendment was negatived by 203 to 102 votes.

The wrongs of the Post Office and Telegraph Service clerks
were then discussed and dismissed on the ground that Parlia-
ment should not interfere with administrative control. The
dangers incurred by shunters and others on our railways having
been brought forward by Mr. Maddison {Brightside, Sheffield),
the President of the Board of Trade stated that he had drafted
a bill deahng with the question ; but an attempt to extend to
British seamen the protection of the Employers' Liability Act
was after some discussion negatived, and the Address was finally
agreed to (Feb. 21) without amendment.

During this long and practically fruitless debate several events
of importance more or less affecting British interests had taken
place. Lord Charles Beresford, who had spent the recess in
China, studying the political and commercial condition of that
unwieldy empire, had returned, and pubhshed his views. He
held that the rehabilitation of China was possible if entrusted to
British, American, German, or even Japanese hands. Any one
of these Powers could organise a force of 200,000 men, with
which Eussia could be kept at bay, and a very simple reform of
the financial arrangements of China would enable her to equip
and pay such an army. In return China was to throw open her
ports and commerce to the world, and to allow the guaranteeing
Powers to open mines and otherwise develop the resources of
the country.

The sudden death of the President of the French Eepublic
produced but slight effect in this country, where he was chiefly

30] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [peb.

known as a great adherent to the Eussian alliance, and the ease
and tranquillity with which his successor, M. Loubet, was elected
removed any apprehension of quarrels arising out of the claims
of rival pretenders. For many reasons the sympathetic good-
will which in this country had greeted the election of M. Faure
to the presidency had melted away, and it would be idle to assert
that his sudden death gave more than a passing shock.

There seemed also at one moment danger lest the more friendly
feelings which had recently been displayed by the United States
towards Great Britain might be jeopardised by the requirements
of Canada in the matter of the Alaskan boundary, which, in
consequence of the Klondyke gold mines, had suddenly become
a matter of serious importance. A British and joint high
commission for settling every point in dispute between the two
Governments had been sitting in Washington for some months,
and although good progress in the settlement of several thorny
questions had been made, a diiBSculty was found in coming to
an agreement over the Alaskan boundary. The British com-
missioners, presided over by Lord Herschell, proposed that the
points in dispute should be referred to six arbitrators, who might
elect an umpire, while the Americans wished all points to be
decided by a majority vote. The difficulty was further increased
by the knowledge that if the principle of an umpire were admitted
the British commissioners would object to the selection of an
American umpire, and the Americans to a European one. Under
these circumstances it was decided to suspend the sittings of the
joint commission for six months, during which the questions at
issue could be handled in the ordinary way of diplomacy.

The House of Commons, having disposed of the Address
(Feb. 10) devoted the remainder of the evening to the dis-
cussion of a resolution proposed by Mr. Herbert Lewis {Flint
Burgh) that the ** legislative power of bishops in the House of
Peers in Parliament is a great hindrance to the discharge of
their spiritual functions, prejudicial to the commonwealth, and
fit to be taken away by bill." These were the actual terms of
a resolution passed by the House of Commons in 1641 ; but,
notwithstanding the precedent, the House took on this occasion
a very different view of its duties and responsibilities. On such
a question it might be anticipated that the various Nonconformist
bodies would be agreed, and that their arguments would run on
almost identical lines. Sir E. Clarke (Plymouth), in opposing
the resolution, argued that if the bishops were deprived of their
seats in the Upper House, the Church would have no representa-
tives at all in the council of the nation. He did not approve of
everything done by the bishops, but he could not on that ground
subscribe to the view that their presence in the House of Lords
was prejudicial to the commonwealth. At the same time he
expressed his regret that no member of the Cabinet should
think it worth while to be present at the discussion. Lord
Hugh Cecil (Greeinvkh) replied for the Church party in a speech

1R99.] The Soudan Campaijn. [31

which was marked by breadth of view and oratorical power.
Far from accepting the view that ecclesiastical peers were
detrimental, he turned the tables on the Nonconformists by
moving an amendment affirming that it was desirable not only
to maintain the legislative power of the bishops, but that other
life peers should be added to the House of Lords, especially
those who would represent the greater religious denominations
other than the Church of England. The Eadicals, Churchmen
and Dissenters, were alike unprepared for such a flank attack,
and unready with a reply. Sir Robert Reid (Dumfries Burghs),
however, was put forward to say, presumably on behalf of the
front Opposition bench, that any attempt to strengthen the
Upper House by such means would meet with protracted
resistance. The Attorney-General, Sir R. Webster (Isle of
Wight), while ridiculing the idea that the attendance of the
bishops in the House of Lords interfered with the discharge
of their spiritual duties, claimed for them a special right to
speak on such subjects as education, temperance and the condi-
tion of the poor. With regard to Lord H. Cecil's proposal,
foreseeing the difficulty of explaining a vote given against a
motion made by the Premier's son, he suggested its withdrawal
on the ground that the subject was too large to discuss on that
occasion. This advice was adopted, and the House was left free
to negative by 200 to 129 votes Mr. Lewis's original resolution.

The Opposition, however, found a more promising field for
challenging the action of the G-overnment m the general conduct
of affairs in Egypt and the Soudan. They elicited at an early
date (Feb. 10) that the estimated deficit of the Soudan Budget
for 1899 would be at least 317,000Z., chargeable to the Egyptian
Exchequer. The conduct of the campaign, which had cul-
minated in the victory at Omdurman, was not allowed to pass
without criticism, and the inadequacy of the hospital accom-
modation and nursing staff at Cairo and Alexandria during an
outbreak of enteric fever was practically admitted (Feb. 16).
The vexed question of the treatment of the wounded Dervishes
in the battle of Omdurman, raised by Mr. Labouchere (Feb. 21),
elicited the statement that the total number of dead, as counted,
was 10,600, and it was estimated that above 16,000 were
wounded, exclusive of those killed during the taking of Omdur-
man, estimated at between 300 and 400 men. Finally it was
agreed that the discussion of the action of the troops on that
occasion should be postponed until a subsequent occasion, and
for the time criticism was directed to the unsatisfactory condition
of Uganda and Unyoro. The vote of 256,000Z. in aid of the
British Protectorates in Central and East Africa afforded a good
opportunity (Feb. 27) for the discussion of the Ministerial policy
in those regions. Sir E. Grey (Berwick-on-Tweed, Northumber-
land), alluding to the mutiny of the Soudanese troops under
Colonel Macdonald, said that no information had been afforded
to the public, and maintained that its causes ought to be

82] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [feb.

strictly inquired into. From what could be ascertained it
appeared that the pay was too small, and that the companies
which had been the first to mutiny had been seriously over-
worked. Mr. Brodrick, on the other hand, ascribed the causes
of the mutiny to a general feeling of unrest among the natives,
and to a widespread belief that an attempt at that moment to
overpower all European oflBcers would be successful. The
ofl&cers on the spot believed that the country had largely settled
down ; but, of course, until the remnants of the rebellious
troops were finally disposed of one must expect to hear of
attacks like that of which news had recently reached us.
Explaining the objects of Colonel Martyr's expedition, he said
that that officer was to explore and to plant posts, if possible,
on the right bank of the Nile and to connect Uganda with the
territory to which Lord Kitchener's troops had penetrated. It
was intended that ultimately he should join hands with Lord
Kitchener, occupying the territory to which by treaty we were
entitled, and which connected Uganda and the sources of the
Nile with the valley. It was not intended to push outposts in
every direction, but to strengthen our occupation of the terri-
tories which had been acquired. As to the circumstances of
our occupation of Uganda, he did not believe that they con-
trasted unfavourably with the circumstances of our occupation
of other African regions. The debate was continued by Mr.
M'KenxiQ. (Monmouthshire y N.), Sir E. Ashmead-Bartlett {Ecclesall,
Sheffield), Mr. Labouchere (Northampton) , and Mr. H. M. Stanley
(Lambeth, N.), who regretted that greater progress had not been
made with the Uganda Eailway. The amendment was negatived
by 185 to 66 ; majority, 119. ^

Notwithstanding this expression of confidence in the Govern-
ment Sir Charles Dilke (Forest of Dean, Gloiccestershire) , whose
industry in mastering details was unrivalled, insisted upon
drawing attention to the alleged violations of the law relating to
fugitive slaves in Mombasa, and the action of British officials in
the matter. The Government reply was not satisfactory, for
while Mr. Brodrick assured them British officials had been
instructed not to take any part in the restoration of fugitive
slaves to their masters, he was unable to say definitely what
their action has been. Ultimately, under considerable pressure,
he promised to obtain the information, and to communicate it to
the House, and on this understanding the vote was allowed to
be taken.

A month having elapsed and no statement having been
volunteered by the Foreign Office, Mr. Bayley (Chesterfield,
Derbyshire) reopened the subject by stating (March 22) that a
British magistrate had handed back slaves to their masters
contrary to the law. This statement, backed by the offer of
documentary proof, was followed by a request from Mr. M*Kenna
(Monmmtthshire, N,) for a definite statement of the law as to
slavery in the Zanzibar Protectorate. The ex-Solicitor-General,

1899.] ' Slavery in Zanzibar, [33

Sir B. Beid {Dumfries Burgh) supported his friends by declar-
ing it to be unlawful for any British subject to do what was
said to have been done on this occasion, and he asserted that
this view was in accordance with the declaration of the Attorney-
General, Sir B. Webster, in 1897. The Under-Secretary, Mr.
Brodrick, admitted that an inquiry was held before a British
oflBcial. If there had been any cruelty in the case, the persons
aggrieved could have claimed manumission. Discussing the
question whether slaves should be returned at all, he explained
that the statute law forbade the bujring or selling of slaves, and
that that law was in force on the mainland of East Africa;
but the declarations made when Great Britain took over the
protectorate of Zanzibar prevented the abolition without com-
pensation of the status of slavery. It was then declared that
the status of all slaves possessed at the time by the subjects of the
Sultan should remain unchanged. Mr. Buxton {Poplar, Tower
Hamlets) referred to a despatch from Lord Salisbury to Sir A.
Hardinge, in which it was stated that the Attorney-General
had laid down that a British subject who took part in re-
storing a slave to his master or deprived any person of his liberty
on the ground that he was a fugitive slave was breaking the
law. The Attorney-General, Sir B. Webster {Isle of Wight)^
was then forced to defend himself from having ranged himself
on the side of the slave-owners. His view of the law, which, he
said, had been misunderstood or misrepresented, was that a
British subject was prohibited from carrying away or removing
a slave or being concerned in such removal. He denied that he
had ever laid it down that it was illegal for an official to express
an opinion that, according to the law of the country in which
he was, a master was entitled to the services of a slave. The
slackness of our Government in consistently applying the
Emancipation Act in East Africa having been effectually estab-
lished, the matter was allowed to be dropped.

No time was lost by the Government in introducing their
London Government Bill (Feb. 23), of which the management
was left wholly in Mr. Balfour's hands. In introducing the
measure, he modestly defined the scope of the bill as one in-
tended to complete the edifice of local self-government in the
metropolitan area. The organisation of the City of London,
with all its charters and privileges, would remain untouched,
and the London County Council, established in 1888, would be
left to deal with matters in which all parts of the metropoUs
were alike interested. The new bill proposed to deal exclusively
with the Vestries and Administrative Boards, called into exis-
tence by the act of 1855. It was therefore proposed to partition
these into areas for local self-government, and already sixteen
areas were ripe for the creation of municipalities ; and it was
hoped that aU would be arranged by November, 1899. No area
was to be constituted a separate municipaUty that had not a
population above 100,000 or under 400,000 inhabitants, or a

C

34] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [peb.

ratable value exceeding 500,000Z. The municipal franchise
would be determined by the Metropolis Management Act.
Each municipality would consist of a mayor, aldermen and
councillors — the aldermen to bear the same proportion to the
councillors as in the provinces; to hold office for the same
period as elsewhere ; the elections to take place in November
instead of in May. There would be no ex-officio link between
the London County Council and the new bodies. The powers
at present discharged by the Vestries and District Boards, and
those exercised by the Baths and Washhouses Commissioners,
the Libraries Commissioners, and the Burial Boards, would be
transferred to the new authorities. They could promote or
oppose bills in Parliament, subject to the provisions of the
Borough Funds Act. Machinery was provided to enable
the County Council to transfer other powers by agreement, sub-
ject to the revision of the Local Government Board, and muni-
<5ipalities other than the recipient had the right of objection.
Where the Coimty Council had transferred certain powers to
more than half the municipalities throughout London, it might
<;all upon the remainder to take them also. Henceforth, every
ratepayer would be called upon for his rates in a single demand
note, clearly setting forth all the objects for which the rate is
demanded. Each municipality would have one rating authority
only, to which every local body having the right to expend rates
should send its precept direct. The lighting and sewer rate
would be abolished. The present system of auditing accounts
would remain unaltered. An order in council would jfix the
number of aldermen and councillors in the several municipali-
ties, but the total would not exceed seventy-two. Every muni-
cipality would be divided into wards, settled by order in council.
The general impression created by Mr. Balfour's exposition of
the bill was that it went a very little way to bringing about a
central Government for London. On behalf of the Opposition,
Mr. H. Campbell-Bannerman feared that political considerations
would influence the election of the new bodies just as much as
in the County Council elections. He looked also with misgiving
and suspicion upon the contemplated transference of powers
from the County Council to the new bodies, and Mr. Courtney
(Bodmin, Cornwall) expressed the hope that the bill was ** a pre-
paration for something of far greater importance.*'

The Address having been voted, the Government at once put
down supply for the first available day (Feb. 24), and presented
a supplementary estimate of 885,000Z. for the expenses of the
Army in Egypt. The amount expended on the Nile Expedition
having been 391,000/. of which 215,000Z. had been spent for the
benefit of Egypt and had been repaid by that country. This
furnished Mr. Morley {Mojitrose Burghs) with his long-wished for
opportunity of arraigning the Egyptian policy of the Govern-
ment. The success of the advance to Khartoum had, he said,
in nowise diminished his opinion as to its inexpedience. The

1899.] The Administration of the Soudan, [35

policy of the Soudan advance had been an error from the first,
and was now drawing us on rapidly to new responsibilities, new
entanglements, and fresh outlay. He wished to know the exact
position of this new arrangement announced by Lord Cromer,
and what were the relations of Lord Kitchener to the Govern-
ment of Egypt. What was the nature of the control to which
he was to be subject from home, and to what department in
London would he report? From what instrument did Lord
Kitchener derive his authority, and had he received any
such instructions as were given to General Gordon ? He also
wished to know whether the resources of Egypt were to bear
the cost of Lord Kitchener's administration. Another point on
which he wanted information was the extent of the area over
which the Queen had claimed effective sovereignty with the
Khedive. He believed that circumstances would now push the
Government into the provinces south of Khartoum, for it would
be impossible to keep their new dominion in a ring fence. Mr.
Brodnck, who had succeeded to the Under-Secretaryship for
Foreign Affairs on Mr. (Lord) Curzon's appointment to India,
replied on behalf of the Government — ^many of the events
referred to having occurred during his period of service as Under-
Secretary for War. He stated that in the coming year the cost of
administering the Soudan, which would fall upon Egjrpt, would
be about 317,000/. The sums we had advanced during the last
ten or fifteen years, either in protecting the frontier or in re-
establishing the power of the Khedive — amounting as they did
to nearly 10,000,000Z. — ^justified us in calling on Egjrpt to con-
tribute her share ; the more so that under our rule the revenue
of the country had increased in less than ten years by 1,500,000Z.,
though taxes had been remitted to the extent of 1,000,000Z.
Meanwhile, it was the confident opinion of persons qualified to
judge that in about five years, if no unforeseen contingency
happened, the Soudan would be able to pay its own way. In any
case the absolute control of the Nile was indispensable to the
prosperity and security of Egypt. Mr. Brodrick summed up the
case for the Government with the remark that they had spent less
than l,0O0,00OZ. in regaining what their predecessors had spent
9,000,000Z. in losing. Mr. L. Courtney {Bodmin, Cornwall),
from the other side of the House, and as a Liberal Unionist, had
held throughout very similar views to those expressed by Mr.
Morley in Opposition. He was therefore able to protest against
the advance of our troops into the Soudan, holding the view
that no occupation of Upper Egypt by a hostile Power could
materially injure those on the banks of the Lower Nile. Sir
Edward Grey {Berwick-on-Tweed, Northumberland), who had been
Foreign Under-Secretary in the Government in which Mr.
Morley held a seat in the Cabinet, boldly dissociated himself
from his former colleague's attitude. He held that the expedition
into the Soudan, which had always been inevitable, had been
undertaken at an opportune moment. Where Egyptian territory

02

36] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [peb.

left off, British territory must begin. It was inevitable that we
should enter into the competition for African trade, and we
were bound to prevent the danger of exclusion. If we had gone
too fast, the pace had been forced by other nations, but we had
acted in conformity with the responsibilities of empire.

His speech was in strong contrast with that of his leader,
Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, who seemed unable to make up
his mind upon which side of the fence to get down ; and, like
Mr. Morley, seemed when in office to have concurred in a policy
which when in Opposition he found it easy to condemn. He
had always viewed with suspicion, he said, this policy of
advance up the Nile. It was necessary that the influence of
Egypt should be supreme in the Nile Valley ; therefore, while he
was opposed to the policy of advance, he did not regard it with
the strong antipathy which was shown to it in some quarters.
His chief objection to the occupation of the Soudan was that it
appeared to involve limitless possibilities. If the amendment
could undo what had been done he could not support it ; but
regarding it as a protest against the continued policy of advance^
he had no hesitation in voting for it.

The effect of these trimming tactics was promptly shown by
the division which followed. Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman finding
only 58 members to support him out of 185 English and Scotch
Liberals, whilst 167 members of all shades voted against the
amendment he had endorsed. The healing of the breach in the
Liberal party consequently seemed as far off as ever.

On the following evening (Feb. 25) Sir Edward Grey was
able to speak more clearly with regard to the party differences
over the Egyptian question. As the guest of the Eighty and
Eussell Clubs at Oxford, in replying to the toast of the Liberal
party, he declared firmly that the evacuation policy, advocated
by a small section, was distinctly impossible. On the other
hand, the question whether the Soudan expedition could have
been avoided was more difficult to answer. He and others of
his party not only held that it was bound to come, but that
things would have been worse without it. On the other hand
the whole Liberal party was united against any further expan-
sion in Africa. The sole question which remained was : Were
they prepared to accept the obligations they had already in-
curred ? ** If they accepted the result of the expedition, then
the differences of opinion in the party would become less and
less till they disappeared altogether."

The threatened misunderstanding with France, arising out
of the Fashoda incident, had been scarcely explained and
adjusted when news was received of a fresh source of dispute.
It transpired that France for some unexplained reason had
recently demanded a coaling station on the south coast of Arabia.
The Sultan of Oman, as the suzerain, granted a port at Muscat
capable of being fortified and of receiving a fleet, but a place
under British protection by treaty. On this being known at

1899.] The French at Muscat. [37

Calcutta a small squadron was despatched at once to Muscat with
orders to insist upon the cancelling of the treaty, and failing to
obtain this to bombard the town and to depose the ruler — who
chose the former. On the matter being referred to in Parliament
the Secretary for India, Lord George Hamilton, stated (Feb. 23)
that the concession to France of a coaling station was contrary
to treaty and would be cancelled. The Sultan of Oman had for
years been in receipt of a subsidy from the Indian Government,
although the relations between him and the British Government
did not necessarily interfere with the exercise of sovereign rights,
and the French and British Governments agreed reciprocally in
1862 to respect those rights. Lord Onslow in the House of
Lords further stated (Feb. 24) that the Indian Ofl&ce had obtained
in 1891 an engagement from the Sultan which placed him under
a special obligation as to the assignment and alienation of his
territory. Notwithstanding his obligation, the Sultan lately
admitted that he proposed to cede to the French Government a
port called Bunder Jisseh, five miles south-east of Muscat. On
hearing of this by accident, the British agent ,was directed to
protest against the execution of an agreement which would have
been contrary to treaty. At the same time the Sultan's attention
was drawn to other claims which the Government of India had
upon him ; and his Highness, after some delay, had complied with
all demands.

The matter might at this point have been left to diplomatic
arrangement, but the Opposition in the French Chamber, seeing
an opportunity of attacking the Ministry, brought up the
question. M. Delcass6, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs,
having been forced to speak, declared (March 6) that the British
and French had equal rights in Muscat, which in fact had existed
up to 1862, when the Sultan became a subsidised sovereign,
llie French Consul, M. Delcass6 went on to say, had asked for
a coaling dep6t only, and thereupon pressure was put by the
British agent upon the Sultan to induce the latter to refuse.
The French Government thereupon complained to Lord Salis-
bury, who, ** profoundly regretting the action of an unauthorised
agent, had acceded to the French wish for a coaling station
without cession of territory." This extraordinary version of
the story, abandoning all reference to the actual demands of the
French Consul to fortify the new acquisition, required prompt
explanation. On the next day (March 7), therefore, in reply to
Sir Charles Dilke, the Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Mr.
Brodrick (Guildford, Surrey) explained that in the middle of
March, 1898, the French Consul obtained from the Sultan of
Muscat the lease or concession of a piece of land as a coal dep6t.
On the land, which included a small harbour some way from
Muscat, the French had stipulated for the right to hoist their
flag and to build fortifications. No hint of these proceedings
reached the British Agent until early in the present year, and as
soon as they were known they were declared by the British

38] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [mabch

Government to be contrary to the treaty of 1862, and to the
Sultan's special obligation in respect to the ahenation of his
territory. The Sultan was thereupon required to cancel the
lease, which after some hesitation he consented to do. Mr.
Brodrick went on to say that the action of the British agent
was taken under the instructions of the Government, and that
Lord Salisbury had informed the French Ambassador more
than once that it was impossible for the Government to recede
from its position in this matter. Apparently the French local
agent had acted in excess of his instructions, and Lord Salisbury
regretted that it should have been necessary to take such public
action on our part as a threat of bombardment, though no blame
could attach on that head to our agent. There was nothing to
prevent France from having a coal store at Muscat, but that
was a different thing from a concession of territory with a right
to erect fortifications thereon.

Apparently communications must have passed between
Downing Street and the Quai d'Orsai relative to the apparent
discrepancy between the two Ministerial statements, for Mr.
Brodrick two days later (March 9) took occasion to make a
further statement. The site of the French coaling station had
not been absolutely settled, but the Sultan would be advised to
grant a dep6t only at Muscat itself. The French Government,
moreover, had accepted our view of the treaty of 1862, that it
precluded either country from accepting any cession or lease
of Muscat territory. The French Government, therefore, had
agreed to accept, in lieu of their former concession, a coal
dep6t on precisely the same terms as our own.

It was left to a private member, however, to bring in and
finally, notwithstanding every discouragement, to carry a measure
which in its action promised to be more far-reaching than the
London Government Bill, and directly influenced the happiness
and well-being of the whole country. The Education of Children
Bill, introduced by Mr. W. S. Bobson, Q.C. {South Shields), pro-
vided that the earhest date at which a child should be permitted
to leave school should be raised from eleven to twelve years, and
would apply to all except those who under existing bye-laws
were wholly or partially exempt from school attendance. The
principle with regard to factories had been already accepted by
the representative of Great Britain (with the expUcit approval of
Lord SaUsbury) at the Berlin Conference of 1890, but no steps
had been taken by either the Conservative or Liberal Government
to give statutory effect to this important reform. Other countries
had long since conformed to this or even to a longer period of
education, with the result that in technical and even in com-
mercial training their youths had been able to enter upon the
struggle for hfe better equipped mentally and better quahfied
physically. In moving the second reading of the bill (March 1)
Mr. Eobson, in an unanswerable speech, dwelt on the position
occupied by England among European nations with regard

1899.] Education of Children Bill. [39

to the protection and education of children ; and he strenuously
condemned the half-time system as in every way prejudicial to
the true interests of the children concerned. The chief and
nearly the whole opposition to the measure came from the
Lancashire members, headed by Mr. George Whiteley (Stock-
port), and supported by the agriculturalists, represented by
Major Easch (Essex, S.E,), who adduced the arguments of
** the nimble finger," and the labourers' necessity, both of which
were shown to be fallacious. Mr. Buxton (Poplar), for instance,
doubted whether parents would really suffer by the loss of their
half-time children's wages ; for the work done by the half-timers
would have to be done by others, and the parents would prob-
ably reap the benefit of the change in larger earnings for
themselves. The vice-president of the council, Sir J. Gorst (Cam-
bridge University), took up a very independent line, and detached
his personal from his official opinions with his customary free-
dom. He said that there could be no doubt that five or six
boors of labour in a mill were not a good preparation for
attendance at school, and all educational authorities were op-
posed to the half-time system. The adoption of this measure
would result in an improvement in the education of the people,
and the only question was whether those concerned would pay
the price which would have to be paid for the change. The
biU, however, would not really cause any serious disturbance
of the existing state of things, for the children who annually
left school between the ages of eleven and twelve were only
23,000 out of 600,000, while those who became half-timers
between those ages did not exceed 50,000. It should be re-
membered that half-timers had all succeeded in passing some
educational standard, and were therefore children who were
likely to profit by further instruction. As far as children in
towns were concerned, it appeared to him that the country was
pledged to this legislation by its participation in the Berlin
Conference. But the case of children in agricultural districts
was quite distinct, and was not considered at the conference.
To growing children Ught employment in the fields was bene-
ficial, and an educational system which was good for towns was
perhaps not equally good for the country. It was not impossible
to reconcile the employment of children in the fields with
proper progress in education, and he should hke to see children
in the country made to attend school until a comparatively
advanced age, the schools being closed in summer when agricul-
tural operations were being carried on.

Mr. Asquith (Fifeshire, E,) took an even stronger view, and
had no misgivings as to his action being endorsed by his
colleagues. He thought that even with the adoption of Mr.
Bobson's proposal the British standard would be ridiculously
low compared with foreign countries, but he cordially welcomed
any step in the direction of reform. When the division was
taken it showed that the second reading was passed by 317 to

40] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [mabch

59 votes, but out of ten Cabinet ministers having seats in the
House only one, Mr. Eitchie, voted for the bill. The others
abstained presumably because they held it more important to
conciliate the Lancashire members than to support a measure
of humanity and practical foresight.

The wording of the paragraph in the Queen's Speech
referring to the estimates, as well as the rumours which had
been in circulation, had prepared the public mind for increased
expenditure on both the Army and Navy. It was, moreover,
understood that this year the land forces, or second hne of
defence, would be the chief object of the attention of the
Government. The memorandum prepared by the Secretary of
War, Lord Lansdowne, began by showing how the proposed
increase to the Army, which had been begun in 1897-8, had been
carried out. In that year the total regimental establishments
(of all ranks, exclusive of India) was 147,398, and the Govern-
ment then proposed to itself to increase this force by 25,083 of
all ranks by March 31, 1901. . The number reached in 1898-9
was 160,139, and it was now proposed to raise 167,632 for the
year 1899-1900. The actual strength of the Army on January
1, 1897, was 145,737; on the same day, 1898, 148,677; and on
January 1, 1899, 158,318. This large increase, however, had to
be taken with some caution, the inflow from the Eeserve to the
Colours in 1898 having been much greater than usual. At the
same time 40,729 recruits of all branches had been obtained in
1898, against 35,015 in 1897, and 28,532 in 1896, while the
Eeserve on January 1, 1899, stood at 78,798 men. At the
same time 1,750 men of the Army Eeserve had accepted Is. a
day special Eeserve pay with a liability to recall to the Colours
in minor emergencies, and it was expected that 5,000 men
would within a short time be similarly engaged.

The chief increases to be made during the year were thus
apportioned : (1) Cavalry — sixty men and twenty horses to each
regiment at home on the lower establishment, and considerable
additions to the cavalry dep6t ; (2) Field Artillery — five of the
new fifteen batteries to be horsed and manned before the close
of the financial year 1898-9, and five more in the course of the
current year ; (3) Foot Guards — the new battalion of the
Coldstream Guards had been formed, and two companies added
to each of the two battalions of the Scots Guards to form the
nucleus of a third battahon; (4) Infantry — six new line
battalions raised and on service in the Mediterranean, each
home battalion strengthened by the addition of fifty-eight men
to be increased during the year to eighty ; (5) the Aimy Service
Corps, and the Eoyal Army Medical Corps to be considerably
augmented during the year; and (6) native battalions to be
raised in West Africa, British Central Africa and China to be
employed on garrison duty.

In connection with a general revision of the schemes of
defence a thorough examination was made during the year of

1899.]

The Army Estimates.

[41

the condition of the armament of our defences at home and
abroad. This inquiry revealed the necessity of carrying much
farther than hitherto contemplated the process of replacing
muzzle-loading guns, now forming so large a proportion of the
armament, by a smaller number of modem breech-loading and
quick-firing guns. In concert with the naval authorities a
scheme of rearmament was drawn up based on a consideration
of the nature of attack to which each station was liable, and of
the importance attached by the Navy to its defence. A satis-
factory feature of the scheme, when completed, would be a
material reduction in the number of garrison artillerymen
required to man our defences in time of war. It was proposed
to defray the cost of the works by loan, and that of the guns,
mountings, ammunition and stores from the annual estimates.

The estimates of the previous year included provision for
six batteries of field guns, and it was intended to include a Uke
number in the estimates of the two following years. Of the
total of eighteen batteries of guns fifteen were to be horsed and
manned as part of the increase of the Army, the remaining
three constituting a proportionate increase to the reserve guns.
It was subsequently thought desirable to provide the whole of
the eighteen batteries of field guns during 1898-9, and orders
were given for their early completion.

All batteries of horse and field artillery were to be converted
to a q^uick-firing system, and the conversion was proceeding vdth
rapidity. The increased rate of firing which would be obtained
with the new system made it necessary to provide a larger
supply of ammunition and of waggons to carry it in the field ;
suitable provision was made for this purpose in the vote.

Statement of the principal points of difference between the
estimates of 1899-1900 and those for 1898-9 :—

Increases.
Amouiits provided in Supplementary Estimate for 1897-8
in relief of 1898-9 on account of :—

Warlike Stores

Clothing

Provisions, Forage, etc.

Pay, Provisions, Messing, Clothing, Equipment, etc., of
additions to the Army :—

(o) Programmes of 1897-8 and 1898-9 -

(6) Programme of 1899-1900

Militia and Volunteers

Clothing Services (Regular Forces)

Armaments and Stores

Works (including Barracks Act Annuity) - - - -

Decreases.

Manoeuvres

Amounts provided for Clothing and Stores in Supplementary
Estimate of Febmary 14, 1899

War Office (3,500/.), Non-eflFective Votes (16,500/.) and Mis-
cellaneous Items (42,300/.)

Increase

Variations
due to Policy

£169,000

41,000

117,000

299,000

145,000

Automatic
Variations.

£293,000

160,000

60,000

814,000

20,000
51,000

771,000

888,000

100,000

100,000

8,500

58,800

203,600

58,800

567,500

829,200

42]

ENGLISH HISTORY.

[MABCa

The following is an abstract of the Army Estimates for
1899-1900 :—

1

Net Estimates.

Difference on Net
Estimates.

1899-1900.

1898-9.

Increase.

Decrease.

I. — Numbers.

Total

Total

A

Number of men on the Home
and Colonial Establishments
of the Army, exclusive of

Numbers.

Numbers.

Numbers.

"

those serving in India -
II. — Effective Services.

184,853

180,513

4,840

—

£

£

£

£

1

Pay, etc., of Army (General
Staff, Regiments, Reserve,

■

and Departments)

6,509,000

6,270,940

288,060

•— -

2

Medical Establishment: Pay,

etc.

905,800

295,800

10,000

—

3

Militia : Pay, Bounty, etc.

571,000

663,000

18,000

—

4

Yeomanry Cavalry : Pay and

Allowances ....

75,000

75,000

—

—

6

Volunteer Corps : Pay and

c

Allowances - - - -

624,200

614,200

10,000

—

6

Transport and Remounts •

790,000

710,400

79,600

1

7

Provisions, Forage, and other

Supplies - - . -

3,425,500

3,351,600

78,900

—

8

Clothing Establishments and

Services . . - .

1,090,000

859,785

230,215

■

9

Warlike and other Stores :

f.

Supply and Repair .

2,531,000

1,972,000

559,000

—

10

Works, Buildings and Repairs :
Cost, including Staff for

.•

1

Engineer Services

1,211,900

1,021,300

190,600

—

11

Establishments for Military

Education ....

111,100

109,550

1,550

-^~

12

Miscellaneous Effective Services

60,200

54,300

5,900

—

13

War Office: Salaries and Mis-

cellaneous Charges

Total Effective Services -
III. — Non-Effective Services.

248,300

251,925

—

8,625 ;

17,553,000

16,139,800

1,413,200

8,625

i

14

Non.Effective Charges for

1

Officers, etc.

1,655,000

1,667,800

—

12,800

16

Non-Effective Charges for Men,

etc.

1,325,500

1,335,600

—

10,100

16

Superannuation, Compensation,
and Compassionate Allow.

ances

Total Non-Effective Ser-

188,700

177,300

6,400

—

vices - - . -
Total Effective and Non-

3,064,200

3,080,700

—

16,500 <

Effective Services

20,617,200

19,220,500

1,396,700

—

Net In

crease, 1,396,'

mi.

The new Under-Secretary for War, Mr. Wjmdham (Dover) ^
created a very favourable impression on all sides of the House
when introducing the Army Estimates (Feb. 27), naturally
following the lines laid down in the explanatory memorandum.
He began by showing how far the Army was fitted to discharge

1899.] The Army Estimates. [43

the duties required of it. Taking the artillery first, he stated
the number of batteries supplied to India and the colonies, and
then explained that for home defence a field army of three army
corps and four cavalry brigades was desirable. Each cavalry
brigade required one and each army corps two batteries of horse
artillery, or ten in 'all. We had these batteries at home. Of
field artillery we had forty-four batteries, besides three howitzer
batteries. It was said that each army corps required eighteen
batteries, or fifty-four in all, for the field army, and that number
would be available in two years' time. He dealt next with the
alleged deficit of horses, and with the charge that our service
batteries, instead of having alfull complement of trained men,
were mere training schools for batteries abroad, and he said
that it was generally acknowledged that drafts for abroad were
better trained with a service battery than at a depdt. To supply
drafts for India alone it would be necessary to have some 1,500
men at the depdt, imperfectly trained for India, and having no
place in the scheme for home defence. The practical question
was not whether we should abandon the present system for one
involving the creation of a much larger dep6t, but whether it
might not be necessary to expand Woolwich to meet the require-
ments of the system now in force. Explaining the position of
the cavalry, he said that there were nine regiments in India and
three in Airica. For the field army there were at home sixteen
line regiments, and one regiment made up out of the three
regiments of household cavalry. This number only fell short
of what was the ideal number by one regiment, and amply
covered the needs of two army corps to be despatched abroad.
The eight regiments on the higher establishment would not be
asked again to supply any drafts for other regiments. The
drafts would be trained with the lower estabUshment regiments.
The wish of any man expressed on enlisting to serve, when
trained^ in a particular regiment would be acceded to whenever
possible. These modifications, he hoped, would go some way
to redress the grievances of certain regiments. Twelve cavalry
regiments could now be kept abroad, and seventeen regiments
could be put into the field at home, it only being necessary to
ask eight regiments out of thirty-one to train and supply 100
men each for India. Turning to the position of the infantry, he
stated that they had to supply India with fifty-two battalions,
and the colonies with twenty-nine. At home for three army
corps, seventy-five battaUons of infantry would be required, and
there were the seven battalions of the guards and sixty-four
line battalions or seventy-one in all. They were, therefore,
apparently short of the ideal at which they aimed; but last
year the House had authorised the increase of the Army by
nine battalions, five of which had been raised, and it was antici-
pated that the remaining four would be raised in a short period.
In the meanwhile, four battaUons could be improvised. They
were not blind to the inestimable value of regimental tradition.

44] ENGLISH HISTOEY [mabch

and whenever the two battalions, now forming a regiment, were
once two regiments, they were ready to save and preserve every
symbol of their glorious past. If all the battalions of any one
regiment should unite in asking for facings once worn, the
Secretary of State would be willing to consider each application
on its merits. Having given the nunjbers of our non-European
colonial troops, he stated the strength of the first-class Army
Eeserve as 78,798, and explained that it stood lower than would
otherwise be the case in consequence of retransfers to the
Colours. The Eeserve, it was confidently expected, would rise
again to 83,000 during the year. The D. Eeservists, who received
a shilling a day with the obligation to be called out when war-
like operations were in preparation, numbered up to February 1,
1,750, and there was httle doubt that the contemplated Umit of
5,000 would be reached. For the Militia the War Office asked
in this year's estimates an additional 41,200Z., among the
objects in view being the additional training of non-com-
missioned officers and the maintenance of regimental bands.
The Volunteer establishment was 263,963, an increase of 870.
A change would be made in the travelling allowances for
musketry, so as to enable corps over twelve miles from a range
to reach it at less cost than heretofore. Siuns were to be pro-
vided for regimental transport, for outfits to officers, and for
allowances to officers attending schools of instruction. With
regard to the general question of transport, he said that for three
army corps we needed an army service corps of 12,000 men.
At present there were at home only 3,302 men, and they were
asking for 40 officers and 1,000 men at a cost of 34,000Z. He
then turned to the subject of recruiting, and stated that in 1898
the cavalry recruits were 3,778. The total number of British
recruits in the year was 38,418, as against 27,809 in 1896. The
bulk of the recruits came from the plough. Having shown
that the comforts of soldiers serving with the Colours were
being attended to, he pointed out that the Government asked
for an instalment of money to be spent in arming the more im-
portant of our military and mercantile ports with modem guns.
The discussion which ensued was more than usually pro-
tracted and discursive, and it was not until three evemngs
had been spent and the closure applied that the vote for
184,858Z. was agreed to (March 3). Sir C. Dilke wished to see
the number of trained horses for the artillery increased. Mr.
Arnold-Forster {Belfast, W.), wanted the War Office to be
overhauled, and Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, whilst glad that so
many men had rejoined the Colours, deprecated the changes that
had been made in view of the altered prospects of the men. He
ascribed the increase of the vote to the expansive policy of the
Government, but Mr. Balfour retorted that the expenditure was
to be sought in the responsibilities of the empire, and that the
military pohcy of any Government must largely depend upon
the policy of other nations, and subsequently added that the

1899.] 4^rmy and Navy Estimates. [45

extension of our territory responsibility in Africa was one of
the main causes in the increase of our military expenditure.

The Navy Estimates, although showing an even larger
advance than those for the Army, were necessitated by the
programme to which the Government had committed itself
three years previously. Of the total increase for the year
1899-1900, 2,816,100Z., more than two miUions were absorbed
by the shipbuilding vote, but this sum included practically a
revote of nearly two millions on account of work in arrear on
the previous year. The total number of ofl&cers, seamen and
mannes required for the current year was fixed at 110,640, as
compared with 106,390 in 1898-9, and 10,050 in 1897-8. The
increase for the year, viz., 4,250, included 463 ofl&cers, 1,700
petty oflBcers and seamen, 215 engine-room artificers, 1,000
stokers, and 500 marines. The continued expansion of the
fleet would necessitate increasing the number of flag oflficers
from 68 to 80, of captains from 208 to 245, and lieutenants from
1,150 to 1,550, in proportion as the new ships were ready for
their services.

With regard to the progress made with building the new
ships under the original programme of 1898-9, the First Lord
was able to announce that the work in all cases had been com-
menced, and that with regard to the supplemental programme
put forward at the close of the preceding session four battle-
ships and two cruisers had been ordered in private yards.
Tenders for the other two cruisers and twelve torpedo destroyers
had been invited, but the strike in the engineers' trade and other
labour diflficulties had materially delayed the work put out to
contract, especially in respect of the machinery, armour, etc.

The detailed results of the year showed that two battleships
of the Majestic class — the Hannibal and the Illustrious — had been
conunissioned. Of the Canojms class two would, it was expected,
be ready in June ; a third — the Goliath — in September ; and the
other two before the close of the financial year ; whilst the last
vessel of the class — the Vengeance — was expected to be ready in
July, 1900. Of the Formidable class, the canceUing of the
Implacahle in March, 1899, would make it possible to set to work
on all three ships designed, and would complete the six vessels
which on account of their speed, size and armament had been
described as improved Majesties. The four battleships ordered
under the supplementary programme were to be of the Duncan
type, intermediate in size between the Formidable and Canopus
classes, but carrying the armament of the former with a speed
of nineteen knots. Of the first-class cruisers, eight vessels of
the Diadem class which were in hand at the beginning of 1898
would be practically ready for sea in 1899. Six armoured
cruisers of the Gressy tjrpe, building by contract, were somewhat
in arrear, but recently good progress had been made with them.
Four large armoured cruisers of the Drake type, speed twenty-
three knots, two belonging to the original and two to the

46] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [habch

supplemental programme of 1898, were in hand one at Pembroke
and the others by contractors. Two other cruisers, included in the
supplemental programme, of equal speed but somewhat different
design and armament, were awaiting tenders, and would be put
in hand without delay. Of the second-class cruisers three of
the Arrogant class and three of the improved Talbot class
(Hermes) would be delivered in course of the financial year, and
ten third-class cruisers of the Pelorus type were in a fair way of
completion either during or soon after the financial year. Six
sloops of the Condor class and four twin-screw gunboats of the
Dwarf class were approaching completion. The torpedo boat
destroyers did not show quite so satisfactorily, and the orders for
twelve new vessels had not been placed. Of the forty-two
destroyers of 26-7 knots two did not pass their trial, but of the
fifty of thirty knots thirty-one only had been tried and delivered,
an/of theSnainder so Je had paLd their preUminary irial.

The shipbuilding programme for the year 1899-1900 included
the lajring down of two battleships, two first-class armoured
cruisers, three smaller cruisers, and two sloops for river service.

The supply of naval ordnance had been equal to the increased
demands of the fleet. A 12-in. breechloading wire gun for
battleships, and a 9-in. similar gun for cruisers had been sidopted,
the conversion of 6-in. breechloaders to quick-firers for sea-going
ships was almost completed, and the magazine rifle had been
supplied throughout the service, and both cordite ammunition
and cordite cartridges continued to be supplied without diflficulty.

The new works for which provision was made in the
estimates were not of striking importance. At Wei-hai-wei
it was proposed to begin the establishment of a naval depdt ; at
Malta further accommodation was to be obtained ; at Gibraltar,
where the works had been transferred to a contractor, the
Admiralty mole had been brought up to water level through
its entire length, affording protection against torpedo attack,
and the commercial mole to be finally completed in 1903, had
made satisfactory progress ; and at Portland, Dover and Sand-
wich, the works under contract were being steadily pushed
forward. At Hong-Kong the area of the dockyard and water
frontage had been doubled, and at Portsmouth, Haulbowline,
Devonport, Chatham, etc., works were in progress to adapt the
ports to the present needs of the fleet.

The following abstract of the Navy Estimates 1899-1900
shows the expenditure proposed as compared with that of the
previous year : —

1899.]

The Navy Estimates.

[47

1

>

Net Estimates.

Difference on Net
Estimates.

1809-1900.

1898-9

Increase.

I>ecrea8e.

1. — Nnmbers.

Total

Total

A

Total Number of Officers, Sea-
men, Boys, Coast Guard and

Numbers.

Numbers.

Numbers.

Numbers.

Royal Marines ...
11.— EflFective Services.

110,640

106,890

4,260
£

—

£

£

£

1

Wages, etc., of Officers, Seamen
and Boys, Coast Guard and

Royal Marines -

5,242,700

4,988,000

254,700

—

2

Victualling and Clothing for the

Navy

Medical Establishments and

1,606,700

1,491,700

116,000

—

3

Services - - - -

176,600

167,000

9,600

— .

4

IfartialLaw . . . .

12,200

11,400

800

— .

5

Educational Services

90,600

86,600

4,000

—

6

Scientific Services

69,500

67,200

2,300

—

7

Royal Naval Reserves

271,000

267,000

14,000

—

8

Shipbuilding, Repairs, Main-
tenance, etc. : —

Section l.^PerBonnd -

2,417,000

2,218,000

199,000

— .

Section II.— Ifo^^rie/ -

8,799,000

2,971,000

828,000

—

Section III. — Contract

Work - - -

6,601,000

5,612,000

989,600

—

9

Naval Armaments ...

2,710,800

2,549,200

161,600

—

10

Works, Buildings and Repairs

at Home and Abroad •

795,100

650,100

145,000

—

11

Miscellaneous Effective Services

248,200

232,900

15,300

-~

12

Admiralty Office

Total Effective Services -
III. — Non-effective Services.

261,600

247.700

13,900

—

24,302,000

21,549,800

2,762,200

—

18

Half Pay, Reserved and Retired

Pay

774,700

752,500

22,200

—

14

Naval and Marine Pensions,
Gratuities and Compas-

sionate Allowances

1,116,000

1,082,900

33,100

—

15

Civil Pensions and Gratuities -
Total Non-effective Ser-

841,500

882,900

8,600

—

vices - - . .
rV.— Extra Estimate for Services

2,232,200

2,168,800

63,900

—

in connection with the

Colonies.

16

Additional Naval Force for Ser-
vice in Australasian Waters

— ^Annuity payable under -
Grand Total -

60,300

60,300

—

—

26,694,500

23,778,400

2,816,100

—

Net Int

urease, 2,816,1

00/.

The First Lord of the Admiralty, Mr. Goschen {St, George's
Hanover Square), in introducing the Navy Estimates found
himself in much the same position as his colleague at the
War Office. There was no intention on the part of any
outside a small group of extremists to see the estimates re-
duced, or the efficiency of the Navy impaired ; but there was
a very wide-spread desire on the part of the House to have a
full ^scussion of our position as a Naval Power. It was there-

48] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [mabch

fore only after three nights' debate that Mr. Goschen was able
to get the votes for men and wages passed.

In making his statement (March 9) Mr. Goschen at the
outset drew attention to the singular circumstances in which
the estimates were presented, with a conference on inter-
national disarmament before us and a war scare not far behind.
The extra amount spent in the dockyards during the months of
October and November, at the time when the headlines in the
Press were largest, was only 13,600Z. Practically, therefore,
there was no abnormal activity, because we were ready and
prepared. In the Chancelleries of Europe there was a deeply
ingrained idea that England intended war, and was prepared
to seize the first favourable opportunity. The idea was absurd ;
such an opportunist war would be contrary to the whole tradi-
tions of British statesmanship. Beviewing the ordinary work
of the present financial year, he mentioned that the shipbuilding
done had been more satisfactory than in the previous year, but
the deliveries of armour and machinery by contractors were
still short. In the dockyards, however, new construction had
proceeded vigorously ; in fact, the dates for laying down new
battleships had been anticipated. After giving some details of
the progress and chief features of the new battleships and
cruisers, he stated that, while the short earnings on armour and
deliveries by contractors had been more than 800,000Z., on the
other hand they had spent some 360,000Z. more on new con-
struction and repairs in the dockyards, while more than the
balance had been absorbed by a large excess in the cost and
consumption of coal, besides the strengthening of our stores of
materials. With regard to personnel^ the number of men and
boys voted would be secured without dilB&culty. They were to
have 106,000 men on April 1 ; they had 106,000 on February 1.
During the year, too, 1,800 Beserve men would have been
embarked in her Majesty's ships for practice at sea — this
experiment having proved completely successful. The sum-
mary of the results of the financial year he regarded as
eminently satisfactory, although the total cost, he admitted,,
was enormous. But if they ha.d enrolled the men, built the
ships, secured the guns and their ammunition, strengthened
our naval position in all parts of the globe, and had more ships
in commission than in any previous year, the taxpayers and
the country at large had reaped their reward. Before passing
to the programme for 1899-1900, he referred to two subsidiary
matters of interest — first, that progress was being made with
the works at Wei-hai-wei, and in making. a good anchorage
there by dredging, adding that the place would be of great im-
portance to us in the China seas ; and, secondly, that the expen-
diture under the Naval Works Act during the year had been
about 1,300,000Z., while for the coming year it was expected to
be a little over 1,500,000Z. In the coming financial year, then, it
was proposed to increase the number of men and boys by 4,250,

1899.] The Navy Estimates, [49

which would bring the personnel up to 110,640. The charge for
personnel in pay and retired pay and gratuities, and apart from
the cost of victualling and clothing was 7,474,000Z., or an increase
of 452,000Z. In the vote for armaments there was an increase
of 161,000/., chiefly due to the construction of guns, but also to
the increased need of ammunition for firing practice. It was
proposed to provide about the same number of men in the
dockyards as were then at work, being a slightly larger number
than money was taken for last year. The liabilities of the ori-
ginal programme of the present year and the supplementary
programme together formed an item of 8,225,000Z. These lia-
bihties had been swollen to the extent of 2,000,000Z. by the delays
of the last two years, consequent upon the labour troubles.
That being the situation, what ought to be their course as
regards the laying down of new ships ? It would be affectation
to pretend that tl^s question could be settled without an exami-
nation, among other things, of the programmes of other countries.
He had studied those programmes, and the result was not re-
assuring. There had been an immense increase in shipbuilding
on the part of other nations. The increase in the French
estimates for naval construction was very small, but the case of
Russia was different. They had increased their ordinary esti-
mates for shipbuilding construction by 1,500,000Z., and if they
added the proportion of the money placed at their disposal some
time ago, Russia would be able to spend in this year 8,500,000Z.
more than in any ordinary year. Looking, then, to the general
situation, and the known programmes of other nations, he had
come to the conclusion to lay down the following new ships : two
ironclads, two armoured cruisers and three smaller cruisers, which
were to be very fast. This last step was designed to meet the
almost avowed policy of some of our rivals, who, giving up the
idea of meeting us in the open sea, hoped to wear out our patience
by attacks on our commerce and food supphes. The money
required for this new programme in the coming year would be
550,000Z., besides 80,000Z. for small craft and steamboata Adding
this sum of 630,000Z. to the UabiUties of new construction from
former years, there was reached a total for new construction of
8,855,000Z., an excess of 1,167,000Z. over the current year. He
discussed the question whether the deliberations of the forth-
coming disarmament conference would enable them to diminish
or modify this progranmie, and stated, on behalf of her Majesty's
Government, that if the other great naval Powers should be
prepared to diminish their progranames of shipbuilding, we
should on our side be prepared to meet such a procedure by
modifying ours. But if Europe should come to no agreement,
if the high hopes entertained by the Czar should not be realised,
then the programme which he had submitted must stand.
The total estimates would be 26,594,000Z.

The discussion of the estimates could not be taken imtil
some days later (March 13) when Sir U. Kay-Shuttleworth

D

50] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [march

(Glitheroe, Lancashire) y who had occupied a subordinate place at
the Admiralty in a previous Administration, opened the debate
by a speech which added little or nothing to a knowledge of
the subject, and the public were deprived of the aid of intelligent
criticism because official etiquette designated the critic. Allud-
ing to the colossal growth of naval expenditure, he asked whether
means might not be found to check it, either by some change of
policy and of administration, or by agreement with other Powers.
Eeferring to the Czar's proposal for a conference, he said that if
the Government should fail to offer every assistance in promoting
the objects of the Emperor, the country would be of opinion that
a great opportunity had been lost. It was gratifying that in the
autumn there was no need for a vote of credit or for any special
efforts. It was right, however, to recognise that a great burden
had been imposed upon the Admiralty ; and, to guard against
any possible breakdown of administrative machinery in that
department, some attention should be paid to internal organ-
isation. Examining the programme of new construction, and
comparing it with that of France, he commented on the com-
parative slowness of construction in that country, and pointed
out that this gave us a great advantage. France was now
building battleships with less vigour than formerly, having
arrived at the conclusion that in the race of construction she
could not profitably persevere. As far as battleships were con-
cerned, he thought we had good reason to be satisfied with our
strength, and he doubted whether there were adequate grounds
to justify an increase in the number of these vessels. Sir J.
Colomb (Yarmouth), as a sailor and a Navy reformer, as well as an
alarmist, regretted the offer made by the Government with
regard to the Peace Conference. He objected to allovnng the
naval policy of this country to be settled without any condition
in a conference representing only certain of the maritime
Powers. Mr. Labouchere endeavoured to bring matters to a
practical issue by testing the strength of the opposition to the
Government naval policy, but for his proposal to reduce the
number of men and boys he found only nineteen supporters.
Mr. Allan (Gateshead) took up his annual parable against Belle-
ville boilers (March 16) prophesying some frightful calamity as
the result of the Admiralty obstinacy. Mr. E. Eobertson
(Dundee) y a former Lord of the Admiralty, whilst inquiring as
as to the naval progress of Eussia, managed to introduce the
subject of Fashoda — apparently a naval topic because the place
had been approached by a gunboat. He demurred for his own
part to the statement that the country had been unanimous in
its readiness to take up arms on account of the incident, and he
spoke strongly on the part played by the Government in their
dealings with contractors during the recent strike in the
engineering trade. By relaxing the terms of their contracts
the Government had taken sides with the employers against the
workmen. The Secretary to the Admiralty, Mr. Macartney

1899.] The Navy Estimates. [51

{Antrim, S.), replied with regard to the demand for fuller infor-
mation concerning Eussia's programme, that it was not desirable
that everything in the knowledge of the Admiralty should be
divulged. The programme of new battleships and cruisers had
been drawn up with as full and perfect knowledge as could be
obtained of the intentions of other Powers. It must be left to
the colonial Governments to determine whether they would
contribute towards the maintenance of the Navy. An admirable
example had been set by the Cape, and he hoped it would be
followed by other colonies. With regard to water-tube boilers,
he observed that all great naval Powers were substituting such
boilers for cyhndrical boilers. The Terrible had been called a
dismal failure, yet that vessel had done what no other warship
in the world had ever done. She had steamed for sixty hours
at a continuous speed of twenty iknots. Shipbuilding was not
likely to be retarded in consequence of any deficiency in the
supply of armour.

The Civil Service Estimates which for some years had been
adding considerably to the public burdens in the way of cost of
education, etc., showed this year a very moderate increase of
387,819^., as compared with an increase of more than a million
and a half (1,624,678Z.) in the previous year over 1897-8. The
current year's estimates, however, showed for the first time the
working of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1898, and the operation
of the Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, the former entailing
an additional initial charge of nearly 60,000/. upon the Exchequer,
whilst the latter measure reheved the estimates of the cost of
pauper lunatics and the expenses of the Local Government
Board to the extent of 244,000Z. (represented by a charge of
282,000Z. on the Consolidated Fund). Consequently for the
purposes of comparison the net increase of the year's estimates
was 571,604Z.

Dealing with the various classes of the estimates, the
Secretary to the Treasury, Mr Hanbury {Preston), explained
that the completion or advanced state of certain public build-
ings, such as the Eecord Office and Hertford House, the transfer
of expenses of lighthouses abroad to the Mercantile Marine
Fund, and a reduced claim for consular buildings had consider-
ably reduced the charges under this claim, but the requirements
of the Public Offices (Whitehall) Site Act, the new buildings
in connection with the Science and Art Department, etc., had
absorbed much of the savings, and promised to become an
increasing source of expenditure for some years. Class II.
showed httle variation, and called for no explanation. Under
Class III. the largely increased business of the Land Eegistry
under the Land Transfer Act, 1897, accounted for a considerable
portion of the rise — a jgreat portion of which, as in Class II.,
was automatic. Class IV. (Education) continued to put forward
the largest claim, and this year's total of over twelve millions
showed an increase of nearly a quarter of a million over the

d2

52]

ENGLISH HISTORY.

[march

previous year. Under English and Scotch Education was in-
cluded, for the first time, provision for pensions to elementary
school teachers, and a grant towards the National Physical
Laboratory to be managed by the Eoyal Society. Class V., deal-
ing with Foreign and Colonial Services, also showed a constant
tendency to increase in proportion with our widened interests
abroad. In 1897-8 the estimate for this class stood at 819,229Z.;
in 1898-9 it rose to 1,263,264Z. ; and now 1,458,840Z. was
required — the increase arising almost entirely on account of
British Protectorates in East Africa and the requirements
of West Africa and the West Indies, Uganda alone taking
108,000Z. and the Gold Coast 45,000Z. On the other hand, the
deficiency of Cyprus revenues had fallen from 33,000/. to
13,000Z., in consequence of the improved financial condition of
the island. On Class VI. (Non-Effective Services) the transfer
of the charge for pauper lunatics (Ireland) to local funds caused
a reduction of 143,653Z. from this class ; but the rigid enforce-
ment of the age hmit, in nearly all the branches of the public
service, had raised the charges for pensioners by 24,741Z. The
Miscellaneous Services included under Class VII. showed that
the imperial exchequer had been called upon to contribute
6,500Z. in connection with the acceleration of the Irish passenger
train service and 4,000Z. in respect of abolished Irish judgeships.
The Civil Service Estimates, therefore, as compared with the
previous year, stood as follows : —

Class.

1896-9.

1899-1900.

I.

11.
III.
IV.

V.
VI.

Public Works and Buildings -
Salaries of Public Departments

Law and Justice

Education, Science and Art ...
Foreign and Colonial Services - . -
Non-Eflfective Services ....

Total -

£
1,936,061
2,180,366
3,760,207
11,964,681
1,268,264
711,561

£
1,895,622
2,160,715
3,809,088
12,207,860
1,458,840
592,040

21,816,130

22,124,165

The Customs and Inland Eevenue Estimates showed a net
increase of over three-quarters of a million — two-thirds on
account of the Post Office, and one-third for the Telegraph
Service. The agitation for an improved rate of pay, the
purchase of sites and the cost of building absorbed the greater
portion of the increased sum required for the Post Office ; but it
was not stated how far the reduced rates of inland letter postage
had benefited or diminished the revenue, and in Uke manner the
cost to the public of the extended free dehvery was not shown
nor its action in stimulating a wider use of the telegraph
system.

The estimated cost of the Eevenue Services, compared with
that of the previous year, stood as follows : —

1899.]

The Civil Service Estiynates.

[53

Service.

Customs

Inland Revenae - . - .

Post Office

Post Office Packet Service -
Post Office Telegraph -

Total

1898-9.

£

855,600
1,980,323
8,002,850

824,350
3,364,835

15,027,958

1899-1900.

£

846,600
1,966,232
8,552,885

780,915
3,409,675

15,785,022

Immediately after the presentation of these estimates, the
Secretary to the Treasury, Mr. Hanbury {Preston), communicated
to the House (Feb. 26) the intentions of the Government with
regard to the telephone service — hitherto a monopoly in the
hands of a company. The Post OlB&ce intended to exercise
their right to set up local exchanges in London and in towns of
over 50,000 inhabitants. With this object he proposed to ask
Pariiament for a vote of 2,000,000Z. for capital expenditure.

Meanwhile both Houses had done httle more than mark
time. One or two academic discussions or perfunctory debates
had been gone through ; but, whilst awaiting the second reading
of the Government of London Bill, neither party showed a keen
interest in the proceedings of Parliament.

China and the Church in fact seemed to divide pretty equally
public land parliamentary attention. In the former the demand
of the Germans for fresh privileges in Shantung, and the claim
of the Italians for a port at Sanmun — south of Ningpo — aroused
the activity, and consequently the jealousy, of the Eussians and
English. M. PavlojBf, the Bussian Minister, protested against
the terms of the Niu-Chwang extension railway loan as an en-
croachment upon Bussia's claims in Manchuria. The English
Minister supported the contract ; but, on the Bussians speaking
more peremptorily, the Chinese Government showed a disposi-
tion to recede from its agreement. Sir Claude Macdonald there-
upon informed the Tsung-U-Yam6n, that he must insist upon
his countrymen's rights, and Mr. Brodrick in the House of
Commons (March 7), explained the situation more fully.
It seemed, he said, that the Bussian Minister at Pekin had
objected to the employment of an Enghsh engineer and of a
European railway accountant, and to the charge given on the
freights and earnings of lines outside the great wall of China as
being contrary to the agreement between Bussia and China.
Sir Claude Macdonald had been instructed that none of these
points constituted foreign control of the railways, or involved
possession or control of the lines in the event of default on the
loan. The Government regarded the contract as binding on
the Chinese Government. Two days later (March 9) Mr.
Brodrick said that, as far as the Foreign Office had knowledge,
the protest of the Bussian Minister had not been renewed. It
had been explained that the Bussian representations had been

I

I

I

54] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [march

made with the intention of calhng attention to the tendency
displayed by the Chinese Government not to keep its engage-
ments with Eussia, and that there was no opposition on the
part of Eussia towards the conclusion of a loan for the con-
struction of the railway. With regard to the ItaUan demand
for a coaling station, it had the full sympathy of the British
Government, but the question was one for the Chinese Govern-
ment to consider. This soft answer did not suffice to turn
away the wrath of Mr. Pritchard Morgan (Merthyr Tydvil), who
insisted that the benevolent neutrality of Great Britain in the
matter of the Italian demand was in flagrant violation of the
resolution of the House of the previous session, maintaining
the independence of Chinese territory. Sir Ashmead-Bartlett
{Ecclesally Sheffield) generously waived his special interest in
the resolution, on the ground that Italy was one of our oldest
aUies. Mr Brodrick, however, stood to his guns, and declared
the intention of the Government to support diplomatically
Italy's negotiations — that they welcomed the presence of Italy in
China, and that the policy of the Government was not to stand
in the way of any friendly Powers so long as British interests
were not threatened. No one on the front Opposition bench
appeared desirous of taking part in the debate until Mr. Courtney
had expressed his mournful regret that our attitude had not
been more reserved. Sir Edward Grey thereupon retorted that
it was no longer possible for Great Britain to stand aside and
hold no intercommunication with other Powers. Our policy
should be to keep in constant touch with other countries in-
terested in the Far East, and to guard against the danger of
drifting into an unfriendly attitude.

Speaking at Eeading (March 13) Sir Edward Grey defined
his views more specifically, urging a better understanding with
Eussia. The obstacle to such a policy was Eussian distrust of
our policy. '' A distrust, written large and very unpleasantly
all over the last blue book on China affairs. We had created
that distrust in the mind of the Eussian Government in past
years, and to discover the cause we might go back even to the
time of the Crimean War."

A fuller debate on the whole Chinese question was raised
some days later (March 20) by Mr. J. Walton (Banisley, York-
shirey W. B.) who had made a special study of the subject.
Member after member admitted that the policy of the '* open
door," which imphed the integrity and independence of Cmna
could no longer be maintained, and that spheres of interest or
influence were necessary to fall back upon. The difficulty was to
clearly define our sphere and to ** ear-mark " it, whilst abstain-
ing from any attempt at annexation or administration. Mr.
Brodrick, however, speaking for the Foreign Office, was not
prepared to admit that the pohcy of the **open door" had
failed, and he enumerated the soUd advantages obtained through
it by this country, far outweighing the concessions granted to

1899. J The Chinese Question. [55

other countries. ** We stand," he added, **by the necessity of
safeguarding, to the utmost of our power, the particular sphere
(the Yang-tsze) in which we are interested. I do not call it a
* sphere of interest/ but the particular part to which our trade
mainly goes." The Government, however, had no intention of
undertaking the whole Government of China, or demanding
concessions vnth their eyes shut. They recognised to the full
the value of an understanding with Eussia, and were not
without hope that that object might be obtained. Sir Edward
Grey, defining the policy of the Opposition, held that there
must be an agreement between the Powers based upon the
recognition of spheres of interest as opposed to annexation.
He, moreover, entreated the Government to rid itself of the
traditional distrust which paralysed our policy throughout Asia
and weakened it in Europe.

Colonial affairs were again brought forward on the vote
on account for Civil Services (March 20), when Sir Ashmead-
Bartlett raised a debate on the state of affairs in South Africa,
with especial reference to the refusal of the Transvaal Govern-
ment to enfranchise the Uitlanders residing within the borders
of that republic. Mr. Chamberlain, in reply, expressed his
doubts if the Uitlanders themselves wished us to go to war to
obtain the redress of their wrongs. It was true that President
Kruger had not kept the promises of reform he had made at
the time of the Jameson raid, nor did his latest proposals with
regard to a change in the conditions of the franchise seem to be
of the slightest value. The true way, Mr. Chamberlain thought
to remedy the grievances of the Uitlanders, was to give real
municipal powers to the people of Johannesburg, but there
seemed to be no chance of any such concession. As a rule,
however, the British Government could only interfere with
plain breaches of the convention of 1884, and it was not
contended that the grievances most complained of were due to
infractions of that document. We might at any time interfere
if the comity of nations were not observed by the Transvaal, and
we had actually and quite recently procured the repeal of the
Alien Law, and had endeavoured to obtain some measure of
justice for the **Cape boys." Moreover, as the paramount
Power in South Africa, we could make friendly suggestions to
the Government of the Transvaal in the general interest ; but it
would not be dignified to make them, when, as we had reason
to beheve, they were not likely to be heeded. Meanwhile, the
ministers were carefully watching the situation, and they had
the utmost confidence in Sir Alfred Milner. Both Mr. Bryce
(Aberdeen, S.) and Mr. Buxton {Poplar, Tower Hamlets), repre-
senting the Foreign and Colonial Office views of the previous
Ministry, expressed their approval of the policy pursued by the
present Government in dealing with the Transvaal.

On the same evening (March 20) in the House of Lords, the
British position in Central Africa was raised by the Earl of

561 ENGLISH HISTOBY. [march

Camperdown, who requested some official information with
reference to the disastrous expedition sent out under Major
Macdonald. Ostensibly its object had been to come to terms
with the hostile tribes lying inland from the Uganda frontier,
and to define more clearly the frontiers of our own and the
Italian sphere of influence. Lord Salisbury admitted that there
had been rumours of certain dangers (arising from the action of
French explorers) and these made the Government anxious to
establish our military power at some station on the Upper
Nile. Unfortunately the mutiny among the Soudanese troops
brought that branch of the expedition to an untimely end. The
suppression of the mutiny occupied several months, and so
diminished the force under the command of Major Macdonald
that it was not thought wise to prosecute the original intention
of the expedition to its full extent. Another important point
was associated with the name of Major Martyr. A considerable
portion of Major Macdonald*s troops, with others found in the
Protectorate, made an expedition from the higher waters of the
Nile down the river bank, and that expedition under Major
Martyr had been, on the whole, successful. On his arrival at
Bora it was found that the Dervishes, having heard that a
British force was en route, had dispersed. Major Martyr pushed
forward, and the last they heard of him was that he was at
Bedden, where the sudd commenced. In conclusion, Lord
Salisbury promised that as soon as Major Macdonald *s report
was received it should be presented to Parliament.

The Government was probably wise in postponing the
second reading of the London Government Bill until a date
(March 21) when, by the suggestion of shortened holidays,
they might curtail useless discussion. Mr. Herbert Gladstone
{Leeds. W.) was put forward by the Opposition to move an
amendment which from its vagueness might hope to attract
those who thought the Government's bill went too far and those
who might think it did not go far enough. He thought that no
bill would be satisfactory which, while disturbing the existing
condition of affairs, failed to simplify or complete it; and, at
the same time, he desired to pledge the Government to do
nothing which might render the unity of London more difficult.
It seemed, although it was not clearly stated, that Mr. Glad-
stone's desire was to put aside without consideration all the
special claims of the City of London, to increase indefinitely
the powers of the London County Council, and at the same
time to give greater powers to the new Municipal Councils.
How these apparently contradictory objects were to be attained
did not appear very plainly from Mr. Gladstone's speech. Mr.
Asquith, who spoke on a later day (March 22), also made a
brilliant speech, which conveyed the idea that his convictions
on the subject were not very deeply rooted. He declared that a
bill which did not deal with the prerogatives and powers of
the City Corporation failed to grapple with a difficult problem.

1899.] Government of London Bill. [57

and he deprecated any scheme which would take away from the
•central authority of London any of the power which it ought
to possess. Whether this central authority would be best
represented by the Lord Mayor, or the Chairman of the London
County Council, Mr. Asquith did not decide. He denied that
the bodies to be established could be called municipal boroughs,
utterly lacking as they were in the powers of real municipal-
ities. As for the creation of a ** Greater Westminster ** he had
no words too scornful for such pitiful gerrymandering. The
Solicitor-General, Sir E. Finlay (Inverness Burghs), said that the
•enormous size of London rendered it impossible to dispense
with the services of efficient local bodies. They all desired to
have a strong central authority, but it would be a mistake to
starve the local authorities in order to aggrandise the central
body. No attack could be made with any justification on the
administration of the City. Answering some of the criticisms
passed on the details of the bill he stated that it would be
impossible to arrange the districts so as to ensure that in every
one of them there should be an equal distribution of rich and
poor, and he pointed out that the bill specially provided for the
observance of the act for the equalisation of rates. He justified
the creation of ** Greater Westminster,*' and, replying to
objections that had been raised to the financial provisions, he
showed that nothing in the measure prevented the local muni-
cipalities from borrowing money for their expenditure through
the County Council. Mr. L. Courtney (Bodmin, Cornwall) who
doubtless had been mollified by Mr. Balfour's proposal that under
the bill women would retain their votes and might be elected as
councillors, thought that the bill might be accepted as a substantial
instalment of reform, although it did not embody all the recom-
mendations of the royal commission of 1894. He was in
favour of the bill being referred to the Grand Committee,
when, votes being in some measure influenced by argument, it
might, undergo important improvement. Sir Edward Clarke
{Plymouth) admitted that there must be a central body, but no
powers ought to be given it which could be discharged effectively
by the local bodies. What were needed were capable munici-
palities to represent local interests, and there should be a com-
mittee formed from those municipalities to deal with matters
which were common to them all. He regretted that the
Government did not intend to link the new boroughs with the
County Council.

Mr. Burdett-Coutts (Westminster) /pleB,6ing pro domo sud,
asserted that no area in London possessed boundaries so deeply
marked in history as Greater Westminster, and that its muni-
cipal traditions were 1,000 years old. He denied that it could
justly be called a city of the rich, and, answering the argument
that the area would be unwieldy, pointed out that, in the Ust of
scheduled areas, it stood seventh in respect of size, while it
ranked fifth in respect of population. Mr. Burns {Battersea) on

58] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [march

the other hand, was of opinion that the Westminster munici-
pality ought to be divided into two or three districts. Sir J.
Lubbock {London University), a City banker, as well as an
economist of repute, maintained that the absorption of the
Corporation in the County Council was not practicable, and if a
change were effected the metropolis as a whole would lose
financially. Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, in closing the debate
for the Opposition, said he would not join in any attack on the
City. The bill would, he thought, effect division and not com-
bination and concentration, and he was afraid that one result of
it would be that the poor would be stinted in necessary publia
services. Local bodies for administrative purposes were neces-
sary and useful, but as municipal bodies they were wrong in
theory and confusing. Mr. Balfour, on behalf of the Govern-
ment, upheld the rights of the City against absorption by the
County Council. Defending the principle underlying the
financial provisions of the measure, he said he believed the
normal course would be for the new boroughs to borrow through
the County Council. At the same time it was undesirable that
the new municipalities should be prevented from borrowing for
themselves in cases of necessity ; but as to the details of the
financial provisions he was quite ready to entertain amendments.
Against the equalisation of rates the Government had no preju-
dice, and he cited figures to prove that the principle would not
in any way be violated by the scheme of the Government. With
respect to the complaint that the Government were creating
cities of the rich as against cities of the poor, Mr. Balfour
pointed out that the London County Council had itself approved
thirteen out of the fifteen areas scheduled. Generally the
plan of the Government was the plan foreshadowed by Lord
Eosebery in 1895. " Although we believe that London should be
one, we believe that unity will best be obtained, will best be
strengthened, by maintaining local spirit, by encouraging local
spirit, by developing local spirit. We desire to see London a
unity, but not London a unit," Mr. H. Gladstone's amendment,
was then negatived by 245 to 118, and the bill read a second
time ; the Opposition deciding to reserve their objections until
the committee stage, and not many days elapsed before the
order book bore evidence of their determination to mould
the bill into a very different shape to that designed by its-
authors.

All this time, however, foreign policy alone seemed to be
interesting Parliament, the Press and the people, and when
there were no troubles abroad of our own to occupy attention,
those of our neighbours — especially when disastrous — afforded
keen enjoyment. The Opposition in both Houses were fully
aware of the prevaihng tone, and consequently questions and
motions on foreign affairs became more than usually frequent,,
as the references made to China, the Soudan and Muscat have
already shown. Externally, however, our relations with both

1899.] The Lords and the Church Question. [59

Russia and France had seemed to undergo but little change, but
that little was in the direction of more harmonious feeling.

The House of Lords during the session before Easter had
found but httle occupation, and had divided its time between
ritual, educational and social questions. Lord Kinnaird con-
tinued his crusade against the Romanising tendencies of the
Anglican clergy, and the remissness of the bishops in enforcing
the law by moving (March 3) for a return of all the cases in
which the bishops' veto had been exercised under the Church
Disciphne Act, 1840, and under the Public Worship Regulation
Act, 1874 ; and he also asked whether a return could be obtained
showing the number of churches in England, belonging to the
Church of England, in which confessional boxes had been put
up. The Archbishop of York (Dr. Maclagan) remarked that he
had ascertained that in the last twenty-five years there had not
been ten cases in which any English bishop had exercised the
veto. The Earl of Dudley said that with regard to the Church
Discipline Act, 1840, the return could not be granted, as there
was no record necessarily kept of such cases. A return was,
however, in course of preparation, which would give the infor-
mation asked for as to the PubUc Worship Regulation Act, 1874.
Any return as to confessional boxes must necessarily be incom-
plete, as neither incumbents or churchwardens could be
compelled to give the information asked for. The labour
involved in attempting to obtain the return would be out of all
proportion to the value of any information obtained. Under
these circumstances the Government could not consent to grant
such a return. The Earl of Northbrook, Viscount CHfden, and
the Earl of Kimberley expressed their dissatisfaction with this
reply. The Bishop of Winchester (Dr. Randall Davidson),
while courting inquiry into these matters, urged that the sug-
gested return of the number of confessional boxes might possibly
be inadequate and misleading because the vestries were generally
used for hearing confessions. The growth of the use of the
confessional was, he believed, a very real danger. After a few
words from the Earl of Portsmouth, the Marquess of Sahsbury
said that the great importance which noble lords attached to
this matter of confessional boxes, as distinguished from any
other aspect of the question, ought to override the mere techni-
cal objection which the Home Office very properly put forward.
He deprecated and dreaded the spread of the practice of habitual
confession in the Church of England. ** But " he added,
** remember you are deahng with a spiritual matter, and I very
much doubt whether Parhament will find that its powers are
adequate to accomplish the end which I believe the enormous
mass of the people desire. If there were any means of repressing
or discouraging the practice of habitual confession, such means
would deserve all our consideration. I fear, however, that you
are undertaking an effort to coerce consciences which greater
powers even than the British Parliament have failed to effect,

60] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [march

and that you are more likely to increase the disease than to stop
it.'* Having expressed his agreement with the general opinion
that the return relating to confessional boxes ought to be
granted, Lord Salisbury ended with the declaration : '* It is for
them [i.e., the clergy] to teach their flocks — and they cannot do
it too earnestly or too often — the evils which may attend
habitual and systematic secret confession. But let us be careful
lest we hinder their work and prevent them from doing that
which it is their proper charge to carry out, by bringing in the
arm of the flesh, which never yet beat down a religious error,
and has often made the evil worse than before.**

Shortly before the close of the preceding session, the Duke
of Devonshire, as Lord President of the Privy Council, had
brought in two bills, which expressed generally the views of the
Government with reference to the reform of secondary education.
It was intended that public opinion should express itself with
regard to the views of the Government on the education
question. He therefore proposed (March 14) to begin by intro-
ducing a bill which would provide for the establishment of a
Board of Education for England and Wales. Its object, he
explained, was to constitute a board of the same character as
the Board of Trade or the Board of Agriculture. Like the
Board of Trade, and unlike the Board of Agriculture, the new
department would have a parliamentary secretary as well as a
president, but the office of vice-president would cease to exist,
although the present vice-president would continue to be a
member of the board. The bill would give more elastic powers
for the transfer of the educational functions of the Charity
Commissioners to the new department. At first there would
only be such an inspection and examination of local schools as
would bring the endowed, municipal, private and proprietary
schools within their areas to some common local scheme. It
was intended that the inspection should be optional, except in
the case of schools which were being conducted under schemes
framed by the Endowed Schools Commissioners. In the first
instance, no attempt would be made to impose upon the schools
anything like uniformity in their course of instruction, but the
inspection would be made in accordance with the advice given
by the consultative committee. Although the Government
were unable to ask Parliament to vote funds for the inspection
of schools which were mainly for the benefit of the upper or
middle classes, they recognised that in the case of the poorer
schools the cost of inspection might properly form a charge on
the funds placed at the disposal of the counties for educational
purposes. It was considered that the registers of teachers, both
in elementary and secondary schools, might be most properly
kept by the department itself, but it was provided that the
regulations relating to the registers should be framed in accord-
ance with the advice given by the consultative committee. The
composition of that committee would not be stereotyped by the

1899.] The Money-Lending Bill, [61

terms of the bill, which provided, however, that two-thirds of
the members should be representatives of the universities or of
other teaching bodies. Parliament would retain control over
proceedings taken under the provisions of the bill, as there was
a clause providing that all orders should be laid upon the table
of both Houses before they were submitted to the Queen in
Council. It was necessary that the organisation of the Science
and Art Department should be thoroughly revised, and the task
would be undertaken by a departmental committee, which would
be appointed as soon as the principle of the amalgamation of
the two departments had been approved by Parliament. The
inquiry would occupy a considerable amount of time, and it was
therefore proposed that the present bill should not come into
force until April 1, 1900.

The reference to the Science and Art Department could not
fail to revive out of doors the recollection of the report of the
select committee of the House of Commons which had reported
so unfavourably on the administration of that department.
There was no reason to suppose that the committee had been
animated by any special feeling to the authorities at South
Kensington, or that they had done otherwise than made a report
in accordance with the evidence brought before them. That
report was condemnatory in nearly every particular, and in one
point at least — the termination of the engagement of the keeper
of the Art Library, who had given evidence against the heads of
the department — the conamittee showed that if the exact letter
of the Treasury rule had been observed, the animus displayed
was open to suspicion. The duke's apology for the act (March
16) was scarcely regarded as a vindication of the Science and
Art Department.

The Money-Lending Bill, which also engrossed the atten-
tion of the Upper House, was framed upon the recommendations
of a select committee appointed for the purpose, before which
much important evidence has been given, and the evils of the
practice fully exposed. Lord James of Hereford, who had
xmdertaken to apply to practical use the findings of the select
conmiittee, had succeeded in framing a bill with which the
keenest legal intellects of the House of Lords had but little
fault to find. The bill in fact having been framed on ordinary
business Unes, and not in compliance with popular outcry,
commended itself to all who wished to see an end put to the
abuses of usury. The bill provided that every person carrying
on the business of a money-lender should be registered under
one name only, and that he should not carry on his trade
under false and deceptive names. One clause laid it down that
the term ** professional money-lender** should include every
person who carried on the business of money-lending, or who
advertised, or announced himself, or held himself out in any
way as carrying on the business ; but that it should not include
any pawnbroker, or banker, or other person carrying on a com-

62] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [mabch

mercial or general financial business, in the course of which
he might lend money. The object was to provide a sufficient
protection to those who were legitimate lenders of money.
It further provided that a copy of every contract, with the
conditions, should be given to the borrower. The bill proposed
to give power to the courts to review and go behind any con-
tract with a money-lender, and to relieve the borrower where
the burden of the contract which the latter had undertaken was
totally disproportionate to the amount of benefit he had received.
It provided that, where the interest was less than 10 per cent,
per annum, the court should not exercise any power of review.
Where the interest exceeded 10 per cent., or where the amounts
charged for inquiries, bonus, etc., were excessive, the court
might reopen the transaction, and might order a statement of
accounts to be made between the borrower and the lender, in
order to ascertain the amount which, according to all the risks
and circumstances of the case, should be regarded by the court
as fair and reasonable.

The only serious opposition provoked by the bill came from
the Duke of Argyll, who, through the medium of a letter to the
Times (March 3) , urged certain objections to one of the clauses,
:although approving of the measure generally. This clause
empowered the courts to revise bargains involving an interest at
the rate of more than 10 per cent. ; and this the duke regarded as
an unwarrantable interference with freedom of contract. Lord
James, in defending his biU (March 16), said that without the
clause he feared that not only would the bill be worth very
little, but it might even add to the power of the money-lender
by enabling him to say that his proceedings had parliamentary
sanction. The duke was consistent in opposing the clause, for
he had opposed the Irish Land Act of 1881, which provided that
contracts between landlord and tenant should in some cases be
revised. With respect to another criticism on the bill, Lord
James said it was true that pawnbrokers could charge as
much as 25 per cent., but they were not pawnbrokers in the
eye of the law when lending sums of over lOZ. Further, the
bill would endeavour to place pawnbrokers and other money-
lenders on a more general level in this respect. The second
reading was then agreed to without a division.

Experiments in State socialism were even more numerous in
the House of Commons, and both the Government and private
members showed a desire to dabble in them. In the majority
of cases no reasonable hope of legislative results could have
existed in the mind of their authors, whilst the feehng of the
majority towards the Government measures was generally so
lukewarm that their abandonment at any stage would have
occasioned no surprise, and probably as little regret. Before
Easter no fewer than five bills were brought in dealing with the
subject of Old Age Pensions, besides an Outdoor Provident
Kelief Bill. Of these only one, and that especially fathered

1899.] The Cottage Homes Bill. [63

by Hon. L. R. Holland {Bow and Bromley), reached a second
reading debate (March 22), which was summarily cut short by
the Wednesday time hmit. Its author was, however, able to
explain its main principle, which was to provide that a person
who had from the age of twenty-five years insured against
sickness and funeral expenses, should be entitled to receive
from the County Council of his district a pension of 55. a week
on reaching the age of sixty-five years. Mr. J. Chamberlain,
anticipating the action of the Government, said that some
attempt would be made during the session to deal with this
question, and that meanwhile the Government would support
the bill under discussion on the understanding that it went
before a select committee. On behalf of the Opposition Sir
H. Campbell-Bannerman also gave a general support to the
principle of the bill; and, but for the desire of some amateur
philanthropists to air their special views, the second reading
miight have been carried, whereas it was adjourned, and the
debate never resumed.

The Cottage Homes Bill fared somewhat better, for it not
only was read a second time, but succeeded in passing the ordeal
of a select committee, to which it was twice referred. This excess
of care was, however, fatal to its vitality, for the bill was never
brought to the notice of the House of Lords. Its proposer, Mr.
J. Hutton {Bichmond, Yorkshire, N. B.) explained (Feb. 22) that
the object of the bill was to provide the necessitous and deserv-
ing poor after the age of sixty-five with suitable accommoda-
tion and maintenance, and so to save them from the stigma of
pauperism. The measure enacted that the council of any
borough, of any urban district, or of any parish, might, with
the consent of the County Council, provide and maintain
cottages for the aged poor. In areas where the population
was sparse the County Councils would be empowered to group
several parishes together for that purpose. Inspectors ap-
pointed by the County Councils would be responsible for the
condition of the cottages, and deserving persons not actually
destitute would be admissible to the homes, but would be re-
quired to make some suitable contribution towards the expenses.
It was intended that the County Councils should supply local
councils desiring to set up these homes with adequate funds for
the purpose, and that they should also supply three-fourths of the
cost of maintenance out of the general county rates. It was
hoped that Parliament would consent to contribute the remain-
ing fourth. The bill did not apply to Scotland, Ireland or
London.

The chief opposition to the bill came from the Conservative
side of the House, nevertheless Mr. Chaplin (Sleaford, Lincoln-
shire), on behalf of the Government, recognising a general desire
that a distinction should be made between the deserving and
undeserving poor, was willing to allow the second reading, if
the bill was then referred to a select committee, with the result

64] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [mabch

already stated. In the interval, however, the Government had
managed to elaborate a measure of their own — the Small Housea
(Acquisition of Ownership) Bill — of which the management was
by a fantastic arrangement entrusted to the Secretary for the
Colonies, Mr. Chamberlain. In moving for leave to bring in
the bill (March 14) he explained that its object was to extend to
the occupiers of small houses the same facilities for becoming
the owners of their houses as had been given to the owners of
small farms in Ireland, and to the holders of small tenancies in
this country. The operation of the bill would be voluntary, the
present owner not being compelled to sell, nor the local authority
to advance the purchase money. The bill had not attempted
to define the classes whom it was intended to benefit. The
fact that persons occupied houses of a certain value would bring
them within the scope of the measure. The value was SOOl,
and under, and the amount that might be advanced was 240Z.
Wherever and whenever the expense under the bill should rise
above a rate of Id. in the pound, the operation of. the bill was to
cease until the expense sank below that Hmit. All ownerships
would be registered by the local authority, and transfers would
be freely made upon payment of a fee not exceeding IO5. When
an owner's work took him to another place, and he ceased to
reside in consequence, the local authority would have power to
take over his dwelling at a price to be fixed by arbitration.
When the annual instalments were not paid regularly by a
purchasing occupier, or when he failed to keep the house in
sound and in proper condition, the local authority was to have
power to enter and to sell the house. The bill would apply to
Scotland and Ireland as well as England. In this case the
opposition, as might have been foreseen, came from the Badical
quarter of the House, where it was attacked on various grounds.
Mr. M*Kenna {Monmouthshire ^ N.) wishing that the freehold of
such houses should when acquired vest in public bodies ; Sir J,
Pease {Barnard Castle, Dv/rhcm) being unwilling to reheve work-
ing men of responsibilities which they were wiUing to incur;
and Mr. Asquith (Fifeshire, E.) holding that the means for
supplying the demands dealt with by the bill already existed.
Notwithstanding this and much subsequent wrangUng the
division showed that the extreme Badicals had comparatively
small support, and the Government was able to carry the bill
through all its stages and eventually to place it on the Statute
Book.

Shops bills, dealing with the provision of seats for assistants,
with shop hours, and with shop inspection and regulation, also
bore witness to the activity with which the interests of that
class were promoted, although their introduction by Liberal
members coincided with the Service Franchise Bill of the Con-
servatives, of which the chief object as explained by Sir Blundell
Maple {Dulwich) was to give effect to the view expressed by
Lord Justice Kigby in the Court of Appeal in the case of

1899.] The Post Office and the Telephones, [65

Clutterbuck v, Taylor. It proposed, therefore, to do away for
the purposes of service franchise with the distinction between
apartments with partitions going up to the ceihng and apart-
ments with partitions which did not quite reach the ceiling,
and consequently re-enfranchised a large number of policemen,
shop assistants, warders, gardeners, stablemen and others who
voted from the time of the passing of the Representation of the
People Act in 1884 till the decision in the Appeal Court ten years
later. Sir Charles Dilke moved an amendment deprecating any
addition to the existing complexity of the franchise system, and
described the measure as a '* frittering little bill," but met with
scant support, Mr. Logan {Harborough, Leicestershire) supporting
the second reading on the ground that it at any rate enfranchised
somebody, a line of argument which demolished the objections
of Sir Charles Dilke. The Solicitor-General, Sir R. B. Finlay
(Inverness) J offered no opposition, and the second reading was
carried by 188 to 88 votes, no valid objections having been
advanced against a measure which restored the franchise to
those who had been disfranchised by a mere technicality.

The Sale of Food and Drugs Bill, founded on the report of
a select committee, was left by the Government in the hands
of the President of the Board of Agriculture, Mr. W. Long
(West Derby f Liverpool), presumably on the ground that its main
object was to protect dairy products, especially butter, from
fraudulent rivals. The representatives and supporters of British
and Irish agricultural interests were agreed as to the dangers
incident upon the importation of margarine, and endorsed by
large majorities the desire to protect the public from adultera-
tion, whilst recognising that from a commercial point of view
margarine should be obtainable by those who were ready to
purchase it under its own name.

The vexed question of the claims of the National Telephone
Company, the rights of the Post Office, and the needs of the
public, had long occupied attention, and given rise to much
discussion. The need of some improvement in the existing
condition of telephonic communication was recognised by the
Government, and the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Hanbury
(Preston), was entrusted to move a resolution (March 6) on
which the Government proposed to found a bill, . which if
carried would allow the Post Office to greatly extend telephone
exchanges. He claimed that the department had a perfect right
to undertake the task of developing telephonic communication
in rivalry with the National Telephone Company. It was
the object of the department to popularise this system of com-
munication, which was vital to the trading and commercial
interests of the country. At the same time the department
wished to deal as fairly as possible with the company ; but the
service supplied by the company was neither efficient nor
sufficient, and it was hmited practically to rich subscribers. It
was not right that so important a medium of communication

E

66] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [mabch

should be limited in that way. Under the bill 2^000,000Z. would
be placed at the disposal of the Post Office for the development
of communication, and London would be the first place where
action would be taken. The operations of the department
would be extended to smaller municipalities subsequently.
With private wires the Post Office had no concern. The system
in Switzerland would be copied, and a small subscription of
about dl. a year would be demanded, and then small fees or
tolls would be paid as for telegrams. He believed that the
department would attract subscribers from classes which at
present made no use of the telephone. Arrangements would
be made to utilise the express messenger system in connection
with telephone exchanges, and thus anybody, whether a sub-
scriber or not, would be able to take advantage of the system.
It was also intended to give certain large municipalities power
to establish telephone systems, the necessary funds coming
from the borough rates. A competing municipality would not
have the right to refuse the National Telephone Company way-
leaves which it took itself. As much as was useful of the plant
laid down by municipalities would be purchased by the Post
Office at the end of 1911, and corresponding treatment would
be meted out to the Telephone Company.

A bill was subsequently brought in founded on this resolu-
tion, but it evoked much opposition, not altogether unprovoked,
from the supporters of the National Telephone Company, who
had every reason for wishing to preserve their valuable mono-
poly intact. Public opinion was not greatly stirred by this
obstructive policy, and in the absence of outside support the
Government was forced to proceed with the utmost caution, its
own supporters being divided in either interest or opinion ; but
at length after a prolonged struggle, and by the help of Parlia-
mentary stratagem, the bill was ultimately got through its
various phases.

The education question, after the long debates of previous
sessions, was this year left to pursue its course undisturbed,
except by an academic discussion raised by Mr. Lloyd-George
(Ga/marvon Boroughs), who wished to demonstrate (March 7) that
the existing system of primary education in England and
Wales inflicted a serious grievance upon a large number of
people. He drew a lurid picture of the condition of voluntary
schools, of the tyranny of church managers, of the disabilities
of Nonconformists wishing to become pupil-teachers or to
attend training colleges, and of the unscrupulous proselytising
carried on by the clergy. Mr. Yoxall {Nottingham, W.) a
Badical, and an educational expert, declined to endorse Mr.
Lloyd-George's exaggerated complaints. He maintained on
the contrary that ** those who knew most about the question
from experience were satisfied that the barrier between volun-
tary and board schools was of the thinnest description and
could easily be removed." Naturally those who supported

^8^-3 Primary Education. [67

voluntary schools argued that the board schools obtained too
niuch for what they did, whilst the adherents to board schools
maintained that religious teaching in voluntary schools was
obnoxious to Nonconformists. The vice-president of the
council, Sir J. Gorst {Cambridge University) , made an indiscreet
but obviously truthful analysis of popular opinion, which drew
upon him criticism from both sides. He said that most agri-
cultural labourers were indifferent upon the subject of the
education, religious or secular, given to their children. He ex-
plained that the people in villages would not have board schools
because they disliked the idea of paying school rates. The con-
science clause was the remedy for the religious difficulty that
Parliament had provided, and it was a fair one; but the
conscience clause was very seldom used except when parents
were instigated to use it by representations from the outside.
In rural districts the children in Church schools generally re-
ceived the religious instruction which their parents approved.
Only on one day in the week was the catechism taught, and
then only to children whose parents acquiesced in that course.
Nonconformist children were not debarred from becoming pupil
teachers in rural schools, but young people in the country were
very unwiUing to become pupil teachers. Touching on the
subject of training colleges, he admitted that the existing accom-
modation was much too limited, and observed that Noncon-
formists had estabhshed fewer such colleges than the Church
of England. Sir Henry Fowler {Wolverhamptony E.) speaking
rather as a leader of the Opposition than as a private Noncon-
formist, found fault with the administration of the Education
Department, which, he alleged, was not impartial, because it
favoured voluntary schools. He described our system of ele-
mentary education as most expensive and inefficient, and urged
that decentralisation was desirable, because the department
could not manage satisfactorily 20,000 schools. Mr. Balfour,
however, found no difficulty in rallying his supporters by
assuring them that the object of the resolution was to attack the
voluntary school system, which the majority wished to maintain,
and this appeal was promptly endorsed by 204 to 81 votes.

Another effort was made this session to pass a bill for im-
proving Scotch Private Bill Procedure, which for many years
had appeared in the speech from the Throne as a matter
requiring attention. In the previous session the Government
bill had met with much adverse criticism, and was therefore
referred to a select committee — composed mainly of Scotch
members — for improvement. From that ordeal it emerged
in practically the same form, as regarded essentials, as origin-
aUy presented. Its primary object was to save much of the
expenditure incurred in the promotion of private bills, by ren-
dering it unnecessary for technical inquiries to be conducted at
Westminster, and to allow them to be undertaken in the
localities affected by such bills. The Lord Advocate, Mr. A. G.

b2

68] ENGLISH HISTOKY, [mabch

Murray (Buteshire), on introducing the bill, explained that it
provided that the selection of the persons to conduct the local
inquiries should be left to the chairmen of committees of the
two Houses, acting with the Secretary for Scotland, and it was
arranged that while the persons selected need not be members
of either House, such members would not be ineligible. With
this one alteration this was practically the same bill as was
approved by the select conunittee last session.

The precise form of objection to the bill in its altered form
was expressed by Sir C. Cameron {Bridgeton, Glasgow) who saw
in it the means by which Scotch members might be excluded
from hearing the evidence for and against local bills. Mr. T.
Shaw {Hawick Burghs) thought that a joint commission of
Scottish members of both Houses should be appointed to deal
with Scottish private bills on the spot where they originated.
On the other hand Sir E. Eeid {Dumfries), an ex-Sohcitor-General,
held that the bill would be unobjectionable if the committees to
consider local bills consisted of members of either House ; while
Mr. Munro-Ferguson (Leith District), an ex-Lord of the Treasury,
disapproved of the form of delegation provided in the bill, and
expressed a strong preference to a system of parliamentary
devolution. The Lord Advocate, in explaining the constitution
of the panel from which the commissioners to conduct inquiries
were to be selected, said there was no intention to hmit unduly
the number of members of Parliament nominated upon the
panel. Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman thought it would be better
to choose the tribunals of inquiry from among the Scotch
members, and there would be no difficulty in inducing them to
serve. Notwithstanding these differences of opinion vdth regard
to the machinery required, the wish for some better system of
procedure was general among the Scottish members, and the
second reading was ultimately agreed to without a division.

Outside Parliament, political events were generally devoid of
interest, except in so far as they pointed to something of a
revival of the Liberal Opposition, but whether it was more of
the Harcourt or of the Kosebery variety it was difficult to deter-
mine. A controversy arose over the rough treatment of the
Mahdi's remains, which had been taken from the great mauso-
leum at Omdurman and scattered to the vdnds of the desert
or to the waters of the Nile. The dogmatists, civil as well as
military, were clear that the method employed was the only
safeguard against Mahdism becoming a worship, and his shrine
a place of pilgrimage. On the other hand, the sentimentalists
insisted upon the respect due to a fallen foe, and the scandal
attaching to the desecration of a dead man's grave. Neither
side convinced its opponents, but the incident was utiHsed by
platform speakers at a loss for more important matter. The
death of President Faure, the election of his successor, M.
Loubet ; the severe illness, and subsequent recovery, of the
Pope ; the failing health of the Czar, and his intention of with-

1899.] The Bye-Elections, [69

drawing more and more from an active part in politics, were
events and rmnours which but slightly affected the United
Kingdom. The gradual disintegration of the Chinese Empire,
the continued danger from the Dervish power which was again
gathering together its shattered forces, and the sudden death of
Lord Herschell, *' the cement of the Liberal Cabinet," were
matters which came home more nearly to the average elector,
while for the moment ** the crisis in the Church," the comparison
of the wrongs of voluntary and board schools, and the wearing
of party medals by school children were forgotten.

The bye-elections in Scotland and Yorkshire conveyed but
little information as to the wishes of the electors. In North- West
Lanark, a distinctly industrial constituency. Dr. C. M. Douglas,
an advanced Liberal, at one time Assistant Professor of Moral
Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, was returned by a
majority of 359 votes over Mr. G. A. L. Whitelaw, a local
Conservative landowner, who in 1892 had carried the seat by a
majority of 81 votes, and lost it in 1895 by 97 votes to Mr.
Holbum, a Labour candidate. The poll on the present occa-
sion was a larger one than in 1895, so that the absence of a
Labour candidate could scarcely have kept many electors away.
In the Eotherham Division of the West Kiding Mr. Acland's
seat had been one of the safest on the Eadical side, and from
1885 to 1895 it was not seriously disputed, his majority in each
contest having been about 4,000. His retirement had been
announced a long time in advance, and only held back until
the party arrangements were complete. Mr. W. H. Holland, the
President of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, who had
sat for Salford (North) from 1892-5 was chosen to champion
the Liberal cause, while Mr. E. H. Wragge decided to test
the strength of Unionist opinion in this Eadical stronghold.
Whether ovdng to the traditional jealousy of Yorkshire and
Lancashire, or from some local cause, Mr. Holland's majority
fell below 2,000, the actual figures being Holland 6,671, Wragge
4,714, the Unionists never having polled so many as 3,000 votes
on any previous occasion. The small borough of Hythe, which
for so many years had been represented by a chameleon poli-
tician who possessed the permanent qualification of being
chairman of the South Eastern Eailway, had in 1895 returned
a Conservative by a substantial majority of 463 votes. Sir J.
Hart, who had on that occasion stood as a Liberal, again offered
himself on Sir J. B. Edwards* retirement, but the Conservative
electors by a majority of 527 returned Sir E. Sassoon, who for
some time had been nursing the borough. The West Eiding
had another opportunity of proving its staunchness in the
Liberal cause. Since 1885 the constituency had been con-
tinuously represented by Mr. T. Wayman, a prominent wool-
stapler, who had been Mayor of Halifax on several occasions.
The Liberal majority, however, had been steadily decreasing,
and in 1895 he was only 306 votes above the Unionist candidate.

70] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [mirch

Mr. Clay. Mr. Wayman having retired, the Eadicals put
forward Mr. C. P. Trevelyan, a young and untried man, who
had acquired a reputation at Cambridge as a fluent speaker, but
whose chief recommendation to the constituency was that he
was the son of Sir G. 0. Trevelyan, who had recently retired
from political life, after having been successively Secretary for
Ireland and Scotland in Mr. Gladstone's later Administrations.
Mr. Trevelyan carried the seat (March 8) for his party by an
increased majority, polling 6,041 votes against 5,057 given to
his Conservative opponent, Mr. P. S. Foster. The elevation of
Sir H. Cozens-Hardy to the bench caused a vacancy in North
Norfolk, which he had represented as a Liberal for many years,
and by a substantial though somewhat varying majority, which
in 1895 had just exceeded 500. His opponent on that occasion
was Sir. H. K. Kemp, who again came forward as a Conservative,
but was thoroughly defeated (March 16) by a neighbouring
landowner. Sir W. B. Gurdon, who had been a clerk in the
Treasury, and for many years private secretary to Mr. Gladstone
when Chancellor of the Exchequer and First Lord of the
Treasury. Sir W. B. Gurdon polled 4,775 votes against 2,610
given to Sir H. K Kemp.

The National Liberal Federation, which had selected Hull
as its meeting place (March 21), was attended by upwards of
1,0(X) delegates from 400 associations. Dr. Spence Watson,
who presided, spoke in a somewhat depressed tone of the political
outlook of the party. The loss of Sir Wm. Harcourt seemed,
in his opinion, more supportable than that of Mr. John Morley,
the man most fitted to carry on the Gladstone tradition ; but
he gave it to be understood that by the withdrawal of both the
task laid upon the party was all the harder. He held that the
Liberal policy should be to make the empire better, and leave
to the Tories to make it bigger. The reforms he mentioned as
before them were — the Disestablishment and Disendowment of
the Church, Home Eule, the great group of land questions,
including that of ground values, and the group of social ques-
tions which clustered round the drink traffic, and also the
reform of education by which a child might be able to ascend
to the highest regions of knowledge. There was still, however,
the great obstacle in the way of all Liberal legislation and
reform, the House of Lords. Whoever was to be their Premier
must undoubtedly have a fair understanding with the Sovereign
that, whatever might be needed, even if it should be the refusal
of supply, to effect this reform of the House of Lords, he should
be given liberty to carry it through.

Some of these suggestions were subsequently put forward
for discussion in the form of separate resolutions, expanded to
meet the views of various sections of the party; but on the
other hand the questions of Disestablishment, Home Bule and
the Liquor Traffic were left severely alone. The evening meeting
was addressed by Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman who made up for

1899.] Meetifig of the National Liberal Federation, [71

any want of clearness and comprehensiveness on the part of the
delegates, and treated their misgivings as to the present and
future of the party with a robustness of faith that should have
encouraged, if it did not convince, his audience. After acknow-
ledging the cordial reception given to him by the delegates, he
boldly asserted that he did not believe in the divisions in the
Liberal party that were talked of by a few mischievous Liberals
and a good many of their opponents. **Our party,*' he said,
*' is not an inert and mechanical party ; it is a party that moves
and thinks, and, therefore, must speak its mind." Turning first
to the Irish question, he astonished his hearers by the warmth
of his defence of Home Eule, asking how they could abandon
this Irish poUcy so long as they called themselves Liberals.
'* We will remain true to the Irish people as long as the Irish
people are true to themselves. Twice we have essayed to
embody this poUcy in a statute, and twice we have been foiled."
A little later, however, Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman moderated
his ardour for a prompt settlement of the Irish claims, and he
refused to make Home Bule the first item of his Liberal pro-
gramme. '* I repudiate the necessity, the expediency, aye, and
the possibility, of any such promise. Putting aside the question
of wise or unwise, I declare it to be impossible."

Turning then to the foreign policy of the Liberals, he
claimed that they were imperialists, but they abjured the vulgar
and bastard imperialism of irritation and provocation and
aggression ; of clever tricks and manoeuvres against neighbours,
and of grabbing everything, even if we had no use for it our-
selves. It was satisfactory that the gate was closed upon one,
at least, of the great evils of expansionist ambition by the
practical completion of thie partition of Africa. Step by step
the British Government had been led to the assumption of the
Soudan, but the Liberal party had from first to last declined to
share the responsibihty of recommending it to the country.

After criticising the reckless extravagance of our national
expenditure, which in thirty years of comparative peace had
risen from 71,250,000Z. to 116,000,000Z., he stopped short of
appealing to his hearers to take up once more the old Liberal
watchword ** Eetrenchment." He held instead that the first
object of Liberals was to make the whole system of parlia-
mentary representation a system whereby the mind of the
country was evoked more completely and more equitably, but,
above all, they desired to limit the power of the second
Chamber to overbear the appointed representatives of the
people : —

'* The next subject to which I would refer is the question of
the housing of the very poor. I am not speaking of the ques-
tions which affect what are called artisans' dwellings. What
I think rather has touched the heart of the country is the
stories we have heard of the effect of overcrowding in our large
cities — aye, and in many places which are not large cities — and

1-2 KNCILISII HISTOKV. Ihakch

the (MHirst <li'siro ft-lt to do sonu'thing to cure the *^Teat t*vil —
th«* (pirstioii nf |)or>r okl-a<,'e."

AftiT spr:ikiii^' of th»- crisis in thi* Church, Sir H. Campl>ell-
Jiaiincniiiiii dnw attt-ntioi) tn the taxation of land values,
ohsiTviii;,' that it was an intolcrahli* injustice that an enhanced
valut* shouM hf ;:ivcn to the land hy the improveiuent and
di-v«'li»|»!iiriit uf 11 Incahty. whilf the owner of the property.
who naprd thf iM-iu-tit, conirilnited nothing' to the cost.

Till' appijiraiicf nf anythiii:,' hke a niisunderstandin*; he-
tWfrn the iw«» factions uf the Tniuiiist party was naturally
hailed with <l«li;:ht hy tht* Liherah, whose inahility to at:ree
upon a eonnnnii jjnr of polity was the frecpient theme of their
opponents" ^atir*'. I\arly in tlu' year Mr. A. J. Halft)ur had
puhlishe<l a lettt-r in which lif put fnrwanl his views nn the
demand nf the Irish Kmiian Catholics for a separate university.
He su^i:«sii-d that twn new universitirs should \*e founded in
Irelan<i. nnr in DuMin an<I nnc in Helfast. on similar lines, and
rigidly suhjeit to the Te^ts Acts. All sdu^larships and fellow-
ships paid nut nf puhlic funds wi*re to U* thrown oin-n U»
puhliu compt'titinii irrespfriive »»f cn*<'tl. and no ])uhlic endow-
ment should In* L'lvt-n to iht- Chairs i»f Phil(»sophy, Thetdojry or
Modern Histnry. tin* <inly ditTtniicr Iwin^; that the ijoverninj;
I'odv nf the nuhhn ['niversitv wtnild he Roman Catholic, and
that of Mtjfiist rmte-iiant. Mr. Halfour supi>orti.*d his scheme
i>y various art:u\m«'nts. as a Cnioiiisi. a Protestant and a lover
<'f «'<lucatinn. Fie ^.|^ecially insisted, however, that this su^^es-
tion was a prrsoital mi*, and that it in nn way hnund the (iovem-
inrnt nf whirh ht'' was a memh«T. or indicatid their intentions. A
we«k or iwn latt- r he np« at«*«l this assertion in reply to a deputa-
tinii i»f tin* MaiiclM-slrr hraiii-hof the National Protestant Lea^e.
which atTi rti-d i/nV'^t alarm at Mr. lialfour's opinions, ima^ning
that, notwithstaiii'lin^ his oxpn-ss detachment on the matter.
th«Ti' still lurk.Ml if\r intt-ntinn «»f le;;islatin;: in their s«'ns«». The
party, h*- a^sun d h is vjsjtnrs. was in n-* sense cnnunitte«l to the
views he ht'M. \o" party whij) ha<l U t-n «»r cnuM «-\vr Im» used
in fnrtheninre i,f ili/iii. •' I fail tn <rr how tin- party are ini
pli<*at«d. Sn far as ^I am «'n!i«irn«d I say that it is a matt4*r of
inditr»Tence t<» me wf ii-thfr I riiiitin in pnhhr life t>r nnt ; bat
It H not a mattf r nf i .nditTt-renci- l'» me if. in ri-maininu' ui puhhc
•n«-. I shiMiM hf. prt\l»'ineil fr-'iii i\pr« s^mu'. «ven au':unst my
own intert'sts. vii-w^ \ vhn'h I e.-iiM-n iitii»u>ly h«»lil.*' He «juiie
ii-r .^'rj:s,.,i till- ilntii s \*^vhu'h a party Ii-aiii r i-wrd tn hi-^ |»**rty.

hut if ihiy in\..Ivi .1 s:|,*. /n n :» iiiiitt* r " wht-rt- y«'ur I'lnM-it-mv

iiiiiv. N y.iii." tfp n tht p n-iti ii "f :i party It ad* p wa-* iiitl i»ne
wh:.'|| .4 <.If.r.-.p. .-tiy.^' iii^ ^aii I'-'uld UTi-l* rlakf.

I'h' ft- w;is lift;,. ,|,,ji'''**l't that Mr. I'.ah.'ur in ihi"* matter
• 'Xpn-^-i. .1 i|„. f, . '....^ ,.f ,"'iiijy Cnn-«i rv4ti\i-s mti Lil>erals who
w. :■ fj..i ^wav..i i.v i rhi/'.'^" f« :**' "i* l'iL'"tiv Tin- eiaim lif the
1 ii: ifiists m?.,-,. \-s^t\ ijj.j il" ! * ' n thil lh'> hid •i'-n«- li" WP-ii;: t««
1 I'l'i i'V I. iiv M ».. r . ti /J. I •■ i; *« I'lri: »:iji nt. i leausi- sht r *uid

\>yj.\ Mr. Balfour and the Catholic Question, [73

obtain everything reasonable from the British Pariiament. Here,
however, when a vital question was presented, it was the Liberal
Unionists, of which the Duke of Devonshire constituted himself
the mouthpiece, who deliberately deprived themselves of their
strongest argument against Home Rule. In his congratulatory
sixjech to the Liberal Unionist Council (March 16j, the duke
found nmch satisfaction in reviewing the recent declarations of
Lib«Tal leaders on Home Rule, and came to the conclusion that
it was no longer the chief object in their programme as it was in
Mr. (xladstone's days. It was no longer a cause of alarm as it
was then ; rather it was a beneficial influence, for it acted as a
clog upon their opponents, and it helped to unify their own party
— which was of some importance since it contained strong Con-
servatives on the one side and advanced Radicals upon the other,
i^y a somewhat abrupt transition, which might, however, have
been suggested by the idea of party differences, he passed to
Mr. Balfour's declarations on the subject of granting a Roman
Catholic University to Ireland. Some, he said, had thought it
necessary to protest against these declarations, and even to
withdraw from the ranks of the party. He himself did not see
in these declarations anything which would justify opposition to
the Unionist party. Mr. Balfour had been careful to explain
that these were his own personal views, and that the Govern-
ment were not pledged by any declaration of his. He himself
believed that several members of the Government were equally
strongly opposed to these views. He should be extremely sur-
prised if, during the existence of the present Government, any
l)ractical measure dealing with this subject were brought forward,
though he fiuimitted that he had not recently given any close
.study to the subject. Put briefly, this declaration of the Cabinet's
intentions meant that the narrow bigotry of the Ulster Pro-
testants, supported by the extremer forms of Protestantism in
Scotland and England, had been allowed to triumph, and that
expediency rather than justice was the recognised aim of pohtical
management. •

liy a singular coincidence, the signing between Great Britain
and France of a convention defining the limits of the two Powers
m Central Africa took place on the day (March 21) on which
the German Minister of Foreign Affairs explained to the Reich-
stag the state of the negotiations with Mr. Rhodes. The
arningement with France concluded between Lord Salisbury
and M. Cambon promised to put an end to the rivalries and mis-
understandings which on more than one occasion had threatened
to l>ring the two nations into collision. Egj'pt and the Valley of
the Nile were tacitly omitted from the convention, which pro-
vided that the definite delimitation from the northern frontier of
the Belgian Congo to the sixteenth degree of latitude was to be
carrieil out by a mixed commission, on the general principle of
Great Britain retaining the Bahr-el-Ghazal and Darfur, while
France kept Wadai and Baginui, and generally the territory to

72] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [march

the earnest desire felt to do something to cure the great evil —
the question of poor old-age."

After speaking of the crisis in the Church, Sir H. Campbell-
Bannerman drew attention to the taxation of land values,
observing that it was an intolerable injustice that an enhanced
value should be given to the land by the improvement and
development of a locality, while the owner of the property,
who reaped the benefit, contributed nothing to the cost.

The appearance of anything like a misunderstanding be-
tween the two factions of the Unionist party was naturally
hailed with delight by the Liberals, whose inability to agree
upon a common line of policy was the frequent theme of their
opponents' satire. Early in the year Mr. A. J. Balfour had
published a letter in which he put forward his views on the
demand of the Irish Koman Catholics for a separate university.
He suggested that two new universities should be founded in
Ireland, one in Dublin and one in Belfast, on similar hnes, and
rigidly subject to the Tests Acts. All scholarships and fellow-
ships paid out of pubhc funds were to be thrown open to
public competition irrespective of creed, and no pubhc endow-
ment should be given to the Chairs of Philosophy, Theology or
Modern History, the only difference being that the governing
body of the Dublin University would be Roman Catholic, and
that of Belfast Protestant. Mr. Balfour supported his scheme
by various arguments, as a Unionist, a Protestant and a lover
of education. He specially insisted, however, that this sugges-
tion was a personal one, and that it in no way bound the Govern-
ment of which he was a member, or indicated their intentions. A
week or two later he repeated this assertion in reply to a deputa-
tion of the Manchester branch of the National Protestant League,
which affected great alarm at Mr. Balfour's opinions, imagining
that, notwithstanding his express detachment on the matter,
there still lurked the intention of legislating in their sense. The
party, he assured his visitors, was in no sense committed to the
views he held. No party whip had been or could ever be used
in furtherance of them. **I fail to see how the party are im-
phcated. So far as I am concerned I say that it is a matter of
indifference to me whether I remain in public life or not ; but
it is not a matter of indifference to me if, in remaining in public
life, I should be prevented from expressing, even against my
own interests, views which I conscientiously hold." He quit«
recognised the duties which a party leader owed to his party,
but if they involved silence on a matter *' where your conscience
moves you," then the position of a party leader was not one
which a self-respecting man could undertake.

There was little doubt that Mr. Balfour in this matter
expressed the feelings of many Conservatives and Liberals who
were not swayed by either fear or bigotry. The claim of the
Unionists since 188(3 had been that they had done no wrong to
Ireland by denying her a national Parliament, because she could

1899.] Mr. Balfour and the Catholic Question, [73

obtain everything reasonable from the British ParUament. Here,
however, when a vital question was presented, it was the Liberal
Unionists, of which the Duke of Devonshire constituted himself
the mouthpiece, who deliberately deprived themselves of their
strongest argument against Home Eule. In his congratulatory
speech to the Liberal Unionist Council (March 16), the duke
found much satisfaction in reviewing the recent declarations of
Liberal leaders on Home Eule, and came to the conclusion that
it was no longer the chief object in their programme as it was in
Mr. Gladstone's days. It was no longer a cause of alarm as it
was then ; rather it was a beneficial influence, for it acted as a
clog upon their opponents, and it helped to unify their own party
— which was of some importance since it contained strong Con-
servatives on the one side and advanced Eadicals upon the other.
By a somewhat abrupt transition, which might, however, have
been suggested by the idea of party differences, he passed to
Mr. Balfour's declarations on the subject of granting a Eoman
CathoUc University to Ireland. Some, he said, had thought it
necessary to protest against these declarations, and even to
withdraw from the ranks of the party. He himself did not see
in these declarations anything which would justify opposition to
the Unionist party. Mr. Balfour had been careful to explain
that these were his own personal views, and that the Govern-
ment were not pledged by any declaration of his. He himself
believed that several members of the Government were equally
strongly opposed to these views. He should be extremely sur-
prised if, during the existence of the present Government, any
practical measure deahng with this subject were brought forward,
though he admitted that he had not recently given any close
study to the subject. Put briefly, this declaration of the Cabinet's
intentions meant that the narrow bigotry of the Ulster Pro-
testants, supported by the extremer forms of Protestantism in
Scotland and England, had been allowed to triumph, and that
expediency rather than justice was the recognised aim of poUtical
management.

By a singular coincidence, the signing between Great Britain
and France of a convention defining the limits of the two Powers
in Central Africa took place on the day (March 21) on which
the German Minister of Foreign Affairs explained to the Eeich-
stag the state of the negotiations with Mr. Ehodes. The
arrangement with France concluded between Lord Salisbury
and M. Cambon promised to put an end to the rivalries and mis-
understandings which on more than one occasion had threatened
to bring the two nations into collision. Egypt and the Valley of
the Nile were tacitly omitted from the convention, which pro-
vided that the definite delimitation from the northern frontier of
the Belgian Congo to the sixteenth degree of latitude was to be
carried out by a mixed commission, on the general principle of
Great Britain retaining the Bahr-el-Ghazal and Darfur, while
France kept Wadai and Bagirmi, and generally the. territory to

74] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [march

the east and north of Lake Chad, north of the fifteenth degree.
Great Britain recognised that the French sphere extended south
of the Tropic of Cancer as far as the western limit of the Libyan
Desert. From the Nile to Lake Chad, and between the fifth and
fifteenth parallels, the two Powers mutually conceded equal
treatment in commercial matters; and thus France would
obtain commercial establishments on the Nile. Finally, the
two Powers mutually undertook to refrain from exercising
political or territorial rights outside the frontiers fixed by the
convention.

This arrangement, by which an enormous tract of territory
was apportioned to themselves by two foreign Powers, wholly
without reference to the wishes of the natives, was received
with favour both in Paris and London. It was, however,
looked upon with very different eyes in Constantinople, where
the ignoring of the Sultan's suzerainty aroused the belief that
the downfall of Mahomedan rule was desired ahke by Great
Britain and France. Italy also was aroused to angry protest at
the implied suggestion conveyed by the treaty, that the former
Power would do nothing to support Itahan pretensions to
TripoU and its hinterland.

Mr. Cecil Ehodes had come to Europe on a short visit with
the especial view of improving the prospects of the settlers in
Khodesia, and of cheering the shareholders in the company
which had done so much to develop the country. He was still
convinced that the Cape to Cairo Eailway was to be the means by
which success was to be ensured to the settlers, and his object
was to persuade the British Government to give a guarantee for
a portion of the interest on the capital raised to build the railroad
and to complete the telegraph. His negotiations with the
British Colonial Office were not wholly successful, and he was
forced to fall back upon the shareholders of the Chartered
Company for means to carry out his schemes. As a very con-
siderable saving of time and expense could be effected by
traversing a part of the country recognised to be within the
German sphere of influence, Mr. Ehodes betook himself to
Berlin, where he was most courteously received by the Emperor
and his ministers, and at length questions in Parhament obliged
the latter to make some statement which would satisfy public
curiosity in the state of the proceedings. In reply to various
questions, Herr von Biilow said that as regarded the laying of
telegraphs through the East African Protectorate, an agreement
had been made with the Trans- African Telegraph Company by
which German interests and rights of supremacy had been safe-
guarded in every respect. The company had received per-
mission to construct the hne in question at its own cost through
German territory, and it must be completed within five years.
It hound itself to erect at its own cost, apart from the through
wires required for its own purposes, another separate wire to be
used for the telegraph traffic of German East Africa, and to be

1899.] The Trmisvaal Question. [75

the property and maintained at the cost of the German Govern-
ment, which would keep up the company's wires at the cost of
the company. At the end of forty years the German Govern-
ment could take over the line without compensation of any
kind. Mr. Rhodes expressed himself highly satisfied with the
result of his negotiations, and highly gratified by the reception
he had met with.

Almost simultaneously came from South Africa mutterings
of an approaching storm which Mr. Bhodes had done something
to provoke. The Transvaal Government had gone out of its
way since the raid to show its dislike and distrust of the
Outlanders, on whose behalf and possibly at whose instigation
the unfortunate expedition was undertaken. The promises
made at the time, when the Boers would have been taken
unprepared for a serious uprising, had never been fulfilled.
Additional burdens had been imposed upon the gold industry,
from which the Transvaal Government drew large sums, which
were spent in arms and armaments in view of future complica-
tions. Complaints as to the treatment of the Outlanders
arrived from time to time, but the British Government recog-
nising that the Boers had a reasonable grievance against men,
whom, rightly or wrongly, they regarded as implicated in Mr.
Rhodes's schemes, had shown every desire to postpone pressing
their demands, and had endeavoured to calm the growing ex-
citement. The Outlanders, either of their own motion, or,
as was alleged, stirred up by the mine owners and capitalists,
who were the objects of every form of taxation, at length
determined to take united action. A petition signed, as it was
stated, by 21,000 British subjects in the Transvaal, was for-
warded to the Queen. The Boer Press and the Boer authorities
at once declared that a great proportion of the signatures were
fictitious and that the petition had been got up by a small body
of disaffected persons, but there was very little support forth-
coming of either charge. The petition rehearsed the regular
Outlander grievances, noting that the promises of redress had
not only not been kept, but that since they were made the
position of the Outlanders became worse. For example, the
Raad had passed a Press law giving the President arbitrary
powers, and an Aliens' Expulsion law permitting the expulsion
of British aliens at the will of the President, without, as in the
case of the burghers, an appeal to the High Court; and the
municipality granted to Johannesburg was declared to be
worthless. " Half of the councillors are necessarily burghers,
though the burghers and Outlanders number 1,000 and 23,000
respectively. The Government rejected the report of the
Industrial Commission, which was composed of its own
oflScials." The High Court had been reduced to a condition of
subservience, and the police, exclusively burghers, were ignorant
and prejudiced, and a danger to the community. *' Jurors are
necessarily burghers, and justice is impossible in cases where a

76] ENGLISH HISTOKY. [mabch

racial issue may be involved." After mentioning the shooting
of the man Edgar, the petition ended by declaring that the
condition of the British subjects was intolerable, and asking for
an inquiry to be held into their grievances.

The difficulty of. insisting upon reforms in the sense prayed
for was increased by the fact that the petition seemed to imply
that British force should be employed in order to help men to
divest themselves of their British nationality, and to adopt
citizenship with those who had no desire to admit them.
Moreover the Outlanders at one time, before 1894, could have
been nationalised in the Transvaal without hindrance, but as
citizenship involved military service when called upon, the
British settlers had with very few exceptions abstained from
paying this price, and on several occasions, when frontier wars
were menacing, had claimed exemption. It was therefore not
unnatural that the Boers, with the memory of the raid still
rankling in their minds, had shown no desire to conciliate such
unwelcome immigrants, whom the gold discoveries had alone
attracted. Doubtless underneath this surface cause of hostility
there was the deeper racial feeling which separated the Dutch
and British throughout South Africa, and the remembrance of
the way in which, fifty years before, the fathers of the present
generation of Boers had '* trekked out " across the Vaal River to
live their own lives according to their ovtu ways.

Shortly before the House rose for the Easter recess Sir H.
Campbell-Bannerman had the opportunity at the National
Liberal Club (March 22) of reviewing the position of the party
of which he had been elected the leader. The results of the
bye-elections, although no seat was actually gained, gave suffi-
cient grounds for hoping that the Liberal party was awakening
from its prolonged slumber and depression. Sir H. Campbell-
Bannerman was therefore fully justified in adopting a cheerful
tone. He admitted that their opponents had a great majority
in the Commons, and the Lords in their pocket ; but what had
they done? Mr. Balfour was giving up his Irish University
scheme because it did not suit the Liberal Unionists. A private
bill on the half-timers question, which embodied a clause of a
bill the Government had themselves brought in, and which
fulfilled a pledge they had made at Berlin, had been read a second
time by an enormous majority, and now it was said the
Government were afraid to find time for the bill. The same
thing was happening in the case of the bill to prevent railway
accidents. The present was not a Government at all ; it was
mere wire-pulling. Mr. Brodrick had accused him of talking
platitudes, and the Duke of Devonshire of opportunism. He
was not afraid of the word ; but there was bad and good oppor-
tunism. Bad opportunism was that of a Government which
rested upon the simultaneous support of extreme reactionaries
and some advanced Radicals, and which had to please one after
the other, which gave subsidies of public money in order to

1899.] Railway Begulation Bill Withdrawn. [77

stifle the scruples of powerful classes and interests in the
country. But good opportunism was nothing more than a
recognition of the fact that they might do harm if they rushed
at a thing which was momentarily impossible, and that they
ought to watch for the proper time and the proper method, lest
they should do more harm than good to the cause which they
sought to serve. It was the kind of opportunism by which
most of the good had been done in the world.

The Government only a few days later afforded a painful
object lesson in opportunism. In face of the opposition
raised by the railway interest in Parliament, Mr. Bitchie
announced the intention of the Government to withdraw the
Bailways Begulation Bill which had been introduced with the
object of protecting the lives of railway servants, especially
shunters. The bill aimed at making the adoption of automatic
couphngs compulsory within five years from the passing of the
bill. That there was urgent need of some such protection as
proposed was borne out by the ghastly return of men killed or
injured annually on our railways. Unfortunately railway direc-
tors could rely on the support of railway shareholders, if an
expenditure likely to reduce dividends was suggested; and
although every statement of this kind was traversed by
those more interested in the lives of railway men than in the
interests of shareholders, the Government decided to bend
before the storm, and to withdraw the bill without venturing a
challenge of strength upon the second reading.

CHAPTEB III.

The Socialists at Leeds — Mr. Courtney in Cornwall — Harrow Election — The
Budget — Small Houses Acquisition Bill — Decoration of St. Paul's — Board of
Education Bill — The London Government Bill in Committee — The Finance
Bill — ^The Primrose League at the Albert Hall and the Salvation Army at the
Mansion House — The Education Estimates — The Vice-President's Protest —
The Church Discipline Bill — Technical Education Bill for Ireland — China and
the Transvaal — ^The Licensing Commission — Lord Bosebery and the State of
the Liberal Party — The Queen's Eightieth Birthday.

The Easter recess, although marked by several stirring events
abroad, in which Great Britain was more or less closely interested,
was singularly devoid even of political speeches. The disputes
between the representatives of the three Powers concerned in the
administration of the Samoan Islands, each jealously asserting the
claims of their respective Governments, had culminated in the
appointment of three commissioners with nearly absolute powers
to revise the Constitution. In the recent disturbances the co-
operation of the British and American representatives against
the German oflBcials had been the most marked feature.

A Socialist gathering at Leeds (March 31) was noteworthy
as bein^ one of the first public conferences of a body which for
some time had been steadily increasing in numbers, although

78] ENGLISH HISTOBY. [march

their weight in political life was but vaguely recognised. Mr.
Sidney Webb, who presided, said the conference included mem-
bers of bodies of every size, from the London County Council
and the London School Board to Boards of Guardians, District
Councils, Borough Corporations, and even Parish Councils. The
object of it was educational, and to give them an opportunity of
exchanging experiences, in order that they might be enabled
better to discharge their duties as representatives of the electors
and ratepayers. The 30,000 local governing bodies, which had
all been created within the last seventy years, now administered
directly at least 400,000,000Z. of capital, and directly employed
about 400,000 persons, representing 4 per cent, of the total
population. But all the mighty accomplishments of municipal
government during the last seventy years were insignificant
compared with what they wanted to see accompUshed in the
next seventy years. In some quarters a commencement was
being made in the problem of better housing as well as the
relative question of locomotion. He was not in favour of
Socialists on public bodies using their representative positions
for promoting general schemes of propagandism, or wide,
impracticable proposals. Mr. F. Brocklehurst (Manchester)
agreed that many Socialists too often regarded themselves
merely as propagandists. He urged that our great municipaUties
should have an increase of local powers, with less interference
by central authorities. Councillor Godbold (West Ham) repre-
sented a Socialist majority of a Town Council which had now
realised almost the whole of their aims, and was getting somewhat
hard up for a programme. Mr. W. Crookes, L.C.C., beheved in
drawing together into one representative body all the various
public functions and public work now spread amongst various
bodies. There should be more generous treatment of labour
representatives on public bodies. He was now acting as chair-
man of a Board of Guardians which had sent him into the
workhouse in 1861. Mr. Shepherd (Bristol) contended that it
was the duty of a labour representative to look first after the
interests of his own class. Mr. Day (Norwich) maintained that
no enterprise or undertaking of a corporation such as a tramway
should be carried on with a view to earning profits. The
chairman said much depended upon whether any profits so
earned went into a common fund in which all the ratepayers
shared. After a short adjournment the representatives met in
three separate sections, which dealt respectively with educa-
tional, poor-law, and municipal questions. Councillor A. Priest-
man (-BradJ/orti), in the Municipal Section, read a paper on ** The
Unemployed,*' and advocated the appointment of a committee
in each Town Council, whose duty it should be to press forward
this subject. The case of the unemployed was more urgent, and
might be dealt with more productively than a solution of the
problem of old-age pensions. Old-age pensioners would be apt
to become a constant menace to the labour market, whereas the

1899.] The Socialist Congress. [79

more that was done for the unemployed the less urgent would
be the necessity of old-age pensions. Dr. Martin (Chorlton) was
disposed to think that the reforna of the abuses of our land
system lay at the root of the settlement of the question of the
unemployed. Mr. Day (Norwich) believed this difficulty of the
unemployed was the outcome of our competitive system. A
question of such far-reaching responsibilities was eminently
suitable for a body of social reformers, and the various sugges-
tions put forward were evidence more of the interest aroused
than of the remedies proposed for the complex problem of the
unemployed.

On the following day (April 1), Mr. Sidney Webb read a
paper upon ** Technical Education." Many people, he said,
were apt to make the great mistake of thinking that technical
education meant trade teaching. As a matter of fact, it meant
legally all instruction above the level of the elementary school,
vdth the exception of Greek and literature. Hitherto it had
been necessary to pick up our captains of industry, our adminis-
.trators, our lawyers, doctors and poets almost entirely from a
small section — 10 or 20 per cent, of the population — who had
enjoyed the advantage of something better than elementary
education. If it were possible to carry forward the education
of the clever children belonging to the other 80 or 90 per cent.,
a vast amount of ability would be utilised which at present was
going to waste. This was what technical education was trying
to do. What was wanted was an adequate number of scholar-
ships, which must in all cases be accompanied by a full
allowance for the scholars' maintenance as they rose from the
elementary school to the university. In London they spent
40,000^. a year on this education, and he himself would urge
that 11. per 100 inhabitants should be devoted to this purpose.
In addition to scholarships, however, it was necessary to have
efficient secondary schools and genuinely accessible universities.
The whisky money was rapidly transforming the whole of
Enghsh education, and it was the special duty of Socialist
and Labour members to resist strenuously any attempt to con-
fine its use to a narrow middle class. The chairman (Mr. F.
Brocklehurst), explained that in Manchester they had remedied
the overlapping of educational authorities by agreeing what
work should be undertaken by the School Board and what by
the City Council. Mr. Brookhouse (West Bromwich), remarked
that personal culture and personal advantage to working-class
students were of more importance than merely to give them
technical education to qualify them the better as servants who
could be more effectively used by employers in the system of
competition for increased profits. Mr. W. Crookes was not
particularly keen on sending on all the Uttle boys and girls of
the artisan class up to colleges and universities. A skilled artisan
or a thoroughly domesticated woman was as much use to the
whole community as the most highly cultured people at Oxford,

80] . ENGLISH HISTOEY. [apbil

or Newnham or Cambridge. If a working man with technical
and secondary education was incidentally for a time a better
profit-making machine, he was also more valuable to himself,
could command higher wages, and was less likely to be imposed
upon. The chairman said it was evident, from both paper and
discussion, that the range of the work of the technical education
committees was only limited practically by the amount of money
at their disposal, and that they could if they liked branch outwards
and upwards into the higher fields of secondary education.

Municipal hospitals, municipalisation of the drink traffic,
out-door relief, tramp children, art teaching in board schools
and light railways, were among the other subjects which
attracted attention, and invited discussion. On the question
of outdoor relief, Mr. W. Crookes suggested " as a simple propo-
sition and as a stepping stone to universal pensions,'* that every
person above the age of sixty-five years or permanently disabled,
whose income from all sources did not exceed 10s. per week,
should receive 9d. a day, payable out of national funds. His
aim was to utilise the existing poor law system as a stepping-
stone towards old-age pensions, by adopting the regulations and
restrictions under which out-door relief was actually afforded.

It was unlikely that the London County Council would
allow Parliament to go into committee upon the London
Government Bill without being informed as to the feelings and
views of that board. A number of the Progressives were, as
a body, hostile to the measure in any form ; but by a majority
of two-thirds the recommendations of a committee especially
selected to report on the bill had been adopted. These included
suggestions that the word ** borough " should be used in prefer-
ence to ** division of London " ; that considerations of local feeling
and historical association should be weighed in conjunction with
those of administrative convenience ; that the proposed borough
of Wandsworth should be divided, and that the formation of a
Greater Westminster was inexpedient ; that the Privy Council
should have not so great freedom of action as was contemplated
by the bill ; that the council of each district should consist of
elected councillors only ; that it was undesirable that women
should be elected as mayors or aldermen ; that elections should
be triennial in May ; that the auditors for the new councils
should be appointed by the Local Government Board in the
same manner as the auditors of the Council; that the Privy
Council should not have power to revise the London Building
Act, 1894, and to transfer duties from the Council to the new
local councils; that the local councils representing merely
divisions of London should not have the power of promoting
and opposing bills in Parliament ; that the propossds for op-
tional transfer of power were inadvisable ; that the provisions of
the bill dealing with rating were objectionable ; that the pro-
posals with reference to the making of by-laws by the local
authorities could only result in great complications and in

1899.] Mr. Courtney at Liskeard, [81

serious lack of nniformity ; that the bill should contain provi-
sion for the reform of the corporation of the city ; that greater
equality in the burden of rates as between the different districts
of the metropolis should be provided ; that the new councils
should not have the power of appointing upon all their com-
mittees persons not elected by the ratepayers.

In the critical state of foreign afifairs, and in view of the
small interest taken in London government by other centres,
both Mr. L. Courtney, Unionist, and Sir Henry Fowler, Liberal,
in addressing their respective constitutents devoted their remarks
mainly to the subject of finance. The former speaking at
Liskeard (April 5), reminded his hearers that in 1868 Mr.
Bright said a Government deserved a vote of censure which
could suggest an expenditure of seventy millions a year,,
whereas now the Budget showed an expenditure of more than
a hundred and ten millions. He held it was an advantao^e
to get money by taxation from few instead of many articles,
because nearly every new article taxed required new machinery
for its coUectoin. To the suggested taxes on sugar and
corn Mr. Courtney offered an uncompromising hostility,
declaring they must fight most severely against any sug-
gestions of change which were class suggestions. After
admitting in the main the justice of the present system, Mr.
Courtney wound up with a characteristic proposal that the
deficit should be met by a fractional rise in the income-tax —
say one-third per cent., which would make a considerable
addition " as well as provide a good exercise in arithmetic."

In another speech Mr. Courtney dealt more especially with
the old-age pension problem, suggesting that the system of de-
ferred pay as existing in the Army and elsewhere might be
developed. Under some such arrangement employers* would
deduct, not compulsorily as in Germany, but in agreement
with their workmen, the fixed weekly levy upon their wages to
be paid into the Post OflBce vdth the object of giving them a
State guaranteed pension at sixty-five.

Sir Henry Fowler at Wolverhampton (April 6) was even
more at a loss for materials for an exciting party speech, and
therefore contented himself and presumably his hearers with an
academic lecture upon the history of modem taxation, of which
the tendency due exclusively to the Liberal party had been to
reduce indirect taxation enormously to the relief of the working
classes. The result was that now the " manual labour class "
paid about 45,000,000Z. a year, while '* the other classes " con-
tributed about 55,000,000^. Anticipating a deficit on the
coming Budget he denounced the idea of meeting it by sus-
pending the Sinking Fund or by a loan.

A bye-election for the Harrow division of Middlesex conse-
quent upon the retirement of Mr. Ambrose, Q.C., caused no
change in the state of parties, although it showed a stronger
Liberal feeling in the constituency than had been anticipated.

F

82] ENGLISH HISTOEY. aprii.

No contest had taken place since 1892 when Mr. Ambrose had
been elected by a Conservative majority of 2,619 votes. On the
present occasion Mr. J. E. Cox polled 6,303 votes against 5,198
given to his Liberal opponent, Mr. Corrie Grant. This election,
however, could not be taken as conclusive of the opinion of the
constituency, inasmuch as nearly 6,000 persons — a third of the
constituency — abstained from voting.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer's annual financial state-
ment was preluded by a debate (April 13) on clerical obedience,
introduced by Mr. Gedge (Walsall) who desired to pledge the
Government to not giving preferment to any clergyman unless
satisfied that he would obey both his bishop and the courts
having ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Mr. S. Hoare (Norwich)
moved as an amendment that obedience to the bishops and the
Prayer-book should be the test. Mr. Balfour expressed a strong
preference for the latter course, holding that it would be a pity
to select for recorded censure any particular association of
Churchmen. Moreover the motion had the air of persecution, but
it was persecution which could hurt nobody. Another objection
to the resolution was that it did not cover the whole ground.
The House disapproved of all lawlessness in the Church, and
did not deprecate it only in the case of one particular section.
He did not believe that any effectual remedy could be found
for existing troubles in a mere strengthening of the measures
against lawlessness. Lord H. Cecil (Greenwich) deprecated the
resolution as likely to rally the whole of the High Church party
to the flag of the English Church Union, the existence of which
he personally regretted. He urged the House not to hamper by
any injudicious action the archbishops and bishops in their
efforts to maintain order in the Church. Sir E. Clarke (Ply-
mouth) did not think it desirable to pass any resolution on this
subject. Parliament had no right to interfere vnth the doctrines
or ceremonial or discipline of the Church ; but its duty was to
see that the law of the Church, as accepted by the Church and
realm, was impartially enforced in the courts estabhshed for
the purpose. Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman thought the debate
might have ended after the strenuous and admirable speech of
the First Lord of the Treasury. Ultimately the resolution,
which Mr. Gedge had offered to withdraw, was negatived
without a division. The amendment having thus become the
substantive motion, Mr. Hartley (Islington, N.) moved to add to
it the words — ** And the law as declared by the courts which
have jurisdiction in matters ecclesiastical.** Mr. Balfour could
not agree to the amendment, which would impose an improper
test upon clergymen seeking preferment. Sir H. Campbell-
Bannerman said all that would be asked of a clergyman was
whether he would obey the law as declared by the properly
constituted authorities. In the end Mr. Balfour withdrew his
opposition to the amendment, as he understood from what had
been said that it was interpreted to mean merely that the law

1899.] The Budget, [83

must be obeyed. He did not think, however, that that would
be the interpretation of High Churchmen, and feared that there
would be misunderstanding. Mr. Hartley's amendment was
carried by 200 votes to 14, and Mr. Hoare's resolution was
then agreed to.

The practical business of Parliament after Easter (April 13)
opened with the unfolding of Sir M. Hicks-Beach's Budget, of
which some of the difficulties had been removed by the un-
wonted activity of trade and general prosperity of the country.
The final figures of the year 1898-9, inclusive of the charges
thrown upon the revenue by the supplementary estimates, were :
Kevenue, 11 7,857,000Z., as comipared with 116,016,000Z. in 1897-8.
Deducting the amount that went to the Local Taxation Account,
the Exchequer received 108,336,000/., as against 106,614,000/.
in 1897-8. His estimate of the revenue for the year had been
107,110,000/., and it was exceeded. Explaining the details of
the revenue, he stated that Customs produced less than his
estimate. Tea, however, showed an increase of 62,000/. His
estimate of the yield from tobacco was 10,630,000/., but the
receipts had only been ] 0,420,000/. Excise produced 29,200,000/.,
an increase of 250,000/. over his estimate. Beer produced
247,000/. more than in 1897-8, and spirits 636,000/., or 260,000/.
over his estimate. The death duties yielded 15,633,000/., of
which 11,400,000/. went to the Exchequer, the remainder going
to the Local Taxation Account. The Exchequer receipts were
300,000/. in excess of those of the previous year, and 730,000/.
over the estimate. Having given the details of the revenue from
the death duties, he went on to state that the stamp duties
yielded 7,600,000/., and the income tax 18,000,000/., or 300,000/.
more than his estimate. The land tax showed a decrease, due
to the relief given to small freeholders in the Finance Bill of
last year. Turning to the country's expenditure, he reminded
the committee that he provided in his last Budget for an expen-
diture of 106,829,000/. There were supplementary estimates of
1,986,000/., and the net expenditure was 108,150,000/. Adding
certain expenditure in aid of rates and for certain naval and
mihtary purposes, the total aggregate expenditure provided by
the State last year was 121,224,000/. Describing next the posi-
tion of the National Debt, he stated that 7,577,000/. had been
set aside for reduction of debt in the past year. The market
value of our Suez Canal shares was 26,450,000/., or 4,000,000/.
more than it was two years before. That unearned increment
might well be set against the expenditure of less than 1,000,000/.
for the reconquest of the Soudan. The Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer then proceeded to deal with the estimated revenue and
expenditure of the current year, and we give the results of the
statement in a tabular form, as follows : —

f2

EN&LISH HISTOEY.

Eattimte.
ISm-lMO.

•^

Customs

£

21,770,000

29,850,000

11,150,000

8,050,000

800,000

l,WiO,000

18,300,000

13,200,000

3,300,000

450 000

787,000

1,850,000

£

20,850,000

29,200,000

11,400,000

7,630,000

770,000

1,000,000

18,000.000

12,710,000

3,150,000

430,000

718,000 .

1,883,000

Eelate, etc., Duties

Land^i - -

House Duty

Propeity Bnd Income Tai

Telegmph Service

CiowQ Lands

Interest on Suei Cana] Shares, etc. ....
Miscellanwua

Total

111,157,000
WO, 2,821,00W.

108,336,000

National Debt

Otber Consolidated Fntid -
Payments to Local Taxation Acconnts

N»v/ -

Cfvil Servieea

Customs and Inland Reveauo -

Poat Office

TelegTsph Service - - . -
Packet Serric*

1,147,0(
20,617,01
S6,5e5,0(
22,180,0(

2,813,0(

2,818,000

8,030,000

3,317,000

820,000

110,927,000 108,160,000
it Eipeaditure in 18BS-1900, 2,777,000i.

Commenting on the estimated expenditure, the Chancellor
of the Exchequer explained the principal causes of the increase,
and pointed out that it followed a similar increase of more than
5,000,0002. last year, and that the total increase in our estimated
expenditure, if they included the local taxation account, was no
less than 19,076,0002. more than it was four years ago. During
the time, however, that our naval and military expenditure had
been constantly increasing no leas than 29,296,0002. had been
devoted to paying off our old debt. In 1902 and 1904 no less
than 7,000,0001. a year would fall into the new sinking fund,
and if no fresh arrangements were made the fund would be
■ increased until in 1905 it would amount to 9,214,0002. a year.
In his opinion it ought not to be allowed to increase to such an

1899.] The Budget. [85

extent. He proposed therefore to prolong the Savings Bank
annuities from 1905 until 1911, with the result that the annual
charge for them would be reduced. He proposed to cancel the
book debt of 13,000,000Z. to the Savings Banks which was
estabhshed in 1892, and also to cancel 15,000,000/. of Consols
now held for the Savings Banks by the National Debt Com-
missioners, and in the place of the book debt and Consols so
cancelled to set up terminable annuities of 746,000Z. and
870,000/., expiring in the year 1923, when Consols would be
redeemable at par. In the true interests of the sinking fund
they should not only prolong the Savings Bank annuities and
set up other annuities, but should also reduce the fixed debt
charge from 25,000,000/. to 23,000.000/. a year. If they did
that they would still have this year 5,815,000/. for the reduc-
tion of the debt. Incidentally the Chancellor of the Exchequer
remarked that, whereas in 1884-5 the amount of Consols in
the hands of the public and Government Department was
529,986,000/. and 82,775,000/. respectively, at the present time
the amounts were 358,000,000/. in the hands of the public,
and 162,000,000/. held by public departments. If these pro-
posals were accepted he would have to provide for an expen-
diture of 110,927,000. Against that, on the existing basis of
taxation, he expected a total revenue of 110,287,000/., which left
nearly 900,000/. to be obtained in order to balance the account
and leave a reasonable margin for contingencies. As a result
of the reduction of the duty on tobacco the revenue, he believed,
would reap a golden harvest in the future from increased con-
sumption, and, therefore, he proposed to look elsewhere for his
sources of supply. He proposed two new stamp duties — a duty
of 5s. per 100/. on the nominal value of all documents repre-
senting foreign or colonial bonds, stocks, or shares, which were
not at present liable to any duty, to be paid on the first occasion
when any such document was negotiated here. His second
proposal was to impose the ordinary mortgage duty of 2s. 6d.
per 100/. on loan capital or debenture stock created by any
corporation or company under statute. He also proposed that
the companies* capital duty stamp of 2s. per 100/. should be
raised to 5s., and that letters of allotment and renunciation
should bear a sixpenny stamp in future. The total yield from
these increased stamp duties was estimated at 450,000/. He
also proposed an increase of indirect taxation upon wine. The
present duty was Is. per gallon on wine not exceeding 30 degrees
of proof spirit, 2s. &d, on wine between 30 degrees and 42 degrees,
and a surtax of 2s. on sparkling wine. He wished to raise the duty
to Is. 6d. per gallon on wine not exceeding 30 degrees, and to 3s. on
wine between 30 degrees and 42 degrees, and to increase the surtax
on sparkling wine to 2s. &d. He also proposed a duty of 3s. per
gallon on still wine imported in bottle. From these changes he
anticipated an increase of revenue of 420,000/. The total in-
creased taxation which he proposed would thus be 870,000/.

86]

ENGLISH HISTOKY.

[APRUi

Treating the items of his final balance-sheet, the Chancellor of
the Exchequer arrived at a revenue of 111,157,000Z., as against
an expenditure of 110,927,000Z., which left a small margin of
230,000Z. for contingencies.

This result may be more easily appreciated by means of the
annexed statement : —

FINAT. BALANCE SHEET, 1899-1900.

Expenditure.

Revenue.

£

£

National Debt - - -

23,000,000

Customs - - - -

21,770,000

Other Consolidated Fund

Excise - - - -

29,850,000

Services - - - -

1,603,000

Estate, etc., Duties •

11,150,000

Payments to Local Taxation

Stampis - - - -

8,050,000

Accounts- - - -

1,147,000

Land Tax - - - -

800,000

Army

20,617,000

House Duty

1,650,000

Navy

Civil Services

26,695,000

Property and Income Tax -

18,300,000

22,180,000

Post Office -

13,200,000

Customs and Inland Re-

Telegraph Service

Crown Lands - - -

3,300,000

venue . . - -

2,813,000

450,000

Post Office -

8,553,000

Interest on Suez Canal

Telegraph Service

Packet Service - - -

3,638,000

Shares - - - -

787,000

781,000

Miscellaneous ...

1,850,000

110,927,000

Surolus of Revenue over
Fixpenditure - - -

TotAl

230,000
111,157,000

Total

111,157,000

The reception of the Budget — even by the Conservatives —
was anything but cordial ; and by those disposed to look upon
it leniently it was accepted rather as an expedient than as a
statesmanlike attempt to deal with the financial situation. Sir
Henry Fowler (Wolverhampton, E.) held that the reduction of the
sinking fund in a time of unexampled prosperity was wholly
without justification. Mr. Courtney (Bodmin, ComwaH) took a
similar view, and at the same time deprecated the increase of
the wine duties, which would be regarded abroad as an act of
hostility towards wine-growing countries, amongst which our
Austrahan colonies, of which the imperialist party professed so
much care, would be seriously injured by the strength test
which it was proposed to apply. Such a proposal, Mr. Courtney
thought, was a bad introduction to the Hague Conference.
Sir Wm. Harcourt's (Monmouthshire, W.) appearance in the
House for the first time this session was warmly greeted from
both sides of the House ; but as his speech advanced it was
mainly from the Conservatives and forward Badicals that he
gathered applause. In a vigorous speech he denounced the
Budget as an admission to the world that we were too weak and
cowardly to face our responsibihties. He considered the pro-
posals in every sense most disastrous. They were a fatal blow to
the standard of national integrity which we had hitherto main-
tained through good and evil report. Mr. Gladstone and Mr.
Disraeli alike when the country was threatened with war — as

1S99.] Labourers' Dwellings Bill. [87

in 1859 — scorned to resort to such a measure. With more
similar strong language Sir Wm. Harcourt denounced the
Budget, whilst suggesting no alternative plan by which revenue
could be raised or expenditure reduced ; he nevertheless left a
general impression that Sir M. Hicks-Beach's qualifications as
Chancellor of the Exchequer were yet to be discovered. If,
however, to dissatisfy everybody, even your own partisans, were
a test of statesmanship Sir M. Hicks-Beach had succeeded to a
degree hardly achieved since Mr. Robert Lowe. In his case,
however, sensible relief had been given to the taxpayers, of
which in the present case, except to Sir M. Hicks-Beach's
Bristol constituents and the landed proprietors, no evidence
was forthcoming. In the course of his reply to the various
strictures upon his proposals the Chancellor of the Exchequer
adopted the strange position that the new duties were not at
all likely to injure the wine trade of our colonies, or to provoke
retaliatory measures from foreign countries. From both posi-
tions he was subsequently forced to retreat.

Further discussion of the proposals of the Government
was adjourned until the Finance Bill founded thereon was
brought forward. In the interval it was found convenient to
take up (April 17) the discussion of the Small Houses (Acquisi-
tion of Ownership) Bill which had provoked the opposition of a
section of the Radicals on its first introduction. Mr. M*Kenna
{Monmouthshire, N.) again took the lead with an amendment
claiming that the freehold of such acquired houses should vest
in the local authorities or public bodies, and also to postpone
the whole subject until the Local Taxation Committee had
made its report. Among those who spoke against the bill from
the Opposition benches — for widely different reasons — were Sir
Joseph Pease {Ba/rnard Castle y Durham), Mr. Alexander Ure
(Linlithgowshire) and Mr. John Bums {Battersea). In the
opinion of Mr. Asquith the operation of the bill would be so
restricted that it was hardly worth while putting it on the
Statute Book. In any case it would only effect that minority
of the working classes who were assured of the fixity of their
employment ; and for them building societies and loan societies
were already doing all that the bill would do. He should not
however vote against the second reading. On the Ministerial
side of the House, Mr. Leighton (Oswestry, Shropshire), Mr.
Kimber (Wandsworth), and Sir Blundell Maple {Dulwich) ex-
pressed their intention to abstain from voting. The principal
speech in support of the bill was dehvered by Mr. Chamberlain,
who justified the limitation of its scope on the ground that it
was necessary to deal with some great social questions step by
step. He denied that any heavy burden would be thrown on
the rates, seeing that the local authorities would not be required
to advance money under the act except on good security. He
could not admit that as a rule workmen moved about too much
in search of labour to care for a fixed residence, and hinted that

88] ENGLISH HISTOKY. [apbh.

there was nothing to prevent small shopkeepers from taking
advantage of the act. From statistics with which he had been
furnished, he believed that between ten and twelve years* pur-
chase of the gross rental was the seUing value of the kind of
house the bill had in view, and that under its provisions a
purchaser would become owner in from sixteen to twenty years*
time without paying annually more than he did at present.
The amendment was negatived by 249 to 69, and the bill read
a second time; Mr. Chamberlain's subsequent motion that it
should be referred to the Standing Committee on Law being
carried by 224 to 79 votes.

After a few nights had been delivered to general business
and rather prolonged discussion of unpractical reforms, the
Government announced their intention of occupying the time of
the House with their Finance and London Government Bills
to the exclusion of private members' efiforts at legislation. In
the Upper House also the desire to proceed with practical
business was more apparent after Lord Russell of Killowen
had introduced his bill for suppressing illicit commissions
(April 20), and the Earl of Wemyss had ventilated his views
(April 21) on the proper decoration of St. Paul's Cathedral.
The latter might possibly have been regarded as a connecting
link between clerical and educational questions, which engrossed
so much attention. The Prime Minister said the answer to
the question whether Government could do anything in the
matter must be an absolute negative. Nor did he believe that
any member of the chapter would greatly care to take action,
seeing that ecclesiastical litigation was one of the most expensive
amusements in which a man could indulge ; and when appeals
to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were lightly
suggested, he could not help thinking that that unfortunate
body had burdens enough already on its shoulders without being
required to determine whether the architecture which was
prevalent in the days of the Exarchate of Ravenna was proper
to apply to St. Paul's, and what the precise tone of the
decorations should be. As to the Government attempting legis-
lation, the state of public business in the other House scarcely
encouraged them to enter upon so thorny a question ; but there
was no reason why Lord Wemyss should not himself introduce
a bill on the subject, so that their lordships might have a definite
proposal to consider. Lord Ribblesdale thought that a good deal
of harm was being done in St. Paul's, but it was clear that only
the influence of public opinion could put a stop to it. Earl
Egerton joined with those who objected to the dean of a cathe-
dral havmg the power to alter the character of that cathedral
by a system of decoration. We did not want St. Paul's turned
into a St. Peter's at Rome, nor an imitation of St. Mark's at
Venice, nor of St. Sophia at Constantinople. Earl Brownlow
reminded their lordships that when the choir was reopened, and
the present decoration of that part of the cathedral for the first

1899.] The Board of Educatimi Bill. [89

time exhibited, there was a perfect paean of approbation both
from the Press and the public, in consequence of which a con-,
siderable sum of money poured in for the continuance of the
work. As to the stencilling of the stone under the dome, that
the dean had assured the deputation of architects who waited
on him was entirely experimental, and it had already been
stopped.

The Board of Education Bill, which although to a great extent
a permissive bill if carried out in a sympathetic spirit, aimed at
reviving the responsibihties of local school managers. In the
debate on the second reading many interesting speeches were
made by those possessing special means of judging the value of its
recommendations. The Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Temple)
did not think it possible for any who took interest in the education
of the country not to rejoice at the appearance of this bill. It was
the iSrst attempt to do what, in his judgment, ought to have been
done something like five and twenty years sooner,because, through
all that time, our educational system had been sufifering from the
want of that completeness which was necessary in order that
any part of it should work as well as it was possible to make
it work. He hoped that private schools would be allowed to
obtain inspection on the same terms as any of the other schools.
Nor should schools which gave reUgious instruction be hindered
from getting inspection on the same terms exactly as schools
which did not give such instruction. To put a kind of fine on
schools which gave religious instruction by making them pay
for inspection seemed to him neither wise nor just, and he
trusted the bill would make exphcit and satisfactory provision
on this point. The Marquess of Kipon sincerely regretted the
limitations of the bill. He had hoped ministers would have
seen their way to deal with secondary education as a whole.
The Bishop of Winchester (Dr. Eandall Davidson) agreed that
the bill did not go far enough, but it went in the right direction,
and it was a practical measure. The Earl of Kimberley also
criticised the bill as inadequate. So far as it went, however, it
was an improvement on the measure introduced last year. The
Duke of Devonshire said that though the Government deemed
it desirable completely to reorganise the Education Department
before the new local authorities were called into existence, he
knew of no insurmountable reason why a measure dealing with
those authorities should not be passed next session. As to
inspection there were, he believed, some 800 public and 5,000
private schools. The systematic inspection of the latter would
obviously require a very large and highly trained staff, and for
financial as well as other reasons such a staff would scarcely
be at the disposal of the Education Board in the near future.
While thanking the Primate for the general support he had
given to the measure, he regretted that the religious question
should have been raised in connection with it. There was nothing
in the bill before them to change, and he knew of no inten-

90] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [aprii-

tion to change in any respect, the administration of secondary
education in the matter of religious instruction. He could not
allow that the Charity Commission was in the nature of a
judicial body, its functions being almost entirely administra-
tive. With respect to the consultative body he should prefer to
postpone detailed explanation till the committee stage. The
bill was then read a second time without a division.

In the House of Commons precedence was given to financial
questions, and the general discussion of the Budget was con-
cluded without bringing out more than a reiteration of Sir
Wm. Harcourt's denunciation, who remarked that appar-
ently to the imperialists the meaning of ** taking up the white
man's burden " was the suspension of the sinking fund. We
were to have the glory of an imperial pohcy, and those who
came after us were to pay for it. Sir M. Hicks-Beach reminded
his predecessor in office that he had himself three times sus-
pended the sinking fund. With a fixed charge of 23,000,000Z.
for the debt there would still be nearly 6,000,000Z. a year for
the payment of principal — ^just the amount which Sir Wm.
Harcourt had thought sufficient to apply to that purpose dunng^
the year 1886-7, when the total of the debt was very much
greater. He also dwelt on the fact that a constant increase of
the sinking fund must tend to raise the value of Consols till
the public were disgusted at the price which would have to be
paid for them. With this singularly inaccurate prophecy the
discussion closed, and within less than six months Consols
which then stood above 110 had dropped to considerably below
105.

The London Government Bill, on the passing of which the
Ministry had staked their credit, occupied no less than twelve
nights in its discussion in committee, and but for the warning
that prolonged debate would curtail the Whitsun holidays might
have gone on for longer. The Opposition saw their opportunity,
and determined to use it to the best advantage ; for as the
metropolitan district, now represented by a Unionist majority,
was also the most hopeful field for the Liberals at another
general election, it was highly important that the electors should
be conciliated. The question was which party could claim to
have best represented the wishes of the voters. The first
skirmish (April 24) , arose on the question of the inclusion of
the City of London within the operations of the bill moved by
Mr. Haldane {Haddingtonshire), and negatived by 208 to 103-
votes. Mr. Stuart (Hoxton), the champion of the London
County Council, assisted by Sir Charles Dilke {Forest of Dean}
and Mr. A. Birrell (Fifeshire, W,), next displayed a remarkable
hostihty to the word ** borough," preferring the term ** district."
Mr. Pickersgill (Bethnal Green, S,W,), was more successful in
obtaining the introduction of a suggestion that every unscheduled
borough should be formed with due regard to efficiency of
administration, local history and association, and also should

1899.] Government of London Bill. [91

have a population of between 100,000 and 400,000, or a rate-
able value of 500,000Z. (April 25). Clause 2 (constitution of
Borough Councils), raised the sex question, which was debated
with great vehemence and at great length. Having decided by
245 to 140 that the new bodies should consist of mayors, alder-
men and councillors, Mr. Boulnois (Marylebone, E,), proposed
that no women should be ehgible for either category, but this
was negatived by 127 to 101 votes. Mr. T. H. Eobertson
{Hackney, 5.), then proposed that only the office of mayor should
be placed outside the reach of the ladies, and this was agreed to
by 179 to 77 votes. The House then put itself into a ridiculous
position by passing by 155 to 124 votes, on the motion of Mr.
Webster (St, Pancras, E.), an amendment excluding women
from the office of alderman. This led to a hopeless tangle
of amendments, and in the end it was agreed that the whole
matter should be reconsidered, and in like manner Mr. Buxton's
(Poplar), proposed substitution of triennial for annual elections
was adjourned. Subsequently when the matter was rediscussed
(May 4), Mr Balfour, after much pressure from the metro-
politan members, agreed that any municipahty might, if it
wished, adopt the triennial system. This decision was subse-
quently modified (May 8), and it was decided that the Local
Government Board might, under certain conditions, make an
order directing all councillors of a borough to be elected
triennially. The maximum number of councillors for any
borough was fixed at seventy and the aldermen, not necessarily
to be chosen from among the councillors, at one-sixth of their
number. An attempt to relax the residence qualification of
councillors and aldermen was strongly resisted by metropolitan
members of all shades of opinion, a very strong protest being
raised bythem against" carpet-baggers'" and ''political bounders".
Sir Charles Dilke (Forest of Dean), whose previous experience
as a metropolitan member gave authority to his views, was
desirous that the borrowing powers of the new councils should
be absolutely controlled by the London County Council instead
of by the Local Government Board, but Mr. Balfour would
only consent to the appeal to the latter being final, in cases
where the London County Council had refused its consent to a
proposed loan.

On the question of the transfer of powers actually exercised
by the London County Council to the new Borough Councils,
Mr. Balfour was more phable (May 9) ; accepting a clause
which permitted the voluntary interchange of powers between
the two authorities, subject only to the approval of the Local
Government Board. He also withdrew the clause (6) delimit-
ing the respective powers of the old and new authorities under
the Building Acts, but resisted all attempts by the Badical mem-
bers to withhold and limit the new councils' power to promote
bills in Parliament. After a prolonged discussion, and in view
of the unanimity of the London members, Mr. Balfour con-

92] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [may

ceded (May 16), that the new Borough Councils should act as
overseers for the purpose of rate-collecting, and that the town
clerk should be the officer responsible for the registration of
voters. New clauses were also added (May 18) to the bill
qualifying borough mayors as justices of the peace, protecting
open spaces, including the precincts of the Inner and Middle
Temples, within the City of London. The parliamentary
divisions of Deptford, Greenwich, Woolwich, Lewisham and
others were added to those already scheduled, and the attempt
to divide Westminster into two boroughs was decisively nega-
tived, and the bill was reported to the House on the eve of the
Whitsuntide recess.

The other important measure of the Government was the
Finance Bill, against which the Opposition made a strong and
not altogether useless stand. The debate was opened (May 1)
by Sir H. Fowler (Wolverhampton, E.), who expressed the fear
that the new wine duties would diminish consumption and
so reduce our trade with both France and our own colonies.
With regard to the sinking fund, he said that the effect of the
plan would be to reduce the fixed amount of the sinking
fund from 25,000,000Z. to 23,000,000^. He urged the Govern-
ment to appoint a select committee to consider the whole
question of the Savings Banks' investments. As to the
National Debt, it was a tax upon the industry of the country,
and it was the duty of the Chancellor of the Exchequer to get
rid of it as far as he could. Mr. Haldane {Haddingtonshire)
pointed out that by enlarging the scope of trust investments a
good deal could be done to reduce the price of Consols. Sir M.
Hicks-Beach, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, said, with
regard to the wine duties, that any other taxation would have
interfered more with the trade and industry of the country.
Explaining his reasons for his proposal with regard to the debt,
he said that they ought not to mcur loss in the future by adding
largely to the amount set aside annually for the reduction of
the debt at a time when the Consol market was narrowing con-
siderably. If they did not reduce the fixed debt charge, it
would not be very long before it would be practically impossible
for the Government to purchase the Consols which they re-
quired. There was no doubt that the position of the Savings
Banks and their fund was one of considerable difficulty ; it was,
however, so important that it deserved exhaustive inquiry,
which should include the area of investment, the rate of
interest, and the limit of deposits. He intended to com-
municate with members who took an interest in the subject
with a view to ascertaining in what way and by whom such an
inquiry could best be conducted. With regard to fixed debt
charge, the money set aside for the payment of the debt was
surplus revenue raised by taxation, and to propose fresh taxa-
tion in order that the fixed amount might be paid would be
unreasonable and would result in an agitation against the fund.

1899.] The Finance Bill. [93

On the following day Mr. Courtney {Bodmin, Cornwall)
delivered a weighty and conclusive reply to the Chancellor of
the Exchequer's arguments, putting before the House the
essential need of paying off the debt in time of peace. Its
repayment, he showed, constituted a war fund, as the money so
employed could be used in the payment of the interest on a
new loan. From a commercial point of view it was equally
incumbent upon us to diminish the burden of the debt, and in
the keen struggle for commercial supremacy which was going
on and would constantly increase, it was of the greatest im-
portance to help the next generation. Sir Wm. Harcourt
followed with a more conventional speech. In his opinion, the
pohcy of expansion was the source of all our evils, and the
Government should test the wishes of the taxpayers in this
direction by making them pay its cost. Instead of that, by
suspending the sinking fund the Government wished the tax-
payers to believe that the policy of expansion was a cheap
pohcy. He reminded the House that the Liberal party had
preferred to run the risk of incurring unpopularity by imposing
fresh taxation rather than having recourse to this expedient.
Sir Wm. Harcourt also expressed his disapproval of the decision
to increase the tax upon hght and cheap wines, and criticised
very closely the financial proposals. Eeferring to the suggestion
that the Savings Banks' funds might be mvested in other
securities besides Consols, he expressed disapproval of any
change of the kind, and showed how difficult it would be to
find other first-class securities that would serve the purpose.
Indirect taxation, he held, was unjust to the poor among the
conmiunity, and there were still kinds of property which re-
mained untaxed. After a prolonged discussion, Mr. Goschen
{St. George Sy Hanover Square), a former Chancellor of the
Exchequer, closed the debate. He justified the increase of
expenditure that had taken place in the last four years. He
asserted that the sum granted in aid of agricultural rates had
gone into the pockets of the agricultural ratepayers and not of
Sie landlords. With regard to the voluntary schools grant, he
showed that if it had not been given a great burden must
ultimately have been laid upon the taxpayers and ratepayers.
As to the increase of expenditure on the Army and Navy, he
observed that pressure had been put upon the Government to
strengthen those services from both sides of the House. The
result had been that we had been able to make satisfactory
settlements in different parts of the world. Eeferring to the
proposal for the reduction of the debt payment, he reminded the
House of the similar operation which he conducted in 1887,
which had not compromised the safety of the sinking fund ; nor>
he added, would the present proposals bring it into danger. He
explained also at some length the results of his great conversion
scheme. Sir H. Fowler's amendment was then negatived by
280 to 155, majority, 125 ; and the bill read a second time.

94J ENGLISH HISTOEY. [may

The committee stage of the bill (May 11) found the Govern-
ment in a more yielding mood, although they absolutely refused
to consider Mr. Broadhurst's (Leicester) suggestion to reduce
the tea duty from Ad, to 2d. per lb. Sir Howard Vincent
{Sheffield, C.) urged that colonial wines which from their
alcoholic strength would come under the new act should be
exempted altogether. The Chancellor of the Exchequer opposed
the idea on the general ground as involving a return to the vicious
policy of preferential duties which this country had abandoned
forty years ago. He pointed out, moreover, that the appeal for
exemption came with ill grace from two colonies, Victoria and
South Australia, which imposed heavy import duties on Enghsh
manufactured articles. Sir Howard Vincent's amendment hav-
ing been negatived by 192 to 57 votes, Mr. Courtney {Bodmin^
Cornwall) then moved for a reduction of the proposed duty of
3s. per gallon on still wine in bottle. The Chancellor of the
Exchequer said that his intention was that the more expensive
lighter wine should pay some extra duty, but after consideration
he had determined to accept the amendment, and later on to
propose a surtax of Is. per gallon on still wines imported in
bottle. The effect of the change which he proposed would be a
reduction of 6^. per gallon on the amount which he at first
provided for, and there would be a slight loss to the revenue.
The total tax on still wine would be an alcoholic rate of Is. &d,
plus a surtax of Is. ; the same surtax being imposed on spirits
imported in bottle. Mr. Harwood {Bolton) then moved that on
vnne not exceeding 26 degrees proof spirit the duty should be
only Is. per gallon. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, however, ,
was unwilling to make any concession towards the policy of
preferential treatment, but he was willing to accept an increased
tax of ^d. per gallon on wines not exceeding 30 degrees of proof
spirit, instead of 6d., as originally proposed. The result of the
changes would be that the Exchequer would lose 110,000^. on
the estimated increase of the wine duties, while the additional
duty on spirits would not produce more than 40,000Z. or 50,000Z.
Although the Finance Bill was under discussion on several
subsequent occasions, no further changes of importance were
introduced.

The annual gathering of the Primrose League at the Albert
Hall (April 19) attended by 10,000 delegates representing
15,000,000 members was a somewhat strange occasion to
defend the financial policy of the Government ; but Mr. Balfour,
who presided in the absence of Lord Salisbury, seemingly
remembered that he was expected to make special reference to
his ofi&cial position as First Lord of the Treasury. He began
however by explaining that the objects of the league were to
maintain the constitution, religion and the British Empire. The
first was in no immediate peril ; and the Government had done
its best to keep the clergy and preserve religious education.
Thirdly, as to the empire, he would not survey the past year's

1899.] Mr, Balfour and the Primrose League. [95

foreign policy, but would draw their attention to a recent
controversy between two schools of financiers. It was a funda-
mental truth that empire rested on two foundations — adequate
defence and sound finance. It was admitted, he thought, that
our defences were stronger than they had ever been, but the
Opposition had attacked the financial policy of the Government
because they intended to reduce the 7,000,000Z. set apart for the
reduction of the debt to 5,800,000Z. Perhaps the true fault of
the Budget, from an Opposition point of view, was that it did
not inconvenience the taxpayers. But he must remind them
that those who professed to value the empire must be prepared
to pay additional taxation for it if necessary. In 1845 there
was a correspondence between Sir E. Peel, then Prime Minister,
and the Duke of Wellington, then Commander-in-Chief. The
relations with France were then uneasy, and Lord Palmerston
had declared that a French invasion could not be resisted. In
that correspondence the Duke of Wellington thought that
England could not defend its own shores, and that it would
practically be hopeless to defend our colonies. Sir E. Peel,
while not going so far, did not think home defence satisfactory,
and admitted that the protection of the colonies was beyond
our power. But thirty years of peace had done httle to diminish
the debt of nearly 800,000,000Z., and though much was necessary
for defence the condition of finance was prohibitive of any com-
plete scheme. Now not only Great Britain but the colonies
were safe from attack ; all the liabilities of the Crimean war had
been paid off, besides 200,000,000Z. of the old debt, and the
condition of every class, especially the working classes, had
improved, as was shown by the rate of wages; by the con-
sumption per head of luxuries and of necessaries; by all the
statistics with regard to the housing of the working classes ;
and, above all, by the diminution of pauperism.

If the discussion of financial questions at such a gathering
seemed incongruous, very striking and instructive were the
proceedings of a meeting held at the Mansion House (April 21)
under the presidency of the Lord Mayor (Sir J. Vose Moore),
to appeal for support for the social work of the Salvation Army.
With a few words of introduction, reminding his hearers that
the Salvation Army assisted daily upwards of 18,000 persons,
the Lord Mayor called upon ** the General *' to explain the work
of his army. Mr. Bramwell Booth said that their object was
to rescue what was called the worthless class. In business the
prevention of waste often meant the difference between poverty
and affluence, and he believed it would make a great difference
to the nation if the worthless people in our midst could be
turned into honest citizens. It was a monstrous thing that the
workhouses should be harbouring thousands of able-bodied
paupers who hved and grew fat at the pubhc expense. The
cost of the various agencies carried on in this country by the
Salvation Army last year was 150,000Z. but 143,000Z. of that

98] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [mat

and subsequently the selection of the chairman, Mr. H. Chaplin,
to even keener opposition.

The intimation given in the House of Lords that the Govern-
ment were prepared to deal with the question of secondary
education gave some interest to the Vice-President's annual
statement in the House of Commons in moving the education
vote (April 28). Sir John Gorst {Cambridge University), in asking
for a vote of 8,753,986Z. for the cost of education in England
and Wales, admitted that, notwithstanding the large additional
expenditure of last year, his estimate showed a further increase
of 186,240Z. Public opinion on the subject of education was
making satisfactory progress, as appeared for instance in the
hearty welcome accorded to Mr. Eobson's bill for raising the
age of compulsory attendance at school. That was the first
reform necessary, and without it all other reforms would be
nugatory. With regard to the question of irregular attendance,
which had been much before the public of late, he should be
extremely disappointed if, when the figures for 1899 were made
up, it did not turn out that there had been a great improvement
in attendance. As it was, the average rate, which had declined
during the years 1895-7, rose in 1898 to 81*66 per cent., the
highest attained since the passing of the act of 1870. He had
referred last year to the large number of children who were
supposed to be attending school as full-time scholars, while
employed to such an extent in manual labour that they came to
school quite unfit to receive any intellectual instruction at all.
He then spoke from conjecture, but the returns ordered had
since come in, and they showed that at least 145,000 children
were so employed for wages or profit, and there was every
reason to believe that these figures were greatly below the
truth. The hours of work apparently ranged from ten to
seventy a week ; the average earnings did not exceed Is. a head.
Sir J. Gorst went on to claim that the department had done its
best to increase the number of teachers, and explained the
changes about to be introduced. In conclusion. Sir J. Gorst said
he understood that his official position and functions were to be
the subject of criticism. Powers had often been attributed to
him which he did not possess, and in fact the Order in Council
of February 25, 1856, which constituted the office he held,
simply provided that the Vice-President of the Committee of
Council on Education should ** act under the direction of the
Lord President'' and "act for him in his absence." Those
were the functions he was appointed to discharge, and he had
endeavoured to the best of his abihty to perform them. On the
vote for 5,153,987/., necessary to complete the sum required,
being put from the chair, Mr. Herbert Lewis (Flint Boroughs)
moved to reduce the Vice-President's salary by 100/. as a protest
against the alleged undue subserviency of the Education Depart-
ment to the managers of Church schools. The debate which
ensued wandered over many topics. Mr. Birrell (Fifeshire^ W.)

1899.] Old Age Pensions. [97

of their fulfilment, but each side wished to throw upon its
opponents the unpleasant duty of explaining this fact. A mass
of evidence had been taken on the subject, but it all pointed to
the impracticability of the schemes proposed, but it was only
natural that the Opposition should affect indignation that the
Government could not legislate without further inquiry. The
Government probably wished to do something, but they hardly
knew what, except that they would not risk their chances at the
next election by proposing a scheme of which the cost would fall
on the voters for the benefit of the non-voters. There were several
schemes from rival philanthropists before the House, and their
respective authors doubtless regarded them as panaceas. The
Government therefore moved for a committee to consider and
report upon the best means of improving the condition of the
aged and deserving poor, and of providing for those of them who
were helpless and infirm, and to inquire whether any bills
dealing with old-age pensions, and submitted to Parliament this
session, could with advantage be adopted. Mr. Asquith, on
behalf of the Opposition, said that he and his friends haid always
recognised the urgency and gravity of this problem ; but many
of them were not satisfied that any scheme yet put forward was
both practical and adequate. He went on to attack Mr. Cham-
berlain for having tried to make party capital out of old-age
pensions, and promptly endeavoured to make capital out of his
rival's failure. Mr. Chamberlain, speaking in support of the
motion, said that it was not in the power of anybody to propose
a final scheme at the present time, and that whatever might be
done must be regarded as largely experimental. The proposed
committee would enter upon this inquiry with a great advantage,
previous inquiries having cleared the way. He went on to say
that for his own part he had only invited discussion on the
subject, and had made **a proposal" of his own. To which
Mr. Asquith retorted that the proposal in question was sufl&cient
to maintain an action for breach of promise. Mr. Lecky (Dublin
University) followed in a weighty speech, urging that this ques-
tion of pension was one of the most dangerous that could be
raised. It meant the undertaking of an obligation which could
not be met in the event of anyone of several possible contingencies,
and could not be left unfulfilled without provoking a social catas-
trophe. Mr. Logan {Market Harborotcgh, Leicester), a Badical
"forward," was by no means deterred by this warning, and
moved an amendment declaring that the further inquiry could
shed no more light on the subject, and called upon the Govern-
ment to make such proposals as they deemed good. Mr. Balfour,
while opposing the amendment, explained that the Government
would not consider themselves bound to wait for the report of
the new committee before bringing forward a scheme of their own,
of which they would accept the responsibility. The appointment
of the committee was then agreed to by 263 to 93 votes, but the
actual nomination gave rise to considerable discussion (May 1),

G

98] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [may

and subsequently the selection of the chairman, Mr. H. Chaplin,
to even keener opposition.

The intimation given in the House of Lords that the Govern-
ment were prepared to deal with the question of secondary
education gave some interest to the Vice-President's annual
statement in the House of Commons in moving the education
vote (April 28). Sir John Gorst {Cambridge University) y in asking
for a vote of 8,753,986Z. for the cost of education in England
and Wales, admitted that, notwithstanding the large additional
expenditure of last year, his estimate showed a further increase
of 186,240Z. Public opinion on the subject of education was
making satisfactory progress, as appeared for instance in the
hearty welcome accorded to Mr. Eobson's bill for raising the
age of compulsory attendance at school. That was the first
reform necessary, and without it all other reforms would be
nugatory. With regard to the question of irregular attendance,
which had been much before the pubhc of late, he should be
extremely disappointed if, when the figures for 1899 were made
up, it did not turn out that there had been a great improvement
in attendance. As it was, the average rate, which had declined
during the years 1895-7, rose in 1898 to 81*66 per cent., the
highest attained since the passing of the act of 1870. He had
referred last year to the large number of children who were
supposed to be attending school as full-time scholars, while
employed to such an extent in manual labour that they came to
school quite unfit to receive any intellectual instruction at all.
He then spoke from conjecture, but the returns ordered had
since come in, and they showed that at least 145,000 children
were so employed for wages or profit, and there was every
reason to believe that these figures were greatly below the
truth. The hours of work apparently ranged from ten to
seventy a week ; the average earnings did not exceed Is. a head.
Sir J. Gorst went on to claim that the department had done its
best to increase the number of teachers, and explained the
changes about to be introduced. In conclusion, Sir J. Gorst said
he understood that his official position and functions were to be
the subject of criticism. Powers had often been attributed to
him which he did not possess, and in fact the Order in Council
of February 25, 1856, which constituted the office he held,
simply provided that the Vice-President of the Committee of
Council on Education should ** act under the direction of the
Lord President" and **act for him in his absence.** Those
were the functions he was appointed to discharge, and he had
endeavoured to the best of his abihty to perform them. On the
vote for 5,153,987^., necessary to complete the sum required,
being put from the chair, Mr. Herbert Lewis {Flint Boroughs)
moved to reduce the Vice-President's salary by lOOZ. as a protest
against the alleged undue subserviency of the Education Depart-
ment to the managers of Church schools. The debate which
ensued wandered over many topics. Mr. Birrell {Fifeshire^ W.)

1899.] The Education Estimates, [99

did not think it in accordance with good sense or good feehng
that Sir J. Gorst should remain in the position he occupied.
Mr. Cripps (Strovd, Gloticestershire) could not allow that the
department unduly favoured Church schools : the exact opposite
was the case. As to the aid-grant, the requirements of '* my
lords " had more than swallowed up all the benefits which
might have accrued from it. Sir Henry Fowler {Wolverhampton,
E.) complained that in 8,000 parishes people were obliged to
send their children to voluntary schools whether they liked the
teaching in them or not. Under such conditions the parents
ought to have some control over the schools. Mr. T. P.
O'Connor (Scotland, Liverpool) admitted the grievance; indeed
he claimed for the Nonconformist what he claimed for the
Boman Catholic child — namely, that he should be brought up
without any offence or prejudice to the faith of his fathers. Mr.
Lloyd-George (Carnarvon Boroughs) maintained that even under
the board school system Ebman Catholics received special
privileges. In a maiden speech, Mr. Middlemore (Birmingham,
N,) criticised the Government for not themselves taking up the
question of raising the school age. Sir John Lubbock (London
University) sympathised with those who thought it a hardship
to have to contribute both to voluntary and board schools, and
suggested that subscriptions to the former in any given district
should be treated as a set-off against the school board rate.
Mr. Yoxall (Nottingham, TF.) hoped that during the coming year
the department would set themselves to formulate a plan for
allotting the grant on the "block system*' which prevailed in
Scotland, whereby a school received its share, not in proportion
to the number of subjects taken, but in proportion to the general
eflSciency of the work. Mr. Bryce (Aberdeen, S.), who described
the Vice-President as *'not a skipper, not even a pilot, but
merely a boatswain," considered that if we were ever to bring
our rural schools up to the level of those in Germany or Switzer-
land we should have to rely less on pupil-teachers. Sir J.
Gorst, in reply, vindicated the department from the charge of
indifference to the interests of Nonconformists, and declared
that he knew of no case in which a Nonconformist pupil-teacher
as such had been treated tyrannically ; accusations to that effect
had been brought, but they had not been substantiated. A
Government Bill to meet, the needs of defective children was
being prepared and would be pressed forward. Sir H. Campbell-
Bannerman followed in the same strain as Mr. Birrell regarding
the official position of the Vice-President, who, they declared,
showed a strange lack of regard for his own personal dignity by
retaining a position in which he was unable to give effect to his
avowed views, and by showing contempt for his office, his
department and his chief. The reduction having been negatived
by 155 to 71 votes, Mr. Balfour thereupon moved the closure,
which was carried by 153 to 63 votes, and the vote agreed to.
On the report of the vote being brought up (May 1) Sir John

o2

> ^:

100] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [may

Gorst defended his position in the department, observing that
as to all-important questions his views and those of the Lord
President were entirely in accord. No doubt the department
had been sometimes overruled by the Government, as happened
in the case of other departments under Administrations chosen
from either side of the House ; but the duke, who was the
embodiment of political honour, had not therefore thought it
necessary to resign, and it seemed to Sir J. Gorst that it would
be a presumption on his part to do so. Formerly a charge had
been brought against him of speaking against his chief at the
India Office on the Manipur question ; but during the whole
time he was Under Secretary he retained the full confidence
of Lord Cross, as he now enjoyed the confidence of the Duke of
Devonshire. Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman said his quarrel was
not so much with Sir J. Gorst, whose great ability he admired,
as with the Government for allowing the affairs of the Education
Department to be conducted as they did. He gave instances
of the Vice-President's inopportune irony and his ostentatious
silence, and ended by inviting the Government to find him a
more congenial post.

The second reading of the Church Discipline Bill unexpectedly
coincided with the sitting of the court of the archbishops, which
met at Lambeth to hear cases of disputed ritual. The court did
not assume to be a court of law, but was held in accordance
with the directions contained in the preface to the Prayer-book
for cases in which the clergyman and his bishop were not in
agreement as to ceremonial matters. The points argued before
the metropolitan regarded the ceremonial use of incense in the
Enghsh Church and the use of processional Ughts. The pro-
ceedings were very lengthy, and much evidence was tendered in
support of the traditional custom.

In the House of Lords the interest in the ritual question had
apparently expended itself before Easter ; but in the Commons
Mr. C. M'AxthuT ('Exchange, Liverpool) wa,8a.nxious to create new
offences, a new tribimal and new punishments by means of a
Church Disciphne Bill, which affirmed the royal supremacy,
did away with the episcopal veto, and substituted deprivation
for imprisonment in the case of clerical disobedience. The
Attorney-General met the bill by an amendment declaring that
while the House was not prepared to accept a measure which
made fresh offences and ignored the authority of the bishops,
it was of opinion "that if the efforts now being made by the
archbishops and bishops to secure the due obedience of the
clergy are not speedily effectual, further legislation will be
required to maintain the observance of the existing laws of
Church and realm." Lord Hugh Cecil (Greenwich) did not like
the amendment, nor did he think the course taken by Govern-
ment either very wise or very dignified. Whenever legislation
might be brought forward of the same kind as the present bill,
which aimed at removing the disciphnary authority from the

1899.] The Ohwrch Discipline BUI. [101

bishops to a lay tribunal, that legislation would be strenuously
and uncompromisingly resisted. Lord H. Cecil went on to illus-
trate with great force, by appeal to the language of the Prayer-
book, the utter incompatibility of the procedure contemplated
under Mr. M'Arthur's oill with the view of the office of a bishop
which commended itself to the authors of the reformation
settlement in this country. Neither was it conformable to
the idea of the royal supremacy. The true remedy for present
troubles was to be found in an appeal to an authority which
the whole High Church party looked to — the authority of the
bishops. That authority was being exercised, and with no
common measure of success, against what was illegal. He
believed the archbishops, in the tribunal they had set up, would
come to a wise and an independent decision, and he had not the
least doubt the overwhelming mass of the High Church clergy
and laity would defer to that decision whatever it might be.
Sir Wm. Harcourt did not add much help to either side by his
speech ; but he admitted that the bishops were or ought to be
before all others the guardians of the law of the Church ; the
question was whether they had done their duty in that capacity.
He did not find much evidence to answer that question in the
affirmative. The bill before them contained a good deal in
which he could not concur at all, but at all events it asserted
the necessity of action, and it had the merit of providing a cheap
form of procedure. He cordially agreed, too, in the necessity of
removing the veto or, at all events, limiting it to the repression
of merely trivial and vexatious prosecutions. If only because
the bill did that much he should vote for the second reading.

Mr. Balfour wound up the debate with an appeal to the
House to reject the bill by an overwhelming majority. He
defended the bishops from the charge of doing nothing to vindi-
cate the law or to establish harmony in the Church, and he
anticipated good results from the Lambeth tribunal. The
action of the bishops would, he hoped, render further legislation
unnecessary. There must, he admitted, be a court of law some-
where in the background, for no spiritual organisation could
possibly flourish on litigation. *' Of this," he continued, '* I am
sure, that if time should show that the existing organisation of
the Church cannot secure that obedience which exists in the
body of every communion, whatever its character, and if the
remedy is such as to destroy the practical episcopal character of
the Church, then I think that will be the beginning of the end
of the Church of England." He did not, however, anticipate
any such results, but believed, on the contrary, that the existing
law, as administered by the present episcopate, would be found
sufficient. Mr. Balfour ended his speech by an eloquent declara-
tion that if the Church was to remain the Church of the great
majority of Englishmen, it must also remain the institution
that was purified and remodelled at the reformation. The
House then divided, and although both the tellers were from the

102} ENGLISH HISTOKY. [mat

Government side of the House, the bill was rejected by 310 to
156 votes, the minority being made up of 119 Liberals, 33 Con-
servatives and 4 Liberal Unionists.

No session seemed complete unless it included some more or
less successful scheme to relieve the needs of Ireland, or to satisfy
the grievances of some section of its inhabitants. The proposal
introduced this year by the Irish Secretary, Mr. Gerald Balfour
(Leeds y C), was in a great measure based upon a bill introduced
two years previously, but not adequately discussed. Nominally
establishing a department of agriculture and other industries,
and technical instruction in Ireland, the new bill, he ex-
plained, concentrated in one department fimctions at present
distributed between five or six different departments ; provided
machinery and funds for extending to other parts of Ireland the
operations of the Congested Districts Board in the congested
districts; and promoted technical instruction in relation to
urban industries. The income to be allotted to the department
would be 166,000Z. a year, derived chiefly from the Imperial
Exchequer, from the Irish Church Fund, and from certain
savings effected under the Judicature Act of 1897. A definite
sum of 55,000Z. a year was allocated to urban technical instruc-
tion ; 10,000Z. to sea fisheries ; and the remaining 101,0O0Z. to
agriculture and other rural industries. The new department,
which would be directly responsible to Parliament through the
Chief Secretary as its president, and a new parliamentary officer
as its vice-president, was to be assisted in the apphcation of its
funds by an agricultural board and a board of technical instruc-
tion ; but only a minority of the members on these boards would
be nominated by the Government, the majority being chosen by
the County Councils. After Mr. Dillon {Mayo, E,) had protested
against the introduction of so important a measure under the
ten-minutes rule, and denounced its finance as shabby and
unsatisfactory, the bill was read a first time.

Foreign and colonial affairs, although occupying space in the
newspapers and obtaining spasmodic attention from the pubhc,
were but slightly touched upon in Parliament. In fulfilment of
a promise made by Lord Salisbury, the Anglo-Eussian agree-
ment with regard to China was laid on the table. Under its
provisions, as explained by the Prime Minister (May 1), England
had agreed neither to undertake nor encourage the construction
of any railway by English persons or others north of the great
wall of China. Eussia, on the other hand, had made exactly
similar stipulations with respect to the basin of the Yang-tsze.
There were in the agreement certain provisions with regard to
the railway to be made to Niu Chwang, and our interests in that
respect were entirely protected. He was anxious not to appear
to attach to the particular stipulations of this agreement an
exaggerated importance ; but he attached very great importance
to the agreement itself as a sign of good feeling between the
Govemmentft of Great Britain and Eussia.

1899.] Transvaal Affairs. [103

In the House of Commons this assurance was amphfied
by the Under-Secretary, Mr. Brodrick, who, in reply to a
question (May 9), said that the Yang-tsze basin had been
defined by the Government as the provinces adjoining the
Yang-tsze River and Ho-nan and Che-kiang. The Government
claimed that no portion of the territory should be leased, mort-
gaged or alienated to any other Power. The treaty rights of
Great Britain under the Treaty of Tien-tsin were not in any
way abrogated to the north of the great wall. A few days
later (May 15), he further informed the House that a demand
for a railway to Pekin was stated to have been made to the
Yamto by the Russian Government ; but it was understood
that the Yam^n had declined up to the present to grant the
concession. The proposed extension of the Manchurian Rail-
way did not in any way affect the basin of the Yang-tsze.

It was in the Lower House also that questions were put
with regard to events passing in the Transvaal. Mr. Chamber-
lain, in reply to questions from Sir Charles Cameron (Bridgeton,
Glasgow), admitted (April 28) that communications had passed
between the Imperial Government and the President of the
Transvaal relative to the dynamite concession, which the former
held to be a breach of Article 14 of the London Convention of
1884. Almost simultaneously it became known that a petition
from over 21,000 British subjects in the Transvaal, complaining
of oppression and unjust treatment had been transmitted to the
Queen. Mr. Chamberlain stated (May 1), that, having regard
to the position which this country occupied in relation to the
South African Republic, there could be no doubt as to the
propriety of receiving the petition; the High Commissioner
having considered that the general genuineness of the figures
could be proved. At a later date (May 18), he announced the
approaching interview between Sir A. Milner and President
Kruger, which had been brought about through the interven-
tion of President Steyn of the Free State. Its aim would be
to arrive at the settlement of the difficulties which threatened
the good relations which her Majesty desired should constantly
exist between this country and the South African Repubhc.

If the President and officials of the latter were similarly in-
spired, the means adopted by them to show their desire for friendly
intercourse were somewhat peculiar. A number of persons in
Johannesburg were sunamarily arrested on a charge of high
treason, and in the telegrams allowed to pass under official
control grades in the British Army were assigned to the various
prisoners, who for a while were not allowed to communicate
with counsel. The president of the South African League,
which body it was desired to implicate publicly, repudiated any
knowledge of the conspirators and of the arrested enhstment of
men to take arms against the repubhc. It was subsequently
admitted that the case had been got up by agents of the
Government with the privity of some high officials, that

104] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [mat

neither the capitalists nor the South African Leagae were
involved, and at length with shame the case was dropped. In
this country there was not the least idea in any responsible
quarter of encroaching upon the independence of the Transvaal
as guaranteed by treaty and convention. Mr. Goschen, in
presiding at the South African dinner (May 18), assured his
hearers that Sir Alfred Milner had accepted President Steyn's
invitation to meet President Kruger in order, if possible, to
reach **such an arrangement as her Majesty's Government
could accept and recommend to the Uitlander population as a
reasonable concession to their just demands, and a settlement of
the difficulties which have threatened the good relations which
her Majesty's Government desire should constantly exist between
themselves and the Government of the South African Eepublic."
President Kruger apparently was not altogether free 'from
suspicion as to the character of the proposed interview, for he
answered that the terms of Sir Alfred Milner's reply *' go further
than his intention," an expression which Mr. Goschen explained
when he described the British High Commissioner as particu-
larly fitted to deal with the tangle which must be unravelled.
In conclusion Mr. Goschen pointed to the good relations exist-
ing between parties in Cape Colony, where equal rights were
accorded to Dutch and British. He dwelt upon the fact that
the hberality of the Cape in contributing to the cost of the
Navy — a liberality he held up for imitation to the rest of our
self-governing colonies — was not confined to men of one party
or of one race. The original proposal was made by the Govern-
ment of Sir Gordon Sprigg. It was taken up and carried in a
different but not a less acceptable shape by a unanimous vote
under the Government of Mr. Schreiner. That Government
had done, perhaps, even more to strengthen the defences of the
empire by the act of last December, carried by Mr. Schreiner
and Mr. Solomon, which practically gave the Admiralty a free
hand in Simon's Bay. But the services of the Cape citizens,
British and Dutch, to imperial defence were not, as Mr.
Goschen said, to be measured by their intrinsic worth, but by
the spirit which prompted them.

The report of the royal commission appointed to inquire
into the licensing question showed a very strong divergence of
opinion, and incidentally led to the resignation of the chairman.
Viscount Peel, who had been led to expect greater support
for his proposal that compensation at the full market value of a
licensed house, resting on no legal foundation, could not ** for a
moment be entertained." On this point, however, he had the
support of only the seven temperance members of the commis-
sion. The majority report — signed by seven out of eight of the
neutral members, all the trade members and one temper-
ance member, sixteen in all — held that the outgoing pubhcan
was entitled ** to a compensation equivalent to the fair mtrinsic
value of the licence and goodwill." The other points of diver-

1899.] Lord Bosebery and the Liberal Party. [105

gence between the two reports were in respect of the disqualifi-
cation of justices and the constitution of the licensing authority.
On other points, however, the commission was practically
unanimous, admitting the need of an extensive reduction of exist-
ing licences, and that the abolition of tied houses was impractic-
able, and insisting upon the expediency of dealing with the real
occupier. All sides, moreover, were agreed in recommending
safeguards to be taken in granting new licences, renewals and
transfers ; and for protecting children ; in the constitution of
watch committees ; in police administration ; the regulation of
clubs, and the treatment of habitual inebriates.

The Liberal party, which since the meeting of Parliament
had been strengthening its position in public esteem, as proved
by the results of recent bye-elections, was thrown into disarray
again by a speech from Lord Eosebery at the City Liberal Club
(May 5). To the ordinary reader there seemed as little malice
in the ex-leader's remarks as he intended, but it was easy for
extremists, eagerly on the watch for causes of offence, to place
an interpretation upon Lord Eosebery's words which did not
make for reconciUation between the two sections into which
that party was divided. After a graceful reference to the loss
the party had sustained by the death of Mr. T. Ellis, the senior
whip, to whose qualities and merits he paid a very ample
tribute, Lord Eosebery went on to deplore the decay of parlia-
mentary Liberalism, which robbed politics of all its interest,
and was a real disaster. It was in Parliament — not in the
country — that this change of view was noticeable. ** I believe,"
he said, " that the nation itself was never so heartily, so con-
sciously to some extent, in sympathy with Liberal aims. Well,
then, you may ask me, if that be so, why they do not vote
Liberal. Well, since the general election they have voted
pretty Liberal. But when I say Liberahsm I say quite frankly
I do not mean sectional Liberalism, but the old Liberal spirit
which existed before the split of 1886, which weakened one
part of the party, and led the other part to associations which,
I may say without impertinence, it may some time find dis-
tasteful. As I said, the Liberal spirit is as powerful in the
country as it ever was. In fact, the nation is always essen-
tially, but moderately. Liberal. The nation does not sym-
pathise with extremes, yet it is always mainly Liberal But it
is sometimes alienated from Liberalism by causes which I have
declined to state. I have no right to offer advice to the active
politicians I see around me. But if I did venture to do so, I
should say that until you have the Liberal party as it was
before 1886, reconstituted in some form or another, or until you
have a new party which will embody all the elements which
existed before 1886, you will never achieve that predominance in
the country which existed when I began public hfe, the heritage
and almost the birthright of the party. If the old Liberal
party as it was before 1886 is to be revived again, or any new

106] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [may

party is to be founded on its severance, this factor, at any rate,
must be prominent to the minds of those who construct or
revive — the factor of the larger patriotism that I have called
imperialism." As if he had not introduced enough explosive
elements into his speech, Lord Eosebery went on to speak of
imperialism. Not content with generalities, he touched on Mr.
Morley's intention to raise the whole question of the Soudan
by opposing the grant to Lord Kitchener. **If,*' said Lord
Eosebery, ** it be true that there is an intention in the House of
Commons to oppose a vote for a pittance of 700^. a year or so
for a gallant soldier to support the coronet which he won on the
field of battle, I should say that that, too, was an imperfect way
of promoting imperial interests. But that I do not believe,
because it seems to me so wholly incredible." Subsequently
replying to the toast of his health. Lord Eosebery said he
trusted nothing had occurred that night which could be taken
as an indication that he had any intention of returning to that
active arena which he deliberately and for good reason forsook
in 1896.

As was natural, Sir Wm. Harcourt was not likely to let the
charge, for such it seemed to be, remain unchallenged, and
on the next evening (May 6) at the dinner of the Welsh parlia-
mentary party, made a speech of which the drift, notwith-
standing the absence of reporters, found its way into the
newspapers. Sir Wm. Harcourt fastened upon the words of
his former colleague and leader as implying a desire to revert to
the Liberal programme as it existed before Lrish Home Eule
was introduced into it. "Mr. Gladstone's ashes were hardly
cold before they were advised to wipe out the whole of the
inheritance which he had left the Liberals." Such a policv
would mean dropping other important questions such as Welsh
Disestabhshment, temperance reform, land reform, and the
abolition of the Lords' veto. He believed that Sir H. Campbell-
Bannerman would not adopt such a suggestion, but would take
up the whole burden of the Liberal programme. ** What they
wanted in a leader was a man who said to his troops * Go
forward,* and who was not prepared to invite them to retire to
the rear. At all events the time had come when the Liberal
party must make up its mind whether its march was to be
forward or backward. If it allowed itself to be defeated by such
counsels as he had referred to, it would deserve to be destroyed."

Lord Sahsbury (May 18), when speaking at a Primrose
League banquet, referred in a somewat different tone to Lord
Eosebery's speech, declaring that for good or for evil the Liberal
party of 1886 had passed away for ever. ** The past is never
reproduced. You may come back to analogous results, you may
obtain some of the conditions, or even all of them, which you
enjoyed before, but when the method, the system, the circum-
stances by which those results were obtained are once shattered
they can never be reproduced." He held, moreover, that the

1899.] Banquet to Lord Elgin, [107

great Liberal successes of the century had been almost entirely
won upon parliamentary representation and the extension of the
franchise, but that material was exhausted.

Lord Eosebery had an opportunity of repljning to Sir Wm. Har-
court*s strictures on the occasion of a dinner given (May 16) by
the Northbrook Society to Lord Elgin, but wisely refrained. He
contented himself with saying that when their guest became
Viceroy of India ** he left his party in power, or at any rate in
office.'* He returned to find it *' disheartened by a superfluity
of retired leaders. ' * The more important part of Lord Eosebery 's
speech, however, was addressed to Lord Elgin, whose reluctance
to accept the office he had just laid down had been overcome by
Lord Eosebery, acting at Mr. Gladstone's request. Lord Elgin
had during his five years perhaps the most difficult task of any
Viceroy since Lord Canning ; he had had to deal with plague
and pestilence, war and famine ; and he had left behind him a
memory surpassed, perhaps, by none. He had had, too, a
frontier question to deal with, and the Indian frontier always
seemed to Lord Eosebery like a cactus hedge — admirable for
keeping out those outside and keeping in those inside, but
undesirable for occupying as a seat. But it was no good to
strengthen the frontier unless they gave the nations behind it
something worth defending, and Lord Elgin was well aware of
both requirements. Lord Elgin, in the course of his reply, said
his desire had been to minimise warfare, and that desire had
been shared by Sir W. Lockhart. Frontier wars might occur
again, but he did not regard the situation as hopeless. If time
were given they might seek a more heroic remedy than patience,
but at any rate the tribes now knew that they could not offend
with impunity. As to the state of things within our own
borders, there were difficulties which might come to the surface
at any moment, but he would say distinctly that he had formed
the opinion that there was less uneasiness and a less unsettled
feeUng in India now than when he arrived there, though he did
not say that that was due to any act of his.

The only other events to which notice need be called were
the opening of the Peace Conference at the Hague under the
presidency of M. de Staal (May 18), and the laying of the
foundation of the new buildings at the South Kensington
Museum, to be thenceforward called the Victoria and Albert
Museum, by the Queen, almost on the eve (May 17) of her
eightieth birthday. There was a rumour afloat that her Majesty
would in future make no public appearances in London, and,
although nothing beyond a rumour, it sufficed to bring together
all along the route an enormous assemblage of people, from
whom her Majesty received a most enthusiastic greeting,
bearing witness to no diminution of the popularity and affec-
tion displayed on the occasion of the golden and diamond
jubilees. The actual birthday, although marked by no special
display, was celebrated with loyal demonstrations at Windsor,

108] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [may

and throughout the country with general expressions of loyalty,
and in many parts of the United States with a friendliness
hitherto unusual.

The Peace Conference assembled at the Hague was regarded
by sceptical critics as little more than the humouring of a power-
ful monarch, whose army would throw the balance to the side on
which it fought. The most extravagant claims were put forward
by its partisans, who prophesied that the Congress would usher in
disarmament partial or permanent, even if it failed to make war
impossible, or at the best would lay dovni general principles,
which there was no authority to enforce. When however it
appeared from the president's opening speech that it was to turn
its attention chiefly to arbitration and mediation between Powers
at variance, the hope that some practical suggestions would be
made revived, and its proceedings were watched vnth eager
interest by others besides the members of the peace party.

CHAPTEE IV.

Mr. Chamberlain on Old Age Pensions — Mr. Morley, Lord Spencer and Sir Wm.
Harcourt on the Liberal Party — The Bloemfontein Conference — The South
African Imbroglio — Mr. Bobson's Bill — Grant and Vote of Thanks to Lord
Kitchener in Parliament — London Government Bill — Illegal Commissions
Bill — The Telephone Bill — Lord C. Beresford on British Policy in China —
The Indian Tariff Bill— Youthful Offenders Bill— The London Government
in the Lords — The Tithe Bent Charge Bill — The Bye-elections — Mr. Balfour
and Mr. Chamberlain on the South African Crisis — Sir H. Campbell-Banner-
man on the Liberal Party — Legislation by the Lords and Commons — The
Niger Company and Mr. Chamberlain — The Transvaal Dispute — Debates in
Parliament — Irish Agriculture and Technical Instruction — Colonial Loans
Bill — Board of Education — The Indian Budget — Old Age Pensions, Commit-
tee's Report — Prorogation of Parliament — Convocation and the Clergy — The
Peace Congress.

It would be difficult to gauge accurately the influence or impor-
tance of the Irish National League of Great Britain, which was
this year convened to meet (May 20) at Bradford. It, however,
claimed for itself to be wholly free from those sectional dis-
sensions which distracted the Irish party elsewhere. Mr. T. P.
O'Connor, M.P., who presided, may have regarded himself as
outside the rivalry of the Pamellites and the Eedmondites, or
the Dillonites and the Healyites, but this view was not alto-
gether shared by lookers-on. In his address, disregarding his
own axiom that ** American subsidies varied inversely with
Irish dissensions," he assured his hearers that ** the labours of
the members of the league were dictated exclusively by the
love which every true Irishman bore to his country, and by their
unselfish dosire to set it free. They therefore felt very much
inclined to ask the people of Ireland why they did not act in
the same spirit." Mr. O'Connor perhaps had unwittingly
furnished the answer himself, for his countrymen as a body
were far too logical and too practical to consent to the total
abandonment of supplies from America.

1899.] Mr, Chamberlain on Old Age Pensions, [109

Among the charges most persistently brought by Badical
writers and speakers against Mr. Chamberlain was his altered
attitude in ofl&ce towards the question of old-age pensions.
By the Badical Press he was accused of something worse than
treachery, and was accused of having won his own and many
other seats at the general election by promises which he had
taken no steps to fulfil. The hasty appointment of another
commission on the subject just before Parliament adjourned was
taken as only a device to postpone still further the settlement
of the question, and to relieve the Government, and especially
Mr. Chaanberlain, from the necessity of proposing a definite
scheme. Mr. Chamberlain was keen enough to appreciate the
hostile attitude of the Opposition, and probably therefore
seized with satisfaction upon the opportunity offered him by a
deputation of the Oddfellows' Conference in session at Birming-
ham (May 24) to express his views upon the problem before the
pubhc. The advantages which the great friendly societies had
conferred on the country were well known, but he would venture
to point out two defects. The great societies had caused a
number of weaker imitations to spring up which were financially
unsound. The great reason for deficits at present was the
unexpected extent of the demand for old-age sickness, which in
many cases amounted to almost a permanent pension. Under
existing circumstances — "either you must increase your sub-
scriptions or you must throw out of benefit numbers of men
who are thoroughly deserving of it, who have entered the society
in the expectation that they would obtain it, and who would be
much disappointed, and would consider they had a right to
regard themselves wronged, if they did not obtain it. If you
reflJly passed a resolution urging Government to secure a
pension, say of 5s. per week, for every man and woman who
reaches the age of sixty years, then I tell you frankly that
you will have no assistance from me to secure a result which I
believe to be absolutely impracticable, and which, even if it
were practicable, would be most mischievous and undesirable
in the interests of all friends of thrift.'* A pension of 6s.
a week for people of sixty years of age and upwards would
cost 34,000,000/. per annum, and would necessitate a great
increase of taxation. Even were that diiB&culty got over, such
a proposal would do more harm than good, for it would
mean one gigantic scheme of out-door reUef for everybody, good
and bad, thrifty and unthrifty, for the wastrel and drunkard
and the idle man, as well as the industrious workman: ** We
must have some test. The one test I have always advocated is
that a man through his working life should have contributed
to a friendly society. . . . Eome was not built in a day, and
we are not going to have old age pensions in a week ; but I
have never given up my own faith that the thing is right in
itself — that it is necessary and desirable — and that it may be so
worked out as to contribute to thrift, and not to discourage it.

110] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [may

... It is my hope now that it may not be many months —
at all events before the present Parhament comes to an end —
before something considerable may be done in the direction of
which I have spoken."

Whilst Mr. Chamberlain was endeavouring to smooth the
path for his colleagues, Mr. John Morley was strewing it with
obstacles of every kind gathered from various quarters of the
empire. He had journeyed far away from his own constituents
north of the Tweed, and had accepted the ofl&ce of president of
a Liberal association in the Forest of Dean (for which district
Sir Charles Dilke was the sitting member), and at Lydney he
delivered (May 25) his presidential address, which from its
scope and style was intended for a much wider audience. He
observed that there had been complaints lately of pohtical
apathy, but he thought it was not apathy but rumination. He
had been challenged to explain or even make a scathing analysis
of Lord Eosebery's speech, but he would not do so, for various
reasons. Lord Eosebery had compared himself and other
retired leaders to disembodied spirits. He did not believe in
ghosts ; it was nothing more than a dark horse in a loose box.
People talked as if sectional Liberalism only came in with
Home Eule ; but in 1886 the differences between the Liberals
under Mr. Chamberlain and Lord Hartington were as strong as
those between Liberals and Tories now. Already in 1886 the
great English boroughs had deserted the Liberals. Lord SaUs-
bury the other day treated all questions of parliamentary
representation as done with ; but that could not be while their
ridiculous registration system and franchise system remained ;
and then there was redistribution. Lord Salisbury had spoken
of the Liberal triumphs being due to extension of the franchise.
They were equally due to finance, and he thought the country
was again beginning to think that finance was safer in Liberal
than in Tory hands. Mr. Chamberlain had ridiculed Welsh
Disestablishment, and asked whether any one would be a penny
better off. He did not much like that argument, but who would
be a penny better off for the Soudan ? Mr. Morley hoped for
much from the Peace Conference. Holland was a small
country, but it had done much for Europe in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, and he hoped something great might
come now. He was sure that Lord Salisbury would do all he
could, but he was afraid there was a change in the ideals of the
country. Sir C. Dilke, who followed Mr. Morley, found him-
self somewhat unpleasantly placed. He had never thrown in
his lot with the ** little Englanders," and had learnt during
his stay at the Foreign Office to take a wide view of British
responsibilities. He said while they rejoiced in the settlement
of African questions with France, and at the use of peaceful
language, they retained their contempt for a policy which had
sacrificed Greece and the true interests of the United King-
dom in the Eastern Mediterranean, and for Lord Salisbury's

1899.] Lord Spencer at Trowbridge. [Ill

blunders, especially that by which he had given away in Mada-
gascar an independence which had not been theirs to give; just
as in Tunis and in Siam he had given aw9.y what was not
theirs to give, against their interests. In China they could
discover no settled poUcy ; but he said not a word which could
suggest that he was prepared to abandon Wei-hai-wei, or to
submit without protest to the encroachments of Eussia.

Lord Spencer, m his speech at Trowbridge (May 26), kept
away from dangerous topics, and seemed a little uncertam
whether ** the additional gloom '* caused by Sir Wm. Harcourt
and Mr. Morley's retirement, or the ** bright sunshine** of Sir
H. Campbell-Bannerman's succession was the most distinctive
feature of the Liberal situation. The hopeful view on the
whole predominated ; but he was careful not to darken the
prospect by any reference to questions on which the party is
divided. When he dealt with old-age pensions, he left it un-
certain whether he approved or condemned them. He was in
favour of a "large measure of Home Eule ** for Ireland, a con-
veniently ambiguous term, which might stand for anything
from County Councils to virtual independence. He declined to
define imperialism, but he claimed for the Liberal party that it
had drawn the component parts of the empire closer together.
On the other hand, on the points about which the party was
united he spoke with much decision. He would not hear of
countervaiUng duties, and demanded local control for voluntary
schools, on the ground that ** the clerical managers of many of
these schools hold doctrines which are repugnant to children
who use them." Lord Spencer, who spoke with the authority
of an ex-President of the Council, evidently wished to give local
control a very large field. The school board, or the parish
council, or the overseers, or whoever might be the local au-
thority for the purpose, would have to inquire not merely into
the reUgious teaching given in voluntary schools, but into the
opinions of their managers. It was not enough that the parents
had the right of withdrawing their children from the religious
lesson. The feelings of the children themselves were also to be
considered, and if they disliked the Scripture teaching they
ought to be able to make their views known to an independent
authority. Lord Spencer, however, was careful to explain that
it would not become the duty of the Liberal party to consider
this question, any more than that of the House of Lords until
** once more they have a large majority, and are in ofl&ce.*'

Sir Wm. Harcourt also found an opportunity of expressing
(May 31) the aims and views of the section of the Liberal
party of which he was still the acknowledged leader. Speaking
at Nantyglo, among his constituents, he spent a considerable
time in discussing the meaning of jingoism, imperialism, and
the little Englanders, regardless of his colleague Mr. John
Morley's contemptuous definition that such work was *' con-
tending for the shadow of the jackass.** Sir Wm. Harcourt

112] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [may

admitted, however, that if imperialism meant a policy which
is the wisest and best for the empire, he and all others were in
that sense imperialists; and he went on to describe the wise
and sane imperiahsm which had made Britain great. With
this he contrasted " the policy of expansion," describing it as
the policy of inflationists, who thought the more paper money
they issued the richer they were. In his judgment it was wiser
to build than to boom an empire, but he did not attempt to
show that Lord Salisbury had in any way laid himself open to
the reproach of doing the latter, although he was surrounded
by less scrupulous and less far-seeing colleagues.

The bye-election at Southport occurring at this juncture
showed that in Lancashire at all events the Jingo feeling was not
strong enough to recover the seat which Sir H. Naylor-Leyland
a year before had snatched, from the Conservatives. On the
present occasion the Liberal candidate. Sir George Pilkington,
increased the Liberal majority from 272 to 635 upon an in-
increased poll on both sides. Sir G. Pilkington had the
advantage of being universally popular in the neighbourhood,
and had formerly sat for the constituency. The contest was
chiefly interesting as being the first which had occurred since
the Eitualist question had been brought into the field of politics.
Several Eitualists, considering that Mr. Balfour had shown
them scant favour in his speech on the Clergy Discipline Bill,
abstained, while at the same time the extreme Protestants, de-
siring to remind the Government of their power, also declined
to support Mr. C. B. Balfour, the Ministerial candidate.

The meeting of President Kruger and Sir Alfred Milner at
Bloemfontein (May 31), coinciding with the hopeful proceedings
of the Peace Congress at the Hague, led many to hope that an
understanding would be reached between the Transvaal and
Great Britain without the sacrifice of independence on the one
part or of the rights of British immigrants on the other.
Although the chief point in dispute was that of the franchise,
which one member of the Transvaal had described **as the only
weapon they could use against their enemies,** and therefore
important to keep in the hands of its actual possessors, yet it
was generally admitted that there were other grievances which
needed redress. President Kruger himself at the outset of the
conference was prepared to admit this, and declared himself
ready to discuss all subjects except the independence of the
republic.

The hopes generally entertained at home and abroad that
these negotiations might pave the way to a better understanding
between the Boers and the Outlanders of the Transvaal, and
between the British and Dutch elements throughout South
Africa, were disappointed. No bridge could be found by which
either negotiator could retire from his standpoint, — President
Kruger *s insistence that all British differences with the Transvaal
should be referred to the arbitration of a foreign Power, and Sir

1899.] Transvaal Negotiations, [113

A. Milner's refusal to recognise the possibility of arbitration
between an independent and a dependent nation. In reply to a
question addressed to him from his own side of the House, Mr.
Chamberlain recapitulated (June 8) the course of events at
Bloemfontein. He said that it was, unfortunately, true that
the conference had broken up without result, and that a new
situation had thus been created. President Kruger had rejected
the proposals made by Sir A. Milner, and the alternative suggested
by President Kruger was considered by her Majesty's Govern-
ment as entirely inadequate. The discussion, he stated, turned
mainly on the question of the franchise. Sir A. Milner being of
opinion that the exclusion of the Outlanders from representation
was the root of the difficulties which had arisen. Having ex-^
plained Sir A. Milner's suggestions respecting the franchise and
the counter proposals of the President, he pointed out that
according to these no change whatever would take place for two
years, and then only in the case of a small minority of the Out-
landers. These proposals, he added, were made subject to an
agreement by this country to refer all differences with the
Transvaal to the arbitration of a foreign Power. Sir A. Milner
had told the President that the British Government would not
consent to the intervention of any foreign Power in disputes
between themselves and the Government of the South African
Republic. With reference to the indemnity for the Jameson
raid, he said that Sir A. Milner had informed the President that
the British South Africa Company, while protesting against the
amount of the claim, would consent to submit to arbitration the
amount of damages for any material injury suffered by the
Transvaal in consequence of 'the raid. The question of the
dynamite monopoly was reserved for further discussion. The
despatch in answer to the petition of the Outlanders to the
Queen, which had been held back pending the result of the
conference, would now be communicated to the Government of
the Transvaal.

A few days later, Mr. Chamberlain, in reply to various ques-
tions, explained (June 13) that a foreigner coming to the United
Kingdom could be naturahsed after five years* residence, and
could exercise the franchise six months afterwards. President
Kruger's suggestion was seven years for future foreigners.
Immigrants who had arrived in the Transvaal before 1890
would have to wait two and a half years from the passing of the
act, and later comers five years. With regard to arbitration, he
had received from Sir A. Milner a despatch in which the High
Conomissioner repeated that he had stated distinctly at the con-
ference that arbitration was not admissible on all questions of
difference, and that on no question would arbitration by a
foreign Power be permitted. Since the conference, however,
President Kxuger had submitted a proposal on the subject
of arbitration, which contemplated that the president of the
arbitral tribunal should be a foreigner. The Transvaal version

H

114] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [may

of the conference was embodied in a despatch from Pretoria to
Dr. Leyds, its representative in Europe. According to this, on
the British side stress was laid on the franchise and dynamite
questions, while for the Transvaal arguments were put forward
in reference to the franchise, the incorporation of Swaziland
with the repubUc, the payment of the indemnity demanded on
account of the Jameson raid, and the adoption of arbitration for
the settlement of the differences between the two countries.
The High Commissioner did not insist in regard to the djniamite
question, and President Kruger did not insist on the Swaziland
demand. As to the Jameson raid indemnity, Sir A. Milner
stated that a despatch was on its way from his Government,
proposing a settlement of the matter by arbitration. The pro-
posals of both sides in regard to the franchise were set forth, and
it was added that the High Commissioner did not regard the
President's proposals as sufficient. President Kruger stipulated
that all his proposals should be subject to the acceptance by the
British Government of arbitration in reference to the differences
between the two countries ; and if that stipulation were compUed
^th he proposed to submit the different proposals to the Volks-
raad.

The attitude of the Government was generally endorsed by
public opinion throughout the country, the organs most hostile
to the display of even firmness, not to say force, in dealing with
the Transvaal, hinting more or Jess clearly that the alleged
grievances of the Outlanders were being skilfully engineered
and in a great measure manufactured by the capitalists. There
was no doubt that on these fell the burden of taxation,
direct and indirect, whilst their workmen, enjoying a high rate
of wages, only felt their inequality when coming into actual
conflict with the dominant Boers. It was, moreover, urged,
both in Parliament and in the Press, that the actual differ-
ence between the treatment of foreigners desirous of being
naturalised as British subject and those who were able to com-
ply with the numerous conditions required by the Transvaal
Government was only two years. On the other hand it was
admitted that even had President Kruger's proposals been ac-
cepted as the basis of further negotiations, foreigners who went
to the Transvaal before 1890 would still have to wait two and a
half years for the franchise, and those arriving subsequent to that
date seven years. The weak side of the British position was
the Jameson raid, and the subsequent abortive proceedings in
Parliaanent, by which Mr. Ehodes, who was regarded as the
arch-enemy of Transvaal independence, had not only escaped
all charges of privity to the raid, but had been extolled in
Parliament by Mr. Chamberlain, who, as Secretary for the
Colonies, was most prominent in the present proceedings.

In reply, however, to a direct question (June 15) Mr.
Chamberlain stated that the report that he had been conferring
with Mr. Ehodes was without foundation, for that since 1896

1899.] The South African Blue Book. [115

he had had no communication with Mr. Ehodes on Transvaal
affairs.

The South African Blue Book which appeared at this time
(June 14) contained several interesting papers. In a telegram,
dated May 5, Sir A. Milner described the position of the Out-
landers. The present crisis was, he said, largely due to the
kilUng of the workman Edgar by the Boer poUce. Edgar,
in resisting an arbitrary arrest in his own room, was shot
dead, and this incident precipitated the struggle for political
rights. After denying very emphatically that the movement
was artificial or the work of capitalists, the High Commis-
sioner declared that "the case for intervention is over-
whelming,** and insisted that the proposition that things would
right themselves if left alone was untenable. " The spectacle
of thousands of British subjects kept permanently in the posi-
tion of helots, constantly chafing under undoubted grievances,
and calUng vainly on her Majesty's Government for redress,
does steadily undermine the influence and reputation of
Great Britain, and the respect for the British Government
within the Queen's dominions." Mr. Chamberlain's despatch
relating to the Outlanders* petition to the Queen was also
pubhshed. After dwelling upon their grievances with re-
gard to the police, and dealing with the Edgar incident, Mr.
Chamberlain explained the pohcy of the Government. ** They
are most unwilling to depart from their attitude of reserve and
expectancy ; but having regard to the position of Great Britain
as the paramount Power, and the duty incumbent upon them to
protect all British subjects residing in a foreign country, they
cannot permanently ignore the exceptional and arbitrary treat-
ment to which their fellow-countrymen and others are exposed,
and the absolute indifference of the Government of the republic
to the friendly representations which have been made to them
on the subject." The Government, he went on to say, were
most anxious to avoid intervention, and earnestly desired to
maintain the independence of the republic. If they wished its
overthrow they would certainly not have urged upon the re-
public the course which they had suggested, feeling convinced
that by satisfying the legitimate demands of the Outlanders,
the stabiUty of the republic would be greatly increased.

The House of Commons, which had actually reassembled
on the Derby Day (May 31), managed to secure a good attend-
ance for the discussion of the Half-Timers Bill in committee ;
and, notwithstanding the hostile attitude of the Lancashire
members, led by Mr. G. Whiteley (Liverpool), and Mr. Seton-
Karr {St. Helens) y Mr. Eobson succeeded in carrying his one-
clause bill through the ordeal. The first dilatory proposal was to
defer the operation of the bill for five years on the ground that
employers might be given time to prepare for the new state
of things. This preposterous suggestion was debated at some
length, but finally only found ten supporters in a House of 173

h2

116J ENGLISH HISTOEY. [may

members. The next suggestion was that the age for half-
timers should commence at eleven and a half instead of at
twelve years, which led to a still more protracted discussion, in
the course of which the principle of half-timers was strongly
denounced by competent speakers. The discussion on this
point was practically closed by Sir J. Gorst, who stated that at
the Berhn Conference the British Government pledged itself
with other Governments to the acceptance of the principle that
it was desirable that the minimum age for child labour in
factories and workshops should be twelve years. After this
official expression, it was surprising that Mr. Eobson's clause
was gained by only 177 to 18 votes — the Lancashire members of
the Government still abstaining from recording their opinions.
The only concession to which Mr. Eobson, the author of the
bill would consent, was a proviso with reference to rural districts,
where the local authority had fixed thirteen years as the
minimum age for exemption for children employed in agricul-
ture. Mr. Eobson was willing that under his bill such children,
over eleven years of age and under thirteen who had passed
the local standard exempting them, should not be required
to attend more than 250 times in a year. This proviso
was opposed by Mr. Yoxall (Nottinghaniy W.), a Eadical re-
presenting the School Teachers' Union, who thought that too
much was done already to conciliate opponents, but it was
supported by the representatives of the Conservative land-
owners, with whose concurrence it had been brought forward.
Mr. G. Whiteley (Stockport) at once seized upon the oppor-
utnity to extend the exemption to other than rural districts, but
finding the feeling of the House against him, he attempted to
limit the operation of the proviso to "children not employed
in any factory or workshop.*' To this dangerous exemption Mr.
Eobson would not consent, and finally his concession to the
agriculturalists was endorsed by 245 to 26 votes. Mr. Euther-
ford's (Darwen, Lancashire) amendment, under which children
might claim partial exemption at the age of twelve, provided
that they could show 300 school attendances annually for five
years, was accepted in full behef that such patterns of regularity
were very exceptional. On the other hand, Colonel Mellor's
(Badcliffe, Lancashire) desire to exempt children upon whose
earnings the parents were dependent, was promptly negatived,
and the clause as amended was then submitted for approval.
Again Mr. Whiteley endeavoured to stop the bill, but urgency
had been recognised on all sides, and the closure was agreed to
by 263 to 26 votes, and the clause carried. A week later, by
a clever display of parliamentary tactics, favoured by good luck,
the bill was reported as amended ; but it was not yet safe, for
on coming forward for the third reading (June 14) Mr. Seton-
Karr (SL Helens) and Mr. G. Whiteley (Stockport) again attempted
to impede its progress, but the feeling of the House was now so
thoroughly awakened to the importance of the change involved

1899.] Mr, BohsorCs Edtication Bill. [117

that the Lancashire members saw the uselessness of prolonging
the struggle, and the bill was finally passed.

The immediate cause of the rapid passage of the bill through
the report stage (June 7) was in some ways due to the strange
fortunes of the Service Franchise Bill, introduced by Sir
Blundell Maple (Dulwich) and supported by the Conservative
party. It had been opposed by the Eadicals on various specious
grounds, but principaUy on the plea that policemen and shop
assistants would be chiefly benefited. Mr. M*Kenna (Monmouth-
shire, N.) on going into committee, with a view of mutilating
the measure, moved that the fact of an employer living on his
business premises should disquaUfy his assistants. With scarcely
a pretence of debate this amendment, practically rendering the
bill futile, was agreed to by 58 to 40 votes, the author of the bill
vainly protesting that he was opposed to this treatment of his
proposal, and the Government apparently indifferent to the
change. The Eadicals, however, having succeeded better than
they had anticipated in wrecking the bill, promptly withdrew all
the other amendments of which they had given notice, reserving
them for the report stage, and the field was thus left open to
Mr. Eobson. Sir Blundell Maple, however, was not disposed to
be made the catspaw of his political opponents, and when his
bill next came forward (June 14) he moved that the words struck
out in committee should be reinserted, and that his proposal
should be Umited to restoring the franchise to those who had
previously exercised it. There was a fair amount of fencing
between the advocates of extension and restriction, the main
object being to allow the whips to get their men into Une.
Finally, after three dilatory divisions, Sir Blundell Maple carried
his point by a narrow majority — 171 to 154 — the Government
having at the last moment thought it expedient to assist their
own supporter.

The progress of Government business since the Whitsuntide
recess had been marked by several important debates. The vote
of a grant of 30,000Z. to Lord Kitchener of Khartoum gave an
opportunity of showing how deep was the cleavage of the Liberal
party in the matter of foreign policy. The idea of making the
conduct of troops in the field the touchstone of Ministerial
responsibility was not altogether a new one, but this was one of
the rare occasions on which the grant of a reward to a suc-
cessful commander was made the occasion of political feeling.
The oiB&cial leaders of the Opposition declined to associate them-
selves with such tactics, and the Eadical **rump," led by Mr.
Morley, found but Httle sympathy and support even among the
journals of their own party. Mr. Balfour, in moving (June 5)
the grant, endeavoured, as far as possible, to avoid all con-
tentious questions. He was anxious that his fellow-countrymen
should realise what it was that the Sirdar had done for the
Soudan, for Egypt and for England, and should not think of him
merely or chiefly as he was before the fortified lines at Atbara

118] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [jufb

or in the open plain near Omdurman. They should think of
him through those long months and years of patient, arduous,
anxious preparation. They should think of him as the man
whose foresight never was at fault ; who never turned his eye
from the objective which he had in view ; who immersed himself
with unwearied and almost superhuman industry in every detail
which could secure the final triumph ; who never, even amid the
utmost complexity of detail, allowed himself to lose sight of the
final object towards which every measure was intended to con-
verge. He had the art of extracting from every shilling of public
money everything it was worth, and of extracting from every one
of the distinguished men under his command all that they were
capable of doing. Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman associated him-
self with all that the First Lord of the Treasury had said in
praise of Lord Kitchener, and he should cordially support the
vote. Indeed, if he thought that silence on his part regarding
certain matters of controversy would influence the House to pass
a unanimous vote he would not say a word about them. But it
was notorious that objections . were taken to the vote. The
disentombment of the Madhi*s remains, and their dispersal under
circumstances which seemed to show a vindictiveness unworthy
of this country, appeared to him an infraction not only of sound
policy, but of good taste, of good f eehng, he would even say of good
manners. But they could not set a detached and comparatively
unimportant event against the body of Lord Kitchener's splendid
services.

In opposing the grant Mr. Morley refused to allow that the
dispersal of the Madhi*s remains could be justified on any plea of
political necessity. Against Lord Cromer's view of the subject
they had the contrary opinion of Slatin Pasha. He (Mr. Morley)
was sorry to think the Madhi had set a better example than our
own by the respect which he showed to Sir Herbert Stewart's
remains. In conclusion Mr. Morley warned the House and the
country against the danger of lowering the standard of right feel-
ing and right doing in Europe. ** We must teach those whom we
entrust with power far away from our control and observation
that we insist that that power shall be used in conformity with
our own principles of humanity." Mr. A. J. Balfour in defending
Lord Kitchener, warmly repudiated the idea that vengeance had
anything to do with his course of action. It was necessary to
make the overthrow of Mahdism final, and it would have been
unwise and impolitic to expose our troops to a recrudescence of
fanaticism. There were still large bodies of Dervishes in the
Soudan, and to allow a centre of superstitious reverence for the
Mahdi to exist would have been to jeopardise the safety of the
small force left in the Soudan at the close of the campaign.
Lord Kitchener believed that if he had not taken the course for
which he was now blamed by Mr. Morley, the tribesmen of the
interior, instead of throwing in their lot with us, would have
adhered to Mahdism, upon which rested the strength of the

1899.] The Grant to Lord Kitchener, [119

KJialifa's jSghting men, and on the belief in the supernatural
character of the prophet. Lord Kitchener destroyed the first
in battle, the second by his action in regard to the Mahdi*s
remains. Lord Charles Beresford (York) observed that the dis-
entombment was not carried out according to the traditions
of English chivalry ; but he held very strongly that Lord
Kitchener was absolutely right in giving the order for the dis-
entombment. He also twitted Mr. Morley, as a trustee of the
British Museum, with having himself sanctioned the desecration
of the tombs of Egyptian kings. After some further debate, in
the course of which no new point was made, Lord Kitchener's
grant was agreed to by 393, while Mr. Morley's point of view only
obtained 51 supporters, composed of very heterogeneous elements.

In the House of Lords Lord Salisbury moved (June 8) a reso-
lution afl&rming its willingness to concur with the other House
in making a provision for Lord Kitchener. The Earl of Kim-
berley, while heartily concurring in the motion, expressed his
regret at the manner in which the Mahdi's remains had been
treated In reply Lord Salisbury said he had reason to beUeve
that what Lord Kitchener had ordered to be done had not been
quite rightly interpreted by those who carried out the order ; but
the question was not one of ethics or of poUcy, but of taste, and
tastes varied in different countries, and in the same country at
different times. In any case the Sirdar did what he thought
necessary to destroy a baneful superstition, and in that object
they might hope that he had succeeded.

The same evening (June 8) a vote of thanks was moved in
both Houses to Lord Kitchener for planning the Nile campaign,
and to his officers and men for gallantly carrying it out, and
bringing about the overthrow of the power of the Khalifa. In
the House of Lords the vote was unanimous, but in the Com-
mons, where the motion was made by the leader of the House
and seconded by the leader of the Opposition, there was a
minority varying from 16 to 20, comprising 6 English Eadicals
and the remainder Irish Nationalists, the majority in all
cases ranging from 320 to 355.

The report stage of the London Government Bill (June 6)
revived the discussion of several questions which had been left
open in committee. They dealt for the most part with griev-
ances of classes rather than of the ratepayers at large, or referred
to the special aspirations of certain reformers of the constitution.
The original bill in fact had been subjected in committee to so
many changes — the majority of which the Government had
accepted with little demur — that there was slight desire on the
part of the Liberals to impede the progress of a measure which
they had had their fair share in shaping. Mr. L. Courtney
{Bodmin, Cornwall) the champion of women's suffirage and pro-
portional representation, was necessarily anxious to see his
panaceas adopted. His first attempt, moreover, was crowned
with complete success ; for, by 196 to 161 votes, the House agreed

120] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [juot

that **no person should be disqualified by sex or marriage for
being elected an alderman or councillor." The usual stock
arguments were employed on both sides, and the fact that
women for many years had been elected as poor law guardians
and had admirably discharged their duties as such was ur^ed
with considerable force, as certain matters hitherto faUing
within the scope of boards of guardians would in future be
discharged by the borough councils. The opponents argued
from the decision taken with respect to the London County
Council, where women after election had found themselves
disqualified from taking their seats. On the question whether
the elections to the newly-created councils should be annual or
triennial, the Government gave a still more uncertain lead, but it
was eventually settled to leave the matter to each separate
council for decision, providing that, if desired, the annual election
of one-third of the actual body might be aJlowed. After some
other suggestions had been negatived or withdrawn, Lord Hugh
Cecil {Greenwich) surprised the House by an amendment which
was practically a revival of the old Test Act. By clause 21 of
the bill it was provided that nothing therein transferred to a
borough council any powers or duties of a vestry relating to the
affairs of the Church. Lord Hugh Cecil desired to substitute
for "the inhabitants of the parish," as the body in which such
powers were to be vested, ** such inhabitants of the parish as
shall have obeyed that rubric of the Book of Common Prayer
which is printed at the end of the Order of the Administration
of the Holy Communion, and which requires that every parish-
ioner shall communicate at the least three times in the year, of
which Easter is to be one." He did not conceal from the House
that the motive he had in moving the amendment was to face
that most diflBcult question, " What was a lay member of the
Church of England ? " Mr. Balfour, in declining to accept the
definition, remarked that it was far more rigid than that in
force in the Church of Scotland, even in a matter so important
as the choice of a minister. He was one of those who desired
that the laity should have greater importance in matters ecclesi-
astical ; but he thought, even from the mover's point of view, that
it was an inopportune moment to discuss so important a matter,
which should be approached in a mood somewhat different from
that in which they discussed the details of London Government.
The amendment was withdrawn on the next occasion (June 8),
but Mr. J. G. Talbot {Oxford University) was still desirous that
only those parishioners declaring themselves 6o7kfj^g members of
the Church of England should discharge the duties allotted to
them by the bill. This was also opposed by the Government
8uad negatived.

The opponents of female councillors however were not dis-
posed to remain quiescent under a defeat which they maintained
was inflicted by a match division. On the question of the third
reading of the bill (June 13) Mr A Elliot {Durham City) took the

1899.] The Money-lmding Bill, [121

unusual course of moving its recommittal in respect of the clause
under which women councillors and aldermen were recognised,
on the ground that the House was taken by surprise when the
clause was passed. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir M.
Hicks-Beach, urged the mover not to press his amendment,
hinting that the other House might be trusted to do what they
both wished. Mr. Labouchere (Northampton) also thought it best
" to leave the lords and the ladies to fight it out,'* and this view
prevailed for a while, but the spirit of both parties was now
thoroughly roused, and the women's rights question was warmly
debated on the platform and in the press.

The example of Lord James of Hereford in introducing a
bill for dealing with money-lenders had been followed by the
Lord Chief Justice, Lord Eussell of Killowen, with a measure
for checking corruption. In presenting the bill (April 20) Lord
Russell had explained that its object was to check, by making
them criminal, a large number of inequitable and illegal secret
payments, all of which were dishonest, and tended to shake
confidence between man and man, and to discourage honest
trade and enterprise. The preamble was in effect a copy of
the finding on this subject of a special committee appointed by
the London Chamber of Commerce. The first two clauses of
the bill made the gift, offer, receipt and solicitation of any
corrupt payments criminal offences. Sections 7 and 8 made it an
offence either to receive, make or offer a secret gift in considera-
tion of the recipient giving advice to a third person for the
benefit of the donor. Another clause in the bill was aimed at
the prevention of giving false receipts, which were the result of
naalang deductions in lieu of bribes. The bill provided that
though a witness might give answers tending to criminate him-
self, it would be in the discretion of the judge to grant him a
certificate of indemnity. The Lord Chancellor, the Earl of
Halsbury, whilst welcoming the bill as a much-needed reform,
feared that the diflBculty of devising means by which the practices
could be put down would be found insurmountable. No discus-
sion, however, took place on the proposal until the motion for its
.second reading (June 6), in which Lord Eussell explained at some
length what had occurred since its introduction. The bill had
been widely circulated among chambers of commerce, and these
had generally approved its principle, though some took excep-
tion to details, and he should himself propose amendments in
•committee. The Bishops of London and Winchester spoke
warmly in support of the principle of the bill, and made certain
suggestions as to its application.

Two days later (June 8) the bill was formally considered in
committee ; and, after some discussion as to whether it should be
referred to a standing committee, was finally dealt with by the
whole House. No steps, however, were taken to proceed with
the bill beyond that stage, and it was ultimately dropped as was
the Money-Lending Bill, although in the latter case the bill had

122] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [juke

passed through all its stages in the Upper House, and had been
duly sent to the Commons by whom it was discharged on the
motion (July 17) for its second reading.

The bill brought in by the Government to extend the tele-
phone system under the management of the Post OflBce was
keenly contested by those who represented the interests of the
National Telephone Company, which hitherto had enjoyed a
practical monopoly. It was proposed to place 2,000,000Z. at the
disposal of the Post Office to develop communication first in
London, and subsequently in other municipalities. The Govern-
ment also proposed to give large municipahties power to estab-
fish telephone systems, and to raise the necessary fxmds on the
rates. As much as was useful of the plant laid down by the
municipalities would be purchased by the Post Office at the
end of 1911, and the National Telephone Company would be
similarly treated. On the second reading of the bill (June 20)
an animated discussion, extending over three evenings, arose
upon the question whether the bill should be referred to the
Standing Committee on Trade or be discussed in committee of
the whole House, but the point was finally decided by Mr.
Balfour's declaration that unless the former course were
adopted the bill would be lost for the session. This decision^
however, did not save it from further debate on being reported
to the House (July 24), and the opponents of the scheme
managed to postpone the third reading (July 31) until vnthin
ten days of the end of the session.

The long-deferred debate upon China, which had apparently
been awaiting Lord Charles Beresford's convenience, was-
ultimately raised (June 9) on the Foreign Office vote. He had
recently returned from visiting China, and had had special oppor-
tunities afforded him of becoming acquainted with at least the
external features of Chinese statemanship. The debate was
opened by a politician of the advanced Eadical school. Sir
Charles Dilke, who attacked the new attitude of the Gov-
ernment, which had abandoned their original policy of **the
open door" in favour of ** spheres of interest.'* He criticised
with his usual carefulness of statement the proceedings of the
Government in the Far East, maintaining that the recent
arrangement with Eussia left matters much as they were
before. The Government were still pursuing at one and the
same time the irreconcilable policies of the " integrity of China "
and of ** spheres of influence." Bussian authority was rapidly
growing at Pekin, while the occupation of Wei-hai-wei had not
materially added to our strength. He also condemned the
Government for their failure to obtain compensation from the
French for the relatives of the officers and men killed in the
affair at Waima.

Lord Charles Beresford {York) followed in a vigorous speech,
which was listened to with great attention in view of the
sources of the speaker's remarks, but it failed to carry conviction

1899.] Lord C. Beresford on China, [123

to the minds even of his colleagues, whilst the responsibilities
it would create for this country rendered it altogether unpala-
table to the Liberals. He was strongly in favour of the policy
of the ** open door/* thinking that it would be beyond our powers
to ear-mark the valley of the Yang-tsze as our special sphere ;
and he urged that we should endeavour to set China upon her
legs again by undertaking the reorganisation of her Army, her
finances, and her civil administration— in other words by treating
China as a second Egypt. He advocated a system under which
the Chinese Army would be oflBcered by Europeans, and he
commented severely on the proposal that Bussia should be
allowed to make a railway to Pekin, observing that this plan,
if carried out, would enable that Power to exercise a paramount
influence over the Chinese Government. The future of China,
he thought, depended on an alliance between the United States,
Germany, England and Japan. The Government, however,
was as Uttle disposed to accept such a task as it was to be
enticed into a net- work of foreign alliances ; and Mr. Brodrick
{GuUdfordy Surrey), replying for the Foreign Office, roundly
asserted that the policy of the **open door" had not failed.
The provisions of the Treaty of Tien-tsin were observed, and
trade could still go where it went before. Moreover, China had
been held to her undertaking not to alienate any of the provinces
in the Yan^-tsze basin, and arrangement had been made under
which British gunboats would patrol the river for the protection
of our trade. Arrangements were likewise being made for the
opening of additional ports and inland waters. Again, England
was determined to hold the Yam6n to their agreement to allow
the extension of the Burma Eailway into Yunnan. In their
dealings with other Powers ministers wished to come to fair and
just settlements, and to lay aside the poUcy of distrust. As to
the proposed Bussian railway to Pekin, they inclined as a
general principle to welcome any railways^ by whomsoever laid
down, which tended to open up the country to commercial
enterprise. But the case of Pelan was peculiar, and it would
be difficult to acquiesce in the establishment at the capital of a
single great Power as a voice behind the Throne, for that
would inevitably lead to the break-up of China. He added that
within the last few days the demand of this country in con-
nection with the Waima incident had been pressed on the
French Government, and the strongest hope was entertained
that the matter would be carried to arbitration and settled.

Sir Edward Grey {Berwick-on-Tweed, Northumberland) found
but little to criticise adversely in the proceedings of the Foreign
Office, and he welcomed the Anglo-Eussian agreement, if it
should be carried into effect, because if there should be trouble
in future it would be dehberately caused by one of the two
contracting parties. Except for a question arising out of the
claims of France to certain ground at Shanghai (June 30) the
afEurs of China were not again brought under discussion.

124] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [junb

An interesting debate was raised (June 15) by Sir Henry
Fowler (Wolverhampton, E.) who moved an address to the Queen,
praying her Majesty to disallow the Indian Tarifif Act, 1899,
which imposed countervaihng duties upon bounty-fed sugar
imported into India. The arguments adduced in support of the
imposition of these duties could be used, he contend^, to justify
any other protective duty, and protection was contrary to the
settled policy of this country, and he insisted that the Indian
Government did not move of its own free will, but that its
action was directly prompted from Whitehall. He feared that
Germany and other countries would be provoked to retahate in
a way injurious to Indian interests. The Government would
not dare to impose countervailing duties in this country, and
what they dared not do here they had no right to do at Calcutta.
The Indian sugar trade, which was 3,000,000 of tons, owed only
203,600 tons to foreign importation, and of these only 74,000
tons were bounty-fed, and on account of this small proportion
the Government were making an important change of tariff.
The motion was seconded by a strong Conservative, Mr.
Maclean (Cardiff), who also asserted that the policy of the
Indian Government was a dictated policy, and that the act had
been passed with indecent haste. The only people capable of
benefiting by it were the Indian sugar refiner, who hoped to
get a monopoly. He laid the blame of this retrograde legislation
on the Colonial Secretary. The Secretary for India, Lord
George Hamilton, asked the House to meet the motion with a
direct negative. He had always been a free trader, and as
such he endorsed the measures taken by Lord Curzon*s Govern-
ment to combat the bounty system, which violated all the
principles of free trade. In India the new act had been
received with more popular favour than any other measure
which the Government had ever introduced. With regard to
the charge of undue haste, everybody agreed that once a decision
on this question was arrived at, it had to be promptly carried
out. The motion was supported by the Unionist Mr. Courtney
{Bodmin, Cornwall), and opposed froin the Liberal benches by
Sir Charles Cameron (Bridgeton, Glasgow), Mr. Chamberlain,
whose name had been freely brought into the discussion, occu-
pied himself chiefly with a defence of the policy of placing a
countervailing duty on bounty-fed goods. He explained that
all he had had to do with the act was to commend the claim
of the sugar industry in Mauritius to the sympathetic consider-
ation of the India Office. He feared that there existed in
some quarters a wish to revive the old commercial system
under which the interests of our dependencies were subordi-
nated to the interests of home consumers and producers.
Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman said it had become evident
that ministers meant to impose countervailing duties in this
country as well as in India, and that as he was opposed
to both bounties, and to protective duties, he should vote

1899.] Youthful Offenders Bill. [125

in favour of the motion, which was then negatived by 293 to
162 votes.

A well-meaning measure dealing with the criminal classes
was the Youthful Offenders Bill introduced by Lord James of
Hereford ; who, on the motion for the second reading, explained
its aim, which seemed to be the substitution of home discipline
in the place of prison treatment. He proposed that when a
youthful offender was convicted of any offence other than
homicide the court should have the power to substitute (in the
case of male offenders) private whipping with a birch rod for
any other punishment. The whipping was to be graduated,
and administered by a constable in the presence of an officer of
poUce of higher rank, and of the parent or guardian of the
child if he desired. Clause 3 provided that a child or young
person might be sent to a reformatory after being whipped, and
under clause 5 the magistrates had power to select some outside
place of detention for a child during remand or committal for
trial For instance, he might be placed under the care of a
married constable, and thus saved the contamination of a jail.
Under clause 6 a youthful offender could be sent direct to a
reformatory. There was one clause which he was afraid would
prove somewhat controversial — namely, clause 4, which threw
obhgations upon the parent or guardian of the child convicted.
He beheved that would be found to be a very beneficial clause,
inasmuch as its provisions would tend to make parents more
careful of their children. General approval of the bill was
expressed by Lord Leigh and Lord Norton, and it was read a
second time (June 19), and subsequently passed through its
various stages. The Commons, however, either from want of
leisure or of inclination, treated the bill with scant courtesy;
and, in common with other useful proposals originating in the
Upper House, it was put aside without any discussion.

The House of Lords, on the other hand, addressed itself
seriously to the London Government Bill, as soon as it had
been piloted through the Lower House. On the motion for
the second reading (June 20), its provisions having been ex-
plained by the Duke of Devonshire, Lord Tweedmouth while
not contesting the principle of the bill insisted that the first
consideration should be the unity of London, and said that it
was deplorable that the opportunity of dealing with the City
had been lost. He believed that any other party, had it been
in power, would have dealt with the question in a much more
thorough manner, and he found serious fault with many of the
details of the scheme. Lord Onslow, whilst generally defending
the bill, said that there was nothing in the bill to prevent
Parliament from dealing with the City of London on a subse-
quent occasion, but Lord Bussell feared that the bill would
lessen any such chance. Lord Kimberley trusted that it would
be possible to estabhsh some central body charged with the power
of compelling, in case of default, the new municipahties to

126] ENGLISH HISTORY. [junb

perform the duties imposed upon them. The real struggle
however was reserved for the committee sta^e, when the Earl
of Dunraven took up the question of the ehgibility of women
to sit as aldermen or councillors. He opposed any such con-
cession to a sentimental cry , but Lord SaUsbury maintained that
women were as necessary for the purpose of assisting these
local bodies to provide decent lodgings for the working classes
as they had been for the purpose of administering the poor
law. He declared moreover that the women who gave their
attention to the needs of the working classes were in closer
touch than any man could be. The Archbishop of York (Dr.
Maclagan), as the one-time vicar of a London parish, also bore
witness to the benefits of having women councillors in such
matters, and he was supported by the leader of the Liberal
peers, the Earl of Kimberley. The Lord Chancellor, however,
took a precisely opposite view, and maintained that the clause
was but a step in the direction of conferring the parlia-
mentary franchise upon women, and in this view he was
supported by the Duke of Devonshire. Party lines were thus
wholly obliterated, and when the division was taken it appeared
that the amendment had been carried by 182 to 68 votes.

The second evening's debate (June 27) was concerned
almost exclusively with technical and administrative details,
and on several points the Government consented to give way,
or were defeated as on the points of financial control. On the
report stage (July 3) Kensington Palace, which had hitherto
formed part of the parish of Westminster, was attached to the
borough of Kensington, an attempt, led by Lord Hawkesbury, to
divide the city or borough of Westminster into two separate
boroughs, although supported by the Duke of Devonshire and
Lord Hobhouse, was negatived by 74 to 22 votes. The bill
thus amended was sent back to the Commons, where the chief
interest centred in the amendment disqualifjang women for
seats in the borough councils. The ardour of many supporters
of this proposal had had time to cool in the interval since it
was first discussed, and the idea that the Lords might prove
inexorable was freely expressed. In view, moreover, of the
personal views of members of both parties, such a proceeding
on the part of the peers could not have been used as an argu-
ment against their exercise of the veto. Mr. Courtney, there-
fore, proposed (July 6) a compromise, under which women
might be chosen as councillors out not as aldermen, his chief
argument being that women ought not to be deprived of a like
privilege which they had worthily discharged in the past. Mr.
Balfour avoided, as far as possible, all discussion of the senti-
mental side of the question, and declared that the point to
be considered was whether in the interests of the bill,' which
almost every one was desirous of passing, it was advisable to
enter into a contest with the Upper House on the subject. The
Government were unanimously of opinion that it was not

1899.] Tithe Bent Charge Bill. [127

advisable to do so, but Mr. Dillon (Ma^o, E.) apparently thought
otherwise, although he ostensibly argued in favour of Mr.
Courtney's amendment on the ^ound that the women had
justice on their side. Many promment Eadicals like Mr. Birrell
{Fifeshirey TT.), Mr. Channing {Northamptonshire, E.), Mr. C. Scott
{Leigh, Lancashire) and Mr. Spicer {Monmouth Borough), sup-
ported Mr. Courtney's amendment; but Mr. Labouchere
strongly opposed it, and boldly asserted that the action of the
Lords really expressed the wishes of the majority of the
Commons. This was proved by the division, in which the
amendment was rejected by 246 to 177, and the Lords' amend-
ment was confirmed, and shortly afterwards the bill became law.
Long before this, however, it was evident that the dreary
session was coming to an early close, for when (June 19) Mr.
Balfour proposed to take the whole time of the House for
Government measures, the objections were feeble and perfunc-
tory. The reason alleged by the leader of the House was that
there were a number of Ministerial measures which it would be
necessary to dispose of before the recess, for the most part
administrative, but one or two distinctly contentious. The
most noteworthy of them was the Tithe Eent Charge Bill, of
which the Government- evidently wished to diminish the im-
portance by having it introduced (June 22) by the President of
the Board of Agriculture, Mr. W. Long {West Derby, Liverpool),
under the provision of the " ten-minutes *' order, which was in-
tended for strictly non-contentious business. The bill proposed
that owners of tithe rent charge should in future pay half only of
the rates for which they were liable under the existing law ; the
other half would be claimed from and paid out of the local
taxation accounts, which would amply provide 87,000Z., the
sum inunediately required. This sum was arrived at in the
following way. The comniutation value of rent charges payable
to parochial incumbents was 2,412,000Z., but taking into con-
sideration the fall of corn averages from lOOL to 691. 18s., and
making allowance for difference between the gross and the net
rateable value at one-sixth of the estimated value of property
included within the bill, it did not exceed 1,400,000Z., on which
average a rate of 2s, 6d. in the pound had been calculated, making
176,000/., of which one-half was proposed to be repaid. Sir H.
Campbell-Bannerman, on behalf of the Opposition, strongly
opposed not only the bill but its introduction at such a moment
and under such conditions, but his motion to adjourn the
debate was negatived by 243 to 162 votes, and ultimately leave
was given to introduce the bill. The benefits to be conferred
seemed outside Parliament to be altogether out of proportion
with the friction such a proposal excited. It was admitted that
between 10,000 and 11,000 clergymen with a gross annual
income of 1,688,000/. would be benefited, and the average rehef
to each would not exceed 5Z. per annum — a sum so trifling that,
in the opinion of many of those it was proposed to benefit, it

1281 ENGLISH HISTOBY. [june:

did not compensate for the ill-feeling which would be aroused
in agricultural districts. Possibly, in the mind of the Ministry,
some recognition was due to the clergy for the prominent part
they had taken in the last general election, when the Church
influence had been exercised unreservedly on behalf of Unionist
candidates. Land owners and Church schools had received
their respective grants out of the national exchequer, and the
clergy were, it might be supposed, now to receive their share,
but upon a very much reduced scale. The actual position of the
question was of course obscured by issues raised by party
poHticians ; and not the least damaging assertion made by the
Nonconformists was to the effect that at the time of the tithe
commutation a sum of money was added to its value to enable
future tithe rent charge owners to pay the rates thereon. Before
the year 1836 every occupier of land (excepting land in which
the tithe was merged) was by law liable to be called upon to
surrender annually to the owner of the tithes the tenth part of
the actual produce of his land. For various reasons the Com-
mutation Act aboHshed tithes, and in lieu of them fixed a
money payment, in the form of a rent charge on the lands from
which they issued. Directions were given in section 37 of the
act for appraising the tithea The average yearly value for the
seven years preceding Christmas, 1835, was to be ascertained,
and that value was to be the basis for calculating the sum due
— varying with the corn averages — to the owner of the rent
charge in future years. It was enacted that this rent charge
should be subject to rates, just as the tithes in kind had been
subject to rates. Commissioners were appointed to estimate
the value of the tithes of every parish, and, in some cases, of
every field in the parish. It was known that, although the
titheowners had always the right to take the tithes in kind, and
many of them did, the majority of them had long ceased to do
so. Mutual convenience and the desire to avoid unpleasant-
ness had led the landowner or farmer to make a bargain with
the titheovTuer to surrender his right of taking tithes in kind
for a sum of money. This was called composition, of which
there were two kinds. In some instances the occupier paid the
agreed sum in full to the titheowner directly. In others it was
arranged that the tithepayer should discharge his liability by
paying part of it as rates to the rate-collector and the other
part directly to the titheowner, and these parts were such that,
if added together, their sum would equal the estimated full
value of the tithes. There were, therefore, three classes of
cases which the Tithe Commissioners had to consider : —

1. Where the titheowner collected his tithes in kind.

2. Composition with the farmer, who paid the whole sum
agreed upon directly to the titheowner.

3. Composition with the farmer who, to save the tithe-
owner trouble, agreed to pay the rates on the tithe and the
balance of the tithe only to the titheowner.

1899.] Tithe Rent Charge Bill. [129

In cases 1 and 2 the titheowners received the whole tithe and
paid the rates themselves. In case 3 the titheowner received
the tithe, less the amount of the rates, very much in the same way
as a landlord received his rents, less the amount of the income
tax thereon. To ascertain the full value of the tithes under
case 3 it was obviously necessary to add what was paid to the
rate-collector to what was paid to the titheowner. This was
what the assistant commissioners were directed to do by the
Tithe Commissioners in May, 1838 : —

" It is the purpose of the act to put upon exactly the same
footing the titheowners who have paid their own parochial
rates and the titheowners whose rates have been paid for them,
by the tithepayers. If, therefore, in two parishes, in each of
which the tithes have been treated as worth 600Z., the tithe-
owner in one has received 400Z., and 200Z. has been paid for him
as rates, the 2002. must be added to the 400/., to make up the
titheowner's real average, and put him on a footing with his
neighbour/*

Although the Government measure had been met with
violent disfavour from the Liberals and with lukewarm support
frcHn their own side, they showed no desire to shirk the issue
thus raised, and the second reading was taken on the first
available day (June 27). On behalf of the Opposition Mr.
Asquith, Q.C. (Fifeshire, E.), at once moved its rejection. Having
taken exception to the time and manner of its introduction, and
declared that the interim report of the Royal Commission on
Local Taxation (which he criticised adversely) did not justify it,
he went on to discuss the origin of tithes, which he asserted
to have been appropriated in part to the rehef of poverty and
suffering. Of the act of 1836 he said that it made two pro-
visions— (1) that where there had been a composition, the rates
should be added to it ; and (2) that the rent charge created by
it should be subject to rates and taxes then in existence or
thereafter to be levied. Therefore the titheowner could only
have suffered if the rates now payable were in excess of the
average rates of the seven years prior to the commutation, and
even fiien no substantial injustice could have been done, because
every clergyman in the country who now held a benefice had
taken it with a knowledge of the law and his eyes open to the
facts. But there was the best reason to believe that the rates
now charged on tithe rent charge were upon the average in
rural districts considerably less than at the date of the com-
mutation. The rehef would amount to about 81. a head, but
those who paid the highest rates — that was, those whose rent
charges stood highest — would get the bulk of the money, and
the poor clergymen, whose distress and necessity for rehef he
admitted, would not get more than 3Z. or 41, apiece. The
distress was due not to excessive rating, but, first, to the fall
in the value of agricultural produce, and the moral was that it
was extremely undesirable that the income of the parish clergy-

I

130J ENGLISH HISTORY. [jukb

man should depend on such a speculative and fluctuating
security. A second cause was the under assessment of other
forms of agricultural property, which the bill did not remedy.
As to the grant from the local taxation account, the local
authorities had a statutory title to every penny, and the tax-
payers would thus be deprived of the 87,000Z. In conclusion
he said those who were concerned to defend the cause of the
Establishment should consider how far such a scheme, which
sought to remedy suffering at the cost of justice, was likely to
promote the cause which they had at heart. Mr. G. Whiteley
{Stockport), who sat as a Conservative, took the opportunity of
announcing that if the bill passed he could no longer support
the Government. In the previous session he had made con-
siderable opposition to the rating relief given to farmers, whilst
the poorer class of shopkeepers had been wholly neglected.
The present measure he regarded as a bare-faced and cynical
revival of the dole system, by which the clergy were to profit.
His "ideal of the Conservative and Unionist party had been
that it should maintain and preserve all the great institutions
of the country ; that it should be imperialist in foreign politics ;
and that it should defend the rights of private property by a
wise and judicious alhance with the democracy — an alliance that
should be maintained by the Unionist party, showing that they
were as ready to give great social reforms as their opponents.
That ideal had been shattered." Mr. Long (West Derby, Liver-
pool), in reply, said he was disappointed that Mr. Asquith had
not attempted a new examination of the subject. He reminded
that gentleman that it was practically impossible to apply the
procedure and machinery of the Agricultural Rating Act to
tithe rent charge, and that Sir John Hibbert, a former colleague
of Mr. Asquith, had signed the report. That tithes had always
been rated was no reason why rehef should not be afforded if
the rates were unjust. Looking at the act of Elizabeth, it
would be unfair to say that the titheowners had not a great
deal of justification for the contention put forward that the
clerical titheowner was unfairly treated when he was rated as a
resident and an incumbent, and also as an owner of tithe rent
charge. Subsequently, relief had been asked for these clergy,
but this relief had been from time to time deferred. He thought
it perfectly clear that no addition in respect of rates was
made in 1836 to tithe as tithe. An addition only was made to
the balance which remained after the tenant had paid the rates.
This bill did not profess to give any charitable relief. Sir H.
Campbell-Bannerman had suggested that the Church of England
ought to help her poor clergy out of the pockets of her rich
members ; but he thought she had tried to do that, and he found
the voluntary sums paid through the Ecclesiastical Commis-
sioners in the fourteen years from 1884 to 1897 amounted in
endowments to 2,729,200^., and for parsonage houses to
1,337,000/., independently of money for private benefaction.

1899.] Tithe Bent Charge Bill. [131

Further, referring to the example of Scotland, he said that
minister's teinds were made liable to poor rate for the first time
in 1845, but that liability was abolished by act of Parliament in
1861. He contended that the clerical titheowner paid altogether
out of proportion to his means and ability, and he defended the
resort of the Local Taxation Fund as applying only to England
and breaking up the burden.

Mr. Long, in reply to a question, further stated that the
amount of tithe rent charge in the hands of the Ecclesiastical
Commissioners might be taken at 350,000Z., but it was proposed
to extend the Tithe Eent Charge Bill to them because there
was a clear distinction between tithe rent charge specifically
assigned to a particular benefice and that forming part of a
common fund. The debate was then resumed (June 29) by
Mr. L. Courtney (Bodmin, Cornwall), who candidly declared that
he wished the bill had never been introduced, for its advocates
and its opponents alike fell into a number of financial fallacies,
and its supporters confused the rating of property with the
levying of contributions upon individual members of the com-
munity. The true endowment of an incumbent was not the
whole tithe rent charge, but only the balance which was left
after the payment of the rates. The bill was not only wrong
as a solution of the problems with which it pretended to grapple ;
it not only proposed what was unexampled in modem legisla-
tion— an addition to the endowment of the Church of England
— but by so doing it placed the Unionist majority in peril by
alienating Liberal Unionists throughout the country. Sir Wm.
Harcourt {Monmouthshire, W,) ridiculed legislation by interim
report as in the case of the Agricultural Bating Act, and said
the Government desired to rob the ratepayers of 87,000^ He
denied that the present rating of tithe rent charge was imjust,
and thought the way of dealing with the question by deductions
would be fairer than the present one of a lump sum. The tax
was not on the person, but on the property. Sir E. Clarke
(Plymouth) declared that the bill had been asked for by the
supporters of the Government, who knew that the injustice
which the clergy suffered was regarded with deep-seated dis-
satisfaction throughout the country. Sir H. Fowler (Wolver-
hampton, E.), who could not reconcile the arguments on behalf
of the measure, claimed Sir George Comewall Lewis as on the
side of those who denied that clerical titheowners were unjustly
treated, but the statement he quoted was to the effect that the
overseer, generally a farmer, put the titheowner in the rate
book at the full amount shown under the act of 1836, but rated
other farmers at an amount less than the annual value. He
m^aintained that 10 per cent, of the amount which local au-
thorities expected to receive from the local taxation account
virould be diverted. Great sacrifices were made by Noncon-
formist bodies for the support of their ministers, and it was not
fair to impose upon other denominations fresh taxation in the

x3

132] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [june

special interests of the Church of England. Mr. Balfour
replied that the claim of the Church was not a demand for
alms, but a claim for justice. Coming to more important points,
he stated his belief that the courts of law had not interpreted the
statutes relating to this question rightly, and the efifect of the
measure would be to put the clerical tithepayer in the position
which he ought always to have occupied. Mr. Courtney's
arguments that the rates were not to be considered as paid by
the clergyman at all, and that to diminish the burden on a
property was to endow that property were preposterous. He
reminded the House that Nonconformist chapels enjoyed free-
dom from rates, but Nonconformists did not protest against
this rate aid. If the class whom the bill would benefit were
not the clergy of the Church ' of England, the measure would
not be resisted with so much vehemence. The division was
then taken, and the second reading was carried by 314 against
176 votes.

On more than one occasion, in letters to correspondents and
in public meetings, Mr. Balfour had explained his attitude
towards the establishment of a Catholic university for Ireland.
On the debate on the Irish Estimates (June 23) he was able to
speak from his place in the House, but still expressing only
his own personal feelings. He dealt especially with what he
regarded as the three causes that made the settlement of the
matter diflBcult. The first was the failure of large portions of
the community to reahse how essential the highest education
was to the true development of any commimity. Next came
the extreme Protestant objection, which was largely due to
ignorance of what was already being done in Ireland in the
way of grants to Eoman Catholic teaching. The third difficulty
was the misapprehension as to the form 6f university to be set
up. The university was, of course, not to be without chairs of
philosophy or history, but these were to be the outcome of
private endowment. Mr. Balfour ended by a statement of his

Eosition on the whole subject. He reminded the House that
efore the grant of Catholic emancipation, members of the same
Ministry expressed opposite views on that question. It was, in
fact, in accordance with our best political traditions that certain
questions should be left open. Until, said Mr. Balfour, a
change had taken place in public opinion, it would be im-
possible to make the establishment of a Boman Catholic
University in Ireland a Government question. He would,
however, himself endeavour to remove one by one the difficulties
in the way arising from prejudice and ignorance. Mr. Dillon
{Mayo, E,) welcomed Mr. Balfour's recognition of the illogi-
cal state of the subject. Elementary and technical educa-
tion, both supported by parliamentary grants, were almost
wholly applied to Eoman Catholics without protest, but a
Catholic university for the benefit of those who had already
received State aid was not to be entertained. He urged Mr.

1899.] The Bye Elections. [133

Balfour to resign if he could not convince his colleagues, but
Mr. Dillon forgot that it was by leaving the question entirely
open that CathoUc emancipation was brought albout.

Outside Parliament there were not wanting symptoms of
the decUne in the popularity of the Ministry, but they were not
stronger than was the case whenever either party had been long in
ofl&ce. The cause was partly due to the ill-will always provoked
by the refusal of the party in oflBce to fulfil promises made without
authority in its name, and partly to the restlessness which
insured the alternation of Liberals and Conservatives on the
Treasury benches. The retention by the Eadicals of the seat
for Southport, already referred to, was so httle anticipated that
the Conservative party invited Mr. C. B. Balfour, a nephew of
the Premier, to contest the seat. On Mr. Curzon*s appoint-
ment as Viceroy of India Sir H. Naylor-Leyland had defeated
Lord Skelmersdale by a majority of 272, but it was asserted
that this was a fortuitous victory, due to causes unhkely to be
repeated. Sir George Pilkington who had at one time, when
the Liberals held the majority, represented Southport, was an
ideal candidate for a wavering constituency, and his knowledge
of local feeling and requirements more than outweighed the
relationship of the Conservative candidate. Sir G. Pilkington
in the event (May 30) received 5,635 votes against 5,052 recorded
by Mr. Balfour, showing a marked falUng-off of Tory support.
This was locally attributed to the efforts of the Laymen's League,
which determined thus to show its appreciation of Mr. A. J.
Balfour's attitude in the House of Commons towards the Clergy
Discipline Bill.

The election for South Edinburgh, due to the death of the
sitting Unionist member, was not to be explained away in a
like manner, but the decline of Conservatism in the Scottish
capital was even more marked than in Lancashire. Li 1895
Mr. Cox had defeated the sitting Eadical member by the narrow
majority of 97 on a total poll of about 9,500 voters. On the present
occasion the Conservatives were represented by a strong candi-
date, Major-General Wauchope, who for some time had taken
an active part in local politics, and was personally held in great
esteem by all parties. His Eadical opponent was Mr. Arthur
Dewar, a member of a firm of distillers, but more immediately
connected with Perth than with Edinburgh. He, however,
proved himself to be the more acceptable candidate, and eventually
carried the seat (June 19) by an unexpectedly large majority of
831, the votes for Mr. Dewar being 5,820 against 4,989 for
Major-General Wauchope. The East Division of Edinburgh
had almost simultaneously to show how far its opinions had
undergone a change since the Badical Dr. Wallace had defeated
the Unionist Mr. Goschen in 1886 by 1,441, in 1892 Mr.
FuUerton by 1,160, and in 1895 Mr. Younger by 449. The
Liberals on this occasion were represented by Mr. Macrae, a
local business man, who so far had taken no leading part in

134] ENGLISH HISTORY. [tone

politics, the Unionists again putting forward Mr. H. 6. Younger,
who was connected with one of the large breweries of Edinburgh.
He, however, failed to maintain even the modest position he had
occupied at the general election, for he was now defeated by
1,930 votes, the numbers being 4,891 for Mr. Macrae and 2,961
for Mr. Younger.

A few days later Lancashire was again appealed to on the
subject of the Ministerial policy, a double vacancy having
occurred at Oldham by the death of Mr. Ashcroft and the
resignation of Mr. Oswald, who in 1895 had won the two seats
for the Conservatives. Oldham had never shown much political
consistency, the majority, always a narrow one, being alter-
nately Conservative or Badical. On the present occasion the
choice of the Conservative party was somewhat surprising, but
the contest was thereby rendered more interesting to outsiders :
Mr. Winston Churclull, the eldest son of Lord Bandolph
Churchill — a promising statesman prematurely cut oflf — was
associated vnth Mr. Mawdsley, a well-known trade-unionist
leader, who for many years had prudently and skilfully watched
over the interests of the cotton - spinner operatives. The
Badicals selected as their champions Mr. Emmett, a local manu-
facturer, and Mr. Bunciman, a politician and a popular speaker
at labour meetings. At Oldham as at Ashton the Protestant
Church societies actively intervened in the struggle, endeavour-
ing to obtain pledges from the candidates in favour of the ** five
points '* of the Protestant Charter, viz,, (1) maintenance of the
royal supremacy, (2) aboUtion of the episcopal veto, (3) substitu-
tion of deprivation for imprisonment, (4) control of ecclesiastical
offences by a lay judge, and (5) simplification of legal procedure.
The representatives of the Protestant societies frankly stated to
the various candidates that they would support only those candi-
dates who pledged themselves to the reform of the National
Church. Mr. Mawdsley was vnlUng to accept all five points,
and Mr. Churchill only demurred to certain matters of detail.
On the other hand the Liberal candidates, expressing themselves
generally in favour of Church Disestabhshment, objected to the
abolition of the episcopal veto, and would not bind themselves
to support a Clergy Discipline Bill. Under these circum-
stances the Church societies urged all Protestant Churchmen
and Nonconformists to vote for the Conservative candidates.
The result showed that whatever other considerations may have
influenced them, the electors of Oldham were not prepared to
subordinate their political opinions to ecclesiastical preferences.
The two Badical candidates, who by the way were not afraid to
support the Irish Home Bule question, were returned by con-
siderable majorities, the figures being Mr. A. Emmett (B.),
12,976; Mr. W. Bunciman, 12,770; Mr. Winston Churchill
(C), 11,477 ; Mr. J. Mawdsley (C), 11,449. The simultaneous
election (July 6) for the Osgoldcross Division of the West Biding
of Yorkshire presented compaxatively little interest. The sitting

1899.] The Bye Elections. [135

member, Sir John Austin, had drawn upon himself the censure
of some of his committee because he had voted on a question
connected with the liquor trade in a way which offended the
conscience of the temperance party. He therefore decided to
resign his seat, and to challenge the verdict of his constituents,
not only upon his past votes against the Scotch Veto Bill and
the Clergy Discipline Bill, but upon the general question of his
independence in the future. The temperance party put forward
Mr. C. H. Boberts; who although in other respects an advanced
Radical, unconditionally promised to support the policy of the
Church Association, and the five points, already enumerated, of
its proposed Church Discipline BiU. The aUiance, however,
was of little profit to the candidate, for Sir John Austin was
re-elected by 6,818 votes, only 2,893 being recorded by his
opponent. A week later (July 12) a metropolitan constituency
(St. Pancras, East) was called upon to show how far its opinions
had changed since the general election. On that occasion the
Conservative candidate was returned by a majority of 289 votes.
The Badicals on the present occasion had the advantage of a
good fighting candidate, Mr. B. F. C. Costelloe, with strong
socialistic tendencies, but although he was able to reduce the
Unionist majority he was not able to prove that the metropoli-
tan districts were ready to revolt against the Government
which they had done so much to place in power. The actual
figures showed that Mr. T. Wrightson, a local employer, polled
2,610 votes against 2,423 given to Mr. Costelloe.

Mr. G. Whiteley's independent course on the Tithes Bating
Bill having aroused the anger of many Conservatives of Stock-
port he at once offered to resign his seat, at the same time re-
serving to himself the right of coming forward as an independent
candidate. This proposal was the subject of long deliberation
by the Conservative caucus, which was credited with having
taken advice in other quarters, and finally Mr. Whiteley was
requested to retain his seat on his own conditions. Without
formally taking his place among the Opposition, he requested
that he should be no longer summoned by the Ministerial
whips.

Outside Parliament, which seemed to exercise a depressing
effect upon all parties, there was some interesting platform
speaking, the members of the Ministry and of the Opposition
being apparently equally anxious to avail themselves of this
method of advancing their views without the restraint of con-
tradiction. Mr. Balfour, speaking at the dinner of the National
Union of Conservative Associations, reminded his hearers that
** Liberalism " was no longer the monopoly of one party in the
State, but the common possession of both, and that the diver-
gence now between them was on the methods of carrying out
Liberal principles. When, however, Liberals declared that the
principle of self-government required Home Bule, that demo-
cracy required the abolition of the House of Lords, and that

136] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [june

religious liberty was inconsistent with the existence of a
national Church, then the two parties came into conflict. Re-
ferring to the conference between Sir Alfred Milner and Presi-
dent Kruger, he said it had not, so far, been successful. The
failure of the negotiations was a disappointment to her Majesty's
Government, but he did not concur with the view that the
controversies which divided the South African Republic and
Great Britain were incapable of a satisfactory solution. He
believed the contrary, for we asked and desired no more than
the elementary rights of civilisation for our fellow-countrymen
in the South African Republic, and he was convinced that the
whole opinion of South Africa — Dutch as well as EngUsh — was
that those rights should be accorded them. That it was the
duty of her Majesty's Government to see that those rights were
not trampled in the dust no one would deny, and he beheved
that the good sense, policy, and wisdom of the leaders of the
South African RepubUc would make for some settlement which
would rightly preserve the independence of the republic con-
sistently with the concession to our fellow-countrymen in the
Transvaal of the rights which every man was entitled to possess
in a civihsed land.

The leader of the Opposition, Sir Henry Campbell-Banner-
man, also made the Transvaal question the text of his speech
to the Liberals and Radicals of Ilford (June 17). He told
them that of the conduct and policy of the Government they
could not judge till the papers on the subject were issued, and
till they were available a discussion in the House of Commons
would be of no advantage. Some of the newspapers, however,
talked freely of the probability, and even the necessity, of war,
and he must say plainly that for his part he could see nothing
in what had occurred to justify either warlike action or military
preparation. The people of this country had no hostility to the
people of the Transvaal, and no desire to humiliate them or
deprive them of their independence. Their only desire was to
see the inhabitants of all the States in South Africa living and
prospering in harmony. But the attainment of such harmony
was no easy matter ; it was constantly endangered so long as
there continued the relations between the Transvaal Govern-
ment and the Outlanders which had subsisted of recent years.
** They have not," he said, " the municipal government, the
pohce protection, the organised maintenance of order, the even-
handed administration of justice, which in all civilised com-
munities are regarded as the very elements of civil right and
civil freedom." It was this danger which compelled them to
spare no effort in order that this chronic discord might be
healed. After alluding to the failure of the recent conference,
and characterising as anomalous and absurd the idea that we
should go to war because a number of our countrymen in the
Transvaal were not allowed to become Boers as rapidly as they
desired, Sir Henry pointed out that considerable concessions

1899.] Mr, Chamberlain on the Tramsvaal. [137

had been made since the conference broke up, and that many
interests were now working with increased pressure in favour
of concession. What was there, then, in the situation justifying
the senseless appeal to arms which was only allowable as the
last hateful alternative when all peaceful methods had. failed?

Mr. Chamberlain, addressing the Liberal Unionist Associa-
tion at Birmingham (June 26), gave a wider scope to his
remarks, going back to the early days of Transvaal independence,
and to the efforts made by its rulers to establish arbitrary
government. The controversy with the Transvaal was not a
mere squabble over the suzerainty, over the pecuniary interests
of the Outlanders, or even over the franchise. It was the
situation created by the policy of the Transvaal Government
with which they had to deal. Mr. Chamberlain proceeded to
trace the history of our relations with the Transvaal, and to
show how we had four times been on the verge of war. In
1885, at the time of the Warren Expedition ; in 1894, when,
during the late Administration, President Ejruger attempted to
forcibly enlist British subjects ; in 1895 over the drifts question ;
and in 1897 over the Alien Immigration Law. Next, Mr.
Chamberlain dealt with the raid, and declared that the Johan-
nesburg people had as good a case for revolution as any men
ever had, and if the movement had been spontaneous they
would have had the sympathy of all Englishmen. But as to
the raid, nothing could be said in its excuse. The raid,
however, had been sufl&ciently atoned for. Mr. Chamberlain
next insisted that Sir Alfred Milner had been selected and sent
out as the best man to deal with a difficult question, and that
'* now he is there in the midst of intrigue and hatred we intend
to support him." Sir Alfred Milner had been abused in certain
quarters for making the franchise the essential question ; but he
was right, for it was by the franchise — fairly granted and freely
exercised — that the gradual redress of grievances might be
obtained without appeaUng to any external power, but at the
present time a state of feeUng had been brought about which
seemed to render such a remedy futile. Mr. Chamberlain
ended his speech by asking how the race animosities which
unfortunately existed could be allayed. It could only be by
going to the root of the mischief. ** The misgovernment of the
Transvaal is a festering sore which poisons the whole atmos-
phere of South Africa." What was the duty of the Govern-
ment? Their first duty was to try to secure an amicable
settlement. The Government were absolutely unanimous as to
the pohcy to be pursued. They would neither be hurried nor
held back, but having undertaken the business they would see
it through. "I hope," added Mr. Chamberlain, "that the
efforts of our loyal Dutch subjects in Cape Colony — of men, for
instance, hke Mr. Hofmeyr, who has deservedly a great in-
fluence with his fellow-countrymen — I hope that his efforts and
those of the Government, and especially of the Prime Minister

138] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [junb

of Cape Colony, to bring about an amicable arrangement will be
successfnl."

Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman had a further opportunity (June
30) at the City Liberal Club of reviewing the state of affairs at
home and abroad — the former in the light of the recent bye-
elections, and the latter by the aid of Mr. Chamberlain's speeches
and recently-issued South African Blue Book. In reply to the
toast of his health, he said there were signs both inside and out-
side the House of Commons that the power of the Government
was waning with a corresponding rise of confidence and spirit in
the Liberal party. As to South Africa, every man should be
careful to say nothing to prejudice the settlement. He adhered
to every word he said at Ilford, and he would repeat one sentence
— ** I can see nothing whatever in all that has occurred to justify
either warlike action or military preparations." He did not like
the word imperialism, for it covered the plainest duty or the
wildest folly according to the man who uttered it. Sensible
men were ready to accept the responsibilities we had under-
taken, but they had no liking for new enterprises, for the most
part visionary. He believed those sensible men constituted the
enormous majority of the Liberal party, and were even repre-
sented in the present Cabinet. At home the prominent question
was the Clergy Belief Bill, on whose origin he thought he could
throw some light. "WTien it first appeared he had warned the
Government of the storm it would create, and ever since he
had been the recipient of letters from country clergymen which
showed a strange similarity, and were, though no doubt perfectly
sincere, written to order, and, in fact, many of the writers signed
themselves as members of the Federation of the Clergy. Think
what an influence such a federation must exert on a Tory
Government — a trade union of clerical voters and organisers-
threatening to strike. The bill did not amend the law ; it only
gave a sum of money to stop the mouths of complainers, giving
most to those who required least. What had been the com-
plaints made all through the present ParUament ? That without
doing anything to carry out their promises of social reform, in
spite of their great majority in both Houses, the Government
had given boons of public money, first of all to their friends, aa
they called them, the agricultural ratepayers, leaving out the
rural ratepayers who were not agricultural, and leaving put the
urban ratepayers, upon whom the rates were much more burden-
some ; and, in the second place, to clerically governed schools ;
and now came the present bill, uniting both faults. It was not
the resistance of the Opposition that the Government had to
fear. The speeches of Mr. Whiteley and Mr. Courtney showed
what some of their followers thought.

The only other Cabinet Minister who spoke in public during
the month was the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and his anxie-
ties were financial rather than political, no anticipation of having
to provide for extra expenditure seeming to overshadow him.

1899.] The Clerical Tithe Bill. [139

After regretting his painful duty to increase instead of to diminish
taxation, and defending his recent policy in reducing the Sinking
Fund rather than increase taxation, Sir M. Hicks-Beach diverged
to the subject of the gold reserve held in this country to meet
commercial claims. The increase in the world's production of
gold from 24,000,000/. in 1890 to 60,000,000Z. in 1898 had been
most remarkable, but he did not know that it bound us to keep
a great unproductive hoard of gold ready at a moment's notice.
It might be that a larger stock was necessary, but if so it should
not be kept either by the Government, which was only a banker
as trustee for the Savings Banks, or by the Bank of England,
but by the general body of financial institutions. They should
act in combination, which was of the very essence of the matter.
It was a very expensive thing to hold gold in masses, and the
cost should be borne by the general banking interest. Unfortu-
nately the Chancellor of the Exchequer could not pursue this
point further, and show how the banking interest might be
mduced to adopt a course which would greatly diminish their
profits. The danger of the situation arose from the fact that
the volume of business, not only in this country, but throughout
the world, with which this country was financially and com-
mercially bound up, had enormously increased of recent years
without any similar increase of the reserve either of the Bank
of England or of the general body of bankers. The latter
practically relied upon the former to find cash in return for
securities in any moment of pressure, regardless of the fact that
the aggregate liabihties of half a dozen of the leading banks
alone exceeded the cash reserve of the Bank of England.

The last month of the session as usual saw the abandon-
ment of several bills which at its outset were looked upon as
all-important or even as pressing reforms. Ministers had,
however, counted on a forbearance on the pai:t of the Opposition
which was not to have been anticipated in the case of the
Clerical Tithe Bill and other measures. The opposition to this
bill was, however, slightly paralysed by the results of the recent
elections. The "Protestant " party had shown a very distinct
intention of making political capital out of ** the crisis in the
Church," and had threatened to make their power felt in every
possible constituency. As the clergy of the party would derive
benefits by the proposed legislation, it was not expedient to push
opposition too far, except in the interests of the Nonconformists.
It was therefore left to the spokesmen of the latter to make
amendments, which would receive more or less support on their
own side of the House according as each restriction of the scope
of the bill seemed tactically advantageous. On going into com-
mittee (July 10) Mr. Lloyd George {Carnarvon District) in the
first place desired to Umit the relief granted by the bill to owners
of commuted tithe rent charge below the value of 200L a year.
This and similar amendments to the clause were mainly intended
to bring out some supposed inconsistency in the Government's

140] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [jui-y

case, an easy task since the Government had never made clear
the reason which moved them to propose this measure of rehef.
They would not say whether tithe in the hands of a clerical
owner was wholly or in part professional income. In fact by
not making the relief proposed by the bill co-extensive with such
part as might be deemed professional, they did away with one
of their strongest arguments, inasmuch as they left one half of
the tithe income subject to rates. The assumption seemed to
be that, relief being due in some shape, it did not much matter
what form it took. This confusion became abundantly evident
in the course of the debates in committee on the bill. Mr. Long
{West Derby, Liverpool) replying to the objections raised by the
Welsh Dissenters declared that its object was not to relieve
distress, but Sir Wm. Harcourt retorted that the only justifica-
tion of the bill was sympathy for the really distressed clergy.
Mr. Lambert {South Molton, Devon), a recognised spokesman of
the tenant farmers, then moved that the bill should apply to
rent charge ** which had no addition at the time of commutation
as an equivalent of rates and taxes." Mr. Long said it was a
complete delusion to suppose that that addition came out of the
pocket of the tithepayer. The difference between the net tithe
receivable and the total sum only affected the titheowner. It
was a matter of indifference to the tithepayer whether he paid
the money to the titheowner or to the rate-collector, for he
had already made an arrangement with the titheowner by
which he had agreed to act, as it were, as his agent and to pay
the rates. Sir Wm. Harcourt agreed that what the titheowner
was entitled to was the net tithe. Mr. Balfour said the only
contention he had heard put forward by the clergy was that
they possessed for services rendered a ratable property, and they
desired that that property should be rated on equitable terms.
After further discussion the amendment was rejected by 264 to
151 votes, and several other amendments in the same spirit were
similarly negatived. On the following evening (July 11) a long
discussion took place on an amendment moved by Mr. S. T.
Evans {Glamorgan, Mid.) to exclude the present owners of tithe
rent charge from the benefits of the measure, and to limit its
operations to benefices to which clergymen should be presented
after the passing of the act. The discussion was only ended
by the application of the closure, and then the amendment was
negatived by 262 to 165 votes. The closure had to be appUed
twice again during the evening, and ultimately the first ten lines
of the clause were agreed to. Two more evenings were required
to bring the discussion to an end, and a frequent application of
the closure, but throughout it appeared that the Ministry
retained a solid majority of 100 or upwards, and the efforts
of the Opposition to modify the bill were fruitless.

On the third reading (July 20) the Liberals mustered in full
force, and its rejection was moved by Mr. Lambert {South Molton,
Devon), It had been proved over and over again, he contended,

1899.] The Tithe Bent Charge Bill. [141

ihat the maintenance of the poor was as strongly attached to
the payment of tithe as the title to receive tithe. The rates
were not levied on the clergyman in respect of his tithe, but on
the tithe itself, and it was impossible to allege that there was
any personal grievance. Colonel Mil ward {Warwick, S,W,)y a
Conservative landlord, ridiculed the argument that the poor
were being made to contribute to the relief of rich clergymen.
The fact was no poor person would under any circumstances
contribute a farthing for the relief of the clergy. The whole
provision was to come from the probate duty grant, to which,
of course, the poor contributed nothing ; and, more than that,
it was to come from the increment of the grant, so that it was
money that never had gone to the poor. Mr. Birrell {Fife, W.)
supposed that the House must soon part with the bill, which
would seek its fortunes elsewhere. To any one who loved irony,
or delighted in an ironical situation more than in justice, there
was something particularly charming in the spectacle of a
council of lay impropriators — of men holding the great tithe
once devoted to religious and charitable purposes — meeting in
solemn conclave to consider how best to relieve the necessities
of the owners of the small tithe, still devoted to religious pur-
poses, at the expense of the public exchequer. However, the
only point which he was really desirous of making was that, in
his opinion, it was a public scandal and a constitutional wrong
that a measure of this sort should be put through the House of
Commons from beginning to end sub silentio as far as the
Chancellor of the Exchequer was concerned. Major Basch
{Essex^ S.E.), a Conservative representing probably the most
tithe-stricken county in the kingdom, failed to understand why
the Grovemment should have introduced this bill within what
had been called "the zone of a general election," when they
could easily have dealt with the matter three years ago in con-
nection with the Agricultural Eating Bill. As things were, he
shonid say from his knowledge of pubhc feeling with regard to
the bill that if an election were fought on the question in his
part of the country a good many of his friends and himself
wonld be "food for powder." At any rate he had done his
duty; he had supported the Government in every division,
because he believed in the principle of the measure, whatever
he might think of its timeliness. Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman
imagined that the policy embodied in the bill was one of giving
pecuniary reUef to certain favoured classes politically useful to
the party in power, who received the subsidy and were expected
to be grateful for it, while the funds to enable this to be done
were provided in such a manner as to ensure that those out of
whose pockets it was to come should be as little as possible
conscious of the contribution they were making. As to the
operation of the bill, the poor vicar or curate labouring in the
slums of great cities would get nothing, while the poorer country
clergy would get hardly anything. Substantial relief was re-

142] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [jult

served for the wealthy country clergy who happened to have
most political influence. Mr. Balfour pointed out that some
11,000 clergy would receive relief under the bill, and of these
8,000 had less than 1601. a year. Not more than 255 of the
clergy to be relieved had a gross income exceeding SOOl, a year.
As to the town clergy, he fully recognised the inadequacy of the
means with which many of them were carrying on their great
work. But, he continued, ** Much as the clergy in the towns
demand our sympathy and our assistance, it is to the members
of the Church of England and not to the House of Conunons,
or the taxpayer, or the ratepayer, that they must appeal, and
I doubt not the Church will respond to that appeal. If we
come to the House of Conunons it is not to relieve the poverty
of the clergy of the Church ; it is not to give them increased
means of subsistence, however desirable those increased means
of subsistence may be ; we come to the House of Conmions, and
we come to Parhament because they, and they alone, are the
people who have it in their power to remedy a great injustice
which they have consciously or unconsciously done."

A division was then taken, and the third reading was agreed
to by 182 to 117 votes, a very noteworthy falling-off in the
numbers of the Ministerial majority.

In the House of Lords the bill, although subjected to con-
siderable criticism, ultimately passed without any amendments.
In the only debate to which it was subjected, the Earl of
Selborne, on moving the second reading (July 24), said that
the grievance which the bill was intended to meet might be
illustrated by a very simple and a very conmion case — that of a
vicar who, after all legal deductions had been made, was assessed
on a tithe rent charge of 3001. a year, which constituted his
whole income, and also on his house, say, at the value of 301, a
year. He would pay more rates than a man living in the same
parish in a house assessed at 300Z. a year, and whose income, in
all probability, was not less than 3,000Z. a year. Lord Ribbles-
dale moved the rejection of the bill, as introducing a novel and
far-reaching method of exemption equivalent to re-endowment,
and further confusing the relations of local and imperial taxation,
already perplexed and perplexing enough. The question of the
incidence of rates on tithe should be dealt with, he argued, side
by side with the whole question of local taxation now sub judice.
The Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Temple) noted the con-
tention that the bill was unjust as only relieving clerical and not
lay titheowners, but the cases were widely different, for the lay
owner was under no obligation of service in respect of the tithe
he received. On the other hand, it had been sought to draw a
distinction between a clergyman's income from tithe and an
ordinary professional income on the ground that the latter
varied and depended on a man's health. "But it is urged
there is no injustice," the Primate continued, "because a
clergyman's income is not the whole tithe rent charge, but the

1899.] Sale of Food and Drugs BilL [143

net tithe rent charge after the deductions made — that is, after
he has paid these heavy rates. Of course it is possible to put it
in that way and fancy that thus you get rid of the injustice, but
I doubt if any man in this House would admit it to be just that
deductions should be made before his net income could be
obtained, and that he should have nothing to do with these,
and that he would have no right to complain though tremendous
fines were imposed, for he could only claim his net income." The
Earl of Kimberley said it could not be denied that the bill pro-
posed to place upon ratepayers generally a charge for the benefit
of the clergy ; in other words, whereas a large fund had been
appropriated to the use of the different local authorities, a
certain portion of it was now to be diverted from that fund —
that was to say, taken out of the pockets of the ratepayers who
had hitherto enjoyed it, taken from the city of London, from all
parts of the country, and placed in the pockets of one particular
class. That seemed to him unjust and unfair. The Marquess
of Salisbury wished to call attention to a point on which he
thought suflBcient stress had not been laid. "We are very
much criticised," he said, **on the source from which we have
drawn this relief, and it has been stated that we ought, before
relieving a patent and pressing injustice, to have entered into
the consideration of a scheme for recasting the whole of the
complex fabric of English rating. They forget that this is a
transitory bill — ^it is only to run for two years. This year you
will be again asked to assent to a law by which personal property
shall be exempted from rating. By doing so you will not be
consenting that that shall always be the case, but you will
absolutely lay down that the exemption is not fixed and accepted
for all time, but from year to year, which any year you may
change." They could not ask the clergy, at this period of their
extreme distress, to go on trusting in the prospect of Parliament
being able to amend the whole law of rating within any early
time. Till that end was attained, let them be given at least
this sad and sorry compensation for all the wrongs they had
suiSfered. The bill was then read a second time by 113 to 23
votes.

The Sale of Food and Drugs Bill was another measure
which provoked an amount of hostility and discussion out
of all proportion to its very reduced scope. As originally intro-
duced it contained clauses having reference to the general law
affecting food and drugs as recommended in the report of a
select committee which had met three years previously. It,
however, became obvious that dairy produce alone would be
touched by the measure, and that the struggle would be between
the rights of margarine and the claims of butter. Having passed
through the ordeal of the Standing Committee of Trade, it
might have been supposed that it would have escaped further
criticism. Nevertheless more than five days were spent in
fighting for the interests of the farmer against those of the

144] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [july

manufacturer and importer; whilst the consumer was alter-
nately to be protected against spurious or adulterated articles,
or to be deprived of inferior products which he was wiUing
to purchase although aware that they were not genuine. The
only incident of general interest in the course of the protracted
proceedings was an effort made by Sir W. B. Foster (Ilkeston,
Derbyshire) to substitute the Local Government Board as the
authority for carrying out the measure in lieu of the Board
of Agriculture (July 18) which was specially concerned in the
articles chiefly in question.

In the House of Lords the bill met with even less attention
than one for providing seats for shop assistants, of which the
course afforded an interesting study in sentimental legislation.
In the first instance a bill had been introduced early in the
session, applicable only to Scotland. Originally endorsed by
Scotch members of the Opposition, the Lord Advocate saw no
reason to do more than introduce a clause defining the extent
and fixing the commencement of the act. On reaching the
House of Lords a distinct divergence of opinion between Scottish
peers declared itself, the Earl of Lauderdale supporting and
Lord Shand opposing the measure. The Marquess of Salisbury,
whose contempt for faddists was well known, ridiculed the aim
of the bill, and, in the interests of the employers as well as of
the assistants themselves, urged that it was not right to make
so great a breach in the principles of our legislation without
more careful inquiry, and on this ground the second reading
was postponed (May 4). Almost simultaneously a bill having
the same object, but applicable to England and Ireland, was
introduced (May 2) in the Commons' House, endorsed by mem-
bers sitting on both sides. In the interval which elapsed before
the second reading (May 31) a press campaign was noisily
conducted by the sentimentalists, and the biU having been
pushed through without debate or division in a marvellously
short period, was promptly sent to the Lords (June 12). On
the debate on the second reading (July 12) its supporters were
lucky enough to obtain the help of the Duke of Westminster, a

Practical philanthropist, as well as of several bishops. Lord Salis-
ury, however, unmoved by the pin-pricks of the press or the
sighs of the sentimentahsts, sturdily refused to admit this inter-
ference with the liberty of employers who were not proved
to have abused it. He asked the Duke of Westminster to
withdraw the bill, and be content with a promise that the
Government would do all they could to procure a thorough and
searching inquiry. Having pointed out the various difficulties
of putting such a law in force, he expressed his apprehension
that the bill, so far from benefiting those in whose interest it
claimed to be framed, might tend to diminish the markets for
women's labour. The division, however, showed that these
arguments had no avail, for the second reading was carried by 73
to 28 votes, and in the course of ten days the bill passed through

1899.] The Boyal Niger Company, [146

all its stages, and Scotland was included in its scope. The
determination with which this bill had .been carried in opposition
to the strong personal views of the Prime Minister was in
curious contrast with the readiness with which a number
of measures, all more or less important, were abandoned by the
Government without a protest from any side of the House.
The Money Lending Bill, the Undersized Fish Bill (intended
to save our coast fisheries from destruction), the Irish Tithe
Eent Charge Bill, the Metropolitan Streets Act (to give the
police increased powers for dealing with the congested traffic of
London), and the Parish Churches (Scotland) Bill, which had
twice passed the Lords, were among those which Mr. Balfour
proposed (July 17) to drop, and the hint that unless he did so
members might be detained in town was sufficient to insure
general acquiescence.

There was still, however, a good deal of business which
needed immediate attention, including the bill for taking over
the assets and responsibilities of the Koyal Niger Company.
The bill had to be founded upon a resolution, of which the
Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir M. Hicks-Beach, explained
(July 3) the financial bearings at some length, that the chief
reason for making the change which the Government proposed
in the company's position was the friction that had occurred in
West Africa between France and Great Britain. This had
been put an end to by the treaty which the French Government
had recently ratified ; but it had become clear that the company
was not capable of discharging with complete satisfaction our
international obligations. In consequence of what had taken
place, the Government had been forced to organise a West
African frontier force, so that now there was within the territory
both an imperial and a civil authority, and this led to difficulties.
It was proposed that the company should be relieved of all its
administrative rights and duties, and should make over to the
Government all its treaty rights, lands, and mineral rights, and
such of its administrative buildings and plant as might be
required. It would be reduced to the position of a trading
company, being left in possession of the buildings, stations, and
wharves actually in its occupation at present ; but the company,
the Government held, was entitled to the full recognition of the
position which it had created for itself, and of the rights which
it had acquired in the territories covered by the charter. When
that charter was granted, the company was allowed to levy
Customs dues for the cost of administration, and to include in
that cost a sum representing liabilities already incurred, which
sum was fixed at 12,500Z. a year. On that charge on the
Customs dues the company raised 250,000Z., which was a debt,
and the Government purposed taking it over and to raise
3(X),000Z. in order to redeem it at once. Then the company had
a claim to be reimbursed for what he called ** unexhausted im-
provements," and it was intended to pay them 300,000Z. under

K

146] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [july

that head. For the company's land rights, for its mineral
rights, and as compensation for the dislocation of its business it
would be paid 150,000Z. It would also be entitled for ninety-
nine years to half the proceeds of any royalty on minerals
worked. For the buildings, steamers, war materials, etc., which
were to be taken over from the company a sum of 115,000/. was
to be given. The total sum payable would thus be 865,000Z.
820,000/. would be raised for the purposes of the bill by way of
loan, and the rest of the money asked for would be charged on
the Consolidated Fund. He next stated that throughout Lagos,
the Niger Coast Protectorate, and the Niger Company's territory,
all inland Customs frontiers would be abolished, and there
would be perfect freedom of trade for all alike. There would
be a common arms law through the whole region, and a com-
mon tariff, except that the importation of trade spirits into
Northern Nigeria would be prohibited as now. For the
3)resent the territories would be divided for administrative pur-
poses into three divisions, all under the control of the Colonial
Office.

Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, on behalf of the official
Opposition, raised no objection to the plan proposed by the
Government; but this half -acquiescence in its details did not
commend itself to the ** Stalwarts " or the ** Little Englanders *'
of the Eadical party, who found the Irish Nationalists wholly
in sympathy. Numerous dilatory motions supported by much
irrelevant speaking were successfully defeated by the Minis-
teriaUsts, and the resolution was agreed to by 223 to 101 votes,
after the application of the closure.

Whilst the bill, founded on this resolution, was preparing,
Mr. Chamberlain was subjected to unscrupulous attacks on the
ground that, as a shareholder in the Eoyal Niger Company, he
had been instrumental in procuring the overgenerous treat-
ment of which the opponents of the purchase scheme
complained. It eventually transpired that Mr. Chamberlain's
interest was from the very first patriotic and not mercenary.
When the Eoyal Niger Company had been originally started,
he was impressed with the value and importance of the work
they had taken in hand, and placed his money in the venture
when no immediate prospects of remunerative trading existed.
Although to their credit the leading members of the Opposition
did not, openly at least, associate themselves with the insinua-
tions against the Secretary for the Colonies, he thought it
right to make a manly statement (July 6) to the House. When
the question of the possible revocation of the charter came
before the Government, he at once informed the Prime Minister
and his colleagues, that, having an interest (3,000Z.) in the
company, he begged to be excused from offering any opinion on
the transaction, or taking any part whatever in the negotiations.
These negotiations were left wholly in the hands of the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer, and until they were substantially

1899.] The Royal Niger Company, [147

settled, Mr. Chamberlain did not know more of them than any
other shareholder.

Considerable discussion took place over the motion for the
second reading of the Eoyal Niger Company Bill (July 19),
various members expressing the opinion that the price to be
paid to the company (865,000Z.) was too large. In explaining
the policy of ministers Mr. Chamberlain said it was proposed to
form three Governments in the territories to be taken over : one
for Lagos, one for South Nigeria (including the whole of the
Coast Protectorate), and one for North Nigeria. The first
two would remain under their present administrators, while
Colonel Lugard would be appointed Governor of North Nigeria.
The Customs duties of the three districts would be identical, the
receipts being * Spooled'* and divided from time to time in
proper proportions between the three administrations. With
regard to the Uquor traffic, the sale of spirits would be absolutely
forbidden in the northern district, and Colonel Lugard had a
project which the Colonial Office viewed with favour for the
formation of a neutral zone between Northern and Southern
Nigeria, where spirits would be allowed to be sold, but not
stocked, so that it would be almost impossible to carry spirits
up into the northern district. The duties were already higher
than in the neighbouring French and German protectorates,
and he hoped they might be raised to a still higher point,
though they must be careful that in raising them they did
not stimulate smuggling from adjacent territories. Touching
the question of slavery, he had to point out that the abolition
of the status of slavery in the Niger Company's territories was
necessarily, to a large extent, a paper arrangement. Domestic
slavery could not be immediately abolished ; though, as our in-
fluence extended, it must certainly die out. Meanwhile slave-
raiding was being vigorously repressed in every part of Africa
where we exercised control. In defending the terms of the bargain
which the Government had made Sir M. Hicks-Beach said the
company had by universal consent deserved well of the country.
But for its work the great artery of the Niger and the territories
adjoining would not now be in our hands, but in the hands of
Germany or France, and it should, therefore, be treated in a
generous spirit, especially as it had been by no means anxious
to surrender its powers. For the balance-sheet of the company
he repudiated any responsibility ; at the same time he denied
that its capital had been ** watered," as alleged. As to the debt
charged on the revenues of the company, the Government had
practically no choice but to take it over. The lands bought
from the company were expected to yield a very considerable
profit. The value of the mineral rights purchased could only
be tested by results, and it seemed fair that payment should
accordingly be made in part by royalties. The bill was then
read a second time without a division, and although various
efforts were made during the committee stage (July 26) to

k2

148] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [july

reduce the amount to be paid, the bill was reported without
amendment, and finally passed (July 27) by 181 to 81 votes, the
chief criticism being from the ** Stalwarts '* and the ** little
Englanders," supported by the Irish Nationalists. As a
"money " bill the Peers had but little concern with the details
of the proposed purchase; but, on the order for its second
reading, the Marquess of Salisbury took occasion to bear testi-
mony to the aims and methods of the Eoyal Niger Company.
Its main object, he declared, had been philanthropic as well as
political, and it was not merely a financial speculation. There
was an enormous risk attendant on the undertaking on which
the promoters had advanced their money, and at any moment
an accident might have destroyed the company. It was, there-
fore, only fair that they should receive such a handsome and
suflScient price as Parliament was paying for their rights.
They had succeeded in reserving for Great Britain influence
over vast territories which, in the future, might be expected to
yield a rich harvest to the empire. The Earl of Kimberley, on
behalf of the Opposition, expressed his concurrence with Lord
Salisbury, admitting that the empire owed a deep debt of
gratitude to those who had directed the affairs of the Niger
Coinpany.

It was, however, with South Africa rather than with West
Africa that the public was at the moment most interested.
Since Mr. Chamberlain's speech at Birmingham, matters had
progressed rapidly, but scarcely in the direction he had hoped.
Mr. Fischer, a member of the Orange Free State Executive, and
a prominent member of the Afrikander Bond, undertook the
task of attempting to bring about an understanding between Sir
A. Mihier and President Kruger. Several interviews took place
between the representatives of the Transvaal, the Free State,
and the Afrikander Bond, at which it may be presumed the
interests of the Dutch colonists throughout South Africa were
thoroughly discussed, and from the steps taken by President
Kruger, and from the readiness with which his successive
so-called ** concessions*' were accepted or ratified by the Baad^
it might be fairly surmised that nothing was intended to be
granted which would put the British and Dutch dwellers in the
Transvaal on an equality. The actually avowed point of dif«
ference between the two Governments was stated by Mr.
Chamberlain in the House of Commons (July 3) to be that
under Sir. A. Milner's scheme the franchise could be obtained
on naturalisation. In the scheme of the Transvaal Government,
an interval of five years — or in the case of Outlanders who had
arrived before 1890 two years — would elapse after naturalisation
during which the Outlander would have reUnquished his rights
as a citizen of his own country, and not have acqmred those of
the South African Eepublic. The Transvaal Government,
anxious to justify their proceedings before the world, issued
(July 6) their version of what had been going on, basing the

1899.] Trcmsvaal Affairs, [149

whole of their case upon the suzerainty question. In their
oflScial green book was published a despatch from Mr. Cham-
berlain, dated December 15, 1898, in which the Secretary for
the Colonies stated that his Government could not admit the
contention of the Transvaal Government, put forward in a note
dated April 17, 1898, (1) that the suzerainty of Great Britain
did not exist ; and (2) that the preamble to the convention of
1881, embodying that principle, had been repealed by the con-
vention of 1884. The latter convention substituted a fresh
definition for the previous one, of which the basis remained
unaltered. If the preamble had actually been waived, it would
follow that not only the suzerainty but also the internal
independence guaranteed by it to the Transvaal Eepublic
would be revoked. Dr. Leyds had asserted that the latter right
did not originate in the convention of 1881. This, however,
was an error, since, like the reservation of the suzerainty, it
had its sole constitutional origin in the preamble to that agree-
ment. . . . Mr. Chamberlain went on to say that the British
Government would not consent to refer matters in dispute to
the arbitration of foreigners. Failing an agreement direct,
it would withhold its sanction from any treaty or engagement
sought to be entered into by the Transvaal, and not submitted
before its conclusion. In conclusion the Colonial Secretary
declined to admit the validity of a comparison between the
Jameson raid and the breaches of the convention committed
by the Bechuanaland freebooters.

It would seem that four months were allowed to elapse
before any reply was given to this despatch, when, on May 9,
the Secretary to the Transvaal, Mr. Eeitz, adhered to his con-
tention ** that the suzerainty had ceased to exist in 1884. The
argument that the right of the Transvaal to self-government
would, in that case, also be repealed, was incorrect, seeing that
the convention of 1884 wholly cancelled that of 1881, and
granted only limited and specified rights to Great Britain. Self-
government was not mentioned in it, being an inherent right of
the South African Eepublic as a Sovereign State."

Obviously at this moment at least the question of suzerainty
was uppermost in the thoughts of the Transvaal Government,
and in order to obtain freedom from a restraint which they felt
existed — but would not admit — they were prepared to make
apparent or possibly real concessions on other points, especially
on the franchise law. In fact they went so far as to say that,
while the debate on this question was still going on in the
Volksraad, any suggestion made in a friendly spirit would be
received by the Transvaal. Not much time, however, was
given for this invited action, as the Volksraad hastened to pass
its measure of shadowy reform. The proposals were explained
to the House of Commons by Mr. Chamberlain (July 11) in
reply to Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman. He said that at the
conference at Bloemfontein proposals were made by Sir A.

160] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [july

Milner and President Kxuger respectively as to the enfranchise-
ment of aUens in the South Afncan Eepublic. Sir A. Milner
regarded the President's proposals as altogether inadequate to
meet the case, and the conference broke up. Since the con-
ference there had been private and unoflBcial discussions between
the Government of the South African Eepublic and Mr. Hof-
meyr, Mr. Herholdt, one of the Cape ministers, and Mr. Fischer,
a member of the Executive of the Orange Free State, which had
resulted in new franchise proposals being submitted by President
Kruger to the First Volksraad of the South African Eepublic.
Sir A. Milner's proposals were, briefly, franchise after five years'
retrospective. Under the President's original proposals not a
single Outlander would get the franchise immediately; those
who came in before 1890 would get it in two and a half years.
Others already resident for two years would have to wait five
years longer. Those coming in in future would have to wait
seven and a half years. All would have to undergo the objec-
tionable naturalisation period. Under the latest proposals the
naturalisation period was removed. Those who came in before
1890 would get the franchise at once, and those who came in in
1890 and subsequent years would get it as soon as they had
completed nine years' residence. There would thus be a small
immediate enfranchisement of aliens who were already resident
in the country, and additions would be made each year until
five years from the passing of the act, when all aliens who had
been seven years in the country at that time, and who possessed
the conditions, might be enfranchised. New comers would
be entitled to the franchise seven years after they had given
written notice of their desire to become burghers of the State.
The nxunber of members allotted to the goldfields would be
increased by four. In the absence of fuller information, it was
impossible to be absolutely certain of the practical effect of the
whole scheme. So far as they were able to judge from the
information before them, the new scheme would have no im-
mediate effect on the representation in the First Volksraad of
the alien population, and it was not certain that they could
carry any of the seats allotted to the Eand until a much later
period.

A few days later (July 17) Mr. Chamberlain stated that Sir
A. Milner considered that under President Elruger's scheme the
number of Outlanders enfranchised would be considerably less
than half of those who might come in under his own. It was
uncertain whether they would be able to command any of the
four new seats, although it could not be possibly aflBrmed that
they would not. He presumed that the half spoken of would
come in immediately.

Up to this time there was little doubt that the Imperial
Government honestly believed that President Elruger — who in
reality was the Government of the Transvaal — would, after a
protracted show of resistance, give way upon the franchise

1899.] Transvaal Affairs, [151

question, and make such concessions to the more urgent demands
of the Outlanders that the latter might be fairly left to work out
their own salvation in the Transvaal Eepublic. On the other
hand, it was no less probable that President Kruger and the
Boers generally could not believe in the serious intentions of the
British Government. They had so long enjoyed immunity in
their successive encroachments upon the liberties of the non-
Boer dwellers in the Transvaal that they could not realise the
possibility of the British Secretary of State claiming to exer-
cise any authority in defence of his fellow-countrymen. The
Transvaal Government, moreover, was probably deceived as to
the influence exercised in England by the Opposition and the
survivors of Mr. Gladstone's Administrations, and believed that
these still represented the feelings of the majority of the British
nation. That the Boers* theories were not wholly without
foundation was shown by the effort made in Parliament, but
more especially in the Opposition Press, to represent the Cabinet
as torn by divided counsels on the South African question. Day
after day it was asserted in the party organs that but for the
aggressive attitude of Mr. Chamberlain, Lord Sahsbury's peace-
ful policy would have smoothed away the diflSculties of the
situation. Undercurrents were supposed to have carried the
ship of the State on a course for which the titular pilot was not
responsible. There was absolutely no foundation for any such
fantastic suggestions, and in truth they reflected more accurately
the divided counsels of the Liberal party. Its leading members
on more than one occasion had spoken in commendatory terms
of the action of the Government in South Africa, and by so
doing had only made the gulf the greater between them and the
ultra-Badical surrender party. Possibly the reply given by Mr.
Balfour (July 7) to a question by the leader of the Opposition
may have given colour to this idea. He then stated that no
contingency had so far arisen necessitating the material increase
of the forces in South Africa. In existing circumstances, how-
ever, the Government thought it necessary to bring those forces
up to a proper standard of efficiency and mobility. A week later,
however, the Under-Secretary for War, Mr. Wyndham, stated
that three batteries of artillery were under orders to proceed to
South Africa ; but, as if fearing that these words might seem
inconsistent with Mr. Balfour's statement, at the next sitting
(July 17) he explained that the batteries referred to were going
out as relief, but if circumstances required they might be re-
garded as reinforcements, as the artillery then in South Africa
would be retained.

At this moment an alteration by the Transvaal Volksraad
(July 18) in the franchise law, was made at the suggestion
of President Kruger and General Joubert. Under this (Article
4) all white persons in the country at the time of the law pass-
ing might obtain the franchise after seven years' residence and
on fulfilling the prescribed conditions. It was these conditions

152] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [jult

which practically rendered the law unworkable, or they were
intended to make its relief nugatory. At the same time the
mere admission of the principle of seven years' residence seemed
to open a possible field for negotiations. A ** political note/*
believed to reflect oflBcial opinion, appeared in the Times (July
19) to the following effect : " Given a seven years' retrospective
franchise and a measure of representation equal to that demanded
by Sir Alfred Milner, the only point left for discussion is the two
years* additional qualification. This is a matter to which it is
understood the Government attach very small importance; in
fact, the net result of the negotiations appears to be that Mr.
Chamberlain has fully achieved the object which he has all
along had in view.'*

This view was borne out by Mr. Chamberlain on the following
day (July 20), who stated that he had received official informa-
tion of the Volksraad having made the residential qualification
for the franchise seven years' retrospective, and proceeded : *' I
have no official information as to the redistribution, but it has
been stated that the Government of the South African Eepublic
proposes to give seven new seats to the districts chiefly inhabited
by aUens. If this report is confirmed, this important change in
the proposals of President Kruger, coupled with previous amend-
ments, leads the Government to hope that the new law may
prove to be a basis of settlement on the hues laid down by Sir
A. Milner at the Bloemfontein Conference. I observe, however,
that the Volksraad have still retained a number of conditions
which might be so interpreted as to preclude those otherwise
qualified from acquiring the franchise, and might, therefore, be
used to take away with one hand what has. been given with the
other. The provision that the alien desirous of burghership
shall produce a certificate of continuous registration during the
period required for naturalisation is an instance of this, for it
has been stated that the law of registration has been allowed to
fall into desuetude, and that but few aliens, however long
resident in the country, have been continuously registered. It
would also be easy by subsequent legislation to alter the whole
character of the concessions now made ; but her Majesty *s
Government feel assured that the President, having accepted
the principle for which they have contended, will be prepared to
reconsider any detail of his schemes which can be shown to be
a possible hindrance to the full accomplishment of the object in
view, and that he will not allow them to be nulUfied or reduced
in value by any subsequent alterations of the law or acts of
administration."

These hopeful opinions were not shared either by the Out-
landers in Johannesburg or by the British residents in South
Africa, who understood better the nature of the restrictions
contained in the bill. Public opinion in England was "very
imperfectly informed on the rights of the question,** and it was
too readily accepted in many quarters that the capitalists and

1899.] Transvaal Affairs. [153

mine owners in Johannesburg were solely responsible for the
unrest of the past few years, and for the crisis which had now
arisen. With a view of placing before the public another version
of the case, the Imperial South African Association organised a
series of meetings throughout the country, engaging competent
speakers versed in South African affairs to explain the situation.
The inaugural meeting was held at Sunderland (July 24) (and it
may be taken as typical of the series), when the speaker was
Mr. T. E. Dodd, Hon. Secretary of the Transvaal Province of
the South African League, but previously connected with the
Radical party in north-eastern England. He began by saying
that he was as much a Radical as he was four years ago. It
was because he was a Radical that he felt so keenly the con-
ditions under which men were compelled to live in the Transvaal.
They were told by some people that there might be certain
grievances in the Transvaal, but why should they appeal to
Great Britain to repeal those grievances? They were also
asked if we were going to interfere in order that Johannesburg
millionaires might make more money than they had made
already. The grievances, he might tell them, were not griev-
ances which had been proclaimed by capitalists. They were
serious economic grievances, which would not be tolerated in
England or a British colony for twenty-four hours. The ad-
ministration was inefficient, expensive and corrupt. Although
the bulk of the taxes were paid by the Outlanders they had
no representation whatever. Every concession promised by
President Kruger was given with one hand and taken back with
the other. Always behind his words of address to the Outlanders
there was some mental reservation, which they were accustomed
to in the Transvaal. The last great appeal to Pretoria was in
1895, when the petition of 40,000 Outlanders was presented to
the Raad and rejected. They appealed for clean administration,
for political liberties and privileges, but they appealed in every
case in vain. Now they had decided to appeal to the paramount
Power in South Africa. Sir A. Milner had said the case for
intervention was overwhelming, and he felt proud to stand there
and know that Sir Alfred had stood as a Liberal candidate for
an English constituency, and that after studying the thing for
three years he had said the case for intervention was over-
vsrhelming. They asked them to give them a measure of justice
that would enable them to work out their own salvation. Force
was the only weapon to which Pretoria had no answer. Force
was the only paramount law that President Kruger understood.
Unless they were prepared to back them with force let them
keep their sentiments to themselves.

There were not, however, wanting men of ability — Conser-
vatives as well as Liberals — who on platforms and in the press
were urging the war party to pause before taking an irretrievable
position. The publication of Sir A. Milner's despatch (printed
elsewhere) had not rendered negotiations with the Transvaal

154] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [july

more easy, and Mr. Chamberlain's speech had been taken rather
as a provocation than a warning. The Boers* fear of the Out-
landers, moreover, was regarded as perfectly natural and well-
founded, and the argument that a general admission of the
Outlanders to the franchise would strengthen the republic could
not be seriously accepted, for it implied that the Boer Republic
would in a few years be supplanted by an Outlanders' Eepublic,
and the Boers would have once again to submit to a form of
Government which sixty years before they had "trekked"
beyond the Vaal Eiver to avoid. They valued their inde-
pendence then above all other considerations, and it would be
unwise, said the more guarded spokesmen of British policy, to
take count of these feelings in our dealings with the Govern-
ment at Pretoria.

It was important that opportunity should be found to
discuss the situation openly before Parliament adjourned, and
the publication (July 20) of a blue book relating to South
African affairs placed the debate upon a clearer footing. The
question of the conduct of the business was raised simul-
taneously in both Houses (July 28), and the outcome was.
practically the same in each, the opinions of ministers and
opponents differing in expression rather than in fact. In the
House of Lords the discussion was opened by the Earl of
Camperdown, who said it appeared to him the duty of the
Government to prepare for any eventuality, and never to cease
urging the just and reasonable claims of the Outlanders, and
this view was supported by Lords Dunraven and Windsor.
The Earl of Selborne, who represented the Colonial OflBce in
thie Upper House, pointed out that the relations between her
Majesty and dwellers beyond the Vaal Eiver had always been
regulated by conventions, and not by treaties of the form
conmion between equal sovereign States. These were the Sand
Eiver Convention of 1852, which was superseded by the annexa-
tion, and the Pretoria Convention of 1881 and the London
Convention of 1884. The retrocession of the Transvaal had
been made with the intention of winning the affections of the
Dutch in South Africa, yet at no time had the relations between
this coimtry and the Transvaal been satisfactory, and over and
over again they had been strained almost to the verge of war.
Notwithstanding all that was said by Lord Kimberley and Lord
Derby a^ to the terms of the suzerainty in 1881, the South
African Eepublic had in a recent despatch been describing them-
selves as a sovereign international State. Then came the
question of the Outlander population. It had been said that
these Outlanders were a few millionaires and German Jews.
But even millionaires and German Jews had rights of citizen-
ship. The fact was that the mining community had made the
coimtry what it was. They found it poor and made it rich, and
they were entitled to all the rights ^ven everywhere else to an
industrial community. The majority of these men had come

1899.] The Transvaal and Parliament, [155

£roin the United Kingflom. The question was really whether
British influence was paramount in South Africa. Great
Britain had in any case a right to protect her subjects in South
Africa, which was added to and not taken away by the conven-
tion— the spirit of which was not only internal autonomy, but
equaUty between man and man. Sir A. Milner had laid down
a minimum at Bloemfontein, which was still the minimum of
the British Government. The Outlander population must
receive such an immediate, genuine, and effective representation
in the First Volksraad as, taken in conjunction with the other
privileges of a full burgher of the repubhc, would enable them
to influence without controlling the Government of the country.
A clear understanding was the only method of allaying any
suspicion or fear that in future another Volksraad, by fresh
legislation, or another executive, by acts of administration,
might neutralise or impair the value of the concessions now
made. The Earl of Kimberley, as leader of the Opposition and
as responsible with Mr. Gladstone for the convention of 1881,
declared they had two reasons for concluding it — (1) that the
full consent of the burghers had not been obtained to annexa-
tion ; (2) that if the war had been continued there would have
been serious danger of a war of races in South Africa. Since
1881 two remarkable events had occurred — the gold discoveries,
and the Jameson raid : " I in no way deny that the position of
affairs with regard to the Outlanders is to the last degree un-
satisfactory. I also admit that affairs in the South African
Republic are a standing danger to the whole of South Africa.
But I must still say a word in excuse — I must hardly say
defence — of President Kruger, and those responsible for the
Government of the Transvaal. My lords, just consider the
position in which they found themselves. They, a small com-
munity of Dutch farmers, occupying their farms and living a
purely rural life, suddenly found themselves invaded by a large
and rather motley industrial population. Can you be surprised
that such men felt alarmed lest this new population should
swamp them, and destroy the condition of things to which they
had been accustomed? We must also always remember the
considerable Dutch population in South Africa who presumably
are in sjnnpathy with the Transvaal burghers." He was glad
to hear the credit given to Mr. Schreiner and Mr. Hofmeyr for
the influence they had exercised on the Government of the
South African Repubhc during these negotiations, and he had
no doubt that if the matter were judiciously and carefully
handled, it would be found that the assistance of the Dutch
inhabitants of the Cape would not be found wanting : '* In 1890
the Transvaal burghers took away from the Outlanders electoral
privileges which they had hitherto enjoyed, and I do not re-
member that there was any protest on the part of our Govern-
ment against it. From then date, of course, the disabilities
under which the Outlanders labour. You will observe that the

156] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [july

change in the law of 1890 was avowedly made to prevent the
Outlanders from being admitted in such numbers to burghership
as would swamp the Dutch burghers. Sir Alfred Milner
himself has recognised that you cannot have a system of perfect
equality with the burghers. Now, what has occurred since the
negotiations at Bloemfontein ? One concession after another
has been made, and some of them substantial and important.
Mr. Kruger has agreed to remove some of the objectionable
provisions as to naturalisation, and he has agreed that seven
years shall be the term of qualification. The effect of that is to
admit all the Outlanders who were resident in the Transvaal in
1890. I think I may conclude that there are decided indications
on the part of the Transvaal Government that they have been
willing to add to the number of Outlander representatives in the
Baad. This I regard as a most important concession, and as
giving reasonable hope that we may arrive at a satisfactory
settlement. I understand that what her Majesty*s Government
is aiming at is that such a number of Outlanders should be
admitted to the franchise as shall give them some real and
sensible part in the government of the country. But you
cannot form a correct view of the concessions that have
been made until you have information as to the number of
Outlanders who would be admitted to the franchise at once.
... I entirely associate myself with the declaration of Sir H.
Campbell-Bannerman that nothing has occurred to justify war.
. . . There is a party which seems to think that a threat
of war is really necessary in this case, but the proper course is
that, so weU described by Sir Alfred Milner, of firm but friendly
pressure. I am willing to believe that this is the course her
Majesty's Government is pursuing. Be firm by all means,
but make it clear that you are in earnest."

There was much anxiety to discover in Lord Salisbury's
reply some hint as to the existence of two conflicting policies in
the Cabinet. His words were closely scanned with this view,
but he effectually baffled the intentions of his critics. The
Prime Minister said he had opposed the policy of the Govern-
ment in 1881, for attempts to obtain the gratitude of persons
are very seldom successful if those persons are at the same
time of opinion that you are afraid. The policy of friendliness
was one to which President Kruger assented in the protocol of
1881, and it was that view which he was bound during the rest
of his political career to promote. But his one effort had been
to separate the English and the Eepublican Governments ; to
draw the two nations into two camps ; to give to the Dutch a
superiority to which their numbers gave them no title ; and to
reduce the English to the position almost of a conquered, and
certainly of a subjugated, race. He did not entirely blame the
President and his colleagues for the kind of panic which seemed
to have seized on them at the irruption of the gold-diggers in
1886, but what he did blame was that, when this difficulty

1899.] The Transvaal and Parliament, [157

came about, he never came to the English Government to
consult them as to how this great and marvellous phenomenon
could be dealt with. No one could have said to him, *' You are
bound to let your population be overwhelmed and swept away."
Some people put the conventions of 1881 and 1884 in the
position of the laws of the Medes and Persians. But they were
not. So long as they were observed, and given their due
vitality, Lord SaUsbury thought that every party in England
was willing to recognise and sustain them. But those con-
ventions could be destroyed by the act of the parties for whose
benefit they were concluded, and if anything took their place it
would not be conventions in the same style: ''Without in-
truding on his thoughts, I do not think that President Kruger
has sufficiently considered this. With respect to our present
poUcy ... we have to rescue British subjects from treatment
which we should not think it right they should endure in any
country, even if there were no conventional engagements be-
tween us, but which it is doubly wrong for us to permit when
the very terms of the protocols and conventions of 1881 and
1884 obviously protect them from any such disgraceful treat-
ment How we are going to do this, how we intend to apply
this remedy, to dissipate this great evil, I naturally cannot now
examine in detail. I agree with the noble earl opposite that the
advances that have been made are, to a certain extent, for good,
and if they are genuinely carried out, and a real desire is shown
to eUminate this racial inequality and animosity, and to put the
two races fairly and honestly on the same footing, I think we
may fairly look forward to a peaceful solution of a crisis which
is undoubtedly complicated and anxious. How long we are to
consider this solution, and what patience we are bound to show,
I will not discuss, for reasons which the noble earl suggested to
me. We have to consider not only the feelings of the inhabi-
tants of the Transvaal, but that which is much more important
to us — namely, the feelings of our fellow-subjects at the Cape.
... I can only say, what in one form or another has been said
by many members of her Majesty's Government — and I prefer
to use the words employed by Lord Selbome — we have put our
hand to the plough, and we do not intend to look back."

In the House of Commons the debate took a wider range
in consequence of its laxer party discipline, and still more of
the bitter hostility with which Mr. Chamberlain's every action
was criticised and his motives maligned by the Eadicals who at
one time looked upon him as their future leader. There had
been some little finessing about the form in which the South
African debate should be raised, and naturally the Opposition
were anxious that the materials should be supplied by the
Ministerialists. This, however, was impracticable, as was also
the ordinary expedient of putting forward a subordinate member
of the party to raise a debate in which the leaders would choose
their own time for intervening. It was finally decided to deal

158] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [july

with the matter on the Colonial Office vote on the last night
(July 18) on which supply could be discussed at length. Sir H.
Campbell-Bannerman {Stirling Burgh) frankly admitted in his
opening words that he would have been glad if the discussion
had begun with a statement from Mr. Chamberlain. The debate
had been wisely postponed as much as possible, and even now
reticence must be observed, (1) because the matter was not yet
concluded and (2) because of the critical state of feeling in
South Africa. He then went on to discuss the situation on the
same lines as Lord Kimberley in the other House. Acknow-
ledging the dangerous state of affairs, he said he could see no
ground of surprise at the stubborn resistance made by the
burghers, and especially by President Kruger, to the proposal
to admit the Outlanders to the franchise. They must remember
that the Boers had ** trekked " into the Transvaal to live by them-
selves, and now they felt themselves swamped by the new
comers, however much it increased their prosperity. Then
there was the Jameson raid, which the Boers could not forget.
This stubbornness would be best overcome by bringing to bear
upon the Transvaal Government the influence of enlightened
Dutch opinion at the Cape. The admission to the franchise
must be retrospective, because obviously otherwise any redress
or improvement of the present state of things would be put off
for a long time. There was a certain strangeness in the idea
that we should go to war to enable our fellow-citizens to give
up their own citizenship in favour of another. But at present
there was no case, he would not say for armed intervention,
but even for a threat, or the very idea of a threat, of war.

Mr. Chamberlain agreed with the last speaker as to the im-
portance of saying nothing that might embitter race feeling, but
he doubted whether some of his observations could further a
peaceful settlement. The question to be settled was not a new
one, and had engaged the attention of various Governments for
the past fifteen years, and now it had been brought to a head
by certain occurrences in the Transvaal. There had been
efforts to minimise the grievances of the Outlanders, but the
Government had made an independent investigation, and were
of opinion that their complaints were well founded. He might
quote in support of his view Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman's
words at Ilford : '* They have no municipal government, police
protection, organised maintenance of order, or the even-handed
administration of justice which, in all civiUsed communities,
are regarded as the very elements of civil rights and liberty.*'
In that list he had not included the absolute loss of any political
right whatever : the fact that a community which was a majority
in numbers, which found nine-tenths of the whole taxation of
the country, had not even a single seat in, or a single vote for
the governing body. The Afrikander party had shown by their
action and their speeches that they recognised that there were
wrongs to be remedied, and he believed that, even in the Trans-

1899.] The Transvaal and Mr, Chamberlain, [159

vaal itself, there was a progressive party. For fifteen years the
Boer oligarchy, contrary to the spirit and, in many cases, he
believed, to the letter of the convention, had put the Outlanders
in a position of inferiority to the Boer inhabitants. There had
resulted five crises under different Governments, and in one
case an insurrection. Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman had talked
of race antagonism as the result of a war. The race antagonism
was there already, which did not arise in the Orange Free State
or in Cape Colony, where both races had equal rights, but in the
Transvaal : " Here is a country mainly inhabited by British
subjects surrounded almost for its entire circumference by
British colonies, whose foreign relations are under the control
of the British Government, and yet where British subjects are
placed in a position of humiliating inferiority, where they are
subject to injury, and even to outrage, and where the friendly
remonstrances of the suzerain Power are treated with contempt.
This matter is sometimes discussed as if it were a question of
some petty reform. It is nothing of the kind. It is the power
and authority of the British Empire. It is the position of
Great Britain in South Africa. It is the question of our pre-
dominance, and how it is to be interpreted, and it is the question
of peace throughout the whole of South Africa.** It had been
said this state of affairs was not a breach of the convention.
But the convention extended, not limited, the right of inter-
ference. And in any case there remained the right of which
Mr. Gladstone spoke in 1882 of protecting our subjects where-
ever they went in pursuit of lawful objects. But they had a
right under the convention, which, he contended, had been
broken on many occasions. Moreover, the convention had
been constantly evaded, or attempted to be evaded — in the
matter, for instance, of our control over treaties, and with
regard to the general incidence of taxation. These continual
evasions had naturally given rise to the suspicion that there
was a deUberate attempt to get out of the convention altogether.
The whole spirit of the convention was the preservation of
equaUty as between all the white inhabitants of the Transvaal,
and the whole policy of the Transvaal had been to promote a
position of inferiority on the part of certain classes. The con-
ventions were the result of a previous conference at which
defimite promises were made. On May 10, 1881, at a conference
between representatives of her Majesty and representatives of
the Transvaal, there was a distinct promise that, so far as
burgher rights were concerned, they made and would make no
difference whatever between burghers and those who came in,
whereas, in fact, they had gradually made the inequality more
marked. If, therefore, he was asked why they meddled with
internal affairs of the Transvaal he would reply that (1) they
had the right of every Power to protect their own subjects ; (2)
they had special rights as suzerain Power ; (3) the convention
had been broken in the letter and the spirit ; (4) the promises

160] ENGLISH HISTOKY. [july

on which the convention were based had not been kept. That
being so they might claim that the Transvaal should put
matters back as in 1884, and if the Transvaal would not meet
their present moderate demands they might put in that whole
claim. But they had adopted Sir A. Milner*s view, which was
that the first step to a settlement would be that the Outlanders
should be given some substantial and immediate representation.
The High Commissioner's proposals would have given the Out-
landers at once about one-fifth of the First Eaad. The President
had made two absolutely illusory proposals, which everybody
now recognised as unsatisfactory, though Mr. Schreiner and
Mr.Hofmeyr had rushed forward to accept the second. The
present proposals of Mr. Kruger were a real advance, and the
Government hoped to find in them a basis of a satisfactory
settlement. If it did not fulfil the test he had mentioned, then :
**I will assume that President Kruger must have the same
object that we have, and must be seeking as we are, to reUeve
the pressure of a great number of questions by allowing the
Outlanders to work out their own salvation by means of sepa-
rate representation. President Kruger, who is aware of this,
and must share our views, will no doubt be willing to make
such alterations in his latest, proposals as will make them
effective for the purpose. We regret that President Kruger
did not see fit to communicate to us the proposals which he was
about to submit to the Volksraad, in order that we might have
consulted with him in a friendly way, and the matter might not
be dealt with without our having an opportunity of saying a
single word of comment or criticism. The result has been, of
course, that the act has now passed the Volksraad ; and we are
told that it is finally fixed. If we were to take that literally, it
would be an unfortunate position. But I do not take it Uterally.
The President, in the communication in which he refused to
communicate the act, invited friendly advice. We think that
we are justified in those circumstances in appealing to him — as
we have done — that a joint inquiry shall be held into these latest
proposals with a view of seeing how far they will go in giving
that substantial and immediate representation to the ahen
population which alone can be considered as a basis of satis-
factory settlement. If this inquiry is accepted, and when it is
concluded, the experts who will be engaged in it will make a
report to the two Governments, and then we hope that it may
be possible for us to come to an agreement. In any case, we
shall press for the necessary alterations in order to secure the
object which I have stated." The Government had issued no
ultimatum, and did not intend to be hurried. He regretted
most seriously the state of tension caused by delay, but the
responsibility was so great that they must choose their own
time and method for giving effect to their poUcy. There was
no monopoly on the other side of a desire for peace : ** This
question was coming to a head in the period of the last Govern-

1899.] The South African Question. [161

ment. Lord Eipon's despatch in 1894 could not have remained
long unanswered, but everything was thrown back by the raid,
and no doubt the delay is due to the sense which we all feel of
having put ourselves in the wrong. It was not the time for us
to put exceptional pressure on President Ejniger. During the
whole of the three years the attitude of the Colonial OflBce and
the Government has been one of excessive patience and modera-
tion. We have avoided as far as possible every cause of com-
plaint— perhaps too much so. We have waited in the hope that
President Kruger would make some concession ; on the contrary,
things have gone from bad to worse. . . . No one dreams of
acquiring this country, which we of our free will retroceded.
No one has any wish whatever to interfere with the inde-
pendence which we have granted ; on the contrary, we desire to
strengthen this independence. We desire to place it on a firm
basis by turning discontented aliens into loyal fellow-citizens of
the Dutch. ... On the other hand, the condition of our non-
interference is that the Government of the Transvaal should
accept in principle and make some approach in practice to that
equality of condition between the two white races which was
intended to be provided by the convention, and was certainly
promised in the interviews and conference before the convention
was signed. Without this the Transvaal will remain what
it is at present — a source of unrest, disturbance and danger.
Although the situation is an anxious one, I am hopeful of the
future. I am hopeful because President Kruger has, I believe,
come to the conclusion that the Government is in earnest;
because I have an absolute conviction that the great mass of the
people of this country are prepared to support us, if the necessity
should arise, in any measures we may think it necessary to take
to secure justice to the British subjects in the Transvaal.'*

Several minor points of criticism were raised by other
speakers, some of whom denounced the very thought of sup-
porting our remonstrances by force ; others were equally
vehement in declaring against the unwisdom of making de-
mands without an adequate strength to enforce them; whilst
others again urged that Mr. Chamberlain was alone to blame
for President Kruger's irritation and want of confidence in
British diplomacy. For example, Sir W. B. Gurdon (Norfolk,
N.) deprecated any active interference in the Transvaal by Great
Britain ; Col. Saunderson (Armagh, N.) traced the origin of the
present difl&culty to the surrender after Majuba ; and Mr. Dillon
(Mayo, E,) denounced Sir. A. Milner's despatches as unworthy
and sensational. These criticisms from all quarters of the
Liberal side of the House were interspersed with a few words
of support and encouragement from the Ministerial side, but it
would be scarcely accurate to qualify Mr. Courtney's speech by
such terms. He recognised, however, at the outset that by
allowing the debate to wander over a wide ground Mr.
Chamberlain had skilfully disarmed effective criticism, and he

L

162] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [aug.

wished that the Colonial Secretary's speech had been confined
to the commission proposal. He was glad of the announcement
that no troops but white troops would be employed if a war
broke out in South Africa; The diflSculties in South Africa
dated back before 1881. The admission of the Dutch to con-
stitutional privileges was a comparatively recent matter, and it
was because they had no share in the government that they
moved into the wilderness. He agreed with Mr. Chamberlain
in basing the British case mainly on the right of Britain to
protect her subjects, and while not admitting some of the griev-
ances alleged, especially the Edgar case, in which he adopted
the Boer view, he agreed entirely in the pohcy of making the
franchise more accessible, so that the Outlanders could look out
for themselves. But the idea of making the difference between
five years and seven years a casus belli was inconceivable ; time
was on the side of the Outlanders.

South African affairs were not again referred to in either
House, except by Sir Wilfrid Lawson on the second reading of
the Appropriation Bill (Aug. 7), but it was understood that Mr.
Chamberlain's despatch, suggesting the appointment of a joint
commission to examine the effects of the franchise law, was
still under consideration at Pretoria. If the only object of the
Transvaal Government had been to gain time, the delay was
taken advantage of by our own authorities, who continued to
draft small detachments of men to strengthen the South African
establishment, but there was a growing feeling in all quarters
that some settlement, acceptable alike to the Boers and Out-
landers, would be reached, and that the extreme demands of the
latter would not be supported by the Imperial Government.

On the last day of the session (Aug. 9) Mr. Chamberlain,
in answer to Sir Wilfrid Lawson (Cockermouth^ Cumberland),
announced that an addition of three regiments had been made to
the military force in Natal, in response to representations of
the Natal Government and **for all contingencies." Later in
the day, on the third reading of the Appropriation Bill, Mr.
Chamberlain said that the Government had already stated that
they recognised the grievances under which our subjects in
South Africa were labouring, that they found those grievances
not merely in themselves a serious cause for interposition but a
source of danger to the whole of South Africa, and that our
predominance was ** menaced by the action of the Transvaal in
refusing to redress grievances and in refusing any consideration
to the requests made in moderate language by the suzerain
Power." That was a state of things which could not long be
tolerated. ** We have stated that we have put our hands to the
plough, and we will not draw back, and on that statement I
propose to rest."

There was little else to call for special notice in the pro-
ceedings of either House. The bill for establishing an Irish
Agricultural Department and placing technical instruction m

1899.] The Irish Agricultural Department. [163

that country was generally approved on all sides. On the
second reading (July 5) Sir Charles Dilke's chief objection was
that it would sanction the increase in the number of ministers
having seats in Parliament, while Mr. Dillon (Ma/yo, E,),
speaking for himself and not for the Nationalists, protested
against the measure because it would create another Castle
Board, whilst the financial proposals and the elements of
popular control were alike inadequate. Mr. T. Healy (Louth, N.)
took occasion to separate himself from Mr. Dillon, speak-
ing in favour of the bill, which was read a second time
without a division and referred to the Standing Committee on
Trade, through which it passed with Uttle delay, and was
reported, as amended, to the House (July 24). The discussion
on this stage chiefly dealt with constitutional points, Mr. Dillon
urging that the Chief Secretary should not be President of the
Agricultural Department, and Sir Charles Dilke wishing that
the Vice-President should vacate his seat on appointment, but
both amendments were negatived, and with a promise to con-
sider Mr. Dillon's proposal to increase the provincial members
of the Agricultural Board, the bill was sent to the Lords. Its
reception (July 31) in the Upper House was in every respect
gratifying to the Government, the principal Irish landowners
on both sides expressing general approval of the measure, whilst
in committee (Aug. 1) the only amendment carried was one
by Lord Templetown to omit the clause giving power to the
Chambers of Commerce of Dubhn, Belfast and Cork to appoint
representatives to the Board of Technical Instruction. To
this restriction the Commons raised no objection, and the bill
became law.

Similar good fortune did not attend the Companies Bill
introduced early in the session by the Earl of Dudley. The
bill differed in no important particulars from one which had
been before the House for three su9cessive years. It was
intended to remove some of the scandals which had attended
the application of the law of limited liabihty, to prevent the
formation of fraudulent companies, and to render directors amen-
able to the law in cases of fraud or false statement. The bill
was for three months under the consideration of a select com-
mittee composed of the leading lawyers and bankers among the
Peers, and was reported to the House (May 18) in ample time
for further consideration if necessary. For reasons which were
never explained, but were generally surmised to be pressure
from without, no attempt was made to take up the bill for two
months (July 20) and the third reading was postponed until
a date (Aug. 3) when it was absolutely certain that no steps
would be taken by the Commons, although public opinion had
been loudly calling for years for legislation in this matter.

Another measure introduced into the House of Lords under
pressure from unofficial army reformers was one to put the
Militia upon a more satisfactory footing. In introducmg the

l2

164] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [aug.

measure (July 7) the Secretary for War, the Marquess of Lans-
downe, frankly disavowed any intention of legislating this year,
although recognising the necessity for reform, and the general
opinion on his proposals was that increased bounties to wilHng
men on emergencies would be more popular than a wholesale
conscription of unwilling men. His proposal was that the total
number of men to be raised should be decided by the Govern-
ment of the day, and the lord-lieutenants and their deputies
should be the local authorities to see that the number was
forthcoming. The areas to be dealt with would be the counties
and subdivisions of counties. In the preparation and revision
of the Usts the census would be employed, with the overseers as
enumerating officers. All men between the statutory ages of
eighteen and thirty-five would be returned. He proposed to
exempt efficient Volunteers ; but it would be necessary to
restrict the establishment of the Volunteer battaUons in order
to prevent an indiscriminate influx of men at a time when the
introduction of the ballot might be apprehended. Under the
bill any person chosen by ballot who refused to serve might be
arrested and compelled to serve for five years from the time
of his arrest, and be treated as a deserter if he afterwards
absconded. The other exemptions were substantially those of
the 1871 bill.

The Tithe Eent Charge Bill was, however, a measure much
more in sympathy with the tastes of the press, both for criticism
and approval. The second reading (July 24) was moved by
the Earl of Selbome in a carefully prepared speech in which he
•emphasised the case for the bill by insisting upon the hardship
of specific cases. Lord Selbome showed among other things,
the extreme hardship of the titheowner being obliged to pay on
the gross income of the living, though in reality compulsory
payments to a retired incumbent and to a daughter church might
•eat up more than half his revenue. He quot^ the case of a man
with 150Z. a year net paying 75Z. a year in rates becauEfe
the gross tithe income was 600^. a year. Lord Ribblesdale, on
the other side, dwelt chiefly on the fact that the bill relieved the
rich as well as the poor incumbent, and ended by declaring the
question of rating should be dealt with as a whole. After Lord
Balfour had stated that he had never been more impressed with
the absolute justice of a case than with that which had been
put forward by the clergy. Lord Kimberley urged the argument
that there was no ground for taking money from the taxpayers
to provide an additional endowment for the Church. Nothing
was more likely to increase the existing dissatisfaction of large
classes with the Church than the proposal of the Government.

Lord Salisbury, who followed, at once dealt with the
essential condition of the question. He insisted upon the
necessity for recalling the fact that the law which governed
the whole subject of rating is the act which was passed for one
year, in 1840, and which since then had been renewed every

1899.] War Office Administration. [165

year. That act specially exempted personal property from paying
rates. Now one of the chief reasons why the act of 1840 was a
temporary measure was the fact that it was felt that the rating
of clerical titheowners ought to be dealt with. Parliament, in
fact, always *' looked forward to the period when it should deal
with the great problem and riddle of rating, and when it should
try and abolish the extreme injustice which throws this vast
expenditure on a kind of property which is one-fifth of the
whole property of the country." The bill was then read a
second time by 113 to 23 votes, and passed without further
amendment.

In the House of Commons the closing debates on the
estimates produced some useful information, and provoked
some sharp criticism. In discussing the Army Estimates
(July 21), Mr. Amold-Forster {Belfast, W,) criticised very
severely the organisation of the War Office, and quoted Sir
Kedvers Buller's evidence before the Decentralisation Com-
mittee : ** I should like to say clearly and openly that I start
from this point, and I think I have verified it sufficiently, that
the whole system of reports, regulations and warrants under
which the Army now serves has grown up entirely for the
benefit of the War Office clerk, and to find work for the War
Office rather than to provide control over the Army." What
business, asked Mr. Amold-Forster, had Sir Eedvers Buller to
make that statement ? It was made after he had been in full
control for ten years. He was entitled to ask whether any
explanation had been demanded of that statement. ** The con-
clusion they arrived at was that until they had a transformation
of the manner of doing business at the War Office they should
get no advance in the British Army at all.'* The Under
Secretary for War, Mr. George Wyndham {Dover), in his reply
refused, perhaps prudently, to deal specifically with these allega-
tions, and only made a general defence of War Office arrange-
ments. He denied that they had injured the Army by depleting
the Keserve, for the Eeserve was now 82,000 strong. The
inamediate problem was to find garrisons for India, Egjrpt, and
at this moment an augmented garrison for South Africa. Then
there was the permanent problem of finding garrisons for those
places which the War Office were informed, by the united
counsel of their naval and military experts, ought to be occupied
as naval bases and coaling-stations. ** To do that required at
least nineteen white battahons and twelve native battalions
abroad, for the mere routine work of sentry-go round the world.
Then seventy-five infantry battalions were required at home,
seventeen and a half battalions to form what he might call the
scheme of defence, and sixty and a half battalions to occupy
India and other countries."

There was much more reasonable cause for fault-finding in
the postponement until the fag end of the session of the
Colonial Loans Bill. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, in

166] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [auo.

introducing it (July 27) explained that it substituted the Local
Loans Fund for the Colonial Loans Fund as the source whendfe
the money would be drawn. It proposed, moreover, to sanction
a total issue of 3,351,000L, which would be devoted to loans to
Barbadoes, St. Vincent, Jamaica and Trinidad ; to Mauritius
and Seychelles, to Cyprus, the Malay States, and the West
African Colonies, according to their several requirements, and
on the same terms as money was issued to local authorities in
the United Kingdom. The bill was strongly opposed on the
second reading (July 31), but was ultimately passed by 124 to
69 votes ; and at great length in committee, the advanced
Radicals proposing various amendments, which after much
discussion were defeated, the Government majorities ranging
from 69 to 120. After the sixth division, Sir H. Campbell-
Bannerman suggested to his followers that they had done
enough, he would not say for glory, but to vindicate the right
of the House to examine important measures of this kind in
detail. This advice was taken, and after one more division the
bill was reported without amendment and passed.

The last few days of the session were largely occupied by
education questions, the committee stage of the Board of
Education Bill (Aug. 1) opening up the question of amalga-
mating the Science and Art Department with the Education
Department. Sir John Gorst, on behalf of the Government,
maintained that the system of two separate departments of the
Committee of Council, which had been in existence for many
years, was found to be extremely inconvenient. He was, there-
fore, strongly opposed to the amendment moved by Sir William
Anson {Oxford University) to establish three departments under
the board for primary, secondary and technical education re-
spectively. The new Assistant Secretary to be appointed would
be entrusted with special duties relating to secondary education,
but apparently no decision had been arrived at as to whether
secondary and technical education were to be regarded, for the
purposes of Government supervision, as identical. On the other
hand, it seemed accepted that after the passing of the bill steps
would be taken to appoint a Minister of Education, responsible
to Parliament for the whole subject. The transfer, however, of
powers from the Charity Commission to the new board gave rise
to prolonged discussion.

The sessional order, under which 22 evenings were devoted
to Supply, was found to operate with considerable harshness, as
on the last (twenty-second) day (Aug. 2) there were at ten
•o'clock over fifty votes which had not been taken. According
to the rule these were put severally by the chairman — no debate
being allowed — but seventeen divisions were taken, the Govern-
ment majority ranging from 113 to 137 votes. The most
interesting speech was from Mr. Dillon (Mayo, E,) on the
cowardice of the Government in not dealing with the establish-
ment of a Eoman Catholic University in Ireland because of the

1899.] The hidian Budget, [167

short-sightedness of Irish Protestants and English Conser-
vatives. He said that if the Government would not level up
education in Ireland, they must not be surprised if Irishmen did
their best to level it down. They had no wish to despoil Trinity
College, but if they could not get educational equality in one way
they would have it in another, and if the religion of the majority
in Ireland was to enjoy no educational advantages, the religion of
the minority would not be left in undisturbed possession of them.
The perfunctory explanation of the Indian Budget to the
House of Commons was delayed to the last moment (Aug. 8),
and was chiefly interesting from the support given by the late
Secretary for India, Sir H. Fowler, to his successor. Lord
George Hamilton had the good luck to be able to lay a satis-
factory report of the financial condition of India before Parlia-
ment, and was able to announce that the year 1898-9 had closed
with a surplus of Ex.4,059,000, half of which was due to
reductions in expenditure and the other half to the expansion
of trade, which showed 120,000,000/. for exports and 90,000,000/.
for imports. He also anticipated a surplus from the current
year, although the deficient rainfall in certain districts threatened
to make some inroads upon it. He spoke with derision of the
charge that we were ** bleeding India to death,*' which was
contradicted by all the facts. He announced that a gold
standard would be introduced at once, that all gold from the
Indian mines would be purchased, and that the Government
had a project of establishing a ** Bank of England " in India.
Sir Wm. Wedderburn (Banff) asserted that the ryots were in a
starving condition, but Lord G. Hamilton contested this state-
ment, but admitted that since 1871 the population of India, in a
measure owing to steady and quiet Government, had increased
by 70,000,000, and that it was necessary to encourage manu-
factures and mining, as well as agriculture, in order to find
labour for the yearly increasing addition. The complaints made
by certain members as to the way in which Indian affairs were
dealt with by Parliament brought up Sir Henry Fowler, who
declared that India should never be a party question, and went
on to make an interesting defence of the home administration
of Indian afifairs. He referred especially to the fact that the
Council of India, composed entirely of leading administrators,
judges and men of business, sat throughout the year. It was
compelled by law to sit every week, and through its conamittees
it minutely '* overhauled " everything that occurred in India.
So far from neglecting grievances, its first business was their
redress, as it was also that of the Secretary of State. As to the
late period of the session at which the Indian Budget was pre-
sented, the accounts must by law be on the table by May 15,
and if the House wished for the Budget early it had only to
signify its wish. As for neglect by the House of Commons, the
House had constructed the Government of India on a system
different from that of every other dependency in order to avoid

168] ENGLISH HISTOKY. [adg.

perpetual interference ; but every great subject was fully debated,
and the Secretary of State was perpetually questioned upon every
kind of affair.

The financial policy of the Government in accepting the
report of the Currency Committee was scarcely touched upon
in the debate, although already published (July 28). According
to the recommendation, the British sovereign was to be adopted
** without delay '* as the standard coin of India. The local
mints, although remaining closed for the coinage of silver, would
be open for the unrestricted coinage of gold, the value of the
rupee being fixed at Is. 4d, or one-fifteenth of a pound. Pay-
ments might continue to be made to any amount in silver, but
the Government was not bound to exchange silver for gold or
to issue gold, except for certain purposes of exchange. The
Committee, moreover, deprecated, although the Government
did not actually forbid, a loan in sterling to procure gold, in the
belief that in the course of time the Indian mints would draw
the necessary gold by the ordinary process of trade.

Before Parliament rose for the recess two interesting papers,
both bearing, directly and indirectly, upon the constitution of
the next House of Commons, were published. The first of
these was addressed to the First Lord of the Treasury, Mr. A. J.
Balfour, signed by 126 members, asking for a definite statement
of the views of the Government on the question of a redistri-
bution of seats. The letter was forwarded through Mr. Kimber
(Wandsworth) who on behalf of his colleagues stated in their
opinion (1) that a readjustment of the graver anomalies should
be made before the next dissolution ; (2) that such readjusts
ment need not necessarily involve a general redistribution, nor
affect more than one-fifth of the existing constituencies, and
(3) that the members specially interested should be acquainted
as early as possible m the ensuing session with the principle
which the Government proposed to adopt. In reply Mr.
Balfour said simply that the matter should be brought before
the Cabinet at the next opportunity.

The other paper which was circulated before the close of
the session was the report of Mr. Chaplin's committee on Old
Age Pensions, a subject upon which many pledges had been
given, many hopes held out, and much recrimination arisen.
The committee had been appointed by the Government after
the imfinished debate (March 22) on Mr. L. Holland's bill and
in view of the four other bills deahng with the same subject. It
was directed to consider and report on the best means of im-
proving the condition of the aged and deserving poor, and for
providing for the helpless and infirm. The terms of reference
were held to exclude consideration of the financial aspect of the
question apart from which the committee resolved, by a majority
of 9 to 4, that a national pension system was feasible and desir-
able. Having rejected schemes for the universal grant of
pensions, without regard to thrift or merit on the part of the

1899.] Old Age Pensions. [169

recipient, and for the creation of a pension fund based on com-
pulsory contributions from the working classes, they defined as
the proper recipient of a pension any person applying who : (1)
Is a British subject ; (2) is sixty-five years of age ; (3) has not
within the last twenty years been convicted of an offence and
sentenced to penal servitude or imprisonment without the option
of a fine ; (4) has not received poor relief, except medical relief,
unless under exceptionable circumstances during twenty years
prior to the application for a pension ; (5) has been resident for
not less than twelve months within the district of the pension
authority : (6) has not an income of more than 10s. per week
from all sources ; (7) has endeavoured to the best of his ability
by his industry or the exercise of reasonable providence to make
provision for himself and those immediately dependent on him.
The word ** person '* was to mean either man or woman. The
committee further recommended : (1) That a pension authority
should be established in each union of the country, to receive
and to determine apphcations for pensions ; (2) that the
authority for this purpose should be a committee of not less
than six or more than twelve members appointed by the
guardians from their own number in the first instance ; (3)
that the committee, when so appointed, should be independent
of the board of guardians, with the addition of other members
subject to regulations to be made by the Local Government
Board, and that it is desirable that other public bodies within
the area should be represented upon the committee, but so that
a majority of the committee shall be members of the board of
guardians ; (4) that the cost of the pensions should be borne
by the common fund of the union, and that a contribution from
imperial sources should be made to that fund in aid of the
general cost of the poor-law administration, such contribution
to be allocated not in proportion to the amount of such pensions
but on the basis of population and not exceeding one half of
the estimated cost of the pensions ; (5) that the amount of the
pension in each district should be fixed at hot less than 5s. or
more than 7s. a week, at the discretion of the committee,
according to the cost of living in the locality, and that it should
be paid through the medium of the Post Olfice ; (6) that the
pension should be awarded for a period of not less than three
years, to be renewed at the end of that period, but subject to
withdrawal at any time by the pension authority, if in their
opinion the circumstances should demand it. The dissentient
minority on the committee consisted of Lord Edmund Fitz-
maurice. Sir Walter Foster, Mr. Lecky, and Mr. Cripps, and it
was understood of these Mr. Lecky recommended that any
action taken by Parliament should be upon the lines of poor-law
reform. There was no question of immediate legislation on the
matter, and it was generally understood that the committee had
been appointed to postpone rather than to hasten discussion
a thorny question.

170] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [aug.

Parliament was prorogued a few days earlier (Aug. 9)
than usual, and with greater forethought and economy of time
might have ended its labours earlier. The record was neither
a long nor an important one, the London Government Act
being its only measure of importance, and its Budget of
110,000,000/. its chief distinction. The Queen's Speech, however,
usually a colourless leave-taking, was this year marked by an
ominous departure from the common form. After referring to
the petition of the Outlanders in the Transvaal it proceeded :
** The position of my subjects in the South African Republic
is inconsistent with the promises of equal treatment on which
my grant of internal independence to that republic was founded,
and the unrest caused thereby is a constant source of danger to
the peace and prosperity of my dominions in South Africa.
Negotiations on this subject with the Government of the South
African Republic have been entered into and are still proceeding.*'
Outside Parliament the most important events were those
more or less directly connected with ecclesiastical matters.
The Convocations of Canterbury and York which, without
special leave of the Crown, were not authorised to meet together
as a convocation, avoided the difficulty by meeting as individual
members of different bodies. The subject discussed by this
assembly was the Ecclesiastical Procedure Bill, by means of
which it was proposed to modify the existing relations of Church
and State, and to constitute a Final Court of Appeal in eccle-
siastical suits, which should commend itself to the allegiance of
the whole body of the clergy. A complaint against a clergyman
for an offence against ecclesiastical law in any matter of doctrine
or ritual was to be heard in the first instance by the bishop of
the diocese, from whom the case might be remitted to the
Diocesan Court From its decision an appeal would lie to the
Provincial Court presided over by the archbishop, and the final
appeal to the Crown, whilst being nominally, as before, to the
Privy Council, was in reality to be to a selected body of arch-
bishops and bishop^ of the two provinces, who should through
the existing machinery of the Privy Council convey to the
Church the decisions of the episcopate. The question whether
the existing judicial committee of the Privy Council was to be
left free to adopt or reject the episcopal opinion was the subject
of much controversy, but as no steps were taken to bring the
bill before Parhament the need for its final solution did not arise.
As soon, however, as the two Houses of Convocation
came to discuss the details of the bill before them, a very im-
portant divergence of view became manifest. The Upper House
proposed that when the appeal against the decision of the
Provincial Court was successful that decision was to be
remitted to the Provincial Court, ** to the end that right and
justice may be done in accordance with the order of the Crown.*'
^ *"*n the other hand, the Lower House proposed that where the
P®^^* oal was successful **the case shall be reheard in the

1899.] The Archbishops' Decision. [171

Provincial Court in order that right and justice may be done."
In other words the Upper House invited the Provincial Court
to undo its work, whilst the Lower House urged the Provincial
Court, if it had the courage, to reaffirm its decision and take the
consequences, of which Disestablishment might be one.

Of more immediate interest, however, was the decision of
the two archbishops on the lawfulness of the liturgical use of
incense and of processional lights, matters which had greatly
exercised the consciences of several of the High Church clergy.
These doubts the archbishops, after hearing at great length
the arguments on both sides, and after much deliberation,
endeavoured to set at rest. They decided (July 28) that incense
might not be used liturgically or as a part of public worship,
though its fumigatory use was allowable. Processional lights
were without conditions pronounced illegal. The archbishops
based their decisions on the obligation of every clergyman to
use ** the form in the Book of Common Prayer and none other."
In conclusion the archbishops stated that they had given their
decision as the Prayer-book required them to do ; and they
entreated the clergy for the sake of the peace of the Church to
accept their decision.

The Peace Conference, which had met at the Hague early
in the summer, brought its sittings to a close (July 29) having
effected less than its promoters desired, but more than its critics
expected. The proceedings, detailed elsewhere, were conducted
in a spirit which showed an earnest desire on the part of the
delegates to give practical effect to the dreams of the promoters.
No unseemly squabbles marked the proceedings, and there was
little suggestion of intriguing to obtain support for any specific
proposals. Those which aimed at the reduction of armaments
failed because of the difficulties inherent to conditions essentially
different in different countries, but the proposals which tended
to lessen the needless cruelties of war were accepted, including
one to proscribe the use of Dum Dum bullets, especially levelled
against Great Britain. On the other hand the principle of
arbitration was universally accepted by all countries, and on
the proposition of the British delegate, Sir J. Pauncefote, a
machinery was created by which when nations were willing,
arbitration might be obtained.

172] ENGLISH HISTORY. [aug,

CHAPTEE V,

Public Interest in the Dreyfus Case — Church Troubles — Transvaal Blue-book —
Colonial Sympathy with Government — Mr. Chamberlain's Highbury Speech
—Boer Conditional Offer— British " Qualified Acceptance "—Boer Withdrawal
— British Despatch of September 8— Negative Boer Reply — Some Criticism,
but General Support, of Government Policy — '* Interim Despatch " of Septem-
ber 23 — Mr. Balfour and the Duke of Devonshire on the Crisis — Last Hopes
of Peace — Military Preparations — Boer Ultimatum — Autumn Session — Great
Ministerial Majorities — Public Confidence about the War — Disappointments
—Lord Rosebery's Stimulating Speeches — Ministers at the Mansion House —
Speeches by Mr. Bryce, Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, and Mr. Asquith — Lord
Methuen's Successes — German Emperor's Visit — French Press Insults — Mr.
Chamberlain's Leicester Speeches — Khalifa's defeat and Death — The " Black
Week" of Reverses — Patriotic Enthusiasm at Home and in the Colonies —
Fresh Military Measures — Venezuelan Arbitration — Political Party Resolu-
tions— Church Difficulties — Tra.de Prosperity.

The inability of the English people to think of more than one
thing at a time, and their aptitude, little as they may be credited
with it, for detachment from self-regarding preoccupations, have
seldom been more remarkably illustrated than during the first
few weeks of the recess of 1899. Parhament, as has been
seen, had separated under circumstances pointing to a very
grave danger of the outbreak of war in South Africa. The
proportions that such a war would be likely to assume were,
indeed, foreseen by only too few persons, but there was a pretty
general recognition that the interracial animosities which it
could not fail to bring to a head might involve this country
in very anxious responsibilities, both military and political,
for a long time to come. And yet the contemporary annalist
is bound to record that, through the remainder of August and
well into September, the subject on which the British public
at home fixed their attention was not the diminishing likeli-
hood of a pacific settlement of our controversy with President
Kruger, but the varying probabilities of a verdict for or against
Captain Dreyfus from the court-martial at Eennes.

The course and issue of the extraordinary proceedings before
that tribunal were most interesting, but need not be reviewed
here. Yet it is part of English history that all our chief news-
papers for several consecutive weeks treated the Bennes trial
as the predominant topic of interest. Daily they filled many
columns, not only with reports of what the witnesses said, but
with descriptions of how they looked at one another and at the
prisoner and he at them, and being free from all danger of
attachment for contempt, they allowed both their special corre-
spondents and their leader writers to comment on the proceed-
ings with the utmost freedom. From the outset there was &
practically imiversal opinion in this country that Captain
Dreyfus was the victim, in the first instance, if not of an
actual conspiracy among highly placed members of the French
headquarter staff, at any rate of a series of stupendous blunders,
the parties to which afterwards stuck at nothing in order to
protect themselves and one another from exposure. This view
received much confirmation from the course of the trial at

1899.] Interest in the Dreyfus Trial. [173

Kennes. Little, if anything, which in any EngHsh court would
be admitted as evidence was offered by any of the witnesses
:against the prisoner. But the military judges allowed one
general after another to deliver irrelevant but envenomed
speeches for the prosecution, and to affirm, contrary to the de-
clared opinion of the Court of Cassation, that Esterhazy was not
to be beUeved when he avowed that he had himself written the
bordereau, while various officers were permitted to make state-
ments directed to show that Captain Dreyfus might have been
in a position to betray the information alluded to in that
notorious document. All these things aroused intense disappro-
bation in England, and indeed throughout Europe. That
feeling was deepened by the revelations through Captain
Freystaetter, one of the members of the 1894 court martial, of
the totally illegal measures then taken, behind the back of the
prisoner and his counsel, to secure conviction, and by the pro-
duction before the Rennes court at the eleventh hour of an
Austrian adventurer who, after swearing that the name of
Captain Dreyfus had been notorious in foreign chancelleries as
that of the seller of French miUtary secrets, excused himself on
the ground of illness from facing cross-examination.

When, therefore, the astounding verdict was given (Sept. 9)
by a majority of five to two, that Captain Dreyfus had been
guilty, ** with extenuating circumstances,'* of a crime which, if
proved in his case, no circumstances could possibly extenuate,
there was an almost passionate outburst of indignation in this
country. It was nowhere supposed that the five judges regarded
the prisoner's guilt as proved, but rather that they had deferred
to the array of more or less eminent officers who asserted that
they beheved in it, and who would have stood condemned if he
had been acquitted, and had salved their consciences by the ** ex-
tenuating circumstances," which enabled them to sentence him
only to ten years' detention in a fortress. The indignation of
the British public was natural, and indeed justifiable, but it was
expressed in not a few quarters with a vehemence and want
of discrimination which were certainly unfortunate. Not only
the majority of the Eennes court martial, not only General
Mercier and other ex- War Ministers and past or present mem-
bers of the headquarter staff, but the whole French nation
were by too many writers of articles and letters in the news-
papers included in one sweeping condemnation, as virtual
partners in a great judicial crime. Proposals were gravely put
forward for the stoppage of commercial intercourse with France,
for the desertion of the French Riviera by British invalids, and
for the boycotting of the Paris Exhibition of 1901 by the whole
British people. No authoritative and hardly any influential
support was given to any of these suggestions. But they were
made often enough and in quarters quite sufficiently conspicu-
ous to wound French feeling very severely. All this was both
xmjust and impolitic. Unjust, because it was the heroism of a

174] ENGLISH HISTOKY. [adg.

French man of letters which had inspired, and the devoted self-
sacrifice of a French officer which had rendered possible, the move-
ment prosecuted with signal courage in France for ** revision "
of the original sentence on Captain Dreyfus. Impolitic, because
England, despite impending imperial dangers, thus gratuitously
aroused the resentment of a great foreign nation. Fortunately,
those who organised and took part in a well-attended Hyde
Park demonstration of sjmoipathy with Captain Dreyfus (Sept.
17) were wise enough to avoid the excesses of language into
which not a few of their countrymen and countrywomen had
been betrayed, and the measured though earnest tone of most
of the speeches was reflected in the following resolutions which
were adopted with enthusiasm and practical unanimity : ** That
this mass meeting of the citizens of London assembled in Hyde
Park sends the expressions of its deepest sympathy to Captain
and Mme. Dreyfus, and assures them that wherever the English
tongue is spoken there is admiration and gratitude for the
splendid courage and noble example they have shown amidst
unparalleled persecution." **That this meeting expresses its
abhorrence of men who have sullied the honour of the uniform
they wear in their long and desperate fight with truth and
innocence, congratulates Zola, Picquart, Labori, Demange, and
their supporters for the splendid resistance they have made to
mihtary and sectarian fanaticism, and appeals to the Govern-
ment of the Kepublic to act according to the best traditions of
free and generous France by releasing and rehabilitating Captain
Dreyfus before it is too late.''

In respect of purely domestic affairs, the autumn months
presented very httle calling for permanent record unless, indeed,
in the ecclesiastical sphere. There, no doubt, some keen
observers held that sjonptoms were discernible of the approach
of a genuine crisis. The occasion, though hardly the cause, of
these disquieting developments was to be found in the decision
of the two archbishops against the legality of the ceremonial
use of incense and processional hghts in the services of the
Church of England. It should be observed that the disruptive
influence — should it prove so — of that decision lay much more
in the reasons on which the archbishops based it than in its
actual effect. At the earliest opportunity after the dehvery of
the archiepiscopal decision — judgment, it was not, since they
had expressly disclaimed the idea that their sitting together at
Lambeth constituted a court — Sir William Harcourt had a
triumphant letter in the Times. He hailed the pronouncement
of the Primates as an event ** pregnant with vital results to the
future of the Enghsh Church," because, as he maintained,
** their reasons will be found to extend far beyond the particular
instances under discussion, and, indeed, to cover the whole ground
both of doctrine and ritual," and to ** go far to solve the entire
range of the questions at present in controversy in the Church."

Sir Wm. Harcourt proceeded to develop this thesis at length

1899.] Church Troubles. [175

and under many heads, from which it is not possible to give
illustrations here. The gist, however, and the temper of this
manifesto of his are sufficiently exemplified by a sentence from
its concluding paragraph in which he spoke of the archi-
episcopal decision, in the reasons on which it was founded, as
"cutting at the very roots of the whole system and plan of
operation of the * Catholic revival,* and affording a solid basis
for the defence of the Protestant principles of the Church of
England.** The natural, and indeed unavoidable, meaning of
all this was that the Lambeth decision involved a repudiation
in principle of the whole Oxford movement, and supplied the
lines on which all features of ritual which were associated with
the sacramental doctrines enforced by the leaders of that move-
ment might be suppressed. It was, however, promptly pointed
out by Lord Hugh Cecil, who during the recent session had
attained a position of very considerable authority among the
group of politicians specially associated with the defence of
the interests of the Church, that in very important respects
Sir WuL Harcourt had misconceived, and indeed reversed, the
true purport of the Primates' decision. Evidently, he said, that
decision could have no bearing, as Sir. Wm. Harcourt assumed,
on doctrine, for if it had, the archbishops could not have spoken
as they had of the possibility of the ceremonial use of incense,
though now unlawful, being made lawful at some future time.

Lord Hugh Cecil enforced this and other points, in order
to neutralise any difficulty that might have been created by Sir
Wm. Harcourt's letter in the way of obedience, the duty of which,
while fully recognising the real sacrifice of feeling it would
involve in some cases, he himself strongly urged upon the
advanced clergy. The Guardian also, while not disguising
doubts as to the correctness of the grounds of the archiepiscopal
decision, strenuously preached the same duty. On the other
hand. Lord Halifax, the President of the English Church
Union, in a letter (published at the end of August) to the lay
members of that body, the keynote of which was the phrase,
** Stand by your priests,** whether they obey or disobey, made
it very clear that in his opinion no moral obligation to obey in
this case lay upon the clergy. He described the decision, or as
he called it the ** opinion," of the archbishops against the
ceremonial use of incense as **one of the greatest misfortunes
that had fallen on the Church since the rise of the Oxford
movement," because it "did everything that such a document
could do to discredit and reduce to an unreality the appeal
which the Church of England had ever made to the practice of
the whole Catholic Church of Christ as suppljdng her standard
of doctrine and ceremonial.'* While professing the highest
reverence for the character of the archbishops. Lord Halifax's
criticism of their decision was couched in terms which, if all
suggestion of moral dereliction was to be read out of it, involved
the very lowest opinion of their intelligence.

176] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [aug.

Lord Halifax went on to say that he did not suppose, having
regard to the great differences in local circumstances, that any
one uniform course of action was likely to be pursued in cases
where attempts were made to enforce compliance with the
archbishops* opinion against incense. Lord Halifax's high
character, knightly bearing, and intense earnestness, had
obtained for him a large measure of respect and regard ; but
this essay of his towards the organisation of anarchy in the
Church of England revolted an appreciable number of strong
High Churchmen, who had already been alarmed by the sub-
versive tone adopted at clerical meetings organised by or in
connection with the English Church Union. Though he only
wrote on his own behalf, there can be little doubt that the
venerable and popular Dean Hole of Rochester gave expression
to the feelings of many devoted adherents of the Oxford move-
ment when, in a letter (Aug. 31) intimating his withdrawal
from the English Church Union, he said that a just parallel to
Lord Halifax's advice to the lay members of that body would
be, in regard to the Army, the opinion that **the soldiers must
follow the captains, but that the captains may follow their own
imaginations." The influences telling for clerical obedience
were reinforced by the considerate manner in which the bishops
began to press the observance of the Lambeth decision on
the clergy of their dioceses. Then, however, a curious event
happened. This was the appearance of a pamphlet by an
eminent member of the Broad Church party. Dr. Sanday, sub-
jecting the reasoning of the Lambeth decision to a searching
historical criticism. Dr. Sanday's contention was that the
language of the Act of Uniformity of 1559, on which as having
been accepted by the Church at the time of the last revision of
the Prayer-book in 1662, the archbishops' decision rested, did
not, or certainly need not, bear the rigid construction attached
to it by the Primates. This point is not one for discussion here ;
but it should be recorded that this Broad Church attack on the
decision appears to have operated, among some strong High
Churchmen, as a sensible discouragement of the hope cherished
earlier in the year that the Lambeth " hearing " had provided a
kind of working substitute for reformed ecclesiastical courts.

So far, however, as the immediate question of conformity
to the Lambeth decision against incense was concerned, there
seemed, as the autumn advanced, to be a decided preponderance
of opinion that it was a duty to obey, even among the advanced
clergy, and an overwhelming consensus to that effect among the
general body of High Churchmen. At the Church Congress,
which was held in London in October, the firm chairmanship
of Bishop Creighton, and the good feeling of most of the
speakers, secured that, even when burning questions were
under discussion, deconmi generally prevailed. For the most
part, however, the meetings were engaged in the useful, if not
exciting, treatment of aspects of Church life not immediately

1899.] The Suzerainty Dispiite. [177

connected with ritual. Opportunity was naturally taken,
notably by Canon Gore, to press upon assembled churchmen
the need for legislative and administrative reform within the
Church, with a view to that increased autonomy, in favour of
which Mr. Balfour had expressed himself, and on representative
lines, which would allow very considerable power to the laity.
This propaganda awakened a good deal of sympathy.

At any ordinary time such a condition of ecclesiastical
affairs would have been likely to engage a very large share of
the attention of the nation. But the intense personal interest
of the Eennes drama had not passed away before the gathering
gloom of the South African situation had begun to engross the
public mind. There were conflicting rumours in August as to
the probable tenor of the Boer reply to Mr. Chamberlain's pro-
posal of a joint commission to inquire into the effect of the
so-called seven-year franchise law, passed by the Transvaal Volks-
raad in July. For a few days about the middle of the month
there was a disposition abroad to hope that the worst of the
crisis was over. This was in view of somewhat positive reports
that while objecting to the joint inquiry the Transvaal authorities
had decided to concede Sir A. Milner's Bloemfontein minimum
— a five years' retrospective franchise — and liberal redistribution
proposals. But, very speedily, disquieting intimations appeared
that, in return for these concessions, stipulations were made
seriously affecting the permanent relations between England
and the Transvaal. Public anxiety was not allayed by the
publication in the last week of August of further correspon-
dence between the British and Boer Governments with regard
to the status of the Transvaal. Several of the most important
points by this correspondence had already been revealed by the
publication of a Transvaal green book early in July (see
p. 149). The British blue book, however, not only placed offici-
ally on record the repudiation already known to have been
given by her Majesty's Government of the Boer contention as
to the disappearance of British suzerainty on the signature of
the Convention of London in 1884, but supplied material for the
historical justification of the imperial attitude, showed how the
Boer claim had become much more positive and pronounced,
and conveyed Sir A. Milner's grave and emphatic judgment
upon its practical significance in its later development. In
March, 1898, Sir A. Milner forwarded to Mr. Chamberlain a
letter from the Kev. D. P. Faure, who had acted as interpreter
to the delegates from the Transvaal during the negotiations in
London which resulted in the 1884 Convention, and who
believed himself to be the only disinterested surviving witness
of those negotiations. His testimony bore on a vital point,
being that '*it was clearly understood and agreed by both
contracting parties that her Majesty's suzerainty should be
abohshed, except to the extent defined in Article IV. of the
Convention of London, subsequently signed. And the Trans-

M

178] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [aug.

vaal deputation left London completely satisfied with the
result of their mission, except with regard to the new boundary
line."

In support of this view, Mr. Faure gave his recollection of
what had been said to him in conversation by the late Lord
Eosmead (then Sir Hercules Eobinson) as to the practical
unimportance of the suzerainty question, and his personal
readiness to ** humour Transvaal sentiment" on that point.
He also remembered **Lord Derby saying at one of the con-
ferences that as regarded the question of suzerainty, the
deputation was making a mountain of a molehill, but he
objected to an article being embodied m the new convention
specifically revoking her Majesty's suzerain rights, because he
did not care to provide the then Parliamentary Opposition with
weapons for attacking the Ministry — an argument the weight
of which was realised by the deputation."

Happily Sir Eobert Herbert, who formerly held with much
distinction and benefit to the public service the post of
Permanent Under-Secretary at the Colonial Office, was still
living, and to him Mr. Chamberlain referred Mr. Faure's letter.
The effect of Sir Eobert Herbert's reply appeared from the con-
cluding passage of his letter, and was unquestionably important.
" I feel compelled," he wrote, ** to differ from Mr. Faure*s view,
as given in paragraph four of his letter, that *it was clearly
understood and agreed by both parties that her Majesty's
suzerainty should be abolished except to the extent defined in
Article IV. of the Convention of London.' Her Majesty's
Government expressly declined to substitute a treaty for the
Convention in which the Queen as suzerain had granted certain
powers of self-government to the Transvaal State, and accord-
ingly the Convention of Pretoria was not repealed, in order to
preserve that part of it which declared the suzerainty ; but
fresh articles were framed, in order to give the South African
Eepublic larger powers of internal administration, and in order
to comply with the request of the republic for greater facilities in
initiating negotiations and agreements with foreign nations."
There followed in the blue book a long despatch from Dr. Leyds,
then Transvaal State Secretary, dated April 16, 1898; the
despatch from Mr. Chamberlain (Dec. 15, 1898) ; and the reply
thereto (May 9, 1899) from Mr. Eeitz (who had succeeded Dr.
Leyds), which have been already referred to. They all dealt with
the suzerainty question, and sustained the views respectively
corollary to the positions taken by the two Governments on that
subject, as to the possibility of foreign arbitration between them
on matters connected with the interpretation of the 1884 Con-
vention. The most striking feature of this correspondence,
both in form and substance, was the claim put forward by Mr.
Eeitz that ** the now existing right of absolute self-government
of this (the South African) republic is not derived from either
the Convention of 1881 or that of 1884, but simply and solely

1899.] Arbitration Correspondence. [179

follows from the inherent right of this republic as a sovereign
international State." In his covering letter, Sir A. Milner
observed that Mr. Beitz's contention went further than had
been done in any previous despatch. It ** appears to me,'* said
the High Commissioner, ** to be contradictory of the position
consistently maintained by us, and in fact in the nature of a
defiance of her Majesty's Government."

In his reply (July 13, 1899) Mr. Chamberlain expressed his
general concurrence in Sir A. Milner's views. Briefly reviewing
the status of the Boers since the Sand Biver Convention,
he showed that that convention, with which their recognised
existence as a distinct political community began, was, like the
Pretoria Convention, ** not a treaty between two contracting
Powers " (these words are Lord Derby's, Nov. 20, 1883), "but
was a declaration, made by the Queen, and accepted by certain
persons, at that time her subjects, of the conditions under which,
and the extent to which, her Majesty could permit them to
manage their own affairs." Again, in the Conventions of 1881
and 1884 the relation of the republic to Great Britain was that
of a dependency publici juris. The Boer deputation in 1883 no
doubt endeavoured to get this relation changed by the negotia-
tion of a treaty as between two contracting Powers, and sub-
mitted a draft treaty. This was, however, entirely rejected by
Lord Derby as ** neither in form nor in substance such as her
Majesty's Government could adopt." In concluding, Mr.
Chamberlain, as the Government of the Transvaal had appealed
to Lord Derby's personal views, referred them to a statement,
made by him in the House of Lords on March 17, 1884,.
immediately after the conclusion of the London Convention,
when he said : ** Whatever suzerainty meant in the Conven-
tion of Pretoria, the condition of things which it implied still
remains ; although the word is not actually employed, we have
kept the substance. We have abstained from using the word
because it was not capable of legal definition, and because it
seemed to be a word which was likely to lead to misconception
and misunderstanding."

During the same week (Aug. 26) the Colonial Ofl5ce also
issued another series of papers relating to the Transvaal. Some
of this correspondence (June and July, 1899) dealt with the
question of arbitration. The upshot of it was that while
steadily refusing to hear of the intervention, in any form or
shape, of a foreign arbiter or umpire on points at issue between
Great Britain as the paramount Power in South Africa and a
dependent State like the Transvaal, her Majesty's Government
recognised that there might be ** fair differences of opinion as to
the interpretation of the details " of the articles of the conven-
tion of 1884, and expressed themselves in a despatch from Mr.
Chamberlain to Sir A. Milner (July 27) ** wilhng to consider
how far and by what methods such questions of interpretation
as have been above alluded to could be decided by some judicial

M 2

180J . ENGLISH HISTORY. [aug.

authority, whose independence, impartiality, and capacity would
be beyond and above all suspicion."

Mr. Chamberlain went on to observe tha.t, assuming that
the Transvaal Government agreed to the proposal for a joint
inquiry with regard to the probable working of the July Fran-
chise Law, it might be desirable for Sir A. Milner and President
Kruger to endeavour, by another personal conference, to come
to an understanding as to the action to be taken on the report,
or reports, of the joint commission. And he suggested that
such conference would oflfer a suitable opportunity for the
discussion of the proposed tribunal of arbitration, and other
pending questions which were not brought forward at Bloem-
fontein owing to the failure to arrive at a settlement of the
Outlander franchise question.

Very interesting were the evidences recorded in the
blue book of colonial encouragement to her Majesty's Gov-
ernment in the resolute pursuit of justice for the Outlanders
in the Transvaal. In the latter part of July resolutions were
unanimously passed in both the Legislative Council and the
Legislative Assembly of Natal, expressing ** sympathy with and
approval of the action of the British Government in its endeav-
our to secure equal rights and privileges for all Europeans in
South Africa, whereby peace, prosperity, and the termination
of racial animosity in this country can alone be assured.** This
language on the part of the two branches of the constitutional
legislature of the colony which would be the first to suffer in
the event of war was full of significance. Not less so were the
terms of the resolutions passed, also unanimously, by both the
Senate and the House of Commons of the great Canadian
Dominion. The resolutions, forwarded to London on August 1
and July 31 respectively, set forth that each House had ** viewed
with regret the complications which had arisen in the Trans-
vaal Eepublic, of which her Majesty is suzerain, from the
refusal to accord to her Majesty's subjects now settled in
that region any adequate participation in its government ** — a
condition of things which had resulted in ** intolerable oppres-
sion '* ; and further, that ^ach House, ** representing a people
which had largely succeeded, by the adoption of the principle of
conceding equal political rights to every portion of the popu-
lation, in harmonising estrangements, and in producing general
content with the existing system of government, desired to
express its sympathy with the efforts of her Majesty's imperial
authorities to obtain for the subjects of her Majesty who have
taken up their abode in the Transvaal such measure of justice
and political recognition as may be found necessary to secure
them in the full possession of equal rights and liberties."

In connection with the above quotations, it may be observed
that in various ways the evidences they afforded of colonial
feeling in July were carried forward by newspaper telegrams
up to and in the week ending August 26. Thus it was tele-

1899.] Mr, Chamberlain s Highbury Speech. [181

graphed from Ottawa (Aug. 24) that the Hon. David Mills,
Minister of Justice, and Professor of International Law at
Toronto University, in a widely circulated review of the Trans-
vaal situation, had said : **It is to be hoped that there will be
no hesitation and no backing down, and no compromise of the
rights of British subjects. The loss of South Africa means the
disruption of the empire altogether beyond the loss of the
colonies on the continent, and so the undisputed supremacy of
British authority in that quarter of the globe is bound up with
the unity of the empire itself." A telegram from Melbourne
(Aug. 22) gave not less emphatic indications of the manner in
which Australian feeling was ranging itself behind the mother
country, with a view to possible eventualities. ** Sir George
Turner, the Victorian Premier," ran the message, ** has con-
curred with the suggestion of the Hon. Charles Kingston,
Premier of South Australia, that the colonies should offer
Great Britain the use of the Australian squadron in the event
of war with the Transvaal." And on the same day it was
telegraphed from the capital of Jamaica that the whole of
the militia of that colony had to a man volunteered for service
in the Transvaal.

Such was the situation in respect of public information at
home as to the general course of recent negotiations with the
Transvaal, and of evidences of a remarkable convergence of
colonial feeling as to the necessity of a strong and resolute
policy, when Mr. Chamberlain made a speech (Aug. 26) which
sharply arrested the attention of the whole empire. At a
garden party which he gave to the members of the Birming-
ham Liberal Unionist Association at his residence at Highbury,
Birmingham, the Colonial Secretary, having observed that he
wished he could have told his. guests that the difficulties which
had existed for so many years between the British Government
and the oligarchy in Pretoria were happily settled, went on to
say : ** We have been, as you know, for the last three months
negotiating with President Kruger. We have made, perhaps,
some little progress, but I cannot truly say that the crisis is
passed. Mr. Kruger procrastinates in his replies. He dribbles
out reforms like water from a squeezed sponge, and he either
accompanies his offers with conditions which he knows to be
impossible, or he refuses to allow us to make a satisfactory
investigation of the nature and the character of these reforms. . .
What we have asked is admitted by the whole world to be just
and reasonable and moderate, so moderate, indeed, that the
proposals which were made by Sir Alfred Milner at the Bloem-
fontein Conference appear to many to verge upon weakness.
We cannot ask less, and we cannot take less. The issues of
peace and of war are in the hands of President Kruger and of
his admirers. . . . Will he speak the necessary words ? The sands
are running dov^i in the glass. The situation is too fraught
with danger, it is too strained, for any indefinite postponement.

182] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [auo.

The knot must be loosened, to use Mr. Balfour's words, or else
we shall have to find other ways of untying it ; and if we do
that, if we are forced to that, then I would repeat now the
warning that was given by Lord Salisbury in the House of
Lords, and I would say, if we are forced to make further
preparations, and if this delay continues much longer, we shall
not hold ourselves limited by what we have already offered,
but, having taken this matter in hand, we will not let it go
until we have secured conditions which once for all shall
establish which is the paramount Power in South Africa, and
shall secure for our fellow-subjects there, at all events, those
equal rights and equal privileges which were promised to them
by President Kruger when the independence of the Transvaal
was granted by the Queen, and which is really the least that in
justice ought to be accorded to them. If a rupture which we
have done everything in our power to avoid should be forced
upon us, I am confident that we shall have the support of the
vast majority of the people of the United Kingdom, and I will
go further, and say the vast majority of the people of the British
empire."

In view of this utterance from the minister directly respon-
sible for the negotiations with the Transvaal, it was felt on all
hands that a much graver situation had arisen than any hitherto
reached since the peace of 1881. So serious a view would not
at once have presented itself if regard had been had merely to
Mr. Chamberlain's official reply to the proposals which he had
before him on August 26. The despatches embodying them,
and his answer through Sir A Milner — all telegraphic — were
issued from the Colonial Office on September 1. Dr. Beitz's
first note, dated August 19, suggested the following plan for
the consideration of her Majesty's Government, as an alter-
native to the joint inquiry proposed by Mr. Chamberlain on
their behalf at the end of July : (1) ** A five years' retrospective
franchise " as proposed by Sir A. Milner on June 1, 1899.
(2) Eight new seats in the Volksraad to the population of the
Witwatersrand, thus with the two sitting members for the
goldfields giving to the population thereof ten representatives
in a Eaad of thirty-six, and in future the representation of the
goldfields of the Transvaal not to fall below the proportion of
one-fourth of the total. (3) The new burghers equally vnth
the old burghers to be entitled to vote at the election for State
President and Commandant-General. (4) The Transvaal Gov-
ernment would always be prepared to take into consideration
such friendly suggestions regarding the details of the franchise
law as her Majesty's Government, through the British agent,
might wish to convey to it.

So much for the concessions. The conditions were stated
in the fifth paragraph of Dr. Reitz's despatch, which ran thus :
** In putting forward the above proposals the Government of the
South African Republic assumes — (a) That her Majesty's Gov-

1899.] The ** Qualified Acceptance ** Despatch, [183

ernment will agree. that the present intervention shall not form
a precedent for future similar action, and that in the future no
interference in the internal affairs of the republic will take
place, (h) That her Majesty's Government will not further
insist on the assertion of the suzerainty, the controversy on the
subject being allowed tacitly to drop, (c) That arbitration (from
which foreign element, other than Orange Free State, is to be
excluded) will be conceded as soon as the franchise scheme has
become law."

In Dr. Beitz's supplementary note, dated August 21, the
conditional character of the concessions was further developed
and emphasised as follows : " The proposals of this Government
regarding questions of franchise and representation contained in
that despatch must be regarded as expressly conditional on her
Majesty's Government consenting to the points set forth in
paragraph 5 of the despatch, viz.— (a) In future not to interfere
in internal affairs of the South African Republic, (b) Not to
insist further on its assertion of existence of suzerainty, (c) To
agree to arbitration."

Mr. Chamberlain's reply, addressed to Sir A. Milner, bore
date August 28. In this despatch, which he subsequently de-
scribed as amounting to a ** qualified acceptance " of the preced-
ing Boer proposal, the Colonial Secretary said : " Her Majesty's
Government assume that the adoption in principle of the
franchise proposals made by you at Bloemfontein will not be
hampered by any conditions which would impair their effect,
and that by proposed increase of seats for the goldfields and
by other provisions the South African Republic Government
intend to grant immediate and substantial lepresentation of the
Outlanders. . . . They will be ready to agree that the British
Agent, assisted by such other persons as you may appomt, shall
make the investigation necessary to satisfy them that the result
desired will be achieved and, failing this, to enable them to
make those suggestions which the Government of the South
African Republic state that they will be prepared to take into
consideration. . . ." They also **hope that the Government of
the South African Republic will wait to receive their suggestions
founded on the report of the British Agent's investigation
before submitting a new franchise law to the Volksraad and
the burghers.

** With regard to the conditions of the Government of the
South African Republic," Mr. Chamberlain proceeded, ** First,
as regards intervention ; her Majesty's Government hope that
the fulfilment of the promises made and the just treatment of
the Outlanders in future will render unnecessary any further
intervention on their behalf ; but her Majesty's Government
cannot, of course, debar themselves from their rights under the
Conventions, nor divest themselves of the ordinary obligations
of a civilised Power to protect its subjects in a foreign country
from injustice. Secondly, with regard to suzerainty, her Maj-

184] ENGLISH HISTORY. [sept.

esty*s Government would refer the Government of the South
African Republic to the second paragraph of my despatch
of July 13. Thirdly, her Majesty's Government agree to a
discussion of the form and scope of a tribunal of arbitration
from which foreigners and foreign influence are excluded.
Such a discussion, which will be of the highest importance to
the future relations of the two countries, should be carried on
between the President and yourself, and for this purpose it
appears to be necessary that a further conference^ which her
Majesty's Government suggest should be held at Capetown,
should be at once arranged.

** Her Majesty's Government also desire to remind the Gov-
ernment of the South African Republic that there are other
matters of difference between the two Governments which will
not be settled by the grant of political representation to the
Outlanders, and which are not proper subjects for reference to
arbitration. It is necessary that these should be settled concur-
rently with the questions now under discussion, and they
will form, with the question of arbitration, proper subjects for
consideration at the proposed conference."

This despatch, it will be observed, obviously contemplated
further negotiations extending over a considerable period. Its
purport, in respect of the ** impossibility "of at least part of
the conditions attached by Dr. Reitz's despatches to the five
years' franchise offer was the same as that of the speech delivered
by Mr. Chamberlain at Highbury two days before, but even in
that respect it seemed less sweeping, and its tone was very
perceptibly milder. In a word, the despatch did not, while the
speech definitely did, suggest the approach of the period of
ultimatums. This discrepancy had a good deal to do with the
unfavourable criticisms for which the ** new diplomacy" came
in during the ensuing months, even sometimes from those who
were satisfied as to the necessity of a strong policy in South
Africa.

Thus Mr. Asquith, speaking on September 2, to the Leven and
District Ladies* Liberal Association, said he did not altogether
understand the methods of the new diplomacy, with its puzzling
alternations of frankness and reticence. Every intelligent
person, both here and in South Africa, agreed that the time had
come for a definite and a permanent settlement of the long-
standing controversy between the Government of the South
African Republic and its immigrant population. No British
Liberal could contemplate with satisfaction a system under
which large numbers of our countrymen were denied some of
those civil and political rights regarded as the necessary equip-
ment of a civilised social community. No one, however, could
compare President Kruger's attitude at the Bloemfontein Con-
ference only a short time ago with his last proposals, hampered
though those proposals still were by unacceptable conditions,
without seeing that there had been a real advance. The diffi-

1899.] Diminishing Chances of Peace* [185

culty in the way appeared to be suspicion on either side of
the real motives and aims of the other. He avowed the belief
that there was no real or genuine body of opinion in Great
Britain which desired for a moment to destroy, or even to
curtail, the internal independence of the Transvaal, and con-
tinued : ** As regards, on the other hand, the reality and validity
of any pledges that may come from Pretoria, while I agree that
President Kruger's methods often tax one's patience, it appears
to me to be all-important to remember that in respect of what-
ever assurances he now gives, and we now accept, we shall
have, I will not say hostages, but at least as sureties for their
performance, the sentiment and the sense of honour of the
whole Afrikander population of South Africa. . . . President
Kruger has access to excellent advice, and he can hardly fail in
the long run to realise that no settlement can be genuine or
permanent which, while fully safeguarding the autonomy of
the South African Republic , does not frankly and unreservedly
concede whatever is just in the Outlanders' demands. We, on
our side, who have the advantage of being represented upon the
spot by one of the clearest and strongest heads in the empire
— Sir A. Milner — ought not to, and I believe we shall not, lose
the sense of proportion and exaggerate details into principles.
Holding this view, I for one am not alarmed by the irresponsible
clamours which we hear from some familiar quarters for war.**
This last phrase of Mr. Asquith's probably referred to the
strong terms in which some newspapers were dwelling upon
the impossibility of an indefinite continuance of negotiations,
having regard to the intelligence constantly arriving of the
growing excitement in South Africa, and the great disorgani-
sation of business and consequent distress caused among the
Outlander population of the Transvaal, many of whom were
leaving that country, and elsewhere in South Africa, by the
protracted uncertainty as to the issue of the controversy. It
soon became evident, however, that any hope of a genuine
advance on the part of the Pretoria Government towards the
redress of the Outlander grievances was steadily declining,
unless on conditions which Mr. Asquith himself had recognised
as being ** unacceptable/' On August 31, in the Transvaal Volks-
raad, the correspondence between the Imperial Government
and the Transvaal Government was read in open session, when
President Kruger denied that the Transvaal Government had
excluded the British residents in that country from political
rights, but declared that they had always registered themselves
as British subjects, and had refused at the time Lord Loch
visited Pretoria to go on commando service. On September 1,
Mr. Fischer, of the Free State Executive, arrived at Pretoria
from Bloemfontein to consult with the Government, and it was
hoped by some people in this country that his influence would
be exerted on the side of a reasonable settlement. After a
secret session, which was held next day, however, a reply was

186] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [sept.

handed to the British Agent, which was soon understood to have
made the situation distinctly more acute. For its effect was to
withdraw the offer of the five years' franchise made in Dr. Eeitz's
despatch of August 19, on the ground that the conditions attached
to it had been refused, and to substitute nothing in place of that
offer, except a belated expression (telegi*aphed six days later) of
the willingness of the Transvaal Government to enter into a
conference about the probable working of the seven years'
franchise law of July.

The Boer Government complained that *' from semi-official
discussions," between Dr. Eeitz and Mr. Conyngham Greene,
the British Agent at Pretoria, " which had been brought to the
knowledge of her Majesty's Government, they had thought that
they might infer that their proposal '* set forth in the notes
of August 19 and 21, ** would have been acceptable to her
Majesty's Government." As it was not so, the Boer Govern-
ment considered that their proposal had ** lapsed." As to the
conditions attached to the lapsed proposal they observed : ** (a)
That with reference to intervention, this Government has
neither asked, nor intended, that her Majesty's Government
should abandon any right which it really might have, on the
ground either of the Convention of London, 1884, or of inter-
national law, to intervene for the protection of British subjects
in this country, (b) That as regards the assertion of suzerainty,
its non-existence has, as this Government ventures to think,
already been so clearly stated in its despatch of April 16, 1898,
that it would be superfluous to repeat here the facts, argrmients,
and deductions stated therein ; it simply wishes to remark
here that it abides by its views expressed in that despatch."

The matter of the misunderstanding above alleged to have
been due to semi-official discussions at Pretoria, was more
definitely brought up later. But, as bearing on the situation
created by the despatch just summarised, the important fact has
to be remembered that in the interval caused by the delays of
Boer diplomacy her Majesty's Government, and also many
well-informed persons in England, had clearly recognised that
the (seven years') Franchise Act of July was hedged about
with such a network of crippling restrictions and formalities
that it would certainly fail, and had probably been meant to
fail, as a measure for the prompt redress of the political sub-
jection of the Outlanders.

More or less realising this, British opinion at home, though
much slower in consolidating on the subject than that of the
colonies, now rapidly hardened into a readiness to use force
for the vindication of our rightful claims in South Africa.
There were, of course, voices raised in a contrary sense. Mr.
John Morley, addressing his constituents at Arbroath (Sept. 5),
dwelt on the importance of so shaping British policy as to
carry with it the sympathy of the Dutch in South Africa
generally. Even after a successful war, he argued, the Trans-

1899.] Lord Loch on the Crisis. [187

Taal would have to be turned into a Crown colony, which
would be Ireland over again ; a little Ulster on the Rand and
the rest only held down by an army of occupation. The first
policy of the Government was to get the Outlanders the fran-
chise, so that they could redress their grievances themselves.
In principle this had been already conceded, although the Boers
had been slow. Mr. Morley expressed his hope that " the South
African Eepublic would go into the conference, . . . and that
they would strip the franchise which they were now wiUing to
concede of every ambiguous term and every dubious restriction."
As to suzerainty, he said that they should remember that some
of the bloodiest struggles in the history of mankind had been
About words. In 1896 Mr. Chamberlain only claimed the
right of friendly counsel. Now there was a talk of para-
mountcy. The true policy was fusion.

It was not difl&cult, however, to perceive a clear divergence
between the tone of Mr. Morley's speech and that of Mr.
Asquith ; and among the rank and file of Liberal politicians at
this stage the same, or an even greater divergence, was observ-
able.

A speech of special interest, as coming from a predecessor
of Sir A. Milner's in the oflfice of High Commissioner in South
Africa, was delivered (Sept. 7) by Lord Loch. The Convention
of 1884, Lord Loch said, promised fair and equal treatment for
All residents in the Transvaal ; but from the moment of its
signature to the present date President Kruger had failed to
carry out his obligations. The evils involved in a Transvaal
war could only be reahsed by those who knew South Africa ;
but even so, he held that it would be impossible for the British
'Government to fail in insisting upon Sir A. Milner's moderate
demands. Lord Loch added that he had special opportunities
of judging, and knew that when he was there he could rely on
the loyalty of the Dutch to the empire. Grave subsequent
-events had somewhat unhinged men's minds, but he was satis-
fied that there was still a large section of the Dutch on whom
perfect reliance could be placed with regard to their loyalty to
the Queen and the empire.

Of the ever-increasing tension of the situation in South
Africa itself at this period, every day's newspapers supplied
fresh evidence.

A strong light on the temper prevailing among the Boers
was thrown by accounts of a debate in the Transvaal Volks-
raad (Sept. 7), when several excited speeches were made in
denunciation of British policy, and especially of the alleged
** massing *' of British troops near the frontiers of the re-
public. President Kruger, while urging moderation of lan-
guage, aflSrmed that the British Outlanders had excluded
themselves from political rights by refusing to accept the fran-
•chise when offered them years before, and declared that what
they wanted was **not the franchise but the country." He

k.- _•

188] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [sept.

solemnly denied the existence of any British suzerainty. If
Mr. Chamberlain repeated his invitation (given in his July
despatch) to a conference on the July (seven years) Franchise
Law, he (Mr Kruger), would send his commissioner. But
having ** given away jacket and trousers,** he could not give up
independence.

A few extracts from a despatch of August 23, received
September 8, will help to illustrate the character of the situa-
tion as it presented itself to her Majesty's ministers when they
met for its consideration on the latter date. Eeferring to the
Bloemfontein conference Sir Alfred Milner observed: **I
never said — indeed, I carefully guarded myself against the
assumption — that an agreement with regard to this matter
[Outlander citizenship] would put an end to all differences.
What I did say was that it would greatly reduce the number
of questions at issue between the two Governments, while it
would, by establishing better relations between them, make it
much easier to arrive at a satisfactory understanding on ques-
tions not connected with the grievances of the Outlanders.**
Discussing the successive proposals made with regard to the
admission of the Outlanders to citizenship. Sir A. Milner said :
**The effect of the successive changes introduced ^into their
original plan has certainly been to make its conspicuous features.
— five years* residence as qualifying for franchise and eight
new seats for the Band district — as liberal as anything that
I was prepared to suggest. But, on the other hand, the
successive proposals have all been encumbered by a number
of provisions, against which the Outlanders have vehemently,
and, as it seems to me, with reason, protested, as calculated
to make attainment of citizenship in many cases impossible,
and to deprive the new citizens of that equality which it was
our fundamental object to secure. ... At the present junc-
ture, when fresh and most important changes have just been
suggested by the Government of the South African Eepublic,
I for one am totally in the dark, and her Majesty's Govern-
ment must be equally in the dark, as to the exact nature of
what we are asked to accept, and to accept on condition of
our expressly renouncing the right to interfere in the internal
affairs of the republic — including, of course, the question of
the political rights of the Outlanders — for the future. £When
this despatch was received, of course these new proposals had
been withdrawn, and a previous one — the so-called seven years'
franchise — again set up, which was clogged by * encumber-
ing provisions,' of the kind above indicated by Sir A. Milner]
**With regard to other questions . . . which we cannot
refer to arbitration, and cannot, in my view, without dis-
credit or risk of a speedy revival of difficulties, abandon, I
would specially refer to : (1) the position of British Indians ;
(2) the position of other coloured British subjects; arid (3)
our claim that all British subjects should be entitled ta treat-

1899.] British Despatch of September 8. [189

ment at least equally favourable with that of the subjects of
any other nation. . . .

** The settlement of other questions of difference, concur-
rently with that of the political rights of the Outlanders, is of
great importance in its bearing on the probable success of the
measures for admitting Outlanders to citizenship. As long as
grave differences exist, which are calculated to embroil her
Majesty's Government with the South African Eepublic,
British Outlanders will hesitate to become citizens of the latter
State, for fear of finding themselves shortly in the painful
position of having to take up arms against their old country/'

The terms of the despatch agreed to at the specially sum-
moned Cabinet Council (Sept. 8) and telegraphed to Pretoria at
once, were not immediately made known, but it was announced
that the Government had decided to reinforce the Natal garrison
by 10,000 men, all from India and the Mediterranean, ex-
cept one battalion from England. This evidence, as it was
then considered, of firmness of purpose, was received with
general approval. It is also to be noted that even those who
had complained of the utterances of the Colonial Secretary as
needlessly bellicose, applauded the moderate and unprovoca-
tive language of the despatch (Sept. 8), which was published
within the week (Sept. 15).

The following were its principal points : '' Her Majesty's
Government," said Mr. Chamberlain, **have absolutely re-
pudiated the view of the political status of the South African
Eepubhc taken by the Government of the South African Re-
public in their note of April 16, 1898, and also in their note of
May 9, 1889, in which they claim the status of a sovereign
international State, and they are, therefore, unable to consider
any proposal which is made conditional on the acceptance by
her Majesty's Government of these views. . . .

** Her Majesty's Government cannot now consent to go back
to the proposals for which those in the note of August 19 are
intended as a substitute, especially as they are satisfied that
the law of 1899, in which these proposals were finally em-
bodied, is insufficient to secure the immediate and substantial
Tepresentation which her Majesty's Government have always
had in view, and which they gather from the reply of the
Oovernment of the South African Eepublic that the latter
admit to be reasonable. . . .

*'Her Majesty's Government are still prepared to accept the
offer made in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 [five years' franchise ;
ten representatives for the goldfields and at least a fourth of
the Baad, and a vote for President and Commandant-General]
of the note of August 19 taken by themselves, provided that the
inquiry . . . shows that the new scheme of representation will
not be encumbered by conditions which will nullify the inten-
tion to give substantial and immediate representation to the
Outlanders. In this connection her Majesty's Government

190] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [sept.

assume that, as stated to the British agent, the new members
of the Baad will be permitted to use their own language.

** The acceptance of these terms by the Government of the
South African Eepublic would at once remove the tension
between the two Governments, and would in all probabihty
render unnecessary any further intervention on the part of her
Majesty's Government to secure the redress of grievances
which the Outlanders would themselves be able to bring to the
notice of the Executive and the Baad.

** Her Majesty's Government are increasingly impressed with
the danger of further delay in relieving the strain which has
already caused so much injury to the interests of South Africa,
and they earnestly press for an immediate and definite reply
to their present proposal.

**If it is acceded to, they will be ready to make immediate
arrangements for a further . conference between the President
of the South African Eepublic and the High Commissioner, to
settle all the details of the proposed Tribunal of Arbitration,
and the questions referred to in the note of August 30, which
are neither Outlander grievances nor questions of interpretation,
but which might be readily settled by friendly communications
between the representatives of the two Governments.

'*If, however, as they most anxiously hope will not be the
case, the reply of the South African Republic Government
is negative or inconclusive, her Majesty's Government must
reserve to themselves the right to consider the situation de novo^
and to formulate their own proposals for a final settlement."

A meeting called (Sept. 15) by the Transvaal Committee of
Manchester and Liverpool enabled Mr. John Morley and Mr.
Courtney to give expression to the views of those who opposed
the Government policy. The proceedings were a good deal
interrupted, but in the end a great majority was said to have
voted for a resolution which, ** while recognising the pressing
need for reform in the franchise laws of the Transvaal,"
expressed the belief that that ** reform could best be secured
by pacific means, and by that strict respect for the existing
independence of the South African Eepublic to which
ministers of the Queen had so repeatedly pledged themselves."

In his speech Mr. Morley said that they were all agreed as
to the necessity of redressing the grievances of the Outlanders,
and that it was expedient and necessary to urge the South
African Eepublic to give a liberal, substantial, immediate fran-
chise. This was a very critical time, and they must be patient
— not too patient. The Government were insisting that the
Outlanders should be allowed the franchise after five years'
residence, and in his judgment the Transvaal could not with-
draw from the five years* franchise. But the Transvaal was
not the whole of South Africa. Cape Colony was a self-govern-
ing colony. At the recent election a Dutch majority of twelve
was returned, corresponding to a majority of eighty at home.

1899.] Negative Boer Beply, [191

That was no disloyal majority ; it had voted 30,000Z. a year as
a contribution to the Imperial Navy. When pressing these
demands it was common sense to go hand in hand with the
majority in that great colony. Mr. Schreiner and his col-
leagues had tried to persuade the High Commissioner that
this was not the time for ultimatums. The Dutch Beformed
Church resolved the other day that a war of aggression would
be a most serious shock to the allegiance of her Majesty's
Dutch subjects. People talked, said Mr. Morley, of a per-
manent settlement. Permanent settlements were not such an
easy matter ; the natural course of events would make for
the supremacy of England, but the sword would not help them.

Mr. Courtney, who followed, said that he hailed with satis-
faction the latest despatch of Mr. Chamberlain. It was a re-
buke to the fire-eaters, and a rebuke, most of all, to one whom
he must designate as a lost mind — he meant Sir A. Milner.
He wished Paul Kruger could control his Boers sufficiently to
induce them to accept the proposals of that document. The
Boers had promised to submit the case to arbitration, and he
should say accept arbitration. But could that meeting beheve
that Paul Kruger could persuade his Boers to accept this or any
other similar proposition unless they found some assurance that
in England and from Englishmen they would receive fair play
and honourable judgment ?

The net result of the Manchester speeches and resolutions
apparently was that the British demands were just and reason-
able, and fairly expressed, but that it would be unwise and
wrong to press them by force, at any rate for an indefinite
period, if the Boers persistently refused to concede them. But
the preponderant feeling in the country was that England was
responsible for the weal of South Africa, and was bound in
honour to secure ordinary civil rights to her sons in that
region even, if necessary, by force. This attitude was
strengthened by the publication of the Transvaal's reply to
Mr. Chamberlam's despatch.

Dr. Eeitz's communication (Sept. 16) was practically the
conclusion, on the Transvaal side, of the protracted negotia-
tions. It virtually conveyed a charge of bad faith against the
British Agent at Pretoria, if not against the British Cabinet, by
the statement that **the proposal which has now lapsed, con-
tained in the letters of this Government of August 19 and 21, was
induced by suggestions given by the British Agent to the State
Attorney, and these were accepted by this Government in good
faith, and, on express request, as equivalent to an assurance
that the proposal would be acceptable to her Majesty's Govern-
ment." Having next dwelt on the even dangerous magnitude
of the concessions it had been willing to make, the despatch
proceeded : " Inasmuch, however, as the conditions attached to
the proposal, the acceptance of which constituted the only con-
sideration for its offer, have been declared unacceptable,*' the

192] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [sept.

Transvaal Goyernment " cannot understand on what grounds
of justice it can be expected that it should be bound to grant
the rest. . . .

*' However earnestly," continued Dr. Eeitz, in what may
be called the operative portion of this critical despatch, ''this
Government also desires to find an immediate and satisfac-
tory course by which existing tension should be brought to
an end, it feels itself quite unable as desired to recommend or
propose to the South African Republic Volksraad and people the
part of its proposal contained in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of its
note, August 19, omitting the conditions on the acceptance of
which alone the offer was based, but declares itself always still
prepared to abide by its acceptance of the invitation [of] her
Majesty's Government to get a joint commission composed
as intimated in its note of September 2.

The despatch then repudiated with warmth the idea that
the Transvaal Government had ever expressed any readiness
to allow English members of the Volksraad to use their own
language there. It avowed willingness to co-operate towards
the composition of a Tribunal of Arbitration, deprecated the
making of '* new proposals more difiBcult for this Govern-
ment,** and hoped her Majesty's Government would be satisfied
to revert to the proposal for a joint inquiry into the July
Franchise Law.

The Transvaal's reply, though verbose, was plainly ''nega-
tive " in regard to the demands put forward by this country on the
franchise question. The Government were now free to exercise
the right they had expressly reserved "to consider the situa-
tion (ig novo J and to formulate their own proposals for a final
settlement.** Such proposals, it was recognised, were unlikely
to be regarded by the* Boers as easier of acceptance than those
which they had just refused. In these circumstances a rupture
became increasingly probable, and there was a growing eager-
ness in Great Britain that the strength of the empire should be
exerted to secure the essential aims of British policy in South
Africa. Yet there were many persons, though a relatively
small minority, who, in varying degrees, were averse to the
idea of war against the Transvaal under almost any circum-
stances, or who thought that at any rate the British case was
insufi&cient, and had been badly handled. The public ex-
pression, however, of such sentiments was limited, the period
for recess speeches not having commenced. Sir Wm. Harcourt
was the first to open the platform campaign. Addressing his
constituents at Tredegar (Sept. 20), he said that he had a special
reason for not keeping silence, because he shared • with Mr.
Chamberlain, in Mr. Gladstone's Government of 1880, the
responsibility of framing the constitution of the Transvaal. An
historical disquisition, led him to the conclusion that Mr.
Chamberlain's contention, resting suzerainty on the alleged
persistence of the preamble of the 1881 Convention, was inadmis-

1899.] Public Opinion and the Government. [193

sible. Not less so was the Transvaal claim to be a sovereign
international State. But he maintained that President
Kruger could not be reasonably accused of excessive slowness
in accepting reforms which involved a vital change in the
whole political system of the Transvaal, especially having
regard to the raid and the revolutionary aims of the South
African League. Sir Wm. Harcourt thought that the Transvaal
Government, having offered the five years' franchise, should
have stuck to it. But, on the other hand, in his opinion, her
Majesty's Government should have accepted the conditions
attached to the five years' offer.

Sir E. T. Eeid, Attorney-General in the last Liberal
Government, expressed himself similarly in a letter to a con-
stituent: **I believe that there ought to be peace, and that
there can be peace ; but the only way of securing it is by
unreservedly respecting the Convention of 1884, and making it
clear that we do so in reality and not merely in words. This
would not in the least impair our right to insist upon redress
for any real wrong or injustice to British subjects, .but it would
remove suspicion."

More remarkable, however, was the speech of Sir Edward
Clarke at a meeting of the Plymouth Conservative Association
(Sept. 25). Notwithstanding the protests and interruptions
of the audience, Sir E. Clarke insisted that although there had
been much to complain of in the action of the South African
Republic with regard to the Outlander population for years past,
it must be remembered that the Jameson raid, which had no
justification or excuse, to a great extent disarmed and disabled
our Government in its protest against the misgovemment.
Since the raid there had been a correspondence going on which
had resulted in the strained situation which made us so anxious
to-day. He refused, however, to believe that the Government
would allow a clumsy correspondence to issue in unnecessary
war.

But those who held that the Government were likely to
abandon pacific methods except under pressure of the most
cogent necessity, were, so far as could be judged, a small
minority. Among Unionist politicians, of both wings, there
were a few dissentients. Among Liberals the proportion was,
no doubt, much larger, but both among the moderate and the
more advanced members of the Opposition there were many
who held that the state of things in the Transvaal required
effective British intervention. The Nonconformists were deeply
divided, many of their ministers condemning the idea of war
with the Boers as sinful, but perhaps quite as many, or more,
being influenced in favour of a firm Transvaal policy by the
strong disapprobation entertained by EngUsh missionaries for
the Boer attitude towards natives. An anti-war demonstration
in Trafalgar Square (Sunday, Sept. 24) proved a complete
fiasco. The opponents of the organisers of the meeting were in

N

194] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [sept.

a large majority ; the speakers were howled down and pelted,
and a resolution which was to have been put from several plat-
forms in favour of arbitration on the points in dispute, and
denouncing ** the spirit of unscrupulous imperialism, grasping
capitalism, and aggressive militarism which is leading to the
verge of war with the Transvaal Republic," was received with
hootings and disapprobation.

There was certainly no haste on the part of the British
Government to take any irrevocable step. Heated as the
temper of the country was becoming, it was widely felt that,
in its dealings with what was regarded as a third-rate military
State, this country could afford to show an indulgence which
would be open to misconstruction if the other party to the
controversy were a Great Power. And so, though there may
have been some impatience, there was little or no real dis-
content when the Government, instead of presenting at Pretoria
proposals for a new and comprehensive settlement, communi-
cated an ** interim despatch '* (Sept. 22), leaving open the door
for further negotiations within limited lines.

This despatch, after expressing deep regret that the Govern-
ment of the South African Republic had not accepted the
** moderate and conciliatory" offer made by her Majesty's
Government on September 8, proceeded: **Her Majesty's
Government have on more than one occasion repeated their
assurances that they have no desire to interfere in any way
with independence of South African Republic, provided that
the conditions on which it was granted are honourably ob-
served in the spirit and in the letter, and they have offered
as part of a general settlement to give a complete guarantee
against any attack upon that independence either from vnthin
any part of the British dominions or from the territory of a
foreign State.

**They have not asserted any rights of interference in
the internal affairs of the republic other than those which
are derived from the conventions between the two countries,
or which belong to every neighbouring Government (and
especially to one which has a largely predominant interest
in the adjacent territories) for the protection of its subjects
and of its adjoining possessions. But they have been com-
pelled by the action of Government of the South African
Republic, who have in their note of May 9, 1899, asserted
the right of the republic to be a sovereign international
State, absolutely to deny and repudiate this claim.

**The object which her Majesty's Government have had in
view in the recent negotiations has been stated in a manner
which cannot admit of misapprehension — viz., to obtain such
a substantial and immediate representation for the Outlanders
in the South African Republic as her Majesty's Government
hoped would relieve them from any necessity for further in-
terference on their behalf, and would enable the Outlanders

1899.] The ''Interim Despatch,'' [195

to secure for themselves that fair and just treatment which
was formally promised to them in 1881, and which her
Majesty intended to secure for them when she granted the
privilege of self-government to the inhabitants of the Trans-
vaal.

**As was stated in my telegram of September 8, her
Majesty's Government are of opinion that no conditions less
comprehensive than those contained in their offer of that
date can be relied upon to effect this object.

**The refusal of the Government of the South African
Eepublic to entertain the offer thus made, coming as it does
at the end of nearly four months of protracted negotiations,
themselves the climax of an agitation extending over a period
of more than five years, makes it useless to further pursue a
discussion on the lines hitherto followed, and her Majesty's
Government are now compelled to consider the situation
afresh, and to formulate their own proposals for a final
settlement of the issues which have been created in South
Africa by the policy constantly followed for many years by
the Government of the South African Eepublic. They will
communicate to you the result of their deliberations in a
later despatch."

That a door was intentionally left open by the above
despatch was shown beyond a doubt by the terms of the
reply which (Sept. 25) Mr. Chamberlain telegraphed to a.
message forwarded to him (Sept. 21) by Sir A. Milner, on
behalf of the Cape Government. Mr. Schreiner and his
colleagues, who had had an extremely difl&cult part to play
throughout the prolonged controversy, desired to convey the
assurance that they had done their best to aid a peaceful
and satisfactory settlement, and to urge that the main, in-
deed they feared the only remaining hope of avoiding the
calamity of war was "a large measure of consideration shown
by her Majesty's Government." In his reply Mr. Chamber-
lain said that her Majesty's Government had shown and
would ** continue to show every consideration to the Govern-
ment of the South African Eepublic consistent with the
maintenance of British interests,*' and that it was ** still
open " to that Government to secure a peaceful and satisfac-
tory settlement ** without any sacrifice of its independence."

Speaking at Dundee (Sept. 28) Mr. Balfour sunmaed up
the situation: **We have sought peace earnestly and con-
scientiously, to the utmost of our ability. We have striven for
long for a peaceful and honourable solution of this perennial
South African difficulty, and if that honourable solution is not
now to prove a peaceful solution, the fault rests on other heads
than ours."

Having reviewed the course of events since 1881, Mr. Balfour
went on to point out that the Transvaal Government was
required to do no more to the English settlers within their

n2

196] ENGLISH HISTORY. [sept.

borders than our colonies gladly did to the Dutch inhabitants
who came to them. This did not in itself seem much to ask,
and it would have been amply suflScient, in his judgment,
to secure for ever peace and racial co-operation. But the
directors of the Transvaal policy apparently thought that
their interests and their ambitions lay in a different direction,
and they had consistently, and without rest, pursued a policy
diametrically opposed to that which Mr. Balfour held would
have been for their best and most permanent interests.

Mr. Balfour added : ** If I am judging aright, those
responsible for the policy of the Dutch Republic refuse to
give way on a point on which we cannot and will not give
way. The interests of South Africa, the interests of civili-
sation, the interests of national honour, all make such a
course impossible."

Two days later (Sept. 30) the Duke of Devonshire, at
New Mills, caused a slight revival of hope that President
Kruger would recognise the real absence of any sinister designs
on the part of the British Government. '* The obstacle which
seems to stand in the way of a peaceful settlement of our diflS-
culties with the South African Republic,'* said the duke,
** appears to be the rooted conviction they have that in the
demands which we have made we cherish some designs hostile
to their independence and self-government. That any such
apprehensions on their part are absolutely unfounded has been
asserted as strongly as it can be asserted, both oflBcially in our
despatches, and unoflBcially by members of the Government,
and nothing which I can say can add to the force of those
assertions. . . . The stage of negotiations which we have at
present reached is that we see no longer any advantage in
pressing further the proposals we have made in regard to the
franchise and the admission of the Outlanders to a share in the
Assembly which governs the affairs of the South African
Republic. Those proposals have never been an essential point
of difference between us and the South African Republic. . . .
They have not been received in a spirit which leads us, or can
lead us, to hope that they will lead to a solution of the question.
We have, therefore, been driven back to the necessity of formu-
lating ourselves the requirements which we consider ourselves
•entitled to make, not only under the conventions, but in virtue
of the inherent duty of every State to protect its own citizens,
and for the maintenance of peace and good order in South
Africa. Those requirements will, I think, be found moderate
in themselves, and under any other circumstances I should
cherish the most earnest hope that they would be favourably
received."

This speech moved a body of amateur politicians, who
regarded Mr. Chamberlain's policy as harsh and disingenuous,
to telegraph to President Kruger that the Duke of Devonshire
was a man who could be thoroughly relied upon, and to express

1899.] Boer Charges of Bad Faith. [197

a hope that there would be a response in the sense his speech in-
dicated. But President Kruger was deaf to such representations,
and events went speedily to prove that he was better acquainted
with racial feeling in South Africa than our Colonial Office.

The attitude of the Free State Government was shown by
the tone of President Steyn's reply to a telegram in which, on
September 19, Sir A. Milner had informed him that it had
been deemed advisable to send a detachment of troops, ordin-
arily stationed at Cape Town, to assist in securing the line of
communication between the Colony and the British territories
to the north, and had conveyed the assurance that the integrity
of the Free State would be strictly respected, if it maintained a
strict neutrality.

In reply President Steyn intimated that the proposed move-
ment of British troops would ** naturally create a strong feeling
of distrust and unrest " among the Free State burghers, for any
consequences of which he disclaimed responsibility. After an
appearance of consulting the Free State Volksraad, he induced
that body to pledge itself to support the Transvaal in resisting
the British demands. President Steyn's temper was further
shown by his associating himself, in a speech to his Volksraad,
with the offensive allegation that the Transvaal Government
had been " decoyed " into making their conditional offer of the
five years' franchise by hints given by Mr. Conyngham Greene,
the British Agent at Pretoria, to Dr. Smuts, the State Attorney,
in regard to the attitude which her Majesty's Government
might be expected to assume. As to this charge of ** decoying,'*
it may be well to give here Mr. Greene's report, at the time,
of part of an important conversation between himself and the
State Attorney, which related to the ** conditions " of the Boer
proposal. " I have not," wrote Mr. Greene, ** in any way com-
mitted her Majesty's Government to acceptance or refusal of
proposal ; but I have said that I feel sure that if, as I am
solemnly assured, the present is a bond fide attempt to settle the
political rights of our people once for all, the Government of
the South African Kepublic need not fear that we shall in the
future either wish or have cause to interfere in their internal
affairs. I have said as regards suzerainty that I feel sure her
Majesty's Government will not, and cannot, abandon the right
which the preamble to the Convention of 1881 gives them, but
that they will have no desire to hurt Boer susceptibilities by
publicly reasserting it, so long as no reason to do so is given
them by the Government of the South African Eepublic."

On the same date (Sept. 22) as that of his '* interim
despatch " Mr. Chamberlain, in a separate despatch, dealt
with Dr. Keitz's charges of breach of faith. He pointed out
that it was certainly not the fact that the proposals made by
the Government of the South African Eepublic on August 19
and 21 were " induced by suggestions given by the British
Agent to the State Attorney." **0n the contrary," he pro-

198] ENGLISH HISTORY. [oct.

ceeded, ** State A.ttoraey sounded British Agent both in writing
and in conversation as to the conditions on which her Majesty's
Government would waive their invitation to a joint inquiry,
and the result of these communications was the proposals made
by the Government of the South African Republic in those
letters. ... It is impossible that the Government of the South
African Republic could, in making their proposals, have been
in any doubt as to the answer which her Majesty's Government
would give to the conditions attached to them. The answer
actually given by her Majesty's Government . . . was precisely
that which the British Agent had foreshadowed to the State
Attorney . . . and which, therefore, they must have anticipated
in making their proposals.** The temper of the Transvaal
Boers, encouraged by the assurance of Free State support,
was illustrated by the publication on October 6 of a despatch,
handed to Mr. Greene on September 26, purporting to reply
to Mr. Chamberlain *s despatch of May 10 with regard to the
petition to the Queen from over 20,000 British subjects in the
Transvaal. In this document the Pretoria Government pro-
tested ** earnestly and emphatically against the act of Great
Britain in taking notice of the chimerical grievances of so-
called Outlanders, and also to Great Britain making represen-
tations thereon to this Government ** ; while still professing
willingness to welcome any ** friendly advice or hints** offered
by the British Government in the interest of its subjects.

In view of such declarations and of the obvious trend of
events in South Africa, it was diflScult to recognise much
reahty, even though there was an element of truth on the
surface, in Sir H Campbell-Bannerman*s complaint at Maid-
stone (Oct. 6) that **no one could tell what we were going to
war about.'* He glanced at various points which had been
prominent in the diplomatic correspondence, and for one reason
or other found them all inadequate to furnish a cause for war.
He regretted the pressing of the suzerainty contention on our
part as having stirred Boer suspicions of our aims, but held
that since the ** reasonable proposals** of September 8 they
had had sufficient evidence of the groundlessness of such
suspicions. He regarded the idea of war in South Africa with
horror. Even supposing that our open foes were confined to
the people of the two Republics, and that they were defeated,
such a war would leave behind it, throughout the whole of
South Africa, racial enmity and anger which it would take
generations to overcome.

Meanwhile the course of events was sweeping swiftly
towards the impending catastrophe. Both sides were actively
preparing for a resort to arms, but the Boers, as events were to
prove, had a start which it would take the British a long time
to catch up. In the first week of October the Boers were
understood to have some 15,000 men, with a good deal of
Artillery, massed along the borders of the triangle of Natal

1899.] The Boer Ultimatum, l199

territory running up between the Free State and the Transvaal.
The reinforcements ordered early in September from India and
the Mediterranean were rapidly arriving, but they would only
at the best put Natal in a condition for defence. At the end of
September, however, after the warlike resolution of the Free
State Volksraad, the British Government had authorised the
creation of a field force of nearly 50,000, for despatch to South
Africa, and preparations with that view at once began on a
large scale. It was not, however, till October 7 that a royal
proclamation was issued calling out the Army Reserve, and by
consequence summoning Parliament for October 17.

Between Pretoria and London there was practically no
communication after the despatch of Mr. Chamberlain's
** interim" communication. It was understood that the Gov-
ernment were considering the nature of their proposals for a
new and comprehensive settlement. But no despatch em-
bodying them was ever sent. Several telegrams were, however,
exchanged between Sir A. Miiner, and President Steyn; the
latter (Sept. 27) expressed the hope that the British Government
would stop further movements of troops, and would state the
precise nature of the measures it considered necessary for a
permanent settlement. A few days later (Oct. 2) he said that
it had been deemed necessary, in order to allay the excitement
caused by the reinforcements of troops, to call out the Free
State burghers, and repeated his oflfers to aid in promoting a
settlement. Half a dozen further communications passed, in
which the responsibility for the existing menacing condition of
affairs, and what might follow, was thrown to and fro. In
their course, however. Sir A. Miiner said (Oct. 4) that he felt
sure that **any reasonable proposal from whatever quarter
proceeding, would be favourably considered by her Majesty's
Government if it offered an immediate termination of the
present tension, and a prospect of permanent tranquillity.*'
But President Steyn replied (Oct. 5) that no proposals could be
of any service unless assurances were given **that all despatch
of troops would cease and that those on the water would not
be landed or would remain far from the scene of possible
hostilities.'' Such assurances, of course, could not be given.
They were finally demanded, and a good deal more, in terms of
extraordinary arrogance in a Pretoria despatch of October 9.

The earlier part of this, the Transvaal ultimatum, was
taken up by an elaborate argument directed to show that any
intervention on England's part in the interest of the purely
political rights of the Outlanders was a straining, and even a
breach, of the Convention of 1884. It proceeded to set forth
that the Transvaal Government had in a friendly manner
discussed questions of Outlander franchise and representation
with her Majesty's Government. '* On the part of her Majesty's
Government, however,'* continued Dr. Beitz, **the friendly
nature of these discussions has assumed a more and more

200] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [oct.

threatening tone, . . . and finally, by your note of September 22,
1899," they ** broke ofif all friendly correspondence on the subject,
and intimated that they must now proceed to formulate their
own proposals for a final settlement, and this Government can
only see in the above intimation from her Majesty's Govern-
ment a new violation of the Convention of London, 1884,
which does not reserve to her Majesty's Government the right
to a unilateral settlement of a question which is exclusively
a domestic one for this Government and has already been
regulated by it."

The note went on to point out that while in the British note
of September 22, it was intimated, and again subsequently, that
the proposal for a final settlement would shortly be made, no
such proposal had up to October 9, reached the Transvaal
Government.

**Even while friendly correspondence was still going on,"
continued Dr. Reitz, ** an increase of troops on a large scale
was introduced by her Majesty's Government and stationed in
the neighbourhood of the borders of this republic." An inquiry
made on behalf of the Transvaal with regard to this concen-
tration of British forces on its borders had only elicited very
unsatisfactory replies. Wherefore the Transvaal Government
**a8 a defensive measure was obliged to send a portion of the
burghers of this republic in order to offer the requisite resis-
tance" to any possible attack on its independence. The note
proceeded : " Her Majesty's unlawful intervention in the inter-
nal affairs of this republic in conflict with the Convention of
London, 1884, caused by the extraordinary strengthening of
troops in the neighbourhood of the borders of this republic,
has thus caused an intolerable condition of things to arise."
Her Majesty'^s Government was therefore required to give the
assurance — ** (a) That all points of mutual difference shall be
regulated by the friendly course of arbitration, or by whatever
amicable way may be agreed upon by this Government with
her Majesty's Government, {b) That the troops on the borders
of this repubUc shall be instantly withdrawn, (c) That all re-
inforcements of troops which have arrived in South Africa since
June 1, 1899, shall be removed from South Africa within a
reasonable time, to be agreed upon with this Government, and
with a mutual assurance and guarantee on the part of this Gov-
ernment that no attack upon or hostilities against any portion
of the possessions of the British Government shall be made by
the republic during further negotiations within a period of time
to be subsequently agreed upon between the Governments, and
this Government will, on compUance therewith, be prepared to
withdraw the armed burghers of this repubhc from the borders.
(d) That her Majesty's troops which are now on the high seas
shall not be landed in any port of South Africa."

It was added that failure on the part of her Majesty^s
Government to return a satisfactory answer to these demands,

1899.] Lord Boscherys Letter. [201

by 5 P.M. on October 11, would be regarded by the Transvaal
Government as a formal declaration of war.

On the receipt (Oct. 11) of this despatch, Sir A. Milner wa&
forthwith instructed to inform the Transvaal Government that
the conditions demanded by it were such as her Majesty's
Government **deem it impossible to discuss.'* On the same
day President Steyn definitely conveyed to Sir A. Milner
the intention of the Free State to throw in its lot with the
Transvaal, as already foreshadowed in a resolution passed on
September 27 by the Free State Volksraad.

On the same day also Mr. Balfour seized the opportunity
of a meeting at Edinburgh to vindicate the course which the
Government had taken. He claimed that the more the public
had known of the Government's aims and actions, and the
longer they studied the methods of the Government of Pretoria,
the more they came to the conclusion that if the Government
had erred it was on the side of patience. That was the right
side to err. **We have had war forced upon us because we
desired to see established that state of things under which
alone peace is possible in South Africa. . . . We have never
asked for anything but justice ; we have never desired any-
thing but freedom."

With characteristic clearness and promptitude Lord Eose-
bery threw himself forward as the spokesman of a large section
of the Liberal party. He had been silent, he said, writing (Oct.
11) in reply to a correspondent, because he was loth to re-enter
the field of politics. Now, however, a situation had been
created beyond party polemics. **I think, indeed," continued
Lord Rosebery, '* that in a survey of the past three years there
is much in the relations of our Government with that of the
Transvaal to criticise if not to condenm, but that is all over for
the present. It is needless to discuss how we could best have
attained our simple and reasonable object of rescuing our
fellow-countrymen in the Transvaal from intolerable conditions
of subjection and injustice, and of securing equal rights for the
white races in South Africa, for an ultimatum has been ad-
dressed to Great Britain by the South African Republic which
is in itself a declaration of war. In the face of this attack the
nation will, I doubt not, close its ranks and relegate party
controversy to a more convenient season. There is one more
word to be said. Without attempting to judge the pohcy
which concluded peace after the reverse of Majuba Hill, I
was bound to state my profound conviction that there is
no conceivable Government in this country which could repeat
it."

The last sentence in Lord Rosebery's letter caused consid-
erable heart-searchings, and was denounced in some quarters
as a gratuitous attempt to shake off association with the
Gladstonian foreign policy. But it was soon recognised to be
the opinion of those Liberals who most hoped to again return

202] ENGLISH HISTOKY. [ocr.

to office, of whom Mr. Asquith might be taken as the most
prominent.

Speaking at Dundee (Oct. 11) he said that strongly as he
felt that steps had been taken that should have been omitted,
and omitted which should have been taken, he credited the
Government with an honest desire to avoid war. He contested
the ** fallacious assumption '* underlying the final Boer despatch
that the British right, or as he preferred to say duty, to intervene
on behalf of the Outlanders, was derived from the Convention
alone. **The issue raised by the ill-inspired despatch of the
Transvaal Government,*' said Mr. Asquith, "is simply this:
Has Great Britain, the paramount power of South Africa, the
right to secure for her subjects in the Transvaal the same
equahty of treatment as is voluntarily granted to Dutch and
English alike in every other part of South Africa ? . . . The
thinking people of the country see in this war little or no
prospect either of material advantage or military glory. They
fear, with too much reason, that, like the sowing of the dragon's
teeth, it may yield a bitter harvest of resentment and distrust.
It is not with a light heart that they take up the challenge that
has been thrown down, but now that it has been forced upon
them they will see it through to the end."

The delivery, on the other side, on October 17, a week and a
day after the despatch of the Boer ultimatum, of the ** National
Memorial against War with the Transvaal " had a somewhat
belated appearance. The memorial had been signed during
twelve days by 53,833 adults in the United Kingdom, and in
the covering letter Lord Salisbury's attention was called to
the fact shown by " the attached list of names that many
of the memorialists were men and women of substarice and
influence in different walks of life — teachers, representatives,
administrators, artists. . . . Hostilities," added the letter, ** hav-
ing begun, the memorial was closed, but it is forwarded as
evidence of the strong feeling on the part of a large number of
our countrymen against the policy which precipitated this
war, and the strong desire that exists that the practical
suggestion unanimously agreed upon at the Hague shall be
acted upon with a view to bring this disastrous civil war in
South Africa to an early close."

There was, however, practically every evidence that the
<;ountry, as a whole, held with Lord Eosebery and Mr. Asquith
that, whatever mistakes there might have been in the negotia-
tions or in accompanying speeches, the war in the end had been
forced upon England, and in such a fashion that she was abso-
lutely bound to fight it through to an entirely victorious issue.

Unionist members like Sir E. Clarke (Plymouth), Mr. Court-
ney {Bodmin), and Mr. Maclean {Cardiff), who had unfavourably
criticised the policy of the Government antecedent to the war,
were made clearly acquainted with the strong disapproval of
their views entertained among their supporters.

1899.] The Autumn Session, [203

An influential city meeting, convened by the Lord Mayor
of London at the Guildhall (Oct. 16) most heartily voted its
support to the Government, after speeches in that sense by
Sir R. Hanson, senior member for the city ; Sir John Lubbock ;
Mr. S. S. Gladstone, governor of the Bank of England ; Mr. A.
G. Sandeman, president of the London Chamber of Commerce,
and others.

In the preceding week there began the first of many calls
upon the patriotic generosity of the British public, which were
to grow and spread over many months. Sir A. Milner tele^
graphed appealing, ** in the name of British South Africa,"
for help for the multitudes of British refugees from the
Transvaal, who were daily pouring into the British colonies,
especially the seaport towns, and whose needs — energetically
as those who could were helping themselves — were far more
than could possibly be met by local benevolence. A fund
was immediately opened by the Lord Mayor of London, and
in less than a week reached 80,000/.

The autumn session, necessitated by the calling out of the
Reserve, with a view to strengthening the British forces in
South Africa, was opened on October 17 by royal commis-
sion. The Queen's Speech touched on no other topic than
'* the difficulties which had been caused by the action of the
South African Republic." Otherwise, Parhament was assured,
'* the condition of the world continues to be peaceful."
Measures, said the speech, would be laid before the Com-
mons "providing for the expenditure which has been or may
be caused by events in South Africa."

In the Lords the address in reply to the speech from the
throne was moved by the Marquis of Granby, and seconded by
Lord Barnard, a Liberal Unionist peer. The Earl of Kimberley
said that, whatever the Opposition might think of the mode
in which negotiations had been conducted with the Transvaal,
they were as ready as any on the other side of the House to
support whatever measures were necessary to vindicate the
honour and interests of this country. As to the negotiations,
he was old-fashioned enough to be sorry that they had been
>carried on coram populo. Speeches made by the Colonial
Secretary had been unfavourable to a successful issue. ** In-
cisive speaking in public was contrary to every principle on
which negotiations should be conducted." As to the contro-
versy about suzerainty, he complained that while the Boers
must have supposed after the negotiations of 1884 that both
the word and the thing were abandoned, except in so far as
by the provisions of the Convention of that year they were
retained, the word had latterly been used on our side to set
forth a vague and undefined claim, which caused apprehen-
sions to a people naturally suspicious, having regard to the
^* unhappy, nay criminal" raid.

Lord Salisbury, in replying for the Government, after

204] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [oct.

dwelling on the gross insult conveyed by the ultimatum, said
that it was one of the most satisfactory parts of our policy in
these later days that when a question arose in which the vital
interests and the honour of this country were concerned there
were no distinctions of party. The constitutional conditions
under which we lived, however, made the conduct of negotia-
tions much more difficult than they were formerly ; and there
were occasions on which absolute secrecy could not be observed
without sacrificing a great source of power. Too much had
been made of the supposed provocation contained in Sir -A.
Milner's despatch, and President Kruger was not the sensitive
person some people supposed. Lord Salisbury's belief was that
the desire to get rid of the word ** suzerainty '' and the reality
which it expressed had been the dream of President Kruger's
life. The President had, in fact, used the oppression of the
Outlander population as a screw by which to obtain some con-
cession from us on the subject of the suzerainty. He entirely
agreed, however, that suzerainty was a word wholly unnecessary
for our present purpose. Situated as Great Britain was in South
Africa, we had a paramount power and duty which had nothing
to do with any conventional suzerainty. ** To the state of
things established by the Convention of 1881 or 1884, whatever
it may have been,'* the Premier said, ** we can never return.
We can never consent, while we have the strength to resist it,
to be put into the same position which we have held in South
Africa for the last seventeen or eighteen years. With regard
to the future, there must be no doubt that the sovereign power
of England is paramount ; there must be no doubt that the
white races will be put upon an equality, and that due pre-
caution will be taken for the philanthropic, and kindly, and
improving treatment of those countless indigenous races of
whose destiny, I fear, we have been too forgetful. Those
things must be insisted upon in the future. By what meana
they will be obtained I do not know. I hope they may be
consistent with a very large autonomy on the part of the
race which values its individual government so much as the
Dutch people do. But with that question we have no concern
at present."

As a former High Commissioner in South Africa, Lord Loch
gave his support to the policy of the Government. He also
expressed the opinion that both the Dutch republics should
ultimately be annexed to the empire. After some observations
from Lord Camperdown on the same side, Lord Selbome
(Under-Secretary for the Colonies) defended the action of his
chief in an effective speech, urging, in conclusion, that the real
origin of the war lay in an essential incompatibility of the Boer
and British ideals of the future development of South Africa.
The address was then agreed to.

In the Commons, the address in answer to the Queen's
Speech was moved by Sir A. Acland-Hood (Wellington)^ who used

1893.] Sir H. C.'Bannerman and Mr, Balfour, [205

the telling phrase that " the sword having been thrust into our
hands, we could not lay it down until we had established once for
all the principle that no British subject in South Africa should
be subjected to the badge of inferiority." Colonel Koyds (Roch-
dale) having seconded the motion, Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman
-desired at once to say there would be no disposition in that
part of the House to place any obstacle in the way of granting
such supplies or such powers to the Queen as might be requisite
in order to secure a rapid and effective prosecution of a war
rendered absolutely necessary by the terms of the Boer ulti-
matum and the subsequent invasion of British colonies. Going
on to ask how it was that the efforts of the Government to
secure a pacific termination to our controversy with the Boers
had failed, when the two parties had more than once seemed
on the verge of an agreement, he said that one cause seemed
to be that they had played a game of blufif, and that was a
veiy bad game to play with a people at once shrewd and brave.
A very important contributing cause, in his view, was the un-
necessary and inept raising of the question of suzerainty. He
also wanted particularly to know why, when the door was shut
on the franchise proposals, so long a delay occurred before the
other door — he referred to the fresh proposals promised in the
despatch of September 22 — was opened.

Mr. Balfour was amazed to hear it hinted that the delay in
submitting fresh proposals after the despatch of September 22
made against the interests of peace, when the very organs of
the peace party praised the Government for a hesitation which
left the door ajar. As to the suzerainty controversy, he re-
minded the House that the republic had claimed to be a wholly
independent State, inconsistently with the agreements of 1881
and 1884, and that in answer the Colonial Secretary had
reiterated the undoubted right of this country to control the
foreign relations of the republic, using, as he was entitled to do,
the word " suzerainty," its use having been rendered necessary by
the position taken up by the Boers. Dealing with the charge
that the Government had been bluffing, Mr. Balfour remarked
that a person ** bluffed " when, having no useful cards in his
hand, he acted as if he had. That, he said, was not the
position of the Government, who held the cards and meant to
use them. The despatch of troops to the Cape during the last
few months had been necessary in order to protect our posses-
sions in case of emergency. No menace or brag was involved
in that policy. The Government, he claimed, had steered a
just course between two extremes, and the criticism that they
had provoked war by sending out troops was intrinsically absurd.
In concluding Mr. Balfour said that, if war was to be entered
upon, the issue was clearly an issue of righteousness and of
liberty. If we were engaging in a piratical attack upon the
liberties of any people woiild the colonies join our cause, offer
us their resources, and aid us with their troops ? We had

206] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [ocr.

with us the conscience of an empire and the material resources
of an empire, and might look forward without undue misgiving
to a contest which we had done everything consistently with
honour to avoid.

Sir Charles Dilke had grave doubts touching the wisdom of
Sir Alfred Milner*s policy, though he had not a word to say in
defence of the South African Republic, the Government of
which he believed to be both corrupt and unjust. In the end,
he acknowledged, the war had been forced on this country, and
he should vote for the supplies asked for by the Government.
Sir H. Meysey-Thompson related an interesting conversation
he had had in October, 1897, with Mr. De Villiers, Chief-
Justice of the Orange Free State, who pressed him strongly
to say whether in his opinion there was any chance of inducing
England to give up her suzerainty over the Transvaal. He
could not understand why the Chief Justice was so anxious on
this point until he stated that if England was willing to do this
the Orange Free State would at once amalgamate with the
Transvaal, and that they would already have done so had it not
been for the English suzerainty over the Transvaal. That
disposed altogether of the contention that the suzerainty was-
abrogated by the Convention of 1884 and was gratuitously
raked up by Mr. Chamberlain.

Mr. Dillon moved an amendment declaring that the war
was to be ascribed to the assertion of claims which were in
direct violation of the Convention of 1884, and submitting
that recourse should be had to arbitration for the purpose of
settling the differences between the two Governments. This
was seconded by Mr. Labouchere, and the debate was con«
tinned by Mr. Drage, Mr. Lowles, Sir E. Ashmead-Bartlett,
and Col. Saunderson on the Ministerial side of the House, and
on the other by Mr. Davitt, Mr. Pickersgill, Mr. Field, and
Mr. W. Redmond, who joined in deprecating the war.

On a division Mr. Dillon's amendment was rejected by 822
votes against 54.

The attack on the Government, and particularly on Mr.
Chamberlain, was however renewed on October 18. At the
opening of the sitting on that day a royal message was read
announcing the impending embocQment of the Militia and the
calling out of the Militia Reserve. The debate on the Address
was then resumed by Mr. Philip Stanhope (Burnley), who moved
an amendment expressing *' strong disapproval of the conduct
of the negotiations with the Transvaal, which had involved us
in hostilities with the two South African Republics." There
was in Mr. Stanhope's speech an element of marked personal
bitterness against Mr. Chamberlain, whose conduct in relation
to the inquiry into the raid, and his whitewashing of Mr.
Rhodes's honour, the speaker contended, had been calculated
to make the Boers suspicious. Mr. Stanhope solemnly affirmed
that he had come to the absolute conviction that, while he

1899.] Mr. A. Elliot and Sir W. Harcourt. [207

entirely acquitted the Government as a whole, the Colonial
Secretary and the High Commissioner at the Cape, Sir A.
Milner, in conjunction with Mr. Bhodes and his associates, had
for the last two years made up their minds that war and war
only should be the termination of the crisis, and that they had
worked to that end for the last twelve or fourteen months.

The amendment was seconded by Mr. S. T. Evans {Glamorgan,
Mid.), and strongly opposed by Mr. Wanklyn (Bradford, Central),
who indignantly denied that the South African League, as had
been alleged, was subsidised by capitalists. A moderate inde-
pendent criticism of the Ministerial policy was offered by Mr.
Arthur Elliot, the Liberal Unionist member for Durham City,
and editor of the Edinburgh Review, who, having acknowledged
that we were at war because of the insolent Boer ultimatum,
said that was not the whole case. Sir A. Milner's line at the
Bloemfontein Conference was a wise one, and no alternative
had been suggested. The state of things in the Transvaal, they
must all agree, could not be indefinitely prolonged ; but while
Sir A. Milner was advancing his policy at the conference there
was another policy being advanced — the policy of the South
African League, which demanded the demolition of the Boer
forts. It was the league and the extreme Outlanders who
were, in his opinion, mainly responsible for the war, and for
the non-acceptance of the line taken by Sir A Milner. He
deplored the fact that, when the subjection of the Transvaal
was advocated by the South African League, it was not more
thoroughly repudiated by the Government. And he regarded
it as a distressing circumstance that only a few weeks or days
ago there should have been an appearance of almost entire
agreement between the two parties, and that now negotiation
had given place to war. The Boer Government was a bad one,
no doubt, and unfit to handle a go-ahead community ; but,
with the gradual growth of the British colonies and the wealth
and energy of this empire, there could have been no reason to
fear the influence of the two small republics in South Africa.
Now, however, that war had been entered upon, he, for one,
whilst believing that our troops already in South Africa were
sufficient to overpower the Boers, should be prepared to double
any demand the Government might make on the resources of
the country for men or money.

Sir Wm. Harcourt {Monmouthshire, W.) followed in an elabo-
rate speech. At the outset he fully acknowledged that it was
the duty of the House to ** support the Executive Govern-
ment in maintaining the integrity of the dominions of the
Queen." After justifying by precedent his action in criticis-
ing during a war the policy which led up to it. Sir Wm.
Harcourt denied that the Transvaal Government was open to
the charge of ** criminal obstinacy " made against it in a recent
speech by Mr. Balfour. In this connection he referred to the
successive concessions with regard to the franchise made by

208] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [ocr.

President Kruger, as in one despatch Mr. Chamberlain had
recognised, after the Bloemfontein Conference. Then with
regard to the conditions attached to the oflfer of a five years'
franchise in the despatches of August 19 and 21, Sir Wm. Har-
court maintained that they were not unreasonable. As to
suzerainty, the Transvaal Government did not, as stated, or
implied, in a subsequent British despatch, stipulate for the
acceptance by her Majesty's Government of their previous
contention that they were a sovereig^n international State, but
only that the controversy on the subject should be allowed
tacitly to drop. As to the rule of non-interference in the
internal affairs of the Transvaal, Mr. Chamberlain himself had
recognised it in 1896. The soundness of that principle, he
contended, had been clearly recognised by Lord Salisbury's
Government in 1890, through the mouth of Mr. W. H. Smith,
and by Lord Kosebery's in 1895, through the mouth of Mr.
Buxton, the Colonial Under-Secretary. Sir Wm. Harcourt
regretted the making by Mr. Chamberlain of his speech at
Highbury, at a time when the negotiations, as it seemed to him,
*' had reached a most promising point." Then he could not see
why, having rejected the conditions of the five years' franchise
offer, the Government should not have been willing to renew
the proposal of a joint commission to inquire into the Franchise
Law of July. Supposing, as the Government now maintained,
that it was beset with conditions making it altogether insuf-
ficient, the inquiry would have exhibited that fact to the world.
Sir William then contended at some length that the Govern-
ment, having in the despatch of September 22, pronounced it
useless to pursue the discussion on the hues hitherto followed,
ought not to have delayed the production of their own proposals
for a final settlement. The Duke of Devonshire had said (at
New Mill) that those proposals would be found most moderate.
President Steyn pressed for their production, and said the Free
State would use its good oflSces towards the preservation of
peace. Why then, having closed one door, did not the Gov-
ernment open the other afforded by their **most moderate
proposals *' ? Why at so critical a moment did the formulation
of these proposals take so long? *' You have no right," said Sir
Wm. Harcourt, ** to involve the country in war, in the dark as to
the proposals you are prepared to make." On Mr. Chamber-
lain's interjecting that with the offer of the Free State's good
offices was associated as a preliminary the request that the
British troops be withdrawn, for otherwise the result would not
be hopeful, Sir Wm. Harcourt retorted, '* What was the answer
to that ? Not the communication of the demands, but two days
after that final appeal from the President of the Free State to
be informed of the demands of the British Government, the
Reserves were called out. ... I confess that I see in these
circumstances the immediate cause of the breach that took
place." Sir Wm. Harcourt added that ** it was the claim to

1899.] Mr. Chamberlain s Vindication, [209

paramountcy over everything that had secured the hostihty of
the Free State.*' After some caustic observations on the new
diplomacy, and the ** rather half-hearted defence " of it under-
taken by the Prime Minister, Sir Wm. Harcourt emphatically
condemned the Boer ultimatum. But he was not satisfied that
the conduct of our Government had been *' in every respect
most conducive to peace."

On the following day (Oct. 19) Mr. Chamberlain dehvered a
lengthened and elaborate vindication of his policy. As was
natural, he struck back fiercely, even going beyond parliamen-
tary rules, at Mr. Philip Stanhope.

Beplying to the charges brought against the South African
League, he stated that it was one of the poorest and, at the
same time, one of the most representative pohtical associations
ever formed. The league had a perfect right to make repre-
sentations to Sir A. Milner, and there was no ground for calling
upon the Government to repudiate this association. As to the
imaginary collaboration between himself and Mr. Rhodes, he
declared emphatically that from the time of the Jameson raid
up till now he had held no communication with that gentleman
either directly or indirectly on any subject connected with South
African pohtics. Mr. Stanhope's charge that he and Sir A.
Milner had worked for war for many months he characterised
as monstrous.

Having pointed out the unfair construction placed by Sir
Wm. Harcourt on opinions expressed by him in 1896 as to
the impolicy and even immorality of then pressing internal
reforms on the Transvaal by force, Mr. Chamberlain declared
emphatically that, having considered most carefully all the
negotiations with the Transvaal in the Ught of recent events —
he referred to the ultimatum and to recent speeches of Presi-
dent Kruger — he had most reluctantly come to the conclusion
that war was almost inevitable. He had been determined at
all cost to secure justice for British subjects, and to secure the
paramountcy of this country, but within those limits he had
striven to the best of his ability to achieve a peaceful settle-
ment. If we were to maintain our imperial position as a great
power in South Africa, we were bound to show that we were
willing and able to protect British subjects when they were
made to suffer from oppression and injustice. Then, in the
interests of South Africa and of the British Empire, Great
Britain must remain the paramount Power in South Africa —
meaning by that the British colonies and the two repubhcs —
because the peace of South Africa depended upon our accepting
the responsibilities of that position. The Government of the
Transvaal had broken its promises, and had placed British
subjects in a position of distinct inferiority, and had conspired
against and undermined the suzerainty or paramountcy of the
Queen. He insisted that we were entitled to use force to make
our will prevail. If our fellow-subjects in South Africa were

0

210] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [oct.

allowed to remain in a position of inferiority, was it likely that
thereby racial animosity would be avoided ? A racial animosity
in Africa existed already, and was based upon contempt, and
would increase as long as one white race had a contempt for
another. In the circumstances any English statesman of what-
ever party would have been bound to use force when persuasion
had failed. Incidentally Mr. Chamberlain mentioned the griev-
ances of the natives whom we had promised to protect when
we retroceded the Transvaal. The treatment of the natives
in the Transvaal had been brutal and unworthy of a civiUsed
Power.

Discussing next the subject of supremacy, Mr. Chamberlain
said that all were agreed that our supremacy ought to be
maintained, and it had been threatened. From 1881 down-
wards the Boers had been patiently and persistently endeavour-
ing to oust the Queen from her suzerainty, until, in their
despatch of last May, they threw off the mask and declared
themselves a sovereign independent State. In support of this
statement Mr. Chamberlain gave various proofs, such as General
Joubert*s counsel to Lobengula to join with the Boers against
the EngUsh, and President Kruger's refusal, in 1896, to accept
the Government's invitation to London, on the express ^ound
that Mr. Chamberlain had refused to discuss with him an
alteration of Article IV. of the 1884 Convention which places
Boer foreign relations under British control. He added that
the Government had suspicions, almost amounting to know-
ledge, that the mission of Dr. Leyds had been one continuous
series of intrigues with foreign Powers against the British
supremacy. He also stated that in consequence of her policy
of arming, the Transvaal was a few months ago the most
powerful State in South Africa. Mr. Chamberlain denied the
allegation made that we were fighting about the word suzerainty.
We were fighting about the position conveyed by it, and he had
used the word in his despatch of October, 1897, because the
Boers were attempting to undermine that position, which no
Colonial Secretary since 1884 had regarded as abohshed.

Having vindicated the publication of Sir A. Milner's despatch
containing comments on disloyal utterances in the Dutch press,
as dealing with an element in the situation which it would
have been folly to conceal, Mr. Chamberlain passed to a review
of the franchise negotiations after the Bloemfontein Conference.
In this connection special interest attached to the Colonial
Secretary's treatment of the conditional oflfer of the five years*
franchise, contained in the Boer despatches of August 19 and 21.
** We agreed,'* said Mr. Chamberlain, '* to accept the five years
settlement as a basis, subject to an inquiry which, as they
objected to a joint inquiry, should be a unilateral inquiry. They
attached conditions. . . . The first was that we should agree to
a scheme of arbitration. We accepted it. We had been nego-
tiating on that basis. . . . They then proposed that we should

1899.] Mr. Chamberlains Vindication. [211

not insist upon our assertion of suzerainty and we should tacitly
agree to drop the controversy. We accepted it. I am not
certain that I should have accepted it if I had not been bound
by my previous utterances. In the despatch which closed the
old controversy of the suzerainty we had said of our own
motion, without any reference to them, that, having laid our
views before them, having declared that we adhered to them,
we did not intend to carry the controversy any farther. I
referred back to that despatch and in so doing I accepted that
condition. So two of the conditions were at once accepted.*'
The next condition, Mr. Chamberlain pointed out, was not only
that the present action should not be made a precedent for
further intervention, but that there should be no further inter-
vention. '*With our experience of the Transvaal, with the
knowledge that the next day some difl&culty of a similar char-
acter might arise, ... we were under no circumstances and at
no time to practise any intervention. That was impossible.
. . . Our reply to the Transvaal despatch was the acceptance
of every point except that, instead of giving a pledge that we
would never interfere again, we expressed a hope, an honest and
earnest hope, that if these measures were carried out there
would be no reason for our intervention.**

**I cannot,*' proceeded Mr. Chamberlain, ** explain to the
House why, having got that despatch from the Government,
the Transvaal went back on their own proposal. . . . Personally I
believe that in the interval a malign influence appeared in our
transactions with the Transvaal, and that communications were
received by the Transvaal from their advisers — I must not be
misunderstood, I am not alluding to foreign Powers, but . . ►
I do believe that influential advisers of the Transvaal must have
interfered and got them to withdraw the oflfer which, at all
events, I hoped might have prevented this crisis, or at least
have lessened the tension which existed. Then what happened ?
The Transvaal, without reason as I conceive, formally with-
drew their own proposal. They asserted that we had refused
their conditions, although they could not prove it. They
withdrew their proposal, and they went back to a proposal
which was then, I think, a month or six weeks old, and asked
us once more to engage in a commission which might have met
and lasted for weeks, but which in the end was certain to have
one, only one, result, because in the meantime we had ascer-
tained from our own examination of the provisions of the bill
that as it stood it was perfectly inadequate to give us the
substantial representation we asked.**

On this point Mr. Chamberlain quoted the opinion of Mr.
Robson, Q.C., the Liberal member for South Shields, who did
not hesitate to describe the July seven years* Franchise Act as
** a grotesque and palpable sham,** and doubted *' whether two
or three hundred Outlanders could be found who could honestly
fulfil its conditions." Mr. Chamberlain added that he agreed

o 2

212] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [ocr.

with every word of that passage and asked whether, things
being so, it could be contended that an inquiry ought to be
opened while ''arms, ammunition and food were pouring into
the Transvaal and distress all round increasing every day."

With regard to the complaint made as to the non-delivery
of the proposals of the British Government for a final settle-
ment, Mr. Chamberlain suggested that if counter proposals
from this country, which must have partaken of the character
of an ultimatum, were delayed, it was not unconnected with the
hope that at the eleventh hour the Transvaal would see fit to
make some change in its attitude towards us. Sir Wm. Harcourt
had said that this ultimatum, which had never been sent to
President Kruger, ought to be published. His curiosity would
not be gratified, for the ultimatum was buried ; but this was
certain — that on the termination of hostilities the terms imposed
upon the Boers would be very different from those of that
undelivered ultimatum. When the cheers which greeted this
statement had subsided, Mr. Chamberlain challenged any
one to discover in all these negotiations any sign of provo-
cation or desire for war on the part of her Majesty's Govern-
ment. He was more afraid of being charged with having
been patient to the point of weakness. Referring to the
allegation that the Government had not sent reinforcements
to the Cape soon enough, he explained that the garrison had
been gradually increased to 25,000 men, and other defensive
measures had been taken in response to the representations of
the colonies. As to the colony of Natal, it deserved our lasting
gratitude for so completely identifying itself with the mother
country. Explaining why an army corps had not been de-
spatched sooner, he said the Government had been influenced
by a desire to have the co-operation of the Opposition. The
Government had been as anxious for peace as anybody could
be, but there were things more important even than peace, and
for its sake they could not betray their country or allow our
paramountcy in South Africa to be impaired.

Sir Edward Clarke, reluctantly dissociating himself from
his party, severely condemned the course of the negotiations
in the light of Mr. Chamberlain's speech. He contended that
for any British minister, since the negotiations issuing in the
Convention of 1884, to assert that we had a suzerainty over
the Transvaal was ** a breach of national faith." They could
not doubt. Sir E. Clarke said, Mr. Chamberlain's statement
that he had been working for peace. ''But if that were so,
a more clumsy correspondence had never been placed on the
records of diplomatic action."

On the other hand, Mr. Haldane, the Liberal member for
Haddingtonshire, maintained that if her Majesty's Government
had not interfered and moved, the oppressed Englishmen in the
Transvaal would themselves have moved ; if the British Govern-
ment had not come to them they would have gone away from

1899] Mr. MorUy iuui Mr, CourtH^y, 418

the British Government : and sooner or later the avoiding* of
rebellion would have been morally impossible. A jH^rnsal of tho
proceedings at the Bloemfontein Conference ooiwinced hin\ that
President Kruger never really intended to come to a sottlomont.

After speeches from Mr. C. P. Scott {Leigh) and I)r. (Mark
(Caithness) in support of the amendment, and Mr. Scott-Mont a^u
(New Forest) for the Government, Mr. Morley (Montrose District)
taunted the Government with having tried to impoHO upon tl\t>
Transvaal Republic terms which they would not daro to impoKO
upon any self-governing colony. It was, he said, Mr. C'iuunnor-
lain's speech on August 26 (at the garden party) which first
drew him on to a platform on this subject. Now ho was moro
mystified than ever, for it appeared that the reforms refrrrod to
in that speech as being squeezed out of a sponge wt^re ho satiH-
factory that two or three days later Mr. Chauiberlain wrotn a
despatch accepting them. He deplored thti miHunderstandingH
and misrepresentations, the paltry differences which had pre-
vented a settlement between this country and tluj Transvaal .

Mr. Morley was followed by Mr. Courtney (Bodmin), who,
while admitting that there was much in the government of th<j
Transvaal to justify remonstrance, protested against the practi(;«
of exaggerating the abuses that existed. War and conr|U(»Ht
w^ere not likely to efface racial distinction. They had had a
most extraordinary and unexpected revelation in respect of the
Boers' August proposal. When it was published it was reccnvcid
in this country almost as an insult. Yet th(; Colonial Hecnitary
told them that, so far from resenting it, he sent out a reply
which he had intended should be received as an ac(jeplanc<{.
At the time he was viewing the Boer proposal in that light, he
was making the extraordinary speech they all rememlxjnj<l at a
garden party. The reply was not received by th<i jioers a« an
assent, and yet the right hon. gentleman did nothing to correct
the misunderstanding. What a misery it was that two fjations
should be going to war, . . . **all through diplomacy that c^>uld
not express what it meant, and which, when it was misunder-
stood, could not explain that it had l>een misunderst^/od I " He
deplored the ultimatum of President Kruger as an innUini'M of
as bad diplomacy on the one side as there l^ \ften on tint oth^^r ;
but how could they expect the two rejiubljcs V> stand until tfii^y
had come up viith all their forces, and then c^jmuiVLmcuUtd th^?ir
demands under conditions that required instant fulfjJrij/?nt ?
He lamented the diplomacy which had invoJv^ uh in a war
of the most threatening character, which wouJd [/robabJy iMi
prolonged ai-d hWAy, and would certainly be wiilononK

In replying bnefly on tl^ie de^/ate Mr Arthur i^liour (Maru-
cntkUr. E.' derAed Mr. Courtney **► aUefnfA Uj mimssa^'. tlie
gneranorr of th*r Outiander^^, Alter »>Jight and ^eij^raj ^y/m-
ment-; uyxi \he ^:yt^:\x*^. of Mr M<jrUfy a«d Hir K. <'UrkA% the
Leader of ih^ Ho^jSsh pnxaejeded Uj p^int f/fiX that aft>er aJJ tjjere
were ol j j three L yixASj*^'^*', *>elf/re tJjem , ^>f>e v, a^. th^it 'A f:nusns'

214] ENGLISH HISTORY. [oct.

ality — that the Government, and Mr. Chamberlain in particular,
had been determined to provoke a war. The second was that of
idiotcy — that they had brought on a war which they had not
in the least desired, by extreme stupidity in the conduct of the
negotiations. The third hypothesis, which, he suggested, was
worthier of acceptance, was that in the Transvaal there was
the ascendency of an oligarchy, aggravated by corruption, and
that the leaders of the burghers preferred in the last resort to
fight rather than accept changes which would have meant the
end of the system from which they drew such infinite profit.

The amendment was negatived by 362 votes against 135.

Questions of policy connected with the war and the pre-
vious negotiations having thus been fully dealt with, and the
general action of the Ministry sustained by majorities very
greatly exceeding the normal preponderance of Ministerialists
over the Opposition, the sitting of October 20 was devoted to
the consideration of matters relating to military provision. A
short debate, indeed, which took place on the motion for an
address in reply to the royal message already recorded, an-
nouncing the embodiment of the Militia and the calling-out of
the Militia Reserve, was marked by speeches of great violence
from Mr. Dillon and Mr. Davitt. The leader of the majority
of the Nationalist members denounced the scale of the military
preparations contemplated by the Government against the
untrainerl soldiers of the two small Boer republics as offering a
humiliating and disgusting spectacle, and moved an amendment
deprecating the embodiment of the Militia, which was defeated
by 299 to 36. The House having then gone into Committee of
Supply on the Supplementary Estimates for a further number
of land forces of 35,000, Mr. Wyndham (Under-Secretary for
War) made a lucid statement of the preparations which had
been made and were in contemplation. He said that in June,
1899, when *'a little cloud arose in South Africa with the
abortive conclusion of the Bloemfontein Conference, we had
in Cape Colony three and a half battahons of infantry and
two companies of garrison artillery. We had in Natal three
battalions of infantry, two regiments of cavalry, three batteries
of field artillery and one of mountain artillery. This had been
the garrison of South Africa since May, 1897. . . . The Httle
cloud grew. Earnest representations on the necessity of increas-
ing the garrison were made, . . . and the Government therefore
sanctioned (June 27), the provision of the regimental transport
which was necessary to make this garrison an effective force.
Further representations were received from the High Commis-
sioner, from the Governor of Natal, and from the oflScer com-
manding the troops in South Africa; therefore on August 3. it
was decided to despatch two battalions to strengthen the Natal
garrison." To that period belonged the despatch of the gallant
and skilful Colonel Baden-Powell, whose name will be always
linked in history with the heroic defence of Mafeking, and other

1899.] Mr. Wyndhams Statement, [215

oflScers, for the purpose of raising two regiments of horse for the
protection of Rhodesia. But the Transvaal and also the Free
State continued military preparations ; large consignments of
ammunition being sent through Cape Colony and Delagoa Bay
into the two republics. On September 8, after the withdrawal
by the Boers of the five years' franchise proposal, the Govern-
ment ordered the further reinforcement of the Natal garrison
by 10,000 men, chiefly from India and the Mediterranean.
This brought up the force in South Africa to 24,746 regulars,
trained and mature men, and was accomplished without mobili-
sation, or calling on the Reserves or any dislocation of the system
of reliefs. At the same time sanction was given for the raising
of a body of Imperial Light Horse in Natal. After the ** interim
despatch " of September 22, the despatch of a large body of the
Army Service Corps to South Africa was ordered, and on
September 29, two days after the adoption by the Free State
Volksraad of the resolution expressing their intention to join
with the Transvaal in the event of war, and not until then,
the Cabinet authorised the despatch of a large field force from
this countpy. That field force," continued Mr. Wyndham, ** is
to be composed of a cavalry division, making up a total of
nearly 6,000 men, an army corps of about 32,000 men, and
forces for lines of communication of about 9,000 men, the total
estimated forces being about 47,000 men, about 11,000 horses,
14,000 mules and 2,650 waggons and other vehicles, with 114
guns. To do this we had to mobilise. We mobilised eight
cavalry regiments, fifteen batteries of field artillery and four of
horse artillery and thirty-two battalions of infantry, besides other
troops. To fill these regiments to war strength we called up
a portion of the Reserve. The whole strength of the Reserve
on October 1 was 81,000 men ; we called up 25,000, and, after
reckoning for absentees and invalids, we expected to get an
effective force of 21,000. That expectation has been exactly
verified, and our field force consists of about 26,000 men
who were with the Colours, and about 21,000 Reservists —
total 47,000." The sum required for mobilising the field force
of 47,000 men, for transferring it 6,000 miles over sea, and for
equipping it and maintaining it for four months in a land
destitute of surplus supplies was estimated at 8,000,000Z. But
that sum also covered necessary measures of replacement, in par-
ticular the embodiment of thirty-three battalions of Militia, a
fundamental principle of our Army system being, as Mr. Wynd-
ham explained, that ** when all the battalions of a regiment are
sent abroad, we must call out the affiliated Militia battalion, and
we must form a provisional battalion of that regiment by weld-
ing together the Militia battalion and the men under twenty
left behind by the battalion abroad. We are leaving 9,000
men behind from our thirty-two battalions." The cavalry and
the field artillery, Mr. Wyndham pointed out, must be strength-
ened in a different manner, and it was proposed to raise the

216] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [ocr.

seven cavalry regiments remaining at home to the higher estab-
lishment of men and horses, and to raise nineteen batteries out
of the field and horse artillery remaining at home to the six-
gun establishment. He claimed that our military system was
proving itself "at once elastic and elaborate," and thus '*well
adapted to the exigencies of an empire dispersed over every
continent, and yet united by the command of the sea."

At the outset of his speech Mr. Wyndham had explained
that the vote for 35,000 additional men asked for covered 5,800
borrowed from the Indian establishment, 9,000, or thereabouts,
who under ordinary circumstances would have gone into the
Eeserve but were now retained with the Colours, and 21,000
Reservists called back to the Colours. The Militia Reserve
would not be called out till we had exhausted the Army
Reserve, and he had no expectation of such a contingency,
though it was thought expedient to provide against it. Our
Army Reserve was far stronger than in the days when we were
obliged to pool it, and draw indiscriminately from a common
source for every regiment. Now the men rejoining the Colours
would in all cases serve with their old regiments. In conclusion,
Mr. Wyndham paid a high tribute to Lord Wolseley for the
manner in which he had presided over the mihtary preparations;
to all our self governing colonies for their spontaneous offers of
help, which had been gratefully accepted ; and to the employers
of labour for the manner in which they had facilitated the
calling up of the Reservists, by promising to keep places open,
and in many cases to help those left behind by the men. The
attitude of the two latter, he said, constituted an epoch in the
history of our imperial defence.

During Mr. Wyndham's speech telegrams arrived which he
read to the House as to the successful attack on the Boers
outside Dundee made by the British troops under General
Symons ; and Mr. Balfour subsequently read a despatch an-
nouncing the mortal wound received by that gallant officer.
The House of Commons, like the country, was inspired by
the news with feelings of sadness, indeed, on account of the
sacrifices, but of something like exultant confidence in the
speedily victorious issue of the war. The tone of the subse-
quent debate, led off by Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, was
mainly congratulatory in regard to the achievements of the
War Office, though Sir Charles Dilke maintained an attitude
of reserved criticism. The vote was carried by 200 to 35, the
minority being almost entirely Nationalist ; and a supple-
mental vote of 10,000,000/. was granted the same evening.

In Committee of Ways and Means, on October 23, the
Chancellor of the Exchequer explained the manner in which
he intended to meet the expenses of the war. In the first
place they might reckon upon a surplus of 3,000,000Z. for the
current financial year, leaving a balance of 7,00<),OOOZ. to be
found. He hoped no member of the committee would suggest

1899.] Fresh Attacks on Mr. Chamberlain. [21 T

that it ought to be provided by any permanent addition to tha
debt of the country — an addition which could only be justified
in the case of war with a first-class Power. What he purposed
was to make a temporary addition to the floating debt, and he
should accordingly ask for power to raise a sum not exceeding
8,000,000/. by Treasury bills. It was well to leave a margin,
but he had no intention of placing anything like that amount
of bills on the market at once, the less so that the Com-
missioners of the National Debt were going to put considerable
sums out of the funds in their hands at the disposal of Govern-
ment. Sir M. Hicks-Beach went on to adduce various reasons
of expediency for not imposing any fresh taxation during the
remaining months of the financial year, and added that he saw
no reason why, in the event of our final success, the South
African Republic should not be called upon to pay at least a
part of the expenses in which its action had involved us. At
the same time he left it to be inferred that there was a fair
chance of an augmented income-tax for the year 1900-1, beside
possibilities of new indirect taxation. He concluded by moving
the necessary resolution.

Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman generally acquiesced in the
Ministerial proposals, and after a brief debate the resolution
was carried by 336 to 28.

The special business of the autumn session was thus
practically completed, but on the second reading of the Ap-
propriation Bill on October 25 there was another debate of
some length on the *'new diplomacy" and the war. In its
course Mr. Davitt {Mayo, S.) again denounced the war with
intense bitterness, and announced his intention to resign his
seat as a protest against it. Mr. Chamberlain's diplomacy
was condemned by Mr. Dalziel (Kirkcaldy Dist.), who com-
plained bitterly that Mr. Chamberlain had made no effort to
remove the Boer misunderstanding of his despatch of August
28. On the other hand Mr. Paulton {Bishop Aiickland), one of
the Liberals who had voted with the Government against
Mr. Stanhope's amendment, asked why the despatch was
misifhderstood, and said that to him it seemed that the un-
willingness of President Kruger to look for points of agreement
was really responsible for the disastrous issue. Mr. Labouchere
maintained that the Colonial Secretary had "hustled and fooled
his colleagues into war," and Sir Wm. Harcourt again called
attention to the Highbury garden-party speech as offering
provocation and menace at a moment when a conciliatory
Boer despatch was about to be met by what was intended
as a conciliatory British reply. Thereon Mr. Chamberlain
refused to admit that the Highbury speech was provocative.
An accidental opportunity being afforded, he deemed it wise to
convey to President Kruger in a non-official manner a plain
intimation, supplementing the despatch that was about to go-
out, that no further dilatory proceedings could be permitted

218] ENGLISH HISTORY. [oct.

at the very critical stage which had been reached. Towards
the close of his speech Mr. Chamberlain refused to be alarmed
by the gloomy anticipations as to the results of the war
expressed in the Times by Mr. Selous. He agreed with that
eminent traveller that one great Teutonic people could not
hold another Teutonic people in subjection, but in South
Africa we should not refuse that equahty of rights to the
Dutch of the Transvaal which had been withheld from us.

Mr. Courtney (Bodmin) still maintained that the ultimate
differences shown in the correspondence between the two
Governments furnished no adequate ground for war. Sir
John Lubbock (London University) declared that most Minis-
terial members had understood the despatch of August 28
exactly in the sense of a ** qualified acceptance '* of the previous
Boer proposal, which Mr. Chamberlain now attributed to
it.

Among the Opposition members Sir T. Gibson Carmichael
(Edinburghshire) was another who supported the Government in
regard to South Africa, while Mr. Broadhurst took the contrary
line. After some further Nationalist protests against the war,
the second reading of the Appropriation Bill was carried by
224 to 28.

On the motion for the second reading of the Treasury Bills
Bill Sir William Harcourt censured the Government for not
having at once proposed further taxation to defray the cost of
the war. Sir M. Hicks-Beach replied that he had not done so
because the total amount of the expenditure to be incurred was
still uncertain, as was also the proportion of it which would fall
on this country.

On October 26 Parliament was prorogued by a brief Queen's
Speech, thanking the Commons for their liberal supplies for
the conduct of the war in South Africa, congratulating both
Houses on the brilliant qualities displayed by our officers and
soldiers, expressing profound sorrow for the loss of so many
gallant men, and praying for the Divine blessing on the efforts
of Parliament and of the Army, *'to restore peace and good
government to that portion of my empire, and to vindica^ the
honour of this country."

The dispersal of Peers and members of the House of Com-
mons to their homes only served to promote and illustrate
the direct and practically exclusive concentration of the heart
and mind of England on the war. And here it is well to note
that the national way of looking at the military probabilities of
the conflict, which soon became serious enough, was a reaction
from a condition of cheerful confidence based upon what must
be called characteristic ignorance of the conditions involved.
When the war was actually in view, the British public generally,
as informed by most of the principal newspapers, though
perhaps contemplating a brief period of mainly defensive opera-
tions on our part, while our reinforcements were arriving,

1899.] British Hopes Disappointed. [219

looked lightly across that stationary interval to a triumphant
march upon Pretoria. And when the participation of the
Orange Free State in the struggle, if it broke out, became
practically certain, there were leading organs which treated the
fact as to be regretted, no doubt, in the interests of the Free
State itself, but as actually tending to facilitate the rapidly
successful conclusion of the campaign. It would throw open
to our troops a territory suited to their style of warfare, of
which otherwise it would have been necessary to respect the
neutrality, and, in a word, the Bloemfontein road would be
distinctly the most convenient for the British advance upon the
capital of the Transvaal.

Rough indeed, therefore, was the awakening to which the
British public and, not less certainly, the British Government
were subjected by the actual course of events. Within ten days
after the prorogation it was realised that for some weeks to
come not only the outlying garrisons of Kimberley and Mafeking
but the principal British army in South Africa, that under Sir
George White in Natal, had to face actual beleaguerment by
the numerous and well-equipped forces of invading Boers.
The bright hopes of triumph, even in the initial stage of the
war, which had been raised by the brilliantly successful attacks
on Boer positions at Dundee and Elandslaagte, were soon seen
to have been vain. The abandonment of Dundee by the force
which had been commanded by General Symons, leaving the
wounded in the hands of the enemy, gave the British pubhc a
sharp intimation of the reahties of part of the situation. The
curious failure of the Boers to interfere with the colunm under
General Yule in the earlier part of its retirement on Ladysmith
afforded matter for congratulation ; and the gallant action fought
by a portion of Sir George White's command at Rietfontein,
following on that of Elandslaagte, essentially facilitated General
Yule's junction with the main body. But the news of the
sortie of October 30, the doubtful value of its general results,
and the lamentable loss by surrender, after long fighting, to an
overwhelming Boer force, of two battalions of British infantry
and a battery of artillery at Nicolson's Nek, produced wide-
spread humiliation and anxiety. Indeed it was evident that if
the naval guns had not arrived in the nick of time from Durban
the position of the whole Ladysmith garrison, in presence of
the powerful siege artillery of the Boers, would have become
speedily untenable. Even so, the situation of Sir George
White's gallant force, from which all but the most fitful and
uncertain communication with the outer world was soon cut off,
could not be contemplated without grave uneasiness and a
certain sense of hurt to the national pride. The admirably
vigorous and resourceful defence improvised and maintained up
to the end of the year by Kimberley (into which Mr. Cecil
Rhodes had thrown himself), under Colonel Kekewich, and
Mafeking, under Colonel Baden-Powell, excited delight and

220] ENGLISH HISTORY. [oct.

admiration, but could not dispel serious misgivings as to the
possible duration of that most spirited resistance.

While things were so, and it was certain that none of the
beleaguered gamsons could be relieved for weeks to come, the
satisfaction with which the bulk of the press of almost all the
greater continental States, with the partial exception of Italy,
received all news of British misfortunes, and anticipated worse,
was an extremely disagreeable accompaniment to a sufficiently
trying general situation. All the more helpful were the stimu-
lating utterances delivered some days before the isolation of
Ladysmith, but with wise foresight of impending causes of
anxiety, by Lord Rosebery and Sir Edward Grey. The younger
of these statesmen used language in addressing a students*
meeting at Glasgow on October 25 which was well calculated
to dispel any hngering misgivings as to the righteousness of the
war. After the most careful study of the blue books, he said
that he was convinced that the war was inevitable, that it was
not sought by us, and that it was forced upon us by the Govern-
ment of the Transvaal. People said that the Government had
made mistakes. This was, in his opinion, true. He was not
at all in love with the new diplomacy, and he meant to criticise
it at the proper time. But he did not believe that the mistakes
of the Government had been the cause of the war. We had
trouble now, not because Mr. Gladstone's policy was unworthy,
but because it was too worthy.

Two days later, speaking at Bath, Lord Rosebery utihsed
the splendid lessons of the life and spirit of the elder Pitt, who
represented that city in the House of Commons, as the founda-
tion of an appeal for national union in presence of danger. He
had, he said, **a motive for laying to-day a wreath on the
tomb of Mr. Pitt. I regard Mr. Pitt as the first Liberal
Imperialist. ... I venture to think — I may be wrong — that in
ten years, perhaps, you will remember my prophecy. I beheve
the party of Liberal Imperialism is destined to control the
destinies of this country." No doubt, he continued, they were
thinking of the war they were now engaged in, not a small war,
remembering the liabihties to which it might expose the country,
and, secondly, that, to judge from the press, the sympathies of
the whole of Europe were against us. Was that the fault of
the diplomatic correspondence published? He thought not
himself, though he doubted whether it had put matters as
clearly as had been advisable, but this was not the time to
consider such things when war had broken out. "You do well
to trust the man at the helm when you are passing through a
storm. You do well to present a united front to the enemy,
and it will be time enough, when the war is over, to examine
the questions of correspondence and of preparations that may
then present themselves. To my mind all those questions were
wiped out by the ultimatum received from the Boers." As
to the peace after Majuba Hill, it was a ** sublime ex-

1899.] Lord Bosebery's Resolute Speeches. [221

periment" prompted by Mr. Gladstone's deep Christianity,
but also by his overpowering conviction of the might and power
of England. ** Now we know how that magnanimity was
rewarded. We may feel perfectly confident, we who follow Mr.
Gladstone, that were he alive, and had he the control of the
destinies of this country, it would not be possible for him, nor
would it enter into his contemplation, had he to make terms
after this war, to make terms such as were made after the
skirmish of Majuba Hill."

Having sketched the subsequent history of the Transvaal,
and advised his hearers to read Mr. ' Fitzpatrick's book, '*The
Transvaal from Within," as setting forth in detail the griev-
ances of the Outlanders, Lord Eosebery referred to continental
ill-feeling towards England, which he thought quite without
justification ; and then in an eloquent peroration touching on
the loneliness of England and the magnitude of her empire, he
confessed that he had no hesitation in recurring to the opinion
of Chatham and saying once more, ** Be one people : forget
everything for the public."

Again, speaking on November 1 at Edinburgh, Lord Eose-
bery struck the same resolute note after the arrival of the
melancholy news of Nicolson's Nek. Such incidents, he said,
were to be looked for in the course of a considerable campaign ;
Britons had had many such, and they generally muddled out
right at the end. '* But whatever happens," continued Lord
Eosebery, *' there can be no mistake about this — we have got
to see this thing through. It may cost us more battahons than
we have lost ; it may cost the lives of more officers and men,
and will cost us more than we have already lost ; it may cost us
millions we do not yet dream of ; but there is one thing certain —
we mean to see this thing through."

Speaking at the Sheffield Cutlers' Feast on November 2,
Lord Lansdowne, Secretary of State for War, expressed his
great satisfaction at the way in which the Eeserves had come
up — 98 per cent, of them having responded to the call — and
also at the patriotic consideration which employers all over the
kingdom were showing in keeping open Eeservists' places. In
this connection may be mentioned the prompt and Uberal
response made to the appeal issued a few days earher by the
Secretary for War and the Commander-in-Chief, asking the
public to subscribe to county associations which, in concert
with the Soldiers' and Sailors' FamiUes' Association, would deal
locally with every case of hardship, assisting the wives of all
soldiers on active service, whether they had married with leave
or not. In support of this appeal Mr. Eudyard Kipling, who
had taken a conspicuous place as the writer of stirring patriotic
verses, issued a vigorous poem in the vernacular which obtained
an immense vogue. Further evidence of the widespread
evolution of patriotic zeal was afforded by Lord Wolseley's
statement at the Lord Mayor's Banquet that he only wished he

222j P:NGLISH HISTOEY. [NOV.

could have accepted a tithe of the propositions he received every
week from various parts of England and the colonies, and from
the Volunteers and MiUtia, asking to be allowed to take part in
the war. ** Up to the present " (Nov. 9), he added, " they had
organised one army corps, that morning orders had been sent
out for the mobilisation of another division, and a second army
corps could be mobilised if required."

By this time the Boer advance on the northern frontier of
Cape Colony had begun, and having felt it necessary to send on
a large part of the reinforcements which had arrived at the
Cape for the relief of Ladysmith, General BuUer also found
himself obliged to withdraw, at least temporarily, the troops
holding advanced positions in the Cape Colony. This feature
of the situation quickened the growing disposition to blame the
Government for the inadequate force in South Africa at the
outbreak of the war. Lord SaUsbury, in his Mansion House
speech, felt it necessary to deal with this feeling, which, as he
truly said, was the reverse of what had been expressed a little
earlier by some of their critics. '*It would have been to no
purpose," said the Prime Minister, *'if, as some suggested, we
had issued the proclamation for the Keserves some weeks earlier
in the year. What was the cause of the war ? What was the
cause of the ultimatum ? It was not because of any demand
that we made. It so happened that at the moment the ulti-
matum was issued we had withdrawn our demands, and there
was no demand made upon the Transvaal Government. It
was because we had taken measures to increase the amount of
our force in that part of her Majesty's dominions. But if that
had been done two months sooner, exactly the same result
would have taken place. . . . The evil dates farther back.
It dates from those unfortunate arrangements of 1881 and
1884, by which we deliberately permitted a community that
was obviously hostile to enjoy an unbounded and unlimited
right of accumulating munitions of war to be used against us.

** England as a whole," said Lord Salisbury, referring to
some foreign criticisms, "would have no advantage from the
possession of gold mines, except so far as our Government con-
ferred the blessings of good government upon those who had
the prosecution of that industry, for industry that is prosecuted
successfully breeds commerce. . . . We seek no goldfields," he
proceeded, ''we seek no territory. What we desire is equal
rights for all men of all races, and security for our fellow-
subjects and for the empire. ... I have seen it suggested — it
seems to me a wild suggestion — that other foreign Powers wiD
interfere after this conflict, and will, in some form or the other,
dictate to those who are concerned in it what its upshot should
be. Do not let any man think that it is in that fashion that
the conflict will be concluded. . . . The interference of nobody
else will have any effect upon us. In the first place, because
we should not accept such an interference gladly ; in the second

1899.] Lord Salisbury at the Mansion Hotcse, [228

place, because I am convinced that no such idea is present in the
minds of any Government in the world. . . . Whenever we
are victorious we shall consult the vast interests which are com-
mitted to our care. We shall consult the vast duties which it
lies upon us to perform, and taking counsel with the uniform
traditions of our colonial government and of the moderation
and equal justice to all races of men which it has been our
uniform practice to observe, I have no doubt that we shall so
arrange that the issue of this conflict will confer good govern-
ment upon the area where it rages, and will give a security
that is sorely needed, for the future, from the recurrence of any
such dangers, or the necessity for any such exertions, and
the restoration of peace and civilisation to that portion of the
world."

Among Liberals well informed on South African affairs Mr.
Bryce was perhaps the most conspicuous of those who refused to
accept the view of the **inevitableness '* of the war. Speaking
at Aberdeen, on November 8, he said all were agreed that the
war, for the sake of humanity, should be vigorously prosecuted,
though he condemned the diplomacy which led to it. The
British Ministry made a fatal error in bringing on a crisis so
soon after the Jameson invasion, and had made the Dutch in
the Colony and the Orange Free State rally to the Transvaal.
Bad Governments like that of the Transvaal did not stand long.
The exclusive system would have collapsed in a few years, but
now the gravest difficulties would begin when the war was
over.

On the same subject Lord Kimberley, at Newcastle on
November 14, said that he thought the negotiations failed
through a suspicion, to some extent well grounded, in each
party of the motives of the other. His tone towards Mr.
Chamberlain, however, was respectful and friendly. Lord
Kimberley intimated that he and, to a large extent, Mr. Glad-
stone were influenced, in 1881, by a belief that if they went on
with the war the Free State would join the Transvaal against
them and the loyalty of the Cape Dutch would be precarious.

Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, at Manchester on November
14, maintained his line of criticism of the conduct of the Govern-
ment before the war. What he condemned in their poUcy
was, he said, that " all through the months of last summer
they were mixing up negotiations with warlike preparations,
in such a manner as to prejudice greatly the chances of a
peaceful solution."

By this date, however, the public mind was drifting steadily
to the conclusion that, while the *' mixture" referred to by Sir
H. Campbell-Bannerman was practically unavoidable, the thing
chiefly to be regretted was that the element in it of warlike
preparations had not bulked much more largely than it actually
did. This view was strengthened by reports of the advance of
Boer commandoes into the Cape Colony, and of the issue by

^24] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [nov.

their leaders of proclamations *' annexing " several of the
northern districts to the Free State. At the same time, in
Natal, the Boer forces were not only able to ** contain "
Sir G. White's army at Ladysmith, notwithstanding dashing
sorties or reconnaissances on the part of the garrison, but to
detach considerable numbers southwards to check the progress
of a reHeving force. The accession to the invaders of con-
siderable numbers of the Dutch farmers in the districts of Cape
Colony ** annexed " by the Free Staters helped appreciably, with
or without justice, to strengthen the growing acceptance by
the British public of the belief in an old-standing movement,
radiating and inspired from the Transvaal, for the overthrow
of British power in South Africa. The scepticism on this
subject expressed by Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, speaking
again (Nov. 24), at Birmingham, did not avail to modify the
current of pubhc opinion, which in the main was influenced
by the evidence afforded by the course of the campaign of
the accumulation in the Transvaal of military resources im-
measurably greater than could have been thought necessary
to meet any possible repetition of the Jameson raid. In this
temper of the national mind, the renewed efforts of Sir H.
Campbell-Bannerman, in the speech just mentioned, to exhibit
defects in the conduct of her Majesty's Government, and of Sir
A. Milner, during the summer and autumn, and suggestions
that, though personally immaculate, they had been subject
to interested influences, were felt to be growingly irrelevant.
England, it was generally held, was encountering, all too little
prepared, the culmination of a carefully devised scheme for the
destruction of her authority at a vital part of her empire. That
being so, there was something in the resolute tone of a speech
delivered by Mr. Asquith at Ashington on November 25 much
more congenial to the pubhc mood than that of recent utter-
ances by his leader in the House of Commons. While neither
admiring nor understanding the new diplomacy, Mr. Asquith
refused to admit that the British Government, and through
it the British people, were ultimately responsible for the war.
He argued that a postponement of British intervention on
behalf of the Outlanders would have tended to strengthen the
forces making against reform, and to bring about the demorali-
sation of the Outlanders. Moreover, as to the time for inter-
vention, he attached considerable weight to the authority of
Sir A. Milner, who went to Capetown with an unbiassed mind,
and the attacks on whom, though he did not set him up as an
infallible authority, Mr. Asquith strongly deprecated. If he
were asked why we were fighting, his answer was, first of all to
repel an invasion of British territory ; next to assert our rights,
which were put directly in issue, to intervene on behalf of our
fellow-subjects, to secure them liberty and just treatment in a
State to which we granted self-government, not in the interest
of one man, but of the whole population ; and finally to secure

1899.] Lord Methuens Successes. [225

equality of rights — nothing more, nothing less — to the Dutch
and the EngHsh throughout South Africa.

Mr. Bryce, who spoke in the same week at Aberdeen, showed
an anxiety to begin betimes the education of public opinion as
to the terms of peace after a complete triumph over the Boers
which, strong critic as he continued to be of the negotiations
before the war, illustrated the imperial temper in which he
would pursue it. He spoke with reserve as to the future
settlement of the Boer Eepublics, but urged that, especially
with a view to the appeasement of Dutch bitterness in the
Cape Colony, they should be treated considerately. Let them
prosecute the war, Mr. Bryce said, with all possible ener^, that
their victory might be speedy and complete ; but let them mdulge
no feelings of vengeance. Let them require the representatives
of the Crown in the colony to approve themselves strictly impar-
tial between Englishmen and Dutchmen, and let them proceed
to the settlement of South Africa in a liberal and generous spirit,
granting terms of peace as favourable as the supreme necessity
of placing things on a stable basis would admit.

During the last few days of November the war news seemed
to encourage the hope that the tide of events was very soon
about to be reversed in England's favour. In three successive
actions, at Belmont, Graspan, and Modder Biver, the column
operating under Lord Methuen in the direction of Kimberley
not only displayed endurance and courage of the very highest
quality, under the most trying conditions conceivable, but carried
one position after another, and pushed the Boers steadily back,
until, on November 27, the general was established in a position
within flashlight communication by night with Col. Kekewich
at Kimberley. During the same period the admirable garrison
of that place had made two dashing sorties, in which, though
suffering considerable loss, they did a substantial amount of
harm, both to the personnel and the stores of the investing Boer
force. Altogether, though the Boers who had retired before
Lord Methuen were never routed, there seemed good ground
for hope that co-operation between the advancing and the
beleaguered British would soon result in the relief of Kimberley.
In Natal also the attempts of bodies detached from General
Joubert's army investing Ladysmith to interfere with the pro-
gress of the troops advancing for its relief had been completely
discomfited ; they had all retired on the line of the Tugela,
and Sir E. BuUer had got a large force at Frere within a few
miles of Colenso on that river. On that side also, therefore, it
seenied reasonable to hope that the Boers would soon be taken
between two fires, while in the Cape Colony a fair prospect
seemed to exist that co-operation between General Gatacre and
General French would before long sweep back the insolent
invaders of British territory and prepare th« way for a decisive
advance upon Bloemfontein.

It was while British hopes were thus rising that there occurred

P

226J ENGLISH HISTORY. [nov.

the German Emperor's visit, which, despite many ill-natured
protests in the German press, he had insisted on pajdng to the
Queen in accordance with previous arrangement. That fact,
although his Majesty carefully declined various public mani-
festations of honour that were offered to him, was felt to be not
altogether without a favourable political significance. Unfor-
tunately, owing to the death of Lady Salisbury, the Prime
Minister, who received universal sjmapathy in his great bereave-
ment, was unable to meet the Queen's imperial guest. Both Mr.
Balfour and Mr. Chamberlain, however, had long interviews
with the Emperor, who was accompanied on his visit by his
Foreign Minister, Count Biilow, so that there seemed every
reason to suppose that all political questions in which the two
countries were mutually interested were fully discussed in a
friendly spirit. A gracious act of the Emperor's in contributing
300Z. to the widows and children of the Scots Greys, of which
regiment he was colonel-in-chief, and which was engaged in
South Africa, produced a pleasant impression on the British mind.
It was at just about the same time that attention was called in
this country to the appearance of a grossly disrespectful carica-
ture of the Queen, published in a French comic paper, which
was joining in the outpourings of abuse of this country and
dehght at British misfortunes in South Africa to be found at
that time very widely in the press, not only of France but of
Europe generally. Whether as a matter of fact the caricature
in question was more loathsome than anything which had
appeared in the journals of any other continental country may
be open to some doubt. If, however, others as bad, or worse,
had been published elsewhere they had not been widely seen by,
or brought prominently to the attention of, the British public.

At this juncture, speaking at a Unionist luncheon at
Leicester on November 30, Mr. Chamberlain rejoiced in the
present friendly feeling between Great Britain and America,
which he said had been brought about by the British attitude
during the war between the United States and Spain. He
went on to say: — **the union — the alliance, if you please — the
understanding between these two great nations is indeed a
guarantee for the peace of the world." Further on, Mr.
Chamberlain observed that we had been accustomed for some
time to the attacks of the foreign press, to ** abuse," said he,
** which, in some cases, has not only not spared the private
character of statesmen, but has not spared the, to us, almost
sacred person of the Queen. These attacks upon her Majesty,
whether as ruler of this imperial State or still more as
woman, have provoked in this country a natural indignation
which will have serious consequences if our neighbours do not
mend their manners."

The worst of these excesses had not appeared in German
papers, but in any case they wanted to be friends, not with
German newspapers, but with the German people. *' At

1899.] Mr, Chamberlain at Leicester, {227

bottom," continued the speaker, '* the character, the naain
character, of the Teutonic race differs very shghtly indeed from
the character of the Anglo-Saxon, and the same sentiments
which bring us into close sympathy with the United States of
America may also be evoked to bring us into closer sympathy
and alliance with the Empire of Germany. ... If the union
between England and America is a powerful factor in the cause
of peace, a new triple alliance between the Teutonic race and
the two great branches of the Anglo-Saxon race will be a still
more potent influence in the future of the world. ... To me
it seems to matter little whether you have an alliance which is
committed to paper or whether you have an understanding
which exists in the minds of the statesmen of the respective
countries. An understanding, perhaps, is better than an alli-
ance, which may stereotype arrangements which cannot be
accepted as permanent in view of the changing circumstances
from day to day."

In immediate, though possibly not very enduring, effects, the
speech of which we have just indicated some of the points was
one of the most comprehensively unfortunate ever delivered by
any British statesman. It hurt French amour propre. The
French press, even that better part of it which most strongly
reprobated any insults to the Queen, was bitterly indignant at
the apparently general warning conveyed in the phrase " mend
their manners." This was natural, even though Mr. Chamber-^
lain had acknowledged in the same speech that the excesses of
foreign newspapers could not be regarded as representing the
Governments or the best or even preponderant feeling of the
countries in which they were published. And it was particu-
larly regrettable in view of the fact that on November 24 M.
Delcasse, the French Foreign Minister, had, in a very moderate
and straightforward speech in the Chamber of Deputies, dis-
couraged the excitement caused by the searching of a French
vessel by a British warship in Delagoa Bay, had repudiated any
idea of offering ** mediation" between England and the Boer
Republics, and generally had endeavoured to sober the reckless
aspirations of French Chauvinists.

Lord Eosebery, speaking at a non-political dinner in Edin-
burgh on the following night, expressed regret that any notice
should have been taken of the outrage on which Mr. Chamber-
lain had dwelt with so much vehemence, and made the matter
a text for some useful and pointed observations on the unwisdom
of ** this flouting of foreign nations," of which he gave illustra-
tions from former speeches by Mr. Chamberlain and Lord
Salisbury. But the public embracing of foreign nations, before
their assent has been obtained, is quite equally indiscreet. Mr.
Chamberlain's language about a triple alliance of Germany, the
United States, and England evoked an outburst of remonstrance
in the press of both the two former countries and caused much
suspicion and irritation in others, all of which was absolutely

p2

228] ENGLISH HISTORY. [nov.

unnecessary. The task of the German Emperor, assuming him
to be aiming at the maximum of accord with this country, was
undoubtedly rendered more diflScult, as indeed the entirely
frigid tone of subsequent speeches by his ministers seemed to
show. But the effect of the speech in America, was, in some
ways, the most unfortunate of all. The word ** alliance*' is
almost anathema in the States, and though Mr. Chamberlain
had explained it as meaning in his mind no more than an under-
standing, it none the less roused widespread apprehension.
Even the American journals most friendly to this country felt
constrained to repudiate the idea of an alliance. And when
President McKinley's Message to Congress appeared, as it did
on December 5, this feeling received authoritative endorsement.
Congress was assured that the United States Government would
** remain faithful to the precept of avoiding entangling alliances,"
and would maintain an attitude of neutrality in the ** unfortunate
contest in South Africa." Nothing else was ever expected, but
nothing, in the circumstances, chillier could well have been said.
Mr. Chamberlain was not by any means spared the rod of
candid criticism by the British Unionist journals in connection
with his Leicester speech. From every point of view the pity
was the greater as at the same place, the night before, he
made an excellent speech on the war, pitched in a tone of lofty
patriotism, well calculated to consolidate imperial feeling. In
its course he paid a glowing tribute to the spirit shown in
battle, side by side with our own splendid soldiers, by *' the men
of Natal and the men of the Rand, who you have been told
were all capitalists or millionaires." He hoped that we in this
country were not ungrateful, that we should never forget the
loyalty and the courage which had been shown by Natal, and
when the time came for a settlement he hoped that we should
do what we could to show that we were not unmindful of the
sacrifices she had made. Mr. Chamberlain went on to say
that they must rejoice in the patriotism of the Canadian and
Australasian colonies. The sympathy of these self-governing
<;ommunities showed that this was not a matter of greed of
gold ; and they also rejoiced in the sympathy of their kinsmen
in the United States. And, lastly, they had great cause of
pride in the support which several of the leaders of the other
side had given. Mr. Chamberlain then replied to some of Sir
H. Campbell-Bannerman's recent criticisms, and with regard to
the peace after Majuba he differed strongly in his recollections
from Lord Kimberley's as stated at Newcastle. He believed
that the Transvaal Boers would without doubt have been com-
pletely defeated in the next battle, and did not believe at all that
their cause would then have been taken up by the Free State
or the Cape Dutch. He himself and, as he believed, the Duke
of Devonshire and other ministers were influenced by the
belief that the annexation of the Transvaal was made under a
misapprehension as to the wishes of the Boers, and that there-

1899.] Death of the Khalifa. [229

fore it should be cancelled in view of the willingness of the
Boers to assent to conditions which would secure our rights and
the rights of British subjects. ** In believing that the Boers
would observe those conditions," said Mr. Chamberlain, they
were ** egregiously mistaken." The Transvaal work of prepara-
tion for war '* began long before the Jameson Eaid." As to the
future, the Boers had " made for us a clean sheet on which we
could write what we pleased," and it was absolutely necessary
to see to it that it was never again within the power of the
Boers of the two republics to threaten the peace of South
Africa.

Mr. Balfour had used similar language — speaking on
November 29 at Dewsbury at the Annual Conference of the
National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associa-
tions— with regard to the terms on which the war could be
ultimately concluded. Mr. Balfour explained Boer obstinacy
in part by the fact that in the long run adequate Outlander
representation would have meant the downfall of the corrupt
Boer oligarchy.

It may here be recorded that by a Convention agreed to
early in November among the three Governments concerned
the joint control of the Samoan Archipelago was brought to a
close. The effect of the agreement was to divide the islands
of that archipelago between Germany and the United States,
giving England as compensation the exclusive control in future
of other islands, particularly the Tonga group, to which Ger-
many had previously made partial claims. This arrangement,
though not without its drawbacks from the British point of
view, and from that of natives preferring British to German
rule, was a distinct boon in respect of its removal of a long-
standing cause of friction between the two Powers.

Another event which, at any ordinary time, would have
attracted a good deal more than the passing congratulatory
notice which it received, was the clearing away of the one
remaining serious obstacle to the prosecution of England's
civilising work in the Soudan, by the final defeat and death of
the Khalifa. That beaten tyrant, as may be remembered,
had succeeded in escaping from Omdurman just as Lotd
Kitchener entered it, and as long as he remained at large there
was always a possibility of the recrudescence of the fanatical
movement which he led and on which he subsisted. The engage-
ment in which he and his principal emirs were killed — with
the exception of Osman Digna who, for a brief period, again
escaped — was fought by an Egyptian force under British
officers, with Colonel Sir Francis Wingate in command. The
behaviour of the troops was admirable, and illustrated afresh
the high jnorale established among them by the influence of a
devoted band of British officers.

It was a singular fact that the completion, on its military
side, after many tragic vicissitudes, of the great mission under-

230] ENGLISH HISTORY. [dec.

taken by England in Northern Africa almost coincided with
the occurrence of a most deplorable series of reverses to British
arms at the other end of the continent. In every case the
hopes mentioned a few pages back as having been cherished,
apparently with reason, at the beginning of December as to the
course of the war, were dashed to the ground. In the early
morning of Sunday, December 10, a force of some 2,000 strong,
under General Gatacre, was led, in the endeavour to make a
night attack on the Boers at Stormberg, into a terrible trap,
from which they only escaped with the loss of two guns, about
170 killed or wounded and over 500 taken prisoners. Forty-
eight hours later the Highland Brigade of Lord Methuen's
command, also bent on a surprise attack, were caught in
formation of quarter column by a terrilBc fire at short range
from the enemy, whom they had reached sooner than they
expected. Hundreds fell, including the gallant leader of the
brigade. General Wauchope, and notwithstanding the sup-
port of a tremendous artillery fire, all subsequent attempts
to carry the Boer trenches failed. Towards evening Lord
Methuen*s force withdrew in orderly fashion to Modder River,
having sustained casualties to the number of about 1,000.
Finally, on Friday, December 15, General Buller attempted
the crossing of the Tugela River at Colenso, with the result,
not only of complete failure and of losses in killed, wounded
or prisoners of 1,100, but of the loss also of eleven guns. This
was due chiefly to an error of judgment on the part of a
gallant and distinguished artillery officer, under whose orders
the guns were taken to a point where, as it proved, they were
entirely commanded by a host of concealed Boer sharpshooters,
and who, himself, was desperately wounded. Magnificent gal-
lantry was shown in successful attempts to save some of the
guns thus exposed, otherwise the actual number lost would have
been larger.

** Black week " was the name given by public feeling to the
seven days within which the three reverses just mentioned took
place and became known. Nor indeed during the whole nine-
teenth century had there been suffered, within any like period,
any such concentration of misfortune and failure for British
arms. But if the trial to the national temper was altogether
exceptional, the spirit evolved was by the universal acknow-
ledgment, even of unfriendly critics, eminently worthy of an
imperial race under adversity. Before the last and in some
respects the most discouraging of the war news could have
arrived, but while the country was in presence of the reverses
and losses at Stormberg and Magersfontein, the Duke of Devon-
shire, on December 14, made a speech at a great Unionist
gathering at York, which was pitched in a key harmonising
exactly with national feeling and its requirements. Congratu-
lating the country on its calmness in the face of disaster and its
resolute determination to see the war through to a satisfactory

1899.] Advanced Liberals and the War, [231

end, he urged that for the present, at any rate, criticism
should be reserved for the Government and not extended to our
commanders and generals in the field. The duke pointed out
that the aid given us by the colonies endorsed the view that
the war was necessary and just. But though the opinion af
the mother country and the colonies was so unanimous, the
nations of the continent, if we might judge from their press,
were equally unanimous on the other side. We should not
attach too much importance to that, for though we could not
say how far the continental press formed or guided the opinions
of the peoples, we knew at least that it did not exercise a
material influence on the policy of the Governments. The
proof of this was to be found in the fact that these Govern-
ments were all preserving a strict neutrahty. No doubt the
continental press suffered from ignorance — the writers did not
know the true history of the Transvaal these last twenty years,
and merely got their information from Dr. Leyds and his
subsidised organs.

On the historic question of the reasons for the conclusion of
peace after Majuba, the principal one, to the duke's mind, was
that the Government believed the people of England at the
time to be opposed to the continuance of the war. In former
times, the duke said, we treated our colonies lightly, apatheti-
cally, but now we had changed. We were proud of our colonies ;
we co-operated with them and they with us ; and, irrespective
of all other considerations, we must show them that our fellow-
countrymen in distant lands were to receive fair treatment.
The effort we now had to make was great ; but in days to come
it would be recognised that this war was necessary for the
building up and maintaining of the empire.

In judging of the state of public feeUng at this crisis it is
interesting to observe the tone taken by Mr. Birrell, who was
the principal speaker at the annual meeting of the General
Committee of the National Liberal Federation at Manchester
on December 15. He declared with emphasis that whatever
differences there might be on many matters connected with the
war, we had no other course now except to press forward to
victory, '* until the flag of our country was flying at Pretoria
and Johannesburg," and then to make a just and liberal settle-
ment ; and that if we sued for peace, in presence of defeat, we
might as well **shut up the shutters in Downing Street and
write over them ' the business of the country no longer tran-
sacted here.* " The resolutions laid before the meeting and, with
one amendment, passed, reserved the full right of criticism both
on negotiations and defects in military preparations, but declared
that the Government had **no option but to prosecute the war
vigorously with a view to its termination at the earliest possible
moment " — a rather ambiguous phrase which, however, was
more or less elucidated by another clause, urging that in the
ultimate settlement there should be given to all sections of

232] ENGLISH HISTORY. [dec.

the South African population the '* utmost self-government
compatible with the future peace and prosperity of South
Africa." That certainly was not a demand for the continuance
of any extra-imperial rights to either of the Boer States. An
amendment to the resolution, expressing the belief that ** a
wise statesmanship could and would have avoided the war,"
was only carried by 114 votes to 94 ; while a further amend-
ment, directed against the clause in the resolution as to the
vigorous prosecution of the war, was lost on a show of hands.
These results, positive and negative, of the meeting of a body
largely representative of advanced Liberalism and aversion to
Mr. Chamberlain, were certainly noteworthy.

Speaking on Tyneside on December 16, the day on which
the news of General BuUer's failure to force the passage of the
Tugela was known throughout the country, Mr. Asquith said
that we must not lose all sense of proportion and perspective,
and " exaggerate to a degree which any student of history
knows to be almost grotesque the reverses that we have
sustained." This contest was, notwithstanding, of exceeding
gravity. **It has become something much wider and deeper
than a mere question of asserting and maintaining our position
in South Africa. It is our title to be known as a world-wide
Power that is now upon trial." We were not going to fail. It
was evident the Boer strength and resources were underesti-
mated, and we had to rectify that mistake at whatever sacrifice.
Then, the war over, we had to establish a modus vivendi for the
two races.

Nor was there any indication of a lower conception of
national duty in the presence of reverses in a speech delivered
on December 19 at Aberdeen by Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman.
** The gravity of the situation," he said, " the formidable char-
acter of the campaign, as now disclosed, its inevitable vicis-
situdes and occasional mishaps and failure, which must mingle
with its successes, these furnish no ground for doubt or for
despondency. They will only make us brace ourselves more
earnestly to the task before us. There may be, doubtless there
will be, lamentable loss of life, but the end cannot be doubted."
The clearness and dominance of the imperial note in Sir H.
Campbell-Bannerman's utterance were, however, appreciably
diminished by his anxiety at the same time to retort on Mr.
Chamberlain's rephes at Leicester to some of his previous
criticisms ; to declare to the world that, in his opinion, ** Mr.
Chamberlain is mainly responsible for this war ; " and to prove
that the Government ought to have realised the menacing
development of the Transvaal armaments, and at least to have
secured the military position of the colonies before entering
upon an active controversy which might lead to hostilities.

At the moment criticism of this type did not accord with
the temper of the country, which was entirely engrossed wth
watching and supporting the various measures announced by

1899.] Important Military Measures. [238

the Government with a view to dealing with the grave situation
in South Africa. The Cabinet had met on December 16, and
arrived at a series of decisions of the utmost importance : (1)
Lord Eoberts (whose only son had been mortally wounded
in the attempt to save one of the guns at Colenso, with a
conspicuous gallantry for which before his death he was recom-
mended for the Victoria Cross) was appointed to take over the
command-in-chief in South Africa. This measure, it was
intimated, was not to be regarded as a supersession of Sir
K. Buller, but as taken in view of the fact that the Natal
operations required the undivided attention of that general.
To act as chief of the staff to Lord Roberts, Lord Kitchener
was summoned from Khartoum. (2) All the remaining portions
of the Army Eeserve were to be called up. (3) The Seventh
Division, already being mobilised, and special reinforcements
of artillery to make good the losses in that arm on the Tugela,
were to be sent out forthwith. (4) Twelve battalions of Mi-
htia were to be allowed to volunteer for service abroad, and
twelve more to be embodied. (5) To form out of volunteers
from the Yeomanry a strong mounted body for service in
South Africa. (6) To select from members of the Volunteer
forces offering their services enough men to add a company
to every regular battalion in the field. (7) To accept, as far
as possible, the offers of help made by the great colonies,
especially as regards mounted contingents ; and (8) to autho-
rise the commander-in-chief in South Africa to raise as many
local mounted troops as he thought fit.

Ahke in England and in the colonies, the **call to arms'*
met with a response of unbounded enthusiasm. With the
assent of the War Office, the City of London formed for service
in the South African campaign a regiment of 1,000 men, between
twenty and thirty years of age, all chosen from marksmen in
metropolitan Volunteer corps. The entire equipment and cost
of sending the regiment were to be borne by the corporation of
the City and the City livery companies. Before the year was
out, the applications to serve had been so numerous that it was
understood that the strength of the corps would be raised to
1,400, including 600 equipped as mounted infantry. And of the
cost, estimated at about 100,000/., more than three-quarters
had been subscribed in the same brief period. All over Great
Britain a like spirit was displayed. Everywhere large numbers
of Volunteers and Yeomanry offered themselves for service.
It was speedily made knov^m, moreover, that to serve in the
new mounted force of Imperial Yeomanry for South Africa
volunteers would be received not only from existing Yeomanry
corps but from healthy young men generally who could shoot
and ride well, and the result was a flood of eager applications
for enrolment. On the initiative of Mr. Balfour, conveyed in a
letter to Lord Haddington, honorary colonel of the East Lothian
and Berwickshire Yeomanry, and Lord Lieutenant of East

234] ENGLISH HISTORY. [dec.

Lothian, a fund was started locally to supplement the equipment
which would be provided by the War Office for any men from
that corps or the two counties concerned who might volunteer
for South African service. Similar funds were raised in other
counties and were readily supported, although during the
previous months patriotic benevolence had contributed hundreds
of thousands of pounds for the relief and support of those
dependent on Reservists and other soldiers fighting and perhaps
falling in South Africa. To the evolution of this spirit, and the
welding influences of simultaneous or rapidly sequent bereave-
ments endured in the country's cause by families of every rank,
was due the undoubted fact that if the Christmas of 1899 found
the English at home a sadder it also found them a more closely
united people than for many a year back. Nor was that the
only, or indeed the most striking, of the compensations afforded
by the mournful experiences of the South African war. Other
chapters of this volume will tell in local detail of the magni-
ficent colonial rally all through the autumn in support of the
empire's cause — a rally which became only the more resolute
and wide-ranging as the course of the conflict took unexpectedly
gloomy developments. But here it must be said that the
telegrams which poured in, especially after the repulse of
General Buller at Colenso, illustrating the eagerness of Cana-
dians, Australians, and New Zealanders, to put large numbers
more of their gallant sons in the fighting line, stirred the heart
of Great Britain with a grateful pride that was altogether
beyond expression. Before the end of the year the Parliaments
of New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia — in the
three other colonies where the Legislatures were not sitting
the ministers confidently anticipated their loyal desires — had
enthusiastically approved the despatch of contingents making
up a force of 1,100 mounted infantry, additional to those which
had already gone from Australia to South Africa. The senior
colony also contributed half a field hospital — sixty men — and a
field battery numbering 180 men, while New Zealand sent a
separate force of 200 men. Canada had offered a second con-
tingent months before, and though it was not then accepted,
the Dominion Government had got the necessary equipment
ready, and on the first intimation that the Imperial Government
would welcome the renewal of the offer the Cabinet of Sir
Wilfrid Laurier sanctioned the formation of three field batteries
and three squadrons of mounted rifles — 1,050 men in all. This
prompt action of the constitutional authorities, supported by
keen popular enthusiasm, in our great self-governing colonies
in America and Australasia, remote though they are, by vast
ocean spaces, from the scene of imperial trouble, amounted to
an historical event of the first importance. For it demonstrated
in a fashion quite unmistakable the effective unity of the British
race throughout the world.

Not much more remains to be told of England in 1899. In

1899.] The Venezuelan Arbitration. [235

the early days of October, within a week of the issue of the
Boer ultimatum, an Arbitration Tribunal, sitting in Paris,
composed of American and English judges with the eminent
Bussian jurist, M. Martens, presiding, gave judgment unani-
mously in the matter of the long-standmg territorial dispute
between Great Britain and Venezuela. That decision was sub-
stantially in favour of this country, and authorised the inclusion
within British Guiana of the great bulk of the territory embraced
by what is known as the Schomburgk line. The only exception
of any note to this sweep of the award lay in the fact that it
assigned to Venezuela a small tract at Barima Point, on the
delta^ of the Orinoco, to which, on strategical grounds, the
Venezuelans had always attached high value. From the
British point of view, Venezuela being what she was, the non-
acquisition of the tract in question could not be considered of
importance. On more than one occasion British Governments
had offered Venezuela, by way of settling the difficulty, more
than the Paris award gave her. The settlement made by the
Arbitration Tribunal leaves free for undisturbed development
a territory believed to possess considerable mineral wealth
and already administered for several years on British lines.
The improvement in our relations with the United States,
with which the Venezuelan question nearly brought us into
collision in 1895, subsisted in the main through 1899, even
although it was somewhat clouded by an indiscreet Ministerial
utterance already referred to, and by misapprehension among
many Americans of the issues really at stake in the Transvaal.
A happy illustration of the warm sympathy of numerous
citizens of the great kindred republic with this country in its
South African trials was afforded by the generous gift of a
perfectly equipped hospital ship, the MainCy for the benefit of
our wounded. The Queen received at Windsor a number of
American ladies representing the contributors to this noble offer-
ino[, and expressed her deep gratitude in happily chosen language.
It has been said that very little attention was paid to
any other subject than the war after its outbreak. Reference
may, however, be made to the resolutions passed at the
autumn meetings of the delegates of political parties, as afford-
ing some, if not very decisive, indication of the currents of
thought on home affairs. At the National Union of Con-
servative and Constitutional Associations held at Dewsbury,
on November 29, it was resolved, with only five or six dis-
sentients, that "the question of a more equitable distribution
of parliamentary representation, especially with regard to the
existing overrepresentation of Ireland, demanded the early
and serious attention of her Majesty's Government." The
same meetinor also unanimously agreed that every industrial
centre should be provided with a well-found technical school
to educate the local apprentices and artisans in the highest
technique and practice of their handicrafts.

236] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [dec.

•

At a conference of Liberal Unionist delegates from the
Midlands at Leicester, on November 20, there was unanimous
agreement as to the need for an early and serious consideration
of the ** glaring inequalities and injustice of the present over-
representation of Ireland " ; a large majority for action in the
next parliamentary session ** with a view of providing pensions
for old and deserving workpeople " ; and a nearly unanimous
vote in favour of the further extension of the benefits of the
Employers* Liability Act, especially to agricultural labourers.
.Interest and possibly instruction may be found in a comparison
of the above two sets of resolutions.

At the annual meeting of the General Committee of the
National Liberal Federation, held in Manchester on December
13, a resolution was unanimously passed in favour of ** registered
adult manhood suffrage." The extension of the franchise to
women was also voted as desirable, but in their case Lady
Carlisle expressed readiness to accept, and Mr. Ellis Griffith
seemed to recognise as useful, a limitation of the suffrage to
those qualified under the present law for the municipal fran-
chise. The meeting also ** heartily supported the bill to amend
the London Government Act of 1899, in respect df the eUgi-
bility of women as councillors and aldermen."

A large number of representative temperance leaders, though
not Sir Wilfrid Lawson, issued in December a manifesto calling
attention to and accepting a speech made by Sir Henry Campbell-
Bannerman at Manchester on November 15 '' as a declaration
of the intention of the leaders of the Liberal party to place in
the forefront of their proposals for immediate legislation on
their return to power a measure of temperance reform embody-
ing the principal recommendations of Lord Peel's report, in-
cluding giving direct popular control to Scotland and Wales.
. . . Believing that such an enactment would undoubtedly
work immense good immediately, and pave the way for effecting
a future and more complete reform,*' the signatories of the
manifesto ** welcomed the announcement, and commended to
temperance electors the. policy it embodied as worthy of their
support at the next general election."

Accidentally, or otherwise, the necessity of supporting the
leaders of the Liberal party in the suflBciently arduous enter-
prise indicated in the resolution just quoted does not seem to
have presented itself to the managers of the National Liberal
Federation, meeting at Manchester in December.

The troubles in the Church of England to which reference
has been made as having presented a grave aspect to the minds
of not a few thoughtful Churchmen in the autumn, did not
become outwardly more serious as the months wore on.
Rather, indeed, did it appear that for the time at any rate, and
with regard to the Lambeth decision against the ceremonial
use^f incense, the influences making for conformity had gener-
ally pfevailed. Indeed the actual number of clergy who, after

1S99.] Trade Prosperity. [237

receiving requests or injunctions from their bishops to give up
the practices held by the archbishops to be illegal in the Church
of England, refused compliance, w^as very small — probably not
more than thirty in the whole country. The practical certainty,
however, of hearty congregational support to recalcitrant clergy
could not but serve to enhance the diflSculty of the question,
how to deal wdth the cases of the very small minority of clergy
who persistently refused obedience. In November rumours
were current of a possible resolution of the bishops to initiate
prosecutions in their several dioceses against those incumbents
who declined their requests for conformity with the Lambeth
decision. In an Advent pastoral to his diocese, however, the
Archbishop of York said that he did not believe that there was
"a single bishop who would think of taking such a step,"
although unquestionably it lay within their power, and ** it was
important that this should be made clear, not so much to justify
its use if necessary, as to afford ground for opposing as needless
any further legislation of a more stringent and vexatious char-
acter. But," his Grace proceeded, '** although the bishops
themselves may abstain from prosecutions, it is unlikely that
they would place any impediment in the way of others who
desired to take this step." In view of this intimation, and of
the fiery zeal of the extreme Protestant party, there appeared
little doubt that if the requisite handfuls of ** aggrieved par-
ishioners " could be found, or formed, a new era of anti-rituaHst
prosecutions of locally popular and reverenced clergy would
speedily set in. Such a prospect could in no case have been
favourable to the peace and efficiency of the Church of England
as a whole. It had, moreover, to be remembered that, for
some unexplained reason, the Primates had held back their
decision on another matter — that of the legality of the reser-
vation of the sacrament — which also had been before them in
the summer. If, whenever given, that decision also should be
altogether against the practice of many of the advanced clergy,
it was recognised that the strain placed thereby on their loyalty
might prove very severe.

In a year which closed in the midst of a great, and so far
most unsuccessful war, and which brought much anxiety in
the ecclesiastical sphere, it is at least pleasant to be able to
record that trade and commerce flourished exceedingly. In
almost all the great manufacturing industries of the country
1899 either reached or approached the highest output ever
known. It was so in the chief centres of the metal industries,
and the engineering and shipbuilding trades resting there-
upon. It was so, and with prices for the first time for many
years at fairly remunerative rates, in the Lancashire cotton
industry. Great activity also reigned in the principal woollen
and worsted centres of the West Riding, where, especially in
Bradford, which in past years has been principally dependent
on the American market, there was marked evidence of in-

238] ENGLISH HISTOKY. [dec.

creasing adaptability to the needs of the, happily, very eocigeant
home market. Employment was remarkably good throughout
the country, and, speaking generally, the workmen shared
substantially in the benefits of excellent trade. This parti-
cipation, happily, was brought about in the great majority of
cases by friendly negotiation, or by the working of auto-
matic systems for the adjustment of wages in accordance
with prices, and the number of serious trade disputes recorded
during the year was exceptionally small. At the Trade Union
Congress, which was held at Plymouth early in September,
a series of gloomy observations in the address of the
President, Mr. W. J. Vernon, on the unjust subjection of
labour to capital, and the generally miserable results of our
existing industrial system, had a curiously unreal sound. Nor
did the circumstances of the time seem particularly appropriate
to a resolution which the congress adopted unanimously,
setting forth that ** no scheme dealing with old-age pensions
would be satisfactory to the whole of the workers of this
country which made a condition of thrift, or disregarded the
inability of a large proportion of the industrious and deserving
poor to make provision for the future.'' On the other hand
the revival of prosperity, already referred to, in the Lancashire
cotton trade, might be held to reduce the force of the opposition
still vainly maintained by the representatives of that industry
at the congress to the renewal of a violently worded resolution
in favour of the prohibition of all child labour under fourteen.
It was reported at the congress that the General Federation
of Trade Unions, inaugurated as the result of a special
congress held at Manchester in January, already included a
large number of important societies of both skilled and un-
skilled labour, such for example as the Amalgamated Engineers
and the Lancashire Cotton-Spinning Operatives and the Gas-
workers and General Labourers' Union, and had a total enrol-
ment of 360,000 members. High hopes were expressed by Mr.
Frank Mitchell of Glasgow, the secretary of the federation,
as to the concessions which it would be possible to obtain by
peaceful pressure from employers, of which there would have
been no chance in the disorganised condition of labour before
the formation of the federation. It must be added, however,
that among acute and well-informed observers much doubt
prevailed as to the capacity of the federation to stand any
severe financial strain, and as to the Ukelihood that some of
the great unions which had joined it would submit in practice
to the kind of control which it imported into their own relations
with their employers.

1899.] [239

CHAPTEE VI.

SCOTLAND AND IRELAND.
I. SCOTLAND.

A SURVEY of Scottish affairs in 1899 was calculated to encourage
the expectations avowed by Lord Bosebery as to the advancing
predominance of Liberal imperialism. In domestic affairs, so
far as could be judged from bye-elections, the type of Liberalism
specially in favour with Scotsmen — sober, but yet by no means
without ** advanced " sympathies — was making distinct progress,
as the Edinburgh and other elections showed. It was thought
that the marked growth in the Eadical vote in the metropolitan
constituencies was largely due to the popularity of the recently
pushed propaganda for the taxation of land values, and a
numerously attended conference held at Glasgow in October,
when 112 local authorities as well as various political, social
and industrial organisations were represented, in connexion with
the same movement, showed that it was taking a considerable
hold on the public mind. A fiscal policy of that kind, with or
immediately after the abolition of the House of Lords, was
placed by resolution of the annual meeting of the Scottish
Liberal Association at Aberdeen in December in the forefront
of the Liberal programme. Yet along with the apparent growth
in the quantity and intensification of the quality of Scottish
Liberalism there was to be observed on all sides a proud con-
templation of the participation of Scotsmen in the discharge
of distant imperial enterprises. The heroes of the year, Sir
Archibald Hunter and General Hector Macdonald, were warmly
welcomed in recognition of their brilliant services in the Omdur-
man campaign. Lord Rosebery's watchword, "We mean to
see this thing through,'' spoken in Edinburgh after some of the
early South African checks, could nowhere have been uttered
with more absolute certainty of sympathetic response. The
appointment of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman as successor
to Sir William Harcourt in the leadership of the Liberal party
in the House of Commons was grateful to the feelings of the
Scottish Liberals, who recognised the skill with which he
discharged the difficult duties of that office. But the strongly
imperial speeches in which Mr. Asquith on various occasions
dealt with the South African war and its causes commended
them to popular feehng more directly than the cautious,
critical attitude maintained by Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman.
In Radical Caithness-shire, Dr. Clark's ** pro-Boer" attitude in
Parliament after the war began excited great indignation, which
took the form at Wick of a resolution of protest from the
Town Council, and at Thurso of a burning of him in eflSgy.

The authorisation conveyed in the general Telephone Act
for municipal competition with the National Telephone Com-

240] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [1899.

pany, was regarded as having been to a large extent promoted
by the persistent efforts of the Glasgow Corporation to emanci-
pate that city from the monopoly enjoyed by the company.
The same energetic municipality was able to present a balance-
sheet showing a profit of over 50,000Z. on the working of the
city tram-lines for the year ending May 31, 1899.

The most steadily prominent feature of the year's life in
Scotland was, as in England, a general commercial prosperity.
The ** record" output attained by the Clyde shipyards, with
466,832 tons in 1898, was surpassed by nearly 25,000 tons m
the same district in 1899 ; and this was only one instance of
the state of industry in South-west Scotland, where the iron
and steel trade generally, and the production of engines and
machinery in particular, were in a most flourishing condition.
The textile trades of Dundee, whether dealing with flax or jute,
specially the former, had a prosperous year. With the marked
activity of all the great metal industries it was inevitable that
the prices of coal should rise largely. Happily, the sharing of
profit in that and other industries between masters and men
was arranged with remarkable smoothness, and in the coal
trade a conciliation board was formed on the model of that in
operation for several years past in the majority of the English
mining districts. At the same time there was a considerable
revival in the whaling fishery, and the venturers in it were
rewarded by most satisfactory results.

Ecclesiastically the year was marked by the continued pro-
gress of the movement for the union of the Free Church and
the United Presbyterian Church. The opposition to this step
seemed steadily declining, and the realisation of a proposal
tending towards economy and the concentration of religious
effort was pretty confidently anticipated before the close of the
century. •

II. IRELAND.

Two important events marked the annals of Ireland in
1899 ; the coming into operation of the Local Government
Act of 1898, establishing democratically elected County and
District Councils throughout Ireland, and a drawing together
of hitherto mutually jealous and hostile sections of Nation-
alists. The results shown under the new act were neither
uniform nor complete enough to warrant any very confident
conclusions as to the future working of the great experiment
inaugurated by the Unionist Government and Parliament.
The landed proprietors did not as a class stand aside from the
elections for the new councils, but as a class they were, where
they offered themselves, rejected by the electors. In Con-
naught and Munster together only about a dozen country
gentlemen were chosen, the fatal objection to their candidature
being more probably their Unionist politics than their possession
of land. The elements of administrative experience and know-

1899.] The New County Councils. [241

ledge were thus conspicuously lacking in the elected councils.
In fact there were only six counties — in the north-east — where
the Nationalist party did not possess a great majority, com-
posed for the most part of persons who had to learn the
first principles of the management of local business. The
classes of small farmers, shopkeepers in country towns, and
publicans were very strongly represented on the new councils.
If with these had been blended a substantial number of mem-
bers of education and leisure, versed in the treatment of county
affairs, this local self-government might have proved more
advantageous for the country than the continuance of a system
in which all local administration rested in the hands of a single
class. A limited element of continuity with the old system of
local government was provided by the act of 1898, which
required each County Council to co-opt three members of the
abolished Grand Jury; but the numerical force of this element-
was not enough to make its presence really effective. The
retention in office in most cases of the old county surveyors and
clerks, who, by a clause in the act, could. only be dismissed if
the County Council were prepared to give really substantial
pensions, was no doubt of material service in providing the new
bodies with information as to past practice and legal powers.
The guiding and restraining influence of these officials was felt
much less in the sphere of the District Councils. Under all
the circumstances, it was matter for congratulation that in
so many of the County Councils the elected members showed
a desire to discharge their responsibilities with a single eye to
the public benefit, and to obtain a mastery over the problems
coming before them. At the same time in a considerable
nimiber of both County and District Councils, more particularly
the latter, there were tendencies on the one hand towards an
unwise parsimony in respect of the salaries of local officials,
and on the other towards jobbery and the indulgence of
personal preferences. Only too often the new bodies made
occasions for political demonstrations and the display of dis-
loyal sentiments. In Westmeath, where, being a Home Ruler,
Lord Greville was chosen chairman of the County Council,
after a few months he felt obliged to resign that office, his
position having been rendered intolerable by a foolish and
prolonged quarrel between the councillors and the authorities
with regard to the hoisting of a green flag on the court house.
A very bitter anti-British feeling was exhibited, as the South
African war approached, by several of the district councils
and municipal corporations. These bodies, not content with
passing resolutions altogether outside the sphere of their duties,
occasionally spent their time in framing manifestations of
disloyalty. The Limerick Corporation led, and was followed
by, the Urban District Council, or the Town Commissioners,
of Cashel, TuUamore, Monaghan, MuUingar, Nenagh, Kilrush
and (Oct. 6) by the Cork Corporation. All these bodies adopted

Q

242] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [1899.

the Limerick resolution, expressing sympathy with the Boer
farmers in their fight against England ; but the Cork District
Council agreed (Oct. 7) that this declaration was not strong
enough, and adopted in place of it a resolution imputing to the
Enghsh people as a nation, '* rapine, murder, piUage, and all
the crimes that it has fallen to humanity to perpetrate against
fellow creatures." After the opening of the war the New
Ross Urban District Council (Oct. 20) voted its sympathy with
the Boers in their struggle against ** the pirate empire of the
world,'* while the Clonmel Corporation adopted the Limerick
resolution. These utterances, though they could not be re-
garded as surprising, were instructive. They were promoted
and accompanied by speeches by prominent Nationalist poli-
ticians of various sections couched in strong terms. Mr.
Davitt, who announced his intention during the autumn session
of resigning his seat, as a protest against the war, was con-
spicuous by the number and the virulence of his speeches
on the subject in Lreland. Thus addressing a United Lrish
League meeting in Co. Cork (Sept. 10) he said : ** The Boer
cause is just ; England's cause is cowardly and infamous, and
the whole world — ^Ireland, I hope, included — will wish in such a
contest, if war is waged, that the feat of David in his encounter
with Goliath may be repeated by the brave little republic of
the Transvaal." In November, at more than one meeting, he
avowed his satisfaction at the Boer successes over the British.
Mr. Dillon, speaking in Co. Kildare in December, invited the
Boers to use the language of the Magnificat. In October
Mr. John Redmond declared, on the eve of the outbreak of
the conflict, that if war broke out the sympathies of Ireland
would be with the gallant Boers ** rightly struggUng to be
free," and his brother called for three cheers (which were
enthusiastically given) for ''gallant old Paul Kruger." This
was on the occasion of the laying of the foundation stone of a
Parnell monument in Dublin, when Lord Mayor Tallon attended
in state, accompanied by several members of ParHament.

The only notice which the Government took of these
treasonable manifestations was the removal from the Com-
mission of the Peace of several chairmen of District Councils
who had given expression to sympathy with the Queen's
enemies. The withdrawal of the Deputy-Lieutenancy of Co.
Limerick from Lord Emly was on account of a culpably
violent labour speech. This evolution and exhibition of
virulent anti-British feeling in connection with the war in
South Africa, doubtless served to give fresh strength to the
movements towards ** Unity" among the various sections of
the Nationalist party, and gave a certain air of reality to what
otherwise seemed a remarkably fragile fabric of reconciliation.
By the end of the year an amalgamation for parhamentary
purposes appeared to have been effected between the Parnellites
under Mr. J. Redmond and the smaller section of anti-

1899.] The United Irish League, [243

Parnellites under Mr. Healy, but the attitude of the larger
section owning the leadership of Mr. Dillon was uncertain. Its
chief was preoccupied, among other things, with the interests
of the United Irish League. That organisation was started in
the congested districts of the west in 1897 by Mr. W. O'Brien,
for the ostensible object of securing the augmentation of
peasants' holdings by the division among them of large
grass farms, and generally as a means of affording a basis of
militant union among the Nationalists of the country districts.
In the course of 1899 it made appreciable progress, its propa-
ganda being pushed, and obtaining a considerable amount of
clerical support, in several counties to the south and east of those
of Mayo, Eoscommon, Sligo and Lei trim in which lay its chief
strength. Its methods, though they had not borne fruit in
actual outrage, were often distinctly intimidating. Resolutions
passed at public meetings " inviting" by name large grass farmeis
to give up their farms by a certain date for the benefit of the
neighbouring peasantry recalled the old land league days, and
were suggestive of more than the force of argument or moral
suasion. Mr. Redmond and Mr. Healy had held entirely aloof
from this movement and its leading supporters, including Mr.
Dillon and Mr. Davitt, looked with misgiving upon any amal-
gamation in which those politicians bore prominent parts.

The Irish landlords, on their side, were by no means
satisfied with the treatment which* they received at the hands
of the Government in 1899. On April 27 the Irish Lord
Chancellor (Lord Ashbourne) explained at some length in the
House of Lords the changes of procedure which the Land
Commission had introduced, in deference to the recommenda-
tions of the Fry Commission. They embraced such points
as the better instruction of the assistant commissioners with
regard to legal decisions pronounced by the Land Commission
and by the Court of Appeal, and regulating the cases coming
before the sub-conamissions ; the more satisfactory inspection
of drains ; and the revived practice of communicating the
valuer's report. He took a very cheerful view of the working
of these and other changes. As to the recommendation, on
which the Fry Commission had laid so much stress, of an
improvement in the tenure of the assistant commissioners,
Lord Ashbourne said that it would be practically impossible
to make them all permanent officials, the work varying so
enormously. But they had all been practically given a tenure
of three years, that was until March 31, 1902. Also, a system
of examinations had been instituted, which would insure that
persons obtaining these appointments had the necessary quali-
fications, and the old system of associating two lay assistant
commissioners with each legal assistant commissioner would
be returned to. Lord Ashbourne also gave figures showing
that the land purchase system was working vigorously. These
declarations seemed to hold out a certain, though doubtless

q2

244] ENGLISH HISTOEY. [1899.

limited, prospect of improvement in the administration of the
Land Acts. But the past was unaffected by the changes
enumerated by Lord Ashbourne. The landlords asserted that
their grievances had been more or less acknowledged, and that
some material set-off ought to be made. The Tithe Bent
Charge Bill, introduced (May 12) by the Chief - Secretary,
promised an immediate and appreciable diminution in the
burdens of many landlords, whose resources had been greatly
reduced by the operation of the Land Acts. But that measure
was dropped before the end of the session, as those to be
benefited by it thought, without sufiBcient cause. The result
was a rally led by Lord Inchiquin in the House of Lords, in sup-
port of a resolution declaring that it was incumbent on Parlia-
ment to consider the claims of Irish landlords to compensation
from the State for the losses they had sustained through the
administration of the Land Acts. This was carried against the
Government by 39 votes to 34 — a rather barren triumph, but
probably tending to reinforce the assurance offered by the Govern-
ment before the division that every effort would be made in the
ensuing session to pass the Tithe Kent Charge Bill into law.

Other features of a more cheerful character remain to be
noticed. Commerce and agriculture were prosperous during
1899. There was an excellent harvest, with no potato failure,
and the ** harvest of the sea'* was also generally good. The
Ulster hnen trade did well, and the Belfast shipbuilding industry
very well indeed. The annual review of Irish affairs in the
Times gave the following gratifying particulars as to the progress
of the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society. ** In March^
1898, the number of societies under its control was 243. At the
end of 1899 it controlled 420, of which 210 were dairy societies
and about 110 agricultural societies. The estimated trade done
by the dairy societies during 1899 amounted to over 500,000Z.,
the average price received for butter having been 9*83d. per lb.
The total membership of the various societies was approxi-
mately 41,000. Lord Monteagle was appointed President of the
Agricultural Organisation Society in the place of Mr. Horace
Plunkett, who resigned ofiBce on his appointment as Vice-
President of the new Department of Agriculture and Industries.''
This new department had been created under an act of 1899,
which was passed in view of representations made to Govern-
ment in the previous year by Irishmen of all parties interested
in the material progress of their country. It was to have at its
disposal from various sources, including, of course, the Church
surplus, nearly 170,000Z. a year, and its operations were to be
influenced by boards representative in part of the County Coun-
cils. It was hoped that it might do much in various ways to
promote the enUghtened development of agriculture and manu-
factures, and in doing so to enlist the further co-operation of
men of all parties in useful work for their common country.

FOREIGN AND COLONIAL HISTORY.

CHAPTER I.

FRANCE AND ITALY.

I. FRANCE.

When the year opened it was not only parliamentary govern-
ment in France which seemed in peril, but it was the very
existence of the republic which was at stake, and many doubted
if it would find defenders. The Army seemed ready to rise
against the nation. The constitution of 1875 was apparently
so unable to bear the strain upon its provisions that M. de
Marcere, a former minister of Marshal MacMahon, opened a
campaign in favour of its revision. The enemies of the republic
openly pushed forward their plans, and day after day an unbridled
press cried aloud for a military coup d'etat. Throughout the
provinces discharged soldiers formed themselves into groups or
federations, taking their instructions frona the central committee,
composed of the leading Nationalists, whilst in order to get hold
of the nouvelles couches of the electorate they got hold of the
younger men as they were released from mihtary service.

The Clerical propaganda, undertaken by the Assumptionist
Fathers, at the same time made war to the knife on all loyal
servants of the republic throughout the country. With the aid
of furious newspapers, which adopted the names of the ancient
provinces (La Croix du Maine, de Bourgogne, de Guienne),
they hoped to familiarise their readers with the idea of a return
to the ancien regime. The conspirators managed so well that they
made it seem ridiculous for any one to call himself a Repubhcan ;
and in a country like France where fashion reigns supreme this
83rmptom was most serious. Above all the Government was
presided over by a politician who had not shrunk from making
himself in Parliament the apologist of political inconsistency,
and who had taken credit to himself for the promptness with
which he had shifted his rifle from one shoulder to the other.
It would be doing no wrong to M. Dupuy's Cabinet to say that
it was despised oy all parties. It was believed to be capable of
resorting to any subterfuges to save itself, and the public dis-

246] FOEEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

covered that the only way to stir it to action was to threaten its
existence.

Unfortunately the same might be said of the chief of the
State. M. Fehx Faure, with his love of parade and his besetting
** snobbishness/' inspired perhaps even more distrust than the
shiftiness of his Prime Minister.

In both camps there existed a firm conviction that it was
only necessary to find a general prepared to take the initia-
tive of a pronunciamento and the republic would have to give
place to CsBsarism. The Governor of Paris, General Zurhnden,
was daily denounced by the EepubUcan press as the head of
the military party, which resisted the supremacy of the civil
power. His speech to President Faure at the New Year's re-
ception was bitterly criticised : " The Government may count
more than ever upon the absolute devotion of our troops to
uphold the law.'* It was sententiously remarked that the
general made no reference to his own intention of upholding
it. It was, however. General Metzinger, commanding the 15th
Corps at Marseilles, who was regarded as one of the most active
members of the military party, and the most eager to take part
in any attack upon the established order. The Nationalists
consequently singled him out as the special object of their
noisy acclamations every time he appeared in public, espe-
cially on the occasion of his being decorated (Jan. 7) by the
President.

These manifestations found their counterpart across the
Mediterranean, where Max Regis, the "King of Algiers," on
his return to the capital was received with wild enthusiasm by
the Anti-Semitic crowd. The horses were taken out of his
carriage, and he was drawn in triumph to the Hotel de Ville,
where from the balcony he denounced the Chamber of Deputies
at Paris as the off-scourings of a sewer. This speech, however,
cost M. Max Regis his place as Mayor of Algiers, but as he was
immediately succeeded by one of his own partisans, the change
brought no cessation to the disorders of which Algiers was the
scene.

The state of affairs in the capital was not less serious. The
violent ruled in the streets, the cynics in the press. The anni-
versary of the death of the old revolutionist, Blanqui (Jan. 8),
was the occasion of a regular fight between the SociaHsts and
the friends of M. Rochefort. The latter had just captured a
new ally, for the same day M. Quesnay de Beaurepaire, president
of the Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation, had suddenly
thrown up his office, and in the columns of the Echo de Paris
had commenced an outrageous campaign against his colleagues
of the Criminal Chamber, whom he charged with having made
up their minds to annul the Dreyfus judgment. He insisted,
therefore, that the case should be transferred from that body.
The arguments he brought forward were singularly inconclu-
sive, coming as they did from a former procuretcr-gen^ral, whose

1899.] France. — General Disorder, [247

appointment had been the immediate cause of Boulanger's
flight. His only evidence was idle gossip of doubtful authen-
ticity, overheard by oflice clerks or inferior police officers.
Nevertheless these slight conjectures sufficed to frighten the
Ministry, and to bring it to take a step of exceptional gravity.
A commission of inquiry composed of M. Mazeau, senator and
first President of the Court of Cassation, and MM. Dareste and
Voisin, members of the same court, was appointed to interrogate
M. de Beaurepaire's witnesses, and the judges. A fortnight later
(Jan. 27) the President handed in a report, not less extraordinary
than the rest of the proceedings. After rendering full justice
to the capability and rectitude of the incriminated judges, he
concluded that it was requisite to withdraw from them the right
of deciding alone whether the trial should be revised.

At the same time the Nationalists were mustering their forces,
the streets were abandoned to them, the poUce supported them,
and the Ministry, thoroughly cowed, capitulated.

In the interval the session had been opened, M. Paul
Deschanel being re-elected President of the Chamber by 323
votes to 187 given to the Eadical candidate M. Henri Brisson.
On taking the chair M. Deschanel expressed his hope and behef
that it would be in his power to reconcile the two noble aspira-
tions of the country — the Army and justice. In the Senate no
opposition had been raised to the re-election of M. Loubet.

The earlier part of the session was devoted to the discussion
of the Budget — mingled with a few interpellations in which the
movers themselves displayed but little interest. The ** affair **
was still the all-absorbing topic. The Ministry made the first
move in the matter by requesting the Chamber to appoint a
committee to inquire if there were not grounds for amending
the code of criminal procedure in cases of revision of sentences.
The step was a grave one, for it openly violated the recognised
principle of non-retro-action in criminal enactments. Never-
theless even this concession was regarded as inadequate by the
Nationahsts. In an open letter to the President of the Council,
M. Jules Lemaitre insisted that an inquiry carried on by judges
publicly suspected and regarded by their chiefs as open to
suspicion was from the outset branded as unsatisfactory, and
therefore he called upon the Ministry to begin the proceedings
afresh. Simultaneously out-of-door manifestations were organ-
ised in order to force the hand of the Ministry. At Marseilles
the Anti-Semites and the EepubHcans interchanged revolver
shots. At Algiers the Municipal Council invited M. Henri
Eochefort, once a Eadical and Communist, but now the most
reckless leaderof the Anti-Semite faction. His arrival, as was
to be expected, was the signal for the most disgraceful rioting,
resulting in the wholesale suspension of the Municipal Council
by the prefect, M. Lutaud. Disorders were reported from
numerous centres, and were reflected in the confusion which
reigned at Paris. The Committee of the Chamber reported

248] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

(Feb. 6) by nine votes to two against the Government proposal
to interfere with the Court of Cassation. On the following day
a newspaper published in full an absolutely confidential letter
addressed by the first President M. Mazeau to M. Dupuy, the
Prime Minister, and on the same day M. Loew, President of
the Criminal Chamber, quietly announced that that court had
closed its inquiry, and notified the fact to the Minister of Justice.
Two days later (Feb. 9) a manifesto was issued .signed by the
representatives of all the Eepublican groups in the Chamber,
from the most moderate to the Socialists, protesting against the
Government proposal as contrary to all precedent and justice.

In most instances their eloquence and their <;ourage did not
go beyond the written document, for on the bill coming forward
for discussion (Feb. 10) the leaders of the Moderates and of the
Eadicals alike preserved silence, and it was left to MM. Pelletan
and Millerand to protest against this violation of tradition. The
Minister of Justice astutely urged members to think only of
their seats, and with such effect that the bill was accepted by
326 to 206 votes and at the same sitting was passed unamended
by 324 to 207 votes.

Its fate in the Senate was even more dramatic. The com-
mittee selected to report on it (Feb. 16) was composed of five
members who were favourable and four opposed to the bill, and
a keen debate was anticipated. But during the night President
F61ix Faure died suddenly, under circumstances which were
never satisfactorily explained, and the whole situation was
abruptly changed. In the latter days of his Ufe it seemed as if
the President of the republic was altogether in the hands of
the military party, the Elys6e became more and more accessible
to the Conservative leaders, and the Eepublicans finding their
presence little desired soon absented themselves.

There was serious danger of a prolonged crisis, but the
Senate rose to the emergency, and determined to cut short the
intrigues which promptly wove round the situation. Negotia-
tions were at once commenced and on the same day (Feb. 17) it
was announced that M. Loubet*s candidature would have the
support of 177 senators. The Eepublican groups in the
Chamber at once declared their adhesion, and M. Charles
Dupuy, the President of the Council, found it convenient to let
it be known that he was not a candidate for the Presidency of
the republic. The two Houses met in congress at Versailles
(Feb. 18) and at once proceeded to business. The Conservatives
and the Eallied had fixed upon M. M61ine as their candidate ;
but in a total of 812 voters he only found 279 adherents, whilst
483 rallied to M. Loubet. About fifty votes were scattered
among a number of insignificant names, but the majority was
decisive.

The Dupuy Ministry was temporarily continued in ofl&ce,
but from the moment of his election M. Loubet had grounds
for distrusting its support. On driving from the railway

1899.] France, — Funeral of President Faure, [249

station to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the newly elected
President was grossly insulted, and the attitude of the police
and of the Prime Minister during this street uproar was more
likely to provoke than to control disorder.

The Nationalists were not slow to take the hint. The same
evening one of their chiefs, M. Jules Lemaitre wrote to the
papers declaring that his party would not accept M. Loubet's
election. MM. Coppee and D6roulfede paraded the streets
reviewing their partisans. For several days, notwithstanding
numerous arrests, the streets were practically in possession of
organised bodies of rioters, who, however, contented themselves
with shrieking seditious cries. It was, however, openly asserted
that a popular rising would take place on the occasion of
President Faure's funeral. This contingency the Ministry were
not prepared to face. They therefore determined that the only
ceremony should be a religious one at Notre Dame, where all
those invited should meet. Loud protests were raised against
this proposal in the Chamber, which finally agreed to assemble
in a body at the Elysee and to walk thence in procession ; the
Republican senators undertook to bring pressure to bear upon
the Ministry to keep order in the streets, and the Municipal
Council of Paris addressed a manifesto to the people urging
peace, and at the same time endeavoured to stimulate the
activity of the Prefect of Police. M. Loubet, moreover, an-
nounced his intention of conforming to the precedent set by M.
Casimir Perier at the funeral of M. Carnot, and that he would
consequently proceed from the Elysee to Pere la Chaise. This
decision was favourably received by the Paris populace, and the
Ministry thought it advisable to intimate to the League of
Patriots and to the League of the Patrie Fran9ai8e that places
would not be allotted to them in the official procession. Never-
theless M. Deroulede continued to issue instructions to his
followers, and the Due d' Orleans was summoned in all haste to
Brussels to be ready for any event.

The funeral ceremony passed off (Feb. 23) with less disturb-
ance than had been anticipated. M. Loubet walked on foot
from the Elysee to Notre Dame and thence to Pere la Chaise,
and his confidence in the Paris populace was amply rewarded.
Those who might have wished to display their hostility were
restrained by the attitude of the crowd. No sooner, however,
had the official procession broken up than M. Deroulede made
his attempt to get up a riot or a revolution. Accompanied by a
few friends he endeavoured to persuade General Roget, who
had been M. Cavaignac's chef du cabinet, to march with his
brigade upon the Elysee. He went so far as to lay hold of
the horse's bridle ; but the general shook off his compromising
friend and marched his men into their barracks. The deputy
for La Charente and his colleague M. Marcel Habert followed in
with the troops and with impassioned appeals urged them to
make a pronunciamento. For their pains the two deputies were

250] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

taken into custody and locked up, and so the projected revolution
miscarried. On the next day the Chamber without a moment's
hesitation acceded to the Prime Minister's proposal that the two
deputies should not be allowed to plead parliamentary privilege
from arrest.

The situation was a strange one. The Government was
perplexed, and not knowing on which shoulder to carry its
gun most advantageously, endeavoured to conceal its embar-
rassment under a series of incoherent manoeuvres. One day it
ordered searches to be made in the houses of the secretaries of
the Leagues, the next it announced that D6roul^de was not to
be prosecuted for an attempt to upset the republic, but for
some mere press offence. As a matter of fact the crafty Au-
vergnat was anxious to conciliate the Nationalists, thinking that
they were the more strong because the more noisy party. He
gave them a proof of this in the eager insistence with which he
urged the Senate to agree to the bill for depriving the Criminal
Chamber of its authority, which had aroused strong opposition.
Three sittings were occupied in its discussion. MM. Monis,.
Waldeck-Eousseau, B^renger and others spoke strongly against
the innovation which the Government sought to introduce. By
only nine votes an amendment was lost which would have
returned the bill to the Chamber, but at length the Senate
having extracted from the Government a formal promise to
publish the evidence taken before the criminal courts the bill
was allowed to pass (March 1). Some days later the Figaro
saved the Ministry the annoyance of breaking their promise
by publishing in extenso the depositions of the witnesses sum-
moned before the court. This publication, which the Govern-
ment in vain attempted to hinder, produced an extraordinary
sensation throughout France, and rallied a large body of the
nation to the side of the Eevisionists.

There were not wanting other indications that the change in
the Presidency would necessarily involve a change in the poUcy
of the responsible Government. M. Fallieres, a former Prime
Minister, known for his devotion to Liberal Eepublicanism, was
elected President of the Senate ; M. Urbain Gohier, a writer in
VAurore, the organ of the extreme Dreyfusards, was summoned
(March 16) before a civil court for insulting the Army, and on the
same day Captain Picquart was transferred by order of the Court
of Cassation from the military to a civil prison — whence a few
weeks later he was definitely released. Even in the literary
arena the fates were hostile to the Nationalists, for the Anti-
Dreyf usards of the Society des Gens de Lettres, wishing to exclude
from the committee on its annual renewal the friends of M. Zola,
found themselves left in a minority, and M. Jules Lemaitre had
only a single vote to support his candidature.

Meanwhile the Chamber was wearily plodding its way
through the mazes of the ever-swelling Budget. Interpella-
tions were frequently addressed to ministers, who managed to

1899.] France, — M, de Freycinet's Resignation, [251

escape defeat by misleading all parties. In reply to an inquiry
addressed to the Minister of War with regard to the factious
behaviour of certain officers, M. de Freycinet replied, **I strike
in silence " ; but no one believed that he would do anything of
the sort.

The Easter session of the General Councils gave rise to no
matters of general importance. The choice of M. Loubet was

Generally hailed with satisfaction, and the method in which
usiness was conducted or rather neglected in the Chamber
with dissatisfaction. One or two of the northern departments,
which suffered most from the scourge, insisted upon some
restriction being placed upon the number of cabarets opened in
the district. M. Max Regis alone seemed anxious to keep up
popular excitement. For the part he had taken in the recent
disturbances at Algiers he was sentenced to four months' im-
prisonment, and to his own surprise was made to undergo it
forthwith, and from that moment his influence in the colony
waned. By a skilful combination of energy and concessions the
governor-general and the prefect managed to create a division
between the Anti-Semites and the Republicans, and to oblige the
former to join hands with the reactionaries. The inauguration
at Tunis of the statue to Jules Ferry was made the occasion
of officially endorsing his colonial policy, and the substitution of
General Pennequin for General Gallieni as Governor of Madagas-
car marked a change in the administration of that dependency.

When the session was resumed (May 2) no time was lost in
calling upon M. de Freycinet to explain the suspension of the
course of lectures at the Ecole polytechniqiie by M. Duruy, who
had written several articles in the Figaro which clearly showed
his bias in favour of a revision of the Dreyfus case. The students
had thought proper to exhibit their feeling by disturbing the
professor's lectures, and the Minister of War, instead of insist-
ing upon order being maintained, thought fit to suspend the
professor. Challenged in the Chamber to defend his action,
M. de Freycinet tried to prove that the demonstration had
been general and spontaneous, and that the reprimand he had
addressed to the more culpable was severer than any impri-
sonment. The Chamber, as might be expected, received such
transparent evasions with derision, and M. de Freycinet gladly
seized upon the pretext that he had not been treated with
respect to tender his resignation.

M. de Freycinet's position in the Cabinet had for a long time
been unsatisfactory. In a measure he was held prisoner by
the military camurilla, which among other things had forced him
to pass a law by which appointments to all the high military
commands were transferred from the Minister of War to a com-
mittee of generals. This abdication of the civil government
raised the hopes of the military part to the highest, and its
leaders entertained no doubt that they could hold their own
against Republican opinion.

252] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

M. de Freycinet's immediate successor was M. Krantz a
deputy and already Minister of Public Works, but his career as
War Minister was brief. A certain Commandant Cuignet had
tendered to the Court of Cassation a document, purporting to
have come from the Foreign OfiBce and relating to the Dreyfus
case. The inaccuracy of this document was at once recognised
by M. Paleologue of the Foreign Affairs, and the matter reported
to M. Delcasse, the Minister, who protested warmly against the
manoeuvre. The matter was brought before the Chamber (May
12) and M. Krantz in order to defend his department threw over
Commandant Cuignet and placed him on half-pay. By this
means he was able to obtain a vote of confidence by 378 to 54
votes, and for the moment the situation was saved.

Public attention, however, at this time was absorbed by what
was going on outside Parliament, and the petty intrigues of a
Ministry clinging to ofl&ce were neglected for the trial of M.
D^roulfede and the gradual unveiling of the Dreyfus case. The
Government had shown the most remarkable tenderness in
deaUng vnth the leader of the NationaHsts. The more serious
charges of having aimed at the safety of the State, which would
have brought him before the High Court of Justice, were
abandoned, and he was only charged before a jury with having
attempted to decoy soldiers from their duty, and to having pro-
voked street gatherings. After two days* hearing, under such
circumstances, it was not surprising that the jury acquitted him
(May 31), and the hero of the day was carried back in triumph to
the meeting place of the Ligue des Patriotes, and later in the
evening, at a noisy meeting packed with NationaHsts, it was
proposed to march at once to the Elys6e.

On the following day (June 1) the arrival in Paris of Com-
mandant Marchand, the hero of Fashoda, seemed to offer the
Nationalists a better opportunity. Their idea was to put forward
this bold soldier as the victim of the Government, m the hope
that by some imprudent word or step he might be induced to
become the " strong man " whom the discontented were seeking
as a leader. This plot was rendered abortive by the prudence of
the person chiefly interested, who thoroughly grasped the situa-
tion, and satisfied wdth the practical results of his campaign,
quietly withdrew himself from the compromising ovations of his
admirers. Two days later (June 3) the united chambers of the
Court of Cassation gave their decision in the Dreyfus case,
which was identical with that of the Criminal Chamber. The
judgment of the Paris court martial was set aside, and Dreyfus
was to be tried afresh before a court martial assembled at
Eennes.

This decision drove the Nationalists and their allies to a
state of wild exasperation. On the following day (June 4)
M. Loubet, whilst attending the Auteuil steeplechases, was
assaulted by '* a sportsman,'* who struck him on the head with
a loaded cane, and the members of the royalist Society of the

1899.] France, — Defeat of the Ministry, [253

White Carnation expressed their feehngs by insulting cries.
Numerous arrests were made, and it was promptly known that
the police, although fully warned that some outrage had been
planned, took no measures of precaution. This unpardonable
negligence was promptly punished. The various groups of the
Republican party recognised their common danger : an order of
the day calling upon the Government to make the republic
respected was passed by large majorities in the Chamber (June
5) and the Senate (June 6), and the members of the Left in both
Chambers followed up this vote by sending a deputation to M.
Dupuy, calling upon him to govern on behalf of the Eepublicans.
The reunion of groups in the Chambers was reflected by their
reunion elsewhere, and the President of the repubUc received an
imposing ovation on his visit to the Lon^champs races (June
11). The Ministry, however, had done its utmost to render
M. Loubet ridiculous by the excess of precautions taken to
protect the chief of the State. The police and the military
were in exaggerated force along the Une of route, and in the
evening were employed in dispersing the crowds which acclaimed
the republic.

On the next day M. Vaillant, a Socialist deputy, called atten-
tion to the violence displayed by the poUce against the people of
Paris and the Eepublicans. He was supported by members from
other benches, who inquired how much longer the cry of ** Vive
la R6publique ** in the streets would be met by the b&tons of the
police. M. Dupuy, resorting to his favourite tactics when hard
pressed, demanded a vote of confidence ; but instead of agreeing
to the request, passed by 321 to 173 votes an order of the day
declaring that the Chamber would support only a Government
which declared itself determined to maintain public order by
supporting republican institutions. The Dupuy Cabinet there-
upon resigned, to the rehef of all parties, which by turns it had
cajoled and deceived.

The crisis which ensued was long and serious. The situation
was more than delicate. From all sides evidence was forth-
coming of general disorganisation. The University and the
Army were facing each other as rivals, and ofl&cers Uke Colonel
de Saxce and General Hartschmidt threw aside all regard for
the civil power. Under such conditions M. Poincar^, and after
him M. Waldeck-Rousseau, found the construction of a Cabinet
beyond their power. M. Bourgeois, who was representing
France at the Peace Congress at the Hague, was hurriedly
summoned to Paris, but found the difficulties of the situation
insuperable. M. Loubet again turned to M. Waldeck-Eousseau,
and ultimately (June 22) he was able to submit a Ust of a
Cabinet for the defence of the republic, which was thus com-
posed : M. Waldeck-Eousseau, President of the Council, and
Minister of the Interior ; M. Delcasse, Foreign Affairs ; M.
Leygues, Public Instruction ; M. Monis (senator). Justice ; M.
Jean Dupuy (senator). Agriculture; M. de Lanessan, Marine;

254] FOKEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

M. Decrais, Colonies; M. Caillaux, Finance; and M. Baudin,
Public Works. The two last named were young men, new to
official life, but what gave to the Cabinet its chief importance
and its national interest was the presence of two persons
apparently so irreconcilable as the Marquis de Galliflfet and M.
Millerand. The former, fwho took over the War Department,
recalled memories and aroused fears, the latter, who accepted
the portfolio of Trade and Industry, was the recognised leader
of the Socialist party.

The new Ministers convoked to settle the terms of the
declaration with which they should meet the Chambers, decided
to call themselves a Government of Republican defence. Their
first acts showed a determination to insure respect for the law.
General Roget was transferred from Paris to Belfort, General
Hartschmidt to Rheims, Colonel de Saxce from Rennes to
Poitiers. In civil appointments a similar firm hand was
displayed. M. Bulot was appointed Procureur de la B^publique
at Paris, one of the most important posts in the French
magistracy ; M. Bernard was made procureur-general, and M.
Lepine reassumed the prefecture of the police, recently held
by M. Blanc.

It was under these circumstances that the Ministry met the
Chamber (June 26) and challenged a vote of confidence. The
Nationalists exerted themselves to the utmost limits of disorder.
The Chamber, distracted by the hysterical shriekings of the
pseudo Socialists who raved malignantly at General de Gallififet,
was at a loss how to act. Thereupon M. Brisson mounted the
tribune, and in eloquent terms adjured Republicans of all shades
to rally in support of the Ministry. To make his appeal stronger
he made, it was said, those signals of distress which all Free-
masons could recognise and were bound to obey. In any case
the triumph of the Government, on a simple order of the day,
was first defeated by 271 to 248 votes, and one expressing
confidence in the Government was carried by 263 to 237 votes,
doubtless a weak position, but destined to strengthen with tinoie.

After this struggle the strife of parties grew less keen for a
while. M. Deroulede's motion for a revision of the constitution
was quietly laid aside. Emboldened by a vote of confidence in
the Senate, passed by 185 to 25 votes, the Government con-
tinued its campaign against those military leaders whose
mysterious underhand proceedings were causing constant
uneasiness. General Zurlinden was removed from the com-
mand of the Army of Paris and the post given to General
Brugfere, and at the same time General de Pellieux, commandant
of the City of Paris was transferred to Quimper, and his place
taken by General Dalstein, who had formerly been attached to
the Elysee during the presidency of M. Carnot. The most
important and the boldest stroke, however, was the dismissal
of General de N^grier, who had held an important seat at the
Superior Council of War, and had been entrusted with several

1899.] France. — The Rennes Court Martial. [255

special missions. He was, however, proved to have ordered the
colonels of the regiments under his mspection to make known
to the officers under their command that the Superior Council
of War was prepared, as soon as the Dreyfus case was finished,
to force the Government to respect the Army.

The Dreyfus case was destmed to become the one event of
the summer. The Chambers, having expressed their confidence
in the Government, were prorogued sine die a fortnight earlier
than usual without a word of remonstrance. All eyes and
thoughts were directed towards Rennes. Dreyfus, brought
back from the He du Diable (Cayenne) by the cruiser Sfax, had
been secretly landed at Quiberon, and promptly conveyed (July
1) to Rennes, where his counsel. Me. Demange and Me. Labori,
were at once permitted free access to the accused. The prepara-
tions for the hearing were necessarily long, both sides needing
careful preparation ; but at length the Council of War met
(Aug. 7) in the chief school house (Lyc6e) of the Breton
city. The president was Colonel Jouaust, of the artillery, and
the nominal prosecutor, representing the War Department,
was Major Carriere, a retired officer of the gendarmerie, whose
chief defect was that he carried no weight. For more than
a month the keenest interest was shown in the course of the
trial, of which the sittings were held in the early morning and
before the heat of the day. On behalf of the prosecution the
witnesses were chiefly from the former general staff of the
Army, and day after day the most exciting scenes occurred
between Generals Mercier, Roget and Billot, on the one hand,
and the counsel and witnesses for the defence on the other. In
the midst of the proceedings one of the accused's principal
counsel, Me. Labori, was treacherously shot on his way to
court, the intending assassin managing to effect his escape.
By something little short of a miracle Me. Labori escaped
with only a serious wound, and a fortnight later heroically
insisted upon resuming the defence of M. Dreyfus. The Anti-
Semite and Nationalist newspapers naturally endeavoured to
make light of this disgraceful incident, and at length affected
to believe that the attack had been an imaginary one, and that
the pistol had been loaded with a bread pellet. The general
opinion was that the court acted throughout with dignity and
self-possession ; but the judges could not forget that they were
officers, whose regard for discipline and the Army would not
allow them to rebuke the official prosecutors, General Roget
and the former Minister of War, General Mercier, even when
the latter openly admitted that he had acted in contravention of
the code.

Whilst Dreyfus was being tried at Rennes, the Government
was being attacked in Pajis. Nationahsts, Royalists and Anti-
Semites were watching for a moment propitious for a rising.
Every day rioting and demonstration were occurring in some
quarter of the city. At length, after a more than usually

256] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

serious collision with the police (Aug. 26-27), the prefect realised
that he was dealing with an organised opposition and disciphned
forces. Inquiries were set on foot, not only ,m Paris but m the
larger provincial towns, and in consequence M. D^roulede and
the leaders of the Eoyalist party were arrested. One of the most
noisy leaders of the Aiiti-Semites with twenty companions barri-
caded a house in the Eue de Chabrol and defied the authorities
to capture them. The siege of Fort Chabrol was among the
most extraordinary episodes of this prolonged conflict between
the Government and the partisans of disorder. For upwards
of a month the whole Paris police was held at bay by a handful
of noisy boasters, who insulted the authorities and fired revolver
shots at all who approached them. The street in which these
zealots had taken up their domicile was subjected to a regular
siege, and remained for several weeks cut off from the rest of
Paris.

The action of the Government with regard to the grand
manoeuvres was also severely criticised, as showing want of
moral courage. On the ground that the flocks in the centre
and south of France were suffering from a serious epidemic it was
decided (Sept. 2) that the ordinary autumn manoeuvres should
not take place, and that consequently the President of the
Eepublic would not preside, as customary, at the final review of
the troops. No one was deceived by the alleged reason, and it
was understood that the Government, well aware of the feelings
of certain military conmaanders, did not think it advisable to
come in contact with the troops.

It was whilst this extreme tension was still lasting that the
Eennes Council of War gave its verdict (Sept. 9). Dreyfus was
found guilty by 5 to 2 votes, but extenuating circumstances were
admitted for the most atrocious crime of which an ofl&cer could
be guilty. It was, therefore, taken that the finding of culpa-
bility was due to the claims of discipline — the extenuatmg
circumstances to the claims of justice. A few days later, there-
fore, the President of the Eepublic, on the representation of
General de Gallifet, signed a degree granting a pardon to
Captain Dreyfus and restoring him to liberty. The sentence
of ten years' imprisonment and military degradation was thus
set aside. The first act, however, of Captain Dreyfus on being
released from prison was to announce that he would consecrate
all his energies and the remainder of his life to rehabilitate his
name. At the same time, it must be allowed, the verdict of the
Council of War was equally unsatisfactory to both sides and
satisfied nobody. Nevertheless, from this moment the "affair**
lost the passionate character by which its course had been
marked, but it left behind it consequences of which the future
was to bear the burden.

Of these the most immediate was the trial of the conspirators
against the republic. The Senate, sitting as a High Court of
Justice, met at the Luxemburg (Sept. 18) to hear the report on

1899.] France. — The Strike at Creuzot. [257

the charge brought by the procuretcr-gSneral, M. Bernard. A com-
mittee, presided over by M. Berenger, was thereupon appointed
to interrogate the defendants and to make, if necessary, further
inquiries. At the first hearing (Sept. 30) M. D6roulede refused
to answer, and several others followed his example, and this was
the signal for a fresh torrent of abuse by the NationaUsts and
their press. Every incident of the trial was made the ground
of some charge against the Government or against the President
of the Republic. A visit paid by M. Loubet to his family at
Montelimar was the occasion of a hostile demonstration on
the part of the officers garrisoned there. This disgraceful
act, however, was promptly dealt with by M. de Galliffet who
transferred the regiment at once to the less pleasant town of
Gap.

On the other hand, an industrial crisis at the great iron-
works at Creuzot, turned much to the credit of the Prime
Minister. M. Waldeck-Rousseau, was appealed to in the
difficulties which had arisen between the managers and their
workmen, the latter having declared in favour of a general
strike. The intervention of the prefect, M. de Joly, had been
fruitless. Socialist orators were urging the workmen to quit
Creuzot in a body, and to march to Paris to explain their
grievances. This proposal was actually adopted by a majority
of the strikers, notwithstanding the protests and arguments of
such a sympathetic adviser as M. Viviani, and at the last
moment wiser counsels prevailed, and the strikers themselves
appealed to M. Waldeck-Rousseau to act as arbitrator, and in
this proposal the Schneider firm concurred. This mutual
confidence was confirmed by M. Waldeck-Rousseau 's prompt
decision (Oct. 7), which, insisting upon concessions from both
sides, was accepted without demur. Encouraged by this success
M. Waldeck-Rousseau decided to bring in a bill amending the
existing law upon trade unions. Under this bill labour unions
and friendly societies were empowered to accept legacies and
to hold property. As a sort of corollary to this measure M.
Waldeck-Rousseau proposed to legislate in a more complete
way with associations of all kinds — lay and religious — whilst
his colleague, M. Leygues, busied himself with framing a law of
which the object was to prevent enemies of the republic obtain-
ing a foothold in the public service. The means suggested was
three years* training in free State schools or colleges of all candi-
dates for public appointments, administrative or educational.
The Catholic press loudly denounced the measure as an
interference with parental authority and liberty, and their oppo-
sition was conspicuously promoted by the journals published
by the Assumptionist fathers throughout France under the gen-
eral title of La Croix, The Government at once repUed by giving
notice of prosecuting the fathers for belonging to a non-
authorised community. A search of the Paris offices of the
body (Nov. 3) revealed the unknown wealth of the Assump-

R

258] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

tionists, upwards of 2,000,000 francs in gold and notes having
been found, but was not removed.

M. de Gallififet at the same time was taking, not without
much precaution, measures against the chiefs of the Army, who
aimed at making themselves by degrees independent of the
Ministry and of the Government. Generals Herv6, Giovanelli,
and Langlois, inspectors of the forces, were placed (Oct. 24) on the
reserved list. The Superior Council of War was reorganised,
and the Minister of War resumed his right to nominate ofl&cers
to the great commands.

The idea of prosecuting M. D6roulfede before the High Court
for an attempt to overthrow the Government had to be modified.
His previous acquittal on the point of fact by the Seine jury
was a bar to a second trial for the same offence. It was, how-
ever, still possible to indict him for conspiracy with MM. Buffet,
de Vaux, de Lur-Saluces, Barillier, Guerin, and others. The
proceedings, which often led to scandalous scenes, dragged on
for nearly two months, the defendants being anxious to com-
plicate the matter by prolonging the trial until after the sena-
torial elections of the New Year. In this they were disappointed,
for the decision of the High Court, although not delivered until
after the close of the year, was pronounced before the lapse of
the outgoing senators' mandate. The proceedings were marked
throughout by the most violent and indecent attacks by the
accused upon their judges, and by M. Deroulfede especially upon
President Loubet, for which he was sentenced independently
to three months*, and afterwards to two years', imprisonment.
Others of the accused had to be removed from the Senate House,
and the case against them continued in their absence.

In view of the agitated state of public feeling the Government
had postponed for nearly a month beyond the usual date calling
the Chambers together for the supplementary session (Nov. 14).
The Budget, however, had to be voted, and even to be distri-
buted to the deputies. Whilst this was being done the Ministry
brought forward two bills, which had been prepared during the
vacation, having for object the control of Clerical intrigue.
The first act, however, of the Chamber was to question the
Government on its general policy, and this gave M. M61ine an
opportunity of denouncing the dangers of SociaUsm. After two
days' debate, however, the Government by 340 to 215 votes
obtained a vote of confidence, but this crushing majority did not
discourage the motley body which constituted the Opposition,
who next seized upon the events connected with the unveihng of
a monument, ** The Triumph of the Eepublic," by the sculptor
Dalou. The President, the Ministry, and the municipal authori-
ties took part in the ceremony, which included a march past in
front of the statue erected on the Place de la Njation by the
various trade unions and labour societies of the capital. Some
of these groups insisted upon carrying red flags contrary to the
orders of the police, and on their refusing to furl them the Presi-

1899.] France. — The Socialists and the Cabinet, [259

dent and his ministers left the tribune prepared for them. On the
following day M. Alicot in the Chamber endeavoured to show that
the Ministry had tolerated this display of the red flag, but with-
out any success.

In another little skirmish, however, the Government was
less fortunate. A bill dealing with the scholastic system had
been prepared, and M. Ribot, as president of the Committee of
Public Instruction, requested that it should be submitted to his
board. M. Levraud, on the other hand, proposed that a special
committee should be appointed to report on the bills, but to the
surprise of many by 298 to 265 votes the Chamber supported
M. Ribot's contention. A few days later it transpired that a
majority of the committee had expressed themselves opposed
to the bill, of which the discussion was thereupon postponed,
nominally until after the Budget, but in reality indefinitely.

The general discussion on the Budget of 1900 was at length
opened (Nov. 21) with a cheerful speech from the Minister of
Finance, who, although giving expression to very wise resolu-
tions, failed to carry them into effect. There was little or no
delay in dealing with the sections of the Budget concerned with
home or foreign affairs, but the Chamber in several cases asserted
its powers by accepting amendments proposed by members
in search of local popularity. It was almost in vain that M.
M^sureur, the president of the Budget Commission, opposed
these untimely bids, but the Chamber would come to no final
conclusion, and ultimately provisional measures to meet current
expenses had, as usual, to be adopted.

The most interesting debate arose on the Budget of Public
Worship, when the revelations made by M. Turinaz, Bishop of
Nancy, to the Papal authorities on the shameful way in which
the young girls placed in the Convents of the Good Shepherd were
treated. A lively discussion ensued, and ultimately M. Foumifere
obtained a promise that these establishments should be subjected
to a careful inspection.

A general congress of Socialists was called together early in
December to discuss the question of the propriety of M. Millerand
having accepted a seat in the Cabinet. The rival schools of
MM. Guesde, Brousse, Jaures and Vaillant were altogether
at variance on the point, but the eloquence of M. Jaures brought
about an almost miraculous understanding, and when the con-
gress closed (Dec. 9) the party had consented to a thorough
reorganisation of its ways. A general committee was to be
constituted of representatives of the various groups ; its powers,
which were considerable, were to last until the following con-
gress, and meanwhile the various Socialist organs were to be
placed under strict supervision.

But whilst the Socialist schools and parties were xmiting in
a single group with a view of gaining power the Chamber of
Deputies was gradually transforming into an academic debating
club, and instead of devoting itself to its chief duty, the con-

b2

2601 FOEEIGN HISTORY. [1899.

sideration of the Budget, gave itself up to the discussion of all
sorts of theoretical questions, and the year closed without having
touched the most important financial measures. It was, there-
fore, necessary to have further recourse to provisional credits,
and votes on account for the two first months of the following
year, amounting to 739,540,170 francs, were agreed to. An
amusing incident arose in regard to this vote. M. Massabuau
proposed to reduce the amount by 60,000 francs, representing the
sum, payable in January, falling to the senators, whose legal
term would expire on January 4, but whose service had been
extended until January 28. The object of the amendment was
transparent, but the Chamber, however, decisively endorsed the
Government's action by 468 to 51 votes.

It was, nevertheless, important to decide if the senators
whose term as such expired on January 4 could continue to sit
after that date as members of the High Court. In the event of
a decision to the contrary the question arose as to what authority
a court shorn of a third of its members would possess ? It was
finally decided by the Cabinet to let the High Court itself solve
the problem. A stormy sitting of the Chambers followed (Dec.
23), and the Senate, after a long discussion on its own powers,
came to no conclusion.

Notwithstanding the noisy disturbances and strikes, which
seriously affected the coal and cotton trades of the St. Etienne
district, the year closed under much less anxious conditions than
it had opened. The Government had to a great extent carried
out its progranmie. The coalition between the Eoyalists and
Nationalists, although still active, was no longer menacing ; the
discontent of the Army was far from being appeased, but the
generals most mixed up in intrigues had been put aside. A
general relaxation of the long strain was evident, and showed
itself even in the proceedings of the High Court, where the
prosecution of all but half a dozen of the conspirators against
the republic was abandoned.

II. ITALY.

The negotiations discreetly entered upon with the French
Government for a better commercial understanding had so far
advanced that the treaty was ready for submission to the
Italian Parliament when the year opened. The arrangements
were generally well received by all except the small group of
deputies who remained faithful to Sr. Crispi. The amnesty
question was meanwhile thrown into the background, notwith-
standing a coaUtion of the Milanese representatives of the
socialist, republican, and Catholic associations in favour of
this measure of reparation.

The Senate resumed the discussion of the Budget, which
led to a struggle between the Budget Committee and the
Minister of Justice. The former had adopted an amendment

1899.] Italy. — The Pope and the Peace Congress. 261

proposed by Sgr. Tajani, rejecting the minister*s estimates
because, on the motion of Sgr. Finocchiaro, he had added to
them a further expenditure. The Senate on the following
day (Jan. 16) endorsed the committee's action, and rejected the
whole estimates on the ground that they were excessive. The
Ministry, however, found a way out of the difficulty by under-
taking to bring forward a bill reorganising the central adminis-
tration. Upon this the Senate expressed its readiness to resume
the discussion of the Budget.

The Franco-Italian treaty of commerce was keenly debated
in four long sittings (Jan. 25), but ultimately the Chamber
adopted an order of the day, moved by Sgr. Pinchia, to the effect
that having heard the views of the Government, and approving
the terms of the treaty, the House passed to the consideration
of its articles, and ultimately the treaty was accepted by 225 to
34 votes. Sgr. Crispins organ U Mattino expressed strong disap-
proval of this decision, maintaining that Italy was being duped
by the proposed arrangements. This view, however, met with
little support, and a few days later Sgr. Fortis obtained without
difficulty a vote 1,300,000 lire to cover the expenses of the
representation of Italy at the Paris Exhibition.

Troubles at home, however, continued to harass the Minis-
try. At Leghorn, the police, scenting a plot, arrested a number
of anarchists. In the Chamber (Feb. 1) the Election Committee
reported in favour of declaring vacant the seats occupied by
Socialists, Turati at Milan and Deandreis at Ravenna, who
had been found guilty of participation in the troubles of the
previous year. Sgr. Bovio wished to postpone dealing vnth the
matter, but his motion was defeated by 214 to 45 votes ; and
on the next occasion (Feb. 4) the Chamber decided to refer to
the Minister of Justice all the papers and petitions referring to
the amnesty. So far this was a success for the Government,
but only a parliamentary one, for out of doors there was but too
serious evidence of the activity of the foes to the dynasty and to
public order.

The Catholics were already up in arms in consequence of
the attitude of the Government towards the invitation of Russia
to attend the Peace Congress. By an officious note published
in Vltalie the Cabinet declared that if the Pope were invited to
take part in the Congress Italy would hold aloof. Now it had
happened that Cardinal Rampolla, Secretary of State to the
Holy See, had already opened negotiations on this subject with
M. Tcharykof, the Russian minister, and had promised that
Leo XIII. would exercise his influence upon all faithful Catho-
lics to give support to the Czar's pacific wishes. The attitude
taken up by the Italian Government could not fail to give
great annoyance to the Pope, as was speedily shown. On the
occasion of the death of M. Felix Faure a funeral service was
held (Feb. 23) at the church of St. Luigi dei Franchi, on which
occasion Cardinal Rampolla pronounced the absolution. The

262] FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

presence of Admiral Canevaro, who attended as representative
of the Italian Government, was studiously ignored by the car-
dinal, and it was only after considerable negotiation that M.
Barrere, the French Ambassador, was commissioned to express
to the admiral the regrets of the cardinal.

The discussion of the five bills bearing upon the law of
public safety, brought forward by the Government, occupied the
attention of the Chamber during the month of February. The
exceptional laws voted in 1898 after the Milanese riots would
expire with the month of May. General Pelloux in their place
asked for fuller powers to place fresh difficulties in the way of
free meetings, of free association, and freedom of the press ;
two other bills dealt with the protection of public ofl&cials and
the supervision of convicted persons. For instance the publica-
tion or reproduction of news that was false or of a nature to
disturb the public peace was punishable with one to six months
imprisonment and a fine of 1,000 lire. The debates in the
the Chamber (Feb. 16) were by no means favourable to the
Ministry, although General Pelloux made (Feb. 25) a powerful
speech in defence of the proposals. He made it clear that if the
preceding year had closed more pacifically than it had opened
this was expressly due to the salutary restraints which the
dictatorial powers accorded to the Cabinet had allowed them
to impose upon their adversaries. He was, however, obliged to
express his readiness to accept amendments, and it needed such
a promise to obtain from the disquieted Chamber the closure of
the debate by 166 to 89 votes. It was moreover arranged that
the numerous orders of the day put forward should be dealt
with individually before the second reading of the bills, which
was taken up early in the ensuing month, and eventually
referred to a special commission for report.

For the moment, however, the China question took the
first place in public attention. Italy had requested China to
grant her a lease of Sammun Bay, in the province of Tche-
kiang, on terms similar to those on which the other great
Powers had obtained concessions. The Tsung-li-Yamto after
the shufflings habitual to Chinese diplomacy, had finally refused
the Italian demand. The news of this diplomatic check did
not render the position of the Ministry any firmer. The election
of two Socialist deputies, Turati for Milan and Deandreis for
Ravenna, whom the Chamber had declared ineligible, were
again confirmed by their respective constituents. Happily the
Easter recess came to cut short the interminable discussion
arising out of this dispute.

The events of the recess were not without importance. The
Italian Minister at Pekin having been superseded for excess of
zeal the Marchese Salvago Raggi was sent as special envoy to
China to smooth away the misunderstandings which had arisen
between the two courts. The King and (Jueen also took the
opportunity of paying a visit to the long-neglected island of

1899.] Italy. — Ministerial Crisis. 263

Sardinia — the god-mother of. the royal house of Savoy. The
occasion was seized upon both by the Enghsh and French Gov-
ernments and fleets to pay special marks of courtesy to the
Italian sovereigns.

A few days later the details of the Anglo-French arrange-
ment for the delimitation of their African possessions west of
the Nile provoked a warm controversy. The Crispinists were
triumphant, and denounced in loud tones the carelessness of the
Ministry. They pointed especially to the clause concerning
Tripoli, which, by inference, recognised the pretensions of
France towards its hinterland, of which the Turks were the actual
holders, but of which the Itahans regarded themselves as the
presumptive heirs.

On the reassembhng of the Senate (April 17) Sgri. Campo-
reale and Vitelleschi at once brought forward resolutions on the
subject, but at the request of the Government the discussion
was postponed. In the Chamber, however, these tactics did
not prevail, and a general discussion on the foreign pohcy in
Africa and China was forced on (May 1), and such was the
vigour of the attack that three days later (May 4) General
Pelloux tendered to the King the resignation of the Ministry.

The crisis which followed was prolonged. General Pelloux
was immediately requested to form a new Cabinet and accepted
the task without hesitation, but he was not disposed to hasten
its completion. He began by eliminating from the former
Cabinet Sgri. Fortis, Nasi and Finocchiaro, who had been
imposed upon him by the friends of Sgr. Crispi, and endeavoured
to group round himself men of greater personal authority and
offering more homogeneity.

The new Cabinet was not altogether badly received. The
record of its predecessor was not without credit, for it had kept
order in the streets, calmed pubhc opinion, and improved the
condition of the finances. It was admitted, however, that the
Prime Minister's new colleagues were men of greater personal
weight and merit. The Ministry constituted under the presi-
dency of General Pelloux, who retained the portfolio of the
Home Oifice, included the Marchese Visconti Venosta, Foreign
Affairs ; Comte Bonasi, Grace, Justice and Public Worship ;
and Lieut.-General Mirri, War ; all of these being senators.
From the Chamber were taken Sgr. P. Carmine, Finance ;
Dr. P. Boselli, Treasury ; Eear- Admiral Bettolo, Navy ; Dr.
G. Baccelli, Public Instruction ; Dr. A. Salandra, Agriculture,
Industry and Commerce ; Sgr. P. Lacava, Pubhc Works ; and
Sgr. G. di San Giuliano, Posts and Telegraphs. It was given
out that if the name of Baron Sonnino did not appear in the
list, he was not the less well disposed towards the Cabinet,
and that his influence would still be dominant in Treasury and its
financial policy. This influence showed itself most distinctly
in the appointment of Sgr. Pietro Bertolini as Under-Secretary
for the Home Department, who was known to be a man of

264] FOKEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

much ability and intimately associated with Baron Sonnino.
At the Foreign Office a similar post was given to Professor
Fusinato, who had already been selected as delegate of the
Italian Government to the conference at the Hague. In the
lobbies of Monte Citorio General Pelloux' Cabinet was described
as a Ministry of the Right presided over by a man of the Left.

On the reassembling of Parliament (May 25) Sgr. Zanar-
delli gave in his resignation of the presidency of the Chamber,
but the Prime Minister urged that it should not be accepted,
and this suggestion was at once acted upon. After enumerating
the various bills he proposed to introduce, he insisted that the
Budget should be taken forthwith and disposed of before taking
up the political measures. He gave his word that the inde-
pendence of Parliament should in no way be compromised on
the Chinese question, and in return for this undertaking he
expressed the hope that any interpellation on the subject should
meanwhile be withdrawn. A similar statement was made in
the Senate.

On the Chamber resuming, it was announced that Sgr.
ZanardelU maintained his resignation on the ground, as he ex-
plained, that the Chamber might affirm its wish by an expres-
sion of its high and inherent prerogative, which gave strength
and dignity to parliamentary government. This declaration
gave rise to some party skirmishing ; General Pelloux wishing
the vote to be taken at a later date (May 30) in order that absent
deputies might return to give their votes. Sgr. Villa, on the
other hand, suggested that the election should be taken three
days earlier, but on a division he was defeated by 196 to 18
votes, and 10 abstentions.

In the interval the sittings of the Chambers were marked
by repeated disturbances. Sgr. Crispi seized the opportunity
(May 26) to deliver himself of an apology for his course of
action. A violent debate ensued, in the course of which Sgr.
Ferri having used an expression which was considered insulting
to the Army, it was found necessary to bring the sitting to an
abrupt close. On the followinor day the President of the Coun-
cil, although at first interrupted, was able to make an eulogy of
the Army, which was received with applause by all but the
members of the extreme Left. General Pelloux at once seized
the opportunity and invited the Minister for War to communi-
cate to the Army the incidents of the sitting ; but offering no
formal resolution on the point. In fact both sides were content
with skirmishes while awaiting a general trial of strength on the
question of the Presidency of the Chamber. Sgr. Biancheri, as
on a previous occasion, had refused to allow his name to be put
forward, and thereupon the ex-Garibaldian, Sgr. Chinaglia, now
a member of the Eight, overcoming his feigned reluctance, was
adopted and elected by 223 votes against 193 given to Sgr.
Zanardelli. These numbers did not represent more than half
the deputies, but in Italy as elsewhere excess of zeal was not

1899.] Italy. — Proceedings in Parliament, 265

a parliamentary defect. The victory, however, seemed to con-
solidate the Opposition, which ranged itself under the joint
leadership of Zanardelli, Giolitti, Coppino and Villa to organise
the campaign against the Cabinet.

Sgr. Chinaglia on taking possession of the presidential chair
(May 31) made a formal speech, and immediately afterwards the
Minister of Foreign Affairs was interpellated on the state of the
Chinese question. On the part of the Government he resisted
the motion, but gave a solemn engagement that when the
matter came to be debated the House would find itself in a
position which would ensure complete liberty of action. This
assurance was practically embodied in Sgr. Pascolato's order of
the day, which was carried by 238 votes to 139 and eight absten-
tions. This Ministerial success was followed by another (June
3) in the election of Sgr. Gianturco as Vice-President of the
Chamber; and emboldened by the disposition of the deputies,
ministers proceeded to bring forward their bills. Sgr. Sonnino,
however, intervened with a motion dealing with the existing
rules of debate, and giving the President full power to put the
closure to the vote, when he should have considered that a bill
or resolution had been fully discussed. The reply to this attempt
to **gag the Opposition" was promptly made outside the pre-
cincts of Monte Citorio. The Socialists, notwithstanding the
heavy hand of the police, were able to make demonstrations in the
northern provinces, whilst at Eome the students were able to
organise a procession to acclaim the deputy Ferri, and to protest
against the cowardice of the parhamentary majority ; and the
municipal elections at Milan, Tunn, Parma and Genoa showed
that the majority was prepared to support the Radicals and even
the SociaUsts.

It was in vain also that the Government appealed to the
success of its financial policy for the confidence of Parliament.
In the Senate Sgr. Boselli was able to announce (June 8) that
the service of the year 1898-9 would show on June 30 a surplus
of 3,000,000 lire, thus pointing to a general revival of trade.
This prospect, however, failed to moderate the obstruction of the
Opposition in the Lower Chamber, which reached such a point
that President Chinaglia was obliged to intervene, and to request
the members of the extreme Left to adopt some other means of
expressing their dissent. After a fortnight's discussion. General
Pelloux recognised that not a single clause of any of the Minis-
terial bills had been passed, and that the order book was being
daily crowded with fresh amendments. To meet this state of
aflfairs he gave notice of his intention of applying for a provi-
sional vote for six months' expenditure, which, after a call of the
House, was carried by 272 to 52 votes.

The gravity of the situation was patent to everybody. The
Ministry was now in a position to dispense with Parliament
until the end of the year, and it would be a comparatively easy
matter to have recourse to government by decree, and to apply

266] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

for a bill of indemnity afterwards. The leaders of the more
official Opposition, Sgri. Giolitti and Eudini, consequently came
to an understanding with the extreme Left to insist upon the
danger of this abdication by the Chamber of its constitutional
rights, and an effort was made to limit the vote on account to
one month's requirements. This, however, was defeated by
203 to 88 votes, and the six months' vote was granted. A few
days later General Pelloux persuaded the Chamber to vote his
proposed amendment of procedure, but it was found ineffectual
in practice, and obstruction remained unchecked. Further pro-
longation of the session was useless, and its prorogation a week
later was announced (June 22) in the official Gazette, and on the
following day a royal decree -conferred extraordinary powers
upon the Government during the recess. The right of meeting
and association was suspended, the wearing or carrying in
public of badges, flags and seditious emblems was forbidden, and
public servants employed on railways, etc., who in groups of
three or upwards should meet to discuss strikes were to be
punished with imprisonment. The decree, moreover, was to
come into effect immediately upon the expiration of the excep-
tional laws already promulgated,- if in the interval the bill of
indemnity was not regularly voted by Parliament.

This measure of precaution was without doubt the most
serious step adopted by the kingdom of Italy since the troublous
times of its unification, and its gravity was recognised through-
out the country. The Socialists talked of arraigning the
Ministry ; the Moderates groaned under the inroad upon con-
stitutional rights; whilst the Clericals were jubilant over the
troubles of the Throne.

The closing sitting of the Chamber (Jxme 28) reflected at
once the determination of the Government and the attitude of
the Opposition. The discussion of the Navy Estimates was
interrupted in order to consider the decree. General Pelloux
was generally successful in his manoeuvres, although he con-
siderably lessened his majority by his overtures to the Eight,
and his consent to ZanardeUi's retirement was seriously blamed ;
he was charged, moreover, with bringing forward measures
which seriously threatened parliamentary prerogative. He de-
fended himself against these attacks with little vigour, but
nevertheless he obtained his bill of indemnity by 208 to 138
votes. On the morrow of the prorogation (July 1) the deputies
of the extreme Left met together in one of the committee
rooms of Monte Citorio, under the presidency of Sgr. Ardrea
Costa, and drew up a protest against the summary closing of
the session. They explained that their obstructive pohcy was
necessitated by the dangers threatening parliamentary prerog-
atives which they sought to defend. A few hours later the
chairman of this meeting was arrested on the pretext of having
still to purge himself of a sentence of five months' imprisonment
passed upon him in 1894, and he was conveyed handcuffed

1899.] Italy. — Army Reforms. 267

between two carabinieri to the prison of Bologna. Another
deputy, De Felice, was lucky enough to avoid by flight similar
treatment.

The vacation time accorded to Parliament was employed by
the members of the Opposition in organising their party. The
Government replied by repressive measures, some of which were
of doubtful legality or even expediency. For instance, at Milan,
where the Socialists had succeeded in securing nearly all the
seats in the municipal council, that body was summarily dis-
solved, and the administration of the city placed in the hands of
a royal commissioner.

The parliamentary recess was marked by two incidents which
were of a nature to arouse the attention of the Government.
The autumn manoeuvres showed only too clearly the need of
infusing fresh blood into the higher ranks of the Army. A
considerable number of generals and colonels were proved to
be equally wanting in physical vigour and mental activity. As
might have been anticipated those most subject to criticism
were the most supported in high quarters. On this occasion,
however, the public good was allowed to prevail over private
interests, and the Minister of War, General Mirri, was allowed
to make a clean sweep of the inefficient of all ranks, and by this
means a third of the stafif of divisional generals and superior
officers was renewed. Such a sweeping reform, however, could
not be effected without arousing much bitterness and disappoint-
ment, of which the minister was to pay the penalty.

The opportunity for revenge was not long in coming. The
criminal associations, which had obtained so formidable an
ascendency in Sicily, carried their pretensions so far that
at length public opinion revolted. The assassination of the
deputy, Notarbartolo of Palermo, forced the Government to
institute an inquiry, which from the first revealed a state of
affairs which called for prompt and decisive action. It was
decided by the authorities that the assassins who had hitherto
escaped punishment should be arrested ; and, in order to protect
as far as possible the witnesses from the terrorism of the Maffia,
that the trial should take place at Milan. Delays more or l6ss
inevitable intervened, and it was not until towards the close of
the year that the case was ready for trial, and the remarkable
disclosures which it provoked disturbed the usual apathy of the
pubUc.

Another incident of the recess was the attempt, more than
once renewed, on the part of the Government to come to an
understanding with the more reasonable leaders of the Opposi-
tion. With this view General Pelloux, accompanied by the
Minister of Foreign Affairs, managed to bring about an interview
with the Marquis Rudini. No details were given of the pro-
ceedings, but the fact that advances had been made in the
direction of a more conservative line of policy was so generally
admitted that the leaders of the Left, notably Sgri. Zanardelli

268] FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

and Giolitti, expressed their annoyance and surprise in their
platform speeches.

The reopening of the Italian Chambers (Nov. 14) which
occurred simultaneously with that of the French and Belgium
Parliaments, was marked by an extremely modest Ministerial
programme. Italy, according to the King's Speech, had aban-
doned the idea of occupying the harbour of Sammun on
the coast of China. Her relations with foreign Powers were
cordial, and the state of the finances was most satisfactory.
The debates which ensued were long and sterile, although the
members were in a more nervously excited state than usual.
For this there was to some extent a material cause. The
cupola of the hall in which the sittings were held was pro-
nounced by the architects to be in a dangerous state, and the
reading-room was temporarily fitted up as the Parliament
chamber. Whenever the orders of the day presented any
subject of possible excitement or interest, the deputies not noted
for their assiduous attendance crowded the small room, which
thus became charged with nervous electricity, of which, especi-
ally during the debates on Sicilian affairs, the explosions were
frequent and violent.

The Maffia for the moment was uppermost in everybody's
thoughts. The Government, with true military boldness, de-
termined to probe to the root this association of malefactors.
The glimpses of what was discovered, partial and intermittent,
surpassed everything which the public either surmised or
invented. It was asserted that for many years Sicily had not
been governed by the legal authorities, but by a corporation of
bold men who wielded the supreme power and enforced
obedience by terrorism. Successive Governments, including
that of Sgr. Rudini, had been obliged to come to terms with
the unseen powers, and to admit into the management of public
affairs the Maffiosi, not only as local mayors or simple advocates,
but as Crown prosecutors, entrusted with the protection of
public order. It had become impossible to obtain a conviction,
especially in criminal cases, in any of the courts of the island ;
witnesses were terrorised in full court, and forced to withdraw or
contradict their evidence. The Government, urged by the Cham-
ber to put an end to this state of affairs, ordered the arrest of a
Sicilian deputy, Sgr. Palizzolo, accused of being the principal
author of Notarbartolo's death. At the same time it became
evident that he had had accomplices in various positions, and
of them Sgr. Fontana, one of the most important, was arrested.
For a moment the Maffia was checkmated, and the proceedings
of the trial were commenced, revealing a condition of anarchy
hardly credible.

The closing weeks of the year were marked in the Chamber
bv a renewal of those obstructive manoeuvres for which the rules
provided no remedy. The debates on the Decree Law prom-
ised to be prolonged beyond the year with which the law

1899.] Italy. — Germany. 269

itself expired. The new President, Sgr. Chinaglia, was not
equal in energy and decision to some of his predecessors in
the chair, and Sgr. Zanardelli may have recognised with some
satisfaction that the post was not a sinecure. The one bright
spot, however, was the financial situation. Sgr. Boselli,
Minister of the Treasury, was able to announce that the Budget
of 1898-9, showed a clear surplus of fifteen millions, due
chiefly to an increase in the stamp revenue — in other words, to a
general improvement in trade. As not unusually happened
this condition was reflected in other ways. The bye-elections
caused by the death or resignation of deputies, were, with the
exception of those at Milan, generally favourable to the Mode-
rates. In consequence of this altered tone of popular feeling,
the Ministry decided to relax the stringency of the law, and to
blot out as far as possible the memory of the riots of May, 1898,
and before the year closed a general anmesty for political
offences was pronounced. This act of conciliation included all
offences against the law of public safety relative to public
meetings, press offences, trade - union offences, assaults on
public functionaries during the riots, and even attempts to
organise resistance to the authorities or to overawe pariia-
mentary freedom. At the same time the amnesty did not apply
to offences against property, to persons tried and condemned in
their absence who had not presented themselves to the autho-
rities before the last day of the year. These reservations were
generally disapproved, as intended to minimise the general good
results expected from the act of grace.

CHAPTEE II.

GERMANY AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
I. GERMANY.

The first subject dealt with by the German Parliament in the
year was a bill for increasing the Army. By this bill the
strength of the Army on a peace footing was to be increased
by 26,576 men between October 1, 1899, and the close of the
financial year 1902, and the strength attained in the latter year
was to remain the standard for the peace footing until 1904.
Like its predecessor of 1893, the bill provided for a quinquennate,
or in other words for fixing the peace establishment of the Army
every five years ; but the increase was in this case to be gradual,
and its cost was to be spread over the period during which it
was to be effected instead of being demanded at once. In
introducing the bill the Minister for War observed that the
Eirenicon of the Czar had made it certain that Germany
would not within a measurable distance of time be attacked
by Eussia. This consideration had materially altered the

270] FOREIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

military and political situation. Moreover, the armed strength
of Germany had now been developed to such an extent and it
reposed on so secure a basis that they could, perhaps, shake oflf
nervous apprehensions and face the future with equanimity.
Yet history taught them that the will of the mightiest monarchs
was not able to alter the interests of a great nation or the
conditions of its existence. If a nation meant to maintain its
independence, it must possess the strength requisite for pro-
tecting its interests at any moment. If he looked around him
in the world he found that nowhere had there been a cessation
of preparations for war. On the contrary, in view of the addi-
tions to the armies and navies of other nations the measure
before them might well appear to be inadequate. Trusting,
however, to the constant improvement in the quality of the
Army, the Government had ventured to confine itself to its
present proposals with regard to strength. The wars of recent
years had taught the great lesson that everything favoured the
side which had most carefully and longest prepared for war, and
had kept pace with the developments of modern science in its
armament. He referred particularly to the wars between China
and Japan and between the United States and Spain, and also
to the operations of the Anglo-Egyptian forces in the Soudan.
One of the new measures introduced by the bill was the
institution of three new army corps, and the War Minister
explained that this was essentially a question of effective or-
ganisation. It had become clear that, in the event of war, the
armed strength of the country would have to be divided into
small armies, and even these small armies could not be handled
with effect unless they were so organised that their management
was not hampered by unwieldy masses hke overgrown army
corps. Now they had several army corps which were ex-
cessively strong, and the minister proceeded to justify in detail
the new organisations and their territorial assignment for
strategic and administrative reasons to Bavaria, Saxony and
Hesse-Darmstadt. He next defended the proposed increase in
the Prussian cavalry, which had remained stationary in point of
numerical strength for thirty years. In spite of the assertions
of many theorists that the importance of cavalry in modern
warfare had diminished, he must insist that, in view of the
cavalry masses beyond their frontiers, they must make them-
selves stronger in this arm. Turning to the contemplated
increase in the artillery, tactics had undergone a great change
since the time of Napoleon, whose plan was to keep masses of
artillery in reserve to decide a doubtful battle. Now-a-days, it
was imperative that the artillery should play an effective and
extensive part in the combat from the very beginning, and
that it should in all cases form, as it were, the ** skeleton " of
the line of battle. To be effective in this fashion the artillery
must have a thorough and serviceable organisation, for they
could not trust to improvisations at the eleventh hour. He

1899.] Germany. — The Army. 271

further defended the establishment of the howitzer batteries pro-
posed in the bill. Their present artillery had a flat trajectory and
was intended to sweep the whole field of battle; but where the
enemy sought cover from artillery fire it was necessary to have
the howitzers, with their curved trajectory, in order to seek him
out — a task which would give the guns with flat trajectory too
much trouble.

After justifying the new organisation of the railway, bal-
looning, and telegraph troops, the minister proceeded to explain
the position of the Government with reference to the two-years'
service system. Experience had not yet shown whether the
shortened term of service now in force for the infantry could
be permanently adopted. It was true tjiat it enabled them to
catch their recruits early, so that the men were available for a
longer period of their best years as Reserves. But the system
had at first left them with a very inferior class of men who
chose or who had to remain for a third year of service with
the Colours ; and it had deprived them of the old class of
third-year men, who furnished such admirable material for
non-commissioned officers of the Reserve and of the Landwehr.
The two-years' system also imposed very hard work on Army
instructors. They were now going to try to remedy these
disadvantages by offering to the men, as an inducement to
remain with the Colours for a third year, the exemption for a
corresponding period from their liabiUty to be called out for
training durmg their time with the Reserves. In the mean-
time (that is, till 1904) they would maintain the two-years*
system. In conclusion, the War Minister gave some unfavour-
able statistics as to the number of those recruits who entered
the service as convicted criminals. The numbers of this class
had increased between 1882 and 1897 by 82 per cent.

The following interesting statement was also made by the
Minister in the course of the debate as to the Armies of France
and Russia: **The French Army has greatly improved in
discipline and marching power, and is a match for the
German Army, but its artillery is insufficient. The value of
the Russian Army has also considerably increased. Not a
single man had been withdrawn from the frontiers, but its guns
are not yet adequate. As regards field guns, Germany's pre-
ponderance is so immense that she has nothing to fear for some
time to come. The whole Russian Army is now armed with
the new rifle, and the shooting of the Russian soldiers is con-
siderably improved. The fire discipline of the French Army is
excellent. The Lebel rifle is inferior to the German one in
velocity ; but, on the whole, all the small-bore rifles are of the
same value.' The French term of service is not likely to be
altered, since the one-year's service is a privilege granted to
numerous classes, and would be abandoned if two years' service
were introduced. A great deal has been done for the training
of the higher French officers. It is probable that the French

272] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

will shortly increase their field artillery by 100 to 120 batteries.
In Eussia extensive reforms have been introduced during the
past decade, and new Eeserve brigades have been formed since
1897."

The bill was sharply criticised in the Budget Committee,
especially by the Clericals, **the governing party" of the
Eeichstag, who ultimately proposed to accept only a portion of
the increase demanded by the Government. Under this pro-
posal the addition to the strength of the infantry was to be
reduced by 7,000 men, the ten new squadrons of Mddereiter
(cavalry for carrying despatches and orders) asked for by the
Government were to be formed in new regiments instead of
being embodied with the cavalry; and the completion of the
new additions to the Army was to be postponed from the year
1902 to 1903. The proposal was adopted (March 8) by a
majority of 19 to 6, the minority consisting of the Eadicals and
Social Democrats, who were opposed to any increase of the
Army whatever. One of the most important of the Government
demands — that for an increase of the field artillery from 494 to
574 batteries, France having 494 batteries only — was left un-
touched, as was also those for the establishment of three army
corps, and for the increase of the strength of the German
cavalry which, reckoning the Meldereiter as separate corps, was
from 472 to 482 squadrons. These were all very substantial
additions to the strength of the Army, and the Clericals insisted
on the peace strength of the infantry being raised only to
495,500 men, instead of to 502,506, as asked for by the Govern-
ment, on the ground that the scarcity of agricultural labourers
is increasing in consequence of the number of recruits now
required both for the Army and Navy. When, however, the
report of the committee was brought before the Eeichstag, on
March 14, both the Government scheme and that of the Clericals
were rejected, the former by a majority composed of the Clericals
and their allies, and the latter by one composed of the supporters
of the Government, who had voted for the Clerical scheme in
committee, thinking that the Government would accept it. The
majority against the Government was composed of the Clericals^
the Poles, the Eadical Left, and the Social Democrats, who
together mustered 209 votes against the 141 given by the
Conservatives, the Anti-Semites, the National Liberals, and the
moderate Eadicals, in favour of the bill. This was a severe
defeat for the Government, but Dr. Lieber, the leader of the
Centre or Clerical party, while adhering to his proposal for a
reduction of the increase demanded for the infantry, expressed
his willingness to reconsider the question should experience
show that the numbers for which his party were now prepared
to vote were insufficient. As there was no prospect of obtain-
ing a majority for the bill by a dissolution, the Govermnent
yielded, and the Chancellor, in the name of the Federal
Council, accepted the amendments proposed by the Budget

1899.] Germany. — Sugar Bounties. — The Coburg Succession. [273

Committee. The bill, as thus amended, was then passed by the
House.

At the meeting of the Prussian Chamber in January, which
was in other respects without any noteworthy incident. Baron
von Hammerstein, the Minister of Agriculture, made some
interesting remarks on the question of sugar bounties. He said
that the German sugar trade was in great danger from the
competition of the United States. From Cuba also much sugar
would be exported during the next few years, and the danger of
Cuban competition was now much greater than formerly,
inasmuch as the active and intelligent American capitalists had
taken the matter in hand. The danger arising from the pro-
duction of beet sugar in America was continually increasing.
It was true that the German export of sugar to America was
2,400,000 doppelcentner less than to England, but it neverthe-
less constituted a large fraction of the production. The only
remedial measure would be to increase consumption at home.
Indeed, it had been found that the use of sugar in the Army
had increased the marching power of the soldier. Sugar had
also proved of good effect in fattening pigs.

Professor Delbriick, who had been prosecuted at the end of
the previous year for some articles strongly condemning the
conduct of the Prussian Government in expelling Austrian and
Danish subjects employed as labourers in Silesia and North
Schleswig (Annual Eegisteb, 1898, p. 253), was condemned in
March to be censured and to pay a fine of 500 marks. Uni-
versity professors in Germany are members of the Civil Service,
and the ground on which the above sentence was inflicted was
that criticism by civil servants of the acts of Government is
subversive of discipline. Such condemnations were in Germany
mcreasingly frequent. In 1898 there were 246 convictions for
Ihe-majestSy and the punishments inflicted amounted to a total
of eighty-three years* imprisonment, in addition to various
terms of confinement in a fortress. The offence of Ihe-majest^
is extremely elastic, and it is very doubtful whether any of the
246 cases referred to above would include any offence known to
the English law. Another class of prosecutions also undesir-
ably frequent consists in the prosecutions for Beamtenbeleidigungy
or contempt of officials, a special category of crime embracing
such offences as unjustifiable criticism of the conduct of a higher
official or lack of becoming deference to a pohceman or a
telegraph clerk.

The only son of the Duke of Coburg having died in February,
the right of succession devolved upon the duke's next brother,
the Duke of Connaught. The latter, by a statement read in the
Landtag of Gotha in April, expressed his readiness to fulfil
the duties thereby devolving upon him and his house ; but in
June acts of renunciation of the succession were made both by
the duke and his son, Prince Arthur, and the Landtag accord-
ingly adopted (July 3) a biU whereby the Duke of Albany

S

274] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

became heir to the duchy. The bill provided that, in the event
of the extinction of his lineage, Prince Arthur of Connaught
shall succeed, and in the event of the failure of his male issue
the descendants of the Prince of Wales shall succeed. It was
also provided that the Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langen-
burg should be Eegent for the Duke of Albany, and that the
Duke of Albany must have an effective residence in the duchy.
Herr von Strenge, Minister of State, informed the diet that
the reason for the Duke of Connaught's renunciation of his
right was that his Eoyal Highness was unwilling to part from
his only son, and could not abandon his responsibility for the
care and the education of Prince Arthur. The duke himself
was compeUed by the position he held in England to reside in
that country, but fully recognised that the future heir to the
throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha should receive a German
education. The minister added that he had found that all the
members of the British royal family, including Queen Victoria,
fully sympathised vnth and recognised the interests and wishes
of the people of Coburg, while appreciating the touching con-
nection with the native country of the Prince Consort which
united Coburg with the dynasty.

In April a bill was introduced in the Prussian diet for con-
structing a ship canal from the Ehine to the Elbe. The bill
was introduced by Herr Thielen, the Minister of Public Works,
who described the proposal as the most important which had
been laid before the diet since the nationalisation of the rail-
ways. He recalled the great services which the HohenzoUem
rulers had already rendered their country by the construction of
waterways, and maintained that the canal was urgently needed,
if the development of the internal communications of Prussia
was not to come to a standstill. Herr Thielen gave an account
of the great demands which the Ehenish-Westphalian coal
district made upon the resources of the railway administration,
and stated that, " although for the present and some time to
come we feel ourselves perfectly able to meet these demands,
we can only regard the future with great anxiety.*' The canal
would relieve the railways by offering a cheap mode of transport
for heavy goods. The minister dwelt upon the great benefits
which would be conferred upon the whole country by the
scheme, which would enable the agricultural east and the
manufacturing west to exchange their products at cheap rates,
and concluded by pointing out the advantages which the
nature of the country offered for the construction of the canal.
Although it would traverse the North German plain from the
Ehine to the Elbe, only thirteen locks would be required, and it
was estimated that the construction, which would take ten years,
would not cost more than 261,000,000 marks. The provinces
through which the canal would pass, and other localities inter-
ested, had already guaranteed the cost of maintenance, and an
interest of 3 per cent, on the capital expended.

1899.] Germany. — The Elbe Canal. [275

The bill was violently opposed by the Agrarian party, who
are usually supporters of the Government, on the ground that
the proposed canal would benefit the industrial at the expense
of the agricultural classes. Count Kanitz, the leader of the
Agrarians, pointed out that agricultural produce could not be
sent by the canal, as in summer to do so would occupy too much
time, while in winter, when it would be most needed by the
farmers, it would be frozen ; that the cheaper means of com-
munication which it would afford would enable foreign agri-
cultural produce to compete with that of the eastern provinces
on the Berlin market ; and that the development of the manu-
factures of Western Prussia, which the canal was intended to
promote, would draw the working classes from the agricultural
districts, where it was already difficult to find labourers. The
attitude of the Agrarians in this and other similar matters
caused great irritation in Western Prussia. The Cologne Gazette
declared that their ** one-sighted and selfish pohcy " would soon
"exhaust the patience of the whole west," and that "the busy
and enterprising west will not allow itself to be degraded to the
position of a Cinderella by the Agrarians east of the Elbe."

The Canal Bill was referred after the first reading to a
special committee of the Chamber, which after much delibera-
tion reported against it. When it came on again in the diet, the
Chancellor, Prince Hohenlohe, urged that the canal would be
** a necessary complement of the traffic routes of the monarchy,"
and that it was **a work of civilisation which would confer
blessings on all branches of industrial and commercial activity,
and increase the defensive strength of the whole Fatherland,"
adding, however, that in view of the fact that the construction
of the canal might have disadvantageous consequences for some
parts of the country, the Government would do what it could to
compensate them in other ways. The Clericals, who in the
Prussian diet as in the German Eeichstag hold the balance be-
tween the Government and the Opposition, then suggested that
as this statement altered the whole situation the bill should be
referred back to the committee for further consideration, and
this suggestion was adopted. The Agrarians, however, still
persisted in their opposition to the scheme, although it was
generally known that the Emperor took a strong personal
interest in it. He declared publicly at the opening of the
Dortmund and Ems Canal in August that the plans for the
construction of a canal between the Rhine and the Elbe were
prepared on his instructions, and that it was the firm and un-
alterable resolve of himself and his Government to carry them
out. ** The growing needs of the country," he continued, ** de-
manded more extended and easier modes of conamunication.
The exchange of goods in bulk in the interior can only be
effected by waterways, and I hope that the representatives of
the people, admitting this view, will place me in a position to
confer upon the country the benefits of such a canal in the

82

276] FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

current year. The might of a strong united empire obeying one
will should be exercised for this great work with aU its power."

Notwithstanding this statement the bill was rejected by the
Landtag a fortnight afterwards. The diet was then closed
(Aug. 29), and the following curious edict was sent by Prince
Hohenlohe to all the chief presidents of provinces in Prussia : —

" The royal Government, to its keen regret, has been com-
pelled to notice that a number of the oflScials whose duty it is
to support the policy of his Majesty the King and to execute
and advance the measures of his Majesty's Government are not
sufficiently conscious of this obligation.

" Not only the higher political oflScials, but also the King's
Landrdthe, ought not to allow themselves to be misled in their
oflScial activity by the feelings prevalent in their districts, or by
the opinions of the population concerning the measures of his
Majesty's Government ; it is their business and their duty to
represent the views of the latter with which they are acquainted,
to smooth the way for carrying out its policy, especially in
questions of importance, and to create and cultivate among the
people a correct appreciation of this policy. In all relations of
public life into which they are brought by their oflficial position,
they have to remember that they are the supporters of the
policy of his Majesty's Government, and have to advocate
effectively its point of view, and that in no circumstances have
they the right, on the ground of their own personal opinions, to
fetter the action of the Government. Otherwise they would by
their conduct weaken the authority of the Government, imperil
the unity of the Administration, paralyze its strength, and bring
confusion into the minds of the public.

** Such conduct is opposed to all the traditions of the Prussian
Administration, and cannot be tolerated.

** We trust that it will suflfice earnestly and distinctly to call
the attention of pohtical oflScials to this point, and we hope that
no further occasion will be given for adopting more extreme
measures."

This edict was followed by a wholesale dismissal of oflScials.
All the court dignitaries who voted against the bill were placed
on half -pay, on the ground that they had ** set themselves in
personal opposition to his Majesty," and the same punishment
was inflicted on the Landrdthe (paid justices of the peace) who
had either voted against the bill in the Landtag or had agitated
against it in their districts. This measure produced great
excitement among the junkers of Eastern Prussia. A torchUght
procession took place at Dramburg, in Pomerania, in honour of
the deposed Landrdthe there, and the local society of veterans of
the German Army took part in it. Thus did the personal inter-
ference of the Emperor once more produce a Government defeat,
this time by the Conservative party, and an outburst of popular
indignation at the violation of the article* in the constitution
which declares that members of Parhament are not to be pun-

1899.] Germany, — Defeats of the Government. [277

ished for their votes, while the National Liberals and the
Eadicals posed 8kS defenders of the dignity of the Crown and
vaguely talked of ** strong measures'* for giving effect to the
Emperor's will.

The dismissal of the Landrdthe was followed (Sept. 4) by
that of Baron von der Eecke, the Prussian Minister of the
Interior, and Dr. Bosse, the Prussian Minister of Education,
both of whom had shown great want of tact in their dealings
with the House, and were accordingly made the scapegoats of
the Government, in view of its unpopularity on account of the
mismanagement of the Canal Bill. The vacant posts were
filled by Baron von Eheinbaben and Herr Studt, members of
the Civil Service, but not otherwise known. But while two of
the ministers were thus sacrificed to the indignation of the
Conservatives, the man who was regarded by all parties as the
one mainly responsible for the failure of the bill, Dr. Miquel,
the German Minister of Finance and Vice-President of the
Prussian Ministry, remained in oflSce. He was accused of
playing a double game in officially advocating the bill, while at
the same time leading the Conservatives to believe that he
was really opposed to it, and some colour was given to this
accusation by the disclosure that his protSgS, Baron von Zedlitz,
president of the Prussian bank known as the Seehandlung, was
the author of a series of articles in the Post violently opposing
the bill, and yet was not dismissed from his post like the other
officials who had spoken or voted against it.

Another severe defeat was sustained by the Government on
a bill for protecting the working classes against men who pre-
vent them from working or incite them to strike. This bill had
been referred to by the German Emperor in the speech from
the throne on the opening of the Reichstag, and as he then
spoke of penal servitude as the punishment for persons thus
interfering with free labour, the bill was popularly described as
the Penal Servitude Bill. It was introduced in the Reichstag
on June 19 by Prince Hohenlohe, the Imperial Chancellbr, who
pointed out that the bill was in no way calculated to limit the
right of coalition or of making strikes, and that its only object
was to secure the working man's independence and freedom.
The bill provided for the infliction of penalties, and of penal
servitude only in cases where interference with freedom of
labour would involve danger to the State, or to life or property,
such as stoppage of work in military or naval factories or on
works undertaken for the prevention of inundations. Strikes
had of late been unusually numerous in Germany, and the
colliers' strike at Heme, near Bochum, had led to street riots
in which fire-arms were employed by the mob and the pohce,
and 2,000 troops had to be employed to restore order. It was
universally recognised, however, both in the House and the
country that the bill was unnecessary for the purpose of securing
freedom of labour, as the existing law already provides sufficient

278] FOEEIGN HISTORY. [1899.

punishment in such cases ; and that if the bill were passed it
might have the very opposite effect, as it might be used against
trade unions and other working men's organisations. Very hot
debates took place in the House on the subject, in the course
of which strong language was used against the Emperor, who
was believed to be the original inspirer of the bill, and on No-
vember 20 the bill was rejected by an overwhelming majority.
Shortly after (Dec. 7) the House passed without debate a motion
for repealing the laws prohibiting the coalition of societies in
Germany, the Government withdrawing its Opposition to the
repeal, as had been promised by Prince Hohenlohe some years
back. The following was the representation of the various
parties in the German Parliament at the end of the year
Centre, or Clerical party, 103 members ; Social-Democrats, 58
Conservative Eight, 53 ; National Liberals, 48 ; Eadical Left
28 ; Free Conservatives, 22 ; Poles, 14 ; Moderate Eadicals, 12
Anti-Semites, 12 ; Alsatians, 10 ; Guelphs, 8 ; South German
Democrats, 7 ; Bavarian Peasants' League, 4 ; unattached, 18.
The total number of members was 397.

In August the Pan-Germanic League held its annual con-
gress at Hamburg. The main subject of discussion on this
occasion was **the tottering Triple Alliance " and **the efforts
of the German Government to substitute for that alliance some
other grouping of the European Powers." The members of the
League recommended an alliance with France, which they
believed was ripening for such an alliance in consequence of
the Eennes trial ; an active support of the German element in
Austria; and an extension of the German Navy; and they
further expressed their sympathy for the Boers in the Trans-
vaal. There were in 1899 168 branches of the league, including
twenty-eight in foreign countries, and the number of its members
increased from 17,364 to 20,010. In October the league was
very active at Hamburg, Munich, and other German towns, in
agitating in favour of the Boers.

The German Imperial Estimates for the financial year 1900
balanced with an expenditure of 2,058,333,551 marks — an
increase of 105,678,544 marks over the estimated expenditure
for the current year. The principal items of interest in the
ordinary recurring expenditure were : for the Army, 541,495,663
marks (519,999,214 marks in 1899), an increase of over 21,000,000
marks; for the Navy, 73,946,433 marks (69,051,368 marks),
an increase of nearly 5,000,000 marks; for the Treasury,
519,358,715 marks (481,908,430 marks), an increase of over
37,000,000 marks. The expenditure for the interest and ad-
ministration of the Imperial Debt was estimated at 77,700,500
marks (75,613,300 marks). The sums to be paid out of the
general pension fund were calculated to amount to 68,164,130
marks (65,295,603 marks). The expenditure on the administra-
tion of the Imperial Post Office was estimated at 342,698,379
marks (317,198,854 marks).

1899.] Germany. — The Navy. [279

The two most interesting items of the extraordinary non-
recurring expenditure were : for the Army, 25,706,411 marks
(41,784,088 marks) ; and for the Navy, 40,301,000 marks
(33,879,000 marks). In the Army Estimates the number of
officers was calculated at 23,850 ; of military surgeons at
2,165 ; of non-commissioned officers at 80,556 ; and of private
soldiers at 491,136. In the Naval Estimates the number of
combatant officers was calculated at 1,195 ; of naval surgeons at
153 ; and of seamen at 28,204.

On the introduction of these Estimates in the Reichstag, the
Chancellor and the Foreign Secretary made important state-
ments as'to the increase of the German Navy which had been fore-
shadowed by the Emperor in a speech at Hamburg in October and
in numerous articles in the semi-official papers. The following
was the statement made by the Chancellor on this occasion : —

" Although the Estimates which have been laid before the
House have been drawn up in accordance with the provisions
of the Navy Act of April 10, 1898, I must not conceal the fact
that the Government has come to the conclusion that the
strength of the Navy as settled by that act needs to be increased.
Alterations have taken place since the passing of that act in all
the political circumstances which bear upon the marine interests
of (3^ermany. These circumstances Germany must take into
account in dealing with the development of her sea power,
and they place us before the grave question, whether we are
adequately armed for all eventualities. To this question the
Government is unable to reply in the affirmative. I have,
therefore, in the name of the Government, to make the follow-
ing statement to the House : In view of the great importance
of the Navy question, the Government feels compelled to inform
the Reichstag that a bill to amend the Navy Act is in prepara-
tion, and that this bill is intended to secure a substantial increase
in the strength of the fleet. It is proposed, subject to any changes
which the Federal Council may make in the bill, to double the
number of battleships and of the great ships employed on foreign
service, while at the same time doing away with the squadron
for coast defence. The period within which this increase of
strength is to take place is not to be fixed by legislation ; the
number of ships, for the construction of which provision is to be
made in the Estimates, will be settled in the same way as the
other details of the Estimates. The Government assumes, as
regards this point, that, in accordance with the principles
generally acted upon in settling the Estimates, the cost of the
ships which are required to bnng the Navy up to the required
strength will be met by means of loans."

The Chancellor's statement was followed by an elaborate
speech from Count Biilow, the Foreign Secretary, of which the
following were the most important passages : —

** The proposed increase of the Navy has become necessary
owing to the change in the international situation, and in the

280] FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

position of Germany with regard to transoceanic questions.
The German Government had always pursued a tranquil middle
course, equally removed from neglect of German interests and
from extravagance. Events had begun to jostle each other in a
manner which could not have been foreseen two years ago.**
After giving a short sketch of modem history, intended to show
that every century had been occupied by the various nations in
the partition of influence and territory, and dwelling upon the ex-
pansion of England, France, and Eussia in the nineteenth century
** while Germans were breaking each other's heads,** Count von
Billow continued : ** Scarcely a year and a half ago the Spanish-
American war gave a new impetus to the movement of events,
and has led to great results and far-reaching changes — ancient
empires have been shaken ; new countries are made to ferment
by new kinds of leaven, and no one can say, no one can predict,
what the consequences will be of the war which has set South
Africa, in flames during the last few weeks. The forecast of
Lord Salisbury — * the strong States must become stronger
and the weak States weaker ' — had been confirmed by every-
thing that had occurred since the remark had been made. Do
we again stand before a fresh partition such as occurred 100
years ago ? I would fain hope not, but in any case we cannot
permit that any Power should say to us on occasion, * What is
to be done ? The world is already divided.* We do not wish
to interfere with any other country, but we do not wish that
any other Power should interfere with us, should violate our
rights, or push us aside either in political or commercial
questions. It is time that, in view of the great change in the
international situation, and in consideration of the great change
which has taken place in the prospects of the future, we should
make up our minds as to the attitude which we ought to adopt
with regard to the changes which are in preparation aU around
us, and which perhaps may determine the distribution of
power on our planet for an indefinite period. Germany cannot
stand aside while other nations divide the world among them.
The rapid increase of our population, the growth of our industry,
the capacity of our merchants — in brief, the keen vitality of the
German people — have drawn us into the international market
and bound our interests up with those of the whole world. If
Englishmen speak of a Greater Britain and Frenchmen of a
Ncymelle France, if Russia opens up Asia for herself, then we, too,
have a right to a Greater Germany. ... In the hitherto isolated
cases in which we have had to come to an agreement upon
colonial questions with France we have always been able to arrive
at a friendly settlement without any difficulty. From Russia
we have met with friendly treatment in these matters, and we
gladly reciprocate. The good relations existing between us and
the United States have recently been emphasised by President
McKinley with a warmth of expression which gives us the
sincerest satisfaction, and which we do not doubt that country

1899.] Germany. — The Navy, [281

will be prepared to confirm by deeds. As regards England, we
are entirely prepared to live in peace and friendship with that
Power on the basis of complete reciprocity and mutual con-
sideration. But it is exactly because our international position
is a favourable one that we must utilise it to make ourselves
secure for the future. In the old diplomacy one sphere of
friction lasted a generation ; nowadays new questions are con-
stantly cropping up. We must be strong enough to be secure
against surprises, not only on land but also at sea. We must
build ourselves a fleet strong enough to exclude all possibility
of an attack being made upon us. I underline the word * attack *
because there can be no question of an attack proceeding from
us in view of the absolutely peaceful character of our poUcy. . . .
German foreign policy — and this is not addressed to the Beich-
stag alone — is neither covetous, nor restless, nor fantastic. But
to secure Kiao-Chau, Samoa, and the Carohnes was no such
simple matter. . . . The German people may be quite at its
ease. Confiding in the rising star of the German nation, German
policy will not let itself be beaten by any one. But what we
must do is always to reckon with the conditions of the case.
The older States with maritime interests require to have naval
bases because of the necessities of coaling. We, too, must look
about for coaling stations, though not to the extent attributed to
our intentions by unfriendly foreign critics. Like other people,
we have to cut our coat according to our cloth. But we are
bound to recognise that the sphere of our maritime interests has
developed far more ' rapidly than the naval resources which are
required for their maintenance.

** History has been made with singular rapidity in the period
immediately following our last Navy Act. In quick succession
we have had the war between America and Spain, the troubles
in Samoa, and, last of all, the war in South Africa, which has
seriously affected our interests. . . . What has happened in these
last two years has demonstrated how patriotic of the Eeichstag
it was to pass the last Navy Bill, and at the same time how
indispensable the further development of that measure has be-
come. A policy which diverged from the lines I have sketched
would cease to be a business-like policy, and that is the only
policy for us.

** Yet with all our transoceanic interests, we must not forget
that our centre of gravity is in Europe, we must not forget that
our position rests upon the unshaken Triple Alliance, and upon
our friendly relations with Russia. The best pledge that our
transoceanic policy will always be moderate lies in the necessity
of keeping our strength in Europe always collected and ready.

** This must not, however, prevent us from carefully and
conscientiously doing all we can for our maritime interests.
Why do all other States strengthen their Navies ? Italy devotes
her energies to this task. The French Government cannot do
enough to meet the desires of the representatives of the people

282] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

for fresh demands for the Navy. Eussia has doubled the esti-
mates for her fleets. America and Japan are making enormous
exertions in the same direction. England endeavours without
ceasing to make her gigantic fleet still greater. Without a
great Navy we cannot maintain our position in the world
alongside of these States.

** In the coming century the Gennan nation will be either the
hammer or the anvil. Our general- policy is peaceful and honest.
It is exclusively a German pohcy. The question whether and
when we might be compelled, in defence of our interests through-
out the world, to abandon our reserve, depends upon the general
course of events. It depends upon circumstances which no one
can foresee or determine."

This speech, with its divagations into ancient history and
suggestions of imaginary dangers, did not produce a favourable
impression, and it was sharply criticised in a brilliant reply
by Herr Eichter, the Nestor of the Eadical party. He
said that Count Biilow was advocating ** a policy based on
imperial after-dinner speeches," that while ministers objected to
a criticism of such speeches, they were really the mouthpieces
of the sovereign, who had no responsible counsellors ; ** they
could not, like the people in Andersen's fairy tale, pretend that
they saw garments which had no existence."

After discussing at great length the financial aspects of the
proposed increase in the Navy, and mentioning the growing ex-
penditure on the colonies and the miserable returns of German
colonial trade, Herr Eichter referred to the suggestion that
60,000,000 marks additional revenue could be raised by increasing
the duties on foreign grain. He could only say that to raise the
com duties would gravely imperil the conclusion of new com-
mercial treaties. It was most desirable to find new markets for
German products. But they could not by means of ironclads
prevent other countries from raising their tariffs. That could
only be done by a wise tariff policy on the part of Germany.

** It is not true," he continued, ** that England is hostile to
us in our colonial aims. England could have taken all our
colonies long ago if she had thought it worth her while, for
they all lay at her door. It has been possible for all our
Imperial Chancellors, from Prince Bismarck downwards, to
delimit our colonial spheres of interest by treaties with England
in a business-like manner. Who would ever have imagined
that England would have ceded Heligoland to us ? All these
agreements were successfully concluded without any regard to
our Navy, but as a result of the general attitude of Germany
to England. We cannot have an alliance with England, because
England has many interests which we do not share. But very
many of our interests are quite identical with those of England."

Herr Eichter went on to condemn the false perspective in
which the importance of Navies for the different States of
the world had been placed by Count Biilow. England in her

1899.] Germcmy. — The Socialists, [283

insular situation with a colonial empire of 400,000,000 inhabi-
tants, America enclosed between two oceans, France with two
separate seaboards and a colonial empire with 40,000,000 in-
habitants, must naturally attach the highest importance to
their Navies. Germany, on the other hand, had no seaboard on
the ocean. Her coasts were of limited extent, and her frontiers
were in the main inland. The manner in which the German
Navy schemes had been announced with a flourish of trumpets
was contrary to all soimd policy. By declaring to the whole
world how many ships they intended to build before 1917 they
were simply provoking other countries to enter into a race
with them in naval construction. When that period had been
reached German naval inferiority would very probably be greater
than ever.

Herr Richter*s speech practically closed the discussion, which
had only come in as a side issue to the Estimates, and after
the latter had been referred to the Budget Committee, the House
separated for the Christmas holidays, it being understood that
the full details of the Government scheme for the increase of
the Navy would be laid before it after the New Year.

The German Socialists, who were naturally much elated by
the rejection of the Penal Servitude Bill, obtained a further
triumph in July. Their principal organ, the Vorwdrts (there
are no less than seventy- three Socialist papers in Germany),
was sued for libel by the Saxon chief court of justice on the
ground that one of its writers had stated that the above
court had declared the members of the Labour party not to
have the same legal rights as other citizens. The case came
before the supreme court of Berlin, which not only acquitted
the Socialist writer, but definitely stated that '' since 1890,
when the law of 1878 against the Social Democratic agitation
was allowed to lapse, there no longer exist any explicit legal
regulations applicable to Socialists as opposed to the members
of other political parties, and that it is therefore demanded
by public opinion that even Socialists must now be allowed
the full benefit of the principle of the equality of all citizens
before the law." Another Socialist victory was the decision
of the philosophical faculty in the university of Berlin in the
case of Dr. Arons, a lecturer on physics, whom the Minister
of Education proposed to dismiss from his post on the groimd
that he held Socialist opinions, the faculty having decided
against the minister and in favour of the lecturer.

The tenth congress of the German Social Democratic party
was held at Hanover on October 8, nearly 6,000 delegates
being present. A long discussion took place on a pamphlet
by Herr Edward Bernstein, of London, advocating the peaceful
evolution of Social Democracy into a party of labour and social
reform. This view was supported at the congress by Herr
Vollmar, the leader of the Bavarian Socialists, and Herr Auer,
the ablest of the Socialists in the German Parliament, but was

284] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

violently opposed by Herren Liebknecht, Bebel, and other
Marxists. Herr Bebel proposed the following resolution on
the subject : —

" The development of bov/rgeois society has hitherto given
the party no occasion to abandon or to alter its fundamental
views of that society. The party continues to take its stand
on the principle of the war of^asses, according to which the
liberation of the working classes can be achieved by themselves
alone. The party therefore regards it as the historTcal aim
of the working classes to acquire political power in order to
establish the greatest possible well-being of all by means of
the conversion of the means of production into common
property, and by the introduction of the Socialistic methods
of production and exchange. To achieve this object the party
employs every means which is consistent with its fundamental
views, and which promises success. The Social Democracy
does not decline to join forces with the bourgeois parties
whenever the strengthening of the party at elections or the
enlargement of the political rights and liberties of the people
is in question. The party maintains its old groimd in
combating miUtarism on land and sea and a colonial policy.
It also stands by its old international policy. There is accord-
ingly no reason why the party should change its programme,
its tactics or its name, and it strongly repudiates any attempt
to veil or to alter its attitude towards the existing order of the
State and of society and towards the bourgeois parties."

This resolution, which did not definitely pledge the party
to the views of either Herr Bernstein or his opponents, was
adopted by a majority of 261 to 21.

In the Colonial Estimates for the Budget year 1900 a sum
of 9,839,500 marks was provided for the East African Protec-
torate ; for the Cameroons, 2,379,700 marks ; for Togo, 750,000
marks ; for South - West Africa, 8,474,300 marks ; for New
Guinea, 923,500 marks ; and for the Caroline, Pala'u and
Marianne Islands, 370,000 marks. The Estimates contained a
memorandum dealing with the projected East African Railway
from Dar-es-Salaam to Mrogoro, and a report on the construc-
tion of the railway in South- West Africa between Swakopmund
and Windhoek. A sum of 100,000 marks was assigned for the
preliminary expenses in connection with the former under-
taking, but the Colonial Council unanimously recommended
that this sum should be raised to 2,000,000 marks. The
South- West African Eailway was already in working order as
far as Jackalswater — a distance of 98 kilomfetres — and carried
on an average nearly 1,000 tons of goods per month. A vote
of 8,500,000 marks was also asked for Kiao-Chau. The value
of the imports from Samoa for the year 1898 amounted to 5,000
marks, including cocoa beans of the value of 4,000 marks.
The goods exported from Germany to the islands were
worth 95,000 marks, and consisted principally of umbrellas

1899.] Germany. — The Colonies. [285

and parasols, which accounted for 18,000 marks, and of beer
of the value of 9,000 marks. The imports from New Guinea
and the Bismarck Archipelago had a value of 206,000 marks,
including cocoanuts and copra to the value of 82,000 marks,
and tobacco leaf of the value of 83,000 marks. The exports
to these colonies amounted to 271,000 marks. From German
South- West Africa were imported goods valued at 184,000
marks, in which guano figured to the extent of 158,000
marks, and ostrich and heron plumes to the extent of 14,000
marks. German exports to this colony had a value of 2,894,000
marks, which, however, include the cost of the rails and
other materials for the railway line which was being built at the
expense of the empire. The value of the beer imported into
the colony from Germany reached the sum of 171,000 marks.
From German West Africa Germany imported goods to the
value of 3,643,000 marks. Cocoanuts and copra accounted for
857,000 marks, palm and cocoanut oil for 440,000 marks, cocoa
beans for 270,000 marks, and indiarubber for 1,714,000 marks.
The exports to this territory had a value of 3,564,000 marks,
including gunpowder of the value of 514,000 marks, spirits to
the value of 523,000 marks, beer of the value of 238,000 marks,
rice of the value of 278,000 marks, and coined silver of the
value of 108,000 marks. From German East Africa Germany
received imports of the value of 579,000 marks, including
coffee of the value of 128,000 marks, indiarubber of the value
of 171,000 marks, wax of the value of 101,000 marks, and
ivory of the value of 17,000 marks. The German exports
to this colony had a value of 3,325,000 marks, including
coined silver of the value of 880,000 marks, artillery ammuni-
tion of the value of 126,000 marks, and wine and beer of the
value of 302,000 marks.

Altogether Germany received imports from her colonies of
the value of 4,617,000 marks, and exported to them goods and
silver coins of the value of 10,149,000 marks, making a total
trade of 14,766,000 marks, or 738,300Z. steriing, which is not
quite one-sixth per cent, of the whole foreign trade of Germany.
The subsidies to these colonies and protectorates for 1899
amounted to 14,788,000 marks, or 739,400Z. sterhng, exclusive
of the expenses conniBcted with Samoa, of 60,000Z. sterling
paid as subventions to steamship Unes, and of expenditure
on postal and telegraph administration, naval stations, and
the service of the Foreign Ofl&ce.

A charter was granted in October by the German Govern-
ment to the North-West Cameroons Company, recently formed
to undertake the development of a portion of the colony. The
territory covered by the concession has an extent of 80,000
square kilometres (approximately 34,000 square miles), so that
it is about the size of the kingdom of Bavaria. The concession
is bounded on the south by the river Sannaga, and on the east
by a line which starts from the intersection of the Sannaga

286] FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

with the 12th degree of east longitude and, following a north-
easterly direction, touches Toncha and ends on the 8th parallel
of latitude. On the north the concession is bounded by the 8th
parallel of latitude ; on the north-west by the Anglo-German
frontier ; and on the west by a line starting from the most
southerly intersection of the Cross River with the frontier and
proceeding in a south-easterly direction until it reaches the
Sannaga, where that river is joined by the M'bam.

In foreign affairs Germany fully maintained her position
as a great European Power, and was able to register some
notable successes. The greater part of the year was occupied
in negotiations about Samoa, where a grave conflict had broken
out between the representatives of England and the United
States on one hand, and of Germany on the other. On
the death of King Malietoa there were two rival candidates
for the throne — Tanu, the son of Malietoa, and Mataafa. Eng-
land and the United States supported the former, and the
German Consul the latter. Mataafa's men, having refused to
evacuate the municipality of Apia, though called upon to do so
by the United States admiral, the town and the adjoining
villages were bombarded (March 13), and Tanu was crowned
king, notwithstanding the protests of the German Consul
The supporters of Mataafa attacked the combined British
and American forces, and several of them were killed and
wounded in the engagements which followed, the Germans
remaining neutral. A joint high commission was then ap-
pointed by the three Powers to settle the matter. The
following were the instructions given to the commission : —

** The commission appointed by the three signatory Powers
of the Berlin Samoa Act, in view of the disturbances which
have broken out in Samoa, and for the purpose of restor-
ing tranquillity and order, will assume provisional powers of
government over the Samoan Islands. For this purpose the
commission is to execute the highest ofl&cial authority in the
islands. All other ofl&cial persons there, whether their authority
is derived from the provisions of the Berlin Acts or from any
other source, must obey the commands of the commission, and
the three Powers will instruct their consular and naval repre-
sentatives to subordinate themselves accordingly. No measure
which may be adopted by the commissioners, in accordance
with their prescribed powers, shall have legal effect, unless all
three commissioners agree to it. It will be among the duties
of the commissioners to consider what arrangements they
regard as necessary for the future government of the country
or for the alteration of the Berlin Treaty, and to report to
their Governments regarding the conclusions at which they
may ultimately arrive."

A good deal of ill-feeling was created between Germany and
the United States on account of this conflict between their
representatives in Samoa, and also of the high-handed action

1899.] Germany, — Samoa. [287

of the German admiral, Diedrichs, towards the American fleet
at Manilla ; but this gradually subsided as the commission
proceeded with its work, and great satisfaction was also felt
in Germany at the permission given by President M'Kinley,
on April 29, for the estabUshment of a direct cable from
Germany to the United States. In July the commissioners
decided, with the consent of both parties, to abolish the king-
ship, and to appoint an administrator with a Legislative Council
of three members nominated by Great Britain, the United
States and Germany respectively. The report of the conmiis-
sion, signed July 18, expressed the opinion that it would be
impossible effectually to remedy the troubles and difficulties
under which Samoa was suffering as long as it is placed under
the joint administration of the three Governments ; and an
agreement was accordingly arrived at for dividing the Samoan
Islands between them. A convention to this effect was signed
on November 14 by the representatives of Great Britain and
Germany, and it was subsequently agreed to by the United
States. The following were the most important articles of this
convention, which was received with great satisfaction by public
opinion in Germany : —

*' I. Great Britain renounces in favour of Germany all her
rights over the islands of Upolu and of Savaii, including the
right of establishing a naval and coaling station there, and her
right of extra-territoriahty in these islands.

'* Great Britain similarly renounces, in favour of the United
States of America, all her rights over the island of Tutuila and
the other islands of the Samoan group east of 171° longitude
east of Greenwich.

** Great Britain recognises as falling to Germany the terri-
tories in the eastern part of the neutral zone established by
the arrangement of 1888 in West Africa. The limits of the
portion of the neutral zone falling to Germany are defined in
Article V. of the present convention.

** II. Germany renounces in favour of Great Britain all her
rights over Tonga Islands, including Vavau, and over the
Savage Island, including the right of establishing a naval
station and coaling station, and the right of extra-territoriality
in the said islands.

"Germany similarly renounces, in favour of the United
States of America, all her rights over the island of Tutuila
and over the other islands of the Samoan group east of longi-
tude 171° east of Greenwich.

** She recognises as falling to Great Britain those of the
Solomon Islands, at present belonging to Germany, which
are situated to the east and south-east of the island of
Bougainville, which latter shall continue to belong to Ger-
many, together with the island of Buka, which forms part of
it.

'* The western portion of the neutral zone in West Africa, as

288] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

defined in Article V. of the present convention, shall also fall
to the share of Great Britain.

" IV. The arrangement at present existing between Germany
and Great Britain, and concerning the right of Germany to
freely engage labourers in the Solomon Islands belonging to
Great Britain, shall be equally extended to those of the Solomon
Islands mentioned in Article II., which fall to the share of
Great Britain.

** V. In the neutral zone the frontier between the German
and English territories shall be formed by the river Daka as far
as the point of its intersection with the 9th degree of north
latitude, thence the frontier shall continue to the north, leaving
Morozugu to Great Britain, and shall be fixed on the spot by
a mixed commission of the two Powers in such manner that
Gambaga and all the territories of Mamprusi shall fall to Great
Britain, and that Yendi and all the territories of Chakosi shall
fall to Germany.

"VI. Germany is prepared to take into consideration, as
much and as far as possible, the wishes which the Government
of Great Britain may express with regard to the development
of the reciprocal tariffs in the territories of Togo and of the
Gold Coast.

"VII. Germany renoimces her rights of extra-territoriality
in Zanzibar, but it is at the same time understood that this
renunciation shall not effectively come into force till such
time as the rights of extra-territoriaUty enjoyed there by other
nations shall be abolished."

The following explanatory declaration was exchanged at
the same time : —

** It is clearly understood that by Article II. of the convention
signed to-day, Germany consents that the whole group of the
Howe Islands, which forms part of the Solomon Islands, shall
fall to Great Britain.

** It is also understood that the stipulations of the declaration
between the two Governments signed at BerUn on April 10,
1886, respecting freedom of commerce in the Western Pacific
apply to the islands mentioned in the aforesaid convention.

** It is similarly understood that the arrangement at present
in force as to the engagement of labourers by Germans in the
Solomon Islands permits Germans to engage those labourers
on the same conditions as those which are or which shall be
imposed on British subjects non-resident in those islands."

The acceptance of the convention by the United States,,
and the friendly references made to Germany at the end of the
year by President McKinley in his Message to Congress, finally
removed all traces of the ill-feeling created in Germany towards
the United States by the Spanish war, and the conflict between
the German and American authorities in Samoa. The con-
cession made to Germany by England in the convention
strengthened the ties which had been established between the

1899.] Germany. — Mr, Rhodes, [289

two countries by the secret agreement arrived at in the previous
year (Annual Register, 1898, p. 259), and further important
advantages were secured to Germany by the arrangement made
with the British South Africa Company in consequence of the
visit paid by Mr. Rhodes to the Emperor in , March. The
object of this visit was to secure the co-operation of Germany
in the work of opening the African continent to civiUsation,
and this object was completely attained. The following is an
abstract of the agreements, dated March 15, and October 28,
1899, entered into between Mr. Rhodes and the German
Government on the subject : —

1. The construction of the telegraph line will be carried out
by the company at its own cost, and must be completed within
five years.

2. The company has to erect at its own cost, between the
two stations nearest Rhodesia on the south and nearest British
East Africa on the north, a telegraph wire intended for the
service of German East Africa. The cost of maintaining this
wire shall be borne by the company.

8. The German Government reserves the exclusive right
of establishing and working telegraph stations in German East
Africa, and of introducing for such stations the tariffs for Ger-
man East African messages. On the other hand, the German
Government will not run the through-going wires of the com-
pany into such stations without the company's consent. The
German Government will jointly use the telegraph line (as
opposed to the through-going wires of the company) within the
limits of German East Africa for the purpose of erecting its own
wires on the poles between the two stations of the company
nearest the East African frontiers in Rhodesia and in British
East Africa respectively.

4. The German Government has secured the control of the
line with its territory by the reservation of perfect liberty to
connect the wires at any point between the two stations
mentioned in article 2.

Furthermore the company has to pay a tariff of ten centimes
per word to the German Government.

The two last-mentioned conditions may be dropped in
exchange for the concession by the company of advantages of
equal value in some other sphere.

5. On the expiration of forty years after the completion of
the telegraph line through German East Africa, the German
Government has the right to take over the German East African
section of the line without payment. The cost of maintenance
will then fall upon the Government. The company will, how-
ever, have to pay the Government a yearly transit charge
amounting to the whole of the annual cost of administration,
provided always that this payment shall not exceed the amount
of one halfpenny per word.

6. The company is bound to transmit over its lines at its

T

290] FOEEIGN HISTORY. [1899.

general tariff charges all telegrams received by it for and from
German East Africa ; and the company has further declared its
willingness to accord, in favour of all telegrams transmitted to
or from German East Africa, any reductions of tariff which it
may accord to third parties.

7. Detailed provisions have been incorporated in the agree-
ment with a view to safeguarding German sovereign rights
and the jurisdiction of the Governor of German East Africa
with reference to the company and those in its employment.
The Governor can at his own discretion grant the employees
and workmen of the company a military escort, the expense
of which shall be borne by the company in so far as it does not
exceed 1,000Z.

8. All differences arising out of the interpretation of the
treaty shall be settled by a court of arbitration. In the first
instance one of the two arbitrators shall be chosen by each of
the two parties. In the case of non-agreement on the part of
the arbitrators, a third arbitrator may be appointed by the
President of the German Imperial Court of Justice on the
application of both the parties.

A special agreement binds the company not to continue its
railway to the West Coast of Africa from the territories of
Rhodesia or Bechuanaland south of the 14th degree of lati-
tude, save from a point on the Anglo-German frontier to be
determined by special agreement with the German Govern-
ment. Further, the British South Africa Company is bound
not to construct a railway north of the 14th degree of latitude
from the above-mentioned territories to the West African Coast
until a railway line has been constructed south of that degree of
latitude through German South- West Africa.

Although England had repeatedly shown her desire to
maintain the most friendly relations with Germany, and the
Emperor when the Boer war broke out took every opportunity
of asserting his neutrality in the conflict, and visited the Queen
at Windsor in November, the German press showed a strong
bias on the side of the Boers, exaggerating their successes and
rejoicing over the English reverses, and publishing disgraceful
caricatures of her Majesty.

In June there was an important debate in the Reichstag on
a bill for the prolongation of the provisional extension of the
most-favoured-nation treatment to the commerce of the British
Empire, with the exception of Canada, pending the conclusion
of a new commercial treaty. The Agrarian party advocated
reprisals against Great Britain on account of the policy adopted
by Canada in establishing an exceptionally favourable tariff for
the mother country, and demanded a general increase of the
tariff on goods imported from the British Empire.

Count Posadowsky, Secretary of State for the Interior, who
spoke on behalf of the Government, warned the extreme pro-
tectionists against the danger of the ** vigorous policy" they

1899.] Germany. — Trade with England, [291

recommended. In his experience, any attempt to consult the
interests of one branch of industry which was suffering from
the customs policy of some foreign country was immediately
followed by protests on behalf of some other branch, which
implored the Government not to begin a war of tariffs on so
slight a provocation. The Government had to consider the
interests of the whole, and to balance them one with another
as best it could. To have put the "autonomous tariff" in
force against the whole British Empire on account of the
preferential rates accorded by Canada to the mother country
would have been to begin a war of tariffs against a Power
'*with whom we are united by innrmaerable relations of a
commercial, political and, I may add, of a friendly character.
Such a step could hardly have been defended in the interests
of our general trade, and would scarcely have met with the
approval of the German people." Count Posadowsky did not
think it probable that the policy initiated by Canada would
ultimately be adopted by any large section of the British
colonies. These colonies would reflect that their exports to
Germany were far greater in amount and far more important
than their imports from Germany. But if they did adopt
tariffs prejudicial to German trade, Germany would not hesi-
tate to exclude them from the most-favoured-nation treatment,
as she had done in the case of Canada.

Dealing with the question of certificates of origin, Count
von Posadowsky pointed out that it would be most inexpedient
and inconvenient to demand these certificates in the case of all
countries which exported to Germany the same kind of goods
that came from Canada. The whole exports from Canada to
Germany amounted to 4,000,000 marks (200,000/.). Were they
to impose the vexatious formality of certificates of origin upon
their imports from all countries of the world in order to strike
this 4,000,000 marks' worth of Canadian trade? With regard
to the ** autonomous tariff" scale now in preparation, he agreed
with the protectionist deputies who thought that the scale of
duties ought to be high in order to make foreign States come
more readily to terms in negotiating new treaties.

Dealing next with the Indian differential duties on sugar, he
said that the German Government wished to reserve its opinion
on the question whether these duties constituted a departure
from the most-favoured-nation treatment. He would not enter
into the question whether these duties were intended to favour
the sugar of Mauritius and the West Indies at the expense of
the beetroot sugar of the countries which paid export boun-
ties. All he would say was that in its attitude towards those
measures the German Government would be guided entirely by
considerations of expediency. They would only exercise the
power of granting the most-favoured-nation treatment ** so
long as the British Customs pohcy, and particularly the sup-
plementary tariffs on sugar, did not inflict any positive injury "

t2

292] FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

upon their export trade. Ultimately the Reichstag anthorised
the Government to extend the most-favoured-nation treatment
to Great Britain and the British colonies in return for similar
treatment ; but it limited this authorisation in respect of time
to the date July 30, 1900.

Another success achieved by Prussian diplomacy was the
grant by the Sultan on November 27 to the Deutsche Bank
syndicate of a concession for the extension of the AnatoUan Rail-
way from Konieh to Basra on the Persian Gulf. This railway
will connect one of the most fertile districts of Asia with the
traffic of Eastern and Central Europe, and will bring Persia
and the country bordering on the Persian Gulf within necurer
reach of German enterprise. The line is to pass through
Bagdad and along the valleys of the Tigris and the Euphrates,
and is to be completed within eight years. Meanwhile steps
had been taken to accelerate the communications of Germany
with Constantinople. On March 1 a treaty was signed between
Germany and Roumania providing that an express train should
be run between Berlin and Bucharest, with a fortnightly direct
service to the Roumanian harbour of Kustendji, whence Rou-
manian mail steamers ply direct to Constantinople. This
reduces the journey from Berlin to Constantinople, which
took sixty-four hours by the Orient express, to forty-eight
hours. Provision was also made for the construction of a
new telegraph wire from Berlin to Bucharest by way of
Galicia.

In June the Caroline Islands, the Pelew Islands, and the
Spanish Ladrones Islands were ceded to Germany by Spain
for a sum of 25,000,000 pesetas. European plantations had
for some time existed on these islands, and the majority of
them were in German hands. This acquisition was thus de-
scribed by Herr von Biilow in the Reichstag : " For Spain the
islands are only fragments of an edifice that has collapsed.
For us they are pillars and buttresses for a new and promising
building " ; and he went on to show that the islands had har-
bours which would serve as naval bases and ports of call for
Germany's naval communications between South-Eastem Asia
(Kiao-Chau) and South America. The following were the
tenns of the agreement between the two Governments: —

1. Spain is to cede to Germany the Caroline Islands, to-
gether with the Pelews and the Mariannes, with the exception
of Guam, for a compensation fixed at 25,000,000 pesetas.

2. Germany is to grant to Spanish trade and Spanish agri-
cultural enterprise in the Carolines, Pelews, and Mariannes the
same treatment and the same facilities as to German trade,
and is to grant to the Spanish religious orders in the above-
named islands the same rights and the same liberties as to the
German religious orders.

3. Spain is to have the right to establish a coal depdt for
her war and trading fleet in the Carolines, a second in the

1899.] Germany. — China. [293

Pelews, and a third in the Marianne Archipelago, and to retain
the same even in time of war.

4. This agreement is as soon as possible to be submitted
for the constitutional approval prescribed by the laws of both
countries, and to be ratified as soon as such approval has been
given.

At the same time an understanding was come to with Spain
with regard to the mutual granting of the conventional tariffs
in a way calculated to meet the wishes and interests both of
German and of Spanish trade.

This arrangement was received with great satisfaction in
Germany, and the treaty giving effect to it was passed by the
Reichstag without a division.

In China, Germany continued to develop the policy of in-
tervention on behalf of German trade which had been started
by the acquisition of Kiao-Chau in the previous year. In
February Herr von Biilow informed the Reichstag that im-
portant concessions of an economic character had been made
to Germany in the province of Shantung, principally for the
construction and working of railways and for the exploitation
of the rich treasures of coal and other minerals which exist in
the province, and that the management of the railway to be
built from Kiao-Chau to Hoang-Ho, in connection with the
Anglo-German Railway from Tien-tsin to the lower course of
the Yang-tse-kiang, would be exclusively German. Towards
the end of March a German missionary was imprisoned and
a German naval detachment fired upon by the Chinese, and
prompt steps were taken to obtain satisfaction for these out-
rages. The province had been plunged into anarchy by two
Chinese societies known as The Red Fist and The Great
Knife Sect, who attacked and plundered both the native and
the foreign Christian inhabitants. In consequence of the urgent
representations of the German Minister and the despatch of a
German expedition to the disturbed districts on the coast, the
Chinese Government caused the local authorities to imprison
several of the leaders of these societies and paid compensation
for the insults inflicted on Germans in the province.

In July some sensation was produced by a visit paid by the
German Emperor to a French ship-of-war, the Iphigenie, at
Bergen, in Norway ; but this incident did not seem to have any
appreciable effect on the relations between France and Germany,
in which latter place profound indignation had been caused by
the attitude of the French people in the Dreyfus affair and the
charges made against the German military attache. Colonel
Schwarzkoppen. The visit of the Czar to Potsdam, too, did
not contribute to establish a more friendly feeling between
Germany and Russia, where a good deal of irritation was felt
at the attitude of the German delegate at the Peace Congress.
The German Government, however, showed itself vdser than
the German nation in paying regard rather to the interests

294J FOEEIGN HISTOKY. [1898.

than to the 85anpathie8 of Germany in its dealings with foreign
Governments, and its relations with France, Eussia, and even
with England and the United States, were throughout of the
most cordial character.

II. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

In Austria the parliamentary deadlock produced by the
national conflict between the Germans and the Czechs con-
tinued throughout the year. A turbulent minority, by a reck-
less use of every means of parliamentary obstruction, including
even personal violence, prevented the majority from passing the
most necessary measures for carrying on the government, and
compelled the Emperor to govern without his JParliament under
an article of the constitution which was originally intended only
to provide for cases of emergency when Parliament was not
sitting, but which had to be strained so as to give a colour of
constitutionalism to proceedings indispensable for the very exist-
ence of the empire. A new theory was started to justify this
extreme and unprecedented display of parliamentary obstruction :
it was held that when questions of nationality are at stake, a
minority may even go so far as to stop the whole machine of
government rather than allow what it deems to be its national
rights to be interfered with. There are six German parties in
the Eeichsrath, and of these three — the Nationalists, the Pro-
gressists, and the extreme Eadicals of the Schonerer group,
numbering together eighty-three members — had determined to
obstruct all legislation until the decrees placing the Czech and
German languages on an equal footing in Bohemia should be
cancelled. When the Eeichsrath reassembled in January, and
the bill for raising the annual contingent of recruits was brought
forward by the President as being a necessity of state, the reply
of the obstructionists was that *' there is no greater necessity of
state than the withdrawal of the language decrees," and they
accordingly prevented all the motions of the Government from
coming to a division by endless frivolous and irrelevant amend-
ments, and by insisting that the names of the members voting
for or against each amendment should be read to the House.
They also continued their efforts (see Annual Eegister, 1898,
p. 265) to detach the Germans of Austria from the Eoman
Catholic Church as a manifestation of their desire to unite with
their co-nationalists in Germany. This agitation, known as
** Los von Eom ! " (** Away from Eome ! ") was supported by the
Berlin branch of the Evangelical Alliance, and instructions were
given by the Government to prosecute all foreigners engaged in
the agitation, notwithstanding which wholesale conversions to
Protestantism took place among the Austrian Germans in
various parts of the country, obviously with a view to meeting
Prince Bismarck's famous objection to the annexation to
Germany of the German provinces of Austria — that Germany

1899.] Austria-Hungary, — Germans and Czechs. [295

has already more Catholics than she can manage. At the
meetings held by the German Nationalist parties in connection
with this propaganda most of the members wore corn-flowers,
the favourite flower of the late Emperor WiUiam, and statues
of Prince Bismarck were placed on the tribune.

Towards the end of January another stormy scene took place
in the Eeichsrath between the Germans and the Czechs, in
the coarse ot which the notorious Herr Wolf was knocked
down and beaten by a Czechish peasant deputy. The
Eeichsrath was then prorogued, and legislation under the
fourteenth article of the Constitution (see Annual Eegister,
1898, p. 266) was resumed. A vigorous protest was made
against the application of this article to the ordinary legislation
of the year by the entire German Opposition with the exception
of the Schonerer group, but they made no suggestion as to
the paralysis of Parliament which had made such application
necessary. The Socialists, too, got up meetings all over the
country protesting against the action of the Government, and
in some cases even demanding a republic. Several of these
meetings were dispersed by the police, not without bloodshed ;
and upwards of a hundred municipal councils, chambers of
commerce, and other public bodies, joined in the agitation
against the Government. At Graslitz, in Northern Bohemia,
there was a prolonged fight between the gendarmes and the
crowd, in which several persons were killed and wounded.
Later on a serious riot broke out at Cilli, in Styria, in which
the Slav Vice-President of the Eeichsrath and two provincial
officials took part against the Germans who had attacked a party
of Czech students. All this naturally had a very prejudicial
effect on Austrian industry. A considerable number of the lead-
ing representatives of the Vienna silk and Bohemian textile
industries transferred their factories to Hungary, and there was
a distinct fall in the amount of Austrian production during the
year. The general industrial depression was moreover increased
by the discovery of fraudulent management in some of the great
financial institutions of the empire. One of these, the Gahcian
Savings Bank at Lemberg, only escaped bankruptcy by some
of the nobility and other patriotic citizens making a voluntary
subscription to cover its losses, which were occasioned by the
illegal manipulation of its funds. Several of the persons impli-
cated in these frauds* committed suicide.

In September the Emperor visited Bohemia, and Germans
and Czechs, laying aside for the moment their internal dis-
sensions, vied with each other in manifesting their devotion
to the Sovereign and his house. Both, however, obstinately
adhered to their determination not to yield on the language
question, and the Germans threatened to place the whole dualist
system in peril by refusing to elect members to the delegation
from the Austrian and Hungarian Parliaments to vote the
Budget for the common expenses and other measures applicable

296] . FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

to both halves of the empire. To these the fourteenth article
of the Austrian Constitution, which is for the western half only,
cannot be made to apply ; and every efifort was accordingly made
by the Emperor and the chief members of the majority to in-
duce the Germans not to carry their threat into execution. The
first step taken with this object was to sacrifice the Ministry of
Count Thun, which had become thoroughly unpopular among
the Germans on account of its refusal to cancel the language de-
crees and its application of the fourteenth article to various con-
tentious measures such as the sugar tax. The Cabinet resigned
at the end of September, and was succeeded by one composed
entirely of Germans with the exception of two Poles, the Minister
of Finance and the Minister for Galicia. The new Premier, Count
Clary- Aldingen, and the other ministers were prominent public
officials not identified with any party, but they showed a decided
leaning towards the Germans, and their first act was to withdraw
the language decrees. This produced a storm of indignation
among the Czechs, who now took the place of the Germans in
obstructing the work of Parliament, though they did not descend
to the brutal methods of Herren Wolf and Schonerer. Riots
broke out in various parts of Bohemia and Moravia, and at the
annual roll-call of the reserves a Czech reservist, instead of
answering as usual with the German word "Hier," used the
equivalent in Czech {'' Zde '*). The man was sentenced to six
months' imprisonment, but a large crowd accompanied him to
the prison uttering seditious cries and singing Czech national
songs. The object aimed at by the withdrawal of the language
decrees — the election of German members to the delegation —
was, however, attained, the Czechs not being disposed to push
their opposition to the Government so far as to refuse to elect
delegates of their own. But they rendered all legislation im-
possible so far as the Reichsrath was concerned ; and as Count
Clary-Aldingen was unwilUng to resume Government under
article 14, it became necessary to appoint another minister who
would do so. On December 22 Dr. Wittek, a railway specialist,
was *' entrusted provisionally with the presidency of the Minis-
terial Council," and most of the other departments were also
placed temporarily under the direction of officials. The Reichs-
rath was then prorogued, and the measures which it had failed
to pass were put in force under article 14.

In Hungary the political situation was also far from satis-
factory, though not so desperate as in the western half of the
empire. In both Parliaments the Opposition prevented all
legislation by obstruction, but at Vienna it was possible to put
in force, without the aid of Parliament, the measures necessary
for carrying out the government under the emergency article of
the Constitution, while in the Hungarian Constitution there is
no such article, and the Ministry was therefore obliged to act
unconstitutionally — or as it was called in a sort of dog-Latin,
''ex lex'" — in order to execute those measures (see Annual

1899.] Austria- Hungary, — The Hungarian Opposition, [297

Kegister, 1898, p. 267). In Hungary, as in Austria, the Opposi-
tion, though in a minority, remained masters of the field. They
made the cessation of obstruction conditional on the Banffy
Cabinet resigning, and they had their way. Baron Banflfy
resigned on February 18, and a new Cabinet was formed by M.
Szeil, a representative of the old Deak party, and Minister of
Finance in the Tisza Ministry. The Liberal members who
had seceded owing to the "ex lex'' arrangements of Baron
Banffy (see Annual Eegister, 1898, p. 267) then rejoined the
Liberal party. The new Cabinet, Uke the previous one, was
Liberal, but it pledged itself to govern constitutionally, and
its chief was not personally obnoxious to Count Apponyi and
other leading members of the Opposition as Baron Banffy
was. Obstruction now ceased, an indemnity was given for
the measures put in force during the ''ex lex'* period, and the
Ausgleich, or State arrangement with Austria, which had expired
in 1897 and had then been provisionally continued from year to
year, was finally extended to 1907, the only alteration in it
being that the charter to the Austro-Hungarian Bank was to
terminate in the year 1907 if the customs and commercial
union with Austria were not renewed beyond that date, on the
principle that the expiration of the customs union should coin-
cide with that of the commercial treaties with foreign countries,
thus giving Hungary a free hand in the renewal of both.

The agitation against the Jews was revived in September
by the trial of a Jew named Hilsner for the murder of a
Christian girl at Polna, in Bohemia. The anti-Semites repre-
sented the crime as an instance of Jewish ** ritual murder," ie.,
murder for the purpose of obtaining Christian blood to be used
in some of the Jewish reUgious rites. No evidence was pro-
duced of Hilsner's guilt that could have condemned him in any
ordinary case of murder, but the fact of his being a Jew and of
the body having been found in a bloodless condition, sufficed to
convince the judge and jury that a ritual murder had been
committed by him, and he was sentenced to death. Anti-
Semitic riots followed in various parts of the country, and the
Emperor, on receiving in audience the Rabbi of Prague, ex-
pressed his indignation at the cruelties perpetrated upon the
Jews on these occasions. The Roman Catholic Bishop of Zips,
in Hungary, also issued a pastoral letter to his clergy reminding
them that it is their duty to impress upon their flocks that the
charge of ritual murder cannot be raised against the Jews, as
the Jewish Scriptures contain nothing to justify such an accusa-
tion, and Jews are not allowed to taste the blood of animals.

Count Goluchowski, the Austro-Hungarian Minister of
Foreign Affairs, made his usual statement of foreign policy
to the delegations in December. He gave an unqualified con-
tradiction to the speculations tending to cast doubt on the
stability of the Triple Alliance. The basis of Austria-Hungary's
treaty of alliance with Germany and Italy was too substantial

298] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

to be shaken. With regard to what the Count described as
" the hot ground of Eastern Europe," there was the close under-
standing with Eussia, concluded two years ago, for the purpose
of averting such dangers as threatened the peace of Europe and
of disposing of that rivalry which for years had hampered their
mutual relations. He dwelt upon the advantages of the Austro-
Eussian agreement for the Balkaji States themselves, foremost
amongst them being the principle of non-intervention in their
interior affairs. While encouraging the Balkan States in the de-
velopment of their political individuality and the maintenance
of their independence, Austiia-Hungary was equally bent on
the preservation of peace, and would therefore resolutely oppose
adventures of any kind wherever they might come from. He
further referred to the improvement in South-Eastem Europe
which had followed the close of the Greco-Turkish war, and
made special mention of the order and stabiUty which prevailed
in Eoumania. The unrest and Chauvinist manifestations in
Servia and Bulgaria were to a great extent symptoms of internal
malady and must be regarded as unavoidable in all young States.
The relations of the monarchy to those countries were quite
normal.

The good intentions of the Sultan, proceeded the Minister,
were not always carried out by his administrative organs, owing
to the deep-rooted abuses which it would be in Turkey's own
interest to abolish if the conciliatory disposition of the Turkish
Court were to produce any lasting improvement. Turkey had no
better nor more disinterested friend than Austria-Hungary. Their
interests were in many instances parallel, and Austria-Hungary
could only wish for what would promote and strengthen the fur-
ther existence of Turkey in its present undiminished proportions.

Turning to England, Count Goluchowski affirmed that the
friendly relations between that country and Austria-Hungary
were undisturbed, and that both sides were equally bent
on their continuing to be so. The hostilities which had
recently broken out between the United Kingdom and the South
African Eepublics imposed on Austria-Hungary the strictest
neutrality, if only in the interests of her subjects who lived
within the boundaries of the seat of war, and whose protection,
in the absence of an Austro-Hungarian representative, had been
taken over by Germany.

Alluding to the initiative of the Czar in connection with the
Peace Conference, the Count observed that people should not
found too great expectations on its first meeting, as the Eussian
programme extended to a later period which could not be fixed
at present. At the same time the deliberations at the Hague
were not to be underrated, either from a humanitarian point of
view or from that of certain principles which had hitherto been
confined to the pious wishes of the periodical meetings of the
apostles of peace, and which had now assumed a more substantial
form and had received the sanction of the law of nations.

1899.] Austria-Hungary. — Foreign Policy. [299

Finally, Count Goluchowski again set forth the numerous
causes which had led to Austria-Hungary being left behind in
the great race among the nations of the world for the develop-
ment of their economic existence. The resources at the disposal
of the Foreign Office were too limited for that department alone
to provide a remedy, but it would be assuming a heavy responsi-
bility if it remained indifferent and inactive in presence of such
a state of affairs, the continuation of which he condemned both
on economic and political grounds. Without adequate effective
forces, they would be obliged to remain mere spectators and to
abstain from raising their voice at a decisive moment which
might influence the position of Austria-Hungary as a great
Power. It was high time to look the undeniable fa^ct in the
face that the Austro-Hungarian Navy, which scarcely sufficed
for the defence of the coast, would be wholly insufficient for
any distant action required by the prestige and dignity of the
monarchy, or even the protection of its numerous subjects
abroad. He had frequently heard it argued that Austria-
Hungary had no prospect of becoming a first-class maritime
Power, and that consequently the fleet should be kept within
the limits of what was necessary for the defence of the coast.
He did not share that opinion. A third-class naval Power was
by no means as unimportant as might be supposed, yet they
were far from being even on that footing, as it was well known
that they did not occupy any considerable position among the
foreign Navies.

In both halves of the monarchy the question of emigration
had become such a grave problem that it appeared to him high
time to examine the means of providing a remedy. Thousands
of emigrants left their homes to establish themselves in distant
parts. The majority were lost for ever to the mother country,
and the younger generation completely amalgamated w4th the
native population. As this state of things could not be remedied
by repressive means, the question arose whether this loss of
productive force at home could not be somewhat compensated
for by finding new markets with the assistance of the emigrants
themselves. The Minister explained in a general way how, in
his opinion, this might be accomplished. The control of emi-
gration must in a certain measure be taken in hand by the
authorities whom it concerned, and who must also keep a
sharp look-out on emigration agencies. The embarkation of
emigrants must take place in the native ports under the control
of the native authorities, and they must choose countries where
a compact settlement is possible and where there is no danger
of their dispersing and thus losing their nationality.

The only dispute with a foreign Power in which Austria-
Hungary was engaged during the year arose from the shooting
of some Austro-Hungarian subjects by the United States police,
during a strike of the miners at Hayleton, in Pennsylvania, in
September, 1897. The case came before an American court of

300] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

law, which decided that the police had not exceeded their duty,
notwithstanding which the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office
submitted to the Government at Washington a claim for com-
pensation for the relatives of the deceased Austriaji miners who
had been killed on the occasion. The United States rejected
the claim on the ground that the matter had been decided by a
competent court, and that the Government could not exercise
any influence on the administration of the law. The Foreign
Office at Vienna then proposed that the difference between the
two Governments should be submitted to arbitration, but this
also was declined, and the matter then dropped.

Sympathy with the Boers was expressed by the Germans
in Austria as elsewhere, but not with such evident malevolence
towards England as in the German Empire. Among the other
nationalities, such as the Hungarians, the Poles, and the Czechs,
the predominant feeling was a desire for the success of England
as the propagator of liberty and civilisation.

CHAPTEE III.

I. RUSSIA.

The year opened in Eussia, as usual, with the publication of
the Budget, the most remarkable feature of which, as in the
previous year, was the large sum appropriated for the con-
struction of railways, which created a considerable deficit. The
amount to be expended for this purpose in 1899 was 109,073,413
roubles, or about 10,500,000Z., of which 30,500,000 roubles was
for the Siberian Eailway. The total sum allowed for the
Ministry of Ways and Communications was 397,000,000
roubles, or 37,000,000 more than that allowed for the Army.
The estimate for naval construction was 16,000,000 roubles
more than in the previous year, not reckoning the 90,000,000
previously allotted for an increase of the Navy. The total sum
required for all services during the year was fixed at 1,571,732,646
roubles, or 97,500,000 more than in the previous year. The
Minister of Finance pointed out that although there would be
a deficit of 98,604,443 roubles, this would not necessitate a new
loan, as the reserve fund of the Treasury was more than
sufficient to cover the amount. He added that the national
debt of Eussia had been increased during the past twelve years
by 1,531,000,000 roubles, 1,139,000,000 of which was for the
purchase and construction of railways ; that the gold in the
State Bank and Exchequer, as well as that in circulation, had
been increased during the past year by 121,000,000 roubles ; and
that the whole of the limited issue of paper money is guaranteed
by a metallic security of 168 per cent.

Serious disturbances again occurred in January at the cotton

1899.] Eussia. — Strikes. [301

mills in the St. Petersburg district. The hours had been reduced
after the last strike, and another took place in order to obtain a
further reduction to a ten hours' day without loss of wagfes.
The police attempted to arrest the leader of the agitation, but
were received by the workmen in their barracks with showers of
stones, upon which the Cossacks were called in, who fought
their way from floor to floor and flogged men, women, and
children with their whips. Some 200 men were arrested.
Further labour riots of even a more serious kind took place at
Biga in May. The troops attacked the strikers in the streets
and fired a volley by which eight people were killed, twenty-
three wounded, and about fifty more or less injured. Ten
factories in the town were closed in consequence of the strike.
These riots seem to have been the outcome of the Socialist
propaganda in Bussia, which was taken in hand by the Bussian
revolutionists as the most practical means of increasing the
opposition to the Government. People who do not understand
or will not make any sacrifices for the cause of liberty can easily
be roused to action for so intelligible and immediate an object
as a rise in wages, and in Bussia as in Germany those who
aimed at upsetting the Government found ready allies in
working men who were discontented only because their wages
were low or their working hours long. According to a secret
report from the Chief of the Police at Moscow the success of
several of the strikes which had taken place in, Bussia had ** an
extremely dangerous and prejudicial effect upon the State,
inasmuch as they constitute an elementary school for the
political education of the working class. They confirm the
confidence of the masses in their own power, teach them more
practical methods of combat, and train and give prominence to
specially gifted individuals of greater initiative. They further
convince the labourer of the possibility and advantage of com-
bination, and of collective action in general. At the same time,
they render him more accessible to Socialist ideas which he
had previously regarded as idle dreams. The consciousness of a
solidarity of interests with the labouring classes throughout the
world is developed in these local struggles. This involves a
recognition that political agitation in the social democratic sense
is indispensable to victory. The present situation," concludes
the report, **is so disquieting, and the activity of the revolu-
tionary agitators is so intense, that the combined action of
all the authorities affected will be necessary to counteract it."
In February an encounter took place between the police and
the students of the University of St. Petersburg, who were
beaten with Cossack whips and otherwise ill-treated because
they persisted in going to their homes through the streets,
which were blocked by the police on the ground that they were
suspected of intending to make a demonstration against the
rector, who had threatened the students with police measures in
the event of their misbehaviour. The consequence was that

302] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

most of the students of the empire, upwards of 30,000 in
number, protested against the outrage, and all the universities
had to be closed. A special commission was then appointed
by the Emperor to inquire into the causes of this universal
strike of the Eussian students, and to devise a remedy for it.
The forces of reaction at St. Petersburg were, however, too
strong, and in March a decree was issued dismissing all the
students and ordaining that those who wished to re-enter the
university classes should only be allowed to do so on their
presenting petitions to that effect, and making a written declara-
tion binding them to submit in all respects to the university
rules and discipline. Meanwhile the students' rooms were
ransacked for papers, students and their friends were arrested,
and many of them were imprisoned or banished to Siberia,
having been accused by the police of circulating revolutionary
proclamations. Many of the students, however, persisted in
their opposition, and in April several hundreds of them were
arrested by the poUce at St. Petersburg for endeavouring to
obstruct the entrance into the university and technical institute
of candidates for examination.

The commission made its report in June, and an ofi&cial
communication was then published by the Government Messenger
giving the Czar's decision on the subject. It stated that his
Majesty had felt great grief and displeasure at the fact that
*' such disorders, afifecting nearly all the educational institutions
of the empire, should have continued for so many months,
thereby disturbing the lives and studies of a mass of young
men " ; that the poUce had unfortunately adopted towards them
an extreme mode of action for which there was no special neces-
sity ; that the majority of the students had been led away by
** agitators from outside who circulated proclamations and other
pohtical papers " ; and that there were defects in the internal
organisation of the higher educational establishments which
help to create and foster disturbances, such as want of associa-
tion among the students, professors, and teaching authorities,
indifference and unsatisfactory relations of some of the pro-
fessors in guiding the minds and views of the youths under
their charge, the absence of all supervision and verification of
the actual work and occupations of the students, and the over-
crowding, which in many institutions is far beyond their space
and pecuniary resources.

The Czar therefore ordered that the immediate authorities
and teaching staffs of the higher educational institutions should
be informed of his Majesty's dissatisfaction with them for
not having known how to acquire sufficient authority and moral
influence over their students, and for not having acted from the
beginning with proper firmness and unanimity in impressing
upon the excited youths the true meaning of the career
which they have voluntarily chosen for themselves and the
hmits of their rights and obligations. The Minister of Public

1899.] Russia. — The Famine, — Foreign Capital, [303

Instruction and the other Minister having control of the insti-
tutions in which disorders occurred were at the same time
directed to take proper steps to induce their subordinates to
fulfil their moral and official duties ; and, addressing the
students, the Czar ordered them ** to return peacefully to their
duties and occupations/' adding that, with the exception of
those accused of political actions and aspirations, the leaders
of the agitation would be punished '* with all possible con-
sideration for their having been led away by the general
agitation."

The disturbance produced in the country by the strikes of
the working men and the students in the earlier months of the
year was still further aggravated by the outbreak of famine. In
the province of Samara and the adjacent districts the peasants
perished in thousands from starvation and its usual accompani-
ments, scurvy and typhus, and though the Eed Cross Society
made great efforts to reheve the prevalent distress, its resources
were quite inadequate for this purpose. The region affected
stretched from beyond the Ural Mountains on the east nearly
as far as Moscow on the west, while from north to south it
covered more than ten degrees of latitude. The failure of the
crops in this district is said to have been the worst within the
memory of man, and although 35,000,000 roubles were allotted for
famine relief in the Budget, this sum proved wholly insufficient
to supply even the most urgent wants of the inhabitants of six
out of the eleven provinces affected. It is remarkable that the
whole expenditure of the Russian Empire on agriculture, in a
country where over 85 per cent, of the people depend on agri-
culture for subsistence, is only about 5,000,000/. a year, while
the Army and Navy cost 52,000,000Z. a year. In Southern Russia
the distress was equally great, and at the end of the year whole
villages were reported to be in a state of starvation.

The question of attracting foreign capital to Russia for the
purpose of developing the industries of the country was one of
tliose which most occupied the attention of the Government,
and the speeches made by M. de Witte, the Minister of Finance,
on this subject to the council of ministers and the commission
charged to regulate the corn trade gave some valuable indica-
tions of the policy of Russia in this respect. The industrial
progress, he said, not only of Western Europe, but of almost
the entire world, is advancing with such gigantic strides that
the only alternative left to Russia, forced as she is by circum-
stances to participate in the general turnover of international
trade, is to employ every possible means of gaining upon her
competitors. Every halt in her industrial advance is equivalent
to an increase of the distance which already separates Russia
from other countries in the matter of economical development.
At the same time, there is so little native capital available for
industrial enterprises that to refuse the co-operation of foreign
capitalists in the exploitation of the natural riches of Russia

304] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

would be tantamount to voluntary acquiescence in industrial
stagnation.

There are also other and more particular reasons, the Min-
ister continued, which give this question a still further claim
to attention. At the present moment nearly all the markets
of Europe are closed by means of Customs tariffs against
Eussian agricultural products. The duties in Germany on
those products are almost equal to their cost ; in France they
even exceed it. In such conditions it is almost impossible to
count upon a more or less enduring rise in prices. But there
is one country which still clings to the principles of free trade,
though, of course, entirely from motives of self-interest. That
country is England, which has long held the foremost place
among European countries as the largest purchaser of agri-
cultural produce. In 1897 the total gross value of agricultural
produce imported into England was estimated at 2,000,000,000
roubles (212,766,000Z.), or 50 roubles 23 copecks per head of
the population. It is very plain, therefore, how important it
would be for Eussia to have a permanent and reliable market
here for her products. Meanwhile the statistics for 1897 show
that the share of Eussia in this business is, as yet, comparatively
small. For example, the value of horned cattle imported into
England was, in round figures, 98,000,000 roubles (10,430,000Z.),
the value of the supply from each country having been as follows: —

Roubles. £

United States 67,970,030 = 7,230,864

Canada - - 19,224,970 = 2,046,209

Argentine 10,845,222 = 1,163,744

Other countries, including Russia, only - 3,560 = 377

98,040,222 = 10,430,184

The value of sheep and lambs imported was 8,640,000 roubles
(919,148Z.), as foUows :—

Roubles. £

Argentine 4,968,910 = 628,607

United States 2,660,760 = 272,421

Canada 898,660 = 96,602

Other countries, including Russia, only - - 211,180 = 22,465

8,639,610 = 919,096

As regards the export of wheat to England, Eussia is far
behind America. In 1897 America sent wheat to the value of
123,000,000 roubles (13,087,234/.) and Eussia only for 51,000,000
roubles (5,425,531 Z.).

Eussia plays an insignificant part also in the importation of
flour into England. The following table shows the respec-
tive values of the supplies from various countries, Ukewise in
1897 :—

Roubles. £

United States 66,637,480 = 7,089,093

France 7,842,360 = 834,292

Canada - 7,661,860 = 803,389

Austria 6,951,420 = 739,612

Germany 290,770 = 30,938

All other countries, including Russia - - 962,880 = 102,484

90,236,760 = 9,699,668

1899.] Russia. — Trade with England, [305

Even as regards the supply of oats, in which Bussia not so very
long ago held the first and almost exclusive position, the United
States now receives from England on this account nearly
18,000,000 roubles (1,914,893Z.), while Eussia receives only
13,600,000 roubles (1,446,808Z.).

Again, in the English meat market Russia plays a very
modest part. She sends only several hundred roubles' worth
of meat, while the following other countries furnish it to the
following extent : —

Koubles. &

United States 60,324,000 = 6,353,617

Denmark 25,798,000 = 2,744,468

Canada, nearly 5,000,000 = 631.914

The same is the case with supplies of salt pork, hams and
beef, which are brought almost entirely from the United States
and Canada ; also fresh pork, in which we fall behind Holland
and Belgium ; and fresh mutton, imported for 45,382,000
roubles, of which 45,192,000 roubles' worth (4,808,723Z.) is
from Holland, Australia, and Argentine.

And yet, said M. de Witte, England, as already explained, is
the only market in which Eussia can find relief for her present
agricultural depression. England is not less important as a
market for placing Russian funds. This was the case before
the Afghan frontier troubles, which compelled Russia to
transfer her funds to Berlin, and subsequently, under pressure
of political complications, to France. But in this matter it is
not possible to entertain any great hope for the future. France
having invested her money in Russian bonds, finds it superfluous
to go any farther. On the contrary, while striving to export
her goods to Russia she closely shuts the doors of the French
markets by means of prohibitive duties against the products of
Russian agriculture, whereas serious commercial and industrial
relations can only be established on the basis of reciprocity.

These considerations had induced the Minister of Finance
to give special attention to the conditions of the English
market, which is at the same time a much larger one than that
of France. With this end in view, certain measures had been
taken to establish commercial relations ; but the Minister ob-
served that the possibihty of strengthening such relations
depends in England almost entirely upon pubUc opinion,
*' which is guided much more by poUtical than by economical
reasons ; so that when Englishmen feel a sympathy with any
particular country they are quite wiUing to purchase the pro-
ducts of that country, and to place their money in its funds.
As soon, however, as their political views change, they sell
out the stock, and put every possible obstacle in the way of
imports, even though in so domg they may be obliged to pay
dearer for goods from other countries. The influence of public
opinion in England is so strong that even the Government
cannot cope with it. According to the statements of her own

U

306J FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

representatives, Government interference can only do harm,
consequently the organisation of trade with England is beyond
the power of the Russian Government." We can certainly, he
concluded, assign sums of money ; appoint commercial agents ;
establish commercial museums in London, and so forth ; but
these measures will only be palliatives, unless at the same time
Russian and British merchants enter into direct and personal
relations. Russian jSrms should send to England their agents
to study the commercial customs of that country, and English-
men should come oftener to Russia in order to understand
Russian ways and commercial habits. In this way public
opinion in England would undoubtedly undergo the change
which is so necessary for Russia, and then the great English
market would be open to her products.

" But all this will only be possible if we can dissipate the
want of confidence which, according to our commercial agents,
exists among Englishmen as to the stabiUty of the regula-
tions in Russia defining the position of foreign industrials and
merchants.

'* Moreover, the system of protectionist duties is a school of
industry, the cost of which weighs upon all classes of the
people. We must, therefore, consider how we may get rid of
this burden. We can free ourselves from it by attracting
foreign capital to Russia. We have no available capital of our
own, since where such exists here it cannot be released. By
the employment of foreign capital the cost of the protectionist
^system is lessened, even although it may involve certain sacri-
fices for us. We have to consider whether it is now better
that we should import foreign products to the amount of
hundreds of millions or that, with the help of foreign capital
which remains in the country, we should create industries of
our own."

The district where foreign capital was most wanted was the
Caucasus, and accordingly the restrictions hitherto imposed
upon the acquisition of land there by foreigners for industrial
purposes were removed, the prohibition being retained only as
regards agricultural land, which was reserved exclusively for
Russian colonists. There was consequently an enormous de-
velopment of manufacturing undertakings which, in the last
quarter of the year, created a so-called ** money famine*' at
St. Petersburg and Moscow.

The sudden death of the Czarevitch, in July, produced con-
siderable agitation at the Russian Court, as the Emperor was
still without male heirs. His second brother, the Grand Duke
Michael, a man of strong will and anti-Uberal tendencies, was
the next heir to the throne.

The centennial anniversary of the birth of the Russian
poet Puschkin was celebrated in various parts of the empire at
the beginning of June with religious services and festivals.
The Novoe Vremya cpeaed a subscription list for a great national

1899.] Russia. — Finland. [307

monument in honour of the memory of the poet, but Prince
Ukhtomsky and the Pohsh novelist Sienkiewicz pointed out
that this would be an unpardonable waste of money at a time
when thousands of Russians were perishing from starvation,
and the latter started a penny subscription for their relief.
Puschkin was the friend of the Polish poet Mickiewicz, and the
Poles, both in Russia and abroad, manifested their admiration
and sympathy on the occasion by speeches and newspaper
articles.

In September a step was taken by the Russian Government
towards conciUating the Poles by allowing the teaching in all
classes of the middle-class educational estabUshments to be
carried on in the Polish language and by making that language
one of the main subjects in the educational curriculum of the
higher forms. Unfortunately, as is habitually the case in Russia,
the officials generally neglected to carry out in their entirety
the instructions they received from St. Petersburg, and in many
of the educational institutions of Russian Poland the teaching
continued to be given in Russian as before. '

Finland was this year in a very disturbed condition owing
to the evident determination of the Russian Government to
reduce it to the status of a second Poland. The rescript issued
in September of the previous year (see Annual Register, 1898,
p. 276) was the preliminary to a series of measures for the
complete Russification of the province, which had enjoyed an
autonomy since its incorporation with the Russian Empire ^in
accordance with the solemn promises of successive Czars. A
bill was laid before the Finnish diet for subjecting the inhabi-
tants of the province to the general obligation to military service
in all parts of the empire by which all other Russian subjects
are bound. Hitherto Finland had had an Army of her own
which cost her about 400,000/. a year ; under the bill she would
have to furnish to the Russian Army four times the number of
recruits which she had hitherto raised for her own Army, and
to pay an annual contribution to the Imperial Treasury for
military purposes amounting to about 800,000Z. a year. This
bill was laid before the diet not for its decision, but for any
suggestions it might wish to make for the consideration of the
Imperial Council of State. This was a flagrant violation of the
constitution, which places the legislative power in the hands of
the diet, and does not recognise the Imperial Council as having
any lawful authority in Finland. Representations were ac-
cordingly made to this effect, and in reply to them a manifesto
was issued on February 15, curtly informing the Finnish people
that although owing to the *'pecuUar conditions of life'* pre-
vailing in Finland they were **by gracious consent *' permitted
to enjoy certain ** special institutions,** yet in effect the Czar
was autocrat over the whole empire, including the Grand Duchy
of Finland, and had the sole right to decide on all matters ** of
general interest and importance to the empire *' ; and further,

u2

308] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

that it wab for him alone to decide what matters were of interest
to the whole empire and what were of interest to Finland sepa-
rately. This manifesto produced a general feeling of alarm
among the people, as it seemed to foreshadow the withdrawal
of all the constitutional privileges which they had hitherto
enjoyed. They had a regularly graduated and autonomous
system of administration, of taxation, and of justice. With
the exception of the governor, no Eussian official had legal power
in Finland ; and no official, administrative or judicial, could
be deprived of his office, except for misconduct proved in legal
form. Similarly no Finlander could be deprived of Ufe, liberty,
or property, except in due course of law. He could not, as
in Eussia proper and Eussian Poland, be arrested by ** ad-
ministrative decree" and deported to Siberia; nor could his
house be entered and his papers and property seized without
lawful warrant.

All these rights and privileges were, it was felt, imperilled by
the high-handed action of the Government in the question of
the new miUtary law, and a commission was accordingly
appointed by the diet to report upon the whole subject both
from a military and a constitutional point of view. In its
report the commission declared that the proposed treatment of
the Finnish Army was inadmissible alike in substance and in
form, but suggested that the diet should as far as possible
accept the new military burdens now sought to be imposed, by
raising the Finnish Army from its present peace footing of
5,600 to 12,000 men. The Eussian demand was for 36,000 men
with a service of five years with the Colours, whereas the com-
mission recommended that the present three years' service should
be retained. It was part of the Eussian plan to draft the men
into the Eussian Army for service in distant parts of the empire
under Eussian officers, whereas the Constitution declares none
but Finnish citizens to be eligible as officers, and prescribes
their retention at home for the defence of Finland, except when
in time of war their services may not be required at home and
may be called for to aid in general defence. It was also part of
the Eussian plan to garrison Finland with Eussian soldiers who
would in fact be an army of occupation and an instrument for
stamping out the Finnish nationality; and the commission
accordingly reported in strong terms against these features
of the scheme, which was finally rejected by the diet. Deputa-
tions from the diet and numerously signed petitions protesting
against the violation of Finland's constitutional rights were sent
to St. Petersburg, but in vain, and a deputation of eminent
foreigners who came to the Eussian capital in June with this
object was refused an audience. The result was that a very
large proportion of the inhabitants emigrated to Canada, Aus-
tralia, and the United States, most of the newspapers of the
country were suppressed on account of articles on the consti-
tutional rights of the Finns, and the right of public meeting

1899.] Russia. — The Peace Conference. [309

was abolished. The British vice-consul at Wiborg was com-
pelled to resign his post on account of his sympathy with the
Finns, and seven other British vice-consuls in Finland also
resigned.

In accordance with the scheme of a Peace Conference started
by the Czar in the preceding year (see Annual Eegister, 1898
p. 281), invitations were issued by Count Muravieff to the Powers
to send delegates to a conference — not to sit in the capital of one
of the great Powers — to consider the best means of putting a
stop to the progressive increase of military and naval arma-
ments and the possibility of preventing armed conflicts by
diplomacy. The Count at the same time suggested that the
following proposals should be submitted to the conference: —

1. An understanding not to increase for a fixed period the
present effective of the armed military and naval forces, and
at the same time not to increase the budgets pertaining thereto;
also a preliminary examination of the means by which a re-
duction might even be effected in future in the forces and
budgets above mentioned.

2. To prohibit the use in the armies and fleets of any new
kind of firearms whatever, and of new explosives, or any powders
more powerful than those now in use either for rifles or cannon.

3. To restrict the use in military warfare of the formidable
explosives already existing, and to prol^bit the throwing of
projectiles or explosives of any kind from balloons or by any
similar means.

4. To prohibit the use in naval warfare of submarine tor-
pedo-boats or plungers, or other similar engines of destruction ;
to give an undertaking not to construct vessels with rams in
future.

5. To apply to naval warfare the stipulations of the Geneva
Convention of 1864, on the basis of the articles added to the
Convention of 1868.

6. To neutralise ships and boats employed in saving those
overboard during or after an engagement.

7. To revise the declaration concerning the laws and customs
of war elaborated in 1874 by the Conference of Brussels, which
has remained unratified to the present day.

8. To accept in principle the employment of the good offices
of mediation and facultative arbitration in cases lending them-
selves thereto, with the object of preventing armed conflicts
between nations ; an understanding with respect to the n^?de
of applying these good offices, and the establishment of a
uniform practice in using them.

9. All questions concerning the political relations of States
and the order of things established by treaties, as generally all
questions which do not directly fall within the programme
adopted by the Cabinets, to be absolutely excluded from the
deliberations of the conference.

The conference met at the Hague on May 18. The principal

310] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

States represented were Eussia, France, Turkey, Germany, the
United States, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Italy, Sweden
and Norway, Denmark, Greece, Japan, Holland, China, Spain,
Portugal, Belgium, Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro and Siam.
M. de Staal, the Eussian Ambassador in London, was chosen
as president of the conference. It was decided to deal with
armament, whether naval or miUtary, as one question, and to
consider the subjects laid before the conference in three sections
— disarmaments, humanitarian measures and arbitration. As
regards the first point, the general feeling of the conference was
that any reduction of armaments would be impracticable. The
most remarkable of the speeches made on this subject was that
of the German delegate, Colonel von Schwarzhofif. In reply to
the Eussian delegate's remarks as to the burdens of obligatory
service, the colonel said that the German people is not over-
burdened and overtaxed, is not being dragged towards an abyss,
and is not drifting towards exhaustion and ruin. Far from it.
Pubhc and private wealth is increasing, and the common welfare
and the standard of life are annually improving. ** With regard
to obligatory service, which is closely associated with these
questions, the German does not regard it as a heavy burden,
but as a sacred and patriotic duty, to the accomplishment of
which he owes his existence, his prosperity, and his future. . . .
The question of effectives cannot be considered by itself apart
from a number of other questions to which it is almost
subordinate. Such are, for instance, the standard of public
education, the term of service in the ranks, the number of
ofl&cers and non-commissioned officers, the effective of bat-
talions, squadrons, and batteries, the number and duration of
trainings with the Colours — that is to say, the military obliga-
tions of discharged soldiers, the localisation of the troops, the
system of railways, and the number and position of fortified
places. In a modern army all these things hold together and
constitute in their entirety the national defence, which has been
organised by each people in accordance with its character, its
history, and its traditions, taking into account its economic
resources, its geographical position, and the duties incumbent
on it. It would be very difficult to put an international
convention in the way of this eminently national work. The
limits and proportions of any one part of this complicated
machine cannot be fixed. It is not possible to speak of effec-
tives without taking into account the other elements above
enumerated. Moreover there are territories that do not form
part of the mother country, but which are so near that the
troops stationed there would certainly co-operate in a continental
war. And how about countries across the sea ? How can they
consent to a limitation of their forces if the colonial armies,
by which alone they are threatened, remain outside the con-
vention ? "

**In Germany," continued Colonel von Schwarzhoff," the figure

1899.] Rmsia. — The Peace Conference. [311

of the effectives is the result of an understanding between the
federated Governments and the Eeichstag. In order not to
renew the same debates every year it has been agreed to fix that
figure, first for seven years, and then for five. . . . The army law
at present in force does not stipulate any fixed and invariable
strength of the effectives. Pro\dsion is, on the contrary, made
for a constant increase until 1902 or 1903, when the reorganisa-
tion, begun in the course of this year, will be complete. Until
then it would, therefore, be impossible for us to maintain, even
for two years running, the same strength of effectives."

The disarmament commission eventually adopted by accla-
mation, without putting it to the vote, a motion to the following
effect : The commission considers — first, that it would be very
difficult to determine, even for a period of five years, the figure
of effective forces without regulating at the same time the other
elements affecting national defence. Secondly, that it would
be no less difficult to regulate by an international convention
the elements of that defence as organised in each country
according to very different views (d'apris des vues ires diffSrentes),
Thirdly, that the restriction of those military burdens which at
present weigh upon the world is greatly to be desired for the
material and moral welfare of humanity.

On the humanitarian question there was considerable
difference of opinion. During the debate on the use of different
gunpowders the American military delegate, Captain Crozier,
pointed out that a prohibition of the use of powders of greater
explosive power than those at present employed might prove
to be inconsistent with economy, which was one of the principal
objects of the Russian proposal. Entire freedom to use new
sorts of gunpowder was carried unanimously. Two motions
suggesting restrictions on explosives used by artillery were
negatived, and a large majority decided that there was no reason
for the States represented at the conference to pledge them-
selves not to modify their guns by excluding the adoption of new
inventions. The Swiss delegate. Colonel Kunzh, proposed the
interdiction of explosive bullets, including the duna-dum bullet
in that category of projectiles. The Dutch delegate, General
den Beer Poortugael, supported the motion and condemned the
use of the dum-dum bullet. He entered into particulars of the
effects it caused, and represented it as producing enormous
ravages in the human body. The Austrian delegate. Colonel
Khunpach, moved that it would be sufficient to prohibit bullets
that caused unnecessarily cruel wounds without specifying any-
thing further, particularly as it was not possible altogether to
prevent mutilation. The British delegate. Sir John Ardagh,
supported the Austrian motion. It would have been absolutely
impossible for him to support the motion condemning the dum-
dum bullet, as the allegations against it had not been proved.
Certain foreign Governments had applied to the English military
authorities for specimens of the dum-dum bullet, but were

312] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

informed that there were none in England. It was then
attempted to manufacture some at Tubingen, but these bullets,
which, it is true, produced the effect described by General den
Beer Poortugael, were a very different projectile from the dum-
dum and of an infinitely more murderous character. Ulti-
mately a motion prohibiting the use of bullets that expand in
the human body was accepted. The application of the Geneva
Convention to the rules of naval warfare was also approved.

On the question of arbitration the most important proposal
was that made by the British delegate, Sir Julian Pauncefote,
for the establishment of a permanent committee of arbitration.
This proposal, with some modifications, was ultimately accepted,
and it was the most practical outcome of the whole work of
the conference. Its last sitting was held on July 29, and its
decisions were then embodied in a series of conventions, the
first of which was entitled " A Convention for the Peaceful
Eegulation of International Conflicts." The following were its
principal articles : —

2. The signatory Powers agree that in case of grave dis-
agreement or conflict, before appealing to arms, they will have
recourse, so far as circumstances allow it, to the good ofl&ces or
mediation of one or more of the friendly Powers.

3. Independently of this recourse, the signatory Powers con-
sider it useful that one or more Powers that are not concerned
in the conflict should offer of their own initiative, so far as the
circumstances lend themselves to it, their good offices or their
mediation to the disputing States.

The Powers not concerned in the conflict have the right of
offering their good offices or their mediation even during the
course of hostiUties.

The exercise of this right can never be considered by either
of the disputing parties as an unfriendly act.

4. The part of the mediator consists in the reconciliation
of contrary pretensions and in the alla3nng of the resentments
which may be caused between the disputing States.

5. The duties of the mediator cease from the moment when
it is announced, whether by one of the disputing parties or by
the mediator himself, that the compromise or the basis of a
friendly understanding proposed by him have not been accepted.

6. Good offices and mediation, whether recourse is had to
them by one of the disputing parties or on the initiative of
Powers not concerned in the conflict, have exclusively the
character of counsel and are devoid of any obhgatory force.

7. The acceptance of mediation cannot have the effect,
unless it be agreed to the contrary, of interrupting, retarding
or impeding mobilisation and other measures preparatory to
war.

If it (mediation) intervenes before the opening of hostihties,
it does not, unless the contrary be agreed upon, interrupt the
current military operations.

1899.] Russia. — The Peace Conference. [313

8. The signatory Powers agree to recommend the appHca-
tion, in circumstances which permit of it, of a special mediation
in the following form : —

In the case of a grave disagreement endangering peace, the
disputing States should each choose one Power to which they
may entrust the mission of entering into direct communication
with the Power chosen by the other side, for the purpose of
preventing the rupture of pacific relations.

During the continuance of their mandate — the duration of
which, unless the contrary is stipulated, cannot exceed thirty
days — the question in dispute is considered as referred exclusively
to these Powers. They must apply all their efforts to arranging
the difference.

In case of the actual rupture of pacific relations, these
Powers remain charged with the common mission of profiting
by every opportunity of re-estabUshing peace.

9. In cases in which differences of opinion should arise
between the signatory Powers with regard to questions of fact
which have given rise to a disagreement of an international
character which could not be settled by the ordinary diplomatic
methods and in which neither the honour nor the vital interests
of these Powers are at stake, the interested parties agree to
have recourse, so far as the circumstances permit it, to the
institution of international commissions of inquiry, in order to
establish the circumstances which have given rise to dispute
and to clear up, by an impartial and conscientious inquiry on
the spot, all questions of fact.

13. The report of the international commission of inquiry
has in no wise the character of an arbitral decision. It leaves
the disputing powers entire freedom, either to conclude a friendly
arrangement on the basis of this report, or to have recourse
ultimately to mediation or to arbitration.

15. In questions of right, and especially in questions of the
interpretation or application of international conventions, arbi-
tration is recognised by the signatory Powers as the most
effective, and at the same time the most equitable, means of
settling disputes not arranged by diplomatic methods.

16. The agreement to arbitrate may be concluded for disputes
already in existence, or for disputes about to arise {contestations
^ventuelles). It can deal with every sort of dispute or only with
disputes of a specified category.

17. The arbitral convention involves an engagement to sub-
mit in good faith to the arbitral decision.

18. Independently of general or special treaties, which may
already bind the signatory Powers to have recourse to arbitration,
these Powers reserve to themselves the liberty to conclude,
either before the ratification of the present article, or afterwards,
new agreements, general or particular, with the object of ex-
tending compulsory arbitration to all cases which they judge
capable of bemg submitted to it.

314] FOKEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

20. With the object of facilitating immediate recourse to the
arbitration of international differences not settled by diplomatic
means, the signatory Powers pledge themselves to organise in
the following manner a permanent court of arbitration, ac-
cessible at all times, and working, except there be a contrary
stipulation of the disputing parties, in conformity with the rules
of procedure inserted in the present convention.

21. This court has competence in all cases of arbitration,
unless the disputing parties agree to establish a special arbitral
jurisdiction.

22. An international bureau established at the Hague and
placed under the direction of a permanent secretary-general is
to act as the oflSce igreffe) of the court.

It is to be the intermediary for the communications deahng
with the meetings of the latter.

It is to have care of the archives and the conduct of all the
administrative business.

23. Each of the signatory Powers shall designate in the
three months following the ratification of the present act four
persons at the most of recognised competence in questions of
international law, and enjoying the highest esteem (jouissant de
la plus haute consideration morale), and ready to accept the duties
of arbitrators.

The persons thus nominated will be entered, with the title
of members of the court, on a list which will be communicated
by the bureau to all the signatory Powers.

Every modification of the list of arbitrators shall be brought
to the notice of the signatory Powers by the bureau.

Two or more Powers may agree to nominate one or more
members in common.

The same person may be nominated by different Powers.

The members of the Court are appointed for a term of six
years. Their appointment may be renewed.

In case of the decease or of the retirement of a member of
the tribunal, the vacancy will be filled in accordance with the
rules established for nomination.

24. The signatory Powers which desire to apply to the court
for the settlement of differences which have arisen between them
choose out of the general list the number of arbitrators jointly
agreed upon.

They give notice to the bureau of their intention to apply
to the court and of the names of the arbitrators whom they
have nominated.

25. The tribunal sits usually at the Hague.

It has the right to sit elsewhere, with the consent of the
parties in litigation.

26. Every Power, though not a signatory of this act, can
apply to the court under the conditions prescribed by the present
convention.

27. The signatory Powers consider it a duty, in case a sharp

1899.] Russia, — The Peace Conference, [315

conflict should threaten to break out between two or more of
them, to remind these that the permanent court is open to
them.

Consequently, they declare that the fact of one or several of
them reminding the disputing States of the provisions of the
present convention, and the advice given, in the higher interest
of peace, to apply to the permanent court, can only be con-
sidered an exercise of good offices.

28. A permanent council, composed of the diplomatic repre-
sentatives of the signatory Powers resident at the Hague, and
the Dutch Minister for Foreign Afifairs, who shall discharge the
functions of president, shall be constituted in that city as soon
as possible after the ratification of the present act.

This council shall be charged with establishing and organising
the international bureau, which shall remain under its direction
and under its control.

It shall notify the Powers of the constitution of the court,
and shall provide for its installation.

It shall decree its procedure, as well as all other necessary
regulations.

It shall decide all questions which may arise touching the
working of the tribunal.

It shall have absolute powers as to the nomination, suspen-
sion, or recall of the functionaries and employees of the bureau.

It shall fix the pay and salaries, and control the general
expenditure.

The presence of five members at meetings duly convoked
shall suffice to enable the council to deliberate in valid form.
Decisions are taken by a majority of votes.

The council addresses each year to the signatory Powers a
report on the labours of the court, on the discharge of the
administrative services, and on the expenditure.

29. The costs of the Bureau shall be borne by the signatory
Powers in the proportion fixed by the international Bureau of
the Universal Postal Union.

30. The Powers which accept arbitration will sign a special
agreement or compromise [acte special (compromis)] in which are
clearly laid down the object of the dispute, as well as the extent
of the arbitrators' powers. This document shall confirm the
undertaking of the parties to submit themselves in good faith to
the arbitrators* decision.

31. The arbitral functions may be conferred on one single
arbitrator, or on several arbitrators, named by the parties at
their own discretion, or chosen by them among the members of
the permanent arbitration court established by the present act.

In the absence of a contrary agreement, the formation of
the tribunal of arbitration shall be proceeded with in the follow-

ing manner :

Each party shall name the arbitrators, and they shall choose
together an umpire (sur-arbitre).

316] FOKEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

In case of a division of votes, the choice of the umpire shall
be entrusted to a third Power, named in agreement by the
parties.

If an agreement is not come to on this subject, each party
shall designate a different Power, and the choice of the umpire
shall be made in concert by the Powers so designated.

32. When the arbitrator is a sovereign, or the chief of a
State, the arbitration procedure shall be exclusively settled by
his high determination.

33. The umpire is president dejure of the tribunal.

When the tribunal does not include an umpire it shall itself
name its president.

36. The disputing parties have the right to name to the
tribunal delegates or special agents, to serve as intermediaries
between the tribunal and the Htigating parties. They are,
moreover, authorised to entrust the defence of their rights and
interests before the tribunal to counsel or advocates named by
them for that purpose.

40. The hearing before the tribunal is • directed by the
president.

It is recorded in reports set forth by secretaries appointed by
the president. These reports alone are to be regarded as
authentic.

41. The preliminary procedure being private and the debates
being public, the tribunal has the right to refuse all new deeds
or documents which the representatives of one of the parties
wish to submit to it without the consent of the other.

47. The tribunal alone is authorised to settle its compe-
tence, by the interpretation of the agreement to arbitrate as well
as of other treaties which may be invoked in the matter, and by
the application of the principles of international law.

48. The tribunal has the right to make rules of procedure
for the direction of the arbitration, to settle the forms and
periods within which each party will be obUged to finish its
case, and to carry out all the formalities necessary for the
receiving of evidence.

51. The arbitral decision voted by a majority must state the
reasons on which it is based. It is to be set down in writing
and signed by all the members of the tribunal.

Those of the members who are in a minority may, when
signing, record their dissent.

54. Except in the case of a contrary provision, contained in
the agreement to arbitrate, revision of the arbitral decision may
be demanded of the tribunal which has given the decision, but
only on the ground of the discovery of a new fact, which would
have been of such a nature as to exercise a decisive influence
on the judgment, and which at the moment of such judgment
was unknown to the tribunal itself and to the parties.

The procedure of revision can only be opened by a decision
of the tribunal expressly declaring the existence of the new fact,

1899.] Bussia, — The Peace Conference. [317

possessing the character set forth in the preceding paragraph,
and declaring that the demand is admissible on that ground.

No demand for revision can be accepted three months after
the notification of the decision.

A second convention dealt with the laws and customs of war
on land ; and a third with the adaptation to naval warfare of
the principles of the Geneva Convention of August 22, 1864.
Next followed three declarations prohibiting ** the throwing of
projectiles or explosives from balloons or by other new analogous
means for a period of five years " ; *' the making use of projectiles
whose sole object is to diffuse asphyxiating or deleterious gases ** ;
and ** the making use of bullets which expand or flatten easily
in the human body, as, for instance, bullets with a hard case
which case does not cover the whole of the enclosed mass, or
contains incisions." After these declarations came the follow-
ing series of ** wishes,'* dealing mainly with the suggestions in
the original Kussian programme, which it was found impossible
to embody in definite conventions : —

I. The conference considers that the limitation of the mili-
tary charges at the present time weighing upon the world is
greatly to be desired for the increase of the material and moral
welfare of humanity.

II. The conference expresses the wish that the question of
the rights and duties of neutrals should be inscribed on the
programme of a conference to be held at an early date.

III. The conference expresses the opinion that questions
relative to the type and the caUbre of rifles and naval artillery
such as have been examined by it should be the subject of study
by the different Governments with a view to arriving eventually
at a uniform solution by means of a further conference.

IV. The conference, taking into consideration the prelimi-
nary steps taken by the Swiss Federal Government for the
revision of the Geneva Convention, expresses the wish that a
special conference be shortly convened for the purpose of revis-
ing this convention.

V. The conference has resolved unanimously, with the
exception of a few abstentions, that the following questions
should be reserved for examination by future conferences : (1)
A proposal tending to declare the inviolabiUty of private pro-
perty in war at sea ; (2) a proposal regulating the question of
the bombardment of ports, towns and villages by a naval force.

By the final protocol of the conference the conventions were
to be signed by December 31, 1899, and they were so signed by
the representatives of all the great Powers that took part in the
conference.

The foreign poUcy of Kussia in other respects continued to
make satisfactory progress. The new Chinese colony of Ta-
lien-wan rapidly developed itself, notwithstanding a conflict in
February with the Chinese there in which about a hundred of
them were killed, and a town named Dalmy was built at Port

318] . FOEEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

Arthur in which foreign merchants were granted the same rights
and privileges as Eussian commercial firms. Manchuria had
practically become a Eussian province ; all the important cities
were garrisoned by Eussian troops, and strong Cossack forts
were established along the great wall on all strategic points.
The whole country, in fact, was organised by Eussia on military
lines, and special attention was given to the making of good
roads and bridges. On April 28, identical notes were exchanged
between Eussia and Great Britain with regard to their respective
railway interests in China, mutually engaging " not to seek on
their own account, or on behalf of their subjects or of others,
any railway concessions, and not to obstruct directly or in-
directly, applications for railways concessions " supported by
either Power, the districts reserved for each Power being to the
north of the great wall as regards Eussia, and the basin of
the Yang-tsze as regards Great Britain. It was at the same
time agreed that the Niu Chwang Line, for which a loan had
been contracted by the Chinese Government with the Shanghai
and Hong-Kong Bank, might be constructed under the superin-
tendence of an English engineer, but that the line should not
be subject to foreign control or be mortgaged or ahenated to a
non-Chinese company, and that the region in which the line was
to be constructed might be traversed by a Eussian line starting
from the main Manchurian line. Notwithstanding this agree-
ment Eussia demanded from China a concession for a Eussian
railway to Pekin as a continuation of the Eussian railway system
in Manchuria. The demand was refused, but it remained in
abeyance to the end of the year. In Korea, although Eussia
had withdrawn her officials and bound herself by a convention
with Japan (see Annual Eegister, 1898, p. 279) to abstain
from interference with the internal affairs of Korea, she acquired
the lease of some ice-free sea-ports in that country and took other
steps to secure her influence there which roused the suspicions
of Japan and produced a marked coolness in her relations
with Eussia.

With France Eussia remained on the most friendly terms,
though there still was no practical result of the alliance between
the two countries. M. Delcass^*8 visit to St. Petersburg in
August was returned by Count Muravieff in October, but no
important resolution seems to have been arrived at during either
of these visits. One object of Count Muravieff's visit to Paris
and Madrid was stated to be the formation of a continental
coalition against England in view of her difficulties in South
Africa, and this plan was certainly suggested by several Eussian
papers which were conspicuous by the malevolence of their
comments on the war. The Czar, however, showed no inclina-
tion to take up the cause of the Boers, and it would indeed have
been a flagrant inconsistency to support the enemies of freedom
in the Transvaal while suppressing the freedom of Finland,
which a London paper with a curious topsy-turvydom described

1899.] Turkey. — Macedonia. [319

as *'the Eussian Transvaal." In November the Czar and
Czarina visited the German Imperial Court at Potsdam, and
thereby manifested once more the rapprochement between the
Emperor of Bussia and Germany, the latter of whom was
notoriously averse to taking advantage of England's reverses in
South Africa.

In October Bussia at length agreed that the long-standing
dispute between her and the United States as to the seizure by
Russian cruisers of three American sealers in the Behring Sea
should be settled by arbitration. The aggregate value of the
sealers seized was estimated at $150,000, out the claims were
chiefly on account of the sufferings of the olB&cers and crews
while they were detained. The cases differed from the claims
[)resented by the British sealers and settled by the Behring Sea
arbitration in this respect, that, while the British vessels were
seized by American cutters on what the arbitration court de-
clared to be the high seas, the Eussian warships seized the
American sealers within seven miles of the Asiatic coast.
Russia contended that the marine jurisdiction of a country ex-
tends to at least this distance. There was to be only one
arbitrator, Dr. Asser, the Dutch jurist.

II. TURKEY AND THE SMALLER STATES OF EASTERN EUROPE.

In the early part of the year the disturbed condition of
Macedonia caused a good deal of anxiety at the Porte. Besides
sending considerable bodies of troops to the province, a counter
movement to the agitation among the Christians was got up
among the Mahomedan population. A great meeting of Alba-
nian notables was held at Ipek in February for the purpose of
taking steps to defend the State and the Mahomedan religion
against the disaffected Christian tribes of Old Servia, Montenegro,
and Macedonia, and it was decided at this meeting to form a
new Albanian League, the members of which were to pledge
themselves to defend every inch of the Sultan's territory and to
oppose any change in the administration of Macedonia. The
Macedonian committees in Bulgaria, on the other hand, de-
manded that Macedonia should be placed under a Bulgarian
governor-general, assisted by a general assembly composed of
representatives elected directly by the people, which was to
decide on all questions connected with the internal administra-
tion of the province, and to fix the Budget and the taxation,
subject to a payment of 25 per cent, of the revenues for the
general needs of the empire, and addressed an appeal to the
Powers for their support. The demand was laid before the
Porte by the Bulgarian Government, but, as was to be expected,
was quietly ignored at Constantinople.

In October steps were at length taken to redress the
grievances of the Armenians. An imperial irade was issued
sanctioning the following measures * —

820] FOKEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

1. The abolition of the special measures for preventing the
free movement of Armenians in the provinces, except in the
case of suspected persons.

2. The rebuilding or repairing, with Government assistance,
of the churches, schools, and monasteries destroyed during the
Armenian troubles.

3. The payment of the sums due to Armenian Government
oflScials w^ho were killed or expelled during the massacres.

4. The building of an orphanage at Yedikule, near Constan-
tinople.

5. The pardoning of fifty-four Armenian prisoners and the
commutation into imprisonment for life of the sentence of death
passed upon twenty-four Armenians.

In November a great number of Mahomedans belonging to
the ** young Turkish party," including several high Government
oflBcials and a general of division, were arrested at Constantinople
and banished to Yemen, owing to the discovery at their residences
of documents stated to be of a seditious character, and in the
following month Mahmoud Pasha, the Sultan's brother-in-
law, escaped to Paris, in order, as he said, to agitate for liberal
reforms in a place where he could not be arrested by order of the
Sultan.

In Bulgaria the Stoilofif Ministry, which had held office since
1894, resigned in the beginning of the year, after a series of
stormy scenes in the National Assembly, in the course of which
one of the Ministers spat in the face of the President. The
cause of these turmoils was the encouragement by Bulgaria of
the revolutionary agitation in Macedonia, and a convention
which had been entered into by the Bulgarian Government
with the Oriental Kailway Company for a lease by the Bulgarian
State of the portion of that railway which was on Bulgarian
territory. The convention would have given the Bulgarian
Government full control over the railway, and the Porte, at the
instigation it was said of Kussia, refused to sa.nction it, although
it had been ratified both by the Bulgarian National Assembly
and by Prince Ferdinand, as it was feared that the loan which
was to be raised for the purpose of this railway would be used
to arm Bulgaria against Turkey. A new Cabinet was formed
under M. Grekoff, formerly Foreign Minister in the StambouloflF
Ministry, and its first act was to give the Porte assurances of
its determination to cease giving support to the revolutionary
agitation in Macedonia. Among the new ministers was the
Liberal leader, Kadoslavoff, who had been one of the most
violent opponents of the convention, and three other Liberals.

This coalition Ministry did not, however, work well together,
and its difficulties were considerably increased by the state of
the finances, which, owing to a succession of bad harvests, had
fallen so low that inamediate steps were necessary to prevent a
crisis. Various attempts were made to raise a loan, but in
vain, and ultimately it was decided to pay part of the salaries.

1899.] Turkey — Bulgaria — Greece, [321

of the public functionaries in Treasury bonds bearing 8 per
cent, interest, and to revert to the old system of payment of
tithes in kind. By this means a saving of 16,000,000 francs
was effected. In October a number of supplementary elections
took place which resulted in a complete victory for the partisans
of M. Eadoslavoff, who, although a member of the Cabinet, had
become more and more pronounced in his antagonism to the
Premier. The result was that the latter resigned, and Prince
Ferdinand charged M. Ivantchoff, Minister of Public Instruction,
and a prominent member of the Eadoslavoff party, to form
a new Ministry. The new Cabinet was entirely composed of
followers of M. Eadoslavoff, who was virtually the Premier,
while retaining the much-coveted post of Minister of the
Interior, with its extensive patronage and control of the
elections. A noteworthy incident in Bulgarian history was the
openmg on November 20 of the railway between Eadomiz,
Sofia, Eoman, Shumla, and Kasfidjan, on the Varna and
Eustchuk Line. This railway traverses a fertile and thickly
populated district, affording a much-needed outlet for Bulgarian
agricultural produce. It connects the capital with the Danubian
and Black Sea ports, and will ultimately be the direct route to
Salonica and the iEgean.

In February a general election took place in Greece, the
result of which was the complete defeat of the Deliyannis party,
as a consequence of its mismanagement of the war, and a large
majority for the Tricoupis party. In April the Ministry resigned
and M. Theotokis, the leader of the Tricoupists, was appointed
Premier. The new Cabinet proceeded at once to reorganise
the naval and military services, and it obtained the sanction of
Parliament for appointing foreign instructors for that purpose.
In order to check as much as possible the abuses of the civil
administration, a Supreme Council was also appointed to con-
trol the civil service generally, and all appointments, promotions
and retirements. In Crete the National Assembly passed the
draft constitution which had been framed by the commission
appointed for that purpose, and Prince George's performance of
his duties as High Commissioner seems to have given universal
satisfaction. The following were the principal features of the
new constitution : Crete is placed under an autonomous Govern-
ment in conformity with the decision of the Four Powers. The
defence of the country and the maintenance of public order are
entrusted to the gendarmery and the Municipal Guard. Service
in the latter is compulsory. All religious beliefs are equally
recognised and protected by law. The ofl&cial language is Greek.
Public appointments are open to all Cretans, in so far as their
individual capacity and moral character are satisfactory. The
executive power is vested in Prince George, assisted by respons-
ible Councillors. The Chamber will consist of deputies elected
by the inhabitants, in addition to ten selected by Prince George,
and will be convoked every two years. During the first two

X

322J FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899

years the Prince will have power to apply the laws necessary
for the Judiciary, Military, Administrative, and Financial
Services, and to conclude agreements relating to pubUc works.

Servia was this year brought into the forefront of European
politics by the attempt, on July 6, on the life of the ex-King
Milan, and the state trial which followed it on September 8.
The author of the attempt was an obscure individual named
Knezevitch, but Milan, who since his return to Servia and his
appointment as Commander-in-Chief of the Servian Army has
been the de facto ruler of the country, took the opportunity of
organising an attack upon his old enemies the Radicals by
arresting their leaders as the members of a conspiracy for over-
throwing the dynasty. The trial took place before three judges
nominated by the Government, and, though the evidence pro-
duced in support of the charge was of the most flimsy character,
the Radical leaders were sentenced to various terms of imprison-
ment, the death punishment being reserved for Knezevitch, who
had been caught red-handed. These sentences produced intense
indignation all over Europe, but only one of the Radical leaders,
the ex-Premier, M. Pasitch, was pardoned, upon which he
addressed an abject letter of thanks to the King.

CHAPTER IV.

MINOB STATES OF EUROPE.
I. BELGIUM.

The extraordinary activity of the Socialist party in Belgium
was shown in the rapid development of co-operative societies,
in the organisation of congresses and meetings and processions,
which gave a sense of animation to the populous cities of the
kingdom, and drew towards them disciplmed bands of country
workers. At the same time the Liberal and Radical doctrinaires,
thoroughly disgusted with the policy of the Government, had
temporarily laid aside their differences, and at the beginning
of the year had formed a Liberal Union, of which MM. F^ron,
Solday, Finet, Buls and Goblet d'Alviella were the leaders.
Negotiations were opened at the same time with the Socialists,
in order to weld the entire Opposition into a single party ; so
that the experience of the 1898 elections might be avoided.
On that occasion the Clericals had succeeded in carrying 112
out of 152 seats, owing to the dissensions among the Liberals,
although they could only show a majority of two or three thousand
on a total poll of 1,800,000 electors. The King, in order to cut
short these attempts at coalition, took upon himself to urge
the Ministry to bring forward an Electoral Reform Bill, based
upon the principles of one-man constituencies and a rearrange-
ment of electoral districts. The President of the Council

1899.] Belgium, — Electoral Beform. [328

and Minister of Finance, M. de Smet de Naeyer, and his col-
league, M. Nyssens, Minister of the Interior, refused to recognise
the right of the King's intervention, and at once resigned (Jan.
23). Their places, however, were promptly filled by MM.
Liebaert and Cooreman ; the actual Minister for Kailways, M.
Vandenpeereboom taking the presidency of the Council. He
was not, however, destined to long occupy the post, for his
authority was persistently disregarded by the Opposition, and
little appreciated by the majority. The former caused the whole
kingdom to be placarded with an appeal to their countrjrmen
against the blow levelled at parUamentary privilege and insti-
tutions ; the latter were indignant that the new Prime Minister
was more disposed to follow than to lead, inviting his sup-
porters in groups of fifteen to discuss with him privately the
state of affairs, instead of insisting upon his own views.

Outside Parliament the Sociahst agitation was daily gaining
strength, and on more than one occasion threatened pubUc
order. The opening of the Maison du Peuple at Brussels on
Easter Day (April 5) gave occasion for a grand review of the
strength of the party for the benefit of the assembled French
and German Socialists, whilst strikes and lock-outs kept up
the combative spirit of all enemies of the Government and
bore witness to their strength. For the first time since 1848
the streets were more powerful than the law.

The debates on the Electoral Bill brought forward by the
Ministry (June 11) gave rise to a number of tumultuous and
disgraceful scenes, so often repeated as to give point and
significance to M. de Lantsheere's jibe that parhamentary
bankruptcy was at hand. The noise and disorder had risen
to such a pitch that on one occasion (June 27) the sitting
was summarily suspended, but only with the result that on
the following day certain deputies came armed with horns,
whistles, sirens and all the hideous paraphernaha with which
cyclists alarm timid wayfarers in the open air. The Socialists
formed themselves into a soUd group and marched upon the
Ministerial bench, especially selecting M. Vandenpeereboom
for attack. At the same time instructions were given to the
Socialist group to attend every official ceremony at which the
King's presence was notified, and to exert themselves to bring
about a hostile demonstration. It was at this moment that
King Leopold II. had proniised to distribute the prizes of the
Agricultural Show. The road from the palace was Uned by
Socialists and their friends, shouting for universal suffrage and
hooting the cardboard king, who wisely decided not to face
their cries. This disappointment only still more irritated the
mob, which as the evening advanced became more unruly,
and rendered the streets impassable. The gendarmerie was
called out to maintain order, and after many efforts to induce
the crowd to disperse shots were fired and several persons
were killed and many more injured. The Ministry had to

x2

324] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

bear the obloquy of this catastrophe, and managed to extricate
itself with some diflSculty in Parliament ; but as soon as the
Budget was passed by the two Chambers M. Vandenpeereboom
resigned and his predecessor, M. de Smet de Naeyer, resumed
the presidency of the Council (Aug. 5), taking at the same
time the portfolios of Finance and Public Works. His Cabinet
was, moreover, almost entirely remodelled, M. de Favereau
becoming Minister of Foreign Afifairs; M. van den Heuvel,
Justice ; Baron van den Bruggen, Agriculture ; M. de Trooz,
Home Office and Public Instruction ; Major-General Cousebaut
d'Alkemade, War ; and M. Libaert, Eailways, Posts and Tele-
graphs ad interim, but subsequently taking over the portfolio of
Industry and Commerce.

The new Ministry took up the programme of its predecessors
with some slight modifications ; and the summer passed in
keen struggles over the clauses of the Electoral Bill, to which
the Sociahsts under the leadership of M. Vandervelde displayed
an uncompromising hostility. At the same time the majority
was divided on the question of proportional representation — the
Opposition showing a similar want of unanimity. After three
months' constant skirmishing and debating, the bill was no
further advanced than a week after its introduction. M. de
Woeste, separating himself from the majority of his colleagues,
proposed amendment after amendment. The final struggle,
(Oct. 28) began with rejecting by 98 to 48 votes M. Vander-
velde*s amendment to determme the electoral circumscription
of each province. This defeat was followed by another — that
for dividing Brussels into three electoral districts, moved by
M. B^thune, supported by M. de Woeste and rejected by 100
to 34 votes. These points having been thus settled, the
Chamber at last passed by 75 to 55 and 1 abstention the
first and most important clause of the bill. The Socialists there-
upon abandoned their obstructive policy, and at the same time
M. de Woeste threw up his post as President of the Catholic
Committees. But the Electoral Bill was not yet done with, and
another month passed before the order book had been cleared
of the confused mass of proposals and alterations with which
the measure had been overlaid. Finally, however, the Chamber
of Eepresentatives passed (Nov. 24) the Electoral Eeform Bill
by 71 to 63 votes and 8 abstentions, a pitiable result, and
in a way justifying the popular dissatisfaction with which the
decision of Parhament was received.

The Senate then took up the rest of the year in the discussion
of the bill, in which greater respect for parliamentary traditions
was displayed than in the Chamber. At the same time if the
methods of the senators were more orderly, their objections and
amendments were not less confused than those of the deputies.
The most important contribution to the debate was the speech
of M. van den Heuvel, who had been called in to assist the
Government as a specialist on the subject of proportional

1899.] The Netherlands, — Workmen s Insurance, [325

representation. His success on this occasion, the authority
with which he spoke, and the impression he produced, could
not fail to give the President of the Council some anxious
moments, but the bill was passed (Dec. 22) by 61 to 26 votes
and 6 abstentions; and nothing occurred before the close of
the year to disturb M. de Smet de Naeyer's tranquillity.

The Luxemburg Chamber of Deputies, of which one half
had to be re-elected during the year, occupied itself with modest
domestic reforms dealing with the reorganisation of Savings
Banks and the establishment of Laird Banks in the agricultural
districts.

II. THE NETHERLANDS.

The parliamentary year in the Netherlands was one oi
singular sterility. The sittings of the States-General were short,
few and noisy, and the Cabinet saw its majority slowly dis-
appearing. In vain ministers set themselves conscientiously to
elaborate and prepare measures of wide and practical utility.
The Chambers could find no time to pass them, and many of
the members complained that they were unable to understand
the arguments upon which the bills were founded. The earlier
part of the session was occupied in debating a measure brought
forward by the Ministers of the Interior and of Trade to
determine the compensation payable to workmen on account
of accidents in their calling Legislation on this point had
been found opportune in England, France and Germany, and its
working had been generally smooth. The employers of labour,
however, at Eotterdam, Dordrecht and Amsterdam were almost
unanimous in opposing the adoption of the bill, which they
declared was an act of spoliation. They alleged, however, as
their chief objection that the proposed law tended towards cen-
tralisation, and thereby endangered the conditions of labour.
Petitions were signed, meetings held and a general opposition
organised, at the head of which the great Liberal firms, such as the
Van Marken, Storte and others, ranged themselves in opposition
to the Ministry. The report on the petitions against the bill
was in due course presented to the Chamber, which referred
it at once to the Minister of the Interior, who, however, de-
clined to accept it, and after a very curt delay announced the
intention of the Government to stand by their proposals. There-
upon Herr Kuyper, chief of the anti-revolutionists, presented
a counter-proposal which, whilst retaining a State savings bank
(the feature of the Government measure), gave to employers
the right to form syndicates, provided that such bodies should
be composed of not less than five masters employing not fewer
than 5,000 men. These syndicates would undertake to pay into
the State bank a lump sum suflBcient to pay the annuities fixed
in the event of the death of those entitled.

This counter-proposal was debated at great length ; but the
regular business of the session was seriously hindered, and sub-

326] FOEEIGN HISTORY. [1899.

sequently adjourned, for public interest was for three months
centred in the proceedings of the Peace Congress which was
assembled at the Hague.

During the six months* recess the only incident of political
interest was the formal complaint made by Mirsah Effendi,
the Turkish envoy, to the Minister of Justice, against Minas
Tchernaz and Ahmed Biza, representatives of the ** Young
Turkey " party, who had come to the Hague to lay their griev-
ances before the Congress. They were somewhat summarily
arrested and brought before a magistrate, who, despite of his
eager desire to be agreeable to the Sublime Porte, was forced to
admit that the Dutch law did not permit him to interfere with
peaceable travellers. This decision was fully approved by the
public, who regarded the proceedings as altogether at variance
with the traditional hospitality of Holland.

On the reassembling of the States-General in the early
autumn, Mynh. van Naamen van Eemmes was elected President
of the Upper and Mynh. J. H. Gleichman of the Lower Chambers,
but little desire to proceed to real business was shown, although
the Budget was more than usually in arrear. The proceedings
of the Peace Congress had left behind them a feeling of dis-
satisfaction, which the Socialists were not slow to seize upon
and to turn to their own profit. Encouraged by the example
and success of their Belgian comrades the parliamentary social
democrats summoned a meeting at Amsterdam (Nov. 19) to
discuss the electoral question (Kies-recht Congress), and to
prepare the ground for universal suflErage. It was decided to
organise local centres which should bring together the forces of
the democracy, and undertake the instruction of public opinion
in that sense. At the same time national feeling was growing
weary of the interminable and barren despatch writing of
diplomacy, and a desire for closer commercial intercourse with
their neighbours was felt throughout the country. A ballon
d'essai in the shape of a proposed Customs Union with Germany
was put forward, which was met by the strongest opposition
from Ministerial quarters, for the Piersons Cabinet, although
wholly favourable to the principle of free trade, was strongly
opposed to such an innovation, which might easily be inter-
preted as a first step toward absorption in the powerful German
Empire.

The great historic event of the year, however, so far as regarded
the Netherlands, was that its capital had been selected as the
meeting place of the Peace Congress, brought about by the un-
remitting efforts of the Czar of Bussia. The preliminaries which
had first to be settled at one moment seemed to threaten the
realisation of the project, for Italy notified her intention to hold
aloof if the Pope was represented, and Great Britain refused
almost as uncompromisingly to assent to an invitation being
addressed to the South ^rican Bepublics, on the ground that
they had no right to foreign representation but through their

1899.] The Netherlands. — The Peace Congress. [327

suzerain. One vassal State, however, Bulgaria, was allowed to
send delegates ; but it was expressly stipulated that they should
have their places after those of Turkey. The ** House in the
Wood," as the palace near the Hague was called, had been lent
by the Queen for the congress, and the first meeting (May 18)
was held in the Orange Hall, erected by the widow of Prince
Frederick Henry, and decorated by Dutch artists of the seven-
teenth century. The delegates having been welcomed by M. de
Beaufort the Dutch Foreign Minister, M. de Staal the chief
Kussian delegate was elected President of the Congress, who
in his opening speech stated that among its chief objects the
conference would seek to generaUse and codify the practice of
arbitration and mediation. Whilst admitting that tiie Powers
attending the congress were to sacrifice nothing of their " ulterior
hopes " he thought that there was reason to inquire " whether the
peoples will not demand a limitation of progressive armaments."
It was arranged to divide the delegates into three committees,
among whom the questions enumerated in Count Muravieffs
circular were distributed, and the business thus allotted : —

** Committee on Disarmament : (1) The hmitation of expen-
diture ; (2) the prohibition of new firearms ; (3) the hmitation
of the use of explosives ; (4) the prohibition of the use of sub-
marine boats. Committee on the Laws of Warfare : (5) the
application of the Geneva Convention to naval warfare ; (6) the
neutralisation of vessels engaged in saving the shipwrecked
during or after naval engagements ; (7) the revision of the
Declaration of Brussels of 1874 on the notification and the
customs of war. Committee on Mediation : (8) Mediation and
arbitration."

The members of the various committees were then ap-
pointed : —

First Committee, Disarmament : Honorary Presidents —
Count Miinster and Mr. White. Effective President — M. de
Beernaert. Vice-President — M. de Kamebeek. Vice-Presidents
of War Section — Abdullah Pacha, General Sir John Ardagh,
and General Monnier. Vice-Presidents of Marine Section —
Admiral Sir John Fisher, Admiral Pephau, and Captain Siegel.
Second Committee, Humanitarian : Honorary Presidents —
The Duke of Tetuan, Turkhan Pacha, and Count von Welser-
sheimb. Effective President — ^Professor Martens. Vice-Presi-
dents of the Eed Cross Section — General Thaulow and Dr. Roth.
Vice-Presidents of the Brussels Conference Section — ^Professor
von Stengel and General Zuccari. Third Committee, Arbitration :
Honorary Presidents — Count Nigra and Sir Juhan Pauncefote.
Effective President — M. Bourgeois. Vice-Presidents — M. de
Bille, Baron d'Estournelles, Count Macedo, Herr Merey von
Kapos-M6re, Sgr. Pompih, and Dr. Zom.

No time was lost in getting to work, and before the end of
the month three important proposals, neither antagonistic nor
alternative were placed before the Third Committee : a Russian

328] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

proposal dealing with both mediation and arbitration ; an English
one dealing only with arbitration, and the third, an anonymous
one, confined to mediation. The Eussian project proposed to
conmiit the signatory Powers to the principle of appealing, in
the event of a serious disagreement, to the good ofi&ces of one or
more friendly States. In the event of no such appeal being
made the neutral Powers might, under the fifth article of the
project, offer mediation of their own motion. In both cases the
intervention was to **bear strictly the character of friendly
counsel and in no way of compulsory force." The anonymous
proposal covered the same ground as the first part of the Eussian
proposal, but went on to say that any State which saw a grave
disagreement growing up between itself and another State might
under this scheme apply to a disinterested State to act as its
second. This having been found, the State which made the
application was to inform the other party, with a view to the
nomination of another second. The mediating States would
then fix a time within which they would use their best efforts
to discover a solution honourable and satisfactory to both parties.
All the States signing the Convention would then be asked to
use their influence to secure the acceptance of the proposed
settlement. If their efforts failed, and war actually broke out,
the two mediating States would continue to represent the
belligerents, so far as was consistent with their rights and
duties as neutrals, with the object of bringing about a cessation
of hostilities at the earliest possible moment.

The British proposal, on the other hand, dealt solely with
the principle of arbitration, and at the same time provided a
permanent tribunal for giving effect to it. In order that it
might be accessible at any time, and at the shortest notice, the
tribunal would have an ofi&ce at Berne, the Hague, or Brussels,
with a secretarv and his assistants. The members of the court
were to be appointed by the States which signed the conven-
tion, each State nominating two. When the services of the
court were required, the secretary would give the Powers
applying to him a list of the members of the tribunal, and
from among these the two Powers between whom a dispute
had risen would choose the number of arbitrators fixed in the
agreement of reference. By this means delays would be avoided
and impartiality assured. The three schemes were then referred
to a committee which finally Eidopted proposals founded on the
British hues.

Almost simultaneously (June 1) the Disarmament Committee
debated on a resolution prohibiting the use of the Dum-Dum
bullet, in resisting which Great Britain found herself supported
at first by both Austria and Italy, but when the vote was taken
(June 21) the United States's delegate alone voted with Sir John
Ardagh. The Humanitarian Committee discussed at great length
the right of giving private property at sea the same inamunity from
capture which it enjoyed on land. The armaments question

1899.] Switzerland. — SkUe Bank. [329

was postponed from time to time in consequence of some of
the delegates having to refer to their respective Governments
in this important matter. At length (June 21) the German
representative, Colonel von Schwartzhoff declared that his
country felt so little the weight of the existing mihtary system,
that he was instructed to refuse to consider even a temporary
reduction of the annual quota. The whole organisation of the
country, its system of education, the arrangement of its rail-
ways and the duration of the period of service were arranged so
as to ensure a gradual increase of strength, and to arrest that
increase would dislocate everything. There were doubtless many
other delegates who shared the views thus boldly enunciated by
the German representative. In any case no reply was forth-
coming and the subject was allowed to drop, whilst the final
views of the congress on the question of arbitration were em-
bodied in a report which was sent to each Government for
acceptance. The full text of the protocol signed by Great
Britain will be found under **Eus8ia" of the present volume.
At the closing meeting (July 29) M. de Staal, the President,
summed up the proceedings in a speech thanking the repre-
sentatives for the attention which they had given to the questions
brought under discussion. He admitted that although the
conference ha,d failed to bring about a reduction in existing
armaments, it had strengthened the law of nations against need-
less cruelties in war, had solemnly recognised the principle of
arbitration and had created a machinery through which nations,
when willing, might invoke arbitration.

III. SWITZERLAND.

Switzerland is the country of which the chief magistrates
have the shortest tenure of oflSce, and national traditions possess
the strongest vitality, notwithstanding the remoteness of their
origin. The Federal institutions, however, in spite of every
form of resistance and delay, move forward and assimilate
themselves, putting aside slowly but surely cantonal invasions
of matters which concern their common welfare, whilst at the
same time within the limits of each canton a similar movement
goes on concentrating more and more influence and authority
in each of its capitals.

The proposal to establish a State Bank, which had been
rejected by the referendum m 1897, was again taken up by the
Federal authorities in the course of the present year, and
submitted with a few slight modifications to the Councils of
State. Instead of providing for the whole capital, the Confedera-
tion would not take upon itself more than one third, the cantons
would provide another third, and the remainder would be left
for the public to subscribe. The bill was laid before the
National Council in June, and was brought up to the State
Council shortly before the close of the year. In both assemblies

,330] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

the financial details of the bill gave rise to much noisy debate,
arousing the belief that private and legitimate interests were
being needlessly sacrificed.

This feeling of distrust was still more angrily aroused by the
proposed law on assurance against sickness and accidents. This
bill which had been under consideration for the past three years
was finally drafted on the labours of a committee appointed by
the Federal Assembly to report on the best means of providing
the funds requisite to carry into execution the objects and
promises of the bill. The summer months were given up to a
careful study of each departmental Budget to see how far
economies might be effected. Naturally each department pro-
tested vigorously at the application of the pruning, and met the
appeal for retrenchment by a demand for an increased allowance.
By dint of careful searching, however, it was found that savings
to the extent of 4,520,000 francs were possible, but not realisable
until 1903. It was therefore suggested that the law should be
passed forthwith, but that its application should not take effect
until such times as there were funds in hand out of which
the claims arising from it could be met. By this means, the
members of the National Council, who would necessarily have
to present themselves for re-election before the close of the
year, would be in the position to claim the support of their
constituents on the ground that they had passed the Life
Assurance Bill.

The bill, however, as was subsequently shown, was destined
to involve a far greater expenditure than its proposers, most
unduly optimistic, allowed to be supposed. More careful calcula-
tions anticipated that the claims arising under the bill, in
respect of deductions from the workmen *s wages would reach
at least 28,000,000 francs, and that there was every likelihood
that they might amount to 40,000,000 francs, inasmuch as the
law extended the quality of workman to every one working
for another person. To meet this it was anticipated that a
surtax in the existing inland parcel and package post would be
inevitable ; an augmentation of the fines imposed for disafforestry
was also expected, and even a tobacco tax. In this way, how-
ever, it was anticipated that the workman would pay one third,
the Confederation another, and the employers the remainder of
the amount required for the insurance law. Naturally there
were protests from all quarters, but nevertheless the National
Council by 113 votes to 1 and 12 abstentions approved the bill
(Oct. 2) which thus became law.

Loud grumblings were raised in various countries at the
long delays in the work of the International Arbitration Tri-
bunals, set up in Switzerland, and the tendency of the arbitrators
to shield semi-bankrupt States, generally of America, from the
just demands of their creditors. This disposition was not only
appreciated by foreigners, but it gave considerable dissatisfaction
even to the Swiss themselves, so much so indeed that M.

1899.] Spain. — Ministerial Crisis. [331

Lachenal of Geneva, and head of the Home Department,
resigned his ofi&ce, which was assumed by M. Comtesse of
NeuchMel.

Whilst willing to play the remunerative and honourable rdle
of general arbitrator, Switzerland was by no means desirous of
seeing herself invaded by a cosmopolitan crowd, and the question
of how to deal with foreigners was keenly discussed in every
canton. It was estimated that there were not less than 250,000
foreigners residing in the frontier towns and villages, and that
the best way of dealing with them was either to facilitate or, if
necessary, to insist upon their naturahsation. The Federal
Council remitted the matter to the various cantonal Govern-
ments for their opinions, but the general tenor of the replies
showed that there was no wish to see any modification of the
existing law.

IV. SPAIN.

The year opened with an act of grace in the shape of a royal
decree according free pardon to all persons convicted of press
offences. This effort at peacemaking was received by the
extremists as insufl&cient, and by the moderates as evidence of
weakness. Senor Silvela was all the more encouraged in his
task of reorganising the Conservative party by the fact that
General Weyler's attitude was daily becoming more suspicious
in the eyes of parliamentarians, for the general no longer con-
cealed his pretension of estabhshing a military government.
Taking the occasion of the Twelfth Night Festival, he gave a
grand banquet at which fourteen generals appeared as his
guests, and after dinner, accompanied by at least a thousand
ofi&cers, they attended the Minister's reception. This demonstra-
tion was suflScient to alarm General Polavieja, who, feeling his
monopoly at stake, at once made overtures of reconciliation to
Senor Silvela. The latter found the moment propitious for a
definite announcement of his principles, and at the Conservative
Club found the means of speaking to the nation at large. The
Liberal party, he declared, was at its last gasp, and it was
the duty of the Conservatives to take up the burden of Govern-
ment and to bring about those reforms which were absolutely
essential to the country — such as obligatory military service, a
reduction of the pension list, increase of the national defences,
especially on the coasts. To meet the necessary expendi-
ture he was prepared to tax still more heavily all personal
property, including the public funds.

The Ministerial crisis, however, was not to be hastened by
such threats. Senor Sagasta was still strong enough to take
the important step of suppressing the Ministry of the Colonies,
as no longer justifiable, and his audience of the Queen-Eegent,
to whom he submitted the decree, showed that his credit at
court had not been exhausted.

A few days later a Cabinet Council was held (Jan. 17) at

332J FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

which Sagasta obtained from his colleagues the promise that
they would present themselves to the Cortes which would
assemble as soon as the treaty with the United States had
received ratification. The programme for the session as fore-
cast was a serious one, including as it did the consolidation
of the floating debt, and the apportionment of the Cuban
and Philippine debts. As might have been expected, the
press ridiculed the proposals of a moribund Ministry ; but, in
the interval of settling the financial settlement of Cuban
and Philippine affairs, the Government endeavoured to obtain
a decision upon certain judicial questions. Admiral Montojo
was ordered to appear before a court martial composed of four
admirals and nine generals, while at the same time General
Tairdenez was placed under arrest. The situation was not
a little complicated by the election of Admiral Cervera to the
Senate, before the High Court had made an inquiry into his
conduct at Santiago.

Whilst the official world was busying itself with a matter
of little practical importance, the Chamber of Commerce of
Seville had come to a decision which involved the most serious
consequences. It resolved to form an association of the various
Chambers of Commerce throughout the country, in order that
their demands might be treated with greater consideration.
Commerce was at last determined to assert its rights, and its
representatives displayed great practical sense and also healthy
activity. They decided upon first insisting on a reduction
on traffic charges on goods, and next upon opening up friendly
relations with all Hispano-American Chambers of Commerce
with the intention of extending them later on to other countries
throughout the world. This movement, inaugurated at Seville,
was warmly supported in other parts of the peninsula, and not
only became an important factor in the development of Spanish
commerce, but was the most prominent poUtical incident of the
year.

Meanwhile the Liberal Ministry was preparing to take up
its ground in anticipation of a parhamentary struggle for office.
The summoning of the Cortes (Feb. 20) was also marked by
the removal of the state of siege, during which all constitutional
rights had been in abeyance. At the same time the Superior
Council of War gave satisfaction to the military element by
deciding that there was no ground for sending Admiral Cervera
for trial in connection with his conduct at Santiago.

The Minister of the Colonies, Senor Eomero Giron, whose
office had been abolished for obvious reasons, was retained in
the Cabinet as Minister of Public Works, the portfolio of which
had been provisionally held by the President of the Council,
whose hands were fully occupied with negotiations with the
leaders of the Carhst and Eepubhcan groups, and with the
followers of Senor Eobledo, whom he endeavoured to bring
back to resume the posts they had given up in the previous

1899.] Spain, — Sagastas Resignation, [333

September. The Careo Esjpafiol, the organ of Don Carlos, cut
short any doubts in that quarter, by forbidding the Carlists
to take part in the negotiations. On the other hand, the
Republicans, on the advice of Senor Salmeron, decided to join
in the coming discussion in order to divest themselves more fully
of all responsibility for the war and the peace. Under these
conditions the session promised to be a stormy one, and the
result showed that it exceeded all expectations.

In the course of the very first sitting, in the Senate as in
the Chamber, the Government and the Army were severely
taken to task. The palm for invective was incontestably carried
off by the Marquis d'Almenas in the Senate. He managed to
rouse an indescnbable tumult by saying out loud what everybody
was saying inaudibly. He charged the generals with incapacity
and with culpable indolence. The Marshal Martinez Campos
undertook the defence of the military chiefs, and the insolence of
his language astounded those who still clung to the illusion that
parhamentary Government could exist in Spain. It was not
long before the Ministry realised that its doom was inevitable.
Ambassadors, who were also senators, were summoned from
their posts to vote for the surrender of the Philippine Islands,
and with charming simplicity the senator genersds were also
convoked. The latter lost no time in forming themselves into
a group to support Martinez Campos, who taking the offensive
at once tabled a motion demanding a parliamentary inquiry
into the recent colonial wars. By 130 to 7 votes the Senate
promptly agreed (Feb. 27) to this motion in principle, but the
real struggle was adjourned until the following day when the
Opposition moved an amendment to the proposal for the
cession of the islands, which was finally lost by only two votes
— 120 to 118. On this crucial point the majority comprised
three ministers and all the court ofi&cers who were senators,
whilst the generals voted with the Opposition led by Campos,
Blanco, Azcarraga, Primo di Rivera and others.

The next day (March 1) the Sagasta Cabinet tendered its resig-
nation ; and the Queen Regent, according to custom, invited the
advice of the leaders of the two Chambers as to her course of
action. After a short delay she entrusted (March 4) Senor Silvela
with the duty of forming a new Administration, which was
ultimately composed as follows : President and Minister of
Foreign Affairs, Senor F. Silvela; Grace and Justice, Senor
Davan ; Navy, Senor Gomez Imas ; Treasury, Senor Dato ;
War, General Polavieja; Public Works, Marquis Pidal; and
Finance, Senor Villaverde. There was a sensible lack of homo-
geneity in such a Cabinet, and speedily it became clear that
the President and the Minister for War were not likely to work
in harmony. Necessarily the Cortes, having been first pro-
rogued, was dissolved, and the new elections fixed with little
delay. Meanwhile the Ministry was settling into place with
more or less difficulty. A small sum had been left in the

334; FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

Treasury, and it was employed in discharging some of the
arrears of pay due to the soldiers brought back from Cuba.
Whikt keeping a strict watch on the Carlists, the Ministry
gave a rare proof of their courage or their confidence by
holding the elections without the usual preliminary dismissal of
mayors, municipal officers and ambassadors appointed by their
predecessors. Meanwhile, the Queen Eegent having ratified the
treaty of peace with the United States, diplomatic relations were
resumed, and the Duke d'Arcos was despatched to Washington
whilst Mr. Storer was accredited to the Court of Madrid.

The unusual electoral policy of the Government produced
(April 16), nevertheless, the usual results — an absurdly unequal
division of seats, the lion's share falling to the Government
and the remainder divided among its opponents. The actual
results as classified were : Silvelists, 180 ; Polaviejists, 33 ;
Ultramontanes, 30 ; Tetuanists, 18 ; Sagastists, 86 ; Dissenting
Liberals or Gamazists, 30 ; Eepublicans, 15 ; Eomerists, 5 ;
and Carlists, 4. The fewness of the last-named group was
due to the fact that the Pretender had ordered his supporters
to abstain from taking part in the elections ; but this did not
prevent disorders taking place at Bilbao, Tortosa, Seville and
Saragossa. The senatorial elections which took place a few
days later passed off without incident.

The Ministry, finding itself supported by a strong majority
in Parliament, determined to disarm its opponents, and espe-
cially the Carlists. Numerous arrests were made, and the
Minister of Justice appointed a commission to draw up a bill
for preserving to the Basque provinces whatever remained of
their local laws and rights.

Scarcely, however, had the Cortes reassembled when the
rivalry between its two most important members showed
itself more strongly than ever. The court ranged itself on
the side of the War Minister ; the commercial world on that
of Silvela. The war had necessitated enormous expenditure,
and Seiior Villaverde cried out for economy. The election of
the officers of the Chambers scarcely showed the real strength
of parties. Sefior Pidal was chosen President of the Lower
House by 395 to 216 votes, and Senor Martinez Campos of the
Senate. A somewhat keener struggle took place (June 19)
over the proposal to ratify . the sale of the Marianna and
Carohne Islands to Germany, but the point was carried, and
the opposition of the Liberals to the Budget was thereby
somewhat disarmed.

It was not, however, from the political camp that the most
serious opposition to the financial policy of the Government
was to come. The Budget, as prepared, took no note of the
exhaustion of the country, and mcreased by nearly 30,000,000
pesetas the mihtary expenditure. The productive classes of
all kinds were united, and threatened to organise opposition
throughout the kingdom. The Chambers of Commerce ap-

1899.] Spain. — Catalonia Refuses to Pay Taxes, [335

pointed an Executive Committee, which lost no time in framing
and presenting to the Cortes a bold petition insisting upon a
reduction of at least 150,000,000 in the Budget, and protesting
against the foolish squandering of the public funds, especially
in the fortification of the coasts. The temper of the populace
was aroused, and constant collisions took place between the
soldiery and the people. At Saragossa many lives were lost,
in consequence of an attack made upon the Jesuits' College ;
at Madrid the shops were closed, disturbances being nightly
expected, and in nearly all the larger towns excesses were
reported. Sefior Silvela began by declaring in the Cortes
that he would not hesitate to proclaim the whole of Spain
in a state of siege, but he found it more easy to prorogue
the Chamber without waiting for the Budget to be voted,
contenting himself provisionally with the Budget of his pre-
decessor.

The vacation, however, brought no harmony within the
Cabinet, the schism became more marked, and at length
(Sept. 28) Seiior Silvela tendered its resignation. The mean-
ing of this move was at once apparent. The outgoing
President was requested to reconstruct his Cabinet, which
he did by throwing over General Polavieja and substituting
General Azcarraga, who had already filled the same post in
the last days of Canovas del Castillo's Administration. At
the same time Count Torreanaz became Minister of Grace
and Justice, a post in which he found no sinecure, for the
traders of Catalonia had come to the conclusion to pay no
taxes, on the ground that no Budget had been voted. A
league with such an object was not difl&cult to form ; but on
this occasion the taxpayers displayed a decision and energy rarely
to be met with in the history of their country. The captain-
general, Despujols, who commanded in Catalonia, could find no
better way of quieting the province than throwing into prison
^ome hundreds of the recalcitrants, but this was borne with
the utmost equanimity by those who remained at large, and
from neither the bond nor the free were taxes obtainable.

On the reassembling of the Cortes (Oct. 30) the Government
was at once interpellated on the matter by the Socialist deputy
for Barcelona, Seiior Sol Ortega, who violently protested against
the measures taken by the captain-general. The effect of this
philippic, however, was somewhat lessened by the revelation
made by the Minister of the Interior in his reply, which was to
the effect that the stern patriot haJ already paid, as an advocate,
the taxes which, as a deputy, he advised others to withstand.
In like manner the protest raised by the Republican deputies
against the acts of the Captain- General of Barcelona were
equally abortive, a vote of censure upon him being rejected
j(Nov. 2) by 75 to 53 votes. On this point, however, the
Government perceived the necessity of giving way, as there
were more serious points in discuaaion. TVi'fe ^o\QL\s^\5y^ x^-

336] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

presenting the Chambers of Commerce constituted an actual
authority in opposition to Parliament, and the hostility of the
former, as had been shown, could close the purses of an
important section to the demands of the latter. Arrests con-
tinued to be made and votes of confidence in the Cortes obtained
with more or less difficulty. The bill for the reduction of
pensions was withdrawn, and a promise was given to set at
liberty all those imprisoned for non-payment of taxes if the
opposition to their pajrment would be stopped. At the same
time the warship Carlos V. was sent to Barcelona harbour to
receive prisoners, to which act the Chambers of Commerce
replied by transmitting to the Ministry a demand for an imme-
diate revision of the Budget, based on the reorganisation of
the public service, giving precedence to productive over miUtary
expenditure, and ensuring thereby an economy of 50,000,000
pesetas.

On the latter point, the Government proving intractable, the
Chambers of Commerce addressed a manifesto to the nation
(Nov. 29) explaining their views, and the Government suddenly
found it expedient to give way on all points. The imprisoned
Catalans were released ; the state of siege was raised at Barce-
lona, and negotiations on the proposed new charges were opened
with the parliamentary Opposition. Finally the Chamber passed
a vote authorising the postponement of the debates on the Budget
of 1898-9 until the bill authorising the fresh expenditure had been
accepted by the Cortes. In a word legal resistance triumphed
all along the line, and a new social organisation seemed to be
taking its place beside the old and now powerless parliamentary
institutions, and Spanish militarism to be exhausted by its former
excesses.

V. PORTUGAL.

On the assembling of the Cortes (Jan. 2) the Portuguese
Government at once intimated its intention of remaining
strictly neutral in any disputes arising among European Powers,
just as it had done in the previous year during the quarrel
between Spain and the United States. It had willingly in-
timated its adherence to the principles of the Peace Congress,
and was equally ready to take part in any conference for the
repression of the anarchists. The Ministry further promised
that the Cortes should be duly informed at the proper moment
of the negotiations which concerned the holders of the external
debt.

In the speech from the Throne the King insisted that it was
not enough to retain the colonial possessions in their absolute
integrity, but that the sacred patrimony of the nation should be
profitably developed, as intinuately bound up with the econpmic
generation of the mother-corn: try.

The declarations of the Government, however, with rejgard
io the external debt were not o.^ a nature to satisfy the bipnd-

1899.] Porttigcd, — Financial SiUuition, [337

holders. The German Committee explained to the Portu-
guese Government that German public opinion demanded the
appointment of an international financial commission, and
further intimated that unless this wish were complied with the
negotiations for a settlement would prove a failure. To this
very definite challenge the Portuguese Minister replied by vague
promises, and postponed giving any distinct reply, beyond in-
serting in the Budget of 1899-1900 a sum of 895,000 milreis for
the interest of the external debt. This, however, by no means
implied that this comparatively imposing sum would be paid
to the bondholders. It only meant that the actual application
of the amount was dependent on the condition of the finances,
and these, in the actual condition of affairs, were in so tottering
a state that the smallest disturbance might at any moment
render the promise nugatory.

Nor was the anticipation of disturbance and difficulty un-
justified by the result. The outbreak of bubonic plague at Oporto
at the beginning of the summer necessitated the isolation of
that city and its port — the most busy in Portugal — for several
weeks, 'during wEich aU business wis of necesW. suspended.
The Government did not shrink from placing a sanitary cordon
round the plague-stricken city, but the French doctors, who had
flocked thither to apply the Pasteur-method treatment, were
met by such noisy protests against this *' barbarous method/*
that they were forced to abandon their- intention. At len^h,
however, the panic wore away, and the population reahsed
that whilst the ravages of the epidemic affected the imagina-
tion rather than the body, the safest protection was to be sought
in sanitary conditions of Life.

Foreign politics were eagerly debated throughout the year
by the Portuguese Parliament and press, and the relations with
Great Britain especially aroused polemical discussion.

The questions arising out of the Delagoa Arbitration, which
had been referred to arbitration as far back as 1891, were
approaching solution. The commission, which had been sitting
(with prolonged adjournments) at Berne, despatched to Lorenzo
Marques an expert for the purpose of estimating the value of the
railway, the chief object in dispute. His valuation, including that
of the concession, amounted to 45,000,000 francs, which, with
the accrued interest, would amount to about 2,000,000Z. sterling.
The partition of the award thus ascertained was to be the
subject of subsequent settlement, but the means of meeting
such a demand were at once eagerly discussed. It was asserted
that a secret treaty on the matter existed between the British
and Portuguese Governments, and this understanding, asserted
by some and denied by others, remained until the end of the
year an unsolved mystery. The only official document which
was cited by those who asserted the existence of an
standing was a despatch of Lord Granville, dated 18S
dressed to the British Minister at 'M.^idxidi, m NrV

338: FOREIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

Foreign Secretary said that between Portugal and Great
Britain there existed stipulations and treaties which obliged
the latter to defend Portugal against any foreign aggression.
The official guo^i-neutrality of Portugal in the Anglo-Boer
war at the close of the year reflected the interpretation and
ideas of reciprocity founded by the Portuguese Ministry on these
documents.

Internally, and from a pohtical point of view, little occurred
during the year to demand notice. The only bill of any im-
portance adopted by the Cortes was one for the reorganisation
of the Army, and applying the law of obligatory service more
strictly. In the Chamber of Peers the Conservative minority
attempted ineflfectually to render the passing of the bill impos-
sible by quitting the House without voting, but the manoeuvre
was not successful, and the bill became law in the course of
the autumn.

VI. DENMABK.

The recent political development in Denmark had shown a
continuous growth of democratic influence both in the House
and in pubhc opinion. During 1899 a fairly conciliatory spirit
prevailed, and no small amount of useful legislative work was
accomplished. The Premier, M. Horring, did not, however,
appear to get on with the majority in the Lower House so well
as did his predecessor, Baron Beedtz-Thott. Considerable
friction wasspecially caused by the appUcation of certain moneys
to the purchase of projectiles against the vote of the Folke-
thing and without the sanction of the Upper House. On this
matter the Gt)vemment and the Second Chamber were at
variance ; and it threatened to give some parliamentary trouble
before being finally arranged.

The year 1899 was the fiftieth anniversary of the Danish

Constitution — given by King Frederick VII. on June 5, 1849 —

and although the day was solemnised in various manners, and

by the different political parties, there was a lamentable absence

of generous and spontaneous sympathy and enthusiasm. Pohtical

enthusiasm in Denmark had suffered much, and had grown stale,

as it were, during the many years of political strife and even of

stagnation. For although the Conservatives had been reduced

a minoritv of sixteen seats, or about one-seventh in the Lower

ouse, thev still remained in office, and the Liberals and Radi-

s in Opposition.

\Mien the Rigsdag assembled after the Christmas adjonm-

m^JPt, the Folkething's report on the Budget was so far advanced

^n^ KFit could be distributed (Jan. 10), and the second reading,

extonak^ '^^ ^^^^ * fortnight, was at once taken. The committee

hi^yiw^Z^I^ subsequently completed its supplementary report, the

i/uiJrajt^^^ ^^^'^ — occupying a further week — ^was finally agreed

kf(]U^^^^^^^ 14). Before the conclusion of the third reading the

Jhnii^' »:ed that the GovetimieTiV eoxsiftL «r»&\sVi the Budget,

1899.] De7imark. — The Budget Sqaahhles, [339

with the exception of a sum of 200,000 kr. to be contributed
towards the Municipal Old Age Pension Fund. The First
Chamber commenced its first reading two or three days later
(March 17), and the Premier then quaUfied his position with
regard to the above-mentioned sum of 200,000 kr. by saying he
was willing to accept certain alterations in the bill, which were
subsequently agreed to. In the Landsthing's report upon the
Budget (March 23), there were three points of difference with
the Folkething. The Upper House having endorsed the amend-
ment made by their committee, the Budget was sent back to the
Folkettiing, where a compromise was speedily arrived at by
mutual concession, the Folkething giving way on two items,
whilst they maintained the third. On the following day the
Folkething adopted this framing of the Budget, in which the
Landsthing acquiesced, and the Budget was finally passed just
before the expiration of the financial year.

The item in dispute between the (jrovernment and the Lower
Chamber, viz,^ 520,000 kr., applied to extraordinary measures of
defence — for the purchase of shells — was not included in the
Ways and Means Bill, but embodied in a supplementary biU,
laid before the Folkething (Jan. 9). This item was removed
from the bill by the Folkething, and the Premier subsequently
stated in the Upper House that he would not propose its reintro-
duction, but that it would be included in the ordinary accounts.
The Premier further stated that he and the War Minister did
not wish the matter to be brought before the Landsthing, in
order to avoid objection being raised against any of the judges,
should the Folkething decide to take action against the Minis-
ters before the Constitutional Court (the Eigsret). The Lands-
thing, acting in accordance with the Premier's wishes, did not
include this item in the supplementary bill.

One of the most important measures which ha,d for some
time been before the Legislature, and had engaged its attention
in more than one session, was now successfully passed, this was
the School Bill, improving the pay of teachers and raising the
standard of instruction. Before being again laid before the
Rigsdag — October 26, 1898 — the bill had been modified so as to
improve its chances of passing, and both Houses now showed
a desire to promote it. The Landsthing having referred it to
a committee of eleven members, the second and third reading
were both got through before the end of January. The Folke-
thing then took it up and referred it to a committee, finishing
the discussion on it in the beginning of March. The amended
bill having been again brought before both Houses was referred
to a joint committee and finally passed by the Folkething (March
22) and by the Landsthing the following day, a result which
was received with universal satisfaction.

Another bill, which had been the subject of somewhat diver-
gent opinions, was one providing small holdings of land for rura^l
workmen. This bill, introduced in the ¥oW^\J(Xi "N^st

334 FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

Treasury, and it was employed in discharging some of the
arrears of pay dae to the soldiers brought back from Cuba.
Whilst keeping a strict watch on the CarliatB, the Miaistry
gave a rare proof of their conrage or their confidence by
holding the elections without the usual preliminary dismissal of
mayors, municipal officers and ambassardore appointed by their
predecessors. Meanwhile, the Queen Regent having ratified the
treaty of peace with the United States, diplomatic relations were
resumed, and the Duke d'Arcos was despatched to Washington
whilst Mr. Storer was accredited to the Court of Madrid.

The unusual electoral policy of the Government produced
(April 16), nevertheless, the usual results — an absurdly unequal
division of seats, the lion's share falling to the Government
and the remainder divided among its opponents. The actual
results as classified were : Silvelists, 180 ; Folaviejists, 33 ;
Uitramontanes, 30 ; Tetuanists, 16 ; Sagastists, 86 ; Dissenting
Liberals or Gamazists, 30 ; Republicans, 15 ; Eomerists, 5 ;
and Carlists, 4. The fewness of the last-named group was
due to the fact that the Pretender had ordered his supporters
to abstain from taking part in the elections ; but this did not
prevent disorders taking place at Bilbao, Tortosa, Seville and
Saragossa. The senatorial elections which took place a few
days later passed off without incident.

The Ministry, finding itself supported by a strong majority
in Parliament, determined to disarm its opponents, and espe-
cially the Carlists. Numerous arrests were made, and the
Minister of Justice appointed a commission to draw up a bill
for preserving to the Basque provinces whatever remained of
their local laws and rights.

Scarcely, however, had the Cortes reassembled when the
rivalry between its two most important members showed
itself more strongly than ever. The court ranged itself on
the side of the War Minister ; the commercial world on that
of Silvela. The war had necessitated enormous expenditure,
and Sefior Villaverde cried out for economy. The election of
the officers of the Chambers scarcely showed the real strength
of parties. Sefior Pidal was chosen President of the Lower
House by 395 to 216 votes, and Sefior Martinez Campos of the
Senate. A somewhat keener struggle took place (June 19)
over the proposal to ratify. the sale of tlie i
CaroUne Islands to Germany, but the point V
the opposition of the Liberals to the Budf
somewhat disarmed.

It was not, however, from the politic^ c^
serious opposition to the financieu u *
was to come. The Budget, as prejf
exhaustion of the country, and inc
pesetas the mihtary expenditure,
all kinds were united, and threate
tbroagbout the kingdom. The C

poiitica! cai

1' '

1899.] Spain. — Catalonia Refuses to Pay Taxes, [335

pointed an Executive Committee, which lost no time in framing
and presenting to the Cortes a bold petition insisting upon a
reduction of at least 150,000,000 in the Budget, and protesting
against the foolish squandering of the public funds, especially
in the fortification of the coasts. The temper of the populace
was aroused, and constant collisions took place between the
soldiery and the people. At Saragossa many lives were lost,
in consequence of an attack meide upon the Jesuits* College ;
at Madrid the shops were closed, disturbances being nightly
expected, and in nearly all the larger towns excesses were
reported. Sefior Silvela began by declaring in the Cortes
that he would not hesitate to proclaim the whole of Spain
in a state of siege, but he found it more easy to prorogue
the Chamber without waiting for the Budget to be voted,
contenting himself provisionally with the Budget of his pre-
decessor.

The vacation, however, brought no harmony within the
Cabinet, the schism became more marked, and at length
<Sept. 28) Sefior Silvela tendered its resignation. The mean-
ing of this move was at once apparent. The outgoing
President was requested to reconstruct his Cabinet, which
he did by throwing over General Polavieja and substituting
General Azcarraga, who had already filled the same post in
the last days of Canovas del Castillo's Administration. At
the same time Count Torreanaz became Minister of Grace
and Justice, a post in which he found no sinecure, for the
traders of Catalonia had come to the conclusion to pay no
taxes, on the ground that no Budget had been voted. A
league with such an object was not difficult to form ; but on
this occasion the taxpayers displayed a decision and energy rarely
to be met with in the history of their country. The captain-
general, Despujols, who commanded in Catalonia, could find no
better way of quieting the province than throwing into prison
5ome hundreds of the recalcitrants, but this was borne with
the utmost equanimity by those who remained at large, and
from neither the bond nor the free were taxes obtainable.

On the reassembling of the Cortes (Oct. 30) the Government
was at once interpellated on the matter by the Socialist deputy
for Barcelona, Seiior Sol Ortega, who violently protested against
the measures taken by the captain-general. The effect of this
philippic, however, was somewhat lessened by the revelation
made by the Minister of the Interior in his reply, which was to
the effect that the stem patriot had already paid, as an advocate,
the taxes which, as a deputy, he advised others to withstand.
In hke manner the protest raised by the Republican deputies
against the acts of the Captain-General of Barcelona were
equally abortive, a vote of censure upon him being rejected
<Nov. 2) by 75 to 53 votes. On this point, however, the
Government perceived the necessity of giving way, as there
were more serious points in discussion. TVi'fe ^o\aaiv\Xftfc x^s-

334j FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

Treasury, and it was employed in discharging some of the
arrears of pay due to the soldiers brought back from Cuba.
Whilst keeping a strict watch on the Carlists, the Ministry
gave a rare proof of their courage or their confidence by
holding the elections without the usual preliminary dismissal of
mayors, municipal ofi&cers and ambassadors appointed by their
predecessors. Meanwhile, the Queen Eegent having ratified the
treaty of peace with the United States, diplomatic relations were
resumed, and the Duke d'Arcos was despatched to Washington
whilst Mr. Storer was accredited to the Court of Madrid.

The unusual electoral policy of the Government produced
(April 16), nevertheless, the usual results — an absurdly unequal
division of seats, the lion's share falling to the Government
and the remainder divided among its opponents. The actual
results as classified were : Silvelists, 180 ; Polaviejists, 33 ;
Ultramontanes, 30 ; Tetuanists, 18 ; Sagastists, 86 ; Dissenting
Liberals or Gamazists, 30 ; Eepublicans, 15 ; Eomerists, 5 ;
and Carlists, 4. The fewness of the last-named group was
due to the fact that the Pretender had ordered his supporters
to abstain from taking part in the elections ; but this did not
prevent disorders taking place at Bilbao, Tortosa, Seville and
Saragossa. The senatorial elections which took place a few
days later passed off without incident.

The Ministry, finding itself supported by a strong majority
in Parliament, determined to disarm its opponents, and espe-
cially the Carlists. Numerous arrests were made, and the
Minister of Justice appointed a commission to draw up a bill
for preserving to the Basque provinces whatever remained of
their local laws and rights.

Scarcely, however, had the Cortes reassembled when the
rivalry between its two most important members showed
itself more strongly than ever. The court ranged itself on
the side of the War Minister; the commercial world on that
of Silvela. The war had necessitated enormous expenditure,
and Seiior Villaverde cried out for economy. The election of
the oflBcers of the Chambers scarcely showed the real strength
of parties. Seflor Pidal was chosen President of the Lower
House by 395 to 216 votes, and Senor Martinez Campos of the
Senate. A somewhat keener struggle took place (June 19)
over the proposal to ratify . the sale of the Marianna and
Carohne Islands to Germany, but the point was carried, and
the opposition of the Liberals to the Budget was thereby
somewhat disarmed.

It was not, however, from the political camp that the most
serious opposition to the financial policy of the Government
was to come. The Budget, as prepared, took no note of the
exhaustion of the country, and increased by nearly 30,000,000
pesetas the mihtary expenditure. The productive classes of
all kinds were united, and threatened to organise opposition
throughout the kingdom. The Chambers of Conunerce ap-

1899.] Spain. — Catalonia Befuses to Pay Taxes. [335

pointed an Executive Committee, which lost no time in framing
and presenting to the Cortes a bold petition insisting upon a
reduction of at least 150,000,000 in the Budget, and protesting
against the foolish squandering of the public funds, especially
in the fortification of the coasts. The temper of the populace
was aroused, and constant collisions took place between the
soldiery and the people. At Saragossa many lives were lost,
in consequence of an attack made upon the Jesuits' College ;
at Madrid the shops were closed, disturbances being nightly
expected, and in nearly all the larger towns excesses were
reported. Seiior Silvela began by declaring in the Cortes
that he would not hesitate to proclaim the whole of Spain
in a state of siege, but he found it more easy to prorogue
the Chamber without waiting for the Budget to be voted,
contenting himself provisionally with the Budget of his pre-
decessor.

The vacation, however, brought no harmony within the
Cabinet, the schism became more marked, and at length
(Sept. 28) Senor Silvela tendered its resignation. The mean-
ing of this move was at once apparent. The outgoing
President was requested to reconstruct his Cabinet, which
he did by throwing over General Polavieja and substituting
General Azcarraga, who had already filled the same post in
the last days of Canovas del Castillo's Administration. At
the same time Count Torreanaz became Minister of Grace
and Justice, a post in which he found no sinecure, for the
traders of Catalonia had come to the conclusion to pay no
taxes, on the ground that no Budget had been voted. A
league with such an object was not difl&cult to form ; but on
this occasion the taxpayers displayed a decision and energy rarely
to be met with in the history of their country. The captain-
general, Despujols, who commanded in Catalonia, could find no
better way of quieting the province than throwing into prison
some hundreds of the recalcitrants, but this was borne with
the utmost equanimity by those who remained at large, and
from neither the bond nor the free were taxes obtainable.

On the reassembling of the Cortes (Oct. 30) the Government
was at once interpellated on the matter by the Socialist deputy
for Barcelona, Senor Sol Ortega, who violently protested against
the measures taken by the captain-general. The effect of this
philippic, however, was somewhat lessened by the revelation
made by the Minister of the Interior in his reply, which was to
vthe effect that the stern patriot had already paid, as an advocate,
the taxes which, as a deputy, he advised others to withstand.
In like manner the protest raised by the Republican deputies
against the acts of the Captain-General of Barcelona were
equally abortive, a vote of censure upon him being rejected
(Nov. 2) by 75 to 53 votes. On this point, however, the
Government perceived the necessity of giving way, as there
were more serious points in discussion. The committee re-

336] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

presenting the Chambers of Commerce constituted an actual
authority in opposition to Parliament, and the hostility of the
former, as had been shown, could close the purses of an
important section to the demands of the latter. Arrests con-
tinued to be made and votes of confidence in the Cortes obtained
with more or less difficulty. The bill for the reduction of
pensions was withdrawn, and a promise was given to set at
liberty all those imprisoned for non-payment of taxes if the
opposition to their payment would be stopped. At the same
time the warship Carlos V. was sent to Barcelona harbour to
receive prisoners, to which act the Chambers of Commerce
replied by transmitting to the Ministry a demand for an imme-
diate revision of the Budget, based on the reorganisation of
the public service, giving precedence to productive over military
expenditure, and ensuring thereby an economy of 50,000,000
pesetas.

On the latter point, the Government proving intractable, the
Chambers of Commerce addressed a manifesto to the nation
(Nov. 29) explaining their views, and the Government suddenly
found it expedient to give way on all points. The imprisoned
Catalans were released ; the state of siege was raised at Barce-
lona, and negotiations on the proposed new charges were opened
with the parliamentary Opposition. Finally the Chamber passed
a vote authorising the postponement of the debates on the Budget
of 1898-9 until the bill authorising the fresh expenditure had been
accepted by the Cortes. In a word legal resistance triumphed
all along the line, and a new social organisation seemed to be
taking its place beside the old and now powerless parliamentary
institutions, and Spanish militarism to be exhausted by its former
excesses.

V. PORTUGAL.

On the assembling of the Cortes (Jan. 2) the Portugese
Government at once intimated its intention of remaining
strictly neutral in any disputes arising among European Powers,
just as it had done in the previous year during the quarrel
between Spain and the United States. It had willingly in-
timated its adherence to the principles of the Peace Congress,
and was equally ready to take part in any conference for the
repression of the anarchists. The Ministry further promised
that the Cortes should be duly informed at the proper moment
of the negotiations which concerned the holders of the external
debt.

In the speech from the Throne the King insisted that it was
not enough to retain the colonial possessions in their absolute
integrity, but that the sacred patrimony of the nation should be
profitably developed, as intimately bound up with the economic
generation of the mother-country.

The declarations of the Government, however, with regard
to the external debt were not of a nature to satisfy the bond-

1899.] Portugal. — Financial Sittcation. [337

holders. The German Committee explained to the Portu-
guese Government that German public opinion demanded the
appointment of an international financial commission, and
further intimated that unless this wish were complied with the
negotiations for a settlement would prove a failure. To this
very definite challenge the Portuguese Minister replied by vague
promises, and postponed giving any distinct reply, beyond in-
serting in the Budget of 1899-1900 a sum of 895,000 milreis for
the interest of the external debt. This, however, by no means
implied that this comparatively imposing sum would be paid
to the bondholders. It only meant that the actual application
of the amount was dependent on the condition of the finances,
and these, in the actual condition of affairs, were in so tottering
a state that the smallest disturbance might at any moment
render the promise nugatory.

Nor was the anticipation of disturbance and difl&culty un-
justified by the result. The outbreak of bubonic plague at Oporto
at the beginning of the summer necessitated the isolation of
that city and its port — the most busy in Portugal — for several
weeks, during which all business was of necessity suspended.
The Government did not shrink from placing a sanitary cordon
round the plague-stricken city, but the French doctors, who had
flocked thither to apply the Pasteur-method treatment, were
met by such noisy protests against this ** barbarous method,"
that they were forced to abandon their- intention. At length,
however, the panic wore away, and the population realised
that whilst the ravages of the epidemic affected the imagina-
tion rather than the body, the safest protection was to be sought
in sanitary conditions of life.

Foreign politics were eagerly debated throughout the year
by the Portuguese Parliament and press, and the relations with
Great Britain especially aroused polemical discussion.

The questions arising out of the Delagoa Arbitration, which
had been referred to arbitration as far back as 1891, were
approaching solution. The commission, which had been sitting
(with prolonged adjournments) at Berne, despatched to Lorenzo
Marques an expert for the purpose of estimating the value of the
railway, the chief object in dispute. His valuation, including that
of the concession, amounted to 45,000,000 francs, which, with
the accrued interest, would amount to about 2,000,000Z. sterling.
The partition of the award thus ascertained was to be the
subject of subsequent settlement, but the means of meeting
such a demand were at once eagerly discussed. It was asserted
that a secret treaty on the matter existed between the British
and Portuguese Governments, and this understanding, asserted
by some and denied by others, remained until the end of the
year an unsolved mystery. The only ofl&cial document which
was cited by those who asserted the existence of an under-
standing was a despatch of Lord Granville, dated 1873, ad-
dressed to the British Minister at Madrid, in which the

Y

338J FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

Foreign Secretary said that between Portugal and Great
Britain there existed stipulations and treaties which obliged
the latter to defend Portugal against any foreign aggression.
The official qtcasi-neutTsiity of Portugal in the Anglo-Boer
war at the close of the year reflected the interpretation and
ideas of reciprocity founded by the Portuguese Ministry on these
documents.

Internally, and from a political point of view, little occurred
during the year to demand notice. The only bill of any im-
portance adopted by the Cortes was one for the reorganisation
of the Army, and applying the law of obligatory service more
strictly. In the Chamber of Peers the Conservative minority
attempted ineffectually to render the passing of the bill impos-
sible by quitting the House without voting, but the manoeuvre
was not successful, and the bill became law in the course of
the autumn.

VI. DENMABK.

The recent poUtical development in Denmark had shown a
continuous growth of democratic influence both in the House
and in pubUc opinion. During 1899 a fairly conciliatory spirit
prevailed, and no small amount of useful legislative work was
accomplished. The Premier, M. Horring, did not, however,
appear to get on with the majority in the Lower House so well
as did his predecessor. Baron Eeedtz-Thott. Considerable
friction was'specially caused by the apphcation of certain moneys
to the purchase of projectiles against the vote of the Folke-
thing and without the sanction of the Upper House. On this
matter the Government and the SecoDd Chamber were at
variance ; and it threatened to give some parliamentary trouble
before being finally arranged.

The year 1899 was the fiftieth anniversary of the Danish
Constitution — given by King Frederick VII. on June 5, 1849 —
and although the day was solemnised in various manners, and
by the different political parties, there was a lamentable absence
of generous and spontaneous sympathy and enthusiasm. Political
enthusiasm in Denmark had suffered much, and had grown stale,
as it were, during the many years of political strife and even of
stagnation. For although the Conservatives had been reduced
to a minority of sixteen seats, or about one-seventh in the Lower
House, they still remained in office, and the Liberals and Eadi-
cals in Opposition.

When the Eigsdag assembled after the Christmas adjourn-
ment, the Folkething's report on the Budget was so far advanced
that it could be distributed (Jan. 10), and the second reading,
extending over a fortnight, was at once taken. The committee
having subsequently completed its supplementary report, the
third reading — occupying a further week — was finally agreed
to (March 14). Before the conclusion of the third reading the
Premier stated that the Government could accept the Budget,

1899.] Denmark, — The Budget Squabbles, [339

with the exception of a sum of 200,000 kr. to be contributed
towards the Municipal Old Age Pension Fund. The First
Chamber commenced its first reading two or three days later
(March 17), and the Premier then qualified his position with
regard to the above-mentioned sum of 200,000 kr. by saying he
was willing to accept certain alterations in the bill, which were
subsequently agreed to. In the Landsthing's report upon the
Budget (March 23), there were three points of difference with
the Folkething. The Upper House having endorsed the amend-
ment made by their committee, the Budget was sent back to the
Folkething, where a compromise was speedily arrived at by
mutual concession, the Folkething giving way on two items,
whilst they maintained the third. On the follov^ng day the
Folkething adopted this framing of the Budget, in which the
Landsthing acquiesced, and the Budget was finally passed just
before the expiration of the financial year.

The item in dispute between the Government and the Lower
Chamber, viz., 520,000 kr., applied to extraordinary measures of
defence — for the purchase of shells — was not included in the
Ways and Means Bill, but embodied in a supplementary bill,
laid before the Folkething (Jan. 9). This item was removed
from the bill by the Folkething, and the Premier subsequently
stated in the Upper House that he would not propose its reintro-
duction, but that it would be included in the ordinary accounts.
The Premier further stated that he and the War Minister did
not wish the matter to be brought before the Landsthing, in
order to avoid objection being raised against any of the judges,
should the Folkething decide to take action against the Minis-
ters before the Constitutional Court (the Eigsret). The Lands-
thing, acting in accordance with the Premier's wishes, did not
include this item in the supplementary bill.

One of the most important measures which had for some
time been before the Legislature, and had engaged its attention
in more than one session, was now successfully passed, this was
the School Bill, improving the pay of teachers and raising the
standard of instruction. Before being again laid before the
Kigsdag — ^October 26, 1898 — the bill had been modified so as to
improve its chances of passing, and both Houses now showed
a desire to promote it. The Landsthing having referred it to
a committee of eleven members, the second and third reading
were both got through before the end of January. The Folke-
thing then took it up and referred it to a committee, finishing
the discussion on it in the beginning of March. The amended
bill having been again brought before both Houses was referred
to a joint conomittee and finally passed by the Folkething (March
22) and by the Landsthing the following day, a result which
was received with universal satisfaction.

Another bill, which had been the subject of somewhat diver-
gent opinions, was one providing small holdings of land for rural
workmen. This bill, introduced in the Folkething in the earlier

y2

340] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

part of the session, having also been discussed in previous years,
was passed by the Lower House towards the end of the session.
Having been referred to a committee by the Landsthing it
was ultimately passed through both Houses ; as was also a bill
dealing with the regulation of property between husband and
wife. Altogether, of 124 bills laid before the Eigsdag, forty-
three were passed before the closure (March 29) of the fifty-
first ordinary session ; but foremost amongst those not meeting
acceptance were the four Taxation Bills.

During the summer few political meetings were held, the
most important being the one at Odense, where the claims of
the farming classes to protection through an import duty were
discussed. A resolution was unanimously passed urging the
Government to appoint a special commission to investigate and
report on this important but intricate question ; and with this
request the Government found opportunity to comply.

Without waiting for a further expression of parUamentary
opinion three of the Ministers of State handed in their resigna-
tions (Aug. 28), viz., M. Bardenfleth, Minister of the Interior ;
M. Eump, Home Secretary and Minister for Iceland ; and
Colonel Tuxen, War Minister. The Premier (M. Horring)
temporarily took over the portfolios held by M. Eump, and
the others were respectively given to M. Bramsen and Colonel
Schnack. These changes were of no political importance, but
it was thought that the new Ministers might be found more
acceptable to the Folkething than their predecessors.

The Eigsdag having reassembled (Oct. 2) for its fifty-second
ordinary session, the Minister of Finance at once introduced
(Oct. 3) the Budget for 1900-1 — showing a surplus of nearly
7,000 kr., as compared with a deficit of about 1,800,000 kr. on
the current Budget. The Minister stated that the Budget would
be regarded as fairly satisfactory, there being a material increase
in almost all the indirect taxes, more especially in the Customs
revenue. A new item on the expenditure was a sum of
2,000,000 kr. to be applied on loan towards the purchase of
small holdings for agricultural labourers. The Minister also
laid the final Budget for 1898-9 before the House, pointing out
that the deficit of upwards of 5,000,000 kr. was practically
counterbalanced by the Government not having availed them-
selves of their right to sell stock for a similar amount which
had been voted for the construction of new railways. The
debate on the Budget was opened (Oct. 10) by M. Christensen-
Stadil, leader of the Left Eeform party, in a speech which
gave the keynote of his and his party's attitude towards the
Government. He compUmented the new War Minister on
his personal qualifications — but he looked upon the pohtical
con(fitions for co-operation as extremely unsatisfactory. He
(Colonel Schnack) had joined a Ministry, the Premier of which
had ignored and slighted the will of the Folkething, and in the
plain words of the Constitution, had used money which had not

1899.] Denviark. — Taxation Bills, [341

been voted by either House. Promising the new Minister of
the Interior co-operation for the passing of useful bills, he de-
nounced the coupling together of the four Taxation Bills, but
he promised that the Left would pass the two direct Taxation
Bills, for although they did not give much, they were steps
in the right direction. The debate on the Budget extended
over a dozen sittings, during which the oft-mentioned item of
520,000 kr. again played a prominent part. The leading
spokesmen of the Opposition repeatedly and at some length
went over the old ground, the Premier in his turn maintain-
ing that the Government in making this expenditure had not
in any way violated the Constitution, but that they had dis-
charged a constitutional duty.

The four Taxation Bills, which had already in previous
sessions occupied much of the Eigsdag's time were next intro-
duced (Oct. 20) by the Finance Minister. The bills in question
dealt with (1) the transfer of certain direct State taxes to local
authorities ; (2) an income and property tax ; (3) a reform of
the existing tariff, and (4) the increased taxation on the manu-
facture of corn brandy.

The first bill, providing for a transfer to the municipahties
of a portion of some of the State taxes, was to come into force
when the second bill (the State Income and Property Tax)
had become operative. This latter bill provided for an income
tax of IJ per cent., and a property tax of 0*3 per mille. Both
these bills were laid before the Landsthing in the form passed
by the Folkething in the previous session. The Tariff Bill
was almost identical with the measure introduced by the
Government in the previous session, only the calculations had
been brought down to date, showing a deficit of 5,028,078 kr.,
as against- 6,440,081 kr. According to the previous bill, the
reduction of the deficit had been brought about by the transfer
of the duty on petroleum and rice. The fourth bill increased
the taxation on the manufacture of corn brandy, raising it to
25 ore per litre of 50 per cent, alcohol, a reduction as compared
with the original bill. This proposed taxation meant a gain
to the Exchequer of about 5,000,000 kr. The Minister of
Finance, in the Folkething, stated that his position as to the
desirability of coupling these four bills together had not in
any way changed, as had been surmised by some member
on the other side. The four bills were then referred to a
committee, which, however, could not agree upon a joint
report ; but their second reading was passed in accordance v^th
the report of the majority of the committee — an essential point
of which was that the four bills should come into operation
simultaneously. The fate of these important measures was
consequently left an open question at the close of the year, but
would probably again engross the attention of the Eigsdag later
on in the session.

A number of practical measures were also brought before

342] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

the two Houses before Christmas. In the Folkething bills
were introduced dealing with the constitution of a commercial
department ; with increased pay in certain public departments
of the State service ; with the insurance of fishermen against
accidents ; with the building of a naval hospital ; with the State
control of factory labour ; with a steam ferry connection between
Denmark (Gjedser) and Germany (Wamemiinde), and with the
erection of various new railway stations, etc. The Landsthing,
in addition to the Taxation Bills, was called upon to consider
a bill reflating the election of members of the Copenhagen
Corporation, and bills dealing with parliamentary elections,
the inspection of food, education in the high schools, etc. Not
a few of these measures were intended to meet a distinct and
long-standing demand, and, having mostly been carefully framed
and well advanced in the respective Houses, were Hkely to be
finally passed before the end of the session.

A report of far-reaching importance was also completed
during the year, viz., that on the Eeform of the Administration
of the Law, the committee having been appointed in accordance
with royal decree as far back as May 11, 1892. The report,
which was in itself a proposal of reform, received much attention
throughout the country, and a question having been put in the
House to the Home Secretary, why a bill embodying the proposal
in question had not been introduced, an order of the day was
unanimously passed urging the Government to introduce a bill
without delay — an order of the day which the Home Secretary
said he could accept.

The political aspect was not altered to any marked degree
during the year. Although matters had not gone particularly
well with the Conservative party, nevertheless, at the annual
and well-attended meeting of its delegates early in December
votes in support of the party and its poUtical programme
were unanimously adopted.

VII. SWEDEN.

In few countries does the legislative machinery work more
smoothly and more regularly than in Sweden, both as regards
the doings within the Eiksdag and the length of its sittings.
A four months' session, from the middle of January till some
time in May, had become a rule with but few exceptions, and
things were generally managed so pleasantly during that period
that one was often compelled to look for the political landmarks
of the year outside Parliament. The somewhat protracted
election towards the end of the summer and the ** flag *' dispute
with Norway were the most important features in the history
of the year.

A few days before the opening of the Eiksdag it was
decided in the joint Council of State to leave the estabUshment
of a Swedish-Norwegian legation in Pekin in abeyance for the

1899.] Sweden, — The Budget, [343

present. This decision was determined by the position of the
Norwegian Government, which did not consider a diplomatic
representation in China necessary for the protection of Nor-
wegian interests — even if the Foreign Department had been in
accordance with Norwa/s pretensions.

On the Swedish Eiksdag assembhng (Jan. 17) M. Eeuters-
vard in the Upper House pointed out the extremely favourable
financial position, which would allow of the military and naval
votes being dealt vdth in a liberal manner, and of the defensive
measures of the country being pushed forward with vigour.
As far as the Union was concerned, it was the duty of Sweden
to resist any unjust demand from Norway, at the same time
Sweden would do all in her power to prevent the tie, which
united the two countries, being severed little by little. The
Presidents of the two Chambers, Count N. G. A. Sparre of the
first, and Count Eobert de la Gardie of the second, appointed by
the King, on taking their seats addressed the respective Houses.
Count de la Gardie, referring to the Greco-Turkish and the
Spanish-American wars, maintained that the old maxim, if you
want peace be prepared for war, still held good. Sweden could
congratulate herself upon having such a well-balanced Eiksdag.

The following day the Eiksdag was formally opened by a
speech from the Throne, read by M. Bostrom, the Prime
Minister. Having mentioned the friendly relations with all
foreign Powers, complimentary reference was made to the
Czar's peace manifesto, adding that, whatever would be the
result of the Peace Conference no country could omit doing
what was needful for her self-defence, and that Sweden must
continue to strengthen her means of defence, which were quite
inadequate. The next day the Budget was introduced, balanc-
ing with 130,807,000 kr., of which 21,316,000 kr. was surplus
from previous years. The expenses for the Army and Navy
amounted in the aggregate to 55,500,000 kr.

A few days later the debate in both Houses turned upon the
relations between Sweden and Norway, and it soon became
very animated. The more extreme of the Swedish Nationalists
had for some time been criticising the Government somewhat
severely, blaming M. Bostrom and his colleagues for not show-
ing sufiicient firmness in their attitude towards Norway. In
their press, and by one or two committee nominations in the
First Chamber, it had become evident that the section, of
which M. Eeutersvard and Professor Alin were the principal
spokesmen, was not by any means pleased with M. Bostrom
for his standpoint towards Norway, and it was freely rumoured
that they might even attempt to upset his Ministry. Professor
Alin, moreover, during the sitting, attacked the Government
for its attitude with regard to the resolution of the Norwegian
Storthing on the " flag " question. This attitude, he described,
as an attempt to upset the status quo policy, which was the
only one Sweden could now follow. In order to maintain the

344J FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

existing conditions, it was necessary to withstand the further
Norwegian demands, and he hoped this would be done. General
Bjornstjema did not think that another nation would thus
desire an alternative flag as did the Norwegian. It ought,
however, to be made optional for shipowners to use which of
the two flags they preferred, and it would then be seen which
flag would be most used. Baron Eeutersvard contradicted the
report that he and his party would, on this occasion, make an
attack upon the Bostrom Ministry. He only wished that all
future Governments would take up a similar attitude.

In the Second Chamber M. Staaf and M. Branting were
the principal speakers on behalf of the Opposition. The
former reproached the Government that they had not, at the
close of the work of the Union Committee, stretched out a
hand of conciliation to Norway, even at the risk of having
with the other to wave farewell to the Foreign Minister.
Count Hamilton, in replying to M. Staaf, qualified the
latter's attack as mean, malicious witticisms against a member
of the Ministry, and wholly unworthy of the importance of
the subject under discussion. M. Bostrom, the Premier, de-
clared that all the members of the Government were entirely
agreed amongst themselves, and that they had also been in
perfect accord with the majority of the Union Conamittee. M.
Bostrom finally stated that the whole welfare of both Sweden
and Norway depended on the Union.

Against some of the additional military votes there was a
certain amount of opposition in the Lower House, but by a
joint voting of the two Chambers (April 6) the vote for new
rifles was passed by 223 votes against 143, and a vote for
additional fortification defence by 191 against 172, in each
case the minority voting for reduced grants. The First
Chamber at the close of the session (May 15) received the
compliment from M. Eeutersvard that the House, under the
presidency of Count Sparre, had stood as one man when it
was a question of the welfare of the country. In the Second
Chamber Count de la Gardie dwelt upon the fact that the
present members would not again be called together, unless,
as was not at all likely, an extraordinary session should be
held prior to the general elections.

The general elections to the Second Chamber, commencing
in August, extended over a number of weeks, and although the
proceedings lacked some of the heated agitation observable in
other countries a very general and intelligent interest was dis-
played in the progress of the elections throughout the country.
Party hues in Sweden were less sharply defined than in neigh-
bouring countries, and throughout the elections the spokesmen
in favour of a less extreme policy in the dealings with Norway
found greater favour than the ultra-national party. The
Storsvenska and the Fosterldndska sections had to submit to
one defeat after another, although there was no lack of what

1899.] Sweden, — The General Election. [345

was called ** flag resolutions " in their support. Amongst
other places, the Fosterldndska Forbundet — the patriotic league
— suffered a notable defeat in Gothenburg, where all their
candidates succumbed to men of more liberal views. In Stock-
holm the candidates of the Liberal Union were returned in all
five divisions, with the exception of Captain Wallenberg who
was elected for the first division by the Moderates. Otherwise
the members elected by the capital were either Liberal Moderates
or Liberals, except M. Branting, a Social Democrat. Other-
wise the Social Democratic element was not represented in the
Swedish Legislature, and M. Branting's name, was moreover in-
cluded in the lists of both the Liberals and of the Moderates. In
some places extreme Nationalists were replaced by Conservatives
of less pronounced views. How the various parties within the
new Rigsdag would eventually group themselves remained to
be seen ; the only definite conclusion to be drawn from the
returns being a strong and general protest against Sweden
carrying the '*flag" question to extremes, whilst resisting in
some way or other, Norway's repeatedly and constitutionally
expressed intention to have her flag relieved of the emblem of
the Union. But if the Swedish nation showed by its general
vote no wish to challenge a serious conflict with Norway on
this matter, it did not follow that the former country meant to
adopt a policy of universal compliance towards the somewhat
aggressive sister country. On the contrary, the fact of Sweden
having decided to deal with every point in dispute according
to its merits, might be taken to indicate her intention of dis-
playing firmness against Norwegian demands, which could not
be morally or constitutionally justified.

At the election wiser counsels had prevailed, and this feehng
was further emphasised by Professor Alin and M. Eeutersvard
resigning their seats in the First Chamber, as soon as the
vindictive policy advocated by them had been condemned by
the nation at large. These two politicians, more especially
Professor Ahn, had by careful historic researches arrived at
the conclusion that Norway's relations to Sweden ought to be
those of a subordinate country, and of this untenable view the
general election had disposed. Neither the consular question
nor that of foreign representation was in any way prejudiced by
the abandonment of the extreme flag agitation, and the two
countries did not appear to be any nearer an amicable solution
of the conflict which for a long while has called for a definite
settlement.

That the election had materially improved the chances of the
Liberal factions was universally admitted, and the formation of
a new Liberal party, capable of uniting or absorbing its various
groups, was discussed even before the election was quite finished.
Professor Sixten von Friesen, one of the members for Stock-
holm, was mentioned as the probable leader. M. von Friesen
during the last session of the Eigsdag had introduced a

346] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. i[i899.

Suffrage Bill, which found favour with Liberals and Eadicals
aUke, and, although the representative of a town division, he
was liked by many. rural members on account of his pronounced
sympathy with a policy of greater economy. M. von Friesen
also was apparently quite independent of the Eadicals, who had
not been particularly successful in their efforts for the advance-
ment of Liberalism, although they made no small noise whenever
an opportunity offered itself. M. von Friesen's Suffrage Bill,
the main feature of which formed an important part of the
Liberal election progranmie, was based upon the principle that
political suffrage should be given to all who were entitled to vote
in municipal matters. To counterbalance this wide reform a
somewhat extensive compulsory military service was at the same
time to be introduced. There was, however, no certainty as to
the actual results of the election, and it was anticipated that
many of the new members would show less enthusiasm for
a Liberal suffrage reform in the House than they had affected
on the platform.

Another prominent feature of the electoral campaign of 1899
was the attitude of candidates towards the total abstinence
movement ; unprejudiced observers held that this question
could easily be mixed up too closely with politics, to no benefit
for either, and it was felt that on this subject more than one
candidate had made rash promises which would be difficult to
fulfil.

The once all-important question of protectionism and free
trade was forced into the background, indicating that no great
reforms in this direction were asked for or promised. Conse-
quently more stability was to be looked for in the Swedish tariff,
which promised to work beneficially for all concerned. It
would, however, appear that the free traders were slowly gain-
ing ground, and at an election to the Upper House in« October
at Norrkbping, a great manufacturing centre and formerly a
protectionist stronghold, a free trader, M. Carl Schwortg, was
returned, an event which would have been impossible some five
or six years previously.

The Norwegian flag question was before the J oint Councils
of State (Swedish and Norwegian) on October 6 and 11. It
transpired during those councils that the Foreign Minister,
Count Douglas, held a view differing from that of his colleagues
and of the King, his Majesty acquiescing in the demand of the
Norwegian Councillors of State, that the resolution of the
Norwegian Storthing should be pronounced law. The resig-
nation of Count Douglas as Foreign Minister, which had for
some time been rumoured, promptly followed, and M. Lager-
heim, Swedish Ambassador to the German Court, was appointed
his successor. The War Minister, Baron Eappe, also resigned,
M. von Crusebiorn succeeding him ; another change being that
of Consulting Councillor of State, Baron Akerhielm, being
replaced by M. Eostadius. M. Lagerheim's acceptance of office

1899.] Norway. — Attitvde toward Sweden, [347

was hailed in Norway by the Conservative party with satisfaction,
as likely to improve the relations between the two countries.
The new War Minister was understood to be in favour of
universal compulsory service and a further extension of the
fortifications, more especially those of Northern Sweden.

Vin. NORWAY.

The year 1899 in Norway was somewhat a disappointment
to those who were looking for the dawn of a new era. The
doings and tactics of the Radical party subsequent to their
getting into power seemed, in the opinion of many of their
supporters, to fall far short of the promises and protestations in
which they indulged whilst fighting for ofl&ce. On the other
hand, it should not be forgotten that the suffrage question had
been settled in full accordance with the Radical programme,
and that the principle of parliamentary Government had been
fully recognised. With their all-powerful majority the Radicals
might, however, have been expected to have added to their
achievements during the year.

Previous to the reassembling of the Storthing after the
Christmas recess, M. Stang, at a meeting at Frederikshald,
spoke rather hopefully of the pohtical outlook, from a Conserva-
tive point of view. He declared his firm belief in a peaceful
solution of the conflict on the Union question on a moderate
Conservative basis. The standpoint of the Left was impossible,
and could only be carried by adopting hostile measures towards
Sweden, which, he felt sure, the Norwegian nation would never
sanction. Should the Left now become too aggressive, great
difficulties would arise, and misfortunes would follow. A truce
was necessary also for the purpose of heahng the wounds
which the resolution about the **pure " Norwegian flag had in-
flicted upon all sections of the Swedish nation. Time would
bring acquiescence, as well as the solution of the other
Unionist difficulties. This statement gave the keynote of the
Conservative views, and would also appear to have, to some
extent at least, influenced the Radical leaders. These showed
themselves strangely reticent on various occasions, when
plain speaking and moral courage were looked for by many
of their followers, but discretion was much in favour with
them throughout the whole of the long session. Notwithstand-
ing the absence of any heated political obstruction, the legisla-
tive work done was very moderate in both quality and quantity,
and the Government displayed no great business capacity to
compensate for the political languor. The Radical majority as
a body adopted a passive attitude, and rather shrank from than
coveted the opportunities which offered themselves for bringing
forward the high-sounding resolutions which were conspicuously
paraded during the electioneering campaign.

The financial doings of the Storthing were somewhat

348] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

severely criticised by its opponents, and the Government was
blamed for not paying sufl&cient attention to the strained
financial situation which prevailed, more especially in the
Norwegian capital. The railway votes were considered too
generous, under the circumstances ; to the military grants
was raised the additional objection that they were given a
political colouring, which must of necessity have been un-
palatable to the Swedish nation.

This remark applied still more to the '* pure " flag question,
which, politically speaking, was by far the most important
event of the year. Vain hopes were entertained in some
quarters that the matter would have been allowed to stand
over. This was not to be; it was carried to the bitter
end, and Norway, or rather the Eadical Government, in so
doing did not commit any violation of the Constitution,
although an opposite view was held by many in Sweden.
This view, however, hardly lessened the painful impression
produced on the other side of the Kolen Mountains. What
the Norwegians decided on was to remove the emblem of the
Union from the Norwegian flag; whilst Sweden continued to
carry it in her flag, the emblems in each case being the
colours of the other country.

The action of the Norwegian Government was bound to call
forth, and did call forth, a storm of bitter indignation in Sweden.
The matter was before the Joint Council of State in Stockholm,
and two days later a special edition of the Swedish ofl&cial
paper contained an announcement that the King, in Joint
Council of State, had decreed that the Norwegian Flag Act
should be promulgated. This Act came into force from having
been three times passed by the Norwegian Storthing, the King's
sanction being thereby dispensable. The King, consequently,
in this case was forced to authorise the publication of an act
from which he had withheld his sanction. In the first Coun-
cil of State (Oct. 6) the Swedish Foreign Minister, Count
Douglas, pointed out that the position of the Norwegian
Government was settled by the royal letter of June 20, 1844,
which had hitherto been the authority for the style of the flags
of the two countries. He argued, therefore, that the Norwegian
authorities had not acted correctly in ignoring his view, and that,
in his opinion, the royal letter still remained in force, and that
any alteration in the existing situation could only be passed by
the Joint Council of State. At a subsequent meeting of the
Joint Council of State (Oct. 11) the Swedish members protested
against the resolution of the Norwegian Government to notify
its decision on the flag question to the ambassadors as well as
to the consuls. The Foreign Minister maintained his original
position, but the Premier, M. Bostrom, pointed out that the
Foreign Minister was in this matter at variance with the
other members of the Ministry. (Count Douglas, the Foreign
Minister, subsequently resigned.) The King's views in the

1899.] Norway. — The King's Attitvde, [349

matter were expressed in a note stating that ** the uniform
resolution concerning the flag question, which the Norwegian
Storthing has passed three times, has, as is well known,
three times been refused my sanction as King of Norway, for
the reasons I had placed on record in the Norwegian Council
of State, held December 10, 1898. Here I must, as King of
the United Kingdoms, declare that I disapprove and regret
any change in the resolution of my exalted father, of June
20, 1844, and I still consider it would have been to the
interest of both kingdoms — not the less for Norway — to main-
tain it. By the emblem of the Union, thereby provided, a
visible and fully satisfactory expression of the equal standing
of the two nations had been established.*' Regretting the
existing constitutional conditions in this connection the King,
however, declared that the regulations of the royal letter of
June 20, 1844, ceased to apply to the Norwegian merchant
flag from December 15, 1899. The King also instructed the
proper authorities to communicate this to foreign Powers
and the legations and consulates of the United Kingdoms
(Norway and Sweden). The removal of the visible emblem
of the Union from the Norwegian flag caused even in Norway
much regret and dissent, although the ^ave results anticipated
in numerous quarters were probably chimerical.

In another way also the proceedings of the Storthing proved
a disappointment. The advocates of calling the Storthing to-
gether in October instead of, as hitherto, in January, insisted
that the session would thereby be considerably shortened. The
opposite proved to be the case, for the 1898-9 session was the
longest on record, since annual sessions of the Storthing, which
were introduced in 1871. The sessions had for years been
steadily lengthening, without the legislative work being at all
proportionately increased; and this year the end of May had
arrived before the Storthing was prorogued, the session having
then lasted seven months and seventeen days.

During the summer the King was present at a solemn
miUtary function at Haplund, where new standards were pre-
sented to a number of regiments. The King made an eloquent
speech to the troops and was received with much enthusiasm.

The Storthing reassembled (Oct. 11), and was solemnly
opened a day or two later with a speech from M. Steen, the
Premier. He announced that several new measures would be
laid before the Storthing, including a military criminal code, a
proposal dealing with disablement and old-age pensions, a new
tariif, etc. Eeferring to the strained state of the money market,
he referred to over-speculation and over-production in some
branches as the causes. The credit side of the Budget amounted
to 92,300,000 kr., whilst the expenditure was calculated at
90,200,000 kr. The greater portion of the surplus arose from
extra taxation of income and property. It was proposed to
apply 9,800,000 kr. to railway construction, this sum being

350] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

obtained from State loans. An increase in the revenue of the
State railways about covered a corresponding reduction in the
customs receipts. It was also proposed to prolong for four
years the extra taxation on income and property, by which time
the whole of the votes for extraordinary defence measures —
43,900,000 kr.— would be covered.

A few days after the reassembling of the Storthing the
representatives of the Left met in order to consider the pro-
gramme for the next general election. This important question
had already been publicly discussed for some time previous to
the meeting. With one or two exceptions, the Eadical papers
urged the party to adopt a more active, not to say aggressive,
policy in the ** Union's conflict," although the paper, which
was supposed to act as the mouthpiece of the present Eadical
Government, pointed out the great risk which an acute conflict
vnth Sweden would involve. At the same time it was insisted
that the old demands for separate and independent Norwegian
institutions (separate diplomatic and consular representation)
should be maintained, only it should be left more or less to the
discretion of the members, how and when these claims should
be advanced. Otherwise the official paper bad, since the flag
question had been solved in accordance with the wishes of the
Radical party, often assumed an overbearing tone in its
reference to Sweden. Only a few days previously, when touch-
ing upon the large defensive votes which had been passed in
recent years, it had stated that the point was to make Norway
capable of defending herself against possible Swedish plans of
attack. This was now in a fair way of being compassed. The
moment for action was now approaching, and it was time to

Eut the question of the Union forward as an active programme,
ut it was best to advance step by step, first by consular
representation, that was now ripe, etc.

It was therefore a matter of little surprise that the meeting
of delegates for the Eadical, or Left party as they called them-
selves, fully endorsed these views, though with some reserve as
regards the choice of time. The programme, approved of by
the meeting, contained the following items : —

The consummation of Norway's independence by means of
separate Norwegian foreign representation and independent
Norwegian consuls; the resolution with regard to the latter
to be passed before the next general election. The second
resolution endorsed the principle of arbitration and neutrality,
the third advocated insurance against disablement, comprising
the whole Norwegian nation. This programme was then for-
warded to the local Eadical unions for further consideration.

The Storthing, by 95 votes against 21, passed (Oct. 25) the
proposal for a new State loan of 30,000,000ki. The minoritj'
advocated a loan of only 20,000,000 kr., which they considered
adequate for the first three or four years.

1899.] Asia. — India, — Afghanistan, [351

CHAPTER V.

ASIA.
I. INDIA, ETC.

Afghanistan. — Not for many years had Afghanistan been less
disturbed than in 1899. Few tribal risings occurred and the
Ameer Abdurrhaman continued friendly to Great Britain. Yet
there was a disquieting rumour that Russia was preparing to
advance on Herat in certain eventuaUties, and that an experi-
mental mobilisation of Russian troops from Tiflis to Kuskh
(some sixty miles from Herat) was made at the close of the
year.

Several small disturbances were created along the frontier
in February by marauding bands of Waziris and Mahsuds,
which were easily suppressed by the local militia without aid
from regular troops.

Captain Ross-Keppel in March made a sudden attack on a
predatory band of Chamkannis that had been raiding in the
Kuram Valley and captured 100 prisoners with 3,000 head of
cattle. These raids, though tiresome, were, however, of no
political importance.

But in consequence of repeated outrages committed by the
Waziris, and especially because of the murder of Colonel E. H.
le Marchant of the Hampshire Regiment, the Indian Govern-
ment in May ordered the partial disarmament of the Peshawar
division, and of all trans-border Pathans at the frontier, and the
disarmament of all persons without licences in all municipalities
and cantonments within the division.

In spite of punitive measures the robber "Waziris in July
continued their lawless attacks, chiefly with a view to cattle
raiding.

In accordance with the frontier policy of the Viceroy . all
regular troops were withdrawn from the Khyber Pass in Dec-
ember to Peshawar, leaving the forts and posts in the pass to be
guarded by the Khyber Rifles. Complete tranquillity prevailed
in consequence, and the Afridis and other local tribes were
thereby convinced that the Government had no idea of annex-
ing their territory or of placing British garrisons over the border.
The Ameer kept up a friendly correspondence with the Vice-
roy, Lord Curzon, during the year, and the relations between
Afghanistan and the Indian Government were never more
cordial.

352J FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

Bunnah. — Peace and prosperity reigned in almost every
district during the year and the organised gangs of dacoits
were dispersed. The Government continued renewing the
expiring leases for working the forests instead of assuming the
work.

The demarcation of the southern section of the Burmo-
Chinese frontier was completed in May, and in October the
final delimitation for the season was accompHshed. The
frontier from the river Namyang runs due east, adding to
the northern Shan States several hundred square miles more
than was given by the line laid down by the agreement of 1897.

A good railway route from Yung-chang-fu to Yin-chau,
near Shunning-fu, was discovered, rendering railway connection
practicable between Burmah and the Chinese province of
Yunnan.

A chief court of justice for Lower Burmah, consisting of
a chief and three associate judges, was recommended by the
Government in August.

At the close of the year the construction of the Bassein-
Henzada Eailway was about to begin, and also the survey of
the Pegu-Moulmein Une.

It was announced that 2,020,881 tons of rice were this year
available for export from Burmah.

Bombay. — The Hon. Sir Henry Stafford Northcote, baronet,
was appointed in November to be Governor of Bombay in
succession to Lord Sandhurst, on the expiration of his term
of office in February, 1900.

The native editor of a Marathi newspaper, the Gurakki,
published at Bombay, was sentenced in June to six months'
imprisonment for publishing in March in that paper a series of
seditious articles, which were a direct incitement to rebellion.

A great sensation was caused at Poona on February 8
by the assassination of the brothers Dravid, the informers
through whose evidence Damodar Chapekar was convicted of
the murder of Mr. Eand and Lieutenant Ayerst in June, 1897.
The Dravids were enticed from their house and shot. While
several members of a club formed by Damodar Chapekar were
being examined at the police station, the youngest brother of
Damodar fired a revolver at the native chief constable, boasted
that he had killed the brothers Dravid, and declared that
Eanade, a Brahmin, who had been arrested on suspicion, was
his accomplice. In March Balkrishna Chapekar, Vasudeo
Chapekar and Eanade were found guilty of the murder of
Lieutenant Ayerst and Mr. Eand, and sentenced to < death.
Vasudeo and Eanade were previously convicted of the murder
of the brothers Dravid. I

In October the Bombay millowners decided to rurii their
cotton mills only four days per week on account of the /depres-
sion caused by the failure of the Indian cotton crop, jfche low
price of yam, and the glut in the Chinese market.

1899.] Asia. — Famine. — Bengal. [353

Plague continued its ravages in Bombay. In the last week
of January there were in the city 538 deaths from plague, 82
more than in the previous week. In the first week of March
more than 1,000 deaths were set down to this cause. In April
there was a decline in this third epidemic, but in early
September there was a recrudescence of it in the Bombay
Presidency. By the official estimate the total plague mortality
throughout India was declared to be not less than 250,000 since
the epidemic began. This was probably far below the actual
mortality. From evidence given before the Indian Plague
Commission in February during the first outbreak in Poona,
from January to May, 1897, there were 1,500 deaths from
plague in a population of about 90,000, and on the second
outbreak, from August to April, 1898, there were 3,633 deaths.

Famine. — Through the failure of the monsoon and the
deficient rainfall severe famine was this year again threatened.
At the end of September famine relief was being given in
Bombay, Eajputana, the Central Provinces and the Punjab.
The scarcity was likely to be most severely felt in Eajputana.
In October it was estimated that fifty lakhs of rupees would be
required to make advances on loan to the native States. On
October 20, at a meeting of the Legislative Council, a state-
ment as to the probable area of scarcity was presented. By
this forecast 100,000 square miles of British territory, with a
population of 15,000,000, and 250,000 square miles in native
States, with a population of 15,000,000, were affected. The
season continued practically rainless, and at the close of the
year the numbers employed on reUef works were as follow :
In Bombay, 475,000; Punjab, 110,000; Central Provinces,
1,027,000; Berah, 156,000; Ajmere, 111,000; Eajputana,
132,000 ; Central India, 48,000 ; Bombay States, 321,000, and
Baroda, 61,000 — total, 2,451,000. On account of the usual
winter rains failing to appear, famine increased in the affected
districts. It was estimated that relief expenditure would cost
the Indian Government quite 2,000,000/. before the close of
the financial year.

Bengal. — An appalling disaster occurred in Northern Bengal
at Darjeeling and vicinity on September 25, involving great loss
of life and immense destruction of property. Serious landslips
were caused by a terrible storm accompanied by earthquake
shocks. Within twenty-four hours twenty inches of rain fell.
Nine European children lost their lives at Darjeeling, including
five children of Mr. Lee, a Methodist Episcopal missionary.
Some seventy natives also were killed near by. Four Europeans
— two railway officials and two planters — were swept away and
drowned by the heavy floods on the river Tista at Jalpaiguri.
From Jalapahar to Birch Hill nearly 1,000 acres of tea planta-
tions were destroyed. A part of the eastern slopes fell away
3,000 feet. At Bhool the bazaar was completely destroyed, and
200 natives were overwhelmed and killed.

Z

354] FOEEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

Queen Victoria telegraphed to the Viceroy for details of
the disaster, at the same time expressing her profound sym-
pathy for the sufiferers and the bereaved.

It was proposed, in order to remedy the congestion and
insanitation of Calcutta, that during the next five years five
crores of rupees should be expended in widening the streets
and constructing fifteen miles of new streets in the northern
quarter of the city.

North-West Provinces, — Sir Anthony MacDonnell, the Lieu-
tenant-Governor, opened on January 25 the Elgin bridge over
the Gogra, connecting the narrow gauge railways of the North-
West Provinces. The bridge cost 200,000Z, and by it through
communication for very long distances was made possible.
The Viceroy sanctioned in April the construction of 550 miles
of tram-railways, with a gauge of two feet six inches in districts
north and south.

The alleged mismanagement of the local finances of the
municipality of Agra received the attention of the Lieutenant-
Governor, and he appointed an official secretary to carry out
necessary reforms. It was affirmed that the octroi levied on
the people of Agra was excessive, and that the poorer classes
must be freed from the burden of such taxation.

A monument recording the services of the 32nd Foot during
the siege of Lucknow was unveiled in April by Lady Inglis, the
widow of the conmaander of the Lucknow garrison.

Madras, — Serious disturbances took place in June in the
Tinnevelly and Madura districts, between the Maravas and
Shanars. The Maravas burnt the village of Chinnapuram on
June 9, and a number of other villages later. The riots spread
to the adjoining province of Travancore where the police were
forced to retire. In an attack on Sivakasi (June 6) 887 houses
were burned, twenty-five persons were killed, and over ninety
arrests were made. At Samboovadagarai 450 houses were
burned. A large police force with European officers was
stationed in July in the disturbed district which extended over
an area of 100 miles square. The Shanars in several of the
viUages were converted to Islam, and turned their temples into
mosques. A special commissioner was appointed by the Madras
Government to act promptly in settling these disturbances on
his own discretion.

Native States, — The effects of famine were more severely felt
this year in some of the native States than in other parts of
India, but all their rulers were energetically coping with the
distress. Native and English officers, versed in famine affairs,
were lent to native States, and large sums of money were
advanced by the Government Treasury to States unable to
provide funds for relief. The Maharajah Scindia, whose terri-
tories were not seriously affected, advanced loans vnth Govern-
ment consent to some of the neighbouring States in distress
from famine.

1899.] Asia, — hidia. — Legislation, [355

The native rulers and princes were showing most loyal
devotion to the Empress-Queen, and made numerous offers of
money and troops for the war in South Africa.

The Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maharajah of GwaUor,
among others, offered their services.

National Congress, — The fifteenth Indian National Congress
met at Lucknow on December 27, and Mr. Komesh Chunder
Dutt was chosen president. In his opening address he referred
to the excellency of the Indian Civil Service, characterising it
as the finest administrative body in the world, and expressed a
hope for continued progress under British rule.

The usual resolutions criticising the measures of the Govern-
ment were adopted. Leading Mahomedans held a meeting
early in December, the Kajah Sir Amir Hassan presiding, that
repudiated the claim of the congress to represent the opinions
of the people of Lucknow, and expressed the conviction that
the congress movement impeded the true political and moral
progress of the country.

Viceroy. — Lord Curzon of Kedleston formally assumed the
office of Governor-General on January 6, at Calcutta, in suc-
cession to Lord Elgin. On landing at Bombay he had been
received with great demonstrations of popular welcome and on
his arrival at Calcutta (Jan. 3) with Lady Curzon received
an enthusiastic reception.

The Viceroy visited the Punjab in April, and was everywhere
received with addresses of v^elcome, to which he felicitously
responded. In the autumn he made a private tour throughout
the plague and famine-stricken districts. At Poona on November
11 he addressed a meeting where he declared himself most
strongly in favour of inoculation against the plague, as a vdse
and necessary precaution.

Legislation. — Sir J. Westland on March 10 introduced in the
Legislative Council the Government bill imposing a counter-
vailing duty on bounty-fed sugar imported into India, urging
that the importation of such sugar seriously affected the Indian
producer and that it had already led to the closing of many
refineries. He alleged also that the imports of German and
Austrian sugar had of late years enormously increased.

The Viceroy and others defended the principle of the bill,
and it was passed on March 20. It was thought by many that
the revenue from the new tax would not, however, exceed
50,000^. a year. The entire press in India, native and English,
approved this action of the Government.

In February the Indian Contract Act Amending Bill was
passed, conferring upon the courts powers to protect all persons
from bargains unfairly contracted, including those between
ryots and money lenders.

The Indian Currency Committee having reported in July
strongly in favour of a gold standard, and of fixing the legal
rate of the rupee at Is. 4d., the Secretary of State for India

z2

356] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

informed the Viceroy that the Government had decided to
recommend the Indian Government to adopt this measure.
Mr. Clinton Dawkins on September 8 introduced the Currency
Bill in the Council at Simla, and the bill passed, September 15.

The British sovereign was made legal tender and current
coin in India, and the mints were to be open to the unrestricted
coinage of gold. Coins would be struck in India when the
necessary machinery arrived, and meanwhile gold bulUon would
be received at the Indian mints. There was no obligation to give
gold for rupees, but the Government would keep in view the
attainment of practical convertibility at the earliest possible
moment.

Financial. — Sir James Westland, the financial member of
the Legislative Council on March 20 presented his Budget
statement. The accounts for 1897-8 closed with a deficit
of Ex.5, 630,000, and the revised estimate for 1898-9 showed
then a surplus of Ex. 4, 759,400. The estimate for 1899-1900
showed a surplus of Ex.3,932,600. Almost every department
of revenue had improved during the current financial year, with
less expenditure under most heads, but an excess of Ex.3()0,000
over the Budget Estimate was due to the plague. The railway
memorandum annexed to the Budget showed that 1,451 miles
of new Unes were opened during the current year ; the total
opened lines being 22,650 in extent. During the ensuing year
1,570 miles would be finished, leaving 1,859 miles to be
completed in carrying out the sanctioned programme for the
ensuing three years.

In the debate which followed in the Council there was a
general recognition of the ability shown by Sir J. Westland in
the management of the public finances during his term of
office.

Some of the members advocated remissions of taxation, and
Mr. Arthur, the representative of the Bengal Chamber of
Commerce, strongly urged the reduction by half of the tele-
graph rate between India and Europe and the inmiediate
permanent convertibility of the currency into a gold inter-
national standard of value. Eeplying on the whole debate,
Sir James Westland said that the Government could not con-
sider any remission of taxation until a general position of
surplus was established. The question of a reduction of the
telegraph rate was engaging the attention of the Secretary of
State. In bidding farewell to the Council, Sir James expressed
the hope that the season of prosperity would last long enough
to enable the Viceroy to take up the many suggestions made
during the debate. In summing up the discussion, the Viceroy
said that he beheved the rupee would retain during the ensuing
year the position it had held during the past twelve months,
and he himself should be disappointed if they were not able
to invest the 16d. rupee with a greater durability than it had
ever hitherto attained.

1899.] Asia. — China. [357

An explanatory memorandum issued by the Secretary of
State for India later showed an increase of net revenue in the
Budget for 1899-1900 amounting to Ex.1,058,600. In the
net expenditure, reductions under different heads amounted
to Rx. 1,1 74, 700, adding to this the increase in the amount
by which the expenditure was to be met from the provincial
balances gave a total improvement of Rx.3,041,200, estimating
the rupee at 15 Jd. The coming Budget was likely to show, a
fair surplus notwithstanding the cost of the famine. Revenue
from railways, canals and opium, and the high rate of exchange,
contributed greatly to this result, as well as the cessation of
military operations.

Mr. Clinton Dawkins succeeded Sir J. Westland as financial
member of the Viceroy's Council, but resigned the oflSce (to take
effect in March, 1900) in order to become a partner in the
London banking house of J. S. Morgan & Co. In October the
Queen approved of the appointment of Sir Edward Fitzgerald
Law, K.C.M.G., to succeed Mr. Dawkins on his relinquishinent
of the office.

Trade. — Owing to Russian competition there was a decrease
in the Indian trade, im Cashmere with Thibet and Chinese
and Russian Turkestan. The tea trade revived in the early
part of the year and tea exports from Calcutta increased.

From the annual official report of the trade of India in
1898-9 by Mr. J. E. O'Conor, Statistician to the Indian Govern-
ment it appeared that the imports were Rx.86,264,298 against
Rx.89,742,949 in 1897-8 and the exports were Rx.120,129,654
against Rx. 104,671,442 in 1897-8. While the total amounts of
imports and exports were satisfactory the imports of the year
were not in excess of the average for the seven years ending
1898-9 and the exports were only 6 per cent, larger than those
for 1892-3.

II. CHINA.

Much interest in Chinese affairs was maintained this year
by the principal foreign Powers, and many new concessions
were granted, but there were few signs of any immediate
results. Foreign attentions were as distasteful as ever to
China.

An edict was issued on January 4 appointing all Viceroys
and Governors of provinces ex-officio members of the Tsung-li-
Yamen.

For a long time the French had been desirous of extending
their exclusive settlement at Shanghai, and had demanded two
suburbs in exchange for a plot of ground where the natives
were wont to deposit their dead while awaiting transport to
Nmgpo. The Chinese authorities were disposed to grant the
concession at first, but after protests made by the British
Ambassador and the American Minister the demand for th?
extension of French jurisdiction was refused.

858] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [i899.

When afterwards it was found that the French settlement
did not imply any special privileges to French citizens to the
detriment of other residents, the British protest was withdrawn,
and an increase which had long been desired was also granted
in May by the Viceroy of Nanking to the area of the Interna-
tional Settlement at Shanghai.

The Tsung-li-Yam^n on February 3 consented to the open-
ing of Nanning-fu on the Yu-kiang Eiver as a new treaty port.

Hu-Yu-Fin, chief director of the Northern Eailways wa»B
accused of maladministration (Jan. 26) and superseded by
Chang- Yi, a great speculator, and one of the richest men in
North China. Sir Claude Macdonald, the British Ambas-
sador, refused to recognise this appointment until the charges
made against Hu-Yu-Fin were investigated. A commission of
inquiry was appointed, and in consequence of their report an
imperial edict was promulgated (March 7) discharging the
prisoner. Nevertheless Chang- Yi was finally recognised. No
salary attached to the appointment, and Chang- Yi expected
profits from the handling of the earnings of the line and by
compelling the use of inferior coal from his own coal mines.
Despite British opposition increasing favour was shown to
Chang- Yi, and he received an honourable court appointment in
June.

The prospectus of the Chinese Imperial Eailway five per
cent, gold loan for 2,300,000Z. was issued in February. . The
loan was to be secured in part by the earnings of an extension
line to the port of Niu-Chwang. The Eussian Minister, M. de
Giers, protested, alleging that the clause providing that the
chief engineer should be British conflicted with the conditions
of the Eusso-Chinese agreement given to M. Pavlofif in August
preceding. The Tsung-li-Yam6n replied that it did not conflict,
and asked whether, if they gave way, Great Britain would
reckon with Eussia, or hold China alone responsible. The
Eussian Minister renewed his protest, objecting to the chief
engineer being British, and that the loan should be secured on
the earnings of the new line. England renewed her emphatic
declaration that the contract could not be altered. Finally, in
April, Eussia withdrew her opposition to the loan, although still
protesting.

The petition of Liu-Kun-Yi, Viceroy of Nanking, addressed
to the Throne, and asking to be relieved from the duties of his
office on account of his age and failing health, was refused. He
had previously recommended in another memorial the proper
training of military officers and the use of modem weapons
and forms of drill. For this presumption he was severely
censured by an imperial edict issued in January.

The Italian Minister on February 28 presented demands to
the Tsung-H-Yamen for the lease of Sammun Bay on the coast
of Che-kiang as a coaling station and naval base, including
the concession of three islands off the coast, with the right to

1899.] Asia. — China. — Railtvays. [359

construct a railway from Sammun Bay to Poyang Lake within
a sphere of influence comprising the southern two thirds of
Che-kiang province. The demand was supported by a note
from the British Minister, but it was rejected with contempt by
the Tsung-li-Yamto. To enforce the demand some ItaUan
marines were landed at Sammun Bay. Through misunder^
standing, Sgr. Martino, the Italian Minister, sent an ultima-
tum with the sanction of his Government, allowing only four
days for a reply. Italy not intending to resort to force dis-
avowed this ultimatum, and recalled Sgr. Martino. Pending
the appointment of his successor, Italy was represented by the
British Ambassador at Pekin. Negotiations were continued
between Italy and China after the appointment of Sgr. Sal-
vago Raggi as the Italian Minister at Pekin. In May the
Italian demand was confined to the lease of a coaUng station
merely. In August mining rights in North Che-kiang and a
chair of Italian at Pekin University were demanded, but the
Tsung-li-Yamen, while wilUng to grant the mining rights,
stubbornly refused to concede any other demands.

Sir Claude Macdonald obtained leave of absence in March
for a visit to England, and Mr. Bax Ironside, Secretary of
Legation, became British Charge d' Affairs ^ ad interim.

At the end of April Great Britain and Russia concluded an
agreement vnth regard to their respective railway interests in
China that had been discussed for many months.

1. Great Britain engaged not to seek on her own account
or for others railway concessions north of the great wall of
China, and not to obstruct Russian applications for concessions
in that region.

'2. Russia made a like agreement respecting the basin of the
Yang-tsze, relative to British claims and concessions.

3. The contracting parties agreed to inform China of the
arrangement, since they had no desire in any way to infringe
the sovereign rights of China or existing treaties.

An agreement was appended as to the Shanghai-Kuan and
Niu-Chwang Railway which declared that the railway must
remain a Chinese line under control of the Chinese Govern-
ment, and that the Chinese Government might appoint both
an PjUglish engineer to supervise the construction of the line
and a European accountant to look after the expenditures
appropriated.

In March the Belgian Minister apphed to the Tsung-li-
Yamen for a concession at Hankow for land on which to build
the terminus of the Luhan Railway. This had the support of
the British Minister, although Belgium had played an un-
friendly part in railway negotiations. China was disposed to
grant the land to Belgian employees, but declined to yield the
valuable river frontage which was asked for. China, however,
agreed in December to allow M. Rouflfart, a Belgian engineer,
to construct a railway connecting the Luhan Line with Honan-

360J FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

fu, with right of future extension to Sin-gan-fu, the capital of
Shensi province, but Sir Claude Macdonald protested on the
ground that this concession had already been applied for by
the Pekin syndicate.

Inundations of the Yellow Eiver created much distress in
Shantung province, reducing 2,000,000 of people to starvation.
Li-Hung-Chang returned to Pekin from his inspection, and
reported that it would cost 4,000,000/. sterhng to construct the
barriers to prevent these floods. By imperial decree 400,000
taels were provided for works on the Yellow Eiver and 600,000
taeis for erecting dykes, and 2,000,000 taels were to be devoted
to deepening the mouth of the river.

On account of the threatening attitude of the people in this
province towards foreigners the German war-ships landed men
in April to put down disturbances.

The Anglo-German loan contract for the Tien-tsin and
Ching-kiang Eailway was signed on May 18. The line, 613 miles
long, would be a Chinese Government railway, to be completed
within five years; the loan having a period of redemption of
fifty years with security from a Government guarantee and
from the railway itself. The amount of the loan was
7,400,000Z. with interest at 5 per cent. The German section
of the road from Tien-tsin to the southern border of Shantung
was to be under German and Chinese management, and the
English section to Ching-kiang under joint English and Chinese
control. An imperial edict in May sanctioned the construction
of this important railway.

Shantu in Samsah Bay was conceded as a treaty port in May,
and Yo-chau-fu at the entrance of Tung-ting Lake on November
13, being the first port to be opened in the province of Hu-nan.

The Chinese authorities decHned in November to grant the
application made by a British syndicate for a concession to
remove existing obstructions from the Yang-tsze with a view
to improving the navigation of the river. The reason assigned
for the refusal was that the obstructions constitute a valuable
defence against foreign invasion.

An imperial order of the Eussian Government was issued
in August directing that Ta-lien-wan would be a free port when
the Siberian railway was finished.

Eussia made claim on May 7 for a concession to construct
a separate railway connecting Port Arthur with Pekin. This
was refused on the ground that no more concessions could be
granted till the lines already allowed were completed. M. de
Giers informed the Tsung-li-YamSn that the Eussian Govern-
ment insisted that the right to construct this railway must be
granted. The Chinese were, however, determined to resist
this demand, and they were so advised by the British Govern-
ment.

A dispute with regard to the possession of some land at
Hankow purchased in 1863 by Jardine, Matheson & Co., an

1899.] Asia. — China. — Hong-Kofig. [361

English firm, and afterwards included in concessions to Russia,
was by M. de Giers and Mr. Bax Ironside arranged to be
submitted to arbitration.

The Franco-Chinese agreement for the construction of the
Lung-chau and Nanning-fu Railway was signed on September
15, the Chinese Government to provide 3,100,000 taels of the
capital. The work was to be completed within three years,
and only French engineers and French materials were to be
employed. The French claimed to have obtained mining con-
cessions in six districts of Szu-chuan province, but these
appeared to conflict with the contract made with Mr. W.
Pritchard Morgan and an American syndicate in February.
The French demanded 1,200,000 taels and mining rights around
Chung-King as indemnity for outrages on French missionaries
in Szu-chuan. The Dowager-Empress in September sent for
Mr. Pritchard Morgan to go at once to China and begin mining
and commercial work in Szu-chuan.

The aged and much-abused Li-Hung-Chang had a good year,
if report be true, for in November he was appointed by imperial
decree Minister of Commerce, and in December became Viceroy
of the province of Kwang-tung. For some time he was engaged
in drawing up a report as to the best means of improving
Chinese commerce, especially in the tea and silk trades.

The Empress-Dowager issued on November 21 to the Vice-
roys and Governors of the Yang-tsze and maritime provinces a
circular despatch and a secret edict, appeaUng to them to resist
by force of arms all further aggressions of foreign Powers.

Especially the attempt of the Italians to obtain the cession
of Sammun Bay and the aggressions of the French in Kwan-
chau-wan aroused the indignation of the Empress, who exhorted
the people to act en masse and ** preserve their ancestral homes
and graves from the ruthless hands of the invader."

III. HONG-KONG.

Lord Charles Beresford returned from Canton on January 3,
and delivered an address to the Hong-Kong Chamber of Com-
merce on the reforms necessary in the system of Chinese
administration ; and on January 22 at a meeting of the leading
Chinese merchants resolutions were passed in sjrmpathy with
Lord Beresford's views.

The Hong-Kong authorities early in April were urging the
Chinese Government to give up the territory recently leased at
Kau-lung, and notice was given to the Chinese Maritime
Customs to cease collecting on April 17 within the boundaries
of the Kau-lung extension. Some superstitious Chinese
villagers posted inflammatory placards and burned a police
shed at Tai-po-fu on the ground that it interfered with
the fiuKjshui of the village. The Governor, Sir H. Blake,
induced the Viceroy of Canton to send troops to protect build-

362] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

ings and property, but a mob assaulted the British oflScials and
the Chinese soldiers acting as guard and compelled them to
retire. British troops were then landed at Mirs Bay from a>
torpedo-boat destroyer, and for a few days some fighting was
kept up by a horde of Chinese rebels. On May 17 a British
force took possession of Kau-lung city, the town of Sam-chun
in the extension teryitoty was occupied without resistance, and
in all the towns the rebels were subdued. The British Govern-
ment granted the request of the Chinese for six months'
extension of time to make needful arrangements for the
removal of the Maritime Customs stations.

The commercial condition of the colony was highly satis-
factory. British trade met vith serious hindrance, however,
through the increase of piracy on the West Eiver. The
revenue of Hong-Kong in 1898 was $2,918,159, with an
expenditure of $2,841,805, and the population at the end of
1898 was estimated at 254,400.

IV. KOREA.

The entire Korean Cabinet was dismissed on March 22, and
two of the members were banished because of changes made by
the Cabinet in provincial offices.

The Japanese were gaining in influence by encouraging
attempts at reform, while Eussian policy was to check reform.

Concessions of three whaling stations, each fifteen miles long,
were applied for by the Eussian Count Kaiserlingk on behalf of
the East Eussian Fishery Company. The Government agreed
to allow the company three sites of 700 feet by 350 feet for
whaling purposes only, on a lease of twelve years, under the
supervision of the Korean Maritime Customs, and the Japanese
were promised similar concessions. Eussian attempts to gain
political advantages under any guise were being checked by
Japanese vigilance. Yet Eussia denied that she was desirous of
establishing a Eussian Protectorate over the country, and asserted
that Japan had nothing to fear from Eussia.

Japan took over the Seoul and Chemulpho Eailway in
January with the consent of Korea. The total foreign trade last
year of Korea amounted to 2,495,955/. Export of gold dust
amounted to 240,047/., the other exports 906,737/., and the
imports 1,194,843/. Half the value of the import triade was
represented by cotton goods.

v. JAPAN

Negotiations for a treaty of alliance with China were
attempted by Prince Cheng, and Chinese envoys arrived in
Japan in July, it was said with that object in view. The
Eussian Minister in Pekin addressed a note to the Tsung-li-
Yamen, warning them that the conclusion of such an alliance

181>9.] Asia. — Japan. — Siam. [363

would offend Russia and injure China. The mission, moreover,
was discredited by the Tsung-U-Yam^n, and, finally, by the
Dowager Empress of China, and the envoys left Tokio (Aug. 19)
without any definite results.

Lord Charles Beresford's visit to Japan produced an excellent
efifect, and everywhere he met with a most cordial reception.

The Japanese Navy was largely increased this year by the
addition of torpedo-boat destroyers and cruisers. The battle-
ship Asaki, launched on March 13 at Glasgow, was the heaviest
battleship ever built on the Clyde, and had a displacement of
15,200 tons, with an armament entirely of Elswick design and
manufacture.

The revised treaties concluded between Japan and the
various foreign Powers came into operation on July 17 ; France
and Austria, however, retained their consular jurisdiction till
August 4. The Mikado, in view of the advent of the new era
of *' mixed residence," had issued beforehand a rescript enjoining
upon his subjects the observance of courtesy and tact in their
relations with foreigners, and orders were issued by the heads of
various departments of the Government to their officials to the
same efifect. On October 28 the Emperor gave a grand com-
memorative banquet, when he expressed his appreciation of the
friendliness and regard for justice shown by the different foreign
Powers in acknowledging the autonomy of Japan. Every pos-
sible efifort to ensure the smooth working of the new system was
made on the part of Japan, and the foreign residents were
reconciling themselves to the change. Some twenty-two addi-
tional ports were opened to foreign trade under the new treaties.

Prince Kanoye, President of the Japanese House of Peers,
visited England in May, and afterwards made a tour on the
continent. The leading Japanese statesmen, including the
Marquis Ito, Count Okuma and the Minister of Foreign Affairs,
M. Aoki, were anxious to secure British co-operation in support
of mutual interests in Far Eastern affairs. There appeared to
be no foundation for any belief that Japan was preparing for
conflict with Russia, for the best of terms existed between the
two Governments.

The report of the British Legation at Tokio, published in
June, stated that last year the total foreign trade of Japan
amounted to 45,249,039^., of which the imports were 28,304,743Z.
and the exports were 16,920,694Z., being an increase over 1897
of nearly 5,500,000/. in imports and 250,000Z. in exports. Trade
with the United States greatly increased, coming next in import-
ance to that of Britannia, or the British Empire. There was an
increasing share of Japanese vessels in the foreign trade of the
country.

VI. SIAM.

The King granted this year to Prince Chow Sai a franchise
to build seventy miles of railway from the Menam Eiver to

364] FOEEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

the Nakan Nayoke Eiver, and he had a scheme for constructing
more than 600 miles of additional railways as soon as the rev-
enue of the country would permit. The Government decided
in August not to raise at present a foreign loan, but the survey
of the Ching-mai Eailway was to be commenced by the Eoyal
Eailway Department.

The long-standing boundary dispute of Perak with Siam
was adjusted in December.

Siam claimed the immediate retrocession of Chantaboon, but
France insisted that by the treaty of 1893 this was conditional
on the settlement of all pending questions.

The ships belonging to the Scottish Oriental Line running
to Bangkok were sold m December to a German company, and
the shipping of that port is now mainly in German hands.

CHAPTEE VI.

AFRICA.
EGYPT AND THE SOUDAN.

The year 1899 was once again a year of uneventful progress
in Egypt, and of active and victorious progress in the Soudan.
The improved relations of the IQiedive with his English advisers
and the adoption of a less hostile and irritating attitude by
the representatives of French interests in the country helped
to steady Egyptian feeling and to facilitate reform. The as-
sent given by the General Assembly to an important proposal
submitted by the Government for the reassessment of land
throughout the country was a welcome contrast to the
factious opposition to Government proposals offered by the
Assembly in earlier days. The bitterness of the anti-English
press diminished. The prosperity of the country, as evidenced
by the growing success of the cotton industry in particular,
continued to increase, and even the serious deficiency of water
caused by the failure of the Nile flood — which, owing no doubt
to the new irrigation system, was the lowest ever recorded —
failed on this point to diminish the satisfactory returns. This
deficiency did, however, seriously aflfect the area of cultivation,
and the prospects of the rice and cereal crops, and consequently
provision for a decrease of revenue on these heads was made in
the Budget for 1900, which was submitted to the Council of
Ministers towards the close of the year. On the other hand, in
view of these difficulties, the Budget Estimates were of a very
satisfactory kind. In spite of the loss of 250,000Z. of land tax,
due to the large area of land which it was impossible to irri-
gate, and of a diminution of 100,000/. in railway receipts, an
equilibrium was established between the receipts and the expen-

1899.] Africa, — Egypt. — Finances. [365

diture. A saving of 93,000Z. was effected by reducing the
authorised railway expenditure and by the abolition of the salt
monopoly, which had been transferred to a private company
with promising results for the revenue in future. The receipts
from the Ministry of Justice were estimated to increase by
84,000Z., and the increasing yield of the cotton crop and the
new assessment of the land held out hopes of substantial profit.
The total estimated revenue for 1900 was 10,640,OOOZ., as com-
pared with an actual revenue of 11,632,000Z. in 1898, and a
revenue of something like 11,500,000 in 1899. The Soudan
Budget, which estimated its receipts at 162,000Z. only, and
which of course had a heavy expenditure both civil and mili-
tary to face, came out with a deficit of 427,000Z. But, on the
other hand, the General Eeserve Fund showed a balance of
1,700,000Z., even after deducting all the advances granted to
the Government by the Caisse de la Dette ; and the fund in the
hands of the Caisse de la Dette arising from economies realised
by the conversion of the Privileged Debt and of the Daira and
Domain Loans amounted at the end of the year to well over
4,000,000Z. Mr. J. L. Gorst, the Financial Adviser, was there-
fore justified in speaking hopefully of the resources of the
country, and in pointing out the increasing opportunities of its
industrial development in future.

At the same time judicial reform made steady if slow progress
during the year. The experiment of conferring on the village
authorities a civil jurisdiction in petty disputes remained, no
doubt, an experiment still, but it tended to diminish the heavy
arrears of the summary tribunals. The reduction of legal costs
in the native courts led to a considerable increase both in their
work and in their receipts. The unsatisfactory condition of
the religious courts and their marked disinclination to deal
thoroughly with the cases brought before them, led to a deter-
mined effort on the part of the Government to get these courts
refonned ; and in spite of the stubborn opposition of the Grand
Mufti certain changes were effected and certain inquiries set on
foot, which would, it was hoped, ere long secure for these courts
the reconstruction and reforms which they urgently required.
The problem of the reorganisation of the Mixed Tribimals gave
rise again to no little discussion, the Government showing, as
before, a great desire to conciliate the opponents of reform, while
urging on the Powers the desirability of modifying and enlarging
the jurisdiction of the Tribunals, and, in particular, of granting
them penal jurisdiction in cases of fraudulent bankruptcy. But
the Powers, as usual, proved to a large extent selfishly indifferent
to reform. Meanwhile a temporary additional chamber was
formed of judges detached from Alexandria and Mansurah, to
enable the Mixed Tribunal of Cairo to dispose of its formidable
arrears. Of course in many judicial matters the end of the year
found a good deal still to deprecate and to deplore. But it must
not be forgotten that, though progress was difficult, progress in

366;- FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

the administration of justice in» Egypt was nevertheless yearly
becoming more assured ; crime was decreasing ; the proportion of
convictions to cases tried increased, and a slow respect for
equity is taking hold even of ofl&cial minds.

But, after all, the main interest in Egyptian history in 1899
came, as it did the year before, from warlike operations in the
Soudan. The settlement of the rights of England and France
in the valley of the Upper Nile proceeded quietly enough, on a
basis which secured to England undisputed influence on the
great river, and to France a ** compact and homogeneous " ter-
ritory, as a French semi-official note described it, from the
Mediterranean in the north to Senegal and Congo in the south.
The- disappearance of the Khalifa, however, after the decisive
campaign of the previous year, led to a certain degree of uneasi-
ness as to the security of our new dominions, and his movements
in the desert excited many rumours in the spring. Meanwhile
the reorganisation of new territory proceeded. The Soudan was
divided for administrative purposes into four first-class districts
— Omdurman, Sennar, Kassala and Fashoda — and three second-
class districts — Assuan, Wady Haifa and Suakin, and governors
were appointed to carry on the administration. The publication
of the terms of the Convention for the future government of the
Soudan excited, of course, a certain amount of hostility in
Paris, while it was received with equanimity by the rest of the
world; but even Lord Kitchener found it too soon to hazard
any definite opinion as to the value and resources of the vast
dominions thus acquired. As the year went on rumours about
the precarious position of the Khalifa increased, and in August
the Sirdar reported an attempted Mahdist insurrection on the
Blue Nile. Later in the autumn the Khalifa, who had gathered
together a considerable body of followers, began to threaten
mischief against us, and it became necessary to despatch a
formidable expedition in pursuit. A force of Soudanese troops
was accordingly organised under Sir Francis Wingate, which
towards the end of November advanced upon the Khahfa*s
camp at Om Debrikat, and there secured a signal victory, which
may be regarded as the crowning operation of the Soudan war.
The Khalifa was killed in the battle, together with his brothers,
his chief emirs, and all his leading followers, except Osman
Digna who escaped ; his army was entirely routed, and 9,000
prisoners fell into Colonel Wingate's hands. The death of the
Khalifa Abdullahi, at the age of fifty-four, and the destruction
of the last army which the Dervishes could put into the field,
ended at once the career of a tjrrant and the prolonged unrest oif
the Central Soudan. It put the seal upon the successes which
made Lord Kitchener's reputation, and it left Egypt, free in
future from the fear of attack upon her southern borders, to
pursue unmolested her prosperous career.

1899.] Africa. — Cape Colony. — Taxes. [367

II. SOUTH AFRICA.

Cape Colony. — After the decisions following the various
election petitions, and the election of the additional members
provided for under the Redistribution Act, creating sixteen new
seats and increasing the number of members of the House to
ninety-five, there had been elected at the end of April fifty Bond
members against forty-one Progressives. The final elections
in May and June gave the Progressives two or three more
seats. The Bond party were enthusiastic at their success.
Mr. Solomon, the Attorney General, was returned for Tembu-
land by 811 votes against 749 votes given for Sir Gordon
Sprigg. Election petitions against Mr. Rhodes and Mr. Hill
and Mr. Sauer were dismissed in January. Sir J. Sivewright
was unseated for Stellenbosch, but not personally disqualified.

Mr. Hofmeyr made a speech at Caledon on February 24,
afiirming the loyalty of the Afrikanders, but declaring their
disUke to the domineering of millionaires over the colony.
He thought the immediate future as critical as the late past.

Sir A. Milner, the High Commissioner, went to Bloem-
fontein on May 31 to hold a conference with President Kruger.

A great citizens* meeting was held in Cape Town on June
28, which passed resolutions supporting Sir A. Milner's policy.

The Cape Parhament was opened on July 14 and Sir A.
Milner's speech, though making no allusion to the Transvaal
crisis, was received with cheers.

A great meeting was held in Cape Town (July 18) to welcome
Mr. Rhodes from England. Some 4,000 people were present in
the crowded hall, and received him with prolonged cheering. In
his speech he said that the German Emperor had met him in the
fairest way, that the days of Little Englandism were past, and
that Englishmen and Dutchmen would soon unite upon the pro-
position that South Africa was not big enough for them.

In the Cape Assembly (July 31) the Rhodesia Customs Bill
was read a second time, after a protest by Mr. Rhodes against
giving benefits to the Transvaal when there was no reciprocity.

Mr. Merriman, in his Budget speech on August 1, said that
the reduction of duties under the Customs Convention had re-
sulted in a decrease of 501,000Z. in the revenue. He estimated
the expenditure at 6,878,000/., and the revenue at 6,544,000Z.
He proposed an income tax of Is. in the pound, with exemption
on incomes up to 300/. Farmers were to pay a land tax of ^d.
in the pound on the value of their farms instead of income tax,
with exemption up to 1,200/. In moving the second reading
of the Income and Land Taxes Bill (Aug. 14) Mr. Merriman
modified his proposals, making the income tax 6d. in the
pound on incomes under 1,000/., and Is. in the pound on
incomes beyond 1,000/. The limit of exemption from land tax
was to be 800/. rather than 1,200/.

Much public indignation was aroused in August at the

368] FOKEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

conduct of the Cape Government in allowing munitions of
war imported via Port Elizabeth by the Orange Free State
to pass through the colony. Since July 101,000 rifles with
1,293,000 ca,rtridge8, besides powder, lead and shot, had been
forwarded. The official explanation made by Mr. Schreiner
in the Assembly (Aug. 25) was that the act passed in 1877
was intended only to prevent importation of arms for natives,
and that the permit, obtained on July 14, was given because
the colony was at amity with the Orange Free State.

Sir J. Gordon Sprigg considered that the passing of the
Customs Convention had in no respect altered the obUgations
of the Government of the Cape, but Mr. Schreiner, the Premier,
thought that the Customs Union obliged each partner to for-
ward goods without question. He read to the House a telegram
received from President Steyn, of the Orange Free State, asking
him to contradict the malicious, false, and ridiculous reports
that the Free State was going to take up arms aggressively
against Great Britain or any British territory, and adding that
they would not " take up arms except in defence of their
rights or to fulfil their obligations." Mr. Schreiner said that
he should do his very best to keep his colony aloof from the
struggle, if unhappily war broke out, for, said he, **we shall
have to live together after the storm has burst."

Mr. Schreiner's course was held to be unpatriotic, if not
actually treasonable, by many Cape residents.

The Cape Assembly passed on September 4 the Land and
Income Tax Bill, but it was rejected by the Legislative Council
by 12 to 10 votes.

The Government Appropriation Bill for 500,000Z. passed the
Assembly, but was reduced by one half in the Legislative
Council — the vote standing 13 to 9.

The Progressive members of the Cape Parliament met in
September and voted unanimously for a resolution .deprecating
the attempts made to encourage the Transvaal Government to
continue resistance to the just demands of Her Majesty's
Government, and assuring the Imperial Government of their
strongest support of the policy of Sir A. Milner — a policy for
the permanent interests of Cape Colony and of the whole of
South Africa. On the other hand the Afrikander members held
a meeting and proposed to open a subscription for Transvaal
widows and orphans. This was denounced by the Progres-
sives as a step towards treason.

Mr. Ehodes made a present on September 15 to the Trans-
vaal delegates to the Agricultural Union of a fine lion, which
they first accepted, but afterwards returned.

At the close of the session of Parliament on October 12, Mr.
Schreiner in moving the adjournment said that the duty of all
was to save the colony as far as possible from being involved in
the vortex of war, and that he would do the duty imposed on
him without favour, fear, or flinching.

1899.] Africa. — Cape Colony, — War toith Boers. [369

The first engagement of the war was on October 12, when
an armoured train carrying cannon to Mafeking was attacked
and several men were captured. Not many days after, both
Mafeking and Kimberley in Cape Colony were invested and
heavy guns were brought up to bombard them.

The Free State Boers invaded Cape Colony, November 1.
To relieve Kimberley and Ladysmith, and to protect Cape
Colony, the British forces were divided into three columns.
Lord Methuen with about 7,500 men advanced from Cape
Town on the road to Kimberley. General Gatacre with some
4,000 was sent to Queenstown to repel the invasion from the
Free State, and General Clery with a much larger force pro-
ceeded from Durban towards Ladysmith. Reinforcements
continually arriving by the numerous transports were sent
on to the front — the largest number going to Natal. Division
after division was sent out from England on the long three
weeks' voyage of over 6,000 miles, and on November 11 a fifth
division was mobilised.

Lord Methuen moved on from the Orange Eiver for the
relief of Kimberley; and, on November 23, with the Guards
Brigade and the 9th Brigade, drove 2,500 Boers at the point of
the bayonet out of their strongly entrenched position at Bel-
mont. Two days later at Enshn, near Graspan, a memorable
battle was fought against 3,000 Boers, where the Naval Brigade
with their heavy guns distinguished themselves, but their losses
were very heavy. Fourteen were killed and 91 were wounded
of a force of about 550 men, and all their officers excepting two
suffered because they took no advantage of cover. The Guards
in this battle, as at Belmont, used the bayonet effectively. On
November 28 Lord Methuen 's army engaged about 8,000
Boers under personal command of General Cronje, strongly
entrenched on both banks of the Modder Eiver, and on an
island in the full-flowing stream. Lord Methuen described
this engagement as one of the hardest and most trying fights in
the annals of the British army. After desperate fighting, which
lasted for ten hours under a burning sim, the men having no
food or water, the enemy quitted their position. Firing was
effective up to 1,600 yards, but the troops when lying down
were comparatively safe. The ammimition reserve could not be
brought to the firing line, and there was no cover for the British
troops as they made their frontal attack. Colonel Northcott,
Lord Methuen*s chief of staff, and three other officers were
killed and Lord Methuen was shghtly wounded in this battle.
Seventy-one men were killed, and 19 officers and 375 men were
wounded.

Meanwhile General Gatacre had begun operations in Cape
Colony, northwards of Queenstown. He occupied Bushmen's
Hoek, November 27, while his main force was at Putter's Kraal.
On December 10 he met with a sad reverse in making a night
attack on Stormberg. Misled by guides on his march from

AA

370J FOREIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

Molteno, where his troops had arrived on the 9th by railway,
he missed the right turning, and marched on till daybreak when
he was surprised by the enemy who were occupying the top of
an unscalable hill. He was obliged to retreat to Molteno while
harassed for nine miles by the enemy's guns, well served and
carrying 5,000 yards, that were mounted on the hill sides. Not
many were killed, but a part of his forces, numbering over 500,
ofl&cers and men, were cut off and made prisoners.

Another disaster came the very next day. On December
11 Lord Methuen fought the battle of Magersfontein, where
General Cronje had prepared a long series of concealed en-
trenchments, north of the Modder Eiver. The British force
numbered about 11,000 in all, and the Boer army nearly
15,000. The Highland Brigade, marching in quarter column
in the dusk of early morning, foimd itself close to the barbed-
wire obstructions of the very strongest entrenchment. Instantly
a tremendous rifle fire at close range struck down one out of
five of the 3,000 under General Wauchope. The brave general
himself, the idol of the Highland regiments, fell riddled with
bullets, and the entire losses of the whole force under Methuen
in the battle, which lasted all day, were 162 killed, 667 wounded,
and 129 missing. The Boers, concealed in their trenches, could
not be driven out without a much greater loss of men, and Lord
Methuen retired to the Modder Eiver.

Mafeking and Kimberley, on the western border of the
Transvaal, were closely invested early in the war. At Mafeking
Colonel Baden-Powell with a small garrison was still holding out
bravely at the close of the year, although Commandant Cronje
had made many attempts to capture them. In October fighting
was frequent, yet all the engagements resulted in favour of the
garrison. About 40 Boers were killed and wounded by bayonet
and many were shot. After a bombardment Cronje presented
(Oct. 16) a demand for the surrender of the place ** to save
further unnecessary bloodshed." His messenger, who found
Colonel Baden-Powell fast asleep, was sent back with the
answer that he would let General Cronje know when he had
had enough.

Commandant Snyman relieved Cronje in November, by
orders from Pretoria.

Early on the morning of December 26 an unsuccessful
attempt was made to capture a strong position at Game
Tree, two miles from Mafeking. Spies conveyed information
to the enemy of the intended attack, and the fort was strength-
ened and reinforced the previous night. Captains Sandford
and Vernon and Lieutenant Paton with 18 non-commissioned
men were killed, and over 20 were wounded. The Boers
were accused of using expansive bullets in this fight, and of
robbing the dead and wounded.*

Kimberley was isolated on October 15. Bombardment

* A force under Colonel Plumer was coming from Rhodesia to the relief of
Mafeking in December.

1899.] Africa, — Natal. — Finances, [371

began on November 7, and was continued for many weeks,
while skirmishes and sorties were frequent. On Novembei
23 the Boers made an attack on Otto's Kopje Mine, but were
repulsed with considerable loss. Mr. Cecil Rhodes was among
the people shut up in Kimberley, and did much in aid of the
besieged by his resourceful efforts. Colonel Kekewich, in
command, reported the capture of a laager to the west of
Kimberley on November 28, and searchlight communication
was kept up with the troops at Modder Eiver. Not less than
1,000 shells had been fired by the Boers before December 1,
and the garrison had fired 400 in return.

Field-Marshal Lord Eoberts was appointed to be com-
mander-in-chief of the British forces, and left London for
South Africa on December 23. Lord Kitchener joined him,
as his chief-of-staff, at Gibraltar — coming in all haste from
Khartoum. Sir Eedvers Buller remained in conmiand of the
Natal army, and Sir Charles Warren led the Fifth Division
under him. A sixth division was to be commanded by Major-
General Kelly-Kenny. A seventh and an eighth division were
mobilised, and before the New Year Imperial Yeomanry
Volunteers and Militia were all joining for the defence of
British rights in South Africa.

The imports into Cape Colony in 1899 amounted to
19,207, 549Z., against 16,682,438Z. in the year before. Exports
for the year were 23,333,600/., compared with 25,318,701Z. in
the previous year. The rebate trade ended at the beginning
of the war.

III. NATAL.

Natal, — A magnificent statue of Queen Victoria, by W.
Thornycroft, E.A., erected by the Corporation of Durban, was
unveiled on April 19 by the Governor, Sir W. Hely-Hutchinson.

The Natal Parliament opened on May 11. The Governor
spoke of the very satisfactory state of affairs in the colony, and
said that the revenue for the current year would considerably
exceed the estimates.

The figures of the Natal Budget showed that the imports
into the colony during 1898 decreased in value to 5,323,216Z.
and that the exports increased to 2,184,667Z. The exports of
Natal produce to Cape Colony during the first quarter of 1899
amounted in value to 54,720Z. against 1,481Z. in the correspond-
ing quarter of 1898. It was estimated that the balance of
revenue over expenditure in the current financial year would
amount to 150,000Z. and the cash balance to 730,000Z. The
railway receipts during the past year were 1,070,000Z., being
70,000Z. in excess of the estimate. The Customs revenue
amounted to 440,000/., being about 80,000Z. over the estimate.
The ordinary revenue during the next financial year was esti-
mated at 2,099,855Z. and the expenditure at 2,073,332Z. The
expenditure from the Loan Fund was set down at 1,011,226Z.

AA 2

372] FOKEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

The Natal Volunteers received in May general orders to
hold themselves in readiness to protect the frontier.

A new Ministry was formed in June. Lieutenant-Colonel
A. H. Hime became Prime Minister, and in the Assembly Mr.
J. L. Hulett was elected Speaker. A resolution expressing
sympathy and approval of the policy of the Imperial Govern-
ment in regard to the Transvaal question was presented by Mr.
Baynes in the Legislative Assembly on July 19, and passed,
with a full House, unanimously.

In the Transvaal war the colonists in Natal bravely flew to
arms, and in their own country the first important battles were
fought. For political reasons it was determined to try to hold
Dundee and Ladysmith, rather than to take up a position on the
Tugela Eiver. General Sir W. P. Symons under Lieutenant-
General White at Ladysmith occupied Dundee and Glencoe and
fought the first serious battle (Oct. 20) in an attack on Lucas
Meyer's army of 6,000 men that held a strong position on Talana
Hill. He drove the Boers from their guns, capturing them, but
General Sjnnons fell mortally wounded. In this action 10 ofiScers
and 33 men were killed and nearly 200 men were wounded.
General Yule, who succeeded to the command, was compelled
to retire before the advance of the heavily reinforced Boer
army which threatened to cut him off. He made a masterly
retreat to Ladysmith, but a squadron of Hussars and two
companies of DubUn Fusiliers were captured. On the next
day General Sir G. White, placed in command of the camp at
Ladysmith on October 7, moved out a force of cavalry with
the Natal field battery under General French in order to drive
the Boers from Elandslaagte, the Gordon Highlanders and
other infantry regiments with field batteries following. Here a
fierce battle was fought and a large army of Boers were
defeated, though with heavy loss to the British infantry
regiments under Colonel Ian Hamilton. The Gordons, Man-
chesters and Devonshires fought gallantly an enemy shooting
from behind stones and kopjes. The Boer losses were heavy,
estimated at over 100 killed, 108 wounded, including General
Kock and 188 prisoners. Two guns were captured and brought
into Ladysmith. The British losses were four oflBcers and 37
men killed, 31 officers and 175 men wounded and 10 missing.

Another action took place at Eietfontein, October 24, not
with the object of driving the enemy out of their positions, but
to prevent his falling on General Yule's flank while falling back
to Ladysmith, where on October 26 General Yule rejoined
General White. Within a few days the Boers under Joubert
completely closed around Ladysmith, but not before several 4*7
naval guns, landed from the battleship Powerful, had been sent
through from Durban ; guns that were found able to cope with
the Boer long-range artillery. General French escap^ from
the besieged town before it was completely invested and after-
wards led cavalry forces in important engagements elsewhere.

1899.] Africa, — Natal. — Attack on Ladysmith, [373

The naval force arrived on October 30. A sortie was made
that day to attack a position where the enemy had mounted
heavy guns, but after several hours* fighting the main body
returned to their camps. On the evening before, a mountain
battery with four and a half companies of the Gloucester Eegi-
ment and six of the Koyal Irish Fusiliers — all under Colonel
Carleton — had been sent to march up BelFs Spruit and seize
Nicholson's Nek. The mules of the mountain battery and
those laden with the greater part of the rifle ammunition were
stampeded by the Boers, and bolted. The enemy were in great
force and had many guns, and on the afternoon of the following
day at three o'clock the men, though the hill was taken and held,
had exhausted their ammunition and were obliged to surrender.
Some 843 officers and men were taken and sent as prisoners of
war to Pretoria. The British were all in action in this battle
of Farquhar's Farm and that of Nicholson's Nek and lost 80
men, but the Boer loss was much greater. This reverse only
stimulated the British Empire to make greater efforts. The
Army Keserve was called out, and contingents from Austraha,
Canada, New Zealand and other colonies offered their services
for the war. Large sums were raised for the reUef of soldiers'
widows and orphans, and many contributions came from the
ends of the earth. The reverses in Natal changed all plans of
the campaign. It was decided that Lady smith and Kimberley
must be relieved.

Colenso was evacuated by the British on November 2, and
they fell back to Estcourt. The Boers began raiding and pillaging
the country round about, and on the 15th an armoured train
was wrecked by them near Chieveley. Many were killed and
wounded, and nearly 100 men were taken prisoners, including
Mr. Winston S. Churchill, son of Lord Randolph Churchill,
who acted with great courage, although a non-combatant. A
general attack on Ladysmith was made on November 9, and
the Boers were repulsed with heavy loss. The British, taught
by the enemy, lay snugly among the boulders while a tempest
of lead swept over their heads.

A night operation at Beacon Hill, in which Colonel Kitchener
took a prominent part, under Major-General Hildyard (Nov.
23) resulted in a strategical success of the greatest value.
An attack made on the advancing Boers for the time dispersed
them, and restored communication with Pietermaritzburg, and
the Boers were driven back from Tugela Drift by the Natal
troops.

Sir Red vers BuUer arrived in Natal on November 25, and
a British force moved up to Frere, about fifteen miles south of
Colenso. There General Clery arrived on December 2. On
December 8 General Hunter made a brilUant sortie at night
from Ladysmith, with 500 Natal troops, and destroyed two
big guns of the enemy and captured a Maxim ; and Colonel
Metcalf making another dash with 500 of the Second Rifle

374] FOKEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

Brigade (Dec. 10) was successful in destroying a Krupp 4*7
howitzer on Surprise Hill. The Boers suffered here severely
in a bayonet charge by the British, losing 28 killed, as they
admitted. The British loss was 9 killed, 30 wounded and 6
missing.

On the 15th Sir Eedvers BuUer advanced from Chieveley
toward Colenso, with the idea of crossing the Tugela, first at
Bridle Drift, and then if the troops got over they were to
move down the river and help the crossing at the main drift.
General Hart was not able to cross by the Bridle Drift, as a
dam had been put up to hinder crossing, and he was ordered
back, but meantime he had become heavily engaged, and re-
inforcements were sent to extricate him. General Hildyard
was ordered to occupy Colenso Station, which he did gallantly,
but two batteries of artillery were advanced too fast without
their infantry escort, and were overwhelmed by the Boer
rifles under Fort-Wylie — a commanding, trebly-entrenched
hill, at a range of 1,200 yards. In attempting to save the
guns Lieutenant Eoberts, son of Lord Eoberts, fell mortally
woimded. Many of the gunners were wounded, and 13 out
of 21 horses were killed. Eleven guns were lost, and 1,097
officers and men were among the killed, wounded and missing
in this engagement.

This reverse was followed by inaction for the rest of the
year.

Orange Free State, — Proposals for federation with the Trans-
vaal were debated in the Free State Volksraad in April. Presi-
dent Steyn said it was impossible to have federal union while
article 4 of the Convention of 1884 stood. On .April 17 the
Eaad voted in favour of a reciprocal franchise agreement with
the Transvaal.

The Eaad voted 22,500Z. for ammunition in June, and in
addition 40,000Z. for war material, and about 14,000Z. for
artillery.

Sir A. Milner sent President Steyn (Sept. 19) a telegram,
informing him that it was deemed advisable by the impe-
rial military authorities to send a detachment of troops to
secure the hne of communication between Cape Colony and
British territories north. As the force might be stationed
near the Free State, it was desirable to inform the President
of the movement, and that it was in no way directed against
the Free State. Sir A. Milner said that he rested satisfied
with the President's declaration of August 16, and that the
Imperial Government still hoped for a friendly settlement of
their differences with the Transvaal. He hoped for strict
neutrahty from the Orange Free State, and said that there
was no desire to impair the independence of that republic.

President Steyn replied that he hoped for a friendly settle-
ment, while he regretted the despatch of troops ; that hi&
Government would do all it could to allay excitement, but if

1899.] Africa. — Transvaal, — Petitions, [375

the burghers regarded the military preparations as a menace
to the Orange Free State the responsibility would not rest
with the Bloemfontein Government; and that it would view
with deep regret any disturbance of friendly relations with
Great Britain. He would submit the telegram to the Volks-
raad at once. *

The Volksraad adopted a resolution instructing their Govern-
ment to use every means to maintain peace, provided it be done
without violating the honour and independence of the Free
State and the Transvaal, but that, come what may, the Free
State would "honestly and faithfully fulfil its obligation towards
the Transvaal, by virtue of the poUtical alliance existing between
the two republics."

President Steyn issued a proclamation (Oct. 11) to the
burghers of the Free State, calling upon them to assist the
Transvaal. Martial law was proclaimed at Bloemfontein, the
courts were closed, and all British subjects were warned to
leave.

Transvaal, — Three years had passed since the Jameson raid,
and still matters in the Transvaal were far from settlement.
The Boers held the upper hand and were determined to keep it,
while the Uitlanders complained of taxation without repre-
sentation, and many other evils for which they held the Boers
responsible.

Sundry inflammatory articles had appeared in the Band, Post
(a Boer newspaper) at the close of 1898 concerning the shooting
of an Englishman named Edgar by a Boer policeman. Messrs.
Webb and Dodds, of the South African League, were arrested
for assisting in getting up a petition to the Queen concerning
the Edgar tragedy. They were released on bail of 1,000Z. A
public meeting of British subjects, held January 14, to protest
against their arrest, was broken up by a vast rioting crowd
of burghers and Afrikanders. The trial of these men was
adjourned from January 19 to January 28. Finally both de-
fendants were released in April, and the policeman who shot
Edgar was discharged on February 25. All this caused much
public excitement in Johannesburg and throughout the Trans-
vaal.

It was not without some significance that a conference
between Transvaal and Orange Free State delegates met at
Pretoria, February 2, to discuss assimilation of the Constitutions
of the two States.

A petition signed by 21,684 British subjects in the Transvaal
was handed, March 24, to Mr. Conyngham Greene, the British
Agent at Pretoria, to be forwarded to the Queen. In this peti-
tion a statement in detail was given of the grievances of the
Uitlanders. It prayed her Majesty to extend her protection to
them, and to cause an inquiry into their grievances to be made,
in order to reform abuses and to obtain from the Transvaal
substantial guarantees for their redress. The petition was

376J FOKEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

accompanied by afiSdavits supporting the allegations. A counter
petition, purporting to give the real views of the Uitlanders and
expressing contentment with the Government, was being signed
in the Transvaal not long after. Many thought that the Trans-
vaal Government would yield to pressure and grant equal rights
to all white residents. President Kruger made speeches in
Johannesburg and other places in April, asserting that he made
no distinctions as to the franchise between nationalties but
only between loyal and disloyal people, and that he would pro-
pose to the Volksraad to reduce the qualifying period by five years.
New-comers, however, must first forswear their old country.

An assault made in April on the editor of the Johannesburg
Star by two Dutchmen aroused great indignation among the
Uitlanders.

The British High Commissioner telegraphed on May 4 to
Mr. Chamberlain, the Colonial Secretary, that the Edgar inci-
dent had precipitated a struggle that was sure to come. Sir A.
Milner referred to the instability of the laws in the Transvaal
and to the endless series of Outlander grievances ; he regarded the
case for intervention as overwhelming, and that the movement
was not, as had been alleged, the work of scheming capitalists
or professional agitators; that the spectacle of thousands of
British subjects kept permanently in the position of helots,
constantly chafing under undoubted grievances and calling
vainly to her Majesty's Government for redress, was steadily
undermining the influence and reputation of Great Britain and
the respect for the British Government within the Queen's
dominions, and that a ceaseless stream of malignant lies in a
section of the press as to the intentions of the British Govern-
ment were producing a great effect on a large number of ** our
Dutch fellow-colonists."

In his reply to Sir A. Milner, Mr. Chamberlain said that her
Majesty's Government suggested that a meeting for discussing
the situation in a conciliatory spirit should be arranged between
Sir A. Milner and President Kruger.

Seven or eight Englishmen of low degree were arrested, May
15, at Johannesburg, charged with high treason. Boer agents
testified that these men had been enrolling a corps, to be armed
in Natal, for action against the Transvaal, that they were under
orders from the British War Office, and that with 2,000 men
they were planning to seize the Johannesburg fort. This so-
called conspiracy, when sifted, was found to be an invention of
the Boer police, and its object to divert attention from the claims
of the Uitlanders. When brought to trial all the prisoners were
acquitted.

On May 30 Sir Alfred Milner, yielding to the wishes of the
Imperial Government, met Mr. Kruger at Bloemfontein in the
Orange Free State, but after several sessions the conference
ended (June 5) without result. The franchise question, the
dynamite monopoly, the incorporation of Swaziland in the South

1899.] Africa, — TromsvadL. — Franchise. [377

African Bepublic, indemnity for the Jameson raid, and the
adoption of arbitration for the settlement of disputes between
Great Britain and the Transvaal were all discuss^.

The stand taken by Sir A. Milner gave the first importance
to the franchise question, and he awed for a retrospective
arrangement enfranchising the Uitlanders after five years'
residence, giving them '' immediate and substantial representa-
tion." Mr. Kruger proposed an alternative sdieme, substituting
a minimum of seven years for five with certain restrictions ; he
refused the retroactive clause, offered a total representation of
three members in the Volksraad to the Uitlanders, and finally
stipulated that '' all proposals by the President should be subject
to the acceptance by the British Government of the principle
of arbitration on the differences between the two countries/'
It came out afterwards that Mr. Elru^er who insisted upon this
point at Bloemfontein, was ready to yield it when the conference
was rendered abortive.

President Kruger (July 1) sent a message to the Volksraad
advising amendment of the firanchise law, and a bill was intro-
duced embodying most of Sir A. Milner^s proposals at the
conference, except that the residential qualification was made
seven years instead of five, and there were two new conditions
imposed ; one required that all candidates for the franchise
should prove continuous registration on the lists of field
cornets, and the other that they should be innocent of '' acts
against the Government."

The Volksraad accepted on July 18 the seven years
franchise scheme, and on July 26 the new law was pro-
mulgated. Mr. Chamberlain then appealed to President
Kruger for a joint commission to inquire into the practical
effect of the new franchise law on the condition of the Uit-
landers. To this, d.fter considerable delay, the Transvaal repUed
rejecting the joint inquiry proposal.

Meanwhile a further effort to gain time and to confuse the
situation was made in the Transvaal by instructing Mr. Smuts,
the State Attorney, to sound Mr Conyngham Greene, the British
Agent at Pretoria, in order to ascertain whether her Majesty's
Government would give up pressure for the joint commission,
provided the Transvaal yielded to British ideas concerning
the franchise. The scheme was written out and initialled by
Mr. Smuts, who promised a formal despatch to the same effect
later. The despatch when received was found to difiier from
the initialled abstract, and Mr. Chamberlain when repljring
accepted it only so far as the two documents agreed. The
Transvaal brought accusations of bad faith, said their proposal
had been rejected, and formally notified Mr. Greene of its
withdrawal.

The Transvaal Volksraad in August amended the '' Grond-
wet " to compel those who were not burghers to serve in national
defence. The rehgious qualification for nominatioiis to the

378] FOKEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

judiciary was set aside, and August 20 and 27 were days set
apart by proclamation for national humiliation and prayer.

The Chamber of Mines at Johannesburg had offered in
February to lend money to cancel the dynamite monopoly, or
it was to be extended on conditions for a further fifteen years.
President Kinager a month later said that this offer never
reached the executive, and as the Netherlands Company was
paying back the loan of 2,000,000Z. it was not necessary to
borrow. A secret session of the Baad (July 19) discussed the
subject, Mr. Kruger opposed cancellation, and it was said that
the President resigned ofiSce, but the Volksraad refused by one
vote to accept it. Afterwards the Dynamite Company proposed
a reduction of prices, and on August 26 the Volksraad adopted
the majority report of the Dynamite Commission to continue
the monopoly.

General oir W. F. Butler, in conmiand of the British force
in South Africa, was relieved on August 16, and Lieut.-General
Sir Forestier- Walker was appointed his successor.

On August 21 Mr. Kruger made an alternative new proposal
of a five years franchise, and offered a share in the election of
President of the Transvaal, with increased representation of the
gold fields in the Volksraad, while other questions were to be sub-
mitted to arbitration, but not to a foreign Power. He proposed
that Great Britain should relinquish all claims to suzerainty,
and should not use her present interference in Transvaal affairs
as a precedent.

To this the Imperial Government replied (Aug. 28), that
it could not give up its rights under the conventions of 1881 and
1884, nor divest itself of the obligations of a civilised Power to
protect its citizens abroad from injustice, adding that there
were matters which the giving of a franchise could not settle,
and which could not properly be left to arbitration, but they
could be settled with the other questions at a conference re-
commended to be held at Cape Town.

The Transvaal replied with regrets that Great Britain was
not able to accept the proposals made by the Transvaal (Aug. 19
and 21), by which the term for obtaining the franchise was fixed
at five years, and the representation of the Witwatersrand district
was increased. On these conditions the Transvaal would con-
sider its formal proposals annulled ; the Transvaal never desired
Great Britain to abandon any rights possessed in virtue of the
London Convention of 1884, or in virtue of international law,
and the Transvaal hoped that these declarations would still
lead to a solution of existing difficulties. As to the suzerainty
the Transvaal referred to its despatch of April 16, 1898 ; the
Transvaal Government had already made known to the British
Agent its objections to the High Commissioner's proposals of
August 2, suggesting appointment of delegates to draw up a
report on the last electoral law voted by the Volksraad, and if
the one-sided examination referred to in the last British de-

U:

1899.] Africa. — Transvaal, — Suzerainty, [379

spatch should show that the existing electoral law could be
made more efficacious, the Transvaal Government was ready to
make proposals to the Volksraad with this object, but was of
opinion that the result of such an inquiry would be of little
value.

Where a difference existed between the telegram of August
2 received from the High Commissioner and Mr. Chamberlain's
despatch of July 22, the Transvaal felt bound to adhere to the
contents of the latter. In that despatch it was said that the
stipulations of the law were complicated and gave rise to technical
questions, so that the best means of treatmg these questions
would be by means of a conference of the delegates of the two
Governments, who would send the results of this conference
with their views upon it to their respective Governments, and
considering that by these proposals Great Britain did not aim at
any interference in Transvaal affairs, and that the action could
not be regarded as a precedent, but only to ascertain if the
franchise law fulfils its object, the Transvaal Government would
await the ulterior proposals of Great Britain as to the constitu-
tion of such a commission as well as the place and time of
meeting.

The Transvaal further proposed to send, at an early date,
a fresh reply to the letter of July 27, and expressed satisfac-
tion that Great Britain had declared herself ready to negotiate
respecting a court of arbitration.

It desired to learn whether the burghers of the Free State
would be admitted to such a court, and what proposals would
be discussed by the court; but it appeared to the Transvaal
that, the restrictions imposed would prevent the objects aimed
at from being attained.

After a Cabinet meeting of the British Government (Sept.
8) Mr. Chamberlain sent a despatch, which was read in
both Volksraads on September 12. It demanded a five years
franchise; a [quarter representation in the Baad for the gold
fields' interest ; equality of the Dutch and English languages
in the Volksraad ; and equality of the old and new burghers
in presidential and other elections.

The Transvaal reply (Sept. 16) to Mr. Chamberlain's
despatch of September 8 accepted the proposals for a Joint
Commission, but objected to the use of the English language
by new members to be chosen for the Volksraad. It practically
repudiated the suzerainty of Great Britain, and it was evidently
a document intended to cause endless discussion and delay.

President Kruger sent (Sept. 21) by cable an appeal to the
Queen to interpose, to prevent bloodshed.

Mr. Chamberlain's letter to Sir A. Milner of September 22,
replying to the Transvaal note of September 2, stated that her
Majesty's Government absolutely repudiated the view of the
political status of the Transvaal, as expressed in the note
addressed to the Colonial Secretary on April 18, 1898, and in

380] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

the note of May 9, in which the status of a sovereign inter-
national State was claimed ; therefore no proposal conditional
on that view could be accepted. Her Majesty's Government
pressed for an immediate and definite reply, in order to relieve
the strain which had already caused so much injury to the
interests of South Africa. If acceded to, the British Govern-
ment would make immediate arrangements for a conference
between Sir A. Milner and President Kruger to settle all
details of the proposed tribunal of arbitration, but if the reply
of the Government of the South African Eepubhc should be
negative or inconclusive, "I am to state,*' said Mr. Chamberlain,
"her Majesty's Government reserves the right to reconsider the
situation de novo, and to formulate their own proposals for final
settlement."

On October 9 the Transvaal issued an ultimatum to the
British Government, demanding that all pending disputes
should be settled by arbitration ; that all troops on the borders
should be instantly withdrawn ; that all reinforcements which
had arrived in South Africa since June 1 should be removed ;
and that her Majesty's troops on the high seas should not be
landed in any part of South Africa. An answer was to be
given not later than 5 p.m. on October 11, in default of which,
or not being satisfactory, the Transvaal would regard it as a
formal declaration of war. The British reply, through Sir A.
Milner, was sent at 10*45 p.m. on October 10, in the following
words: ** Her Majesty's Government have received with great
regret the peremptory demands of the South African Eepublic,
conveyed iii your telegram of October 9. You will inform the
Government of the South African Eepublic, in reply, that the
conditions demanded by the Government of the South African
Eepublic are such as her Majesty's Government deem it im-
possible to discuss."

A week before, the Boers had seized over half a million of
gold belonging to British owners as it was leaving the country
by train to Cape Town.

On October 12 Mr. Greene, the British Agent, left Pretoria,
and the Boer commandoes, under the guidance of General
Joubert, the next day invaded Northern Natal, through Laing's
Nek. The Free State forces advanced through the Drakensberg,
Tintwa and Van Eeenan Passes to join them.

Meantime some eiBforts had been made to defend British
territory in South Africa. Troops were promptly sent from
India. Sir W. Penn Symons, with a small force, was in Northern
Natal, and Lieut.-General Sir George White arrived at Durban
early in October to take over command. An army service corps
was despatched, and transport after transport left England
carrying soldiers to the front.

At Kimberley Colonel Kekewich was stationed with 700
regulars and about 1,500 volunteers, and at Mafeking Colonel
Baden-Powell had about 1,500 men. At Ladysmith, in Natal,

1899.] Africa, — Abyssinia, — Zanzibar, [381

there had been accumulated a vast store of military supplies
and ammunition. But the entire British force in South Africa
was far outnumbered by the Boers at the outset, who were
estimated to be from 60,000 to 80,000.

The advantages that the Boers held were not at first well
understood. They were well organised ; they were all mounted
horsemen, armed with Mauser magazine rifles, and were a very
mobile force indeed. They were assisted by a large force of
foreigners, both officers and privates, European and American.
They had provided an immense supply of ammunition, and
their artillery was the best in the world. Before the raid they
had purchased heavy artillery, and after that time they had
secured Krupp and Creusot guns of the longest range, which
they had learned to use. Their methods in warfare included
skulking, celerity and treachery. They would fight behind
boulders, bushes and kopjes, but not in the open field. The
red cross was shamefuUy abused, in order to smuggle in
fighting men via Delagoa Bay and to cover spying, and it
was soon found that the white flag was no protection against
their rifles.

The importance of the crisis required strong generalship,
and General Sir Eedvers Buller was chosen to take chief
command. He left England on October 14, and arrived at
Cape Town on October 31.

IV. EAST AFRICA.

Abyssinia. — Complete success attended the military expedi-
tion of the Emperor Menelek against Eas Mangascia the
Governor of Tigre, who formally made submission to the
Negus (Feb. 18). The attitude of the Emperor was friendly
towards Great Britain, despite rumours to the contrary.

Zanzibar. — A Muscat dhow flying the French flag was
about to sail in May with kidnapped slaves on board. The
French Consul was informed of the occurrence by the police who
requested that the boat might be searched by French officials
acting with representatives of the Zanzibar Government. Twenty
slaves being found in the hold, the captain and crew were arrested,
and tried by the French court.

The Zanzibar Government imposed a new duty of 5 per
cent, from September 16 on all imports except coins, coal,
ivory, rubber and tortoiseshell.

Germany, by agreement with Great Britain, in November
renounced her extra-territorial rights in Zanzibar, to take effect
when other nations have done the same.

Porttiguese East Africa, — An expedition under Major Machado
routed the hostile natives with their chief, Cuamba, in August,
and afterwards advanced against the Yao chief, Mataka, who
was also defeated in October with heavy loss.

German East Africa, — A railway across German East Africa

382] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

from Dar-es- Salaam to the lakes was about to be conmienced,
and met with the approval of the German Imperial Govern-
ment. The native population numbered over 6,000,000 of
inhabitants. The newly introduced hut tax yielded over
300,000 marks. Drought and damage by locusts had brought
on famine which caused great mortality in the colony.

British East Africa, — The chief result of the British expedi-
tion under Colonel Martyr northwards from Uganda was the
establishment of effective occupation as far north as Eejaf.

Colonel Macdonald's expedition arrived at Mombasa on their
return from the country about Lake Eudolf early in March,
having obtained a vast amount of very valuable information.

Sir A. Hardinge, her Majesty's Commissioner for the East
Africa Protectorate, in September appealed for aid in behalf of
the sufferers through famine in consequence of the failure of
rain for three successive seasons in the Protectorate. The
provinces of Ukamba and Sayyidieh exceptionally suffered. To
reheve the victims of the famine the mission at Freretown
under Eev. H. Binns had fed 500 to 1,000 of the natives
constantly for twelve months.

Madagascar. — A rising of the natives took place at Ikongo on
June 24, and some fighting was found necessary to suppress it.

The French Government made reparation to the Society of
Friends for the seizure of their mission hospital at Antana-
narivo in 1896.

General Galli^ni adopted measures to keep down rebellion
and maintain order in the island. He erected a Hne of block-
houses to protect the military road to Analamazaotra, and a
ring of military posts around the capital.

The ex-Queen, Eanavalo, arrived on February 28 at Mar-
seilles on her way to Algiers. She was not permitted to land
in France.

Plague was raging in October among the Malagasy and
Chinese in the island. The Sakalavas employed in constructing
the Mojanga road had nearly finished it.

Uganda. — Bilal, the rebel Soudanese leader and the murderer
of Major Thruston, was killed in action, and the band of
mutineers was broken up and dispersed. On April 9 Kabarega
was attacked on the east bank of the Nile by Lieut.-Colonel
Evatt, and completely defeated. Mwanga, the ex-King of
Uganda, with Kabarega, who was severely wounded, were
captured and exiled to Kismayu on the coast.

The Uganda railway was making progress, and in April
more than half the road to Lake Victoria was finished. A new
route adopted had shortened the tolial length of the railway to
550 miles. The net expenditure on the railway in the year
1897-8 was 600,489Z. The Macupa railway bridge from
Mombasa to the mainland, 1,383 feet in length, was opened in
July, and named Salisbury Bridge.

1899.] Africa, — Sierra Leone. — Congo. [383

V. WEST AFRICA.

Gold Coast. — Lieut.-Colonel H. P. Northcott, C.B., was
appointed administrator of the northern territories of the
Gold Coast in August. A detachment of Hausas with British
officers left Cape Coast Castle for the Hinterland early in the
year to quiet the natives who were complaining of scarcity of
food, and of being obliged to assist in lajring telegraph lines.

At Accra the hut-tax was quietly collected. Colonel North-
cott's Gambaga expedition was completely successful. The
natives readily submitted, and Colonel Northcott, with the
special service officers attached to the expedition, left for
England at the end of March.

Gambia. — The colony had a revenue during the past year of
43jni. with an expenditure of 29,035Z., and no debt. Amongst
the imports Manchester cottons were of the value of 60,787/.,
while rice and sugar were prominent. Of the exports ground
nuts, valued at 200,000/., were shipped to France. Exports of
rubber had the value of 30,600Z.

Lagos. — The arrangement vdth France recognising certain
territory between Lagos and the Niger as within the British
sphere, and admitting British rights over Sokoto, brought peace
and security to a large region. The railway was opened for
passenger traffic as far as Abbeokuta, and would be finished
to Ibadan in a few months. Exports of mahogany were in-
creasing. The rubber industry, it was feared, would decline
in a few years on account of the reckless way in which the
trees were tapped, although the rubber trade of late years has
superseded the trade in palm oil.

Sierra Leone. — Major Nathan, C.M.G., administered the
government during the temporary absence of the Governor,
Sir F. Cardew, who came to England on leave. Bai Bureh
and several other ringleaders in recent hostilities were brought
from Karene in February by Major Stansfield, and the most
important chiefs were deported to Accra in July.

The Sierra Leone railway was completed to Songo town,
and trains ran on April 3. Of 600 passengers about ten were
white people. A carriage was reserved for the whites, and
the mayor of Freetown, Sir Samuel Lewis, who is a native
African, not knowing of the reservation, attempted to ride in
the reserved car. He was forcibly ejected by a white non-
commissioned officer, who, for the assault, was fined 30s. and
costs. The matter caused much feehng in Sierra Leone.

Congo State. — Baron Dhanis recovered Kabambarre on De-
cember 31, 1898. On July 20 he defeated the mutineers near
Sungula, killing 100 of them, and losing himself 25 black troops,
but no white officers or men. Two more battles with the rebel
Batetelas were fought in October. The rebels lost 90 men
killed, including three chiefs.

The Government was doing its best to better the condition

384] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

of its officers ; new steamers for transport were building, and
the railway was earning over 1,000,000 francs per month gross
receipts.

The exports last year were 1,015,868Z., and the imports
1,007,405Z. Eubber formed more than three-fifths of the exports ;
ivory and palm products nearly all the remainder. The rubber
trade was almost wholly in Belgian hands. New railways were
projected to connect Stanley Falls with the upper Ituri plateau»
one branch turning northward toward Lake Albert Nyanza and
the other southward toward Lake Tanganyika.

Nigeria,— The new protectorate of Northern Nigeria was to
come into being at the close of the year with Colonel Lugard
as Governor. It will be the largest in extent of any of the
British West African territories, and will contain about 300,000
square miles. Geba will be the capital till the new site is
chosen in the direction of Kano.

The Eoyal Niger Company transferred its territories to the
Imperial Government in August for 866,000Z.

The convention between Great Britain and France respect-
ing boundary lines in West Africa, signed on June 14, 1898, was
finally ratified this year.

The import duty on spirits imported into the Niger Coast
Protectorate was raised on June 17, from 2s. per gallon to 3s.
per gallon.

French Smidan. — In October by decree the French Soudan
ceased to be a distinct province, and was divided between
Senegal, Guinea, the Ivory Coast and Dahomey, West Africa.

Early in January the Voulet-Chanoine mission, authorised
to explore the country between Say and Lake Chad, were about
ninety miles above Say at Sansanne Hausa, and in March left
for Lake Chad. Lieutenant Peteau, attached to the expedition,
brought charges before the French authorities in the Soudan
against the officers in command of excesses and cruelty towards
the natives and of wantonly burning their villages. After a
partial inquiry Lieut.-Colonel Klobb of the Marines was ordered
to proceed from his station at Kayes to take over the command,
and if the charges proved true to arrest Captains Voulet and
Chanoine. On July 14 on the approach of Colonel Klobb at a
place near Damangara, West Africa, Captain Voulet sent word
that he should retain the command and if Klobb continued to
advance that he should treat him as an enemy ; that with 600
rifles under his orders he should prefer fighting to a stupid
suicide. Colonel Klobb advanced unfurhng the French flag,
whereupon Captain Voulet ordered his men to fire three volleys
and then independently. Colonel Klobb, while forbidding his
own men to return the fire, was shot dead. Lieutenant Meunier
was badly wounded, and their men were routed by a bayonet
charge. In October Voulet and Chanoine were no longer vdth
the mission. It was under the command of Lieutenant Pallier
who was seeking to place it under the orders of the Foureau-

1899.] Africa. — Anglo-French Agreement. [385

Lamy expedition, and on October 18 — the very day that a
memorial service was held in Paris for Lieut-Colonel Klobb —
news came, by a strange coincidence, that both Voulet and
Chanoine had been killed by their own followers.

M. Bretonnet's expedition, one of the four sent to explore
the Lake Chad region, was massacred in August by the natives
under Eabah in the vicinity of the Bagirmi. The Foureau-
Lamy mission was reported to have reached Lake Chad in
safety.

Anglo-French Agreement, — It was arranged between Great
Britain and France that the fourth article of the Convention
of June 14, 1898, should be completed by the following pro-
visions, which should be considered as forming an integral part
of it : —

1. Her Britannic Majesty's Government engages not to
acquire either territory or pohtical influence to the west of the
line of frontier defined in the following paragraph, and the
Government of the French Republic engages not to acquire
either territory or pohtical influence to the east of the same
line.

2. The line of frontier shall start from the point where the
boundary between the Congo Free State and French territory
meets the water-parting between the water-shed of the Nile and
that of the Congo and its affluents. It shall follow in principle
that water parting up to its intersection with the 11th parallel
of north latitude. From this point it shall be drawn as far as
the 15th parallel in such manner as to separate in principle
the kingdom of Wadai from what constituted in 1882 the
province of Darfur ; but it shall in no case be so drawn as to
pass to the west beyond the 21st degree of longitude east of
Greenwich (18° 40' east of Paris), or to the east beyond the
23rd degree of longitude east of Greenwich (20° Aff east of
Paris).

3. It is understood in principle that to the north of the 15th
parallel the French zone shall be limited to the north-east and
east by a line which shall start from the point of intersection of
the Tropic of Cancer with the 16th degree of longitude east of
Greenwich (13° 40' east of Paris), shall run thence to the south-
east until it meets the 24th degree of longitude east of Green-
wich (21° 40' east of Paris), and shall then follow the 24th
degree until it meets, to the north of the 15th parallel of
latitude, the frontier of Darfur as it shall eventually be fixed.

4. The two Governments engage to appoint Commissioners
who shall be charged to delimit on the spot a frontier hne in
accordance with the indications given in paragraph 2 of this
declaration. The result of their work shall be submitted for
the approbation of their respective Governments.

It is agreed that the provisions of Article IX. of the Conven-
tion of June 14, 1898, shall apply equally to the territories
situated to the south of the 14° 20' parallel of north latitude,

BB

386] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

and to the north of the 6th parallel of north latitude, between
the 14° 20' meridian of longitude east of Greenwich (12th degree
east of Paris) and the course of the Upper Nile.
Done at London, March 21, 1899.

(L.S.) Salisbury.
(L.S.) Paul Cambon.

VI. central AFRICA.

British Central Africa. — ^It was feared by the planters that
the Trans-African Eailway would result in withdrawing native
labour from Nyassaland to the mining districts in South Africa
and thus lessen their supply.

The notorious Yao chief, Mataka, with Makanjira and
Zirafi, two other raiding chiefs living in Portuguese territory
south-east of Lake Nyassa, were giving trouble, and against
them the British and Portuguese acted in concert. Zirafi and
Makanjira submitted, and offered to assist against Mataka.
The Portuguese force in October defeated him and destroyed
his town.

The chief Kazembe, who had strongly fortified his town,
was defeated by the British force before the two expeditions
effected a junction. Kazembe's fortress was the rendezvous of all
disaffected Arabs.

Plenty of rain had fallen in the Shir6 highlands at the end
of October, and the coffee crop was not less than a thousand
tons, while for the next season a much better crop was antici-
pated.

CHAPTEE VII.

AMERICA.
I. UNITED STATES.

The state of political parties in the Congress of the United
States at the opening of the year 1899 (the third session of
the fifty-fifth Congress) was as follows : In the Senate, 46
Eepubhcans, 34 Democrats, and 10 Independents. In the
House of Eepresentatives, 206 Eepublicans, 134 Democrats
(including 16 classed as Fusionists), and 16 Independents.
Wilham P. Frye, Eepublican from Maine, was President pro
tempore of the Senate, and Thomas B. Eeed, also of Maine,
was Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives.

One of the most important acts of this short session of
Congress was that providing for the reorganisation of the
Army. The bill as passed in the House of Eepresentatives
permitted the raising of the regular Army to 100,000, with
an amendment providing that the minimum enlisted strength

1899.] ATTierica, — United States, [387

should be about 57,000 and the maximum 95,000 men, and
the President at his discretign could fix the strength of the
regular Army at any figure. In the Senate Mr. Gorman
proposed an amendment to reduce the strength of the Army
after July 1, 1901, to its numbers before the Spanish-American
War, i.e., about 27,000, and the bill finally passed the Senate
bv 55 votes to 13.

An act passed (March 2), authorising the President to
appoint an admiral of the Navy, who should not be placed
on the retired list except on his own apphcation, the office to
expire at the admiraFs death.

Among the bills before the fifty-fifth Congress which failed
to become acts was one to establish a territorial government
in Hawaii. The fifty-fifth Congress expired at noon, by statu-
tory limitation, on March 4.

A military court of inquiry met in Washington, D.C.
(Feb. 17), to inquire into the charges made by General
Miles and others respecting the supply of improper food to
the troops operating in Cuba and Porto Eico during the war
with Spain. The report submitted to the President. (April
29) censured General Miles for not instantly taking the most
effective measures to correct the wrong, censured Commissary-
General Eagan for buying enormous quantities of a food
practically untried and unknown, and censured the assistant
commissary for recommending it. All others were exculpated,
including Mr. Alger, the Secretary of War. The President
recommended that no further proceedings should be taken,
but the people generally condemned the findings of the court
and its attempt to whitewash incapable officials.

Secretary Alger resigned his office on July 19, and was
succeeded by Mr. Elihu Boot, of New York, on July 22.
Commissary- General Eagan was suspended for six years from
the Army.

One of the largest and finest hotels in New York City — the
Windsor Hotel, in Fifth Avenue-^was consumed by fire in an
hour on Friday afternoon, March 17. Many were at the
windows to witness the procession on St. Patrick's Day, and
in all about forty-five persons lost their lives.

The bodies of the 336 Americans who perished in the
Cuban and Porto Eican campaigns were brought to New
York in April and interred at Arlington Cemetery, near Wash-
ington, with full military honours in the presence of President
M*Kinley, the members of the Cabinet, and a numerous
assembly.

Lynching of negroes in the South was increasing rather
than diminishing. In the former slave States there remained
a black population of nearly 7,000,000. The violent and illegal
means taken to punish criminal negroes for their outrages on
white women was increasing a disregard for law and order in
the Southern States, while many whites were deterred from

bb2

388] FOEEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

settling in the South through fear of the violence that might
be offered to their women.

In connection with tramway strikes in New York some
serious rioting occurred in July. An attempt was made in
Brooklyn to blow up by dynamite a part of the Elevated Kail-
road, and on the 20th in the fights with the large pohce force
employed in protecting the tram lines in New York City many
people were injured.

After the conclusion of the war with Spain, the treaty was
not ratified till February 6 by the United States Senate. The
ratifications were exchanged and certified to on April 11.
Through this delay Aguinaldo, the leader of the Filippino
insurgents, was encouraged to begin a war, and threatened to
continue it at all costs until independence was secured. An
American commission had been appointed by President M'Kinley
in January to visit the Philippines and report upon the future
government of the islands. On April 4 the conmiission, con-
sisting of the following members — John G. Schurman, Dean
C. Worcester, Charles Denby, Admiral George Dewey and
General E. S. Otis — issued a proclamation in eleven articles
explaining that the object of the United States Government
aimed to promote the well-being, prosperity and happiness of
the people in the Philippines, and their elevation and advance-
ment. Their civil rights were to be guaranteed and protected,
and their rehgious freedom assured. On April 15 the Fihppinos
issued a reply, stating that as they had no part in the negotia-
tion of the Treaty of Paris they had no assurance of the fulfilment
of American promises, and that although they stood alone they
would fight to the death. The war meanwhile had begun, and
it was made manifest in June that the hopes of Aguinaldo and his
adherents were kept ahve by the anti-imperialists and by poUtical
movements in the United States. On July 27 Aguinaldo appealed
to the Powers of Europe for recognition of Fihppino independence,
claiming that he had conquered the whole country except Manilla
before the signing of the treaty with Spain, and therefore that
Spain could not cede the islands to the United States. In August
Aguinaldo proclaimed himself dictator at a session of the Filippino
Congress, and in the same month the Congress declined the
offer of an autonomous government from the United States, and
asked for a conference. The conference was allowed, but proved
to be only a ruse to gain time and wring some acknowledgment
of the Filippino Government from the United States Government.
On October 18 General Otis received a message from General
Pio del Pilar offering the following terms: For $50,000 to refrain
from attacking Manilla with his army ; for $250,000 to surrender
his army after a sham battle, both sides firing into the air ; and
for $500,000 to accomphsh the overthrow of the insurrection
and the capture of Aguinaldo, Paterno, and the other leaders.
Many engagements took place between the United States forces
and the rebels. General Henry Lawton led a victorious expedi-

1899.] America. — United States. — Gold Standard. [389

tion from Manilla on April 8, and another in May. During twenty
days' absence his force marched 130 miles, had twenty-two
fights, capturing twenty-two towns, destroying 300,000 bushels
of rice, killing 400 rebels and wounding 800, and with the loss
of six men killed and fifty-one wounded. A severe battle was
fought near San Jacinto on November 12, in which Major John
A. Logan, jun., was killed. General McArthur's force entered
Tarlac, the Filippino capital, the same day, and scattered the
Government ; and General Lawton*s cavalry captured Agui-
naldo's secretary and several of his officers with the Government
records. Other victories were won by the United States force,
with the co-operation of the Navy, before the end of the year.
On December 19 General Lawton, the second in command
under General Otis, was killed at the attack on San Mateo by a
Filippino sharpshooter.

Admiral Dewey, after his arrival in New York (Sept. 26)
from Manila, was welcomed with great enthusiasm, and a great
naval parade took place (Sept. 30) in his honour. Enormous
crowds of spectators lined the shores, and a very brilliant and
impressive display was made by the warships and other vessels
in the harbour and rivers. On the following day the demonstra-
tions were continued with a grand military parade in New York,
the admiral receiving the freedom of the city and a gold loving-
cup valued at $5,000. In Washington another demonstration
was made (Oct. 3), and a magnificent sword awarded by Con-
gress was presented to the hero of Manila by Secretary Long,
in the presence of the highest officers of the republic. President
M*Kinley spoke in praise of his distinguished services, and
Admiral Dewey replied in a brief speech, expressing his thanks
for the honour extended to him.

By virtue of the agreement made between Great Britain,
Germany and the United States in November, the United
States became possessed of Tutuila and its subsidiary islands
of the Samoan group. Tutuila has one of the finest harbours
in the Pacific.

In a convention of the American Bankers* Association held
at Cleveland, Ohio, early in September, a resolution was passed
unanimously recommending Congress in the next session to
establish more unequivocally and firmly a gold standard, by pro-
viding that the gold dollar should be the standard and measure
of all values. It recommended also that all obligations of the
Government and all paper money, including National Bank
notes, should be redeemed in gold, and that legal tender notes,
when paid into the Treasury, should not be reissued except
for gold. This recommendation was heeded by Congress in
December, and a gold currency bill was adopted.

Eleven States elected State and judicial officers and members
of the State Legislatures on Monday, November 6. The Re-
publicans retained their majority in New York. In Ohio the
Republicans elected Mr. George K. Nash Governor by over

390] FOEEIGN HISTOKY. [1899.

40,000 majority. In Kentucky Mr. Wm. Goebel, the Demo-
cratic candidate, was declared elected, although both parties
claimed the victory. Massachusetts, Iowa, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey and South Dakota were carried by the Eepublicans.
The elections in Kansas were only for county officers and judges
in several districts, and the returns showed Republican gams
throughout the State.

The exceptionally cordial relations with Great Britain were
maintained, although the Irish influence in the United States was
as usual counteracting. There were Germans, too, in Chicago
and elsewhere who thought that Germany ought to hold the
first place in American affections. During the year there
were many proofs given in the United States of the highest
good feeling and the warmest friendship for the mother country.
The hospital ship Maine was wholly equipped for service in the
Transvaal war by American subscriptions and with an American
ttafif of surgeons and nurses, and great sympathy for Great
Britain, which was keen and almost universal, was manifested
during the progress of the South African war in a variety of
ways. The majority of Americans did not forget the attitude
of Great Britain during the Spanish-American war.

Permission was granted in November to the Victorian Club
of Boston to erect a monument in the Central Burying Ground
in memory of the British troops who fell in the battle of
Bunker's HiU.

Reciprocity treaties with France, with Portugal and with
Great Britain relating to Jamaica, Bermuda and Trinidad were
signed in July.

A modus Vivendi was agreed upon with Great Britain with
regard to the hne of boundary between Alaska and Canada.
A provisional line was to be drawn around the head of the
Lynn Canal, leaving the United States in occupation of the
ports of entry to the Yukon district which are situated on the
shores of this inlet. It fixed the limits temporarily of the border
in the three principal passes, at the summit of the White Pass,
the summit of the Chilkoot and a point on the Chilkat route,
about a mile and a half above the village of Klukwan, where
the Klehini River runs into the Porcupine Creek. The dividing
line to join these various points and to continue along the
south bank of the Klehini to a point within ten marine leagues
of the ocean, the Klehini River remaining within Canadian
territory. Canada was not satisfied with this arrangement, and
would not consent to its being permanent. Arbitration was
likely to be appealed to eventually.

Vice-President Hobart died at Paterson, New Jersey, on
November 21. By his death the succession to the Presidency,
in case of the decease of President M*Kinley within the un-
expired term of his election for four years, would devolve upon
the Secretary of State, and the Vice-President's office remained
vacant.

1899.] America. — United States. — President's Message, [391

President M*Kinley*8 Cabinet at the opening of the fifty-
sixth Congress was as follows : John Hay of Ohio, Secretary
of State ; Lyman J. Gage of Illinois, Secretary of the Treasury ;
Elihu Koot of New York, Secretary of War ; John W. Griggs
of New Jersey, Attorney-General ; Charles E. Smith of Pennsyl-
vania, Postmaster- General ; John D. Long of Massachusetts,
Secretary of the Navy ; Ethan A. Hitchcock of Missouri,
Secretary of the Interior ; and James Wilson of Iowa, Secretary
of Agriculture.

The first session of the fifty-sixth Congress began on
December 4. David B. Henderson, EepubUcan, of Iowa, was
elected Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives. William P.
Frye, Kepublican, of Maine, was President, pro tempore, of the
Senate. Parties stood as follows : In the Senate : Eepublicans,
55 ; Democrats, 26 ; Populists, 5 ; Independent, 1 ; Vacancies,
3. In the House of Representatives : Eepubhcans, 186 ; Demo-
crats, 160 ; Popuhsts, 7 ; Silver Party, 2 ; Vacancies, 2.

President M^Kinley's annual message was delivered to both
Houses on December 5. It was a very long document. It
described the condition of the country as being exceptionally
prosperous, especially with regard to commerce with other
nations. Legislation was recommended in order to maintain
parity in the value of gold and silver coin, and to support the
gold standard. He urged the necessity of a canal uniting the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. He reviewed the action of the
Joint High Commission created by the United States Govern-
ment and that of Great Britain for the adjustment of all un-
settled questions between the United States and Canada, and
said that it had made much progress with the settlement of
many of these questions when it became apparent that an
irreconcilable difference of views was entertained respecting the
delimitation of the Alaskan boundary. The American com-
missioners proposed that the boundary question should be laid
aside and the remaining questions of difference proceeded with.
The British commissioners, however, declined, and an adjourn-
ment was taken till the boundary question should be adjusted by
the two Governments. A modus vivendi for the provisional de-
marcation of the region about the head of the Lynn Canal had
now been agreed upon, and it was hoped that the negotiations
would end in the delimitation of a permanent boundary. Apart
from these questions, a most friendly disposition and ready
agreement had marked the discussion of the numerous matters
arising in the vast intercourse of the United States with Great
Britain. The Government had maintained an attitude of
neutrality in the unfortunate contest between Great Britain
and the 13oer States of South Africa. The President dwelt on
the necessity for a cable to Manila, described the settlement
arrived at with regard to Samoa as satisfactory, reiterated that
after the full establishment of peace in Cuba the island would
be held by the United States only in trust for the inhabitants.

392] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

and described the award of the Anglo- Venezuelan Arbitration
Tribunal at Paris as apparently equally satisfactory to both
parties. As to the PhiUppines, the President said the islands
could be abandoned, and opposed the suggestion that the
United States should give the islands independence while re-
taining a protectorate. He did not now recommend any final
form of government, but said the truest kindness to the insur-
gents would be the swift and effective defeat of their leader.

A resolution was adopted, by 302 votes to 30, in the House
of Eepresentatives for the appointment of a special committee
to examine the case of Mr. Brigham Eoberts, whose admission
as a member of the House from Utah was objected to on the
ground of his being a polygamist.

On December 6 Congress received the annual report of the
Secretary of the Treasury, in which it was stated that the
revenue for the year ended June 30 was $610,982,094 and the
expenditure $700,093,564, showing a deficiency of $89,111,559.

For the current fiscal year the surplus of $40,000,000 was
expected. The Secretary's report stated that the commerce of
the year had been marked by three especially notable character-
istics : (1) A continuation of the phenomenal exports of last
year ; (2) a moderate increase in importations ; and (3) the
combined imports and exports formed the largest total ever
shown by a single year in the history of the foreign commerce
of the United States.

** The total imports of merchandise during the year were
$679,148,489, as compared with $616,049,654 in the fiscal year
1898, and $764,730,412 in the fiscal year 1897, being less than
in any fiscal year since 1887, with the single exception of 1894,
when importations were being held back to obtain advantage of
an expected reduction in tariff, and 1898, when they were abnor-
mally low because of excessive importations in the preceding
year in anticipation of an increased tariff. The exportations of
1899 were $1,227,023,302, as against $1,231,482,330 in the fiscal
year 1898, and $1,050,993,556 in 1897, being the fourth year
in our history in which the exports exceeded a billion dollars,
and falling but $4,459,028 below those of the phenomenal year
1898, when the supply of breadstuflfe abroad was unusually short,
and that of the United States unusually large. The total of
our foreign commerce for the fiscal year 1899 thus stands at
$1,924,171,791, or $66,491,181 greater than in any preceding
year.

** Foreign commerce has much more than doubled since
1870, the total of the imports and exports combined being in
1870 but $828,730,176.

** The annual report of the Commissioner-General of Immi-
gration shows that during the fiscal year 1899 there arrived at
the ports of the United States and Canada 311,715 immigrants,
of whom 297,349 were from Europe, 8,972 from Asia, 51 from
Africa, and 5,343 from all other sources, making an increase

1899.] America. — Canada. — Alaska Qtiestion, [393

over the number for the preceding year of 82,416, or nearly 36
per cent. This increase consisted in large part of European
immigrants, numbering 79,563, and especially of arrivals from
Italy, Austria-Hungary, and the Russian Empire and Finland,
which contributed thereto, respectively, excesses over the figures
reported last year of 18,806 (32 per cent.), 22,694 (57 per cent.),
and 31,154 (104 per cent.). The total immigration was divided
as to sex into 195,277 males and 116,438 females.'*

The report of the Commissioner of Navigation showed that
on June 30, 1899, the merchant marine of the United States,
including all kinds of documented shipping, comprised 22,728
vessels, of 4,864,238 gross tons. On June 30, 1898, it comprised
22,705 vessels, of 4,749,738 gross tons.

The Secretary of the Navy in his annual report recommended
the construction of three armoured cruisers of 13,000 tons, three
protected cruisers of 8,000 tons, and twelve gunboats of 900
tons each. The report of the Secretary of War urged the import-
ance of a cable between San Francisco and Manila to touch
at Hawaii, Wake Island and Guam, the new possessions of
the United States in the Pacific. He estimated the cost at
$8,500,000.

A currency bill embodying the recommendations on that
subject in the President's message passed in the House of
Representatives in December by 190 votes to 150. Eleven
Democrats voted with the Republicans in the aflSrmative.

II. CANADA.

The Dominion Parliament was opened on March 16 by the
Earl of Minto, the Governor-General.

Sir Charles Tupper in the debate on the address made a
long speech (March 20), severely arraigning the pohcy of the
Government with regard to the Alaska boundary question. He
thought that when the United States declined to accept the
reasonable proposal for the appointment of an umpire the
Canadian commissioners should have withdrawn.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Premier, said in reply, that such a
retirement would have been undignified and unworthy of the
representatives of a great nation. He considered that the
adjournment of the commission would have a beneficial result,
as it would enable the Imperial Government to have a friendly
and generous talk on the subject with the United States. Canada
had not been a suppliant of the United States, and owing to
the development of trade with Great Britain there was less need
of reciprocity with them.

Sir Richard Cartwright gave some reasons why the British
commissioners had been unsuccessful. He beheved that if
Canada could have appealed to the whole United States instead
of to the individual interests of the forty-five States of the
Union, a prompt settlement would have been possible.

394] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

The debate on the address ended on April 18.

Sir Wilfrid Lanrier in July spoke in Parliament in favour
of imperial free trade, and said that if ever its blessings were
secured by the 300,000,000 of British subjects all over the
world, history would attest that the first step in that direction
was taken when the Canadian Parliament reduced the duty on
British goods by 25 per cent.

The Government Eedistribution Bill was rejected in the
Senate in July. Earlier in the year there had been some
agitation promoted by the Federal Provincial Liberal Govern-
ments in favour of the aboHtion of the Senate. The Con-
servative party opposed any attempt to break the solemn
compact of the 1867 confederation giving equal representation
in the Upper House, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, however, proposed
that when the two Houses disagreed they should vote together
and accept the decision of the majority.

Sir Charles Tupper on June 28 in ParUament formulated
charges of corruption against Yukon officials, and charged the
Minister of the Interior with maladministration ; but the House
rejected by a majority of 50 his motion for a judicial inquiry.

The Dominion Parliament was prorogued on August 11.
The appropriations for the current year amounted altogether to
$52,000,000 — the largest in the history of the country. The
railway subsidies voted amounted to $6,500,000. The complete
financial returns of the last fiscal year gave $46,796,368 as the
revenue of the Dominion, and the expenditure was $41,760,342.
The net debt of Canada was about 266,000,000 with an increase
of 1,500,000 during the year.

By the opening of the Saulanges Canal (Oct. 9), uninter-
rupted inland navigation was provided for vessels drawing not
over fourteen feet of water, from Quebec to the head of Lake
Superior — a distance of 1,435 miles. The canal was completed
at a cost of $5,250,000. Canada^s total expenditure on canals
amounted to $75,000,000.

The business portion of Dawson City in the Klondyke region
was entirely destroyed by fire on April 26, with a loss of about
$4,000,000. One hundred and eleven buildings were burned.

Hydrauhc plant on an extensive scale was erected in the
summer for the first time on one of the gold mining properties
in the Klondyke country, resulting in a yield of $50,000 worth
of gold after six days* working.

The attitude of the United States on the Alaska boundary
question was very firm, and Canada also was unyielding. The
Anglo-American Commission were unable to settle the difl&culty
before the close of the year. On October 20 a temporary
arrangement was made between the United States and Great
Britain, agreeing upon a hne in the Chilkat Pass. On account
of the large number of miners working on the Klakini Eiver
in the pass this temporary arrangement, dignified with the
name of a modvs vivendi, was quite necessary to prevent local

1899.] America. — Newfoundland. [395

disturbance. Canada desired access to the Yukon by sea, and
it was proposed that the United States should lease a free
port on the Lynn Canal to Canada, while still retaining all
territorial sovereign rights.

The more recent discovery of gold in United States territory
at Cape Nome, on the western coast of Alaska, near Nortom
Sound, was diverting the attention of miners from the Klondyke
at the close of the year.

British Columbia passed repressive measures against the
Japanese, and excluded aliens from the placer mines at Atlin.
In June the Dominion authorities passed an order in council,
at the request of the Imperial Government, disallowing these
laws,

London was brought this year within ten days of Vancouver
by the imperial limited train running between Montreal and
the Pacific Coast, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, in 100
hours with eighty stoppages.

Loyal Canada sent to the Transvaal war a large number
of Volunteers, who distinguished themselves in action for effi-
ciency and bravery.

In Manitoba the crops were the heaviest known for years.
The wheat yield was nearly 40,000,000 of bushels, with an
average yield of twenty and a half bushels per acre. There
were immense crops of oats, barley, rye, flax and peas, all
harvested in fine condition. More immigration from Eastern
Canada and the United States than in any recent year was
noted.

III. NEWFOUNDLAND.

The session of the Legislature closed on July 19. The
Governor, at that time, said in his speech that the im-
provement in the economic condition of the colony con-
tinued, and that the good markets abroad for fishery products
stimulated activity. Mining was active ; a slight increase
had been made in the duties, thus equalising revenue and
expenditure. No legislation had been asked for or enacted
respecting the modus vivendi expiring that year. The Budget
showed a deficit of $33,000 for the past year, with an estimated
surplus for the current year of $30,000. An impost of 10 per
cent, was to be levied upon existing duties.

The Bait Act was strictly enforced. The number of French
fishermen along the treaty coast was less than ever before,
and their lobster catch was a failure, owing to the scarcity of
lobsters.

Mr. Morine, Minister of Finance, resigned in November,
and was succeeded by Mr. W. J. S. Donnelly.

The total catch of hair seals for the season was announced
in May as being 273,000, against 241,000 in the previous year.

Large developments in the production of coal, iron, and
petroleum were going forward on the west coast of the island.

396J FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

IV. MEXICO.

The Mexican Congress convened September 16. Senor
Limantour, the Secretary of Finances, announced that the
revenue collected during the fiscal year ended June 30, ex-
ceeded $59,000,000. The disbursements were about $52,000,000,
and the conversion of the debt had been successfully completed,
amounting to $110,000,000. Under General Diaz the country
had continued prosperity. The value of imports for the fiscal
year amounted to $50,869,194, and of exports to $148,453,834.
At the close of the year there were 8,307 miles of railway in
operation and about 42,500 miles of telegraph Une.

Military operations were necessary against the Maya Indians
of Yucatan in September.

An earthquake, January 24, occurred in Mexico City which
injured much property and created a great panic.

v. CENTRAL AMERICA.

Costa Rica. — Seiior Yglesias, the President of the republic,
visited England in January, arriving from Paris on the 9th.
His visit was non-political and private.

Honduras. — General Terencio Sierra was formally installed
President of Honduras in February.

Nicarag'iia, — In February a revolution was attempted by
General Pablo Eeyes who had been Governor of the Eastern
coast, but was deposed by President Zelaya. On February 15
President Zelaya declared a state of siege and Eeyes, the leader
of the rebels, having surrendered to the commanders of the
United States gunboat Marietta and the British cruiser Intrepid
ended the revolution somewhat prematurely. On April 18 the
new governor at Bluefields, General Torres, announced that the
customs duties paid in the Reyes revolution must be paid again.
On May 6 the United States Minister made a temporary arrange-
ment with the Nicaraguan Government, by which the a.dditional
sums collected were turned over to the British Consul at Blue-
fields and the matter was referred to the two Governments for
permanent settlement, and on July 28 the sum of $9,000
collected by General Torres from the American merchants at
Bluefields was demanded from the Nicaraguan Government by
Mr. Merry, the United States Minister.

VI. WEST INDIES.

Cuba. — On Januarv 1 at Havana the formal transfer of the
island to the United States was made with impressive cere-
mony. The last of the Spanish soldiers embarked on the
transports for Spain on February 6.

General Gomez, the insurgent leader, accepted the terms
offered by the United States, and assured President M'Kinley

1899.] America, — West Indies. [397

that he would assist in disbanding the Cuban army, and dis-
tributing among the soldiers the $3,000,000 voted by Congress.
The Cuban Military Assembly demanded a much larger sum.
On March 11 the Assembly, by 26 votes to 4, impeached Maximo
Gomez, and removed him from his command as general-in-
chief, charging him with ** failure in his military duties and
disobedience to the Assembly."

On April 4 the Cuban Assembly voted to disband the army
by 21 votes to 1. As all hope of raising an additional sum
from the United States failed, it also voted for its own dissolu-
tion, thereby removing the last obstacle to the return of the
Cuban soldiers to their homes. Yet on April 7 General Gomez
was reinstated by a majority of the Cuban generals as com-
mander-in-chief, and conferences were held by him with General
Brooke, the United States MiUtary Governor. For a long
time the distribution of the money was delayed by the action
of the Cuban patriots, but at length, on September 2, General
Brooke reported that the payments to the Cuban army were
completed, leaving a surplus of $400,000.

President M^Kinley on August 17 issued a proclamation
directing a census of the people of Cuba to be taken, and the
work was begun on October 16. There was nothing in the
proclamation to indicate that the United States would give
immediate independence to the island, and the military govern-
ment was certain to continue for at least several months in the
coming year.

Bahamas. — Eevenue exceeded expenditure to a considerable
amount, through a great increase in imports due to the pros-
perity of the colonial industries. The main exports were
sponges, fruit and Sisal hemp.

Barbados, — Sugar was the principal industry, but was still
manufactured in the most primitive manner. A reciprocity
treaty with the United States was concluded on June 16, allow-
ing 12 per cent, reduction on sugar, but the reciprocal con-
cessions for United States produce threatened to diminish
materially the customs revenue, unless counterbalanced by
increase of trade.

Bermuda. — The revenue of the colony last year was 38,923Z.,
or 2,958Z. more than in the previous year. It was almost
wholly due to increased customs receipts, consequent on the
growing popularity of the island as a winter resort. Trade was
principally with the United States. Population was estimated
at about 16,000, of which 10,000 were coloured people.

A cyclone occurred in Bermuda on September 13, which did
great damage to public and private property. The damage
done to the dockyard alone was estimated at 20,000Z. The
Government houses, the city hall and the public gardens
suffered from the storm, which was more severe than any since
1880.

Uayti. — A plot to overthrow the Government of President

398] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

Sam in favour of M. Fouchard, ex-Minister of Finance, was
discovered early in August, and a large number of arrests were
made.

Jamaica. — Sir David Barbour went to Jamaica in January
and remained for a month, prosecuting inquiries with which he
had been charged by the Imperial Government. His report,
issued July 26, suggested sundry measures for the increase
of the revenue, including an income tax, and an increased
land tax. Many economies had already been effected by the
Government. Jamaica had been Uving in the past at a rate
which the finances of the colony did not justify; but the
colonial officials were not to blame for the depression which was
due to the low prices prevailing for all products of the island,
and the cessation of labour on the large works now completed.
The revenue, however, was improving and the colony more
prosperous than for the past three years.

Mr. Chamberlain, the Colonial Secretary, in September
informed the Canadian Minister of Trade, Sir E. Cartwright,
that her Majesty would disallow any treaty between the United
States and Jamaica discriminating against Canada.

Hon. Eobert P. Porter, the United States Special Com-
missioner, reported to his Government that Jamaica was a
well-governed country and the revenue honestly collected
and expended for the public good.

Porto Bico. — The Spanish troops evacuated San Juan in
October, 1898, and the island came under the military rule of
the United States. General Henry asked to be relieved from
duty as Governor, April 29, and he was succeeded by Brigadier
General George B. Davis. The Eadicals in the island chafed
under the military authority and petitioned the President for
civil rule, absolute free trade, reduction of the United States
forces in the island, and even for American citizenship! An
Insular Commission reported that the people were not ready
for the elective franchise, as not over 10 per cent of the inhabi-
tants could read and write. They recommended a revision of
the tariff rates on articles imported from the United States.

San Domingo, — President Heureaux was assassinated at Moca,
on July 26, by Eamon Caceres. Vice-President Figuerio suc-
ceeded him on August 1. An armed insurrection under Caceres
and Vasquez speedily followed, and considerable fighting took
place. On August 31 Figuerio resigned and the Eevolutionists
the next day formed a provisional government with Horacio
Vasquez as President. Don Juan Jiminez arrived on the scene
from Havana in September and issued a manifesto proposing all
kinds of reform. Virtue had its reward, for Seflor Jiminez was
proclaimed President on November 11.

Trinidad, — Sir H. Jerningham the Governor was obliged to
disband with ignominy the Volunteer Artillery Corps in August
for mutinous behaviour.

At a meeting of the Legislative Council on November 24, the

1899.] America. — Argentine Republic, [399

Governor presiding, the proposed Eeciprocity Treaty with the
United States was rejected as unworkable and unsatisfactory, by
16 votes to 4. The Convention signed at Washington on July
22 provided for the remission of 12^ per cent, of the duty on
sugar imported into the United States. British Guiana and
Jamaica, it was said, obtained terms that Trinidad would have
accepted.

The revenue of Trinidad amounted last year to 615,372Z. and
the expenditure to 640,952/. Exports were 2,310,130/. Imports
2,283,054/. The main items of export were cocoa 812,272/.,
sugar 603,285/. and asphalte 113,817/. Sugar prospects were
more hopeful than they were three years ago.

VII.— SOUTH AMERICA.

Argentine Republic. — In January the provinces of Entre Eios
and San Luis concluded an agreement vdth their European
creditors respecting the debts of those provinces. The Senate
(July 4) ratified this agreement, arranging that the Government
would deUver $14,000,000 national 4 per cent, bonds to cancel
the provincial external liabiUties. A similar arrangement to the
amount of 600,000/. was made vnth regard to the provincial
debt of Santa Fe. For the San Juan foreign debt national
4 per cent, bonds, with J per cent, amortization, were signed
to the amount of 350,000/., thereby cancelUng 400,000/. of
provincial bonds, including all interest due.

The Congress was opened on May 1, when President Boca
delivered his message. He described his visit to the Patagonian
territories and the need of railways there, as well as the passing
of laws to prevent in that country the sale of large tracts of land
to speculators. With regard to the currency he said it was
absolutely necessary to put it on a sound basis. In order to
abolish the constant fluctuations notes must be made exchange-
able for gold.

The Budget for 1900 was presented to the Congress on May
29. The estimated expenditure was $32,000,000 gold, includ-
ing $10,000,000 arrears, and $95,000,000 currency. Eevenue
was estimated as equivalent to 17,000,000/.

An elaborate scheme for the conversion of the currency at
the rate of forty-four cents per paper dollar was presented to
Congress on August 31. It was much criticised. The Chamber
of Deputies passed in October a Conversion Bill to prevent
further appreciation of the currency, so as to protect home
industries at the expense of foreign capital. Efforts were made
to sell the Andine Railway to help the Conversion Fund, but no
tenders were offered.

The Puna de Atacama boundary award was given in March,
part to Argentina and part to Chili.

It was said that a treaty was arranged this year between
Brazil, Argentina and Chili for referring all diflSculties between

400] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [i899.

the countries to arbitration, and also that they had mutually
agreed to reduce their naval and military expenses.

The total wool production was about 225,000 tons, as re-
ported in December, and it was of better quality than in the
previous year. The estimated wheat surplus for export was
2,000,000 tons, and 150,000 tons of last year's harvest was
still unshipped.

Brazil. — To save expenditure the Government issued a
decree in January abolishing two naval and three mihtary
arsenals.

The Congress was opened on May 3. President Campos
Salles, in his message, expressed an opinion in favour of
leasing the Brazilian Central Kailway, and showed that the
smaller Government lines already leased, which formerly were
unprofitable, were doing well under private management. Con-
gress had authorised him to deal in the same manner with
the Central Eosui, and eventually he would do so, and in such
a way as greatly to improve the state of Brazilian finances.
The first step toward financial reform would be to lessen the
mass of paper money. Another would be the raising of a
guarantee fund made up from the gold duties increased by 5
per cent. The Eedemption Fund would be derived from the
income of railways already leased, and from the payment by
banks of the amount of their indebtedness, and the sale of
other assets held by the Government. He reconamended
that Brazil should export what she produced under better
conditions than other countries, and import everything that
other countries could better produce than Brazil.

President Eoca of Argentina arrived at Eio Janeiro (Aug.
8) on a visit, and received an enthusiastic public welcome.
General Eoca, before leaving on the 18th, gave about 2,000Z.
to the poor of the city.

Cotton factories for manufacturing the excellent cotton
grown in Brazil were thriving. Numerous foreign colonies
had settled in the States of Parana and Santa Catharina,.
and were prospering. The Italians were trying to establish
a silk industry, and the German colonising companies were
buying large tracts of land and selling small lots to colonists
on easy terms of payment.

A new judgment was given in July in the case of the
assassination of Marshal Bittencourt, when an attempt was
made on the life of President Moraes (Nov. 5, 1897), by which
Captain Diocteano and two other men, named Martyr and
Pacheco, were sentenced to thirty years* im{)risonment.

In September the Committee on Tariffs of the Chamber
of Deputies reported in favour of placing a very heavy export
duty on coffee to be sent to France, Germany and Italy, and
a movable tariff was proposed in favour of nations making
concessions to Brazil.

The inhabitants of the Acre territory, claimed both by

1899.] South America. — Chili, — Bolivia, [401

Brazil and Bolivia, proclaimed a new commonwealth in August.
Bolivia accepted the rectification of the frontier with Brazil in
September, adopting the line of Cunha to Gomez. As to the
Venezuela disputed boundary, it was declared that Brazil would
officially protest against the award of the Paris Arbitration
Tribunal respecting part of the frontier between the Cotingo
and Taculu Eivers, as it was alleged that this territory be-
longed to Brazil.

From and after January 1, 1900, the proportion of the
Brazilian import duties payable in gold was to be raised
from 10 per cent, to 15 per cent.

The tjnited States gunboat Wilmington made a voyage
up the Amazon above Manaos, the supposed head of deep
navigation, in April, without having obtained consent of the
Brazilian officials at Manaos. Four days after a mob stoned
the American consulate at that town, and tore down the
consulate coat-of-arms. The vessel proceeded on its way,
and returned to Manaos on April 22, having sailed up the
river to Iquitos, 3,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and
only 500 miles from the Pacific, and she could have gone
200 miles farther up the Amazon except for insufficient coal.

Chili. — Very severe storms destroyed much property in
Valparaiso and Santiago in August. A tidal wave burst into
Valparaiso Bay, August 8, causing damage to millions of dollars
worth of Government property. A great part of the sea wall
was destroyed, and many villages in the south were carried
away.

A Ministerial crisis in September resulted in the formation
of a Coalition Cabinet, with Senor Sotomayor as Premier. At
the end of November the Prime Minister resigned, and a new
Cabinet was formed, with Senor EUas Albano as Premier, and
Senor E. Errazuriz as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

The shipments of nitrate for the current year were nearly
1,350,000 tons, and a slight increase was anticipated for the
coming year.

Bolivia, — A revolution was in progress in January. In
October the Congress elected General Paudo of the revolu-
tionary party as President, and Colonel L. Velasco as Vice-
President of the Eepublic. General Paudo had been in every
revolution in Bolivia for years, and had spent much of his life
in exile ; but he had the perseverance of Eobert Bruce. The
excuse for inciting a rebellion against Dr. Alonzo, the late
President, was found in the proposed removal of the seat of
Government from La Paz to its original place, Sucre, in the
interior. Paudo 's adherents took advantage of the discontent
among the Indians, and armed them with rifles, and they com-
mitted horrible atrocities; but Paudo, to his credit, when he
heard of the massacres, ordered thirty-five of the ringleaders to
be shot. The revolution ended in April, by a decisive battle
near Oruro.

CO

402] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

Columbia, — ^In August the departments of Candinamarca and
Santander were placed under martial law, because of an in-
surrection. On October 24 two armed Government steamers
destroyed seven insurgent vessels, and on October 30 the
rebels claimed a victory near Barranquilla. By the middle of
November, however, the rebels had been completely subdued,
and on December 25 the port of Tumaco had been reopened.

Peru. — The Congress was opened on July 28. President
Pierola, in his message, said that friendly relations existed
between Peru and all nations. The President declared that
the recent revolution was only a movement by armed bands
for the pillage of defenceless towns. Some disturbance con-
tinued for a while in the district of Cerro de Pasco, and the
Government sent thither a small force. At the beginning of
September the rebellion in the south was completely crushed,
and declarations of adherence to Senor Pierola were arriving
from all parts. On September 8, Senor Eomana, the President
elect, was installed at Lima, and Dr. Manuel Galvez was
appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the new Cabinet.

British Guiana, — The award of the boundary tribunal at
Paris in October gave unqualified satisfaction in the colony.

The reciprocity treaty concluded with the United States
was received with indifference, for it was manifest that the
treaty would create a deficit in the revenue of the colony and
changes in the tariff. This deficit in revenue it was estimated
would be from $160,000 to $170,000.

The gold industry showed signs of a revival, as security of
title to claims in the gold fields was now assured.

Uruguay. — The revolt against Senor Cuestas, the provisional
President, was subdued in February by the Government forces,
and on March 1 the republic reassumed the constitutional
government which had been interrupted for a year.

Senor Cuestas was elected President for the term of four
years by a decisive majority. The Chambers voted an amnesty
for all political offenders. In July even the young assassin of
President Borda in August, 1897, was acquitted on the ground
that he had obeyed a patriotic impulse.

In July a convention was signed for the renewal of the treaty
of commerce and navigation concluded between Great Britain
and Uruguay in 1885.

The Chambers in November authorised in full the construc-
tion of a new port at Monte Video, accepting plans prepared by
M. Guerrard. An additional export duty of 1 per cent., and
an increase of the import duty to 3 per cent., after January 1,
was designed to create a fund of about $1,000,000 yearly, to be
employed in payment of the cost of construction which was
estimated at $12,500,000.

Venezvsla, — A revolution under General Cipriano Castro suc-
ceeded in overthrowing the Government of President Andrade
in October. President Andrade made his escape to La Guayra.

1899.] Australasia. [403

General Hernandez who had led a revolutionary enterprise some
months before, without much success, attempted another in
October, but he was defeated in battle and with heavy loss.
President Andrade retired to San Juan, Porto Eico, and the
Castro Government held the situation for the time being.

The arbitrators under the treaty between Great Britain and
Venezuela of February, 1897, delivered their award on October 3.
It practically confirmed the Schomburgk line, but gave Venezuela
Bariraa Point at the mouth of the Orinoco, and also a tract of
territory to the west of the Wenamu Eiver and west of a Une
drawn from Mount Venamo to Mount Eovaima marked by
Schomburgk as British.

CHAPTEE VIII.

AUSTRALASIA.

Two events of supreme import and of far-reaching consequence
to Australasia distinguish the year 1899. The colonies, at least
five out of six, finally agreed in a practical scheme of confedera-
tion, of which there is now at last a fair hope of accomplishment.
A federal act was passed by five colonies, New South Wales,
Victoria, South Australia, Queensland and Tasmania, and was
transmitted at the close of the year to the Imperial Government
to be embodied in an act of Parliament. The sixth colony,
Western Australia, after much dallying and negotiation upon
minor points, declined to submit the question to a popular vote,
but there can be no doubt that a large majority in the colony,
including nearly the whole of the mining community, are m
favour of confederation, and it is certain that their wishes
will ultimately prevail.

The second great event is of scarcely less importance for
its influence upon the future destinies of Australasia in her
relations with the mother country. The outbreak of war in
South Africa through the invasion of British territory by the
Boers called forth an extraordinary amount of sympathy from
all classes of the colonists. The movement in defence of the
imperial interests was all the more gratifying as it could not be
suspected of being influenced by any but the purest and highest '
motives of patriotism and of loyalty. From the first the quarrel
between the Boer republics and the British Government was
interpreted as a dehberate and long-matured conspiracy against
the British power in South Africa, the object of which was
to degrade the colonists of British blood and language to a
position inferior to the Dutch, to usurp the dominion of South
Africa, and thus to break one principal and necessary link in
the chain of British Empire. The ardour and enthusiasm with
which the call to arms in defence of the mother country was
responded to throughout Australasia surprised even those best

cc 2

404] FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

acquainted with colonial sentiment, and came certainly as a
revelation to imperial statesmen. All parties and all classes,
almost without exception, joined in the passionate desire to
take part in a struggle which was more clearly recognised than
even at home as one in which the honour and the integrity, if
not the existence, of the British Empire were involved. Military
contingents, consisting of highly-trained Volunteers, well armed
and equipped, were despatched from all the colonies, and in spite
of some initial discouragement from the imperial departments,
arising from ignorance or over-officialism, of which the most
striking example was the telegraphic message intimating that
** unmounted men were preferred," the assistance thus rendered
to the British arms in the field proved most opportune and
valuable.

The Prime Ministers of the six colonies met, for the last
time, to settle the details of the Commonwealth Bill, at Mel-
bourne on February 2. They finally resolved that in the
matter of a difference between the two Houses of the federal
Legislature, an absolute majority of the two Chambers voting
together should be decisive. The much-vexed Braddon Clause,
concerning the financial contributions of the several members
of the Commonwealth, was adopted — to be in operation for ten
years, and after that to be altered or not by vote of the Federal
Legislature. The federal capital, it was arranged, should be
vnthin the territory of New South Wales, a hundred miles from
Sydney. Upon the announcement of the final result of the
deliberations of the conference congratulatory telegrams from
the Imperial Government were received by all the colonial
Governments.

The colonies all joined in protesting against the increase of
the wine duties in the new financial scheme of Great Britain,
as Ukely to affect prejudicially the colonial wine industry.

There was a good deal of dissatisfaction at the refusal of the
Imperial Government to contribute to the cost of the new
Pacific cable scheme. The colonies themselves, however, were
not agreed upon the route to be taken by the new cable — New
Zealand and New South Wales preferring the western line,
while most of the others favoured the eastern, as connecting
them directly with other British possessions.

All the colonial Governments decided by an almost unani-
mous vote to send military contingents in support of the British
cause in South Africa — Queensland having the honour of being
the first to tender her services. In one or two of the colonies
the vote was opposed by small sections of the Labour party,
but the popular voice in favour of participating in the defence of
the British Empire in South Africa was unmistakably demon-
strated. The original contributions of men and arms were in
most cases supplemented by large additions. The despatch of
the local forces was attended by extraordinary manifestations of
pubhc feeling at Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide.

1899.] Australasia. — Neto South Wales. [405

In reply to the objections to the Federal Bill raised by
Western Australia Mr. Keid on behalf of the Australian Premier,
wrote to Sir John Forrest, the Western Australian Prime
Minister, pointing out the utter impossibility of reconsidering
the details of the federal scheme and urging the submission of
the bill to the people.

Though not directly connected with confederation, nor
likely to be attended with consequences injurious to the pros-
pects of the Federal Bill, it is a fact, not altogether of good
omen for the cause of unity, that the five Australian Prime
Ministers who were most active in promoting the Federal Bill
were all turned out of office during the year — the only one
maintaining his power being Sir John Forrest, the leading
opponent of the measure. All the new Governments, however,
accepted confederation, and there is no reason to beUeve that the
political changes in the Constitution of the colonies will injure
or delay the final accomplishment of a federal union — the
questions agitating the local Parliaments being such as are
likely to be continued in the Federal Parliament.

The feeling excited at home over the trial of Captain
Dreyfus and the Rennes verdict, found an echo in the colonies.
At large meetings in Sydney and Melbourne unanimous
resolutions were passed in condemnation of what one of the
Governors called **the hideous travesty of justice."

The tripartite treaty between England, Germany and the
United States regarding Samoa was received with regretful
acquiescence. The transfer of Samoa to Germany was not
supposed to be balanced by the recognition of the British right
over the Tongas, seeing that there never was any question of
German rights over the Tongas, and the trade between both
groups of islands and Great Britain was by far larger than
between them and any European Power. The stipulation that
all goods imported into Samoa shall be subject to the same
duties has done something, however, to remove the Australian
objections to the transfer, in which New Zealand, from its
geographical position, was most nearly concerned.

The revenues of all the colonies showed a marked in-
crease during the year. They were all prosperous, and every
branch of industry was flourishing, in spite of long-continued
droughts.

New South Wales. — In response to a deputation from dis-
tressed agriculturalists in the interior, Mr. Reid, the Prime
Minister, promised to bring forward a measure for their relief.
A bill for advancing 200,000Z. to small settlers on certain
conditions was carried through both Houses of Parliament
on March 23.

A special session of Parliament to consider the Federal
Bill was opened on February 22. The Federal Enabling Bill
passed the Assembly on March 3.

Upon the bill reaching the Legislative Council the Upper

406] FOEEIGN HISTOEY. [1899.

House introduced amendments requiring one-fourth of the
electors to vote in its favour, and providing that New Soath
Wales should not join the federation until Queensland did so.

The Assembly, on March 22, after an all night's sitting,
rejected the council's amendments. The differences between
the two Houses was sought to be settled by a conference, which
was held on March 28. After a lengthened discussion no
agreement was reached. Mr. Eeid thereupon asked the Governor
to make such a number of appointments to the council as
would ensure a majority for the bill. The Acting Governor
consenting, twelve new members were added to the Legislative
Council (April 9).

The Federal Enabling Bill was passed by the Legislative
Council without amendments on April 19, and Parliament was
immediately after prorogued.

The Legislative Council passed the bill for advancing
200,000Z. to distressed agriculturists on March 25. Mr. Want,
the Attorney-General, who was the principal opponent of the
Federal Bill, finding his position incompatible with the policy
of the Ministers, resigned office on April 18.

Lord Hampden left Sydney on March 5. Earl Beauchamp,
his successor, arrived May 18.

One hundred New South Wales Lancers embarked for
England on March 3, to be trained with British cavalry.

A public meeting was held at Sydney on March 6, presided
over by Sir George Dibbs, ex-Prime Minister, at which resolu-
tions were passed condemning the Federal Bill.

Cardinal Moran made a violent speech on receipt of the
news of the disturbances in Samoa, strongly denouncing the
British and American policy in the islands. He declared that
**the aggression of the United States — who wanted to make
an American lake of the Pacific — was a danger to the Empire."
The moving cause of the archbishop's anger, as it appeared
afterwards, was an alleged attack by the united British and
American sailors on a Eoman Catholic church, which was
filled with the partisans of Mataafa.

The Prime Minister sent a message by cable to the Imperial
Government protesting, in the name of the Australasian
Premiers, against the proposed new duties on wine. He
declared it to be **an unfortunate time" for such a measure,
which was ** at variance with the new disposition of the colonies
in favour of a preference to British manufactures.**

The Minister of Lands, after a tour of inspection in the
interior, reported the prevalence of drought in the agricultural
districts. Nearly all the stock had perished in some parts of
the colony. The pastoralists asked for a reduction of rents,
with larger holdings and a longer tenure.

The voting for the Federal Bill was 107,274 for, and 72,701
against, showing an increased majority and a stronger popular
interest for the measure.

1899.] New South Woks. [407

The revenue for the year ending June 80 was 9,754,685Z.,
showing an increase over the last year of 272,0982.

The Parliament was opened for the ordinary session on
July 18. During the recess considerable changes were made
in the arrangement of the Ministerial offices, consequent on
the resignation of the Attorney-General.

Mr. Carruthers, the Treasurer, made his Budget speech on
August 16, announcing a surplus of 147,7002., and declaring
that the tariff would remain unaltered.

On September 7, Mr. Barton having resigned the positipn
of Opposition leader in favour of Mr. Lyne, the latter moved
a vote of want of confidence in the Ministry — the ostensible
ground for which was a payment, in defiance of a parliamentary
pledge, made to Mr. Nields, a member of the Aj9sembly, who
had been sent on a special mission to England. The Labour
party, which had hitherto been Mr. Beid's diief support, having
deserted him, the vote against the Ministry was carried by 75
to 41. Ministers resign^ two dajrs after — ^the Governor having
refused a dissolution-nafter a reign of five years.

Mr. Lyne being sent for, a new Ministry was formed, with
himself as Premier and Treasurer ; Mr. J. Lee, Colonial Secre-
tary ; Mr. W. H. Wood, Minister of Justice ; Mr. J. Perry,
Public Instruction ; Mr. W. P. Crick, Postmaster -General ;
Mr. E. W. O'SulUvan, Public Works ; Mr. T. H. Hassall,
Lands ; Mr. J. L. Fegan, Mines ; Mr. B. B. Wise, Attorney-
General; and Mr. J. A. E. Mackay, Vice-President of
Council.

All the new Ministers were re-elected on taking office. Mr.
Lyne, in a speech made on September 20, said he was now
prepared to accept the Commonwealth Bill. His Ministry
was believed to be strongly Protectionist; though Mr. Wise,
the Attorney - General, is known to be an advanced Free
Trader — Mr. Lyne giving a pledge that no great changes
will be made in the nscal policy of the Government, pendmg
the arrival of the new federal Constitution.

Mr. Lyne, as Treasurer, in his financial scheme, announced
considerable divergence of figures between him and his prede-
cessor— the difference between them amounting to 1,400,000/.
He proposed the issue of Treasury Bills to the extent of
4,000,000Z., and increased stamp duties.

The departure of the New South Wales contingent, in aid
of the British forces in South Africa, took place on October 25,
amidst a scene of extraordinary enthusiasm.

General Booth, of the Salvation Army, arrived at Sydney
on April 11, and met with a cordial reception.

Considerable ferment was aroused among the French
residents of Sydney by a phrase in a speech dehvered by
Lord Beauchamp, the Governor, in a reference to the Drcryfus
affair, which was declared to be a " hideous travestjr of justice."
This the Frenchmen protested against, declaring it to be not

408] FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

true, while affirming their good-will to England and their
English fellow-colonists.

The colony finally decided not to be represented at the coming
Paris Exhibition.

An observatory was for the first time established on Mount
Kosciusko, the highest peak of the Australian Alps, under the
superintendence of Mr. Newth, which promised to be of great
scientific interest. In June a mean temperature was recorded
of 23°, with a maximum of cold of 12'* below zero.

The estate of the late Mr. Tyson, the pastoralist millionaire,
was proved of the value of 560,000Z., besides l,850,000i. in the
other colonies.

The population of the colony at the end of June was
1,357,050.

The parliamentary session closed on December 22.

Victoria. — The war in South Africa engrossed the attention
of the Victorian people, even to the exclusion of home politics,
though these were of unusual interest, involving a change of
Ministry and a reconstitution of parties. On federation the
feeling was one of calm and settled confidence. The colony is
more in earnest on this question than any of its sisters, the
popular opinion being strongly in its favour, in fact, practically
unanimous. When the Federal Bill was submitted to the vote,
there were 152,544 for union, and only 9,525 against. A few
of the Labour party signalised themselves by their opposition
to the vote, but they lost credit even among their own political
supporters by their attitude on this question.

The movement, in accordance with the imperial sentiment,
began by a public meeting held at Melbourne on May 16, at
which resolutions of sympathy with the Outlander were carried
unanimously. Since then, upon the receipt of the news of the
Boer ultimatum, two batches of Volunteers were embarked for
South Africa, their departure being the occasion of extra-
ordinary demonstrations of loyalty.

The Victorian Parhament was opened for the session on
June 27 — the principal topic in the Governor's speech being the
Federal Bill. A satisfactory announcement was made of the
financial condition of the colony. The revenue for the year
ending June 30 was 7,378,842/., being an increase of 491,379i.
over the returns of last year.

An extraordinary murder case occupied the attention of the
pubUc and was the subject of a sensational trial in the criminal
court. The body of a young woman, identified as Mabel
Ambrose, was found in the river Yarra enclosed in a box,
showing signs of violence. At the inquest it was proved that
an illegal operation had been performed, after which the body
had been cut up and forced into a box before being thrown
into the river. Some days afterwards, on the information of a
servant girl, belonging to a house of ill fame, Francis Alexander
Tod, a clerk in a merchant's firm, and Madame Badolsky, the

1899.] Victoria. [409

keeper of the house, with whom was afterwards joined Dr.
Q-aze, who performed the operation, were indicted for the wilful
murder of Mabel Ambrose. The trial concluded on February
25 with a verdict of guilty against the two principals, with a
recommendation to mercy ; Dr. Gaze being acqmtted. The
sentence of death was afterwards commuted to six years' penal
servitude for Tod, and ten years for Madame Bodolsky.

A conference of naval officers was held at Melbourne on
July 31, to consider the question of a naval reserve. They
agreed on the inadvisability of the Admiralty's proposals as
being unsuitable to the circumstances of the colony. They
declared six months' service on board a man-of-war, as re-
quired by the Admiralty, too long for the colonial sea-faring
men, and the pay offered insufficient.

The Legislative Council rejected the Woman's Suffrage Bill
on September 6 by a majority of 27 to 17.

Mr. Best, the Commissioner of Customs, made a significant
declaration of future tariff pohcy in a speech delivered on
August 80. He declared that the federal tariff was to be
based on '' scientific lines," and would be '' fair, reasonable,
and effectively protective " — the effective protection being
furnished by duties of from 5 to 25 per cent, ad valorem.

The Turner Ministry, which had for some time shown signs
of weakness, was defeated by a hostile combination, led by Mr.
Maclean and Mr. Shiels, in the first week of December. A new
Government was formed on its downfall upon a basis difficult
to understand. On no leading point of policy did those who
voted against Sir George Turner differ from those who gave
him a languid and hesitating support. Mr. Shiels, who was
regarded as the principal instrument of the change, is a
politician of somewhat erratic character, whose financial
ideas when in office before were of the wildest kind.

The offices in the new Ministry were distributed as follows :
— Mr. Maclean, Premier and Chief Secretary; Mr. Shiels,
Treasurer ; Mr. Irvine, Attorney - General ; Mr. Outtrim,
Minister of Mines ; Mr. Graham, Minister of Agriculture
and Pubhc Works ; Mr. M'Coll, Minister of Lands ; Mr.
M'Coy, Minister of Education and Commissioner of Customs;
Mr. Watt, Postmaster-General; Mr. Davies, Solicitor-General;
Mr. Melville, Minister of Defence and Health.

All the Ministers were returned by their constituents with-
out opposition, except Mr. Watt and Mr. M'Coy. The latter
was defeated, having aroused much unpopularity, owing to
his opposition to the sending of a Victorian contingent to
South Africa. Mr. Maclean, the Premier, had once opposed
confederation, but it was not thought likely that his entrance
into office would affect the prospects of the scheme of union.

The new Prime Minister made a si)eech at Baimsdale on
December 12, declaratory of the Ministerial policy. That policy
did not differ materially from Sir George Turner's. There would

410] FOEEIGN HISTORY. [1899.

be more ** vigorous administration." Most of the measures
announced by his predecessors would be taken up and carried
through. There would be temporary relief for the poor pend-
ing the passing of the Old Age Pensions Bill, the first reading
of which had been carried in the Assembly on August 15,
having as its principal feature an allowance of 7s. weekly for
all poor over the age of sixty-five.

Two once prominent public men died during the year. Sir
Archibald Michie, a leading barrister, who had held oflSce in
several Administrations, and had been Agent-General in London,
died on June 22 at the age of eighty-six. Mr. James Service, an
old-time Glasgow chartist, who in late years had been regarded
as the leader of the Conservative or Constitutional party in
Victoria, more than once a Prime Minister, died at an advanced
age on April 12.

The fact, curiously illustrative of the condition of the colony,
that there were upwards of 15,000 applicants for 357 vacancies
in the railway department, caused much comment in the press.

The Geelong Wool Mills, which had been closed for some
years, renewed work this year. Their creation and existence
were due entirely to protection.

The population of the colony at the end of June was
returned at 1,176,854.

Queensland. — The cause of confederation made considerable
advance in the colony, though as in its southern neighbour its
advancing involved the minister responsible for that advance
in some temporary trouble.

The Assembly was dissolved on February 15. In his open-
ing address to his constituency, Mr. Dickson, the Prime Minister,
strongly recommended the Federal Bill to the electors.

The result of the general election was the return of 45
Ministerialists, 8 members of the old Opposition and 21 of the
Labour party. The Labour party in the new Assembly prac-
tically assumed the functions of an Opposition. Upon the
question of federation there was much confusion of opinion.
The Labour party was divided, the majority inclining to view
with suspicion the prospect of union with the other colonies.
The Ministerialists were for the most part half-hearted.

The new Parliament was opened on May 16.

The Legislative Council passed the Federal Enabling Bill,
with restrictive amendments, which were practically agreed to
by the Assembly.

A large meeting was held at Brisbane on April 25 to protest
against the Federal Bill, urging the Government to insist upon
better terms for Queensland. Federation, it was contended,
would raise taxation by 28s. a head. Queensland, the most
prosperous and progressive of the colonies, would derive the
least benefit by confederation.

When the bill was submitted to the popular vote there
were 38,458 in its favour and 30,996 against. The majority

1899.] Victoria. — South Australia. [411

was almost entirely due to the large preponderance of feder-
alist votes in the northern district. The metropolitan district
showed a small majority against federation. The south was
about equally divided. The result, on the whole, showed an
advance in the popular opinion in favour of union, though
Brisbane and the principal centres of commerce and industry
retained their dislike of the bill.

The Treasurer delivered his Budget speech on October 5,
announcing the financial prosperity of the colony to be unprece-
dented. The revenue had largely exceeded the estimates, and
there was a surplus of 150,000Z.

The address to the Queen, inviting her Majesty's favour for
the Commonwealth Bill, was passed in the Assembly by 57 to
10 on October 4 ; the Legislative Council adopting a similar
vote on October 10.

An unexpected Ministerial crisis led to some extraordina-
rily sudden changes of Government. Towards the close of
November Mr. Dickson's Ministry was defeated by a small
majority. A Cabinet representing the Labour party, headed by
Mr. Dawson, came into office on the morning of December 1,
and was defeated the same afternoon. Their resignation was
followed by what was practically the return of the old Ministers
to power, with some changes of office. Mr. Philp, late leader
of the old Opposition, was made Premier and Treasurer ;
Mr. Dickson, late Premier, Chief Secretary ; Mr. Foxton,
Home Secretary ; Mr. Chataway, Minister of Agriculture ;
Mr. O'Connel, Minister of Lands; Mr. Drake, Minister of
Education, and Mr. Murray of Eailways.

The question of Japanese immigration had exercised the
minds of the Government and the people. A number of
Japanese had landed on Thursday Island, whose coming pro-
voked the Prime Minister to a violent speech against these
Asiatics as undesirable immigrants. Under the existing law
they might come as commercial men or travellers, but their
entrance was forbidden as labourers for hire. Some corre-
spondence took place with the Japanese authorities, who have
shown themselves hitherto more amiable than could have been
expected upon a point closely touching their national sentiment.
The trade between Japan and Northern Queensland is on the
increase, and the influx of Japanese, whether in the character
of ** travellers " or nnmigrants, is likely to cause some trouble to
the Queensland Government, which is bound to take notice
of the popular feeling against coloured labour.

Lord Lamington left the colony for a short term on
October 3.

The population of Queensland at the end of June was
returned at 508,000.

South Australia. — The Federal Enabling Bill passed through
both Houses of Parliament without division on March 3.

The Parliament was dissolved on April 6. The general

412] FOEEIGN HISTORY. [1899.

election was concluded on April 29. The result was in favour
of the Government.

The new Parliament was opened on June 22. The Governor
congratulated the colony on improved prospects of agriculture
and mining ; also on the passage of the Federal EnabUng Bill.

Mr. Holder, as Treasurer, made his Budget speech on
August 24. He estimated the revenue at 2,715,000Z., saying it
was the last Colonial Budget to be introduced before confedera-
tion. A railway to the Queensland border was promised.

The popular vote on the Federal Bill gave 65,000 in favour
of the measure, and 17,000 against.

The revenue to June 30 was 2,655,500Z. — an increase of
99,000Z.

The Solomon Ministry, which came into ofi&ce upon a
chance vote against Mr. Kingston, had but a short existence.
They were defeated on the question of the reform of the
Upper House by 25 votes to 22 on December 5.

Mr. Kingston refusing to take office, Mr. Holder, former
Treasurer, was entrusted with the task of forming an Ad-
ministration. The composition of the new Cabinet was as.
follows : Mr. F. W. Holder, Premier, Treasurer, and Minister
of Industry ; Mr. J. H. Gordon, Attorney-General ; Mr. J. G.
Jenkins, Chief Secretary ; Mr. E. W. Foster, Commissioner of
Public Works ; Mr. E. L. Babdelon, Minister of Education and
Agriculture.

Lord Tennyson, the new Governor, arrived at Adelaide on
April 10.

A meeting was held at Adelaide on May 17 to express
sympathy with the Outlanders.

The population at the end of June was returned at 568,960.

Western Australia, — No advance was made by the colony
in the direction of federation, owing chiefly to the personal
opposition of Sir John Forrest, the Prime Minister. Meetings
were held in favour of the Commonwealth Bill, and in the
gold-mining districts of the south-east there was a very large
majority of Federalists.

The Parliament was opened on June 21. The Governor's
speech announced that a Federal Bill would be presented, but
he considered that its provisions were less favourable to the
colony than to the others. Sir John Forrest moved that the
Federal Bill be referred to a joint committee of the two Houses,
having arrived at the conviction that amendments were necessary.

A motion of want of confidence in the Ministry (July 4) waa
defeated by a majority of 14.

The Joint Committee of the two Houses reported (Sept. 20)
that before the colony could accept federation important
amendments were required, especially as to the election of
senators the trans-continental railway, and customs.

A measure for giving the suffrage to women was passed oa
August 18.

1899.] Western Australia. — Tasmania, [413

The revenue to June 30, was 2,478,811Z. against 2,754, 746Z.
in the previous year.

Mr. Wainscott, late senior official assignee, was found guilty
after trial of malversation and taking bribes.

Two justices of peace were removed from the bench for
cruelty to natives on April 1.

The Legislative Assembly rejected One Man One Vote by a
majority of 17 to 10.

Sir John Forrest delivered his Budget speech on September
27. He declared the colony to be recovering from the temporary
depression. The depression he attributed to the over-capitali-
sation of companies, laying the blame on British promoters.
He estimated the revenue for the coming year at 2,795,490Z.
Among the pubhc works to be undertaken was one for the
harbour of Fremantle, which was intended to be the port of
arrival and departure for the steamers in place of Albany.

A great convention of miners was held at Coolgardie on
December 14, between sixty and seventy delegates being present,
at which the resolutions were in favour of the separation of the
south-eastern district from the colony.

The cats released in the interior for the purpose of keeping
down the rabbit plague were reported to have eaten the rabbits,
but the native dogs were eating the cats.

The estimated population of the colony on June 30 was
168,461.

Tasmania. — The Federal EnabUng Bill passed through both
Houses of Parliament on July 7. The popular vote on the bill,
13,021 in favour and 750 against, shows that Tasmania was
almost unanimous in support of the unionist cause.

The Hare system of voting, by which minorities are repre-
sented, which had been in use in the two large towns of Hobart
and Launceston, was, after a lengthened discussion, extended to
the whole colony on September 24.

The Parliament was opened on May 30.

A resolution in favour of female suffrage was carried in the
Assembly.

A Ministerial crisis took place over the affair of Captain
Miles, the Minister of Lands, who was reported (Oct. 3) by
a select committee as having been interested in tenders which
it was his duty to examine and receive. Mr Bird, leader of the
Opposition, moved a vote of censure on the Government, which
was carried by one vote (Oct. 6). This led to the resignation
of Sir Edward Braddon and his colleagues.

A new Ministry was formed on October 8 with Mr. B. S.
Bird as Premier and Treasurer; Mr. N. E. Lewis, Attorney-
General and Minister of Defence ; Mr. Collins, Chief Secretary ;
and Mr Mulcahy, Minister of Lands and Mines.

New Zealand. — The federation movement, from which New
Zealand had stood apart, began to spread in this colony. A
meeting was held at Auckland in the beginning of the year,

414] FOREIGN HISTORY. [1899.

at which a resolution was passed that the time had arrived
when New Zealand ought to join in the scheme of Australian
confederation, and a Federal League was formed. A petition
was afterwards presented to Parliament praying that the ques-
tion of confederation be submitted to the people. The Premier,
Mr. Seddon expressed the opinion that he was ready to enter-
tain the question as soon as the popular will was declared.

At a public meeting held on February 11 Mr. Seddon de-
clared that the Old Age Pensions Bill had been a great success.

The cost to the public was no more than 150,000Z. a year.
He claimed that the passing of the measure had advertised
the colony, and shown what it was doing in the interests of
humanity.

New Zealand was much concerned in the troubles in Samoa.
The Government offered the imperial authorities a battalion
of volunteers for service with the British and American forces
in the islands. The troops were got ready to embark at a
word from the Imperial Government.

At a meeting held at Auckland on May 18 Mr. Seddon
stated that the revenue was 5,186,428Z. Nearly all the items
showed an increase on the estimates. The expenditure of
the year was 4,888,000Z. The public debt had increased by
2,000,000Z., of which 500,000Z. were incurred through advances
to settlers.

The Parhament was opened on June 23. The usual vote
of want of confidence, moved by Captain Russell, was rejected
by 7 votes on September 28.

Mr. Seddon made his Budget speech as Treasurer on August
1. He claimed a surplus of 496,000Z., announcing further loans
to the extent of 1,000,000Z. He said : " The good times we are
now enjoying are real. There have been no booms or undue
inflation. The colony's prosperity is founded on a sure and
solid basis.'*

The session was closed on October 24, and the Parliament
expired by eflfluxion of time on December 11.

The general elections, to the pubUc surprise as well as to
his own, resulted in the increase of Mr. Seddon's majority,
which at the close of the polls rose to 34. This result was
attributed to the publicans* and the Catholic votes bein^ cast
solid for the Government, while the Labour vote had shghtly
increased. The Prohibitionists voted against the Govern-
ment.

A dispute with the Austrian Government was one of the
novel incidents of the year. Austrian immigrants had recently
been attracted to the North Island by the profits made in the
digging of Kauri gum. It was an industry which had been
unremunerative in the hands of native diggers, but that did
not prevent the Government from opposing the introduction
of the foreign adventurers, who worked more cheaply and
were content with smaller returns. A correspondence with

1989.] Fiji. — Polynesia, [416

the Austrian Government led to the stoppage of this class of
foreign immigrants.

Sir Kobert Stout, once a leading politician and opponent
of Mr. Seddon, was appointed Chief Justice in place of Sir
John Prendergast, who resigned.

The Colonial Eegistrar-General estimated the total wealth of
the colony in this year at 252,000,000Z., of which the property
owned by private individuals was over 200,000,000Z.

New Zealand was not behind her AustraUan sisters in zeal
for the imperial cause. The enthusiasm aroused by the war in
South Africa was quite as ardent in Auckland and in WeUington
as in Sydney or Melbourne, and the offers of miUtary assistance
were no less liberal or spontaneous. A New Zealand contingent
was despatched to the Cape of Good Hope in November to
take part in the war against the Boers, amidst the applause
of all classes of colonists, including the Maoris. Mr.
Seddon himself was conspicuous for the patriotic fervour of
his language in referring to England's call for the help of
her colonies.

Fiji. — The year was one of great prosperity for Fiji. The
colony was progressing steadily, with an ever-growing com-
merce and an increase in all the branches of industry. The
total revenue for 1898 was 94,164Z., being nearly 20,000Z. above
the expenditure. Nothing happened to disturb the public
tranquillity in what is claimed to be the healthiest of all
British tropical possessions. An enumeration of the people
gave a total of 3,927 Europeans, with 12,320 Indians, subjects
of her Majesty. The indigenous population, as everywhere
in the South Seas, was slowly declining.

Polynesia. — The outbreak of a fresh civil war in Samoa, a
recrudescence of the old quarrel between Mataafa and the
rightful King, Malietooa, was the principal event of the year,
causing very serious trouble and threatening a breach of the
tripartite arrangement under which the islands are governed.
A decision given by the Chief Justice, Mr. Chambers, in favour
of the son of Malietooa as King was violently resented by the
partisans of Mataafa. Severe fighting took place between the
adherents of the respective parties, in the neighbourhood of
Apia, the Mataafans being in the majority. The English and
Americans sided with Malietooa, who had undoubtedly the best
right to the throne according to Samoan law and custom, a
right affirmed by the only competent legal authority, the Chief
Justice. The Germans as before espoused the cause of Mataafa,
although refraining from any active participation in the hosti-
lities. A party of blue-jackets from the English and American
men of war were landed to preserve the peace. They were
attacked by a greatly superior force of the native insurgents,
and forced to retreat to their boats, with the loss of two Ameri-
can and one English ofi&cer killed and many men wounded.
The British and American ships bombarded Apia on March 26

416] FOEEIGN HISTORY. [1899.

— the German Consul protesting and publicly asserting his
support of the insurgent chief Mataafa.

The result of the controversy was an agreement between
the three Powers for the appointment of a joint commission
to inquire into the condition of Samoa and the working of the
Treaty. The High Commissioner arrived at Samoa on May 13.
Since then the destinies of Samoa were settled by a treaty
between the three Powers, by which the islands, with the
exception of Tutuila, in which the Americans have the naval
port of Pago Pago, were ceded to Germany — Great Britain
receiving a compensation in being acknowledged to be sole
mistress of the Tongas, and in other ways. Equal liberty of
trade with Samoa was one of the stipulations.

Upon a report that the Germans contemplated the seizure
of one of the islands in satisfaction of a debt due to a local
German trader, H.M.S. Tauranga visited Tonga. Her com-
mander succeeded in making a treaty with the King, whereby
his Majesty undertook not to cede any portion of his dominion
to any foreign Power. Since then the over-lordship of Great
Britain over the islands, about which there never was any
question, so far as the Tongans were concerned, has been
formally acknowledged. Thus one cause of future trouble in
these seas, which was a source of anxiety to the Australian
colonies was happily removed.

After three years of inaction the great volcano of Manna-
Loa in Hawaii suddenly, on July 4, began to show signs of
unrest. Its irruption was accompanied by a violent earthquake,
by which 200 people lost their lives.

The appointment of a new High Commissioner in British
New Guinea, and the recognition of British rights over the
Solomon Archipelago were among the chief incidents in the
history of British Polynesia.

PART I
CHRONICLE OF EVENTS

IN 1899.

JANUAEY.

1. The Spanish Captain-General of Cuba formally delivered the
(control of the island into the hands of General Brooke, and the United
States flag hoisted on the public buildings.

— The New Year honours included the elevation of Lord Cromer
to the rank of viscount — four new peerages, four baronetcies, and
numerous other distinctions.

— In Samoa severe fighting took place between the forces of
Malietoa and Mataafa, the rival claimants to the throne, in which the
hitter were successful. Malietoa, who had been recognised by the
Chief Justice, took refuge on a British ship. Mataafa was supported

by the Germans.

2. A farewell dinner given to the Earl of Elgin at Calcutta by the
Bengal Chamber of Commerce, at which the retiring Viceroy reviewed
tlie financial policy of his Governorship.

— Mr. T. T. Bucknill, Q.C., M.P., appointed judge of the High
Court in the room of Sir H. Hawkins resigned.

— A gale which raged for three days with little intermission over
Western Europe, accompanied by rain, snow and thunder, did enormous
damage to property on land and sea, especially in the English Channel,
and on the Welsh coast.

3. A duel took place at Buda-Pesth between Baron Banffy, the
Hungarian Premier, and Herr Horansky, the leader of the Opposition.
Four shots were exchanged at twenty paces, but without result.

— Thirty Danes expelled from North Schleswig by order of the
German Government, in consequence of their employers having
attended a meeting addressed by the Danish deputy to the Keichsrath,
Herr Hansson.

— The German Imperial Cabinet issued an order substituting
German words in lieu of corresponding foreign terms hitherto in use
in the Army, which had existed since the time of Frederick the Great,
when the Irussian troops were largely officered by foreigners, and the
word of command given in French.

A

2 CHRONICLE. [jah.

4. The question of the French shore rights in Newfoundland warmly
discussed in the Paris press, but in no hostile or unfriendly spirit.

— The Hungarian Ministry, having failed to obtain a hearing for the
discussion of their administrative measures, advised the Emperor-King
to levy the taxes by royal rescript.

— A collision took place off the North Cornish coast between the
French steamer Du Guesclin, 973 tons, and the Glasgow steamer Roas-
shire, 1,262 tons. Both vessels had to be abandoned, and eleven of the
French crew were drowned.

5. The Federal Council of the German Empire decided not to inter-
fere at once in the Lippe-Detmold question, though declaring its com-
petence to do so when necessary. The Court of Arbitration, presided
over by the King of Saxony, had awarded the regency and ultimate
succession to the Lippe-Biesterfeld family, to the exclusion of Prince
Adolph of Lippe-Schaumburg, the German Emperor's brother-in-law.

— Lord Cromer and Lord Kitchener held a reception at Omdurman,
which was attended by a large number of Soudanese sheikhs and
notables. Lord Cromer declared that the country would not be ruled
from either Cairo or London, but by the Sirdar, and under him a few
English officers, who would see that justice was administered on
Moslem principles. Lord Cromer subsequently laid the foundation-
stone of the Gordon Memorial College.

6. A huge boiler, which was being tested at Messrs. Hewett's works,
at Barking, suddenly exploded, wrecking the surrounding buildings,
and killing nine workmen, and seriously injuring about twenty
others.

— Lord Curzon of Kedleston formally assumed the office and state
of Governor-General at Calcutta, and Lord Elgin left Government
House.

— A parliamentary paper dealing with British grievances in
Madagascar, and the diplomatic correspondence relating thereto, issued
by the Foreign Office.

— The American minister at Pekin formally protested against the
proposed extension of the French quarter at Shanghai, but urged an
international agreement for the enlargement of existing settlements.
The Chinese Government consequently refused to accede to the French
demand.

7. M. Quesnay de Beaurepaire resigned his position as president
of one of the chambers of the Court of Cassation, and almost at once
published a statement impugning the impartiality of the Court charged
with investigating the Dreyfus case.

— Two Germans, attempting to cross in snow-shoes the SUsten Pass
from Guttanen to Wasen, buried by an avalanche on the Uri side.

— Caskieben House, Aberdeenshire, the residence of Mr. Pirie,
M.P., and Stanground Manor House, Peterborough, with their contents
destroyed by fire.

1899.] CHRONICLE. 3

9. The German Empress attended a meeting held at the house of
the Chancellor, Prince Hohenlohe, to extend the number of the
sanatoria for consumptives, of which twenty already existed in Ger-
many.

— A collision occurred on the Lehigh Valley railroad between a
coal train and an excursion bound for New York. Twelve persons were
killed, and upwards of fifteen injured.

— The Filippinos under Aquinaldo refused to recognise the Ameri-
can Government's right to occupy the islands, and fortified Iloilo and
other towns to resist any attempt at their occupation by the United

States troops.

10. The Miners' Federation of Great Britain, attended by fifty-five
delegates, representing 408,650 workmen, met at Edinburgh under the
presidency of Mr. Pickard, M.P. A requisition from the South Wales
and Monmouthshire miners to join the federation was unanimously
agreed to.

11. Mr. Joseph H. Choate, leader of the United States bar, nomi-
nated ambassador to Great Britain.

— A new planet, to which the name of Eros was given, originally
discovered by Herr Witt, localised, and its orbit determined by Mr.
S. 0. Chandler, of Boston, U.S.A., from photographs taken at Arequipa.

— It was announced that under Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild's
will his splendid unique art-collection of plate, enamels, bijouterie,
arms, maauscripts, etc., valued at 300,000/., had been bequeathed to the
trustees of the British Museum.

— A papal letter issued granting a constitution to St. Bede*8 College
at Rome, founded by Cardinal Vaughan, mainly for English converts.

12. Admiral Tirpitz, the German Naval Minister, informed the
Budiret Committee of the Reichstag that the Government had no
intention of proposing a new Navy scheme.

— The most violent and destructive gale known for many years
raged for several hours over England and Ireland. The railway
embankment near Penmaenmawr on the Chester and Holyhead line
was washed away, and a luggage train ran into the sea; both engine-
driver and' fireman were drowned. In West Clare a train was blown
off the lino — Kildysart Hotel was struck by lightning, and burnt to the
ground. The Channel steamers were unable to cross, and the telegraph
service with the continent interrupted. Numerous fatal casualties
occurred, and enormous damage was done to property by wind and
rain.

— In the Chamber of Deputies after a violent discussion arising
out of M. de Beaurepaire's frivolous charges against the Court of
Cassation, the Chamber, by 423 to 124 votes, passed to the order of

the day.

13. M. Witte, the Russian Finance Minister, submitted his Budget
to the Czar, showing an estimated expenditure of 1,571,732,646 roubles,
including 109,073,413 to be devoted entirely to railway development.

i42

4 CHRONICLE. [jah.

The extraordinary expenditure — by which a deficit on the year would
be occasioned — was to be met out of accumulations of the surplus of
previous years. The Army Estimates showed an increase of 34,000,000
roubles, and the Navy of 16,000,000.

13. Prince George of Greece, the High Commissioner of Crete, pre-
sided at the inaugural meeting of the commission appointed to draw
up the Constitution.

14. The White Star liner Oceanic, the largest vessel in the world,
successfully launched at Messrs. Harland & Wolff's yard, Belfast.

— Count Muravieff, the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs,
addressed a second circular to the European Cabinets, stating that
notwithstanding recent events the convocation of the Peace Congress
was still desirable.

— At Rome important discoveries made during the excavations
of the Forum, and a marble receptacle, at once claimed (without
authority) to be the tomb of Romulus unearthed. It was discovered
in front of the "Curia."

16. An appeal issued by the French Socialists to the " English
proletariat," in which to capitalists in both countries was ascribed the
effort to bring the two peoples into collision.

— A French newspaper, Le Matin, opened a patriotic subscription
to provide the French Navy with a submarine vessel of the type of the
Gustave Zede, of which the remarkable performances under water had
been recently reported.

— The eruption of Vesuvius attained great proportions, one stream
of lava flowing down the observatory side and another towards the
lower railway station.

— The coffin of Christopher Columbus transferred from the
cathedral at Havana, and previous to being deposited in the cathedral
of Seville, was opened and found to contain about thirty bones and
some ashes.

17. The results of the Local Government elections in Ireland
occasioned great surprise, the Labour representatives gaining a large
number of seats in Dublin, Limerick, Cork, and other large towns.
The Unionists lost many seats throughout the country.

— Mr. John Morley, M.P., addressing his constituents at Brechin,
stated that he intended no longer to take an active or responsible part
in the counsels of the heads of the Liberal party.

— Herr Carl Jacobsen, a brewer of Copenhagen, informed the
municipal authorities of his intention to present his art collection,,
valued at 5,000,000 kroner, to the city.

18. The Prussian Estimates for 1899, as laid before the Diet, balanced
with a revenue and expenditure of 2,326,327,348 marks, showing an
increase of 138,769,964 over the Estimates of the previous year.

— Major Esterhazy, having received a safe conduct guaranteeing
him from arrest, arrived in Paris from Rotterdam.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 5

18. At Johannesburg an indoor meeting of the South African League
to protest against the arrest of two of its members, broken up by a
band of Dutch and Hollanders, the police making no attempt to pre-
serve order.

19. The Bank of England reduced its rate of discount from 4 to 3^ per
cent. ; the reserve standing at 22,102,906/., or 44J per cent, of the liabili-
ties, and the stock of bullion at 31,968,506/.

— An agreement laying down the principles on which the Soudan
would be administered signed at Cairo by Lord Cromer and the
Egyptian Minister of Foreign Affairs. The flags of the two countries
were to be used everywhere in the Soudan except at Suakim.

— The Hamburg-American liner Alesia, 5,476 tons, bound from
Hamburg to New York, towed into Queenstown, having been twenty-
three days out, and disabled by the heavy weather.

20. The Archbishops of Canterbury and York issued an intimation
that before any final decision upon the interpretation of the Rubrics
the matter should be argued openly before the bishop of the diocese,
either personally or by counsel.

— A railway collision took place on the South Eastern Railway
near Strood, when a special train conveying the members of a panto-
mime company was run into by a goods train and much shaken.

— Upwards of 2,000 of the Russian Dukhoborsky sect, followed a
week later by as many more, arrived at Halifax, N.S., where hospitality
and grants of land had been offered them by the Dominion Government.

21. A severe south-westerly gale, accompanied by heavy rain, and
lasting with little intermission for three days, spread over the greater
part of the kingdom, doing enormous damage to property and cattle.

— Several shocks of earthquake occurred in the Peloponnese,
Corinth, Nauplia and Ryparissia suffering seriously.

— The United States General Miller landed on Guimaral Island
(Philippines), six miles from Iloilo, unopposed by the natives.

23. Mr. J. Stuart, M.P., on his installation as Lord Rector of St.
Andrews University, delivered his inaugural address on the needful
changes in academic teaching.

— Two war ships, the Collingwood battle-ship, and the Curagoa
training cruiser, came into collision in Plymouth harbour, the latter
being seriously damaged.

— In the French Chamber a debate took place on the foreign policy
of the Government, especially with regard to Great Britain, which was
conducted with admirable temper by all who took part in it.

— Upwards of 60,000/. in bank notes stolen from a drawer in the
counter of the head office of Parr's Bank, Bartholomew Lane, City. Of
this 40,000/. in 1000/. notes were returned anonymously.

24. Under the will of Mr. Evan Llewellyn upwards of 20,000/. left to
the metropolitan police courts for distribution among the poor.

6 CHEONICLE [jan.

24. The Plasterers' Union called out their men to strike against three
building firms which refused to compel their foremen to become
members of the union. It was believed that this would lead to several
other strikes in other branches of the building trade.

— Two members of the Belgian Cabinet, M. de Smet de Naeyer,
Minister of Finance, and M. Nyssens, Minister of Industry and Labour,
resigned in consequence of a disagreement with their colleagues on a
bill for reorganising the electoral system.

25. Mr. A. J. Balfour addressed a letter to a constituent suggesting
as a private individual that the Irish Catholic University question
might be solved by the establishment of two new universities — one in
Dublin for Irish Roman Catholics, and one in Belfast for Presbyterians
and Protestants.

— The German Emperor paid a visit to Hanover to hold a review of
the Hanoverian regiments. Previous to the parade a Cabinet order was
read declaring that the Prusso-Hanoverian regiments formed in 1866
would be designated as the continuation of the old Hanoverian regi-
ments, whose anniversaries they would celebrate.

26. A great federal demonstration held in Melbourne to celebrate
the 111th anniversary of the foundation of Australia.

— The session of the Finland Diet opened at Helsingfors by the
Governor-General, who in his speech to the Four Estates declared that
although the law of military service must be made uniform throughout
the empire, the statutes would be submitted to the Diet.

27. A plot to assassinate the Sultan at Constantinople revealed by
one of the conspirators to the police, who by precipitately arresting
four persons gave warning to others to escape.

— At Vienna a violent scene took place in the gallery of the Reichs-
rath. Herr Kramcarz, a leading Czech member's speech having pro-
voked applause from a journalist's box, Herr Wolf, the Pan-Germanic
leader, rushed into the gallery, and a free fight ensued, which brought
the sitting to an end.

— At the Seine Assize Court the action brought by Mme. Henry
against M. Reinach for libelling her deceased husband adjourned until
after the pronouncement of the Court of Cassation on the Dreyfus
affair.

28. The Pope received in audience at the Vatican the Duke and
Duchess of Connaught, and their two daughters.

— At Washington Commissary-General Eagan convicted' by court
martial of insulting General Miles, and sentenced to dismissal.

— Mr. T. Ellis, the senior Liberal Whip, issued a circular calling
the members of the party to meet " to consider the future conduct of
public business on the retirement of Sir William Harcourt."

— The Prussian and Imperial Governments took up from the
Deutsche Bank 200,000,000 marks at 3 per cent., to be issued to the
public at 92.

1899] CHEONICLE. 7

30. The Due d'Orleans, reeeiving at Brussels a deputation of French
artisans, made an appeal to the goodwill of his Royalist supporters j;o
hasten the hour " for reconstituting the French fatherland."

— The Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, G.C.S.I., created a Knight of
the Garter.

— All the Powers agreed to the prolongation of the mixed tribunals
in Egypt for one year.

31. A great demonstration "to uphold and maintain the Protest-
antism of the nation, and to demand the suppression of the mass and
the confessional in the Established Church," held in the Albert Hall,
under the presidency of Lord Kinnaird, and attended by about 10,000

persons.

— At a general meeting of the academicians and associates of the
Royal Academy, M. Jules Breton elected an honorary foreign acade-
mician, and Messrs. Arthur S. Cope (painter), Alfred East (painter),
and W. Goscombe John (sculptor), elected associates.

— In the German Reichstag a vote of 8,500,000 marks for the new
acquisition of Kiao-Chau passed after some adverse criticism from the

Radicals and Socialists.

— M. Paul Cambon, the newly appointed ambassador, presiding at
the banquet at the French Chamber of Commerce in London, dwelt
on the expediency of mutual concessions in the adjustment of relations
between nations.

FEBEUAEY.

1. The Austrian Reichsrath prorogued in consequence of the in-
ability of ministers to carry on regular business in face of the disorders
provoked by the minority.

— Lord Tcnny.son appointed governor of South Australia in suc-
cession to Sir T. Foweil Buxton.

— Major Esterhazy, having refused to continue his evidence before
the Court of Cassation, informed that his safe-conduct would expire
forthwith. He at once left Paris for Rotterdam and the Hague.

— Victor Will ems, a notorious anarchist, against whom there were
ten indictments for attempted murder, chiefly of police officers when
searching his house, condemned at Brussels to fifteen years' penal
servitude.

2. A settlement of the long-standing dispute between the Charity
Commissioners and the governors of St. Paul's School arrived at, the
school receiving two-thirds of the income of the foundation, but never
less than 14,000/. a year.

— At a conference of the six Australian Premiers held in Melbourne,
an agreement was come to on the subject of federation, the federal
capital to be in New South Wales, but at least 100 miles from Sydney.

— The Bank of England reduced its rate of discount from 3J to 3
per cent., the proportion of reserve to liabilities being 45J per cent., and
the stock of bullion 32,974,894/.

8 CHRONICLE. [i

3. A large public meeting held at Gratz in Styria under the auspices
of, the old Catholic party, at which freedom from Rome was strongly
advocated. Similar meetings were also held in various parts of Austria,
the alliance between the Clericals and the Slavs being resented by the
Germans.

— The Tsung-li-Yamen on the instigation of Sir Claude Macdonald
agreed to open a new treaty port at Nanning-fu, near the Tongking
frontier.

— The German Emperor at the annual dinner of the Brandenburg
Provincial Diet, made an animated speech to his "dear men of the
Mark," and referring to his visit to the Holy Land, said that standing
on the Mount of Olives he had renewed his military oath of service to
heaven.

4. The Filippinos, numbering 20,000, attacked the American positions
at Manilla, continuing the fight at intervals throughout the night
They were finally completely defeated with the loss of 4,000 killed and
wounded, and 5,000 prisoners.

— M. Rochefort on his way through Marseilles to Algiers, hooted
and pursued by an angry crowd, which forced him to keep in hiding
throughout his stay. On his arrival at Algiers he was warmly received
by a large section of the population, but disturbances ensued, and the
mayor and municipal council were suspended by the prefect.

5. A force despatched by the Punjab Government to punish a frontier
tribe of marauders surprised on their return, and suffered the loss of
six killed and fourteen wounded.

6. At a meeting of the Liberal party held at the Reform Club, and
attended by 143 members, Sir Wilfrid Lawson presiding. Sir H. Camp-
bell-Bannerman unanimously elected leader of the party in the House
of Commons in succession to Sir William Harcourt.

— The United States Senate by 57 to 27 votes, being three beyond
the necessary two-thirds, ratified the treaty of peace with Spain.

— The steamship Lucania reached New York in safety, having for
nine days experienced terrific weather in crossing the Atlantic — snow,
hail, thunder and lightning, and incessant gales, sometimes amounting
to a hurricane, raging throughout the voyage.

7. The fifth session of the fourteenth Parliament of the Queen's
reign opened by royal commission.

— The criminal chamber of the Court of Cassation having com-
pleted its inquiry into the justice of the revision of the Dreyfus case,
President Loew informed the Minister of Justice that the court would
pronounce judgment.

8. The Queen-Regent of Spain signed a decree re-establishing the
constitutional guarantees, and abolishing the state of siege throughout
the kingdom.

— Mr. Ruskin, on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, received
a national address signed by the Prince of Wales, the trustees of the
British Museum, and the representatives of numerous institutions and

1899.] CHEONICLE. 9

societies connected with art and education, and another address from
the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford and the heads of colleges.

8. An attempt made by the Chief Commissioner of Police to deal
with the obstruction of the chief thoroughfares of the metropolis, by
prohibiting cabs to ply for hire in the streets.

— The brothers Dravid, through whose instrumentality the mur-
derers of Mr. Rand and Lieutenant Ayerst had been arrested, assassi-
nated at Poona by a gang of men.

9. The report of the committee of the French Chamber on the
Government Procedure Bill issued. It declared unanimously that no
advantage could result from the proposed bill, which would shatter the
whole judicial system.

— The warehouses of the Cork Company in the Minories (London)
completely destroyed by fire. The junction of the Tilbury and South-
Eastern Railways being in close proximity, the local traffic inwards and
outwards was stopped for some hours.

10. In the French Chamber the Government bill for transferring
revision cases to the whole Court of Cassation, after a short and tame
debate carried by 332 to 216 votes.

— President M'Kinley signed the treaty of peace with Spain.

— Serious fighting again took place round Manilla, the American
troops eventually carrying by storm the strongly-defended Filippino
position at Calooran.

— Memorial services for Prince Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
held at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, and in the chapel at Osborne.

— At the Chinese embassy in Paris, the First Secretary shot by one
of the attaches, who then shot himself.

11. A strong south-westerly gale, accompanied by heavy rain, blew
over the British Isles, causing much disaster round the coasts. A
steamer arrived with twenty-five passengers of the Hamburg-American
liner Bulgaria, which was found drifting helplessly in the Atlantic, 800
miles from the Azores. The Cunard steamer, Pavonia, also disabled,
was towed to within 300 miles of the Azores, where in a hurricane the
cable parted, and she was lost sight of.

— The Duke of Connaught at Assouan laid the foundation-stone of
the embankment for the Nile reservoirs.

— Iloilo, the chief town held by the Philippine insurgents, taken
by the United States troops after a naval bombardment. The insur-
gents fired the town before leaving it, but the flames were extinguished
by the Americans on entering.

13. A wave of extremely cold weather, accompanied by heavy falls
of snow, and lasting nearly a week, passed over the whole North
American continent from Savannah to Boston. From 30 to 38 degrees
of frost— more in several places — were registered daily. The harbours
were blocked, the railroads impeded, and large cities like New York and
Washington cut off from the outside, and almost reduced to starvation.

10 CHEONICLE. [pbb.

13. The report of the commission appointed to investigate the war
abuses in the Cuban campaign, issued at Washington, whitewashing
Mr. Alger, the Minister of War, and Commissary-General Eagan.

— In the Transvaal elections the Progressive candidates gained
several seats from the old Consei'vatives.

14. Don Carlos addressed a letter to his followers in the Spanish
Cortes forbidding them to take part in the vote on the Treaty of Peace
with the United States.

— The Earl of Home created a Knight of the Thistle in succession
to Lord Napier and Ettrick, deceased.

— The American Senate passed by 26 to 22 votes a resolution
declaring that the United States had not annexed the Philippines, but
would protect and govern the people until such time as they could
govern themselves.

15. The Budget Committee of the Reichstag discussed the proposals
contained in the Government Army Bill, proposing three new army corps
and the reorganisation of the railway, field telegraph, and ballooning
troops.

— The Transvaal Government called upon to take severe measures
to prevent the introduction of ihe bubonic plague, the death of an
Indian coolie recently arrived from Bombay having taken place under
suspicious circumstances.

16. M. Felix Faure, President of the French Republic, died suddenly
at the Elysde of an apoplectic seizure.

— The election for Londonderry caused by the resignation of Mr,
E. F. V. Knox (N.), resulted in the return of Viscount Moore (N.) by
2343 against 2301 votes polled by Mr. E. Herdman (U.).

— The Prince of Wales presided at a meeting, held at Grosvenor
House, of the committee for the national memorial to Mr. Gladstone.
Jt was announced that about 26,000/. had been subscribed or promised.

17. At a meeting of the Liberal party in the Hungarian Diet, Baron
Banffy, the Premier, declared that the negotiations with the Opposition
for putting an end to the parliamentary deadlock having failed, the
Cabinet would tender its resignation.

— Lord Salisbury in the House of Peers, and Mr. A. J. Balfour in
the Commons, expressed the sympathy of Great Britain with France
on the loss of President Faure.

— The British political agent at Muscat formally protested against
the cession of a coaling-station on the coast to the French.

— Toekoe Oemar, the Atchinese chief, who had been the chief
opponent of the Dutch, defeated and killed.

18. The congress assembled at Versailles, at the first ballot elected
M. Loubet, President of the Senate, to be President of the Republic in
succession to M. Faure, by 483 votes to 279 given to M. Mdline, 23 to
M. Cavaignac, 10 to M. Deschanel, 8 to M. Charles Dupuy, 4 to Colonel
Monteil, 2 to M. de Rochefort, and 1 each to M. de Mun, M. Tillaye and
M. Baduel.

1899.] CHKONICLE. 11

18. The Inter-University Football Match (Association) played at
Queen's Club Grounds, Kensington, and resulted in Cambridge winning
by three goals to one. At Edinburgh the international match (Rugby)
between Ireland and Scotland won by the former by three tries to
a penalty goal.

— A terrible railway accident, due to the fog, occurred near Brussels,
the Calais-Brussels express, running at full speed, dashed into a train
standing in a local station. Twenty-one persons were killed on the
spot, and upwards of 100 injured — some fatally.

20. The Anglo-American Commission, which had been in session for
nearly eight months at Washington and Ottawa, adjourned without
having arrived at an agreement.

— An imperial manifesto issued from St. Petersburg depriving
the Finnish Parliament and Senate of the exclusive right of discussing
measures common to the whole empire.

— A serious colliery accident occurred at St. Helens, Lancashire,
some boxes of coal on the main haulage became detached, and running
backwards knocked down the props supporting the roof, which fell and
buried three men — badly crushing two others.

— M. Koloman Szeb entrusted by the Emperor-King with the
formation of a new Cabinet of compromise between the Liberals and

Nationalists.

21. The Sultan of Oman under threat of a bombardment of his
capital by the British admiral, revoked the grant of a coaling-station
to the French.

— The election for North-west Lanarkshire consequent on the death
of Mr. Holburn (R. and Lab.), resulted in the return of Dr. C. Douglas
(L.) by 5,723 votes against 5,364 polled by Mr. G. Whitelaw (C).

— In the House of Commons in a debate on the withdrawal of the
bishops from the House of Peers, Lord Hugh Cecil, a leader of the
Church party, proposed as an amendment that it was desirable to create
life peers representing other denominations.

22. Ruskin Hall, Oxford, established by American admirers of
Mr. Ruskin, to further the education of the working classes, opened
with a speech from Mr. Walter Vrooman, the chief promoter and

benefactor.

— Mr. Justice Romer appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal in
succession to Lord Justice Chitty, deceased, and Mr. Cozens-Hardy,
Q.C., M.P., a judge of the Chancery Division of the High Court.

— At Berlin the Budget Committee of the Reichstag rejected the
Government proposals of the Army Bill for an addition of ten squadrons
of cavalry, and the addition of 6,305 to the infantry.

— A determined attempt made by the Filippino insurgents to burn
Manilla, the city being set on fire in three places. The greater part of
the native quarter of Toredo was destroyed, but the Americans at
length succeeded in driving out the insurgents and extinguishing the

fires.

12 CHEONICLE. [;

23. The funeral of President Faure took place in Paris, and was
made the occasion of an impressive spectacle. After a service at Notre
Dame the body was conveyed to P^re-la-Chaise, where orations were
delivered by several ministers and functionaries.

— The election for the Rotherham division of West Yorkshire
consequent on the retirement of Mr. A. H. Dyke-Acland (L.), resulted
in the return of Mr. W. H. Holland (L.) by 6,671 votes against 4,714
polled by Mr. Vernon H. Wragge (U.).

— Three French deputies of the extreme anti-Dreyfus faction, M.
D^roul^de, M. Marcel Habert, and M. Millevoye, arrested for attempting
to persuade the troops to take part in a manifestation against the
Government.

24. News reached Cairo that the Khalifa had assembled a large force
of his own tribe, the Baggara, in Kordofan, and was threatening the
Nile.

— The Waterloo Coursing Cup won by Mr. E. Roger's Black Fury ;
the Purse by Mr. T. Quihampton's Quite Bright, and the Plate by Mr.
R. J. M. Wilson's Wild Oats.

— In the House of Commons Mr. John Morley's motion censuring
the Government policy in the Soudan, made on the vote for its expenses
(215,000Z.), defeated by 167 to 58 votes.

— The Paris correspondent of the Neue Freis Presse of Vienna
expelled from Paris on the ground of having written too favourably
of Dreyfus.

25. At Johannesburg the policeman charged with the murder of a
British subject named Edgar acquitted by the jury before whom he
was tried.

— At Paris domiciliary visits paid by the police to the houses of the
leading Royalists, and in many cases papers were seized.

— The Due d'Orleans, who on the news of President Faure's death
had suddenly come to Brussels, returned to Turin.

27. The Duke of Connaught laid the foundation-stone of the English
church of St. Mark at Assouan.

— M. Pavloff, Russian Minister at Pekin, formally protested
against the terms of the contract of the Niu Chwang railway extension
loan.

— In the German Reichstag, the Foreign Minister, Herr von Biilow,
stated to the Budget Committee that the agreement made between
Germany and Great Britain in the previous autumn was to be kept
secret for the present.

28. The English Church Union, at a meeting held at Cannon Street
Hotel, adopted a resolution denying the right of the Crown or of Parlia-
ment to determine the doctrine, discipline and ceremonial of the
Church of England.

— The ex-Queen of Madagascar, who had previously been interned
at Reunion, arrived at Marseilles on her way to Algiers.

1899.] CHKONICLE. 13

28. The Republic of Uruguay, after a period of twelve months, re-
sumed constitutional government, and elected Senor Cuestas president.

— The Italian Minister at Pekin presented to the Tsung-li-Yamen
a demand for the lease of Sammun Bay on the coast of Chekiang as a
coaling station and naval base.

— The Dominion liner Labrador^ from Halifax, N.S., to Liverpool,
ran on the Mackenzie Rock, Hebrides, in a dense fog, and was totally
lost. All the passengers and crew were saved by the German ship
Viking.

MAKCH.

1. The election for Hythe, consequent on the resignation of Sir J.
Bevan Edwards (C), resulted in the return of Sir E. A. Sassoon (C.) by
2,425 votes against 1,898 polled by Sir J. Hart (L.).

— The French Senate after three days* debate finally passed by 158
to 131 votes the bill for remitting the Dreyfus case to the entire Court
of Cassation.

— On the eve of his eighty-ninth birthday, the Pope successfully
operated on without chloroform for the removal of tumour in the hip.

— The Governor of Ceylon cut the first sod of a new graving dock
at Colombo, destined to be the largest between Malta and Hong-Kong.

— The Spanish Government resigned in consequence of having
obtained a majority of only two in the Senate on the Peace Treaty
Bill.

2. The French Government announced its intention of proceeding
against the various leagues recently established with a view to their

suppression.

— The students of St. Petersburg University and high schools,
numbering 6,000, "struck," as a protest against arbitrary ill-treatment
by the police, and the policy of the new Minister of Public Instruction.

— The New South Wales Legislative Assembly passed the Federal
Bill without amendment, and amid cheers.

3. The Criminal Chamber of the Paris Court of Cassation decided
that the charge of forgery brought against Colonel Picquart should be
tried by a civil court, and only the minor charges against discipline
by a military court.

— M. Faillieres elected President of the French Senate by 151 votes
against 85 given to M. Constans, and 15 to M. Chauveau.

— The Tsung-li-Yamen returned to the Italian Minister his applica-
tion for a naval station, and declined to receive it, although supported
by Great Britain.

-It was announced that Lord Penzance, Judge of the Court of
Arches, had placed his resignation in the hands of the archbishops.

4. Senor Silvela formed a Cabinet composed of Conservatives and
U I tramontanes, and the sittings of the Cortes were forthwith suspended.

14 CHEONICLE. [mabch

4. The fifty-fifth Congress of the United States which sanctioned
the war with Spain closed.

— At Edinburgh the international football match (Rugby Rules) was
won by Scotland, which scored twenty-one points against ten by England,
and the match between Ireland and Wales (Association) was won by
Ireland by a goal to nothing.

5. The Lagouban naval magazine, near Toulon, containing 50,000
kilogrammes of black powder, exploded, killing all the soldiers on
duty, forty-five in number, injuring at least 100 others, and laying the
country bare within a radius of two miles.

6. The National Association of Master Builders gave notice of a
general lock-out of the plasterers in consequence of the demands as to
the arrangement of work made by the latter.

— In the House of Commons, the Secretary to the Treasury, Mr.
Hanbury, obtained leave to bring in a bill to raise 2,000,000/., in order
that the Post Office might put telephonic communication on a more
satisfactory basis.

7. A case of plague, attributed to disregard of the quarantine at
Jeddah, reported to have occurred among the Mecca pilgrims.

— Admiral von Knorr, chief of the German Navy and senior
admiral, resigned his post, the Emperor assuming direct command
of the Navy as of the Army.

8. The National Liberal Federation held its annual meeting, when
resolutions were carried in favour of the reform of the House of Lords,
of the land and franchise laws, and welcoming the Czar's rescript.
In the evening Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, as president, addressed a
mass meeting.

— The Church Association issued a long reply to the manifesto of
the English Church Union, charging that body with a deliberate attempt
to undo and reverse the work of the Reformation.

— The election for the Elland Division of the West Riding of York-
shire, caused by the retirement of Mr. T. R. Wayman, resulted in the
return of Mr. C. P. Trevelyan (L.), who received 6,041 votes against 5,057
polled by Mr. P. S. Foster (C).

— In the French Chamber, the War Minister, M. de Freycinet,
speaking on the Army Estimates, stated the total number of eflFectives
was 557,000 men, and that it would be impossible to handle a larger
number of men in the zone between Switzerland and Luxemburg.

9. The formal opening of the London extension of the Great Central
Railway (formerly the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincoln Railway),
performed at the Marylebone terminus by the President of the Board
of Trade, Mr. C. T. Ritchie.

— A force of 2,000 American troops, en route for Manilla, landed at
Malta, and were inspected by the governor.

— In the House of Commons, Mr. Goschen introduced the Navy
Estimates for the years 1899-1900, amounting to 26,594,500/., or nearly
3,000,000/. in excess of those of the previous year.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 16

10. The Russian Government, in view of the strong remonstrances
of Great Britain, withdrew her opposition at Pekin to the Northern
Railway loan, leaving on record a protest against the action of the
Chinese Government.

— Mr. Cecil Rhodes arrived in Berlin to discuss the construction of
a section of the Cape to Cairo Railway through German territory. He
was subsequently cordially received by the German Emperor.

— A severe hurricane swept over the coast of Queensland, causing
the loss of 400 native divers and twenty Europeans, and doing enormous
damage to property and pearl-fishing.

— The Lower House of the Hungarian Diet passed without debate
the Ministerial bill prolonging the Ausgleich with Austria.

— Signor Martino, Italian Minister at Pekin, insisted that the
Tsung-li-Yamen should ask for the returned despatch, accede to its
demands, and resume negotiations. This act was disavowed by the
Italian Government, and Signor Martino recalled.

11. The Queen, whose departure had been delayed by bad weather
in the Channel, left Windsor, and travelling by Folkestone and Boulogne
reached Cimiez on the following afternoon.

— Two new line-of-battle ships, The Implacable at Devonport, and
The Glory at Messrs. Laird's, Birkenhead, successfully launched.

— The international football match (Rugby Rules) between England
and Scotland played at Blackheath, and won by Scotland by one goal
to nothing.

13. The American troops under General Wheaton inflicted another
severe defeat upon the Filippinos, capturing their fortified position at
Pasig with slight loss.

— At Rome the hall and galleries of the Italian Chamber were
nearly empty on account of an expected anarchist outrage, but nothing
occurred.

— At Vienna, Herr Schonerer, the leader of the Pan-Germanic or
Nationalist group in the Reichsrath, issued an appeal to his followers
stating that it was desirable that the secession of the first 10,000 con-
verts from the anti-German Catholic Church of Rome should take place
as soon as possible.

14. At the statutory meeting of the London County Council, Lord
Welby was elected chairman, Mr. R. Strong, vice-chairman, and Mr.
T. L. Corbett, deputy-chairman for the ensuing year.

— At the Seine Assizes, M. Urbain Gohier acquitted by the jury of
the charge of defaming the Army.

— The House of Lords, sitting as Supreme Court of Appeal, by 7
to 2, affirmed the decision of the Court of Appeal in the case of Powell
V. Kenipton Park Raje Course Committee, that a reserved enclosure for
bookmakers was not " a place " within the meaning of the Betting Act,
1853.

16 CHEONICLE. [i

16. The German Reichstag, by a decisive majority, composed of
Clericals and Radicals, having supported the decision of the Budget
Committee on the Army Bill, the Minister of War, General von Gossler^
announced that the Government would agree to the proposed increase
of the infantry being reduced by 7,000 men.

— Eight British ships, one American, and one German, involving-
the loss of 300 lives, given up as lost in the Atlantic during the recent
storms.

— The Spanish Cabinet decided that the Queen should ratify the
Peace Treaty with the United States after the dissolution of the Cortes,
and without its consent.

16. The election for North Norfolk, consequent on the elevation of
Mr. Cozens-Hardy (L.) to the bench, resulted in the return of Sir W. B.
Gurdon (L.) by 4,475 votes against 3,610 polled by Sir K. Kemp (C).

— Mr. Rhodes left Berlin, having signed a treaty concerning the
construction of the Cape to Cairo telegraph across German East Africa.

— The German Emperor attended at Friedrichsruh the transfer of
the coffins of Prince and Princess Bismarck to the mausoleum erected
for their reception.

— Apia, and several adjoining Samoan villages, occupied by the
supporters of Mataafa, shelled by the American and British warships^
the Germans taking no part.

17. The Spanish Cortes having been dissolved, the Queen-Regent
signed the ratification of the Treaty of Peace.

— The Windsor Hotel, one of the largest and finest in Fifth Avenue,.
New York, totally destroyed by fire in the course of a few hours. About
twenty lives were lost, and a number of persons, chiefly attendants,
seriously injured, and fifty were reported missing.

— Three men, whilst working in a drain in Osnaburgh Street,.
Regent's Park, entombed by the giving way of the earth. One was
extricated with some difficulty, but the other two were dead before
they could be rescued.

18. The international football match (Rugby Rules) between Ireland
and Wales, played at Cardiff, resulting in the victory of Ireland by a
try to nothing, and the international championship. The match
(Association Rules) between Scotland and Wales played at Wrexham ;
Scotland won by six goals to nothing.

— A deputation of 500 Finlanders, bearing a petition with 568,000
signatures, praying for the maintenance of their constitutional rights^
arrived in St. Petersburg. The Czar declined to receive the petition,
and directed the bearers to return home.

— President Kruger, speaking at Heidelburg, said he intended to
propose a reduction of five years on the necessary period of residence^
making it possible for settlers to obtain full burgher rights in nine
years, but only old burghers would elect the President.

19. At Marseilles an explosion took place at the Government
cartridge factory by which four soldiers were seriously injured, and

1899.] CHEONICLE. 17

much damage done ; and at the J^cole Centrale de Pyrotechnie Militaire
at Bourges a case containing twelve Robin shells exploded whilst being
tilled, and two workmen were killed, and four others seriously mutilated.

20. An international football match (Association Rules) played at
Bristol between England and Wales, and won by the former by four
goals to none.

— The Indian Legislative Conncil passed a bill for imposing a
countervailing duty on bounty-fed sugar. Sir James Westland urging
the claims of Mauritius, with its large Indian population, to protection.

-- A collision took place on the London and North Western Rail-
way near Lichfield, a goods train running into some detached waggons.
The fireman was killed, and the engine driver severely injured.

21. A convention signed between Lord Salisbury and M. Cambon,
the French Ambassador, delimiting the possessions and spheres of the
two Powers in Central Africa, France retaining generally the territory
east and north of Lake Tchad, and Great Britain Bahr-el-6hazal and
J)arfur.

— A largely attended national meeting held at St. Martin's Town-
hall, presided over by the Earl of Aberdeen, at which resolutions in
favour of the Peace Crusade were passed, and a telegram expressing
sympathy despatched to the Czar.

— Very. wintry weather, combined with severe snowstorms, pre-
vailed over the greater part of England and Scotland.

— The Lincolnshire Handicap won by Captain Bewicke's General
Peace, 5 yrs., 7 st. 5 lb. (O. Madden). Twenty-seven started.

22. Sir W. E. Garstin, Egyptian Under Secretary for Public Works,
returned to Cairo after eight weeks' journey in the newly-reconquered
Soudan countries, and reported that the possession of the country
beyond Khartoum could be of no practical value to any civilised
Power.

— Mme. Syngros, the widow of a distinguished public benefactor,
presented 250,000/. to the Greek Government to improve the water

supply of Athens.

— The Earl of Leven and Melville appointed Lord High Com-
missioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

— Lord Herscheirs body having been brought to England by H.M.S.
Talbot, a funeral service was held in Westminster Abbey.

23. Malietoa Tanu crowned King of Samoa in presence of the
British and American officials, the Germans absenting themselves.

— Terrible distress prevailed throughout the province of Samara in
Southern Russia, where in addition to famine arising from a total
failure of the last year's crops, scurvy, typhus, and other disesises had
assumed an epidemic form. Upwards of 75,000 persons were in the
receipt of constant relief in the province of Samara alone, and the
distress extended into the neighbouring provinces.

— Lord George Hamilton, M.P., appointed Captain of Deal Castle in
succession to Lord Herschell, deceased.

B

18 CHEONICLE. [kaboh

23. At a general assembly of academicians and associates of the
Royal Academy, Mr. Aston Webb, architect, elected an associate.

24. The Inter-University Athletic Sports at Queen's Club resulted in
a tie — each university winning five contests : Oxford the 100 yards and
quarter mile, long jump, high jump and hammer throw; Cambridge
the half mile, hurdles, one mile, three miles and weight putting.

— The Spinoza Museum at Rhynsburg, near Leyden, opened at the
house in which the last years of his life were spent, and restored in the
style of the time.

— The Grand National Steeplechase at Liverpool won by Mr. J. G.
Bulteers Manifesto, aged, 12st. 7 lb. (G. Williamson). Nineteen started.

— In the House of Commons Mr. Gladstone's amendment to the
second reading of the London Government Bill rejected by 245 to 118
votes.

25. The University Boat Race from Putney to Mortlake, which for
nine successive years had been won by Oxford, after a stiff competition,
in which Cambridge led throughout, won by Cambridge by 3^ lengths
in 21 min. 4 sec.

— A petition to Queen Victoria, detailing the grievances of the
Uitlanders, signed by 21,000 British subjects in the Transvaal, handed
to the British agent in Pretoria for transmission.

— The International Football Match (Association Rules) between
Scotland and Ireland played at Glasgow, and won by Scotland by nine
goals to one.

— At Berlin the disciplinary proceedings against Professor Delbriick
for denouncing the action of the German Government in expelling
Danes from Schleswig resulted in his being censured and fined 500
marks.

27. Mr. L. W. Longstaff, F.R.G.S., transmitted to the President of
the Royal Geographical society 25,000/. to enable the society to co-
operate with the Germans in the scientific exploration of the Antarctic
regions.

— The American troops, after much heavy fighting, advanced
against Malolos, the seat of the insurgent Government of the Philip-
pines, and ultimately carried the successive lines of pntrenchments,
Aquinaldo before taking flight setting on fire the various villages.

28. The first press message by Signer Marconi's system of wireless
telegraphy transmitted from Wimereux near Boulogne, to the South
Foreland, the rate being at about fifteen words a minute.

— It was announced that Malta had joined the other dependencies
in adopting the imperial penny postage.

— The St. Petersburg University again closed in consequence of the
students' disturbances, which had been renewed on the readmission
of the previously expelled students.

— The Belgica, with the members of the Belgian Antarctic expedi-
tion, arrived off Sandy Point, Buenos Ayres, after having been ice-
bound for twelve months, and with the loss of two men.

1899.] CHKONICLE. 19

29. Mr. Balfour received at the Foreign Office a deputation from the
International Crusade of Peace, and presented with a memorial heartily
approving the Czar's proposal.

— Great discontent expressed by the Italian press of all parties at
the Anglo-French agreement with regard to Central Africa, on the
ground of its giving up the Tripoli Hinterland to France.

— At Brussels a violent scene took place in the Chamber of Repre-
sentatives during the discussion on the expulsion from the country of
a French ex-priest who had been lecturing on Socialism at LUge,

30. The South- Western Company's steamship Stella from South-
ampton to the Channel Islands, with 200 passengers and crew, ran on
to the Casquet Rocks, near Alderney, in a dense fog, and seventy-five
persons were drowned.

— The Earl of Kimberley, K.G., appointed Chancellor of the Univer-
sity of London in succession to Lord Herschell, deceased.

— In the University Racquet Match (doubles) played at Queen's
Club, Cambridge beat Oxford by four games to three; and in the
singles Mr. E. B. Noel (Cambridge) beat Mr. R. A. Williams (Oxford)
by three games to love.

— The Porte formally protested against the Anglo-French Agree-
ment on the ground that it handed over to France the Hinterland of
Tripoli.

— The revenue account for the year showed a net increase in the
exchequer receipts of l,722,189i. over the previous year, or about a
million and a quarter above the Budget Estimates. On the other hand
there had been an excess of 1,287,000/. in the payments for supply.

3L The American troops after a troublesome advance through the
jungle reached Malolos, Aquinaldo's headquarters, and after a slight
resistance captured it. The Filippinos, having set the place on fire,
withdrew to Calumpit, avoiding a general action.

— The German cruiser Gefion occupied the roadstead of Ngan-tung-
wei, near the frontier of Kiang-su, with orders to land men and occupy
two frontier towns until China could give guarantees to maintain order
in Shan-tung.

— The Paris Figaro commenced the publication of the famous
inquiry of the Criminal Chamber into the Dreyfus case. Only fifty
copies of the evidence had been printed, which had been delivered with
the greatest precaution, and under pledge of secrecy to those concerned.
Proceedings were commenced against the publishers, who were
fined 500 francs, but nevertheless continued the publication for several
weeks.

APKIL.

1. President Kruger visited Johannesburg for the first time since
the Jameson raid, and delivered an open-air speech of a conciliatory
character to several thousand persons.

B2

20 CHEONICLE. [apbh.

2. The Chinese authorities at Tien-tsin notified that the entire fore-
shore of the recently opened port at Ching-wang-tao was reserved to
the Chinese, rendering its opening nugatory.

— The New Zealand Premier, Mr. Seddon, telegraphed an offer to
despatch 500 volunteers to Samoa if required.

— A body of British and American blue-jackets and marines sur-
prised by an ambush in a German plantation near Samoa, by the
followers of Mataafa, and one British and two American officers killed,
and nine men wounded.

3. The Volunteers assembled at various places in the home district,
and went through manoeuvres, but no general assemblage was held.

— The billiard match for the championship and entrance money
(about 2000/.), played between John Roberts and C. Dawson, even 18,000
points, and won by the former by 1,814 points.

— The Independent Labour Party held their annual congress at
Leeds, under the presidency of Mr. Keir Hardie, and attended by the
delegates of about 25,000 members. It was resolved to contest not
more than twenty-five seats at the next general election.

4. A unity conference of members of the various Irish Nationalist
parties held at Dublin, Mr. Harrington presiding. A resolution, pro-
posed by Mr. Dillon, expressing willingness to enter into negotiation
with the Parnellites, of whom two only were present, was passed
unanimously.

— Serious rioting took place within the boundaries of the Kaulong
extension of Hong-Kong, and troops were despatched to Mirz Bay to
restore order.

— Herr Wolff, a Catholic, and the leader of the Pan-Germanic
party in the Austrian Reichsrath, received into the Protestant Church.

5. The election for the Harrow Division of Middlesex, consequent on
the retirement of Mr. Ambrose, Q.C. {C,\ resulted in the return of Mr.
Irwin Cox (C.) by 6,303 votes against 5,198 recorded for Mr. Corrie
Grant (L.).

— At the Kingston Quarter Sessions the landlady of the Hautboy
Hotel was charged with having refused to supply Viscountess Har-
berton with refreshment, on the ground that the latter was in '* rational"'
bicycling costume. The jury returned a verdict for the defendant.

— Great anxiety expressed in various parts of Russia on account of
the spread of Social Democracy, which threatened by its organisation
to produce strikes throughout the empire.

6. The elections of County and District Councils took place through-
out Ireland. The polling was generally heavy. In Munster and
Connaught no Unionists were elected, in Leinster very few, and in
Ulster they suffered many defeats. Out of a total of 638 councillors,.
526 were Nationalists and 112 Unionists.

— At Ottawa the Canadian Minister of Marine announced the in-
tention of the Dominion Government to train annually 1,000 Canadiaa
fishermen for service on warships.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 21

6. Serious anti-Semitic disturbances took place at Nachod, Bohemia,
where seven Jewish shops were sacked, and order was not restored
until the military were ordered to clear the streets.

7. The Odessa University closed in consequence of the unruly con-
duct of the students, and all examinations postponed for a year.

— A severe south-westerly gale broke over the British Isles, doing
great damage, especially on the Welsh and Cornish coasts.

— A serious explosion took place at the Belgian fortress of Huy,
due to the clumsy handling of a shell, which exploded, igniting a barrel
of powder and several cartridges. Six men were killed, and two officers
seriously injured.

— Two dwelling houses in the heart of the most fashionable quarter
of New York caught fire, and twelve persons burned to death.

8. The International Football Match (Association Rules) between
England and Scotland played at Birmingham, and won by England
by two goals to one. The final match for the English county champion-
ship (Rugby Rules) played at Newcastle, and won by Devonshire defeat-
ing Northumberland by a goal to nothing.

— The French and Russian guards which had been ordered to
Pekin to protect the legations, withdrawn.

— M. de Blonay, a Swiss, arrived at Canea to assume the duties of
financial adviser to Prince George of Crete, under international agree-
ment.

9. Lieutenant-Colonel Evatt attacked Kabarega at Unyoro in Central
Africa, on the east bank of the Nile, and completely defeated him, taking
prisoners both Kabarega and Mwanga, the chief.

10. Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., and Sir Henry Howard, K.C.M.G.,
appointed British representatives to the Disarmament Conference at
the Hague, and Lord Russell of Killowen British arbitrator on the
Venezuelan Boundary Commission, in succession to Lord Herschell,
deceased.

— The centenary celebration of the Church Missionary Society
opened by a meeting in Exeter Hall, followed by a service at St. PauFs
Cathedral, at which the Archbishop of Canterbury preached.

— At the sitting of the Diet of Gotha a declaration by the Duke of
Connaught was read, stating his willingness as nearest agnate of the
ducal house to accept the succession.

11. A gas explosion took place in Victoria Street, Westminster, by
which the top floor of a house was blown off, and eight persons in the
street were injured by the falling materials.

— The King and Queen of Italy visited the Island of Sardinia, and
were cordially received by the inhabitants. An imposing muster of
the French fleet under Admiral Fournier was made in their honour

at Cagliari.

— In the Greek Chamber the Tricoupist candidate for the presi-
dency having been elected by a large majority, M. Zaimis, the Prime
Minister, tendered his resignation, which was accepted by the King.

22 CHEONICLE. [apbh.

12. At the meeting of the Royal Commission on the Liquor Law8,
the chairman, Lord Peel, refused to put certain amendments to his
draft report, or the substitution of an alternative scheme to one part
of the report, and thereupon withdrew, declaring that so far as he was
concerned the commission was at an end.

13. In the House of Commons the Chancellor of the Exchequer
introduced the Budget, which for the current year showed an expendi-
ture of 112,927,000/., and an anticipated income on the existing taxation
of 110,287,000/. The difference he proposed to obtain by increased
stamp and wine duties, and the reduction of the fixed debt charge from
25,000,000/. to 23,000,000/.

— In the Public Schools* Racquet Match, Eton having defeated
Winchester, and Harrow beaten Rugby, the final tie was decided by
Eton defeating Harrow by four games to one.

14. A British police party attacked in the Kau-long (Hong-Kong)
extension territorj^ and the mat-shed quarters of the troops burned.
A gimtral and 100 men of the Hong-Kong regiment were sent for, and
found 1,000 Chinese regular soldiers holding the hills, who after firing
a volley, bolted.

— A farmer and his son waylaid near Ban try and beaten to death.
Three men were arrested, one of whom, it was said, had been evicted
from a farm, subsequently let to the murdered man.

15. The final tie for the Football Association Cup played on the
Crystal Palace Ground, when Sheffield United beat Derby County by
four goals to one.

— The great ice-breaker Yermak, built at Elswick, welcomed at St.
Petersburg with great enthusiasm, having made the journey through
the Baltic ice to Kronstadt without difficulty at the average rate of
over nine knots per hour. Its subsequent destination was the White
Sea, and the mouths of the Obi and Yenisei.

16. The Pope, in fulfilment of a promise given before his illness,
took part in the Coronation Mass held in St. Peter's in the presence of
an immense assemblage.

17. Hyde Park Court, a huge ten storey building, containing over
1,000 rooms, seriously damaged by a fire originating in a service-lift.
Two-thirds of the two upper floors and their contents were destroyed,
and much injury done by flames and water to the other parts.

— The Premiers of the Australian colonies forwarded formal pro-
tests against the wine duties proposed by the new Budget.

— In accordance with orders from General Otis, commanding in
the Philippines, General Lawton's expedition recalled to Manilla, and
the towns and territory captured in the south abandoned.

19. The annual demonstration of the Primrose League held at the
Albert Hall, Mr. A. J. Balfour presiding.

— At the Epsom Spring Meeting the Great Metropolitan Stakes
won by the favourite. Lord Penrhyn's King's Messenger, 4 yrs., 7 st. 10
lb. (F. Allsopp), fourteen started ; and the City and Suburban Handicap

1899.] CHEONICLE. 23

by Mr. W. Cooper's Newhaven II., 6 yrs., 9 st. (M. Cannon), defeating the
favourite, Mr. Theobald's Survivor, 6 yrs., 7 st. 9 lb. (F. Allsopp), both
Australian bred horses. Seventeen started.

19. Mr. Reed, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives,
gave notice of his resignation, and of his withdrawal from political life.

— The third reading of the Federation Bill passed by the Legis-
lative Council of New South Wales by 30 to 23 votes.

20. The wedding of the Earl of Crewe and Lady Betty Primrose,
younger daughter of the Earl of Rosebery, celebrated in Westminster
Abbey.

— A general strike of colliers through the Charleroi, Seraing and
Lidge districts took place in consequence of the masters* refusal to
advance wages.

21. At Philadelphia, in the case of ex-Senator Quay, charged with
the misuse of the funds of the People's Bank, the jury returned a
verdict of not guilty. The Governor of Pennsylvania thereupon
appointed Mr. Quay United States Senator until the next session of
the Legislature.

— In the House of Lords the Earl of Wemyss appealed to the
Government to put a stop to the decorations of St. Paul's Cathedral going
on under the orders of the Dean, but Lord Salisbury declined to take
any steps.

— At a banquet at New York, Captain Coghlan of the United States
Navy made a Rpeech, in which he spoke of the unfriendliness of the
German ships during the blockade of Manilla, and of the strong attitude
taken up by the American Admiral Dewey.

— At Johannesburg, Mr. Theron, a solicitor, fined 20^ for an assault
upon the editor of the Johannesburg Star, in which an article had
appeared insulting the Boers.

22. The King and Queen of Italy reviewed the British and Italian
squadrons in Aranci Bay, Sardinia, and were subsequently entertained
on board H.M.S. Majestic by Admiral Rawson.

— The French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences awarded
to Major Marchand the Audiffret prize of 15,000 frs. for " the greatest
act of devotion of any kind."

— The chess tournament by cable between English and American
universities ended in a victory of the former by 3J to 2i games.

24. After many hours' severe fighting the American troops under
General M'Arthur drove the Philippine insurgents out of their strongly-
fortified positions before Calumpit, and two days later captured the
town and scattered Aquinaldo's forces with severe loss.

25. The Duke and Duchess of York on returning from Ireland paid
a visit in semi-state to Carnarvon Castle and other places in Wales,
and were received with hearty enthusiasm by the Welsh.

— Lord Kitchener arrived at Berber from Khartoum after a camel
ride of 800 miles through the Eastern Soudan.

— Dawson City, Klondike, almost totally destroyed by a fire caused
by the upsetting of a lamp. Upwards of a hundred large buildings in

24 CHEONICLE. [hay

the business part of the city absolutely disappeared. The losses were
estimated at upwards of 2,000,000 dollars.

26. The iiritish Government intimated its intention to contribute
a yearly subsidy as guarantee for the construction of an all-British
cable from Vancouver to Queensland and New Zealand.

— Captain Wingate reached Bhamo from Pekin, having travelled
in safety by the provinces of Hu-nan, Kwai-chan and Yun-nan, to Kan-
long Ferry.

— The tercentenary of the birth of Cromwell celebrated at Hunting-
don, his native town, and at several places throughout the country.

— The 700th anniversary of the grant of a charter by King John
to Kingston-on-Thames celebrated by the borough.

— At Newmarket the Two Thousand Guineas Stakes won by the
favourite, the Duke of Westminster's Flying Fox, 9 st. (M. Cannon).
Eight started.

27. Upwards of 1,000 Russian emigrants of the Dukhoborsky sect left
Cyprus for Canada, after a stay of eight months, having found the
climate of the island unsuitable.

— A destructive cyclone swept over Kirksville, Missouri, a town of
50,000 inhabitants, sweeping a path a quarter of a mile broad through
the eastern quarter. Upwards of sixty persons were killed, and 1,000
injured by the storm, or by the floods and fires which followed it.

— The Mataafan rebel stronghold at Vailima captured by the
British and American marines, after it had been shelled by the ships.

28. The East Goodwin lightship run into and badly damaged by a
passing steamer. Communication by wireless telegraphy was at once
set up with the South Foreland, and assistance despatched.

— At Newmarket the One Thousand Guineas Stakes won by the
favourite, Lord W. Beresford's Sibola, 9 st. (J. T. Sloan). Fourteen
started.

29. At the banquet of the Royal Academy, Lord Salisbury announced
that an agreement had been signed with Russia with reference to the
respective rights of the two countries in China.

— The Football League Championship (Association Rules) secured
by the Aston Villa team, which beat Liverpool in the final tie by five
goals to none. Both teams had played thirty-four games, of which
Aston Villa had won nineteen, drawn seven, and lost eight, while
Liverpool had won nineteen, drawn five, and lost ten games.

— The first Cretan Government under the autonomous rSgime con-
stituted, consisting of four Christians and one Mahomedan.

MAY.

1. The May-day labour celebrations passed off everywhere without
disturbance.

— A deputation, representing 10,000 laymen, presented to the Arch-
bishops of Canterbury and York at Lambeth Palace an address express-

1899.] CHEONICLE. 25

ing confidence in the episcopacy, and sympathy with their efforts to
secure a due observance of the rules prescribed by the Book of Common
Prayer.

1. A sculling match, carrying with it the championship of England,
rowed from Putney to Mortlake by George Towns (Australia) and
W. A. Barry (Putney), the former winning easily by six lengths.

2. The Queen left Nice for England by way of Cherbourg, but was
delayed in consequence of the strong winds prevailing in the Channel.

— Mr. Cecil Rhodes addressed in London a crowded meeting of the
shareholders of the British South Africa Company, when he declared
that the country was prospering, and its mineral riches becoming daily
better known.

— The Russian Government appointed a commission to prepare a
scheme for the reform of the national calendar.

3. The Italian Prime Minister, General Pelloux, announced the
resignation of the Ministry in consequence of the hostile attitude of
the Chamber on the Chinese policy of the Government.

— Ibrahim Ali, who had been sent to his uncle, the Sultan of
Darfur, on a peaceful mission, arrived at Omdurman, his escort having
been attacked by the new ruler of Darfur, Ali Dinar, and 120 out of
150 men killed.

— The Chester Cup won by an outsider, Mr. Teddy's Uncle Mac,
o yrs., 7 st. 7 lb. (Finlay). Thirteen ran.

4. The Hungarian Prime Minister, M. Koloman Szell, made a
remarkable speech in the Diet on the bill for the repression of electoral
corruption. He strongly condemned the interference of the clergy
from the pulpit in political matters.

— Great tension and excitement caused at Johannesburg and
throughout the Transvaal by the publication of Mr. Chamberlain's
despatch declaring the Dynamite Convention to be a breach of the
London Convention.

— The Mahomedan population of Crete, notwithstanding promises
of protection, emigrated in large numbers to the Turkish mainland and
oapital.

5. Lord Rosebery, speaking at a dinner at the City Liberal Club,
advocated the revival of the old spirit of Liberalism as it existed
before 1886, and expressed his belief that in this way the party would
recover its power.

— M. Duruy, Professor of History at the Ecole Polytechnique,
Paris, having been interrupted in his lectures by the disorderly con-
duct of some anti-Dreyfus students, his course was suspended by order
of the general in command. This action having been challenged in
the Chamber, and the War Minister's action criticised, M. de Freycinet
resigned.

— In Canada general disappointment felt and expressed in the
Dominion Parliament at the niggardliness of the Imperial Govern-
ment in the matter of the cable subsidy.

26 CHEONICLE. [may

6. Six hundred native signalmen (Brahmins) on the Great India
Peninsula Railway struck for higher wages and improved conditions.

— A dinner, under the presidency of the Duke of Atholl, given to
Colonel H. Macdonald, C.B., of the Gordon Highlanders, who was pre-
sented with a sword of honour from the Highland Association of
London in recognition of his distinguished services in Egypt and India.

— An unsuccessful attempt made by Mr. Alger, the United States
Secretary for War, to supersede General Miles as commander of the
Army.

— The Archbishop of Canterbury, with the Archbishop of York as
assessor, sat on an Ecclesiastical Court at Lambeth to hear the appeals
of two beneficed clergymen against the directions of their respective
diocesans to discontinue the use of incense, etc.

8. At Lagos, Bishop Tugwell committed for trial on a charge of
criminal libel, for having suggested, in a letter to the TimeSy that 75
per cent, of the deaths among Europeans on the West African coast
were attributable to intemperance.

— The military court appointed to inquire into the charges against
the commissariat department during the Cuban war censured General
Miles, and practically exculpated every one else. President M*Kinley
thereupon recommended that no further proceedings should be taken.

9. The Duchess of York, after opening the new pier at Tenby, pro-
ceeded to Pembroke Dockyard, and assisted at the launching of the
new royal yacht, christening her Victoria and Albert

— The Royal Geographical Society awarded the founder's medal for
the year to the French Captain Binger for his explorations in the bend
of the Niger, and the patron's medal to M. Foureau for his explorations
in the Sahara.

— Serious anti-Jewish riots took place in Nitcholaieff, a Russian
town in which the Jews numbered 30,000 out of a total population of
100,000. Several hundred houses occupied by Jews were stoned, and
their shops wrecked. About 400 of the assailants were arrested.

— A large section of the second regiment of the Guernsey Militia
assembled for annual drill at Bantiquy Arsenal, refused to fall in at
the bugle call, and moved away hooting and shouting.

10. In the House of Commons the Clergy Discipline Bill met by the
Government by a dilatory resolution, rejected by 310 to 156 votes.

— Lord Kimberley, speaking at Birmingham, held that the only
remedy for the existing disorders in the Church was disestablishment.

— Two hundred and sixty Dervishes, with a large number of women
and [children from the Khalifa's camp, surrendered to the gunboats on
the White Nile.

— Mr. Rhodes accepted the presidency of the South African League,
to which he had unanimously been elected by the meeting of delegates
at Kimberley.

11. The Duke of Northumberland created a Knight of the Garter
in the room of the Duke of Beaufort, deceased.

1899.] CHKONICLE. 27

11. Mr. Andrew Carnegie, the great American ironmaster, intimated
his willingness to contribute 50,000/. to the projected Birmingham
University.

— In the House of Commons, on the discussion of the Finance
Bill, the Chancellor of the Exchequer consented to modify the extra
taxes on wines announced in his Budget speech by sixpence a gallon on
bottled wines, and to reduce the charge on light wines from one shilling
and sixpence to one shilling and threepence per gallon.

12. A disastrous explosion occurred in the chlorate factory of
chemical works at St. Helens, Lancashire. The surrounding buildings
to a considerable distance were wrecked, six persons killed, and twenty
seriously injured.

— The Russian Minister at Pekin applied to the Chinese Govern-
ment for a concession for a new branch railway to connect Port Arthur
and Pekin.

— The men of the Nebraska regiment (supported by their officers)
serving in the Philippines, petitioned the general commanding to be
relieved from duty, in consequence of exhaustion. The regiment had
lost more than 200 men since the beginning of the campaign, and of
300 left at the front, 160 were on the sick list.

— A collision took place on the Philadelphia and Reading Railway,
by which thirty-five persons were killed, and upwards of a hundred
injured.

13. The Right Rev. George Carnac Fisher, formerly Bishop Suffragan
of Southampton, appointed Bishop Suffragan of Ipswich.

— General Pelloux, the outgoing Italian Prime Minister, presented
a reconstructed Cabinet composed solely of Conservatives, which was
accepted by the King.

— A state of siege proclaimed in the city of Valladolid in conse-
quence of the repeated affrays in the streets between the university
students and the cadets of the cavalry school.

14. The library of the Paris Chamber of Commerce, containing
40,000 volumes, and considered the best collection of works on trade
and political economy in France, totally destroyed by fire.

— The historic drama " Eisenzahn," professedly the work of Major
Lautt, but admittedly written under the direct guidance of the German
Emperor, produced with great success at Wiesbaden.

15. The Queen, accompanied by the Princess Henry of Battenberg,
arrived in London from Windsor, and on her way to Buckingham
Palace paid a long visit to Kensington Palace.

— Six Englishmen, five of whom had been non-commissioned
officers, and a Dane, arrested at Johannesburg on a charge of high
treason, and conveyed to Pretoria. They were alleged to have enlisted
2,000 men for purposes hostile to the republic.

— The Decorations Committee of St. Paul's Cathedral, in view of the
generally expressed disapproval, decided to discontinue the stencilling
of the flat stonework of the arches.

28 CHBONICLE. [may

16. Kau-Iung City, in the Hong-Kong extension, occupied by British
troops, and the Chinese garrison disarmed with consent of the mandarin.

— Major Marchand and his escort arrived safely at Jibuti, having
thus crossed Africa from the Atlantic to the Red Sea.

— An application by Lord F. Hope to sell the Hope or Tayemier
blue diamond, valued at 18,115/., refused by the Court of Chancery.

17. The Queen, in semi-state, and attended by the members of the
royal family, laid the first stone of the new buildings of the Victoria
and Albert Museum at South Kensington, by which the work begun
by the Prince Consort was to be completed.

— In the House of Commons it was found impossible to obtain a
quorum of forty members, and as it was against the orders for " a count "
to be taken, the sitting was suspended until 4 p.m., when the House
adjourned.

— The Khedive signed a decree reforming the Mekhemeh Sherich,
the Court of Appeal for judging questions affecting personal status in
accordance with the sacred law.

18. The Peace Conference, assembled at the Hague, at its first
meeting elected M. de Staal, the chief Russian representative, presi-
dent. Twenty-five States were represented by a hundred delegates,
Brazil being the only important absentee.

— In Paris, in consequence of the refusal of the Senate to pass a
bill embodying an increase of their pay, 3,000 postmen struck, throw-
ing the delivery of letters into great confusion. The strike, however,
only lasted twenty-four hours.

— M. Paul Deschanel, President of the Chamber of Deputies, elected
member of the French Academy, in succession to M. Edouard Herv^.

19. The Czar, on the occasion of his birthday, ordered the appoint-
ment of a commission, under the presidency of the Minister of Justice,
to consider the question of substituting another penalty for transporta-
tion to Siberia.

— The contract for the Anglo-German Tien-tsin to Chin-kiang
Railway loan of 7,400,000/. at 5 per cent, signed at Pekin.

— The German Emperor in proposing the Czar's health at a birthday
banquet in honour of the latter at Wiesbaden, declared that Russia and
Germany were of one mind with regard to the aims of the Peace Con-
ference.

20. The Chinese Government consented to permit the occupation of
Sammun Bay by Italy as a purely commercial port.

— The annual convention of the Irish National League held at
Bradford, under the presidency of Mr. T. P. O'Connor, M.P. Few
members of Parliament attended, and a resolution condemning the
dissension in the ranks of the Irish Nationalists was adopted.

21. The American liner Paris, on her voyage from Cherbourg to
New York in fair weather, ran on the Manacle rocks off Falmouth,
w^ithin a few hundred yards of the spot where the Mohegan had been
wrecked some months previously. No lives were lost, and all the mails
and passengers' effects were saved.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 29

22. The thirty-first annual congress of co-operative societies, attended
by about 11,000 delegates, met at Liverpool, under the presidency of
Mr. Harlem (Oldham), and before proceeding to business passed a
resolution expressing good wishes for the Peace Conference.

— The annual meeting of the Independent Society of Oddfellows
(numbering 944,769 members) held at Middlesbrough, and that of the
National Order of Goodfellows, numbering 76,562 members, at Don-
caster. The presidents of each society respectively urged their members
to trust to themselves, and not to legislation, to settle the question of
old-age pensions.

— The postage rates to all German colonies reduced to the same
rates as those charged for inland rates — viz.^ 16 pfennigs for J oz., and
20 pfennigs up to J lb.

23. A duel took place in Paris between M. Catulle Mendes, the poet,
and M. Vanor, arising out of a heated discussion of the personal appear-
ance of Hamlet, the latter holding him to have been thin and the
former fat. M. Catulle Mendes was seriously wounded.

— At the military laboratory of Refshaleo, near Copenhagen, an
explosion occurred during the loading of some shells. Eight persons
were killed on the spot.

— A three days' jubilee in celebration of the return of peace began
in Washington, the Spanish and American flags flying side by side in
the streets.

24. The Queen's eightieth birthday celebrated with real enthusiasm
throughout the United Kingdom and the colonies. In the United
States, especially, the regard in which her Majesty was held was
signified in various ways.

— At Windsor the Queen was serenaded by the local musical
societies of the choirs of St. George's Chapel and Eton College, was
present at a parade of the Scots Guards, and later attended a special
thanksgiving service in St. George's Chapel.

— The International Congress on Tuberculosis met at Berlin, and
its formal opening by the Secretary of State, in the presence of the
German Emperor, took place in the great hall of the Reichstag.

25. St. John, New Brunswick, devastated by a fire which, originating
in the Indian town district, was carried by a fierce wind into the
northern trading centre. Upwards of 100 buildings, exclusive of the
dwellings of the poorer classes, were destroyed.

— The Queen, before leaving Windsor for Balmoral, expressed
publicly her heartfelt thanks for the testimony of loyalty and affection
received by her from all parts of the world.

— The International Miners' Congress, assembled at Brussels,
unanimously carried resolutions in favour of a minimum wage (which
each nation should fix for itself), and of an international understanding
to regulate the output of coal.

26. At the Hague Conference, Sir Julian Pauncefote proposed the
formal establishment of a permanent tribunal of arbitration, and the

30 CHBONICLE. [hay

Russian delegate, Baron de Staal, in support laid on the table a paper
embodying a similar proposal.

26. The final round for the golf amateur championship played at
Prestwich, when Mr. J. Ball, junr., of Liverpool, defeated Mr. F. G. Tait
of Edinburgh by one hole.

— At Rome a disgraceful scene was provoked in the Chamber of
Deputies, when Signor Crispi attempted to meet the accusations brought
against his African policy by the Socialists, who finally prevented the
ex-minister from being heard.

27. The Queen, on her arrival at Balmoral, received an address of
welcome and congratulation from her Highland servants, to which she
replied orally.

— At St. Petersburg, the Palace Bridge, connecting the richest
quarter of the city with the business quarter, having collapsed, an
inquiry was instituted showing that five other wooden bridges over the
Neva were insecure.

28. The French Derby won by M. Caillault's Perth, which defeated
the favourite, Holocauste, by more than six lengths. Nine ran.

29. The plenary court of the Court of Cassation assembled in Paris
to hear the report of M. Ballot-Beauprd on the application for revision
of the Dreyfus case. The. chief point urged by the reporter was that
the bordereau had been written by Esterhazy.

— The final vote on the Federation referendum in South Australia
resulted as follows: affirmative, 65,990; negative, 17,053; informal,
10,909.

— SeSor Castelar*s body having been brought to Madrid, and viewed
oy almost all the population, his funeral, was made the occasion of an
imposing public demonstration.

30. Major Marehand arrived at Toulon, where he received a magnifi-
cent ovation from the authorities, the patriotic societies and the
population.

— The vacancy in the Southport division of Lancashire caused by
the death of Sir H. Naylor-Leyland (L.), filled by the election of Sir G.
Pilkington (L.), who polled 5,635 votes against 5,052 given to Mr. C. B.
Balfour (C).

— At the Kennington Oval Cricket Ground in the match between
Surrey and Somersetshire, the former scored 811 runs in their first
innings, Abel carrying out his bat for 357.

31. At Epsom the Derby won by the favourite, the Duke of West-
minster's Flying Fox (M. Cannon). Twelve started.

— M. Deroul^de and M. Habert charged with inciting Greneral Roget
and his soldiers to march on the Elys^e, after two days' trial, devoted
to declamation, acquitted amid uproarious enthusiasm.

— President Kruger and Sir Alfred Milner, High Commissioner for
South Africa, arrived at Bloemfontein, on invitation from the President
of the Orange Free State, to discuss the alleged grievances of the Trans-
vaal Uit landers.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 31

31. At Bulawayo the first sod of the Northern Extension Railway
turned amid general rejoicings.

JUNE.

1. Major Marchand and his companions of the Fashoda expedition
arrived in Paris, and were received with boundless enthusiasm, the
route from the station to the Military Club being decked with flags.

— A resolution prohibiting the use of the dum-dum bullet adopted
by the Disarmament Commission of the Peace Conference at the Hague
by eighteen to three votes — Great Britain, Austria and Italy.

— At Cambridge the jubilee of Professor Sir George Stokes as
Lucasian Professor, celebrated by the university, a gold medal and a
medal from the French Institute were also presented to him.

2. The Queen Regent of Spain at the opening of the Cortes announced
the cession to Germany of the Ladrones and Caroline Islands, the last
relics of the Spanish colonial empire. The price to be paid was 25,000,000
pesetas (875,000/.).

— At Epsom the Oak Stakes won by an outsider, Mr. Douglas
Baird's Musa (0. Madden) defeating the favourite. Lord W. Beresford's
Sibola (T. Sloan) by a head. Twelve ran.

— Major Esterhazy communicated to the Times and Daily Chronicle
an avowal that he had written the bordereau by order of Colonel Sandherr.

— An extraordinary railway accident occurred to the Berlin-
Flushing express. When reaching the latter station the pneumatic
brakes would not act, the engine dashed through the station and the
refreshment room, breaking down two walls, and causing the death of
two post officials, and Mdlle. Roth, daughter of the Swiss Minister at
Berlin, and delegate to the Hague Conference.

3. At Paris the Court of Cassation unanimously quashed the judg-
ment and annulled the sentence passed upon Alfred Dreyfus in 1894,
and sent him to be tried again before a court martial at Rennes.

— The first test cricket match between the Australians and England
played at Nottingham, resulting in a draw.

— The trackmen's strike on the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada
ended in an understanding to refer the wages question to arbitration.

4. M. Loubet, President of the French Republic, whilst attending
the Auteuil races made the object of a hostile demonstration, and
personally assaulted in a dastardly manner by members of the Jeunesse
Royal iste, and other fashionable and reactionary clubs.

5. The centenary of the Royal Institution of Great Britain cele-
l)rated, the Prince of Wales occupying the chair.

— In the House of Commons the resolution granting 30,000/. to
Lord Kitchener in recognition of his services in the Soudan, passed by
393 to 51 votes.

— In Paris the Ministry after some discussion decided to adopt
severe measures against those who had attempted to pervert the course
of justice in the Dreyfus case.

32 CHKONICLE. [juhb

5. The Czar, after a long investigation of the students' movement,,
announced his dissatisfaction with the authorities and professors of the
universities, severely rebuked the police for their conduct, and held the
students' conduct in some degree excusable.

6. In the House of Commons, on the report stage of the London
Government Bill, a clause enabling women to serve as councillors and
aldermen was carried by 196 to 161 votes.

— The conference at Bloemfontein between President Kruger and
Sir A. Milner brought to a close, no basis of an agreement having been
reached on the franchise question, and the President's suggestion of
arbitration having been put aside.

— Captain Dreyfus embarked for France, having been over four
years a prisoner, subjected to the most rigorous treatment, on the He
du Diable, off Cayenne.

— General Luna, chief field officer of the Philippine Insurgent
Army, assassinated at Cabanatuan by officers of Aquinaldo's bodyguard.

7. Celebrations in honour of the centenary of the birth of Pushkin,
the Russian poet and novelist, held throughout Russia, the rejoicings
being of a truly national character.

— The Russian Government broke off all diplomatic relations with
the city of Bremen, relations which had been maintained through the
Minister to the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. The cause was the arrest
of a Russian pope or priest on suspicion of theft, who had vainly claimed
compensation.

— Several cases of plague, of whom six died, notified as having
occurred in Alexandria during the week.

8. The thanks of both Houses of Parliament given to Lord Kitchener,
the officers and forces engaged in the Soudan expedition. The resolu-
tion was carried unanimously in the Upper House, and in the Commons
by 347 to 18 votes.

— At Sandwich the open golf championship won by the actual
holder, H. Vardon of Scarborough.

— M. Zola returned to Paris after a prolonged stay in England,
and was at once served with notice of the finding of the Versailles
Assize Court, of which the judgment could not be executed in his
absence.

9. In Paris the Indictment Chamber ordered the provisional release
of Colonel Picquart, who had been detained nearly a year in prison
awaiting his trial on charges brought by the general staff.

— The long-standing difficulty of the Auagleich between Austria
and Hungary settled in principle between the two Premiers on the
advice of the Emperor-King, and in accordance with a compromise
suggested by him.

— Several mayors in various parts of France suspended for refusing
to placard the Dreyfus judgment.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 33

9. At Samoa, King Malietoa Tanu having been formally confirmed
by the International Commission, voluntarily abdicated the kingly
office, which was abolished by the commission, and appointed a pro-
visional Government composed of the consuls of the three Powers.

10. A great fire occurred at the Elswick works, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
belonging to Messrs. Armstrong & Co., by which three large workshops
were destroyed, involving a loss of nearly 150,000/.

— The plasterers' strike ended by the men returning to work under
new conditions, the ballot showing 4,559 votes in favour and 368 against
accepting the terms offered.

— Lord George Hamilton, M.P., unveiled at Canterbury a handsome
monumental cross erected in memory of forty-one Kentish martyrs
who were burned in the reign of Queen Mary.

— A mass meeting, attended by 5,000 persons, held at Johannesburg,
to support Sir A. Milner*s proposals as the irreducible minimum of the
Uitlanders' demands.

11. President Loubet attended the races at Longchamps, and owing
to an imposing display of military and police order was not disturbed.
The Grand Prix de Paris was won by the favourite, M. Caillault's Perth
(T. Lane). Fifteen ran.

12. In the French Chamber a debate raised with regard to the
alleged brutality of the police on the previous day. The Government
thereupon demanded a vote of confidence, which was refused, and a
colourless order of the day voted by 321 to 173. M. Dupuy thereupon
tendered the resignation of the Ministry, which was accepted.

— The western shores of the White Sea continued to be blocked
with ice, and all communication interrupted with the shore. For more
than a fortnight a temperature below freezing prevailed in northern
and north-eastern Russia.

— Earthquakes reported from South-eastern Austria and Western
Hungary, the area affected extending from M6dling to the Leitha

Mountains.

13. A terrific storm swept along the Upper Mississippi River and its
tributaries in Wisconsin and Minnesota, the town of New Richmond
being destroyed, and 200 lives lost.

— Baron F. de Christiani sentenced to four years' imprisonment
for assaulting President Loubet at the Auteuil races, and seven other
Royalist gentlemen were subsequently sentenced to fines and periods
of imprisonment of from fourteen days to three months for riotous
conduct.

— Mr. R. P. Paranjpye (St. John's College), a native of India
(Bombay), bracketed equal with Mr. G. Birtwhistle (Pembroke College)
for the senior wranglership at Cambridge University.

— The Indictment Chamber in Paris dismissed all the charges
against Colonel Picquart as insufficient to indicate his guilt.

14. The governors of the principal southern and south-western pro-
vinces of Russia informed the Minister of the Interior that the harvests
were lost, and the peasantry starving.

C

34 CHKONICLE. [jun.

14. A temporary arrangement with regard to the Alaska boundary
concluded between Lord Salisbury and Mr. Choate, pending the re-
assembling of the Anglo-American Commission.

— Serious disturbances occurred in Travancore caused by a dispute
between the Shanars (a low caste) and the Maravars, the latter exacting
retribution from the former for claiming caste rights in the temples.

15. The sittings of the Venezuela Arbitration Court resumed at
Paris under the presidency of Professor de Maartem.

— Disturbances arose on the Serbo-Turkish frontier, arising out of
the attack by Albanian troops on the peasants of the district of
Tablonitza.

— General Giletta di San Giuseppe, an Italian officer on furlough,
arrested by the French at Nice on the charge of espionage on the
Franco-Italian frontier.

— In the Prussian Diet, notwithstanding a strong speech in its
favour by the Chancellor, Prince Hohenlohe, the Rhine and Elbe Canal
Bill postponed by 240 to 160 votes, the Clerical Conservatives voting
with the Opposition.

16. At Ascot the principal races were decided as follows : —

Ascot Stakes — Lord Bosebery's Tom Cringle, 4 yrs., 7 st. 9 lb. (S. Loates).

Eleven ran.
Prince of Wales's Stakes — Duke of Portland's Manners, 8 yrs., 8 st. 8 lb. (M.

Gannon). Seven ran.
Royal Hunt Cup — Mr. J. D. Jardine*s Refractor, 8 yrs., 6 st. 8 lb. (Weatherell).

Sixteen ran.
Coronation Stakes — Mr. A. 'James's Fascination, 8 yrs., 8 st. 10 lb. (O.

Madden). Nine ran.
Gold Cup — Mr. C. D. Rose's Cyllena, 4 yrs., 9 st. (S. Loates). Five ran.
New Stfiies — Mr. A. James's The Gorgon, 2 yrs., 8 st. 7 lb. (O. Madden).

Twelve ran.
Alexandra Plate — M. de Bremond's Le S^nateur, 4 yrs., 9 st. (E. Watkins).

Three ran.
Hardwicke Stakes — Prince Soltykoff's Ninus, 4 yrs., 9 st. 10 lb. (C. Wood).

Eight ran.

— At Johannesburg a large meeting of burghers was held, and
resolutions passed approving President Kruger's franchise proposals,
and expressing confidence in the Raad.

17. The second test match between England and Australia played
at Lord's Cricket Ground, ending in the defeat of England by ten wickets.
Score: England, first innings, 206; second, 240 runs. Australians, first
innings, 421 ; second, 28 without the loss of a wicket.

— A meeting of 4,000 burghers held at Pardekraad, General Joubert
presiding, to support the franchise proposals of President Kruger.

— General Mercier, a former French Minister of War, at a meeting
of a reactionary association, made a remarkable speech asserting the
guilt of Captain Dreyfus.

19. The election for South Edinburgh consequent on the death of
Mr. Cox (L.U.), resulted in the return of Mr. Dewar (R.) by 5,820 votes
against 4,989 polled by Colonel Wauchope (C).

1899.] CHEONICLE. 35

19. The third annual match from Dover to Heligoland, for a gold cup
given by the German Emperor, won by Mr. F. B. Atkinson's schooner
Charmian^ 175 tons. Thirteen boats started.

— An advance guard of the American troops in the Philippines
narrowly escaped a serious disaster in marching upon the town of Imus.
After a long and unopposed march through a swamp, they found them-
selves surrounded by the insurgents, who were with difficulty kept at
bay until the arrival of relief.

20. The referendum on the Australasian federation question taken
in New South Wales, and resulted in a large majority in favour of the
proposal, 107,274 being for it, and 72,701 against.

— Admiral de Cuverville, head of the French General Naval Staff,
superseded for breach of discipline by endorsing the criticisms of a
deputy on the naval administration.

— The civil list pensions granted during the year were: —

Mr. Joseph Wright, D.C.L., 200Z., in consideration of his services to phil-
ology, especially as editor of the English Dialect Dictionary.
Laura Abbie, Lady Alabaster, lOOZ., widow of Sir Chaloner Alabaster,

K.C.M.G., formerly consul-general at Canton.
Miss Emma C. Armstrong and Miss Julia A. Armstrong, 25Z., daughters of

Dr. Robert Archibald Armstrong, the Gaelic lexicographer.
Mr. Charles Ashton, 40Z., for his services to Welsh literature.
Mrs. Hannah Maria Bates, 60Z., in consideration of the merits of her late

husband, Mr. Harry Bates, A.R.A., as a sculptor.
Miss Eliza Paton Hill Burton, 65Z., daughter of Dr. John Hill Burton, the

historian of Scotland.
Mr. Edward Dalziel, lOOZ., for his services to wood-engraving and the art of

illustration.
Mrs. Lucie Kanthack, 60Z., widow of Dr. Alfred A. Kanthack, Professor of

Pathology in Cambridge University.
Mrs. Maria Kingsford, lOOZ., widow of Dr. William Kingsford, the Canadian

historian.
Mrs. Marian Charlotte Malleson, lOOZ., daughter of Colonel Bruce Malleson,

an Indian and military historian.
Mr. John Payne, 100/., in recognition of his literary work.
Mrs. Louisa Mary Rawson -Walker, 100/., widow of Mr. Edward Henry

Rawson-Walker, consul at Manilla.
Mrs. Mary Pollen Robinson, 40/., for the services rendered to music in Ireland

by her late husband, Mr. Joseph Robinson.
Dr. Francis Steingass, 25/., for his services to Oriental scholarship in

England.
Mrs. Mary Matilda Tayler, 25/., and Mrs. Mskrcia Louisa Tyndale, 25/.,

daughters of Dr. Alfred Edersheim, a theologian and Biblical critic.
Mrs. Annie Matilda Gleeson White, 35/., widow of Mr. Joseph Gleeson

White.

21. At the Oxford Commemoration honorary degrees conferred on
the Earl of Elgin, Lord Kitchener, Mr. Cecil Rhodes, and others, the
last named having been opposed by a considerable number of resident

graduates.

— In the House of Commons the Under Secretarv for War intro-
(lucod the Military Works Loan Bill for upwards of 4,000,000/. to pro-
vide barracks and defence works at home and abroad.

22. After much delay and diflBculty, M. Wal deck-Rousseau succeeded
in constituting a Cabinet of strong Republicans, whose names were
approved bv the President.

02

36

CHEONICLE.

[JUNB

22. Mr. A. J. Balfour, in reply to an influential deputation represent-
ing the Royal Geographical and other societies, held out the hope that
the Government would contribute liberally towards the cost of an
Antarctic exploring expedition.

— The Tsung-li-Yamen, after nearly a fortnight's delay, refused
positively to accede to the British demand for the removal of the Kwei-
chau, who had taken no steps to arrest the murderers of the missionary,
Mr. Fleming.

23. The election for East Edinburgh, consequent on .the death of
Dr. Wallace (R.), resulted in the return of Mr. G. Macrae (R.) by 4,891
votes against 2,961 polled by Mr. H. G. Younger (L.U.).

— The Prince of Wales laid the foundation stone of the new build-
ings of the Royal School of Art Needlework at South Kensington.

— The Indian Currency Commission reported almost unanimously
in favour of the maintenance of the 16d. rupee, and of a gold currency
with gold as legal tender.

24. The annual match between Eton and Winchester played at
Eton, resulted in the victory of Eton by one wicket. Scores : —

WINCHESTER.
First Innings.
Mr. R. S. Darling (capt.), l.-b.-w., b. Martin J

Mr. M. Bonham-Carter, b. Bernard . . 1

Mr. H. C. McDonell, b. Bernard . . S

Mr. S. N. Mackenzie, b. Lyttelbon . . 57

Mr. A. C. Pawson, c. and b. Bernard 21

Mr. R. W. Awdry, c. Denison, b. Bernard 4

Mr. R. G. Pidcock, st. Findlay, b. Martin 12

Mr. F. W. Comber, b. Bernard ... 8

Mr. F. D. H. Joy, b. Bernard ... 2

Mr. K. O. Hunter, b. Lyttelton ... 1

Mr. G. J. Bruce, not out .... 12

Byes, 1 ; l.-b., 4 ; w., 2 ; n.-b., 2 . 9

Total .... 186

ETON.
First Innings.

Mr. H. K. Longman, c. Pidcock, b. Bruce 8

Mr. E. B. Denison, c. and b. Hunter . 24

Mr. D. J. Cassavetti, c. Pidcock, b. Hunter 18

Mr. J. Wormald, c. Hunter, b. Bruce . 40

Mr. O. C. S. Gilliat, c. Darling, b. Joy . 52
Mr. C. E. Lambert, c. Bonham-Carter, b.

Darling 18

Mr. G. Howard Smith, c. Hunter, b. Joy . 5

Mr. W. Findlay (capt.), b. Darling . . 1

Mr. E. G. Martin, not out .... 8

Hon. J. C. Lyttelton, b. Hunter . . 3

Mr. A. C. Bernard, b. Bruce ... 0

Byes, 18; l.-b., 1; w., 2; n.-b., 1 . 22

Second Innings.

c. Howard Smith, b. Ber-
nard .
c. Bernard

b. Martin .

c. Findlay, b. Martin
c. and b. Bernard .
b. Martin .

b. Martin

c. Gilliat, b. Martin

c. Denison, b. Bernard
not out

b. Martin

Byes, 4 ; l.-b., 1 ; w., 8
n.-b., 2

Total .

Second Innings.

c. Bruce, b. Hunter

b. Bruce .

c. Hunter, b. Joy

c. Awdry, b. Hunter
b. Bruce .

c. Comber, b. Darling
c. Hunter, b. Joy
c. Bruce, b. Joy
c. Bonham-Carter, b

ter
not out
not out .

Byes, 14; l.-b., 12;

65
2
4
0

18
8

26

40
6
6

40

10

Hun

w.,2

220

18
21
7
14
84

1
2
5

28

18

1

28

Total . . . .189 Total . . .167

— The Prince and Princess of Wales laid the foundation stone of
the new central buildings of the Post Office Savings Bank at West
Kensington.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 37

24. The strike of textile workers at Briinn (Austria), in which 12,000
workmen were engaged, compromised after a struggle lasting two
months ; the men obtaining a reduction of half an hour on an eleven
hours' day, and an advance of 6d per week on their wages.

— The Public Safety Bill, which the Italian Ministry failed to pass
through the Chamber, promulgated by royal decree. Parliament having
been prorogued ad hoc. The Opposition newspapers criticising the
action of the Government were seized and confiscated.

26. In the French Chamber, after a stormy debate, the Waldeck-
Rousseau Ministry carried a vote of confidence by 263 to 237 votes.

— The Queen held a review of 14,000 troops at Aldershot, returning
to Windsor the same evening.

^- An International Congress of Women held in London opened at
the Church-house, Westminster, under the presidency of the Countess
of Aberdeen. Delegates from various colonies and foreign countries
were present.

— The Italian General Giletta di San Giuseppe, who had been
arrested as a spy, tried at Nice with closed doors, found guilty and
sentenced to five years' imprisonment and 5,000 francs fine.

— In the House of Lords the clause of the London Government
Bill admitting women to be elected councillors and aldermen rejected,
on the motion of Lord Dunraven, by 182 to 68 votes.

— Serious rioting, arising out of dissatisfaction with the Budget
proposals of the Ministry, took place in Valencia, Saragossa, Granada,
and elsewhere, the military having in many cases to fire upon the mob.

27. At the Guildhall, London, "Beauty's Awakening," a masque of
winter and spring, performed by the Art Workers* Guild, under the
patronage of the Lord Mayor and Corporation.

— The difficulties met by the United States troops in the Philip-
pines were such that General Otis requested reinforcements. The
authorised strength of the Federal army, 65,000 men, having been
reached, volunteers were called for, and 10,000 promptly offered them-
selves.

28. Mr. Fischer, acting with the support of the Afrikander Bond,
and President Steyn of the Orange Free State, visited Pretoria to
mediate between the British and Transvaal Governments.

— The Italian Chamber, having resumed its sittings after a short
prorogation, the action of the Ministry in promulgating the Public
Safety Law by decree was warmly challenged, but eventually the
Government motion to refer the decree to a committee was adopted
by 208 to 138 votes.

— Serious disturbances took place in Brussels arising out of the
Ministerial Franchise Bill. Rioting occurred in several parts of the
city, and in one street a barricade had to be cleared by the military.
About 100 persons were injured.

29. The naval and military sub-commission of the Peace Congress at
the Hague reported that the Russian proposals for the limitation of
armaments were unacceptable.

38 CHEONICLE. [tolt

29. In the House of Commons the second reading of the Tithe Bent
Charge Bill, after much opposition, carried by 314 to 176 votes, several
leading Liberal Unionists abstaining.

— At Newmarket, the Princess of Wales Stakes, value 10,000/., won
by the Duke of Westminster's Flying Fox, 3 yrs., 9 st. 5 lb. (M. Cannon).
Nine ran.

30. In the Coburg Diet the renunciation of the Duke of Connaught
to the succession of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and the
adoption of the Duke of Albany as heir-presumptive, officially announced.

— The Italian Chamber of Deputies was the scene of unparalleled
violence aroused by the refusal of the President Chinaglia to adopt a
second roll-call during the same sitting. The Socialists began by
interrupting, and subsequently came to actual fighting, the confusion
at length being such that the sitting was suspended. Parliament was
later in the day prorogued by royal decree.

— At Brussels, where the rioting had continued, the Chamber of
Bepresentatives was made the scene of a violent demonstration by the
Socialists. The Prime Minister, however, at length promised to study
loyally the means of conciliation.

— The third test match between England and Australia played
at Leeds, but left unfinished in consequence of the rain. Scores:
Australia, first innings, 172; second, 224. England, first innings, 220;
second, 19 (no wicket).

JULY.

1. Captain Dreyfus disembarked at Quiberon quite unexpectedly
and promptly conveyed with all secrecy to Bennes, where he was
received without any demonstration.

— The Queen reviewed the Honourable Artillery Company in
Windsor Great Park, the Captain General, H.B.H. the Prince of Wales,
commanding. On passing the enclosure reserved for the veterans of
the regiment, the Queen was received by shouts of " Saye," the old cry
of the regiment.

— A serious accident happened, but without immediately fatal
results, at Winsford, Cheshire, on the North-Western Bailway. A
goods train which had got off the rails was run into by another goods
train, causing immense havoc, and shortly afterwards a passenger train
loaded with excursionists ran into the wreck, adding to the confusion.

— At Pwllheli, North Wales, a boat containing twelve members of
a Sunday school excursion was upset, and all the occupants drowned.

2. Benewed rioting took place at Valencia, Barcelona, and other
towns in Spain. At the first named the mob attacked several religious
buildings, and threatened the cathedral.

3. In the House of Commons the Chancellor of the Exchequer
moved a financial resolution dealing with the transfer of the administra-
tion of the Boyal Niger Company^s territories to the Crown, for a
payment of 865,000/. as compensation.

1899.]

CHRONICLE.

39

3. At St. Petersburg a delegation composed of men of high standing
and reputation in various European countries, made fruitless efforts to
present to the Czar a petition bearing upwards of 800 signatures of
distinguished men from all parts of Europe, praying for consideration
of the Finlanders' petition.

4. The members of the Peace Congress at the Hague attended a
meeting held at Leyden, when an American tribute was paid to the
memory of Grotius.

— At Honley, near Huddersfield, an explosion at the gas-works
caused the death of four men, and severe injury to a fifth.

— The French Chambers adjourned after a stormy meeting in the
Chamber of Deputies.

— In the Belgian Chamber of Representatives the Government
proposed that the Franchise Bill should be referred to a committee of
twenty-one members, composed of all parties. This was assented to
without opposition.

5. The election for the Osgoldcross Division of the West Riding,
consequent upon the resignation of Sir John Austin (L.), resulted in his
re-election by 5,818 votes against 2,873 polled by Mr. Roberts (L.), who
stood mainly on the Local Option question.

— Mr. Hofmeyr, the leader of the Afrikander party at the Cape,
met President Kruger at Pretoria, and discussed the franchise question
with the Transvaal executive.

— The university match ended in a draw. The score was : —

OXFORD.
First Innings.

Mr. H. C. Pilkington, c. Taylor, b. Jessop 0
Mr. F. H. B. Champain (capt.), c. Haw

kins, b. Jessop ....
Mr. L. P. Collins, b. Hind .
Mr. R. E. Foster, c. Jessop, b. Wilson
Mr. F. P. Knox, b. Hind .
Mr. A. Eccles, c. Hind, b. Wilson
Mr. A. M. Hollins, b. Hind
Mr. R. H. de Montmorency, b. Hawkins
Mr. B. J. T. Bosanquet.c. Jessop, b. Wilson
Mr. H. Martyn, c. Moon, b. Hawkins
Mr. F. W. Stocks, not out .

Byes, 6; w., 1 ; n.-b., 6
Total .

14
10
21
37
32

5
25

4
27

4

Second Innings,
c. Taylor, b. Hawkins

c. Wilson, b. Hind .
l.-b.-w., b. Wilson ^
l.-b.-w., b. Penn
not out
b. Hind .
b. Jessop .
b. Hawkins
run out .
not out .

93

24
12
18
73

5
10
62
17

9

13

Byes, 13 ; I.-b., 1 ; w.,
2; n.-b., 7 . .

24

192
* Innings declared closed.

CAMBRIDGE.
First Innings.

Mr. L. J. Moon, b. Bosanquet ... 23

Mr. E. R. Wilson, b. Bosanquet . . 6

Mr. G. E. Winter, b. Bosanquet . . 16

Mr. J. H. Stogdon, l.-b.-w., b. Bosanquet . 27

Mr. G. L. Jessop, c. Martyn, b. Knox . 8

Mr. T. L. Taylor, c. and b. Bosanquet . 2

Mr. S. H. Day, b. Bosanquet ... 62

Mr. J. Daniell, st. Martyn, b. Knox . . 1

Mr. E. F. Penn, c. Foster, b. Montmorency 18

Mr. A. E. Hind, not out .... 62

Mr. H. H. B. Hawkins, b. Bosanquet . 6

Byes, 19; w., 3 22 Byes

Total

Second Innings.

l.-b.-w., b. Knox

c. Stocks, b. Bosanquet

b. Montmorency

c. Champain, b. Knox
not out .
not out

»347

13
39

25
46
52
50

Total .

241

Total (4 wickets) 229

40 CHEONICLE. [jui.t

6. Ex-king of Milan fired at four times by a dismissed captain
while driving through the streets of Belgrade. One of the bullets
slightly grazed the king's body. A number of leading Radical politicians
were subsequently arrested.

— The double election at Oldham consequent upon the death of Mr.
Ascroft (C), and the resignation of Mr. Oswald (C), resulted in the
return of Mr. Alfred Emmett (L.), 12,976, and Mr. Walter Runciman
(L.), 12,770 votes, against Mr. Winston Churchill (C), 11,477, and Mr.
Mawdsley (C), 11,449 votes.

— Serious floods occurred in Texas all along the Red River Valley,
especially in Fort Bend County, where upwards of 300 persons were
drowned, and many thousands rendered homeless.

— The Houses of Convocation of both provinces met at Lambeth
Palace, to consider a new Clergy Regulation Bill.

7. Friendly telegrams interchanged between the Emperor William
and President Loubet on the occasion of a visit paid by the former to
the French training-ship Iphig^nie at Bergen.

— General Zurlinden superseded as Governor of Paris by General
Brug6re.

— The Tasmanian House of Assembly passed a resolution in favour
of female suffrage.

— The final heats in the principal events at the Henley Regatta
decided as follows : —

Grand Challenge Cup — Leander Club (Berks) beat London Bowing Club
(Bucks), 3 lengths.

Ladies' Challenge Plate — Eton College (Berks) beat Pembroke College, Gam-
bridge (Bucks), 2^ lengths.

Thames Challenge Cup — First Trinity, Cambridge (Bucks), beat Kingston
B.C. (Berks), 2} lengths.

Stewards' Challenge Cup— Magdalen College, Oxford (Bucks), beat Ham-
monca B.C., Hansbury (Berks), 5 lengths.

Visitors' Challenge Cup — Balliol College, Oxford (Bucks), beat New College,
Oxford (Berks), 1 length.

Wytold Challenge Cup— Trinity Hall, Cambridge (Bucks), beat London R.C.
(Berks), 2 J lengths.

Diamond Challenge Sculls— B. H. Howell (Bucks) beat H. T. Bickerstaffo
(Berks), 4 lengths.

8. The Prince of Wales reviewed on the Horse Guards' Parade 26,000
men of the metropolitan volunteers.

— New franchise proposals involving concessions to the British
demands submitted to the Transvaal Raad, and accepted at the instance
of President Kruger ; President Steyn of the Orange Free State and Mr.
Fischer representing the Afrikander League.

— The Volta Exhibition at Como, containing many precious relics
relating to the history of electricity, totally destroyed by fire, caused by
the fusing of electric wires.

— Serious riots occurred at London, Ontario, arising out of a strike
of tramway-car men, and the attempt of the company to run the cars
with non-unionists. The police and militia eventually cleared the
streets with some loss of life.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 41

10. Belgrade placed in a state of minor siege in consequence of the
strong anti-dynastic feeling throughout Servia, and especially in the
capital.

— General Giletta di San Giuseppe, the Italian general tried and
•convicted for espionage on French territory, set at liberty.

— A report drawn up by the Prefect of the Paris police on the
Royalist manoeuvres in France published surreptitiously, and caused
great sensation.

11. The steamship Paris, which had been abandoned to the salvors,
slipped off the rocks, and was subsequently safely towed into Falmouth
harbour.

— A pony show — the first held in England— opened at the Crystal
Palace with 350 entries, divided into forty-nine classes.

— The Hungarian House of Magnates passed all the Auagleich bills
•without amendments.

12. The election for East St. Pancras consequent on the resignation
•of Mr. R. G. Webster (C), resulted in the return of Mr. T. Wrightson (C.)
by 2,610 votes against 2,423 polled by Mr. B. Costelloe (R.).

— The German Emperor, when promising to the town of Bielefeld
in Westphalia a reproduction of the statue of the Great Elector of
Brandenburg designed for Berlin, wrote to his old tutor, Dr. Hinz-
peter, that "as in my ancestor, so in me there lives the inflexible
determination to proceed in the path that has once been recognised as
the right one, and to do this in defiance of all opposition."

— The British ships Carlisle Cattle and City of New York, wrecked
on the Australian coast, the former off Rockingham with all hands,
twenty-one, and the latter off Rothenest with eleven out of twenty-six
on board.

13. The Bank of England raised its rate of discount from 3 to 3^
per cent., the reserve standing at 20,031,466/., or 41§ per cent, of the
liabilities, and the coin and bullion at 32,220,066/.

— M. Jules Claretie, Director of the Theatre Fran^ais, gave an
address at the Lyceum on Shakespeare and Moli^re.

— Lord Kelvin resigned the chair of Natural Philosophy in Glasgow
University, which he had held for fifty-three years.

— The House of Commons, debating on the Tithe Rent Charge
(Rates; Bill, sat until after 4 a.m., but it ultimately passed through the
committee stage unaltered.

14. The French national fete passed off quite peaceably in Paris and
throughout France, except at Cherbourg, where some noisy demonstra-
tions were made. Major Marchand and some of the Senegalese troops
who accompanied him took part in the review at Paris and were loudly
cheered.

— The Cape Parliament opened by the High Commissioner, Sir
Alfred Milner, who made no reference to the political situation.

42

jCHEONICLE.

[JULT

14. The Belgian Government having permitted the importation of
American cattle, to be slaughtered on arrival, the German Government
prohibited the importation of fresh butchers' meat from Belgium.

— Lieutenant-Colonel Klobb, of the French Marines, sent to super-
sede Captain Voulet, who had been charged with cruelty and mal-
practices towards the natives of the Soudan, assassinated by the latter,
who then took to the desert, accompanied by his followers. Three days
later Captain Voulet and Lieutenant Chanoine were killed by their
own men.

15. The Eton and Harrow match, played at Lord's, resulted in a-
draw. Scores ; —

Mr. H.
Mr. F.
Mr. E.
Mr. J.
Mr. O.
Mr. C.
Mr. A.
Mr. E.
Mr. W
Mr. G.
Mr. A.

ETON.
First Innings.

K. Longman, c. Cookson, b. Black 44

0. Grenfell, run out ... 28

B. Denison, b. Dowson ... 4
Wormald, b. Black .... 43
G. S. Gilliat, c. and b. Dowson . 53
E. Lambert, b. Black ... 40
A. Tod, b. Dowson .... 9
G. Martin, b. Dowson ... 19

. Findlay (capt.), not out . . 15

Howard Smith, l.-b.-w., b. Dowson 8

C. Bernard, l.-b.-w., b. Dowson . 4
Bye, 1 ; l.-b., 3 ; w., 1 ; n.-b., 2 . 7

Second Innings.

b. Wyld .... 81

b. Wyld .... 81

not out .... SO

not out .... 54

Byes, 18 ; l.-b., 3 ; w„ 2 la

Total

. 274
Innings declared closed.

Total

. •264

HARROW.
First Innings.

Mr. G. Oookson, b. Smith .... 40

Mr. E. W. Mann, b. Smith ... 44

Mr. H. J. Wyld, c. and b. Smith . . 24

Mr. K. M. Carlisle, c. Martin, b. Tod . 12

Mr. E. M. Dowson (capt.), not out . . 87

Mr. F. B. Wilson, b. Martin ... 27

Mr. H. S. Kaye, b. Findlay, b. Martin . 0

Mr. C. P. Goodden, c. and b. Tod . . 26
Mr. E. G. McCorquodfide, c. Findlay, b.

Martin 11

Mr. W. D. Black, b. Smith ... 0
Mr. P. C. F. Paravicini, c. Bernard, b.

Martin 1

Bye, 1 ; w., 1 ; n.-b., 9 . . .11

Second Innings.

c. Gilliat, b. Martin
c. Denison, b. Bernard

b. Martin

c. Bernard, b. Smith
not out .

b. Smith .
not out .

22;

8
6T
18

5-

11

Byes, 4 ; l.-b., 1 ; n-b., 7 12

Total 288

Total .

. Ida

— At Sandown the Eclipse Stakes of 10,000 sovs. won by Duke of
Westminster's Flying Fox, 3 yrs., 9 st. 4 lb. (M. Cannon), five ran ; and
the National Breeders' Produce Stakes of 5,000 sovs. by Lord WiUiaia
Beresford's gelding Democrat, 2 yrs., 9 st. 9 lb. (Sloan). Eleven ran.

— The Queen presented State Colours to the Scots Guards at Windsor
Castle, and subsequently attended a march past of the regiment in
Windsor Park.

— The Court of Appeal affirmed Mr. Justice Byrne's refusal tO"
sanction the sale of the blue Hope diamond, and Mr. Justice Byrne
sanctioned the sale of a portion of the silver plate and two pictures by
Vandyck belonging to Sir Robert Peel at Drayton Manor.

•^t^

1899.] CHEONICLE. 43

17. The whole staff of correspondents representing American news-
papers at Manilla forwarded through Hong-Kong a message protesting
against the manner in which the press-censorship had been exercised by
General Otis, and the state of affairs in the Philippines misrepresented.

— Sir James Vaughan, chief police magistrate at Bow Street, retired
after thirty-five years' service on the bench.

18. The Transvaal Volksraad, after a long debate, agreed to further
concessions on the franchise question — admitting foreigners as voters
after seven years' residence, retrospective and prospective.

— A serious strike among the tramway drivers and conductors
occurred at New York, arising out of a demand for shortened hours.
Many conflicts with the police took place, and an attempt was made
to blow up one of the lines by dynamite, by which Several persons
were injured. The strike only lasted four days.

— At the Hague Peace Conference the revision of arbitral judg-
ments put forward by the United States delegate adopted unanimously
as an amendment on the original Russian proposal, which proposed to
make treaties of arbitration permanent.

— The Eastern Extension Telegraph Company offered to lay a cable
from South Africa to Australia free of cost to the colonies.

— Mr. Rhodes received with great enthusiasm at Cape Town by the
English party.

— Mr. Chambers, Chief Justice of Samoa, having left the island,
the commissioners nominated the American Consul-General, Mr. Osborn,
to be acting chief justice — the president of the council .being a German.

19. Mr. Alger, the United States Secretary for War, resigned in con-
sequence of the unpopularity of his administration.

— Mary Ann Ansell, convicted of the murder of her sister by means
of a poisoned cake sent through the post, executed at St. Albans.

— The fourth test match between England and Australia played at
Manchester, resulting in a draw. Score: England, first innings, 372;
second (three wickets), 94. Australia, first innings, 176 ; second (seven
wickets), 346, followed on and declared closed.

— The city and environs of Rome visited by a severe earthquake
which did considerable damage, especially at Frascati, but caused no
loss of life. Simultaneously Mount Etna showed great activity, and
caused a panic among the neighbouring inhabitants.

20. The German Empress whilst climbing among the mountains in
the neighbourhood of the Konigsree in the Bavarian Tyrol broke the
small bone of her leg and sprained her ankle.

— Mr. Henniker Heaton, M.P., presented at the Guildhall with the
freedom of the City of London in recognition of his services in pro-
moting postal reforms and the Imperial Penny Postage.

— The Uitlander Council in Johannesburg called a public meeting
to condemn the new franchise law, and to demand a more complete
settlement of their claims.

— In the House of Commons the Tithe Rent Charge (Rates) Bill
read a third time by 182 to 117 votes.

44

CHBONICLE.

[JULY

21. A disastrous explosion occurred during the trial trip of the
torpedo-boat destroyer Bullfinch owing to the breaking of the con-
necting rod of the high-pressure cylinder. Eight men were killed by
scalding steam and seven others seriously injured, of whom three
subsequently succumbed.

— The Dominion House of Commons rejected by 77 to 41 votes a
resolution in favour of a preferential tariff for Canadian trade with the
United Kingdom.

— At High Wycombe a fire originating in a chair factory destroyed
two rows of cottages, rendering nearly 300 persons homeless, and doing
damage to the extent of 20,000/. A serious fire also at Silvertown, North
Woolwich, destroyed a great part of the premises of the Western
Electric Company.

22. Mr. Elihu Root, a prominent New York lawyer, appointed
Secretary for War in President McKinley's Cabinet.

— The Patriarch of the Catholic Coptic Church, nominated by the
Pope, enthroned at Alexandria, thus renewing the relations between
the Catholic and Coptic Churches after an interval of 700 years.

— The Prince of Wales, accompanied by the Duke and Duchess of
York, attended the International University Sports at Queen's Club
Kensington. Of the nine events Cambridge won the mile, the half-
mile, the quarter mile, and the three miles ; Oxford, the long jump, and
Harvard the hundred yards, the hurdles, the high jump, and the hammer.

24. The following is a list of the principal competitions and prize*
winners at the meeting of the National Rifle Association at Bisley : —

PRIZES.

Highest

Prires.

Distance.

possible
score.

Winner.

Waldegrave (M.R.) -

800,900

100

Major Honourable T. F.
Fremantle, Ist Bucks - 93

Albert (M.R.) -

800, 900, 1,000

176

Seigt. J. F. Martin. 5th
V.B.H.L.I. - - - 161

Prince of Wales's (S.R.) •

200.600

100

Staff Sex^ Wattleworth,
2nd y.B. Liverpool - 95

Secretary for War's (S.R.)

800

50

Lt. W. Dunlop, Ist Lanark 49

Duke of Cambridge'8(S. R. )

900

50

Lt. W. Dunlop, IstLanaric 48

Alexandra (S.R.) -

500,600

70

Sergt. W. Graham, Border
Rifles .... 69

St George's (S.R) -

500, 600, 800

120

Capt. H. Ormnndsen, 5th
Royal Scots - . - 116

Halford Memorial Cup

(A.R.) ....

900,1,000

150

Major G. C. Gibbs, 2nd
Gloucester Engineers - 134

Volunteer Aggregate (A.R)

900,1,000

150

Surg. Lieut Bertram, R.
Canadian - - * 186

Grand Aggregate

—

—

Surg. Lieut Bertram, R.
Canadian > - • 360

All Comers' Aggregate

•^—

A. -Sergt Jones, 4th South
Wales Borderers - - 167

Queen's (S.R.), 1st stage,

Bronze Medal

200, 500, 600

105

Corpl. Felmingham, 2nd
Norfolk - - . - 101

Do., 2nd stage, Silver

Medal ....

500,600

125

Col. -Sergt. W. H. Mat-
thews. 12th Middlesex—

Do., 3rd stage, Gold

98, 120 - - - - 218

Medal ....

800. 900. 1,000

150

Pt. W. Priaulx, Guernsey

Militia— 99, 114, 128 - 886

1899.]

CHEONICLE.
MATCHES.

45

Matches.

•

Distance.

800, 900. 1,000

800, 900, 1,000

200, 500, 600

200, 500, 600

200,500.600

200.500
500

800, 900, 1,000

200, 500. 600
600

Highest

possible

score.

Total scores.

Humphry (University) \
Cup (A.R.) /

Regulars and Volunteer \
Officers (A.R.) j

Chancellor's Plate (S.R.) -
Kolapore Cup (S. R. ) .

United Service Challenge^
Cup(S.R.) J

Ashburton Shield (S.R.) -
Spencer Cup (S.R.) -

Elcho Challenge Shield \
(A.R.) /

National Challenge Tro-)
phy (S.R.) 1

China Cup (S.R.)

900

1,800

840

840

840

560
35

1,800

2.100
500

/Oxford - - - 758
\ Cambridge - - - 716
/Regulars - - - 1,528
I Volunteers - - - 1,480
/Oxford - - - 712
\ Cambridge - - - 708
? Mother Country - - 768

Canada - - - 759
- Guernsey - - - 735

Jersey - - - . 714
I India - - - - 702
'Army .... 762

R. Marines - - - 757
< Volunteers - . - 754

Navy - - - . 741
l^Militia - . . 730

Rossall School . - 472

C.-Sergt. Bray Harrow 34
f England - - - 1,577

Scotland - . - 1,541
Ureland - . - 1,511
r Scotland - - - 1,886

England - - . 1,875

' Wales - - . 1,862

Ureland - . . 1,847

1st Lanark (Glasgow) - 453

FIELD-FIRING COMPETITIONS.

Competitions.

Winner.

Total scores.

Mullen's

Mappin Brothers' . . - .
Brinsmead Challenge Shield
Duke of Westminster's Cup

13th Middlesex •
1st V.B. Leicester .
H.M.S. Cambridge
1st London R.V. -

62 hits

232

24 hits

57 + 33i total 90i

24. The body of the Czarevitch reached St. Petersburg from the
Caucasus after a solemn journey by sea and land of 1,800 miles.

— The British flag on the Palace at Candia hauled down, and the
Government formally handed over to the Cretan authorities.

— The tram conductors at Cleveland, Ohio, struck work and at
once began attacking the men employed on the cars, two of which were
blown up with dynamite, and fourteen passengers seriously injured.
The local militia and police were unable to preserve order, and additional
troops were called out.

— Serious riots, involving the wrecking of the Persian Telegraph
Office, occurred at Bushire, in consequence of the carrying out of
plague precautions at the instance of the European residents.

25. General de N^grier removed from the Supreme Council of War
in consequence of using language inconsistent with discipline, and
Goneral de Pellieux transferred from the command of Paris to that
of the infantry division at Quimper.

46 CHEONICLE. [jult

25. President Kruger, in consequence of the opposition of the
majority of the Volksraad to his action with regard to the dynamite
monopoly, offered his resignation, but withdrew it on the assurance of
the personal confidence of that body.

— General Heureaux, President of the Kepublic of San Domingo,
assassinated at Mora by a man named Ramon Caceres, whose father
had been shot by order of the President, and who succeeded in escaping.

26. The Old Age Pensions Committee reported in favour of pensions
of at least 5s. a week for all necessitous and deserving persons over
sixty-five — one half to be paid from local rates, and one half from the
Exchequer.

— The reformatory ship Clarence, for Roman Catholic boys, lying
in the Mersey, totally destroyed by a fire originating in the workrooms-

— A large portion of the ancient town of Marienburg, near Danzig,
destroyed by fire, and many interesting buildings burnt to the ground,
but the historical castle of the Teutonic Knights escaped.

— The Australian Commonwealth Bill submitted to public refer-
endum in Victoria, and accepted by 140,091 affirmative against 9,114
negative votes, and in Tasmania by 10,314 against 712 votes.

27. In the Spanish Senate, in a debate on the domestic policy of the
Government, General Weyler threatened the country with a military
revolution.

— At Dublin a public meeting convened by the Lord Mayor to
discuss the proposed Parnell memorial ; the resolution was opposed by
the Dillonites and Healyites, who insisted that it would jeopardise the
completion of the Wolfe Tone and other memorials. After a noisy
debate the amendment was carried.

— The casual ward of a Manchester workhouse destroyed by fire,
but no injury was done to any of the inmates.

28. At the Goodwood meeting the principal events were thus
decided : —

Stewards' Cup — Mr. Bottomley's Northern Fanner, 6 yrs., 7 at. 6 lb*

(Finlay). Nineteen ran.
Goodwood Plate — Mr. Jersey's Merman, aged, 9 st. (C. Wood), bred in

Australia. Ten ran.
Sussex Stakes — Lord W. Beresford's Carman, 8 yrs., 8st. 13 lb. (M. Cannon)L,

bred in United States, America. Three ran.
Goodwood Cup — Mr. Jersey's Merman, aged, 9 st. 6 lb. (C. Wood). Three

ran.
Prince of Wales's Stakes — ^Lord Rosebery's Epsom Lad, 2 yrs., 8 st. 9 lb. (C.

Wood). Eight ran.
Chesterfield Cup — Duke of Westminster's Lalveley, 4 yrs., 8 st. 6 lb. (M.

Cannon. Fourteen ran.

— A Treasury minute issued stating the terms on which part of the
Imperial Institute at Kensington was to be taken over by the Univer-
sity of London, and the liabilities of the former discharged.

— Debates in both Houses of Parliament on the state of affairs in
South Africa, but no division taken by the Opposition.

— The Queen directed that Westminster, as constituted under the
London Government, should retain the title of "city" conferred upon
it by Henry VIIL

1899.] CHEONICLE. 47

29. The Peace Conference at the Hague held its final sitting, when
the various conventions were signed by the representatives of the
Powers — or referred by them to their respective Government — that on
arbitration being most generally accepted.

— At Hull a large grain storehouse, and the contents of an extensive
timber-yard, totally destroyed by fire.

— M. Quesnay de Beaurepaire published in a Paris newspaper the
results of his inquiry into the Dreyfus case, of which the president of the
Rennes court-martial refused to take cognisance.

31. The Archbishop of Canterbury delivered at Lambeth Palace the
conclusions arrived at by himself and the Archbishop of York, declaring
the ceremonial use of incense and processional lights to be illegal.

— A peerage conferred upon Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., in re-
cognition of his services as principal representative of Great Britain at
the Peace Conference at the Hague.

— The parliamentary committee, to which the Belgian Elec-
toral Bills had been referred, rejected the Government measure
by eight votes against seven abstentions. The Belgian Premier,
M. Van den Peereboom, at once tendered his resignation and that
of his colleagues.

AUGUST.

1. Some excitement caused by the failure of two banks at Montreal
in which the French artisans had deposited their savings.

— A revolution in favour of Jimenez broke out in the western portion
of the Island of San Domingo.

— In consequence of the partial failure of the monsoon in Bombay,
the Central Provinces and Madras, a general failure of the rice and grain
crops threatened the renewal of famine in these provinces.

2. The Italian Government announced its intention of abandoning
the occupation of Sammun Bay, which had been ceded to Italy by China.

— An Inter-Parliamentary Peace Conference opened at Christiania
under the presidency of M. Steen, Norwegian Minister of State.

— M. Delcasse, French Minister of Foreign Affairs, left Paris for
St. Petersburg.

— The British North Borneo Company, on the invitation of the
Tambunans, consented to occupy and administer the hinterland (about
500 miles in extent) of the company's possessions.

3. The naval manoeuvres closed with the safe arrival of Admiral
Domvile's fleet and convoy at Milford Haven, which, owing to a fog in
the Irish Channel lasting forty hours, had managed to elude pursuit
by Admiral Rawson's cruisers.

— The annual race for Doggett's Coat and Badge rowed from London
Bridge to Putney, and won by John See of Hammersmith, in 27 min.
34 sec.

48

CHBONICLE.

[AUG.

3. The South Australian House of Assembly, on the motion of the
Premier, unanimously agreed to an address to the Queen praying for
the adoption of the Australian Commonwealth Bill as an Imperial Act
of Parliament.

4. The Duke of Albany confirmed at St. George's Chapel, Windsor
the Bishop of Winchester oflBciating.

— A statue of Schulze-Delitzsch, the originator of co-operation in
Germany, unveiled at Berlin, sixteen years after his death — a delay
caused by the opposition of the Government.

— The annual match played at Lord's between Marlborough and
Rugby Schools resulted in the victory of the former. Scores : —

MARLBOROUGH.

First Inniiigs.

Mr. R. H. Spooner (capt.), st. Henderson,

b. Hutchison ....
Mr. E. S. Phillips, b. Johnson .
Mr. H. C. B. Gibson, b. Grylls .
Mr. M. R. Dickson, b. Grylls
Mr. E. Thompson, c. Hutchison, b. Grylls
Mr. E. J. Mann, b. Grylls .
Mr. A. J. Graham, l.-b.-w., b. Hutchison
Mr. H. Greener, b. Hannay
Mr. R. C. Ross, c. Henderson, b. Hutchi

son

Mr. H. A. Hildebrand, b. Hutchison
Mr. G. G. Napier, not out .

Byes, 8 ; l.-b., 4 ; w., 1 .

69
1
0

56

13
9
6

18

5

6

8

18

Second Innings.

c. Grylls, b. Parton
b. Grylls .

b. Dillon .

c. Henderson, b. Parton
b. Parton

b. Hutchison .

b. Hutchison .

c. Grylls, b. Hutchison

not out .
not out .

Total

. 197
Innings declared closed.

RUGBY.
First Innings.

Mr. E. W. Dillon (capt.), c. Greener, b.

Gibson 27

Mr. P. M. Morris-Davies, l.-b.-w., b. Napier 5

Mr. H. B. Grylls, b. Napier ... 0

Mr. A. L. F. Smith, run out ... 2

Mr. H. C. Grenside, b. Napier ... 14

Mr. A. M. Robertson, b. £Uldebrand . . 10

Mr. 0. J. Parton, c. Napier, b. Dickson . 22

Mr. E. J. Johnson, b. Napier ... 15

Mr. A. K. Hannay, not out ... 29

Mr. C. B. Henderson, c. Greener, b. Napier 0

Mr. R. 0. Hutchison, b. Spooner . . 8

Byes, 3 ; l.-b., 8 ; w., 1 . . 7

Byes, 14 ; l.-b., 10
Total .

Second Innings.

198
1

20

12

0

15

9

8

82

4

24

^818

St. Greener, b. Spooner

b. Spooner

c. and b. Spooner
b. Hildebrand .
b. Gibson

b. Hildebrand .

c. and b. Hildebrand
c. and b. Hildebrand

b. Gibson
not out .

c. Napier, b. Dixon .

Byes, 2 ; l.-b., 1 ; w., 8

10
5
8

20

48

0

7

24

O

15

18

6

Total 134 Total. . . 168

5. A terrible accident occurred on the Orleans Railway at Juvisy, on
the outskirts of Paris. The second portion of an express train ran into
the hinder carriages of the first portion. Seventeen persons were killed
and upwards of forty others seriously injured.

— The Belgian Cabinet reconstituted under the premiership of
M. de Smet de Naeyer, on the basis of the settlement of the electoral
question on the principle of proportional representation.

— H.M. despatch-ship Surprise, while rounding St. Alban's Head in
a dense fog, ran into a steam collier, which immediately sank, but all
on board were saved.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 49

7. The revision of the Dreyfus trial commenced at Rennes, when
the prisoner was subjected to public examination. Complete order
prevailed.

— A terrific cyclone swept over Dominica, Puerto Rico, and Guade-
loupe, doing great damage to property, but the shipping, having been
warned, escaped ; but at Montserrat, St. Kitts and Antigua the loss of
life and the destruction of property were vefy serious.

— A trestle bridge accident occurred near Stratford, Connecticut,
a car falling into a pond, causing the death of over twenty persons, and
serious injuries to as many more.

— H.M. battleship Sans Pareil, in the Channel, returning from the
manoeuvres came into collision with a schooner, which sank at once,
but the crew with the exception of one man was saved.

8. The amateur swimming championship decided at Leicester in
favour of J. A. Jarvis, who swam a mile in 25 min. 13| sec. — the
fastest time on record.

— The Legislative Assembly and Council of Victoria, the Leg-
islative Council of South Australia, and the New South Wales
Legislative Assembly, adopted the proposal praying for the adoption
of the Australian Commonwealth Bill as an Imperial Act of Parlia-
ment.

— At Valparaiso a tidal wave burst into the bay, carrying away a
great part of the railway depot and embankment, and causing damage
estimated at several millions of dollars.

9. The Canada-Atlantic fast express bound from Montreal to Ottawa
jumped the track when running at full speed. Three cars were
wrecked, seven persons being killed and ten injured.

— Serious disturbances occurred in various parts of Bessarabia, in
consequence of the distress of the peasants, due to the prevailing
drought. Collisions with the troops took place at several places, en-
tailing much loss of life.

— After a period of inactivity the American troops under General
McArthur attacked a large force of Filippinos, near San Fernando, and
drove them l)ack with great loss.

— Parliament prorogued at 2 p.m. by royal commission, the
Appropriation Bill having been read a third time in the House of
Commons at a morning sitting, and passed through the Lords without
delav.

10. The Queen at Osborne inspected the Portsmouth Volunteers in

camp at Ashley.

— The Transvaal Raad passed an amendment of the Grondvet,
reorganising the Executive, but refused to remove religious disabilities
without an appeal to the burghers.

— The gas-stokers and lamp-lighters of Paris, to the number of
about 1,200, struck work for an increase of pay, but the lighting of the
capital was not seriously affected thereby.

D

50 CHEONICLE. [auo.

11. The German Emperor, at the formal opening of the Dortmund
and Ems Canal, declared that he was firmly determined to proceed
with the construction of great waterways in the empire, and especially
with the Rhine-Elbe project.

— The Spanish generals and officers concerned in the capitulation
of Santiago, formally acquitted by court martial.

— The Presidents of the South American Republics met in con-
ference at Rio de Janeiro to discuss the commercial bonds between
their several countries.

— At Yokohama a square mile of houses, having a population of
500,000 inhabitants, destroyed by fire, but only three lives were
reported as having been lost.

12. M. Deroul^de and several members of the Orleanist party
arrested on the charge of conspiracy against the Government.

— Ex-President Casimir-Perier and General Mercier gave evidence
before the Rennes court martial, when the latter attempted to justify
the Dreyfus proceedings.

— Several cases of bubonic plague reported from Oporto; the in-
fection was said to have been brought in packages from Bombay.

13. Fetes and a loan exhibition of pictures inaugurated at Antwerp
in honour of the tercentenary of Vandyck. Included in the ceremonies
was a grand historical procession representing the progress of art
during nineteen centuries.

14. Maltre Labori, Dreyfus's leading counsel, shot in the back, and
seriously wounded whilst on his way to attend the trial.

— The National Co-operative Festival opened at the Crystal Palace,
when the inaugural address was delivered by Rev. Dr. Lorrimer of
Boston, U.S.A.

— Sir John Bridge, chief magistrate at Bow Street, resigned, and
Mr. F. Lushington appointed his successor.

— M. Jules Guerin, whose arrest had been ordered, barricaded
himself with a dozen confederates in the oflBces of the Anti-Semitic
League, and defied the police. He was proclaimed an outlaw.

15. An imperial order issued at St. Petersburg, directing that Ta-
lien-wan be declared a free port after the completion of the railway
connecting it with the Trans-Siberian line.

— Lieutenant-General Sir F. Forestier-Walker appointed to the
chief command of the British troops in South Africa.

— The Lord Mayor of London issued an appeal for a public sub-
scription for the relief of the sufferers by the hurricane in the West
Indies, many thousands of people having been rendered homeless, and
their crops destroyed.

16. The last of the test matches between England and the Australians
played at Kennington Oval, resulting in a draw. Score: England, firsi
innings, 578. Australia, first innings, 352; second innings (5 wickets)^
254. The only finished match was won by Australia.

1899.] CHRONICLE. 51

16. An American force in the Philippines attacked and routed a
force of 2,500 insurgents entrenched near Angeles, and then occupied
the town.

— A treaty concluded between Brazil, Argentina and Chili, agreeing
to refer all international difficulties to arbitration, and also providing
for a reduction of the naval and military expenditure of the three
republics.

— The severest storm on record destroyed a vast amount of pro-
perty in Valparaiso, Santiago, and the south. On the same day a violent
cyclone burst over Monte Video, doing much damage.

17. In the Prussian Diet the second reading of the Rhine-Elbe Canal
produced three successive defeats of the Government by the Con-
servatives and Clericals.

— The German Emperor was present at the unveiling of a monu-
ment to the First Regiment of Prussian Guards at St. Privat (where in
the words of the old Emperor "it had found its grave"). In his speech
Emperor William II. said that the monument commemorated the
brave soldiers — French as well as Germans — who had died for their
respective countries.

— The Wellman Arctic expedition arrived at Tromio from Franz
Josef Land, having reached 82° parallel of north latitude. Their progress-
over the ice, commenced in February, was finally stopped by an earth-
quake which occurred in the middle of March, killing a number of dogBy
and destroying their sledges.

18. A colliery explosion at Llest coalpit, Pontyrhyl, near Bridgend,.
occasioned the death from afterdamp of twenty-one miners and
seriously injured five others.

- Sir T. Lipton's yacht Shamrock, the challenger of the American
Cup, reached Sandy Hook, New York (fourteen days from Southampton),
in company with the steam-yacht Erin, by which she had been occasion-
allv taken in tow.

— At Aarhuus, Jutland, a fire, originating in a timber-yard, spread
through the town, destroying upwards of twenty large buildings
besides smaller houses.

— The Delagoa Bay authorities, acting on instructions from Lisbon,
prohibited the landing and transit of munitions of war consigned to the
Transvaal Government.

19. Stonehenge, with 1,300 acres surrounding it, offered to the
(Tovernment by the owner. Sir E. Antrobus, for 125,000/.

— The Prussian Diet, by 235 to 147 votes, rejected the Rhine-Elbe
Canal Bill, notwithstanding the warnings of the Prussian Prime
Minister and Imperial Chancellor Prince Hohenlohe.

20. Serious rioting took place in the Belleville quarter of Paris, where
the anarchists wrecked a church and did other damage. A collision
with the police led to nearly three hundred persons being injured, but
order was at length restored.

D2

52 CHBONICLE. [auo.

21. Major Ross, acting on behalf of the Liverpool School of Tropical
Diseases, telegraphed from Sierra Leone the discovery of a malaria-
bearing mosquito, by which human beings were infected.

— Serious riots took place at Graslitz, and other places in Northern
Bohemia, where a strong anti-Austrian feeling prevailed.

— The Transvaal Government handed to the British agent in
Pretoria a reply to Mr. Chamberlain's proposal for a joint inquiry into
the working of the proposed franchise law.

— James Fitzharris ("Skin the Goat'*), who drove the "Invin-
cibles" to the scene of the Phoenix Park murders, and Lawrence
Hanlon, condemned for the attempted murder of Mr. Denis Field,
released from prison ; Joe MuUett, Hanlon's accomplice, having been
set at liberty a few weeks previously. All had served the full period
usual for prisoners sentenced for life.

22. The Amalgamated Society of Engineers suspended for two
years from the Trade Union Congress, for having permitted its
members to take the place of men on strike at Tyne Dock.

— Mattre Labori reappeared at the Rennes court martial as counsel
for Captain Dreyfus, having suflBciently recovered from his wound,
although the ball had not been extracted.

— The goods station at Xeres, Spain, with large quantities of
merchandise, and the business section of the town of Victor, Colorado,
U.S.A., totally destroyed by fire.

23. Serious rioting extending over several days occurred at Hil-
versum, near Amsterdam, owing to the suppression of the national
fair.

— The King of Portugal signed a decree establishing a sanitary
cordon round Oporto during the continuance of the plague, several
fatal cases having appeared in that city.

— Count Munster, German Ambassador at Paris, and chief re-
presentative of Germany at the Peace Congress at the Hague, raised to
the dignity of prince.

24. The Tasmanian Legislative Council rejected the Constitution
Amendment Bill, which included adult male and female suffrage.

— Two regiments of British troops embarked for the Cape and
Natal.

— At Netherton, Dudley, a gas explosion in a public-house caused
the death of two persons, and injured five others.

25. The Transvaal Volksraad, after a debate lasting six days, con-
iirmed the report of the Dynamite Commission by 18 to 9 votes.

— A railway train on the line between Santiago de Chili and
Valparaiso left the rails, and, plunging into the river Mapocho, sixty
persons were drowned.

— An Imperial ukase published at St. Petersburg, establishing a
system of education for the children of the nobility, mainly at the
expense of the Government.

1899.] CHRONICLE. 53

26. Lord Kitchener drove the last rivet of the bridge over the

Atbara, and declared the trade road open by that route to the Soudan.
>

— The expedition from Uganda under Colonel Martyr reached
Rejah, having established effective occupation of the country. The
section of 350 miles between Rejah and Fashoda alone remained to
complete the line from Mombasa to Cairo.

— At the Rennes trial, Captain Freystatter, one of the judges of the
court martial by which Captain Dreyfus was tried and found guilty,
declared that documents unknown to the prisoner had been shown to
the judges.

28. The hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the birth of Goethe
celebrated with great enthusiasm at Frankfort, and in several other
German cities.

— The Danish Ministry reconstructed by the Premier, M. Horring,
in anticipation of the meeting of Parliament.

— The convent of the Dominican sisters at Sparkill, New York,
burnt down. Three children and a servant lost their lives, and about
twenty children were seriously injured.

29. The British and Russian representatives in China agreed to
refer to arbitration the dispute with reference to the ownership of
certain land at Han-kau claimed by British merchants.

— The Trinidad Volunteer Artillery Corps disbanded by the
governor with ignominy for mutinous behaviour.

— The Prussian Diet formally closed by the Imperial Chancellor,
who delivered the royal message expressing the King's regret at the
rejection of the Rhine-Elbe Canal scheme.

30. Two Transvaal police officers arrested at Lorenzo Marques by
order of the Portuguese Government, but were subsequently released.

— An attempted Mahdist insurrection made on the Blue Nile, in
which the leader and two of the Mahdi's sons were killed, and the
movement suppressed by Captain Neville Smyth, V.C.

— An accident occurred to a party making the ascent of the Dame
Blanche from Zermatt. The rope which held the mountaineers together
broke, and one Englishman and three Swiss guides were killed.

31. At Brussels the Chamber of Representatives rejected by 59 to
31 votes a motion for revising the constitution.

— Prince Hohenlohe addressed an edict to the chief presidents of
the Prussian provinces, setting forth the duty of the Landrathe and
other public officials to support the king's policy by their votes in the
Diet. Twenty-two of those who had voted against the Rhine-Elbe
Canal Bill were removed from their posts.

— General Figuereo, President of the Dominican Republic, resigned
in favour of Jimenes, the leader of the revolutionary party.

54 CHRONICLE. [sbpt.

SEPTEMBER.

1. A largely attended meeting held at the Hague in support of the
South African Republics, and claiming complete independence for the
Transvaal.

— The editor of the Transvaal Leader arrested on a charge of high-
treason, and an unsuccessful attempt made to arrest the editor of the
Johannesburg Star^ who escaped over the frontier.

— The referendum on the Federal Commonwealth Bill in Queens-
land resulted in 34,983 votes for it, and 28,942 against it.

— The Cape of Good Hope Government adhered to the imperial
penny postage scale.

2. A cyclone, coming from the south, and travelling eastward, struck
the Azores, causing great destruction of property.

— The Governor-General of Canada's foot-guards, numbering 360,
arrived from Ottawa at Chicago, where they met with an enthusiastic
reception.

3. At Yakutat Bay, on the coast of Alaska, fifty-two shocks of earth-
quake occurred in the course of five hours, increasing in violence so
that the people flew to the hills. A tidal wave, estimated at 30 feet
high, disappeared before reaching the shore, as was supposed in a
chasm which opened outside the harbour.

4. The Prussian Minister of the Interior, Baron von der Recke von
der Horst, and the Minister of Education, Dr. Bosse, resigned.

— The Trade Union Congress attended by 383 delegates, represent-
ing 1,250,000 male and female workers, met at Plymouth. Mr. Vernon
of Plymouth was elected president in the place of Mr. T. Proctor, whose
union — the engineers — had been excluded.

— An agreement arrived at between the employers and workmen,
which put an end to the great lock-out in the principal trades through-
out Denmark.

— The County Cricket Championship fell to Surrey, who played
twenty-six matches, won ten, lost two, and drew fourteen ; Middlesex
followed with eighteen matches, of which they won eleven, lost three,
and drew four. Yorkshire played twenty-eight matches, won fourteen,
lost four, and drew ten. Lancashire and Sussex were next in order.

6. At the Rennes trial the counsel for the defence having in vain
appealed to the court to summon Colonel von Schwartzkoppen and
Colonel Panizzardi as witnesses, Mattre Labori telegraphed to the
German Emperor a request that he would permit the first named to
attend and give evidence.

— At New York a mass meeting of Democrats supporting the
Chicago platform denounced Mr. McKin ley's foreign policy, pledged
themselves to support Mr. Bryan's candidature, and loudly cheered the
name of Aquinaldo.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 55

5. The Australian cricketers closed their season, having played
thirty-five games (irrespective of the five great matches against
England), of which they had won sixteen, drawn sixteen, and lost only
three — viz., those against Essex, Surrey and Kent.

6. A violent thunderstorm, accompanied by a heavy downpour of
rain, passed over the southern parts of London. About an inch of
rain fell in half an hour, causing some interruption of traffic on the
Midland and Metropolitan Railways.

— A general exodus of Outlanders took place at Pretoria 'and
Johannesburg, the large financial houses at the latter removing their
staff and books to Cape Town.

— At Doncaster the St. Leger Stakes won by the favourite, the
Duke of Westminster's Flying Fox, 9 st. (M. Cannon), six started ; and
the Doncaster Cup by the same owner's Calveley, 4 yrs., 9 st. 4 lb. (M.
Cannon), three started.

— The Legislative Council of Victoria rejected by 27 to 17 votes the
Women Suffrage Bill.

7. The New South Wales Ministry, after a week's debate, defeated
in the Legislative Assembly by 78 to 40 on a vote of censure moved by
a member of the Labour party.

— A heated debate took place in the First Volksraad of the Trans-
vaal concerning the mobilisation of British troops on the borders, but
no vote was taken.

— The German Emperor before leaving Strasburg, where he had
been present at the autumn manoeuvres, appealed to the dignitaries of
the Church to devote th«ir energies to strengthening confidence in the
Crown, and added that "the Church's only hold is the imperial hand."

8. A Cabinet Council suddenly summoned in view of the critical
position of affairs in South Africa — all the ministers coming from
various parts of the country assembled at the Foreign Office. It was
decided to despatch 10,000 men from England and India to Natal and
Cape Colony.

— Mr. Clinton Dawkins, financial member of the Viceroy's Indian
Council, introduced the currency, making gold a legal tender, and
fixing the rupee at IQd., the Government incurring no obligation to give
gold for rupees.

— The Spanish Catholic Congress, assembled at Burgos, separated
after sitting a week, during which its proceedings had been marked by
disloyalty to the Queen-Regent and hostility to the Papal Nuncio.

'.». After proceedings lasting over a month, the Rennes court martial,
by 5 votes to 2, found Captain Dreyfus guilty of handing over to a
foreign Power the documents enumerated in the bordereau. The
Court found extenuating circumstances, and he was sentenced to ten
years' imprisonment. The verdict was accepted calmly in France, but
universally condemned in every other country of the world as a travesty
of justice.

56 CHEONICLE. [sbpt.

9. A canal embankment in the Stour Valley, near Dudley Port, gave
way, causing the escape of water from a long reach between Birmingham
and Wolverhampton, and doing much damage.

— A fanatical outbreak against Christian Armenians occurred at
Kazoni, in Persia. On receipt of orders from Teheran, 300 persons were
arrested, among whom cutting of! of hands, ears and noses, and severe
bastinadoing were freely distributed.

11. A collision occurred at the Exchange Station, Manchester, be-
tween an excursion train and a passenger train standing in the station.
About thirty-five persons were injured, several seriously.

— News reached Paris of the total destruction of the Fourneau
Lamy expedition at the oasis of Air by an immense body of Tuaregs.
The object of the expedition was to open up communication between
Algeria and Lake Chdd. The news proved unfounded.

— A general rainfall of from two to three inches in Western India,
and the Deccan dissipated in great measure the fears of an impending
famine.

12. The reply of the British Government to the Transvaal Govern-
ment demanding the equality of Dutch and English in Parliament
read in both Baads, where it was regarded as an ultimatum.

— A desire to boycott the Paris International Exhibition of 1900
expressed in many centres of trade in England, Belgium, Italy, the
United States, etc., and many notices of withdrawal by intending
exhibitors sent to their respective commissioners.

— A national monument in commemoration of the first Danish-
German war, 1848-50, unveiled at Copenhagen in presence of the King,
the Czar and Czarina, the Princess of Wales, ett.

13. The British Association met at Dover, and was attended by
several French men of science. The president. Sir Michael Foster,
delivered the inaugural address, dealing chiefly with the external
changes of life during the century due to scientific discovery.

— A violent cyclone passed over Bermuda, doing a vast amount of
damage to public and private property and buildings. The breakwater
was seriously injured, much of its face being washed away.

— At Leutschistz, in the Government of Kalisch (Russian Poland),
a panic occasioned by the upsetting of a lamp in the Jewish synagogue,
and thirty-two women and children crushed to death, and many others
injured.

14. Mr. Schreiner announced in the Cape House of Assembly that
bubonic plague had broken out at Magude on the coast near Delagoa
Bay, and that forty-two cases had occurred, all of them fatal.

— A new Ministry, with Mr. W. J. Lyne as Premier, constituted at
Sydney, N.S.W.

15. Mr. John Morley, M.P., and Mr. Leonard Courtney, M.P.,
addressed a largely attended meeting at Manchester, criticising
severely the conduct of the negotiations with the Transvaal Govern-
ment. The meeting was much interrupted at first by the supporters

1899.] CHEONICLE. 57

of the Government, but a resolution in favour of the adoption of pacific
means and of the recognition of the Transvaal was carried by a large
majority.

15. The annual report of the Labour Department of the Board of
Trade showed that the proportion of unemployed in 1898 had been
lower than for several years, that the hours of labour had been short-
ened, and that the aggregate rise of wages had been 95,000/. per week.

— The Raads at Pretoria finally considered the British despatch,
and settled a negative reply to the demands contained therein.

— Serious floods took place in various parts of Austria, the lower
parts of the city of Vienna were inundated, and the iron bridge over the
Traun, near Gmunden, carried away with nineteen workmen engaged
on it.

16. At Polna, in Bohemia, a Jew found guilty of having murdered
at Easter a young Christian girl in conjunction with two unknown
accomplices. It was assumed throughout the trial, which was domi-
nated by the Anti-Semitic party, that it was a case of " ritual " murder,
the blood of the victim being required for Jewish religious rites.

— The Venezuelan insurgents under General Castro, after a san-
guinary struggle captured Valencia, and afterwards occupied Puerto
Cabello, which was abandoned by the President, General Andrade, and
the Government authorities.

— At Rochdale, H. Watkins, the champion ten mile runner, accom-
plished 11 miles, 1,286 yards in an hour.

17. A mass meeting, attended by upwards of 50,000 persons, held in
Hyde Park to express sympathy with Captain Dreyfus.

18. The French Senate assembled at the Luxembourg as a High
Court of Justice for the trial of twenty-two persons accused of com-
plicity in Royalist, Bonapartist, and Nationalist plots against the
republic.

— A severe storm swept over the coast of Newfoundland, doing
great damage to the fishing settlements and their boats, and causing
the loss of upwards of thirty lives.

— Bubonic plague reported to have broken out in Asuncion,
Paraguay.

— The Prince of Wales at Ballater presented new colours to the
first battalion of the Gordon Highlanders.

19. President Loubet, after consulting the Cabinet, exercised his
powers by granting a pardon to Captain Dreyfus, who was almost
immediately released, and left Rennes for the south.

— A collision occurred at Perth Station, where a Glasgow train
ran into a North-Western Railway train which had just arrived from
London.

— The decision of the archbishops on the use of incense and portable
lights almost generally accepted by the Ritualist clergy throughout the
kingdom.

58 CHEONICLE. [sept.

20. M. Eugene Gueria, the leader of the Anti-Semitic League, who
for thirty-eight days had defied the authorities and resisted arrest at his
offices in the Rue de Chabrol, surrendered with his fourteen companions.

— Cardinal Cascajares and the Spanish bishops who had met in
congress at Burgos, issued a statement of the principles on which
Catholic union could alone be based, which were seventeen in number,
claiming Catholic ascendency in everything, and the immunity of the
clergy from civil restraints.

— The President of the Orange Free State, in answer to a memo-
randum from the High Commissioner at the Cape notifying the
despatch of troops to watch the Transvaal frontier, gave it to be under-
stood that the Free State and the Transvaal would stand together in
the event of war with Great Britain.

21. A serious earthquake took place in the vilayet of Aidin, Asia
Minor, doing enormous damage, and causing the death of fifty persons
in Aidin alone.

— The president and 300 members of the British Association paid
a visit to Boulogne, where they were most courteously receivied, and
hospitably entertained by the authorities.

— At Algiers, M. Max Regis, a leader of the Anti-Semites, provoked
disorders in the town, which led to the looting of the Jews* quarter.
M. Regis then took refuge in his villa, which he barricaded, but subse-
quently fled, a warrant for his arrest on the charge of murder and
attempted murder having been issued.

22. At Madrid the Supreme Military Court found Admiral Montijo
guilty of negligence in surrendering his fleet at Manilla, and he was
dismissed the service.

— The President of the Orange Free State, addressing the Volks-
raad, declared that the Transvaal Government had been decoyed into
making overtures to the British Government, and declared that if
its independence w^ere assailed the Free State would stand by the
Transvaal.

— A Cabinet Council held at the Foreign Office, after which a further
communication was made to the Transvaal, expressing regret at the
refusal of the authorities to accept the last proposals of her Majesty's
Government, which w^ould forthwith proceed to formulate their own
proposals for a settlement.

23. The Austrian Ministry of Count Thun, having promulgated the
outstanding portions of the Auagleich with Hungary, resigned their
portfolios.

— The Cottage, Six Mile Bottom, a fine old Cambridgeshire
mansion, containing many interesting relics, totally destroyed by tire.

— A court of inquiry held on board H.M.S. Tlie Duke of Wellington
in Portsmouth harbour with reference to two missing volumes of the
** fleet signals."

— The liner Scotsman^ from Liverpool to Montreal, struck on the
rocks off Change Island at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, and
eleven persons w^ere drowned by the capsizing of one of the ship's boats.

1899.] CHRONICLE. 59

24. A demonstration held in Trafalgar Square to protest against war
with the Transvaal, ended in a fiasco, the assembled crowd refusing to
hear the intending speakers.

25. The Servian state trial at Belgrade, having lasted eighteen days,
brought to a close. Knezevitch, the would-be assassin of ex-King Milan
was condemned to death, and shot a few hours later ; two prisoners
were sentenced to twenty years' penal servitude ; one, a leading Badical
politician to nine years ; the Badical Parliamentary leader and seven
others to five years' imprisonment.

— A great strike of workmen engaged in the iron foundries at
Creuzot, in which 6,000 men were involved, took place, the reasons
alleged being wholly unconnected with wages.

— The Filippinos surprised and destroyed an American gunboat on
the Orani Biver, and captured the officer and nine men in charge of her*

26. The district of Darjeeling visited by a succession of earthquake
shocks following on a heavy rainfall, which caused serious landslips-
Upwards of 300 lives were lost, and an enormous amount of damage
done.

— Admiral Dewey received with great enthusiasm at New York on
his return from the Philippines.

27. The Venezuela Arbitration Commission, assembled in Paris,
closed its sittings after fifty-five days, of which thirty-two were
occupied by the Venezuelan, and twenty-two by the British counsel
in stating their respective cases.

— General de Galliffet, French Minister of War, addressed a letter
to Colonel Picquart informing him that the inquiry into the manage-
ment of the funds of the Secret Service Department by him showed
there was no ground for suspicion against him.

28. The Spanish Cabinet decided to tender its resignation in conse-
quence of the refusal of the Minister of War to reduce his estimates to
the extent required by the Minister of Finance.

— The International Geographical Congress opened at Berlin by
Prince Albrecht of Prussia, Professor von Bichthofen delivering the
presidential address.

— At Newmarket the Jockey Club Stakes, 10,000 sovs., won by the
Duke of Westminster's Flying Fox; 3 yrs., 8 st. 9 lb. (M. Cannon). Eight

started.

29. The Queen, at Balmoral, presented a new set of colours to the
second battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders, who had arrived from
Fort George.

— A Cabinet Council, summoned in anticipation of the reply of the
Transvaal Government to the last despatch, met at the Foreign Office ;
and, in the absence of a reply, drafted a despatch formulating the
British proposals for a settlement.

— At the Guildhall Alderman Newfon, the senior candidate in
rotation, unanimously elected Lord Mayor of London for the enauing

year.

60 CHEONICLE. [ocr.

29. A violent south-easterly gale sprang up suddenly in the English
Channel, causing considerable damage, and temporarily interrupting-
the packet service between Dover and Calais, and Folkstone and
Boulogne.

— An earthquake, accompanied by torrential rain, destroyed several
towns on the southern coast of Ceram (Moluccas). Upwards of 4,000
persons were killed.

30. The Ministerial crisis in Spain ended by the resignation of the
Minister of War; and that in Austria by the formation of a Cabinet of
permanent officials under Count Clery.

— Mr. Percy Pilcher, inventor of a flying machine, met with his
death whilst practising at Market Harborough. He had attained a
height of about fifty feet, when a gust of wind overturned the machine,
and he fell heavily to the ground.

— The official report on the state of the Nile showed the present
year's rise to be the lowest ever recorded.

— Five men belonging to the Walmer lifeboat crew drowned by the
upsetting of their boat while attempting to rescue the crew of a vessel
wrecked on the Goodwin Sands.

OCTOBER

2. Mount Kenia (about 18,000 feet), the highest mountain in British
East Africa, ascended by Mr. J. H. Mackinder, Reader in Geography at
Oxford, and a party. Fifteen glaciers were found upon the mountain.

— The report of the Board of Trade on the railway accidents of 1898
showed that in the United Kingdom twenty-five passengers were killed
in train accidents, and that 128 passengers were killed and 1,238 injured
on the railway from other causes. Of railway sen^ants, 564 were killed
and 4,149 injured by accidents to trains, and thirty-eight killed, and
8,830 in accidents unconnected with movements of trains.

— The elections for the Second Chamber of the Swedish Riksdag
resulted in the gain of eighteen seats by the Left, and of five by the Right.

3. The Bank of England, in view of the critical state of affairs, raised
its rate of discount from 3^ to 4J per cent.

— The Venezuela Arbitration Tribunal pronounced its award, con-
fining Great Britain in the land up to the Schomburgh line, but award-
ing the mouth of the Orinoco to Venezuela, subject to equal narigation
rights.

— The first match for the America Cup sailed outside Sandy Hook
by Mr. Iselin's Columbia, the holder, and Sir T. Lipton's Shamrock, the
challenger, fifteen miles to windward and return. Owing to a complete
calm the match fell through, the time limit having been reached before
the course had been sailed ; the Shamrock was slightly in advance.

4. The executive committee of the National Liberal Federation
passed a resolution dissociating the Liberal party from all respon-
sibilities should the agitation in South Africa lead to war.

1699.] CHEONICLE. 61

4. The mail train from Pretoria to Cape Town stopped within the
Transvaal territory, and upwards of half a million in gold taken by
order of the Government, and brought into the Government Treasury.

5. The second attempt to sail the first match between the Columbia
and Shamrock made off Sandy Hook, but had to be abandoned in conse-
quence of want of wind, neither yacht completing the course within the
allotted time.

— The Duke of Westminster laid the foundation stone at Hawarden
of the St. Deniol's Library, intended to form one of the national
memorials to Mr. Gladstone.

— Count Muravieff, the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, went to
San Sebastian in order to have an interview with Senor Silvela, the
Spanish Premier, and the Queen Regent.

— The Bank of England raised its rate of discount from 4J to 5
per cent., the reserve standing at 20,651,217/., or 39| per cent, of the
liabilities, and the stock of coin and bullion at 32,692,932/.

6. A serious landslip occurred at Dover in connection with the works
of the new harbour, burying several workmen under an enormous mass
of limestone.

— Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, at Maidstone, and Mr. John
Morley, at Carnarvon, addressed meetings condemning the policy of the
Government in South Africa.

— The John Rylands Memorial Library, erected at Manchester by
his widow to receive the famous Althorp Library and other collections
of books, opened by Dr. Fairbairn, Principal of Mansfield College,
Oxford. Mrs. Rylands was afterwards presented with the freedom of
the city of Manchester.

7. A proclamation, signed by the Queen, issued calling out the Army
Reserve, about 25,000 men, for active service, and in consequence
Parliament was summoned to assemble ten days later.

— An order issued from the War Office directing the immediate
mobilisation of a field force for service in South Africa.

— The strike of the iron workers at Creuzot, after lasting twenty
days, settled by arbitration, both M. Schneider and the workmen's
delegates having agreed to the choice of M. Waldeck-Rousseau, the
Premier, and to accept his award, which was made within twenty-four
hours.

— The third attempted race between the yachts Shamrock and
Columbia off Sandy Hook failed like the previous for want of wind.

8. The Parnell anniversary celebrated at Dublin by laying the foun-
dation stone of the proposed Parnell monument. Large crowds from
the provinces attended, and everything passed off peaceably, notwith-
standing the objections raised by the admirers of Wolfe Tone.

9. Lord Halifax presided at a meeting of the English Church Union
held in St. James's Hall, to consider the Lambeth decision, which he
declared himself unable to accept.

— Nine columns in the great hall of the temple of Karnak reported
to have fallen down.

62 CHEONICLE. ocr.

9. A typhoon swept over Central and Eastern Japan, doing immense
damage to crops and shipping. A train passing over a bridge was blown
into the river beneath, and fifty lives were lost. About the same time-
a terrific storm raged for nearly 150 miles along the Moscow and St.
Petersburg Railway, accompanied by heavy snow, interrupting com-
munication between the two capitals.

10. The Transvaal Government presented the British agent at-
Pretoria with an ultimatum, requesting inter alia the instant with-
drawal of all British troops on the borders, and the removal from
South Africa of those arrived since 1st June.

— The Church Congress assembled in London, holding its chief
meetings at the Albert Hall, where the inaugural address was delivered
by the Bishop of London (Dr. Creighton).

— A detachment of New South Wales Lancers, who had been
training for six months at Aldershot, having volunteered for service
at the Cape, embarked, and on their way through the City were enthusi-
asticallv cheered. The other Australian colonies and Canada made
offers of contingents, which were accepted by the Imperial Govern-
ment.

— A fourth attempt to sail the match between the Columbia and
Shamrock yachts again unsuccessful, the fog being so thick that it
was impossible to effect a start.

11. The match for the America Cup had to be abandoned for the
fifth time for want of wind.

— The time allowed by the Transvaal for the withdrawal of the
British troops from the frontier districts having expired, the Boer
burghers assumed the offensive, crossing by Laing's Nek into Natal.
Simultaneously President Steyn of the Orange Free State proclaimed
war against Great Britain.

— Mr. Kruger addressed a message to the New York World, in which,
after thanking the Americans for their sympathy, he said that "the
republics were determined if they must belong to England that a price
will have to be paid which will stagger humanity."

— At the Newmarket meeting the Cesarewitch Stakes won by Mr.
R. A. Oswald's Scintillant, 3 yrs., 7 st. (F. Wood). Twenty-two ran.

12. At the Porte an Imperial Iradi issued sanctioning the recom-
mendations of the special commission on Armenian reforms, and grant-
ing money to the sufferers by the troubles in Asia Minor.

— The Free State Boers commenced hostilities by seizing and
stopping trains running between Harrysmith and Ladysmith. Mr.
Conyngham Greene officially took farewell of President Kruger and left
Pretoria.

— An armoured train, conveying ammunition, attacked by the
Boers about fifty miles south of Mafeking, and bombarded with artillery
from a distance. The train was disabled, and Captain Nesbitt and
fifteen men who had undertaken the service, wounded and made

prisoners.

1899.] CHKONICLE. 63

13. The King of Sweden, whilst regretting the resolution of the
Norwegian Storthing to introduce a purely Norwegian flag, sanctioned
the promulgation of the law in accordance with the constitution.

— The Theatre Royal, St. Helens, Lancashire, completely burned
down, the loss being estimated at 20,000/.

— The German Social Democratic Congress at Hanover, by 261 to
21, adopted Herr Bebel's Opportunist programme against the followers
of Herr Bernstein, the advocate of a Socialist Republic.

— The Queen directed a sum of 400/. to be paid from her Privy
Purse to the father of the fisherman Loth who was killed by a shot from
H.M.S. Leda while attempting to escape from capture for illegal
trawling.

14. General Sir Redvers Buller left London to take command of the
British forces in South Africa, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cam-
bridge and others being on the platform.

— Anti-taxation riots broke out in Barcelona, where many of the
merchants refused to pay their taxes. The students, divided into
Spanish and Catalonian parties, paraded the town, adding to the
general disturbance.

— A strike affecting 3,000 men declared by the workers of the
Alsatian Mechanical Works Company at Belfort, in consequence of the
dismissal of a workman for threatening a comrade.

16. After seven fruitless attempts the first race for the America Cup
between the Shamrock and Columbia yachts, fifteen miles out and
home, sailed off Sandy Hook, resulting in an easy victory by over ten
minutes for the American yacht.

— An influential meeting held at the Guildhall, under the presi-
dency of the Lord Mayor, to convey to the Government an assurance of
the sympathy and support of the City of London.

17. The second race for the America Cup decided in half an hour in
favour of the Columbia^ the British yacht Shamrock losing her topmast
in consequence of carrying too much sail.

— The sixth session of the fourteenth Parliament of Queen Victoria^
opened by royal commission, specially summoned on account of the
war in South Africa.

— The repeal of the famous language ordinances, which had not
satisfied the Czechs, and had infuriated the Germans, officially gazetted
at Vienna.

18. In the House of Commons Mr. Balfour brought up a message
from the Queen announcing her intention to order by proclamation the
embodiment of the Militia, and to call out the Militia Reserves, if
necessary, for permanent service.

— The German Emperor was present at the launching of a new line-
of-battie ship, and after the ceremony spoke of "Germany's bitter need

of a strong fleet."

— The existence of bubonic plague at Santos (Brazil) officially
announced, three cases having occurred in that port.

64 CHEONICLE. [ocr.

19. In the House of OommoDs the debate on the Address closured,
and an amendment censuring the South African policy of the (Govern-
ment having been defeated by 362 to 135 votes, the Address was
agreed to.

— A serious railway collision, due to a thick fog, occurred near
Wolverhampton, on the London and North Western Railway. An
excursion train, running at thirty miles an hour, dashed into a goods
train, and the latter was completely wrecked, but both the driver and
fireman of the former were killed.

20. The first important engagement in South Africa took place at
Dundee, Natal, when the Boer force under General Lucas Meyer
attempted to cut ofiE the British at Dundee from the main body at
Ladysmith. After a severe struggle of six hours the Boer position was
stormed and their guns captured.

— In the House of Commons, the Under Secretary for War, Mr.
Wyndham, proposed a supplementary estimate for 10,000,000/. and
35,000 men.

— The third and deciding race for the America Cup won by the
Columbia beating the Shamrock fifteen miles leeward and windward by
6 min. 34 sec.

— Mr. G. Farwell, Q.C., appointed a judge of the High Court
(Chancery side), under the resolution of the House of Commons of
Julv 3L

21. The Boer force under General Koch, which had cut the railway
at Elandslaagte, and established itself there, driven from its position
by the British troops under Major-General French. A few hours later
another battle took place near Glencoe, which enabled General Yule to
join hands with the main army under General Sir G. White, but with
heavy losses on both sides.

— The Elcho Challenge Shield, won at Bisley for the fifth time in
succession by the English eight, formally handed to the Lord Mayor
for keeping in the Guildhall.

— Trafalgar Day celebrated in London and elsewhere with much
enthusiasm.

23. The greater portion of the West Ham Technical Institute and
Free Library almost totally destroyed by a fire originating in the
chemical laboratory. The damage was estimated at 80,000/.

— Disturbances took place in various towns of Bohemia, arising out
of the repeal of the language ordinances, and many lives were lost. At
Pilsen, HoUeschan (Moravia), and elsewhere the riots assumed an Anti-
Semitic character, and many Jewish shops, etc., were plundered.

— The Canadian contingent within a week of the issue of orders for
its formation, commenced assembling at Quebec. A citizen of Montreal
paid the premiums to insure the lives of the officers and men to the
extent of $1,000,000.

24. President Kruger announced that Bechuanaland and Griqualand
West formed part of the Transvaal, and President Steyn issued a
proclamation annexing to the Free State a portion of Cape Colony north
of the Vaal River.

1899.] CHEONICLE. 65

24. The opening of the Law Courts after the long vacation preceded
by services at Westminster Abbey and the Sardinian Chapel, Lincoln's
Inn, and largely attended by the judges and members of the bar.

— A modus Vivendi arranged between the British and United States
Governments with reference to the Alaska boundary, pending a definite
understanding.

— General Yule, in command at Glencoe, ordered to fall back on
Ladysmith, which he did in excellent order, but after two exhausting
night marches, his retreat being meanwhile protected by a sharp fight
at Rietfontein, to which Sir G. White had despatched a covering force.

25. News received that the Khalifa, having learnt of the assembling
of British and Egyptian troops at Khartoum, had quitted Jebel Gedir
nnd retired into the fastnesses of the interior.

— The Hamburg branch of the Pan-Germanic League and the
Anti-Semites passed a resolution urging the German Emperor to
abandon his projected visit to England.

— The Queen sent a message through the Governor-General to the
people of the Canadian Dominion, thanking them for their manifesta-
tion of loyalty and patriotism. Similar messages were sent to the
Australian colonies, which had equipped volunteers for South Africa.

— At Newmarket the Cambridgeshire Stakes won by an outsider,
Captain E. Peel's Irish Ivy, 3 yrs., 7 st. 11 lb. (K. Cannon). Twenty-five

started.

26. The Chinese authorities refused to allow the removal of obstruc-
tions in the Yangtse-Kiang, on the ground that they were a necessary
protection against foreigners.

— Lord Pauncefote returned to the Hague to sign on behalf of
(Treat Britain two of the conventions of the Peace Conference : those
relating to the pacific settlement of disputes and the codification of the
laws and usages to be observed during wars on land.

27. Parliament prorogued after a short session of ten days, occupied
only with voting men and supply in view of the South African war.

— The Bow and Bromley election, consequent upon the resignation
of Hon. L. Holland (C), resulted in the return of Mr. W. M. Guthrie
(C. I by 4,238 votes against 2,123 recorded by Mr. H. Spender (R.).

— Lord Rosebery visited Bath, and was presented with the freedom
of the city, and after unveiling mural tablets on houses occupied by
Lord Chatham and William Pitt, made an important speech on the

political situation.

— Sir H. Stafford Northcote, M.P., appointed Governor of Bombay

in succession to Lord Sandhurst.

28. Lord Rosebery elected Lord Rector of Glasgow University by 829
votes against 515 given Lord Kelvin, and obtaining a majority in each

of the " nations."

— Right Hon. J. P. B. Robertson, President of the Court of Session,
and Lord Justice-General for Scotland, appointed Lord of Appeal ia
Ordinary in the room of Lord Watson, deceased

E

66 CHEONICLE. [ifov.

28. An arrangement concluded between the German Government
and the African Trans-Continental Telegraph Company, according to
which permission was granted to carry through German East Africa
the Cape to Cairo Telegraph. A further arrangement with the British
South Africa Company pointed to the location of the ocean terminus of
the Trans-Continental Rail>vay at Great Fish Bay, belonging to Portugal.

30. A battalion each of the Royal Irish Fusiliers and of the Gloucester-
shire Regiment, and a mountain battery, in all about 1,000 men, which
had been detached from the main body near Ladysmith, surrounded by
the Boers, and after a severe struggle of nine hours the survivors, about
840 men, were forced to surrender, having exhausted their ammunition.
A general attack on the Boer position made by the whole force under
Sir G. White's command w^as also unsuccessful, and was forced to retire
with heavy loss.

— A serious explosion occurred at the Rochdale works of the Man-
chester Gas Works. The manager was burnt to death, and the deputy-
manager and eleven workmen seriously injured by the flames of the
escaping gas.

— The marriage of Prince Jean d'Orl^ans, son of the Due de
Chartres, and Princesse Isabelle d'Orleans, daughter of the Comte de
Paris, celebrated at Kingston-on-Thames. The Due d'Orleans, as head
of the family, conferred upon them the title of Due and Duchesse de
Guise.

31. News reached Paris of the death on August 10 of Adminis-
trator Bretonnet, two officers, and twenty-seven Senegalese in an en-
gagement with Rabah, a powerful Soudanese chief at Gribnigi.

— The proposed erection of a statue to Oliver Cromwell outside
Westminster Hall provoked several expressions of strong adverse feel-
ing. The statue had been presented by a private donor on the under-
standing that the Office of Works would provide a suitable site.

NOVEMBEK.

1. A destructive boiler explosion occurred at a steel manufactory at
Sheffield, in which six workmen were killed and many others seriously
injured.

— An accident took place on the Paris and Orleans Railway near
Thouars, in which the engine-driver and guard were killed, and many
people seriously injured, among them the Bonapartist deputy, M.
Cuneo d'Ornano, both of whose legs were broken.

— A special committee of the London School Board reported that
out of an average attendance of 449,945 children attending Board
Schools, 55,050 were underfed, the highest district being Southwark
with 5,912 out of 26,645.

2. The Princess of Wales placed at the disposal of the British Bed
Cross Society the balance of the sum unexpended by her branch of the
Society after the Egyptian campaign of 1885. The sum, together with
a donation of 1,0002. from herself, was to defray the expenses of the
ship being sent out by the society to South Africa

1899.] CHEONICLE. 67

2. The American ladies in London announced their intention of
chartering and fitting out a hospital ship for the use of the sick and
wounded in the Transvaal war.

— The American cruiser Charleston wrecked on a coral reef off the
island of Luzon, but no casualties occurred.

3. The landing stage of the Waesland Railway, on the left bank of
the Scheldt, near Antwerp, broke in two, and over a hundred people
were thrown into the river, of whom upwards of twenty-five were
drowned.

— A terrific gale, rising in parts to the force of a hurricane, swept
over the midland and southern counties of England, doing great
damage at sea and on land.

— Colenso (Natal), to the south of Ladysmith, evacuated by the
British troops, who concentrated with all their stores, etc., farther
south ; Ladysmith being thereby completely invested from all sides.

— Westhampnett Workhouse, between Chichester and Goodwood,
totally destroyed by fire during the night, but the inmates, 115 in
number, were all conveyed to a place of safety.

4. The Marquess of Dufferin elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh
University by 943 votes against 688 given to Mr. Asquith, M.P.

— Right Hon. Horace Plunkett, M.P., appointed first Vice-President
of the new department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for
Ireland.

— The Massachusetts authorities granted permission to the Vic-
torian Club of Boston to erect a monument in memory of the British
troops who fell at Bunker's Hill.

♦j. A great portion of the Lyceum Theatre, Sheffield, destroyed by
tire, which broke out just before the opening of the doors for the even-
ing performance.

— The election at Exeter, consequent on the retirement of Sir
8. H. Northcote (C), resulted in the return of Sir Edgar Vincent (C.) by
4,030 votes against 3,379 given to Mr. Allan Bright (L.).

— Lord Kitchener, returning from Khartoum to Cairo, accomplished
the journey in seventy-one hours. A tourist service for the winter was
organised between Wady Haifa and Khartoum.

7. An agreement with regard to the Pacific Islands arrived at
between the protecting Powers, by which Tutuila, etc., were ceded to
the United States, Upolu and Savaii (Samoan) to Germany, and the
Tonga, Savage and Solomon groups to Great Britain.

— The United States "fall" elections in eleven States were gener-
ally favourable to the Republican party or to the Fusionists.

8. The Czar and Czaritza returning from Darmstadt stayed at
Berlin to pay a visit to the German Emperor at Potsdam.

— A violent south-westerly gale blew for some hours, causing much
damage to shipping on the Irish and west of England coasts, and to
some transports conveying troops.

E2

68 CHRONICLE. [mow.

8. The German Emperor issued an order from his military Cabinet
to the generals commanding, that no Prussian officers, whether on
active service or unattached, should be granted leave to go to South
Africa.

9. The Lord Mayor's procession, contrary to custom, crossed the
Thames by Southwark Bridge, returning to the city by London Bridg^.
On being presented to the judges, the Lord Mayor, through the
Recorder, referred to newspaper comments on his commercial career,
and said that he wished a full inquiry.

— At the Guildhall Banquet, Lord Salisbury, speaking on the object
of the war in South Africa, said it was neither gold nor territory, but
equal rights for all men and for all races.

— The election of mayors throughout England and Wales showed
that out of 308, 154 were returned as Conservatives, 126 as Liberals, and
twenty-two as Liberal Unionists. In the remaining eight the politics
were not stated.

10. The American Ambassador, Mr. Choate, attended the annual
dinner of the Walter Scott Club at Edinburgh, and spoke to the toast
of ** Literature" with much sympathetic feeling.

— The Parliamentary Committee of the Austrian Parliament de-
clined to sanction the issue of 59,000,000 florins in gold coin of the new
currency as provided in the Auagleich arrangements with Hungary.

— The Bishop of London gave notice to the Vicars of St. Peter's,
London Docks, and St. Augustine's, Stepney, to discontinue the use of
incense and portable lights, and on their refusal to comply informed
them of his intention to suspend them, and to appoint incumbents in
their places.

11. The Queen, who had arrived at Windsor Castle from Balmoral
in the morning, inspected the composite regiment of Household Cavalry
previous to sailing for South Africa, and addressed them in a touching
farewell.

— The French Senate, sitting as a High Court, decided by 167 to 91
votes its competency to try the persons accused of being concerned in
plots against the republic.

13. The Hon. J. B. Balfour, Q.C., M.P., appointed Lord Justice
General in Scotland, and Lord President of the Court of Session.

— A fire broke out in the upper storey of a public house in Islington,
and caused the death of five young children.

— Tarlac, in the island of Luzon, the headquarters of the Filippino
Government and military administration, captured by the United
States troops under General McArthur.

— Dr. Pestana, director of the Portuguese Bacteriological Institute,
died of the plague, contracted during the discharge of his duties at
Oporto.

14. A colossal statue of Oliver Cromwell, by Mr. H. Thornycroft, the
gift of Lord Rosebery, erected on the west side of Westminster Hall,
and furtively unveiled without ceremony at 7.30 A.M. In the eyening »

1899.] CHRONICLE. 69

large meeting in celebration of the tercentenary of CromwelPs birth
held, at which Lord Rosebery delivered an eloquent address on Crom-
well as a soldier, a ruler, and an upholder of British power.

14. The parliamentary session opened simultaneously at Paris,
Berlin, Rome and Brussels.

15. The Queen paid a visit to Bristol to open the Convalescent Home
erected in commemoration of her Diamond Jubilee. She was received
with great enthusiasm, and after receiving an address and performing
the ceremony, her Majesty returned to Windsor.

— The Hamburg steamship Patria, from New York, took fire in the
English Channel. Her 150 passengers and 118 crew were safely landed
at Dover, but with little clothing.

— A collision took place on the Dutch State Railway between Gouda
and Rotterdam, the Flushing express running into a slow train owing
to a fog. Five persons were killed on the spot, fifteen fatally injured,
and as many more severely bruised and shaken.

16. The Leonid meteors, which had been earnestly looked for and
confidently expected, seen in very small numbers from the various
observatories of Europe and America.

— In the French Chamber of Deputies a vote of confidence in M.
Waldeck-Rousseau's Ministry carried by an unexpected majority of
106 votes, the numbers being 317 Ministerialists and 211 Oppositionists.

— The lower part of Athens and the Piraeus flooded after pro-
longed rains. Railway communication was interrupted, and immense
damage done to the manufactories at Phalerum and the neighbourhood.

17. A colossal figure of Ferdinand de Lesseps unveiled at Port Said
by the Khedive in the presence of the representatives of the various
European Powers.

— M. Zakrevski, a Russian Senator and Privy Councillor, dismissed
from his offices in consequence of articles in favour of Dreyfus pub-
lished in some foreign newspapers.

18. The Hamburg steamship Patria, after drifting about the Downs,
and an attempt to extinguish the fire having failed, sunk about two
miles of! Walmer Castle.

— In Paris M. Paul D^roul^de succeeded in getting sentenced to
three months' imprisonment for unseemly conduct and language during
his examination before the High Court of Justice.

10. The unveiling of the colossal statue of the Republic by Dalou,
erected in the Place de la Nation, Paris, took place, attended by a large
gathering, computed at 250,000. The number of red flags in the trades
processions attracted much comment, and President Loubet, who was
to have been present at the ceremony, left the place on the fact being
notified to him. The police, however, made no attempt to remove the
revolutionary flags.

20. The German Emperor and Empress, with two of their sons,
arrived at Portsmouth on board the yacht Hohemollern, on a friendly
visit to the Queen at Windsor.

70 CHRONICLE. [nov.

20. The German Reichstag, after a short debate, rejected by an ov^er-
whelming majority the Government " Penal Servitude" Bill, intended
to strengthen the existing laws against workmen's strikes.

— The railway connecting Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, with the
Danubian ports at Rouan, Shumla and Kaspidjan formally opened.

21. A body of iron-workers, numbering 1,500, on strike in Doubs
set out on a march to Paris on foot, but were stopped at Belfort, and
two of their ringleaders being arrested, they returned home.

— The French Government received news of the safe arrival at
Fgades of the Foureau-Lamy mission to the Soudan, which, it had
been reported, had been annihilated.

22. The Egyptian troops under Colonel Wingate attacked Ahmed'
Fedirs dervishes at Abu Adil on the White Nile, and completely routed
them with very trifling loss to the Egyptians.

23. A conference of Irish Nationalist members of Parliament held
at the Mansion House, Dublin, under the chairmanship of Mr, T.
Harrington, and attended by eighteen other members. Mr. T. M. Healy
moved a resolution to confer with Mr. Redmond, which was carried in
the absence of the Dillonites.

— Lord Methuen with the Guards division attacked the strong Boer
position at Belmont, on the western frontier, and after a strong resist-
ance routed the Boers, capturing their camp and guns.

^4. The Belgian Chamber of Representatives by 70 votes to 63
adopted a bill for applying the system of proportional representation
to parliamentary elections.

— The Theatre Royal, Newcastle-on-Tyne, a recently erected build-
ing, completely gutted by a fire originating after the close of the per-
formance at the stage end of the building. The loss occasioned was
estimated at 20,000/.

— Colonel Wingate's troops came up with the Khalifa's force seven
miles south-east of Gedid, and after a sharp encounter carried the
position. The Khalifa and many of his principal Emirs were killed,
and others taken prisoners, as well as the whole camp, and thousands
of men and women and cattle.

25. Lord Methuen had a second severe fight with the Boers at
Graspan, seven miles from Belmont, and forced them to retreat north-
wards. The Naval Brigade suffered heavy losses.

— Lady Salisbury buried quite unostentatiously in the churchyard
of Hatfleld. Lord Salisbury, in consequence of illness, was unable to
be present. Representatives of the Queen, the German Emperor and
Empress, the Prince and Princess of Wales, were amongst the mourners.
Simultaneously a memorial service was held at the Chapel Royal, St.
James's.

27. Lord ArdiLaun purchased the Muckross estate, including the
beautiful shores of the Lakes of Killarney, which had been offered at
public auction.

1899.] CHRONICLE. 71

27. Eight new rooms and a sculpture hall added to the Tate Gallery,
reserved for works of the modern British artists belonging to the
National Gallery.

— A great outburst of French ill-will, combined with scurrilous
attacks upon the Queen, appeared in a large number of French news-
papers, and maintained with much virulence.

28. The German Emperor and Empress, after spending three days
with the Prince and Princess of Wales, left Sandringham and em-
barked at Port Victoria on board the imperial yacht for Flushing.

— The Valencia manufacturers, who had for months refused to pay
the new taxes, agreed to do so provided the fines for their delay were
remitted.

— Lord Methuen engaged the Bo6r forces at Modder River, and
after ten hours' fighting without food or water, described as **one of the
hardest and most trying fights in the annals of the British army," the
Boers were driven from their position. Lord Methuen was slightly
wounded.

29. A fire, occasioned by an electric spark, broke out in a store in the
business portion of Philadelphia, and property estimated at $5,000,000
was destroyed, including Messrs. Lippincott's book warehouse.

— The United States publishing firm of Messrs. Harper Brothers,
New York, assigned to Messrs. Morgan, by whom the business was to
be in future carried on.

— Numerous arrests of members of the '* Young Turkey" party
took place at Constantinople, and under pretext of an expected revolu-
tion strong repressive measures were adopted.

30. Bank rate of discount raised from 5 to 6 per cent., the reserve
standing at 19,335,749/., or 4lJ per cent, of the liabilities, and the coin
and bullion at 31,130,689/.

— At the annual meeting of the Royal Society the medals of the
year were awarded — the Copley medal to Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S. (physical
science), the Davy medal to Mr. Edward Schunck, F.R.S. (investigations
on madder, indigo, etc.), Royal Society medals to Professor G. F. Fitz-
gerald, F.R.S. (optics, etc.), and Professor W. C. M*Intosh, F.R.S. (marine
zoology).

— Mr. Chamberlain at Leicester made a speech referring to an
Anglo-Teutonic understanding between Great Britain, Germany and
the United States, and to the outrageous attacks upon the Queen by
certain French newspapers. The speech was ill-received both in Berlin
and Paris.

DECEMBER.

1. The French Minister of War, General de Galliffet, submitted to
the Chamber a bill transferring the direction of colonial troops from
the Admiralty to the War OflRce, and extending the law of military
conscription to the colonies, Algiers and Tunis excepted.

72 CHRONICLE. [dbc.

1. The Victorian Cabinet of Sir George Turner, after having been in
oflRce for upwards of five years, defeated on a vote of confidence by
11 votes.

— The Sultan of Turkey granted to the Deutsche Bank the con-
cession to construct a railway connecting Smyrna (Anatolia), Baghdad
and Bussorah in the Persian Gulf.

2. The treaty for the partition of the Samoan Islands signed at
Washington by the representatives of Germany, Great Britain and the

United States.

— Lord Emly, who had been previously removed from th6 Com-
mission of the Peace, deprived of his rank as Deputy-Lieutenant of
Limerick on account of a violent speech delivered (Nov. 1) at Kil-
malloch.

3. The transport steamship Ismore, conveying troops, went ashore in
St. Helena Bay, about fifty miles west of Cape Town ; all on board were
saved.

4. The Court of Appeal allowed the application of Sir Rob'ert Peel
to sell certain heirlooms of the settled estates, pictures, books, etc., to
provide an income for his wife and infant son.

— In consequence of the prolonged drought, especially in the central
provinces of India, upwards of 1,358,000 persons employed on relief
works.

— Mr. Justice Wright, who presided over an investigation into the
winding up of the Industrial Contract Corporation, of which Mr.
Newton, the Lord Mayor, was a director, exonerated him and his
colleagues from fraudulent and illegal conduct.

— Mr. Gage, Secretary of the United States Treasury, transmitted
to the House of Representatives the estimates for the year 1900-1,
which showed an aggregate expenditure of $631,081,994.

5. President McKinley's message delivered to Congress recom-
mending the latter to support the existing gold standard, and the
strengthening of the mercantile marine.

— Captain Dreyfus addressed a letter to the President of the
Senatorial Amnesty Committee protesting against being deprived of
the right to vindicate his character.

6. In the German Reichstag a resolution, accepted by the Govern-
ment and carried by a large majority, declared that German societies
of every kind might combine, and repealed all legal obstacles to such
coalition.

— At the Socialist Congress held in Paris it was resolved by 818 to
634 votes that no Socialist should form part of a bourgeois ministry.
This was followed by a contradictory vote of 1,140 to 246 to the effect
that under certain exceptional circumstances a Socialist might hold
office.

7. The Aldeburgh lifeboat, which had put to sea to succour a vessel
in distress, capsized, and six of the crew were imprisoned under the
boat and were drowned. The others got to shore much injured and
quite exhausted.

1899.] CHRONICLE. 73

7. H.M.S. Tyne, a screw troopship, en route from Sheerness to
Malta, grounded on Bembridge Ledge off the Isle of Wight in a fog.

8. The Irish mail train (North Western Railway), while travelling at
a high rate of speed, was partially derailed between Madeley and
Stafford by a bale of wool supposed to have fallen from a luggage
train. One passenger was killed and several seriously injured.

— Signor Palizzolo, a Sicilian deputy, and chief of the Mafia,
arrested at Palermo on the charge of being implicated in the murder
in a railway train in 1893 of Signor Notarbartolo.

1). A disastrous fire broke out in Exeter Street, Strand, and destroyed
a large block of buildings occupied as printing offices of the Ballantyne
Press, etc., and did much damage to the neighbouring premises. In
tlie evening still greater damage was done near King's Cross, where
the timber yard of Messrs. Haggis and the adjoining premises were
(lest roved V)v fire.

— A portion of the roadway of the Champs Elys^es under which
the new Metropolitan Railway was being constructed gave way, carry-
ing with it gas-lamps, seats, etc.

10. General Gatacre met with a serious reverse in an attack upon
the Boer position at Stormberg. Misled by his guides, he found himself
before an impregnable position, and was obliged to retreat, leaving
nearly 700 prisoners in the hands of the enemy.

11. In the German Reichsrath, the Chancellor, Prince Hohenlohe,
read a statement declaring the intention of the Government to double
the existing German Navy in the ensuing sixteen years at a cost of
783,000,000 marks, to be raised by loans.

— A bomb exploded in a theatre at Murcia during the perform-
ance, and set fire to the theatre, which was completely burned down,
but the audience escaped without loss of life.

— A collision took place on the Midland Railway at Wortley
Junction, Leeds, an express train being run into by a mineral train
wiiich had jumped the cross-over points. Two passengers were killed
and others injured.

— General Lord Methuen attacked a strongly entrenched position
at Magersfontein held by 12,000, and after several hours' hard fighting
was unable to dislodge his opponents, subsequently falling back on
Modder River.

12. The freight-ship Denton Grange, with stores and remounts for
the Cape, grounded on the rocks at Las Palmas, Canaries, and the
transport Rapidan grounded in the roadstead off Cape Town.

13. At the annual meeting of the general committee of the National
Liberal Federation a resolution was passed, after much discussion, in
favour of prosecuting the war vigorously, but deploring the conduct of

the preceding negotiations.

— At Queen's Club the Inter-University Football Match (Rugby
rules) was won by Cambridge by two goals and four tries to nothing.

74 CHRONICLE. [dec.

13. The Canadian and New South Wales Governments telegraphed
to the Colonial Secretary offering a further contingent of volunteers
for. service in South Africa. The other Australian colonies expressed
their wish to co-operate.

— The German flag hoisted at Apia, and the Samoans having been
told that they might elect their own king, declared for Mataafa.

14. A London and North-Western train from Hereford on entering
Crewe station ran into the stop-blocks with great force, and nineteen
passengers were severely injured. The brakes in consequence of the
frost would not act.

— Freema'sons of high degree of the United States and Canada
held services at Mount Vernon over George Washington's tomb on the
centenary of his death.

— Mahmoud Pasha, the Sultan's brother-in-law, supposed to have
been connected with the Young Turkish party, left Constantinople
hurriedly, with difficulty evading arrest by taking refuge on a French
steamer.

15. General Sir Redvers Buller, attempting to force the passage of
the Tugela, was forced to retire without achieving his purpose, and of
his artillery two field batteries had to be abandoned, all their horses
having been killed by the Boers' fire. The guns were not carried off
by the Boers until the next day,

— A special army order issued for the mobilisation of the seventh
division, and of the Reservists belonging to its battalions.

16. Field Marshal Lord Roberts appointed Commander-in-Chief in
South Africa, with General Lord Kitchener as Chief of the Staff.

— All the remaining Reserves, including Section D, called up, and
the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteers invited to contribute con-
tingents to the forces abroad.

18. Mr. Chamberlain visited Dublin to receive the degree of honorary
D.C.L. from Trinity College, and received a great ovation from the
students, but an attempt was made in the streets to organise a display
of feeling in favour of the Boers.

— The Bordeaux express train ran into a fast train in advance of it
at Montmoreau on the Orleans line. Two passengers were killed, and
twenty-two injured, some seriously.

— The Due d'OrMans addressed to his agent in Paris, the Due de
Luynes, an insulting telegram, repudiating the support of M. Arthur
Meyer, editor of the GauloUy on the ground of his religion.

19. A train standing in the London, Brighton and South Coast
Railway station at Bermondsey was run into by another arriving from
Oxted. Two passengers were killed on the spot, seven other passengers
and three servants were injured.

— General Henry Lawton, second in command of the United States
forces in the Philippines, killed by a sharpshooter while leading the
assault on San Mateo.

— Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, speaking at Aberdeen, declared

1899] CHRONICLE. 75

that the Government must prosecute the war so as to bring it to an end
as promptly as possible.

20. At a meeting of the Common Council, held at the Guildhall, the
Lord Mayor proposed that the City of London should provide a regi-
ment of 1,000 men chosen from the marksmen in Volunteer regiments,
and that the cost of the equipment and despatch of the men to South
Africa should be borne by the Corporation, the City of London, and the
City Livery Companies. Messrs. Wilson of Hull placed at the disposal
of the City a fitted transport for three months.

— The election for Clackmannan and Kinross, consequent on the
appointment of Mr. J. B. Balfour (L.) to the Presidency of the Court of
Session, resulted in the return of Mr. Wason (L.) by 3,489 against 2,973
votes given to Mr. Younger (U.).

— M. D6roulMe sentenced to a further term of two years* imprison-
ment for again grossly insulting the President of the Republic and the
High Court before which he was being tried.

21. At a meeting of the council of the Prince of Wales' Hospital
Fund, held at Marlborough House, it was stated that the receipts for
the year had been 47,808/. — about 9,000/. above those of the preceding
year.

— In response to a request. Lord Roberts sent a message to the
American and Canadian peoples expressing himself grateful for their
sympathy and entire confidence in the British soldiers.

22. Insalah, an oasis in the Sahara Desert, east of Tuat, occupied
by the French scientific expedition under M. Flamant, who, having
repulsed a body of 1,200 troops, the natives of the surrounding country
made their submission.

— A terrible landslip occurred at Amalfi, on the Bay of Naples, a
huge portion of the rock above the town detached itself, and swept
away the Albergo dei Capuccini and a number of other houses, smashed
the lighthouse, and swamped several boats and steamers.

— The Austrian Cabinet formed by Count Clary resigned in con-
sequence of the continued obstruction of the Czechs, and reformed
under Dr. von Wittek.

— An explosion took place in the chemical house of the Douglas
(Isle of Man) Gasworks, followed by a serious fire, by which much
damage was done, and three workmen lost their lives.

— Mr. Winston Churchill, who had been taken prisoner near
Colonso, and sent to Pretoria, escaped, and after much hardship
reached Delagoa Bay in safety.

23. The holiday traffic much impeded by [three railway accidents,
two of which were due to the dense fog which hung over the south of
England. At Wivelsfield, near Hayward's Heath, the Brighton express
rati into the Newhaven boat train; six persons were killed, and upwards
of twenty-six injured. At Slough a Bristol express ran into a Windsor
train, but only two persons were seriously injured. On the Caledonian
Railway a passenger train ran off the metals between Strathaven and
Hamilton, and fell down an embankment. Aguard^and two passengers
were killed, and ten passengers seriously injured.

76 CHRONICLE. [dbc.

24. The "Holy Year" 1900 inaugurated at Rome by the solemn
opening of the "holy door" at St. Peter's, St. John Lateran, and St.
Maria Maggiore, the Pope officiating at St. Peter's in great state.

— The steamship Ariosto, from Galveston to Hamburg, stranded od
Orracoke Beach, North Carolina shore, and twenty-one persons out of
thirty were drowned.

25. The whole of the 3rd Bengal (native) Cavalry voluntarily sub-
scribed a day's pay to the Transvaal War Fund.

— The Queen sent Christmas greetings to the troops in South
Africa.

26. The Queen, who had remained at Windsor for Christmas, gave
a tea-party in St. George's Hall to the wives and children of non-
commissioned officers and soldiers serving in South Africa, and belong-
ing to regiments stationed at Windsor.

— The garrison at Maf eking made an unsuccessful attempt to
storm the advance posts of the besieging force, notice of the intended
sortie having been communicated by spies to the Boers.

27. The fifteenth Indian National Congress assembled at Luck-
now, and was attended by nearly 1,000 delegates, of whom about one-
half were Mahomedans. Mr. Romesh Clumder Dutt was elected
president.

— Several cases of bubonic plague reported from Noumea and other
places in New Caledonia.

— The Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maharajah of Gwalior offered
their troops, their purses, and their own swords to defend her Majesty's
empire.

28. The Queen, accompanied by Princess Henry of Batten berg, left
Windsor for Osborne.

— At Odessa the military chief of the recruiting district put on his
trial for corruption, found guilty, and condemned to deprivation of his
military rank and orders, of his personal civil rights and property, and
exile to Tobolsk for one year.

29. A furious south-westerly gale prevailed round the British coasts^
interrupting all communication with the continent. A large Ham-
burg-American liner, the Patria^ went ashore off Dungeness, and became
a complete wreck. The South Goodwin light-ship was also driven from
her moorings, and was dreadfully damaged by the surf on the sand.

— H.M.S. Magicienne brought into Durban the German steamer
BmidesratK seized off Delagoa Bay with contraband of war, and German
officers and men on board.

30. H.RH. the Duke of Connaught appointed Commander-in-Chief
of the forces in Ireland.

31. The German Emperor by decree decided that with the present
year the nineteenth century was closed, so far as concerned Germany,
The Bureau dea Longitudes at Paris declared that for France the century
would not close until the end of the following year. Great newspaper
controversy took place on the subject in England, where the majority
seemed disposed to take the French view.

RETROSPECT

OF

LITERATURE, SCIENCE AND ART IN 1899.

LITERATURE.

If there was nothing specially striking in the literary output of 1899,
it yet showed no falling-off from that of 1898; and in making this com-
parison it must be borne in mind that, whilst in 1898 the book world may
have been slightly depressed by foreign disturbances, it suffered in the
winter of 1899 a decided discouragement from the anxiety caused by
the progress of the Boer war, which undoubtedly caused publishers to
hold back some books of importance from publication. At the same
time in one department, that of biography, reminiscences, and col-
lections of letters, last year was certainly more productive of works
of importance than its predecessor. Works of criticism and books
about artists or schools of art continue to hold a prominent place, both
in quantity and quality, in the publishers* lists. The temper of the
time is rather to look backwards than forwards, to express itself rather
in works of reflection and industry than in works of high imagination
or bold speculation. This is illustrated by the immense number of
reprints of English classics, the publication of which has marked the
last few years and which continue to issue from the press with un-
abated persistence.

Poetry.

The twentieth century is not, it would appear, to be like the nine-
teenth ushered in by any new poetic voices. We noted last year the
apparent pause in poetic utterance, and 1899 has been even more barren
tlian 1898. The Poet Laureate, Mr. Meredith, Mr. Kipling and Mr.
William Watson have published nothing in book form. Among the
small band of poets whose work has aroused interest and expectation
Mr. Davidson and Mr. Francis Thompson have been silent. Mr. Swin-
burne has in Rosamund (Chatto & Windus) added another to his poetic
plays. It is more strictly dramatic in quality than his earlier plays,
l)ut is not equal to them either in conception or expression. One event
of interest was an excursion into poetic drama made by Mr. Stephen
Phillips, a young poet whose verse, though small in quantity, had
already attracted a good deal of attention. His play, which was called

78 LITERATUEE. [1899.

Paolo and Franoesea (Lane), was received by the critics with a choms
of approbation. The plot is founded strictly on Dante, and the most
noticeable feature of this first attempt by a young writer in poetic
drama is that he manages to instil the true note of tragedy into a style
classically severe and simple. The play was written avowedly for the
stage, and may be regarded as an honest attempt to revive the literary
drama. Its merit lies not so much in its dramatic construction as a
whole, as in the distinction which almost always marks its style, and
in two or three finely conceived situations.

Two other poets who are likely to claim more than a passing interest
have published new work. Mr. W. B. Yeats cultivates a poetic field of
his own. He is the exponent of Celtic thought, mystery and legencL
He issued in the spring a volume called The Wind mmong the nonila
(Elkin Mathews), and, a little later, a volume called Poenui (Unwin),
containing, as he said in his preface, all of hik published poetry which
he cares to preserve. It contains melodious verse, even when the
thought is vague and shadowy, and revives the mystical regretfal
dreams of the old Irish folklore. The Poetioal "Worka of Ilobert
Bridges (Smith, Elder) have been published, and in them the poet
inserted some new poems of much beauty.

Belles Lettres.

In the way of imaginative prose literature, apart from fiction, there
is, for 1899, nothing to report. The periodical press now-a-days absorbs
the energies of those whose gifts lie in this direction, and even critical
essays are seldom given to the world for the first time in book form.
The only volumes which come under this head, therefore, consist of re-
printed and collected articles. Of these there have been a good many
of interest, but only two which, from the standing of their writers and
their own interest, demand a mention. One is Mr. Austin Dobson's
A Paladin of Philanthropy and Other Papers (Chatto & Windus), con-
taining essays ranging over a large variety of subjects, full of eighteenth
century lore, conveyed in the writer's elegant and scholarly style. The
subject of the essay which gives the book its title is the (General
Oglethorpe who founded Georgia, and who figures in Bosweirs " John-
son." The other collection is Mr. Frederic Harrison^s TenByMm^
Ruflkin, BGll and Other Xdterary Satimates (Macmillan). Our de-
scription of this book as a volume of reprinted papers must have one
important qualification, for it contains an original study of Tennyson
which had not previously been published, and in which Mr. Harrison
challenged discussion on the subject of Tennyson's martial and patriotic
verse. In this he contends that the late Laureate often produced " not
poetry but journalism."

The library of literary histories which the past few years have
produced has received more additions. There has recently been much
efPort to kindle public interest in the old literature of Ireland. As
a result of this movement, we have Dr. Douglas Hyde's A TJtiirary
history of Ireland (Unwin). The author does not include in his
survey the later Anglo-Irish writers who have added so many distin-
guished names to the record of English literature. Apart from them

1899.] LITERATURE. 79

many English readers no doubt hardly realised that there was enough
material for such a history as this. Dr. Hyde's study of the old Irish
literature is therefore not only valuable to Celtic scholars but reveals a
new world of study to many other literary students. Work of a similar
kind among literatures little known or entirely ignored has been done in
the series of " Short Histories of the Literatures of the World " (Heine-
mann) by Mr. W. G. Aston in his excellent book, A history of Japanese
Ijiterature, and in a not quite so complete history of Bohemian
Ijiterature, by Count Liltzow. Two books have been added to the series
of '* Periods of European Literature " (Blackwood) — nie Fourteenth
Century, by F. J. Snell, and The Augustan Ai^es, by Oliver Elton, both
works of merit, but suffering somewhat from the rather mechanical
delimitation imposed by the conditions of the series. A special aspect
of the development of English literature is ably dealt with by Mr. H. A.
Beers in A ^Qstory of SSnglish Romantioism in the Xigrhteenth Century
(Kegan Paul).

The issue of two important reprints has now been finished. The
^reat edition of nie Diary of Samuel Pepys (G. Bell), which Mr. Henry
Wheatley began many years ago, has been completed with a ninth
volume containing an index, and a tenth containing "Supplementary
Pepysiana " ; and The ttographioal Sdition of Thackeray (Smith, Elder),
edited by his daughter Mrs. Richmond Ritchie, has also been com-
pleted ; while an edition of the Bronte novels, which is to be on a
somewhat similar plan — the editors being Mrs. Humphry Ward and
Mr. C. K. Shorter — has been begun under the title ©f nie Baworth
Bronte (Smith, Elder).

One book of much interest containing a work of old English litera-
ture is nie Complete "Works of John Gower, vol. i. (Clarendon Press),
edited by G. C. Macau lay. It can hardly be described as a reprint in
the ordinary sense, because the work contained in this first volume is
new to modern readers. Gower wrote three works : one in English,
one in Latin and one in French. The two first have been printed; the
MS. of the third, "The Speculum Meditantis," was not known to exist
until it was recently discovered in the Cambridge University Library,
and this is now edited by Mr. Macaulay.

Lastly we may single out of a good deal of recent Dante literature
another volume from the pen of one of the most distinguished of
English Dantists, Dr. E. Moore. It is called Studies in Dante, second
series (Clarendon Press). Among other subjects the author discusses,
with his well-known skill and authority, Dante as a religious teacher,
eighteenth century opinions on Dante, and the reality of Beatrice.

History.

Although during the past year one or two of our most learned
historians have been silent, it cannot be said to have been a period
unproductive of good, and even great, work. It has been signalised by
the publication of two volumes — the seventh and eighth — completing
Dr. Thomas Hodgkin's Italy and Bto Inwmderu (Clarendon Press). These
bring the story up to the death of Charlemagne, and are respectively
entitled "The Prankish Invasions" and "The Prankish Empire." The

80 LITERATUEE. [1899.

whole work, thus completed, is one of the most notable contributions of
our time to historical literature. In the large extent of ground covered*
and the breadth of view which is displayed throughout, Dr. Hodgkin's
work may almost be ranked in the same category as that of Gibbon ;
and in trustworthiness and historical insight he may certainly claim
to rank with Freeman. The history he has now finished has occapied
him for nearly a quarter of a century, and he has done more than any
one else has done, or is at present likely to do, to raise the obscurity
which has enveloped the " dark ages." Of a different type is the political
history of England which came across the Atlantic from the vigorous
pen of Professor Goldwin Smith. Its title is nie XJnited KfagdoBi
(Macmillan), and it traces the story from the period when England
first became a kingdom to present times. It cannot claim the place
assigned to the works of such writers as Bishop Stubbs or Dr. Gar-
diner. Professor Goldwin Smith does not aim at a close and original
investigation of facts. Nor does he satisfy the other requirement
of the " scientific historian " by observing a strict impartiality. He
has ardent sympathies and strong personal likes and dislikes, and
he allows a strenuous rhetoric to heighten the lights and deepen the
shadows. But such a history, viewing the development of the con-
stitution in a spirit of freedom and breadth, has great value at the
present moment, when an almost exaggerated importance is attached to
the accumulation of documents, and to the minute study of particular
periods. Professor Goldwin Smith regards the story as a whole, and
shows a masterly grasp of the bearings of each epoch. If his pro-
nouncements are overconfident, he is always eloquent and impressive
and these qualities, together with the largeness of view which prevents
him from being confused by the mass of conflicting evidence, give a
very high value to "The United Kingdom."

Early in the year appeared Sir George Otto Trevelyan's nie AmarioMi
Revolution, Part Z. I766-I776 (Longmans). The genesis of this work
was somewhat curious. Sir George Trevelyan had already published
an instalment of his life of Charles James Fox, and had shown in it,
as in his life of Macaulay, the possession of some of the best qualities
of the biographer. In pursuing his theme he found that "the story
of Fox between 1774 and 1782 is inextricably interwoven with the
story of the American Revolution. That immense event filled his
mind and consumed his activities ; while every circumstance about
him worth relating may find a place in the course of a narrative which
bears on it." The present volume is therefore, in reality, a continuation
of the life of Fox. But it was generally felt that the change of method
was hardly justified by its success, and that Sir George Trevelyan's
brilliant literary gifts were utilised with much better effect in biography
than in history — a field where political prepossessions are more likely
to interfere with the trustworthiness of the narrative. As a Whig
historian, dwelling on the too familiar theme of the mistakes made
by George III. and his ministers, Sir George Trevelyan does not do
much to illuminate the point of view of the two parties in the conflict,
or observe quite the impartiality required from a sound historian.
So far as the volume is biographical, however, the author shows to the

1899.] LITERATURE. 81

full his power of graphic and interesting portraiture. As we recall Sir
George Travel yan's work, another historical book published last year
inevitably suggests itself— the first venture in the world of letters of
his son, George Macaulay Trevelyan, who proves himself worthy of
the two distinguished names which he bears. His SSngland in the Age
of 'Wycliflfe (Longmans) deserves far more than a succes (TeatiDie, and
ranks with the chief historical works of the year. The Peasants
Rebellion of 1381, the early years of Lollardry, and that great literary
period whose names redeem from gloom one of the least glorious periods
of our national annals — these are the subjects closely investigated by
Mr. Trevelyan. If in this first book the writer does not show the
vitality and fully developed power of some more experienced historians,
he certainly reveals a genius for taking pains, and has produced a work
well balanced, complete and interesting.

The late Sir William Wilson Hunter's ^tory of Britirii India,
vol i. (Longmans), began a work of great importance which unhappily
cannot now be completed. During the author's career in India he had
exceptional opportunities for the collection of materials. It had been his
intention to start from the early Aryan period, but the unfortunate loss
by shipwreck of a large part of the memoranda prepared for the history
compelled him to modify his plans, and to pass over the time before
India had come into contact with modern Europe. The first volume
carries the story down to 1623, and is occupied mainly with the early
Indian expeditions of the English, the Dutch and the Portuguese.
It is understood that Sir William Hunter left materials for a second
volume, but his original scheme was to produce five volumes.

An important contribution to Asiatic history is Tb» Heart of Asia
(Methuen) by Francis H. Skrine and Edward D. Ross. Professor Ross
explores the obscure early history of Central Asia — a subject in which
lie is to some extent a pioneer — with great care and learning ; and an
equally able and accurate account of the present position of Russia
in Asia is given by Mr. F. H. Skrine. Another gap in the historical
literature of the countries of the world has been filled by Mr. Budgett
Meakins' very exhaustive work on nie Mooriah Smpire (Sonnenschein).

Among other historical works which deserve mention are Mr. H. G.
(iraham's Social Iiife in Scotland in the Sighteenth Century (Black),
which gives a vivid description, drawn from contemporary records, of
iScotch life during its period of revival after the Union ; and Mr. J. H.
Round's learned investigations into the early history of London and
the origin of the corporation, contained in The Ck>mmune of Iiondon
and Other Studies (Constable).

County histories increase in number rapidly. One of the best is
Sir George Douglas's TB^torj of the Soottiah Border Ck>untie8 (Black-
wood), a work in which the mass of legend surrounding the history of
Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles is carefully sifted and tested by the
light of the most recent antiquarian researches.

Two notable School Histories deal with the ancient foundations of
Winchester and Shrewsbury. Mr. A. F. Leach has done more than any
one to unearth the early history of English schools. In his history of
"Vl^nchester College (Duckworth) he throws much light on the origin

F

82 LITERATURE. [1899.

and the traditions of that venerable foundation. If he shows some
ground for modifying the view of William of Wykeham which regards
him as the founder of a new type of school, he is also able to trace the
immense influence which Wykeham's foundation had on education
throughout the country. The carefully written Amial» of Bhrewuhurj
Scbool (Methuen), by Mr. G. W. Fisher, takes to some extent the form
of a chronicle of the doings of its head masters — in modern times par-
ticularly of Butler and Kennedy — for in this case, more than in that of
Winchester, the history of the school is closely bound up with the lives
of its head masters.

A history of the British Army (Macmillan), by the Hon. J. W.
Fortescue, is the first attempt to trace the history of the Army as a
whole, and should be read side by side with the numerous regimental
histories which have appeared of late. Part i., which is all that is at
present published and which consists of two volumes, carries the story
down to 1763. Mr. Fortescue proves himself in this book a thoroughly
competent authority, and his work is especially valuable for its full
account of the war of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years*
War.

Lastly, turning to contemporary history which has hardly yet
passed out of the sphere of journalism, we may single out for mention
nie River "War (Longmans), by Mr. Winston Spencer Churchill, a book
giving a graphic and comprehensive account of recent events in Egypt
up to Lord Kitchener's victory at Omdurman, which will certainly be of
value to the historian of our times ; and another book which has been
widely read, called nie Transvaal firom Within (Heinemann), giving
the history of events in the Transvaal before the outbreak of war, and
written by Mr. J. P. Fitzpatrick, who had been intimately connected
with the Outlander agitation.

Social Economics.

Under this head the past year has been very barren in any works of
importance. A useful addition to the library of the student of economic
history was made by an American, Dr. C. H. Hull, who edited, in two
volumes, with notes. The Ztoonomic "Writings of Sir "W. Petty (Cam-
bridge University Press), including with them the " National and
Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality " of Captain John
Graunt. Statistical science in England sprang largely from Sir W.
Petty, and the revived study of it at the present day called for a
sound and intelligent edition of his works, such as Dr. Hull has
supplied.

Ricardo's correspondence is full of interest for the economist, and
much of it has been published during the last few years. The ZiaMeim
of David XUoardo to Hutohes Grower and Others 1811-18S3 (Claren>
don Press), is a book worth noting as completing, with the previous
volumes, the publication of the economist's letters. They are edited
by Mr. James Bonar and Mr. J. H. Hollander, and touch upon a great
variety of subjects, economic, social and political.

1899] LITERATUEE. 83

Theology and Philosophy.

As a kind of supplement to the life of Dr. Pusey, there was pub-
lished early in the year a collection of the Sjpiiitiud loiters of Xdward
Bouverie Pnsey (Longmans), edited, with an interesting preface, by
the Rev. J. O. Johnston and th? Rev. W. C. E. Newbolt. The letters
reveal the attitude of the writer towards the later developments of the
Oxford movement, and his lack of sympathy with the extremists of the
ritualistic party, who seemed to him to be departing from the original
principles of Tractarianism.

The Gifford Lectures have produced as usual volumes of importance
to the progress of religious thought, nie Fimdameiital Ideas of
Christianity (Maclehose) is the title of the lectures delivered by the
late Dr. Caird, Principal of the University of Glasgow. Dr. Caird was
perhaps greater as a philosopher than as a theologian, but the subject
chosen by him for these lectures was well suited to a writer so used
to philosophic reasoning and so capable of clothing it in language of
dignity and eloquence. Another series of Gifford Lectures, those deliv-
ered by Professor A. B. Bruce in 1898, were published under the title
of nie Moral Order of the World in Anoient and Modem niought
(Hodder & Stoughton), and contain an able review of the chief pre-
Christian ethical ideals.

A third series of Gifford Lectures calls for mention here, though
in this case the subject does not rank under theology proper, but only
remotely touches theology through metaphysics. This is Professor
James Ward's Naturalism and Agnostloism (Black), a rather abstruse
discussion of the materialistic theory of the universe, tending to
establish the reality of life or mind as something not accounted for
by the latest utterances of mechanical naturalism.

An addition to the long list of biographies of St. Paul came from an
American theologian. Dr. Lyman Abbott, in nie Zdfe and loiters of
Paul the Apostle (J. Clarke). The writer makes it his object to trace
the evolution of the apostle's ideas from his sincere hostility to the
Christians in his youth to his later ^Marge and spiritual teaching" of
the Gospel, transcending the limits which the sects have- tried to
impose upon it. The book is an excellent popular biography, in which
the personality of St. Paul is vividly conceived.

A very noteworthy book, well illustrating the tendencies of modern
theological thought, is Dr. Percy Gardner's Xxploratio Zvangelioa
(Black). The question which he deals with is that of the adjustment
of Christian l)elief in the face of the difRculties raised bv historic
criticism. He states with candour and ability the real importance
of these difficulties, and for his own part pleads with great eloquence
that spiritual experience, not historical evidence, must be the real
basis of religious belief.

Mr. Richard Holt Hutton held a place of his own as a religious
thinker ; but he was a journalist and not a divine. A volume called
Aspects of Religious and 8oientillc Thought (Macmillan) gathers 'to-
^'ether some of his journalistic writings, which certainly deserved more
than an ephemeral life. The Congregationalist divine. Dr. Fairbaim,

F2

84 LITEKATUKE. [1899.

published a volume of essays, also rescued from the periodical press,
on Catholioism : Romaa and Anglioaa (Hodder & Stoughton), in which
he discusses from the Nonconformist point of view, in a manner
perhaps more brilliant than but not so profound as that of Mr.
Hutton, the whole question of authority in religious matters.

Of collected sermons, a second instalment of those of Professor
Jowett, the late Master of Balliol, demands notice more for their
general interest than for any special theological value. Their title is
Sermons, Biographioal and MiaoellaifteoiM (Murray). They are, in fact,
chiefly biographical, and show the late master's great gifts as a bio-
grapher, and the insight and force with which he estimated the work
and character of men of the past, such as Wycliffe, Loyola, Bunyan,
Pascal, Spinoza— or of his contemporaries, such as Disraeli, Gambetta,
Tait. Under the title of Conformity and Consoienoe (Smith, Elder)
Canon Page Roberts publishes a course of sermons delivered at
St. Peter's, Vcre Street, on "Our Prayer Book." He pleads strongly
from the Broad Church point of view the comprehensiveness of the
Church of England, and appeals to those who think their own con-
sciences supreme to have regard for the consciences of others ; to whom
conformity is a comfort and a support. The sermons are marked by a
literary tone and wide reading, which, however, detract nothing from
the lessons of practical charity and tolerance which the preacher desires
to enforce.

Dr. Swete's The Oospel aooording to St. BKark (Macmillan) and
Canon Gore's Practioal Bxpositlon of the Splatle to the Hebrews, vol. i.
(Murray) — the one the product of Cambridge, the other of Oxford — are
among the most notable of the many commentaries in the year's list of
theological works.

The History of the Churoh Missionary Society (C. M. S.), designed
to commemorate the centenary of the birth of the society, became in
the hands of Mr. Eugene Stock a really important record, in three
bulky volumes, of the progress of evangelical work during the century.
It is full of biographical details about all the leaders of evangelicalism,
and chronicles in a comprehensive way the growth of missionary effort
at home and of missionary enterprise in every quarter of the globe.

Passing from publications concerned with the various aspects of
Christian doctrine and work, we have two volumes on the philosophies
of the East.

Sir William Hunter, as we have seen, had begun a comprehensive
histor>' of India. A standard work of equal importance by Professor
Max MUller deals with Indian thought. This is The Six Systems of
Indian Philosophy (Longmans). It is founded on the original texts, on
which Professor Max MUller is our chief authority, and describes with
great perspicuity and sympathy the intricate speculations of the Indian
metaphysicians. Sir Alfred LyalTs Asiatio Studies : ReUgloiis sad
Sooial (Murray), though it touches other parts of the East and other
subjects besides religion, is largely devoted to the theological problems
arising from the contact of East and West in India, discussed in the
spirit of an experienced Indian administrator.

Lastlv, a word must be given to the book in which Mr. Lecky, the

1899] LITEEATUEE. 86

historian, gives his philosophy of practical existence. The BCap of XJfe
(Longmans) discusses "Conduct and Character" in various social
relations. It does not contain much that is original or freshly
suggestive, and the standard by which conduct is to be guided and
estimated seems for the most part to be a prudential one. But it gives
a lucid statement of familiar truths, and its most interesting part is
that which deals with moral compromise in war, in the law, in politics
and in the Church.

Science.

The chief l)Ooks which come under this head are those which con-
cern man in the earliest stages of his history. Representing natural
science proper, however, an important publication has appeared in a
seconrl volume of The Scientific Kemoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley
(Macmillan). The memoirs are to be completed in four volumes and
are being edited by Sir Michael Foster and Professor Ray Lankester.
Those contained in this second volume range from 1857 to 1884. They
embrace, therefore, that period of stir and stress in the scientific world
which followed the publication of Darwin's " Origin of Species." Huxley
plunged into the controversy as the leading champion of evolution; and
the papers in this volume are of great interest in recalling a critical
time in the historv of science. To the "International Scientific Series"
(Kegan Pauly Sir John Lubbock has contributed one of his careful
records of observation in On Buds and Stipules. Comparatively little
has been done to account for the infinitely varied characteristics of
different plants which are used for purposes of classification. Sir John
Lubbock has done as much as anybody to investigate their origin, and
the chief object of this book is to carry on this work of explanation.

In the domain of pure anthropology Mr. A. H. Keane*s BCan: Past
and Present C'ambridge University Press) is the most important book
of the year. Mr. Keane regards man as specifically one, and sprung
from a single cradle-land. He utilises all that is now known as to
pleistocene man, and traces his dispersal over the globe, and the
evolution from this primitive type of the specialised races and tribes of
history. The view that, even in the new world, the existence of man
must be accounted for by migration from the other side, is endorsed
in a very remarkable work by Mr. E. J. Payne called The History of
the New "World Called America (Clarendon Press), of which the second
volume appeared early in 1899. Mr. Payne is treating his subject on an
immense scale, and includes in his researches into the early history
of America an incjuiry of great value into the origin of language and
the steps by which primitive man emerged from savagery. The tribes
of Australia have of late years been found to throw much new light on
the beliefs and customs of early man. Mr. Balder Spencer and Mr.
F. J. (TJlIen record in The Native bribes of Central Australia (Mac-
millan) the results of an intimate knowledge of the mystery and magic
of the Australian aborigines. The remarkable facts adduced by them
MS to initiation ceremonies, and particularly as to totemism which
assumes peculiar forms in Central Australia, mark a distinct advance
in the study of the backward races and of early religious beliefs. New

86 LITERATURE. [1899.

light is thus thrown upon the relics of primsBval man in older countries
— on the mass of evidence, for instance, brought together by Dr. Robert
Munro in Prehistorio Soofcland and Its Place in Saropean CiviHaation

(Blackwood). This is a general introduction to the "County Histories
of Scotland," and forms a useful archaeological study of one particular
country without making much attempt to advance generally the science
of comparative anthropology or folklore.

Biography.

Books of biography, or bearing in some way on biography, have been
exceedingly numerous, and in many cases of great interest. They may
be classified under three heads — Biographies proper, autobiographies,
and collections of letters ; and the first class naturally divides itself into
lives of historical or literary celebrities of the past, and memoirs of
those of our own day compiled by relatives or intimate friends. In the
class of historical biography, undoubtedly the most important book is
Dr. S. R. Gardiner's Oliver Oromwell (Goupil), of whom two or three
other lives of less importance also appeared last year. This sumptuous
work belongs to a series of lives of monarchs published by the same
firm which contains Bp. Creigh ton's " Elizabeth " ; and it may specially
be regarded as a companion volume to Sir John Skelton's " Charles I."
in the same series. Their illustrations form an important feature in
these books, and the "Cromwell" contains many highly interesting
portraits rarely seen by the public. From the literary point of view
the life is well worthy of the high reputation of its author. He treats
the life of the Protector, as Sir John Skelton did that of the Protector^s
rival, in a spirit of eulogy ; but he is careful to observe what Cromweira
biographers have so often neglected, the impartiality and candour of
the true historian. In its breadth of treatment combined with com-
plete accuracy of detail, the book is a model of what such a biography
should be.

Another book, also dealing with an historical figure which has
attracted many other biographers, is Sir Herbert MaxwelFs X4fe of
"Wellington (Sampson Low). Whilst it is not a work of such high
authority as Dr. Gardiner's "Cromwell," it has some claim to take its
place as the standard life of the great duke. Though a civilian himself,
Sir Herbert Maxwell deals clearly and adequately with Wellington's
military career ; but his book has the special merit of supplying the
want of a discriminating study of the duke as a man, not as a commander,
which is free from the inevitable tendency to panegyric displayed by
earlier biographers. A military and political celebrity of the generation
before Wellington, who has been rather unduly forgotten, was recalled
in Some Aooount of the BClitary, P^litioal and Soolal Ufa of the
Right Hon. John Blanners, BCarquia of Chranby (Macmillan), by Mr.
Walter Evelyn Manners. The Marquis of Granby, popular as he was in
his day, suffered from the criticisms of Horace Walpole, and his real
merit became obscured. In Mr. Manners' book he is vindicated as a
soldier who showed great capacity in the campaigns of the Seven Years'
War, and as a disinterested statesman. The life of 8lr Boberft Peal
(Murray) was begun by Mr. Charles Stuart Parker in 1891, and in 1899

1899] LITEKATUEE. 87

it was completed by the publication of volumes ii. and iii. They treat
only of the public life of Peel, and cover the twenty-three years before
his death — the most important portion of his political career. The
memoir is based* on, and largely consists of, the private memoranda
and letters of Sir Robert Peel, and they afford all possible material for
forming a judgment on Peel, and particularly on his conduct in 1829
and 1846.

The Memoirs of the Vemey Family, from 1660 to Z696 (Longmans),
which are now concluded in a fourth volume, have a merit of quite a
different kind. Miss Vemey, the editor, here presents us with the
treasures that have been fortunately preserved at Claydon House in
the form of manuscripts and letters about the Verneys of the seven-
teenth century. They give a graphic picture of the daily life of the
period and for the student of manners they must have an attraction
e([ual to that afforded by the Paston letters of an earlier age. An
entertaining picture of the social life of a century later is provided in
Passagres firom the Diaries of Mrs. Philip Ziybbe Powjrs of Hardwiok
House, Oxon., 1756-1808 (Longmans), edited by Emily J. Climenson.
Mrs. Powys was a daughter of a wealthy surgeon in Lincoln^s Inn
Fields. Though not a person of great parts herself, her position, both
as her father's daughter and as the wife of the squire of Hardwick,
brought her into connection with many of the notabilities of the day,
and she gives us an amusing picture of a life of incessant social gaiety
in London and in the provinces. With Mrs. Climenson's book we may
connect I«ady liouisa Stuart (Douglas), edited by the Hon. James A.
Home. Lady Louisa was the daughter of George III.'s Prime Minister
Bute, the granddaughter of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and the
intimate friend of Sir Walter Scott. About half the book consists of
a memoir, written by Lady Louisa, of John Duke of Argyll — the Argyll
of •' The Heart of Midlothian " — but its most interesting portions are
tlie letters of Sir Walter Scott and of Lady Louisa herself.

Of the prominent men in French history one has received attention
from two writers, whose books appeared almost simultaneously. Mr.
A. H. Beesly's I<ife of Daaton (Longmans) is not without merit, but the
fact that the author is an extreme democrat, glorifying one of the
heroes of the Revolution, somewhat impairs its historical authority.
Mr. Hilaire Belloe, a young Oxford writer, in his Daaton (Nisbet) is
able to keep his extreme views more consistently in the background.
He has also the advantage of being himself of French extraction, and
of possessing a faculty of vivid portraiture. For its graphic delineation
of the figures and scenes of the Revolution the book deserves high
praise.

Continental history of an earlier time is well represented by the
l>iography of Cosimo de Medioi (Macmillan), from the pen of Miss
K. D. Ewart. This monograph, which forms one of the " Foreign
Statesmen Series," gives an excellent account of the founder of the
Medicean dynasty in his public and private life, and of the state of
Italian politics during the thirty years when he was master of Florence.

Among the literary biographies The JAte and Ziettem of John Donno
(Heinemann\ by Edmund Gosse, stands by itself. The baffling per-

88 LITEEATUEE. [1899.

sonality of Donne needed elucidation. Dr. Jessopp has (?arefully studied
him from the theological side. Walton's well-known life contemplates
him as the saintly dean. But his poems and his voluminous prose
writings mainly supply the key to his complex and many-sided nature.
Mr. Gosse has discovered some of Donne's letters hitherto un-
known, has subjected the whole of his writings and of the scattered
materials for his biography to an exhaustive investigation, and has
produced a work which for the first time puts before us a consistent
portrait and an authoritative criticism of Donne both as a man and a
writer. Mr. Gosse has devoted a large part of his literary life to the
preparation of this work. An even greater devotion, a devotion perhaps
unparalleled among biographers, was displayed by Dr. W. I. Knapp, an
American scholar, in tracing the life of George Borrow. Borrow was
his engrossing study for something like fifty years, and he was lavish
in spending labour, time and money in collecting every detail of his
hero's career. The result is two volumes entitled Ufie, 'Writings, and
Correspondenoe of George Borrow (Murray), which probably contain
all there is to be discovered about the author of "The Bible in Spain."
Other books of literary biography are Fraaois Turner Palgrave (Long-
mans)— the compiler of **The Golden Treasury" — by Gwenllian F.
Palgrave ; the Memoir and Correspondence of Susan Fenier (Murray^
which contains some excellent criticisms on the noveli&t and her work
by the editor, Mr. J. A. Doyle; a very interesting book of reminis-
cences by Mr. Ellis Yarnall called "Wordsworth and the Ck>leridgee
(Macmillan), and the excellent, if somewhat too prolix, account of tlie
authors of "The Rejected Addresses" contained in Jamee andBoraoe
Smith (Hurst & Blackett) by Mr. A. H. Beavan.

Three important lives of men of the present generation belong to
1899. Mr. J. G. Millais acquitted himself well of the task of chronicling
his father's career in The Idfe and Zietters of Sir John Xverett Millais
(Methuen), a book which derives its attraction not so much from the
varietv of the storv it tells, for Millais' record was one of almost un-
broken success, as from the fact that he was in touch with a large
number of interesting friends and correspondents. The Ufie of William
Morris (Longmans), on the other hand, is that of a man who as artist,
craftsman, poet and socialist, was so various and many-sided that a
single biographer could hardly treat him adequately. Mr. J. W. Maekail
depicts him, rather from the external than the personal point of view,
with the skill that might be expected from a distinguished scholar, and
with particular appreciation of Morris's literary side. The life of
Xdward "White Benson, Ar«>hhishop of Canterhury (Macmillan) was
written by his son, Mr. A. C. Benson, who is also, like Mr. Maekail,
known as a writer with a fine literary taste. This prevents him from
producing either a mere string of letters and diaries or an indiscrim-
inate eulogy. A man whose life comprised four distinct and success-
ful careers, at Wellington and Lincoln, at Truro and at Canterbury,
presents an opportunity for a biography of the highest interest ; and
Mr. Benson, while he writes as a devoted son in full sympathy with
his father's work, does not shrink from criticism. He thus presents
us with a living and complete portrait ; and bulky as his two volumes

1899] LITERATUKE. 89

;ire, few readers of literary taste would willingly spare any of the
copious extracts which he gives from his father's diaries and corre-
spondence. Another biography which falls under the same class and
should not be overlooked is the Rev. H. L. Thompson's picture of a
great Oxford figure in the Memoir of H. O. Xiiddell, DJD. (Murray).

Our second division is that of autobiography. The Autobiography
and Zietters of Bffrs. M. O. "W. Oliphaat (Blackwood), edited by Mrs.
Hrirry Coghill, gives such portion as the novelist completed of her own
life's story. There is a pathos about it, arising from her domestic
afflictions, and also from the rather sombre view which she took of her
lot in life. But it is an interesting self-revelation, and it contains
glimpses of many well-known literary men— particularly of Tennyson
and Carlyle. The BCemoirs of a Herolutionist (Smith, Elder) are by
Trince Kropotkin, the Russian noble who after suffering imprisonment
in Russia and France as a revolutionary found a refuge in England,
where he (?ould continue his studies in socialism and in those geo-
graphical and geological studies for which he has become famous.
Personal reminiscences of Indian life fill the pages of two books
written by well-known public men — in both cases forming further
instalments of autobiography begun in previous volumes. These are
Notes from a Diary (Murray) kept chiefly in Southern India, by Sir
Mountstuart Grant Duff, and Auld Iiaag Syne— second series — My
Indian Friends Longmans), by Professor Max Miiller.

The two last but by no means the least entertaining books of
reminiscences which call for notice are Reoolleotions, 1832-1886
(Smith, Elder;, by Sir Algernon West, and Reminiaoenoea (Chatto &
Windns, by Justin McCarthv, M.P. Both these writers have had
advantages such as few compilers of autobiography can boast of. Sir
Algernon West's birth and training, his position for some years as
Mr. (Gladstone's secretary, and his subsequent tenure of permanent
office in the public service, have brought him into constant connection
with eminent men. He describes with both wit and observation the
social and club life of the early Victorian period, and provides an
abundance of anecdote illustrative of the characters of well-known
politicians. His "Recollections," too, like Mr. Justin McCarthy's
*' Reminiscences," have the merit, which similar works do not always
[)ossess, that their good taste is unimpeachable. Mr. McCarthy, during
his long career as journalist and politician, has gained the acquaintance
or the fri(»ndship of almost every contemporary man of note in Parlia-
Fucnt or in the literarv world, and he utilises his store of material with
the skill of a practised writer.

The past year has been remarkable for the number of interesting
collections of letters which have been published. Those which aroused
the greatest interest and also the greatest controversy were The Ziettera
of Robert Browning and Elisabeth Barrett Barrett (Smith Elder). Mr.
R. B. Browning, who edited them, had a very difficult problem presented
to him in deciding whether to publish or to withhold them. If not
[)ublishcd, they would have passed eventually into the hands of others
who would have far less right to decide the question. If they were
destroyed, an immense mass of most interesting literary matter and

90 LITEEATUEE. [1899.

of comments on the literature of the time by two of its most gifted
minds would perish. But they are of the most intimate character, the
unrestrained outpouring of two impassioned natures whose poetic and
spiritual affection grew warmer as the obstacles to their union in-
creased. Public opinion was much divided on the question whether or
not they should ever have seen the light, but no one could deny the
intense interest, both literary and personal, of the whole correspondence.
The other chief book of the year of this class is The Zietteni of Robert
Ifouis Stevenson to His Family and Friends (Methuen), edited by Mr.
Sidney Colvin. They are addressed to many well-known literary men —
Mr. Henley, Mr. Gosse, Mr. Barrie, Mr. Colvin himself, and others,
and are full of keen interest in the writer's own literary work, but
equally full of comments, incisive and sympathetic, on the literary work
of others ; and these, often expressed with buoyant fancy and racy
humour and always with the literary grace peculiar to Stevenson, make
a most valuable addition to the series of his writings. Mr. Colvin, in
an introduction, gives an admirable estimate of Stevenson's personal
character. The third volume of The "Works of Ziord Byron (Murray),
edited by Mr. Rowland E. Prothero, contains a large number of
hitherto unpublished letters written during the most critical period
of the poet*s life — that, namely, which covered his marriage to Miss
Milbanke and his separation from her. Other collections of letters of
more or less interest published for the first time, at any rate in book
form, last year were Unpublished Zietters of Swift (Unwin), addressed
by the dean to his friend Knightley Chetwode in 1714-1731, and now
edited by Dr. Birkbeck Hill, which do not add much to what is already
known of Swift ; Zietters of Thomas Carlyle to His Toungest ttsior
(Chapman & Hall), edited by Mr. C. T. Copland, which show, more
than anything else Carlyle w^rote, the sympathetic and affectionate
side of his character ; John Bookham Frere and His Friends (Nisbet),
edited by Miss Gabrielle Festing, containing intimate letters— many of
them from George Canning — addressed to that diplomatist and scholar
between the years 1799 and 1846, full of the social and political gossip
of the time ; George Sclwsrn, His Zietters and His Ufe (Unwin), edited
by G. S. Roscoe and Helen Clerque, giving much of the same kind of
gossip about the generation previous to Frere's, and first brought to
light through the labour of the Historical Manuscripts Commission ;
ZfOtters of "Walter Savage Iiandor (Duckworth), edited by Stephen
Wheeler — mainly private letters written by Landor as an old man to the
daughter of an old friend, Miss Rose Paynter, afterwards Lady Graves-
SawMe ; and The ZUurly Married XJfe of BCaria Josepha Xiady fltaaley
(Longmans), edited by Miss Adeane. This last is a sequel to the
*' Girlhood of Maria Josepha Holroyd," by the same editor, and contains
letters written by Lady Stanley up to 1820— she did not die until 1862
— some letters of her aunt Sarah Martha Holroyd, and parts of a diary
kept by Sir John Stanley. The letters are full of acute and vivacious
comments upon public men and events.

1899] LITEKATUKE. 91

Miscellaneous.

A garden, said Bacon, is " the purest of Humane Pleasures." This
feeling is reflected in many books recently published, which by their
fresliness of observation, their kindliness and their true culture form
one of the pleasantest bypaths in current literature. Such a book is
"Wood and G-arden (Longmans) by Gertrude Jekyll. It is illustrated
by happily chosen photographs, and besides containing much helpful
advice for the amateur gardener, treats the v^hole subject of flowers
and their culture with an agreeable literary touch. Two other ladies,^
who had already published successful books of the same kind, gave
us last year further instalments. One is The Solitary Summer (Mac-
niillan), by the author of "Elizabeth and Her German Garden,*' who
shows as much in her second book as in her first a sense of humour,
and an enthusiasm for, and power of observing, nature. The other is
fi'om Mrs. 0. W. Earle, who wrote More Potpourri from a Surrey
G-arden (Smith, Elder), giving, as before, in an agreeable manner many
sound maxims, not only as to gardens, but generally as to the ordering
of life in a country house.

Travel.

The most prominent names in the record of travel and adventure
are those of ladies. Mrs. Bishop had another journey to record, as full
as any she had undertaken of danger and excitement, and told with
her usual literary skill, in The Taagtsse Valley and Beyond (Murray).
Miss Kingsley, who has taught us so much about West Africa, published
an instructive book, written in a fresh and vigorous style, called "West
African Studies (Macmillan), laying great stress on the importance of
encouraging the development of trade in West Africa, and of governing
our dependencies there with greater consideration for the ideas, cus-
toms and religion of the natives.

In the literature of mountaineering, a high place must be assigned
to The Higrhest Andes (Methuen) by E. A. Fitzgerald. Mr. Fitzgerald
and Sir Martin Conway are the only mountaineers who have attempted
the ascent of Aconcagua, and Mr. Fitzgerald failed, through mountain
sickness, actually to reach the summit, though his guide succeeded in
doing so. But his expedition in the Andes was a well-organised one,
and his book, in which it is recounted in a manner both careful and
picturesque, adds much to our geographical knowledge.

A writer who has achieved great popularity for the graphic and
masterly description of his experiences in sailing ships, whalers and
the mercantile marine is Mr. F. T. Bullen, who published last year
The Cruise of the Cachalot (Smith, Elder), Idylls of the Sea (Grant
Richards) and The liOg of a Soa Waif (Smith, Elder).

Sport.

The output of books on sport is not quite up to the average. Mr.
Baillie-Grohman's Sport and XiifiB in Weetem Amerioa (H. Cox)
d(^serves a place by itself in one department of sport — the pursuit of
big j^ame in foreign lands. Mr. Baillie-Grohman is no mere tourist-
sportsman ; he settled in the country and explored it as trader,

92 LITEEATUEE. [1899.

pioneer and hunter, and his book is full not only of vivid recollections
but of much information of value on natural history and on the fauna
of the Pacific slope.

Turning to less distant and adventurous forms of sport, we find
some attention paid to fishing, and must mention particularly the
volume which Sir Edward Grey contributed to the " Haddon Hall
Library," under the title Fly Fishing (Dent). Sir Edward Grey is
known in political life as an effective orator, and in the world of sport
as a master in the art of angling. In this book he shows also a distinct
literary gift, not only in his lucid statements of the precepts of fishing,
especially with the dry fly, but in his agreeable descriptions of country
scenes.

Art.

Books on art — on the history of art as distinct from its technique —
continue to pour from the press in great numbers, dealing with schools
of art and still more often with single artists, and illustrated with
finely reproduced examples of their work. Of the latter class Messrs.
Bell are publishing a series of handsome volumes, from which we may
select for special mention the Velasques of Mr. R. A. M. Stevenson,
containing much sound and fresh criticism. Dr. G. C. Williamson's
Bernardino Ziuini, from the same publishers, is a careful study of the
works of an artist whose fine qualities were first revealed to English-
men by Mr. Ruskin. Another monograph of great value to the student
of Renaissance art is CKovanni Bellini (Unicorn Press) by Mr. Roger
E. Fry.

Other books of merit deal with schools or periods of art. TrmttAt
Painters of the Eighteenth Century (Bell), by Lady Dilke, brings
before the English public a number of closely related French masters,
of whom, with the possible exceptions of Watteau and Fragonard, they
know very little. Her treatment of them is that of a careful and
appreciative student, and displays moreover no small literary skill.
The entire range of French art is covered by Miss Rose Kingsley in
A History of Fk^noh Art (Longmans). In a little over 500 pages she
investigates the racial factors which have manifested themselves in
French architecture, sculpture and painting, and reviews the develop-
ment of these arts during the last 800 years. Considering the vastness
of the theme and the limits of space at her disposal. Miss Kingsley
has produced a very useful book. Two books dealing with the art of
modern times in two special continental countries are Dntoh Faint«r»
of the mneteenth Century (Sampson Low), by Max Rooses, the second
volume of a work of which the first was published about a year ago ;
and the History of Modem Italian Art (Longmans) by Ashton Rollins
Willard.

Of modern English artistic movements nothing has of late years
attracted more attention than pre-Raphaelitism. Last year we had,
from Mr. W. M. Rossetti, Pre-Raphaelite Diariee and Zietteni (Hurst &
Blackett), which is full of material for the history of the movement. It
contains some early letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, parts of a diary
of no very great interest kept by Ford Mad ox Brown, and extracts more

1899] LITEEATUEE. 93

worth preserving from the journal of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.
Side by side with this, Mr. Percy H. Bate has published The English
Pre-Raphaelite Painters (Bell), which treats not only of the brother-
liood itself, but of the numerous painters who, though possessing a
distinct individuality of their own, have been more or less influenced
by its principles, and also of the younger artists of to-day in whose
work traces of the tradition may still be seen.

SCIENCE OF THE YEAR.

Geography.

In the autumn of 1898 the polar expedition of Mr. Walter Wellman
established an outpost in Franz Josef Land in latitude 81^, where two
Norwegians were left whilst the main party wintered at Cape Tapeltoff
in latitude 80°. The explorer set out on his northward journey in the
middle of February, and in the darkness of the arctic night. For about
a month he steadily advanced through a succession of storms and in a
temperature often 50° Fahr. below zero, until, in latitude 82** 5' he had
the misfortune to fall into a snow-covered crevasse. The severe personal
injury so occasioned compelled him to return, and he was carried home-
wards for 200 miles on a sledge. In the course of his outward journey,
however, much unknown land was explored.

Lieutenant Peary's expedition had also to be abandoned. Frostbite,
followed by amputation of several toes, drove him back, though not
without some discoveries and several rectifications of the map, particu-
larly of Hayes Sound, which is merely a bay, and does not separate
Ellesmere Land from Grinnell Land. The highest latitude reached
was 82**.

The Duke of the Abruzzi sailed in the Stella Polare on June 12 for
Franz Josef Land, whence he will start in the early spring for the North
Pole.

The Russian engineers who had been charged to examine the Arch-
angel coast have brought back a report that in the Bay of Mezene, in the
White Sea, at the mouth of the Kuloi River, is a harbour free from ice
throughout the year.

The antarctic regions are now being entered. Mr. George Newnes*
expedition, under M. Borchgrevink, sailed from the Thames in the
Southern Cross on August 24, 1898, reached the ice in latitude 61® 56',
and anchored near Cape Adare on February 17. Here the party landed
with their stores, and climbed an eminence of 2,300 feet, from which
altitude nothing was witnessed but a glacial expanse; and then, on
February 28, the ship left them to pursue their course on foot.

The Belgian expedition, under Lieutenant de Gerlache, has returned
and reported. On January 16, 1898, in 55° 5' S. and 65** 19' W. sound-
ings showed a depth of 13,250 feet. On March 10 their ship, the
Belgica, was in 71° 34' S. and 89° 10' W. The sun disappeared on
May 17, and did not rise again till July 21. A land fauna was proved
to exist by the discovery of three species of insects. On the return

1899.] SCIENCE. 95

voyage Patagonia was visited in March, and Antwerp was reached in
November.

The German expedition, in the Valdivia, determined the position of
Bouvel Island. Lying in latitude 54° 26' S. and longitude 3° 24' E., and
having a general diameter of about five miles, it was seen to be a
volcanic mountain 3,066 feet in height, entirely covered by ice, and with-
out a trace of vegetation. The position of the great antarctic anticyclone
was thought to extend towards the western part of the Indian Ocean
and not over the Pole. Soundings taken between 7° and 63° E. longitude
revealed a deptli of 16,200 feet. South of the fifty-sixth parallel the
bottom temperature of the sea was everywhere between 32° and 31®
Fahr., while the surface temperature was between 32° and 29° Fahr. It
decreased from the surface downwards to 260 feet, then down to 4,000
feet it increased, and below this to the bottom it slowly decreased again.
Animal life becomes more abundant down to about 6,500 feet, and then
rapidly diminishes, but is nowhere absent. Vegetal life reached its
minimum at a depth of about 1,200 feet. A main characteristic of the
plankton is the large quantity of diatoms, among which are some
special forms. Another German antarctic expedition is to set out in
the autumn of 1901.

In Central Asia Captain Deary has completed his great work of tri-
jingulation, which comprises more than a hundred peaks, and puts the
height of Murtagh Ata at 24,400 feet.

Mount Morrison, the highest mountain in Formosa, and not previ-
ously scaled, has been ascended by H. Stoepel ; and the virgin summit
of Mount Kenia, in British East Africa, has been reached by Mr. Mac-
kinder, the Reader of Geography at Oxford.

Dr. Kandt claims to have discovered the true source of the Nile,
which he found issuing drop by drop from a cave on the slope of Mount
Techuho, three days' march east of the southerly end of Lake Kion.

Dr. Koettlitz, who was surgeon to the Jackson-Harmsworth expedi-
tion to Franz Josef Land, and filled a similar post in the Weld-Blundell
expedition to Abyssinia, has made a journey to the sacred Mount
Touquala, never before visited by an Englishman. It is a volcanic cone
10,000 feet high, and forty miles from Addis-Abbeba. Its crater is occu-
pied l)y a curative lake, three-quarters of a mile long, whose waters are
especially good against sterility.

The Central African expedition, under Colonel Macdonald, has
reported. The exact position of Lake Kioga has been defined, and its
length was found to be not ten but eighty miles. The hitherto unknown
country i\ni\ people of Latuka were visited, and much information was
;^'ained.

Mr. M'Cann has been to the Gold Coast hinterland, which he believes
to be more auriferous than any other country. He also visited the
Lake Bosomohwi, held sacred by the Ashantis, who guard it from all
[)ollution. He considers that it is contained in a volcanic crater, since
earth rumbles are often heard there, and a thick mist lies on the water
all day.

Mr. Moore has found in Lake Nyassa a depth of 2,580 feet, which is
1,(KX) feet below sea level.

96 SCIENCE. [1899.

Her Majesty's ship Penguin, on a surveying cruise in the Pacific, has
taken soundings between Auckland and th6 Tongan Archipelago to a
depth of 28,672 feet. Falcon Island, that was formed during a volcanic
eruption in 1885, and vanished in 1898, was detected eighteen feet below
the surface of the sea.

Little success has attended the effort to ascertain the course of
oceanic streams by means of floats. They are too easily driven by the
wind, and they cannot follow the water when it descends to form an
undercurrent.

Admiral Makaroff maintains that double currents in marine straits
depend on differential salinity. The specific gravity due to salt is, in
the water of the Black Sea, only half of that which obtains in the Medi-
terranean, and the considerable difference in density so caused produces
an inrush by a bottom current which raises the level of the Black Sea,
and a superficial current is compelled to flow in the opposite direction.
Similarly, the evaporation of water from the Mediterranean being greater
than the quantity supplied by rivers and rains, that sea becomes dense
and forces its way into the Atlantic by an undercurrent.

On the other side, Admiral Wharton considers that differential tem-
perature, and especially the prevalent direction of wind, are the prime
factors. The surface water, of low density, in the Dardanelles, is at
times stagnant, and at times it flows towards the Black Sea. In the
Strait of Bab-el -Mandeb, where there is a surface inflow, and an outflow
at the depth of 100 fathoms, the specific gravity of the two currents is
respectively 10279 and 1*0292 ; and this difference is insufficient to set
up streams flowing in opposite directions at the rate of one and a half
knots an hour.

Geology.

Glaciated pebbles have been found in coal seams at the base of the
permocarboniferous system in New South Wales. They are thought to
have been transported by floating ice. Evidence of glacial action in
Upper Palaiozoic times has been met with in India, South Africa,
Australia and South America.

On the other hand. Professor Watts has described a smoothed and
grooved surface of Mount Sorrel granite underlying undisturbed Keuper
marl ; and it was held that these markings were produced by wind-
driven sand, and were evidence of desert condition in Triassic times.

The Rev. Osmond Fisher has examined the residual effects of a land
glaciation on underground temperature with the view to an estimation
of the lapse of time since the disappearance of ice. When the method
suggested, which is a comparative plotting of temperature gradients, is
applied to the well at Wheeling, in the United States, 4,990 feet deep, an
effect is brought out opposite to that anticipated ; and when it is applied
to a deep mine in the neighbourhood of Lake Superior, the result is
obtained of an original surface temperature of - 66° Fahr., which is in-
credibly low, since it is known that land covered with ice does not fall
much below 32"^ Fahr. His conclusion is that a date for the glacial
epoch cannot be obtained from a study of underground temperatures.

The same inquirer has examined Lord Kelvin's estimate of geolog-

1899.] SCIENCE. 97

ical time, which was based on the assumption of a solid earth, and he
shows that it is necessary to assume solidity, not only as a present con-
dition, but as one that existed from the beginning of the period to which
the estimates relate ; and this cannot be admitted.

It has been taken too much for granted that in early geological times
the subaerial forces operated with much greater energy than at present-
But Sir Archibald Geikie has pointed out that in the early sedimentary
registers of the earth's history not only is there no evidence of colossal
floods, tides and denudation, but there is incontrovertible proof of con-
tinuous orderly deposition. The ancient Torridon sandstones of North-
west Scotland reveal pebbles gently laid down, with fine sand sifted in
between them, for mile after mile across the Highland mountains and
glens.

Professor Bonney has made an examination of the parent rock of the
South African diamond. A critical point was reached by the discovery
of diamonds embedded in boulders of garnet or eclogite. As these
boulders are truly water-worn, it would appear that whilst the rock of
which they are composed may itself be the birthplace of the diamond,
they are certainly present in the "blue ground" only as a derivative
from older formations.

An investigation by Mr. Phillips into the natural gas that escapes
from the earth in the Pittsburg district of the United States shows that
fluctuations of nearly 2 per cent, occur in its composition, as estimated
by the nitrogen present ; and accounts thereby for the variations com
plained of in its heating power.

Many geological problems may be solved by a consideration of the
effect of slight thermal changes. Herr Herzfeld gives the amounts of
water required to dissolve one part of Ca O at different centigrade
temperatures as follows : —

15= 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45° 50° 55° 60° 65° 70° 75° 80°
771) 813 848 885 924 962 1004 1044 1108 1158 1244 1330 1410 1484

It appears from this that cooling water has a progressive capacity for
dissolving lime, whilst a saturated solution at any ordinary temperature
must throw out that substance on any degree of heating.

In addition, M. Cabot shows that a solution of sodium chloride dis-
solves more lime at all temperatures and concentrations than a corre-
spond in<( solution of potassium chloride ; that in all cases the maximum
solubility of lime in the chloride solution occurs when the temperature
is lowest; and that in solutions of all concentrations the solubility
decreases regularly as the temperature increases.

Thus may be explained what Sir John Murray, at the last meeting
of the British Association, called " the puzzling role " played in all deep-
sea deposits by carbonate of lime, which varies in abundance according
to the depth of the ocean and the temperature of the surface waters.
Such deposits would increase at temperatures warmer than their place
of origin, but would tend to disappear altogether in colder depths.

This exceptional condition of solvency does not extend to the case of
silica, which follows the rule of being more soluble in warmer water;
and the curious alternations of chalk and flint, of limestone and chert, of

G

98 SCIENCE. [1899.

calcareous and silicious layers, meet their explanation. If the lower
stratum of the sea is getting warmer, a deposit of shells and other
remnants of cretaceous organisms is inevitable, and the formation of a
silicious deposit must be difficult if not impossible ; whereas, when the
lower stratum is cooling, calcareous particles are dissolved and silicious
matter is thrown down.

Herr Kahlenberg has confirmed a statement that solutions of sodium
and potassium silicates are hydrolytically decomposed into the corre-
sponding hydroxide and colloidal silicic acid ; and he concludes that
in natural waters silicic acid always . exists in the colloidal state.
And it may be further noted that Mr. Clarke has made observations on
the degree to which natural silicates are attacked by pure water, which
is rendered alkaline in proportion to the amount of destruction it
accomplishes. Thus mica, muscovite and lepidolite are but slightly
affected, phlogopite, a magnesian mica, more so, and oligoclase and
albite are more affected than orthoclase. This corresponds with the
susceptibility to weathering of these minerals.

The action of organisms has long been recognised as a geological
factor, as in the building up of tufa and travertin by phormidium. It
now appears that the presence in peat of vanadium, chromium and
titanium in North Carolina, as recorded by M. Baskerville, and the
occurrence of chalybite and vivianite in the peat of Holland, as related
by Herr van Bemmelen, must be attributed to organic processes.

On the other hand, palseotrochis, the regularly striated biconical
objects that were thought to be silicious corals occurring in rocks
regarded as sedimentary in North Carolina, are now proved by Mr.
Dillet to be concretionary substances enclosed in volcanic rhyolites.

Meteorology.

Rain fell at Greenwich on 142 days in the year. The least number
in any month was five in August, and the greatest was twenty-one in
April. The total fall was 22-20 inches, which was 2*18 inches less than
the mean of fifty-five years.

In August, the dryest month, the deficiency was 211 inches, and in
November, the wettest month, there was an excess of 1*45 inches. The
winter was mild and the summer was hot.

On February 10 the maximum shade temperature was 67° Fahr., or
6° higher than any maximum for that month for sixty years. During
the first fortnight of February the country was swept by a succession of
gales; but after the 16th no rain was recorded over a large part of
England, and on the 27th there was an absence of rain throughout the
whole of Western Europe, which had been covered by an anticyclone
since the 19th. Nevertheless, rain fell at Greenwich on twelve days,
and the total precipitation for the month was 0-46 inch in excess of the
mean.

At Upernivik, in Greenland, the mean temperature of twenty-one
years was 16*2° Fahr., with an absolute maximum of 64% and an absolute
minimum of — 41*1°. The average rainfall was 8*9 inches.

It has been ascertained, from observations made in our own country^
that in nearly all cases the annual temperature of the soil at the depth

1899.] SCIENCE. 99

of one foot is slightly higher than that of the air, the difference in the
summer amounting to about 3°.

Dr. van Bebber suggests a new means of weather prediction. Ig-
noring the vagaries of low-pressure systems, he deals with persistent
anticyclones, and defines their laws.

On January 12 a cyclone of unusual energy passed over the British
Isles, taking forecasters by surprise, and moving at a rate of thirty-four
miles an hour. In the north-west of Ireland the force of the wind
reached to 12 of the Beaufort scale, which is equivalent to ninety miles
an hour, or *' that which no canvas can withstand."

On August 7 a destructive hurricane swept the Island of Montserrat,
West Indies. It appears to have originated on August 3, in latitude
11° 51' N., and longitude 36° 42' W., or farther east than any tropical
storm hitherto recorded. During the week August 24-30, it remained
almost stationary in mid- Atlantic, traversed the Azores on September 3,
touched Brest on September 7, and Corsica on September 9. Its full
period was thirty-six days.

The outflow of lava from Vesuvius became on January 15 somewhat
alarming, as it approached the lower station of the funicular railway,
and passed along by the observatory.

An earthquake occurred in Mexico on January 24. It lasted three
minutes, and more than two hundred buildings were seriously dam«
aged. On January 26 severe earthquakes were felt throughout Greece.
Houses were destroyed at Philiatra and Kyparissia, and some damage
was experienced at Corinth, Megara, Tripolitza, Sparta, Gythium, Patras
and Pyrgos. Professor Milne's instruments, in the Isle of Wight^
were shaken at 8h. 24m. 55s. on that morning.

It has been pointed out that the greatest volcanic eruptions on
Hawaii have occurred at times of minimum sunspots. It could not,
then, have been unexpected that on July 4 the crater on the peak of
Mauna Loa burst into violent action.

On July 19 Etna suddenly threw to a height of three miles an enor-
mous mass of vapour, lapilli, stones and scoriae. On their descent,
wooden flooring was burnt and straw set on fire, and holes a foot in
diameter were made in the observatory roof. The eruption was accom-
panied by no perceptible movement of the earth, and at Catania,
eighteen miles off, the seismograph was unaffected.

On the same day (July 19) Rome was damaged by an earthquake.
The shock, which lasted twelve seconds, was most felt at Frascati and
Marino. Dr. Baratta attributes it to a seismic activity in the Alban
Hills.

On September 20 many lives were lost and much property destroyed
by an earthquake in Asia Minor; and on the 27th severe shocks, even
more calamitous, occurred at Darjeeling.

On September 30 there was a destructive earthquake in the Moluccas ;
and on October 12 one of a violent character shook the Island of Geram,
in the Dutch East Indies, killed 4,000 persons, and utterly ruined the
town of Amhei.

Dr. Omori, Professor of Seismology at the Imperial University of
Tokio, as a result of his observation of Japanese earthquakes, has pub-

62

100 SCIENCE. [1899.

lished some important conclusions. Generally speaking, the duration
of an earthquake varies directly as the magnitude of the disturbed area,
and inversely as the distance of the observing station from the place of
origin. The average duration of the vertical component is about four-
fifths that of the horizontal component. The period of the maximum
movement, both horizontal and vertical, ranges between 0*53 and 1*7
seconds for slow undulations, and between 0*12 and 0*15 second for
ripples. The range of the vertical motion is always less than that of
the horizontal motion.

Professor Milne remarks that the average velocity with which
waves pass through the earth varies with the square root of the average
depth of the path they follow. It appears that the elasticity which
governs the transmission of the precursors of the real earthquake
augments at the rate of about 1 per cent, for every mile of descent.

Balloons have been used with increased success for exploring the
atmosphere. The loftiest theoretical height which can be attained by
such means is twelve miles, or with the aid of the sun's heat, fourteen
miles. The greatest altitude actually reached is eleven miles by an
unmanned balloon, and five miles and a half by an aeronaut.

In the case of the descent of a balloon, it has been shown by Dr.
Hergesell that the velocity of the fall is not accelerated, as is often
stated, but, on the contrary, decreases in proportion to the greater
height ; so that the higher the point at which the descent begins, the
less necessary it is to throw out ballast.

Since April, 1898, more than a hundred unmanned balloons have been
sent up from Trappes by M. de Bort. His most important observation
is that the air is subject to an annual variation of temperature, even up
to six and a half miles, the maximum being towards the end of summer,
and the minimum towards the end of winter.

Dr. Tuma has made several ascents for the purpose of investigating
atmospheric electricity. He finds that the positive potential decreases
with the greater height, so that positive charges must be accumulated
in the lower regions of the air. But there is no evidence that the
balloon was electrically charged, or that there was any danger of the
ignition of hydrogen from such a cause.

At the Blue Hill Observatory, Massachusetts, on February 21, an
altitude of 12,440 feet was reached by a recording instrument attached
to a string of tandem kites. The temperature was found to be 12° Fahr.,
whilst that at the surface was 40°.

Mr. Pilcher, who had made great progress in the construction of an
aerial machine which should soar as well as fiy, attempted a flight on
the last day of September. He had risen to a height of about sixty feet,
when, a sharp gust of wind snapping the tail of his apparatus, he was
precipitated to the earth and was mortally injured.

In striking an average it is the custom, when the number of readings
is small, to omit any single one that differs widely from the others.
This is not fair, since if the reading is a high one a lower mean is
obtained than if it had been less high. M. Vallier advances the correct
method. With a limited number of readings that includes a widely
divergent value for which there is no intrinsic improbability, take

1899] SCIENCE. 101

the arithmetical mean of all the values and add to it the quantity
- i ^ where Sj is the sum of the squares, and S3 is the sum of

the cubes of the differences from the arithmetical mean.

Astronomy.

The favourite theory of the sun's heat is based on the postulate that
the solar mass is of homogeneous density. Dr. See contends that if a
heterogeneous mass be assumed the duration that must be assigned
to the sun's heating power is much greater than in the former case ;
and he has propounded the law that the absolute temperature of a
nebula condensing under its own gravitation varies inversely as the
radius of the contracting mass. As the greatest amount of heat is
produced when the mass has reached its least dimensions and contrac-
tion is about to cease, it follows that the solar temperature is still
rising. This he takes to be at the present moment 8,000° C, whilst the
original temperature of the central nebula when the earth was thrown
off was less than 40° C. The earth on ceasing to contract had risen to
about 2,000° C, which is high enough to account for all known geological
facts. In addition, Dr. See, claiming to have determined the potential
of a heterogeneous sphere as caused by itself, finds that the energy
developed by condensation is greater than in the case of a homogeneous
sphere in the ratio of 176,868 to 100,000.

As a result of M. Duner's spectroscopic observations of the sun's
rotation, it appears that a point on his equator moves with a uniform
velocity of 2*054 kilometres a second round an axis, the inclination
of which to the axis of the ecliptic is 18*12°, the longitude of the inter-
section of the sun's equator with the ecliptic being + 28*00°. It is the
synodic velocity, however, that is thus determined.

Messrs. Hartley and Ramage give spectroscopic reasons for believing
that gallium is present in the sun.

There is little doubt that the northern and southern hemispheres
of the earth have not the same curvature, though the amount of
difference has yet to be ascertained. It seems probable too that her
shape is tetrahedral, the result of a contractional deformation ; and
Dr. Gregory has shown how geological facts uphold this theory.

Further portions of the Photographic Atlas of the Moon have been
published by the Paris Observatory. The authors, MM. Loewy and
Puiseux, draw some interesting conclusions from the white patches
and trails that they attribute to a scattering of volcanic dust. The
fact that these trails cover all the inequalities of the surface on which
they lie points to their recent origin ; and their position can be ex-
plained only by the supposition that they were deposited under the
influence of an atmosphere agitated by variable currents. Indeed the
authors contend that there must have been, at one time, a much denser
atmosphere than corresponds with its theoretical distribution between
the earth and the moon, which would give the latter only ri^*** of the
whole. They suppose that hydrogen was early lost, that other gases
have been absorbed in chemical combination, and that water, unrepelled
by lunar heat, has sunk into the interior. They believe that there now

102 SCIENCE. [1899.

exists a residue of atmosphere which may yet be detected ; that there is
no surface liquid and no sign of erosion by water ; and that there is no
coating of ice in sight, not even at the poles, although some may exist in
the circumpolar depressions.

Messrs. Lowell and Drew confirm Schiaparelli's observation that
Mercury rotates once during his revolution round the sun, and they
record the appearance of lines and dark patches on the planet's disc.
The yellowish colour of Venus they ascribe to an atmosphere, and they
consider that she always presents to the sun the same aspect. Mars
was found in possession of a number of new canals and lakes. The white
South Polar cap was observed to diminish as the equinox approached.
At the same time a dark line formed round it, and the grey tint of the
south temperate zone assumed a distinct bluish green, suggestive of a
growing vegetation. Later this colour changed through brown to a
slowly brightening yellow. The projections often seen on the terminator
of this planet are due, in Professor Pickering's opinion, to clouds in the
Martian atmosphere. He had already suggested that the orb's mean
temperature was high, and such a fact would help to explain the dis-
appearance of cloud during the orb's day. The value of Mars' period of
rotation is given by Professor Bakhuyzen as 24h. 37m. 22*66s. ± 0*01328*
Mr. Denning puts it at 24h. 37m. 22-70s.

Vesta was found to have a polar compression of iV» the major diameter
being almost in the direction of its orbit. Its rotation was completed in
less than thirty hours.

Herr Fauth has observed on several occasions a brilliant white spot,
about 4" in diameter, on the north-eastern belt of Jupiter. The great
red spot has become somewhat faint. Its motion, which had been
accelerated, fell off to the extent of 1*48. ; but this change was irregular.
Mr. Denning has recorded many markings moving at different rates.
The quickest was a small dark spot in longitude 145°, which had a period
about twenty-seven seconds less than that of the great red spot. The
period of rotation of Satellite I. is 12h. 24m., and its orbital ellipticity is
found to be greater than in 1892. Professor Barnard reports the periodic
time of Satellite V. to be llh. 57m. 22-647s.

On March 18 Professor Pickering discovered by the photographic
method that Saturn has a ninth satellite, which he has named Phoebe.
Its period of revolution is about seventeen months, and so it must be
the outermost of its companions. Its distance from Saturn may be
about 7,600,000 miles, and its diameter may be between 100 and 200
miles.

A spectroscopic examination of Saturn's rings has led Professor
Hale to confirm the general opinion that they possess no atmosphere.

Dr. Witt, exercising a discover's right, has named the new planet
Eros, thus rejecting Professor Chandler's proposal to call it Pluto. An
examination of photographs taken during 1893-6 shows that on a. large
proportion of the plates the planet had left traces. Its eccentricity is
extreme. On approaching the sun it traverses in 322 days a distance of
61,000,000 miles, or 200,000 miles a day.

The chief comets of the year were Brooks and Chase left over from
1808, a new one, discovered March 3 by Professor Swift, Tuttle in March^

1899] SCIENCE. 103

Tempel II. in May, Holmes and Tempel I. in June, and Giacobini, new,
September 29.

Meteoric showers have been feeble. A few Perseids fell on each night
between August 9 and 13. The Leonids disappointed all hope except
for those persons who, like Professor Pickering, expect the maximum
year to be 1901-2. An excited anticipation enabled some observers on
November 15 to see a multitude of "stars like silver balls shooting
a!)Out everywhere." The sky was bright in one case and misty in
another, and the time was between three and four o'clock in the after-
noon, when Leo was below the horizon.

Many new variables have been discovered, among which may be
mentioned one in Andromeda, one in Vulpecula, and especially one
of the Argol type, in Cygnus, with a period determined to be 4d. 13h.
4.5m. 2s.

The multiple stars, a Polaris and rj Pegasi, are shown to have variable
velocities.

Spectroscopic examination indicates a heterogeneous composition of
the Orion nebula.

Chemistry.

Professor Japp, in his address to the Chemical Section of the British
Association in September, 1898, dealt largely with the subject of enan-
tiomorphous bodies, and followed Pasteur in maintaining not only that
optically active asymmetrical compounds are always the product of vital
action, but that no selective agent that was not itself alive could separate
the Itevo-rotatory and dextro-rotatory elements of a racemic compound.
Such a picking out could be effected by micro-organisms, and might be
wrought by human intelligence, but it could never be accomplished by
ordinary chemical or physical forces unaided by a living operator; and
the chance synthesis of an optically active compound from inorganic
materials was '-absolutelv inconceivable."

Mr. Herbert Spencer and Professor Pearson challenged the reality of
these comprehensive assertions ; and further experiment and research
were called for.

Meanwhile the question has not been allowed to rest. Messrs.
Kipping, Pope, Rich and Peachy have made careful investigations, of
which some mention may be made. A mixture of 25 grams of sodium
ammonium dextrotartrate with 5 grams of the corresponding laevo-
tartrate in a 5 per cent, solution was found to have the specific rotation
[a]o ^ + 15-60° instead of the calculated value [oJd = + 15-76°. The
separating crystals were removed at intervals of several days, with the
following result : —

Total material . . . 30 g. + 15*60°

First fraction . . . . 8 g. + 23-51°

Second fraction . . . 13 g. + 20*27°

Residue 8 g. O

Sodium potassium dextrotartrate is isomorphous with the corre-
sponding sodium ammonium Isevo tartrate, and forms a stable racemic
compound with the isomeric Isevotartrate at ordinary temperatures.

104 SCIENCE. [1899.

The optically active substances have the composition NaKC4H406+4H,0,
whilst that of the racemate is NaKC4 H4 Oe+SHjO.

In conformity with their molecular proportions, 47*4 grams of
sodium potassium dextrotartrate, mixed with 44*4 grams of the race-
mate, was dissolved in water and fractionally crystallised as before.
The successive separations decreased in specific rotatory power, and it
was proved that 1*26 grams of the racemate were resolved, whilst
the residue became Isevo-rotatory. It is also found that when a half
molecular proportion of ammonium dextro-a-bromocamphorsulphon-
ate is added to a solution of one molecular proportion of racemic
tetrahydroparatoluquinaldine hydrochloride, the Isevo-base separates
as the bromocamphorsulphonate.

The conclusion seems to be that a racemic compound may be resolved
into its optically active components by simple crystallisation at tem-
peratures at which the racemic compound is more stable than a mere
mixture of the two optically active salts. But such a resolution has not
yet been shown to have occurred in the laboratory of inorganic nature*
and Professor Japp, who regards chemists as macro-organisms, may still
reply that what only life has joined together only life can put asunder.

The presence in the atmosphere of helium, neon and crypton, is
confirmed. M. Gautier, too, alleges that free hydrogen exists in the
air in a proportion varying from 11 to 18 cc. in 100 litres.-

Helium is associated with particular minerals; these are not, on
microscopic examination, found to possess cavities ; in some cases a
development of heat accompanies the liberation of the gas ; and the
quantity obtained from cleveite by treatment with sulphuric acid in an
exhausted tube is double that obtained by merely heating the mineral.
Hence Mr. Travers considers that helium exists in a state of binary
combination, and is evolved according to the equation XHe2=XHe + He.
He further supposes that the gas, under the action of sulphuric acid,
comes oflF as an unstable hydride.

Sir Norman Lockyer concludes from his examination of cleveite
gases that certain spectral lines closely associated with, are yet distinct
from, those of helium, and belong to something new, which he proposes
to call asterium, because he finds it present in the hottest stars. The
same observer, after a careful study of " series " in spectra, is of opinion
that oxygen is not an elemental body, but " is one of the most complex
things that we are brought face to face with."

In periodic systems argon is placed among inert substances. Some
activity, however, it must be allowed to possess. Its density is 19'957,
its refractivity 0-9666, its boiling point -187° C. Submitted to the silent
electric discharge in the presence of members of the benzene series,
argon is absorbed in amounts varying from 1 to 8 per cent., and a
greenish fluorescence appears which has a characteristic spectrum. By
similar means M. Barthelot has produced a compound that he calls
phenylmercurargon.

In stars of decreasing temperature, the order of the appearance of
chemical elements does not, from Sir Norman Lockyer*s point of view,
correspond with their order in the periodic scheme. He suggests that
calcium and magnesium are polymerisations ; that their real order.

1899.] SCIENCE. 105

regards atomic weight, is hydrogen 1, proto-calcium 10, proto-magnesium
12, and oxygen 16 ; and that stellar evolution and Mandel^ef may thus
be brought into agreement. He does not, however, say what would
happen were oxygen itself, as he supposes, "a highly complex thing."

Moniiim has been renamed victorium, in consequence of the
Queen's long reign. It is an earth of a pale brown colour, less basic
than yttria, easily soluble in water, and able to form a double sulphate
of victorium and potassium. Its atomic weight is about 117.

Hydrogen has no metallic appearance as a solid since it resembles
ice. As a fluid its density is -OSe. Its melting point is 16° C. above
absolute zero, and its boiling point is 27°. The lowest absolute tem-
perature attained by Professor Dewar in obtaining these values was
14° under a pressure of 35 mm.

The iodine present in surface sea-water is not due to a solution of
iodides or iodates, but it exists as part of the structure of minute
organisms. In the depths, however, the salts are found and the organ-
isms have vanished, the reversal taking place gradually. This must
result from the assimilation of iodine by the infusoria that inhabit
the upper oceanic layers, and from its discharge as these creatures
perish and subside.

If halogen salts do not attack aluminium it is because a protective
film of aluminium hydroxide has covered it. This coating is removed
by a small quantity of a dilute acid, and then the destructive action of
the saline solution proceeds. Carbonic anhydride is sufficient for this
purpose even in river waters, and in the sea corrosion quickly extends
into the metal with the formation of a double sodium aluminium
carbonate.

The thin layer of grease that covers aluminium cooking utensils is
generally dislodged by the aid of alkaline solutions, and these have
such an erosive action on the metal that the vessels are soon rendered
useless. Another objection to the culinary employment of aluminium
is its high specific heat, 214, as compared with 114, which is that of
iron.

Physics.

Light is penetrating the dark places of magnetism.

M. Cornu, desiring to explain the difference between the Zeeman
and the Faraday phenomenon, supposes that in the former, when the
magnetic force acts on the luminous body, the light is changed in its
period whilst its velocity of propagation is unaffected ; whereas in the
latter case the velocities of the two components are altered whilst their
period is undisturbed.

MM. Macaluso and Corbino have experimented on the Faraday
effect in gases. It appears that the rotatory efficacy of a substance
greatly increases as the frequency of the transmitted light approaches
that of the absorption band of the substance through which it is
transmitted.

Professor Righi's discoveries have been confirmed. A vapour, such
as the sodium-flame, capable of absorbing light is placed between the
pole-piecos of an electro-magnet. These are so pierced that a polarised

106 SCIENCE. [1899.

beam of light from an arc-lamp can pass through them parallel to the
lines of force. The beam of light is received by an analyser which is
turned to extinction before the magnet is excited ; and when the current
is transmitted, brightness is restored.

It is supposed that when liglit of frequency N is passed along the
lines of a magnetic field, it is split up into two sets of circular waves, a
right-handed and accelerated, and a left-handed and retarded set ; so
that two frequencies are produced N + n and N — n. But N, which the
analyser was adjusted to extinguish, no longer exists, having been
transformed, by magnetic force, into N + n and N — n, and these un-
arrested became visible.

If the absorbing substance between the pole-pieces be nitric-oxide
fumes which absorb green, the observed light is red until the magnetic
field is established, and then it becomes blue-green.

Professor Righi has determined the rotatory eflBciency of chlorine in
a magnetic field to be 0*000337, which may be compared with the values
0000302 and 0000393 found by M. Becquerel for carbonic anhydride
and protoxide of nitrogen respectively.

Professor Fitzgerald has suggested that circularly polarised light
sent through an absorbing medium ought to constitute a magnet. A
radiating atom in a magnetic field gives out circularly polarised light.
A circularly polarised beam of light should in its turn cause a directed
rotation of the electrons, so that the absorbing gas should be magnet-
ised and exhibit magnetic force. Professor Righi has investigated the
problem both with the vapour of hypoazotide and with that of bromine,
using an astatic magnetometer which was sensitive to a magnetic field
of lO"'* C.G.S. units; but no perceptible effect was produced.

The quartet form of the Zeeman spectral lines, which consists of
two strong side lines, with two fainter lines between them, has no real
existence as a type, since the side lines themselves separate into pairs
when the magnetic field is strengthened to 50,000 C.G.S. units. In
Professor Preston's opinion these and similar effects are produced by the
action of the magnetic field upon the vibrating structure which exciles
the radiation. Lord Kelvin follows M. Lorentz in accounting for the
facts by an assumption concerning the ions. These are no longer to
be regarded as simple electrified particles, but as complex dynamical
systems. Carrying separated charges of both signs of electricity, they
experience, in the magnetic field, equal and opposite tangential forces.
They are consequently set in rotation, and give rise, by kinetic energy,
to ethereal waves.

Another vacuum effect has been observed by Mr. Phillips. On
stopping an electric discharge which has been passing between soft
iron electrodes in a Crookes' tube, and then setting up a magnetic field
between them, a luminous ring forms, with its plane at right angles
to the lines of force and in rotation about the magnetic axis. The
direction of rotation is that which would be communicated to negatively
charged particles and is reversed on reversing the magnetic field. Other
vacuum-tube phenomena, of a kindred sort, have been observed by
M. Fomm and by Sir W. Crookes.

Uranium, condemned by periodic schemes to a hopeless inaction,

1899] SCIENCE. 107

has disclosed the possession of remarkable energies. Its peculiar radi-
ations persist undiminished after an imprisonment for three years in
a wooden box encased with lead, and in a mine 2,800 feet beneath the
surface its behaviour is unchanged. Since its reflected rays produce
a greater photographic effect than those that are direct, it must be
capable of setting up secondary radiations in other bodies. A disc
of an inactive substance placed immediately over a radio-active sub-
stance acquires the property of emitting Becquerel rays and of rendering
air conductive of electricity.

Sir W. Crookes thiaks that uranium may have the faculty of ap-
propriating from the rapidly moving, as distinct from the slowly moving,
molecules of air an energy that it expends in maintaining a radiation
across the ether ; and that the necessary smallness and shortness of
such waves make them comparable to the rays of Rontgen.

The fact that electrical conductivity is produced by uranium ra-
diation is explained by Mr. Rutherford on a theory of ionisation. He
finds, also, that uranium emits two kinds of rays, of which the one is
more penetrative, less easily absorbed by gases, has more photographic
power, and passes a hundred times more freely through aluminium
than the other kind. They are both unaffected by the impact of
kathodic rays.

M. and Mme. Sklodowska-Curie have extracted from pitch blende
some sulphide which they believe to be that of a new metal, polonium,
and which is 40() times as active as uranium. To Sohncke's rule, that
the fluorescence of all bi-refracting crystals is polarised, the salts of
uranium are an exception. Herr Schmidt finds that uranyl compounds
of sodium and potassium acetates effect no polarisation.

A corpuscular view of Rontgen rays is taken by Herr Walter. They
are not intermittent pulses, but are discharged kathodic particles
much smaller than electro-chemical ions, and they possess a highly
penetrative power by virtue of the very fact that they carry no charge.
Herr Geitler, indeed, believes them to be incapable of carrying a charge.
Lord Kelvin, having observed that kathodic rays which strike the
antikathode normally are more efficient in producing Rontgen rays
than those which strike it obliquely, considers that the Rontgen rays
<ire actually due to the electric charges, carried by the kathodic par-
ticles, being imparted to the antikathode.

Professor Sutherland prefers the view that electricity exists in
separate natural units, the electrons, which are not always associated
with atoms to form ions. If a positive and a negative electron unite
to form a neutron it is insulated by the ether until it is exposed to an
external force sufficient to decompose it, and then the ether acts as
a eonduetive electrolyte. The ions that he believes to be undoubtedly
present in the kathodic stream are quite subordinate to the stream of
electrons ; and when they impinge upon an aluminium window the
ions are arrested and the electrons get through as Lenard rays. Lenard
rays and kathodic rays both carry negative electricity, both originate
Rontgen rays, both colour haloid salts, both have magnetic and electric
deHectibility, and both can excite luminescence. The colouring of
salts would be by the electrons attaching themselves to electro-negative

108 SCIENCE. [1899.

atoms, forming ions, and liberating uncharged atoms of the metal*
Fatigue of fluorescence would be due to the electrons, already lodged,
repelling those that followed. Rontgen rays would be due to internal
vibrations of the electrons, occasioning waves of very small length,,
irrefractible because capable of passing freely through molecular inter-
spaces, liable to absorption at molecular surfaces, and subject to diffuse
scattering instead of reflection.

The originator of this theory remarks that it involves the possibility
of an anodic stream of positive electrons. Lord Kelvin, too, finds that
in addition to the specularly reflected rays the antikathode reflector
gives off, under certain conditions, well-defined rays, normal to it8
surface, that cause fluorescence of the glass. M. Villard has reason to
believe that hydrogen plays a prominent part in the production of
kathodic rays.

In the Hertz phenomenon the oscillator produces waves of three
kinds ; a wave of transverse electric force, an electric wave parallel to
the axis of the force, and a wave of magnetic force. The great ampli-
tude of the waves that Signor Marconi has utilised in wireless telegraphy
causes them to wrap round an obstacle. A substance that is r^lly
opaque to them seems to be transparent because it casts no "shadow."
Though a closed cage of metal or of metallic gauze excludes them, they
get through any chink or slit. Experiments made in syntony, with a
view to attune particular transmitters to particular receivers, have been
hitherto unsuccessful.

^therology would be a juster name than physics for these investiga-
tions that have become so largely transcendental. It has even been
suggested that the theory of a two-fluid ether is required to explain
many pressing difficulties. And when complex dynamical systems have
to be dealt with in a compound ether, the problem of molecularity will
be a joy for ever.

Physiology.

The average electrical resistance of healthy human blood at 60° Fahr.
is 560 ohms. In pernicious anaemia it is reduced to half this value, for
the reason, as supposed, that the blood in that disease contains an
excess of salts due to destructive metabolism.

A strip of vena cava from the terrapin's heart may be kept in
rhythmic action for upwards of two days in a bath which contains
sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride in propor-
tions normal to the blood. From this fact Mr. Howell argues that the
heart's energy is derived from a store of material within its own tissue,
and that it will continue to beat until this is consumed if supplied
with an adequate stimulation. The normal stimulus is obtained from
calcium compounds ; potassium salts are required for rhythm ; whilst
the sodium chloride is necessary to make the solution isotonic with the
blood, in order that osmotic relations may be duly maintained. This
bath, however, will not keep up the action of the terrapin's ventrical^
which is insusceptible to saline stimulation; and the important con-
clusion follows that the heart's normal rhythm is started at the venous
end.

1899] SCIENCE. 109

Mr. Pembrey has taken a large number of temperature observations
on healthy men. He finds that mental work has little or no effect, that
food causes only a slight rise, but that a considerable increase of heat is
caused by muscular exercise. Mr. Woodhead has obtained a similar
result from experiments on the temperature of the horse after exer-
tion.

M. Chauveau has endeavoured to ascertain the heating effects of
exercise in three cases. In the first case a man, treadmill fashion,
works a friction wheel, the whole enclosed in a calorimeter. In the
second case, the man remains inside the calorimeter, but the friction
wheel is outside. In both cases the muscular action is that of walking
upstairs. The third case resembles the second, except that the action
is that of going downstairs. In addition, the evolution of water-vapour
and carbon dioxide was measured in order to estimate the liberation of
chemical energy. The results show that in doing "positive work" the
bodily production of heat is 200 calories per hour, and in doing "nega-
tive work," 170 calories per hour. It does not appear how a proper
supply of oxygen was maintained.

Dr. Foxwell points out that the first effect of exercise is an increase
of the respiratory exchange, whilst the respiratory quotient, COa/Oj,
remains undiminished. This necessitates a large increase in the ab-
sorption of oxygen during exertion, a man giving off ten times as much
carbonic oxide when on the treadmill as he does when asleep. He
elicits the remarkable fact that arm- work, per unit of work done,
requires a greater absorption of oxygen than leg- work. Thus, if the
amount of oxygen absorbed during sleep be 100 grams per minute, then
walking on the level it would be 500 grams, climbing a steep hill 5,000
grams, and while doing the same amount of work by turning a wheel
with the arms, 7,000 grams. It should not, however, be overlooked that
as the muscles of the arms are fixed to the thorax, their contractions
produce a greater respiratory and cardiac disturbance than can be
-caused by leg-movement.

If a muscle, in a warm-blooded animal, be directly stimulated by
the alternating electric current it can be thrown into 40 contractions
per second. Their frequency in pathological tremors is from 9 to 12
per second, and as an effect of neural function about 10 per second. It
appears therefore that it is the nervous structure and not the muscular
that limits the rapidity of response. This neuro-muscular phase was
dwelt upon last September at the Dover meeting of the British Asso-
ciation by Professor Richet, who pointed out that the time-rate 0*1"
held good generally for "/a vibration nerveusey Thus, the electric
oscillations of the spinal cord are 8-10 per second, the retina cannot
receive more than 10-11 distinct sensations in a second, sound undula-
tions when they exceed 8 per second are perceived not separately but
as a continuous musical note, it is impossible to articulate distinctly
more than 10 syllables per second, and they cannot be mentally repro-
<luced at a more rapid rate.

This value then, 01", being the psychological unit of time, the
jTiinimal duration which is appreciable by human intelligence, the high
frequency of sound waves and the prodigiously rapid undulations of

110 SCIENCE. [18W.

light are accepted by the reason only as a logical necessity ; and music
and art are illusions.

In order to trace the mode of restoration of function after neural
section, the distal segment of a divided sciatic nerve was attached to
the central segment in a half-rotated position. As the fibres in the two
segments no longer corresponded, a functional recovery necessitated
the genesis of new paths for the interrupted nerve current. Neverthe-
less Dr. Kennedy found that co-ordinated movements began on the
seventh day and were perfected from the fourteenth to the twenty-
first day after the operation. A subsequent examination of the distal
segment revealed the presence of Wallerian degeneration, and of a
complete renewal of young nerve-fibres. This rapidity of resumption
was not exceeded in control cases in which the two portions of a
divided sciatic nerve were united in their normal attitude. Hence it
would seem that early restoration of function after nerve section is
due, not to " healing by the first intention " but to a reproduction of
neural elements in the peripheral segment.

It is confirmed by Messrs. Hopkins and Hope that during the period
of increased nitrogen-excretion that follows a meal, the rise in uric
acid occurs sooner and has a shorter duration than the rise in urea.
They regard this as evidence that the acid does not originate from the
nuclein of the diet on which the early stages of digestion have little
effect, but is due to a synthetic process set up by some other and more
soluble constituent of food.

The quotient C/N in the normal urine of men and dogs is greater
than in urea. The urine must, therefore, as Herr Pregl points out>
contain something that is poorer than urea in nitrogen ; and this he
thinks to be hydroxyproteic acid.

Mr. Weld, having pursued the question whether ordinary sound-
vibrations can be perceived by ants, finds that these creatures are
greatly excited when, enclosed in a test tube, they are brought near a
milled disc rotating rapidly. When the same shrill sounds were pro-
duced close to a colony protected by glass the ants displayed the utmost
alarm. As great proximity of the vibrating body was a prominent
factor in these experiments, it would seem likely that what the ants
perceived had not a really acoustic quality.

The hexagonal arrangement of the cells of bees, is due, Professor
Dawson believes, not to a structural instinct of those insects, but to a
kind of crystalline formation consequent on the cooling of the wax.

Biology.

Dr. Wilson, in tracing the development of the lung in ceratodus ^nd»
that it arises, as with amphibians and higher animals, in a mid-ventral
pharyngeal gut immediately posterior to the gill region. This expands
into an unpaired vesicle which ultimately shifts its position until it
lies dorsally.

Mr. Kerr rejects the two hypotheses that are used to explain the
origin of the paired limbs. He does not think that they are derived
either from a once continuous lateral fin-fold, or from the septa between

1899.] SCIENCE. Ill

adjacent gill-clefts; but supposes them to be homodynamous with the
somatic or true external gills.

The functionless eye of the New Zealand sphenodoii is, though buried
deeply in the integument, a highly developed organ. It has been
regarded as unpaired, but Dr. Dendy gives reasons for his conclusion
that, like other sense organs, it was originally dual ; that the parietal
eyes were once serially homologous with the functional pair now
possessed ; that the surviving eye belongs to the left side ; and that its
fellow is represented by a structure known as the parietal stalk.

Some years ago an artesian well was bored in Texas to the depth of
188 feet, when there came up, with the water, a number of living
animals including some orustacese and a salamander. The former are
colourless and sightless, the eye stalks being empty. Two of the
salamanders have now been brought alive to Washington. They es-
tablish a new genus. The Typhlomolge is about four inches in length
and has a large head with a long snout. Its tail is flattened and ends
in a fin like the eel's. The skin is a dingy white, and round the neck
is a fringe of scarlet gills. The eyes can be recognised through the
integument which completely covers them. The creature crawls about
on four long slender legs, which it swings in irregular circles at each
step. The front feet have four toes and the hind feet have five. Its
natural food has not been ascertained since what is proffered it refuses
to eat.

A chimpanzee, under the observation of Dr. Keith, completed her
dentition by the appearance of all the canines and molars in her
twelfth or thirteenth year. Menstruation, with a term of three days,
began in her tenth year and recurred every twenty-third or twenty-
fourth day.

The new calcareous sponge, Astrosclera willeyana, has a continuous
branched skeleton which is formed by the union of numerous polyhedral
spicules of aragonite and which supports the soft parts, the canals and
minute ciliated chambers.

A new alga, Pleuro-coccus sulphurarivsy has been described by Dr.
Galdieri, which grows round the fumaroli of the Solfatara near Naples,
and which has acquired a remarkable resistance to heat and to
sulphuric acid.

An investigation into the causes of malaria, carried on independently
by Professor Grassi and Dr. Dionisi in Italy, and by Major Ross in
India and Africa, has led to important practical results. These
observers agree that the intermediary of the disease is the spotted-
winged mosquito Anopheles claviger which breeds only in small stag-
nant pools. To fill these ponds up, or to drain them oflf, or to destroy
any larvie by treating the water with kerosene or permanganate of
potash, is to eradicate this pestilent fever. The hetersecic organisms,
accumulating in the salivary glands of the insect, are introduced by
puncture into the human body. In the blood corpuscles of man, the
parasitic hoemosporids of malaria go through endless life cycles by
cellular reproduction ; but they remain sterile until drawn from a
subject of malaria into the mosquito's intestine, when they become
sporozoa and give rise to countless sporozoolds. But the matter is not

112 SCIENCE. [1899.

quite as simple as this account \70uld indicate. It appears that the
body of the infected mosquito contains also black spores which retain
their life in water for months, and withstand irrigation with liquor
potassse. It is thought that these are "resting spores/' and that, if
swallowed in drinking water, they may originate fever. Besides
Professor Koch has ascertained that a much commoner mosquito,
CtUex pipieiiSj which breeds anywhere, in wells and cisterns, is capable
of conveying malaria. He considers, however, that the infective link
is kept up through the cold months by the occurrence of " relapsing
cases " of the disease, and could be broken by their proper treatment
with quinine. Dr. Monaco finds that small quantities of bisulphate
of quinine provoke the malarial parasite to quit the blood corpuscles,
and that it is paralysed by a body dose of not less than half a gram.

In certain rare cancers Professor Plimmer finds enormous numbers
of parasitic protozoa, which he has isolated and cultivated, and has
introduced into animals with the production of tumours followed by
death.

M. Chevalier claims to have isolated a parasitic fungus which he
obtained from cancerous growths and from the blood of patients. The
organism exists, according to the stage of its development, in the form
of conidia, mycelium, and sperules. It is highly resistant, surviving for
ten minutes a temperature of 100° C. ; and its specific character has been
confirmed by inoculations.

Herr Emmerich is leading the way to a production of antitoxins from
bacillary cultures. By so doing he avoids the necessity of obtaining
immunising serum from living animals. An enzyme extracted from a
culture of Bacillus pyocyaneus is found to be antidotal to virulent
anthrax, and in a less degree to typhoid, diphtheria and plague ; and .
its action is maximal in anaerobic conditions.

The ratio of adolescence to longevity was given by Buffon as 1/7, and
has been stated by M. Flourens as 1/5. Dr. Hollis shows that in the
shortest lived animals this ratio is less than in the longest. Thus, in
the mouse which reaches maturity in three months and lives four years,
the value is 1/15, in the Arab horse it is 1/4, and in man it is 1/2.

If the " germ-plasma " were persistent in the full Weismannian sense,
there should be no variation in parthenogenetic offspring ; and acquired
characters would not be inherited. Dr. Warren, after a mensural study
of Daphnia maintains that there is, in the asexual progeny, a very con-
siderable variability. The coeflBcient of correlation between mother
and offspring he found to be -466. Comparing this with what obtains in
the higher vertebrates, the coefficient of heredity between " brothers "
being *4, he remarks that in the matter of inheritance a parthenogenetic
mother acts as a " mid-parent." Further, Professor Errera claims that
experiments made on Aspergillus niger prove that an acquired adapta-
tion to the medium in which the organism grows is transmitted by
inheritance.

Whether the chromatin in the nucleus of reproductive cells is the
seat of heredity, as some imagine, remains to be demonstrated. Pro-
fessor Sidgwiek has been careful to point out that altered conditions
cannot operate on the succeeding generation unless the reproductive

1899.] SCIENCE. 113

organs are affected ; and that, of any change in them, nothing is certainly
known beyond the production on the one hand of sterility, and on the
other of an increase in genetic variability. It might seem that suflBcient
attention has not yet been paid to the action of altered conditions upon
growth. A changed environment that has wrought no effect upon the
parents' organs of reproduction may nevertheless act energetically upon
those organs in the offspring during the periods of gestation and
adolescence.

Professor Pearson has proved that fertility and fecundity are herit-
able characters, and has established the probability that they follow
the Galtonian rule.

Lord Morton's celebrated " infection " experiment has acquired new
interest. A chestnut Arab mare that had been successfully crossed
with a quagga subsequently produced to a black Arab horse a succession
of striped foals.

Professor Ewart has cast this case into the crucible and it has not
stood the test. The foals were not more striped than are many others
that have had no quagga intermixture. They are all, in his opinion,
examples rather of reversion or atavism than of telegony or " throw-
back." And he considers that telegony is more likely to exhibit itself
in the offspring's throwing back to an ancestor of the dam than to a
previous mate. Atavism, on the contrary, is reversion to an older type.
This often happens in crossings, and would occur more frequently
in ordinary cases than it does were it not prevented by inbreeding,
which is the chief means of establishing prepotency.

Professor Ewart's experiments have shed a brilliant light on the
whole subject. He had observed that mules and hinnies were often
richly striped and sometimes possessed a more ancestral colour than
their parents. His zebra- horse hybrids, or zebrules, and his horse-zebra
hybrids, or zebrinnies, are not marked like their Burchell-zebra parent,
but resemble in both cases the Somali zebra, which is the most primitive
of all its kind.

As for man, he escapes one evil only to encounter another. He may
now, indeed, marry a widow with a family and no longer fear that his
children will have more likeness to the first husband than to himself;
but in any remote exogamy, in any outlandish alliance, he must reckon
with the possibility that his offspring will revert to a byegone strain,
to a type incompletely adapted to present conditions.

H

114 AET, DEAMA AND MUSIC. [ia».

ART, DRAMA AND MUSIC.

I. ART.

The National Oallery.— The mystery vnth which state aid is g^ven
to art in this country is increased this year by the fact that although no
vote was taken for the purchase of pictures yet several additions by
that channel were announced. The Clarke, the Lewis and the Walker
Funds produce a certain sum ; but as no accounts of these or of any
other funds and bequests are published by the trustees, it is possible
that pictures may have been purchased out of these moneys or oat of
the undisclosed amount of the accumulations of the parliamentary
grant in aid which is fixed at 5,000/. a year. This apparently did not
suffice to cover the expenditure of the year, for in order to acquire the
two Rembrandts of the Sammarez Gallery, "The Burgomaster" and
" An Old Lady,'' an appeal had to be made for private assistance ; Mr.
A. C. de Rothschild and Mr. J. P. Heseltine — two of the trustees —
contributing 600/. each. Among the other additions to the gallery were
the portrait of a young man attributed to Karl du Jardin, and a view
of St. Paul's from the Thames by an English artist of the early part of
the eighteenth century.

Tbe National Oallery of British Art, better known as the Tate
Oallery (Millbank), is administered by the same body of trustees as act
for the collection in Trafalgar Square. The extensions and additions
to the original gallery, completed through the munificence of Sir Henry
Tate, were formally opened in November, and only a few days before
his death. A well-lighted gallery for sculpture is one of the chief
features of the new building.

The IRTallaoe Oallery. — Further expenditure amounting to 1,20(M.
was authorised for adapting Hertford House to the purposes of exhibi-
tion, making a total of 136,000/. The rearrangement of the collection
and its catalogue were probably being pushed forward during the year,
but at its close the gallery was still unopened to the public ; although it
had been announced in Parliament that all structural alterations would
be completed in July.

The National Portrait Oallery had, like other Art Galleries, to
submit to the reduction of its annual grant for the purchase of portraits.
Nevertheless with the modest sum allowed (750/.) the director managed
to secure several interesting additions to the collection, which with the
presentations and bequests added considerably to the personal interest
of the gallery. An attempt to obtain an extra grant in order to purchase
three portraits of artistic and historical value was met by a refusal on
the part of the Treasury, coupled with the statement that " The Qaeen,"
" Charles I.," and " Queen Henrietta Maria," were not of sufficient im-
portance to find a place in the cpllection. Incidentally the debate in

1899] ART, DRAMA AND MUSIC 115

the House of Commons on this amazing statement brought out the fact
that the Government was altogether unacquainted with the jealousy
with which the trustees of the National Gallery regarded every attempt
of the trustees of the National Portrait Gallery to come to an under-
standing with regard to the acquisition of pictures for the nation, both
bodies frequently competing for the same work. Two of the above
portraits were, however, acquired later in the year, owing in great
measure to the munificence of Mr. C. L. Bischoffsheim, who contributed
1,000/. towards their purchase. A " Portrait of the Queen," by Sir George
Hayter, was also contributed by her Majesty, and under the will of
Lady Shelley the gallery became possessed of a complete set of Shelley
portraits, including Mary and William Godwin, Percy and Mary Shelley,
and Lady Shelley.

The National Gallery, Ireland. — The additions to the gallery during
the year were unimportant, the director having the privilege of retain-
ing for subsequent use the unexpended portion of the annual grant of
1,000/. for the purchase of pictures.

The National Gallery, Scotland. — The annual contribution of 3,400/.
towards the expenses of this gallery, which is administered by the
Board of Manufactures, is destined to cover the general expenses of a
technical and applied art museum. The purchase of the famous picture
by Sir David Wilkie in the previous year anticipated for five years the
sum (200/.) annually set apart for buying pictures.

The British Museum was the only national institution which suc-
ceeded in obtaining an addition to its annual grant in the form of an
increase of 3,750/. to its previous allowance of 22,000/. for purchases.
Foremost amongst them was the acquisition of the Hardwicke papers
and manuscripts, removed from Wimpole Hall, comprising many thou-
sands of letters, and dating from the time of the first Lord Chancellor
Hardwicke, in George IL's reign, and dealing with the time of the
Jacobite plots. A large number of the more important of the Marl-
borough gems were also acquired, Mr. Charles Butler making a
contribution of 1,000/. for this purpose. The most important addition
to the treasures of the Museum was the bequest of Baron Ferdinand
(le Rothschild. This almost unrivalled collection of plate, enamels,
bijouterie J arms and bronzes of the cinquecento and other periods was
valued roughly at 300,000/., but it contained specimens so absolutely
unique as to make any valuation hypothetical. The sole condition of
the bequest was that the objects should be kept together, and it was
(iecided that a separate room should be devoted to their exhibition.

The additions to the print -room included 223 sketches by Sir
Edward Burne-Jones, bequeathed by the artist ; a landscape drawing
by Gainsborough ; an important drawing, attributed to Bernard von
Orley, "Dives and Lazarus," and a collection of ninety-one designs
for glass painting by Swiss artists of the sixteenth and seventeenth
renturies. To these should also be added a unique and undescribed
Florentine engraving of the fifteenth century, with many figures, attri-
buted to Finiguerra ; the exceedingly rare first edition of Beham's
•' Bible Woodcuts," 1633, presented by Wm. Mitchell, Esq. ; forty-five
proofs and prints after Morland collection, selected from the Bourke

116 AET, DEAMA AND MUSIC. [1899.

collection, to fill gaps in the museum set. A number of original
lithographs by Fantin-Ijatour and C. H. Shannon, and one hundred
etchings by Colonel Goff, presented by their respective artists, should
also be mentioned.

The South Kenaingrton Museum, which is in future to be known as
nie Viotorla and Albert Museum, afforded interest and excitement to
many who took but little interest in either science or art. The Select •
Committee of the House of Commons appointed to inquire into the
administration of the vote for this department had reported in sach
scathing terms of the way in which public money was spent and public
interests neglected, that the Lord President of the Council, the Duke of
Devonshire, as titular head of the Education Board, found it necessary
to make a speech in defence of the action of the department in dispens-
ing with the services of the keeper of the Art Library. The net result,
however, was that the committee and the department took difiEerent
views of the course adopted towards an unpleasantly frank witness.

A more important incident, however, was the laying of the first
stone of the new buildings by the Queen on May 17. These buildings,
designed by Mr. Aston Webb (General Fowke's original design having .
for some unexplained reason been put aside), were estimated to cost
800,000/., and would occupy nearly ten years in erection.

The donations and bequests during the year were of more than usual
importance, and included two fine pictures by Constable, several draw-
ings by Turner, and other objects (Vaughan bequest), twenty-seven
valuable water colours (James Orrock), a collection of eighteenth century
furniture, cut glass, etc. (Barrett-Lennard bequest), and a collection of
Spode china and pottery from Miss Gulston.

The purchases for the museum at the Bardini sale included an
Italian enamelled crucifix of the 'fifteenth century (250/.), an Italian
spinet dated 1537 (190/.), and six small gesso-duro boxes and caskets of
Florentine workmanship. At the sale of the Forman collection were
acquired, among other objects, a damascened casket with the arms of
Charles IX. of France (400/.), an iron door of an ambry from the abbey
of St. Loup, Troyes (200/.), a Dalmatian brass salver (115/.), and a back-
gammon and draught board, veneered with ivory and ebony (110/.).
An extensive collection of woven and printed stuffs was bought from
Dr. Forrer, of Strassburg, for 700/., and the textile section was also
enlarged by a number of embroideries, including some large coverlets of
In do-Portuguese origin (160/.), and a Persian brocade with two Oriental
velvets 256/. ISs. Qd, The principal additions to the wood-carving section
were the early sixteenth-century oak panelling from an old house at
Waltham Abbey (375/.), and two small collections of doors, panels, etc.,
for 174/. 14«. 6c/. and 133/. respectively. A number of old Chinese
bronzes was bought from Dr. Bushel 1 for 400/. A collection of tiles and
metal work, chiefly from Central Asia, cost 360/. A further series of
drawings of Pompeian remains by Signer Luigi Bazzani, was acquired
for 250/. Among the objects added by presentation or bequest was
a collection of silversmith's work and Sheffield silver-plated ware (Mr.
C. B. Farmer) ; two collections of Wedgwood pottery (Mr. F. Bathbotke
and Mr. G. Tolson) ; a chair of white marble, presented by the King of

1899.] AET, DEAMA AND MUSIC. 117

Delhi to the late General Sir George Brook, K.C.B. (Mrs. E. Johnston);
a large oil painting, by J. Clayton Adams; "The Evening Sunset" —
a view on Ewhurst Hill, near Guildford (Rev. M. Davison); and a col-
lection of 1,032 plaster-casts of ornaments from church bells in Stafford-
shire (Mr. C. Lynam, F.S.A.).

The Royal Academy. — The winter exhibition at Burlington House
was devoted exclusively to the works of Rembrandt, of which nearly
ninety had been brought together, and with less than half a dozen
exceptions all from public or private galleries in Great Britain. Such
a display of Rembrandt's work had only been seen in the course of the
previous autumn at Amsterdam, where it formed part of the Queen's
coronation fPies.

The summer exhibition was distinguished rather by a general fair
level of work, especially landscapes, than by any distinctive pictures.
The selections made by the trustees of the Chantrey Bequest were
"The Battle of the Nile*" by W. H. Wyllie, A.R.A. (700/.); "My Lady's
Garden," by J. Young Hunter (360/.) ; " Approaching Night," by H. W.
B. Davis, R.A. (315/.); "Off Valparaiso," by T. Somerscales (250/.); a
water colour "Le Chateau d'Or," by C. Maundrell (21/.) ; and a bronze
figure, "The Girdle," by W. R. Cotton (630/.). The President, Mr.
Orchardson, Mr. L. Fildes and Mr. Herkomer were represented solely by
portraits, to which the last named added a remarkable specimen of metal
work and enamel, "The Triumph of the Hour." Mr. MacWhirter, Mr.
Alfred East, Mr. Ridley Corbet and Mr. David Murray were among the
more successful landscapists, and Mr. Byam Shaw was conspicuous by
an allegorical pageant, " The Triumph of Love." By general consent the
most distinguished artists of the year were Mr. Sargent, R.A., Mr. J.
J. Shannon, A.R.A., and Mr. Abbey, A.R.A.

The Royal Academy came into the enjoyment of a sum of 10,000/.
bequeathed by its former President, Lord Leighton, with the condition
that the interest should be devoted to acquiring or commissioning
works of decorative painting, sculpture or architecture.

The death of Sir A. W. Blom field, A.R.A., architect, and Mr. H.
Bates, A.R.A., sculptor, were recorded ; and Mr. A. S. Cope, portrait
painter; Mr. Alfred East, landscape painter; Mr. W. Goscombe John,
sculptor, and Mr. Ashton Webb, architect, were elected associates.

The other picture galleries (new and old) held their. annual and
s«Miii-annual exhibitions, and showed no lack of energy in developing
and displaying all phases of modern art, but none of these call for any
special notice.

Art Sales. — Partly in consequence, perhaps, of the prosperous state
of aflairs prevailing throughout the country, collectors had fewer oppor-
tunities than usual of increasing their stores. Prices, however, for
really fine works of art ruled exceptionally high, and twice as many
pictures fetched over 400 guineas a piece in 1899 as reached that figure
in the [)revious year. The most noteworthy picture sale was that of
Sir John Fowler's (deceased) collection, when ninety-one pictures real-
ised ()5,974/., the Dutch pictures especially fetching large sums. Next
came the collection of Mr. J. L. Mieville, in which pictures of the French
romantic school held an important place, realising 41,750/. There was

118 AET, DEAMA AND MUSIC. [1899.

a wide interval between these results and those of Sir John Kelk's
collection, 17,130/. ; of Sir C. Miles^ 14,230/. ; H. F. Broadwood's, 11,060/. ;
Mrs. Cornelius Herz', 10,920/. ; and Mr. Paterson Pattison's, 8,860/.
Next in order came Mr. Birket Foster's, 5,325/. ; Lord Methuen's,
5,320/.; Messrs. Wallis', 5,290/.; Mr. Robert Wharton's, 5,245/.; and Mr.
J. Dole's, 5,030/. The highest prices paid for single pictures were for
" A Landscape," by Hobbema (Fowler sale), which fetched 9,5552. ;
•* A Holy Family," by Rubens (Miles), 8,715/. ; the " Doge's Palace," by
J. M. W. Turner (Fowler), 8,610/. ; the "Dairy Farm," by Troyon(Mi^ville),
6,720/. ; " Port Ruysdael," by Turner (Kelk), 5,040/ ; " The Minuet," by
Millais (Kelk), 4,725/. ; " Oxford," by Turner (Fowler), 4,200/. ; " The
Cattle Market," by Troyon (Mi^ville), 3,780/. ; " Portrait of a Gentleman
in Black," by Franz Hals (May 13), 3,150/.; and of "A Lady in Black,"
2,100/. ; " A Young Lady," by Sir Thomas Lawrence (July 2), 2,9402: ;
" A Chat Round the Brasero," by J. Philip, R.A. (Fowler), 2,835/. ; " Coast
Scene," by Troyon (Mi6ville), 2,730/. ; " Fete Champ^tre," by Lancret
(Broadwood), 2,572/. ; " Ptarmigan Hill," by Sir E. Landseer (Fowler),
2,100/. ; and two pictures by Rubens, " The Woman Taken in Adultery "
and " The Conversion of St. Paul " (W. Mills), which each fetched 2,0471.

The highest price given for a water colour was for Turner's *' Lake
Nemi " (Fowler), 3,150/. ; Copley Fielding came next with 1,848/., for his
" Sussex Downs," and Turner's " Tivoli " was bid up to 1,785/. ; David
Cox's " Hayfield," 1,312/. ; Turner's " Edinburgh," 1,050/., and " Pallanza,"
630/. ; all from the Fowler collection. All these showed a great advance
upon the prices paid for them by Sir J. Fowler, with the exception of
David Cox's " Hayfield," which fell to less than half the price paid for
it (2,810/.) at the Quilien sale in 1875. Rossetti with difficulty seemed
to maintain the prices paid a few years previously for his works.
Turner, Constable, Romney — the old Dutch and the modern French—
showed that the popularity for good specimens of their work was
steadily increasing.

Several collections of art objects other than pictures were also
dispersed during the year, of which the most noteworthy were Lord
Methuen's porcelain, 8,145/. ; Mr. Mic^ville, Oriental porcelain, 7,160<. ;
Mr. J. H. McLaren's, 5,236/. ; the Trapnell collection of Worcester
china, 6,170/. ; and Lord Henry Thynne's furniture and china, 9,300/.
The art collections of Signor Bardini, of Florence, and of Herr Zschille,
of Vienna, stand upon a somewhat different basis than those of pure
amateurs. Signor Bardini, who as an expert was frequently consulted
by the authorities of South Kensington, offered his own gatherings,
which included some remarkable bronzes of the Ginqtiecento period,
and the three days' sale realised 31,300/. Herr Zschille's collection was
composed of majolica and faience, and fetched 9,500/. ; Mr. F. Davis*s
silverplate realised 2,574/.; the De Freville plate 2,220/., and Sir C.
Miles' 1,716/.; the Indian jewellery of Prince Victor Duleep Sing was
sold for 3,067/., and the famous Marlborough gems, which came for a
second time within a generation into the market, were on this occasion
scattered among various buyers, and brought 34,828/. to the repre-
sentatives of Mr. Bromilow who had purchased them in 1875 for 35,000/L
The first portion of the collection of antiquities and works of art made

1899] AKT, DEAMA AND MUSIC. 119

by Mr. W. H. Forman fetched 22,3902., and a portion of the appendix
collection of the Ashburnham manuscripts, 8000/. ; a portion of Sir
J. H. Thorold's Hbrary, 8,960/. ; of Canon Harford's, 5,768/. ; and the
remaining manuscripts of Sir Thomas Phillipps, 3,780/. But highest
prices reached were 11,210/. for the library, engravings and autographs
of Mr. W. Wright, and 8,037/. for the books and manuscripts of an
anonymous collector.

II. DRAMA.

The year 1899 produced only one drama of striking interest and
importance, and that, as might be expected, came from Mr. Pinero*s
pen. "The Gay Lord Quex" was a play to which objection may
legitimately be taken from many points of view. It was in some points
needlessly disagreeable — one had almost said needlessly vulgar. The
last act, as in so many good plays, was weak and unconvincing. But as
to the force and power of the drama there could be no dispute. The
principal scene, admirably acted by Mr. Hare and by Miss Irene
Vanbrugh — who, in the difficult part of the heroine, achieved a very
remarkable success — was a piece of dramatic writing of the highest
rank, and contained work which Mr. Pinero never surpassed. The play
excited a good deal of criticism, and of criticism that was by no means
unfair. But its appeal to the public was never for a moment in doubt,
though many of Mr. Pinero's staunchest admirers were found to wish
that his great dramatic ability could be employed on more agreeable
themes. Mr. A. H. Jones was not so fortunate with the public this year.
His excellent light comedy, "The Manoeuvres of Jane," continued indeed
to run for many weeks together; but a more ambitious piece produced
l)y Mr. Tree at Her Majesty's Theatre was less successful. "Carnac
Sahib" was a drama of Indian life which contained, as all Mr. Jones's
work does, a great deal of originality and interest, but either on account
of the theme, or on account of the workmanship — or even, it might
perhaps be said, on account of the acting— it failed to command any
great measure of support. Another experienced dramatist, Mr. Grundy,
tempted fortune with two plays, one " The Degenerates," produced by
Mrs. Langtry, and the other an adaptation of "La Tulipe Noire," pro-
duced at the Haymarket by Mr. Cyril Maude. The former piece was
obviously written to suit Mrs. Langtry, and though a section of the
public seemed to like it, it was in most respects a degenerate pro-
duction. The latter proved to be too thin to hold the stage, as the author
himself would feel were he a little more critical and ambitious with
his work. Mr. Haddon Chambers was more successful with a light
agreeable comedy, " The Tyranny of Tears," which, excellently played
by Mr. Wyndham and his company, delighted a good many play-goers
at the Criterion, and which will probably remain one of the pleasantest
and latest memories of Mr. Wyndham's reign in that well-known
little house. Mr. Carton also had some measure of good fortune with a
comedy entitled "Wheels within Wheels," which, if it hardly increased
its author's reputation, at least showed him to be a clever master of
stage craft. And Mr. Louis Parker, among the busiest of dramatists^
besides collaborating with Mr. Wilson Barrett in a melodramatic

120 AET, DEAMA AND MUSIC. [1899.

effort not destined to a long existence, produced two little pieces which
deserved attention. One was "The Bugle Call," played at the Hay-
market, in which Mr. Parker was assisted by Mr. Addison Bright ; and
the other was " The Sacrament of Judas," adapted from the French, and
played by Mr. Forbes Robertson with considerable effect.

The year produced one or two interesting examples of the stage
work of men less known as dramatists, but better known as writers of
books. Mr. Bernard Shaw and Mr. Zangwill both made attempts of an
uncertain kind to win the playgoer's heart. Mr. Hall Caine, even with
the help of Mr. Waring and Miss Evelyn Millard, failed to make
"The Christian" into a popular play. Mr. Anthony Hope, besides
bringing " The Adventure of Lady Ursula " to a triumphant conclusion,
produced in the provinces a version of "Rupert of Hentzau." Dr.
Conan Doyle borrowed a pretty story of Mr. James Payne as the basis
of a little piece called "Halves"; and the lady known as "Gteorge
Fleming" produced a slight but clever comedy entitled " The Canary,"
to which Mrs. Patrick CampbelPs acting gave powerful support. Mr.
Esmond, well known as a clever actor, though not hitherto known
as a man of letters, produced in "Grierson's Way" a drama which,
though not altogether agreeable, was original and stimulating to
thought ; and " The Weather Hen," though belonging to a different
category, may be mentioned here as a first effort which promised well
for the future of its authors as writers for the stage.

Mr. Tree's revival of " King John " at Her Majesty's was a fine
example of stage pageantry on a large scale, and the audiences appre-
ciated the splendour of its tableaux and the colour and effectiveness
of its historical scenes. Mr. Waller's acting, too, as Faulconbridge
deserved the praise it won. But the play is not one, apparently, which
is ever likely to be very popular with the public at large. More interest-
ing as a display of acting was Madame Sarah Bernhardt's rendering
of Hamlet, chiefly remarkable of course as a tour de force, but showing
both insight and study. "Richard II." and "Richard III." wei-e also
produced by companies less known to fame, the latter at a Kennington
theatre, the former by the Elizabethan Stage Society ; and Mr. Benson
at Stratford tried the experiment of playing " Hamlet " in two parts,
morning and afternoon, according to the text of the first folio. The
greatest of our Shakespearian actors, however, contented himself with an
adaptation from the French of M. Sardou. When the Lyceum Theatre
reopened, under new management, after Sir Henry Irving's long illness
and absence from the stage, an effective version of "Robespierre"
was produced, and in the character part Sir Henry Irving won many
admirers, though the piece illustrated rather the weakness than the
merits of M. Sardou's theatrical style. A still more successful drama
on the French Revolution was provided by a young actor, Mr. Martin
Harvey, who won great laurels in the leading part. It was an effective
version of " The Tale of Two Cities," and was called " The Only Way."
Mr. Wilson Barrett, who followed Sir Henry Irving at the Lyceum*
revived "The Silver King," but failed to produce any new piece of
striking merit. Another old favourite of melodrama, " Captain Swift/'
was seen at Her Majesty's, and a newer specimen of that kind of workt

1899.] AET, DEAMA AND MUSIC. 121

entitled " With Flying Colours," at the Adelphi. Mr. Wyndham opened
liis new theatre with a revival of " David Garriek" ; and " Sweet Lavender "
also saw the light again. We must not forget to mention another highly
successful melodrama on a great scale at Drury Lane, where Miss
Violet Vanbrugh and Mr. Lionel Brough appeared in a startling play
called " Hearts are Trumps."

It would take long to chronicle all the dramatic experiments of the
year. Some, like "In Days of Old," at the St. James's, or like "A Court
Scandal" or "A Royal Family" at the Court, might claim perhaps to
rank as comedies. Others, like " My Daughter-in-Law," kept alive at
the Criterion by the vigour of Mr. Hicks, of Mr. Little and of Miss
Fanny Brough, belonged more frankly to the realm of farce. So did
pieces like "On and Off," "The Wild Rabbit," "The Elixir of Youth,"
and three plays bearing the appalling titles of "What Happened to
Jones," " Why Smith Left Home," and "The Wrong Mr. Wright." " A
Message from Mars " was a curious medley of sentiment and farce
and Christmas carols, which, however, as acted by Mr. Charles Haw-
trey and his company, many people seemed to like. But it would
seem that even farces must now yield for popularity to the musical
medleys which enjoy such long runs on the stage. A version of
" L'Amour Mouille " deserved perhaps the praises that it gained, but it
could not compare in popularity with "The Belle of New York," nor
with comic operas like " San Toy " and " The Greek Slave," and "Floro-
dora," nor even with the whimsical medley of "El Capitan," in which Mr.
De Wolf Hopper, the remarkable American comedian, appeared. Better
earned was the success of " The Rose of Persia," which, with the help of
Sir Arthur Sullivan's music, revived the old triumphs of the Savoy. One
could wish that the successes of modern comic operas were often as
legitimately won.

Of personal triumphs in the art of acting the year had no very
remarkable instances to show, unless we except Miss Irene Vanbrugh's
impersonation of the puzzling heroine in Mr. Pinero's play, and, it might
be added, Mr. Hare's impersonation of the hero, if it were necessary in
these days to give fresh testimonials to Mr. Hare. One or two famous
players passed away, among others Mrs. Keeley, who belonged to a
bygone generation, and Miss Rose Leclercq and Mr. Nutcombe Gould,
who will be remembered as belonging to a later time. When the war
broke out many leading actors expressed their willingness to help in
raising funds for the troubles which the war might cause, and the sum
raised by Mr. Wyndham for this purpose in the opening performance
of his new theatre showed how generous the public and the public
favourites could be.

III. MUSIC.

Prominent among the nmsical features of the year was the complete
failure of Dom Lorenzo Perosi's sacred compositions when performed
in this country at Mr. Newman's Festival in May. The love of oratorio
music in this country combined with the young Italian priest's foreign
reputation had raised expectation to a very high pitch. The reaction
which followed the performance was, therefore, correspondingly ex-

122 AET, DKAMA AND MUSIC. [1899.

treme. The works produced at the Queen's Hall on the occasion referred
to were " The Transfiguration of Christ," " The Raising of Lazarus," and
"The Resurrection of Christ"; and in the following October, at the
Norwich Festival, the "Passion Music" (according to St. Mark) was
performed. The general opinion held with regard to these works was
that they were dull and monotonous, the music being weak and im-
mature, giving no indication of genius nor even of remarkable talent.

Mr. Newman at his May Festival (between the 8th and 17th) gave no
fewer than fourteen important concerts ; two orchestras were engaged —
that of the Queen's Hall, under the direction of Mr. Henry J. Wood,
and the famous Paris Orchestra directed by M. Lamoureux. The Perosi
and other choral works were rendered by the Queen's Hall Choral
Society, conducted by Mr. George Riseley. Among the eminent soloistB
who took part were Lady Hall^, Paderewski, Ysaye and Pachmann.

Although not the year for Birmingham or Leeds, several important
provincial festivals were held. At Worcester in September the 176th
meeting of the three choirs of Worcester, Hereford and Gloucester,
was remarkable for the first performance in this country of the Amer-
ican, Professor Horatio W. Parker's oratorio "Hora Novissima." The
composer conducted his own work, which, although somewhat in-
eflBciently rendered, was received with great favour. Another novelty
was a "Solemn Prelude," for full orchestra (op. 40), composed by S.
Coleridge-Taylor, who conducted its performance. In Spohr's "Last
Judgment," Mr. Edward Lloyd, the popular tenor, made his last appear-
ance at a Three Choirs' Festival.

At the Norwich Festival, under Signor Randegger's skilful direction
(Oct. 3 to 6), in addition to the production of Perof.i's " Passion Music,**
already referred to, two novelties by English composers were per-
formed. These were an orchestral suite, "The Seasons," by Edward
German ; and a cycle of songs, entitled " Sea Pictures " (op. 37), by
Edward Elgar, which received a fine interpretation by Miss Clara Butt.

The Sheffield Festival (Oct. 11 to 13) was on a larger scale than in 1896.
Only well-known works were performed, but the chorus, trained by Dr.
Henry Coward, showed remarkable power and ability, and their singing
was the feature of the festival. Mr. August Manns, as before, wae
the conductor, taking with him his Crystal Palace Orchestra, which,
however, was quite overpowered by the vigorous Sheffield chorus. With
such excellent material at hand the Festival Committee would be
justified in engaging a larger orchestra at their 1902 festival, and in
commissioning two or three native composers to write new works for
that occasion. No novelties were produced at the First Scarborough
Festival (Oct. 18 and 19) when Mr. F. H. Cowen made his first
appearance as a festival conductor. The very successful production of
S. Coleridge-Taylor's "The Death of Minnehaha" was the chief feature
of the North Staffordshire Festival held at Hanley (Oct. 25). Festivals
were also held at Bridlington in April, at Lincoln in June and at
Hovingham in July.

The musical competitions which, frequently under the name of
festivals, continued to flourish in all parts of the country were evidence
of satisfactory progress in the nation's musical education ; and in this

1899.] AET, DEAMA AND MUSIC. 123

conaection it may be noted that a new choral singing competition
was announced to be held at Leeds in the following year for a York-
shire choral challenge shield. Choral singing in London, apart from
the performances of the Royal Choral Society, still fell considerably
below the standard it might reasonably be expected to reach, and the
Philharmonic Society when giving a performance of Beethoven's " Choral
Symphony " obtained their choir from Leeds. The Queen's Hall Choral
Society, from which great things were expected when Mr. George
Riseley of Bristol was specially engaged as conductor, did not seem
established on a satisfactory basis. The society, in addition to other
good work, gave in December the first performance in England of
Edmond Depret's setting of the " Te Deum," under the direction of
Mr. James Coward. Some freshness and variety was imparted to the
Royal Choral Society's work by Sir Frederick Bridge's experiment in
producing the " Messiah " (Jan. 2) on Handelian lines ; by the per-
formance for the first time in London on March 9 of Wagner's " Holy
Supper of the Apostles " ; and by a performance of Edward Elgar*8
" Caractacus," originally produced at the Leeds Festival in 1898. For
the performance of the " Messiah " the string parts had to be revised,
the harpsichord part arranged for the organ, Mozart's additional accom-
paniments, with which we have all grown familiar, being omitted.

The Bach Choir, under the direction of Professor Villiers Stanford,
repeated some of the fine works familiar to them, and gave their first
performance (March 26) of Verdi's "Stabat Mater," originally produced
at the Gloucester Festival of 1898 ; also Sir Hubert Parry's "Prome-
theus Unbound." Special Choral Concerts deserving mention were
Mme. Albani's at the Queen's Hall (Feb. 10), when Professor Villiers
Stanford's setting of the "Te Deum," composed for the Leeds Festival,
1898, was sung by the Queen's Hall Choral Society, the orchestra
consisting chiefly of past and present students of the Royal College
of Music ; the Bristol Choral Society's Concerts at the Queen's Hall,
London, under Mr. George Riseley's direction, who gave Brahms's
'Requiem" and Mendelssohn's "Hymn of Praise"; the performance
of "Elijah," on Handel Festival scale, at the Crystal Palace (June 24),
the 161st anniversary festival in aid of the funds of the Royal Society
of Musicians ; and the special performance of the same work at St.
(xeorge's Chapel, Windsor (Dec. 9)— her Majesty the Queen being
present — for the benefit of the families of the soldiers and sailors
engaged in the war in South Africa.

The high standard of orchestral playing reached by the Queen's Hall
Band was, under Mr. Henry J. Wood's direction, completely maintained
in the Symphony, Wagner, Promenade and Sunday Concerts. The
following selection from the long list of novelties produced will give
some idea of the enormous amount of work got through : —

At the Symphony Concerts : Edvard Grieg's " Symphonic Dances "
(op. 04) (Jan. 28) ; Karl Bendl's " South Slavonic Rhapsody (Feb. 11) ;
Emil Sjcigren's "Orchestral Episode," descriptive of the desert journey
of the three Holy Kings (Feb. 25). The soloists included Miss Leonora
Jackson, who gave a very fine rendering of Brahms's " Violin Concerto."
At the fifth season of Promenade Concerts, extending from August

124 AET, DEAMA AND MUSIC. [1899.

26 to October 21: Tschalfkowsky's "Suite Caracteristique " and "Third
Symphony in D ** (op. 29); GlazounoflPs "Fantasia for Orchestra** (op.
53) ; Dvofdk's symphonic poems, " Die Waldtraube " (op. 110), and
" Heldenlied " (op. Ill) ; Saint Saens's " Septet, for Trumpet, Piano-
forte and Strings " (op. 69) ; Migu^z's symphonic poem, "Ave Libertas I "
Ole Olsen's symphonic poem, "Asgardsreien*'; Henry Rebaud's "Pofeme
Vergilien"; Michael Haydn's "Symphony in C"; Clarence Lucas's "Con-
cert Overture, * As You Like It '" ; W. H. Squire's "Entr'acte * Slumber
Song'"; Wallace Sutcliffe's "Two Dances," for orchestra ; Percy Pitt's
suite, ^^ Cinderella"; and W. H. Reed's overture, "Touchstone." The
dibut at these concerts of M. Paul Bazelaire, a marvellous young 'cel-
list, born at Sedan in 1887, deserves notice. In the autumn a series
of Promenade Concerts at Coven t Garden Theatre was started under
the direction of Cecil Earth, with Mr. George Riseley and Herr Jacobi
as conductors, but the venture came to a very speedy end. In June the
Queen's Hall Orchestra gave a series of Wagner Concerts (including a
Wagner-Tschaikowsky Concert), at which more or less familiar works
and excerpts were played.

The Philharmonic Society opened its eighty-seventh season with two
brilliant young soloists — Leonora Jackson, playing Mendelssohn's
"Violin Concerto," and Herr Dohndnyi Liszt's "Pianoforte Concerto in
E flat." Noteworthy features of the season were the appearance of Rach-
maninov on April 19, who conducted his " Fantasia in E," for orchestra
(op. 7) : the performance on May 4 of Professor Stanford's " Concert
Variations, for Piano and Orchestra," on " Down Among the Dead Men "
— soloist, Mr. Leonard Borwick ; the engagement of 200 members of
the Leeds Festival Choir for a performance of Beethoven's " Choral
Symphony " ; the presentation to Dr. Joachim (who had replaced
Paderewski as soloist on June 1), by Mr. W. H. Cummings, on behalf of
the directors of the society, of a silver-gilt wreath in commemoration
of the sixtieth anniversary of the great violinist's first appearance in
public; and the appearance of Richard Strauss at the last concert of
the season to conduct his symphonic poem " Tod und Verklarung." Sir
Alexander Mackenzie, after acting as conductor for seven years, resigned
the post in order, it was stated, to have more time to devote to com-
position ; and Mr. F. H. Cowen, Sir Alexander's predecessor, was re-
appointed.

The famous Crystal Palace Saturday Concerts were continued under
Mr. August Manns's direction. In the spring season of the forty-third
series the principal features were a symphonic poem, " Sister Helen,"
by Wm. Wallace (Feb. 25) ; TschaYkowsky's "Third Symphony in D"
(op. 29) (March 4); a centenary performance of Haydn's "Creation"
(March 18); the appearance of Xaver Scharwenka, who played for the
first time in England the solo part of his "Third Pianoforte Concerto
in C Sharp Minor" (op. 80) (April 29), and the first performance at the
same concert of Reginald Stcggall's " Second Suite in E for Orchestra."
During the autumn season of the forty-fourth series Dvof&k's symphonic
poem " Heldenlied" (op. Ill), produced at the Queen's Hall the previouB
evening, was performed, and Professor Villiers Stanford's arrangement
for chorus and orchestra of his quartet, "Our Enemies Have Fallen."

1899.] AKT, DEAMA AND MUSIC. 125

At the Richter Concerts several Russian works were performed, and a
first hearing was given in this country to the overture to Siegfried
Wagner's opera, " Barenhauter." Two other works deserving special
mention were Elgar's " Variations on an Original Theme" (op. 36),
— the theme being a beautiful melody, entitled ** Enigma," — played at
the concert (June 19) ; and Herr von Dohndnyi's " Pianoforte Concerto
in E Minor,*' played by the composer (Oct. 23).

Orchestral concerts were given by Mr. W. H. Thorley in April and
December for the purpose of producing his own compositions — instru-
mental and vocal — which proved to be of very considerable merit ; one
by Mr. Fritz Delius, at which were performed symphonic poems and
songs of his own composition ; by Miss Adela Verne, at which Sir
Hubert Parry conducted a performance of Wm. Yates Hurlstone's
orchestral "Variations on a Hungarian Air'*; by Miss Ada Wright,
pianist ; and by Miss Norah Clench, violinist, an accomplished pupil of
Joachim ; the concert givers in the last three cases playing con-
certos. Excellent orchestral concerts have also been given by Mr.
Newlandsmith ; while Mr. Albert Fransella's orchestra has introduced
chiefly light foreign music, and Messrs. ChappelPs have occasionally had
a band under the direction of Ivan Caryll for the performance of light
overtures, etc., at the St. James's Hall Ballad Concerts.

In chamber music much good work was done by various concert
combinations, by whom many interesting novelties were produced. Of
these mention may be made of the Elderhorst, Walenn, Clinton, Fran-
sella, Newlandsmith, Herbert Sharpe, Curtius Club, British Chamber
and Cecilia Gates chamber music combinations. The Saturday Popular
Concerts were continued on familiar lines, Lady Halle and Herr Kruse
being the leaders. The Monday Populars were resumed on Dr. Joac-
him's arrival, and on March 18 the Joachim Quartet made their rentrSe.
During the autumn season the only novelty produced was Mme. Liza
Lehmann's new song-cycle, " In Memoriam," sung by Mr. Kennerley
Rum ford, and accompanied by the composer.

Numerous excellent instrumental recitals were given. Of the vocal
recitals mention need be made only of those given by Mr. Bispham and
Herr Gura, M. van Rooy, and Miss Marie Brema ; Mr. Ben Davies
revived Sullivan's setting of Tennyson's song-cycle, "The Window'';
and Mr. Lawrence Rea sang Mr. SomervelPs setting of the lyrics from
Tennyson's " Maud."

The grand opera season (May 8 to July 24) comprised seventy per-
formances. The only real novelty was Mr. de Lara's "Messaline,"
which was performed three times. The performance of Puccini's " La
Boheme " was its first rendering in England in the original Italian
version. The new stage lighting by electricity was an improvement,
but the chorus singing, mounting and stage management were fre-
quently very faulty, and the raising of the prices of the seats 50 per
cent, for the Wagnerian operas aroused much criticism, and was scarcely
justified by the quality of the performances, although Dr. Muck, of the
Imperial Opera House, Berlin, conducted the Wagner operas with
pronounced ability. The other operas were conducted by Signor Man-
cinelli and M. Flon. Among the new singers Frau Mottl made her

126 AET, DRAMA AND MUSIC. [1899.

dSbut on the opening night as Elsa, Mme. Strakosch as Santuzza ;
Mmes. Litvinne and Gad ski in Wagnerian characters met with great
success ; Mile. Breval as Valentine in '* Les Huguenots " ; Signor Scotti,
a new baritone, as Don Giovanni. Mile. Leclerc appeared in a revival
of Adam's " Chalet." Other vocalists were Mme. Lilli Lehmann, who
sang in " Fidelio '* and " Norma ; " Mme. Melba, who took the part of
Mimi in " La Boh^me ; " Mme. H^glon, Herr Scheidemantel, the brothers
de Reszke, MM. Alvarez, Saleza, Renaud, and Plan9on. The Carl Rosa
Company gave a six weeks' season at the Lyceum, and the National
Grand Opera Company, which has now ceased to exist, gave a short
season at the new theatre at Kennington. At the Bayreuth Festival two
performances were given of the " Ring des Nibelungen,'* conducted by
Siegfried Wagner ; seven of " Parsifal," conducted by Franz Fischer ;
and five of " Die Meistersinger," conducted by Richter.

The principal productions in light opera were "San Toy," which
followed " The Greek Slave " at Daly's Theatre ; and " The Rose of
Persia," by Sir Arthur Sullivan and Captain Basil Hood, at the Savoy
Theatre.

The leading pianoforte manufacturers having agreed to adopt the
Diapason Normal from September 1, 1899, considerable discussion
ensued, but the expense in regard to wind instruments still blocks the
way to a general acceptance of this desirable standard.

At Oxford Sir Hubert Parry was elected Professor of Music in suc-
cession to Sir John Stainer. The interest attaching to folk-music led
to the formation of a Folk-song Society. The Rev. S. Baring-Gould,
who had devoted much study to this subject, read a paper on "The
Folk-music of the West of England," at the annual conference at
Plymouth of the Incorporated Society of Musicians. It was stated that
the Strad violin which Wilhelmj played for many years was bought by
a Chicago musician, Mr. Kupferschmied, for 2,000/. It is probably a
record price.

The obituary list of the year contains the names of Albert Becker ;
G. E. Goltermann, the well-known violoncellist and composer; Frau
Amalie Joachim, mezzo-soprano singer, and wife of Dr. Joachim ;
Johann Strauss, the Viennese conductor and composer of waltzes;
Ludwig Strauss, at one time leader of Hall^*s Manchester Band, the
Philharmonic Orchestra, the Queen's Private Band, and viola at the
Monday and Saturday Popular Concerts ; Charles Lamoureux, conductor
of the famous Paris orchestra named after him ; Signor Foli (Foley) ;
Signor F. Novara (Nash) and Heinrich Wiegand, eminent bass singers ;
and the Rev. Dr. John Troutbeck, precentor of Westminster Abbey and
translator of musical librettos.

OBITUAEY

OF

EMINENT PERSONS DECEASED IN 1899.

JANUARY.

Tlie Duke of Nortliumberland, K.O. —

Algernon George Percy, sixth Duke of
Northumberland, was bom in 1810,
and was educated at Eton and after-
wards at St. John's College, Cambridge.
As Lord Lovaine he was first returned
in 1831 to Parliament for the family
borough of Beeralston, which was dis-
franchised by the Reform Act of the
following year. He then entered the
AiTny, and served for a short time in
the Grenadier Guards. In 1852 he
came forward as the Conservative
candidate for North Northumberland,
and continued to represent it until
1865. In 1858 he accepted the post of
Junior Lord of the Admiralty in Lord
Derby's Administration, and in 1859
became Vice-President of the Board of
Trade. On the death of his grand-
father in 1865, he assumed his father's
courtesy title of Earl Percy, and suc-
oeeded to the dukedom two years later.
In 1878 he was ma4e Lord Privy Seal
iu succession to Lord Bea^^onsfield, and
held the post until 1880, when his
active interest in politics ceased, and
he devoted himself to local affairs in
his own county, and although a member
of the Catholic Apostolic, or Irvingite
Church, contributing largely to Church
schools, church-building, and public
institutions on Tyneside and else-
where. He aided munificently in the
formation of the See of Newcastle, and
in the foundation of the College of
Science at Newcastle in connection
with Durham University. He also
took special interest in the Boyal
Institution, London, of which he was
president from 1873, and in the Royal
Lifeboat Institution, of which he was
also president from 1866 until his

death. In 1845 the duke, then Lord
Lovaine, married Louisa, daughter of
Henry Drummond, M.P., of Albury
Park, Surrey, and published in 1860
his father-in-law's speeches in Parlia-
ment. Although for many years a
martyr to the most painful form of
neuralgia, he maintained the habits of
vigorous life down to a few years before
his death, which took place on Jan-
uary 2 at Alnwick Castle, and was the
result of angina pectoris. Duke Alger-
non, as he was known throughout his
own county, was beloved and respected
by all classes, and as a landed pro-
prietor he was distinguished as much
by his interest in his tenants' welfare
as by his liberality in promoting it.

NulMur Pasha, the distinguished
Egyptian statesman, was the son of
an Armenian, employed in the Tur-
kish service. He was bom at
Smyrna in 1825, and at an early age
was sent first to Switzerland and
afterwards to Toulouse and Paris for
education. He came to Egypt in 1842,
and by the aid of his kinsman, Boghos
Bey, was appointed reader and inter-
preter to Mahomed Ali, by whom he
was chosen to accompany his son,
Ibrahim Pasha, on a state visit to the
Sultan at Constantinople, and was
afterwards attached to him in a more
permanent post. On the accession of
Abbas Pasha in 1850, Nubar was sent
to London to protest against certain
claims put forward by the Sultan on
the death of Mahomed Ali. His re-
monstrances impressed Lord Palmer-
ston, and after lus return he was sent
on a diplomatic mission to Vienna,
where he remained until Abbas' death.

128

OBITUAEY.

[Jto.

After a short interval the new ruler of
Egypt, Said Pasha, in 1856, entrusted
Nubar with the negotiations going on
between London and Cairo, relative to
the Overland Route and the consequent
construction of the Cairo-Suez Bail-
way. French influence being at that
time dominant at Cairo and hostile to
the Overland Route, Nubar was dis-
missed in disgrace.

In 1863 Ismail Pasha succeeded to
the government of Egypt, and Nubar
was promptly recalled, and in 1866
was appointed Minister of Foreign
AfEairs, and for the greater part of his
master's reign exercised a distinct in-
fluence upon the history and destinies
of Egypt. He obtained for Ismail the
title of Khedive, procured permission
to alter the law of succession, settled
the difiiculties between Turkey and
Egypt on the subject of the Suez
Canal, and carried on the negotiations
which ended with the award of
Napoleon III. In 1868 he induced
Ismail to make an effort to get rid of
the capitulations which hampered the
administrative action of the local Gov-
ernment, and proposed the erection of
international tribunals to administer a
code drawn up under Nubar's direc-
tions, and suitable to the conditions of
the country.

During the years which immediately
preceded Ismail's financial collapse,
Nubar Pasha did not play a very
prominent part in politics. In alter-
nation with Sherif Pasha he was either
Prime Minister or in disgrace if not in
exile; but if he was not directly
responsible for the disasters of Ismail's
rule, he did not take a prominent part
in averting the inevitable ruin. In
1874 Nubar was dismissed from office
and obliged to leave Egypt, and resided
mainly in London and Paris. In 1876
Ismail thought that he might recover
the confidence of his creditors by giving
to Egypt the form of a Constitutionsil

Government under international con-
trol. Nubar was appointed President
of the Council, and Sir C. Bdyers
Wilson and M. de Bligni^res repre-
sented England and France respec-
tively. When the new ministers
showed an intention to act seriously,
and to remodel the administration,
Ismail at once intrigued against them
and dismissed Nubar, and made the
position of the French and £ngli^
agents untenable. The unforeseen in-
tervention of Germany, brought about
indirectly by Nubar, upset all Ismail's
plans, and ended in his deposition and
the SK^cession of his son Tewfik. Nubar
then returned to Cairo, but took no
active part in Egyptian affairs during
the Arabi insurrection, the bombard-
ment of Alexandria, and Tel-el-Eebir
campaign. On the order of the British
Gk)vemment after the defeat of Hicks
Pasha's army, Egypt was compelled to
abandon the Soudan. Sherif Pasha,
then Premier, resigned, and Nubar,
although equally disapproving, con-
sented to accept office on the ground
that it was better for Egypt to evacuate
the Soudan than to incur the with-
drawal of the British occupation of
Egypt. He held office until 1888, when
he was dismissed and retired to Paris,
where he spent his time in writing his
reminiscences, which he refrained from
publishing. In 1892, Abbas Pasha
succeeded his father Tewfik, and after
getting into trouble with the British
Agent, summoned Nubar to become
his Prime Minister in 1894. After
eighteen months, during which matters
were placed on a more friendly footing,
Nubar Pasha finally retired in Noy*>
ember, 1895, having been Prime Min-
ister to six Khedives. He retired to
Paris, where he died on January 14 at
his house in the Rue Boissiere, having
undergone a few months previously
a serious operation from which he
never completely rallied.

On the Ist, at London, aged 60, Edward Bighton, a popular comedian. First
appeared as Fleance in Miss Glyn's reproduction of "Macbeth,** 1850; was
manager of the Court Theatre and one of the three actors in Mr. W. S. Gilbert'a
" Happy Land " (1874) whose caricatures of Mr. Glsbdstone, Mr. Lowe and Mr.
Ayrton incurred the censure of the Lord Chamberlain. On the 2nd, at the Vice-
regal Lodge, Dublin, aged 28, Hon. Mrs. Vincent CJorbett, Hon. Mabel Beatrice
Sturt, daughter of Lord Alington. Married, 1895, Vincent Oorbett, of H.M.
Diplomatic Service. On the 2nd, at Ealing, aged 67, Surgeon-Oeneral Lewis
Stanhope Bruce, son of Colonel Lewis Bruce. Educated at Edinburgh Univer-
sity ; joined Bombay Medical Service, 1854 ; served in the Indian Army, 1856-7,
in Persia; in the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8; and Afghan War, 1880-1. On the 8id^
at Rome, aged 81, Surgeon-General James llacbetli. Educated at Aberdeen
University ; entered the Army Medical Service, 1841 ; served with 10th Foot in
the Sutlej Campaign, 1845-6 ; with 74th Highlanders in the Punjab Campaign,
1848-9, and afterwards with 10th Hussars and 16th Lancers. On the 8rd, at
Wateringbuiy, Kent, aged 73, General Frederick Bobneider. Entered the Bombay
Army, 1841; appointed to 10th Bombay Native Infantry; served in the South.

1899.] OBITUAEY. 129

Mahratta War, 1844-5. On the 4th, at Bryanston House, Dorset, aged 62,
Viscoimtess Portman, Mary Selina Charlotte, daughter of William Charles, Vis-
count Milton, son of third Earl Fitzwilliam. Married, 1866, Viscount Portman.
On the 4th, at Paris, aged 63, Alm6 Marie Edouard Herv^, a distinguished French
journalist. Born al Reunion ; educated at the College Napol^n, Paris ; entered
the Ecole Normale, 1864, but soon took to journalism ; made himself remarked
by his criticism of the Imperial Government ; founded the Soleil to support the
Monarcliical party ; elected Member of the French Academy, 1886. On the 4th,
at Kensington, aged 83, Sir James Mouat, K.C.B., V.C, son of Dr. James Mouat,
M.D. Educated at University College and Hospital; M.R.C.S., 1887; F.R.C.S.,
1862 ; entered the Medical Department of the Army, 1838 ; served with 6th
Dragoon Guards and in charge of the Field Hospital of the Third Division during
the Crimean War, 1864-6, earning his Victoria Cross at Balaclava ; also through
the New Zealand War, 1864-7 ; Honorary Surgeon to the Queen, 1884. Married,
1860, Adela, daughter of Rev. N. Tindal. On the 4th, at Great Billing, Northants,
aged 91, Rev. Josepli Walker. Bom at Almondbury, Yorkshire; educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge ; eighth Wrangler, 1830 ; elected Fellow of Brasenose
College, Oxford, 1832; Tutor, 1836; and Vice-Principal, 1841; appointed Rector
of Great Billing, 1843, and officiated up to Christmas Day, 1898. Married, 1843,
Catherine, daughter of Admiral Sir William Carroll, K.C.B. On the 4th, at
Brighton, aged 70, Mrs. Charles Mathews, Miss Lizzie Davenport, a popular
American actress. Married, 1868, Charles Mathews, the famous comedian, as
his second wife. On the 4th, at Canons Ashby, Northants, aged 68, lAdy Dryden^
Frances, daughter of Rev. Robert Tredcroft, of Tangmere, Sussex. Married^
1866, Sir Henry Edward Leigh Dryden, baronet. On the 6th, at Jamestown^
from a carriage accident, aged 87, The Bishop Of St. Helena, Right Rev. Thomas
Earle Welby, D.D., son of Sir William Earle Welby, second baronet. Educated
at Christ Church, Cambridge; entered 13th Light Dragoons; ordained in the
Diocese of Toronto ; Rector of Sandwich, Western Canada ; Rector of Newton,
Lincolnshire, 1847-65; Archdeacon of George Town, Cape of Good Hope, 1856;
consecrated Bishop of St. Helena, 1862. Married, 1837, Mary, daughter of A.
Browne. On the 6th, at Frant, aged 67, Lady Athlumney, Maria G. Elizabeth,
daughter of Herbert G. Jones, sergeant-at-law. Married, 1860, first Baron
Athlumney. On the 7th, at Paris, aged 66, FridMc Augiiste Lichtenberger.
Bom at Strasburg; educated at Strasburg, Germany, and at Paris; appointed
Professor at the Lutheran Seminary, Strasburg, 1864 ; resigned, 1872, and came
to Paris : Professor of the reorganised Seminary, 1877-94 ; author of a *' History
of Religious Ideas in Germany " (1873) ; editor of the " BncyclopMie des Sciences
Religieuses" (1876-82). On the 8th, at Spaxton, Bridgwater, aged 90, Henry
James Prince, founder and head of the Agapemone or Abode of Love, 1894, which
was revised at Clapton, 1894. He had been at one time a clergyman of the
Church of England. On the 8th, at Munich, aged 91, Count Otto von Bray-
Stelnburg, thrice Bavarian Minister of Foreign Affairs. Signed at Versailles on
November 23, 1870, the adhesion of Bavaria to the German Empire ; Bavarian
Minister at Vienna, 1871-95. On the 9th, at Torquay, aged 86, Lady Louisa
Elizabeth Fortescue, daughter of first Earl of Harrowby. Married, 1833, Hon.
George Fortescue, M.P. On the 10th, at Stirling, aged 61, Colonel Arthur CoUett
Nightingale, son of Geoffrey Nightingale. Gazetted to 98rd Highlanders, 1864 ;
served in the Crimea, 1854-6 ; the Indian Mutiny, 1867-8, including the relief of
Lucknow ; in the Enrofzie Campaign, 1863-4 ; and at the Umbeyla Pass, 1866 ;
commanded 91st Regimental District, 1887-92. On the 10th, at Englefield Green,
aged 84, Major-General Frederick Spence, C.B. Entered the Army, 1829 ; served
with 31st Regiment with great distinction through the Crimean War, 1854-6;
the Chinese War, 1800 ; against the Taepings, 1862. On the 10th, at South Stoke
Hall, Bath, aged 96, Rev. William Acworth. Educated at Glasgow University
and at Queen's College, Cambridge; graduated B.A., 1833; Vicar of Rothley,
1836-58; Vicar of Plumstead, 1853-64; Rector of West Walton, 1870-6; and
Vicar of South Stoke, Somerset, 1875-86. On the 12th, at Tufnell Park, London,
aged 77, Rev. Josepli William Reynolds. Trained for commercial life, but entered
the Theological Department, King's College, London, 1846, and ordained to the
curacy of St. Peter's, Belper, 1849; appointed Principal of the Operative Jewish
Converts' Association, 1854-9; Incumbent of St. Stephen's, Spitalfields, 1869-82,
for which he raised 30,000^.; Prebendary of St. Paul's, 1880; and Rector of St.
Anne and St. Agnes, Gresham Street, 1882; author of "The Supernatural in
Nature " and other works. On the 12th, at Eccleston Square, S.W., aged 67,
Colonel William Oilly Andrewes, R.H.A., son of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles
Andrewes, 13th Light Dragoons. Educated at Woolwich Military Academy;

I

130 OBITUAKY. [ji

appointed to the Boyal Artillery, 1849 ; served through the Crimean Campaign,
1854-5, where he was wounded. Married, 1884, Marie Charlotte, daughter of
Alexander Puruckherr, of Altenburg. On the 13th, at Washington, aged 66,
Nelson Dingley, Chairman of Committee of Ways and Means of the House of
Representatives. Born at Durham, Maine; graduated at Dartmouth Univer-
sity, 1855; admitted to the Bar, 1856; proprietor and editor of the Lewiston,
Me., Journal, 1859-80; Member of the Maine Legislature, 1862-73; Speaker,
1863-4, and Governor of the State, 1874-5; elected to Congress, 1881, as a
Republican; devoted himself to currency and commercial subjects; was the
chief promoter of the Dingley Tariff. On the 14th, at Sydenham, aged 79,
Thomas Splnks, Q.C., D.C.L., a distinguished ecclesiastical lawyer, son of W.
Spinks, of the Tower. Educated at Merchant Taylors' School and St. John's
College, Oxford ; admitted as an Advocate at Doctors' Commons, 1849 ; called to
the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1858 ; Q.C., 1866. On the 15th, at Montreal, aged
89, Charles Chiniquy, "the apostle of temperance." Bom in the Province of
Quebec ; educated for the priesthood and ordained, 1833 ; joined the Oblate
Fathers and gave himself up to tlio temperance cause, and was said to have
persuaded 200,000 to become abstainers; migrated with 10,000 of his fellow-
countrymen to Illinois and settled at Kankakee, 1851 ; left the Church of Rome
with a large following, 1858 ; returned to Quebec, where his presence produced
serious riots and he was wounded ; became a Presb3rterian Minister and a strong
partisan, often arousing serious disturbances by his addresses in Canada, Nova
Scotia and Australia ; was a constant traveller and active mountain climber at
the age of 87. On the 16th, at Dunsany Castle, Co. Meath, aged 45, Lord
Dunsany, John William Plunkett, seventeenth Baron Dunsany. Educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 1873; sat in tlie House of Commons as a
Conservative for South Gloucestershire, 1886-92 ; Representative Peer for Ireland,
1893. Married, 1H77, Erule, daughter of Colonel Francis Plunkett-Barton, Cold-
stream Guards. On the 16th, at Selham Rectory, Sussex, aged 86, Rev. Bobflrt
Blackburn. Educated at Balliol College, Oxford ; B. A., 1834 (First Class Lit. Hum.) ;
Fellow of Brasenose, 1834-44 ; Rector of Selham, 1844. On the 17th, at Rome,
aged 62, Hon. Edward Brownlow, son of first Baron Lurgan. Entered the Army,
1854, and served with Scots Fusilier Guards in the Crimea, 1855. Married, 1861,
H616ne, daughter of John Hardy, of H.M. Consular Service. On the 18th, at
Edinburgh, aged 94, Admiral John Hay, son of James Hay, of Seggieden, Perth-
shire. Entered the Royal Navy, 1819; served in the Greek War, 1828; (he
Chinese War, 1840-1. On the 18th, at Bristol, aged 46, John llartin M'OnxTiok.
Born at Dunning ; educated at Dollar and Perth Academies and at Edinburgh
University ; Resident Engineer at Cardiff Docks, 1880 ; Great Eastern Railway,
1882 ; Bristol Docks, 1885, where he executed several important improvements ;
designed the new docks at Portishead and Avonmouth, etc. On the 19th, at
Aberdeen, aged 54, Professor Henry Alleyne Nicholson, son of John Nicholson,
D.D., of I?enrith. Educated at the Universities of Gdttingen and Edinburgh ;
appointed Lecturer on Natural History at Edinburgh, 1869 ; Professor at Toronto,
1871 ; Professor of Biology and Physiology in the University of Durham, 1874 ;
of Natural History at St. Andrews, 1875 ; and Regius Professor of Natural Histoiy
at Aberdeen, 1882 ; author of geological works, etc. On the 20th, at Brighton,
aged 72, Sir Frederic Henry Sykes, fifth baronet. Educated at Eton ; entered the
Army, 1844 ; served with 11th Hussars and Royal Horse Guards. Married, 1867,
Caroline, daughter of J. Bettesworth, of Hayling, Hants. On the 21st, at Oporto,
aged 69, Cardinal Americo Ferreira dos Santos Silva, Bishop of Oporto and Confessor
to the Royal Family of Portugal. On the 22nd, at St. Petersburg, aged -63,
Michael Nikoloiwich Anneukoff, descended from a noble family of Nijni-
Novgorod. Educated in the Imperial Corps of Pages; passed with distinction
through the Military Academy, and was appointed to the Guards* Staff Corps ;
was appointed Assistant Minister of Police in Poland, 1863-6 ; Chief Director of
Railway Troops Transport ; commanded the Reserves in the Russo-Turkish Wsf ,
1 877-8 ; and after 1880 was chief constructor of the railway from the Caspian to
Samarkand ; Member of the Supreme Military Council, 1893. On the 22nd, at
Tottenham, aged 79, Samuel Swarbrick. Began life in a subordinate position on
the Manchester and Leeds Railway, 1838, and afterwards on the Lancashire and
Yorkshire, and rose to be accountant, and from 1851 held the same post in the
Midland Railway, and was General Manager of the Great Eastern Railway,
1866-80. On the 22nd, at Queen's Gate, Kensington, aged 71, Eaxl P(mtatt»
William Henry Poulett, sixth earl, son of Vice-Admiral Hon. George Ponlett.
Educated at Sandhurst College; entered the Army, 1845; served with 2Snd
Regiment. Married, first, 1849, Elizabeth Lavinia, daughter of J. Newman;

1899.] OBITUAEY. 131

second, 1871, Emma Sophia, daughter of W. Johnson; and third, 1879, Bosa,
daughter of Alfred Hugh de Melville. On the 28rd, at Leith, aged 55, John
Goundry Holbum, M.P., son of Thomas Holbum, of Durham. Was self-educated,
and began life as a tinplate worker ; was President of the Edinburgh and Leith
Trades Council, 1871-6; Member of Leith Town Council, 1890-5; returned as
Labour and Radical Member for North- West Lanarkshire, 1895. On the 28rd,
at Porchester Terrace, London, aged 80, General Jolrn Cheape Brooke, son of
Colonel C. W. Brooke. Joined 68rd Bengsd Native Infantry, 1836; raised and
disciplined the Meywar Bheels, and obtained great influence over them and the
neighbouring chiefs ; kept quiet a large tract of country during the Mutiny, for
which he was specially thanked; Political Agent at Jodhpur and Jeypore,
1860-70; Government Agent in Bajputana, 1870-3. Married, 1849, Emma C.,
daughter of Colonel L. H. Smith, Bengal Cavalry. On the 24th, at Glasgow,
aged 52, Joseph Coats, M.D., son of William Coats, of Paisley. Educated at the
Universities of Glasgow, Leipsig and Wiirzburg; graduated M.B. at Glasgow,
1867; M.D., 1870; editor of the Olasgow Medical Journal^ 1878; Lecturer on
Pathology, Glasgow University, 1890-4, when he was elected Professor; author
of several medical works. Married, 1879, Georgina, daughter of John Taylor, of
Demerara. On the 25th, at Clifton, aged 80, Bev. Thomas Hlncks, B.A. (Lond.),
F.R.S., son of Rev. William Hincks, F.L.S., of Exeter. Educated at the Unitarian
School, and afterwards Minister of Mill Hill Chapel, 1842-50 ; author of several
important works on zoology, including the "History of British Hydroid Zo-
ophytes" (1868). On the 25th, at Paris, aged 87, Adolphe D'ennery (d'Hennery).
Bom at Paris ; started as an attorney's clerk, and aiterwards studied art and
took to journalism ; produced his first play, " Emile," 1831, and continued
writing from two to seven every year until 1887 ; left a fortune of 6,000,000 frs.,
and bequeathed his house and its Chinese and Japanese collections of great value
to the State. On the 25th, at Hadleigh, Suffolk, aged 77, Very Bev. Edward
Spooner, M.A. Educated at Exeter College, Oxford; B.A., 1842; Perpetual
Curate, Holy Trinity, Haverstock, 1858; Rector of Heston, Middlesex, 1869-75;
Rector of Hadleigh, 1875, with co-Deanery of Dorking. Married, first, 1857,
Octavia, daughter of Sir Oswald Mosley, fifth baronet ; and second, 1885, Anna
Frances, daughter of J. C. Cobbold, of Ipswich. On the 26th, at Dublin, aged
92, Sir John Nugent, son of J. Nugent, of Grenan, Co. Kilkenny. Educated at
Clongower College and Trinity College, Dublin ; M.B., 1827 ; travelling physician
of Daniel O'Connell ; Inspector of Lunatic Asylums in Ireland, 1847-90. On the
27th, at Uffington House, Stamford, aged 83, The Earl of Lindsey, Montague
Peregrine Bertie, eleventh earl. Educated at Eton; entered the Grenadier
Guards, 1835. Married, 1854, Felicia Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. John Earle
Welby, of Hareston, Leicestershire. On the 29th, at Moret, Fontainebleau, aged
58, Alfred Sisley, a landscape painter, who followed the traditions of the Barbizon
school for some time, and subsequently fell under the influence of Monet.
Belonged to a family of English origin ; studied under Gleyre, and then lived for
some years at Hampton Court painting landscape ; returned to France, and was
reckoned among the leading impressionists. On the 29th, at Leyden, aged 75,
Bobert Jacobus Fruln, a distinguished Dutch historian and Professor of Dutch
History at the University of Leyden, 1860-94. Bom at Rotherdam ; studied at
Leyden, 1842-7 ; Professor of National History, 1860 ; author of several historical
works. On the 29th, at Foxrook, Co. Dublin, aged 88, Lady Arahella Georglana
Brooke, daughter of eleventh Earl of Huntingdon. Married, 1838, George
Frederick Brooke, of Ashbrook. On the 29th, at Gretton House, Winchcomb,
aged 83, Hon. Emllius John Weld-Forester, son of first Baron Forester. Entered
the Army, 1832 ; served with 83rd Regiment through the Afghan Campaign,
1838-42 ; was present at the action before Jellalabad and the recapture of Cabul.
On the 30th, at Wandsworth, aged 73, Major-General William Buxton JEneas
Alexander. Entered the Bengal Army, 1842, and appointed to the Staff Corps ;
served through the Punjab Campaign, 1848-9; Burmese War, 1862-3; Sonthal
War, 1855; and the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8; distinguished himself at the siege
of Agra ; raised and commanded for three years " Alexander's Horse." On the
30th, at Nice, aged 72, Prince Sviatopolk-Mirsky, a distinguished Russian general.
Took part in the conquest of the Caucasus and the capture of Schamyl, 1859 ;
the Crimean War, 1854-5 ; the Russo-Turkish War, 1877, and especially the taking
of Kars. On the 31st, at Sofia, aged 28, The Frincess of Bulgaria, Princess Marie
Louise, daughter of the Duke of Parma (Bourbon). Born at Vienna. Married,
1893, Prince Ferdinand, of Saxe-Coburg, elected Prince of Bulgaria. On the '
31st, at Paris, aged 70, Sir FranciB Clare Ford, O.C.B., O.C.M.O., son of Richar;^
Ford, the author of the " Handbook for Spfidn." Entered the Army and servf

72

132

OBITUAEY.

[FMI.

with the 4th Light Dragoons, 1846-51 ; entered the Diplomatic Service, 1862, and
served in various parts of the world ; appointed, 1875-7, British Agent on FisheiT
Rights under the Washington Treaty, 1871 ; Minister at Athens, 1881-4 ; Madrid,
1884-92, which was raised to the ranlc of an Embassy, 1887 ; employed on variooE
International Fisheries Commissions ; appointed Ambassador ai Constantinople,
1892-3, and at Home, 1898-8. Married, 1857, Annie, daughter of Marquis Gaio&lo,
of Naples. On the 81st, at Knoll Park, Almondsbury, aged 83, ThOQUUi WUUam
Chester-Master, of The Abbey, Cirencester. Educated at Eton ; sat as a Conser-
vative for Cirencester, 1837-44. Married, 1840, Catherine Eliza, daughter of Sir
George Comewall, third baronet. On the Slst, at St. John's Wood, N.W., aged
48, Harry Bates, A.R.A. Bom at Stevenage, Herts ; began life as a clerk to an
architect ; entered the Lambeth School of Art, 1879, and studied under Dalon,
and afterwards entered the Boyal Academy Schools, where he won the Gold
Medal, 1883; went to Paris and studied under Rodin; exhibited at the Royal
Academy " ^neas " (1885), " Homer " (1886), etc., many of his later worlm being
in relief ; a colossal equestrian statue of Lord Roberts (1897). On the Slst, at
Bilston, aged 46, Bev. Charles A. Berry, a prominent Nonconformist minister.
Bom at Southport ; educated at Airedale College ; first " called " to Bolton, 1974 ;
moved to Wolverhampton, 1883; was invited to become Pastor of "Plymouth
Church," Brooklyn, N.Y., on the death of Rev. H. Ward Beecher. Died whilst
conducting the funeral service of a colleague.

FEBRUARY.

Prince Alfired of Saxe-Coborg and
Gtotba, K.O. — Prince Alfred, the eldest
child and only son of H.R.H. Prince
Alfred of England, Duke of Edinburgh,
and of the Grand Duchess Marie of
Russia, was born at Buckingham
Palace, on October 15, 1874, and in
consequence of his delicate health was
educated privately in England, and
the only public post occupied was
that of a subaltern in the Devonshire
Volunteers, 2nd Battalion. In the
German Army, after the accession of
his father to the Dukedom of Saxe-
Coburg and Gotha, he was made a
lieutenant d la suite in the Thuringian
Regiment, and a lieutenant in the Ist
Regiment of Prussian Guards. At the
end of 1898 he left Coburg for Meran,
where it was intended that he should
spend part of the winter, but his
health, which had long been a source
of anxiety to his parents, never im-
proved, and he died somewhat suddenly
at Meran on February 5, from an
attack of cerebral congestion.

Count von Caprivl. — George Leo,
General Count von Caprivi de Caprcra
de Montccuculi, was the son of Julius
Eduard von Caprivi, a distinguished
Prussian of&cial and member of the
Upper House. He was bom at Charlot-
tenburg, 1831, educated at the Werder
Gymnasium in Berlin, and entered the
Prussian Guards in 1850, and in 1861
was attached to the general staff as
captain. He served through the
Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in
Bohemia on the staff of the Com-

mander of the First Army Corps, and
in the Franco-German War of 1870 he
was chief of the staff of the Tenth
Army Corps, and distinguished himself
at Mars-la-Tour, and afterwards in the
operations at Orleans and on the Loire.
After the war General von Caprivi held
various prominent posts, includingthat
of Military Governor of Metz. %!om
1883 to 1888 he was Chief of the
Admiralty, without, however, abandon-
ing his milita^ry service in which he
distinguished himself in the autoxnn
manoeuvres, and was in this manner
brought into close relations with the
young Crown Prince who shortly
afterwards succeeded to the Imperial
Crown. It was, however, a matter of
general surprise that on March SO,
1890, he was nominated by the young
Emperor to take up the Chancellorship,
which Prince Bismarck had beeo
forced to resign . Beyond the reputation
of being a man of strong purpose and
anti -revolutionary views his political
bias was unknown. He found him>
self soon exposed to the hostile attacks
of his predecessor, and the Junkers
of the Bismarck party, who declared
themselves against the " man without
an acre or a straw."

Contrary to general expectation.
General von Caprivi found means of
gaining the support of the Radicals
and even of the Social Democrats, by
whose help he succeeded in passing
through the Reichstag the Treaties of
Commerce concluded with Itidy, Bel-
gium and Austria-Hungary, ^e fall
in the price of com, subsequent npon.

1899.]

OBITUAEY.

133

the reduction of the import duties,
roused the whole agricultural party, of
which the Conservatives and Clericals
were the principal factors ; but in reply
to their taunts and reproaches the
Emperor in 1891 raised his Chancellor
to the rank of count.

His talents, however, as a tactician
and debater were put to a greater test
in 1893, when he introduced the new
Army Bill, which reduced the period
service in the infantry to two years,
increased the strength of the Army on
a peace footing to 479,229 men, and
introduced the system of fourth bat-
talions. The bill was opposed in the
Reichstag by the various sections of
the Conservatives, and rejected. A
dissolution ensued, and in the electoral
campaign, as well as in the debates in
the new Reichsrath, Count von Caprivi,
notwithstanding the objections of
many superior officers, carried the
majority with him, and placed the
Army upon an extended and elastic
basis.

In addition to the Chancellorship of
the empire, Count von Caprivi held
the offices of Prussian Prime Minister
and Foreign Minister. In 1892, Count
Zedlitz, as Minister of Education, had
introduced a bill for enforcing religious
education in Prussian national schools,
which raised the opposition of the
Liberals and Radicals, and was highly
displeasing to the academic bodies.
Count von Caprivi thoroughly asso-
ciated himstelf with his colleague's
measure, and when at length it was
found necessary to withdraw it, he
resigned his Prussian Premiership.
For some time longer he continued to
hold the Imperial Chancellorship, but
he had lost the support of the Liberals
without having ingratiated himself
with the Conservatives, of whom the
Eulenbergs were the most prominent
spokesmen. He retained his place,
however, until October, 1894, when the
news of his retirement was received
without surprise. He withdrew to his
country seat at Skyren, near Krossen,
on the Oder, where he died, on February
6, after a very short illness, and
shortly before completing his sixty-
eighth year.

Lord Justice Chitty. — Joseph William
Chitty, son of Thomas Chitty, a dis-
tinguished special pleader, was bom
in 1828, and educated at Eton and
at Balliol College, Oxford, where he
graduated with a first class in Classical
Honours in 1851, having during his
undergraduate career played in the
University "eleven," and "stroked"
the University boat for three successive

years. He was called to the Bar at
Lincoln's Inn, 1856, and speedily ob-
tained a considerable practice in lead-
ing Chancery and oommercial cases.
In 1874 he ibecame Queen's Counsel,
and his good fortune followed him in
the Rolls Court, over which Sir George
Jessel presided, and for many years he
continued to make a larger income
than any of his contemporaries who
were not Crown officers. During all
this time Mr. Chitty was an active
officer of the Inns of Court Rifle Vol-
unteers, and acted as umpire each year
at the University boat race.

Mr. Chitty took but a slight part in
politics, but in 1880 he stood as a
Liberal for the city of Oxford, and
was returned in conjunction with Sir
Wm. Harcourt. In 1881 he was ap-
pointed under the new Judicature Act
to be a Chancery judge, and took up
the work hitherto performed by the
Master of the Rolls as a judge of first
instance. In 1896, on the retirement
of Lord Justice Kay, Mr. Justice
Chitty was promoted to the Court of
Appeal, where he promptly made his
mark as a judge of great learning and
acuteness, but his judgments were not
marked by the literary qualities which
distinguished those of his colleagues.

In private life he devoted nearly the
whole of his leisure to carpentry,
miniature shipbuilding, and cabinet-
making, in which he had acquired
great skill, and not a few of the
trade secrets, such as those of French
polishing, etc. His workshop was his
real play-room during vacation and
after the labours of a day in court.
He married Clara Jessie, daughter of
Chief Baron Pollock. His death,
preceded by an attack of influenza,
happened suddenly at his house in
Queen's Gate Gardens on February 15,
he having sat in court only five days
previously.

President Fftnre. — Francois F^lix
Faure was bom January 80, 1841, of
Provencal parents who had settled in
Normandy, and had there attained a
respectable position. After some years*
education in France, F^lix Faure was
sent to England to learn the lan-
guage. On his return he was appren-
ticed to a tanner at Amboise, and
worked at his trade for some years.
He then removed to Havre, and set up
in business as a shipbuilder and ship-
owner, in which he was very successful
and took a leading place in commercial
life. In 1881 he was sent to the
Chajnber of Deputies as representative
of Havre, and attached himself to the
Union R^publicaine. He promptly

134

OBITUAEY.

[PM>.

attracted the notice of Gambetta, who
offered him the post of Under Secre-
tary for Commerce and the Colonies.
The Ministry lasted only a few weeks,
but in 1883 he was reappointed to the
same post by M. Jules Ferry, and held
it until the break-up of the Cabinet in
1885. Three years later he returned
to his place under M. Tirard, and in
1893 became Minister of Marine in
M. Dupuy*s Cabinet, which survived
the assassination of President Camot,
and M. Casimir-Perier's short tenure
of the Presidency. His attitude to-
wards the Chief of the State during
this period was the subject of much
subsequent controversy. He was
thought to have combined with Gen-
eral Mercier and M. Dupuy in conceal-
ing from M. Casimir-P^rier important
matters and documents in connection
with the Dre3rfus case, and many ad-
ministrative acts arising out of it.
The Dupuy Cabinet resigned on Jan-
uary 14, 1895, and on the following
day M. Casimir-Perier refusing "to
expose himself longer to a campaign
of slander and insult " withdrew from
public life.

Two days later the National Assem-
bly met at Versailles to elect a new
President. M. Dupuy, who had been
credited with having brought about M.
Casimir-Perier's resignation, was un-
able to organise his supporters, and
the three candidates put forward by
their respective supporters were M.
Henri Brisson (Radical), M. Waldeck-
Rousseau and M. Faure, the last
named being almost unknown outside
parliamentary circles. At the first
ballot M. Brisson obtained the largest
number of votes, but not an actual
majority. M. Waldeck-Kousseau who
W81S last on the poll then retired, and
at the second ballot M. Faure obtained
430 votes against 361 given to M.
Brisson. His election wsis favourably
received by all classes, especially in
the great commercial centres, and it
was generally believed that he would
display shrewd common-sense and
firmness in dealing with the intrigues
of rival political parties. He sur-
prised all by showing a more than
ordinary wish to maintain the dignity
of his ojffice, and in making a greater
parade at State functions than had
been the custom of his predecessors.
The chief event of M. Faure's presi-
dency was the consummation of the
Russian Alliance, of which the con-
clusion had been the aim of successive
French Foreign Ministers. The first
formal incident had been the visit of
the French fleet to Cronstadt in 1891,
when the popular feeling displayed on

both sides strengthened the action of
diplomacy. In the autumn of 1896 the
Czar and Czarina arrived at Cherbourg,
where a grand naval review wae held
in their honour, and thence came on
to Paris where a magnificent reception
was given to the imperial guests,
followed by a military review at
Ch&lons. Throughout their stay in
France the Czar and Czarina were
acclaimed with the utmost enthusiasm,
and although no formal alliance was
signed, this first public recognition of
the republic since the down^l of the
empire was the source of general satis-
faction. In the following year Presi-
dent Faure paid a visit in state to
Russia, embarking at Dunkirk, and
accompanied by a fleet of cruisers.
His reception at St. Petersburg was as
cordial as could be desired, and before
his visit was concluded the Czar re-
ferred in a public speech to the fact
that France and Russia were friendly
and allied nations. So long as M.
Molina's Ministry remained in office
M. Faure's position was unassailed,
but he had incurred the ill-will of the
champions of Dreyfus by his connection
with the Ministry which was in power
when the proceedings commenced, and
by his subsequent unwillingness to
reopen the investigation of Dreyfus*
guilt, and the proceedings connected
with his trial. When at length M.
Dupuy's Cabinet had been forced into
referring the case to the Court (^
Cassation, President Faure was credited
with having exerted himself to prevent
the result being effective, and his
attitude was attributed by the Revis-
ionists to his desire to stifle inquiry.
At the same time in the nation at
large doubts had arisen as to the
anticipated benefits of the Russiaii
Alliance, doubts which were strength-
ened by the apparent disregard of
French interests in Egypt, and in the
terms under which the proposed Peace
Congress was announced to the world.
M. Faure had therefore to face a
general decline of his popularity, which
had already suffered from his ostenta-
tious love of ceremonial display on
even trivial occasions. He was mer-
cilessly upbraided with aiming at
kingship in some form, and with
forgetting his own humble origin.
These attacks, which were probably
unmerited, gave him great annoyance,
and possibly undermined his health;
but no one was prepared for his sudden
death, which took place on Febmaiy
15, at the Elys^e, shortly after his
return from nis morning ride, the
cause being an attack of apoplexy from
which he never rallied.

1899.J

OBITUAEY.

135

Right Hon. Sir George Bowen, P.C.,
G.C.M.G. — George Ferguson Bowen, the
son of the Rev. Edward Bowen, of
Taughboyne, Co. Donegal, was born in
1821, and was educated at Charter-
house and Trinity College, Oxford.
He graduated 1844 in the First Class in
Classics, and was elected shortly after
a Fellow of Brasenose. He entered as
a law-student at Lincoln's Inn, but
was never called, liaving been appointed
President of the University of Corfu,
where he acquired a perfect know-
ledge of Italian and Modern Greek.
He also wrote the "Handbook for
Greece" in Murray's series, "Ithaca
in 1850," etc. He waa subsequently
appointed Secretary to the Govern-
ment of Corfu, and was holding the
post in 1858 when Mr. Gladstone was
sent out by Sir E. Bulwer Lytton, as
Lord High Commissioner. In recog-
nition of his services on this occasion,
although the recommendations of the
Commissioner were not carried into
effect until 1863, Mr. Bowen was
created K.C.M.G.

On his return to England he was
offered and accepted the Governorship
of the newly-formed Colony of Queens-
land, on the north-east coa,st of
Australia, and hitherto regarded as
forming part of New South Wales.
He set himself to master the con-
ditions of the great sheep-rearing
country, and to conciliate the squatters
of Darling Downs and the merchants
of Moreton Bay. His despatches to
the Colonial Office differed greatly
from the ordinary style of such docu-
ments, and were replete with classical
analogies and quick appreciations of
social colonial life. By his tact he
succeeded in making loyalty popular,
and laid the foundations of imperial
federation by insisting upon a com-
bined system of national defences.
He took a great interest in geograph-
ical research, and himself took part
in an exploring expedition in 1862,
when much of the northern coast of
the Australasian continent was visited
for the first time. He also urged upon
the responsible authorities the claims of
classical education, and during the
financial crisis of 1866 by his firmness
in declining to sanction a forced cur-
rency of paper saved the colony from a
financial crisis. His services were so
important and his popularity so great
t-hat his governorship wfiis prolonged
for two years beyond the regular
period.

In 1867 on the retirement of Sir
(jeorge Grey, Sir George Bowen was
appointed Governor of New Zealand,
where the embers of the Maori War

were still smouldering, and native dis-
content general. The new Governor
at once entered upon a policy of recon-
ciliation, personally seeking conferences
with the native chiefs, and repressing
the high-lianded dealings of the col-
onists with stem impartiality. The
result of his policy was the complete
appeasement of the islands, and the
establishment of representative gov-
ernment on a firm basis. On the
conclusion of his term of ojffice in New
Zealand, he was transferred in 1873 to
Victoria without returning to England,
where his tact and powers of concilia-
tion were put to a test by the constantly
recurring changes of ministers, and
the differences between the two Houses
of the Legislature. Matters at length
reached a deadlock ; but, notwithstand-
ing the attacks made upon him, he
successfully vindicated his course of
action, which left to his responsible
ministers the solution of the difficulty
without his intervention. In 1879, on
the expiration of his term in Victoria,
he was offered and accepted the Gov-
ernorship of Mauritius, where he suc-
cessfully applied the coolie labour code,
introduced by his predecessor, Sir A.
Phayre. His departure in 1888 was
equally regretted by the French and
British inhabitants of the island, and
on his return to Paris he wa^ enter-
tained at a banquet by the French
Mauritians. After a few months* rest
Sir George Bowen was sent to Hong-
Kong, where his administration was
uneventful although it coincided with
the anxious period of the Franco-
Chinese War, and strained relations
with Russia. He took advantage of
his opportunities, however, to visit
both Pekin and Japan, where he was
received by the Emperor and treated
with distinction. With this governor-
ship his official life ended, but in 1888
he was sent to Malta with Sir G.
Baden-Powell, M.P., on a Royal Com-
mission to report on the working of the
new constitution given to the island.

Sir George Bowen married in 1856
Diamantina, daughter of Count Roma,
President of the Ionian Islands, who
accompanied him through his vskried
experiences, and died in 1898, and in
1896 he married the daughter of Rev.
Dr. Luby, of Trinity College, Dublin,
and widow of Rev. Henry White. The
later years of his life were devoted
to the enjoyment of the scholarship
which from his earliest manhood he
had cultivated, and of which he
unceasingly advocated the uses and
pleasures. He died at Brighton on
February 21, after a short illness, from
an attack of bronchitis.

136

OBITUAEY.

[fMfe.

Baron de Reuter. — Julius de Beuter,
the founder of the international tele-
graphic news agency bearing his name,
W81S born at Hesse Gassel in 1816, and
began commercial life at the age of
thirteen in his uncle's office, where he
made the acquaintance of Professor
Gauss, whose experiments in tele-
graphy were beginning to attract
attention. It weis not until 1849 that
the line between Aix-la-Ghapelle and
Berlin — the first on the continent —
was finsdly completed. Reuter forth-
with fixed himself at Aix-la-Ghapelle,
and began collecting and transmitting
news by telegraph, the proximity of
the Belgian frontier giving his first
headquarters an international impor-
tance. In order to supply himself with
news he employed the railways, cou-
riers, and carrier pigeons, but he found
his enterprise much hampered by the
restrictions of press censorship, at that
time general all over the continent.
In 1851 the first submarine cable was
laid between Dover and Calais, and
Reuter thereupon transferred his head
office to London, and occupied him-
self chiefiy with the transmission of
commercial intelligence. In 1858 he
undertook to supply foreign news to
the English papers, and in order to do
this he established agents at the chief
European centres, subsequently ex-
tending them to all parts of the world.
The trustworthiness of his information
became more and more recognised as
time went on, and consequently greater
space was accorded each year to his
news in the papers. In order to anti-
cipate the news brought from America
by each incoming steamer, Reuter laid
down sixty miles of wire between

Grookhaven and Gork, and inteicepting
the steamers conveyed the news to
land by fast boats. It was through
his agency that the first tidings of the
impending war between f^rance and
Austria, the assassination of PremdoK
Lincoln, the Isandula disaster, and
the defeat of the British troops at
Majuba Hill first reached EnglajMl.

In 1865 Reuter obtained from the
Hanoverian Government a concession
for the laying of a telegraphic cable
between England and Guxhaven, which
established direct communication be-
tween this country and Germany, and
in the same year he also obtained a
similar concession for a cable between
France and the United States. In
1875 this line, which was worked in
conjunction with the Anglo-American
Telegraph Gompany, was converted
into a company of which Baron de
Reuter remained the chairman until
1878. In 1872 he obtained from the
Shah of Persia a concession under
which he acquired the exclusive right
of constructing railways, working the
mines, forests, and other natural re-
sources of that country as well as the
farming of the customs. So vast a
monopoly excited the opposition of the
other Powers, who assumed that Great
Britain would acquire a dominant
influence in Persia. The concession
was annulled and that for establishing
the Bank of Persia granted in its place.

The title of baron was comerred
upon Mr. de Reuter, in 1871 by the
Duke of Saxe-Goburg and Gotha. He
married in 1845 Ida, daughter of Herr
S. M. Magnus, of Berlin, and died at
Nice on February 25, in his eighty-
third year.

On the 2nd, at Hampstead, aged 70, Major-Oeneral Walter Heniy Bmitli, son of
Henry Smith, of Eastling, Kent. Entered the Bengal Native Infantry, 1845;
served througli the Punjab Gampaign, 1848-9, and was present at the battles of
Ghillianwallah and Gujarat ; and in the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8 ; was appointed
to the Staff Gorps. Married, 1857, Gatherine, daughter of Rev. R. J. Dolling,
Rector of Wormshill, Kent. On tlie 3rd, at Berlin, aged 59, Ftau Joacblm, a
distinguished German ballad and oratorio singer. Amalie Schneeweiss, bom at
Marburg, and gave early proofs of her powers at Hanover and elsewhere.
Married, 1861, Herr Joseph Joachim, the great violinist. On the 4th, at Dublin,
aged 51, Right Hon. Christopher Talbot Redington, P.C., son of Sir Thomas N.
Tiedington, K.G.B., of Kilcornan. Born at Galway ; educated at Oscott GoUege
and Ghrist Ghurch, Oxford ; B.A., 1868 (First Glass Lit. Hum.) ; served on many
important commissions, 1886-92 ; appointed Yice-Ghancellor of the Royal Univer-
sity, 1894, and Resident Gommissioncr of National Education, Ireland, 1897. On
the 4th, at Newmarket, Go. Gork, aged 72, Colonel Bicbard WlUlam Aldwortb.
Entered the Army, 60th Kifles, 1844; served through the Ghina War, 1848-9 ; the
Grimean Gampaign, 1854-5; and the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8, with great dis-
tinction. Married, 1863, Lady Mary Bernard, daughter of third Earl of Bandon.
On the 6th, at I^ndou, aged 72, James Christie Traill, of Rattar, Gaithness-shire,
eldest son of James Traill. Educated at St. John's Gollege, Oxford ; B.A., 1846 ;
Secretary to the Parish Boundaries and Trades Union Gommissions, 1860-2 ; con-
tested Gaithness-shire as a Liberal, 1868. Married, 1857, Julia, daughter of WilUam
rjambarde,of Beechmount, Sevenoaks. On the 7th, at Birkenhead, aged 67,

1899.] OBITUAEY. 137

Laird, eldest son of John Laird, M.P., whose business as a shipbuilder he carried
on, being admitted a partner in 1860. Especially employed in building gunboats
and torpedo vessels, several battleships, and the steamers for the feist pe^sket service
between Holyhead and Kingstown. Married, 1871, Anne J., daughter of R.
Prichard, of Llwydiarth Esgob, Anglesey. On the 7th, at Middletown, Con-
necticut, aged 81, Ri^^lit Bev. Jolm WilliamB, D.D. Born at Deerfield, Mass. ;
educated at Harvard University; graduated at Washington College, 1885;
ordained, 1838; President of Trinity College and Professor of History and
Literature, 1848 ; Suffragan to Bishop of Connecticut, 1851 ; Bishop, 1885. On
the 7th, at Neuilly, Paris, aged 78, Mary Gtonxas^a Howell, Superior of the Convent
des Augustines, for 236 years situated near the Jardin des Plantes, but destroyed
in 1871. Took the veil, 1848; succeeded her sister as Superior, 1867. On the
8th, at Cadogan Square, S.W., aged 71, George Andrew BpettiBWOOde, son of
Andrew Spottiswoode, of Broome Hall, Surrey. A member of the great printing
firm, which he greatly developed; took an active interest in Church matters;
was Vice-Chairman of the House of Laymen and for many years President of the
Lay Helpers' Association. Married, 1868, Frances Grace, daughter of Rev. Sir
Vincent Hammick, second baronet. On the 9th, at Wellington, N.Z., aged 87,
Rev. William Colenso, F.R.8., F.L.8. Bom at Penzance ; began life as a printer
witli a firm engaged on work for the British and Foreign Bible Society ; sent to
New Zealand by the Church Missionary Society to establish a press, 1888 ;
printed the first book in New Zealand, "The Epistles to the Ephesians and
Philippiaus, 1835 ; took Orders, 1844 ; acquired great reputation as an authority
on New Zealand natural history, Maori myths and antiquities. On the 10th, at
Ottawa, Canada, aged 37, Archibald Lampman, the Canadian poet. Bom at
Morpeth, Ontario ; educated at Toronto University ; graduated, 1882, and engaged
in teacliing; appointed to the Canadian Postal Department, 1887; published
several volumes of poetry, 1888-96. Married, 1887, Maud, daughter of Edward
Playter, M.D., of Ottawa. On the 10th, at Rome, aged 59, Charles Napoleon
Bonaparte, Prince of Canino, son of Prince Charles Bonaparte and grandson of
Lucien Bonaparte. Bom at Rome ; served for some time in the French Army ;
settled in Rome, 1861. Married, 1862, Princess Ruspoli. On the 10th, at Albion
Street, Hyde Park, aged 67, Henry Jones (" Cavendish "), son of Henry Derviche
Jones, F.R.C.S. Educated at King's College and St. Bartholomew's Hospital ;
M.R.C.S., 1852; author of "The Laws and Principles of Whist" (1862) and
several otlier works on the same subject. On the 10th, at Toberbynan, Co.
Meath, aged 72, Edward Francis MacEvoy, son of J. MacEvoy. Entered the
Army, 1844 ; served with 6th Dragoon Guards ; sat as a Liberal for Co. Meath,
1855-74. Married, 1850, Eliza Teresa, daughter of Andrew Browne, of Mount
Hazel, Co. Galway. On the 11th, at Perth, Western Australia, aged 57, John
Charles Horsey James, Commissioner of Titles, son of Rev. J. H. James, of Lydney.
Educated at Rugby and Exeter College, Oxford ; called to the Bar at the Liner
Temple, 1866 ; appointed to organise the Land Titles Office of Western Australia,
1875. Married, 1885, Rebecca Catherine, daughter of C. H. Clifton, of Perth,
W.A. On the 12th, at Brighton, aged 82, Mrs. MA^rwhwia^w an energetic philan-
thropist, Alice, daughter of John Sparrowe, of the "Ancient House," Ipswich.
Went to India and founded native schools. Married, 1846, John Clark Marsh-
man, C.S.I., editor of the Friend of India. Returned to England, 1853, and
began active work among London shop girls, 1856; established a sanatorium in
London and afterwards at Dover (1870) and Brighton (1877), which at her death
was receiving 2,000 patients yearly. On the 12th, at Lymington, Hants, aged 85,
Colonel Henry Aim6 Ouvry, C.B., son of F. A. Ouvry, of East Acton. Entered the
Army, 1831 ; served with 3rd Light Dragoons in the Punjab Campaign, 1848-9 ;
commanded 9th Lancers through the Indian Mutiny, 1857, with great distinction,
and subsequently the Cavalry Brigade of the movable column, earning great
distinction. Married, 1854, Matilda Hannah, daughter of Colonel J. Delamain,
C\B. On the 13th, at Barbados, aged 91, Sir John Sealy, K.C.M.O., D.C.L., son of
Thomas Sealy, of Clifton. Educated at Exeter College, Oxford; B.A., 1829;
called to the Bar at the Middle Temple, 1833; appointed Solicitor-General of
Barbados, 1843-6; Attorney-General, 1846-74; Member of Executive Council,
1858-76, and again, 1882-4. Married, 1834, Ann Isabella, daughter of J. F. D.
Jones, M.D. On the 15th, at Bombay, aged 52, Sir Lonls Addin Kershaw, Q.C.,
son of Mathew Kershaw, of Luddenden, Halifax. Educated at Pembroke College,
Oxford; B.A. (Honours), 1868; called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1872;
Q.C., 1895 ; appointed Chief Justice of North- West Provinces of India, 1898, and
Chief Justice of Bombay, 1898. Married, 1878, Helen, daughter of B. O'Grady,
of Springfield, Co. Limerick. On the 16th, at Warennes Wood, Berks, aged 76,

138 OBITUARY. [P»b.

lAdy Mowbray, Elizabeth, daughter of George Isaac Mowbray, of Bishops Wear-
mouth, Durham, and Mortimer, Berks. Married, 1847, John Kobert Cornish ,
M.P., who took the name of Mowbray. On the 17th, at St. Andrews, N.B., aged
70, Lieatenant-Colonel Sir Robert Lambert PlajrfiAir, K.C.B., LL.D., son of Dr. George
Playfair, Inspector-General of Hospitals, Bengal. Entered Madras Artillezy,
1846 ; Political Agent at Zanzibar, 1860-5 ; appointed Gonsnl-General at Algiers.
1867-96 ; author of several works on Algiers, Tunis, etc. Married, 1851, Agnes,
daughter of Major-General Webster, of Balgarvie, Fifeshire. On the 17th, at the
Monastery, Glapham, aged 70, Very Bev. Thomas Edward Brldgett, son of a silk
manufacturer at Derby. Brought up as a Baptist ; educated at Tonbridge School
and St. John's College, Cambridge ; having joined the Church of England, joined
the Church of Rome, 1850; consecrated Priest, 1856; attcKshed himself to the
Order of the Rodemptorists ; author of "The Life and Writings of Sir John
More," '*Life of John Fisher," etc. On the 18th, at St. Leonards, aged 73,
Ck>lonel Edward Andrew Noel, of Duffield, Derbyshire, son of Rev. the Hon. F. J.
Noel. Entered the Army, 1848 ; served with 81st Regiment through the Sutlej
Campaign, 1845-6, with great distinction ; Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant,
Royal Gloucestershire Volunteers, 1864-72; one of H.M. Gentlemen-at-Arms,
1875. Married, 1848, Sarah, daughter of W. B. Darwin, of Elston Hall, Notts.
On the 18th, at Vienna, aged 55, Archdachess Maria Immacnlata, Princess of
Naples (Two Sicilies). Married, 1861, Archduke Charles Salvator. On the 19ih,
at London, aged 62, Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Edward Nalme, K.C.B., son of
Captain A. Naime. Educated at Addiscombe ; entered Bengal Artillery, 1856 ;
served through the Mutiny, 1857-8; the Eusofzai Expedition, 1868; and the
Afghan War, 1878-9; commanded the Royal Artillery at Kassassin and Tel-el-
Kebir; Superintendent of the School of Gunnery at Shoeburjmess, 1885-7;
Inspector-General of Artillery in India, 1887-92 ; Commander-in-Chief at Bombay,
1894-8. Married, 1860, Sophie, daughter of Rev. J. D. Addison. On the 19th, at
Kensington Gardens Square, aged 56, Leopold George Gordon Robbina, Reader in
Equity to the Council of Legal Education. Educated at Marlborough and Trinity
College, Oxford ; B. A. (Honours), 1864 ; called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1876 ;
author of several legal works and a prominent member of the Masonic body. On
the 21st, at Edinburgh, aged 57, Dr. William Rutherford, F.B.C.B., Professor of
Physiology. Bom at Ancrum Craig; educated at Jedburgh School and lidin-
burgh University ; graduated (with Honours) M.B., 1868 ; studied on the
Continent; Professor of Physiology, King's College, London, 1869-74, when he
was appointed to the same Chair at Edinburgh; author of several scientific
works ; elected F.R.S., 1876. On the 2l8t, at Chudleigh, Devon, aged 82, Bfaa
Balllie (of Dochfour), a lineal descendant of William Wallace. Bom in India;
educated at Oriel College, Oxford; B.A., 1838; Rector of Lawshall, Suffolk,
1844-52; resigned, and entered the Roman Catholic Church. On the 2drd, at
Paris, aged 88, G^^ral de Rochebouet. Educated at the Ecole Polytechniqne ;
entered the Artillery, 1830 ; assisted in the Coiip d^Etaty 1851 ; served through the
Italian War, 1860; Chief of the Bordeaux Army Corps, 1874-80; was Prime
Minister and War Minister for one month, 1877, after the fall of the Broglie
Cabinet. On the 24th, at Felixstowe, aged 65, Rear-Admiral Percy Putt Luzmoore,
C.B. Entered the Royal Navy, 1849 ; served in the Baltic Expedition, 1854-5 ;
Indian Mutiny, 1857 ; China War, 1858-9 ; and Ashanti Campaign, 1870-8, when
he was severely wounded. On the 24th, at Trovamo, Helston, aged 71, WUUam
BiOkford Smith, son of George Smith, of Camborne. Engaged in business as a
safety fuse manufsicturer ; sat as a Liberal for Truro Division of Cornwall,
1885-92. Married, first, 1852, Margaret Leeman, daughter of William Vennington,
Broadhempston, Devon; and second, 1870, Anne Matilda, daughter of Greorge
Hickman Bond, of Radford, Notts. Assumed the name of Bickford, 1868. On
the 24th, at Hcnstead Hall, Lowestoft, aged 47, Sir Alfired Sherlo6k Goooh, eighth
baronet, third son of Sir Edward Gooch, of Benacre Hall, Suffolk. Manied,
1880, Alice Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Williams, of Honeyooombe, Galstook,
Cornwall. On the 24th, at Edinburgh, aged 75, Sir John Stmthen, M.D. Bom
at Dunfermline ; graduated at Edinburgh University in Medicine, 1845 ; Professor
of Anatomy at Aberdeen University, 1863-89 ; author of several works on anatomy,
etc. On the 24th, at Ealing, aged 68, Major-General Frederidc Gadsden. Joined
the Madras Army, 1850 ; served through the Burmese War, 1852, and the Indian
Mutiny, 1857. On the 25th, at Berne, aged 73, Emile Welti, a distinguished Swiss
statesman. Bom at Zurzach-Arga ; studied Law at Berlin ; was a member of
the Federal Council, 1866-91, and six times President of the Swiss Confederation,
besides being in turn head of the Military, Judicial and Railway Departments ;
created the existing military organisation and promoted the nationalisation of

1899.]

OBITUAEY.

139

tho railways. On the 25th, at Pau, aged 70, Ck>lonel Theophilus Jolm Levett, of
Wychnor, Staffordshire. Entered the 1st Life Guards, 1847; Colonel Com-
mandant of the Staffordshire Yeomanry; sat eis a Conservative for Lichfield,
1880-5. Married, 1856, Lady Jane Feilding, daughter of first Earl of Denbigh.
On the 25th, at Athens, aged 65, Andreas Syngros, a Greek banker, politician
and philanthropist. Bequeathed the bulk of his fortune, valued at 30,000,000
drachms, to national and charitable objects. On the 25th, at London, aged 69,
Rev. Charles Boteler Pocock, Commander, B.N. Entered the Koyal Navy, 1847 ;
was present and severely wounded at the capture of Pegu, 1850, and saw much
service on the West Coast of Africa, etc. ; took Deacon's Orders in the Diocese of
Ontario, 1884 ; Organising Secretary of the Society of the Treasury of God,
Toronto, 1885-8. On the 25th, at the Rectory, St. Magnus the Martyr, London
Bridge, aged 66, Rev. Alezajider Israel M'Caul, son of Dr. Alexander M'Caul, D.D.
Educated at Merchant Taylors* School and King's College, London ; appointed
Rector of St. Magnus, 1863 ; Lecturer in Hebrew and Divinity, King's College,
London, 1861. On the 25th, at Lennox Gardens, S.W., aged 54, Dowager Countesa
of Sefton, Cecily Emily Jolliffe, daughter of first Lord Hylton. Married, 1866,
fourth Earl of Sefton. On the 26th, at London, aged 90, Sir Henry Delves
Broughton, ninth baronet, of Doddington Park, Nantwich and Broughton Hall,
Staffordshire. High Sheriff of Staffordshire, 1859. Married, 1857, Eliza Florence
Alexandrina, daughter of Louis Rosengweig. On the 26th, at Chatham, aged 62,
Sarah Thome, an actress of considerable repute, and one of a family closely con-
nected with the stage. On the 26th, at Hove, aged 71, Right Rev. Herbert Bree,
D.D., son of John Bree, of Emerald, Keswick. Educated at Bury School and
Caius College, Cambridge; B.A., 1850; Rector of Harkstead, Suffolk, 1858-63; of
Brampton, Hunts, 1870-82; consecrated Bishop of Barbadoos, 1882. Married,.
first, 1850, Jane Sarah, daughter of Rev. E. Rust D'Eye, of Drinkstone; and
second, 1866, Mary, daughter of William Newland, of Bramley, Guildford. On
the 26th, at Vienna, aged 92, Count Johann Bemhard von Rechberg und Rothen-
lOwen. Entered the Austrian Diplomatic Service, 1828 ; Minister at Stockholm,
1841 ; Civil Administrator of Lombardy, 1858 ; Austrian Representative at the
Federal Diet, Frankfurt, 1855, where he was Bismarck's chief opponent ; Prime
Minister, 1859, and Foreign Secretary, 1869-64. On the 26th, at Minchinhampton,
aged 89, Charles Robert Baynes, son of Colonel Charles Baynes, R.A. Bom at
Woolwich ; educated at Charterhouse ; entered the Madras Civil Service, 1829,
and became Judge of the High Court and President of the Board of Examiners ;
retired, 1859, and took an active part in local politics in Gloucestershire ; author
of a " Ramble in the East," etc. On the 27th, at Hanover, aged 91, Professor
Heinrich F. Wustenfeld, a distinguished Orientalist. Educated at Gottingen,
where he was for many years Professor; author of numerous works on Arabic
literature, etc. On the 28th, at Cava dei Tirreni, Italy, aged 72, Lieutenant-
General Henry George Woods. Entered the Army, 1843, 8th Regiment, and
afterwards in 97th; served in the Crimean Campaign, 1864-5; commanded the
storming party of the Redan and was wounded; commanded in the Belfast
District, 1853-8.

MARCH.

Lord Herschell, G.C.B., P.C. — Farrer
Herschell, the son of ReT. Ridley H.
Herschell, a Nonconformist minister
converted from Judaism, was bom
in December, 1837, and was educated
at the University of Bonn and Uni-
versity College, London, graduating
at London in 1857. He was called to
the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1860, and
joined the Northern Circuit, attaching
himself on its subdivision to the North
Eastern Circuit. He was made Q.C.
in 1872, at the comparatively early age
of thirty-five, owing to the reputation
he had acquired in commercial law. In
1874 he was returned as a Liberal for
Durham, and retained his seat for

that city until 1886. Shortly after-
wards he was made Recorder of
Carlisle, and in 1876 married Agnea
Adela, daughter of Edward Leigh
Kindersley, and granddaughter of the
Vice-chancellor. He speedily acquired
a parliamentary reputation both a^ a
speaker and a debater, and it was
therefore with little surprise that his
appointment to the Solicitor General-
ship in 1880 was received, but having
as his colleague. Sir Henry James, for
Attorney General, he had little oppor-
tunity of distinguishing himself in the
House of Commons, but was able to
devote himself almost wholly to his
profession, where the point and clear-

140

OBITUAEY.

[Km^

ness of his arguments, and the natural
quickness of his mind, gave him a
prominent position as an advocate.

When Mr. Gladstone returned to
office in 1886, he found neither Lord
Selhome nor Sir Henry James willing
to accept his views on Irish Home Rule,
and the Lord Chancellorship was con-
sequently offered to Sir Farrer Her-
schell, who thus reached the woolsack
just after he had entered upon his
forty-ninth year. His Chancellorship
on this occasion lasted harely six
months, hut on the succession of Lord
Salisbury to power Lord Herschell took
up an important position on the
Opposition side of the House. He
steadily opposed the appointment of
the SpeciaJ Commision on Mr. Pamell,
and endeavoured as far as possible to
modify the terms of reference. His
chief labours, however, were those of
a Law Lord of the Supreme Court of
Appeal. His judgments were rather
precise than polished, but they carried
conviction that he applied all the
subtlety of his intellect in forming
them. Foremost among these should
be mentioned Derry v. Peek, which
determined the liability of directors;
tlie Vagliano case dealing with ficti-
tious accepters of bills of exchange;
the licensing appeal of Sharp v. Wake-
field; the British South Africa Co.
V. Companhia de Mozambique, and the
Trades Union case Allen v. Flood. In
1892 Lord Herschell returned as Lord
Chancellor, and one of his first duties
W81S to defend the Lords Lieutenant,
the majority of whom were Conserva-
tives, from the attack of tlie Radicals,

who demanded that working men
should be appointed justices of the
peace. In 1891, on the death of Iiozd
Granville, he was appointed Chancellor
of the University of London, and
constantly advocated the extension of
its work as a teaching body. He took
much interest in the Imperial Institute,
which he believed might be tamed to
useful purposes ; in the Selden Society ;
the Society for the Study of Compara-
tive Legislation, and in the plulan-
thropic work of the Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
His favourite relaxation was music, and
as a violoncello player he showed much
proficiency, and he was appointed
Senior Grand Warden of the Free-
masons in 1886. In 1898 he was
appointed President of the Anglo-
American Conmiission to decide matters
and boundaries in dispute between the
United States and Canada. He had
made great progress during the autumn
and winter, gaining the good opinion
of all with whom he was brought in
contact. On February 15, whilit
walking in the streets of Washington,
he slipped on the ice and in falling broke
one of the bones of the pelvis. He
was, of course, confined to b(9d, but was
supposed to be progressing favourably
towards recovery when suddenly from
heart failure or apoplexy he passed
away after scarcely more than twelve
hours' illness on March 1 at the Shore-
ham Hotel, Washington. His body was
brought to England with every mark
of respect from Americans and Cana-
dians.

On the Ist, at Middachten Castle, Arnhem, aged 72, Dowager CknmtaM of
Waldeck and Fyrmont, Mechtilde, daughter of Count Charles of Aldenburg-
Bentinck, a Lieutenant-Geueral in the British Army. Married, 1846, Charles,
Count of Waldeck and Pyrmont. On the 1st, at Bournemouth, aged 78, Yscy
Bev. Andrew Kennedy Hatclilnson Boyd, son of Rev. Dr. James Boyd, of Glasgow.
Born at Auchinleck; educated at Ayr Acaidemy, King's College, London, and
Glasgow University ; B.A., 1846 ; studied two years for the Bar, but relinquished
it for tlieology; Presbyterian Minister of Newton-on-Ayr, 1851-8; Kirkpatriok,
Dumfriesshire, 1858-9 ; St. Bernard's, Edinburgh, 1859-68 ; Dean of St. Andrews,
1868; Moderator of the General Assembly, 1890; a prolific author, under the
initials " A. K. H. B.," of essays, sermons and reminiscences. He died from mis-
adventure, taking a carbolic liniment by mistake for a sleeping draught. Married,
first, 1853, Margaret, daughter of P. Kirk ; and second, 1897, Mary, daughter of
P. Meldrum. On the 2nd, at Bournemouth, aged 59, Colonel Alexamler JaaiMi
Donnelly Hawes. Joined the Bengal Native Infantry, 1859; took part in the
Tumloong Expedition, 1860; in the campaign against the Bezolis, 1869; the
Jowakis, 1877-8 ; the Afghan War, 1879 ; the Zhob Valley Expedition, 1884 ; and
the Hazara Expedition, 1888. On the 3rd, at Woking, aged 78, Sampson flanmil
Uoyd, son of George Braithwaite Lloyd, of Birmingham. Unsuccessfully contested
Birmingham, 1867 and 1868, as a Conservative ; sat for Plymouth, 1874-80; South
Warwickshire, 1884-5 ; established Lloyd's Bank, 1866, and was Chairman until
1886. Married, first, 1852, Emma, daughter of S. Reeve, of Leighton BuEsazd;
and second, 1889, Marie Wilhelmina, daughter of Lieu tenant-General W. F.
Menchkofi, of the Russian Army. On the 4th, at Walton-on-Thames, sged 66,
Jolm Mason Ck>ok. Associated since 1864 with his father, Thomas Cook, tiie

1899]. OBITUAEY. 141

famous travelling agent, and frequently consulted by the Government in
organising expeditions to Egypt, Cyprus, etc. ; accompanied the German
Emperor to the Holy Land, 1898. On the 4th, in the Temple, aged 78, James
Redfoord Bulwer, Q.C., son of Rev. K. Bulv^er, Rector of Hurworth, Norfolk.
Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1847 ; sat as a Conservative for Ipswich,
1874-80 ; for Cambridgeshire, 1881-6 ; Master in Lunacy, 1886 ; Lieutenant-
Colonel of Inns of Court Volunteers, 1878-84. On the 6th, at Kensington, aged
67, Francis NotUdge Macnamara, M.D. Educated at King's College, London;
entered the Indian Medical Service; appointed Professor of Chemistry at Cal-
cutta, 1850-75, and Examiner of Medical Stores at the Indian Office, 1876; author
of several works on medical hygiene and treatment. On the 6th, at Further
Barton, Cirencester, aged 58, Miss EUzabeth Brown, an amateur astronomer,
whose artistic skill and perfect accuracy in sun-spot drawings were highly
appreciated. Solar Director of the Liverpool Astronomical Society, 1888, and of
the British Astronomical Association, 1890 ; travelled to observe the total eclipses
of the sun to Kineshma, Moscow, 1887 ; Trinidad, 1889 ; and Vadso, Lapland,
1896. On the 5tb, at Livingstone, Alberta, aged 68, Colonel BotNUtB William
Elton. Entered the Bengal Infantry, 1855, and served with the Meerut Volunteer
Horse through the Mutiny with much distinction. On the 6th, at Hove, aged
100, Surgeon-Major Jolm Bowron. Joined the Indian Medical Service as a pupil,
1813, and served for thirty-eight years in the Bengal Presidency, and taking part
in the various campaigns of that period. On the 5th, at Home, aged 66, Momd^or
Valerio Anzino. Born at Fulriie, Alessandria ; for fifty-two years in the service of
the House of Savoy; Principal Chaplain to the King since 1877; Abbot of St.
Barbara, Mantua. On the 5th, at West Kensington, aged 63, Commander
Frederick O. Dundas, R.N. Served in the Navy, 1859-90; Commissioner and
principal naval officer of the British East Africa Company, 1891 ; first explored the
river Juba and ascended Mount Kenia ; Superintendent of Marine in the Niger
Coa^t Protectorate, 1893. On the 6th, at Stanmore, aged 79, Charles Drory Edward
Fortnum, D.C.L., F.8.A., a distinguished antiquarian and scientific authority.
Travelled in South Australia, 1840-5, where he formed a natural history collection,
which he divided between the British Museum and the Hope Collection at Oxford ;
during many years' travelling on the continent of Europe formed a valuable
collection of classical and renaissance art, which he presented to Ashmolean
Museum, Oxford, 1888 ; author of a descriptive catalogue of majolica in South
Kensington Museum (1873), of bronzes (1876) and other works. He was a
Trustee of the British Museum. On the 7th, at Coventry, aged 86, Miss Sara B.
Hennell, a friend of George Eliot, and an author of many theological and philo-
sophical works, and the translator of Strauss' "Leben Jesu." On the 8th, at
Mcntone, aged 42, Lord Truro, Thomas Montague Morrison Wilde, third baron,
third son of Hon. Thomas M. C. Wilde, second son of the first Lord Truro. Called
to the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1878. Married, 1898, Alice Hare, daughter of
Captain Eyre Maunsell, R.N., of Bath. On the 8th, at Whitchurch, aged 55,
Colonel William Willougrliby Egerton, son of Canon Egerton, Rector of Whitchurch.
Educated at Rossall School and Sandhurst ; joined 8th Regiment, 1861 ; served
in the Burmese War, 1885-7, with great distinction. On the 9th, at Lewes, aged
81, Dowager Viscountess Hampden, Eliza, daughter of General Robert Ellice.
Married, 1838, Hon. Henry Brand, Speaker of the House of Commons, 1872-84,
and created Viscount Hampden. On the 9th, at Kirklees Hall, Halifax, aged 79,
Sir George Armytage, fifth baronet, son of John Armytage. Educated at Harrow
and Oriel College, Oxford. Married, 1841, Eliza Matilda Mary, daughter of Sir
Joseph Radcliffe, second baronet. On the 9th, at Paris, aged 62, Monsignor
Eugenie Clari, Papal Nuncio in Paris. Bom at Sinigaglia ; educated at Rome ;
Vicar-General, 18G4 ; entrusted with several missions by Pius IX. and Leo XIII. ;
Bisliop of Amelia, 1882 ; of Viterbo, 1893 ; Nuncio to Brussels,' 1896 ; Paris. 1896.
On the 10th, at Chester Street, Pimlico, aged 76, Sir Donfflas Oalton, K.C.B., F.R.B.,
D.C.L., LL.D. Born at Hadzor House, Worcestershire; educated at the Woolwich
Acflwiemy ; entered the Royal Engineers, 1840 ; Secretary to the Railway Com-
mission, 1847 ; Secretary of Railway Department of the Bosird of Trade, 1848-60 ;
took a great part in railway improvements, utilisation of London sewage, in-
spection of military hospitals, sanitation of barracks and submarine telegraphy ;
Assistant Inspector-General of Fortifications, 1860-70; Director of Public Works
and Buildings, 1870-6; General Secretary of the British Association, 1870-96;
F.K.S., 1863. Married, 1851, Marianne, daughter of G. T. Nicholson, of Waverley
Abbey, Farnham. On the 10th, at Paris, aged 68, Alfired Secr^tan, founder of the
Soci<^tc des Metaux, which after a brilliant career collapsed in 1889, involving
the Comptoir d'Escompte and other financial establishments. He formed a

142 OBITUAEY. [Hueh

remarkable collection of pictures, which was sold partly in Paris for neaxly ten
million francs and the remainder in London for 27,824Z. On the lOth, at
Darlington, aged 63, Jeremiah Head, a distinguished engineer. Bom at Ipswich ;
apprenticed to Robert Stephenson, 1859 ; constructed the bridge over the Wear
at Sunderland, 1862 ; designed with John Fowler, of Leeds, the steam ploughing
apparatus ; partner with Mr. Theodore Fox at Middlesborough, 1865-85 ; President
of the Society of Mechanical Engineers. On the 11th, at Lissan, Go. Tyrone,
aged 81, Sir Nathaniel Alexander Staples, eighth baronet, son of Rev. J. Molea-
worth Staples. Educated at Addiscombe ; entered the Bengal Artillery, 1884-54.
Married, 1844, Elizabeth, daughter of Captain James Head. On the 12th, at
East Molesey, aged 63, Sir JuUub Vogel, K.C.M.O. Bom at London ; educated at
University School, London, and at the Royal School of Mines; emigrated to
Victoria, 1856, and began as a journalist ; went to New Zealand and settled at
Otago, 1861 ; entered the Provincial Council, 1862, and Head of the Provincial
Government, 1866-9 ; Colonial Treasurer in the Federal Parliament, 1869-76, and
inaugurated the system of large loans for public works, raising 22,500,0002. in ten
years in the London market alone ; Colonial Agent for New Zealand in London,
1876-81 ; returned to the colony and was again Colonial Treasurer, 1884-9, when
he returned to England. Married, 1867, Mary, daughter of W. A. Clayton, of
New Zealand. On the 12th, at Brompton, aged 98, Mrs. Keeley, Mary Anne
Goward, for many years a leading actress. Bom at Ipswich ; first appeared in the
provinces as a singer and at the Lyceum, London, in 1825 ; retired in 1859. Her
most successful character was "Jack Sheppard," produced in 1889, and subse-
quently prohibited by the Lord Chamberlain. Married, 1839, Robert Keeley,
also a popular actor. On the 13th, at Walwick Hall, Northumberland, aged 79,
John Mathew Ridley, son of John Ridley, of Park End, Northumberland. Edu-
cated at Jesus College, Cambridge; B.A., 1842; called to the Bar at Lincoln's
Inn, 1845 ; Chairman of the Tyne Fisheries Board, 1861 ; took a leading part in
preserving the salmon fisheries of Englajid and Wales. Married, 1844, Anna
Maria, daughter of Henry Hilton, Sole Street, Kent. On the 13th, at Miokley,
Yorkshire, aged 77, Rev. Thomas Hedley. Educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge ; B.A., 1844 (Seventh Wrangler and Second Class Classical Tripos) ; Fellow
of Trinity, 1846-56; Vicar of Masham, 1856-73; Rector of Gundisham, Suffolk,
1873-94. On the 13th, at Ottawa, aged 46, Jolm Fisher Wood, Q.C. Bom at
Elizabetlitown, Ontario, where he was educated; called to the Canadian Bar,
1876 ; elected to the Dominion House of Parliament as a Cdnservative for Brock-
ville, 1882; appointed Chairman of Committees, 1886; Controller of Liluid
Revenue, 1892-5; Controller of Customs, 1895-8. On the 13th, at Berlin, aged
75, Professor Heymann Btelnthal, a distinguished philologist. Bom at GrObzig,
Anhalt ; educated at Berlin and Paris, where lie studied Chinese, 1852-6 ;
appointed Philological Professor at Berlin, 1863 ; collaborated with Wilhelm von
Humboldt ; author of an important work on the origin of language (1877). On
the 13th, at Luneville, aged 76, Emile Erckmann, joint author of the Ercknuum-
Chatrian novels, etc., son of a bookseller at Pfaizburg. Studied law in Paris;
first associated with M. Chatrian, 1848 ; their first success was *' L'illustre Docteur
Mathius " (1859), and for nearly forty years the partnership prospered, but finally
ended in a lawsuit. He continued to reside at Pfalsburg, and adopted German
citizenship. On the 14th, at Carlton House Terrace, aged 48, Hon. Lady Bldl^y,
Hon. Mary Georgiana Marjoribanks, daughter of first Lord Tweedmouth. Married,
1873, Sir Matthew White Ridley, baronet, M.P., Home Secretary in Lord Salisbury's
second Cabinet. On the 14th, at Berlin, aged 75, Ladwifi: Bamberger, a leader of
German Liberalism, of Jewish extraction. Bom at Mainz ; studied at Giessen,
Heidelberg and Gottingcn; took the popular side in the revolution of 1848;
resided successively in Switzerland, England, Belgium and Holland ; managing
partner of the banking firm of Bistliofisheim & Goldschmidt in Paris, 1858-66 ;
first elected for Mainz, 1868, and sat in the Imperial Reichstag until 1898;
although personally opposed to Bismarck, he supported his policy of United
Germany and wrote much in its favour; quitted the National Liberal party,
1881, and formed the Freisinnig party, 1884, and became the opponent of the
Chancellor's commercial policy ; retired in 1893 and devoted himself to literature
and political economy. On the 14th, at Leinster Gardens, Hyde Park, aged 74,
Stewart Pizley, one of the oldest volunteers and a Captain in the Ist Middlesex
(Victoria). Winner of the Queen's Prize at Wimbledon, 1862. On the 15th, at
Dublin, aged 63, Rev. Alexander BaUoch Orosart, D.D., LL.D. Bom in Scotland ;
educated at Edinburgh University ; ordained U.P. Minister of Kinross, 1856, and
afterwards at Liverpool and Bla.ckbum ; edited the " Townsley Ballads " (1877)
and a number of early English plays ; author of " Representative NonconformistB "

1899.] OBITUAEY. 143

{1894) and a " Life of Robert Fergusson, the poet " (1897). On the 16th, at Paris,
aged 82, Emile Krantz. Bom at Givet, Ardennes ; educated at the Polytechnic
School, Paris, as a civil engineer ; designed the International Exhibition, 1867,
at Paris ; assisted in improving the navigation of the Seine ; elected Deputy for
tlie Seine, 1871, and a Left Senator, 1878; Commissioner-General of the Inter-
national Exhibition, 1878. On the 17th, at Pajis, aged 60, Madame Clesinfirer,
Solange Dudevant, daughter of the famous novelist, " George Sand." Married,
1861, Maurice Clesinger, the sculptor, from whom she obtained a separation. On
the 17th, at Queenborough Hall, Leicester, aged 77, Deputy Inspector-General
Joseph Jee, C.B., V.C., son of Christopher Preston Jee, of Hartshill, Warwick.
Educated at London and Edinburgh Universities and at Paris; appointed
Assistant Surgeon, 1st Dragoons, 1842; served in the Persian War, 1867; with
General Havelock's Division during the Indian Mutiny, 1867-8, where he gained
the Victoria Cross at the final capture of Lucknow ; and in the Kohilkhand Cam-
paign, 1858. Married, 1880, Norah Carola, daughter of Charles Riley. On the
17th, at Paris, aged 65, Colonel John Murray, C.B. Entered the Army, 1851 ;
served with 94th Regiment in Zulu War, 1879. On the 18th, at Rochester, aged
80, Sir William Webb Hayward. Bom at Wallington, Oxon. ; admitted a Solicitor,
1889 ; settled at Rochester, 1841 ; elected Mayor, 1844, the youngest Mayor of the
Queen's reign, and again in 1896, the oldest Mayor ; Clerk of the Peace for East
Kent, 1851-96 ; a Jubilee Knight. Married, 1846, Mary Grace, daughter of Robert
Barton. On the 20th, at St. Andrews, N.B., aged 76, Bev. Alexander Ferrler
Mitchell, D.D. Educated at St. Andrews University ; graduated, 1840 ; appointed
Professor of Hebrew at St. Mary's College, 1848 ; of Ecclesiastical History and
Divinity, 1863-94; Moderator of the General Assembly; author of " The West-
minster Assembly " and other historical works. On the 21st, at Mentone, aged 72,
Countess Dzialjmski, Princess Isabelle Czartoryski, daughter of Prince Adam
Czartoryski. A refugee in France from her childhood, is said to have refused
the hand of Napoleon III. Married, 1857, Count Dzialynski, a Polish refugee.
On the 21st, at Yale, N.Y., aged 67, Professor Otliniel Charles Marsh, Ph.D., LL.D.,
an eminent palaeontologist. Bom at Lockport, N.Y. ; graduated at Yale College,
1860, and afterwards studied at Berlin, Heidelberg aild Breslau ; elected Professor
of Palisontology at Yale College, 1866 ; author of numerous scientific works and
papers, especially concerning the extinct vertebrate animals of the Rocky
Mountains. On the 22nd, at the Rectory, St. Andrews, Holbom, aged 78, Rev.
Henry George Scawen Blunt. Educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge ; B.A.,
1845 ; Rector of Kirkby Overblow, Yorks, 1847-58, when he was appointed Rector
of St. Andrews, Holbom. On the 22nd, at Bonn, aged 58, Professor Gtottliel William
Leitner, a distinguished Orientalist. Bom at Pesth ; educated at Constantinople,
Broussa and King's College, London ; appointed Interpreter to the British Com-
missariat during the Crimean War, 1864-9 ; Lecturer in Arabic, Turkish, etc., at
King's College, London, 1859 ; Professor, 1861 ; Registrar of the Punjab Univer-
sity at Lahore, 1868; contributed greatly to its success, founding numerous
literary societies and free public libraries as well as journals in various languages ;
explored the unknown region of Dardistan, 1866 ; returned to England, 1882, and
founded the Indian Institute at Woking, and for ten years edited the Asiatic
Quarterly Review. Married, 1869, Caroline Schwaab, daughter of the German
Consul at Broussa. On the 28rd, at Kimberley, South Africa, aged 60, Bev. John
Mackenzie, an active member of the London Missionary Society. British Deputy
Commissioner in Bechuanaland, 1884-5 ; was a strong advocate for direct imperial
intervention. On the 23rd, in Eastern Africa, aged 45, Ueutenant Mizon, Governor
of Jibuti on the (French) SomaJi coast. Originally in the French Navy ; played
a considerable part on the Binue and Niger, and endeavoured to establish a
French Protectorate of the Central Soudan, which was ultimately disavowed by
the French Government. On the 24th, at Sutton-in-Ashfield, Notts, aged 46,
William Barnes, a noted cricketer, who came into notice in 1875, was distin-
guished as both bowler and batsman, and for many years was the mainstay of
the Notts team and All England Eleven. On the 24th, at Clovedon, aged 78,
Vincent Stuckey Lean, son of James Lean of Clifton, banker. Called to the
Bar at the Middle Temple, 1848; one of the founders of Messrs. Stuckey's
Bank ; by his will bequeathed 50,000i. to the British Museum for the improve-
ment of tlie Reading-room, etc. ; 50,000^. to establish Free Libraries, etc., in
Bristol ; 20,000/. to Miiller's Orphanage, and other bequests. On the 26th, at
Nice, aged 81, General Georg^e William Powlett Bingham, C.B., son of Captain
Arthur Batt Bingham, R.N. With 64th Regiment in the Persian Campaign,
1856-7, which he commanded during the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8, at the de-
fence of Cawnpore, relief of Lucknow and capture of Bareilly, etc. ; Colonel,

144

OBITUARY.

[April

King's (Liverpool) Regiment, 1891. Married, first, 1845, Sophia, daughter of
Colonel Charles Coxe Bingham, R.A. ; and second, 1887, Ada Rmma, widow
of Lieutenant-Colonel G. B. Stevens, B.S.C. On the 25th, at London, aged
47, Sir Jolin Arthur Fowler, second baronet, son of the eminent railway
engineer. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; B.A., 1876; unsuooeasfully
contested Tewkesbury as a Conservative, 1880. Married, 1878, Alice Janet Glive,
daughter of Sir E. Clive Bayley, K.C.S.I. On the 25th, at Ripon, aged 79, Lonia
Foucart, M.D. Educated at Glasgow University ; graduated, 1848 ; happened to
be passing when Sir Robert Peel met with his fatal accident, and took him home
and attended him to his death, 1850 ; afterwards went to New South Wales and
was from 1856 to 1889 Government Medical Officer of Health at Port Jackson,
N.S.W. On the 26th, at Paris, aged 72, Comte de Gliaudordy, a distingnished
diplomatist. Educated at Paris; as a National Guard was wounded in 1648;
entered the French Diplomatic Service, 1851, and served in various European
capitals ; was Minister of Foreign Affairs at Tours and Bordeaux, 1870-1 :
Ambassador at Berne, 1873 ; Madrid, 1874-81 ; St. Petersburg, 1881-2 ; author of
several historical treatises. On the 27th, at Weybridge, aged 72, Bixket Fosfeor,
R.W.S., a distinguished water-colour painter. Bom at North Shields; edocatod
at Hitchin ; apprenticed to Mr. Landell, the wood engraver, 1841, and began by
illustrating books and drawing for the Ubistrated London News; elected a Member
of the Water-colour Society, 1860. On the 27th, at Algiers, aged 59, Rev. Walter
Hook, son of Very Rev. W. F. Hook, D.D., Dean of Chichester. Educated at
Christ Church, Oxford; B.A., 1860; Priest, Vicar of Chicester, 1868-8; Vicar of
Graffham, near Pelworth, 1868-72; Rector of Porlock, Somerset, 1872-98; Pre-
bendary of Wells, 1893; joint editor of "Hook's Church Dictionary" and other
works. On the 29th, at Charterhouse, London, aged 65, Rev. Main Bwvto
Alexander Walrond, son of Theodore Walrond, of Carswell Park, Lanarkshire.
Educated at Harrow and BfiJliol College, Oxford; Vicar of St. Maiy, Charter-
liouse, 1862-70 ; of Lowick, Norfolk, 1870-3 ; St. Lawrence, Jewry, 1873-98. On
the 30th, at South Kensington, aged 76, Sir Henry Edmund Gartwrlglit, son of
General J. L. Cartwright, of Mamham, Notts. Called to the Bar at the Middle
Temple, 1858; Crown Commissioner of Turks* Island, 1874; Special Justice in
the Bahamas, 1876. Married, 1856, Mary, daughter of Harrison Watson, of
Stanhope, Durham. On the 31st, at Bedford Court Mansions, London, aged 50,
William Copeland Borlase, son of Samuel Borlase, of Castle Homeck, Cornwall.
Educated at Winchester and Trinity College, Oxford ; B.A., 1870; sat as a Liberal
for East Cornwall, 1880-5; an archaeologist of distinction; author of "The
Antiquities of Cornwall," etc. Married, 1870, Alice Lucy, daughter of Bev.
Alfred Kent, Vicar of Colne, St. Aldw3m*s, Gloucestershire. On the 31st, at
Hastings, aged 83, Surgeon-Major Qeorsre Charles Wallick, M.D. Educated at the
University of Edinburgh ; M.D., 1836 ; entered the Indian Medical Service, 1887 ;
served in the Sutlej Campaign, 1842 ; Punjab Campaign, 1847 ; Sonthal Rebellion,
1855-6; author of "The North Atlantic Sea-bed" (1862) and other biological
works.

APRIL.

Sir Monier Monier- Williams, K.C.I.E.,
D.C.L., LL.D., a twin son of Colonel
Monier -Williams, R.E., Surveyor-
General of the Bombay Residency,
was born in 1819 at Bombay, and
after some years spent at private
schools entered at King's College,
London, and afterwards went to the
East India Company's College, Hailey-
bury, out of which he passed first of
his year, 1837. In consequence of the
death of his twin brother, Alfred, who
was killed in a frontier war, and in
deference to his mother's wishes, he
gave up an Indian career, matriculated
at Balliol College, 1838, and rowed in
the Balliol boat, 1835 but subsequently

he removed to University College, where
he graduated 1842, and in addition to
other distinctions he was elected in
1843 Boden Sanscrit Scholar. In the
following year he was appointed Pro-
fessor of Sanscrit, Bengali, and Telugn,
at Haileybury College, and held the
post until the reorganisation of that
establishment, on the transfer of the
Honourable East Lidia Company's
powers in 1857.

After a short period at Cheltenham
College, Mr. Monier- Williams in 1860
was elected Boden Professor of Sans-
crit at Oxford, against Professor Max
Miiller, and at once set himself to
revive at Oxford among the candidatee

1899.]

OBITUAEY.

145

for the Indian Civil Sei-vice an esprit
di' cor2)s similar to that which Hailey-
bury had formerly fostered. With this
view also he undertook several journeys
to India, where he advocated and ob-
tained support for his plan of founding
at Oxford an Indian Institute. His
efforts were so far successful that in
1883 the foundation stone of the build-
ing was laid by H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, the Marquess of Salisbury,
Chancellor of the University, being
present, and in 1884 he was appointed
its keeper and perpetual curator,
having presented to it his own col-
lection of Oriental books and manu-
scripts. He was elected a Fellow of
Balliol College. 1882-8, Chairman of
the Faculty of Oriental Studies, 1883-6,
and an Honorary Fellow of University
College.

The first literary work by which
Monier- Williams became known w£ksa
translation of the Sanscrit drama
"' Sakourtala," or the " Lost Ring," but
the most important production of his
laborious life was the " Sanscrit-
English Dictionary," the first edition of
whicli, 1862, had occupied twenty
years of unremitting attention. The
second edition, undertaken at the
request of the Indian Government,
occupied the last years of his life, and
was twice the size of the first edition ;
the last proof sheets were returned to
the printer only ten days before his
death. Among other important works,
although they do not exhaust the list,
Monier-Williams was the author or
translator of " Study of Sanscrit in
Relation to Missionary Work" (1861),
" Indian Epic Poetry " (1863), " Indian
Wisdom" (1873), "Hinduism" (1877),
*' Modem India and Indians" (1878),
*' Religious Thought and Life in
India" (1883), "The Sacred Books of
ihe East" (1886), "Buddhism" (1890),
*' Brahmanism " (1891), etc., etc. He
was a man of wide sympathies and
interests, an advocate of the claims of
missionary enterprise, an amateur
astronomer and photographer of con-
siderable distinction, and an accom-
plished skater. He married, 1848,
Julia, daughter of Rev. Francis Faith-
full, rector of Hatfield, Herts, and died
on April 11 at Cannes, where he had
wintered for several years.

Duke of Beaufort, K.O. — Henry
Charles Fitzroy, eighth duke, was born
in 1824, and was educated at Eton, and
entered the Army, serving in 1st Life
Guards and 7th Hussars. As Marquess
of Worcester he sat in the House of
Commons 1846-58 as a Conservative
member for East Gloucestershire,
being returned without a contest.
After succeeding to the peerage he was
Master of the Horse in Lord Derby's
Administrations, 1858-9 and 1866-8, and
it was more by his love of field sports
than of politics that he figured before
the world. For forty years he hunted
the Badminton district in a truly
magnificent style, keeping eighty
horses in his stables and as many
couples of hounds.

On the turf the duke was fairly
successful. His horses at first were
trained by John Day at Danebury, and
he won the One Thousand Guineas in
1866 with Siberia, and in 1869 with
Scottish Queen, and the Two Thou-
sand Guineas with Vauban in 1870,
the Grand Prix de Paris with Ceylon,
besides other races at Goodwood and
Ascot. After an interval he transferred
his horses to Captain Machell's stables,
and won the Two Thousand Guineas
with Petronel 1884, the Prince of
Wales' Stakes at Ascot in 1885 and
1886, the One Thousand Guineas and
the Oaks with R6ve d'Or 1887, and
three times the Metropolitan Stakes.

He also took a great interest in
driving, and was from its founding
President of the Four-in-Hand Club, as
well as of its offshoot the Coaching Club.
For several years he was part pro-
prietor of the Brighton coach, and did
much to revive the stage coaches from
London to Oxford, Portsmouth, etc.
He wrote pleasantly on various sporting
subjects, and contributed in greater or
less degree to the volumes on " Driv-
ing," "Hunting," and "Riding," in
the "Badminton Library," of which
he was something more than the
titular editor. In the course of his
long life he had travelled much, chiefly
in the search of sport, of which he
had a notable collection of trophies.
He married in 1858 Lady Georgiana
Curzon-Howe, daughter of second Earl
Howe, and died at Stoke Gifford, Bristol,
on April 30, from an attack of gout.

On the 1st, at Paris, aged 66, Baroness Maurice de Hindi de Gereuth, daughter
of a Belgian financier, M. Bischoffsheim. Married, 1852, Baron de Hirscb, a
successful financier, and was distinguished for her munificent charity, especially
towards the Pasteur Institute, the University of Paris and the Tudor Convalescent
Home, Hampstead, which she endowed with 70,000/. On the Ist, at Grosvenor
Crescent, aged 80, Sir Edmund Antrolms, third baronet. Educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge; sat as a Conservative for EsLst Surrey, 1841-7; and for
Wiltou, 1855-77. Married, 1847, Marianne Georgiana, daughter of Sir George

K

146 OBITUAEY. [Aprti

Dashwood, baronet. On the Ist, at Lordship Park, North London, a^ed 80,
Bobert Baillie, an eminent engineer. Bom near Edinburgh ; became partner
with Mr. Joseph Westwood, 1847, and was a subcontractor of the Britannia
Tubular Bridge, Menai Straits, 1847-9; constructed the Sukkur, Attock and
Chenab Bridges in India and many large works for the Cape and South America,
and subsequently several ships of war. Married, 1839, Enmia, daughter of
Jonathan Bickford, of Milbrook, Cornwall. On the 2nd, at Cadogan Square,
aged 58, Bieliard Chamberlain, son of Joseph Chamberlain, of Moor Green,
Birmingham. Bom at London ; educated at University College School ; estab-
lished at Birmingham, 1863 ; elected Member of the City Council, 1874 ; Mayor,
1879-80 ; sat as a Liberal for West Islington, 1885-92. Married, first, 1872, Mary,
daughter of William Henry Dawes, of Kenilworth ; and second, 1887, Rahman
Theodora, daughter of Captain Sir J. Swinburne, R.N., seventh baronet. On
the 2nd, at Paris, aged 72, Hadame Midielet, n^e Mialaret. Married the great
historian, 1849 ; assisted her husband in his works, and was author of '* La
Nature" and "M^moires d'une Enfant," etc. On the 2nd, at Brompton, aged
60, Roaa Ladarque (Mrs. Fuller), a popular actress, who first appeared at the
Princess's Theatre under Charles Kean's management, 1856, and continued to act
until within ten days of her death. On the 3rd, at Arco, South Tyrol, aged 64,
Archduke Ernest, second son of Archduke Penier. Bom at Milan; General of
Cavalry in the Austrian Army. On the 4th, at Roseborough, Co. Kildare, aged
66, Hon. Charlas Fowlar Bourka, C.B., son of fifth Earl of Mayo. Private Secretaiy
to Lord Naas £Uid Lord Winmarleigh when Chief Secretaries to the Lord-
Lieutenant ; Inspector-General of Prisons, Ireland, 1868-78 ; Chairman of General
Prison Board, Ireland, 1878-95. Married, 1895, Lady Albreda, Mary Wentworth-
Fitzwilliam, daughter of sixth Earl Fitzwilliam. On the 5th, at Cannes, aged 99,
Thomas Edward Ellis, son of Thomas Ellis, of Cynlas, Merioneth, a tenant farmer.
Educated originally for the Calvinistic Church at Bala Theological College and
University College, Aber}'8twith ; afterwards at New College, Oxford, where he
graduated in Honours, IsiBl ; elected as an advanced Radical for Merionethshire,
and at once became the leader of a ** Young Wales" party; appointed Junior
Lord of the Treasury, 1892, and succeeded Mr. Marjoribanks as Senior Liberal
" Whip," 1894. Married, 1898, Mary Jane Davis. On the 7th, at Reading, aged
81, Joseph Stevens, L.R.C.P., an eminent geologist and antiquary, son of a fanner.
Bom at Stanmore, Berks; educated at Middlesex Hospital; M.R.C.S., 1843;
practised at St. Mary Bourne, 1845-79 ; Honorary Curator of Reading Museum,
1884 ; autlior of many works on the palaeontology and flint implements of Hants^
*< History of St. Mary Boumc" (1888), etc. On the 8th, at Balham, aged 78,
Almaric Rumsey, Professor of Indian Jurisprudence at King's College, London,
son of Lacy Rumsey, of H.M. Treasury. Educated at Rugby and St. Marg. Hall,
Oxford ; B.A., 1847 (First Class Mathematics) ; called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn,
1857; Assistant Solicitor to the Board of Customs, 1870-82; author of several
text-books on Indian law. Married, 1872, Caroline Montagu, daughter of Thomas
J. Pittar, of H.M. Customs. On the 9th, in Bryanston Square, aged 76, Ladj
Frere, C.I., Catherine, daughter of Lieutenant-General Sir George Arthur, first
baronet. Married, 1844, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, successively Governor of Bombay
and the Cape. On the 10th, at Tcddington, aged 82, Captain George Henry COaifce,
R.N. Entered the Royal Navy, 1838; served in the Syrian War and battle of
St. Jean d'Acre, 1840 ; in the Burmese War, 1850 ; and in the Baltic, 1854-5, on
H.M.S. Blenheim. On the 10th, at Bucharest, aged 75, Lascar Oatazgl, chief of
the Conservative party and several times Prime Minister. Took an active part
in the revolution which led to the abdication of Prince Alexander Cusa and the
election of Prince Charles of Hohenzollem, 1866. On the 11th, at Burton Agnes
Hall, Bridlington, aged 54, Sir Henry SomerviUe Boynton, eleventh baronet.
Educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge. Married, 1876, Mildred, daughter
of Rev. Canon Paget. On the 11th, at London, aged 66, Liantenant-Colmitf
Francis O'Belma, son of Francis O'Beimc, of Jamestown, Co. Leitrim. Entered
the Army and served with 2nd Dragoon Guards in the Oudh Campaign, 1858-9;
sat as a Home Ruler for Co. Leitrim, 1876-87. On the 12th, at Melbourne,
Victoria, aged 75, Hon. Jamas Service. Bom near Glasgow ; came to Melbourne
to establish a branch house of his business, 1858; returned to the Legislative
Assembly as Representative for Melbourne, 1857, and with one short interral
(1866-70) held his seat until 1887 as a Free Trader and a Conservative; waa
successively Minister of Lands, 1862; ColonifiJ Treasurer, 1874; Premier, 1881
and 1883-5. On the 18th, at Huntroyde, Bumley, aged 70, (kdonA Le QmAn
Nicholas Btarkie. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; B.A., 1861 ; sat as a
Liberal for Clitheroe, 1854-7. Married, 1867, Jemima Monica Mildred, danghter

1899] OBITUARY. 147

of Henry Tempest, of LoRtock Hall, Lancashire. On the 14th, at Eastbourne,
aged 75, Edmund Sheridan Purcell, author of the '* Life of Archbishop Manning,"
wiiich aroused much angry controversy. Began life as clerk in the General Post
Office ; was editor of a Roman Catholic paper which acquired no circulation ; was
appointed by Cardinal Manning as his Assistant Secretary, and had the arrange-
ment of his private papers. On the 14th, at Richmond, Surrey, aged 74, General
Sir Charles George Arlmtlmot, G.C.B., son of Right Rev. Alexander Arbuthnot,
Bishop of Killaloe. Educated at Rugby and Woolwich Academy ; entered Royal
Artillery, 1843 ; served with great distinction and twice wounded in the Crimean
Campaign, 1854-6 ; Afghan War, 1878-80 ; the Burmese Expedition, 1887 ;
Inspector-General of Artillery, 1883-6; Commander-in-Chief at Bombay, 1886,
and at Madras, 1886-91. Married, 1868, Caroline Charlotte, daughter of William
Clarke, M.D. On the 16th, at Florence, aged 77, Cardinal Bausa. Originally a
Dominican Priest and Missionary^n Moussoul, 1860-8; Prior of Santa Maria
Novella and Vicar of San Marco, 1860-70; Master of the Sacred Palace, 1888;
Archbishop of Florence, 1889; created Cardinal, 1887. On the 16th, at Dover,
aged 74, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Le Geyt Bruce, K.C.B. Educated at King's
School, Canterbury, and at Addiscombe College ; entered Bengal Artillery, 1842 ;
served in the Gwalior Campaign, 1843-4 ; Sutlej Campaign, 1846 ; Punjab Cam-
paign, 1848-9 ; and Indian Mutiny, including the relief of Lucknow, 1857-8.
Married, 1863, Alice, daughter of Dr. Chalmers, of the Bengal Medical Service.
On the 16th, at Grosvenor Square, aged 76, Dowager Duchees of Karlboroiigli,
Lady Frances Anne Emily Vane-Tempest, daughter of third Marquess of London-
derry. Married, 1843, John, seventh Duke of Marlborough. On the 16th, at
Bryn, Merionethshire, aged 69, Sir William Roberts, M.D., F.R.S., son of David
Roberts, of Mynyddygof, Anglesey. Educated at Mill Hill School and University
College, London ; graduated B. A., 1861 ; M.D. ,1864; Physician to the Manchester
Infirmary, 1855-86, and first Professor of Medicine at Victoria University, Man-
chester, 1885-9, when he removed to London, where he held many important
posts. Married, 1869, Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Johnson, of Manchester.
On the 16th, at Guildford, aged 78, General Sir Jolrn Field, K.C.B. Entered the
Bengal Army, 1839 ; served with 6th Native Infantry through the Afghan, 1841-2,
and Sindh Campaigns, 1843-4; the Indian Mutiny, 1867-8, during which his
influence kept the regiment loyal; the Abyssinian Expedition, 1867-8, and for
his distinguished services was given command of the Pioneer Force in that cajn-
paign ; Aide-de-camp to the Queen, 1869-79. Married, 1849, Anna, daughter of
Rev. A. Faure, D.D., of Cape Town. On the 17th, at Holies Street, Cavendish
Square, aged 61, Sir Rose LamlMirt Price, fourth baronet. Educated at Grosvenor
College, Bath; entered the R.M.L.I., 1863; served in the China War, 1867-9,
when he was wounded. Married, 1877, Isabella, daughter of John William
Tarlcton, of Killeigh, King's County; assumed for herself, 1896, the name of
Fothergill. On the 17th, at Upper Norwood, aged 76, Sir James Wright, C.B., son
of Captain George Wright, of Lawton, Perthshire. Apprenticed to a firm of
engineers at Dundee; entered the Admiralty Dockyard, Woolwich, 1846, and
was subsequently transferred to Whitehall; Assistant to Engineer-in-Ghief of the
Navy, 1800-72 ; Engineer-in-Chief, 1872-87. On the 18th, at Ryde, I.W., aged 76,
Rev. John Primatt Maud, son of Ptev. S. Maud, Rector of Swainswick. Educated
at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford; Student of Christ Church,
1 .S42-8 : joined the Madras Army, 1843 ; served in the Burmese War, 1862, and
during the Indian Mutiny, 1867-8; retired with rank of Major, 1869; entered at
Trinity Hall, Cambridge; rowed stroke in the college bcMit; graduated B.A.,
1862; Vicar of Ancaster, Lincolnshire, 1863-94. On the 18th, at Southsea, aged
71, Major-General James Whltaker Barnes, son of Major James Barnes. Bom in
Cape Colony; served in the Kaffir War, 1846-7; fiifterwards entered the 78rd
Kegiment and served in the Kaffir War, 1866, and in the Indian Mutiny, 1867-8 ;
commanded 41st Regimental District (Welsh Regiment), 1882-6. On the 19th,
at Limerick, aged 66, Blichael Hogan, known as "The Bard of Thomond." Bom
at Limerick in humble circumstances ; was the author of fugitive pieces collected
ill a volume, "Lays and Legends of Thomond" (1880J. On the 20th, at Paris,
a^ed C5, Edouard Pailleron, an eminent French dramatist. Bom at Paris ; began
life as a notary's clerk; author of "Le Parasite*' (1860), "Le Mur Mitoyen*'
(IHGl), "Le Monde oil Ton s'ennuie" (1881), his most successful piece, etc., etc. ;
succeeded ^L Charles Blanc as Member of the French Academy, 1884. Married,
IHGl, daughter of M. Buloz, proprietor of the Revue des Deux Mondes, On the
20tii, at London, aged 79, Joseph Wolf, an eminent animal painter, the son of a
farmer. Bom near Coblenz; studied at Antwerp ; came to London to illustrate
Tt ray's "Genera of Birds" (1847); he illustrated also "Birds of North-East

Z2

148 OBITUARY. [April

Africa," " Birds of Japan," Gould's " Birds of Great Britain," Wallace's "MaUy
Arcliipelago," etc. ; was the friend of painters, especially pre-Kaphaelite, ex-
plorers and scientific men. On the 21st, at Berlin, aged 80, Heinrich Eiepert, a
distinguished geographer. Educated at Berlin; visited Asia Minor and made
surveys, 1841-2 ; appointed Head of the Geographical Institute, Weimar, 1852 ;
Professor of Geography at Berlin, 1859; author of several standard maps and
books of reference on geography, ancient and modem. On the 21st, at Chelten-
ham, aged 74, Colonel Cliarles John Ellis, R.L.M.I. Entered the Marines, 1840 ;
served in the Kaffir War, 1846-7 ; in the Crimean Expedition, 1854, and in the
Baltic, 1855, and was present at the battle of Balaclava and fall of Sebastopol ;
Paymaster at Plymouth, 1870-8. On the 22nd, at Onslow Gardens, S.W., aged
83, Bight Hon. Sir John Robert Mowbray, P.O., first baronet, M.P. and " father of
the House of Commons," son of Robert Stribling Cornish, of Exeter. Educated
at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford ; By^., 1B86 (Second Class Lit. Hum,) ;
called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1839 ; sat as a Conservative for Durham
City, 1853-68, and for Oxford University since 1869; Judge Advocate-General,
1858-9 and 1866-8 ; Chairman of the Committee of Selection, 1874-95. Married,
1847, Eliza Gray, daughter of George Isaac Mowbray, of Bishopwearmouth,
whose name he took. On the 22nd, at Kensington, aged 56, Colonel Sir BolMTt
Warburton, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., son of Colonel Robert Warburton, R.A., of Garryinch,
Queen's County. Educated at Kensington Grammar School and Royal Military
Academy, Woolwich ; entered the Royal Artillery, 1861 ; served through the
Abyssinian War, 1867-8 ; joined Bengal Staff Corps, 1869 ; served in the Afghan
War, 1878-80, and the Tirah Expedition, 1897-8 ; was Chief Political Officer at
Jalalabad and in charge of the Khyber Pass, 1879-97, where he acquired a
remarkable ascendency and influence over the frontier tribes. Married, 1868,
Mary, daughter of William Cecil, of Dyffr3m House, Monmouthshire. On tiie
23rd, at Kensington, aged 82, Jabez Hogg, son of John Hogg, of RoyfiJ Dockyud,
Chatham. Educated at Rochester Grammar School, the Hunterian School of
Medicine and Charing Cross Hospital ; M.R.C.S., 1856 ; practised as an Oph*
thalmic Surgeon ; wa« a prominent Freemason ; the author of several popular
and medical works. On the 23rd, at Clifton, aged 56, Major-General Sir Jamw
Alleyne, K.C.B. Educated at Cheltenham College and Woolwich Academy;
entered the Royal Artillery, 1862 ; served in the Red River Expedition, 1878, and
the Zulu War, 1879, with great distinction ; was appointed Boundary Commis-
sioner for the subdivision of Zululand, 1880-1; served in the Egyptian Elx-
pedition, 1882, and the Nile Campaign, 1884-5. On the 25th, at Walsingham
Hall, Suffolk, aged 86, Rev. Sir Charles Clarke, second baronet, son of Sir Charles
Clarke, M.D., Physician to Queen Adelaide. Educated at Charterhouse and
Trinity College, Cambridge ; B.A., 1831 ; Rector of Hanwell, Middlesex, 1847-64.
Married, 1838, Rosa Mary, daughter of Henry Alexander, F.R.S. On the 2Gth, at
Vienna, aged 75, Count Earl Hohenwart, an Austrian politician. Was for many
years a Liberal and a strong Federalist; appointed Prime Minister, 1871, and
attempted to recognise the independence of the kingdom of Bohemia; was
opposed by the Austrian Cliancollor, Count Beust, and the Hungarian Premier*
Count Andrassy, and forced to resign ; was leader of the Reactionaiy party in the
Reichsrath, 1873-97. On the 27th, in Chesham Street, S.W., aged 72, DowagV
Countess of Arran, Elizabeth Marianne, daughter of General Sir William F. P.
Napier. Married, 1848, fourth Earl of Arran. On the 27th, at London, aged 7%
John Edmund Beveme, son of John Michael Seveme, of Wallop Hall, Salop. Bom
at Ludlow; educated at Brasenose College, Oxford; sat as a Conservative for
Ludlow, 1865-8, and for South Shropeliire, 1874-85. Married, 1858, Florence
Morgan, daughter of Very Rev. Hugh Usher Tighe, Dean of Derry. On the 27th,
at Basle, aged 46, Henry Offley Wakeman, son of Sir Ofiley Wakeman, baronet.
Educated at Eton and Christ Oiurch ; B.A., 1873 (First Class Medical History) ;
Fellow of All Souls', 1874 ; called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1877 ; Bursar and
Tutor of Keble College, 1878-84, when he was appointed Bursar of All Souls';
author of several historical works. Married, 1898, Violet Mary, daughter of F.
Johnston, of Westerham, Kent. On the 29th, at Bath, aged 75, General Blidiaid
Drapes Ardagh, son of Colonel John Ardagh, Judge Advocate-General of the
Madras Presidency. Entered the Madras 11th Native Infantry, 1839 ; took part
in the Burmese War, 1862 ; appointed Deputy Commissioner of Prome (Burma),
1 S53^9 ; Deputy Commissioner, Rangoon, 1859-62 ; Commissioner oi Lower
Burma, 1863-78 ; after his retirement he was appointed Teacher of Burmese at
Oxford, Cambridge and King's College, London. Married, 1857, Frances, daoghter
of Lieutenant-Colonel J. Hutchings. On the 30th, in Albion Street, Hyde Fazk,
aged 57, Hon. Power Henry Le Peer Trench, son of third Earl of Clanoarty.

1899.]

OBITUAEY.

149

Entered the Diplomatic Service, 1859 ; Secretary of Legation at Tokio, 1882-9 ;
at Berlin, 1889-93 ; Minister to Mexico, 1893-4 ; Japan, 1894-6. On the 30th, at
Maidenhead, aged 59, Charles Henry Coote. For forty years employed in the
British Museum, where he became one of the first authorities on old maps, etc. ;
author of several works in connection with Shakespeare, etc.

MAT.

ViBcount Esher. — William Baliol
Brett, son of Rev. Joseph G. Brett, of
Chelsea, was bom August 13, 1815, and
was educated at Westminster and
Caius College, Cambridge, where- he
rowed three times in the University
eight. He was called to the Bar at
Lincoln^s Inn 1846, and joined the
Northern Circuit, and soon obtained a
fair amount of work both in London
and at Liverpool, and took silk in 1861 .
On Mr. Cobden's death he stood as a
Conservative for Rochdale, when he
was defeated by Mr. T. B. Potter. In
the following year he stood for Helston,
Cornwall, when both he and his
opponent polled the same number of
votes, the mayor, as returning officer,
giving his casting vote in favour of the
latter, Mr. Robert Campbell. As this
vote was given after four o'clock, an
appeal was lodged against the return,
and the mayor was summoned to the
Bar of the House, and both members
were allowed to take their seats. He
at once took a prominent place among
the lawyers on the Conservative side
of the House, especially in the debates
on Mr. Disraeli's Reform Bill, which
he urged his party to settle on the
broadest possible basis.

In February, 1868, Mr. Brett was
appointed Solicitor- General in suc-
cession to Sir C. Selwyn, Sir John
Karslake being Attorney-General. As
such he appeared for the Crown in the
prosecution of the Fenians charged
with having caused the Clerkenwell
explosion. In Parliament he took a
leading part in the promotion of
several bills connected with the admin-
istration of law and justice. By the
Parliamentary Elections Act an addi-
tional judge was added to the Common
ijaw Division for the trial of petitions,
and Sir Baliol Brett was appointed to
be a Justice of the Court of Common
Pleas, which he declared in his farewell
speech to tlie Bar to have been the
object of his early ambition. In the
discharge of his judicial duties his
sentences were sometimes the subjects
of serious controversy, notably in the
rase of the gas-stokers' strike, when he
sentenced the defendants to imprison-
ment for twelve months (subsequently
reduced by the Home Secretary to
four) and hard labour, for quitting

their employers' service without
notice.

In 1876 on the reconstruction of
the Court of Appeal, Mr. Justice Brett
was raised to the rank of a Lord
Justice, and after seven years' tenure
succeeded in 1883 Sir George Jessel as
Master of the Rolls, and thereby Presi-
dent of the Court of Appeal. In several
important cases, chiefly those involving
questions of commerce, he found him-
self in a minority in the court, but on
appeal to the House of Lords he fre-
quently found his views supported
against those of his colleagues. In
1885 a barony was conferred upon him
in recognition of his prolonged service,
and he at once brought the influence
of his position to bear upon professional
questions. He opposed (1886) the bill
proposing that an accused person or
his wife might give evidence in his
own case, and he supported (1887) the
bill which empowered Lords of Appeal
to sit and vote after their retirement.
He was instrumental in passing the
Solicitors Act, 1888, increasing the
powers of the Incorporated Law
Society. His views on the adminis-
tration of the law were strongly ex-
pressed in the House in 1890, deploring
the delay and expense of trials, which
he regarded as having been increased
by the Judicature Acts.

At the end of 1897 he retired after
having occupied a seat on the Bench
for nearly thirty years, during which
the members of the Bar had often
winced under his sharp interruptions,
but as the Attorney-General in his
leave-taking speech added, "they left
no sting behind." A viscounty was
conferred upon him on his retirement,
a mark never given to any judge, Lord
Chancellors excepted, "for mere legal
conduct since the time of Lord Coke."
Lord Esher married in 1850 Eugenie,
daughter of Louis Mayer, and step-
daughter of Captain Gurwood, the
editor of the " Wellington Despatches,*'
and died at his town house in Ennis-
more Gardens on May 24 after an
illness of several weeks, but from which
he had partially recovered. Many
years previous to his death he had
caused a monument to be erected in
Esher Church to his own memory and
to that of his wife, who survived nim.

150

OBITUARY.

pnv

SeSLor Castelar. — Emilio Gastelar was
bom at Cadiz in 1832, the son of a
Liberal agitator who died young. The
boy was educated first at Alicante and
afterwards at the Madrid University.
He did fairly well in his examinations,
but had already commenced writing
for the newspapers, and before he had
reached the age of twenty he had
written a novel. His talents, however,
as a speaker were greater than as a
writer, and the Vicalvarist revolution
of 1864 gave him his opportunity. He
was appointed Professor of Philosophy
and History in the University of
Madrid, and distinguished himself by
a series of lectures, of a very Liberal
tone, on the first five centuries. He
subsequently fell under the influence
of Victor Hugo, and adopted his
master's republican views. In conse-
quence of an attack upon Queen
Isabella, he was removed from his
post by Marshal Narvaez in 1865. The
students protested by stormy proceed-
ings, and Narvaez wsls forced to resign,
and Gastelar restored to his place.
His attitude during the following
twelve months proved that his views
had undergone little change, for in
1866 he was forced to leave Spain, and
took refuge in Italy and afterwards in
Belguim, supporting himself by writ-
ing for American newspapers.

He took no prominent part in the
agitation, led by Prim and Sagasta,
which ended in the flight of Queen
Isabella, and the election of Prince
Amadeo to the Spanish throne. He
was elected a member of the Cortes, by
which the new constitution was settled,
and steadily maintained that the choice
lay between a restoration of the old
dynasty and a republic. Overtures
were made in the first instance to the
Duke of Genoa, and subsequently to
the HohenzoUem Prince, whose can-
didature was one of the pretexts of the
Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Finally
Prince Amadeo consented to accept the
offer of the vacant throne, but in 1873,
after little more than two years, was
forced to abdicate. Throughout this
period Gastelar, although a member of
the Gortes, had taken no prominent
part, but on the downfall of Amadeo,
the Republican party, of which he was
the acknowledged leader, were left in
temporarily undisputed possession of
the field. The aim of the party was
to subdivide Spain into self-governing
provinces, and further represented by
a Federal Gortes, after the model of the
United States. The immediate result
was anarchy throughout the country,
and in September, 1873, the Gortes
elected Gastelar as liead of the Execu-

tive Government, with almost a die-
tator's powers, and adjourned for ioar
months. During this period Gastelar
displayed great firmness, and with a
view of re-establishing order in the
southern provinces had no scruple in
executing rioters who under the name
of Gantonalists were spreading ruin
around. He applied the principles of
conscription without favour to classes,
reorganised the Army, and by an
understanding with the Vatican, weak-
ened the power of the Garlists in the
north. The more fanaticcJ Bepub-
licans repudiated this policy of oom-
promise, and on the meeting of the
Gortes in January, 1874, a vote of want
of confidence in Senor Gastelar was
moved and passed. Marshal Pavia,
Gaptain General of Gastille, acting
wholly on his own initiative at once
dispersed the Gortes, and a militaiy
government under Marshal Serrano
was provisionally set up to cany on
the affairs of the country. Gastelar at
once returned to his duties at the Uni-
versity, which he continued to discharge
without taking part in politics until
the end of the year, when General
Martinez de Gampos restored the
Spanish Bourbons and called Alfonso
XII. to the throne. Gastelar there-
upon left the country for a short time,
dissociating himself from the more
violent Republicans who acted under
Ruiz Zorrilla. Upon his return he
avowed himself a " Posibilista," and
entered into an understanding with
Sagasta, the leader of the Liberals,
devoting his attention chiefly to liber-
alising the new constitution, drafted
by Ganovas after the restoration of the
monarchy, and when this had been
modified — some years later — by the
reintroduction of universal suffrage,
Gastelar reconciled himself to the
monarchy. He, however, abstained
from taking any personal responsi-
bility, although acting under his
advice several of his followers took
office under Sagasta. The later years
of his life were devoted to literaiy
work, and amongst his numerous pro-
ductions, a " Life of Lord Byron," was
translated into English. His fame,
however, rests chiefly upon his eloquent
speeches, and upon a certain quality
ol reasonableness which distinguished
him from his political contemporaries
in Spain. He died at San Pedro de
Pinatar on May 25, and the esteem in
which he was held by his countrymen
from the Queen Regent downwards
was touchingly shown in the general
mourning which followed, and the
public honours paid to his memory.

1899.] OBITUARY. 151

On the 1st, at Darmstadt, aged 70, Professor Lndwlg Bneliner. Bom at
Darmstadt ; educated there and at Tubingen University, where he became
Lecturer on Medicine ; author of a famous book, " Kraft and Stoff " (1855), which
excited great opposition. He abandoned his academic career, practised as a
physician, and wrote several works on scientific and philosophical subjects. On
the 1st, at Dublin, aged 62, Rev. Sir Edmund Frederick Armstrong, second baronet,
of Gallen Priory, King's County. Educated at King's College, London ; Vicar of
Skeirke, 1864-74; Rector of Borris in Ossory, 1874-87. Married, 1865, Alice,
daughter of W. Windsor Fisher. On the 2nd, at Berlin, aged 88, Martin Eduard
von Simson, a distinguished politician. Bom at Konigsberg; studied law and
political sciences at the Universities of Konigsberg, Berlin and Bonn ; appointed
Professor of Law at Konigsberg, 1833 ; elected to represent his native city in the
National Assembly at Frankfort, 1848; President of the Parliament of Erfurt,
1850 ; leader of the Moderate Liberals in the Prussian Parliament, of which he
was elected President, 1861-6; President of the Constituent Assembly, North
German Parliament and Reichstag, 1867-74 ; Judge of the Supreme Court,
1879-91. On the 3rd, at Bamsbury, aged 87, Benjamin Vincent, for upwards of
forty years Librarian of the Royal Institution. Reviser of "Haydn's Dictionary
of Dates " from its seventh to its twenty-second edition ; author of a dictionary
of biography and many other works of reference. On the 4th, at Clifton, aged 66,
BIrs. Emma Marshall, a popular writer of children's stories, chiefly connected with
historic places, Emma, daughter of Simon Martin, of Norwich. Married, 1854,
H. G. Marshall. On the 5th, at Cambridge, aged 59, Fliilip Thomas Blain, son of
Kev. Robert Main, of Greenwich. Educated at Merchant Taylors' School and
St. John's College, Cambridge ; B.A., 1863 (Sixth Wrangler) ; Fellow of St.
John's, 1863, and Superintendent of the Natural Science Laboratory; author of
several astronomical treatises, etc. On the 5th, at Stevenson, Haddingtonshire,
aged 78, Sir Robert Charles Sinclair, ninth baronet, son of Admiral Sir John
Gordon, eighth baronet. Born at Paris; entered the Army, 1838, and served
with 38th Regiment. Married, first, 1851, Charlotte Anne, daughter of Lieu-
tenant John Coote, 71st Regiment ; and second, 1876, Louisa, daughter of
Roderick Hugonin, of Kimmytreshouse, Inverness. On the 6th, at Cologne,
aged 79, Cardinal Kremantz, Archbishop of Cologne, son of a butcher at Coblentz.
Educated at Bonn and Munich ; officiated as a priest for many years at Coblentz,
wliere he acquired great reputation ; appointed Bishop of Ermeland, West
Prussia, 1867 ; joined the protest of a minority against the doctrine of Papal
Infallibility, 1870, but afterwards accepted it ; Archbishop of Cologne, 1885 ;
Cardinal, 1893. On the 6th, at London, aged 50, Captain John Fakenham Plpon,
R.N., C.B., C.M.O., son of Colonel Pipon, of Moirmont Manor, Jersey. Entered
the Navy, 1862; served in the Malay Expedition, 1875-6; Egyptian War and
bombardment of Alexandria, 1882 ; British Consul at Beira, 1888-90, and for the
territories south of the Zambesi, 1891. Married, 1881, Alice, daughter of Murray
M. Johnson, of Sandgate. On the 6th, at Ventnor, aged 76, General Au^nistus
Ritherdon. Entered the Madras Army, 1840; served in the Burmese War,
1852-3. Married, 1882, Kate, daughter of H. Cleave, of Bushey Lodge, Watford.
On the Gth, at Richmond, Surrey, aged 70, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry John Kinfir,
son of General Sir Henry King. Entered the Army, 1844; served with 2nd
Buffs in the Chinese War, 1860. On the 7th, at Albert Gate, Hyde Park, aged
85, Sir Herbert Scarisbrick Naylor-Leyland, M.P., baronet, son of Colonel T.
Naylor-Leyland, of Nantclwyd Hall, Denbighshire. Served with 2nd Life
Guards, 1882-95 ; sat as a Conservative for Colchester, 1892-5 ; unsuccessfully
contested South Lancashire as a Home Ruler, 1895, but was elected as a Radical,
1898; created a Baronet, 1895. Married, 1889, Jeannie, daughter of W. S.
Chamberlain, of Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. On the 8th, at St.^Petersburg, aged 80,
Admiral Constantine N. Possiet. Entered the Russian Navy at an early age;
served in Japanese waters, 1855, and was wrecked; introduced improvements
into naval gunnery; Governor of the Grand Duke Alexis, 1858-74; Minister of
\Va\s and Communications, 1874-88, and resigned after the accident to the
imperial train at Borki, October, 1888. On the 10th, at London, aged 76, Georsre
Fosbery Lyster, Engineer-in-Chief of the Mersey Docks and Harbours, and under
his direction upwards of two millions sterling had been expended in dock works
at Liverpool and Birkenhead since his appointment in 1861. On the 12th, at
Caiio, aged 60, Baron de Malortr^. Entered the Hanoverian Army, but resigned
in order to accompany the Emperor Maximilian to Mexico. On his return to
Europe he was actively engaged in supporting the claims of Hanover against
Prussia, but after the establishment of the North German Confederation, 1866-7,
\v;ls forced to leave Germany and resided chiefly in England and Egypt. Author

152 OBITUAEY. [iby

of **'Twixt Old Times and New" (1890), "Here, Tliere and Everywhere" (1895).
On the 12th, at Falmouth, aged 42, Herbert Lloyd, one of the Marshall publishing
firm and one of the proprietors of the Daily Chronicle. Educated at Brighton ;
spent five years in South Africa, and was for some years a traveller in all parts of
the world. Married, 1891, Christina, daughter of Dr. William Evans, of Madras
Medical Service. On the 18th, at Parkstone, Dorset, aged 51, Robert KUduMl
Haggard, son of W. M. B. Haggard, of Bradenham Hall, Norfolk. Educated at
Winchester and Trinity Hall, Cambridge ; B.A., 1869 ; called to the Bar at
Lincoln's Inn, 1871 ; British Member of the Samoan Land Commission, 1890-5.
Married, 1872, Julia, daughter of George Barker, of Shipdham Hall, Norfolk.
On the 14th, at New York, aged 64, Boswell Pettabone Flower. Bom at Jefferson
City, N.Y. ; worked at various trades, including that of a bricklayer, but subse-
quently opened a jewellery store at Watertown ; established himself at New York,
1869 ; elected Member of Congress as a Democrat, 1881-91, when he was Governor
of New York, 1891-5. Married, 1859, Sarah, daughter of N. H. Woodruff, of
Watertown, N.Y. On the 14th, in Curzon Street, aged 71, Earl of Wbarnemft,
Edward Montagu Stuart Granville Montagu-Stuart- Wortley-Mackensie, first
earl, son of second baron. Educated at Eton ; served in Grenadier Guards; was
a keen sportsman and great traveller ; assumed the additional name of Montagu, ,
1880. Married, 1855, Lady Susan Charlotte Lascelles, daughter of third Eiarl of \
Harewood. On the 14th, at Edinburgh, aged 90, John Molr, M.D., father of the \
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. Born in a French prison, where his
father, a naval surgeon, was detained ; educated at Edinburgh University ; M.B.,
1828 ; a leading member of the Free Church party at the Disruption ; Professor
of Midwifery, Edinburgh University ; author of various medical works. On the
15th, at Cleveland Gardens, W., aged 90, Rev. Daniel Moore. Educated at St.
Catharine's College, Cambridge ; Norrisian Prizeman, 1887 and 1839 ; Hulsean,
1840 ; graduated B.A., 1840 ; Incumbent of Camden Church, Camberwell, 1844-66 ;
Holy Trinity, Paddington, 1866-95; Prebendarv of St. PauPs, 1880; Golden
Lecturer, 1856-94. On the 15th, at Melbourne, Victoria, aged 76, Sir FTedttrtdk
M'Coy, K.C.M.O., F.R.S., son of Simon M*Coy, M.D., of Dublin. Educated at
Dublin and Cambridge Universities ; was employed on the Geological Survey of
Ireland, 1842-50 ; Professor of Geology, Queen's University, Ireland, 1850-4 ; first
Professor of Natural Science in Melbourne University until his death ; founder of
the Melbourne National Museum ; author, with Professor Sidgwick, of a work on
palaeozoic rocks and fossils, 1858. Married, 1848, Anna Maria, daughter of T.
Harrison, of Dublin. On the 16th, at Potter's Bar Station, aged 67, Bail of
StraflOrd, C.B., K.C.V.O., Henry William John Byng, fourth earl. Educated at
Eton ; Pago of Honour to the Queen, 1846-8 ; served with the Coldstream Guards,
1848-56. Married, first, 1868, Countess Henrietta Danneskiold ^amsoe ; and
second, 1899, Mrs. Colgate, of New York. On the 16th, at Paris, aged 70i
Francisque Sarcey, a brilliant journalist and critic. Bom^at Dourdan (Seine and
Oise) ; educated at the Lyc^e Charlemagne and at the Ecole NormaJe, 1848-61 ;
began writing for the Paris Figaro, 1858 ; Dramatic Critic of VOpinion Natianale,
1859-67, and of Le Temps, 1867, until his death; author of several tales and
novels. On the 17th, at Florence, aged 71, Princess Franoeeca Bospigliosi, noted
for her wit, beauty and philanthropy, a daughter of the Due de Cadore. Married,
1845, the Due di Zagorola, who subsequently became Prince Bospigliosi, and
resided for nearly half a century in Rome. On the 17th, at Newark, Notts, aged
84, William Newman Nidiolson, son of Benjamin Nicholson, of Newark. Was
partner in a firm of agricultural engineers ; Mayor of Newark, 1851 ; Chairman
of School Board, 1871-5 ; sat as a Conservative for the borough, 1880-5. Married*
first, 1849, Alice, daughter of James Betts, of Newark ; and second, 1866, Annie,
daughter of Joseph Prior, of Woodstock, Oxon. On the 18th, at Newnham Lodge,
Bedford, by his own hand, aged 52, Colonel Sir George Albert de Hocliepled Larpent,
third baronet. Entered the Army, 1865 ; served with 88th Hegiment in the Kaffir
War, 1877-8, and the Zulu War, 1879. Married, 1895, Rose, daughter of William
Armstrong and widow of Lieutenant-Colonel T. Camden Lambert. On the 18th,
at Paris, aged 88, Count Henri Delaborde, son of General Delaborde. Bom at
licnnes ; studied painting under Paul Dclaroche : painted several historiccJ pieces
for the galleries at Versailles; for many years Curator of the Department of
Engravings at the Biblioth^que Nationalc and Secretary of the Acsd^mie dee
Beaux Arts; author of several works on the fine arts. On the 19th, at Black
Torrington, Devon, aged 57, Earl of Malmesbnry, Edward James Harris, fourth
earl, son of Admiral Hon. Sir Edward A. J. Harris, K.C.B. Educated at
Sandhurst ; served in Royal Irish Kifles, 1861-82. Married, 1870, Sylvia Gteorgiana,
daughter of Alexander Stewart, of Ballycdmond, Co. Down. On the 19th, at

1899.]

OBITUAKY.

153

Plymouth, aged 68, Major-General Arthur Elderton, B.B.C. Entered the Army,
1844 ; served through the Punjab Campaign, 1848-9 ; severely wounded at Gujarat
in a " forlorn hope " ; and in the Indian Mutiny at the siege of Delhi, where he
was severely wounded; and subsequently in command of 2nd Sikh Irregular
Cavalry. . He was altogether wounded eight times in action. On the 23rd, at
Old Queen Street, Westminster, aged 68, Major-General Sir Claud Alexander, first
baronet, son of Boyd Alexander, of Ballochmyle, Ayrshire. Educated at Eton
and Christ Church, Oxford ; entered the Grenadier Guards, 1849 ; served through
the Crimean Campaign, 1854-6; unsuccessfully contested South A3nBhire as a
Conservative, 1868 ; sat as its Member, 1874-86. Married, 1868, Eliza, daughter
of Alexander Speirs, M.P. On the 28rd, at Inverness Terrace, London, aged 88,
Rev. William WiUdnson, D.D. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; graduated,
1839 ; Perpetual Curate successively of Holy Trinity and St. Mary, Shefl&eld,
1853-66 ; Rector of St. Martin's, Birmingham, 1866-97 ; Hon. C£Uion of Worcester,
1871. On the 25th, at By, near Fontainebleau, aged 76, Marie Rosalie Bonheur,
known as Rosa Bonheur, the most distinguished woman artist of her day,
daughter of Raymond Bonheur, an artist and teacher. Bom at Bordeaux;
studied under her father and Leon Cognict ; first exhibited at the Salon, 1841 ;
obtained Third Medal, 1846, for ** Boeufs Rouges du Cantal," and First Medal,
1848, for ••Labourage Nivemais," which, with her "Horse Fair" (1868), were
her most celebrated works. She painted animals, domestic and wild, with almost
equal skill and power, and worked uncesLsingly until the close of her life. On the
28th, at Worplesdon, Surrey, aged 70, Ueutenant-Oeneral Frederick Arthur Willis,
C.B., son of Lieutenant-General Willis, R.A. Entered the Army; served with
84th Regiment ; served through the Indian Mutiny, 1857, in 6th Fusiliers, with
General Havelock's Field Force, with great distinction ; severely wounded at the
relief of Lucknow. Married, 1860, Augusta, daughter of John G. Young, of
Brighton. On the 28th, at Spain's Hall, Essex, aged 73, Colonel Sir Samuel
Ruggles-Brise, K.C.B., son of John Ruggles-Brise. Educated at Eton and Mag-
dalene College, Cambridge ; entered Ist Dragoon Guards, 1844 ; Lieutenant-
Colonel of West Essex Militia, 1852-89 ; represented East Essex as a Conservative,
1868-K4. Married, 1847, Marianne Weyland, daughter of Sir Edward Bowyer-
Smijth, of Hill Hall, Essex. On the 29th, at St. Andrews, N.B., aged 70, General
Elliot Blinto Playfair, R.A., son of Colonel W. Davidson Playfair. Educated at
Woolwich; entered the Royal Artillery, 1846; served in second Burmese War,
1853, and Indian Mutiny. Married, 1866, Christina Frances, daughter of Captain
F. Montresor Wade. On the 30th, at Hastings, aged 60, Norman Kerr, M.D., a
distinguished advocate of temperance. Educated at Glasgow University ; M.B.,
1H61 ; President of the Society for the Study of Inebriety ; author of numerous
medical and controversial works on temperance, criminal responsibility, etc. On
the 30th, at London, aged 60, Rev. Luke Riyin^rton, D.D., son of Francis Rivington,
of Waterloo Place. Educated at Magdalen College, Oxford ; B.A., 1861 (Second
Class Lit. Huvi.) ; an eloquent preacher, and for many years attached to Cowley
House, Oxford ; joined the Church of Rome, 1887. On the 31st, at Kiel, aged 80,
Professor Klaus Oroth, an ardent promoter of the Platt-Deutsch literature;
published in 1852 a volume of dialect poems, ** Queckbom," which attracted much
notice ; appointed Professor of the German Language at Kiel, 1857.

JUNE.

Robert Wallace, D.D., M.P. — Robert
Wallace, tlie son of Jasper Wallace, a
master gardener, of Culross, Perthshire,
was born at St. Andrews in 1831, and
educated at pjdinburgh High School
and at the University of St. Andrews,
whore after a brilliant career he gradu-
ated M.A. in 1853, and afterwards
entered Divinity Hall, Edinburgh.
He was a little later ordained to the
Ministry, serving at Newton-on-Ayr
from 1857 to 1860, when he was
appointed to Trinity College Church,
Ediiiburgli. In 1868 on the death of

Dr. Lee, he succeeded to the ministry
of Greyfriars Church, which had
attained great notoriety under its
previous incumbent. His preaching,
which was as broad in doctrine as his
predecessor's, was remarkably success-
ful, and for many years Greyfriars
Church was the stronghold of the
Liberal Church party in Edinburgh.
In 1869 he received the degree of
Doctor of Divinity from the University
of Glasgow, and in 1872 was appointed
Professor x)f Church History at the
University of Edinburgh. He also

164

OBITUAEY.

[ADM

took a prominent part in the discus-
sions of the General Assembly of the
Church of Scotland, where he brought
to the aid of his Liberal colleagues
the resources of a powerful debater but
scarcely those of a conciliatory speaker.
In 187C Dr. Wallace suddenly re-
signed all his Church preferment, and,
to the surprise of many of his friends,
was nominated editor of the Scotsman
in succession to his deceased friend
Mr. Alexander Russel. After four
years of arduous work, he felt unequal
to the constant strain, and resigning
his office came to London, studied
law, and w£ks called to the Bar at the
Middle Temple 1883. His interest,
however, was in politics more than in
his new profession. In 188G he o£Eered
himself as a Home Rule candidate for
East Edinburgh in opposition to Mr.
Goschen, and was returned by 3,694 to
2,253 votes, and continued to represent
the constituency until his death. His
position in Parliament was that of a
thoroughly independent Liberal, never
hesitating to criticise his leaders, and
always able to command the attention
of the House by his quickness of appre-

hension and the incisiveness of his
satire. He was a brilliant talker, a
practised writer, and an attractive
lecturer. In the House of Commons
he was as ready to ridicule the pre-
tensions of his own party as the
blunders of his opponents. In the
course of the debate on the Home
Rule Bill in 1893, on the In and Out
Clause, he asked the chairman what
he was to do "seeing that he was
not possessed of the flexibility or the
fluidity of intelligence which made so
many of his co-disciples not only equal .
to one another but equal to anything."
He played in the course of his Ufe
the parts of scholar, divine, preacher,
journalist, barrister, and politician,
attracting friends in every position,
and seldom, if ever, making an enemy.
He married in 1858 Miss Margaret
Robertson of Edinburgh, and he died
in Westminster Hospital, almost in the
precincts of the House of Commons,
having been struck with paralysis
whilst speaking (June 6) on the grant
to Lord Kitchener, and died a few
hours later without having recovered
consciousness.

On the 1st, at Edinburgh, aged 60, John Smart, R.S.A., a popular landscape
painter. Bom at Leith ; educated at the High School and School of Art, Leitn,
as a designer and engraver ; later studied painting under H. MacCullooh ;
Associate, Royal Scottish Acskdemy, 1871 ; Academician, 1877. On the 1st, at
Pietermaritzburg, Natal, aged 65, Sir Melmoth Osbom, K.C.M.O., son of Robert
Farquhar Osbom, M.D. Educated in Natal ; attached to the Civil Service of the
Colony, 1854 ; appointed Resident Magistrate and Captain-Commandant of the
Newcastle (Natal) Rifles, 1865; Secretary to Sir T. Shepstone's mission to the
Transvaal, 1876; Colonial Secretary to the Transvaal Government, 1878-80;
British Resident in Zululand, 1880-93. On the 2nd, at Aix-les-Bains, aged 54,
Robert Cox, M.P., son of George Cox, of Gorgie, Edinburgh. Educated at Loretto,
Musselburgh and St. Andrews University; M.A., 1865; was a manufacturer of
gelatine, etc. ; unsuccessfully contested KirkcfiJdy as a Liberal Unionist, 1891 ;
elected for South Edinburgh, 1892. Married, 1875, Harriet, daughter of Professor
J. H. Bennett, M.D., of Edinburgh. On the 3rd, at Westboume Terrace, London*
aged 84, John Nixon, a mining and civil engineer of great capacity, bon of a
yeoman farmer of North Durham. Educated at Dr. Bruce's Academy, Newcastle-
on-Tyne ; worked for a time on a farm ; apprenticed to an engineer, 1881 ; was
Overman at Gadresfield Collier}', and subsequently went to South Wales, where
he undertook the survey of tlie Dowlais Colleries, and pressed the superiority of
Welsh coal ; after some years' direction of a colliery near Nantes, was the means
of introducing Welsh coal into France. On his return to England, established
colleries at Werfa, which were subsequently extended to an enormous extent;
invented the machine " Billy Fairplay " for the accurate measurement of the
proportion of large and small coal ; was one of the founders of the sliding scale
system of wages. On the 3rd, at Vienna, aged 73, Johaon Stranss, a popular
composer and conductor, son of Johann Strauss, in whose orchestra he first
appeared, 1843, and of wliich he became the conductor, 1849. Author of the
operettas the "Fliederman," the " Zigeunerbaron," the " Waldmeister," etc
His compositions of dance music earned for him the title of ** Walzerkdnig.*' On
the 3rd, at Brighton, aged 88, Dowager Lady Castletown, Augusta, daughter of
Rev. Archibald Douglas. Married, 1830, first Baron Castletown, of Upper Ossoiy.
On the 4th, at Vienna, aged 68, Heinricli Sieg'el. Bom in Grand Duchy of Baden ;
Professor of German Jurisprudence and History in the University of Vienna;
author of several works on jurisprudence, etc. On the 4th, at Astley, Stourport,
aged 75, Major-General Hill Wallace, C.B., R.A., son of Joseph Wallace, of Beech-
mount, Co. Antrim. Educated at Addiscombe ; entered the Bombay Artilleiy,

1899] OBITUAEY. 155

1843 ; served with distinction in the Abyssinian War, 1867-8, and at the capture
of Magdala. Married, first, 1862, May, daughter of Captain F. W. Burgowne,
K.N. ; and second, 1883, Marian Cecilia, daughter of Charles G. Stannell. On
the 5th, in St. George's Hospital, London, aged 40, Major the Hon. Arthur Stewart
Hardinge, son of second Viscount Hardinge. Educated at Sandhurst; entered
21st Fusiliers, 1878 ; served in the Zulu War, 1879 ; the Boer War, 1880 ; Burmese
Expedition, 1886-7 ; and the Lagos Expedition, 1892 ; was killed by a fall from
his horse in Hyde Park. On the 5th, at Ventnor, aged 59, John Qeorge Sinclair
Coghill, M.D. Enter the Royal Navy Medical Service ; served in the Baltic,
1854-5 ; Medical Officer at Shanghai, 1862-8 ; devoted himself without payment
to the Royal National Hospital for Consumption at Ventnor, 1873-98. On the
5th, at Leamington, aged 70, Margaret Anna Cusack, "the Nun of Kenmare,'*
daughter of Samuel Cusack, M.D., of Dublin. Educated as a Protestant ; became
a Roman Catholic ; established convents in England and America, and was
Abbess of Knock, Ireland; returned to Protestantism and lectured and wrote
against Roman Catholicism. On the 6th, at Pietermaritzburg, Natal, aged 64,
Sir Henry Binns, K.C.M.O. Born at Sunderland ; emigrated to Natal, 1853, and
devoted himself to sugar planting; elected Member of the Natal Legislative
Assembly, 1868 ; Prime Minister and Colonial Secretary since 1897. On the 6th,
at Port Louis, Mauritius, aged 81, The Hon. Sir C&court Augnete Antelme,
K.C.M.Q., son of L. J. Antelme. Bom and educated in the island; Member of
Legislative Council, 1856 ; of Executive Council, 1889. Married, 1848, daughter
of M. Marreis. On the 6th, at Middleton Tyas, York, aged 86, Rev. John Button
PoUexten, M.A., M.D., F.S.A. Studied medicine at Edinburgh and graduated
M.D., 183G; entered Queen's College, Cambridge, 1840; graduated B.A., 1843;
Secretary of the Church Pastoral Aid Society, 1848-51 ; Rector of St. Renwald,
Colchester, 1851-70; Vicar of Middleton Tyas, 1874. He was a distinguished
antiquarian. On the 7th, at Paris, aged 61, Augustine Daly, an accomplished
American actor. Began life as a journalist in New York; first brought his
** company of comedians" to London, 1884, and subsequently built and opened a
playhouse in that city, 1893. On the 9th, at The Heath, Leighton Buzzaj'd, aged
SO, Francis Bassett, son of John DoUin Bassett. A Member of the Society of
Friends and chief partner in the bank of Bassett & Co. Married, 1842, Ellen,
daughter of Edward Harris, of Stoke-Newington. On the 10th, at Edinburgh,
aged 56, Colonel Thomas Stanhope Oildea, son of Very Rev. Provost Gildea.
Entered the Army, 25th Regiment, 1863 ; served with 72nd Regiment (Seaforth
Highlanders) in the Afghan War, 1878-9. Married, 1890, Edith, daughter of R.
Begge-Scott. On the 11th, at Harrogate, aged 67, Sir Qeorsre Irwin, son of
Acliesou Irwin, of Cloraseil, Co. Fermanagh. Educated at Foyle College,
Londonderry ; apprenticed to the woollen trade at Leeds, 1847, and became
master of his uncle's firm ; took an active part in the Volunteer movement and
was a prominent member of the Conservative party in Leeds. Married, 1861,
Flora Adelaide, daughter of Captain T. J. Smith, of Cleobury Mortimer, Salop.
On tlic lltli, at North Berwick, aged 79, Rev. William Qarden BlaiUe, D.D., LL.D.,
son of James Blaikie, some time Lord Provost of Aberdeen. Educated at
Aberdeen Grammar School and University ; graduated, 1837 ; ordained, 1842 ;
left the Established Church at the Disruption ; Minister of Pilrig, near Edin-
burgh, 1843-67 ; Professor of Pastoral Theology at the Free Church New College,
Edinburgh, 1868-97 ; President of the Pan -Presbyterian AHiance, 1888-92 ;
Moderator of the General Assembly, 1892; author of "Life of David Living-
stone" and many other works; editor of the North British Review y Sunday
M<t<j(tzim\ etc. On the 12th, at Belgrave Square, S.W., aged 70, Sir James Robert
Walker, second baronet, of Sand Hutton, Yorkshire. Educated at Rugby and
Christ Church, Oxford; B.A., 1849; sat as a Conservative for Beverley, 18i59-65.
Married, 1803, Louisa Marlborough, daughter of Sir John Heron Maxwell, baronet.
Ou tlie 12t)i, at Breamore House, Salisbury, aged 90, Sir Edward Hulse, fifth
baronet. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; B.A., 1829. Married,
1854, Katlierine, daughter of Very Rev. H. P. Hamilton, Dean of SfiJisbury.
On the 18th, at Berlin, aged 79, Dr. Israel Hildesheimer, a distinguished orthodox
Rabbi. Born at Halberstadt ; educated at Halle University ; appointed Rabbi at
Eisenstadt, Hungary', 1838; Chief of the Rabinical Seminary at Berlin, 1869.
On tlie 18th, at Llandudno, aged 54, Lawson Tait, an eminent surgeon, son
of Artliibald Campbell Tait, of Dryden. Educated at Heriot's Hospital and
Ediuburgli University; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1870; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1871; House
Surgeon at Wakefield Hospital, 1867-70 ; Birmingham Hospital for Women,
1871-96, where he acquired great reputation in abdominal surgery; author of
several medical and scientific works. On the 14th, at Lebanon, Missouri, aged

156 OBITUARY. [jwi»

64, RidiaTd Parks Bland. Educated for a lawyer; elected as a Democrat to
Congress for Missouri, 1873; introduced, 1876, the Bland Bill, regelating the
coinage of silver dollars by the Treasury. On the 16th, at St. Petersburg, aged
44, Duchess Zenelde Dxnitijema, sister of the famous General Skobeleff. Married,
1878, Duke Eugene of Leuchtenberg. On the 16th, at London, aged 68, lientemaiit-
Colonel Andrew Munro. Served with 7th Fusiliers through the Crimean Campaign
with great distinction, and received his Commission, 1856, in the 19th Regiment,
retiring 1881. On the 18th, at Limpley Stoke, Wilts, aged 62, Major Ftrntaiidk.
Spencer Schomberg, son of J. T. Schomberg, Q.C. Entered the Army, 1864;
served with 57th Regiment in the Crimea, 1854-5; Indian Mutiny, 18i57; and
New Zealand War, 1864-6. On the 18th, at South Kensington, aged 66, Ernest
Clay Ker Beymer, of Handford, Dorset, son of James Clay, M.P., a noted whist
player. Educated at Harrow and in Germany ; served in the Diplomatic Service,,
1855-69. Married, 1864, Gertrude, daugliter of Henry Ker Seymer, M.P., and
adopted her name. On the 19th, at Dublin, aged 77, George Ferdinand Shaw
LL.D. Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, where he entered in 1889
Scholar, 1841, and Fellow, 1848; was a leader writer on the Nation^ 1862-6
editor of the Irish Times^ and subsequently of Sauiiders' News Letter and of the
Evening Mail. On the 19th, at Croydon, aged 52, Robert Ascroft, M.P., son of
William Ascroft, of Oldham. Educated at the Lancaster Grammar School;
admitted a Solicitor, 1869 ; elected Member of the Town Council, 1871-4 ; sat as
a Conservative for Oldham since 1895 ; took a leading part in the Money-lending
Committee, 1898. Married, 1878, Wilhelmina H., daughter of G. Barlow, of
Oldham. On the 20th, at Northam, aged 56, Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick William
Nicolay, I.C.S., son of Colonel F. Q. Nicolay, H.E.I.C.S. Educated at Addiscombe ;
entered the Army, 1861 ; commanded .2nd Goorkha Rifles in the Chin-Lushai
Expedition, 1889-90. On the 20th, at Vienna, aged 50, Baron OnstaTOS Heine, son
of G. Heine, founder of the Fremdenblatt, and nephew of the poet Heinrioh Heine»
of whose works he was an ardent student and commentator. On the 21st, at
London, aged 71, Right Rev. George William Tozer, D.D., son of J. Chappell Tozer,
of East Teignmouth. Educated at Ilmiuster School and St. John's College,
Oxford ; B.A., 1851 ; Vicar of Burgh-le-Marsh, 1857-63 ; Bishop of Zanzibar and
Central Africa, 1863-73 ; Bishop of Jamaica, 1879-80 ; of British Honduras,
1880-8 ; Rector of South Ferriby, Lincoln, 1888-9. On the 2l8t, at Famley
Hall, Otley, aged 68, AjTSCOUgh Fftwkes, son of Rev. Ayscough Fawkes, Rector of
Leathley, great-nephew of Walter Ramsden Beaumont Hawksworth (who assumed
the name of Fawkes) and nephew of W. M. Turner's early patron. Married, 1866,
his cousin, Edith Mary, daughter of Sir Anthony Cleasby, Baron of the Exchequer.
On the 21st, at Boscombe, aged 68, Sir Edward Wingfleld Vemer, second baronet.
Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford ; sat as a Conservative for Lisbum,
1863-73, and for Co. Armagh, 1873-80. Married, 1864, Selina Florence, daughter
of T. Vesey Nugent, of Dublin. On the 21st, at Camberley, aged 61, Major-Oennal
Charles Btockwell, C.B., son of Colonel T. Stock well, H.E.I.C.S. Entered the
Army ; served witli 72nd Highlanders in the Crimean War, 1854-5, and with much
distinction in the Afghan War, 1878-80 ; and in the Egyptian Campaign, 1882-8.
Married, 1862, Catherine May, daughter of J. Gardiner, of Paddington. On the
22nd, at Melbourne, Victoria, aged 86, Sir Archibald Michie, K.C.M.O., Q.C, son of
Archibald Michie^ of Maida Vale, London. Educated at Westminster School;
called to the Bar at the Middle Temple, 1838 ; commenced practice at Sydney,
N.S.W., 1839; joint editor of the Atl^Ji newspaper with Mr. Robert Lowe;
migrated to Victoria, 1853; nominated Member of Legislative Council, 1854;
elected Member for Melbourne, 1856, and for St. Kilda, 1861 ; Attorney- General,
1857-8, 1859-61 and 1863-5 ; Agent-General for Victoria, 1873-8. Married, 1849,
Mars', daughter of Dr. John Richardson, Inspector-General. On the 22nd, at
Steeple Aston, Oxon, aged 70, Vice- Admiral Bichard Bradshaw, C.B., son of J. H.
Bradsliaw. Entered the Navy, 1842 ; served with the Naval Brigade in the
Abyssinian Campaign, 1867-8, and in the Ashanti War, 1874, and distinguished
himself by his prompt offer of men to the Cape after the Isandula disaster^
1679. Married, 1862, Emma Loveday, daughter of J. Walker, of Southgate. On
the 23rd, at Devonshire Terrace, Hyde Pajk, aged 66, Ueutenant-Oeneral Da^id
MTarlan, C.B., B.A., son of D. M'Farlan, I.C.S. Educated at Addiscombe;
entered the Bengal Artillery, 1852 ; served through the Indian Mutiny with much
distinction, being wounded severely at Tiucknow, 1857 ; against the Mohmunds,
1664; and in the Afghan War, 1878-9; Ordnance Consulting Officer for India,
1879-85 ; commanding First Class District, Bengal, 1885-9. Married, 1869,
Jemima Jane, daughter of J. Macnair, of Auchenick, Stirlingshire. On the 23rd,
at Castle Arclidalc, Co. Fermanagh, aged 85, William HnmphrejTB Menryn-Aididali.

1899.]

OBITUARY.

157

second son of Edward Archdale. Graduated at Exeter College, Oxford; B.A.,
1835; sat as a Conservative for Co. Fermanagh, 1874-85. Married, first, 1842,
Emily M., daughter of Rev. the Hon. J. C. Maude; and second, 1894, Matilda,
daughter of William Alley, of Artane, Co. Dublin. On the 24th, at Prague, aged
55, Cardinal Count Francis BohoenboriL. Educated at Prague and Vienna Univer-
sities, where he studied jurisprudence ; subsequently entered the Army and served
with the Cuirassiers in the Austro-Prussian War, 1866 ; returned to the study of
law, which he forsook for theology and was ordained, 1871 ; consecrated Arch-
bishop of Prague, 1885, and raised to the Cardinalate, 1889. On the 24th, at
Boscombe Manor, Hants, aged 78, Lady Shelley, Jane, daughter of Sir Thomas
Gibson. Married, first, 1841, Hon. Charles Robert St. John ; and second, 1848,
Sir Percy Shelley, son of Percy Bysshe Shelley, the poet. On the 25th, at
Belgrave Mansions, S.W., aged 61, Major-Oeneral John Crosland Hay, C.B., son of
C. Crosland Hay. Entered the Army, 1855; served with 92nd Highlanders
through the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8; the Afghan War, 1878-80; and the Boer
War, 1881 ; twice severely wounded and several times mentioned in despatches ;
commanded 92nd Regiment, 1885-7. On the 27th, at Devonshire Place, London,
aged 84, Henry Wollaston Blake, F.R.S., son of William Blake, of Danesbury,
Herts. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge ; B.A., 1837 (Twelfth
Wrangler) ; joined James Watt, of Soho, Birmingham, 1847, as a partner in the
engineering works ; Director of the Bank of England, 1852 ; F.R.S., 1843.
Married, first, 1857, Charlotte, daughter of J. Walbanke Childers, of Cantley,
Yorks ; and second, 1873, Edith, daughter of Rev. Prebendary Hawkshaw, of
Weston, Herefordshire. On the 27th, at Freshwater, I.W., aged 85, Arthur
Tennyson, sixth son of Rev. George Clayton Tennyson, of Somersby, Lincoln, and
brother of Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate. Lived much in Florence and Italy.
Married, first, 1839, Harriet, daughter of G. West ; and second, 1849, Louisa,
daughter of F. Maynard. On the 27th, at Windsor, aged 64, Commander Annealey
Turner Denham, R.N., son of Admiral Sir H. Mangles Denham, F.R.S. Entered
the Navy, 1848; served in the Pacific, 1849-54; Baltic, 1854-5, with much dis-
Ginction ; and in West Indies, 1859-64 ; and in China during the Tfiteping Rebellion.
On the 28th, at Winchester House, Old Broad Street, E.G., aged 87, Admiral Sir
Windham Hornby, K.C.B., son of Rev. Geoffrey Hornby, Rector of Bury. Educated
at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth ; entered the Navy, 1825 ; retired, 1849 ;
Commissioner of Prisons, 1877-92. Married, first, 1849, Augusta, daughter of
Sir William Pratt Call, and widow of Captain C. D. Paterson ; and second, 1897,
Catherine, daughter of Charles Tottenham, of Ballycurry, Co. Wicklow, and
widow of Captain H. M. Howard, 18th Hussars. He died whilst presiding at a
public meeting, and had just finished speaking. On the 28th, at Birmingham,
aged 71, John Thackeray Bunco. Bom at Faringdon, Berks; educated at King
Edward's School, Birmingham; successively reporter, sub-editor and editor of
Aris's BirmingJmm Gazette, 1846-61; editor of the Birmingham Gazette, 1862-98;
author of a " History of the Corporation of Birmingham " ; one of the founders of
the Liberal Federation and a member until 1885. Married, 1852, Rebecca,
(laughter of R. Cheesewright, of Gosberton, Lanes. On the 29th, at Vienna,
aged 96, Leopold von Blumencom, the doyen of the European press. By turns a
soldier, a musician, a diplomatist and a journalist, having as the last-named
edited the Vienna Frcmdenblatt for nearly fifty years. On the 30th, at Washing-
ton, aged 79, Mrs. Southworth, an eminent novelist, Emma Dorothy Eliza Nevitte,
step-daughter of Joshua L. Henshaw, at whose school she graduated ; was a school-
mistress at Washington, 1844-9. Married, 1850, Frederick H. Southworth, of
Utica, and was a prolific novel writer for forty years, 1848-88.

JULY.

Sir W. H. Flower, K.C.B., D.C.L.—

William Henry Flower, a member of
a family long identified with Strat-
ford-on-Avon, was born there in 1881,
and was educated there and at War-
wick, until he entered upon his medical
course at University College Hospital,
London, where he graduated in medi-
cine and shortly afterwards entered
the Army Medical Service, and was

attached to 6drd Regiment. He went
through the whole of the Crimean
campaign, from the battle of the Alma
to the fall of Sebastopol ; but having
obtained his medal and clasps he left
the Army service at the conclusion of
the war, and in 1856 was appointed
Demonstrator of Anatomy at Middlesex
Hospital. It was not, however, until
1858 that he began the career in which

158

OBITUARY.

[Jttir

he was to earn his highest distinction.
The Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons, generally known as the
Hunterian Museum, had been allowed
to fall behind similar institutions on
the continent ; and Mr. Flower, on his
appointment to the Curatorship, at
once set himself to place the London
Museum on a level with its rivals in
its anatomical collection. On his
appointment, for instance, there were
not a score of skeletons, and less than
250 skulls for the guidance of students
of comparative anatomy. Before Mr.
Flowers left his post there were at
least 100 skeletons, not always com-
plete, and nearly 1,500 crania. His
work was not only collecting, but
included systematic arrangement, and
he thus left to his successor one of
the most valuable museums for scien-
tific study to be found in Europe. In
1869 his claims to recognition were ac-
knowledged by his appointment to the
Hunterian Professorship of Compara-
tive Anatomy and Physiology, which he
held with his Curatorship until 1884,
during which time he read various
abstruse papers before the Royal
Society, of which he was made a
Fellow in 1864. In 1879 he became
President of the Zoological Society,
and his energy in collecting and talent
for cljLssification were promptly shown
in the extension and rearrangement of

I

I

the society's gardens and menageries.
In 1884 the post of Director of the
Natural History Museum, attached
to the British Museum, but recently
removed to South Kensington, be>
came vacant by the death of Sir
Richard Owen, and Mr. Flower waa
by general consent regarded as his
rightful successor. His methods of
classification and arrangement were
explained in his Presidential address
to the British Association in 1889.
They were adopted as sound by both
scientific and amateur students, and
during the fifteen years of his tenure
of the post they were sedulously
applied to the specimens at Soutn
Kensington, which under his direction
grew to be both a means of popular
instruction and of scientific study. He
was abundantly honoured at home and
abroad, where his services to the study
of natural history were cordisJly recog>
nised, and his books, including ** Intxo>
duction to the Osteology of the
Mammalic,'* ** Fashion in Deformity,**
"The Horse," etc., were fully appre-
ciated. He married in 1858 Goorgiana
Rosetta, daughter of Admiral W. H.
Smyth, F.R.S., a distinguished hydro-
grapher and astronomer, and died in
Stanhope Gardens, South Kensington,
on July 1, after a long illness, resulting
from an attack of influenza, to which
he had fallen a victim on the Riviera.

On the 1st, at Combs, near Melun, aged 70, Victor Cherlraliei, a distinguished
author, son of Professor E. Cherbuliez, of Geneva. Educated at Paris, Bonn and
Berlin; first attracted notice by his novel "Comte Kortia" (1868); naturalised
as a French citizen, 1874 ; elected Member of the French Academy, 1881 ; waa
defeated by M. Bruneti^re in his candidature for the editorship of the Revue des
Deux Mmides on the death of M. Buloz. On the 4th, at Sutton Bonnington»
Loughborough, aged 81, Sir Alexander Armstrong, K.C.B., F.R.B., son of A. Arm-
strong, of Crohan, Co. Fermanagh. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and
Edinburgh University ; entered the Naval Medical Service, 1842 ; under Captain
M'Clure solved the existence of the North-West Passage, 1850-4; served in the
Baltic, 1854-5, and at the bombardment of Sveaborg ; Director-General of Navy
Medical Department, 1866-80. Married, 1894, Charlotte, daughter of S. C.
Simpson, of Brockton, Staffordshire, and widow of Admiral Sir W. King-Hall,.
K.C.B. On the 5th, at Hampstead, aged 65, Banister Fletcher, F.B.8., V.D.,
Professor of Architecture and Building Construction at King's College, London.
Educated privately ; was for some years Surveyor to the Board of Trade and held
various public and municipal appointments ; joint author of a history of archi-
tecture, and an ardent Volunteer; sat as a Liberal for North Wilts, 1885^;
Professor of Architecture, King's College, London, 1882. Married, 1868, May,
daughter of Charles Phillips. On the 5th, at Hampstead, aged 80, Bl€liard
Congreve, M.A., M.R.C.F., Director of the Church of Humanity in England, son
of Thomas Congreve. Educated at Kugby under Dr. Arnold and at Wadhazn
College, Oxford ; B.A., 1840 (First Class Lit. Hum.) ; Fellow of Wadham, 1841-72 ;
Tutor of Wadham College, 1841-5 ; Assistant Master at Rugby, 1845-54 ; devoted
himself to the study of Auguste Comte, whose views he embraced, and became the
leader of the Positivists in England; entered as a student at King's College
Hospital, London, and admitted to the College of Physicians, 1866, but devoted
himself wholly to the work of a teacher of Positivism ; editor of the " PoliticB of
Aristotle " ; author of a history of the Roman Empire and translator of several
of Comte's works. Married, 1856, Mary, daughter of J. Berry, of Warwick. On
the 8th, at Paris, aged 67, Constantin Bessmann. Bom at Trieste ; educated at tha

1899.] OBITUAEY, 159

University of Padua ; took part in the attempts to emancipate Italy from Austrian
rule, 1848-9 ; naturalised an Italian, 1863 ; took refuge in Vienna and afterwards
in Paris, where he gave lessons in Italian ; entered the Italian Diplomatic Service ;
was Secretary to the Embassy at Paris, 1874-76 ; at London, 1878-82 ; Minister
Plenipotentiary at Paris, 1884-92 ; Ambassador at Paris, 1893-6. In 1892 he was
sent as Italian Ambassador to Constantinople, but after six months' service he
returned to Paris and remained until 1895, when the anti-French policy of Signor
Crispi brought about his recall. On the 8th, at Edinburgh, aged 74, Major-Ctoneral
Alexander Paterson, son of John Paterson, of Merryflats, Lanark. Entered the
Bengal Army, 1844 ; served through the Punjab Campaign, 1848-9 ; the Burmese
War, 1853 ; the Bhutan Campaign, 1865-6 ; and the Afghan War, 1878-9.
Married, 1880, Anne Moore, daughter of Captain F. Campbell, of Melfort, and
widow of Captain Mackay, of Bighouse, Argyllshire. On the 10th, at Abbas
Tuman, Caucasus, aged 28, The Grand I>u]ce George, heir-apparent to the throne
of Russia, second son of the Czar, Alexander II. For many years a confirmed
invalid, who, for the benefit from the climate, had settled in the Caucasus. On the
10th, at MuskoUa Lake, Ontario, aged 60, Hon. WUliam Eli Sandford. Bom at
New York ; educated at Hamilton, Toronto ; began business in a firm of iron-
founders, but afterwards went into the wool trade and became known as the
♦• Wool King of Canada " ; took a leading part in political life as a Conservative ;
appointed Member of the Senate, 1887. Married, 1867, Mary, daughter of Edward
Jackson, of Hamilton. On the 10th, at Potsdam, aged 69, Heinricli von Achentiacli.
Educated at Bonn University, where he wets Professor of Law; elected to the
Prussian Chamber, 1866 ; Under-Secretary of Education, 1872 ; Minister of
Commerce, 1878 ; Chief President of the Province of Brandenburg, 1879 ; took a
prominent part in the Kultuskampf legislation, the State purchase of Prussian
railways and the direction of Prussian local government. On the 11th, at
Homburg, aged 59, DuchesB Of Rutland, Janetta, daughter of Thomas Hughan, of
Airds, Galloway. Married, 1862, Lord John Manners, M.P., afterwards Duke of
Kutland. Author of several works and msigazine articles. On the 11th, at
Allumiere, near Civita Vecchia, aged 93, Cardinal Teodolfo Mertel, Vice-Chancellor
of the Roman Catholic Church, the oldest Member of the Sacred College.
Created Cardinal, 1858, but was never ordained Priest; was a Member of the
Reform Commission appointed by Pius IX., 1848 ; sat in the Antovelli Cabinet,
1850-53 ; Minister of the Interior, 1853-8. On the 14th, at Haslemere, aged 72,
James Stewart Hodgson, son of J. Hodgson, of Hampstead, formerly of L3rthe Hill,
Haslemere. A partner of the firm of Baring's ; a distinguished patron of art and
lord of the manors of Oodalming and Haslemere. Married, 1862, Gertrude
Agatha, daughter of William Forsyth, Q.C. On the 16th, at Ottawa, aiged 68,
William Bullock Ives. Educated at Toronto ; called to the Canltulian Bar, 1866 ;
Q.C, 1880; entered the Dominion House of Commons, 1878; President of the
Privy Council, 1892-4 ; Minister of Trade and Commerce, 1894-7. Married, 1869,
Saraii, daughter of J. H. Pope, Minister of Railways and Canals. On the 17th,
at Dublin, aged 86, Right Rev. Charles Graves, D.D., F.R.8., Lord Bishop of
Limerick, son of John Crosby Graves, of Dublin. Educated at Trinity College,
Dublin ; Scholar, 1832 ; graduated in Mathematics, 1834 ; Fellow, 1836 ; Erasmus
Smith Professor of Mathematics, 1843-66; Dean of the Chapel Royal, Dublin,
1860-4 ; Dean of Clonfert, 1864-66, when he was appointed Bishop of Limerick,
Ardfert and Aghadoe; author of several mathematical and antiquarian works.
Married, 1840, Selina, daughter of John Che3me, M.D. On the 17th, at London,
aged 77, Henry Maudslay, a member of the firm of engineers of Maudslay & Field,
of Lambeth, and on his retirement devoted much time and money to the work
of excavation at Jerusalem and to charitable and philanthropic works. On the
19th, at Sliarlstone Manor, Buckingham, aged 90, Mrs. Fltsgontld, Elizabeth,
daughter of Richard Purefoy Jervaise. Married, 1832, Thomas Fitzgerald, of
Sliarlstone. A lady of great literary endowments and remarkable personality;
the friend of the leading men in literature and science ; learnt Greek when &ged
70 and other languages at 80. On the 19th, at Utterby, Lincolnshire, aged 85,
Rev. Arthur Robert Pennington. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; B.A.,
1888 (eiglith Junior Opt.) ; Vicar of Utterby, 1863 ; Prebendary of Lincoln,
1882; author of •* Life of Erasmus" (1876), "Life of John Wycliffe" (1882),
♦♦ Papal Conclaves " (1896), etc. On the 19th, at Sloane Gardens, S.W., aged 79,
Lady Maxwell, Frances Dorothea, daughter of Francis Synge, of Glenmore Castle,
Co. Wicklow. Married, 1842, Sir Peter Benson Maxwell, Chief Justice of the
Straits Settlements and Special Commissioner for the organisation of judicial
tribunals in Egypt. On the 20th, at Paris, aged 74, Baronees Nathaniel de
Rothschild, sister of Alphonse Gustave and Edmond de Rothschild, and widow of

160 OBITUARY. [JWy

the head of the French house. On the 2l8t, at London, aged 73, ICaJoir-Geitenl
Edmund Tsrrwhitt, son of Sir Thomas J. Tyrwhitt, second baronet. Entered the
Indian Army, 1B42 ; attaclied to the Bengal Staff Corps ; served in the Qwalior
Campaign, 1848; Punjab Campaign, 1848-9; severely wounded at the siege of
Mooltan ; against the Hazuras, 1853 ; the Kheyl tribes, 1855 ; and in the Indian
Mutiny, 1857-8. Married, 1859, Mary J., daughter of R. Ford. On the 2l8t, at
New York, aged 66, Robert Green Ingersoll. Bom at Dresden, New York ; edu-
cated at Princetown University ; practised law at Peoria ; served as Colonel of an
Illinois Regiment during the Civil War ; Attorney-General of the State of Ulinoig,
1866; an eloquent speaker and the author of several controversial works, dis-
tinguished by their virulence against Christianity. On the 22nd, at London, aged
73, Sir Edward Robert Bulliyan, fifth bsironet, son of Admiral Sir Charles Sullivan,
third baronet. A frequent contributor to the press of letters on public affairs and
an ardent yachtsman. Married, 1859, May, daughter of W. H. Currie, M.P., of
West Horsley Place, Surrey. On the 23rd, at Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park,
aged 78, General William Grigor Buther, C.B. Entered the Royal Marines, 1887 ;
served in the Carlist War, 1838-9 ; on the coast of Syria, 1840-1 ; and in Japan,
1864-6. On the 24th, at Ashby Canons Hall, Northants, aged 81, Sir Hteiry
Edward Lee Dryden, fourth baronet. Bom at Adlestrop, Gloucestershire; edu-
(.'atud at Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 1839; an eminent antiquarian;
succeeded, 1837, to the baronetcy (1795) of his father and to that (1733) of his
cousin, Sir Henry Edward Page-Turner. Married, 1865, Frances, daughter of
Rev. Robert Tredgrove, of Tangmere, Sussex. On the 24th, at Dorking, aged 96,
General Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton, K.C.8.I., younger sou of H. C. Cotton. Edu-
cated at Addiscombe ; entered the Madras Engineers, 1819 ; served through the
Burmese War, 1824-6, and was subsequently employed in directing the irrigation
works of that country and in developing the agricultural resources of British
India. On the 25th, at Frittenden, Kent, aged 71, Rev. Thomas William Onslow
Hallward. Educated at Winchester College and University College, Oxford;
B.A., 1848 ; Chaplain to the Army Works Corps during the Crimean War; Rector
of Frittenden, 1867. Married, 1860, Anne, daughter of Henry Hoare. On the
25th, at Tunbridge Wells, aged 82, Rev. Frederick Poynder, son of John Poynder,
C.C. Educated at Charterhouse and Wadham College, Oxford ; B.A., 1838 ;
Assistant Master, Charterhouse, 1842-72 ; author of several educational and
classical works. Married, 1844, Emily, daughter of Rear-Admiral Clowes. On
the 26th, at Musselburgh, Midlothian, aged 71, Lord Rutherford Olark, son of
Rev. Dr. T. Clark. Educated at Edinburgh Academy and University ; called to
the Scottish Bar, 1849 ; Sheriff of Inverness, 1860-3 ; of Haddington and Berwick,
1863-74 ; Dean of Faculty, 1874-5 ; Lord of Session, 1875-96. Married, 1865, Jean,
daughter of Major James H. Rutherford, R.E. On the 27th, at Alexandria, aged
76, George Averoff or Avyheris. Bom at Metzovo in Epirus ; migrated to Egypt,
1837, when he acquired an enormous fortune by money-lending and land-buying ;
devoted large sums to founding charitable and educational institutions at
Alexandria and in Greece; gave 40,0002. towards reconstructing the Stadion at
Athens and reviving the Olympic Games in 1896, and bequeathed an equal sum
for the same purpose ; 100,0002. for cost and maintenance of a Greek training-ship,
etc. On the 28th, at Hamburg, aged 78, Herman Versmann. Bom at Hamburg ;
educated at Kiel University and studied law ; took part in the Revolution of 1848
and joined the Volunteers who attempted to expel the Danes from Schleswig-
Holstein ; taken prisoner and confined at Copenliageu. On liis release, returned
to Hamburg and practised with great success as a lawyer ; was Plenipotentiaiy
for Hamburg in the Federal Council, 1881-6; Burgomaster, 1887, and on eight
successive occasions. On the 28t)i, at Paris, aged 70, General Antonio Chiimaii
Blanco, son of Leocadio Guzman Blanco, a well-known statistician and the
founder of the Liberal party in Venezuela. Elected Vice-President of Venezuela,
1865 ; placed himself at the head of the Provisional Government, 1870, and Betsed
the Caracas ; confirmed President, 1873-7, and from 1878-84 to 1886-7, when he
retired and settled in Paris. On the 28th, at Sunderland, aged 73, William Jomea,
Secretary of the English Peace Society. Special Commissioner for the distribution
of food, seed, corn, etc., to the victims of the Franco-Prussian War, 1871, and of
the Russo-Turkish War in Bulgaria, 1876-7 ; author of ** Quaker Campaigns in
Peace and War." On the 29th, at West Malvern, aged 92, Dowager Lady Howard
de Walden, Lady Lucy Joan Cavendish Bentinck, daugliter of fourth Duke of
Portland. Married, 1828, Lord Howard de Walden, sixth baron. On the 29th,
at Heavitree, Exeter, aged 79, Vice-Admiral Richard Dunning White, O.B., son of
Ilear-Admiral Thomas White, of Buckfaith Abbey, Devon. Entered the Royal
Navy, 1826 ; ser\'ed on the coast of Syria and at the capture of St. Jean d'Aoxe,

1899.]

OBITUAEY.

161

1840 ; on the West Coast of Africa, 1844-7 and 1852-3 ; in the Baltic during the
Russian War, 1854-5. Married, 1848, Rose Emily, daughter of William Ady.
On the 30th, at Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, ag^ 73, Oeneral CliarlM SooU-
EUiot. Entered the Madras Army, 1842, and was appointed to the Staff Corps ;
served in the Burmese War, 1852-3, and the Indian Mutiny, 1867-8, under Sir J.
Outram and Sir Hope Grant. On the 31st, at Northampton, aged 80, Sir Pbllip
Manfleld, head of the firm of Manfield & Son, boot manufacturers. Took a leading
part in local affairs ; sat as Radical Member for Northampton, 1891-5. On the
31st, at Drayton Rectory, Norwich, aged 90, Rev. Hinds Howell Bom in
Barbadoes ; educated at Harrison's School, Codrington College and Merton
College, Oxford; B.A., 1853; Rector of Bridestow, Devon, 184-6-55; Rector of
Drayton, Norfolk, 1855; Hon. Canon of Norwich, 1856; Proctor of the Arch-
deacon eries of Norfolk, 1868-95. On the 31st, at Norwood, aged 62, Ber. William
Wright, D.D., Linguistic Superintendent of the British and Foreign Bible Society.
Born near Belfast ; educated at Queen's College, Belfast, and Geneva ; spent
Hcvoral years as a Presbyterian Missionary in Syria ; appointed Supervisor of the
Translation Department of the Bible Society, 1876; author of "The Empire of
the Hittites," •• Palmyra and Zenobia," "The Brontes in Ireland," etc. On the
81st, at Toronto, aged 58, Sir James David Edgar, K.C.M.O., Q.O., son of James
Edgar, of Lennoxville, Quebec. Born at Hadley ; studied law at Quebec ;
practised at Toronto; sat as a Liberal in the Dominion House of Commons,
1872-4, and from 1884 ; one of the editors of the Toronto Globe, 1880-95 ; Speaker
of the House, 1896. Married, 1865, Emily, daughter of T. G. Ridout, of Toronto.

AUGUST.

Bight Rev. D. L. Lloyd, D.D. — Daniel
Lewis Lloyd, son of John Lloyd of
Penywern, Cardiganshire, was born
in 1843, educated at Jesus College,
Oxford, where he graduated (Second
Class Lit. Hum.) in 1867, and in the
same year was ordained and appointed
headmaster of Dolgelly Grammar
School and curate of the parish, where
he remained for six years. In 1873 he
accepted the headmastership of Friar's
School, Bangor, which had been closed
for many years for lack of pupils. A
certain number of the boys at Dolgelly
followed Mr. Lloyd to Bangor, and by
degrees his teaching ability became
apparent, several of the Friar's School
boys distinguishing themselves at the
University. In 1868 he was offered
and accepted the headmastership of
Christ's College, Brecon, where he
found a larger field, and where his
success as a schoolmaster became more
generally recognised, and it was not
long before he was attracting boys not
only from different parts of Wales but
from England also, but his chief merit
lay in his thorough knowledge of his
own countrymen, and in the possession
of the methods by which they could be
best stimulated to work.

On the death of Dr. Campbell in
18U0, he was ollered the Bishopric of
Bangor, but the choice was challenged at
the time on the ground that Mr. Lloyd
had had no parochial experience, and
that he was not in sympathy with the
national aspirations of his countrymen.

On the other hand his lively interest
in educational matters, and his earnest
desire to raise the standard of scholar-
ship throughout the Principality were
recognised as qualifications which a
Prime Minister could not ignore, and
his unwillingness to tckke an active
part in the fierce Church controversies
of the period was far from being a bar
to his usefulness as a bishop of a much
divided diocese. His health, however,
began to give way after a ifew years
of office, and although he struggled
against physical infirmities and do-
mestic troubles and sorrow, he was at
length forced to retire from active work.
Whilst presiding over a meeting at
Holyhead early in 1898 he was struck
down by paralysis, and all hope of
recovery having been given up, he
resigned his bishopric at the close of
the year, and died on August 4 at
Llanarth, a small villsige in Pembroke-
shire, to which he had retired.

Sir Edward Frankland, K.O.B., D.O.L.,
F.R.8. — Edward Frankland was bom
at Churchtown, near Lancaster, in
1825, and was educated at the Lan-
caster Grammar School. In 1844 he
came to London and followed a course
of chemistry at the School of Mines,
and afterwards studied under Liebig
at Giessen and Bunsen at Marburg,
predeceasing the latter by just a week.
From a very early age he devoted
himself to analytical chemistry, and
worked in this direction under Pro-

L

162

OBITUARY.

[Uc

lessor Playfair and with Kolbe under
Bunsen. He then turned his attention
to organic compounds, and in 1850
announced the results of various in-
teresting experiments upon metals
with methyl and ethyl. On these
were subsequently based the theory of
atomicity, which was taken up and
more fully worked out by others.

In 1851 ho was appointed Professor
of Chemistry at Owens College, Meui-
ohester, and at once turned his attention
to the chemical composition of coal
gas and its analogues, making various
experiments in water gas, and in the
improvement of gas-burners. During
his stay at Manchester, his work had
generally, if not always, been directed
to the application of science to the
solution of the two difficult problems
of local government, the supply of
water and the treatment of sewage.
On leaving Manchester he came to
London as Professor of Chemistir at
St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and on
Faraday's death was appointed his
successor at the Koyal Institution. In
1865 he succeeded to the Professorship
of Chemistry at the Koyal School of
Mines, and perfected the process of
water analysis inaugurated by his
predecessor and used in his monthly
returns of the analysis of the water of
the London companies, by means of
which its pollution by sewage could be
detected. From 1868 to 1874, as a
member of the Iloyal Commission on
the Pollution of Rivers, he carried on
careful researches, with the chemical
qualities of water from different
sources, the propagation of disease by
water supply. At first he wa^ opposed
to the use of Thames water for drink-
ing purposes, but ultimately he de-
clared his belief that the system of
filtration pursued by the London
companies rendered it most whole-
some. The Royal College of Science,
South Kensington, in which tlie School
of Mines was merged, retained Frank-
land's services until 1885, when he
finally retired from public work and
devoted himself to private experiments,
and his favourite pursuit of salmon
fishing in the intervals. He was
elected F.R.S. in 1853, received its
Royal Medal 1857, the degree of D.C.L.
from the University of Oxford 1873,
and that of LL.D. from Edinburgh in
1884. He married, first, 1849, Sophie,

daughter of Herr F. W. Fick, of Heaie
Cassel, and second, 1875, Ellen Frances,
daughter of C. K. Grenside, of Wimble-
don, and he died on August 9 at Golaa,
Gulbrandsdal, Norway, where he had
gone to fish, and was sabseqnenily
buried at Reigate, where he had spent
the latter years of his life.

Professor Hansen. — Robert Wilhelm
Bunsen, F.R.S., the son of Dr. Boxiseii,
an eminent theologian, was bom at
Gdttingen in 1811, was eduoaAed at
that university, and graduated as
Ph.D. in 1881. He continued hii
studies in Paris, Berlin and Vienna,
and in 1886 was appointed Professor of
Chemistry in the Polytechnic School
of Cassel, when he made sevezal im-
portant discoveries in the ezplosiTe
compounds of arsenic. In 1888 h«
removed to Marburg, and afterwards
to Breslau, and in 1852 was mads
Professor of Experimental Chemistiy
in the University of Heidelberg. His
inventions and discoveries soon at-
tracted public notice, many of which,
such as his cheap voltaic-oattery and
the gfiis-bumer which bore his name,
were of practical utility in daily life.
His chief claim to scientific reputation,
however, rests upon the discoveiy of
the spectrum analysis, made in colla-
boration with his colleague. Professor
Kirchhoff, probably the most important
scientific result obtained in the latter
half of the nineteenth century. Bf
its means the chemical elements of
rays of light, proceeding fronoi the son
or planets, were determined, the
measurement and analysis of gases
arrived at, and the chemical action of
light accurately measured. He in-
vented also a new method of deter-
mining specific heat, made a number
of interesting experiments on the
composition of the earth's voloanio
rocks, and probably did more than any
other worker in the same field as a
teacher and helper of his pupils. H»
was elected a foreign member of the
Royal Society, 1858, and received the
Copley medal in 1860, and waa the
first recipient of the Dai^ medal in
1877. He retained all his faculties,
even his eye-sight, until his death,
which happened on August 16, at
Heidelberg, where for some jrean he
had lived in retirement.

On the 1st, at Ballyhorgan, Co. Kerry, aged 68, Colonel Harrlaon Walka Joldl
Trent-8tou£^ton, son of F. Onslow Trent. Entered the Army and served with
OSth Regiment in the New Zealand War, 1864-6, and was severely wounded;
Inspector-General of Musketry, 1880-5. Married, 1889, Rose, daughter of William
Plunkett and widow of T. A. Stoughton, of Owlpen, Gloucestershire, whose name
he assumed. On the 1st, at Gottingen, aged 51, Captain JObn ButberfiBrd

1899.] OBITUARY. 163

son of Major J. R. Lumley, H.E.I.C.S. Entered the Austrian Army, 1868;
served in the Wurtemberg Hussar Keglment, 1870 ; received a Commission in 1st
Hanoverian Uhlan Regiment ; served through the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1,
and received the Iron Cross ; served in the British Army through the Zulu War,
1876-7 ; appointed Queen's Foreign Messenger, 1882. On the 1st, at Great Cotes
House, Lincolnshire, aged 68, Jolm Cordeaux, an ornithologist of much repute,
son of Rev. John Cordeaux, of Foyton Rectory, Leicestershire. Author of " Birds
of the H umber District," and organised a scheme for the observation of migratory
birds through the aid of the lighthouse keepers on the east coast. On the Srd,
at Dartford Heath, Kent, aged 87, William Cracroft Fooks, Q.O., son of T. Broadley
Fooks, of Dartford. Called to the Bar at Gray's Inn, 1843 ; Q.C., 1869 ; a pro-
minent conveyancer and equity draughtsman. Married, 1858, Julia S., widow of
E. Christy, of Farringdon. On the 4th, at Beaufort Gardens, London, aged 79,
Lieutenant-Colonel diaries Carew Count de Morel. Entered the Army, 1838 ;
served with 42nd Regiment (Light Infantry) and a^ Aide-de-camp to General
Estcourt through the Crimean Campaign. Married, 1895, Matilda S., daughter
of B. Wood, of Long Newton, Wilts, and widow of General Sir Frederick E.
Chapman, R.E., G.C.B. On the 5th, at Dalen, Norway, aged 64, Thomas Michell,
C.B., son of Jolm Michell, of Bodmin. Appointed Secretary and Interpreter to
the Russian War prisoners at Lewes, 1855-6 ; employed in the Admiralty,
1856-60; Translator and Consul, St. Petersburg, 1866-79; Consul-General for
Eastern Roumelia, 1879-80 ; for Norway, 1880-97. Married, first, 1864, Elizabeth,
daughter of Captain H. Pearson, R.N. ; and second, 1896, Emilie, daughter of
James Sanderson and widow of H. Sharpe, of Christiana. On the 5th, at
Liberton, Edinburgh, aged 60, Sir David Patrick Obalmers, son of David Chalmers,
M.D. Educated at the Edinburgh University and admitted to the Faculty of
Advocates ; called to the Scottish Bar, 1860 ; appointed Magistrate at the Gambia,
1867; Gold Coast, 1869; Queen's Advocate of Sierra Leone, 1872; of the Gold
Coast, 1874 ; Chief Justice of the Gold Coast, 1876 ; of British Guiana, 1878-98 ;
was the compiler of codes of civil and criminal procedure and measures for the
abolition of slavery in West Africa. Married, 1878, Janet Alice, daughter of
Professor James Lorimer, of Edinburgh. On the 6th, at Frankfurt, aged 81,
Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Laaa, a notable chess player. Appointed Attach^
to the Prussian Embassy at Vienna, 1845; Prussian Minister Resident, Rio de
Janeiro, 1852-60; at Weimar, 1862-4; in the Elbe Duchies, 1864-7; author of
numerous works on chess playing, ancient and modem, and a constant contri-
butor to cliess magazines of all countries. On the 7th, at Old Aberdeen, aged 63,
David Johnston, D.D. Born at Sunderland ; educated at St. Andrews University
and St. Mary Hall, Oxford; ordained Minister at Unst, Shetland, 1865; trans-
ferred to Harray and Birsay, Orkney, 1865-93; Professor of Biblical Criticism,
Aberdeen University, 1893, from which the University Court attempted to remove
him, 1890, but he was able to retain the office until his death. On the 7th, at
Glasgow, aged 68, Rev. Alexander HainntiTi Bruce, D.D., a distinguished Biblical
scliolar, much esteemed in the United States and in his own country. Ely
Lecturer in the Theological Seminary, New York, 1886-9, when he was appointed
Professor of Apologetics in the Free Church College, Glasgow. On the 7th, at
Eastbourne, aged 73, James Gambler Noel, C.B., son of Hon. and Rev. Francis J.
Noel. On the 8th, at Wimbledon, aged 89, Rev. Thomas Paley, son of Robert
Paley, M.D., of Bisliopton Grange, Yorkshire, and grandson of Archdeacon Paley.
Educated at St. John's College, Cambridge ; B.A., 1833 (twenty-seventh Wrangler) ;
Elector of Ufford, Northants, 1847-81. On the 8th, at the Hague, aged 62, Jacob
Maris, an eminent Dutch painter. Studied at Antwerp and Paris ; sea pieces and
landscapes were his favourite themes. On the 9th, at Beaminster, Dorset, aged
^'S, Joseph Alfred Hardcastle, son of Alfred Hardcastle, of Hatcham House, Surrey.
Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; B.A., 1838 (First Class of the Classical
Tripos and Senior Optinie) ; sat els a Liberal for Colchester, 1847-52, and for
Bury St. Edmonds, 1857-74 and 1880-5. Married, first, 1840, Frances, daughter
of J. Ijambirth ; and second, 1868, Hon. Mary Scarlett Campbell, daughter of
Lord-Chancellor Campbell. On the 9th, at Paris, aged 60, Marahal Mosin Khan
Mosliir ed Dowleh, Persian Minister of Foreign Affairs. Successively Persian
Fjuvoy to London and Constantinople. On the 10th, near Zinal, Canton Valais,
aged 59, Clirlstina Bridge, daughter of Archdeacon J. F. H. Bridge. A distin-
guished linguist; author of "A History of French Literature.*' She was killed
by falling over a precipice. On the llth, at Paris, aged 94, BAmy L6on de Biandos
Scarisbrick, Marquis de Castdja, Psige to Louis XVIII. after the Restoration.
Married, 1835, Eliza Margaret Scarisbrick, daughter of Sir Thomas Windsor
Hunloke (tenth baronet), of Wingesworth Hall, Derby, and niece of Charles

L2

164 OBITUAEY. [ah

Scarisbrick, of Scarisbrick, Lancashire, wliose estates he inherited on her death
in 1872, and assumed the name. On the 11th, of! the coast of Iceland, aged 57,
Sir Edmund Rroughton Knowles Lacon, fourth baronet. Educated at Eton;
entered the Army and served with 28rd Fusiliers, 1861-7. Married, first, 1866,
Henrietta Juha, daughter of Sir Itobert J. H. Harvey, first baronet ; and second,
1878, Florence Amelia, daughter of Morgan Hugh Foster, G.B. On the 12th, tt
South Kensington, aged 68, Brigade-Burgeon George Teattee Hunter. EklnoaAed
at St. George's Hospital ; entered the Indian Medical Service, 1858 ; Curator of
the Grant College Museum, Bombay, and Presidency Surgeon, Bombay; Uxk
part in the Abyssinian Expedition, 1877-8 ; author of several medical works and
compiler of the Indian Medical Code. On the 12th, at Berlin, aged 77, TtoflMMf
▼on Weizs&cken, Chancellor of the University of Tiibingen. The author of seveni
important theological works, including a translation of the New Testament (1875|
and "The Apostolic Age of the Christian Churcir* (1886). On the ISth. tt
Llwydcoed, Aberdare, aged 80, Rees Hopkin lUisrs, the '* blind magistrate." Lott
his sight when saving the life of a workman at the Dowlais works, 1847 ; Member
of the Aberdare Local Board, 1854 ; Chairman, 1865 ; Justice of the Peace, 1867.
On the 14th, at Beechwood, Marlow, aged 84, Henry William Orippe, Q.O., son d
Rev. H. Cripps. Educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford ; called to
the Bar at the Middle Temple, 1840; Q.C., 1866; practised chiefly at the Fbi^
mentary Bar ; Chairman of the Bucks Quarter Sessions and Chancellor of the
Diocese of Oxford. Married, 1845, Julia, daughter of Charles lAwrence, of The
Querns, Cirencester. On the 14th, at Commercial Road, Mile End, aged 61,
Very Rev. Canon George Akers, son of Aretas Akers, of Mailing Abbey, Kent
Educated at Eton and University College, Oxford ; joined the Church of Rome,
1868; ordained Priest, 1870; Vice-I^esident of St. Edmund's College, Wan;
was an active missioner in the East End of London, a powerful preacher and
learned theologian. On the 15th, at Grafton, N.S.W., aged 75, Bey. Iztfeir
Edward Selwjrn, Dean of Newcastle, N.S.W., sou of Rev. Canon Selwvn, of
Gloucester. Educated at Winchester ; emigrated to Australia, 1842, ana after
some years was ordained and appointed to the charge of Grafton, N.S.W. On
the 16th, at Crowhurst Park, Sussex, aged 78, Pbilip Oxenden Fapillon, son of
Thomas Papillon. Educated at Rugby and University College; B.A., 1848;
called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1852 ; sat as a Conservative for Coloheita,
1859-65; Chairman of Essex Quarter Sessions, 1883-91, and Visitor of ConTiefc
Prisons, 1880-91. Married, 1862, Emily Caroline, daughter of Very Rev. Thomu
Gamier, Dean of Lincoln. On the 17th, at Brigliton, aged 89, Earl of MAxboroagh,
John Charles George Savile, fourth earl. Educated at Eton and Trinity
College, Cambridge; M.A., 1830; as Viscount Pollington, sat in the BLonee ol
Commons for Gatton in the unrcformed Parliament, 1881-2, and as a Ldberal for
Pontefract, 1835-47. Married, first, 1842, Lady Rachel Katherine Walpole,
daughter of third Earl of Orford; and second, 1861, Agnes Louisa Elizabeth,
daughter of J. Raphael. On the 17th, at Scarborough, aged 54, Robert Fedc, a
well-known trainer of racehorses. Bom at Mai ton, where his father's training
stables were established. Began as trainer for Lord Stamford, 1868; for Mr.
James Merry, 1870, for whom he won, in 1873, the Derby with Doncaater and
the Oaks and St. Lcger with Marie Stuart, besides other great races; for the
Duke of Westminster, for whom he won the Derby, 1880, with Rumley; and
for Lord Rosebery. He retired from training, 1881, and became a prominent
racing owner. On the 17th, at Greendale, Exeter, aged 60, Lord Dnnboyiie, Jamee
Fitzwalter Clifford Butler, fifteenth baron. Educated at Winchester. Married,
1860, Marion, daughter of Colonel H. Morgan Clifford, of Llantillio, Monmouth-
shire, whose name ho prefixed to his own. On the 17th, at Wiilesden, aged 76»
William Simpson, a talented draughtsman. Bom at Glasgow; studied and
practised lithography at Glasgow; sent to the Crimea, 1853, to make sketchei
during the campaign ; went as War Correspondent of the IllueUrated Ixmdom
News through the Abyssinian War, 1867-8; the Franco-Prussian War, 1870;
accompanied the Prince of Wales to India, 1875, and was employed in mtOT
other parts of the world. On the 19th, at Woodcroft, Cuckfield, Sussex, aged 7^
Sir Charles Lennox Peel, O.C.B., son of Laurence Peel and grandson of Sir Kobeit
Peel, first baronet. Entered the Army, 1881 ; served with 71st Regiment, 72nd
Highlanders and 7th Hussars, and was some time Secretary to the Red Sea and
Indian Telegraph Company; Junior Assistant Secretary to the Board of Tiade;
Clerk to the Privy Council, 1875-98. Married, 1848, Hon. Caroline Qeozgiaiia
Chichester, daughter of first Lord Templemore. On the 19th, at Hilgay Reotmy,
Norfolk, aged 98, Rev. Canon St. Vincent Beechey, son of Sir William Beechej, a
distinguished portrait painter. Educated at Boulogne and afterwards at Sidegip^

1899.1

OBITUAEY.

165

Kent ; studied medicine and for holy orders simultaneously ; ordained, 1829 ;
Vicar of Thomton-le-Fylde, Fleetwood, 1841-52, where he established Bossall
School, which acquired great popularity ; of Worsley, near Manchester, 1852-72 ;
Rector of Hilgay, 1872. He was a skilled electrician and a practical astronomer.
Married, 1873, Mary Anne, daughter of W. L. Jones, of Woodhall, Norfolk, and
widow of Francis Ommaney. On the 20th, at Cologne, aged 58, Dr. Hermaim
Josef Schmitz, Suffragan Bishop of Cologne. Bom there; studied theology at
Bonn and Innsbruck Universities ; ordained Priest, 1866 ; studied at Rome until
1868, when he was sent to Diisseldorf; Army Chaplain of the Fourth Army
Corps during tlie Franco-Prussian War ; awarded the Iron Cross for his devotion
at Beaumont and Sedan. On his return to Diisseldorf took a leading part in the
Kulfurknmj)/, and was appointed Suffragan to the Bishop of Cologne, 1892. On
the 24th, at Pimlico, aged 76, Sir Edward Victor Lewis Houlton, G.C.M.O., son of
Colonel John Torriano Houlton, of Farley Castle, Somerset. Educated at Oriel
and St. John's Colleges, Oxford; B.A., 1845; Private Secretary to Sir William
Molesworth, 1853-5 ; Chief Secretary to Governor of Malta, 1855-81 ; Vice-
President of the Executive Council, 1881-3. Married, 1860, Hyacinthe, daughter
of Richard Wellesley, Junior Lord of the Treasury, 1812. On the 25th, at
Bournemouth, aged 67, Deputy Burgeon-General Jolin Low Ersklne, M.D. Edu-
cated at Edinburgh University ; M.D., 1852 ; entered Army Medical Department,
1854 ; served in the Crimea, 1854-5, and- through the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8. On
the 27th, at Grosvenor Square, aged 72, Lord Wynford, William Draper Mortimer
Best, third Baron Wynford. Entered the Army, 1844, and served in the Rifle
Brigade. Married, 1857, Caroline, daughter of Evan Baillie, of Dochfour. On
the 28th, at Belfast, aged 65, Professor James Cnming, M.D. Bom at Market Hill,
Co. Armagli. Educated at Queen's College, Belfast, and at Vienna; appointed
Professor of Medicine at Queen's College, Belfast, and was for many years Senior
Physician of the Royal Hospital. On the 29th, at St. Leonards-on-Sea, aged
83, Lieutenant-Oeneral Thomas Elwyn, R.A. Educated at the Royal Military
Academy, Woolwich ; entered Royal Artillery, 1832 ; served in West Indies,
1839-52; Inspector of Military' Studies, Woolwich, 1854-8; Commandant of the
School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness, 1868-71. On the 29th, at Handsworth,
Birmingham, aged 63, Captain Alfred Jolin Loftiu, F.R.C.8. Served under the
Siamese Govei-nment, 1870-95, where he greatly distinguished himself. On the
80th, at Marlow, aged 84, Thomas Somers Cocks, son of T. S. Cocks, of Great
Marlow. Educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford ; sat as a Conser-
vative for Keigate, 1847-57. Married, 1842, Sarah L., daughter of C. W. G.
Wynne, of Voelos, Denbigh. On the 30th, at Bognor, aged 67, Baron Albert Grant,
originally Gottheimer, a prominent company promoter. Bom at Dublin ; edu-
cated at London and Paris ; began life in a humble way 8bs a clerk in a house of
business, but made money in some way, and in 1862 was already known in the
financial world; sat as a Liberal Conservative for Kidderminster, 1865-8; elected
again, 1874, but unseated; and defeated, 1880; introduced the system of small-
priced shares, 11. and 61., and of flooding the country with prospectuses ; purchased
Leicester Square, cleansed and adorned it with statues, and gave it to the public ;
was a lavish 2)urchaser of works of art ; subsequently his schemes collapsed and
he was several times bankrupt. On the 30th, at Chepstow, aged 45, Major Ernest
Vaughan-Huglies, R.H.A., son of Rev. R. Vaughan-Hughes. Educated at Wool-
wich Academy ; joined the Royal Artillery, 1873 ; served in the Afghan War,
1878-9, and the Egyptian War, 1882. On the Slst, at Shoreham, aged 66, Lady
Prestwlch, Grace Anne, daughter of J. Milne, of Findhom, N.B. Married, 1870,
Sir Joseph Prestwich, a distinguished geologist, in whose work she co-operated,
and was the author of "The Harbour Bar" (1875), "Enga" (1880), and other
works.

SEPTEMBER.

Lord Watson. — William Watson, son
of Kcv. Thomas Watson, of Covington,
Lancashire, was bom in 1828, and
educated at the Universities of Glasgow
and Kdinburgli, studied law, and was
received as an advocate 1851, and first
obtained notice as a criminal lawyer,
hoing one of the counsel for the defence

of Dr. Pritchard, who was convicted
and executed for poisoning his wife
and mother-in-law in 1866. In 1874
he was made Solicitor-General for
Scotland in the Conservative Adminis-
tration, and in the following year he
wa^ elected Dean of Faculty, although
up to that time he had had few occa-

166

OBITUAEY.

[iqpt

sions of distinguishing himself. In
1876 he succeeded to the post of Lord
Advocate, and was at the same time
returned as member for the Univer-
sities of Glasgow and Aberdeen.
During his period of office he was
engstged in the prosecution of the
Directors of the Glasgow Bank, and in
many civil cases arising out of the
bank failure. In 1880, on the eve of
the resignation of Lord Beaconsfield's
Government, Mr. Watson was ap-
pointed to be a Lord of Appeal in
ordinary as Lord Watson of Thank-
erton, a life peer, in succession to
Lord Gordon, and from that time he
sat in the House of Lords with Lords
Gaims, Sel borne and Blackburn.
Although at first his opinion had pre-
dominating weight in Scotch appeals,
he speedily made himself master of
English law and equity, and even made
excursions into the special domain of

ecclesiastical law and marriage law.
In several appeals arising out of matri-
monial causes he pronounced weighty
judgments which settled points a long
time left obscure. His decisions on
the interpretation of the Employen'
Liability Act, 1880, on various points
of company law and bankers' rightt
and responsibilities were remarkable
for their clearness and weight. He
sat for many years also as a member
of the Judicial Committee of the Privy
Council, and for upwards of five and
twenty years was constant in bit
attendance and close in his attention
to every case brought before him. He
had for some time enjoyed the repnte-
tion of being the profoundest lawyer
on the Bench. He married, 1868,
Margaret, daughter of John DoguU
Bannatyne, of Edinburgh, and died at
Sunlaws House, Kelso, on September
14, after a short but severe illness.

On the 1st, at Famborough, aged 74, Colonel Robert Brace, O.B., son of Sir
James Bruce, second baronet. Entered the Army, 1844 ; served with 23rd Welsh
Fusiliers through the Crimean Campaign, 1854 ; the Indian Mutiny, 1857-6, and
was present at the relief of Lucknow and capture of Cawnpore ; Deputy Inspeiotor-
General of Boyal Irish Constabulary, 1872-80 ; Inspector-General, 1880-7. Married,
1859, Mary, daughter of Sir J. Montagu Burgoyne, ninth baronet. On the 1st, st
Dorking, aged 89, Colonel Robert Aldworth, son of Robert E. Aldworth, of New-
market Court, Co. Cork. Entered the Army, 1829 ; served with 94th Regiment.
Married, 1867, Louisa M., daughter of Major-General H. D. Tolley, C.B. On the
2nd, at Alexandria, aged 103, His Holiness Sophronius, Pope and Patriarch cl
Egypt. The head of the Greek Church in Egypt. On the 4th, at Crosswood,
Cardigan, aged 37, The Earl of Lisbume, Ernest George Henry Arthur Malei,
sixth earl. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Married, first, 1856,
Gertrude, daughter of E. Burnaby, of Baggrave Hall, Leicester; and seoond,
1878, Alice Dalton, daughter of Edmund Probyn, of Huntley Manor, Gloucester.
On the 4th, at Belgrade, aged 68, Jovan Ristitcli, a distinguished Servian states-
man. Bom at Kragujcvatz ; educated at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris ; appointed
to a post in the Ministry of the Interior, 1849; gained the favour of Prinee
Milosch and sent on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople, 1860, where he wm
Servian Agent until 1867, rendering great services to his country; appointed
Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Regent after the assassination
of Prince Michael, 1868-72 ; revised the Servian Constitution, 1869 ; resigned the
Premiership, 1872, but returned, 1876-8; represented Servia at the Berlin Con-
ference. On the abdication of Prince Milan, 1889, he again became Regent until
1893, when he was arrested with the other Regents at a dinner party by order of
the young King, wlio declared himself of age. On his release he became the
leader of the Liberal party, and was the a.dvocatc of a Balkan Confederation. On
the 4th, at Ardfert Abbey, aged 82, William Talbot Talbot-Orosliie, son of Bev.
John Crosbio, and great-nephew of the la,st Earl of Glandore. An enlightened
landowner, who devoted his life to the improvement of the condition of lus
tenants, and a successful cattle-breeder. Married, first, 1889, Susan, fourth
daughter of Lindsey Mcrrik Peter Burrell ; second, 1854, Emma, third danghter
of the same ; and third, 1868, Mar}-, daughter of Sir Henry Torrens, K.C.B., and
widow of Sir R. Abercrombie Anstruther, fourth baronet. On the 5th, at Bombay,
aged 47, Dr. Peter Peterson. Educated at Edinburgh and Oxford ; entered the
Education Department of India, 1873 ; appointed Professor of Sanscrit in Blphin-
stone College and Registrar of the Bombay University ; took an active part in the
search for Sanscrit manuscripts in Western India and published several books on
the results of his labours. On tlie 5th, at Heidelberg, aged 66, Ur Robert BKNt
Stokes, C.B., son of R. D. Stokes, of Droniullon, Co. Kerry. Entered the Army,
1851 ; served in 54th Regiment ; appointed Resident Magistrate in Irelaiiav
1870; Divisional Commissioner (Midland), 1887-93, and (South- Western), 1898-8.
Married, 1854, Marjorie Augusta, daughter of J. Simpson, 6f Oakfield, Ontaria

iHiw.j OBITUARY. 167

Oil the 6th, at Simla, aged 40, Tlieodore Beck, Principal of the Mahomedan
College, Aligarh. Educated at a Quaker school; obtained an open Scholarship
at Trinity College, Cambridge; graduated, 1882; appointed Principal of the
Aligarh College, 1888, on account of his learning and great sympathy with
Mahomedans. Married, 1891, Jessie, daughter of Dr. Alexander Raleigh, D.D.
On the Gth, at Knepp Castle, Horsham, aged 50, Sir Cliarles Raymond Burrell,
sixth baronet. Educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge; Captain, Sussex
Ritie Volunteers. Married, 1872, Etheldreda May, daughter of Sir Kobert Loder.
On the 9th, at Paris, aged 56, Gaston Tlaaandler, a well-known aeronaut and
scientist. Founder and editor of La Nature. In ascent from Paris in 1885 he
attained a height of 5J miles, but his two companions died and he was senseless
when the balloon came down. On the 10th, in Wilton Place, London, «iged 70,
Viscount Clifden, Leopold George Frederick Agar-Ellis, fifth viscount, son of first
Baron Dover. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 1852; called to
the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1864 ; sat as a Liberal for Kilkenny County, 1857-74,
and unsuccessfully contested East Northamptonshire as a Liberal Unionist, 1886 ;
succeeded his nephew as Viscount Clifden, 1895 ; sat in the House of Lords as
Baron Mendip. Married, 1864, Hon. Harriet, daughter of third Baron Camoys.
On the 10th, at St. Leonards-on-Sea, aged 85, Rev. Cliarles James Fhipps Eyre.
Educated at St. Catharine's College, Cambridge ; B.A., 1835 ; Incumbent of St.
Mary's, Bury St. Edmunds. 1842-57; Rector of Marylebone, 1857-82. On the
11th, at Highbury, aged 75, Francis Peek. A Devonian by birth ; came to London
early in life and was a successful tea merchant ; ceaselessly engaged in good works
and the author of numerous works on philanthropic subjects; Member of the
London School Board, 1880-5 ; took a great interest in the question of boarding
out of pauper children. On the 11th, at HoUoway, aged 62, John Edwin Cnrsans.
Author of ♦• History of the County of Herts " (1872-80), " Grammar of Heraldry •'
(1S65), ♦' Handbook of Heraldry " (1869), etc. On the 12th, at New York, aged 56,
Cornelius Vanderbilt, head of the great financial family, son of William Henry
Vanderbilt and grandson of "the Commodore," Cornelius Vanderbilt. Educated
privately and was trained for business ; appointed Treasurer of the New York and
Harlem Fiailroad, 1807; Vice-President, 1877; President, 1886; President of the
Canada Southern, 1885, and Director of thirty-four other railroads. Married,
IHCo, Miss Alice Gwynne. On the 13th, at Jersey, aged 74, lieutenant-General
Sir Alexander Hugh Cobbe, K.C.B., son of Lieutenant-Colonel T. A. Cobbe,
H.Ml.C.S. Entered lioyal Irish Fusiliers, 1848; served as a Volunteer during
tlie Indian Mutiny and wba present at the siege of Delhi, 1857; commanded Ist
Infantry Brigade in the Afghan War, 1878-9, and was severely wounded. Married,
ISoO, Emily, daughter of Captain Stanhope Jones, 58th Regiment. On the 14th,
at Seething, Noriolk, aged 79, Dowager Viscountess Cantertmry, Georgiana,
daughter of Charles Tompson, of Witcningham Hall, Norfolk. Married, 188&,
tliird Viscount Canterbury. On the 15th, at Southsea, aged 61, Lieutenant-
General Edmund Faunae, C.B., son of Major-General B. N. Faunce. Entered the
Madras Army, 1854 ; served through the Lidian Mutiny, 1857-8, and commanded
iiiid Brigade in the Burmese Expedition, 1877-8. On the 16th, at Victoria Street,
Westminster, aged 92, Ctoneral George Henry MacKinnon, O.B., son of Major-General
H. MacKinnon. Entered the Grenadier Guards, 1824; served in Portugal, 1826;
in tlie Kaffir Wars, 1846-7 and 1851-2 ; Chief Commissioner in British Kaffraria,
IH4H-54; Colonel, 2Gt}i Cameronians, 1862. On the 16th, at Brockloy, aged
HO, Rev. William Windle. Educated at Hertford College, Oxford (St. Alban's
Hall); H.A., 1S49 ; Vicar of Kirtling, Cambridge, 1855-61; of St. Stephen's,
Walbiook, 1801, until his death ; author of books on psalmody. On the 17th, at
Hielzing, Vienna, aged 66, Professor Karl Btdrk, a distinguished laryngosco^Mst
and the inventor of several ingenious instruments connected with his profession.
On the ISth, at Edinburgh, aged 46, Sir James Forrest, of Coniston, Midlothian.
Educated at Edinburgh University; called to the Scottish Bar, 1879; Commis-
sioner of Supply for Midlothian, 1887. Married, 1897, Edith Florence, daughter
of rianies Jarvis, of Ware, Herts. On the 18th, at Tunbridge Wells, aged 85,
William WiUiner Pocock, F.R.I.B.A., son of an architect of some repute, and him-
self ilie father of the Royal Institute of British Architects at the time of his death.
Fiducated at King's College, London ; A.K.C., 1886, and B.A. Lond., 1886; twice
contested Guildford as a Liberal. On the 18th, at Southwold, aged 47, Lieutenant-
Colonel William Edward Morrison Rough. Entered the Army, 1871, and served with
7tli Dragoon Guards in the Egyptian War, 1882. On the 19th, between Edinburgh
and Glasgow, aged G7, James Badenach Nicolson. Educated at Edinburgh Uni-
versity: called to the Scottish Bar, 1855; Secretary to the Lord-Advocate, 1866-8
and 1.S74-80; Counsel to the Scottish Education Department, 1878; contested

168 OBITUARY. [

Kincardineshiro uusucccssfully as a Conservative, 1874. Married, 1864, Margmret,
daughter of James Burnett Burnett, of Montrose. On the 19th, at Paris, affad
72, Aiig^iiBte Bdieiirer-Kestner, a distinguished chemist and the foremost defena«r
of Captfibin Dreyfus. Bom at Mulhausen ; educated at Paris ; was director of his
father-in-law*s, M. Kestner's, chemical works at Thann ; elected Representative
of the Haut Khin to the National Assembly, 1871 ; resigned his seat to protest
sigainst the annexation of Alsace to Germany; re-elected for Paris, 1672, and
chosen qa a Senator, 1875 ; Vice-President of the Senate, 1884 ; became convinced
of the judicial error committed in the Dreyfus trial, 1894, and devoted all his
energies to its reversal, and died on the day on which Dreyfus was pardoned.
On the 19th, at Cherbourg, aged 59, Vice-Admiral Sallandrouie da Laxnomalx, a
distinguished officer. Entered the French Navy, 1855, and served with great
credit in various parts of the world; appointed Chief of the Naval Staff, 1896,
and took command of the Northern Squadron, 1898. On the 20th, at Melrose,
aged 66, Suzgeon-Hajor-General Stewart Aaron Litbgow, C.B., son of A. Lithgow,
of Dundee. Educated at St. Andrews and Edinburgh Universities ; entered the
Indian Medical Service ; served through the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8, at the siege
of Delhi and relief of Lucknow ; and in the Nile Expedition, 1884-5 ; appointed
Superintendent of tlie Edinburgh Infirmary, 1892. Married, 1866, Elizabeth C,
daughter of Rev. James Davis. On the 20th, at Chilworth House, Oxford, aged
88, Dowager Lady Teignmouth, Caroline, daughter of William Browne, of Tallantire
Hall, Cumberland. Married, 1838, second Baron Teignmouth. On the 22nd, at
Nunthorpe Hall, Middlesborougli, aged 77, Isaac Wilson. Bom at Kendal ; started
in business as an earthenware manufacturer ; filled many municipal offices and
was one of the great benefactors and makers of Middlcsborough, wnich he repre-
sented in Parliament as a Liberal, 1878-92. Married, 1847, Mary, daughter of J.
Bentor, of Parkside, Kendal. On the 22nd, at Tenby, aged 70, lCaJar-Qfln«Tal
William Thomas Bowen. Entered the Bombay Army, 1844 ; served in the South
Mahratta Campaign, 1844-5, and with the Land Transport Corps in the Persian
War, 1867-8. On tlio 22nd, at Brighton, aged 60, Colonel Morris James FkwoaM,
son of John Fawcett, of Petterill Bank, Cumberland. Entered the Army, 1856,
and served with 7th Royal Fusiliers ; was a Colonel in the Turkish Army, 1877-81 ;
Inspector-General of Constabulary in Newfoundland, 1885-95 ; in Jamaica, 1895-8.
Married, 1869, Alice, daughter of Admiral Pennell. On the 22nd, at Paris, aged
60, Cton^ral Brault, Chief of the General Staff. Served with distinction in Italy,
Mexico, Africa and in the Franco-German War; appointed Chief of the Staff,
1898. On the 28rd, at Dymchurch, Kent, aged 57, Edward Case, son of John
Case, of Maidstone, a prominent civil engineer. Bom and educated at Bfaid-
stone; entered the Ceylon Public Works Department, 1865; on his return to
England, 1890, he devoted his attention especially to sea defence ; was appointed
expenditor of Romncy Marsh Level, 1890, and there and elsewhere round the
coast introduced the system of groyning to withstand tlie encroachments of the
sea. On the 22nd, at Wolgast, Pomerania, aged 104, Angnst Bohmidt, reported
to be the last survivor of tlie German War of Liberty. Entered the Prussian
Army, 1813, and fought at Leipsig and Waterloo. On the 23rd, at Bnlawayo,
aged 50, Will Gooding. Bom at New Bamet; went at an early age to South
Africa; served as a Volunteer in the Matabele War and woa one of the three
survivors of the massacre of Major Wilson's party on the Shanguni River. On
the 24th, at Worthing, aged 85, Rev. Alexander Barlng-GoTild. Educated at
Addiscombe and entered the Madras Horse Artillery, 1839 ; returned to England
and graduated, 1843, at Caius College, Cambridge; Incumbent of St. Mark's,
Wolverhampton, 1846-68; Vicar of Ellacombe, Torquay, 1868-74, and Christ
Church, Winchester, 1874-90. On the 24tli, at Surbiton, aged 65, Jobn BlMpv
Olarke, a popular comedian. Bom at Baltimore, U.S.A. ; first appeajred at
Boston, 1851 ; came to London, 1867 ; retired, 1886 ; acted at the Uaymarket,
Strand and St. James's theatres. On the 25th, at Rottingdean, Brighton, aged
77, John Thomas Abdy, LL.B., son of Lieutenant-Colonel J. N. Abdy. Educated
at Kensington School and Trinity Hall, Cambridge ; graduated LL.B., 1844 (First
Cla^s in Law) ; Fellow of Trinity Hall and called to the Box at the Inner Temple,
1850 ; Ilegius Professor of Civil Law, 1856-72 ; Recorder of Bedford, 1870 ; County
Court Judge, 1871-91 ; edited Kent's ** International Law " and other works.
Married, 1U54, Marion, daughter of J. H. HoUway, of Gunby, Lincolnshire. On
the 25th, at Ord House, Beauly, N.B., aged 72, Alexander Watson KaolMiisIs, son
of Tliomas Mackenzie, of Ord. Served in 91st Regiment. Married, 1857, Angel*
Babington, daughter of Rev. Benjamin W. Peile, of Bishop's Hatfield, Herte. On
the 28th, at Dalkcy, Co. Dublin, aged 60, Right Hon. John Monroe, U^D., son of
John Monroe, of Moira, Co. Down. Educated at Queen's College, Galway ; called

1899.]

OBITUARY.

169

to the Irish Bar, 1863; Q.C., 1877; Bencher of King's Inn, 1884; Law Adviser
to Dublin Castle, 1879-80; Solicitor-General for Ireland, 1886; Judge of the
Landed Estates Court, 1885-96. Married, 1867, Lizzie, daughter of John Watkins
Moule, of Elmley Lovett, Worcestershire. On the 29th, at Apley Park, Bridge-
north, aged 85, WilUam Orme Foster, son of WiUiam Foster, of Stourton Court, a
notable ironmaster in Staffordshire and Salop. Sat a^ a Liberal for South
Staffordshire, 1857-68, and was one of '* The Cave of Adullam " in that year.
Married, 1838, Isabella, daughter of H. Grazebrook, of Liverpool. On the 30th,
iit Clifford's Mesne, Gloucestershire, aged 84, Lord Somers, Philip Reginald Cocks,
Colonel, Koyal Artillery, son of Lieutenant-Colonel Hon. P. J. Cocks. Educated
at Woolwich Academy ; entered the Royal Artillery, 1835. Married, 1859, Camilla,
daughter of Rev. William Newton. On the 30th, at Westbourne Square, aged 78,
Surgeon-General Sir Charles Alexander Gordon, K.C.B. Educated at Edinburgh
and St. Andrews Universities; M.D., 1840; entered the Army Medical Service,
1841 ; served with 16th Lancers in the Gwalior Campaign, 1843 ; in the expedition
ijigainst Appollonia, West Coast of Africa, 1847-8 ; with the 18th Foot in the Indian
Mutiny, 1857-8 ; and in China, 1860-1 ; Medical Commissioner of the French Army
in the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1. Married, 1860, Annie, daughter of John
Mackintosh. On the 30th, at Solihull, aged 63, Rev. Thomas M^Cane, D.D. Bom
at Wolverhampton ; educated at Sedgley Park School and Oscott College and at
the Theological College, Rome; Head-master of the Roman Catholic School,
Birmingham, 1867-72: author of several controversial works.

OCTOBER.

Lord Farrer. — Thomas Henry Farrer,
son of Thomas Farrer, a solicitor in
Lincoln's Inn Fields, was bom in 1819,
and educated at Eton and Balliol
College, Oxford, where he graduated
with a second class in classics in 1840,
and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's
Inn in 1844. He gave up practice
after a few years, and in 1857 was
appointed A.s8istant Secretary in the
Marine Department of the Board of
Trade, and in 1862 was promoted to
be Permanent Secretary-. He distin-
guished himself throughout a long
period of service as an energetic ad-
ministrator, a steady reformer, and a
stalwart supporter of the rights of his
department. In politics he was an
advanced Liberal, but above all he was
a free-trader of the strictest school,
and was not infrequently in his later
years described as the last of the
Cobdenites. He retired from office in
IHSf), having been created a baronet in
1M83, and in 1889 he was co-opted by
the Progressives an Alderman of the
London County Council, of which he
became Vice- Chairman in 1890. By
degrees, however, he fell out of touch
with his party, whose tendency towards
Socialistic legislation was wholly at
variance with his principles of indi-
vidual responsibility and endeavour.
He fonsequently resigned his position,
and having been raised to the peerage
in 1898 spent much of his leisure in
advocating at the Cobden Club, the
Political Economy Club and in the
public press his views on those ques-
tions in which he took a keen interest.

The fallacies of the Fair Trade League
were the special object of his attack,
and in this and many other contro-
versies on economic questions he con-
tributed valuable letters, written in
clear and uncompromising terms, and
always falling back upon the doctrines
of free-trade as advocated by its early
exponents. He married, first, in 1854,
Frances, daughter of Mr. William
Erskine, of the Indian Civil Service,
and second, in 1873, Katharine Eu-
phemia, daughter of Hensleigh Wedg-
wood, and he died on October 11, at
his residence, Abinger Hall, Dorking,
after a short illness.

naJor-Qeneral Sir W. P. Bsrmons,
K.C.B. — William Penn Symons, the
eldest son of William Symons, of Hatt,
Cornwall, wsks bom in 1843, and edu-
cated at Crediton School, and Sand-
hurst. He entered the Army 1863, and
was gazetted to the South Wales
Borderers, then 24th Regiment, but
for many years found no opportunity
of distinguishing himself. Shortly
after his marriage with Caroline,
daughter of T. P. Hawkins, of Edg-
baston, in 1877, on the outbreak of the
Zulu War, he was sent to South Africa,
and was employed until the end of the
campaign against the Galekas. In
1882 he was appointed to the staff, and
employed as Assistant Musketry In-
structor in Madras, where he dis-
tinguished himself by insisting upon
the necessity of teaching soldiers to
become marksmen. On the breaking
out of hostilities with Burmah in 1885,

170

OBITUABY.

[Oet.

I

he was selected by Sir George White |
to be Deputy Assistant and Quarter-
master General. During this campaign
he organised and subsequently com-
manded the mounted infantry, with
which he performed numerous impor-
tant services, which obtained for him
special recognition in despatches and
general orders. He was subsequently
appointed Brigadier-General in the
China Field force, where he saw much
service and greatly distinguished him-
self. His next appointment was to the
command of the China-Lushai Expedi-
tion, 1889-90, and liis services were re-
cognised by iiis being made C.B. His
period of comparative inactivity was
occupied 1890-2 in command of his
regiment, and he was next appointed
Assistant- Adjutant General for Mus-
ketry' in Bengal, 1893-5, and during
this period wa^ sent in command of
the 2nd Infantry Brigade in General
Lockhart's Expedition against the
Waziris. After the close of the cam-
paign he was promoted to the rank of
Brigadier- General in the Sirhind dis-
trict. On the breaking out of the
frontier troubles in 1897, General
Symons was first given the command
of a brigade in the Tochi Valley, but
subsequently when the rising threat-
ened a larger tract of country he was
placed in command of the First
Division of the Terah Expeditionary
Force, and for his services ^n this |
occasion, which included an expedition ■
into the hitherto unknown Bazas I
Valley, he was created K.C.B. After
the close of the campaign he returned
to Umballa, the headquarters of his
military district, and there remained
until >Iay of the present year when he
was summoned to Natal to take pre-
cautionary measures in the event of
war with the Boers. He at once sot
himself to organise the Colonial forces

On the Srd, at Longford Kector\', Derby, aged 81, Rev. Thomas AneWtel
son of Sir George Anson, K.C.B. , M.P. Educated at Eton and Jesus College^
Cambridge; played in the University Eleven, 1839-42; B.A., 1848; Bector of
Billingford, Essex, 1843-60, when he was appointed Rector of Longford. Married^
1846, Jane, daughter of Henry Packc, of Twyford Hall, Norfolk. On the 8rd, at
Paris, aged 76, Paul Alexander Ren^ Janet. Bom at Paris; educated at the
Lycde St. Louis and the Ecole Normale, 1841-8; Professor of Philosophy at
Bourges, 1845-8 ; at Strasburg, 1848-57 ; Professor of Logic at the Lyc^ le Qrand»
Paris, 1857-64 ; Professor of the History of Philosophy at the Sorbonne, 1864-97 ;
author of numerous philosophical works, of which the aim was to conciliate
spiritualism with freedom of scientific research. On the 4th, at Pangboume, aged
57, Jolin Donaldson, grandson and son of the owners of the mail-coaches in the
north of Scotland. Bom at Elgin ; educated at Aberdeen Grammar School ;
apprenticed as an engineer at Newcastle and afterwards chief draughtsman to
Messrs. Cowan, of Carlisle; returned to Glasgow University to complete his
education ; went as Engineer to the Fleet in the Abyssinian Expedition, 1867 ;
appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer at Dum Dum Arsenal, 1869 ; tranferred to
Public Works Department, India, 1870, to inquire into the coal and iron distrioto;
rutumcd to England, 1873, and joined Mr. J. Thomycroft as a launch builder.

and to put the defences in good ozder.
He made himself master of the
frontiers of NataJ, and promptly reoog-
nised the need of a far larger force
than he ha.d at his disposal to make '
them defensible ; but^with the troops
under his commemd he was able to
promise protection against any sadden
raid. When a little later it was found
necessary to increase the Natal force
by 10,000 men, his former chief, Sir
George White, was appointed to tiie
chief command in the Colony, but on
the breaking out of hostilities, Sir
Wm. Symons remained in command
at the advanced position of Glenooe,
which was to bear the brunt of the
first attack of the Boers. The battle,
which opened the campaign and waa
fought on October 20, was forced by
Sir Wm. Symons upon the enemy, his
plan being to fight the Boers in detail
before their other forces arriving by
different routes could converge. His
bold tactics were supported by his
troops, and the Boer position, which
seemed well-nigh impregnable, waa
carried by assault after a prolonged
struggle. General Symons, who was in
the fore-front of the battle directing and
encouraging his men, was shot in the
stomach, and from the first his wound
was pronounced to be mortal. He
however rallied enough to receive by
telegram a battlefield promotion for
his services ; and the bullet was ex-
tracted, and hopes were entertained of
his recoveiy. But the position at
Dundee had to be evacuated in haste
by the British, who were forced to
leave their wounded behind them, and
it was after the town, which he had done
so much to put in a state of defence,
had passed into the possession of the
Boers that he died, on October 28, and
he was buried quietly without military
honours in the cemetery of the town.

1899.] OBITUARY. 171

the firm subsequently becoming chief constructors of torpedo boats. Married^
1872, Frances Sarah, daughter of T. Thomycroft, a well-known sculptor. On the
Gth, at Cadogan Square, London, aged 70, Cholmeley Austen-Leigli, son of Kev. J.
E. Austen-Leigh, Vicar of Bray, and great-nephew of Jane Austen, the novelist.
Educated at Winchester and Trinity College, Oxford; B.A., 1860; Fellow of
Trinity College, 1852 ; called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1862 ; joined the firm
of Messrs. Spottiswoodo & Co., 1862. Married, 1872, Melesina Mary, daughter of
Right Rev. R. Chenevix Trench, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin. On the 6th, at
Oxford, aged 78, Felicia Mary Frances Skene, daughter of James Skene, of Rubis-
law. Born at Aix in Provence ; removed to Athens, 1838 ; returned to England,
1844 ; settled at Oxford ; devoted herself to philanthropy, taking charge of the
nursing at the Oxford Hospital; author of ••Isles of Greece and other Poems'*
(1843), ♦' Wayfaring Sketches among Greeks and Turks " (1844), •* Hidden Depths "
(1866), etc. On the 7th, at Cheltenham, aged 74, Colonel Sir Charles Butler Peter
Hodges Nugent, K.C.B., son of C. Nugent. Educated at Winchester and Woolwich
and entered tlie Royal Engineers, 1846 ; was senior Engineer officer under Sir
Charles Napier in the Baltic Campaign, 1864-6 ; President of the Torpedo Com-
mittee and Assistant Director of Works and Fortifications, 1871-6; Deputy
Director, 1876-81 ; served in command of Engineers in Egyptian Campaign, 1882.
Married, 1868, Emma, daughter of Rev. R. A. Burney, of Brightwell, Berks. On
the 8th, at Scarborough, aged 66, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Fell Steble, son of
Rev. John Steble, of Whicham, Cumberland. Engaged in business at Liverpool,
of which city he was Mayor, 1874-6; sat as a Liberal for Scarborough, 1884;
Mayor of Scarborough, 1891-2 ; Lieutenant-Colonel, 1st Lancashire Rifle Volun-
teers. Married, fii-st, 1870, Mary, daughter of J. Barratt, of Holywater, Cumber-
land ; and second, 1886, Lilly, widow of John Metcalf, of Prizett, Kendal. On the
10th, at Clapham, aged 62, Sir Randal Howland Roberts, eleventh baronet, under
patent of 1020. Educated at Merchant Taylors' School ; entered the Army, 1862 ;
appointed to 33rd Regiment, 1862 ; served in the Crimean War, 1864-6, with great
distinction ; the Indian Mutiny, 1867-8 ; and the Turkish War, 1868 ; received the
Iron Cross of Prussia for valour ; Colonel of London Irish Rifles ; was War Corre-
spondent of the Daily Telegraph during the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1. He was
also an actor, a theatre manager, a steeple-chase rider and the author of several
sporting and service books. Married, 1868, Mary, daughter of Colonel Sydney
Turnbull, R.B.A. On the 10th, at South wick Street, Hyde Park, aged 60, James
Nutcombe Gould, a favourite actor, son of Rev. J. Nutcombe Gould, Rector of
Stoke-in-Teignhead, Devon. Educated at King's College, London ; fiirst appeared
in London at the St. James' Theatre, 1887. On the 11th, at Westminster, aged

67, John Troutbeck, D.D. Born at Blencowe, Cumberland ; educated at Rugby,
and University College, Oxford ; rowed in the College boat ; B.A., 1864 ; Vicar of
Dacre, UUswater, 1859-64 ; Minor Canon of Manchester, 1864-9 ; of Westminster,
1801); and Precentor, 1896; Secretary of the New Testament Revision Company:
compiler of the Westminster Abbey Hymn Book. Married, 1868, May, daughter
of Robinson Duckworth, of Liverpool. On the 11th, at Adirondacks, N.Y., aged
65, Hamilton Y. Castner, a chemist, who devoted himself to the manufacture of
aluminium from the metal of sodium, which he was able to produce in large
quantities. He also patented a method of obtaining alkali and bleaching powder
from salt by the electrolytic process. On the 12th, at Maseru, Orange Free State,
aged 59, Right Rev. John Wale Hicks, D.D., H.D., F.R.C.P., fourth Bishop of Bloem-
foiitein, son of Samuel Hicks, of Clawton, Devon. Educated at Torquay and
Taunton and St. Thomas' Hospital, London ; graduated with high honours as
B.Sc. and M.B., London, 1861, and pra,ctised for some time; entered Sidney
Sussex College, Cambridge, 1867 ; graduated B.A., 1870, as second Senior Optinw
and First Class in Natural Science : Fellow of Sidney Sussex and Demonstrator
of Chemistry in the University, 1871-82; ordained, 1882; Lecturer in Theology,
Cambridge, 1883-92; Vicar of St. Mary-the-Less, Cambridge, 1887-92, when he
was consecrated Bishop of Bloemfontein. On the 13th, at Botley, Hants, aged

68, Vice-Admiral Philip Howard Colomb, R.N., Younger Brother of the Trinity
House, Nautical Assessor to the House of Lords, son of General G. T. Colomb,
97th Regiment. P^ntered the Navy, 1846; served in the Burmese War, 1852-8;
Arctic Expedition, 1854; and in the Baltic, 1866; author of '* Naval Warfare "
and several other works ; an ardent advocate for strengthening the Navy.
Married, 1857, Eleanor, daughter of Captain W. Hooke, 34th Regiment. On the
18th, at Shawford House, Winchester, aged 43, Alfired Honey Wlgram, son of
Money Wigram, of Esher Place, Surrey. Educated at Winchester; partner in
Reid's Brewery ; sat as a Conservative for the Romford Division of Essex, 1894-7.
Married, 1882, Venetia, daughter of Rev. Whitaker Maitland, of Loughton Hall,

172 OBITUARY. [Oct.

Essex. On the 14th, at Hamburg, aged 99, Charlotte Bmbden, a sister of the poet
Heinrich Heine, whose poems contain frequent allusions to her. On the 14th, at
Redland, Bristol, aged 75, William EUiB Metford, son of a Somersetshire doctor.
Began life as a civil engineer and worked on the East Indian Railway, 1856-8 ;
turned his attention to rifle shooting and the improvements in rifle-making;
introduced the system of small bore and shallow grooves, and his principle, known
as the Lee-Metford rifle, afterwards the Lee-Enfield, was adopted for the British
Army. He also was the virtual inventor of the Pritchard bullet, which was,
however, ultimately abandoned for military purposes. On the 16th, at Malvern,
aged 70, Colonel Thomas Coningsby Norbury Norbury, C.B., son of Thomas Norbury,
of Shemidge. Served in the 6th Dragoon Guards ; was one of the witnesses for
the claimant in the Tichbome case. Married, 1855, Hon. Gertrude, daughter of
second Viscount Guillamore. On the 16th, at Brighton, aged 48, James Dampiar
Palmer, of Heronden Hall, Kent, son of William Palmer, of Romford, Bssex.
Educated at Felstead School ; entered the family business of Messrs. Palmer &
Co., Stratford : sat as a Conservative for Gravesend, 1892-8. Married, 1874,
Isabella Elizabeth Curteis, daughter of William Curteis Whelan, of Heronden
Hall. On the 18th, at St. Johns' Wood, London, aged 87, James John Qartb
Wilkinson, son of J. J. Wilkinson, Judge of Durham County. Educated at Mill
Hill School and Potteridge ; was for more than sixty years a leading member of
the English Swedenborgians and an a.dvanced spiritualist ; author of a ** Life of
Swedeuborg" (1849), "The Human Body'* (1861), "The Divine Revelation"
(1875), etc., etc. On the 19th, at New York, aged 85, William Henry Appleton, a
leading American publisher. A strong advocate of international copyright, and a
friend of the leading literary men and women on both sides of the Atlantio.
Married, 1834, Mary Worthen, of Lowell, Mass. On the 19th, at Worthing, aged
62, Colonel George Augostas Way, C.B., son of Rev. C. J. Way, of Spaymer Hall.
Educated at Eton; entered Bengal Army, 1855, and Stafl Corps, 1861; served in
the Wuzcree (I860) and Akka (1883-4) Expeditions. Married, 1864, Catherine
Corbould, daughter of lie v. Corbould Warren, of Tacolnestone, Norfolk. On the
20th, at Southport, aged 57, Bignor Foil, a popular operatic basso, Allan James
Foley. Bom at Belfast, but educated in the United States ; made his cUbut as a
singer at Naples, 1862, and at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, 1865. On the
20th, at Dundee, Natal, aged 42, Lieutenant-Colonel John Sherston, D.S.O., son of
Captain Sherston, of Evercreech, Somerset. Entered 75th Regiment, 1876;
transferred to Rifle Brigade, 1877 ; served in the Afghan War, 1879, as Aide-de-
camp to Lord Roberts ; in the Burmese War, 1886-7, as D.A.C.G. and Q.M.G. ;
Assistant Adjutant-General in India, 1890-7 ; killed in action. On the 20th, at
Dundee, Natal, aged 47, Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Henry Gunning, eldest son of
Sir George William Gunning, of Little Horton House, Northants, fifth baronet.
Educated at Eton ; entered 68tli Regiment, 1878 ; transferred to 60th Rifles,
1874 ; served in the Zulu War, 1879 ; in the Burmese War, 1891-2 ; killed in
action. Married, 1880, Fanny Julia, daughter of Clinton George Dawkins, of
H.M. Consular Service. On the 20th, at Dundee, Natal, aged 82, Captain llkrk
Horace Kerr Fechell, son of Admiral Mark R. Pechell, of Singleton Abbey, Swansea.
Educated at Eton and Sandhurst ; entered King's Royal Rifles, 1888 ; served in
the Hazara Expedition, 1891, and other frontier wars, 1891-2 ; and in the expedi-
tion to Chitral, 1895 ; killed in action. On the 21st, at Great Malvern, aged 78,
Mrs. W. E. Forster, Jane Martha Arnold, eldest daughter of Rev. Dr. Arnold,
Head-ma.ster of Rugby. Born at Lalebam ; educated by her father. Married,
1850, William E. Forster, afterwards M.P. for Bradford, and successively Vice-
President of the Council, 1808-74, and Secretary for Ireland, 1880. On the 2di:d,
at Cambridge, aged 64, Ludwig Straus, a distinguished violinist. Bom at Press-
burg ; studied under Bohm ; first visited England, 1860 ; appointed leader of
violins in Charles Halle's orchestra, 1866-98. On the 24th, at Exeter, aged 80,
Rev. Peter Leopold Dyke-Acland, son of Sir Thomas Dyke-Acland, tenth baronet.
Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford ; B.A., 1841 ; Rector of Broad Clyst,
Devon, 1845-96; Prcboudar>' of P^xeter, 1866; Sub-Dean, 1887. Married, first,
1845, Julia, daughter of Uev. Benjamin Barker, of Sliipdam; and second, 1872,
Julie, daughter of Philip Wappner, of Diissoldorf. On the 25th, at Hindhead,
Surrey, aged 51, Grant Allen, a popular writer on science and a novelist, Charles
Grant Blairfindic Allen, son of Rev. J. Antisell Allen. Bom at Alwington,
Canada; educated by his father at the College, Dieppe; at King Edward's
School, Birmingham ; and at Merton College, Oxford ; B.A., 1871 (First Glass
Moderations and Second Class Lit. Hum.) ; Assistant Master at Brighton College,
1872-8 ; Professor of Classics at Spanish Town College, Jamaica, and subsequently
I^rincipal, 1H7S-7 : returned to England and adopted scientific writing, chiefly on

1899.] OBITUARY. 173

biology and botany, as his profession ; author of •* Physiological Asthetics " (1877),
"The Evolutionist at Large" (1881), "Colours of Flowers" (1882), etc.; began
his career as a writer of fiction under the pseudonyms of ** Cecil Power," " Olive
Pratt Rayner," etc. ; author of "The Devil's Die," "The Tents of Shem," "The
Woman Who Did," and many others. Married, 1872, Margaret, daughter of J.
W. Jerrard, of Lyme Kegis, Devon. On the 26th, at Montreal, aged 76, Hon.
Peter Mitchell, one of the "fathers" of Canadian Confederation. Bom at New-
castle, New Brunswick ; called to the Bar, 1848, but relinquished it for industrial
life; Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, 1866-60; Member
of Council, 1860-5, when he took an active part in bringing about the union of
the maritime provinces; after the confederation of the Dominion appointed
Member of the Senate by Royal Proclamation and as a Liberal leaider was
Minister of Marine, 1871-4, when he resigned his seat and entered the Dominion
House of Commons and sat with certain intervals until 1891 ; Inspector of
Fisheries for Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. On the 26th, at London,
aged 58, George Candy, Q.C., son of Rev. George Candy, of Bombay. Educated at
Islington Proprietary School, Cheltenham, and Wadham College, Oxford ; B.A.,
1868; Fellow of St. Peter's, Radley, 1866; Assistant Master at Wellington,
Marlborough and Manchester, 1864-9 ; called to the Bar at the Inner Temple,
1869 ; Q.C., 1886 ; author of several legal works ; unsuccessfully contested
Southampton as a Conservative, 1896. On the 26th, at Paris, aged 68, Marquess
Townshend, John Villiers Stuart Townshend Stuart, fifth marquess. Educated
at Eton ; was clerk in the Foreign Office, 1864-6 ; sat as a Conservative for Tam-
worth, 1856-73, and took an a,ctive part in many philanthropic movements.
Married, 1865, Lady Anne Elizabeth Clementina, daughter of fifth Earl of Fife.
On the 26th, at Rome, aged 91, Thomas Jefferson Pa^, grandson of Governor
John Page, of Virginia, and of Thomas Nelson, jun., a signer of the Declaration of
Independence. Born at Rosewell, Gloucester County, Virginia ; appointed Mid-
shipman in the United States Navy, 1822 ; saw much service in the China Seas
when infested by pirates ; explored the basin of La Plata, 1861-4 ; commanded
an expedition against Paraguay, 1868 ; refused an offer of admiral's rank in the
Italian Navy, 1859 ; held a Confederate command over the southern ports until
he was forced to surrender his ship at Havana; settled for some years on the
River Plate and subsequently sent to England to superintend the construction of
ironclads for the Argentine Navy ; finally settled in Italy, 1878. On the 27th, at
St. John's Wood, London, aged 59, Florence Manyat, fourth daughter of Captain
Marryat, R.N., C.B., the famous novelist. Published her first work, "Love's
Conflict," 1865, which was followed in rapid succession by a number of novels
down to the time of her death ; she was also a writer of plays, an operatic singer
and a popular lecturer ; published, 1872, " Life and Letters of Captain Marryat "
and a series of novels, 1891-4, showing her interest in spiritualism. Married,
first, 1860, Captain Ross Church, of the Madras Staff Corps ; and second, 1890,
Colonel Francis Lean. On the 27th, at Romsey, aged 86, Rev. Edward loron
Berthon. Educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge ; B.A., 1834 ; ordained,
I.S45; Incumbent of Fareham, 1847-67; Vicar of Romsey, Hunts, 1860-91; was
the inventor of the collapsible boats which bear his name. On the 27th, at
Mctz, aged 75, Monsignor Fleck, Bishop of Metz since 1886. A popular priest in
Lorraine, who remained firmly attached to France and successfully resisted the
efforts of the German Government to impose upon him a German co-adjutor.
Ou the 28th, at Folkestone, aged 78, Lieutenant-General Cliarlee Wright Tonng-
husband, C.B., F.R.S., son of Major-General Younghusband, R.A. Entered the
Uoyal Artillery, 1837; served through the Crimean Campaign, 1854-5; Super-
intendent of the Royal Gunpowder Factory and Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich,
1875-85. Married, 1846, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Justice Jones, of Toronto,
Canada. On the 29th, at Carbrooke Hall, NoHolk, aged 76, Edward May Dewing,
of Newton, Bury St. Edmunds. Educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge; Captain of the School Eleven, 1840-1, and of the C.U.C.C, 1843-6; an
original member of the I. Zingari C.C. On the 30th, at Montagu Square,
Loudon, aged 70, Sir Arthur William Blomfleld, A.R.A., son of Right Rev. C. J.
Blomfield, D.D., Bishop of London. Bom at Fulham Palace; educated at
Rugby and at Trinity College, Cambridge; B.A., 1861; devoted himself to archi-
tecture; studied under C. P. Hardwick; waa chiefly engaged in ecclesiastical
work ; designed new buildings of Sion College, London ; the Church House, West-
minster ; the new Christ's Hospital, Horsham, etc. ; elected A.R.A., 1888 ; Gold
Medal, R.I.B.A., 1891. Married, first, 1862, Caroline, daughter of Charles Case
Smith ; and second, 1884, Sarah Louisa, daughter of Matthew Ryan. On the
30th, at Ammerdovm Park, Somerset, aged 70, Lord HyltOA, Hed worth Hylton

174

OBITUAEY.

[Hot.

Jollifie, second baron. Educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford: joined 4th
Light Dragoons, 1849 ; served in the Crimea and was in the Balaclava charge ;
sat as a Conservative for Wells, 1855-68. Married, first, 1858, Lady Agnes Byng,
daughter of second Earl of Strafford ; and second, 1880, Anne, daughter of H.
Lambert, of Camagh, Co. Wexford, and widow of third Earl of Dunraven. On
the 80th, at Grey's Court, Henley-on-Thames, aged G8, Sir FtanclB QemgB
Stapleton, eiglith baronet. Educated at Sandhurst; entered the Grenadier
Guards, 1849 ; served in the Kaffir War, 1851. Married, 1878, Mary Catherine,
daughter of Adam Steuart Gladstone. On the 31st, at Canonteign, Devon, aged
38, Viscount Ezxnoutli, Edward Fleetwood John Pellew, fourth viscount. Edu-
cated at Eton ; Lieutenant, 1st Devon Yeomanry, 1881-90. Married, 1884, ESdith,
daughter of Captain Hargreaves, of Arborfield Hall, Berks. On the Slst, at
Arundel, aged 73, Right Rev. John Butt, D.D., Koman Catholic Bishop of Sebflysto-
polis (in Armenia). Educated at Stonoyhurst ; was Roman Catholic Chaplain to
the British troops in the Crimea, 1853-5 ; Bishop of Southwark. On the Slat, at
Plymouth, aged 75, Major-General Robert Boyle, C.B., R.M.I1.A., son of James
Boyle, B.N. Entered the Royal Marines, 1841 ; served in the Nicaraguan Bx-
pedition, 1841, and in Cliina War, 1856-7, with great distinction. Married, 1861,
Lucy Margaret, daughter of Robert Bower, of Welliam Hall, Yorks.

NOVEMBER.

Sir William Dawson, K.C.M.O., F.R.S.,
LL.D. — John William Dawson, the son
of a Scotch emigrant, was bom in 1820
at Picton, Nova Scotia, where he re-
ceived his early education, and subse-
quently continued his studies at
Edinburgh and in London under Sir
Charles Lyell. Shortly after his
return to Nova Scotia, 1842, he was
appointed lecturer at Dalhousie Col-
lege, Halifax, and Government Super-
intendent of Education for the province.
In 1855, after having previously done
much to introduce an improved system
of education into his native country,
he was appointed Principal and Pro-
fessor of Natural History at M'Gill
University, Montreal, wliich during
the course of his headship, lasting
nearly forty years, became one of the
most important educational centres in
America, not excluding those of the
United States. He developed the
scientific course of instruction to a
remarkable extent, obtaining large
sums of money from prominent Cana-
dians to endow chairs and scholarships.
He was also one of the founders and
for several years Principal of the
M'Gill Normal School, and was the
author of numerous books and papers
on geological and scientific subjects,
many of which had a strong theolo-
gical bias, the principal being "Arcadian
Geology," "Archaia," "Fossil men,"
" The Chain of Life," " Modem Science
in Bible Lands," "Modem Ideas of
Evolution," etc., etc. He was strongly
opposed to the theories of geologians
who attributed countless ages to the
evolution of the world, and held that
man made his appearance on earth not
more than 6,000 or 8,000 years ago.
Sir Wm. Dawson married, 1847, Mar-

garet, daughter of J. Mercer, of Edin-
burgh, and died at Montreal on
November 19, almost suddenly.

The Khalifa Abdul-lahi.— Abdul-lahi
ben Said Mohammed was a member of
tlie Taaisha branch of the Baggara
tribe, inhabiting the .south-western
district of Dar-Fur. Abdul-lahi, the
eldest of four sons of a teacher of the
Koran and a dealer in charms, was
born in 1844. In the struggle of the
Furs against Zubeir, the Egyptian
commander, in 1861-2, he fought
bravely for his fellow-countrymen. He
was, however, taken prisoner and
sentenced to death, but on the inter-
cession of the priests, he was pardoned.
According to a current story Abdul-lahi
soon afterwards w8« brought before
Zubeir, to whom he declared that it
had been revealed to him in a dreckm
that Zubeir was the expected Mahdi,
and that he (Abdul-lahi) was to be his
follower. This prophecy failed, how-
ever, to convince Zubeir, and Abdul-
lahi soon afterwards returned to his
own country, where he apparently
occupied himself with slave-hunting.
His father urged him to break off his
connection with this mode of Ufe, to
make the pilgrimage to Mecca, and
never to return to Dar-Fur. In 1864
Abdul-lahi started on his journey, but
hearing of the rising power of Moham-
med Ahmed, he at once turned aside
and formally enroUed himself as one
of the future Mahdi*s followers. He
was soon rewarded by the post of flag-
bearer, and accompanied his master in
a tour through Kordofan, where the
hostility of the population to the
Egyptian authorities offered a pro-
mising field to the leader of a revolt.

1899.]

OBITUARY.

175

Mohammed Ahmed seized the oppor-
tunity and, at first secretly, but after-
wards publicly declared himself to be
M alidi el Muntazer, charged with the
mission of driving all foreigners, in-
cluding Turks and Egyptiajis, out of
the country. Abdul-lahi faithfully
served his new maister, and was his
most able lieutenant during nearly
twenty years, and the former when on
his death-bed designated Abdul-lahi as
his successor, appointed by the prophet.
This selection was promptly ratified by
his followers, and the new Khalifa
began his rule by sending letters to the
Queen of England, the Sultan of
Turkey, and the Khedive, summoning
them to submit to his rule and to
embrace Mahdism. Hostile operations
against Egyptian territory followed
almost immediately, and in 1885
Sennar, an important position, fell
into the Khalifa's hands. Omdurman
near Khartoum was, however, the
chief seat of his power, and from it he
sent forth his armies which ravaged
the whole country of the Soudan and
descended the Nile as far as Wady-
Halfa. Previously, however, he pitted
his forces in 1888 against Abyssinia,
defeating and killing King John at the
battle of Gallabat, but in the battle of
Toski the Mahdists were completely
routed. In the following year they
made an expedition by way of Fashoda
to Keggaf, which they took without

difficulty, but not before Emin Pasha
had been rescued by H. M. Stanley.
They were, however, soon after de-
feated at Gadaref by the Italians, who
also captured Kassala. Meanwhile his
followers had pushed northwards along
the course of the Nile, destroying
everything in the shape of cultivation
and civilisation, and killing men,
women, and children of the native
tribes who resisted his will or refused
to adopt his faith. At length the
Egyptian Army, reinforced and dis-
ciplined by British officers and men,
began the campaign which was to put
an end to the cruelties of the Mahdist
rule. The Nile campaign extended
over three years, in the course of which
the Mahdists were steadily driven
from one stronghold to another, but
the Khalifa, who escaped on every
occasion, was apparently always able
to bring together a fresh army. Not-
withstanding his apparently crushing
defeat at Omdurman, but a little more
than a year elapsed before he wa.s
again in force upon the White Nile.
He was attacked by Sir Francis Win-
gate near Gedid, and after a stubborn
fight his army was routed and he
himself killed on November 25, leaving
behind him the reputation of a brutal
tyrant and a false friend, but dying
heroically, his Emirs standing round
him till they fell.

On the 1st, at Hampstead, aged 84, Rev. James Kennedy. Born at Aberfeldy,
I'erthshire ; educated at Aberdeen and Edinburgh Universities and at the Theo-
logical College, Glasgow ; went as Missionary to India, 1889, and rendered valuable
services at Benares during the Mutiny, 1867-8 ; returned and appointed Pastor at
Portobello, 1877-87 ; author of "Life and Work in Benares and Kumaon*' (1884).
On the 3rd, at Tunbridge Wells, aged 86, Anna Swanwicli, LL.D., a zealous
ciiampiou of female education, daughter of John Swanwich, of Liverpool.
Studied at Berlin, 1839-48; published translations from Goethe and Schiller
(1843), verse translations of "Faust" (part i.) and "Egmonf* (1850), tragedies
of /T^jschylus' dramas, 1865-73 ; author of various works and original Member of
the Council of Queen's and Bedford Colleges ; assisted in founding Girton College,
Cambridge, and Somerville Hall, Oxford. On the 3rd, at Paris, aged 74, Jean
Fr. Bug. Robinet, an eminent Positivist writer. Bom at Vic-sur-Seille
(Meurthe) ; studied medicine at Paris University; Curator of the Municipal
Library', 1890; was Auguste Comte^s medical attendant and one of his thirteen
executors ; author of " Life of Danton " and other works. On the Srd, at Man-
chester, aged 71, Thomas Hudson Jordan, son of William Jordan, of Manchester.
Began life as a journalist on the Manchester Courier; called to the Bar at
(rray's Inn, 1861 ; appointed County Court Judge (Staffordshire District), 1883.
Married, 1859, Clara Jane, daughter of Henry Hewitt, of Higher Broughton,
Manchester. On the 3rd, at Windsor, aged 69, Lord Howard de Walden and
Seaford, Frederick George Ellis, seventh Baron Howard de Walden and third
Baron Seaford. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge ; M.A., 1851 ;
served in the Diplomatic Service, 1851-5; entered 4th Hussars, 1855; retired,
1870. Married, 1876, Blanche, daughter of William Holden, of Palace House,
Lancaster. On the 4th, at New York, aged 78, Sir Josiali Rees, son of J. Bees.
Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1851 ; Revising Barrister, 1865-77 ; Chief
Justice of Bermuda, 1878, and President of the Legislative Council. Married,
1876, Eliza, daughter of J. Acock, of Cheltenham. On the 6th, at London, aged
74, Monsignor Blagaire. Bom at Cork ; educated at Maynooth ; acted as Roman

180

OBITUAEY.

[Dm.

quently sat in the Court of Appeal of
the House of Lords. A little more
than three years after his retirement
from the Probate Court he was ap-
pointed, in 1875, under the Public
Worship Regulation Act, Official
Principal of the Court of Arches,
Canterbury, and of the Cliancory Court
of York, Master of the Faculties, and
Judge under the Public Worship
Regulation Act. His right to sit in
the Province of York was strongly
contested by certain members of the
High Church party, but if his appoint-
ment was in any way technically
irregular the ill-results must have
been small, for during the twenty-four
years he held office only nine cases
were set down for hearing under the
act, and of these three were with-
drawn before trial. Of the remaining
some were of considerable importance,
and chiefly relating to questions of
ritual. In two cases, those of Mr.
Tooth and Mr. Mackonochie, the
defendants elected to go to prison
rather than submit to a court of which
they did not recognise the authority.
It was rather as a member of Royal
Commission that Lord Penzance
showed his willingness to give the
benefit of his legal knowledge and
judgment. He sat on the Judicature,
Marriage Law, Ecclesiastical, Army
Purchase, and Army Retirement Com-
missions, flis well as on one to inquire
into the practice of the Stock Ex-
change, and another into the condition
of Wellington College. In 1860 he
married Lady Mary Pleydell-Bouverie,
daughter of the third Earl of Radnor,
and died on December 9 at Easling
Park, Godalming.

Major-Oeneral Andrew Oilbert Wauc-
hope, C.B., C.M.O., who was killed on
December 11 at the action on the
Modder River whilst leading the High-
land Brigade, was the son of Andrew
Wauchope, of Niddric Marischal, Mid-
lothian, and was bom in 1846, and
was educated at the Edinburgh
Academy and Sandhurst. He entered
the Army, 1865, and was appointed
to the 42nd Regiment, the Black
Watch. His first active service was
seen in Ashanti, where he obtained a
special command in Russell's regiment
in the Adousi hills. As staff officer to
the commander of the advanced guard
he took part in a number of battles
and skirmishes, and was severely
w iiinded, his conspicuous gallantry
causing him to be mentioned in des-
patches. By the time of the first
Egyptian Campaign in 1882 he had
attained his captaincy, and with that

rank served at the battle of Tel-el-
Kebir. In the subsequent Soudan
Campaign of 1884 he was appointed
D. A.C.G. and D.Q.M.G., under General
Sir Gerald Graham, and at the hard
fought battle of El-Teb was again
severely wounded, and rewarded by a
Brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. In the
following season, 1884-5, he took part
in the Nile Campaign, serving in the
River Column under Major-Greneral
Earle, and he was again wounded at
the engagement with the Dervishes at
Kirbekan. After this he returned to
Scotland to recruit, and for a time
devoted himself to the management of
his estates, to which on the death of
his elder brother he had succeeded.
He soon established himself in the
affection of all his neighbours, gentle
and simple, and so great was his
popularity throughout the country
that the leaders of the Conservative
party induced him to contest Mid-
lothian at the general election of
1892. At the previous election of 1885
when the seat wsa contested Mr.
Gladstone was returned by a majority
of 4,631 votes, but this was reduced l^
Colonel Wauchope to 690, notwith-
standing his refusal to support the
Eight Hours Bill for Miners, of whom
there were many in the constituency.
In 1894 he wsa appointed to we
Colonelcy of the 2nd Battalion of the
Black Watch, but it was as Brigadier-
General in command of the Ist British
Brigade that he went through the
Soudan Expedition of 1898, and ac-
quitted himself with conspicuous
bravery at the battle of Omdunnan.
On his return from Egypt he was again,
in June, 1899, put forward as a parlia-
mentary candidate for South Edin-
burgh, but was again defeated. On
the formation of the South African
Expeditionary' Force General Wauc-
hope was appointed to the command
of the 3rd Infantry (Highland) Brigade,
which on leaving England was in-
tended for service in Natal. On its
arrival at Cape Town orders were
found directing it to reinforce Lord
Mcthuen on the Modder River, and
the fight in which he fell at the head
of the regiment he loved so well took
place within a few days of his arrival
in South Africa. He was recognised
on all sides to be both one of the
bravest, the most dashing and the
most popular officers in the British
Army, and he wsa greatly beloved hy
all with whom he had been brought in
contact, soldiers and civilians alike.
General Wauchope married, first, 1882,
Elythia Ruth, daughter of Sir Thomas
Erskine, of Cambo, second bazonet.

1899.]

OBITUABY.

181

and second, 1893, Jean, daughter of
Sir Wm. Muir, K.C.S.I.

Marquess of Winchester. — Augustus
John Henry Beaumont Paulet, fif-
teenth marquess, premier marquess of
England and Hereditary Bearer of the
Cap of Maintenance, was bom in 1858,
educated at Eton, and after having
served in the Hants Militia was gaz-
etted to the Coldstream Guards, 1879.
He accompanied his regiment in the
Soudan Expedition in 1885, and was
present at the various engagements in
which it took part. He went out with
the Guards Brigade to South Africa,
acting as second in command of his
regiment, and was the only officer of
the Coldstreams killed at Magersfon-
tein.

Duke of Westminster, E.G. — Henry
Lupus Grosvenor, first duke, was the
eldest son of the second Marquess of
Westminster and grandson of the
second Earl Grosvenor. He was bom
at Eaton Hall in 1825, and was educated
at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford.
He entered Parliament in 1847 as
Liberal member for Chester, and
retained the seat until 1869, when he
succeeded to his father's peerage. The
most noteworthy event of his parlia-
mentarv career was his opposition to
p:arl Russell's Reform Bill of 1866,
when he joined the " cave of Adullam,"
as Mr. John Bright designated the
Liberal seceders under Mr. Robert
Lowe. On the second reading of the
bill he moved an amendment declaring
it to be inexpedient to pass a franchise
bill without knowledge of the redistri-
bution of seats which would ensue.
The Francliise Bill having been carried
by a majority of only five votes, the
Government felt obliged to introduce
the Redistribution Bill, which was
finally rejected. His withdrawal from
I lie majority of the Liberal party was,
however, only temporary, and in the
House of Lords he gave a general
support to Mr. Gladstone's Govern-
ment, and in 1874 he was recommended
to tlie Queen by tlie retiring Prime
Minister for a dukedom. In 1880, on
tlie return of Mr. Gladstone to office,
the Duke of Westminster was ap-
pointed Master of the Horse, and held
that post until 1885 when, on Mr.
Gladstone's adoption of Irish Home
Rule, he finally separated from his
former chief.

It was, however, chiefly as a philan-
thropist and as an owner of race-horses
that the Duke of Westminster was
best known to the public. The pos-

sessor of an enormous fortune, he
dispensed his charity with generosity
and discrimination. He took an active
and personal interest in countless
causes which had for their object the
benefit and relief of his fellow-crea-
tures, and as the patron and president
of numerous philanthropic bodies he
was not content to be only a generous
donor, but devoted his time and
energies to render them . efficient. As
a landlord in town and country he was
both liberal and considerate, and
under his enlightened direction a large
portion of his London property was
rebuilt in a style which rendered that
quarter architectually imposing, and
many churches erected during his
life-time on his estates in London and
the country bear witness to his taste
and liberality.

As a sportsman the Duke of West-
minster inherited the traditions of his
family, and did his utmost to main-
tain them. Although both his father
and grandfather had left racing stables,
and had had some excellent horses,
the Duke of Westminster in 1875
decided to establish a stud at Eaton
Hall, which he started by the purchase
of Doncaster for 14,000 guineas, which
became the sire of Bend Or, the winner
of the Derby in 1880, who was in turn
the sire of Ormonde, winner of the
Two Thousand Guineas, the Derby,
and the St. Leger (1888). Ormonde's
colt Orme, from which great things
were anticipated, was poisoned just
before running for the Two Thousand
Guineas (1892), but became the sire of
Fljdng Fox, wno won in 1899 the three
great historic races for three-year-olds,
as well as three 10,0002. races during
the season. The duke also won the
Two Thousand Guineas and the Derby
(1882) with a filly Shotover. He was
the owner also of other horses which
carried his colours to the front in
important races at Newmarket, Epsom,
Goodwood and Ascot, and it was
estimated that his winnings during
his career on the turf could have
fallen little short of 850,0002. The
Duke of Westminster married, first, in
1852, Lady Constance Leveson-Gower,
daughter of the second Duke of
Sutherland, and second, in 1882, Hon.
Catherine Cavendish, daughter of Lord
Chesham. His eldest son. Earl Gros-
venor, died in 1884, leaving a son.
Viscount Belgrave, who became heir
to the dukedom. The Duke of West-
minster died on December 22, after a
short illness, at St. Giles*, Dorset,
while on a visit to the Earl of Shaftes-
bury, who had recently married one of
the duke's granddaughters.

182

OBITUAEY.

[Dml

tions of the Royal College of Surgeons,
he was appointed Demonstrator of
Anatomy at his hospital, and soon
afterwards Lecturer on Morbid Ana-
tomy and Physiology. In 184S he
was nominated Honorary Fellow of
the College of Surgeons, and was
successively Hunterian Professor of
Surgery, Member of Council, and Pre-
sident of that body. At the same
time he retained his connection with
his hospital, of which he was in suc-
cession Assistant Surgeon, Surgeon,
Lecturer on Surgery, and Consulting
Surgeon. Meanwhile his private pru-
tice had become extensive, and his
reputation as a consultant was gener-
ally recognised. His chief intoreit
lay in surgical pathology, to whieh
subject he directed his most important
course of lectures, and his speciil
distinction lay in the treatment of
tumours and malignant growths, in
the removal of which his skill was in
the first rank among his contempo-
raries. His reputation as a lectnrar
was unrivalled, and although he ooald
lay claim to little original research in
either physiology, or surgery, he was
unequalled in gauging the cuscoverifls
and theories of others, and in elnd-
dating them for his pupils.

Sir James Paget, who was created a
baronet in 1871, received distinctions
of every kind. He was appointed Ser-
geant Surgeon to the Queen sund Sur-
geon to the Prince of Wales, a member
of the Senate and Vice-ChanceUor of
the University of London, a Fellow of
the Royal Society, and a member of the
Institute of France, Honorary D.C.L.
of Oxford and LL.D. of Csmibridge,
President of the Clinical Society, Royal
Medical and Chirurgical Society, and
of the Pathological Society, served on
several Royal Commissions, and was
President of the first Medical CongreM
held in England. In 1844 he married
Lydia, daughter of Rev. Henry North,
domestic chaplain to the Duke of
Kent. He retired from practice and
active works a few years before his
death, and for two years had been in
failing health.

On the 1st, at Abbazia, aged 59, Anna von Helmholti, daughter of Robert von
Mohl, Professor of Law at Heidelberg. Married, 1861, Hermann von Helmliolts,
the distinguished Professor of Physics. Her salon in Heidelberg and Berlin was
the centre of German intellectual society. On the 2nd, at Bournemouth, aged
70, Lieutenant-General Charles Cherry MiTmhiw, B.I.A. Entered 6th BIiMUas
Infantry, 1849 ; served on Punjab frontier during the Mutiny, 1854-5 ; appointed
Political Agent at Bahawalpur, 1866, and transformed a bsiikrupt State into a
flourishing province; transferred to Lahore, 1880. On the 2nd, at Broomham
Park, Hastings, aged 71, Sir Anchitel Ashbumham, eighth baronet. Agent to the
Duchess of Cleveland. Married, 1859, Isabella, daughter of Captain G^eoige
Bohun Martin, R.N., C.B. On the 2nd, at Uppercross, Reading, aged 78, H^Jor-
Oeneral Joseph Jordan, C.B. Educated at Tonbridge School ; entered the Army,

Lord Ludlow. — Henry Charles Lopes,
third son of Sir Ralph Lopes, second
baronet, was bom at Devonport in
1828, and was educated at Winchester
and Balliol College, Oxford, where he
graduated in 1850. He was called to
the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1852,
and commenced practice as an equity
draughtsman and conveyancer. In
1857 he joined the Western Circuit,
and took up court work both at
Westminster and on circuit, and be-
came Recorder of Exeter, 1867. In
1868 he was returned unopposed for
Ijaunceston as a Conservative, and
retained the seat until 1874, when he
contested Frome for his party and
carried the seat, previously held by
the Liberals, by nearly a hundred
majority. In the House of Commons,
however, he made no mark as a
speaker or debater ; but as a recognition
of his services to the party he was
promoted to the Bench in 1876, and
assigned to the Common Pleas Divi-
sion, afterwards merged in the Queen's
Bench Division. On the death of Sir
Richard Baggallay he was advanced
to the Court of Appeal, and held the
post of Lord Justice of Appeal until
1897, when on his retirement he was
oreated Baron Ludlow. In 1854 he
married Cordelia Lucy, daughter of
Erving Clark, of Efford Manor, Ply-
mouth, and died at Cromwell Place,
South Kensington, on Christmas Day,
after a short illness, although for a
long time he had been an invalid.

Sir James Paget, Baronet, F.B.8.,
D.C.L., LL.D., who died at Park
Square, Regent's Park, on December
30, was born on January 11, 1814, at
Yarmouth, where his father, Samuel
Paget, was a smal 1 merchant. His elder
brother, George, had already chosen
the medical profession as his career,
and his example was followed by his
vounger brother, who after serving
his time with Mr. Costerton, a local
medical man, entered at St. Bartholo-
mew's Hovspital, London, in 1834, and
distinguished himself so greatly that
in 1836, having passed his examina-

1899.] OBITUARY. 183

1845; served with distinction with d4th Regiment in the Crimean Gampaigpi,
1855, and Indian Mutiny, 1857-8 ; wounded at Gawnpore. Married, 1867, Maria,
daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Williams, R.A. On the 2nd, in Warren
County, N.J., U.S.A., aged 97, John Insley Blair, son of a small farmer, and from
small beginnings became one of the greatest railway constructers in the North-
western States — 2,000 miles in Iowa and Nebraska alone — founding about eighty
towns along the lines in which he was interested. On the 4th, at Chomlea,
Manchester, aged 76, Benjamin Armitage, son of Sir Elkanah Armitage. Edu-
cated at Barton Hall School, Patricroft ; for many years a manufacturer in
Manchester; sat as a Liberal for Salford, 1880-6, and for West Salford, 1886-6.
Married, first, 1845, Helen, daughter of John Smith, of Bingley, Yorkshire ; and
second, 1856, Elizabeth, daughter of G. J. Southam, of Manchester. On the 6th,
at Parkhill, Streatham, aged 86, Sir Henzy Tate, first baronet, son of Kev. William
Tate, of Chorley. Began life as a grocer's assistant in Liverpool ; came to London,
1364, and established himself in the wholesale sugar trade, and promptly took a
leading position by the acquisition of a patent for cutting sugar loaves into cubes ;
expended large sums upon philanthropic works in Liverpool and London, and
generously patronised British art and artists. The first ofiers of his gallery of
pictures to the nation having been declined, he at length offered to build a gallery
at the cost of 80,000Z. on a Government site. The offer having been tardily
accepted, the building was commenced in 1892 and opened in 1897, and on
November 27, 1899, the additional gfiJleries, costing Sir H. Tate, with those
originally opened, 250,000Z., were completed. Married, first, 1841, Jane, daughter
of John Wignall, of Aughton, Lancashire ; and second, 1885, Amy, daughter of
Charles Hislop, of Brixton Hill. On the 5th, at Merr ion. Square, Dublin, aged 67,
Bight Hon. William O'Brien, son of John O'Brien, of Broomfield, Co. Cork. Bom
at Cork ; educated at Midleton College ; began life as a schoolmaster and after-
wards was a journalist ; called to the Bar, 1865 ; unsuccessfully contested Ennis
as a moderate Home Ruler, 1880; Q.C., 1872; Judge of the Court of Common
Pleas (Ireland), 1882; of the Queen's Bench, 1888; Judicial Commissioner of
Educational Endowments, 1890; presided at the trial of the ** Invincibles " for
the Phoenix Park murders. On the 5th, at Bournemouth, aged 88, Ck>lonel
Crawford Cooke. Entered the Madras Army of the H.E.I.C.S., 1884 ; served in
the Burmese War, 1852-3. Married, 1848, Frances Pender, daughter of H. W.
Kensington, C.S., Madras. On the 5th, at Southwick, Sussex, aged 67, Captain
John Conyngham Patterson, B.N. Entered the Royal Navy, 1846 ; served at the
taking of Borneo, 1846; on the West Coast of Africa, 1849-62; in the Baltic,
1854-5. On the 7th, at Singapore, aged 63, Sir Charles Bullen Hugh Uitchell,
G.C.M.O., son of Colonel Hugh Mitchell, R.M. Educated at the Royal Naval
School ; entered the Royal Marines, 1862 ; served in the Baltic, 1864-5 ; appointed
Colonial Secretary, British Honduras, 1868-76 ; Receiver-General of Briti^
Guiana, 1877 ; Colonial Secretary of Natal, 1877-86 ; Governor of Fiji, 1886-8 ;
of the Leeward Islands, 1888 ; of Natal, 1889-93, when he was appointed Governor
of the Straits Settlements. Married, first, 1862, Fanny Oakley, daughter of W.
M. Rice; and second, 1889, Eliza, daughter of Rev. J. J. Welldon, Vicar of
Kennington. On the 7th, at Dorchester, aged 91, Major-Oeneral Henry Buckley
Jenner Wynyard, son of Rev. Monteyn J. Wynyard, of West Rounton, Yorks.
Entered the Army, 1825; served with 89th Regiment in Canada, 1840-8; Com-
mandant of Royal Military School, Dublin, 1861-78. Married, 1847, Ann,
daughter of Rev. Jonathan Townley, of Steeple Bumpstead. On the 8th, at
Teddington, aged 70, Hon. George Augnistus Hobart-ELampden, son of sixth Earl of
Buckinghamshire. Educated at Haileybury ; entered the Bombay Civil Service,
1849. Married, 1857, Jane, daughter of Sir J. Wither Awdry, Chief Justice of
Bombay. On the 10th, at Botley, Hants, aged 61, Sir Henry JenlQms, K.C.B., son
of Rev. Canon Jenkyns, D.D., of Durham. Educated at Eton and Balliol College,
Oxford ; B.A., 1860 (First Class Lit. Hum.) ; cfiJled to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn,
1803 ; Assistant Parliamentary Counsel to the Treasury, 1869-86, when he suc-
ceeded Lord Thring as Parliamentary Counsel. Married, 1877, Madeline Sabine,
daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas Sabine Pasley, K.C.B. On the 10th, at Brack-
nell, aged 59, Baroness Berkeley, Louisa Mary, daughter of Hon. Craven Berkeley.
Established her claim to the barony of Berkeley, created in 1421, which she
iulierited from her uncle, the sixth Earl of Berkeley. Married, 1872, Major-
General G. H. L. Milman, R.A. On the 13th, at Belfast, aged 83, John Frederick
Hodges, M.D. Iiiducated at Trinity College, Dublin, and Royal College of Surgeons,
Dublin, Glasgow and Giessen ; M.D., 1843 ; Professor of Chemistry, Royal Belfast
College, 1862 ; Professor of Agriculture, Queen's College, Belfast, 1883 ; author of
several scientific works. On the 13th, at Toronto, aged 58, Sir George Airey

184 OBITUAEY. [dm:

Kirkpatriok, K.C.M.O., son of Thomas Kirkpatrick, Q.C. Bom at Kingskm,
Ontario; educated at Trinity College, Dublin; called to the Canadian Bar, 1865;
sat in the Canadian House of Commons as a Conservative, 1870-92 ; Speaker of
the House, 1883-7; was a zesklous Volunteer; saw service during the Fenian
raids ; Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, 1892, until his death. Married, first,
1865, Frances Jane, daughter of Hon. John Macaulay, M.C.L. ; and second, 1888,
Isobel Louise, daughter of Sir W. L. Macpherson. On the 15th, in Ovlngton
Square, Brompton, aged 79, Admiral Sir Reginald John Maodmiftlil, Chief of the
Clanranald, K.C.B., K.C.S.I., son of Reginald George Macdonald. Entered the
Navy, 1833 ; served in Spain during the Carlist War and on the West Coast d
Africa ; raised a force of 1,000 Royal Naval Coast Volunteers at Greenock, 1659 ;
Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies Station, 1875-7; at the Nore, 1879-82.
Married, 1855, Hon. Adelaide, daughter of fifth Baron Vernon. On the 15th, at
Berne, aged 55, Niima Droz, son of a watchmaker of La Chaux de Fends.
Apprenticed to an engraver and was afterwards a schoolmaister and a journalist ;
elected Member of the Federal Council, 1869 ; Director of Education, 1871 ; of the
Interior, 1875; of Agriculture and Commerce, 1879; of Foreign Affairs, 1881;
was also President of the Swiss Confederation and subsequently Director of the
IntemationaJ Transport Bureau. On the 16th, at Charlton King's, Cheltenham,
aged 81, General Sir Henry Radford Norman, K.C.B., son of Rev. S. H. Norman, of
Deal. Educated at Sandhurst; entered the Army, 1838; served with the lOih
Foot during the Sutlej Campaign, 1845-6 ; in the Punjab Campaign, 1848-9 ; and
with much distinction during the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8. Married, 1852, Alice
Clara, daughter of Rev. C. B. Rowlatt. On the 16th, at Bournemouth, aged 76,
Madame de Falbe, Eleanor Louise, daughter of Thomas Hawkes, M.P., of Himley
House, Stafiordshire. Married, first, 1843, Hon. Humble Dudley Ward, son m
tenth Baron Ward ; second, 1872, J. Gerard Leigh, of Luton Hoo ; and thiid,
1883, De Falbe, many years Danish Minister at the Court of St. James. On the
17th, at Bideford, aged 68, Lieutenant-General Sir Gerald Oraliam, V.O., O.OJl,
O.C.M.O., son of Dr. R. H. Graham, of Eden Brows, Cumberland. EkLucated at
Dresden, Wimbledon, Edinburgh and Woolwich ; appointed to the Royal ESngi-
neers, 1850 ; served tlirough the Crimean Campaign, 1854-5, with great distinction
and was twice wounded ; in the Chinese War, 1860, where he was again severely
wounded ; in the Egyptian Campaign, 1882-4, in command of the 2nd Brigade of
the 1st Division ; and commanded in the Soudan Expedition, 1884, ¥rinning the
battles of Teb and Tamal, for which he received the thanks of Parliament ; and,
finally, commanded the Suakin Field Force, 1885, for which he for the third time
received the thanks of Parliament. Married, 1865, Jane, daughter of G. Durrant,
of Elmham Hall, Suffolk, and widow of Rev. G. R. Blacker, of Rudham, Norfolk.
On the 17th, at the Boltons, South Kensington, aged 73, Joeeph Napier Hlggliii,
Q.C., son of J. Higgins, of Glenpatrick, Co. Wateriord. Educated at Trinity
College, Dublin ; called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1851 ; Q.C, 1872. Married,
1861, Sophia, daughter of Sir T. Tyringham Bernard, sixth baronet. On the 17th,
at Hampstead, aged 80, Bernhard Quaritdi, a bookseller enjoying a world-wide
reputation. Bom in Eastern Prussia ; came to London in 1842 and naturalised,
1847 ; began business in a very modest way and finally became the most important
second-hand bookseller in Great Britain. On the 18th, at Inverness Terraee,
Hyde Park, aged 58, Sir Richard Thome-Thome, K.C.B., son of Thomas H. Thome,
of Leamington. Educated at St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; M.R.C.S., 1868 ;
M.B., London, 1866; Officer of the Privy Council (Medical Department), 1870,
and MedicfiJ Officer of the Local Government Board, 1892; represented Great
Britain at several IntornationfiJ Sanitary Conferences, 1885-94 ; author of " The
History of Preventive Medicine" and other works. Married, 1866, Martha,
daughter of Joseph Rylands, of Hull. On the 18th, at Chillingham Castle,
Northumberland, aged 89, Earl of Tankerville, Charles Augustus Bennet, sizth
earl. Educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford; B.A., 1881; sat as a
Conservative for Northumberland, 1832-59, when he wba summoned to the House
of Lords in his father's barony of Ossulston ; Captain of the Corps of Gentlemen-
at-Arms, 1866; Land Stewart, 1867-8. Married, 1850, Lady Olivia Montagu,
daughter of sixth Duke of Manchester. On the 18th, at Ewhurst Rectoxy,
Sussex, aged 79, Rev. John George Boudier. Educated at Eton and King's
College, Cambridge; B.A., 1844; Fellow of King's College, 1845-60; Chaplain to
the Forces during the Crimean War, 1854-5 ; Rector of Ewhurst, 1863. On the
19th, at Beer Alston, aged 42, Wichael WiUiams, son of John Michael Williams, of
Caerhays Castle, Cornwall. Educated at Eton and Trinity Hall, Cambridge;
B.A., 1879; was for several years proprietor of the Morfa Smelting Wous,
Swansea; unsuccessfully contested the St. Austell Division of Oommll, 1886.

1899.] OBITUARY. 185

Married, 1882, Dorothea Mary, daughter of E. S. Carne-Wilson, of Truro. On
the 20th, at East Northfield, Mass., U.S.A., a^ed 62, Dwlght I^rman Moody, a
well-known evangelist. Bom at Northfield, where he worked as a farm labourer
until 1854, and then entered a shoe store as clerk ; went as an evangelistic
preacher during the Civil War, 1861-4, and was remarkable for his energy and
fluency ; twice visited London, 1876 and 1884, in company with Mr. Ira D.
Sankey, and held mission services in various places. On the 21st, at Paris, aged
65, Cliarles Lamoureuz, a distinguished musicaJ conductor, who introduced
Wagner to the Parisian public. On the 21st, at Wickham Court, Kent, aged 83,
Sir John Famaby Lennard, baronet, son of Lieutenant-General Sir William Cator,
baronet. Educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; served in the
Royal Artillery, 1835-52; Chairman of Kent General Sessions, 1870. Married,
first, 1847, Laura, daughter of Edward Golding ; second, 1852, Julia M. Frances,
daughter of Henry Hallam, F.R.S. ; and third, 1890, Isabella, daughter of James
Brand, of Bedford Hill House, Surrey. On the 22nd, at Westminster, aged 44,
Benjamin Francis Conn Costelloe, son of M. R. Costelloe. Born in Ireland ; edu-
cated at Glasgow Academy and University and at Balliol College, Oxford ; B.A.,
1876 (First Class Lit. Hum.) ; called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1888; devoted
himself for some years to " settlement " work in the East End of London ; sat on
the London County Council for Stepney and on the London School Board ; un-
successfully contested East Edinburgh, 1885, and East St. Pancras, 1899, as an
advanced Radical ; was a brilliant speaker and journalist. Married, 1885, Miss
Pearsall Smith, of Philadelphia, U.S.A. On the 22nd, at Holland Park, W.,
aged 79, General Henry Hopkinson, C.S.I. , son of B. Hopkinson. Entered the
Indian Army, 1837 ; served in the expedition against the Kolondyne Hill Tribes,
1847-8; in the Punjab Campaign, 1846-9; in the Burmese War, 1852; and the
Bhutan Expedition, 1865 ; Commissioner of Assam. On the 22nd, at Stodham
Park, East Liss, Hants, aged 93, Clara Maria Money-CouttB, sixth daughter of Sir
Francis Burdett, M.P. Married, 1850, Rev. J. D. Money, Rector of Stemfield,
Suffolk. She was distinguished by her charity and sweetness of disposition. On
the 22nd, at Bournemouth, aged 72, Right Rev. Henry Cheetham, D.D., son of H.
Cheetham, of Nottingham. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge; B.A.,
1856 ; Vicar of Quorndon, Derbyshire, 1858-70 ; Bishop of Sierra Leone, 1870-81 ;
Vicar of St. Mary's, West Cowes, 1882-8. On the 23rd, at New York, aged 76,
Dorman Bridgman Eaton, a lawyer by profession. Devoted himself from 1871 to
reform the United States Civil Service and was President of the first Civil Service
Commission, 1882. On the 23rd, at Frimley, aged 69, Snrgeon-General John.
Ogfilyy, M.A., M.D., son of John Ogilvy, of Brechin. Entered the Army Medical
Service, 1853 ; served with 33rd Regiment in the Crimean Campaign, 1854-5, and
the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8 ; Secretary of the Indian Medical Department, 1872-7 ;
author of " Bermuda, Past and Present." Married, first, 1870, Laura, daughter
of G. J. Waters, M.C.S. ; and second, 1882, Isabella, daughter of O. A. Gilbert, of
Demarara. On the 24th, at Bayswater, aged 72, Sir Frederick Richard Pollock,
K. G.S.I. , son of Lord Chief Baron Pollock. Educated at King's College School,
London ; entered the Indian Army (49th Bengal Native Infantry), 1844 ; served
a£ Political Officer in the Punjab Campaign, 1848, and in several frontier expedi-
tions ; Commissioner at Peshawar, 1866-78 ; employed on the Seistan Boundary
Commission. Married, 1856, Adriana, daughter of Sir Harris Nicoljw, G.C.M.G.,
K.H. On the 24th, at Windsor, aged 65, Rev. Arthur Robins, son of G. H. Robins,
the famous auctioneer. Served for a time as articled clerk to a proctor; entered
Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1865; Rector of Beaulieu, Hants, 1869-73; Holy Trinity,
Windsor, 1878; Honorary' Chaplain to the Queen, 1878; Chaplain-in-ordinary,
1883. From his work among the household troops at Windsor he wats known as
"the Soldiers' Bishop." On the 24th, at South Kensington, aged 67, Major-
General Aug^ustus Henry King, G.B., son of Colonel Charles King, K.H. Educated
at Woolwich Academy; entered Royal Artillery, 1850; served with great dis-
tinction in the Crimean Campaign, 1854-5 ; commanded Royal Horse Artillery at
Woolwich, 1881-6, and at Malta and Aldershot, 1889-93. Married, 1856, Augusta
Mary, daughter of Admiral Thomas Wren Carter, C.B. On the 24th, at Ken-
sington, aged 74, Major-Oeneral Walter King Fooke, son of Thomas Broadley
Fooks, of Dartford, Kent. Educated at Addiscombe College; entered Bengal
Artillery, 1841; served with distinction through the Punjab Wars, 1846 and
1848-1> ; Sinde War, 1850 ; and the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8. Married, 1855, Emma
Fanny, daughter of Rev. Cecil L. Greene, of Fishboume, Sussex. On the 25th,
at Canterbury, aged 86, Rev. Henry John Ellison. Educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge; B.A., 1835; Incumbent of All Saints, Brighton, 1840-3; Vicar of
Edensor, Derbyshire, 1845-65; of New Windsor, 1855-75; Reader at Windsor

182

OBITUAEY.

[Dm;

Lord Ludlow. — Henry Charles Lopes,
tliird son of Sir Ralph Lopes, second
baronet, was born at Devonport in
1828, and was educated at Winchester
and Balliol College, Oxford, where he
graduated in 1850. He was called to
tlie Bar at the Inner Temple in 1852,
and commenced practice as an equity
draughtsman and conveyancer. In
1857 he joined the Western Circuit,
and took up court work both at
Westminster and on circuit, and be-
came Recorder of Exeter, 1867. In
1868 he was returned unopposed for
Launceston as a Conservative, and
retained the seat until 1874, when he
contested Frome for his party and
carried the seat, previously held by
the Liberals, by nearly a hundred
majority. In the House of Commons,
however, he made no mark as a
speaker or debater ; but a.s a recognition
of his services to the party he was
promoted to the Bench in 1876, and
assigned to the Common Pleas Divi-
sion, afterwards merged in the Queen's
Bench Division. On the death of Sir
Richard Baggallay he was advanced
to the Court of Appeal, and held the
post of Lord Justice of Appeal until
1897, when on his retirement he was
created Baron Ludlow. In 1854 he
married Cordelia Lucy, daughter of
Erving Clark, of Efford Manor, Ply-
mouth, and died at Cromwell Place,
South Kensington, on Christmas Day,
after a short illness, although for a
long time he ha^d been an invalid.

Sir James Pag^et, Baronet, F.B.8.,
D.C.L., LL.D., who died at Park
Square, Regent's Park, on December
80, was born on January 11, 1814, at
Yarmouth, where his father, Samuel
Paget, was a small merchant. His elder
brother, George, had alreadv chosen
the medical profession as his career,
and his example was followed by his
younger brother, who after serving
his time with Mr. Costerton, a local
medical man, entered at St. Bartliolo-
mew's Hospital, London, in 1884, and
distinguished himself so greatly that
in 1886, having passed his examina-

tions of the Royal College of Sutgeons,
he was appointed Demonstrator of
Anatomy at his hospital, and soon
afterwards Lecturer on Morbid Ana-
tomy and Physiology. In 184S he
was nominated Honorary Fellow of
the College of Surgeons, and was
successively Hunterian Professor of
Surgery, Member of Council, and Pre-
sident of that body. At the same
time he retained his connection with
his hospital, of which ho was in suc-
cession Assistant Surgeon, Surgeon,
Lecturer on Surgery, and Consulting
Surgeon. Meanwhile his private prac-
tice had become extensive, and his
reputation as a consultant was gener-
ally recognised. His chief interest
lay in surgical pathology, to which
subject he directed his most important
course of lectures, and his speoial
distinction lay in the treatment of
tumours and malignant growths, in
the removal of which his skill was in
the first rank among his contempo-
raries. His reputation as a lecturer
was unrivalled, and although he could
lay claim to little original research in
either physiology, or surgery, he was
unequalled in gauging the disooveries
and theories of others, and in eluci-
dating them for his pupils.

Sir James Paget, who was created a
baronet in 1871, received distinctions
of every kind. He was appointed Ser-
geant Surgeon to the Queen and Sur-
geon to the Prince of Wales, a member
of the Senate and Vico-Chancellor of
the University of London, a Fellow of
the Royal Society, and a member of the
Institute of France, Honorary D.C.L.
of Oxford and LL.D. of Cambridge,
President of the Clinical Society, Royal
Medical and Chirurgical Society, and
of the Pathological Society, served on
several Royal Commissions, and was
President of the first Medical Congress
held in England. In 1844 he married
Lydia, daughter of Rev. Henry North,
domestic chaplain to the Duke of
Kent. He retired from practice and
active works a few years before his
deatli, and for two years had been in
failing health.

On the 1st, at Abbazia, aged 59, Anna von Helmholti, daughter of Robert von
Mohl, Professor of Law at Heidelberg. Married, 1861, Hermann von Helmholts,
the distinguished Professor of Physics. Her sahn in Heidelberg and Berlin was
the centre of German intellectual society. On the 2nd, at Bournemouth, aged
70, Lieutenant-General Charles Cherry Mlnchin, B.I.A. Entered 6th Madras
Infantry, 1849 ; served on Punjab frontier during the Mutiny, 1854-5 ; appointed
Political Agent at Bahawalpur, 18G6, and transformed a baiikrupt State into a
flourishing province; transferred to Lahore, 1880. On the 2nd, at Broomham
Park, Hastings, aged 71, Sir Anchitel Ashbumham, eighth baronet, Agent to the
Duchess of Cleveland. Married, 1859, Isabella, daughter of Captain (}eoxge
Bohun Martin, R.N., C.B. On the 2nd, at Uppercross, Reading, aged 78, Ib^or-
Oeneral Joseph Jordan, C.B. Educated at Tonbridge School ; entered the Army,

1899.] OBITUARY. 183

1845; served with distinction with 84th Regiment in the Crimean Campaigpi,
1855, and Indian Mutiny, 1857-8 ; wounded at Gawnpore. Married, 1867, Maria,
daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Williams, R.A. On the 2nd, in Warren
County, N.J., U.S.A., aged 97, Jobn Insley Blair, son of a small farmer, and from
small beginnings became one of the greatest railway constructors in the North-
western States — 2,000 miles in Iowa and Nebraska fiJone — founding about eighty
towns along the lines in which he was interested. On the 4th, at Chomlea,
Manchester, aged 76, Benjamin Armitage, son of Sir Elkanah Armitage. Edu-
cated at Barton Hall School, Patricroft ; for many years a manufacturer in
Manchester; sat as a Liberal for Salford, 1880-6, and for West Salford, 1885-6.
Married, first, 1845, Helen, daughter of John Smith, of Bingley, Yorkshire ; and
second, 1856, Elizabeth, daughter of G. J. Southam, of Manchester. On the 5th,
at Parkliill, Streatham, aged 86, Sir Henry Tate, first baronet, son of Kev. William
Tate, of Chorley. Began life as a grocer's assistant in Liverpool ; came to London,
1864, and established himself in the wholesale sugar trade, and promptly took a
leading position by the acquisition of a patent for cutting sugar loaves into cubes ;
expended large sums upon philanthropic works in Liverpool and London, and
generously patronised British art and artists. The first ofiers of his gallery of
pictures to the nation having been declined, he at length offered to build a gallery
at the cost of 80,000Z. on a Government site. The offer having been tardily
accepted, the building was commenced in 1892 and opened in 1897, and on
November 27, 1899, the additional gcJleries, costing Sir H. Tate, with those
originally opened, 250,000/., were completed. Married, first, 1841, Jane, daughter
of John Wignall, of Aughton, Lancashire ; and second, 1886, Amy, daughter of
Charles Hislop, of Brixton Hill. On the 5th, at Merrion Square, Dublin, aged 67,
Bight Hon. William O'Brien, son of John O'Brien, of Broomfield, Co. Cork. Bom
at Cork ; educated at Midleton College ; began life as a schoolmaster and after-
wards was a journalist ; called to the Bar, 1866 ; unsuccessfully contested Ennis
as a moderate Home Ruler, 1880; Q.C., 1872; Judge of the Court of Common
Pleas (Ireland), 1882; of the Queen's Bench, 1888; JudicicJ Commissioner of
Educational Endowments, 1890; presided at the trial of the " Invincibles " for
the Phoenix Park murders. On the 5th, at Bournemouth, aged 83, Ck>lonel
Crawford Cooke. Entered the Madras Army of the H.E.I.C.S., 1884 ; served in
the Burmese War, 1852-8. Married, 1843, Frances Pender, daughter of H. W.
Kensington, C.S., Madras. On the 5th, at Southwick, Sussex, aged 67, Captain
John Conyngham Patterson, B.N. Entered the Royal Navy, 1846 ; served at the
taking of Borneo, 1846; on the West Coast of Africa, 1849-52; in the Baltic,
1854-5. On the 7th, at Singapore, aged 63, Sir diaries Bullen Hugh Kitdiell,
O.C.M.G., son of Colonel Hugh Mitchell, R.M. Educated at the Royal Naval
School ; entered the Royal Marines, 1852 ; served in the Baltic, 1864-5 ; appointed
Colonial Secretary, British Honduras, 1868-76; Receiver-General of Briti^
Guiana, 1877; Colonial Secretary of Natal, 1877-86; Governor of Fiji, 1886-8;
of the Leeward Islands, 1888 ; of Natal, 1889-93, when he was appointed Governor
of the Straits Settlements. Married, first, 1862, Fanny Oakley, daughter of W.
M. Rice; and second, 1889, Eliza, daughter of Rev. J. J. Welldon, Vicar of
Kenningtou. On the 7th, at Dorchester, aged 91, Major-Oeneral Henry Buckley
Jenner Wynyard, son of Rev. Monteyn J. Wynyard, of West Rounton, Yorks.
Entered the Army, 1825; served with 89th Regiment in Canada, 1840-8; Com-
mandant of Royal Military School, Dublin, 1861-78. Married, 1847, Ann,
daugliter of Rev. Jonathan Townley, of Steeple Bumpstead. On the 8th, at
Tcddiugton, aged 70, Hon. George Augnistus Hobart-ELampden, son of sixth Earl of
Buckingliamshire. Educated at Haileybury ; entered the Bombay Civil Service,
1849. Married, 1857, Jane, daughter of Sir J. Wither Awdry, Chief Justice of
Hombay. On the 10th, at Botley, Hants, aged 61, Sir Henry JenlQms, K.C.B., son
of Kev. Canon Jenkyns, D.D., of Durham. Educated at Eton and Balliol College,
Oxford ; B.A., 1860 (First Class Lit. Hum.) ; called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn,
1863 ; Assistant Parliamentary Counsel to the Treasury, 1869-86, when he suc-
ceeded Lord Tliring as Parliamentary Counsel. Married, 1877, Madeline Sabine,
daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas Sabine Pasley, K.C.B. On the 10th, at Brack-
nell, aged 59, Baroness Berkeley, Louisa Mary, daughter of Hon. Craven Berkeley.
Establislied her claim to the barony of Berkeley, created in 1421, which she
inherited from her uncle, the sixth Earl of Berkeley. Married, 1872, Major-
General G. H. L. Milman, R.A. On the 13th, at Belfast, aged 83, John Frederick
Hodges, M.D. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and Royal College of Surgeons,
Dublin, Glasgow and Giessen ; M.D., 1843 ; Professor of Chemistry, Royal Belfast
College, 18G2; Professor of Agriculture, Queen's College, Belfast, 1883 ; author of
several scientific works. On the 13th, at Toronto, aged 58, Sir George Airey

184 OBITUAEY. [d«l

Kirkpatriok, K.C.M.Q., son of Thomas Kirkpatrick, Q.C. Bom at Kingston,
Ontario ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; ccJled to the Canadian Bar, 1865 ;
sat in the Canadian House of Commons as a Conservative, 1870-92 ; Speakker of
the House, 1883-7 ; was a zealous Volunteer ; saw service during the Fenian
raids ; Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, 1892, until his death. Married, first,
1865, Frances Jane, daughter of Hon. John Macaulay, M.C.L. ; and second, 1888,
Isobel Louise, daughter of Sir W. L. Macphorson. On the 15th, in Ovington
Square, Brompton, aged 79, Admiral Sir Reginald Jobn Maodmiftlil, Chief of the
Clanranald, K.C.B., K.C.S.I., son of Reginald George Macdonald. Entered the
Navy, 1833 ; served in Spain during the Carlist War and on the West Coast d
Africa ; raised a force of 1,000 Royal Naval CosLst Volunteers at Greenock, 1869 ;
Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies Station, 1875-7 ; at the Nore, 1879-82.
Married, 1855, Hon. Adelaide, daughter of fifth Baron Vernon. On the 15th, at
Berne, aged 55, Niima Dros, son of a watchmaker of La Chauz de Fonds.
Apprenticed to an engraver and was afterwards a schoolmaster and a journalist ;
elected Member of the Federal Council, 1869 ; Director of Education, 1871 ; of the
Interior, 1875; of Agriculture and Commerce, 1879; of Foreign Affairs, 1881;
was also President of the Swiss Confederation and subsequently Director of the
International Transport Bureau. On the 16th, at Charlton King's, Cheltenham,
aged 81, General Sir Henry Radford Norman, K.C.B., son of Rev. S. H. Norman, of
Deal. Educated at Sandhurst; entered the Army, 1888; served with the lOih
Foot during the Sutlej Campaign, 1845-6 ; in the Punjab Campaign, 1848-9 ; and
with much distinction during the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8. Married, 1852, Alice
Clara, daughter of Rev. C. B. Rowlatt. On the 16th, at Bournemouth, aged 76,
Madame de Falbe, Eleanor Louise, daughter of Thomas Hawkes, M.P., of Uimley
House, Staffordshire. Married, first, 1843, Hon. Humble Dudley Ward, son of
tenth Baron Ward ; second, 1872, J. Gerard Leigh, of Luton Hoo ; and third,
1883, De Falbe, many years Danish Minister at the Court of St. James. On the
17th, at Bideford, aged 68, Lieutenant-General Sir Gerald Oraliam, V.O., O.O.B.,
O.C.M.O., son of Dr. R. H. Graham, of Eden Brows, Cumberland. Educated at
Dresden, Wimbledon, Edinburgh and Woolwich ; appointed to the Royal Engi-
neers, 1850 ; served through the Crimean Campaign, 1854-5, with great mstinction
and was twice wounded ; in the Chinese War, 1860, where he was again severely
wounded ; in the Egyptian Campaign, 1882-4, in command of the 2nd Brigade of
the 1st Division ; and commanded in the Soudan Expedition, 1884, winning the
battles of Teb and Tamal, for which he received the thanks of Parliament ; and,
finally, commanded the Suakin Field Force, 1885, for which he for the third time
received the thanks of Parliament. Married, 1865, Jane, daughter of G. Durrant,
of Elmham Hall, Suffolk, and widow of Rev. G. R. Blacker, of Rudham, Norfolk.
On the 17th, at the Boltons, South Kensington, aged 73, Joeeph Napier Hlggtm,
Q.C., son of J. Higgins, of Glenpatrick, Co. Wateriord. Educated at Trinity
College, Dublin ; called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1851 ; Q.C, 1872. Married,
1861, Sophia, daughter of Sir T. Tyringham Bernard, sixth bajonet. On the 17th,
at Hampstead, aged 80, Bemhard Quaritch, a bookseller enjoying a world-wide
reputation. Bom in Eastern Prussia ; came to London in 1842 and naturalised,
1847 ; began business in a very modest way and finally became the most important
second-hand bookseller in Great Britain. On the 18th, at Inverness Terrace,
Hyde Park, aged 58, Sir Richard Thome-Thome, K.C.B., son of Thomas H. Thome,
of Leamington. Educated at St. Bartholomew's Hospital; M.R.C.S., 1868;
M.B., London, 1866; Ofiicer of the Privy Council (Medical Department), lOTO,
and Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, 1892; represented Great
Britain at several International Sanitary Conferences, 1885-94 ; author of *' The
History of Preventive Medicine" and other works. Married, 1866, Martha,
daughter of Joseph Rylands, of Hull. On the 18th, at Chillingham Castle,
Nortliumberland, aged 89, Earl of Tankerville, Charles Augustus Bennet, sixth
earl. Educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford; B.A., 1881; sat as a
Conservative for Northumberland, 1832-59, when he was summoned to the House
of Lords in his father's barony of Ossulston ; Captain of the Corps of G^ntlemen-
at-Arms, 1866; Land Stewart, 1867-8. Married, 1850, Lady Olivia Montagu,
daughter of sixth Duke of Manchester. On the 18th, at Ewhurst Rectoiy,
Sussex, aged 79, Rev. John George Boudier. Educated at Eton and King's
College, Cambridge; B.A., 1844; Fellow of King's College, 1845-60; Chaplain to
the Forces during the Crimean War, 1854-5 ; Rector of Ewhuist, 1863. Oto the
19th, at Beer Alston, aged 42, Michael Williams, son of John Miohael Williams, of
Caerhays Castle, Cornwall. Educated at Eton and Trinity Hall, Cambridge;
B.A., 1879; was for several years proprietor of the Morfa Smelting Wonn,
Swansea; unsuccessfully contested the St. Austell Division of Cornwall, 1896.

1899.] OBITUARY. 185

Married, 1882, Dorothea Mary, daughter of E. S. Came- Wilson, of Truro. On
the 20th, at East Northfield, Ma^s., U.S.A., aged 62, Dwlght LyjDBXL Moody, a
well-known evangelist. Bom at Northfield, where he worked as a farm labourer
until 1854, and then entered a shoe store as clerk ; went as an evangelistic
preacher during the Civil War, 1861-4, and was remarkable for his energy and
fluency ; twice visited London, 1876 and 1884, in company with Mr. Ira D.
Sankey, and held mission services in various places. On the 21st, at Paris, aged
65, Cliarles Lamoureuz, a distinguished musical conductor, who introduced
Wagner to the Parisian public. On the 21st, at Wickham Court, Kent, aged 88,
Sir John Famaby Lennard, baronet, son of Lieutenant-General Sir William Cator,
baronet. Educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; served in the
Royal Artillery, 1835-52; Chairman of Kent General Sessions, 1870. Married,
first, 1847, Laura, daughter of Edward Gk)lding ; second, 1852, Julia M. Frances,
daughter of Henry Hallam, F.R.S. ; and third, 1890, Isabella, daughter of James
Brand, of Bedford Hill House, Surrey. On the 22nd, at Westminster, aged 44,
Benjamin Francis Conn Costelloe, son of M. R. Costelloe. Born in Ireland ; edu-
cated at Glasgow Academy and University and at Balliol College, Oxford ; B.A.,
1876 (First Class Lit. Hum.) ; called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1888 ; devoted
himself for some years to " settlement " work in the East End of London ; sat on
the London County Council for Stepney and on the London School Board ; un-
successfully contested East Edinburgh, 1885, and East St. Pancras, 1899, as an
advanced Radical ; was a brilliant speaker and journalist. Married, 1885, Miss
Pearsall Smith, of Philadelphia, U.S.A. On the 22nd, at Holland Park, W.,
aged 79, General Henry Hopklnson, C.S.I. , son of B. Hopkinson. Entered the
Indian Army, 1837 ; served in the expedition against the Kolondyne Hill Tribes,
1847-8; in the Punjab Campaign, 1846-9; in the Burmese War, 1852; and the
Bhutan Expedition, 1865 ; Commissioner of Assam. On the 22nd, at Stodham
Park, East Liss, Hants, aged 93, Clara Maria Money-CouttB, sixth daughter of Sir
Francis Burdett, M.P. Married, 1850, Rev. J. D. Money, Rector of Stemfield,
Suffolk. She was distinguished by her charity and sweetness of disposition. On
the 22nd, at Bournemouth, aged 72, Right Rev. Henry Cheetham, D.D., son of H.
Cheetham, of Nottingham. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge; B.A.,
1856 ; Vicar of Quorndon, Derbyshire, 1858-70 ; Bishop of Sierra Leone, 1870-81 ;
Vicar of St. Mary's, West Cowes, 1882-8. On the 23rd, at New York, aged 76,
Dorman Bridgman Eaton, a lawyer by profession. Devoted himself from 1871 to
reform the United States Civil Service and was President of the first Civil Service
Commission, 1882. On the 23rd, at Frimley, aged 69, Snrgeon-General Jobn.
Og^llvy, M.A., M.D., s-on of John Ogilvy, of Brechin. Entered the Army Medical
Service, 1853 ; served with 33rd Regiment in the Crimean Campaign, 1854-5, and
the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8 ; Secretary of the Indian Medical Department, 1872-7 ;
author of "Bermuda, Past and Present." Married, first, 1870, Laura, daughter
of G. J. Waters, M.C.S. ; and second, 1882, Isabella, daughter of O. A. Gilbert, of
Demarara. On the 24th, at Bayswater, aged 72, Sir Frederick Ricliard Pollock,
K.C.S.I., son of Lord Chief Baron Pollock. Educated at King's College School,
London ; entered the Indian Army (49th Bengal Native Infantry), 1844 ; served
as Political Officer in the Punjab Campaign, 1848, and in several frontier expedi-
tions ; Commissioner at Peshawar, 1866-78 ; employed on the Seistan Boundary
Commission. Married, 1856, Adriana, daughter of Sir Harris Nicolas, G.C.M.G.,
K.H. On the 24th, at Windsor, aged 65, Rev. Arthur Robins, son of G. H. Robins,
ihe famous auctioneer. Served for a time as articled clerk to a proctor; entered
Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1865; Rector of Beaulieu, Hants, 1869-73; Holy Trinity,
Windsor, 1873; Honorarj^ Chaplain to the Queen, 1878; Chaplain-in-ordinary,
1883. From his work among the household troops at Windsor he was known as
"the Soldiers' Bishop." On the 24th, at South Kensington, aged 67, Major-
General Aug^ustus Henry King, C.B., son of Colonel Charles King, K.H. Educated
at Woolwich Academy ; entered Royal Artillery, 1850 ; served with great dis-
tinction in the Crimean Campaign, 1854-5 ; commanded Royal Horse Artillery at
Woolwich, 1881-6, and at Malta and Aldershot, 1889-93. Married, 1856, Augusta
Mary, daughter of Admiral Thomas Wren Carter, C.B. On the 24th, at Ken-
sington, aged 74, Major-Oeneral Walter King Fooks, son of Thomas Broadley
Fooks, of Dartford, Kent. Educated at Addiscombe College; entered Bengal
Artillery, 1841 ; served with distinction through the Punjab Wars, 1846 and
1848-U ; Sinde War, 1850 ; and the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8. Married, 1855, Emma
Fanny, daughter of Rev. Cecil L. Greene, of Fishboume, Sussex. On the 25th,
at Canterbury, aged 86, Rev. Henry Jolm EUison. Educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge; B.A., 1835; Incumbent of All Saints, Brighton, 1840-8; Vicar of
Edcnsor, Derbyshire, 1845-55; of New Windsor, 1855-75; Reader at Windsor

186 OBITUAEY. [Dec

Castle, 1856-75 ; Rector of Great Haseley, Oxford, 1875-94 ; Prebendary of Lich-
field, 1854-78; Hon. Canon of Christ Church, 1878-94; of Canterbury, 1894; an
ardent advocate of temperance and founder, in 1862, of the Church of England
Temperance Society. On the 25th, in Lowndes Square, aged 66, Sir Henry
LoBgley, K.C.B., son of Dr. C. T. Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury. Educated
at Kugby and Christ Church, Oxford; B.A., 1856 (Second Class Lit. Hum,);
called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1860 ; joined the Northern Circuit and after-
wards the Chancery Bar; appointed Poor Law Inspector, 1868; Third Charity
Commissioner, 1874, and Chief Commissioner, 1885. Married, 1861, Diana Elisa,
daughter of John Davenport, of Foxley, Hereford, and Westwood Hall, Stafford-
shire. On the 25th, at Baltimore, U.S.A., aged 57, Elliot Coney. Served in the
Medical Department of the United States Army, 1868-81 ; devoted himself to the
study of ornithology ; Secretary to the U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey,
1874-6 ; Professor of Anatomy at National Medical College, Washington, 1882-92 ;
author of "Key to North American Birds" (1871), "Field Ornithology" (1874),
etc. On the 26th, at Rutland Gate, Hyde Park, aged 87, William Fonytli, Q.O.,
son of Thomas Forsyth, of Liverpool. Bom at Greenock; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge; B.A., 1834 (Third Classic and Second Senior Optitne);
called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1839 ; joined the Midland Circuit ; Q.U.,
1857 ; Standing Counsel for the Secretary of State for India, 1859-72 ; elected as
Conservative Member for Cambridge, 1865, but unseated on the ground that his
office was a place of profit under the Crown ; sat for Marylebone, 1874-80 ; was
the author of "Napoleon at St. Helena" (1853), "Life of Cicero" (1864), "Novels
and Novelists of the Eighteenth Century" (1871), and many other works; was
editor of the Annual Reoisteb, 1842-68. Married, first, 1848, Mary, daughter of
George Lyall, of Findon, Sussex ; and second, 1866, Georgiana Charlotte, daughter
of Thomas Hall Plumer. On the 27th, at Bromley House, Faversham, aged 88,
Frederick Lowton Spink, son of John Spink. Educated at King's College School,
London, and Magdalene College, Cambridge ; B.A., 1840, as a Wrangler ; called
to the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1843, and went the Northern Circuit ; appointed
Serjeant-at-Law, 1862, and was the last survivor of the Serjeants ; sat as a Con-
servative for Oldham, 1875-80. Married, 1844, Elizabeth, daughter of Bdward
Brown, of Ashton-under-Lyne. On the 27th, at Durban, Natal, aged 61, Biglit
Hon. Harry Escombe, P.C, LL.D., son of Robert Escombe, of Surbiton. Educated
at St. Paul's School ; began life in a stockbroker's office ; went to Natal, 1860 ;
called to the Bar ; became Q.C., 1886 ; elected Member of the Legislative Council,
1872; appointed Attorney-General in the first Natal Administration, 1898-7;
Premier, 1897-8; took part in the Jubilee celebrations in London, 1898, and was made
a Privy Councillor. Married, 1865, Theresa, daughter of William Garbutt Taylor, of
Natal. On the 29th,at Egerton Gardens, S.W., aged 84,AdniiTal8irFrederlidcWl]]iftiii
Erskine Nicolson, C.B., tenth baronet, son of Major-General Sir William Nicolson.
Entered the Royal Navy, 1829 ; saw much service in the Mediterranean against
the Barbary pirates, 1845-6; in the Baltic, 1854-5; and in the Chinese War,
1857-9 ; for many years Chairman of the Thames Conservancy Board. Married,
first, 1847, Mary Clementina, daughter of James Loch, M.P. ; second, 1854,
Augusta Sarah, daughter of Robert CuUington and widow of Captain Hay; and
third, 1867, Aime, daughter of R. Crosse. On the 29th, at Wells, Somerset, aged
84, William Hill Brancker, a distinguished sportsman, son of Sir Thomas Brancker,
Mayor of Liverpool. Was one of the first to open up the Scotch shootings in the
Hebrides ; was shooting tenant of the Island of Lewis, 1847-74. On the 90th, at
Ealing, aged 73, Major-General George Hutchinson, C.B., C.S.I. Educated at
Addiscombe; entered the Bengal Engineers, 1844; served in the Sutlej War,
1846, and in the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8, as Political A.D.C. to Sir Heniy
Lawrence, and afterwards as Chief Engineer under Havelock, Outram and Lord
Clyde ; Military Secretary in Oude, 1858-60 ; Chief of the Police in the Punjal),
1861-75. On the 30th, at Paris, aged 65, Eugdne Bertrand, Director of the Pkiis
Grand Opera. Began life by studying medicine at Paris ; afterwards became an
actor ; went to America, 1859 ; Manager of the Theatre des Vari^t^, 1865-89 ; of
the Grand Opera, 1892. On the 31st, at Allerton, Liverpool, aged 54, Sir Edward
Percy Bates, second baronet, a large shipowner. Succeeded to his father's
business. Married, 1876, Constance Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel Robert
Graves, M.P. On tlie 31st, at Wimpole Street, aged 58, George Lewis Watson, of
Rockingham Castle, Northants, son of Hon. Richard Watson, M.P. Educated
at Eton; entered tlie 1st Life Guards, 1860. Married, 1867, Laura Maxia,
daughter of Rev. Sir J. H. Culme Seymour, second baronet. On the 81st, at
Shanklin, I.W., aged 84, Lady Cranstoun, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Henry Scale,
M.P., fii*st baronet. Married, 1842, tenth and last Baron Cranstoun.

THE TRANSVAAL BLUE-BOOKS.

C — 5545, issued June IJ^.

THE OUTLANDERS' PETITION.

The humble petition of British subjects resident on the Witwatere-
rand, South African Republic, to her Most Gracious Majesty
Queen Victoria.

Showeth that : —

1. For a number of years, prior to 1896, considerable discontent
existed among the Outlander population of the South African Republic,
caused by the manner in which the Government of the country was
being conducted. The great majority of the Outlander population con-
sists of British subjects.

2. It was, and is, notorious that the Outlanders have no share in
the government of the country, although they constitute an absolute
majority of the inhabitants of this State, possess a very large proportion
of the land, and represent the intellect, wealth and energy of the State.

3. The feelings of intense irritation which have been aroused by
this state of things have been aggravated by the manner in which
remonstrances have been met. Hopes have been held out and promises
have been made by the Government of this State from time to time,
but no practical amelioration of the conditions of life has resulted.

4. Petitions, signed by large numbers of your Majesty's subjects,
have been repeatedly addressed to the Government of this State, but
have failed of their effect, and have been even scornfully rejected.

5. At the end of 1895 the discontent culminated in an armed
insurrection against the Government of this State, which, however,
failed of its object.

6. On that occasion the people of Johannesburg placed themselves
unreservedly in the hands of your Majesty's High Commissioner, in the
fullest confidence that he would see justice done to them.

7. On that occasion also President Kruger published a proclamation,
in which he again held out hopes of substantial reforms.

8. Instead, however, of the admitted grievances being redressed, the
spirit of the legislation adopted by the Volksraad during the past few
years has been of a most unfriendly character, and has made the
position of the Outlanders more irksome than before.

188 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

9. In proof of the above statement your Majesty's petitioners would
humbly refer to such measures as the following: —

The Immigration of Aliens Act (Law 30 of 1896) ;
The Press Law (Law 26 of 1896) ;
The Aliens Expulsion Law of 1896.

Of these the first was withdrawn at the instance of your Majesty's
Government as being an infringement of the London Convention of
1884.

By the second the President is invested with the powers of suppress-
ing wholly, or for a stated time, any publication which in his individual
opinion is opposed to good manners or subversive of order. This
despotic power he has not hesitated to exercise towards newspapers
which support British interests ; while newspapers which support the
Government have been allowed to publish inflammatory and libellous
articles, and to advocate atrocious crimes without interference.

The Aliens Expulsion Act draws a distinction between the burghers
of the State and Outlanders which, your Majesty's petitioners humbly
submit, is in conflict with the Convention of 1884. Thus, whilst
burghers of the State are protected from expulsion, British subjects
can be put over the border at the will of the President without the
right of appealing to the High Court, which is, nevertheless, open to
the offending burgher. This law was repealed only to be re-enacted
in all its essential provisions during the last session of the Volksraad.

10. The promise made by the President with regard to conferring
municipal government upon Johannesburg was to outward appearance
kept ; but it is an ineffective measure, conferring small benefit upon
the community, and investing the inhabitants with but little additional
power of legislating for their own municipal affairs. Of the two
members to be elected for each ward, one at least must be a burgher.
Besides this, the Burgomaster is appointed by the Government — not
elected by the people. The Burgomaster has a casting vote, and, con-
sidering himself a representative of the Government and not of the
people, has not hesitated to oppose his will to the unanimous vote of
the councillors. The Government also possess the right to veto any
resolution of the council. As the burghers resident in Johannesburg
were estimated at the last census as 1,039 in number, as against 23,603
Outlanders, and as they belong to the poorest and most ignorant class,
it is manifest that these burghers have an undue share in the representa-
tion of the town, and are invested with a power which neutralises the
efforts of the larger and more intelligent portion of the community.
Every burgher resident is qualified to vote, irrespective of being a
ratepayer or property owner within the municipal area.

11. Notwithstanding the evident desire of the Government to
legislate solely in the interests of the burghers, and impose undue
burdens on the Outlanders, there was still a hope that the declaration
of the President on December 30, 1896, had some meaning, and that
the Government would duly consider grievances properly brought
before its notice. Accordingly, in the early part of 1897, steps were
taken to bring to the notice of the Government the alarming depression

1899.] STATE PAPERS— TRANSVAAL. 189

in the mining industry, and the reasons which, in the opinions of men
well qualified to judge, had led up to it.

12. The Government at last appointed a Commission, consisting of
its own officials, which was empowered to inquire into the industrial
conditions of the mining population, and to suggest such a scheme for
the removal of existing grievances as might seem advisable and
necessarv.

13. On August 5 the Commission issued their report, in which the
reasons for the then state of depression were fully set forth, and many
reforms were recommended as necessary for the well-being of the
community. Among them it will be sufficient to mention the appoint-
ment of an industrial board, having its seat in Johannesburg, for the
special supervision of the liquor law, and the pass law, and to combat
the illicit dealing in gold and amalgam.

14. The Government refused to accede to the report of the Com-
mission, which was a standing indictment against its administration
in the past, but referred the question to the Volksraad, which in turn
referred it to a select committee of its own members. The result
created consternation in Johannesburg; for, whilst abating in some
trifling respects burdens which bore heavily on the mining industry,
the committee of the Raad, ignoring the main recommendations of the
Commission, actually advised an increased taxation of the country, and
that in a way which bore most heavily on the Outlander. The
suggestions of the committee were at once adopted, and the tariff
increased accordingly.

15. At the beginning of 1897 the Government went a step farther in
their aggressive policy towards the Outlander, and attacked the inde-
pendence of the High Court ; which, until then, your Majesty's subjects
had regarded as the sole remaining safeguard of their civil rights.
Early in that year Act No. 1 was rushed through the Volksraad with
indecent haste. This high-handed act was not allowed to pass without
criticism ; but the Government, deaf to all remonstrance, threatened
reprisals on those professional men who raised their voices in protest ;
and, finally on February 16, 1898, dismissed the Chief Justice, Mr. J. G.
Kotze, for maintaining his opinions. His place was filled shortly after-
wards by Mr. Gregorowski, the judge who had been especially brought
from the Orange Free State to preside over the trial of the Reform
prisoners in 1896, and who, after the passing of the Act above referred
to, had expressed an opinion that no man of self-respect would sit on the
bench whilst that law remained on the Statute-book of the Republic.
All the judges at the time this law was passed condemned it in a formal
protest, publicly read by the Chief Justice in the High Court, as a gross
interference with the independence of that tribunal. That protest has
never been modified or retracted, and of the five judges who signed the
declaration three still sit on the bench.

16. The hostile attitude of the Government towards your Majesty's
subjects has been accentuated by the building of forts not only around
Pretoria, but also overlooking Johannesburg. The existence of these
forts is a source of constant menace and irritation to British subjects,
and does much to keep alive that race-feeling which the Government of

190 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

this State professes to deprecate. This feeling of hostility has infected
the general body of burghers. Most noticeable is the antagonistic
demeanour of the police and of the officials under whom they
immediately act.

17. The constitution and personnel of the police force is one of the
standing menaces to the peace of Johannesburg. It has already been
the subject of remonstrance to the Government of this Republic, but
hitherto without avail. An efficient police force cannot be drawn from
a people such as the burghers of this State ; nevertheless, the Grovem-
ment refuses to open its ranks to any other class of the community.
As a consequence the safety of the lives and property of the inhabitants
is confided in a large measure to the care of men fresh from the country
districts, who are unaccustomed to town life and ignorant of the ways
and requirements of the people. When it is considered that this police
force is armed with revolvers in addition to the ordinary police
truncheons, it is not surprising that, instead of a defence, they are
absolutely a danger to the community at large.

17a. Trial by jury exists in name, but the jurors are selected
exclusively from among the burghers. Consequently, in any case where
there is the least possibility of race or class interests being involved,
there is the gravest reason to expect a miscarriage of justice.

18. Encouraged and abetted by the example of their superior
officers, the police have become lately more aggressive than ever in
their attitude towards British subjects. As, however, remonstrances
and appeals to the Government were useless, the indignities to which
your Majesty's subjects were daily exposed from this source had
to be endured as best they might. Public indignation was at length
fully roused by the death at the hands of a police constable of a British
subject named Tom Jackson Edgar.

19. The circumstances of this affair were bad enough in themselves,
but were accentuated by the action of the Public Prosecutor, who,
although the accused was charged with murder, on his own initiative
reduced the charge to that of culpable homicide only, and released the
prisoner on the recognisances of his comrades in the police force, the
bail being fixed originally at 200/., or less than the amount which is
commonly demanded for offences under the liquor law, or for charges
of common assault.

20. This conduct of a high State official caused the most intense
feeling to prevail in Johannesburg. It was then thought that the time
had arrived to take some steps whereby British subjects might for the
future be protected from the indignities of which they had so long
complained. It was, therefore, decided to make an appeal direct to
your Most Gracious Majesty, setting forth the grievances under which
your Majesty's subjects labour. A petition was accordingly prepared
and presented to your Majesty's Vice-Consul on December 24, 1898, by
some 4,000 or 5,000 British subjects. The behaviour of those present
was orderly and quiet, and everything was done to prevent any
infringement of the Public Meetings Law.

21. Owing to a technical informality your Majesty's representative
declined to transmit the petition to your Majesty.

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. 191

22. Immediately it become known that the petition would not go
forward to your Majesty, the Government ordered the arrest of Messrs.
Clement Davies Webb and Thomas Robery Dodd, respectively the vice-
president and secretary of the Transvaal Province of the South African
League, under whose auspices the petition had been presented, on a
charge of contravening the Public Meetings Act by convening a meeting
in the open air. They were admitted 'to bail of 1,000/. each, live times
the amount required from the man charged with culpable homicide.

23. Thereupon your Majesty's subjects, considering the arrest of
these two gentlemen a gross violation of the rights of British subjects,
and an attempt to strain unduly against them a law which had already
been represented to the Government as pressing most heavily upon the
Outlander population, decided to call a public meeting in an enclosed
place, as permitted by the law, for the purpose of ventilating their
grievances and endorsing a fresh petition to your Majesty.

24. Prior to holding the meeting, the South African League ascer-
tained from the Government, through the State Attorney, that, as in
their opinion the meeting was perfectly legal in its objects, the Govern-
ment had no intention of prohibiting it.

25. The meeting took place on January 14, 1899, at the Amphi-
theatre, a large iron building capable of holding from 3,000 to 4,000
people. Prior to the advertised hour of opening an overwhelmingly
large body of Boers, many of w^hom were police in plain clothes and
other employees of the Government, forced an entrance by a side door,
and practically took complete possession of the building. They were
Jill more or less armed, some with sticks, some with police batons, some
with iron bars and some with revolvers.

2G. The mere appearance of the speakers was the signal for disorder
to commence ; the Boers would not allow the meeting to proceed, but
at once commenced to wreck the place, break up the chairs, and utilise
the broken portions of them as weapons of offence against any single
unarmed Englishman they could find.

27. There were present several Government officials, justices of the
pea(x% and lieutenants of police in uniform, and the commandant of
police, but they were appealed to in vain, and the work of destruction
proceeded, apparently with their concurrence. Several Englishmen
were severely injured by the attacks of the rioters, but in no case was
an arrest effected, although offenders were pointed out and their arrest
demanded ; nor, indeed, was any attempt made by the police to quell
the riot. Up to the present time no steps have been taken by the
Government towards prosecuting the ringleaders of the disturbance,
nor has a single arrest been made, notwithstanding the fact that the
police officials who were present at the meeting admitted that some of
the rioters were well known to them.

28. Those of your Majesty's subjects who were present at the meet-
ing were unarmed and defenceless, and seeing that the rioters had the
support of the police and of some of the higher officials of the State, they
refrained from any attempt at retaliation, preferring to rely upon more
constitutional methods, and to lay a full statement of their grievances
before your Most Gracious Majesty.

192 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

29. The condition of your Majesty's subjects in this State has
indeed become well-nigh intolerable.

30. The acknowledged and admitted grievances of which your
Majesty's subjects complain prior to 1895 not only are not redressed,
but exist to-day in an aggravated form. They are still deprived of all
political rights ; they are denied any voice in the government of the
country ; they are taxed far above the requirements of the country — the
revenue of which is misapplied and devoted to objects which keep
alive a continuous and well-founded feeling of irritation, without in
any way advancing the general interest of the State. Maladministra-
tion and peculation of public moneys go hand in hand, without any
vigorous measures being adopted to put a stop to the scandal. The
education of Out lander children is made subject to impossible con-
ditions. The police afford no adequate protection to the lives and
property of the inhabitants of Johannesburg; they are rather a source
of danger to the peace and safety of the Outlander population.

31. A further grievance has become prominent since the beginning
of the year. The power vested in the Government by means of the
Public Meetings Act has been a menace to your Majesty's subjects
since the enactment of the Act in 1894. This power has now been
applied in order to deliver a blow that strikes at the inherent and
inalienable birthright of every British subject — namely, his right to
petition his Sovereign. Straining to the utmost the language and
intention of the law, the Government have arrested two British subjects
who assisted in presenting a petition to your Majesty on behalf of 4,000
fellow-subjects. Not content with this, the Government, when your
Majesty's loyal subjects again attempted to lay their grievances before
your Majesty, permitted their meeting to be broken up and the objects
of it to be defeated by a body of Boers, organised by Government
officials and acting under the protection of the police. By reason,
therefore, of the direct as well as the indirect, act of the Government,
your Majesty's loyal subjects have been prevented from publicly
ventilating their grievances and from laying them before your Majesty.

32. Wherefore your Majesty's humble petitioners humbly beseech
your Most Gracious Majesty to extend your Majesty's protection to
your Majesty's loyal subjects resident in this State, and to cause an
inquiry to be made into grievances and complaints enumerated and set
forth in this humble petition, and to direct your Majesty's represen-
tative in South Africa to take measures which will secure the speedy
reform of the abuses complained of, and to obtain substantial
guarantees from the Government of this State for a recognition of
their rights as British subjects.

And your Most Gracious Majesty's petitioners as in duty bound will
ever pray, etc.,

W. Wybergh, etc., P. 0. Box 317, Johannesburg,
South African Republic, and others.

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. 198

SIR A MILNER'S VIEWS.

Telegram. High Commissioner Sir Alfred Milner to Mr. Chamberlain.

(Received 1 a.m. May 5, 1899.)

May 4. Having regard to critical character of South African situa-
tion and likelihood of early reply by her Majesty's Government to
petition, I am telegraphing remarks which, under ordinary circum-
stances, I should have made by despatch. Events of importance have
followed so fast on each other since my return to South Africa, and my
time has been so occupied in dealing with each incident severally, that
I have had no opportunity for reviewing the whole position.

The present crisis undoubtedly arises out of the Edgar incident.
But that incident merely precipitated a struggle which was certain to
come. It is possible to make too much of the killing of Edgar. It was
a shocking and, in my judgment, a criminal blunder, such as would
have excited a popular outcry anywhere. It was made much worse by
the light way in which it was first dealt with by the Public Prosecutor,
and by the attitude of the judge at the trial. By itself, however, it
would not have justified, nor, in fact, provoked the present storm. But
it happened to touch a particularly sore place. There is no grievance
which rankles more in the breasts of the mass of the Outlander popula-
tion than the conduct of the police, who, while they have proved singu-
larly incompetent to deal with gross scandals like the illicit liquor
trade, are harsh and arbitrary in their treatment of individuals whom
they happen to dislike, as must have become evident to you from the
recurrent ill-treatment of coloured people. There are absolutely no
grounds for supposing that the excitement which the death of Edgar
caused was factitious. It has been laid to the door of the South African
League, but the officials of the league were forced into action by Edgar's
fellow workmen. And the consideration of grievances once started
by the police grievance, it was inevitable that the smouldering but
profound discontent of the population who constantly find their affairs
mismanaged, their protests disregarded, and their attitude misunder-
stood by a Government on which they have absolutely no means of
exercising any influence, should once more break into flame.

We have, therefore, simply to deal with a popular movement of a
similar kind to that of 1894 and 1895 before it was perverted and ruined
by a conspiracy of which the great body of the Outlanders were totally
innocent. None of the grievances then complained of, and which then
excited universal sympathy, have been remedied, and others have been
added. The case is much stronger. It is impossible to overlook the
tremendous change for the w^orse which has been effected by the lower-
ing of the statiLs of the High Court of Judicature and by the establish-
ment of the principle embodied in the new draft Grondwet that any
resolution of the Volksraad is equivalent to a law. The instability of the
laws has always been one of the most serious grievances. The new
Constitution provides for their permanent instability, the judges being
bound by their oath to accept every Volksraad resolution as equally
l)inding with a law passed in the regular form and with the provisions
of the Constitution itself. The law prescribing this oath is one of

N

194 STATE PAPEES— TRANSVAAL. [1899.

which the present Chief Justice said that no self-respecting man could
sit on the bench while it was on the Statute-book. Formerly the
foreign population, however bitterly they might resent the action of the
Legislature and of the Administration, had yet confidence in the High
Court of Judicature. It cannot be expected that they should feel the
same confidence to-day. Seeing no hope in any other quarter, a num-
ber of Outlanders who happen to be British subjects have addressed
a petition to her Majesty the Queen. I have already expressed my
opinion of its substantial genuineness and the absolute bontt fides of
its promoters. But the petition is only one proof among many of the
profound discontent of the unenfranchised population, who are a great
majority of the white inhabitants of the State.

The public meeting of January 14 was indeed broken up by work-
men, many of them poor burghers, in the employment of the Gtovem-
ment and instigated by Government officials, and it is impossible at
present to hold another meeting of a great size. Open-air meetings are
prohibited by law, and by one means or another all large public buildings
have been rendered unavailable. But smaller meetings are being held
almost nightly along the Rand, and ai*e unanimous in their demand
for enfranchisement. The movement is steadily growing in force and
extent.

With regard to the attempts to represent that movement as artificial
— the work of scheming capitalists or professional agitators — I regard it
as a wilful perversion of the truth. The defenceless people who are
clamouring for a redress of grievances are doing so at great perBonal
risk. It is notorious that many capitalists regard political agitation
with disfavour because of its effect on markets. It is equally notorious
that the lowest class of Outlanders, and especially the illicit liquor
•dealers, have no sympathy whatever with the cause of reform. More-
over, there are in all classes a considerable number who only want to
make money and clear out ; and who, while possibly S3nDipathi8ing with
reform, feel no great interest in a matter which may only concern them
temporarily. But a very large and constantly-increasing proportion of
the Outlanders are not birds of passage ; they contemplate a long
residence in the country or to make it their permanent home. These
people are the mainstay of the reform movement as they are of the
prosperity of the country. They would make excellent citizens if they
had the chance.

A busy industrial community is not naturally prone to political
unrest. But they bear the chief burden of taxation ; they constantly
feel in their business and daily lives the effects of chaotic local legisla-
tion and of incompetent and unsympathetic administration ; they have
many grievances, but they believe all this could be gradually removed
if they had only a fair share of political power. This is the meaning
of their vehement demand for enfranchisement. Moreover, they
are mostly British subjects, accustomed to a free system and equal
rights ; they feel deeply the personal indignity involved in position
of permanent subjection to the ruling caste which owes its wealth
and power to their exertion. The political turmoil in the Transyaal
Republic will never end till the permanent Outlander population is

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. 195

admitted to a share in the Government, and while that turmoil lasts
there will be no tranquillity or adequate progress in her Majesty's South
African dominions.

The relations between the British Colonies and the two Republics
are intimate to a degree which one must live in South Africa in order
fully to realise. Socially, economically, ethnologically, they are all one
country — the two principal white races are everywhere inextricably
mixed up ; it is absurd for either to dream of subjugating the other.
The only condition on which they can live in harmony and the country
progress is equality all round. South Africa can prosper under two,
three, or six Governments, but not under two absolutely conflicting
social and political systems — perfect equality for Dutch and British
in the British Colonies side by side with permanent subjection of
British to Dutch in one of the Republics. It is idle to talk of peace
and unity under such a state of affairs.

It is this which makes the internal condition of the Transvaal Republic
a matter of vital interest to her Majesty's Government. No merely
local question affects so deeply the welfare and peace of her own South
African possessions. And the right of Great Britain to intervene to
secure fair treatment to the Outlanders is fully equal to her supreme
interest in securing it. The majority of them are her subjects, whom
she is bound to protect. But the enormous number of British sub-
jects, the endless series of their grievances, and the nature of thdse
grievances, which are not less serious because they are not individ-
ually sensational, makes protection by the ordinary diplomatic means
impossible. We are, as you know, for ever remonstrating about this,
that, and the other injury to British subjects. Only in rare cases,
and only when we are very emphatic, do we obtain any redress. The
sore between us and the Transvaal Republic is thus inevitably kept
up, while the result in the way of protection to our subjects is
lamentably small. For these reasons it has been, as you know, my
constant endeavour to reduce the number of our complaints. I may
sometimes have abstained, when I ought to have protested, from
my great dislike of ineffectual nagging. But I feel that the attempt
to remedy the hundred and one wrongs springing from a hopeless
system by taking up isolated cases is perfectly vain. It may easily lead
to war, but will never lead to real improvement.

The true remedy is to strike at the root of all these injuries — the
political impotence of the injured. What diplomatic protests will
never accomplish, a fair measure of Outlander representation would
gnulually but surely bring about. It seems a paradox, but it is true,
that the only effective way of protecting our subjects is to help them
to cease to be our subjects. The admission of Outlanders to a fair
share of political power would no doubt give stability to the Republic,
and it would at the same time remove most of our causes of difference
with it ; and modify, and in the long run entirely remove, that intense
suspicion and bitter hostility to Great Britain which at present domin-
ates its internal and external policy.

The case for intervention is overwhelming. The only attempted
answer is that things will right themselves if left alone. But, in fact.

196 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

the policy of leaving things alone has been tried for years, and it has
led to their going from bad to worse. It is not true that this is owing
to the raid. They were going from bad to worse before the raid. We
were on the verge of war before the raid, and the Transvaal was on the
verge of revolution. The effect of the raid has been to give the policy
of leaving things alone a new lease of life, and with the old con-
sequences.

The spectacle of thousands of British subjects kept permanently in
the position of helots, constantly chafing under undoubted grievances,
and calling vainly to her Majesty's Government for redress, does steadily
undermine the influence and reputation of Great Britain and the
respect for the British Government within the Queen's dominions. A
certain section of the press, not in the Transvaal only, preaches openly
and constantly the doctrine of a Republic embracing all South Africa,
and supports it by menacing references to the armaments of the Trans-
vaal, its alliance with the Orange Free State, and the active sympathy
which, in case of war, it would receive from a section of her Majesty's
subjects. I regret to say that this doctrine, supported as it is by a
ceaseless stream of malignant lies about the intentions of the British
Government, is producing a great effect upon a large number of our
Dutch fellow-colonists. Language is frequently used which seems to
imply that the Dutch have some superior right even in this colony to
their fellow-citizens of British birth. Thousands of men peaceably dis-
posed, and, if left alone, perfectly satisfied with their position as British
subjects, are being drawn into disaffection, and there is a corresponding
exasperation on the side of the British.

I can see nothing which will put a stop to this mischievous propa-
ganda but some striking proof of the intention of her Majesty's Gk>vem-
ment not to be ousted from its position in South Africa. And the best
proof alike of its power and its justice would be to obtain for the Out-
landers in the Transvaal a fair share in the Government of the country
which owes everything to their exertions. It could be made perfectly
clear that our action was not directed against the existence of the
Republic. We should only be demanding the re-establishment of rights
which now exist in the Orange Free State, and which existed in the
Transvaal itself at the time of and long after the withdrawal of British
sovereignty. It would be no selfish demand, as other Outlanders besides
those of British birth would benefit by it. It is asking for nothing from
others which we do not give ourselves. And it would certainly go to
the root of the political unrest in South Africa ; and, though temporarily
it might aggravate, it would ultimately extinguish the race feud which
is the great bane of the country.

MR. CHAMBERLAIN'S DESPATCH.

Mr. Chamberlain to High Commissioner Sir Alfred Milner.

Downing Street, May 10, 1899.

Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch
of March 28, enclosing a petition to the Queen from 21,684 British

1899.] STATE PAPERS— TEANSVAAL. 197

subjects resident in the South African Republic, in which they pray
for her Majesty's intervention with a view to the removal of the
grievances of which they complain. This petition has been laid before
her Majesty, who was graciously pleased to receive it, and I have now
the honour to convey to you the views of her Majesty's Government on
the subject.

Her Majesty's Government cannot remain indifferent to the com-
plaints of British subjects resident in other countries, and if these are
found to be justified, her Majesty's Government are entitled to make
representations with a view to securing redress.

This ordinary right of all Governments is strengthened in the
present case by the peculiar relations established by the conventions
between this country and the Transvaal, and also by the fact that
the peace and prosperity of the whole of South Africa, including her
Majesty's possessions, may be seriously affected by any circumstances
which are calculated to produce discontent and unrest in the South
African Republic.

Her Majesty's Government have, therefore, made an investigation,
based on the information already in their possession, into the subject of
the petition now before them.

The unrest and discontent amongst the Outlander inhabitants of
the South African Republic is of long standing. The root of the matter
lies in the policy pursued from the first by the Government of the South
African Republic towards an immigrant population which is generally
believed to far outnumber the burghers, and which forms, at all events,
a very large proportion of the white inhabitants. To the industry and
intelligence of this part of the community is due the enormous increase
in the prosperity of the country, an increase which may be measured
by the fact that whereas in 1885 the revenue was 177,876^., it amounted
in 1898 to no less than 3,983,560/., the principal items of which, such as
customs 1,066,994/., prospecting licences 321,651/., railway receipts
668,951/., not to mention others of smaller amount, must be contributed
mainly by the Outlander.

It was pointed out in my despatch to your predecessor of February 4,
1896, that the newcomers in the South African Republic have, contrary
to the policy adopted in most civilised countries where immigration
has played an important part in building up the population, been
denied all effective voice in the affairs of the State ; and all political
power and the right to levy taxation is the monopoly of a minority
composed almost entirely of men engaged in pastoral and agricultural
pursuits, whose knowledge of the conditions and necessities of the Out-
landers must be of the vaguest nature. The Outlanders are not only
debarred for many years from voting in the election of President and
of members of the First Volksraad, which is the highest authority in
the State, and the only one whose decisions are not subject to veto or
revision, and at the same time made to bear the heaviest part of the
burden of taxation, but they are not even permitted to control their
own municipal affairs, the law creating a municipality for Johannesburg
being altogether inadequate for this purpose. In order to obtain the
insignificant privileges attached to naturalisation, they are compelled to

198 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

take an oath containing words which, as pointed out in Lord Ripon's
despatch of October 19, 1894, are offensive to their sentiments, founded
on a faulty historical precedent, and, as regards British subjects, super-
fluous. They are, as aliens, excluded from sitting upon juries, and are,
in respect of the administration of justice, at the mercy of a judicial
bench which is bound, under pain of dismissal, to respect as law any
resolution of the Volksraad, however hastily taken.

The Outlanders, who are, for the most part, British subjects,
accustomed to the exercise of full political as well as municipal rights,
had, for a long time prior to the disturbances of three years ago, been
striving to obtain some amelioration of their condition by means of
constitutional agitation, but that agitation had entirely failed to effect
its object. Active' agitation and passive acquiescence had alike proved
ineffectual, and at the end of 1895 the inhabitants of Johannesburg
took up arms. At the instance of the High Commissioner these arms
were laid down again, and the Republic was spared the horrors of
civil war.

At that time President Kruger issued two proclamations. In the
first, dated December 30, 1896, he declared that the Government were
*' still always prepared to consider properly all complaints which may
be properly submitted to it, and submit them to the Legislature of the
country without delay to be dealt with,'' and in the second, dated
January 10, 1896, in addition to declaring his intention to submit, at
the first ordinary session of the Volksraad, a draft law for the appoint-
ment of a municipality for Johannesburg, he appealed to the inhabitants
of that city to '^ make it possible for the Government to appear before
the Volksraad with the motto * forget and forgive.' "

Her Majesty's Government felt justified in anticipating that practical
effect would be given to these conciliatory words of the President, but
careful examination of the allegations made by the petitioners, and
into the present condition of affairs in the South African Republic,
shows that, so far from any substantial measures of reform being
passed, the legislation of the past three years and the action of the
Executive have, on the whole, had the effect of increasing rather than
of removing the causes of complaint.

Dealing first with the system of taxation, her Majesty's Government
find that no change of any importance has taken place. A revenue
of nearly 4,000,000/. is raised to carry on the administration of a
country which is believed to contain less than a quarter of a million
white inhabitants. As already pointed out, the revenue is mainly
derived from the Outlanders, who have thus to bear a burden of
taxation exceeding 16/. a head, a burden probably unparalleled in any
other country. M. Rouliot, President of the Chamber of Mines, a
gentleman of French nationality, speaking on November 21 last on the
subject of a new tax on the gold-mining industry, said : ''We are the
most heavily taxed community in the world, although we are the one
that has the least to say about the use of the funds it contributes."

As to the character of the financial administration, reference may
be made to the report of the Inspector of Offices, published in October,
1897, which showed defalcations on the part of officials amounting to

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. 199

18,590/., only a few hundreds of which were recovered, and with regard
to the larger part of which no effort seems to have been made to
recover the money. Reference may also be made to the debate in the
Volksraad on the Estimates in March, 1898, when it was elicited that
2,398,506/. 166*. 8rf. had been advanced to officials, and was unaccounted
for. These advances date back from 1883.

The Secret Service Fund appears in the current Estimates at 36,000/.,
but even this sum, more than the amount of the Secret Service money
voted in the British Imperial Estimates, appears to be habitually ex-
ceeded. In 1898, 42,504/. were spent, and in 1896 no less than 191,837/.

The system of granting concessions remains in full force. The
dynamite monopoly still continues (though condemned, not only by
public opinion, but by a Volksraad Commission and by the Commis-
sion appointed by the Government) to draw large sums from the gold
industry, of which only a small proportion finds its way into the coffers
of the State. Her Majesty's Government have already protested against
the continuance of this monopoly on the ground that it is a breach
of Article XIV. of the London Convention. As stated in my despatch
of January 13 last, they are advised that the creation of a monopoly
in favour of the State is not necessarily inconsistent with that article,
even when exercised by a concessionaire, provided that the concession
is intended in good faith to benefit the State generally and not simply
to favour the concessionaire, but for the reasons given in that despatch
they are advised that in the present case these conditions are not ful-
filled.

It appears, from notices in the Stoats Courant, that other conces-
bioQ8, which are likely to be practical monopolies, have been granted by
the Government within the last three years for the manufacture of
matches, paper, chocolate, wool, starch, mineral waters, soap and oils,
all of which, even if open to no other objections, must increase the
already excessive cost of living in the Transvaal.

It may be urged that in spite of the enormous taxation above
referred to the gold industry is prosperous, and that many individuals
have made large fortunes in connection with it This is true; but, on
the other hand, there is no doubt that the full development of the
natural wealth of the country has been delayed, and the working of the
lower-grade mines has been rendered very difficult by the heavy burdens
inipo^^cd, while the welfare of the working classes has been seriously
hindered by the excessive cost of the necessaries of life and the general
conditions to which they are subject.

Her Majesty's Government, however, attach much less importance to
financial grievances than to those which affect the personal rights of
the Outlander community, and which place them in a condition of
political, educational and social inferiority to the Boer inhabitants of
the Transvaal, and even endanger the security of their lives and
property.

It is in this respect that the spirit, if not the letter, of the Convention
has been most seriously infringed.

For instance, the Government spends 250,000/. a year, mostly taken
out of the pockets of the Outlanders, on popular education, but under

200 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

conditions which make it almost impossible for the children of Out-
landers to benefit by it. The State system, indeed, appears to be more
directed to forcing upon the Outlander population the habitual use
of the Dutch language than to imparting to them the rudiments of
general knowledge.

The law of 1896 dealing with education on the goldfields has,
indeed, been claimed as a reform, but it scarcely even pretends to be
so, for it leaves the education of non-Dutch speaking children in the
hands of the Superintendent of Education, who is not controlled by
any local representative authority, and it declares that the spirit and
tendency of former legislation is to be strictly adhered to. What that
spirit is may be gathered from the provisions in Law No. 8 of 1892, that
all teaching must be in Dutch, and that all school books must be
written in Dutch, and from the strict limitation imposed by the law on
the number of hours in the week in which any living foreign langroage
may be taught. In no standard may they exceed four out of twenty-five,
while in the lowest standards none are allowed.

As a matter of fact her Majesty's Government understand that in
State-aided schools on the goldfields an increasingly larger proportion
of Dutch is required in the higher standards until, in the fourth stand-
ard, Dutch is the sole medium of education, with the result that there
are only half a dozen schools on the goldfields in receipt of State aid.
Yet the Superintendent of Education complained in his Departmental
Report for 1896 of the ** uneducational and unnational cry for more
English."

This grievance, and many others of which the Outlanders complain,
would have been very much lessened if the expectations raised by the
President's promises to grant a municipality to Johannesburg had been
fulfilled, and if the Outlanders of that town had at least been permitted
to enjoy the full privileges of local government in reference to purely
municipal affairs ; but the law creating the municipality wholly fails
to give to the majority of the inhabitants any effective control over
their own local affairs. Although the burgher population must form a
very small minority of the whole (according to the petitioners only
about one twenty-fourth), half the members of the council must under
this law be fully enfranchised burghers. The Burgomaster is appointed
and paid by the Government. He is bound to submit every regulation
of the Town Council to the Executive Council within four days of its
passing, which latter body may disallow the regulation. All minutes
must be kept in the Dutch language only. The financial powers of
the council are restricted, and it is clear that the law is hardly any
concession in the way of self-government to Johannesburg.

It will not be out of place here to observe that what was practically
a limited form of self-government for the mining industry was strongly
recommended by the Government Industrial Commission of 1897, vw.,
the creation of a board composed of members appointed by the Govern-
ment and representatives of the mining industry and* commercial firms
to supervise the administration of the Liquor Law on the goldfields, the
Pass Law, and the law regarding gold thefts, with a special detective
force under them. The reasons which moved the commission to make

1899] STATE PAPERS— TEANSVAAL. 201

this recommendation were (as is clear from the evidence given and
from their report) that the existing administration was utterly in-
eflficient, or, as they said with regard to the illicit sale of liquor, "A
miserable state of affairs exists, and a much stronger application of the
law is required," This stronger application of the law has never been
made, and according to a statement made on January 26 by the Presi-
dent of the Chamber of Mines, tlje Liquor Law is simply defied, and
drink is supplied in unlimited quantities to the natives employed in
the mines. The industry has petitioned for the establishment of the
board recommended by the Industrial Commission, even proposing that
all the members should be nominated by the Government, but without
result.

Whatever force there may be in the complaints in regard to the
legislation of the Republic, the general inefficiency of the administra-
tion, which is so clearly shown in the report of the Industrial Cora-
mission, and continues to be demonstrated by debates in the Volksraads
on alleged scandals, probably contributes as much to cause discontent
as the legislation itself. It not only seriously affects the financial
prosperity of the Republic, but is a continual menace to the security of
the lives and property of the Outlander population, for, grave as are the
criticisms which may reasonably be offered on the financial administra-
tion, they are of small importance in comparison with the complaints
which are made of the administration of justice and of the arbitrary
and illegal action of officials, especially of the police.

As an instance of such arbitrary action, the recent maltreatment
of coloured British subjects by Field-Cornet Lombard may be cited.
This official entered the houses of various coloured persons without a
warrant at night, dragged them from their beds, and arrested them for
being without a pass. The persons so arrested were treated with much
cruelty, and it is even alleged that one woman was prematurely con-
fined, and a child subsequently died from the consequences of the
fright and exposure. Men were beaten and kicked by the orders of
the field-cornet, who appears to have exercised his authority with
the most cowardly brutality. The Government of the Republic being
pressed to take action, suspended the field-cornet, and an inquiry was
held, at which he and the police denied most of the allegations of
violence, but the other facts were not disputed, and no independent
evidence was called for the defence. The Government have since
reinstated Lombard. Unfortunately, this case is by no means un-
paralleled. Other British subjects, including several from St. Helena
and Mauritius, have been arbitrarily arrested, and some of them have
been fined, without having been heard in their own defence, under a law
which does not even profess to have any application to persons from
those colonies. However long-suffering her Majesty's Government may
be in their anxious desire to remain on friendly terms with the South
African Republic, it must be evident that a continuance of incidents of
this kind, followed by no redress, may well become intolerable.

But perhaps the most striking recent instance of arbitrary action
by officials, and of the support of such action by the courts, is the well-
known Edgar case. The effect of the verdict of the jury, warmly en-

202 STATE PAPEES— TRANSVAAL. [1899.

dorsed by the judge, is that four policemen breaking into a man's house
at night without a warrant, on the mere statement of one person — which
subsequently turned out to be untrue — that the man had committed a
crime, are justified in killing him there and then because, according to
their own account, he hits one of them with a stick. If this is justifi-
cation, then almost any form of resistance to the police is justification
for the immediate killing of the person resisting, who may be perfectly
innocent of any offence. This would be an alarming doctrine anywhere.
It is peculiarly alarming when applied to a city like Johannesburg,
where a strong force of police armed with revolvers have to deal with
a large alien unarmed population, whose language in many cases they
do not understand. The emphatic affirmation of such a doctrine by
judge and jury in the Edgar case cannot but increase the general
feeling of insecurity amongst the Outlander population and the sense
of injustice under which they labour. It may be pointed out that the
allegation that Edgar assaulted the police was emphatically denied by
his wife and others, and that the trial was conducted in a way that
would be considered quite irregular in this country, the witnesses for
the defence being called by the prosecution, and thereby escaping
cross-examination. .

Some light upon the extent to which the police can be trusted to
perform their delicate duties with fairness and discretion is thrown by
the events referred to by the petitioners, which took place at a meeting
called by British subjects for the purpose of discussing their grievances,
and held on January 14 in the Amphitheatre of Johannesburg. The
Government were previously apprised of the objects of the meeting
and their assent obtained, though this was not legally necessary for a
meeting in an enclosed place. The organisers of the meeting state that
they were informed by the State Secretary and the State Attorney that
any one who committed acts of violence or used seditious language
would be held responsible, and in proof of the peaceful objects of the
meeting those who attended went entirely unarmed, by which it is
understood that they did not even carry sticks. So little was any
disturbance apprehended that ladies were invited to attend, and did
attend. Yet, in the result, sworn affidavits from many witnesses of
different nationalities agree in the statement that the meeting was
broken up almost immediately after its opening, and many of the
persons attending it were violently assaulted by organised bands of
hostile demonstrators, acting under the instigation and guidance of
persons in Government employ, without any attempt at interference
on the part of the police, and even in some cases with their assistance
or loudly expressed sympathy. The Government of the South African
Republic has been asked to institute an inquiry into these disgraceful
proceedings, but the request has been met with a flat refusal.

It would seem, indeed, that the Outlander is not only deprived, by
provisions introduced into the Constitution since the Convention of
1884, of any effective political representation, but that he has also been
placed by recent legislation under new liabilities, unknown when the
Convention was signed, if he appeals to public opinion or attempts
to bring his complaints to the notice of the Government.

1899.] STATE PAPERS— TRANSVAAL. 203

By the Press Law No. 26 of 1896, and the Amending Law No. 14 of
1898, which was reprobated by Transvaal newspapers of all shades of
opinion, that freedom of the expression of opinion which the original
Constitution of the Republic guaranteed, subject only to the responsi-
bility of the printer and publisher for all documents containing
defamation, insult, or attacks on any one's character (Grondwet 1868,
Article 19), is seriously threatened. Under these laws the President is
given the power, on the advice and with the consent of the Executive,
of prohibiting entirely, or for a time, the circulation of printed matter
which, in his opinion, is contrary to good morals, or a danger to peace
and order in the Republic. This power has been exercised more than
once.

Under the Aliens' Expulsion Law (No. 25 of 1896) an alien who is
alleged to have excited to disobedience of the law, or otherwise to have
acted in a manner dangerous to public peace and order, may be
arbitrarily expelled from the country by an order of the President,
while burghers who cannot be banished, may have a special place of
residence assigned to them. From the point of view of the Outlander,
the law draws an invidious distinction in favour of the burgher, who
alone is given an appeal to the courts, and it is thus clearly incon-
sistent with the spirit of the London Convention, while, as was pointed
out in the correspondence on the subject printed in Blue-book C. — 8,4^,
its enforcement might lead to a breach of the letter of that instrument.
Her Majesty's Government regret that the resolution of the Volksraad
of July, 1897, in favour of amending the law so as to give every one an
appeal to the courts (see p. 16 of Blue-book C. — 8,721), has merely
resulted in the passing of Law No. 5 of 1898, which repeals the law of
1890, and re-enacts it without making any substantial alteration.

Up to 1897 the Outlander had full confidence that, at all events in
eases where he was permitted to appeal to the High Court of the
Republic, he would obtain justice; but that confidence has been rudely
shaken by Law No. 1 of that year, under which the President dismissed
a Chief Justice universally respected. This law recites that since the
foundation of the Republic the resolutions of the Volksraad have been
recognised as law, and lays down that the courts have no power to
refuse to apply any resolution because it is, in their opinion, invalid,
and instructs the President to dismiss any judge w^ho, in his opinion,
returns an unsatisfactory answer to questions on the subject put to
him by the President. It therefore follows that the fifteen gentlemen
who compose a majority of the first Volksraad can at any moment
amend the law of the land in the most important matters by a mere
resolution, or even interfere in a case pending in the courts, as was, in
fact, done in the Doms case when the Volksraad, by its resolutions of
May 4, 1887, barred a claim brought in the courts against the State.

The law has practically had the effect of placing the highest court of
justice in the country at the mercy of the Executive, and it is calculated
to lessen the influence and authority of the court, and even to throw
doubts on the impartial administration of justice in the Republic.

It results from this review of the facts and conditions on which the
petition is founded, as well as from the information derived from your

204 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

despatches and from other official sources, that British subjects and the
Outlanders generally in the South African Republic have substantial
grounds for their complaints of the treatment to which they are
subjected.

It is fair to assume that these complaints are directed not so much
against individual cases of hardship and injustice, which may occur in
even the best-governed States, as against the system under which the
sufferers are debarred from all voice in the legislation under which
such cases are possible, and all control of the administration through
the inefficiency of which they occur. They may be summarised in the
statement that under present conditions, all of which have arisen since
the Convention of 1884 was signed, the Outlanders are now denied that
equality of treatment which that instrument was designed to secure for
them.

The conditions subsisting in the South African Republic are alto-
gether inconsistent with such equality, and are in striking contrast to
those subsisting in all British colonies possessing representative insti-
tutions, where white men of every race enjoy equal freedom and equal
justice, and newcomers are, after a reasonable period of residence,
admitted to full political rights.

In the Orange Free State, where similar privileges are conceded to
all aliens resident in the Republic, the Dutch burgher and the foreign
immigrant who enjoys the hospitality of the State live in harmony and
mutual confidence ; and the independence of the Republic is secured as
well by the contentment and loyalty of all its citizens as by the good
relations which prevail between its Government and those of other
parts of South Africa.

Unfortunately, the policy of the South African Republic has been
conducted on very different lines, and but for the anxiety of her
Majesty's Government to extend every consideration to a weaker State
which in recent years has had just reason to complain of the action of
British subjects, and may therefore be naturally prone to suspicion
and indisposed to take an impartial view of the situation, the state of
affairs must have led to the most serious protest and remonstrance.

Recognising, however, the exceptional circumstances of the case, her
Majesty's Government have refrained since their despatch of February
4, 1896, from any pressure on the Government of the South African
Republic except in cases in which there has been a distinct breach of
the provisions of the Convention of 1884 ; and] they have sincerely
hoped that the Government of the Republic would voluntarily meet
the expectations raised by the President, and would take the neces-
sary stops to secure that willing loyalty of all the inhabitants of the
State which would be the best guarantee for its security and independ-
ence.

They are most unwilling to depart from their attitude of reserve and
expectancy, but having regard to the position of Great Britain as the
paramount Power in South Africa, and the duty incumbent upon them
to protect all British subjects residing in a foreign country, they
cannot permanently ignore the exceptional and arbitrary treatment
to which their fellow-countrymen and others are exposed, and the

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. 205

absolute indifference of the Government of the Republic to the friendly
representations which have been made to them on the subject.

They still cherish the hope that the publicity given to the present
representations of the Outlander population, and the fact of which the
Government of the South African Republic must be aware, that they
are losing the sympathy of those other States which, like Great Britain
are deeply interested in the prosperity of the Transvaal, may induce
them to reconsider their policy, and, by redressing the most serious of
the grievances now complained of, to remove a standing danger to the
peace and prosperity not only of the Republic itself, but also of South
Africa generally.

Her Majesty's Government earnestly desire the prosperity of the
vSouth African Republic. They have been anxious to avoid any inter-
vention in its internal concerns, and they may point out in this con-
nection that if they really entertained the design of destroying its
independence, which has been attributed to them, no policy could be
better calculated to defeat their object than that which, in all friendship
and sincerity, they now urge upon the Government of the South African
Republic, and which would remove any pretext for interference by
relieving British subjects of all just cause of complaint. With the
earnest hope of arriving at a satisfactory settlement, and as a proof of
their desire to maintain cordial relations with the South African Re-
public, her Majesty's Government now suggest, for the consideration
of President Kruger, that a meeting should be arranged between his
Honour and yourself for the purpose of discussing the situation in a
conciliatory spirit, and in the hope that you may arrive, in concert with
the President, at such an arrangement as her Majesty's Government
could accept and recommend to the Outlander population as a reason-
able concession to their just demands, and the settlement of the diffi-
culties which have threatened the good relations which her Majesty's
Government desire should constantly exist between themselves and the
Government of the South African Republic.

If the President should be disposed favourably to entertain this
suggestion, you are authorised to proceed to Pretoria to confer with
him on all the questions raised in this despatch.

Her Majesty's Government desire that the British Agent at Pretoria
should communicate a copy of the petition and of this despatch to the
Government of the South African Republic, and also communicate a
copy of this despatch to the petitioners.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your most obedient humble servant,

J. Chamberlain.

C—9j404, issued July 23,

SIR A. MILNER'S REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE
BLOEMFONTEIN CONFERENCE WITH PRESIDENT
KRUGER ON JUNE 1.

My statement simply laid down the principles on which a scheme of
franchise should be based, and I intentionally left myself a certain

206 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

latitude as to details. Thus the amount of property qualification and
the number of new seats was left open. What was vital in my scheme
was the simplification of the oath and the immediate admission to full
burghership on taking it. Knowing as I do the feeling of the Outlander
population, and especially of the best of them on these points, I felt,
and feel, that any scheme not containing these concessions would be
absolutely useless. The most influential and respectable sections of the
Outlander community feel strongly the indignity and injustice of asking
them to denationalise themselves for anything less than full burgher-
ship— which in the 8outh African Republic carries with it, ipso facto,
the right to vote for the first Volksraad and the President. They will
not accept citizenship of the Republic on any other terms ; and unless
they accept it in adequate numbei*s, the whole policy of relying on their
admission to the State as a means for the improvement of the govern-
ment and the removal of grievances falls to the ground.

I took the line that, while I had no authority to speak about arbitra-
tion and could not make it a part of any bargain, I certainly desired
that, if the present proceedings ended in an all-round settlement, we
might arrange for the adjustment of future differences by an ** automatic
process" — by which I certainly meant their reference to some sort of
tribunal. It is this remark of mine— a guarded statement of my
personal opinion — of which the President afterwards made very unfair
use in saying that I had admitted that arbitration for all questiens
under the Convention was reasonable, and which appears from the
telegrams to have been widely misunderstood in England.

I therefore wish to make a few further observations about it. In
the first place, I would observe that I expressly guarded myself against
the idea that arbitration was applicable to all differences. I was think-
ing, as I indicated, more especially of the question whether the laws
and administration of the South African Republic were fair towards
its foreign residents. It is, of course, absurd to suggest that the
question whether the South African Republic does or does not treat
British subjects resident in that country with justice, and the British
Government with the consideration and respect due to any friendly,
not to say "suzerain," Power is a question capable of being referred to
arbitration. Secondly, I stated quite clearly that her Majesty's Grovem-
ment would not admit arbitration "by a foreign Power, or any foreign
interference," between itself and the South African Republic.

To this extent, therefore, I barred arbitration, nor would I, of my
own motion, have referred to it. But, as President Kruger brought it
in 80 continually, it would, I think, have l)een impolitic, and certainly
against my own conviction, to take up an absolutely negative attitude
with regard to it. I was thinking more especially of the state of things
which would arise in the remote contingency of our being able to come
to an amicable settlement of all, or our principal, differences. Even in
that case it could not be supposed that in future questions of difference
would not occasionally arise between us— seeing the intimacy and the
complexity of the relations between the South African Republic and
her Majesty's South African dominions — where such questions were
not general questions of policy, but differences as to the interpretation

1899.] STATE PAPEKS— TEANSVAAL. 207

of a particular clause of a particular document (whether one of the
existing Conventions or any new instrument of a similar character
which might hereafter be framed). What was to be done to solve
them ? Arbitration of some sort would appear to be inevitable, although
the constitution of a suitable tribunal would always be a matter of
difficulty. In any case, all that I committed myself to was a willing-
ness to do what I could personally to arrange for a regular and auto-
matic settlement of future differences, without foreign interference,
provided that the main matter then under discussion could be satis-
factorily arranged.

Sir A. Milner then gave an account of the proposals of the Transvaal
Executive brought forward at the following meeting : —

The meeting on the morning of Friday, 2nd — the fourth meeting of
the conference — to which I have just referred, was perhaps the most
strenuous of all our discussions. When we reassembled in the after-
noon matters took an altogether unexpected turn. I thought that the
President, having finally consented to go into the question of franchise,
would submit my scheme, which was the basis of the discussion, and
which he had pressed me to produce, to some sort of criticism. Instead
of that, he suddenly sprang upon me a complete Reform Bill, worked
out in clauses and sub-clauses, which I cannot but think he must have
had in his pocket all the time, and which had but a very faint
resemblance to anything I had proposed.

In the concluding pages of his despatch the High Commissioner
sums up the whole attitude at the conference : —

I did my best, in the long memorandum quoted above in full, to
point out within a reasonable compass some of the main flaws in the
President's scheme. Apart from the — in my view — unacceptable
principle of the two stages of citizenship, the scheme was unworkable
by reason of the many difficulties which it put in the way of a man
seeking to take advantage of it. But the list of these difficulties is by
no means exhausted in my memorandum. Since the scheme has
become public many others have been pointed out, even by neutral
critics, and I think I may say that by this time it is condemned
throughout South Africa as totally unworkable.

I do not suppose for a moment that the President himself, who
probably did not go very carefully into the details of the proposal,
had any idea that the scheme which he put forward as a liberal con-
cession to the demands of the Outlanders was in fact so beset with
impossible conditions that very few of them would be able, and indeed
in all probability very few of them would attempt, to avail them-
selves of it. But whoever did think out the details of the plan must
have known this perfectly well. I cannot but feel that if this plan
had been accepted the discovery of its unworkableness in practice
hereafter would have led to even greater discontent, to even more
bitter and strained feelings between the Government of the South
African Republic and its Outlander population than those which
unfortunately exist at present.

With regard to my general policy at the conference, id est, that of

208 STATE PAPERS— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

concentrating all my energy upon the question of franchise, or, more
properly speaking, of the admission of the Outlanders to citizenship, I
am quite conscious that it is open to criticism. I might have stayed at
Bloemfontein fourteen days or longer discussing dynamite, the Edgar
case, the Amphitheatre meeting, the aliens' law, the press law, police
incompetence, the illicit liquor traffic, education, the crusade against
the English language, the dependent condition of the courts, the un-
certainty of the laws — liable as they are to be altered at any moment
by the resolution of a single Chamber. But my view was this : I had
to pursue one of two policies ; either (1) to seek in a spirit of broad
compromise to obtain for the Outlanders such a position as would
enable them gradually to remedy their principal grievances themselves ;
or (2) to insist on a series of specific reforms which should relieve the
Outlanders from at least the more serious of these grievances. Of the
two possibilities. No. 1 was, in my opinion far the better, and No. 2
only to be resorted to in case of the failure of No. 1. But to introduce
No. 2 prematurely would make the successful pursuance of No. 1 im-
possible. It was, of course, necessary to indicate, and indicate clearly,
as I repeatedly did, the existence of grievances ; but to propose to deal
with them in detail, that is to say, to propose to interfere here, there
and everywhere, in the internal affairs of the Republic, would have been
totally inconsistent with that line of firm, but friendly, pressure for
the admission of the Outlanders to citizenship {id est, to a position in
which they could remedy grievances for themselves), which, in the first
instance at any rate, it seemed best to pursue. But policy No. 1 having
broken down, it seemed to me unadvisable at the conference itself to
embark on policy No. 2. For one thing I was imperfectly instructed as to
your view with regard to it. I knew full well that my franchise proposals
would have your entire approval and that of the British public But what
we should press for in respect of particular grievances, if franchise failed,
I was not equally certain, and I did not wish to commit myself too
rashly to particular demands. Moreover, I thought it would be prema-
ture to conclude that franchise on the broad lines proposed by me was
unobtainable. It was evidently impossible to get more out of President
Kruger at Bloemfontein, especially as the Free State authorities were
inclined to regard his proposals as adequate (though how they could
come to such an opinion is beyond my understanding), and there was
therefore no hope of any pressure being brought to bear on him at that
time to make further concessions. But I thought that when the two
policies were known throughout South Africa, and when it was seen
that her Majesty's Government took a strong line, my proposal might
yet receive such an amount of support as would compel President
Kruger to accept my solution on the question of franchise, and thereby
to obviate the necessity of our pressing him about a whole series of
internal reforms.

At the moment of writing it seems to me as if this anticipation were
likely to be fulfilled. Not only is the British community in South
Africa unanimously in favour of my scheme, but there is evidence
that, outside the Republics, a good many of the Dutch take the same
view. It would not surprise me if, within the next few days, a very

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TEAN8VAAL. 209

decided expression of opinion on their part was to be heard. I do not
mean to say that they will take my side as against President Kruger,
but what they probably will do is to suggest modifications of President
Kruger's scheme so far reaching as to convert it virtually into some-
thing much more like mine. In that case there is still a possibility^
though not perhaps any great likelihood, that the President may give
in. Even if he does not, I do not see that we shall be in any worse
position for dealing with him on the other line, because at the Confer-
ence at Bloemfontein I confined myself entirely to the attitude of
friendly suggestion, and, avoiding as far as possible all appearance of
desire on the part of her Majesty's Government to interfere in his
internal affairs, used all my influence to induce him to agree to a
compromise which would render such interference unnecessary.

C — 9,415, issued July S7,

In answer to a telegram from Mr. Chamberlain asking what really
was the attitude taken up by Sir A. Milner at the conference, the latter
replied on June 10: —

During the earlier stages of conference, when I was trying to get the
President to enter into discussion on franchise, he constantly attempted
to get me to agree to arbitration as a set-off to any extension of fran-
chise, which I constantly refused. My contention was that the franchise
question must be considered first on its merits, as going to the root of the
most serious differences, and that unless agreement could be arrived at
on it, discussion on other matters would be of little use. I said : "As
I have put forward my proposal first, I want to discuss that proposition
to the end, until we come to see whether agreement is possible ; because,
if it turns out, as it may turn out when we look at the details, that the
President is not prepared to go to that point which I should consider a
minimum, then it is no use considering what we should do in view of
a scheme which we don't care about. ... I am in so far entirely with
the President that I want, if possible, to have in future as few questions
to discuss with the South African Government as I now have with the
Orange Free State. I feel that the President will need, if he accepts
my scheme of franchise, to have some assurance that there shall not be
perpetual controversies between him and England, and that if there are
controversies, some regular way of dealing with them should be devised.
The President once proposed that some question, or a number of ques-
tions, should be submitted to the President of the Swiss Republic. Her
Majesty's Government refused that on general principle, from which I am
sure they will not depart ; that they will not have any foreign Government
or any foreign interference at all between them and the South African
Republic. But if some other method can be devised of submitting to
an impartial tribunal questions that may in future arise between us,
and perhaps even some questions which exist at present, in any case to
provide for the future ; if such a plan can be devised and suggested to
me I will lay it before her Majesty's Government, and do what I can
personally to assist in a satisfactory solution of the same. The Presi-
dent must understand that I cannot pledge her Majesty's Government

0

210 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [ia99.

in any way on this subject. The question has taken me by surprise.
I did not come here contemplating a discussion on it, but I must say if
it could be satisfactorily arranged, excluding the interference of the
foreigner, it would seem to me to open a way out of many difficulties.
But all the same I adhere firmly to my proposal that we should first
try and settle on the scheme which the President would accept as
regards the matter which I put forward. If we can come to some
understanding about that, then let us consider what we can do in the
way of ensuring that this conference shall be a final settlement of
questions between the two Governments, and that future difficulties,
if they arise, shall settle themselves by an automatic process."

But I again insisted that I would not bargain for the franchise
either with arbitration or anything else. The former must be discussed
first and independently of other questions. The conference then pro-
ceeded on the franchise question and broke down on it. At the very
close of the conference, and after all that is stated in report before you,
he told me that he hoped to hear from her Majesty's Government
about arbitration. I replied : ** I have nothing to propose to her
Majesty's Government on the subject. I have nothing before me ;
there is a general expression of opinion on the minutes of the con-
ference, but I do not regard anything which has passed here as a
proposal on the subject to her Majesty's Government which requires an

answer."

C — 9,518, issued August 25.
DESPATCH FROM MR. CHAMBERLAIN.

Downing Street, July 27, 1899.

Sir, — The successive modifications which have been made by the
Government of the South African Republic since the conference of
Bloemfontein in the proposals for admitting the Outlanders to some
share of representation in the government of the country have followed
each other with so much rapidity, and have been so difficult to under-
stand as reported by telegraph, that her Majesty's Government have
been unable to communicate with you fully on the different phases of
this question as they have been in turn presented. Happily, each new
scheme seems to have been an advance and improvement upon that
which preceded it, and her Majesty's Government hope that the latest
proposals passed by the Volksraad may prove to be a basis for a settle-
ment on the lines which you laid down at the conference, and which
her Majesty's Government have approved.

Before examining these proposals, it will be convenient to state the
objects which her Majesty's Government have desired to secure, and
the reasons which have led them to press their views on the Govern-
ment of the South African Republic.

Her Majesty's Government authorised you to meet President Kruger
in conference in the hope that you might, in concert with him, arrive
at an arrangement which they could accept as a reasonable concession
to the just demands of the Outlander population of the South African
Republic. They trusted that, following upon such an amicable settle-

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. 211

ment, a further arrangement might be come to whereby the many
other differences between them and the Government of the South
African Republic might be adjusted, and the relations between the
two Governments placed upon a perfeeUy harmonious footing. These
hopes were for the time disappointed. The conference met and sepa-
rated without any agreement as to the means to be adopted for the
removal of that discontent of the majority of the inhabitants of the
Transvaal which has been for so many years a menace to the peace
and a hindrance to the prosperity of the whole of South Africa.

The Government of the South African Republic, in the despatch of
June 9, in which they submit proposals for arbitration to which I will
presently refer, deplore the fact that, as a result of the disputes which
arise between themselves and the Government of her Majesty, " party
feeling and race hatred are more and more increased, and the minds
of the public are held in such a state of tension that the whole of South
Africa suffers most deeply under it, and is bowed down thereby." Her
Majesty's Government agree that these indirect consequences of the
constantly strained relations between the two countries are even more
serious than the results of the particular acts of legislation or admin-
istration of which they have had to complain, but they must point out
that this deplorable irritation between kindred people, whose common
interests and neighbourhood would naturally make them friends, is
due primarily to the fact that in the South African Republic alone of
all the States of South Africa the Government has deliberately placed
one of the two white races in a position of political inferiority to the
other, and has adopted a policy of isolation in its internal concerns
which has been admitted by the present Prime Minister of the Cape
Colony to be a source of danger to South Africa at large. It is this
policy, enforced and continually extended since the Convention of
1884, which constitutes the most serious factor of the present situation.

Besides the ordinary obligations of a civilised Power to protect its
subjects in a foreign country against injustice, and the special duty
arising in this case from the position of her Majesty as the paramount
power in South Africa, there falls also on her Majesty's Government
the exceptional responsibility arising out of the Conventions which
regulate the relations between the Government of the South African
Republic and that of her Majesty. These Conventions were granted
by her Majesty of her own grace, and they were granted in the full
expectation that, according to the categorical assurances conveyed by
tlie Boer leaders to the royal commissioners in the negotiations pre-
liminary to the Convention of 1881, equality of treatment would be
strictly maintained among the white inhabitants of the Transvaal.

It may be well to remind you what those assurances were, as
detailed in the Blue-book of May, 1882. At the conference of May 10,
1881, at Newcastle, there were present Sir Hercules Robinson (presi-
dent), Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir J. H. de Villiers, her Majesty's Commis-
sioners ; and as representatives of the Boers, Mr. Kruger, Mr. P. J.
Joubert, Dr. Jorissen, Mr. J. S. Joubert, Mr. de Villiers and Mr. Buskes.

The following report of what took place shows the nature of the
assurances given on this occasion : —

02

212 STATE PAPERS— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

'^239. (President). — Before annexation, had British subjects complete
freedom of trade throughout the Transvaal ; were they on the same
footing as citizens of the Transvaal ?

" 240. (Mr. Kruger).— They were on the same footing as the burghers ;
there was not the slightest difference in accordance with the Sand
River Convention.

"241. (President). — I presume you will not object to that continuing ?

"242. (Mr. Kruger).— No; there will be equal protection for every-
body.

"243. (Sir E. Wood).— And equal privileges?

" 244. (Mr. Kruger. — We make no difference so far as burgher rights
are concerned. There may, perhaps, be some slight difference in the
case of a young person who has just come into the country.*'

At the conference of May 26, 1881, at Newcastle, there were present
Sir Hercules Robinson (president). Sir E. Wood Sir J. H. de VillierSy
her Majesty's Commissioners ; and, as representatives of the Boers, Mr.
Kruger, Mr. J. S. Joubert, Dr. Jorissen, Mr. Pretorius, Mr. Buskes and
Mr. de Villiers.

At this meeting the subject of the assurances was again alluded to
as thus reported : —

" 1,037. (Dr. Jorissen). — At No. 244 the question was : * Is there any
distinction in regard to the privileges or rights of Englishmen in the
Transvaal ? ' And Mr. Kruger answered : * No, there is no difference ; *
and then he added, ^ There may be some slight difference in the case
of a young person just coming into the country.' I wish to say that
that might give rise to a wrong impression. What Mr. Kruger intended
to convey was this: According to our law a new-comer has not his
burgher rights immediately. The words ' young person ' do not refer
to age, but to the time of residence in the republic According to our
old Grondwet (Constitution) you had to reside a year in the country."

In spite of these positive assurances, all the laws which have caused
the grievances under which the Outlanders labour, and all the restric-
tions as to franchise and individual liberty under which they suffer, have
been brought into existence subsequently to the Conventions of Pretoria
or London. Not only has the letter of the Convention of 1884 been
repeatedly broken, but the whole spirit of that Convention has been
disregarded by this complete reversal of the conditions of equality
between the white inhabitants of the Transvaal which subsisted, and
which, relying on the assurances of the Boer leaders, her Majesty be-
lieved would continue to subsist, when she granted to it internal in-
dependence in the preamble of the Convention of 1881 and when she
consented to substitute the articles of the Convention of 1884 for those
of the previous Convention.

The responsibility of her Majesty's Government for the treatment
of the alien inhabitants of the Transvaal is further increased by the
fact that it was at the request of her Majesty's High Commissioner
that the people of Johannesburg, who in December, 1895, had taken up
arms against the Government of the South African Republic to recoTer
those equal rights and privileges of which they had been unwarrantably
deprived, permitted themselves to be disarmed in January, 1896. The

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TEAJfSVAAL. 213

High Commissioner's request was made after the issue by President
Kruger of a proclamation in which he stated: "And I further make
known that the Government is still always ready to consider properly
all grievances which are laid before it in a proper manner, and to lay
them before the Legislature of the country without delay to be dealt
with." Unfortunately, the assurances conveyed in this proclamation
have been no better observed than the assurances of 1881. Not only
have no adequate or genuine reforms been introduced up to the present
time, but the conditions and the general atmosphere in which the Out-
landers have to live have become more difficult and irksome to free
and civilised men. Fresh legislation has been passed in a repressive
and reactionary direction, and the administration of justice itself has
been made subservient to the control of the Executive Government.

Her Majesty's Government believed that the acceptance of the
invitation to the Bloemfontein Conference by President Kruger was
an indication that the Government of the South African Republic were
prepared to make adequate proposals for the remedy of the just com-
plaints of the Outlander population resident in the Transvaal. But the
proposals actually made by him during the course of the proceedings
were not such as could in any way be accepted as meeting the case.

Her Majesty's Government have approved of your having put in the
foreground the grant of such a measure of reform as would give the
Outlanders at once a reasonable share of political power, for although
even if such privileges were fairly and fully conceded, there would
remain many causes of difference between Her Majesty's Government
and the Government of the South African Republic, still such a conces-
sion would afford the Outlanders an opportunity of formulating their
grievances and influencing the legislators and the Government of the
country in which they live, and eventually it would doubtless secure
the gradual redress of those grievances without the necessity of appeal-
ing to any external power. It would thus go a long way to remove the
tension and discontent which endanger the tranquillity of the Republic
and the peace of South Africa.

Her Majesty's Government have also observed with approval that in
view of the refusal of the President to grant any effective share in
the government of the country to the Outlanders, you pressed upon
him, as a proposal not open to any of the objections urged by him
to the grant of a liberal franchise, the possibility of providing an
alleviation for the grievances of the Outlanders by granting to them
such a municipal government for Johannesburg and the goldfields as
would be for them a municipal government in reality as well as in name.
At present all matters of municipal concern, which affect so closely
the comfort and health and contentment of a European population^
are regulated by officials who do not understand European require-
ments, who have no sympathy with municipal life as understood in
Kurope or in the United States, and who, as a matter of fact, conduct
the municipal government of Johannesburg with conspicuous ineffici-
ency. Her Majesty's Government noted with regret that in this matter
also President Kruger declined to entertain your suggestions. They
have never been able to comprehend the reasons which make President

214 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

Kruger apparently more hostile to the proposal for a grant of a munici-
pality to Johannesburg and the goldfields than to that for an extension
of the franchise to the Out landers. The only argument which he has
used to their knowledge is a refusal to create what he calls an imperium
in imperio. But this objection will not bear examination. The universal
experience of English-speaking communities shows that the gprant of
municipal privileges to the inhabitants of great centres of population
has no tendency to create a rival power to the central authority of the
State.

It is needless now to discuss in detail the proposals made by the
President at the conference. They are fully set forth and their defects
are demonstrated in your despatch of June 14 and its enclosures.

Since the termination of the conference new proposals were laid
before the Volksraad in a draft law which was ofiBcially communicated
to the British Agent on July 12. In two important respects this draft
was an advance on the President's earlier proposals, but after the most
careful examination of its very complicated provisions her Majesty's
Government reluctantly came to the conclusion that they could not
regard the new scheme as affording any basis for a settlement of the
question, or as one that would give to the Outlanders an immediate
and reasonable share of political representation.

It is, however, a matter of satisfaction to her Majesty's Government
to learn, from your telegram of July 19, that the Government of the
South African Republic have still further amended their proposals, and
that the Volksraad has now agreed to a measure intended to give the
franchise immediately to those who have been resident in the country
for seven years, as well as to those who may in future complete this
period of residence. This proposal is an advance on previous con-
cessions, and leaves only a difference of two years between yourself and
President Kruger so far as the franchise is concerned.

It is obvious, however, that, as you pointed out at the Conference,
no practical result could follow from any franchise, however liberal,
unless the conditions attached to its acceptance and exercise are
reasonable, and unless it is accompanied by the addition of such a
number of representatives to the constituencies chiefly composed of
Outlanders as will enable the newly-enfranchised burghers to obtain a
fair share of representation in the First Volksraad.

The object of her Majesty's Government, which they are led to
believe is fully appreciated by the President, has been to secure for
the Outlanders the immediate enjoyment of such a share of political
power as will enable them by the election of members from their own
body to exercise a real influence on legislation and administration,
without, however, giving them the proportion of representation to
which their numbers, taken alone, might entitle them, and which the
President objected would enable them immediately to swamp the
influence of the old burghers.

They observe, however, that in the new draft law, as in the proposals
which it has superseded, there are still a number of conditions which
might be so interpreted as to preclude those who would otherwise be
qualified from acquiring the franchise, and might therefore be used

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TKANSVAAL. 215

to take away with one hand what has been given with the other.
The provision that the alien desirous of burghership shall produce a
certificate under Article I. (section A) of the draft law, of continuous
registration during the period required for naturalisation is an instance
of this, for it has been stated that the registration law has been allowed
to fall into desuetude, and that but few aliens, however long resident
in the country, have been continuously registered.

Her Majesty's Government feel assured that the President, having
accepted the principle for which they have contended, will be prepared
to reconsider any detail of his scheme which can be shown to be a
possible hindrance to the full accomplishment of the object in view.
They trust, therefore, that many of the conditions now retained may
be revised, and that the residential qualification may be further re-
duced, since, in its present form, it will differentiate unfavourably the
conditions of naturalisation in the Transvaal from those existing in
other civilised countries.

Her Majesty's Government assume that the concessions now made
to the Outlanders are intended in good faith to secure for them some
approach to the equality which was promised in 1881 ; but the points
they have still to urge for the consideration of the Government of the
South African Republic are of great importance, and require a further
interchange of views between the two Governments. These points
involve complicated details and questions of a technical nature, and
her Majesty's Government are inclined to think that the most con-
venient way of dealing with them would be that they should in the
first instance be discussed by delegates appointed by you and by the
Government of the South African Republic, who should report the
result of their consultation, and submit their recommendations to you
and to that Government.

If a satisfactory agreement on these points can be reached in this
way and placed on record, her Majesty's Government are of opinion
that it should be accepted by the Outlanders, who in this case will be
entitled to expect that it will not be nullified or reduced in value by
any subsequent alterations of the law or acts of administration.

The settlement of this most important subject will greatly facilitate
an understanding in other matters which have been the source of con-
tinuous and ever-increasing correspondence between your predecessors
and yourself and her Majesty's Government. There have been, during
the last few years, a number of instances in which her Majesty's
Government contend that the conventions between this country and
the South African Republic have been broken by the latter in the
letter as well as in the spirit. There are other cases again in which
there may have been no actual infraction of the letter of the conven-
tions, but in which injury has been inflicted on British subjects for
which redress is required on their behalf.

With a view to the settlement of some, at least, of these questions,
the Government of the South African Republic has met the representa-
tions of her Majesty's Government with an offer to submit them to the
arbitration of some foreign Power. In view of the relations established
by the Conventions of Pretoria and London, her Majesty's (Government

216 STATE PAPEKS— TKANSVAAL. [18W.

have felt themselves compelled to declare emphatically that under no
circumstances whatever will they admit the intervention of any foreign
Power in regard to their interpretation of the Conventions.

Her Majesty's Government note, however, with satisfaction that, in
the course of the discussion at Bloemfontein, President Kruger with-
drew the proposal for the intervention of a foreign Power. In the
memorandum put in by him at the afternoon meeting on June 5 he
spoke of his request for arbitration by other than foreign Powers, and
the Government of the South African Republic, in a communication
addressed to the British Agent on June 9, to which I have already
referred, has modified its former proposal as to the formation of a
Tribunal of Arbitration, so as to substitute for a foreign Power a
foreigner as President, and, therefore, as supreme arbiter, in a Court to
be otherwise composed of two members nominated respectively by her
Majesty's Government and by the Government of the South African
Republic. This proposal, although in a different form to those previ-
ously made, is equally objectionable, inasmuch as it involves the
admission of a foreign element in the settlement of controversies
between her Majesty's Government and the Government of the South
African Republic ; and for this reason it is impossible for her Maje8ty*8
Government to accept it.

. Her Majesty's Government recognise, however, that the interpreta*
tion of the Conventions in matters of detail is not free from difiSculty.
While on the one hand there can be no question of the interpretation
of the preamble of the Convention of 1881, which governs the articles
substituted in the Convention of 1884, on the other hand there may be
fair differences of opinion as to the interpretation of the details of
those articles, and it is unsatisfactory that in cases of divergence of
opinion between her Majesty's Government and the Government of
the South African Republic there should be no authority to which to
refer the points at issue for final decision.

If, therefore, the President is prepared to agree to the exclusion of
any foreign element in the settlement of such disputes, her Majesty's
Government would be willing to consider how far and by what methods
such questions of interpretation as have been above alluded to could
be decided by some judicial authority whose independence, impar-
tiality and capacity would be beyond and above all suspicion.

After the discussion by delegates, as already proposed, of the
details and the technical matters involved in the points which her
Majesty's Government desire to urge for the consideration of the
€k>vernment of the South African Republic in relation to the political
representation of the Outlanders, it may be desirable that you should
endeavour to come to an agreement with President Kruger as to the
action to be takian upon their reports by means of another personal
conference.

In this case, the occasion would be a suitable one for you to discuss
with his Honour the matter of the proposed tribunal of arbitration and
those other questions which were not brought forward at the Bloelil-
fontein Conference because of the failure to arrive at an understanding
on the question of the political representation of the Outlanders, bat

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. 217

which, in the event of agreement upon that question, it is most desirable
to settle at an early date.

You are requested to communicate this despatch to the Govern-
ment of the South African Republic, and to express the hope of her
Majesty's Government that, in view of the urgent necessity of putting
an end to the present unsettled state of affairs in South Africa, the
Government of the South African Republic will find it possible to
agree at an early date to the proposals made therein.

I have, etc.,

J. Chamberlain.

BOER ULTIMATUM.

Telegram. High Commissioner Sir Alfred Milner to Mr. Chamberlain.
(Received, Colonial Office, 6-45 a.m. October 10, 1899.)

October 9. No. 3. — Following telegram received from British
agent : —

Begins: Following full text of note received from the Government of
the South African Republic bearing date to-day : —

Begins : —

Sir, — The Government of the South African Republic feels itself
compelled to refer the Government of her Majesty the Queen of Great
Britain and Ireland once more to the Convention of London, 1884, con-
cluded between this Republic and the United Kingdom, and which [? in]
its XlVth Article secures certain specified rights to the white popula-
tion of this Republic, namely, that [here follows Article XIV. of Conven-
tion of London, 1884]. This Government wishes further to observe that
the above are only rights which her Majesty's Government have reserved
in the above Convention with regard to the Outlander population of
this Republic, and that the violation only of those rights could give that
Government a right to diplomatic representations or intervention ;
while, moreover, the regulation of all other questions affecting the
position or the rights of the Outlander population under the above-
mentioned Convention is handed over to the Government and the
representatives of the people of the South African Republic. Amongst
the questions the regulation of which falls exclusively within the com-
petence of the Government and of the Volksraad are included those of
the franchise and representation of the people in this Republic, and
although thus the exclusive right of this Government and of the Volks-
raad for the regulation of that franchise and representation is indis-
putable, yet this Government has found occasion to discuss in a friendly
fashion the franchise and the representation of the people with her
Majesty's Government, without, however, recognising any right thereto
on the part of her Majesty's Government. This Government has also,
by the formulation of the now existing Franchise Law and the resolu-
tion with regard to representation, constantly held these friendly dis-
cussions before its eyes. On the part of Her Majesty's Government,
however, the friendly nature of these discussions has assumed a more
and more threatening tone, and the minds of the people in this republic

218 STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. [1899.

and in the whole of South Africa have been excited, and a condition of
extreme tension has been created, while her Majesty's Government
could no longer agree to the legislation respecting franchise and the
resolution respecting representation in this republic, and finally, by
your note of September 25, 1899, broke off all friendly correspondence
on the subject, and intimated that they must now proceed to formulate
their own proposals for a final settlement, and this Government can
only see in the above intimation from her Majesty's Government a
new violation of the Convention of London, 1884, which does not reserve
to her Majesty's Government the right to a unilateral settlement of a
question which is exclusively a domestic one for this Government, and
has already been regulated by it.

On account of the strained situation and the consequent serious lose
in an interruption of trade in general which the correspondence re-
specting the franchise and representation in this Republic carried in
its train, her Majesty's Government have recently pressed for an early
settlement, and finally pressed, by your intervention, for an answer
within forty-eight hours (subsequently somewhat modified) to your
note of September 12, replied to by the note of this Government of
September 15, and your note of September 25, 1899, and thereafter
further friendly negotiations broke off, and this Government received
the intimation that the proposal for a final settlement would shortly
be made, but although this promise was once more repeated no pro-
posal has up to now reached this Government. Even while friendly
correspondence was still going on an increase of troops on a large scale
was introduced by her Majesty's Government and stationed in the
neighbourhood of the borders of this Republic. Having regard to oc-
currences in the history of this Government, which it is unnecessary
here to call to mind, this Government felt obliged to regard this
military force in the neighbourhood of its borders as a threat against
the independence of the South African Republic, since it was aware of
no circumstances which could justify the presence of such military
force in South Africa and in the neighbourhood of its borders. In
answer to an inquiry with respect thereto addressed to his Excellency
the High Commissioner, this Government received, to its great astonish-
ment, in answer, a veiled insinuation that from the side of the Republic
(van Republikeinsche zeyde) an attack was being made on her Majesty's
colonies, and at the same time a mysterious reference to possibilities
whereby it was strengthened in its suspicion that the independence
of this Republic w^as being threatened. As a defensive measure it was
therefore obliged to send a portion of the burghers of this Republic in
order to offer the requisite resistance to similar possibilities. Her
Majesty's unlawful intervention in the internal affairs of this Republic,
in conflict with the Convention of London, 1884, caused by the extra-
ordinary strengthening of troops in the neighbourhood of the borders of
this Republic, has thus caused an intolerable condition of things to arise
whereto this Government feels itself obliged, in the interest not only
of this Republic but also [?] of all South Africa, to make an end as soon
as possible, and feels itself called upon and obliged to press earnestly
and with emphasis for an immediate termination of this state of

1899.] STATE PAPEES— TEANSVAAL. 219

things and to request her Majesty's Government to give it the assur-
ance—

(a) That all points of mutual difference shall be regulated by the
friendly course of arbitration or by whatever amicable way may be
agreed upon by this Government with her Majest3r's Government.

(6) The troops on the borders of this Republic shall be instantly
withdrawn.

(c) That all reinforcements of troops which have arrived in South
Africa since June 1, 1899, shall be removed from South Africa within a
reasonable time, to be agreed upon with this Government, and with a
mutual assurance and guarantee on the part of this Government that
no attack upon, or hostilities against, any portion of the possessions of
the British Government shall be made by the Republic during further
negotiations within a period of time to be subsequently agreed upon
between the Governments, and this Government will, on compliance
therewith, be prepared to withdraw the armed burghers of this Republic
from the borders.

(d) That her Majesty's troops which are now on the high seas shall
not be landed in any port of South Africa.

This Government must press for an immediate and affirmative
answer to these four questions, and earnestly requests her Majesty's
Government to return such an answer before or upon Wednesday,
October 11, 1899, not later than 5 o'clock p.m., and it desires further to
add that in the event of unexpectedly no satisfactory answer being
received by it within .that interval [it] will with great regret be com-
pelled to regard the action of her Majesty's Government as a formal
declaration of war, and will not hold itself responsible for the conse-
quences thereof, and that in the event of any further movements of
troops taking place within the above-mentioned time in the nearer
directions of our borders this Government will be compelled to regard
that also as a formal declaration of war.

I have, etc.,

(Signed) F. W. Reitz, State Secretary.

THE BRITISH REPLY.

Telegram. Mr. Chamberlain to High Commissioner Sir Alfred Milner.

(Sent, 10-45 p.m., October 10, 1899.)

October 10. No. 8. Her Majesty's Government have received with
great regret the peremptory demands of the Government of the South
African Republic conveyed in your telegram of October 9, No. 3. You
will inform the Government of the South African Republic, in reply,
that the conditions demanded by the Government of the South African
Republic are such as her Majesty's Government deem it impossible to
discuss.

220 STATE PAPEES— VENEZUELA. [1899.

VENEZUELA ARBITRATION TREATY.

Whereas on the 2nd day of February, 1897, a treaty of arbitration was
concluded between the United States of Venezuela and her Majesty
the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the
terms following [here follows a copy of the treaty] ; and whereas the
said treaty was duly ratified, and the ratification was duly exchanged
in Washington on the 14th day of June, 1897, in conformity with the
said treaty. And whereas since the date of the said treaty, and before
the arbitration thereby contemplated had been entered upon, the said
Right Honourable Baron Herschell departed this life. And whereas
the Right Honourable Charles Baron Russell of Killowen, Lord Chief
Justice of England, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished
Order of St. Michael and St. George, has, conformably to the terms of
the said treaty, been duly nominated by the members of the Judicial
Committee of her Majesty's Privy Council to act under the said treaty
in the place and stead of the said late Baron Herschell. And whereas
the said four arbitrators— namely, the said Right Honourable Lord
Russell of Killowen, Sir Richard Henn Collins, the Honourable Melville
Weston Fuller, and the Honourable David Josiah Brewer — have, con-
formably to the terms of the said treaty, selected his Exeellen(5y
Frederic de Martens, Privy Councillor, permanent member of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Russia, LL.D. of the Universities of
Cambridge and Edinburgh, to be the fifth arbitrator. And whereas the
said arbitrators have duly entered upon the said arbitration, and have
duly heard and considered the oral and written arguments of the
counsel representing respectively the United States of Venezuela and
her Majesty the Queen, and have impartially and carefully examined
the questions laid before them, and have investigated and ascertained
the extent of the territories belonging to, or that might lawfully be
claimed by, the United Netherlands or by the Kingdom of Spain
respectively at the time of the acquisition by Great Britain of the
colony of British Guiana.

Now we, the undersigned arbitrators, do hereby make and publish
our decision, determination and award of, upon and concerning the
questions submitted to us by the said treaty of arbitration, and do
hereby, conformably to the said treaty of arbitration, finally decide,
award and determine that the boundary line between the colony of
British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela is as follows : —

Starting from the coast at Point Playa, the line of boundary shall run
in a straight line to the river Barima at its junction with the river
Muruma, and thence along the mid stream of the latter river to its
source, and from that point to the junction of the river Haiowa with
the Amakuru, and thence along the mid stream of the Amakuru to its
source in the Imataka Ridge, and thence in a south-westerly direction
along the highest ridge of the spur of the Imataka Mountains opposite
to the source of the Barima, and thence along the summit of the main
ridge of the Imataka Mountains in a south-easterly direction to the
source of the Acarabisi, and thence along the mid stream of the Acarabisi
to the Cuyuni, and thence along the northern bank of the river Cayuni

1899.] VENEZUELA AEBITEATION TEEATY. 221

westward to its junction with the Wenamu, and thence following the
mid stream of the Wenamu to its westernmost source, and thence in a
direct line to the summit of Mount Roraima, and from Mount Roraima
to the source of the Cotinga and along the mid stream of that river to
its junction with the Takutu, and thence along the mid stream of the
Takutu to its source, thence in a straight line to the westernmost point
of the Akarai Mountains, and thence along the ridge of the Akarai
Mountains to the source of the Corentin, called the Cutari River.

Provided always that the line of delimitation fixed by this award
shall be subject and without prejudice to any questions now existing
or which may arise to be determined between the Government of her
Britannic Majesty and the Republic of Brazil, or between the latter
Republic and the United States of Venezuela.

In fixing the above delimitation the arbitrators consider and
decide that in times of peace the rivers Amakuru and Barima shall be
open to navigation by the merchant ships of all nations, subject to all
just regulations and to the payment of light or other like dues. Pro-
vided that the dues charged by the Republic of Venezuela and the
Government of the colony of British Guiana in respect of the passage
of vessels along the portions of such rivers respectively owned by them
shall be charged at the same rates upon the vessels of Venezuela and
Great Britain, such rates being no higher than those charged to any
other nation, provided also that no Customs duties shall be chargeable
either by the Republic of Venezuela or by the Colony of British Guiana
in respect of goods carried on board ships, vessels or boats passing along
the said rivers, but Customs duties shall only be chargeable in respect
of goods landed in the territory of Venezuela or Great Britain respec-
tively.

Executed and published in duplicate by us in Paris this 3rd day of
October, a.d. 1899.

F. DE Mabtens.

Russell of Killowen.

R. Henn Collins.

Melville Weston Fuller.

David J. Brewer.

INDEX.

The figures between [ ] refer to Part I.

ACCIDENTS. —COLUEKY, St. Helen's,
Lancashire, 11 ; Llest coalpit, Pon-
tjThyl, 51. Explosions, Barking,
Messrs. Hewett's works, 2 ; Bourges,
17 ; Bullfinch, torpedo boat, 44 ;
Douglas Gasworks, 75 ; St. Helen's,
Lancashire, chlorate factory, 27 ; Hon-
ley, Hudderstield, 39; Huy fortress,
21 ; Lagouban naval magazine, Toulon,
14; Marseilles, 16; Netherton, Dudley,
52 ; Refshaleo, mihtary laboratory of,
29 ; Rochdale Works, 66 ; Sheffield,
^^ ; Victoria Street, Westminster, 21.
Miscellaneous, Champs Elysees, por-
tion of roadway gives way, 73 ; Leut-
schistz, 56 ; Osnaburgh Street, 16 ;
Palace Bridge, St. Petersburg, col-
lapses, 30 ; Pwllheli, N. Wales, boat
upset, 38 ; Stour Valley, canal em-
bankment, 56 ; Stratford, Connecticut,
49 ; Siisten Pass, 2 ; Traun, Gmunden,
57 ; Valparaiso, 49 ; Waesland Rail-
way, landing stage breaks in two, 67 ;
Zermatt, 53

Address, debate in the House of Lords,

[16], [203] ; agreed to, [17], [204] ; in
the House of Commons, [18], [204];
amendments, [19] ; agreed to, [29], 64

AB^GHANISTAN. — Amber Abdurrha-
MAN, relations with Great Britain,
[3511 Viceroy, his frontier policy,
[351]. Waziris, punitive measures
against, [351]

AFRICA, CENTRAL.— British Central
Africa, Chiefs defeated, [3861 Coffee
crop, [386]. Trans-African Railway,
result, [386]

EAST.— Abyssinia, [381]. British

East Africa, British expeditions, re-
sult, [382], 53 ; famine, [382] ; Kenia,
Mount, ascended by Mr. J. H. Mac-
kinder, 60. German East Africa,
[381], 66. Madagascar, diplomatic
correspondence, [11], 2 ; Gallieni, G«n.,
his measures, [382] ; Ikongo, rising of
natives, [332]; Plague, [382]; ex-
Queen of, at MarseUles, [382], 12.
Portuguese East Africa, [381];
JitifujUsrath seized, 76 ; Delagoa Bay,
munitions of war, prohibited from
landing, 51 ; Lorenzo Marques, two
police officers arrested, 53. Uganda
mutineers, band of, dispersed, [382] ;
Mwanga, ex- King, captured, [382], 21 ;
railway, [382]. Zanzibar, [381]

AFRICA, SOUTH.— Cape Colony, Baden-
Powell, Col., in command of the
firrison in Mafeking, [219], [370] ;
elmont, battle at, [225], [369], 70 ;
Bills, [368] ; Boers, war with the, [369],
62; Budget, [367]; Buller, Sir R., in
command of the Natal Army, [371] ;
elections, [3671; Gatacre, Gen., his
operations, [230], [369], 73; Graspan,
battle at, [225], [369], 70 ; Kimberley
invested, [219], [369], [370] ; Kitchener,
Lord, appointed chief of the staff, [2331,

371,

'369'

369'

370

367

74 ; Mafeking invested, [2191,
76 ; armoured train attacked,
62 ; Magersfontein, battle of,
Merriman, Mr., on the Budget,
Methaen, Lord, his engage-
ments, [225], [369], 71, 73; MUner,
Sir A., conference at Bloemfontein,
[103], [112], [188], [367], 30, 32; Mod-
der River, fighting on the, [225], [369],
71, 73 ; Parliament opened, [367], 41 ;
postage, penny, 54; Rhodes, Mr.,
elected president of the Soath African
League, 26 ; reception at Cape Town,
[367], 43 ; Roberts, Field-Marshal Lord,
appointed commander-in-chief of ttie
forces, [233], [371], 74 ; Schreiner, Mr.,
on the Customs Union, [368] ; trade,
[3711 ; Wauchope, Gen., kUled, [230],
[370]. Natal, Beacon Hill, night
operation at, [373]; Budget, [3711;
Buller, Sir R., attempts to cross the
TugeU, [230], [374], 74; Churchill,

Mr. W.S., taken prisoner, [373]

^acuated
,.219],r37 ^ .
Elandslaagte, battle of, [219], [^2];

escapes, 75 ; Colenso, evacuated, [373],
67 ; Dundee, battle of, [219], [372], 64 ;

Glencoe, battle of, [372], 64; Ladj-

fi];

smith invested, [219], [372] ; attack on,
[373], 66 ; Ministry, the new,
Nicholson's Nek, battle of, [219],

[373], 66 ; Ministry, the new, [372] ;

" f, [219], [373] ;
Parliament opened [37J] ; Rietfontein,

action at, [219], [372] j Roberta, Lieut.,
mortally wounded, 12331, [374]; Sv-
mons, Gen. Sir W. P., mortally
wounded, [372]; White, Sir G., in
command at Ladysmith, [219], r3721'
Yule, Gen., compelled to retire, [21^,
[372], 65. Orange Free State,
Bloemfontein, martial law proclaimed,
[375] ; Boers commence hostilities, 62 ;
Steyn, Pres., on the military prepara-
tions, [374], 58; his proclamation,
[375], 64 ; Volksraad, proposals for

224

INDEX.

[1699.

AFRICA, SOUTH, cfmiinwd.

federation with the Transvaal, [374].
Rhodesia, Buluwayo, Northern Ex-
tension Railway, first sod turned, 31.
Transvaal, BuUer, Sir R., in com-
mand of the forces, [381]; dynamite
monopoly, [378], 52; Etlgar tragedy,
[375], 12 ; elections, 10 ; Fischer, Mr. ,
at Pretoria, 37 ; Forestier-Walker,
Ideut.-Gen. Sir, in command of the
forces, [378] ; franchise question, [377],
[378], 16, 34, 39, 40, 43. 52; gold
seized, [380], 61 ; State Papers, 187-
219 ; Government and the Imperial
Government, despatches between,
ri77]-[184], ri88]-[201], [378]-r3801,
25, 26, 57, 193-217 ; ultimatum, [199],
[380], 62, 217-219; Johannesburg,
Englishmen arrested, [376], 27 ; meet-
ings at, 5, 33, 34 ; Tlieron, Mr. , fined, 23 ;
Joubert, Gen., invades Northern Natal,
[380] ; Kruger, Pres. , at Johannesburg,
19 ; conference with Sir A. Milner, [103],
ril21,[188],[367], 30,32 ; offers to resign,
[378], 46 ; his message to the Americans,
62 ; proclamation, 64 ; Leader ^ editor of
the, arrested, 54; Milner, Sir A., con-
ference with Pres. Kruger at Bloem-
fontein, [103], [112], [188], [3761 30,
32 ; suzerainty question, [177], |o78] ;
Outlanders' petition, [75], [375], 18,
187-192; grievances, [376]; exodus,
55 ; Volksraad, debate in the, [187],
55; on the "Grondwet," [377], 49

WEST.— Anglo-French Agreement,

[3851, 17. Congo State, Batetelas
rebels, battles with, [383] ; Rubber
trade, [384]. French Soudan, Bre-
tonnet, M., massacred, [385] ; Klobb,
Col., killed, [384]; Voulet-Chanoine
mission, [384j. Gambia, Revenue,
[383]; trade, [383]. Gold Coast,
Northcott, Lieut. -Col. H. P., ap-
pointed administrator, [383]. Lagos,
Railway opened, [383] ; rubber in-
dustry, [383]; Tugwell, Bishop, trial
against, 26. Nigeria, Convention
between Great Britain and France
ratified, [384] ; Lugard, Col., Gover-
nor, [884] ; spirits, duty on, raised,
[384]. Sierra Leone, Railway, com-
pletion of, [383]

Albany, Duke of, his confirmation, 48

Ahbassador, appointment of, Choate, Mr.
T H 3

AMERICA, [S8&].— Vide Canada, Mexico,
Newfoundland, United States, West
Indies

CENTRAL.— Costa Rica, [396].

Honduras, [396]. Nicaragua, revo-
lution, [396]

SOUTH. -* Argentine Republic,

Arbitration treaty, [399], 51 ; Budget,
[399]; Congress opened, [399]; Con-
version Bill, [399]; Roca, Pres., his
message, [399]; wool production,
[400]. BOLIVIA, Paudo, Gen., elected
President, [401] ; revolution, [401].
Brazil, coffee, export duty on, [400] ;
Congress opened, [400]; Cotton fac-

tories, [400]; Salles, Pres. C, his

[400]; -
question, [401]. British Guiana,

message.

Venezuela boundary

AMERICA, SOUTH, continued.

Gold industry, [4021; reciprocity
treaty with the United States, r402l
Chili, Ministry, changes in the, [401];
Nitrate, [401] ; Valparaiso Bay, tidal
wave, [401], 49. Columbia, insmrec-
tion, [402]. Peru, Conraress opened,
[402]; rebellion crushed, [402]. Uru-
guay, Cuestas, Sefior, elected Pre-
sident, [402], 13 ; Monte Video, new
port at, [402]. VsNEZUBiiA, Arbitra-
tion Commission, [235], 59; award,
[403], 60 ; revolution, [402], 57 ; State
Papers, 220 ; Arbitration Treaty. 220
Anglo-French Agreement, for Central
Africa, [73], 19; protests against, by
Italy and Turkey, [74], 19
Anglo-Russ. Agreement with China, [lOZ]
Anniversaries, celebration ot, Austnlia,
foundation of, 6 ; Cromwell, birth of,
24 ; Goethe, birth of, 53 ; Kingston-on-
Thames, 24 ; Pamell, Dublin, 61
Ardilaun, Lord, purchases the Muckross

estate, 70
Army, mobilisation of the seventh division,
[233], 74 ; Reserves caUed out, ri99],
t206J, [238], 61, 63, 74
ART.— Retrospect of :—

British Museum, 115

National Gallery, 114; Ireland, 116;
Scotland, 115

National Gallery of British Art, 114

National Portrait Gallery, 114

Royal Academy, 117

Sales, 117

South Kensington Museum, 116

Victoria and Albert Museum, 116

Wallace Gallery, 114
ASIA, [351]. — Tu^e Afghanistan, Bnrmab,
•,Chma, Hong-Kong, India, Japan,
Korea, Siam
Association, Imperial South Afirican,

meeting at Sunderland, [153]
AUSTRALASIA, [403].— FiSc FMi, New
South Wales, New Zealand, Polynesia,
Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria
AUSTRALIA, SOUTH.— Budobt, [412].
Commonwealth Bill, 46, 49. Fbdbr-
AL Bill, [412], 30. Federal Enabling
Bill, [4111. Ministry, defeated, [4121;
the new, [412]. Parliament opened,
;412]. Population, [412]. Revbnub,
'412j. Tennyson, Lora, Governor,
:412|, 7

WESTERN.— Budget, [418]. Cool-

oardir, convention of miners, [418].
Federal Bill, [412]. Pabliambnt
opened, [412]. Population, [413]. Re-
venue, [413]. Women's Snf&age, [4121
AUSTRIA -THUNGARY. — AiniSlMlTic
riots, [297], 21. A usgleieh BUI, 16,^
41. Banffy, Baron, resignation, [S97],
10. Bohemia, Polna, Jew fonnd gnilty
of murder, [2»7], 57. Clabt-Aldih-
GEN, Count, Premier, ^296], 00; re-
signation, [296], 75. £x4ex paiod,
[296], 2. Florins, issue of, 68.
Germans and Czechs, conflict between,
[294]. Groluchowski, Count, on foreign
policy, [297]-[299].. Grate, meetiMat
8. Jews, agitation against, [wl
Lanouaob decrees, witharawal. [296l
68. Protbstaiitism, oonyersfon to.

cT

1899.]

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, amtimted.

INDEX.

225

294
294
295
64.

. >

15. Reichsrath, reassembled,
; scenes in the, [295], 6 ; prorogued,
, [296], 7. Riots, [295], [296], 52,
SzELL, M., forms new Cabinet,
[297], 11 ; on the bill for the repression
of electoral corruption, 25. Thun
Ministry, resignation, [296], 58.
Wdlff, Herr, received into the Pro-
testant Church, 20
Ernperor of, at Bohemia, [295]

Balkour, Rt. Hon. A. J., on the Irish
Catholic University (juestion, [72], 6 ;
deputation from the Crusade of Peace,
19 ; of societies, 36

BALmuR, The Hon. J. B., appointed Ijord
Justice General in Scotland, 68

Baxk of England, rate of discount raised,
41, 60, 61, 71 ; reduced, 5, 7

BELGIUM. — Antwerp, Exhibition of
pictures and fetes, inaugurated, 50.
Ijel<jic(i arrives off Sandy Point, 18.
Brussels, Maison du Peuple, opening
of the, [323]; riots, [323], 37, 38.
Budget, [324]. Electoral Bill, [323]-
[325], 39, 47, 53, 70. Ministry, the
new, [324]. Naeyer, M. de Smet de,
resignation, [323], 6; reconstituted,
48. Nyssens, M., resignation, [323],
6. Parliament opened, 69 ; scenes
in, [323], 19, 38. Socialists, hostile
demonstrations, [323], 38. Vanden-
I'EEREBOOM, M., resignation, [324], 47.
Willems, v., sentenced, 7.

Billiard mat<;h, result, 20

BILLS.— Acjriculture and Technical In-
struction, Irish. [102], [162] ; Appro-
priation, [162], [217], 49. Church
Discipline. [100], 26. Clerical Tithe,
[139], see Tithe. Colonial Loans, [165].
Companies, [163]. Cottage Homes,
[6."3]. Education, [60]. Education,
Board of. [89], [166]. Education of
Children. [38]. Finance, [92], 27 ;
in committ e, [94]. Fish, undersized,
[145]. Half-timers, [115]. Illegal
Commissions, [121]. Indian Tariff,
[124]. London Government, [33],
[56], 18 ; in committee, [90] ; report
stage, [119], 32 ; third reading, [120] ;
in the Lords, [125], 37. METROPOLITAN
Streets Act, [145]. Military Works
Loan, 35. Militia. [163]. Money
Lending, [61], [121], [145]. NlQBR
Conipjiny, [145]. Old Age Pensions,
[62]. Parish Churches, Scotland,
[145]. Post Ortice and Telephone, [66],
[122]. Procedure, Scotch Private, [67].
FIailwavs Regulation, withdrawn,
[77]. Sale of Food and Drugs, [65],
[143]. Service Franchise, [64], [1171.
Shop assistants' seats, [144]. Small
Houses, [64],' [87]. Tithe Rent
Charge, [127]; second reading, [129],
38 ; in committee, [139]. 41 ; third

reading, [140], 43 ; in the Lords, [142],
[164]. Tithe Kent Charge, Irish, [145].
'IVeasurv Bills, [218]. YOUTHFUL
Offenders, [125]
Board of Trade, annual report of the
Labour Department, 57 ; report on
railway accidents. 60

BORNEO.— British North, Co., conseu
to administer the hinterland. 47

Bridgb, Sir J., chief magistrate, resigna-
tion, 50

British Association, Dover, 56 ;. members
of the, at Boulogne, 58

British Museum, Baron F. de Rothschild's
collection bequeathed to, 3

Budget, The, [83], 19, 22 ; Indian, [167]

BULGARIA.— Elections, [321]. Minis-
try, changes in the, [320]. Railway,
opening of, [321], 70

BuLLER, Sir Red vers, in command of the
forces in South Africa, [371], [381],
63

BURMAH. — Burmo-Chinbsb frontier de-
limitation, [3521. Railway, con-
struction of, [352]. Rice, export of,
[352]

Bye-Elbctions, [3], [69], [81], [112], [133]

Cable, construction of, from Vancouver to
Queensland, 24

C AMBON, M. Paal, on relations between
nations, 7

Cambridge University, senior wranglers
at, 33

Campbell-Bannbrman. Sir H., leader of
the Liberal party, [14], 8

CANADA. —Alaska obundary question,
[30], [398], [394], 11, 34, 65. CABLk
subsidy, 25. Foot-guards, reception
of, at Chicago, 54. Lauribr, Sir W.,
on free trade, [394]. Manitoba, yield
of crops, [3951 Montreal, Banks,
failure of, 47. Nome, Cape, discovery
of gold at, [895]. Ontario, London,
riots at, 40. Ottawa, fishermen trained
for war service, 20. Paruament
opened, [393] ; prorogued, [394]. Re-
distribution Bill, [894]. Saulanges
Canal opened, [894]. Tariff, pre-
ferential, 44. V^olunteers for the
war in South Africa, [895], 64, 74

Carnegie, Mr. A., proposed contribution
to Birmingham University, 27

Centenaries, celebration of. Church Mis-
sionary Society, 21. Pushkin, birth
of, [306], 32. Royal Institution of
Great Britain, 31. Washington, George,
74

Century, controversy on the close of, 76.

Chamberlain, Mr., receives the degree of
honorary D.C.L. from Trinity College,
74

Charity Commissioners and governors of
St Paul's School, settlement between,
/

Chess tournament, result, 23.

CHINA.— Agreements, Great Britain and
Russia, [359] ; Franco-Chinese, [3611
Belgians, demands of the, [859],
Chang-Yi appointed chief director of
the Northern Railways, [358]. Ching-
wang-tao, port reserved, 20. French,
demands of the, [857], 2. German
warships occupy Ngan-tnng-wei, [3601,
19. Han-kau, dispute about, '360",
53. Italians, demands of the. 358],
13, 28. 47. Kwbi-chau, British de-
mand for the removal of, 36. Nanning-
FU, new treaty port, opened, [358], 8.
Niu-Chwang Railway, [358], 12, 15.

226

INDEX.

[1699.

CHINA, co-ntiaued.

Pekin, French and JRussian guards
withdrawn, 21. Railway, Imperial,
prospectus issued, [358]. Kubsians,
demands of the, [360], 27. Ta-lien-
WAN, declared a free port, [360], 50.
Tien-tsiu and Ching-kiang Railway,
Anglo-German loan contract, [360],
28. WiNGATE, Capt., reaches Bliamo,
24. Yangtse-Kiang, obstructions in
the, [360], 65. Yellow River, inunda-
tions, [360]

Ohoate, Mr., at the Walter Scott Club,
Eiiinburgh, 68

Civil list pensions granted, 35.

Columbus, Christopher, coffin of, trans-
ferred to Seville, 4

Conferences and Congresses.— American
Republics, South, Presidents of the,
Rio de Janeiro, 50. Australian Pre-
miers, Melbourne, 7. Co-operative
Societies, liverpool, 29. Geographical,
Berlin, 59. Goodfellows, National
Order of, Doncaster, 29. Independent
i-Aljour party, Leeds, 20. Indian
National, Lucknow, 76. Irish National
League, BradfonL [108], 28. Irish
Nationalists, 70 ; Dublin, 20. Miners*
Federation, Edinburgh, \2>\, 3 ; Brus-
sels, 29. National Liberal Fe<leratiou,
[70], [236], 14, 60, 73. Oddfellows,
Independent Society of, Middles-
brough, 29. Peace, Christiania, 47 ;
Hague, [107],[ 171], 21. 28, 29. 31, 37,
39, 43, 47, 65. Socialists, Hanover,
63; Leeds, [77] - [80] ; Paris, 72.
Spanish Catholic, Burgos, 55, 58.
Trade Union, Plymouth, [238], 54.
Tul.Kjrculosis. Berlin, 29. Women,
International, London, 37

CoNNAU(JHT, Duke of, appointed Com-
mander - in - Chief of the forces in
Ireland, 76

Duke and Duchess of, received by the

Pope, 6

County Council, London, election of chair-
men, 15 ; report on the London
Government Bill, [80]

(?RETE.— Candia, Palace at, British flag
hauled down, 45. Cane a, Blonay, M.
de, financial adviser, 21. Constitu-
tion, the new, [821], 4, 24. Mahome-
DANS emigrate, 25

CRICKET.— Australia and England, 31,
34, 38, 43, 50 ; Australians, close of
their season, 55; County Champion-
ship, 54 ; Eton and Harrow, 42 ; Eton
and Winchester, 36 ; Marlborough and
Rugby, 48; Oxford and Cambridge,
39 ; Surrey and Somersetshire, 30

(CRIMINAL CASES.— Ansell, Mary Ann,
executed, 43. Fitzh arris, J., and
others, released, 52

Cromwell, Oliver, proposed erection of a
statue to, 66

C/'r088 unveiled, Kentish martjTs, 33

(Crystal Palace, National Co-operative
Festival, opened, 50 ; pony show, 41

(■URZON, Lord, Governor-General at Cal-
cutta, 2

Demonstrations in the Albert Hall, [10],
7 ; Trafalgar Square [193], 59

DENMARK.— Bills, various, [840], [8421
Budget, [338], [340]. Copbnhagen,
Jacobsen, Herr C, presents his art
collection to the city, 4. Employers
and workmen, agreement between, 54.
Law, Report on the reform of the
Administration, [342]. MnoSTRTy
changes in the, [840], 58. Odensb,
meeting at, [3401. Riosdao assembled,
[338]; reassembled, [3401 SCHOOL
Bill, [339]. Taxation Bills, [341]

DRAMA, The. — Adaptations, 120 ;
comedies, 119, 120, 121 ; comic operas,
121 ; farces, 121 ; melo<lramas, 120,
121 ; Dlays, 119, 120 ; revivals, 120

DuEi^. — BanflTy, Baron, and Herr Hor>
ansky, 1. Mendes, M. C, and M.
Vanor, 29

DUFPERIN, Marquess of, elected Lord
Rector of E<linbnrgh University, 67

Earthquakes.— Aidin, 58; Austria, 8JI.,
33 ; Ceram, 60 ; Darjeeling, 59 ; Hon-
gary, W. , 33 ; Pelopounese, 5 ; Rome,
43 ; Yakutat Bay, 54

ECCLESIASTICAL. -Canterbury and
York, Archbishops of, deputation of
laymen, 24 ; hold an Ecclesiastical
Court, 26 ; decision, [171], [174], 5. 47,
57 ; Church Association, reply to the
English Church Union, 14 ; Church
Congress, London, [176], 82 ; Church,
Crisis in the, [10], [286]; Convoca-
tion, Houses of, meeting, [170], 40
English Church Union, meeting, 12,

Fisher. Rt. Rev. 6. C, appointed
Bishop Suffragan of Ipwich, 2/

Halifax, Lord, on the Archbishopi'
decision, [175]. Harcourt, Sir W.,
his letter on the Lam})eth decision,
[174] ,

London, Bishop of, gives notice of sus-
pension to two vicars, 68

St. Paul's Cathedra], decision of the
Decorations Committee, 27
EGYPT.— Budget Estimates, (8641 Cath-
olic Coptic Church, Patnarcn of the,
enthroned at Alexandria, 44. Flam-
ant, M. , occupies Insalah, 75. Gas-
STIN, Sir W. E., his report of the
Soudan, 17. Ibrahim Ali, at Omdnr-
man, 25. Judicial reform, [86&], 7,
28. Karnak, nine columns ofthe
temple fall down, 61. Kitchener,
Lord, at Berber, 23 ; opens theAth«n
bridge, 53 ; return to Cairo, 67. Nile,
rise of the, [864], 60. Plaqub, cases
of, in Alexandria, 82L SonDAH^
administration of the, [12], [3^, 2, 5 ;
Khalifa, expedition aminst, [8oo1, '"

65; death. [2291, [866], 70;
insurrection, [366], 63: Wi:
F., his victory, rafe], 26, 70

Wingate, Sir

Elcho' Challenge 'shieltj, handed to the

Lord Mayor, 64
Elections.— -Bow and Bromley, 65 ; Clacks

mannan and Kinross, 75 ; Bdinbarrii,

South, [1331, 34; East, [188], ft;

Elland, 14 ; Exeter. 67 ; Hanraw, [811

20 ; Hythe, [691, 18 ; Lanark jaJJ if;

Londonderry, 10; Norfolk, FTOl 16;

Oldham, [134], 40 ; 08gQldcnM8,X18«]»

1899.]

INDEX.

227

Elections, amtiaued.

39 ; St. Paiieras, [135], 41 ; Rother-

liaiii. [69], Vl ; Southport, [112], [133],

30
Kllis, Mr. T., on tlie retirement of Sir W.

Harcourt, 6
Knginebrs, Amalgamated Society of, sus-
pended, 52
Estimates, Army, [40], [165] ; Budget, 19 ;

Civil Service, [51] ; Navy, [45], 14 ;

Supplementary, [34], [214], 64.

FIJI. — Population, [415]. Revenue,

[415].
FIRES.— Aarhuus, Jutland, 51

('askieben House, Aberdeenshire, 2

C'larence, reformatory ship, 46

Cork Company in the Miuories, ware-
houses, 9

Cottage, The, Six Mile Bottom, 58

Dawson City, Klondike, 23

Douglas Gasworks, 75

Elswick Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 33

Exeter Street, Strand, 73

High Wycombe, 44

Hull, grain storehouse, 47

Hyde Park Court, 22

Islington. 68

St. John, New Brunswick, 29

KiN<i"s Cross, 73

Lyceum Theatre, Shettield, 67

Manchester, cjisual ward of a work-
liouse, 46

Makienburg, Danzig, 46

McuciA, tlieatre, 73

New York, 21

i'arls Chamber of Commerce, library of,
27

Patria, Hamburg steamship, 69

Philadelphia, 71

Silvertown. North Woolwich, 44

SpARKiLL, New York, convent, 53

Stanground Manor House, Peter-
borough, 2

Thkatre Royal. St. Helen's, Lancashire,
63 ; Newcastle-on-Tyne, 70

Victor, Colorado, 52

VoLTA Exhibition, Como, 40

West Ham Technical Institute and Free
Library, 64

Westhampnett W^orkhouse, 67

Windsor Hotel, New York, 16

Xeres, Spain, goods station at, 52

Yokohama, 50
Fleet Signals, inquiry on the two missing

volumes, 58
Football Matches. — Aston Villa and
Liverpool, 24 ; Devonshire and Nor-
tliumberland, 21 ; England and Scot-
land, 14, 15, 21 ; England and Wales,
17 ; Ireland and Wales, 14, 16 ;
Oxford and Cambridge, 11, 73; Scot-
land and Ireland, 11, 18 ; Scotland
umi Wales. 16 ; Sheffield and Derby. 22
Foreign Ottice, Cabinet Councils at, 55,

58. 59
Forestier- Walker, Lieut. -Gen. Sir F.,
in command of the troops in South
Africa. 50
Foundation - stones laid, Assouan, St.
Mark's Church, 12 ; St. Denid's
Library, Hawarden, 61 ; Gordon Me-
morial College, 2 ; Nile reservoirs, 9 ;

FouNDATlON-stones, continued,

Pamell monument, [242], 61 ; Post
Office Savings Bank, West Kensington,
36 ; Royal School of Art Needlework,
South Kensington, 36 ; Victoria and
Albert Museum, [107], 28
FRANCE.— Academy elections, 28. Al-
giers, disturbances at, [247]. Assump-
tionist Fathers, [257]. Beadkepairb,
M. Q. de, on the Dreyfus case, [246],
2, 3, 47. Bretounet, Administrator,
his death , 66. Brug^re, Gen. , Governor
of Paris, [254], 40. Budget, [247],
[259} Bureau des Longitudes, on
the close of the century, 76. Cassa-
tion, Court of, decision in the Dreyfus
case, [252], 8, 31. Chabrol, siege of
Fort, [256]. Chambers, prorogued,
[255], 39 ; supplementary session,
[258], 69. Christiani, Baron F. de,
assaults Pres. Loubet, 33. Claretie,
M., his address at the Lyceum, 41.
Conspirators, domiciliary visits, 12 ;
trial. [256], [258], 41. 57, 68. Creuzot,
strike at, [257]. Criminal Procedure
BiU, [247], [250], 9. CuvervUle.^Adm.
de, superseded, 35. Delcasse, M.,
leaves for St. Petersburg, 47. De-
roulfede, M., attempt at a revolution,
[249], 12 ; his trial, [252], [258], 30 ;
rearrested. [256], 50; sentenced, 69,
75. Deschanel, M. , re-elected President
of the Chamber, [247]. Dreyfus, Capt. ,
revision of his case, 13, 30 ; leaves the
lie du Diable, 32 ; conveyed to Rennes,
38 ; trial, [172], [255], 49, 50 ; sen-
tenced, [174], [256], 55 ; pardoned,.
[256], 57 ; protest, 72. Dupuy, Cabi-
net, resignation, [253], 33. Duruy,
M., suspended, [251], 25. Esterhazy,
Major, arrives m ParLs, 4 ; leaves for
Rotterdam, 7 ; on the bordereau^ 31.
FALLiiREs, M., elected President of
the Senate, [250], 13. Faure, M. F61ix,
his death, [248], 10 ; funeral, [249],
12. Fete, national, 41. Figaro pub-
lishes the Dreyfus ca.se, 19. Foreign
policy, debate on, 5. Foureau-Ijamy
mission, 56, 70. Freycinet, M., on the
Army Estimates. 14; resignation, [261],.
25. Gallifpet, Gen. de, on Col.
Picquart's innocence, 59; his Army
Bill. 71. Gohier, M. U., summoned,
[250]; acquitted, 15. Guerin, M.,
defies the police. 50 ; surrenders, 58.
Guiseppe, Gen. G. di San, arrested at
Nice, 34 ; sentenced, 37 ; released, 41.
Hbnrt, Mme., her action against
M. Reinach, 6. Klobb, Lieut -CoL,
assassinated, 42. Labori, M.. shot
in the back. [255], 50 ; recovery, 52.
Le Matin opens a subscription, 4.
Leagues, suppression of, 13. Loubet,
M., re-elected President of the Senate,
247]; elected Presidentof the Republic,

1

[24

248], 10 ; assaulted, [252], 31 ; at
ngchamps, [253], 33. Marchand,
M., at Jibuti. 28; Toulon, 30; in
Paris, r262], 31 ; awarded the Audiflret
prize, 23. Mercier, Gen. . on the guilt
of Capt Dreyfus, 34. Mayors, sus-
pended, 32. Negribr. Gen. de, dis-
missal, [254], 45. Newspapers, attack

P2

228

INDEX.

[18d9.

FRANCE, amtinu-ed.

on Queen Victoria, 71. Orleans,
Due d', repudiates support of M.
Meyer, 74. Paris, Chinese Eml^assy,
first secretary shot, 9 ; disorders in,
[246], [247], [255], 51 ; Exhibition,
desire to boycott, ;)6 ; newspaper cor-
respondent, expelled, 12 ; Venezuela
Arbitration Court, sittings resumed,
34. Pellieux, Gen. de, transferred to
■Quiinper, [254], 45. Picquart, Col.,
charges against, 13, 33 ; released,
1250], 32. RKGI8, M. Max, his recep-
tion at Algiers, [246] ; sentenced, [251],
68 ; Rennes, court martial, [255], 53,

54 ; verdict,
gress of, [259

256]. Socialists, Cou-
- ; appeal to the '* English
Proletariat," 4. Tklbouams, friendly,
with Germany, 40. Waldbck-Rous-
SBAU, M., his Cabinet, [253], 35 ; vote
of confidence, [254], 37, 69. Zola,
M. , returns to Paris, 32 ; ZURLINDBN,
Qen., removed from the command of
the Army, [254]

GERMANY.— Anatolian Railway, [292].
Army, adoption of German words, 1.
Army Bill, [269], 10, 11, 16 ; passed,
[273]. Bismarck, Prince and Princess,
coffins of, transferred to the mauso-
leum, 16. Bosse, Dr., resignation,
[277], 54. Billow, Count, on the
Navy, [279]-r282] ; on the agreement
with Great Britain, 12. Butchers'
meat from Belgium, prohibited, 42.
Cameroons Co., North -West, charter
granted to, [285]. Canal Bill, [274],
34, 51 ; rejected, [2761. Chinese con-
cessions, [293], 7. Got)urg succession,
[273]. DelbrUck, Prof., sentenced,
[273], 18. Deutsche Bank, 6. Diet
closed, [276], 53. Dortmund and Ems
Canal opened, [275], 50. " Eisbnzahn ' '
produced at Wiesbaden, 27. Esti-
mates, [278], 4; Colonial, [284].
Foreign policy, [286]. Hammbr-
8TBIN, Baron von, on ttie sugar trade,
[273]. Hohenlohe, Prince, his edict,
£276], 53; on the Navy, [279], 73.
Horst, Baron von der Recke von der,
resignation, [277], 54. Knorr, Adm.
von, re.signation, 14. Lippb-Dbtmold
question, 2. Munstrr, Count, raised
to the dignity of prince, 52. Navy,
proposed increase, [279], 3. Officials,
dismissal of, [276]. Parliament,
opened, 69. Pan-Germanic League,
congress at Hamburg, [278], 65.
Penal Servitude Bill, [277], 70. Posa-
dowsky, Count, on the most-favoured-
nation treatment, [2901. Postage rates
to the Colonies. re«luction of, 29.
Rhodes, Mr., agreements with, [289].
Rhynsburg, Spinoza Museum openetl,
18. Richter, Hcrr, on the Navy,
[282]. Samoa, commission ap-
pointed, [286] ; convention signed,
[287]. Schleswig, North, Danes ex-
pelled, 1. Social Democratic party,
congress at Hanover, [283]. Socialist
triumphs, [283]. Societies, coalition
of, 72. Spain, cession of Islands,
[292]. Strikes, [277]. Tblborams,

GERMANY, continwd.

friendly, with France, 40. Thielen,
Herr, on the Canal Bill, [2741. Wa.b,
Minister, on the Army Bill, [2691-
[272]

Emperor of, on the Canal Bill,

[275] ; his visit to the Iphigenie [2931 ;
reviews the Hanoverian regiments, d ;
at the dinner of the Brandenburg
Diet, 8 ; assumes command of the
Navy, 14 ; on the Peace Conference,
28 ; letter to Dr. Hinzpeter, 41 ; at
Strasburg, 55 ; on the navy, 63 ; his
order to Prussian officers, 68 ; on the
close of the century, 76

Emperor and Empress of, risit to

England, [226]; at Portsmouth, 69;
leave Sandringham, 71

Empress of, at a meeting to extend

the number of sanatoria for consump-
tives, 3 ; accident, 43

Gladstone, Mr., national memorial to,

10
Golf Championship, result, 80, 32
GREECE.— Athens, Syngros, Mme.,

her gift to improve the water suoply.

17. Election, general, [3211. bIin-

ISTRY, resignation, [321] ; the new,

[321], 21
Guernsey Militia, rebellion of the

.second regiment, 26
Guildhall, performance of *' Beauty's

Awakening'* at, 37; meeting at,

[95], [203], 63

Hamilton, I^ord G., appointed Captain of
Deal Castle, 17

Harberton, Viscountess, and the land-
lady of the Hautl)oy Hotel, case of,
20

Harcourt, Sir W., resigns the leader-
ship of the Liberal party, [13], 6

Hbaton, Mr. H., presented with the free-
dom of the City of Loudon, 43

Hbrschbll, Lord, his funeral, 17

HONG-KONG.— Commercial condition,
[362]. Kau-Lunq, Chinese Maritime
Customs, notice to, [361] ; riota, ^^
20, 22 : occupied by the British peZj.
28. Population, [362]. Bsinnrui,
[362]

Honours conferred, Cromer, Lord, 1 ;
Elgin, Earl of, 7 ; Home, Earl of, 10 ;
North uml>erland, Duke of, 26

Hope or Tavernier blue diamond, applica-
cation to sell refused, 28. 42

Hospital Fund, Prince of Wales', re-
ceipts for the year, 75

Hyde Park, mass meeting, at, 57

Imperial Institute, Kensin^n, taken over
by the London University, 46

INDIA.— Bengal, Darjeeling, disaster at,
[353] ; Cavalry (native), the Srd, sub-
scription to the War Fund, 76. Bom-
bay, Northcote, Hon. Sir H. S., ap-
pointed Governor. |^2], 65. Budget,
[356]. Calcutta, Elgin, Earl of, fare-
well dinner to, 1. Colombo graving
dock, first sod cut, IS. Currency,
[3561, 55; report of the CommittM,
[355], 36. Curzon. Lord, of Kedleston,
Governor-General, [3S5], 2. Daw-

1899.]

INDEX.

229

1NL>IA, O'ldinned.

KINS, Mr. v.. on the currency, [356],
^>^). Dravid, the Vtrothers, assassina-
tion or, [352], 9. FaminEj ,[358], 47,
72. Law, Sir E. F., appointed
Mnancial member of the Council, [357].
Legislation, [355], 17. Madras,
riots, [354], 34. National Congress,
Lucknow, [355], 76. Native States,
[354] ; otters ofhelp, [355], 7C. North-
\\\'st Provinces, Agra, tinances, mis-
ii;anugenjent of, [354] ; Elgin bridge
opened, [354]. Plague, epidemic
[353]. Punjab, punitive expedition,
8. Rainfall, a general, 56. Trade^
[357]. VVestland, Sir J., on the
Hudget, [356]

Ini)U.stkial Contract Corporation, investi-
giition into, 72

I HKLAND.— A(;ricultukal Organisation
Society, [244]. Agriculture and In-
dustries, new Department of, [244], 67.
Ashbourne, Lonl, on the Land Com-
mission, [243]. Bantry, farmer an<i
hi^ son muniered, 22. Commission
ol tlie Peace, removal of chairmen,
[242]. Connauglit, Duke of, ap-
pointed Commander-in-Clnef of the
Forces. 76. County Councils, the
:» w. [241], 20. Emly, Lord, deprived
<>i [lis rank as l.>eputy-Lieutenant,[242],

72. KiTZHARRis, J., and others re-
I'M^cil, 52. Land Commission, re-
Milt, [243]. Lociil C4overnment Act of
ISltS, lesult, [240], 4. PaRNELL
inrniorial. meeting for the proposed,
4t;. Plunkett, Kt. Hon. H., ap-
pointed Vice-President of the Agricul-
t ;re and Teclinical Instruction Depart-
iMcnt, [244], 67. TiTHE Rent Clmrge
rSill. [244]. Tnited Irisli I^eague,
[243J

ITALY. - Amnksty <leclare<l, [269].
Aiiglo-Freneli agreement, protest
.ii;;iinst, [74], 19. Army reforms,
[•J67]. Bud(;et, [260], [269]. Bye-
'■lections, [269]. Chinaglia, Sgr.,
eleeted Prcsidentof the Chamber, [264].
( I'inese question, [262]. Franco-
italian treaty t)f commerce, [261].
uKdHuHN, anarcliists arrested, [261].
Mautino, Sgr, recalled, 15. Minis-
try, resignation, [263]; the new, [263].
N'oTAUBARTOLO, assa.ssinatcd , [267],

73. I'alizzolo, Sgr., arrested, [268],
73. Parliament reas>embled, [264];
>)bstruition, [26.0] ; prorogation, [266],
37, 3S; reopening, [268], 69. Peace
Congres-^, [261], l*ellou.x. Gen., re-
signation, [263], 25; forms a new
Cabinet, [263], 27. Public Safety
liills, [262], 37. Rome. Anarchist
.tutrage, 15 ; St. liede's College, con-
sritution granted to, 3 ; Cliamber of
Deputies, scene in tlie, 30; Forum,
• liscoveries in the, 4; "Holy Year"
inangurate<l, 76. Su;iLY, Matfia, in-
ii'.iiry into, [267], [268]. Socialist
deputies, election, [262]. Vesuvius,
♦'ru})tion of, 4. Zanardelli, Sgr.,
.esignation, [264]

King and Queen of, vi.sit Sardinia,

[26'2], 21 ; review the squadrons, 23

JAPAN.— Beresford, Lord C, his visit
to, [363]. Kanoye, Prince, his tour,
[363]. Navy, increase of the, [363].
Trade [363]. Treaties, revised, [363]

Judges, appointments, Bucknill, Mr. T.
T., 1. Cozens-Hardy, Mr., 11. Far-
well, Mr. G., 64. Lushington, Mr. F.,
50. Romer, Mr. Justice, 11

Kelvin, Lord, resigns the chair of Natural
Philosophy, Glasgow, 41

Kimberley, Earl of, appointed Chancellor
of London University, 19

Kitchener, Lord, grant and vote of thanks
to, [117], 31, 32; appointed Chief of
the Staff to Lord Roberts, [233],
[371], 74

KOREA.— CABiNETdismissed, [362]. Con-
cessions to Russia and Japan, [3621
Trade. [362]

Landslips, Amalti, 75 ; Dover, 61

Law Courts, opening of the, 65

Licensing <iue.stion, report of the royal
commission on, [104]

LiPTON, Sir T., his yacht Shamrock at
New York, 51

LITERATURE, retrospect of, works of the
season, principal —
Abbott, Dr. L., "The Life and Letters
of Paul the Apostle," 83. Adeane,
Miss, "Tlie Early Married Life of
Maria Josepha Lady Stanley," 90,
Aston, Mr. W. G., "A History of
Japanese Literature," 79
Baillib-Grohman, Mr., ''Sport and
Life in Western America," 91. Bate,
Mr. P. H., "The English Pre-
Puiphaelite Painters," 93. Beavan,
Mr. A. H., "James and Horace
Smith," 88. Beers, Mr. H. A., "A
History of English Romanticism in the
Eigliteenth Century," 79. Beesly,
Mr. A. H., "Life of Danton," 87.
Belloe, Mr. H., "Danton," 87. Ben-
son, Mr. A. C, "Edward White Ben-
son, Archbishop of Canterbury," 88.
Bishop, Mrs., "The Yangtsze Valley
and Beyond," 91. Bonar, Mr. J., and
Mr. J. II. Hollander, "Tlie Letters of
David Ricardo to Hutches Trower and
Others, 1811-1823," 82. "Bridges,
the Poetical Works of Robert," 78.
Browning, Mr. R. B., " The Letters of
Robert Browning and Elizabeth Bar-
rett," 89. Bruce, Prof. A. B., "The
Moral Order of the World in Ancient
and Mo<lern Tliought," 83. Bullen.
Mr. F. T., " The Cruise of the Cacha-
lot:' 91; "Idylls of the Sea," 91;
" The Log of a Sea Waif," 91
Caird, Dr., "The Fundamental Ideas
of Christianity," 83. ChurchiU, Mr.
W. 6., "The River War," 82. Clim-
enson, E. J., "Passages from the
Diaries of Mrs. Pliilip Lybbe Powys of
Hardwick House, Oxon., 1756-1808,"
87. Coghill, Mrs. H., "The Auto-
biography and Letters of Mrs. M. 0.
W. Oliphant," 89. Colviu, Mr. S.,
" The letters of Robert Louis Steven-
son to His Fannly and Friends," 90.
Copland, Mr. C. T., "Letters of

230

INDEX.

[1899.

LITERATURE, Mtitimieil.

Thomas Carlyle to His Youngest
Sister," 90

DiLKE, liody, "French Painters of the
Eighteenth Centnry," 92. Dolisou,
Mr. A., *' A Paladin of Philanthropy
and Other Papers." 78. Douglas, Sir
Cf., *' History of the Scottish Border
Counties," 81. Doyle, Mr. J. A.,
*' Memoir and Correspondence of Susan
Ferrier." 88. Duff, Sir M. Grant,
"Notes from a Diary," 89

Earle, Mrs. C. W., "More Potpourri
from a Surrey Garden," 91. Elton,
0.. "The Augustan Ages," 79.
Ewart, Miss K. D., " Cosinio de
Medici," 87

Fairbaihn, Dr., ''Catholicism: Roman
and Anglican," 84. Festiug, Miss G.,
"John Hookham Frere and His
Friemls," 90. Fisher, Mr. G. W.,
"Annals of Shrewsbury School," 82.
Fitzgerald, E. A., "The Highest
Andes," 91. Fitzpatrick, Mr. J. P..
"The Transvaal from Within," 82.
Fortescue, Hon. J. W., "A History
of the British Armv," 82. Foster,
Sir M., and Prof. R.*J^nkester, "The
Scientific Memoirs of Thomas Henry
Huxley," 8.'.. Fry, Mr. R. E.,
"Giovanni Bellini," 92

Gaudinbr, Dr. S. R., "Oliver Crom-
well," 86. Gardner, Dr. P., " Ex-
ploratio Evangelica," 83. Gore,
Canon, " Practical Exposition of the
Epistle to the Hel.rew.s," 84. Gosse,
E., "The Life and Letters of John
Donne," 87. Graham, Mr. H. G.,
"Social Life in Scotland in the
Eighteenth CVntnrv," 81. Grey, Sir
E., "Fly FishiuK," 92

Harrison, Mr. F., "Tennyson, Ruskin,
Mill, and Other Literary Estimates,"
78. Hill, Dr. B., " Unpnhlishe<l
Letters of Swift," 90. Hodgkin, Dr.
T., "Italy and Her Invaders," 79.
Hnnie, Hon. J. A., " Ladv Louisa
Stuart," 87. Hull, Dr. C. H., "Tlie
Economic Writings of Sir W. Petty,"
82. Hunter, Sir W. W., " History of
British India," 81. Hutton, xMr. R.
H., "Aspects of Religious and Scien-
tific Tliought," 83. Hyde, Dr. D.,
"A Literary History of Ireland." 78

Jkkyll, G., "Wood and Garden," 01.
Johnston, Rev. J. O., and Rev. W.
C. E. Newholt. "Spiritual Letters of
Edward Bouverie Pusey," 83. Jowett,
I^of., "Sermons. Biographical and
Miscellaneous," 84

Kkan'E, Mr. A. H.. "Man: Past and
Present," 8.'». Kingsley, Miss. " West
African Studies," 91. Kingsley, Miss
R., "A History of French Art,"
92. Knapp, Dr. W. I., " Life, Writ-
ings, and (!orresiX)ndence of George
Borrow," 88. Kroiwtkin, Prince,
"Memoirs of a Revolutionist," 89

Leach, Mr. A. F., " History of Win-
chester College," 81. lieckv, Mr.,
"The Map of Life," 85. Lubbock,
Sir J., "On Buds and Stipules," 85.
Liitzow, Count, " History of Boliemian

LITERATURE, wiUiwted,

Literature," 79. Lyall, Sir A.,
"Asiatic Studies: ReligioiLS and
Social," 84
Macaulay, G. C, " The Complete
Works of John Gower," 79. Mackail,
Mr. J. W., " The Life of William
Morris," 88. Manners, BIr. W. E.,
"Some Account of the Militarv, Poli-
tical and Social Life of the Right Hon.
John Manners, Marquis of Orauby/'
86. Maxwell, Sir H., "Life of Wel-
lington," 86. McCarthv, J., "Re-
miniscences," 89. Meakiu, Mr. B.,
"Tlie Moorish Empire," 81. Millais,
Mr. J. G., "The Life and Letters of
Sir John Everett MillaU," 88. Moore,
Dr. E., "Studies in Dante," "79.
Muller, Prof. M. "The Sir Systems
of Indian Philosopliy," 84; '^'Auld
Lang Syne," 89. Munro, Dr. R.,
" Pre-historic Scotland and Its Place
in European Civilisation," 86
Palokavb, G. F., " Frauds. Tnrner
Palgrave," 88. Parker, Mr. C. S.,
"Sir Robert Peel," 86. Payne, Mr.

E. J., "The Historv of the New
World Called Americai" 85. Phaiips^
Mr. S., "Paolo and Francesca," 78:
Prothero, Mr. R. E., "The Works
of Lord BjTon," 90

RiTCHiB, Mrs. R., "The Biographical
Edition of Tliackeray," 79. Roberta,
Canon P., "Conformity and Con-
science," 84. Rooses, M., '* Dutch
Painters of the Nineteenth Century,"
92. Roscoe, G. S., and H. Clerque.
"George Selwyn, His Letters ana
His Life," 90. Rossetti, Mr. W. M.
" Pre-Raphaelite Diaries and Letters,
92. Round, Mr. J. H., "The Com-
mune of London and Other Stndiea,"
81 '

Skrine, F. H. and Prof. Ross, "Th^
Heart of Asia," 81. Smith, Prof. Q.,
"Tlie United Kingdom,!' 80. SnolL

F. J., "The Fourteenth Century,*'
79. "Solitar>' Summer, The," 91.
Spencer, Mr. B. and Mr. F. J. Oillen,
"Tlie Native Tribes of Central Aus-
tralia," 85. Stevenson, Mr. R. A.
M., " Vehvsouez." 92. Stock, Mr. E.,
"Historv of the Churuh Missionary
Society," 84. Swete, Dr., "The Gos-
pel according to St. Mark," 84. Swin*
burne, Mr., "Rosamund," 77

Thompsoic, Rev. H. L. , " Memoir of H,

G. Liddell, D.D.," 89. Trevelyan,
Sir G. 0., "The American Revolution,
Part I., 17661776," 80. Trevelyau,
G. M., " England in the Age of
Wyclifte," 81

Vbrnby, Miss, " Memoirs of the Vemey
Family from 1660 to 1696," 87

Ward, Mrs. H., and Mr. C. K. Shorter,
"The Haworth Bronte," 79. Ward,
Prof. J., " Naturalism and Agnos-
ticism," 83. West, Sir A., "Recol-
lections, 1832-1886,^' 89. Whefttley,
Mr. H. , " The Diary of Samuel Pwya,
79. Wheeler, S., " Letters of Walter
Savage Lan<lor," 90. WUlard, A. R.,
"History of Modern Italian ilit," 931

1899.]

INDEX.

231

LITERATURE, cotitimied.

Williamson, Dr. G. C, "Bernardino
Liiini," 92
Yarnall, Mr. E., "Wordsworth and
the Coleridges," 88. Yeats, Mr. W.
B., "The Wind among the Reeds,"
78: "Poems," 78

Llewellyn, Mr. E. , liequeaths money to
the poor, ft

Lord Mayor of London, appeal for a sub-
scription for the sufferers in the West
Indies, ,^)0 ; election, 59 ; procession,
68 ; his proposal on providing a regi-
ment, 75

LiH'unia reaches New York in safety, 8

LUXEMBOURG, GRAND DUCHY OF.—
Reforms, domestic, [325]

Macdonald, Col. H., presented with a

sword of honour, 26
MALTA.— American troops at, 14. Post-
age, adopts the penny, 18
Manoeuvres, naval, 47 ; volunteers, 20
MARRIAGES.— Crbwb, Earl of, 23; Or-
leans, Prince Jean d', 66; Orleans,
Princesse Lsabelle d', 66; Primrose,
Lady Peggy, 23
Martin's, St., Townhall, meeting at, 17
May Day labour celebrations, 24.
Mayors, election of, 68
Meteors, Leonid, seen in small numbers,

69
M EXICO. — Earthquakk,[396]. Revenue,

[396]. Trade, [396]
Monuments unveiled, Copenhagen, 56;

Prussian Guards, St. Privat, 51
M USIC. —Retrospect of :—
Chamber Music, 125
Choral Concerts, 123
Crystal Palace Concerts, 124
Festivals, 122

Opera, Grand, 125 ; light, 126
Orchestral Concerts, 125
Philharmonic Society, 124
Promenade Concerts," 123
RiCHTER Concerts, 125
Symphony Concerts, 123
Wagner Concerts, 124

Nh^THERLANDS, THE. —Amsterdam,
Hilversuni, rioting, 52. Haoue, Peace
Congress at the, [326]-[329] ; meeting,
54. Social de-nocrats, meeting, [3261
Stitcs-General, reassembling, [326j.
ToEKOEOemar, Atchinese chief, killed,
10. Workmen's Insurance Bill [325].

NEW SOUTH WALES. — Beauchamp,
Earl, (Jovt'vnor, [406]. Budget
[4071. Commonwealth Bill, [407], 49.
Drought, [406]. Federal Bill, [405],
13, 23, 35. Federal Enabling Bill,
40.')]. Kosciusko, Mount, observatory
establislied, [408]. Ministry, resig-
nation, [407], 55; the new, [407], 56.
Moran, Card., on the Samoan Islands,
[406]. Poi'UL.vTioN, [4081. Revenue,
[407]. Volunteers for South Africa,
[407], 62, 74. Want, Mr. , resignation,
!'406J. Wine duties, protests against.
[406], 22

NEW ZEALAND. — Austrian immi.
m-ants, [414]. Budget, [414]. Elec-
tions, general, [414]. Federation

NEW ZEALAND, cmUinved.

question, [413]. Old Age Pensions
Bill, result, [4141 Paruamemt
opened, [414]. Kevekub, [414].
Stout, Sir R. appointed Chief Justice,
[415]. Volunteers for South Africa,

[415]

BWI

NEWFOUNDLAND. — Bait Act. [395].
Budget. [3951. French shore rights
question, 2. Morinb, M., resignation,
[395]. Seal tishery, [395]

Northcote, Sir H. S. , appointed Governor
of Bombay, 65

NORWAY. — Budget, [349]. Election
programme, [350]. Flag question
[348]. St.\no, M., on the Union
question, [347]. Storthing, rea-ssem-
bled, [347], [349]

, King of, on the flag question, [349],

63 ; at Haplund, [349]

OBITUARY.— Abdul-lahi, The Khalifa,
174; Abdy, J. T., 168; Achenbacb,
H. von, 159 ; Acworth, Rev. W., 129 ;
Addy, Col. J., 178 ; Akers, Very Rev.
Canon G., 164; Aldworth, Cot R.,
166; Aldworth, Col. R. W., 136;
Alexander, Major-Gen. Sir C. , 163 ;
Alexander, Major-Gen. W. R. A., 131;
Allen, G., 172; AUeyue, Major-Gen.
Sir J., 148; Andrewes, Col. W. G.,
129; AnnenkoflF, M. N., 130; Anson,
Rev. T. A., 170 ; Antelme, The Hon.
Sir C. A., 155 ; Antrobus, Sir E., 145 ;
Anzino, Mons. V. , 141 ; Appleton, W.
H., 172 ; Arbuthnot, Gen. C. G., 147 ;
Ardagh, Gen. R. D., 148; Armitege,
B., 183 ; Armstrong, Sir A. , 168 ; Arm-
strong, Rev. Su* E. F. , 151 ; Armytage,
Sir G., 141 ; Arran, Dow. Countess of,
148; Ascroft, R., 166; Ashbumham,
Sir A., 182; Athlumney, Lady, 129;
Austen-Leigh, C, 171; Averoff or
Avyheris, G., 160
Baillie, E., 138; BailUe, R., 146;
Bamberger, L., 142; Baring-Gould,
Rev. A. , 168 ; Barnes, Major-Gen. J.
W., 147; Barnes, W., 143; Bassett,
F., 155; Bates, Sir E. P., 186; Bates.
H., 132; Bausa, Card., 147; Baynes,
C. R., 139; Beaufort, Duke of, 145;
Beck, T., 167 ; Beechey. Rev. Canon
St. v., 164; Berkeley, Baroness, 183;
Berry, Rev. C. A. . 132 ; Berthou, Rev.
E. L., 173; Bertrand, E., 186; Bing-
ham, Gen. G. W. P., 143; Binns, Sir
H.. 155; Blackball, Rev. S., 177;
Blackburn, Rev. R., 130; Blaikie,
Rev. W. G., 155; Blair, J. L, 183;
Blake, H. W., 167 ; Blanco. Gen. A.
G., 160 ; Bland, R. P., 156 ; Blom-
field. Sir A. W., 173; Blumencom. L.
von, 157 ; Blunt, Rev. H. G. S., 143 ;
Bolingbroke and St. John, Viscount,
176 ; Bonaparte, C. N., 137 ; Bonheur,
M. R., 153; Borlase, W. C, 144;
Boudier, Rev. J. G., 184; Bourke,
Hon. C. F., 146 ; Bowen, Rt. Hon. Sir
G., 135 ; Bowen, Maior-Oen. W. T.,
168; Bowron, Sur. -Major J., 141;
Boyd, Very Rev. A. K. H., 140;
Boyle, Major-Gen. R., 174; Boynton,
Sir H. S., 146 ; Bradshaw, Vice-Adm.

232

INDEX.

[1898.

OBITUARY, amlinued.

R., 156; Brancker, W H., 186;
Braull, (4en., 168; Bray-Stein burg,
Count 0. von, 129; Bree, Kt. Rev. H.,
139; Bridge, C, 163; Bridges, Rev.
Father Sir G. T., 178; Bridgett, Very
Rev. T. E., 138 ; Bright, Rt. Hon. J.,
176 ; Brooke, Lady A. G., 131 ; Brooke,
Gen. J. C. 131 ; Broughton, Sir H.
D., 139 ; Brown, Miss E., 141 ; Brown-
low, Hon. E., 130; Bruce, Rev. A. B.,
163 ; Bruce, Ldeut-Gen. Sir H. Le G.,
147; Bruce, Sur.-Gen. L. S., 128:
Bnice, Col. R., 166; Buchner, Prof.
L., 161 ; Bulgaria, Princess of, 131 ;
Bulwer, J. R., 141 ; Bunce. J. T., 157;
Biinsen, Prof., 162; Burrell, SirC. R.,
167; Busch, M. J. H., 177; Butt, Rt.
Rev. J., 174

Candy, G., 173; Canterbury, Dow.
Viscountess, 167 ; Capri vi. Count von,
132; Carew, Lieut.-Col. C, 163;
Carter, Capt. A. T., 179 ; Cartwright,
Sir H. JS., 144 ; Case, E., 168 ; Caste-
lar, Senor, 150; Castiglione, ('ountess,
179 ; Castletown, Dow. I^adv, 154 ;
Castner, H. Y., 171 ; Catargi, L, 146 ;
Chalmers, Sir D. P., 163; cniamber-
lain, R., 146 ; Chaudordy, Comte de,
144; Cheetham, Rt. Rev. H.. 185;
Cherbuliez, V. , 158 ; Cheater-Master,
T. W., 132 ; Chiniquy, C. 130; Chitty,
Lord-Justice, 133 ; Clari, Mons E.,
141; Clark, Lord R., 160; Clarke,
Rev. Sir C, 148 ; Clarke, Capt. G. H.,
146; (Harke, .7. S.. 168 ; Clesinger,
Mme., 143; Clifden, Visconul, 167;
(Clowes, Major G. G., 176 ; C-oats, J.,
131 ; Cobbe, Lieut.-Gen. Sir A. H.,
167; Cocks, T. S., 165; Coghill, J. G.
S., 155; Coghlan, C. F., 178; (^olenso.
Rev. W., 137; Colonib, Vice-Adra. P.
H., 171; Coney, E., 186; Congreve,
R., 158; Cook, J. M., 140; Cooke,
Col. C, 183 ; Coote, Rev. Sir A., 178 ;
Coote, C. H., 149; Corbett, Hon. Mrs.
v., 128; Cordeaux, J., 163; Costelloe,
B. F. C, 185 ; Cotton, Gen. Sir A. T.,
160; Cox, R., 154; Cranstoun, Lady,
186; Cripps, H. W., 164; Cuming,
Prof. J., 165; Cursans, J. E., 167;
Cusack, M. A., 155

Ualy, a., 155; Daunt, Major-Gen. W.,
178 ; Dawson, Sir W., 174 ; Deane, Sir
T. N., 176; Delaborde, Count H.,
152; Denham, Com. A. T., 157;
D'ennery (d' Hennery), A., 131 ; Dew-
ing, E. M., 173; Dingley, N., 130;
Dmitrjerna, Duchess Z., 156 ; Donald-
son, J., 170; Droz, N., 184; Dry den.
Lady, 129 ; Dryden, Sir H. E. L., 160 ;
Dunhoyne, Lord, 164 ; Dunda**, Com.
F. G., 141; Dunsanv, Lor«l, 130;
Dyke-Acland, Rev. *P. L., 172;
Dzialjmski, Countess, 143

Eaton, D. B., 185; Edgar, Sir J. D.,
161; Edmond, C, 179; Egerton, Col.
W. W., 141 : Elderton. Major-Gen. A.,
153; Ellis, Col. C. J.. 148; Ellis, T.
E., 146; Elli.son, Rev. H. J.. 185;
Elton, Col. R. W., 141 ; Elwyn, Lieut.-
(Jen. T., 165; Embden, C, 172; Erok-
inann. E., 142 ; Ernest, Archduke, 146;

OBITUARY, continutd,

Erskine, Deputy Sur.-Gen. J. L., 1(J5;
Escoml>e, Rt. Hon. H., 186; Esher,
Viscount, 149; Exmouth, Viscount,
174 ; Eyre, Rev. C. J. P., 167

Falbe, Mme. de, 184 ; Fairer, Lord,
169; Faunce, Lieut. -Gen. E.. 167;
Faure, President, 133 ; Fawcett, Col.
M. J.. 168; Fawkes, A., 156; Field,
Gen. Sir J., 147; Fitzgerald, Mrs.,
159; Fleck, Mons., 173; Fletcher, B.,
1.58; Flower, R. P., 152; Flower, Sir
W. H., 157 ; Foli, Signor, 172; Fooks,
W. C, 163; Fook.s, Major-Gen. W.
K., 185; Ford, Sir F. C, 131; For-
rest, Sir J., 167 ; Forster, Mrs. W. E.,
172; Forsyth, W.. 186; Fortescue,
Lady L. E., 129; Fortnum, C. D. E.,
141 ; Foster, B., 144; Foster, W. O..
169; Foucart. L.. 144; Fowler. Sir
J. A., 144; Frankland, Sir E.. 161;
Frere, Lady. 146; Frnin, R. J., 131

(Udsden, Major-Gen. F., 138; Galton,
Sir D., 141 ; Gildea, Col. T. S.. 156 ;
Gooch, Sir A. S., 138; Gooding, W.,
168; Gordon, Sur.-Gen. Sir C. A..
169; Gould, J. N.. 171; Graham,
Lieut.-Gen. Sir G., 184 : Grant, Baron
A., 165; Graves, Rt. Rev. C, 159;
Grosart, Rev. A. B., 142; Groth, Prof.
K., 153; Gunning, Lieut.-Col. R. H.,
172.

FIaogard, R. M., 152 ; Hall ward. Rev.
T. W. 0., 160; Hampden, Dow. Vis-
countess, 141 ; Hardcastle, J. A., 168 ;
Harding, Sur.-Major A., 177; Har-
dinge. Major the Hon. A. S., 156;
Harvey, R. M., 176; Hawes, Col. A.
J. D., 140; Hay, Admiral J., 130;
Hay, Major. -Gen. J. C, 157; Hay-
wanl. Sir W. W.. 143; Head. J.. 142;
Hedley, Rev. T. 142; Heine, Baron
G.. 1.56; St. Helena, Bishop of. 129;
Helmholt2, A. von, 182 ; Hennell.
Miss S. S., 141 ; Herschel, Lord, 139;
Herve, A. M. E., 129; HeA'debraad
und der La.sa, T. von, 168 ; Hicks, H,,
177; Hicks, Rt. Rev. J. W.. 171;
Higgins, J. N., 184; Hildesheimer. Dr.
I., 155 ; Hincks, Rev. T., 181 ; Hirsoh
de Gereuth, Baroness M. de, 146;
Hobart, G. A., 178 ; Hobart-Hampden,
Hon. G. A., 183 ; Hodees, J. F., 188;
Hodgson, J. S., 159; Hogan, M., 147 ;
Hogg, J., 148 ; Hohenwart, Count K.,
148 ; Holbum, J. G., 131 ; Hook, Rev.
W., 144; Hopkinson, Gen. H.. 185;
Hornby, Adm. Sir W., 167 ; HonltOB,
Sir E. V. L., 165; Howard. Lady M.
F., 176; Howell, Rev. H.. 161;
Howell, M. G., 137; Hulse. Sir B.,
155; Hunter, Brigade-Surgeon O. Y.,
164 ; Hutchiuson, Major-G^n. G.. 186 ;
Hylton, Lord, 173.

INGBR80LL, R. G., 160; Irwin, Sir G.,
156; Ismay. T. H.. 178; Ives, W. B.,
159.

James, J. C. H., 137; Janet. P. A. R.,
170; Jee, Deputy Inspector-Qen. J.,
143 ; Jenkyns, Sir H. , 188 ; Joachim,
Frau, 136 ; St. John, Dow. Lady. 179 ;
Johnston, D., 163; Jones (" Caven-
dish"). H., 137; Jones. W.. 100;

1890.]

INDEX.

233

OH J Tl' A K Y . co;i Im tied.

Jordan, Major-Gen. J., 182; Jordan,
T. H., 175.

Keeley, ]\lrs., 142; Keith-Falconer,
Lieut. -Col. C. E. , 176; Kennedy, Rev.
J., 176; Kerr, N., 153; Kershaw, Sir
L. A., 137; Kiepert, H., 148; King,
Major-Gen. A. H., 185; King, Lieut.-
Col. H. J., 151; Kirkpatrick, Sir G.
A., 184; Kirkpatrick, Sir J., 176;
Knox, Lady M., 177 ; Krantz, E, 143;
Kremantz, Card, 151.

Lacon. Sir E. B. K, 164; Laird, W.,
137 ; Laniornaix, Vice-Adra. S. de,
168; Lamonreux, C. ,185; Lampman,
A., 137; Lanipson, Sir G. C, 176;
Larpent, Col. Sir G. A. de H.. 152;
Lean, V. S., 143; Lebreton-Bourbaki,
Mine., 179 ; Leclerque, R., 146 ;
Leiningen, FVineebs M. of, 178; Leit-
Tier, ProL, G. W., 143; Lennard, Sir
.1. F.. 185; Levett. Col. T. J., 139;
I^evitzow, Baroness U. von, 177; Lich-
ttnberger, F. A., 129; Lindsey, Earl
of, 131 ; Lisbunie, Earl of, 166 ; Lith-
goAv, Sur. -Major-Gen. S. A. , 168 ; Lloyd,
Rt. Rev. D. L, 161 ; Lloyd, H., 152;
Lloyd, S. S., 140; Loftus, Capt. A. J.,
165; Longley, Sir H., 186; Ludlow,
Lord, 182; Lumley. Capt. J. R., 162;
Lnxnioore, Rear-Adni. P. P., 138;
Lyster, (J. F., l.^»l.

Maberly, -Major-Gen. E. , 177: Mac-
beth, Sur.-Gen. J., 128; Macdonald,
A.lni. Sir R. J.. 184 ; MacEvoy, E. F.,
1:^7; Mackenzie, A. W., 168; Mac-
kenzie, Rt'V. .1., 143; Mackinnon, Gen.
<J. H.. 107; Macknight, T., 177;
Maenaiaara, V. N., 141 ; Magiiire,
Mods.. IT't ] Main. V. T., 151; Mal-
'nes^iiirv, Earl of, l.')2 ; Malortre, Baron
de, 15r; Manrteld. Sir P., 161 ; Maria
linniaculata, Arclidiicliess, 138 ; Maris,
.J., 163; Marlborough, Dow. Duchess
of, 117; Marrvat, F. , 173; Marsh,
Prof. O. C, 143; Marshall, Mrs. E.,
1.01; Marshnian, Mrs., 137; Mathews,
Mrs. C, 129 ; Maud. Rev. J. P., 147 ;
Mandslav, II., 159; Maxwell, Lady,
'59; MCane. Rev. T., 169; M'Caul,
Rev. A. L, 139; M'Cov, Sir F., 152;
M'Currirk,.!. M.. 130; M'Dougall. A.,
177: Mertel, Card. T., 1.59; Mervyn-
Archdale, W. H., l.')6 ; Metford, W.
K.. 172; Mexborougb, Earl of, 164;
M'Farlan, Lieut. -Gen. D., 156; Miche-
ht. Mnie., 146; Michell, T. , 163;
Mieliie, Sir A., 156 ; Milbanke, Sir P.,
179; Minchin, Lieut. -Gen. C. C, 182;
Mitehell. Rev. A. F., 143: Mitchell,
Sir C. H. H., 183; Mitchell, Hon. P.,
17j ; Mizon, Lieut., 143; Moir, J.,
152; Money-Coutts, C. M., 185;
Monior-Williams, Sir M., 144; Monroe,
Rt. Hon. .L. 168; Moody, D. L., 185 ;
Mooi!. Sir R. , 177; Moore, Rev. D.,
1.02; Morel, Count de, 163: Mosin
Khan Moshir ed Dowleh, Marshal,
163; Mouat, Sir J., 129; Mowbray,
Ladv. 138; Mowbray, Rt. Hon. Sir J.
R., 148; Munro, Lient.-CoL A., 156;
Murray, Col. J.. 143.

Nairne. Lieut. -Gen. Sir C. E., 138;

OBITUARY, arntinu€d.

Naylor, R. C, 179; Naylor-Leyland ;
Sir H. S. , 151 ; Needham, Major the
Hon. R., 176 ; Nicholson, Prof. H. A.,
130; Nicholson, W. N., 152; Nicolay,
Lieut. -Col. F. W., 166; Nicolson.
Adm. Sir F. W. E., 186; Nicolson, J.
B., 167; Nightingale, CoL A. C, 129;
Nixon, J. , 154 ; Noel, Col. E. A., 138 ;
Noel, J. G., 163; Norbury, CoL T. C.
N., 172; Norman, Gen. Sir H. R..
184 ; Northumberland, Duke of, 127 ;
Nubar Pasha, 127 ; Nugent, Col. Sir
C. B. P. H., 171 ; Nugent, Sir J., 131.

O'Beirne, Lieut-Col. F., 146; O'Brien,
Rt. Hon. W., 183; Ogilvy, Sur.-Gen.
J., 185; Osborn, Sir M., 154; Ouvry,
Col. H. A., 137

Page, T. J., 173; Paget, Sir J., 182;
Pailleron, E., 147; Paley, Rev. T.,
163; Palmer, J. D., 172; Papillon,
P. 0., 164; Paterson, Major-Gen. A.,
159; Paterson, Major-Gen. A. H.,
178; Patterson, Capt. J. C, 183;
Pechell, Capt. M. H. K., 172; Peck,
R., 164; Peek, F., 167; Peel, Sir C.
L., 164 ; Pennington, Rev. A. R., 159 ;
Penzance, Lord, 179; Peterson, Dr.
P., 166; Pipon, Capt. J. P., 151;
Pixley, S., 142; Playfair, Gen. E. M.,
153; Playfair, Lieut.-Col. Sir R. L.,
138; Pocock, Rev. C. B., 139 ; Pocock,
W. W., 16Z; Pollexten, Rev. J. H.,
1,55 ; Pollock, Sir F. R., 185 ; Portman,
Viscountess, 129 ; Possiet, Adm. C. N.,
151 ; Poulett, Vav\, 130 ; Poynder,
Rev. F., 160; Prendergast, J. S.,
178; Prestwich, Lady, 165; Price,
Sir R. L., 147; Prince, H. J., 129;
Purcell, E. S., 147

QUARITCH, B., 184

Rainals, Sir H. T. A., 178; Rawson,
Sir R. W., 178 ; Rechberg und Rothen-
lowen, Count J. B. von, 139; Reding-
ton, Rt. Hon. C. T., 136 ; Rees, Sir J.,
175; Reniann, Prof. J. C. W. F., 177;
Ressniann, C, 158 ; Renter, Baron de,
136; Revuolds, Rev. J. W., 129;
Rhys, R. H., 164; Ridley. Hon. Lady,
142 ; Ridley, J. M., 142 ; Righton, E.,
128; Ristitch, J., 166; Ritherdon,
Gen. A., 151 ; Rivington, Rev. L.,
153 ; Robbins, L. G. G., 138 ; Roberts,
Sir R. H., 171 ; Roberts, Sir W., 147 ;
Robinet, J. F. E.,175; Robins, Rev.
A., 185; RochelK)uet, Gen. de, 138;
Rospigliosi, Princess F., 152; Roths-
child, Barone.ss N. de, 159; Rough,
Lieut.-Col. W. E. M., 167; Ruggles-
Brise, Col. Sir S., 153; Rumsey, A.,
146; Ruspoli, Prince, 179; Russell,
J. A., 177; Russia, Grand Duke
George of, 159; Rutherford. Dr. W.»
138; Rutland, Duchess of, 159

Salisbury, Marchioness of, 177 ; Sand-
ford. Hon. W. E., 159; Santos Silva,
Card. A. F. dos, 130; Sarcey. F.,
152; Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince
A. of, 132; Scarisbrick, R. L. de B.,
163; Scheurer-Kestner, A., 168;
Schmidt. A., 168; Schmitz, Dr. H.
J., 165; Schneider, Gen. F., 128;
Schoenborn, Card. Count F., 157;

234

INDEX.

[180t.

OBITUARY, c^ntiuwd.

Schomberg, Major F. S., 156; Sealy,
Sir J., 137 ; Secretaii. A., 141 ; Seftou,
Dow. Couutess of, 139 : Selwyu, Rev.
A. E., 164; Service, Hou. J., 146;
Sevenie, J. E., 148; Seyiuer, E. C. K.,
156 ; Shaw, G. F., 156 ; Shelley, Lady,
157; Sherstou, Lieut.-Col. J., 172;
Siegel, H., 154; Simpsou, W., 164;
Siiiisoii, M. E. von, 151 ; Sinclair, Sir
R. C, 151; Sislev, A., 131; Skene,
F. M. F., 171 ; Smart. J., 154 ; Smith.
W. B., 138; Smith, Major-Geu. W.
H.,136; Somers, Lord, 169; Sophro-
nius. His Holiness, 166 ; Southey,
R., 176; Southworth, Mrs., 157;
Spence, Major-Gen. F., 129; Spink,

F. L.. 186; Spinks. T.. 130; Spooner,
Very Rev. B., 131 ; Spottiswoode, G.
A., 137; Staples, Sir N. A., 142;
Stapleton, Sir F. G., 174; Stark, A.
O., 177; Starkie. Col. Le G. N., 146;
Steble, Lieut.-Col. U. F..171; Stein-
tbal. Prof. H.. 142; Stevens, J., 146;
Stiehle, Gen. von, 177 ; Stockwell,
Major-Gen. C. 156; Stokes, Sir R. B.,
166; Stork, Prof. K.. 167; Strafford,
Earl of, 152; Straus, L., 172; Strauss,
.1., 154; Struthers. Sir J.. 138;
Sullivan, Sir E. R., 160; Suther, Gen.
W. G.,160 ; Sviatopolk-Mirsky, I*rince,
131; Swanwic.li, A., 175; Swarbrick,
S.. 130; Sykes. Sir F. H., 130;
Synions. Major-(}on.. W. P.. 169;
SVngros. A., 139

Tajt, Sir H.. 183 ; Tait. L, 155 ; Talbot-
Crosbie, W. T.. 166; Tankerville, Earl
of, 184 ; Teignmoutlj, Dow. Lady, 168 ;
Tennyson, A., 157; Thorne, S., 139;
Thorne-Thorne, Sir R.. 184 ; Tissandier,
G., 167; Townshunil, Marquess, 173;
Tozer, Rt. Rev. (;. \V.. 156; Traill,
J. C, 136; Travers. Col. E. A., 176;
Trimch, Hon. P. H. Le P., 148; Trent-
Stmighton, Col. H. \V. J., 162; Trout-
l»eck, J., 171; IVuro, Lord, 141;
Tyrwhitt, Major-Gt-n. E., 160

Vanderbilt, C"., 167; Varigny, C. de,
176; Vaughan, ft., 178; Vaughau-
Hughes, Alajor E., 165; Verner, Sir
E. W., 156; Versmanu, H., 160;
Vincent, Dow. Liilv, 179; Vincent,
B.. 151; Vogel, Sir* J., 142

Wakeman, H. 0.. 143; Waldeck and
Pyrmont, Dow. Countess of, 140;
\Vahlen, Dow. La<ly H. de. 160;
Walden and St-^aford. Lord H. de.
175; Walker. Rev. J., 129; Walker,
Sir J. R., 155; Wallace, Major-Gen.
H., 154; Wallace, R., 153; Wallick,
Sur.-Major G. C, 144 ; Walrond, Elev.
M. S. A., 144; Warburton. Col. Sir
R., 148; Watson, Lord. 165; Watson,

G. L., 186; WauclioiM?, Major-Gen.
A. G.. 180; Way. Col. G. A., 172;
Weizsacken, Prof, von, 164; Weld-
Forester, Hon. E. J., 131; Welti, E.,
138; WestniinsttT. Duke of,- 181 ;
Wharnclitte. Earl of, 152; Wheeler,
W. I. de C, 178; White, Vice-Adm.
li. D., 160; Wignim, A. M., 171;
Wilkinson. J. J. (;.. 172; Wilkinson.
Rev. W.. 15:J: Williams. Rt. Rev. J.,

OBITUARY, MiUi7iued.

137; Williams, M., 134; WUli»,
Lieut. -Gen. F. A.. 158; Wilson, I.,
168 ; Winchester, Marquess of, 181 ;
Windle, Rev. W., 167 ; Wolf, J.. 147 ;
Wood, C. C. 176; Wood, J. F., 142;
Woods, Lieut. -Gen. H. G.. 139;
Wrangel, Gen. Barou K. F. W. yon,
179; Wright. Sir J.. 147; Wright,
Rtv, W., 161; Wustenfeld, Prof. H.
F., 139; Wynford. Lord. 165; Wyu-
yard. Major-Gen. H. B. J.. 183
YouNOHUSBAND, Lieut-Gcu. C. W., 173.

Old Age Pensions Committee, report, [168]^
46

OMAN. Sultan of, cession of a coaling
station to the French, [Z&], 10 ; ni-
vokes grant, [37], 11

Orleans, Due d', his appeal to his sup-
porters, 7 ; returns to Turin, 12.

OxFOHO Conmiemoratiou, honorary degreos
conferred, 35

PARLIAMENT. —Opened, [14], 8. 63.
Quren'h Speech, [15], [203]; in the
Lords, [15], [203] ; in the Commons,
[16], [204] ; Easter Recess, [77] ; pro-
rogued, [170], [218J, 49, 65 ; autumn
session openeil, [203] ; sitting sus-
pended, 28

PARLUMENTARY SPEECHES.—
Address, Ashmead-Bartlett, Sir, [191;
Balfour, 3Ir. A. J., [.8]; Bedford.
Duke of [16]; Brodrick. Mr.. [19];
Campl>el ' -Ban uerman ,

rodrick. Mr.. [191;
lan. Sir H.. [181;
; Kimberley, Lord,

Grev. Sir E..[19]; Kirali
[16]'; Salisbury. Lord, [17]
— Amendments on, Asquith, Mr.,
[2:3], [26]; Balfour. Mr. A. J.. [241,
[25], [26]; Balfour, Mr. G., ^1;
Campl)ell-Bannerman. Sir H., u^
[27]; Goschen. Mr.. [24]; Hicks-
Beach. Sir M., [26] ; Labbuchere, Mr.,
I, Mr.,

[

Weir. Mr., [26].

Africa, South, policy in, Ashmead-
Bartlett, Sir, [55]; Campbell-Banner-
man, Sir H.. [1581; Camperdown,
Earl of. [56], [154] ; Chaml)erlain. Mr.,
[55], [115]. [158].[161] ; Courtney. Mr.,
161]; Kimberley. Earl of. £165];
Salisbury. Lord, [66], [156] ; Selbome,
Earl of. [154]

Anolo-Ru»sian agreemeut witli China,
Brotlrick, Mr., [103] ; Salisbury, Lord,
[102]

Army Estunates, Arnold- Foster. Mr.,
[165]; Wyndham, Mr. O. [42J-[44],
[165]

Bishops in the House of Lords, Cecil,
Lord H.. [30], 11 ; Clarke. Sir B., [301 ;
Lewis, Mr. H.. [30]; Reid. Sir R.,
[31]; Webster, Sir R.. gll

BuDURT, Courtney, Mr., [86]; Fowler,
Sir H., [86]; Goschen, lifr., 22; Har-
court. Sir W. , [86]. [90] ; Hi< " ~
SirM.,[83].[86],[90]

Catholic Cuiversity for Ireland. Bal-
four, Mr. A. J.. [132]; Dillon. Mr.,
[132], [166]

Hicks-Beach.

1899.]

INDEX.

235

PARLIAMENTARY SPEECHES, cont.

Chinese question, Beresford, Lord C,
[122] ; Brodrick. Mr., [53], [54], [1231 ;
Dilke. Sir C. [1221; Grey. Sir E.,
[123]; Morgan. Mr. P.. [54]; Waltou.
Mr. J.. [54]

Church, crisis in the, Balfour, Mr. A.
J.. [23]; Birrell. Mr.. [23]; Canter-
bury, Archbishop of. [22]; Cranborne.
Viscount, [23] ; Halifax, Viscount,
[21]; Kennaway, Sir J., [23]; Kim-
Wlev, Lord, [21]; Kinnaird, Lord,
[20], '[59] ; London, Bishop of, [20] ;
Salisbury, Lord, [59]; Snuth, Mr. S.,
[22]: Winchester, Bishop of. [20].
[59]: York. Archbishop of. [59]

Discipline Bill. Balfour, Mr. A. J.,

[101]; Cecil, Lord H.. [100]; Har-
court, Sir W.. [101]; M'Arthur, Mr.
C..[100]

Civil Service Estimates, Hanl>ury, Mr.,
[51]

Clerical obedience, Bidtour, Mr. A. J.,
[82]; Canipbell-Biuinerniau, Sir H.,
[82]: Cecil, Lord H.. [82]; Clarke,
Sir E., [82]: Ged-e. Mr.. [82]; Hoare,
Mr. S.. [82]

Cottage Homes Bill, Chaplin, Mr., [63] ;
Hutton, Mr. J., [63]

Education Bill, Asquith, Mr., [39];
Huxton, Mr., [39]; Canterl)urv. Arch-
bisliop of, [89] ; Devonshire, Duke of,
[60], [89]: Fowler. Sir H.. [67];
Gor<t, Sir J., [39], [67], [166]; Lloyd-
George, Mr., [66] ; Kipon, Marquess of,
[89]:^ Robson. Mr. W. S., [:38]: Win-
chester, Bishop of, [89] ; Yoxall, Mr.
[<56]

Education Estimates, Birrell, Mr., [98];
Cripps. Mr.. [99]; Fowler, Sir H.,
[99j: Gorst, Sir J., [98], [99]; Lewis,
Mr. H.. [98] : Lubbock, Sir J.. [99];
Mi.idlcmore, Mr., [99]; O'Connor,
Mr. T. P.. [99]: Yoxall, Mr., [99]

Estimate, suj)plemtMitarv, Wvndham,
Mr.. [214]-[216].64

Fauiu:, President, his death, Balfour,
Mr. A. J., 10; Salisbury, Lord, 10

Finance Bill. Courtney, Mr.. [93];
Fowler, ISir £1. [92]; Goschen, Mr.,
[93]. 27; llahlane. Mr., [92]; Har-
conrt. Sir W.. [93]: Hicks- Beach. Sir
M.. [92]

Half-timers Bill. Rol>son, Mr., [115];
Rutlicrfonl. Mr.. [116]; Whiteley, Mr.
G.. [116]; Yoxall. Mr. [116]

Ille(;al Commissions Bill, Halsburv.
Earl of. [121]: Russell, Jx)ni, of Kil-
loweii. [121]

Indian Budget. Fowler, Sir H., [167];
Hamilton. Lord (i., ['167]

Indian Taritt" Bill, Cliamberlain, Mr..
[124]: F(»wler. Sir H., [124]; Mac-
l.ii], Mr.. [124]

Kit( HKNKH. Lord, grant to, Balfour. Mr.,
[n7J.[118J: Beresford, Lord C, [1191 ;
Campbell- Bannerman, Sir H., [118] ;
Kimberley, Lonl, [1191; Morley, Mr.,
[lis]; Salisluiry. Lonl, [119]

London Government Bill, Asquith, Mr.,
[.')6]: Balfour. Mr. A. J.. [33]. [581.
[120]. [126] : Burdett-Coutts, Mr., [57] ;
<\vnipbell-Binnennau, Sir H., [34],

PARLIAMENTARY SPEECHES. ctmL
[58]; Cecil. Lord H.. [120]; Clarke,

[571; Gladstone. Mr. H.. [56]; Kim-
berley, Lord. [126]; Labouchere, Mr.,
[1271; Ouslow, Lord, [125] ; Salisbury.
Lord. [126] ; Talbot, Mr. J. G.. [120] ;
Tweedniouth.Lord. [125] ; York, Arch-
bishop of. [126]

Militia, reform of the, Lan.sdowne,
Marquess of, [1641

Money Lending Bill, Argyll, Duke of,
[62] ; James, Lord, of Herefoni. [62]

Muscat, the French at, Brodrick, Mr.,
[37]

Navy Estimates, Colomb, Sir J., [50];
Goschen, Mr., [47]-r491. 14; Kay-
Shuttleworth, »Sir U.,[49j; Macartney,
Mr., [50] ; Robertson, Mr. E., [50]

NiOKU Company Bill, Campbell- Banner-
man, Sir H., [146] ; Chamberlain, Mr.,
[146] ; Goschen, Mr., 38 ; Hicks-Beach.
Sir M., [145]. [147]; Kind>erley, Lord.
[148] ; Salisbury, Lord. [148] '

Old Age Pensions (piestion, Asquith.
Mr., [971; Balfour. Mr. A. J., [97];
ChamWlain, Mr., [97], [109]; Lecky,
Mr., [97]; Logan, Mr.. [97]

Paul's, St., Cathedral, decoration of,
Brownlow, Earl, [88]; Egerton, Earl,
[88]; Ribblesdale. Lord. [88]; Salis-
bury. Jy)rd, [88] ; Wemyss, Earl of,
23 '

Post Office and the Telephone Co.,
Hanbury. Mr., [65]. 14

Private Bill Procedure, Scotch, Cam-
eron, Sir C, [68]; Campbell-Banner-
nian. Sir H.. [68]; Munro- Ferguson,
Mr., [68]; Murray. Mr. A. G., [68];
Reid, Sir R., [68]; Shaw, Mr. T.,
[68]

Seuvice Franchise Bill, Maple, Sir B.,
[64], [117]; M'Kenua, Mr., [117]

Shop jissistants, bill for providing .seats,
Salisbury, Lord, [144]

Slavery in Zanzibar, Brodrick, Mr.,
[33] ; Buxton, Mr., [33] ; Keid. Sir R..
[33]; WeKster. Sir R., [33]

Small Houses Bill. Asquith, Mr., [87];
Chaml^erlain, Mr., [64], [87]; M'Keuna,
Mr., [87]

Soudan Campaign, Brodrick, Mr., [32],
[351; Campl)ell-Bannermau. Sir H.,
[36] ; Courtney, Mr. L., [35]; Grey,
Sir E.. [31], [35]; Morley. Mr. J.,
[34], 12

Technical Instruction Bill for Ireland,
Balfour. Mr. G.. [102]; Dillon. Mr.,
[102]

Tithe Rent Charge Bill. As(iuith, Mr.,
[129]; Balfour, Mr. A. J.. [132],
[142]; Birrell. Mr.. [141]; Campbell-
Bannerman, Sir H., [127], [1411;
Canterbury. Archbishop of, [142] ;
Clarke, Sir E., [131]; Courtney. Mr.
•L., [131]; Fowler, Sir H.. [131]; Har-
court. Sir W., [131]; Lambert, Mr.,
[140]; Long, Mr. W.. [127], [130];
Mihvard, Col., [141]; Rascb, Mr.,
[141]; Ribblesdale. Lord. [142], [164] ;
Salisbury, Lord, [143], [164]; Sel-

236

INDEX.

[1899.

PARLTAMENTAKY SPEECHES, tuat,
borne, Earl of, [142], [164]; Whiteley,
Mr. G. . [130]
Transvaal qnastiou, Balfour, Mr. A.

.1., [205], [213] ; Canipbell-Baniierman,
H.,[205' ■ --

[1
[212] : Clarke; Sir' EI, [2l2] ; Couftney,

Sir H., [205] ; Chamberlaiu, Mr., [103],
[113], [148], [149], [150], [152], [209]-

Mr. L., [213]; Dilke, Sir C, [206];
Dillon, Mr., [206]; Elliot. Mr. A.,
[207]; Haldaue, Mr.J212]; Harcourt,
Sir W.. [207]-[209]; Kiniberley, Lord,
[203]; Loch, Lord, [204]; Morley, Mr.
J., [213]; Salisbury, Lord, [203];
Stanhope, Mr. P., [206]
War, preparations for, Wyndham, Mr.,
[214]-[216], 64

expenses of the, Hicks-Beaeh, Sir

M..[216]
Youthful Offenders Bill, James, Lord,
of Hereford, [126]

Parr's Bank, notes stolen, 5

Peai'E proposals, [13], nee. Conference

Peel, Lord, withdraws from the Royal
Commission on the Liquor Laws, [104],
22

Sir R., permission to sell heir-
looms, 72

Peerage conferred, Pauneefote, Sir J., 47

Penzance, Lord, Judge of the Court of
Arches, resignation, 13

J*EKSIA.— BusHlRE, riots, 45. Kazoni,
Armenians, outbreak against, 56

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.— AguiNALDO's
force scattered, 23. Iloilo taken, 9.
L\WT<)N, Gen., expedition, [388], 22;
killed, [389], 74. Luna, Gen., assas-
sinated, 32. Tari^\c captured, [389],
08. United States, war with, [3881,
a 5, 8, 9, 11, 15, 18, 19, 27. 35, 37, 49.
.^)1, .')9

Pilcher, Mr. P., his death whilst prac-
tising his dying machine, 60

Pla<;ue, bubonic, cases of, Asuncion,
F*araguay, 57; Magude, .56; Mecca
pilgrims, 14; New Caledonia, 76;
Ojx>rto, 50, .52 ; Santos, 63 ; IVansvaal,
10

Planet, discovery of a new, 3

Police, (.'liief Commissioner of, his attempt
to h.'ssen obstruction in the streets, 9

POLITICAL SPEECHES.—
AsQUiTH, Mr., at Louth, [.'>]; Leven.
[184]; Dundee, [202]; Ashington,
[224] ; Tyneside, [2:^]
Balj-our, Mr. A. J., at Manchester, [9];
at the IVimrose League meeting, [94],
22 ; at the National Union of Conser-
vative As.sociations, [135] ; Dundee,
[19.5]; Edinburgli, [201]; Dewslmry,
[229 J. Birr ELL, Mr., at Manchester,
[2.31]. Bryce, Mr., at Aberdeen,
[223], [225]
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir II., at the
National Liberal Federation, [70]-[72] ;
National Liberal ('lub, [76]; llford,
[1361 : at the ( ity Lil)eral Club, [138] ;
at Maidstone, [^198], 61 ; Manchester,
[22.'}]; Birmingliam, [224] ; Aberdeen,
[2:32], 74. Chamberlain, Mr., at
Wolverhampton, [5]; Birmingham,
[109], [137]; his policy on the Trans-
vaal (luestion, [177]-[180], [182]-[184];

n. [4], 4;
HOT; Ar-
[190], 56 ;

POLITICAL SPEECHES, a,ntinu(d,

his despatch, [189]; at Highbury,
[181] ; on Dr. Reitz's charges, [197] ;
at Leicester, [226], [2281. 71. Clarke,
Sir E., at Plymouth. [3], [1931.
Courtney. Mr. L., ?it Li.skeard, [81 J;
Manchester, [191], 56

Devonshire, Duke of. at Birminghaniy
[8]; the Liberal Unionist Council,
[73]; New Mills, [196]; York, 230.
Dilke, Sir C. , at Newent. [3]

EiXiiN, Lord, at a dinner given V»y the
Northbrook Society, [107^

Fowler, Sir H.. at Wolverhamptou,

[81]
(jOschen, Mr., at the South African
dinner, ri04]. Grey, Sir E., at th*
Liverpool Reform Club, [7] ; Oxford,
[;36] ; Rea«ling. [54] ; Glasgow, [220]
Harcourt, tsir W., at the dinner of the
Welsh parliamentary part]
Nantyglo, [111] ; Tredegar,
Hicks-Beach, Sir M., at Bris
on finance, [138]
KiMBERLEY. Lord, at the Wyniondhani
Liberal Association. [8] ; Newcastle ^
[223] ; Birmingham. 26
Lan.sdowne. Lord, at Sheffield, [221].
Loch. Lord, on the IVansvaal question,.
[187]
MoRLEY, Mr. J., at Brechin. [4],
Montrose, [6]; Lydney, [llOj
broath. [186]; Manchester
Carnarvon. 61
Rosebery, Lord, at the City Liberal
Club. [1051. 25 ; at a dinner given by
the Northorook Society, [107] ; at
Bath, [2201; Edinburgh, [221], [227]
Salisbury, Lord, at a Primrose League
banquet, [106] ; at the Mansion House*
[222], 68. Spencer, Lord, at Trow-
bridge. [Ill]

POLYNESIA.— Hawaii. Mauna-Loa vol-
cano, irruption, [416] ; earthquake,
[416]. Samoa, civil war in, [415], 1,
16. 20, 24 ; agreement l)etweeii the
Powers. [416], 67, 72 ; Malietoa Tanu,
croAvned King. 17 ; abdicates, 33 ;
Mataafa declared King, 74 ; Osbom,
Mr., nominated acting chief justice,
43. Tonga. H.M.S. Tauranga at,
[416]

Pope, The. receives the Duke and Duchess
of Connaught. 6; his operation. 13;
takes part in the Coronation Mass at
St Peter's 22

PORTUCJAL.— Army Reorganisation Bill,
[338]. Cortes, assembled, [386].
Debt, external. [336]. Delagoa ar-
bitration, [337]. Oporto, outbreak of
bulwuic plague, [337]. Pestana, Dr.,
death. 68

Powell r. Kempt on Park Racecourse
Committee, decision in the case of, 16.

Press, controversy on tlie close of the
century. 76

Primrose League meeting, [94], 22

Queen Victoria, reaches Cimiez, 15 ;
leaves for England, 25 ; arrives in
Ijondon, 27 ; lays the foundation-stosie
of the Victoria and Albert Museum,
[107], 28 : celebration of her eightietll

1899.]

INDEX.

237-

•Queen Victoria, cmtiuueii

birthday, [107], 29 ; public expression
of thank.s, 29 ; at Baliuoral, 30 ; holds
a review at Aldershot, 37 ; at Windsor,
38 ; presents colours to the Scots
Guards, 42 ; on Westminster retaining
the title of "City," 46; inspects the
Port:3niouth volunteers, 49 ; presents
new colours to the Seaforth High-
landers, 59 ; her gift to the father of
the risherumu Loth, 63; message of
thanks to the colonies, 65 ; inspects
the- Household Cavalry, 68 ; opens
the Convalescent Home, Bristol, 69 ;
French newspapers, outburst of ill-will
again.st, [226], 71 ; leaves for Osborne,
76 ; her Christmas greetings to the
troops, 76 ; tea-partv in St. George's
Hall, 76

•QUEENSLAND.— Bqdgbt, [411]. Elec-
TiDN. general, [410]. Fedkual Bill,
[410], [54]. Federal Enabling Bill,
[410]. Jae»anesb immigration ques-
tion, [411]. Ministry, changes in
the, [411]. Population. [411]

PiACES.— Ascot, 34; Chester Cup, 25 ;
Derby, French. 30 ; Doggbtt's Coat
and Badge, 47 ; Doncastbh, 55 ;
Dover to Heligoland, 35 ; Epsom, 22,
30, 31 ; Goodwood, 46 ; Grand Prix
de Paris, 33 ; Henley Regatta, 40 ;
Lincolnshire Handicap, 17 ; Liver-
pool Steeplechase, 18; Newmarket,
24, 38, 59. 62, 65; Rochdale, 57;
Sandowx, 42 : Sculling Match, 25 ;
Shui/irock and Colambla, 60, 61, 62,
63, 64 ; SwiM.MiNG Championship, 49 ;
University Boat Race, 18 ; University
Sports, 18, 44 ; Waterloo Coursing
Cup, 12

Racquet Matches. — Oxfonl and Cam-
bridge, 19 ; public schools, 22

RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. — Berlin -
Flushing express, 31 ; Bermondsey,
74 ; Brussels, 11 ; Canada- Atlantic
express, 49 ; Crewe station, 74 ; Ex-
( liange station, Manchester, 56 ; Gon-
da ami Rotterdam, 69 ; Juvisy, 48 ;
Lehigh Valley, 3 ; Lichfield, 17 ;
Madeley and Stiifford, 73 ; Mapocho
River, 52 ; Montmoreau, 74 ; Penmaen
niawr. 3; Pertli station, 57; Phil
adelphia and Reading Railway, 27
Slough, 75 ; Strathaven and Hamilton
75; Strood, 5; Thouars, 66; Wins
ford, Cheshire. 38; Wivelsfield, 75
Wolverhampton, 64 ; Wortley Junc-
tion, 73

Board of Trade, report on,

GO

(rreat Central, London E.xtension

of tlie, opene<l, 14

Red Cross Society, donation from the
Princess of Wales, Q^

Rhodes, Mr. C. in Berlin, [74], 15; signs
a treaty, 16 ; in London, [74], 25

RiKLE Association, Bisley, 44; prizes, 44;
matches, 45

Roberts, Field-Marshal Lord, appointed
Commander-in-Chief in South Africa,
[233], [371], 74; his message to the
Americans and Canadians, 75

ROBBRTSON, Rt. Hon. J. P. B., appointed
Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, for Scot-
land, 65
RocHBFORT, M., his arrival at Algiers. 8
RosEBBRT, Lord, elected Lord Rector of
Glasgow University, 65 ; presented
with the freedom of the city of Batli,
65} his address on Cromwell, 69; on
the Transvaal question, [201]
Ross, Major, on the discovery of a malaria

bearing mosquito, 52
Rothschild, Baron F. de, bequeaths his
art collection to the British Museum, 3
Royal Academy banquet, 24; election of

Academicians, 7 ; Associates, 7, 18
Geographical Society, money trans-
mitted to the, 18 ; award of medals, 26

Society, award of medals, 71

RusKiN, Mr. , receives addresses, 8
RusKiN Hall, Oxford, opened, 11
Russell, Lord, of Killowen, arbitrator on
the Venezuelan Boundary Commission,
21
RUSSIA.— Anti- Jewish riots, 26. Bre-
men, diplomatic relations broken with,
32. Budget. [300], 3. Calendar,
scheme for the reform, 25. Dukho-
BORSKY sect arrive at Halifax, 5 ; leave
Cyprus, 24. Education, svstem of,
uicase on, 52. Estimates, Army, [300],
4 ; Navy, [300], 4. Faminb, outbreak
of, [:303]. 17. 33. Finland, question of
the status, ^307]. 6, 11, 16, 39. Foreign
policy, [31/]. Lbutschistz. panic at,
56. MURAVIBFF, Count, on the Peace
Conference, [309], 4 ; at San Sebastian.
61. Odessa, military chief, found
guilty. 76. Peace Conference, [309]-
[317]. Riots, [301]. Social Demo-
cracv, spread of, 20. Strikes, [301].
Students and police, encounter be-
tween, [301] ; strike, [302], 13. Tem-
perature, low. 33. Universities
closed. [302], 18. 21. Wittb, M., his
Budget, [300], 3; on foreign capital,
[303]-[306]. Zakrbvski, M., dismissal,
69
Czar of, on transportation, 28 ; on the

students' strike, [302], 32
Czar and Czarina of, at Potsdam,

[319] ; at Berlin, 67

Czarevitch of, death, [306], 45

Rylands Memorial Library, Manchester,

opened, 61

Salisbury, Lady, her funeral, 70
Lord, at the Royal Academy ban-
quet, 24
SAXE-COBURGANDGOTHA.— Albany,
Duke of, heir-presumptive, 38. Alfred,
Prince of, memorial service for, 9. Con-
naught, Duke of, his declaration, 21
School Board, London, report of the special

committee, 66
SCIENCE.— Retrospect of :—
Astronomy, 101
Biology, 110
Chemistry, 103
Geography, 94
Geology, 96
Meteorology, 98
Physics, 105
Physiology. 108

2S8

INDEX.

[1899.

SCOTLAND.— Bal>x)UR, Hou. J. B., ap-
pointed Lord Justice General, (J8.
DUFFERIN, Marquess of, elected Lord
Rector of Ediulnirgli University, 67.
Free Church and United Presbyterian,
union of the, [240]. Leven and Mel-
ville, Earl of, Lord High Connnis-
sioner to the General Assembly, 17.
Li])eralisni, growth of, [239]. Uobert-
SON, Rt. Hon. J. P. B., appointed
Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, 65.
Trade, condition [240]

SERVIA.— Beixjradb, state of siege, 41.
Frontier disturlxauces, 34. Knezb-
viTCH, trial, [322], 59. ;Mii^\n, ex-
King, attempt on his life, [322], 40

Ship, Hospital, fitted out for South Africa,
[235], [390], 67

SHIPPING DISASTERS. — Aldeburgh
life-lK)at, capsizes, 72; J /wm« disabled,
5; Aruisto stranded, 76; B^dgaria
found drifting, 9 ; Carlisle Castle
wrecked, 41 ; Cluirlestim Avrecked, 67 ;
Citi/ of yeic York wrecke<l, 41 ;
Collin(f^otM>d and Cifra^oa, collision be-
tween, 5 ; Dentmi Oraiu/e grounds on
rocks, 73 ; //?« Gv^sdin and Ross-shire^
collision between, 2 ; Eight British lost
in the Atlantic, 16 ; Goodwin lightsliip
run into, 24; <lriven from her moor-
ings, 76; /.vmf/'/'6 goes ashore, 72; Lab-
rculor Tims on a rock, 13; J'aris runs
on the rocks, 28 ; towed into Falmouth
Harbour, 41 ; Patria takes fire, 69 ;
sinks, 69 ; goes ashore, 76 ; Patymia
disabled, 9 ; Jiajmlan grounds ott"
Cape Town, 73; JSc(7iS Pareil and a
schooner, collision between, 49; Scots-
man strikes on the rocks, 58 ; StelUi
runs on to the Casquet Rocks, 19 ;
Surprise runs into a steam collier, 48 ;
Tyne, H.M.S., grounds on Bembridge
Ledge, 73 ; Walmer lifeboat, upset, 60

SHU'S launched. The (»U>n/, 15 ; The
Implaaible, 15 ; Oceanic, 4 ; Victoria
and Albert, 26

SIAM.— Perak, ))Oundary dispute adjus-
ted, [364]. RAiLWAY,construction,[363]

SPAIN.— Budget, opposition to, [334].
(Jarlos, Don, on the treaty of peace,
10. Castelar, Sefior, his funeral, 30.
Catalonia, taxes, refusal to pay, [335],
63. Cortes, summoned, [332]; dis-
solved, [333], 16 ; reassembled, [334].
Elections, result, [334]. Generals
and officers acquitted, 50. La-
drones and Caroline Islands, ceded
to Germany, [334], 31. Montijo,
court martial on, [332], 58. Murcia,
bomb explosion, 73. Peace, Treaty
of, ratified with the United States,
[334], 8, 16. Polavicja, Gen., resigna-
tion, [335], 60. Press offences, Iree
pardon for, [331]. Riots, [335],
37, 38, 63. Sagasta Cabinet, resig-
nation, [333]. Seville, decision of the
(Chamber of Commerce, [332]. Siege,
state of, 27 ; removal, [332], 8. Sil-
vela, Sefior, forms a new Cabinet,
[333], 13; reconstructs, [335]. Val-
encia, manufacturers agree to pay new
t^xes, 71. Weyler, Gen., on a mili-
tary revolution, 46

State Paper.s.— Transvaal, 187-219 ; Vene-
zuela, 220

Statues unveiled, CVomwell, Oliver, 68 ;
Lesseps, F. de, 69 ; Republic, Paris,
69; Schulze-Delitzsch, 48

Stokes, Prof. G., presentation of medals, 31

Stonehenge, offered for sale to the Gov-
ernment, 51

STORMS.— Cycix)NE8, Azores, 54; Ber-
muda, 56 ; Kirksville, Missouri, 24 ;
Monte Video, 51 ; West Indies, 49.
Floods, Athens, 69 ; Austria, 57 ;
Piraeus, 69 ; Texas, 40. Galbs^
British Isles, 9, 21, 76 ; England, 3;
5, 67 ; English Channel, 60 ; Europe,
W., 1 ; Ireland, 3. HURRICANB,
Queensland, 15. Snowstorms, Amer-
ica, N., 9; England, 17; Moscow
and St. Petersburg Railway, G2 ;
Scotland, 17^ Storms, Mississippi
River, 33 ; Newfoundland, 57 ; Suiti-
ago, 51 ; Valparaiso, 51. Thunder-
storm, London, 55. Typhoon,
Japan, 62

STRIKES.— Alsatian Mechanical Works
Co., Belfort, 63; Colliers, 23; gas-
stokers and lamp-lighters, Paris, 49 ;
Iron workers, C^reuzot, 59, 61 ; Doubs,
70; Plasterers, 6, 14, 33; postmen,
Paris, 28 ; signalmen, Brahmans, 26 ;
textile workers, Brnnn, 37 ; track-
men, Canada, 31; tramway drivers
and conductors. United States, 43, 45 ;
Ontario, 40

Stuart, Mr. J., his address as Lord
Rector of St. Andrews University, 5

SWEDEN.— Budget, [343]. Elbction.
general, [344], 60. Frisson, M. von,
his Suffrage Bill. [346]. MiNlSTBRS,
resignation, [346]. Norway, relationa-
with , [343]. Norwegian Flag question ,
[343], 3461, 63. Riksdag opened. [34S].

SWITZERLAND. — Arbitration Tribu-
nals, work of the. \2S0]. LiFB
Assurance Bill, [330]. Statb Bank,
proposal to establish. [329]

TASMANIA.— Commonwealth Bill, 46.

Constitution Amendment Bill. 52.

Federal Enabling Bill. [413].

Female Suffrage, [4131, 40. Rark.

system of voting, [413j. Ministry

resignation, [418] ; the new, [418]
Tate Gallery, new rooms added, 71
Telegraph Co., Eastern Extension, offer

to lay a cable, 43
Telegraph, Cape to Cairo, 66
Telegraphy, wireless, first press messaf^e

transmitted, 18
Tenbt, pier opened at, 26
Tennyson. Lord, appointed Governor of

South Australia, 7
Trafalgar Day, celebrated in London, 64
TURKEY. — Anglo-French agreement^

protest against, [74], 19. Armenians.

measures for, [319], 62. Bessarabia.

disturbances in, 49. COHSTANmfOPLB^

Mahomedans arrested at. [S20], 71.

Frontier, disturbances, 34. iFBK,.

meeting of Albanian notables at,

[319]. Macedonia, condition of, [819].

Mahmoud Pasha, escapes from Con-
stantinople, 74

1899.]

INDEX.

239

TURKKY, Sultan of, plot to assassinate, 6 ;
grant to the Deutsche Bank, 72

UNITED STATES.— Alaska boundary
(juestion, [30], [390], 34, 65; Yakutat
Bay, tidal wave, 54. Alger, Mr.,
attempt to supersede Gen. Miles, 26 ;
resij^nation. [387], 43. Army, Reor-
ganisation Bill, [386]. Bunker's Hill,
monument in memory of the British
troops. [390], 67. Coghlan, Capt., on
the blockade of Manilla, 23. Con-
gress, tirst session, [391]; closed, 14.
Ouba, transferred, [396], 1. Currency
Bill, [393]. Democrats, mass meeting
in New York, 54. Dewey, Adm. , his
reception, [389], 59. Eagan, Com.
(ren.. suspended, [387], 6. Elections,
[:389], 67. Estimates, 72. Fiuppinos,
war with, [388], 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 15, 18,
19. 27, 35, 37, 49. 51, 59. Gold
standard, [389]. Great Britain, re-
lations with, [390]. Harper Brothers,
Messrs., publishing firm, assigned to
Messrs. Morgan, 71. Hobart, Vice-
I'res.. his death. [390]. Immigrants,
numher of, [392]. MiLES, Gen., cen-
sured, [387], 26. Military court of
inquiry. [387]. 10, 26. M'Kinley,
Pres., his ('abinet, [391] ; annual
ine<s;i;;e, [391], 72. Navy, [393].
Ne<rroes, increase of lynching, [387].
Nvw York, rioting, [388]. Otis,
(ien., protest against the press-cen-
sorship e.\ercise<l by, 43. Phila-
DELi'HLv, Quay, ex-Senator, verdict,
2-"3 ; appointed Senator, 23. Reed,
Mr., resigTiation, 23. Revenue, [392].
Hoot, Mr. E. , appointed Secretary for
War, [387], 44. Senate, on governing
tlie Philippine Islands, 10. Spain,
treaty of peace ratified, [388], 8, 9.
Tradk, [392]. Treaties, reciprocity,
sijL'ned, [390]. Washington, peace,
crU'bration of, 29. Windsor Hotel,
burnt. [387].

VAUCiHAX. Sir J., retires from the bench,
43

VICTORIA.- Ambrose, Mabel, murder
of, [408]. Best. Mr., on tariff policy,
[409]. Commonwealth Bill, 46, 49.

VICTORIA, continued.

Federal Bill, [408]. Geelono Wool
Mills, [410]. Maclean, Mr., on the
Ministerial policy, [409 J. Melbourne,
conference of naval ofhcers at, [409],
Michie, Sir A., death, [410]. Minis-
try defeated, [409], 72; the new.

[409]. Population, [410]. Revknue,
[408]. Service, Mr. J., death, [410].
Volunteers for South Africa, [408].

Woman's Suffrage Bill, [409], 55.
Volunteers, Metropolitan, reviewed, 40.

Wales, Prince of, reviews Metropolitan
Volunteers, 40; at the University
Sports, 44 ; pre.sents new colours to
the Gordon Highlanders, 57.

Princess of, her donation to the

British Red Cross Society, 66

War in South Africa, see Africa, South

War Office, mobilisation of a field force,
61

Webb, Mr. S., his paper on "Technical
Education,^' [79]

Wellman Arctic expedition at Tromio,
51

WEST INDIES. — Bahamas, Revenue,
[397] ; trade, [397]. Barbados, sugar
industry, [397]. Bermuda, cyclone,
[3971; Population, [397]; Revenue,
[397]. Cuba, transferred to the
United States, [396], 1 ; Assembly,
votes of, [397] ; census, [397]. Hayti,
[397]. Jamaica, Barbour, Sir D.,
his report, [398]; -revenue, [398].
Porto Rico, under the military rule
of the United States, [398]. San
Domingo, Figuereo, Gen., resignation,
[398], 53; Henreaux, Pres., assassi-
nated, [398], 46; insurrection, [398],
47 ; Jiminez, Seflor, proclaimed Pre-
sident, [398]. Trinidad, Revenue.
[399]; trade, [399]; treaty, recipro-
city, with the United States, reiected,
[3991; Volunteer Artillery Corps dis-
banded. [398], 53

Yermak, the ice-breaker at St. Petersburg,

22
York, Duke and Duchess of, in Wales, 23.

Duchess of, opens the new pier at

Tenby, 26.

ABERDEEN UNIVBBSITY PBE88.

H Classttleb Catalogue

OF WORKS IN

GENERAL LITERATURE

PUBLISHED BY

LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, B.C.

91 AND 93 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK, and ja HORNBY ROAD, BOMBAY.

CONTENTS.

PAOB

BADMINTON LIBRARY (THE) ^ - 10

BIOGRAPHY, PERSONAL ME-
MOIRS, &c. 7

CHILDREN'S BOOKS - - - 26

CLASSICAL LITERATURE, TRANS-
LATIONS, ETC. - - - - 18

COOKERY, DOMESTIC MANAGE-
MENT, &c. 28

EVOLUTION, ANTHROPOLOGY,
&c. 17

FICTION, HUMOUR, &c. - - - 21

FUR, FEATHER AND FIN SERIES la

HISTORY, POLITICS, POLITY,
POLITICAL MEMOIRS, &c. - - 3

LANGUAGE, HISTORY AND
SCIENCE OF 16

MANUALS OF CATHOLIC PHIL-
OSOPHY 16

PAOB

MENTAL, MORAL, AND POLITICAL

PHILOSOPHY 14

MISCELLANEOUS AND CRITICAL

WORKS 29

MISCELLANEOUS THEOLOGICAL

WORKS 32

POETRY AND THE DRAMA - - 19

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ECO-
NOMICS x6

POPULAR SCIENCE - - - - 24

SILVER LIBRARY (THE) - - 27

SPORT AND PASTIME - - - lo

STUDIES IN ECONOMICS AND

POLITICAL SCIENCE - - - 17

TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE, THE

COLONIES, &c. .... 8

VETERINARY MEDICINE, &c. - 10

WORKS OF REFERENCE- - - 25

INDEX OF AUTHORS AND EDITORS.

Abbott (Evelyn)

(T. K.) -

(E. A.) -

Acland (A. H. D.)
Acton (Eliza) -
Adeane(J. H.) -
ifischylus
Ainger (A. C.) -
Albemarle (Earl of)
Allen (Grant) -
Amos (S.)
Andr6 (R.)
Anstey (F.)
Aristophanes -
Aristotle -
Armstrong (G. F
Savage)

(E.J. Savage) 7,

Arnold (Sir Edwin) -

(Dr. T.) - -

Ashbourne (Lord) -
Ashby(H.)
Ashley (W.J.) -
Atkinson (C. T.)
A>Te (Rev. J.) -

Page

3.18

14

28

7
x8
II
10
24

3

12

21

18

14, 18

19

19,29
8,19

3

3

28

16

7

25

Balfour (A. J.)

(Lady Betty) -

Ball (John)
Baring-Gould (Rev.

S.) - - .37,
Barraud (C. W.) -
Baynes (T. S.) -
Beaconsfield (Earl of)

Page
11.3a

29

19
29

21

Beaufort (Duke of) - io,xi

Bacon - - - 7, 14
Baden-Powell (B. H.) 3
Bagehot (W.) - 7, 16, 29
Bag^^•ell (R.) - - 3

Bain (Alexander) - 14
Baker (Sir S. W.) - 8, 10

Becker (W. A.)
Beddard (F. E.)
Beesly (A. H.) -
Bell (Mrs. Hugh) -
Bent (J. Theodore) -
Besant (Sir Walter)-
Bickerdyke (J.)
Bicknelf (A. C.)
Birt(A.) -
Blackburne (J. H.) -
Bland (Mrs. Hubert)
Boase (Rev. C. W.) -
Boedder (Rev. B.) -
Boevey (A. W. Crawley-) 7
Bosanquet (B.) - 14
Boyd (Rev. A. K. H.) 29, 32
Brassey (Lady) - 9

(Lord) 3, 8, XI, 16

Bray (C.) - • • 14
Bright (Rev. I. F.) - 3
Broadfoot (Major W.) zo
Browning (H. Ellen) 9
Back (H. A.) - - xx

18

24

7

3
II

8
21
12
20

4
x6

Buckland (Jaa.)
Buckle (H. T.) -
Buckton (C. M.)
BuU(T.) -
Burke (U.R.) -
Burrows (Montagu)
Butler (E. A.)

Page
26

J

28
3
4

M

(Samuel) - 18, 20, 29

Calder(J.) - - 30

Cameron of Lochiel 12

Campbell (Rev. Lewis) 32

Camperdown (Earl of) 7

Caiman (E.) - - 17

Channing (F. A.) - 16

Chesney (Sir G.) • 3

•Chola* - - - 21
Cholmondeley-Pennell

(H.) - . - IX
Churchill (W. Spencer)

3.9*"

Cicero - - - x8

Clarke (Rev. R. F.) - z6

Climenson(EmilyJ.) 8

Clodd (Edward) - 17

CluUerbuck (W. J.) - 9

Coleridge (S. T.) - 19

Comparetti (D.) - 30

Conington (Jolm) - 18

Conway (Sir W. M.) xi
Conybeare (Rev. W. J.)

ft Howson(Deui) 97

CooUdge (W. A. B.)
Corbett (Julian S.) -
Corder (Annie)
Coutts (W.) -
Covent2y(A.) -
Cox (Hardinf)
Crake (Rev. A. D.) -
Creiffhton (Bishop) -
Croder (J. B.) -
Curxon of Kedleston
(Lord) - - -
Cdstance (Col. H. -
Cutts (Rev. E. L.) -

DaUinger (F. W.) - 4
Davidson (W. L.) 14, x<S, 32

Pag§
8

S

:§

xz
xo

96

3»4<
7,14

4
IS

4

Davies (J. F.) -
Dent (C. T.) -
Deploige(S.) -
De Sails (Mrs.)
De Tocqueville (A.)
Devas (C. S.) -
Dickinson (G. L.) -
Diderot -
Dougall (L.) -
Dowden (E.) -
Doyle (A. Conan) -
Dn Bois (W. E. B.)-
Dufferin (Marqais oO
Donbar (Mary F.) -

E«rdl«y^Wilmot (Capt.
$.)-•-

x8

XX

s8,99

4
3Z

ai

ti

4
XI

90

INDEX OF

Page
Ebrington (Viscount) 12
EUi8(J. H.) . - 12

(R. L.) - - 14

Evans (Sir John) - 30

Farrar (Dean) - - 16, 21

10
12
12
21

7
12
21

4
II

30

Fitrwygram (Sir F.)
Folkard (H. C.)
Ford (H.) -
Fowler (Edith H.) -
Foxcroft (H. C.)
Francis (Francis)
Francis (M. E.)
Freeman (Edward A.)
Freshfield (D. W.) -
Frothingham (A. L.)
Froude James A.) 4, 7, 9, 21

24

Furneaux (W,)

Gallon (W. F.) - 17

Gardiner (Samuel R.) 41
Gathorne-Hardy (Hon.

A. E.) - - 12

Gibbons (J. S.) - 12

Gibson (Hon. H.) - 13

(C. H.) - - 14

(Hon. W.) - 32

Glcig (Rev. G. R.) - 8

Goethe - - - 19

Gore-Booth (Eva) - 19

(SirH. W.) - II

Graham (P. A.) - 12, 13

(G. F.) - - 16:

Granby (Marquis of) 12 <

Grant (Sir A.) - - 14 1

Graves (R. P.) - - 7;

Green (T. Hill) - 14 ;

Greene (E. B.)- - 4 !

Greville (C. C. F.) - 4

Grose (T. H.) - - 14

Gross (C.) - - 4

Grove (F. C.) - - if

(Mrs. Lilly) - 10 :

Gurdon (Lady Camilla) 21 ,

Gwilt (J.) - - - 25

21, 3">
II
8
30

4

4

22

12

24

6

30
14

- 7.

Haggard (H. Rider)
Hake (O.) -

Halliwell-Phillipps(J.)
Hamlin (A. D. F.) -
Hammond (Mrs. J . H.)
Harding (S. H.)
Harte (Bret) -
Harting(J. E.)-
Hartwig (G.) -
Hassall (A.) -
Haweis (H. R.)
Heath (D. D.) -
Heathcotc (J. M. and

C. G.) - - II
Helmholtz (Hermann

von) - - - 24
Henderson (Lieut-
Col. G. F.) - 7
Henry (W.) - - 11
Henty (G. A.) - - 26
Herbert (Col. Kenney) 12 ;
Hilev (R. W.) - 7
Hill (Sylvia M.) - 21
Hilliur (G. Lacy) - 10
Himc(H. VV. L.) - 18.
Hodgson (Shadworth)i4, 30
HoeniglF.^ - - 30
H.jgan (J. F.) - - 7;
Homer - - - 18
Hope (Anthony) - 22
Horace - - - iS
Houston (D. F.) - 4
Howell (G.) - - 16
Howitt(W.) - - 9
Hudson (W. H.) - 24
Hullahlj.) - - 30
Hume (David) - - 14
Hunt (Rev. W.) - 4
Hunter (Sir W.) - 5
Hutchinson (Horace G.)

II, 13

AUTHORS

Page

ames (W.) - - 14

cfferies (Richard) - 30

ekyll (Gertrude) - 30

erome (Jerome K.) - 22

)ohnson (J. & J. H.) 30

_ ones (H. Bence) - 25

] ordan (W. L.) - 16

] owett (Dr. B.) - 17

; oyce (P. W.) - 5, 22, 30

\ ustinian : - - 14

Kant (L) - - - 14

Kaye (Sir J. W.) - 5

Kent (C. B. R.) - 5

Kerr (Rev. J.) - - 11

Killick(Rev.A. H.)- 14

Kingsley (Rose G.) - 30

Kitchin (Dr. G. W.) 4

Knight (E. F.) - - 9, 11

K6stlin(J.) - - 7

AND EDI TO R S--€ontinued.

Ladd (G. T.) - - 15
Lang (Andrew) 5, 10, 11, 13.
17, 18, 19, 20, 22. 26, 30, 32
Lascelles (Hon. G.)

10, II, 12

Laughton (J. K.) - 8
Law-ley (Hon. F.) - 11
Lawrence (F. VV.) - 17
Layard (Nina F.) - 19
Lear (H. L. Sidney) - 29
Lecky (W. E. H.) 5, 15, 19
Lees (J. A.) - - 9

Leslie (T. E. Cliffe) - 16
Levett-Veats (S.) - 22
Lillie (A.)- - - 13
Lindley(J.) - - 25
Lodge (H. C.) - - 4
Loftie (Rev. W. J.) - 4
Longman (C. J.) 10,12,30

(F. W.) - - 13

(G. H.) - -11,12

Lowell (A. L.) - - 5

Lubbock (Sir John) -

Lucan

Lutoslawski (W.) -

Lvall (Edna) -

Lyttelton (Hon. R. H.)

(Hon. A.) -

Lytton (Earl of) - 5.

Macaulay (Lord)
Macdonald (G.)
(Dr. G.)

5,6.

A.)

20,

- 8,
A.

Ingelow (Jean)

19

Macfarren (Sir G
Mackaild. W.)
Macleod (H. D.)
Macpherson(Rev. H
Madden (D. H.)
Maher (Rev. M.) -
Malleson (Col. G. B.)
Mann (E. R.) -
Marbot (Baron de) -
Marquand (A.) -
Marshman (J. C.) -
Martineau (Dr. James)
Mason (A. E. \V.) -
Maskdyne(J. N.) -
Maunder (S.) -
Max Mtiller (F.)

7,8.15. 16. 22, 31,
Mav (Sir T. Erskine)
Meade (L. T.) -
Melville (G. J. Whyte)
Merivale (Dean)
Merrimm 'H. S.)
Mill (lames) -

(}ohn Stuart) - 15,

Milner ((i.) - .
Moflat (D.)
Monck (W. H. S.) -
Montague (F. C.) -
Montagu (Hon. John

Scott)
Moon (G. W.) -
•Moore (T.)

(Rev. P2dward) -

Morgan (C. Lloyd) -
Morris (W.) i«, 20, 22,

17
18

15

22
10
II
^9

19

9

32
30
18
16

)I2

13
16

5
29

3<>

1
I

32

.22

13

25

32

6

26

22

6

22

15
16

31
13

6

12
20
25
14
17
31

Page
Morris (Mowbray) - xi
Mulhall (M. G.) • 17

Nansen (F.) - - 9

Nesbit (E.) - - 20

Nettleship (R. L.) - 14

Newman (Cardinal) - 22

Ogle(W.)- - - 18

Onslow (Earl oO - n
Orchard (T. N.) - 18
Osbourne (L) - - 23

Palgrave (Gwenllian F.) 8
Park(\V.) - - 13

Payne-Gallwey (Sir

' R.) - - - II, 13
Peek (Hedley) - - 11
Pembroke (Earl oO - 11
Phillipps-Wolley(C.) 10,22
Phillips (Mrs. Lionel) 6
Pitman (C. M.) - 11
Pleydell-Houverie (E. O.) 1 1
Pole (W.) - - - 13
Pollock (W. H.) - 11,31
Poole (W. H. and Mrs.) 29
Poore (G. V.) - - 31
Potter (J.) - - 16
Powell (E.) - - 6
Powys (Mrs. P. L.) - 8

Praeger (S. Rosamond) 26
Prevost (C.) - - 11
Pritchett (R. T.) - 11
Proctor (R. A.) 13, 24, 28

^ I

Statham (S. P. H.)
Stebbing (W.) -
Steel (A. G.) -
(J.H.)

Page
6

23

10
10

' Stephen (Leslie) - 9
Stephens (H. Morse) 6
(W. W.) - -8,17

1 Stevens (R. W.) - 31
Stevenson (R. L.) - 23, 36
Stock (St. George) - 15
' Stonehenge ' - - xo
Stcrr (F.) - - - 14
Stuart-Wortley(A. J.) ix.Ta
StubbsCj. W.)- - 6

Suffolk & Berkshire

(Earl of) -
Sullivan (Sir £.) -
Sully (James) -
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4

20

3.6
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»3
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10

31
31
16
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18
20
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20, 32
8

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4

31
II

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12
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XI

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31

15

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6

23

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.\

6

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6,7

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6

23

3»

M

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Cron- ! WhateIy(Archbi«iop) 14,13

10
6.8
10

23
20

12

6

6

xo, II

II
6
4
9

23

18

31
31
14
8

24
7

- 7i

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