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LL   REGISTER, 

IR  A  VIEW  OF  THE 

STORY, 
OLITICS, 

AND 

E  R  A  T  U  R  E, 

F   THE   YEAR 

18  26. 


LONDON: 
BALDWIN,  CRADOCE,   AND  JOY; 
AND  J.  RIVINGTONj 

,  ItEES,  OHUE,  AND  CO.i  E.  JEFFERY  AND  SON; 
HAWHAN;  J.  BOOKER;  SnERWOOD,  OILBERT,  AND 
ID  SOH(  HAUtLTOH,  ADAUS,  AND  CO.;  O.  B.  WHIT- 
IS;  BIMPKIN  AND  MAmjlIAI,L;  H. 
XtLUNOWOOD- 


^ 


OXFORD 


'V 


y 


T.  C.  Hamtidi 
Prloter» 


(y 


PREFACE. 


JL  HE  year  1826  has  been  a  busy  year  in  almost  every  quar- 
ter of  thev  world.  The  Tariety  and  the  importance  of  the 
negotiations,  military  operations,  and  measures  of  civil 
polity,  which  have  been  in  progress,  have  added  greatly  to  the 
ordinary  labours  of  our  task ;  and  thus,  in  order  to  give  a  full 
delineation  of  the  events  and  transactions  of  the  year,  we  have 
been  compelled  to  extend  that  portion  of  our  volume,  which  is 
devoted  to  historical  narrative,  beyond  its  usual  limits.  This 
increase  of  size  in  the  more  important  part  of  the  work  has 
made  it  necessary  to  allot  to  philosophy  and  miscellaneous 
literature  fewer  pages  than  we  have  generally  done  heretofore, 
or  mean  to  do  hereafter. 

They  who  survey  the  contents  of  our  history  will  not  be 
surprised,  that  our  period  of  publication  should  be  a  few  weeks 
later  than  usual.  Fully  aware  of  the  value  and  convenience 
of  punctuaUty,  we  have  taken  care  for  several  years  that  the 
appearance  of  the  Annual  Register  should  not  be  deferred 


Ti  PREFACE. 

beyond  the  month  of  June.  Bnt^  on  the  present  occaskm^  the 
greater  degree  of  labour  required  in  the  composition  of  the 
volume  rendered  it  impossible  to  complete  it  by  the  usual  time. 
Had  we  attempted  (o  l^t^  \ke  pterib4  (X  our  publication  by 
a  few  weeks,  we  could  not  have  presented  to  our  readers  so 
faithful  and  distinct 'a  narrative  of  the  business  of  the  year  as 
that  which  we  now  lay  before  them. 

August  Ut,  1827* 


CONTENTS. 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 
CHAPTER  I. 

State  of  tlie  Country— Meetiog  of  Parliament — King^s  Speech  and  tlie 
Ad4itto  *  M^fctcms  preposed  Imt  reUttiog  tiM  ComUMTckl  DktreisM  j 
Pk^KibitiMi  ftgiunst  Stamping  small  Notet— Mr.  Hume's  MtKion  for 
Returns  of  Basknuftt  Cowitry  Banks— BUi  brougkt  in  «o  proMbit  tl^e 
Circnlaliott  of  snuOl  Notes  alter  Feb.  6ch,  188^*-£xceptioA  in  f&vour 
of  titt  Baak  of  Sns4aiid-«Mr.  Hume's  Motion  to  remdre  Seeuiity  from 
Country  BanksrHEleasons  .for  Hmiting  the  Bill  to  Eu^and-^-Scottish 
Banks [1 

CHAPTSR   II. 

Arrangement  wUli  the  Bank  of  England— -Bill  brou|ht  inio  the  House  of 
Lords  to  enable  private  Banks  to  nave  an  unlimitd  Number  of  Partners 
-"Claude  introduced  authorising  the  Bank  of  England  to  establish 
Branch  Banks—- Discussion  on  the  Propriety  of  t^Ueving  the  eidsting 
Distress  by  an  Issue  of  Exchequer  Bills— Tne  Bank  agrees  to  advance 
Money  u^on  Security— JSill  to  enable  Factors  holding  Documents  of 
Property  tn  Gpod^*  to  pledge  them  to  tho  Bank  as  effectually  as  if  Ihey 
were  the  real  Owners — ^Appointment  of  a  Committee  on  Emigration.— 
Corn  Laws  :  Mr.  Whitmore's  Motion— Bill  to  allow  the  admission  of 
Bonded  Com  Into  the  Market— Bill  to  authorize  Government  to  Inyort 
a  limited  quantity  of  Foreign  Grain  during  the  Recess— >Mr.  EUice's 
Motion  on  the  Slate  of  the  Silk  Trade— Petitions  concemin|^  the  Navi- 

Stion  Laws— Mr.  Huskisson's  Statement  of  the  Effects  of  the  recent 
terations  in  these  Laws — ^Relaxation  of  the  Navigation  Laws  in  favour 
of  the  new  South  Amencan  Slates [30 

CHAPTER  m. 

FtMANCiB.'-^The  fiudgct^Mr.  Maberly's  Resolutions  on  the  National 
Debt— Mr.  Hume's  Motion  on  the  State  of  the  Nation,  and  Forty-five 
Resolutions  regso^nr  the  Flnances^'^Opposition  to  the  Navy  Estimates 
—-Mr.  Hobhonse's  Motion  to  reduce  the  Army— Discussion  on  the 
Expense  Of  the  Diplomatic  Es^Abfishment         ....       [69 

CHAPTER  IV. 

BiB  to  (nrevent  Bribery  at  Elections— Resolutions  agiunst  Bribery— Lord 
John  Russell's  Motion  on  Parliamentary  Rdbrm— Mr.  Abercromby's 


viii  CONTENTS. 

Motion  for  amendm^  tlie  Representation  of  Edinburfifli^Motion  to 
disfrancliise  non*re8ident  Freemen  in  Ireland — ^Resolutions  for  the 
Regulation  of  Private  Committees — Mr.  Pelham's  Motion  to  bold 
Paniament  occasionally  in  Dublin  and  Edinburgh— Privilege  of  Mem- 
bers not  to  be  summoned  on  Juries — ^Restoration  of  forfeited  Scottisli 
Peerages— Debate  on  Motion  to  disjoin  the  Presidency  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  from  the  Treasurership  of  the  Navy — ^Bill  for  the  Consolidation  of 
the  Criminal  Law— Debate  on  Motion  to  allow  Counsel  to  Prisoners 
on  Trial  for  Felony— Case  of  Mr.  Kemick— Proceedings  regarding  the 
Court  of  Chancery [92 


CHAPTER  V. 

IncLAKO.— Catholic  Emancipation— State  of  the  Protestant  Church  in 
the  Province  of  Munster— Motion  for  a  Committee  of  Inquiry  upon  the 
F1rst>Fruits-*-Motion  for  a  Committee  on  the  levying  and  i^plicatioii 
of  Church  Rates— Education — Chartered  Schools— Bill  to  regulate  the 
Relation  of  Landlord  and  Tenant— Motion  for  a  Committee  on  Tolls 
and  Customs         .         • [125 


CHAPTER  VI. 

CoLONixs.— Slave  Trade — Motion  regarding  the  Trials  of  Slaves  in  Ja- 
midca— Resolutions  of  the  Commons  on  the  Slave  Trade  adopted  bv  the 
Lords — ^Motion  by  Lord  Suffield  to  disqualify  Proprietors  of  Slaves 
from  being  public  Functionaries — Motion  to  the  same  effect  made  in 
the  Commons  by  Mr.  Smith — Petitions  from  the  Council  and  House  of 
Assembly  of  Antigua,  and  the  West-India  Merchants — ^Mr.  Brougham's 
Motion  on  the  Conduct  of  the  Colonies. — India. — Jury  Bill — ^Education 
of  Writers— Petition  of  Mr.  Buckingham  complaining  of  the  Indian 
Government  referred  to  a  Committee. — Canada.— Naturalization  Act-^ 
FoRBiON  Relations.- The  Alien  Act.— Prorogation  and  Dissolu- 
tion OP  Parlumbnt [140 


CHAPTER   VIL 

General  Election— State  of  the  Harvest— Importation  of  Grain  allowed — 
Meeting  of  the  new  Parliament — Kind's  speech-— Amendment  on  the 
Address  in  the  House  of  Lords,  moved  by  Lord  King— -Amendment  on 
the  Address  in  the  House  of  Commons,  moved  by  WR,  Humcr—Amend- 
ment  moved  by  Mr.  Western— Act  of  Indenmity— -Motion  for  a  Sdect 
Committee  on  Joint-Stock  Companies — Resolutions  against  Bribery  at 
Elections,  moved  by  Lord  Althorp— Resolutions  for  regulating  Com« 
mittees  on  Private  Bills,  moved  by  Mr.  Littleton — King^s  Message  re- 
specting the  Conduct  of  Spain  towards  Portugal— Mr.  Ceiling's  Speech 
on  an  Address  in  Answer  to  the  Message — ^Discussion  in  the  House  of 
Commons — ^Mr.  Canning's  Replv— -Address  moved  in  the  House  of 
Lords — Speech  of  the  Duke  or  Wellington— Suling  of  an  Armament 
for  Portugal— ^A<]|jouniment    .       .       ,       ...       ,       •       [169 


CONTENTS.  ix 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

India. — Re-commencement  of  Hostilities  ^^th  the  Burmese— Military 

3[>eration8  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Prome — ^British  Army  Advances  to 
elloone — Conferences  and  Terms  of  Peace  accepted — Tne  Treaty  not 
being  ratified,  the  Army  takes  Melloone — ^The  Army  Advances  to 
Payahm-mew — ^Battle  there — ^A  Treaty  concluded  and  ratified — Siege 
ana  Capture  of  Bhurtpore  by  Lord  Combermere* — ^Africa. — Defeat  of 
the  Ashantees [206 

CHAPTER   IX. 

France. — Meeting  of  the  Chambers — ^Expenses  of  the  Army  of  Occupa- 
tion in  Spain — Ouvrard's  Contracts — ^Tne  Budget — Roads — ^Army  and 
Navy— Operation  of  the  Sinking  Fund — Corn  Laws — ^Trade — Law 
of  Primo|[eniture— Speech  of  M.  Villfele— The  Slave  Trade— Com- 
plfdnts  against  the  Government  for  shewing  partiality  to  Turkey  against 
Greece — Independence  of  St.  Domingo,  and  Indemnity  to  the  Colonists 
— ^Motion  against  Reading  Speeches — The  Press — ^Trial  of  the  Abb^ 
Mennais — ^Montlosier's  Denunciation  of  the  Jesuits — ^Treaty  with  Brazil 
— Policy-  of  France  towards  Portugal — ^Recal  of  the  French  Minister 
from  Madrid,  and  of  the  Swiss  Guaras [225 

CHAPTER  X. 

Thb  Gbrmanic  Diet. — Holland. — Disputes  concerning  the  Navigation 
of  the  Rhine — Arrangements  regarding  the  Catholics — ^Epidemic  Dis- 
ease in  North  Holland — Finances — Militia  Law — ^Expedition  to  Java 
— ^Bavaria.— Austria. — Proceedings  of  the  Hungarian  Diet — ^Decree 
agiunst  the  Slave  Trade — Prussla. — Russia. — A  Commission  appointed 
to  investigate  the  Insurrection  of  1B25— Reforms  in  the  Administration 
— Discontents  among  the  Peasants — Death  of  the  Empress — Report  of 
the  Commission  of  Inquiry— Sentence  and  Punishment  of  the  Conspi- 
rators— Coronation  of  the  Emperor — ^War  with  Persia — Military  Opera- 
tions in  Georgia— The  Persians  defeated       ....        [259 


CHAPTER  XL 

SPAiN.^General  State — Change  of  the  Council — Prosecution  of  the  Con- 
stitutionalists— ^Plots — ^Revolt  of  Bazan — Disturbances  occasioned  by 
the  Royalist  Volunteers — ^The  Clergy — ^The  Finances — Policy  towards 
Portugal — Refusal  to  acknowledge  tne  Regency  of  Portugal— Support 
given  to  the  Portuguese  Rebels — Desertion  of  Spanish  Troops — Remon- 
strances of  the  rortuffuese  Envoy — Invasion  of  Portugal — Defeated 
Rebels  again  received  in  Spain— General  Longa  suspended  from  his 
Command^  and  a  Minister  from  Portugal  received         .         .         [290 

CHAPTER  XIL 

PoRTUOAL.-— Death  of  John  VI.— Don  Pedro's  Resignation  of  the  Throne 
in  favour  of  bis  Daughter.— Establishment  of  a  Regency— New  Cou^ 


CONTENTS. 

stitution  of  Poitu^-«Promul|^tion  of  the  Gonstitutioii-^State    of 
Public  Opinion— Discontent  of  the  Ultra-Royalists,  and  Deserdons 
from  the  Army — ^Electioiit  of  the  Deputies  to  tne  Cortes— Intrigues   of 
Spain  and  the  Marquis  of  Chaves— Spain  refuses  to  disarm  the  Desertera 
—Conspiracy   discovered    in   Lisbon — Decree    a^fidnst   EmimntB — 
Demands  of  the  Portujfuese  Envoy — Revolts  in  Algarves  and  TraS'H^s- 
Montes — Meeting  of  the  Cortes— Don  Mis^uel  takes  the  Oath  to  the 
Constitution — ^Renewed  Remonstrances  of  the  Portuguese  £nvoy    at 
Madrid— Preparations  of  the  Rebels— They  invade  Portu^ — Spaiush 
Minister  at  Lisbon  Stispekided — ^Assurances  given  by  Spain— Proipf'CAs 
of  the  Rebels  in  Tras-os-Mofates— Revolt  in  jLamego— Insurrectioii   in 
Beira — Progress  of  the  Rebels  under  Magessi  in  the  Alentdo— Magessi 
is  driven  back  into  Spain— He  re-enters  Portugal  in  the  Province  of 
Beira — ^Revolt  in  Almeida — Military  Movements  of  the  Rebel  Com- 
manders and  of  the  Constitutional  Troops^Arrival  of  British  Tfoops 
at   Lisbon*-*-The   Rebels   defeated   at   Goruches- They  retreat   Into 
Spdn [310 


CHAPTER  Xin. 

TuRKKY,— Ultimatum  of  Russia,  regarding  Wallachia  and  Moldavia;  it 
is  acceded  to  bv  the  Porte— Conferences  at  Ackerman  between  Ruaaia 
and  Turkey — Settlement  of  their  Differences-^The  Sultan  attempts  to 
introduce  European  Discipline  among  the  Janissaries— The  Janissarie 
Revolt — ^The  Revolt  is  quelled,  and  the  Janissaries  suppressed — ^Flre  in 
Constantinople-^Executions^-Measures  adopted  to  Reform  the  Admi- 
nistration.— -Greece. — Engagements  between  the  Greek  and  Turkish 
Fleets— Siege  of  Missolonehi — Attacks  and  Repulses  of  Ibrahim- 
Capture  by  Ibrahim  of  Vassiladi  and  Anatolico — Famine  in  Missolonghi 
-—Miaulis  endeavours  to  relieve  it-— The  Garrison  attempts  to  cut  its 
way  through  the  Turkish  Camp— Missolonghi  taken— Militarv  Opera- 
tions after  the  taking  of  Missolonghi — ^Proclamation  of  the  Nanonal 
Assembly— Measures  of  the  Commission  of  Government— European 

'  Policy  In  regard  to  Oreece^ — Piracies  committed  under  the  Greek  Fla^f 
— Finances — Exposure  of  the  Greek  Loans— The  conduct  of  Persons 
connected  with  those  Loans [345 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

Thb  United  States. — Negotiations  with  Britun  regarding  the  Colonial 
Trade.— SortM  America. — ^War  between  Brazil  and  Buenos  Aj^ 
Constitution  of  Brazil. — States  op  the  Rio  de  la  Plata. — CTolom- 
BiA. — Revolt  in  Venezuela — ^Venezuela  declares  itself  Independent- 
Return  of  Bolivar — Non-payment  of  the  Dividends  on  the  Debt — ^Laws 
concerning  the  Public  Debt. — Mexico. — Finances — Negotiations  \dth 
the  Pope.— Guatemala. — Internal  Dissentions. — ^Pbru. — Surrender  of 
Callao— The  National  Representatives  refuse  to  meet — Conspiracy 
Sj^nst  Bolivdr — He  is  chosen  President  for  Lifc^-His  Departure — 
Finances — ^Bolivia  receives  a  Constitution  from  Bolivar.— Chili. — 
Chiloe  couquered — Insurrection  in  Chiloe  in  favour  of  CHiggins — 
Confusion  in  the  GovemiAftnt — The  Supreme  Director  resigns — Non- 
paymeot  of  the  Dividends  on  the  Public  Debt.— CoNonsss  or 
Pakama [377 


C  ON  T  EN  T  S. 


XI 


Etbnts : 


CHBONICLR    . 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


Sli€ilf&  .         «        .  199 

Births  .  «  .  .200 
MMIi^es  .  .  .  .203 
Promoliotis  .  .  .  .  2X2 
Death!  .  .  .  .218 
Klnr's  Ministers     ^  .291 

Publio  Iti6Mni        •        .        .292 
£x]>enditiire        .         .        .  290t 
Disposition  of  Grants     .       .  291t 
Ways  And  Means  .      •  297 

PubUc  Funded  Debt  .  .  298-299 
Unfunded  Debt  .  .  .301 
Foreign  TrndeofGrest  Britain  302 
Trade  of  the  United  Kingdom  303 
Trade  of  Ireland  .  •  .304 
Navigation    of    the     United 

Kingdom  ....  305 
Public  General  Acts  ...  306 
Public  Acts  of  a  Local  and 

Personal  Nature     ...  309 
Stocks         .         .        .         .  3]6 
Prices  of  Sugar  And  Hay  .    .  319 
Prices  of  Com        .        .       ,   (6, 
Prices  of  Butcher's  Meat  .    .  320 
Meteorological  Table    .    •    .   ib. 
Bills  of  Mortality      ...  321 
Return  of  Comtnittals,  Con- 
victlons.Sentences,  and  Exe- 
cutions       .... 
Number  of  Persons  executed 
in  England  and  Wales  during 
the  last  eleven  years 
Average  Prices  of  Wheat  for 
the  years  1823,  1824,  182lf, 
and  to  AprU  30,  1826    .    . 
Averaje  Prices  of  Wheat  from 

1670  to  1825     ...      .id. 
University  Intelligence     .     .  326 


322 


324 


325 


LAW  CASES  AND  NAR. 
RATIVES. 

High  Court  of  Admiralty- 
Prize  Money. — Genoa  and 
itft  Dependencies   .    .     .  I* 


Prerogative    Court*— Dew  ff, 

Clark  AUd  ClaHt    .      •      «  6* 
Ustick  <^*  Bauden       .     .     .12* 
Court -of  Bxch^qtief  —  The 

Ne^  Custom  House  —The 

King  t>.  Peto 
Lewis— Petit  Treafioti— Hiili^ 

nah  KusMll 
Lancaster  Assizes  «^  Alexau* 

der  M'Keaad  and  Michael 

M'Keand — ^Murder   »    .    . 
York  Assizes— Trials  of  Riot- 

ers      .        .        *        •        « 
Lancaster  AftsiKes — Blackburn 

Rioters        ...» 
Kins^s  Bench  «^  Marsden  v, 

Robert  Waithtndn   M.   P. 

andnnother 
Admiralty  •  Sessions  —  81ave 


26* 

29* 
31* 
S2* 

36» 


36* 
40* 


43* 
47* 


The  Kinj  v.  Kenny     .     .     . 

CM  Bailey— Arson,'  ChArles 
Thomas  White      .      »      . 

Court  of  Common  Pleas*^ 
Kempson  «•  Saundelis    .     . 

Liability  of  Directors  of  Joint- 
stock  Companies,  Harris 
and  Another  v.  Perrittff  .   .  48* 

Court  of  King's  Bench,  Guild- 
hall—Bucfinghatti  r.  W.  J. 
Banks,  Esq.  M.  P..  4    .     .49* 


PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS. 


I.  Domestic — Copy  of  Corres- 
pondence between  the  Trea- 
sury and  the  Bank  Direct- 
ors, relative  to  an  Alteration 
in  the  Exclusive  Privileges 
of  the  Bank  of  England     . 

Report  from  the  Select  Com- 
mittee of  the  House  of 
Commons  on  Promissory 
Notes  in  Scotland  and  Ire* 


sr 


laud 


64» 


•  • 


xu 


CONTENTS. 


Letter  of  Instructicms  to  the 
FrotecUNT  of  Slaves  at  De- 


merara 


81» 


II.  Foreign — Convention  of 
Commerce  between  bis  Ma« 
jesty  and  the  Most  Christian 
iCin'fift  together  with  two 
Admtional  Articles  there- 
unto annexed,  signed  at 
London,  January  ^,  1826    82* 

Convention  of  Commerce  and 
Navigation  between  his  Ma- 
jesty and  the  King  of  Swe- 
den and  Norway,  together 
with  an  Additional  Article 
thereunto  annexed     •        .    86* 

The  Act  of  Abdication  of  the 
Throne  of  Portugal  by  the 
Emperor  of  Brazu  in  favour 
of  ms  Daughter .        .        .    90* 

Speech  of  the  Infanta  Regent, 
at  the  Opening  of  the  Ses- 
sions of  the  Portuguese 
Cortes       .       ...       .91* 

Report  made  by  the  Portu- 
guese Minister  for  Foreign 
Affiurs  to  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies    ....    98* 

Extract  from  the  Message  of 
the  Vice-President  or  Co- 
lombia  to  the  Congress       •  102* 

The  Message  of  the  President 
to  the  Congress  of  the 
United  Mexican  States       .  106* 

Address  of  General  Bolivar  to 
the  Constituent  Confess  of 
Bolivia,  accompanying  the 
plan  of  a  Constitution  for 
the  Government  of  that 
Stete  .        .        .114* 

Address  of  Freire  to  the  Na- 
tional Congress  of  Chili, 
at  its  opening    .        .        .121* 

Report  from  the  committee  of 
tne  Senate  of  the  United 
States ;  to  whom  was  re- 
ferred the  Memorial  of  the 


Merchants,  &c.,  of  Balti- 
more       ....  127* 
Message  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States  .  131* 

HISTORY  AND  BIO- 
GRAPHY. 

Memoirs  of  the  Right  Hon. 
Robert  Lord  Gifford  .        .  146* 

Account  of  Lady  Hester  Stan- 
hope       ....  150* 

Memoir  of  the  lUght  Rev. 
Reginald  Heber,  D.  D.  Lord 
Bishop  of  Calcutta     .        .  155* 

Memoir  of  Theobald  Wolfe 
Tone         ....  159* 

Anecdotes  of  Dr.  Adam  Fer- 
gusson        ....  164* 

Anecdotes  of  Dr.  Black  and 
Dr.  Hutton        .        •        .  166* 

Anecdotes  of  Dr.  Adam  Smith  166* 

GEOGRAPHY,  ASTRO- 
NOMY,  Sec. 

Account  of  Captain  Parry's 
Third  Voyage  for  the  Dis- 
covery or  a  North  West 
Passage,  &c.       .        .        .  168^ 

Ac4;ouut  of  the  Voyage  of 
Captain  Weddell  into  the 
Antarctic  Seas     .      .        .  169* 

Captun  Parry's  new  Expedi- 
tion       170* 

Results  of  the  Arctic  Expedi- 
tions   .      .        .       .       .  171* 

Patents        ....  173* 

POETRY. 

Field  Flowers — ^By  Thomas 
Campbell,  esq.   .        .        .  179* 

Signs  of  Rain— By  the  late 
Dr.  Jenner  .  180* 

Inpbx        ....  181* 


THE  UISTOBY 


BE 

lEGISTER, 

E   YEAR 
26. 

HE 

)F  EUROPE. 


Parliamenl-^King't  Speech  and  the 
'or  relieving  the  Commercial  Di»~ 
ammng  tmall  Notes — Mr.  Hume't 
]t  CoutUry  Hanks — Bill  hroaght  in 
■maU  Nates  afler  Feb.  Slh,  1829— 
k  of  England — Mr,  Hum/s  Motion 
y  Banks — Reasons  for  limiting  the 


both  in  the  metropolis  and  in  the 
country,  continued  to  multiply, 
though  much  leu  rapidly,  than  ia 
the  end  of  1835 ;  and  the  univer- 
sal distrust  which  existed,  by 
limiting  the  facilities  of  obtaining 
discounts  and  advances,  deprived 
commerce  of  its  natural  aids,  and 
increased  the  difficulties  of  the 
trader.  The  shipowners,  ■  likoia 
wise,  were  suffering  from  the  in« 
ability  to  procun  freights,  m,  ia.^ 


2]        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


ability  occasioned  by  the  foreign 
markets  being  glutted^  and  by 
there  being,  therefore^  a  scarcity 
of  employment  for  shipsy  because 
there  was  a  cessation  in  the  de« 
mand  tor  the  articles  which  ships 
were  to  convey.  There  was  thus 
throughout  the  whole  community 
a  irreat  deal  of  pecuniary  embar-* 
nLnent,  of  com^tive  privation, 
and  of  positive  suffering.  No  man, 
indeed^  who  looked  impartially  at 
the  causes  which  had  led  to  such 
consequences  in  the  mercantile  and 
manufacturing  world,  could  see  in 
ikma  rmmm  to  doubt  the  scdid  re* 
sources,  or  the  public  credit  of  the 
country;  and,  except  that  the 
ship-owners  ascribed  their  difficult 
ties  to  the  changes  lately  intro* 
duced  into  the  navigation  laws, 
and  that  the  imemj^oyed  artizans 
of  Lancashire  itvse  riotously,  on 
one  occasion,  for  the  destruction  of 
machinery,  there  was  no  spirit  of 
discontent,  nor  any  tendency  to 
disturb  the  public  peace.  The 
lower  classes,  in  particular^  bora 
their  sufferings  with  a  quietness 
and  redgnabon  which  ensured 
universal  sympathy ;  in  every  quar- 
ter of  the  empire,  liberal  subscrip- 
tioni  were  cheerfully  made  to  al- 
leviate the  distress  of  the  poor: 
still  this  distress  existed  widely 
and  severely,  and  doubts  and  diffi- 
culties threw  a  gloom  over  the 
manufacturing,  the  trading,  and 
the  monied  interests  of  the  country. 

Such  was  the  state  of  things, 
when  Parliament  was  opened  on 
the  2nd  of  February,  by  commis- 
sion ;  temporary  indis]X)sition  hav- 
ing prevented  his  majesty  from 
attending  in  person.  The  Speech 
from  the  Throne  was  as  follows  :-— 
"  My  Lords  and  Gentlemen ; 

''We  are  commanded  by  his 
Majesty  to  inform  jrou,  that  his 
^i\jest7  has  seen  with  regret  the 


embarrassment  which  has  occurred 
in  the  pecuniary  transactions  of 
the  country,  since  the  dose  of  the 
last  session  of  Parliament. 

''This  embarrassment  did  not 
arise  from  any  political  ereats, 
either  at  home  or  abroad :  it  was 
not  produced  by  any  unexpected 
demand  upon  the  public  resources; 
nor  by  the  apprehension  of  any 
interruption  to  the  general  tran« 
quillity. 

"  Some  of  the  causes  to  which 
this  evil  must  be  attributed,  lie 
without  the  reach  of  direct  parlia- 
mentary mtetpoai^on,  nor  can  se- 
curity against  the  recurrence  of 
them  be  found,  unless  in  the  ex- 
perience of  the  sufferings  which 
they  have  occasioned. 

"  But  to  a  certain  portion  of  Uiis 
evil,  correctives,  at  lei^t,  if  not 
effectual  remedies,  may  tie  applied, 
and  his  Majesty  relies  upon  your 
wisdom  to  devise  such  measures  as 
may  tend  to  protect  both  private 
and  public  interests  against  the 
like  sudden  and  violent  fluctua- 
tions, by  placing  on  a  more  firm 
foundation  the  currency  and  ciN  ' 
culating  credit  of  the  country. 

"  His  Majesty  continues  to  re- 
ceive from  his  Allies,  and^  gtne- 
ally,  from  all  foreign  princes  and 
states,  the  strongest  assurances  of 
their  friendly  d^xisiticm  towsids 
his  Majesty.     His  Msyesty,  pn  his        ^ 
part,  is  constant  and  unwearied  in        ^ 
his  endeavours  to  reconcile  cdO'*        * 
flicting  iDterests,  and   to  reooOi'        ] 
mend  and  cultivate  peace,  hoA  is        * 
the  old  world  and  in  the  new. 

"  His  Majesty  commands  as  to  ' 
inform  you,  that,  in  pursuance  of  ^ 
this  poltcy,  his  Majesty's  mediatioa  ^ 
has  been  successfully  employed  in  < 
the  conclusion  of  a  treaty  between  « 
the  crowns  of  Portugal  md  Brssilf 
by  which  the  relations  of  friendly         ^ 

intercourse  lon^  intemipttd  ^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [3 

tmitira  Itndred  nsdoni,  have  far  impnving  the  oondition  of 
hKn  icslved,    snd  tbe  indspen-    Ireland. 

kate  oC  the  Branlian  onpirs  has        "  The  tndlutr;  of  that  part  of 

ten  ffliBaUy  aekiiowledged.  the  Umted  Kin^dimi,  bis  Majesty 

"  Hk  Uajeity  losn  no  opparta-    hai  tha  aatiifaotun)  of  acqiiamtiii| 

mtf  if  giving  efiect  to  the  prind'-    )'ou,  is  in  a  coiine  of  gtsdual  ana 

£of  tnde  mA  navigation,  which  general  advancement— an  advanoe- 
raodred  thesanctionof  parlia-  ment  mainly  to  be  attributad  to 
■ottudof  fulnbli idling  thrm  as  that  iiate  of  tnnquillity  which 
Ev  M  poesible,  by  engagemsnts  now  happily  prevaUs  throughout 
vilkftraigii  |iowenk  all  the  province*  of  Ireland. 

'Mil  Hi^aaty  hat  directed  la  "  Geatlenen  of  the  House  of 

k  ivd  hefim  you,  a  copy  of  n  CommonS) 

<*nntkn,  frained  on  thne  prtn-  "  His  Majesty  has  directed  the 
ofkt,  wldoh  has  recently  been  estimates  for  the  year  to  be  [«»> 
wsflndsd  between  his  H^csty  and  pared  and  laid  befive  you. 
At  king  of  France;  and  of  a  "They  have  been  fraoiad  with 
■aulsr  cmventiDn,  with  the  firee  an  amdous  deaie  to  avoid  every 
HnsBiiiu  citiea  of  Lubeck,  Bra-  expenditure  beyond  what  the  n*. 
■m,  tai  Hamburg.  cessary  demands  fer   the  public 

"  His  HaiesQr  has  likewtia  di-  service  may  require. 
Rcted  to  be  laid  befoe  yon  a  c(^  "  His  Majesty  has  the  satisfii»- 
tf  a  treaty  of  amity,  commerce,  tion  ot  inftmung  you>  that  the 
•ad  DBvigatioit,  omduded  between  produce  of  the  Revenue  in  tha 
b  Uajesty  aod  the  r^ublio  of  last  year,  has  fiiUy  Justified  the 
f  JwiUs,  Ac  ratiftcatians  of  which  expectations  entertamed  at  the 
W  been  ^thaiwed  mam  the  commenotnunt  of  ib 
teof  thelastsMioa.     For  the  "  My  Lords  and  Oentlsffisn, 

■nrins  into  effect  some  of  the  "His  Majesty  deeply  lantfuts 
si(Blsdoiis  of  this  treaty  his  Ma>  the  injurious  efiects  which  the  late 
)«r  will  have  need  of  your  assst-  pecunkiy  crisis  must  have  entailed 
^  upon  many  braucbei  of  the  ooes- 

"His  Majesty  ngtets  tJiat  ha    merce  and  manufactures  of  the 
^  DM  to  announce  to  you  the    United  Kingdom, 
tasiaation  of  hostilities  in  India :        "  But  tiis  Majesty  confidently 
tel  the  operations  of  the  last  cam-    believes,  that  the  temponry  check 

^_  ii.__j.  .»._  I. _  _r  .!._     ^y^  oomaerce  and  manufactures 

may  at  this  moment  eroraience, 
will,  under  the  bleinng  of  Divine 
Providence,  neither  lapair  the 
preat  sources  of  our  wealth,  nor 
impede  the  grawth  of  natieoal 
^irigpedty.'' 

The  Addreas  was  moved  in  the 
Lords  by  earl  Verulam,  and,  in  the 
Commoai,  by  Mr.  Stuart  Wortley. 
In  neither  house  did  it  encount«s 
any  serious  oppositiott,  althou^ 
much  discuMion  took  place  on 
emy  tonfai  to  wUck  U  allwM, 


4]        ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

and  on  some  to  which  it  did  not  land,  or  hy  any  private  banker : 

allude.  secondly^  to  increase  the  stabili^ 

In   the  House  of  Peers^  lord  of  private  banks>  by  enabling  them 

King,   after  ascribing  our  pecu-  to   augment   their   capital;   and, 

niary  embarrassments  to  over-issues  with   that  view,   to   repeal   that 

of  paper  by  the  Bank  of  England,  clause  in  the  charter  of  the  Bank 

attacked  the  Corn-laws,  and  urged  of  England,  which  made  it  unlaw- 

the  necessity  of  inunediately  effect-  ful  for  any  private  banking  estab- 

in^  in  them  a  complete  alteration,  lishment  to  consist  of  nuxre  than  six 

With  this    view    he    moved    an  partners. 

amendment  to  the  address,  pledg-  In  the  Commons,  the  concur- 
ing  the  House  to  revise  the  Com«  rence  in  the  address  was  equally 
laws  in  the  course  of  the  session,  imanimous.  Mr.  Brougham,  re- 
Lord  Grosvenor,  and  the  marquis  serving  for  himself  and  his  Meock 
of  Lansdown,  without  denymg  freedom  of  c^dnion  on  the  various 
that  it  might  be  desirable  and  neces-  topics  of  the  Speech,  when  they 
sary  to  agitate  the  question  at  a  should  be  specifically  brought  for- 
future  period,  resisted  so  hasty  a  ward,  believed,  that  the  distress, 
proposal,  and  the  amendment  was  which  now  existed,  proceeded  from 
negatived  without  a  division.  The  causes  much  more  complicated  than 
principal  object,  indeed,  of  the  those  to  which  the  Speech  ascribed 
peers  who  spoke,  was,  to  obtain  it.  He  believed  it,  however^  to 
from  the  minister  some  general  be  universal ;  and  of  that  nniver« 
description  of  the  measures  alluded  saHty  he  dexterously  took  advan* 
to  in  the  speech,  as  likely  to  be  tage  to  combat  the  opinion  of  those 
proposed  for  the  purpose  of  pre-  who  derived  it  from  the  late  intro- 
venting  the  recurrence  of  such  pe-  duction  of  more  liberal  principles 
cuniary  embarrassments  as  now  into  our  commercial  policy.  *'  If," 
existed.  Lord  Liveipool  ascribed  said  the  learned  gentleman,  ''the 
these  embarrassments  to  the  mad  embarrassment  were  confined  to 
spirit  of  speculation  which  had  any  one  branch  of  our  commerce, 
raged  during  the  last  two  years— a  for  instance,  to  the  silk  trade,  then 
spuit  rendered  doubly  mischievous  an  argument  might  be  raised,  and, 
by  having  extended  itself  to  the  without  any  great  violence  to  fiftcts, 
country,  and  so  aflfected  the  issues  the  distress  might  be  attributed 
of  the  country  banks,  that  they  had  to  our  new  commercial  policy, 
increased  in  a  far  higher  proportion  But  when  it  is  observed  that  not 
than  those  of  the  Bank  of  England,  only  silk,  but  wool,  cotton,  and 
In  1823  the  issues  of  the  country  linen,  are  equally  affected,  it  is  in 
banks  had  amoimted  to  only  four  vain  to  deny  that  the  nature  of  the 
millions;  in  1824,  when  specula-  facts  rebuts  the  assertion  of  any 
tion  conmienced,  they  rose  to  six  connection  between  the  present 
millions;  and,  in  1825,  to  eight  distress,  and  the  principles  of  free 
millions,  having  doubled  in   the  trade." 

course  of  two  years.     The  pallia-        TheChancellor  of  the  Exchequer 

rives,  or  correctives,  which  govern-  followed  the  same  course  which 

ment  intended  to  apply  were,  first,  had  been  pursued  by  lord  Liver^ 

to  prohibit  the  circulation,  after  a  pool  in  the  House  of  Peers.   While 

certain  period,  of  notes  under  2/L,  he  maintained  that  many  of  the 

^hetberissuedbytfaeBankofEng-i  ^uses  by  which  our  commercial 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [5 

difficulties   had    been    produced^  sioned  by  want  of  biowledge  on 

were,  in  their  own  nature,  in<«  the  part  of  individuals  by  whom 

evitable,    and   beyond    the   con-  banks  were  managed;   but  those 

trol  of  any  government^   he  aU  which  had  been  conducted  with 

lowed  that  some  of  them  were  prudence  and  good  sense^  had  ex« 

within  our  reach,  and  that  their  perienced  little  difficulty  in  wea-^ 

influence  might,  at  least,  be  modi-  thering  the  storm*    If  the  existing 

fied.     The  principal  of  these  he  system  were  to  be  altered  suddenly, 

held  to  be  the  great  increase  of  the  or  without  due  deliberation,  and 

issues  of  the  country  banks,  and  the  if  the  country  banks  were  driven 

weak  foundation,  in  point  of  capi^  to  call  in  precipitately  the  loans 

tfJ,  on  which  many  of  these  estalv*  which  they  had  made  upon  mort« 

lishments  stood.    The  latter  was  gages,  an  effect  would  be  produced 

the  consequence  of  the  exclusive  upon  the  country  which  no  one 

privilegesof  the  Bank  of  England;  anticipated,   and  an  alarm  would 

and,  looking  at  the  immense  extent  be  excited,   the   consequences   of 

of  our  transactions,  he  was  per-  which  no  one  could  foresee.     Mr. 

fectly  satisfied  that  a  single  com-  Smith,  likewise,  though  favoiurable 

pany  was  by  no  means  adequate  to  to  the  removal  of  the  restriction  on 

thebankingpurposesof  thecoimtry,  the  number  of  partners  in  private 

especially  m  districts  remote  hem  banks,  foresaw,  that  the  new  com- 

the  metropolis.     The  result  in  such  panies  to  be  formed  would  neces- 

districts  was,  that  banks  sprung  up  sarily  lessen  the  public  confidence 

conducted  on  vi^ws  widely  remote  in  all  the  ancient  establishments  ; 

from  solid  principles  of  banking.  and  therefore  lurged  that  the  time 

Mr.  Hiune  denied  that  the  pe-  when   the  proposed  measure  was 

cuniary  distresses  of  the  country  to  come  into  operation  should  be 

were  to  be  ascribed  to  the  banking  stated,  in  order  that  the  ancient 

system,  and  maintained  that  their  establishments  might  be  prepared 

true  causes  were  to  be  found  in  the  aeainst  the  powerful  competition 

pressure  of  taxation,  and  the  lavish  of  the  new  Joint-stock  companies, 
expenditure   of  the   government.        Mr.  Maberly,  and  Mr.  Baring, 

*  The  whole  empire,  in  the  opinion  spoke  in  terms  of  high  eulogy  of 

of  the  honourable  gentleman,  pre-  the  conduct  of  the  Bank  of  £ng- 

sented  one  scene  of  extravagant  land  during  the  dangers  of  the 

misrule,  from  the  '*  gold  lace,  and  crisis    whidi  had  just  gone  by. 

absurd  paraphernalia  of  military  ''Their  conduct"  said  Ute  latter 

decoration"  of  the  Gruards,  up  to  hon.  member,   "  had  been  what 

the  mismanagement  of  the  Burmese  every  one  must  applaud.     It  was 

war;  and  it  was  a  farce  to  attribute  impossible  for  any  public  body,  for 

the  distress  of  the  country  to  the  any  set  of  men,  to  have  acted  with 

banks,  or  the  banking  system.  more  honour,  promptitude,  or  good 

Mr.  Cripps  defenddl  the  country  sense,  than  the  Bank  evinced  upon 

banks  from  the  imputations  which  that    emergency."     In  regard  to 

had  been  cast   upon  them.     He  the  measures  now  proposed,  he  had 

said  that  only  those  could  judge  long  been  convinced  that  the  ex- 

fairly  of  their  merits,  who  were  istence  of  the  one  and  two  pound 

deeply  interested  in  the   subject,  notes  was  a  nuisance;    but  the 

The  failures,  which  had  taken  place  withdrawing  of  them  from  circu- 

sonong  theiPj  had  been  chiefly  occa-*  lation  required  much  caution,  and 


6]         ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


ought  not  to  be  enforoed^  until  the 
fcfVtx,  which  at  present  afflicted 
the  mercantile  worlds  had  subsided; 
fbr  the  oountrj  was  now  in  that 
state  in  which  it  rather  required 
additional  ftdlities^  than  that 
ihose  already  in  existence,  should 
he  limited.  Another  measure  of 
great  importance  to  the  object  in 
Tiew  would  be,  to  compel  the  coun- 
try banks  to  male  returns  of  the 
numbers  of  their  notes  in  circula- 
tion at  stated  intervals.  It  might 
be  objectionable  to  require  returns 
of  tneit'  whole  assets;  for  the 
blmlter  might  complain  that  such 
a  prooeedmg  would  injure  his 
credits  But  to  a  mere  statement 
of  the  amount  of  notes  which  he 
had  in  circulation,  there  could  be 
no  well-founded  objection ;  while, 
Arom  such  returns^  parliament 
would  blow  with  certainty  the 
tgfta  upon  which  they  were  legis- 
lating, instead  of  being  confined  to 
the  loose  data  with  which  they 
were  now  obliged  to  remain  con- 
tented. 

The  mention  made  in  the  Speech 
of  the  conclusion  of  a  treaty  with 
the  republic  of  Columbia,  called 
forth,  in  the  course  of  the  dis- 
eusaon,  many  expressions  of  ad- 
miration at  the  masterly  and  cau- 
tious policy  by  which  Mr.  Can- 
ning had  solved  the  difficult  prob- 
lem of  connecting  ourselves  with 
the  new  governments  of  South 
America  as  independent  states. 
The  treaty,  however,  which  had 
been  concluded,  under  our  medi- 
ation, between  Fortucaland  Brazil, 
andwhich  secured  the  mdependence 
of  the  latter,  and  its  separation 
firom  the  crown  of  the  former,  did 
^ot  meet  with  eaually  unmixed 
approbation.  Mr.  Baring  Regarded 
it  as  only  making  this  country  a 
f0^Y  to  any  |\iture  contingency 
l^U^mlglit  {(rii^,  tending  to  9, 


re-union    of  the   two    oountties 
under  one  sceptre.    Mr.  BrougliaiA 
expressed  his  hope  that  it  never 
would  be  ratified,  but  for  adifibrent 
reason.    The  treaty  contained  an 
article  by  which  the  parties  to  it 
mutually  bound  themaelves  to  give 
up  each  to  the  other,  all  subjects 
of  either  taking  refUge  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  other,  who  ij^ht  be 
accused  of  high  treason.     This  ar- 
tide  Mr.  Brougham  denounced  as 
an  inftmous  provinon,  and  ^  as  a 
revival  and  extension  of  our  own 
worst  law  on  the  Statute-book,  the 
Alien  bill,"  and  he  sincerely  trusted 
that  it  would  not  receive  the  sane-- 
tion  of  the  government  of  this 
country.     Mr.  Canning  said,  that 
he    entirely    agreed     with     Mr. 
Brougham  as  to  the  character  at 
the  stipulation  to  which  he  had 
alluded,  and  that  there  were  ether 
stipulations  which   were  equally 
objectionable.     Without  imputing 
blame  to  those  who  negodated  it, 
he  would  only  say  that  it  had  been 
negociated    without    instructions 
fVom  the  government  at  home,  and 
was  contrary  to  their  views.    For 
that  reason  it  had  not  been  ratified, 
nor  vrould  it  be  ratified. 

Although  it  was  not  till  the  1 0th 
that  the  propositions  fbr  proscribing 
thesmaltnotes,  and enlargmg bank- 
ing partnerships,   were  formally 
brought  forward,  they  were,  in  the 
interval,  incidentally  the  subject  of 
frequent  discussion.    CJovemment, 
havmg  resolved   to  prohibit  the 
issue  of  small  notes  stamped  after 
a  certain  period,  and  apprehensive 
that,  in  the  interim,  tnej  might 
be  stamped  to  any  extent,  had 
given  oraers  immedmtdy  to  put 
an  end  to  the  stamping  of  audi 
notes.    On  ihe  tHh,  Mr.  CalcnA 
inquired  whether  this  was  the  fact; 
ana  betna;  answered  by  the  Secre«« 
Uaj  of  tSe  Trwfury  iA  thesfltni« 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[7 


atiT^  he  dedwDd  it  to  be  a  most 
unconstitutional  exercise  of  power, 
and  brought  it  again  before  the 
House  on  the  following  day.  It 
was  a  stepy  he  said,  which  not 
only  added  to  the  panic  already 
produced  by  the  contemplated 
measure  of  goremment^  but  was 
likewise  a  most  illegal  act,  and  a 
gross  violation  of  justice.  Minis- 
ters ou^t  either  to  have  passed  a 
short  ttU  thiough  parliament  au« 
thoriaing  the  step  which  they  had 
taken,  or,  at  least,  ought  to  have 
informed  parliament  that  it  had 
been  taken.  The  individuaUi,  whose 
interests  had  thus  been  sacrificed, 
had  licenses  from  government,  for 
which  they  had  paid,  and  which 
permitted  them  to  issue  their  notes 
till  the  10th  of  October.  They 
had  proceeded  under  Uie  solemn 
guarantee  of  an  act  of  parliament ; 
and  yet  government,  by  prohibiting 
the  stamping  of  the  notes,  had  de- 
liberately violated  that  statutory 
guarantee.  Mr.  Gordon  expressed 
the  same  sentiments,  and  depre- 
cated the  plan  of  withdrawing  the 
notes  from  circulation. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exche- 
quer defended  himself  .by  the  plain 
prudence  and  absolute  necessity  of 
the  measure.  In  the  discussion 
upon  the  Address,  the  plan  of  go- 
vernment had  been  opened  suffi- 
ciently in  detail  to  enalue  the  coun- 
try bankers  to  see  its  object,  and 
understand  its  bearings.  There 
was  thus  every  reason  to  appre- 
hend, that  they  would  take  advan- 
tage of  the  interval  to  stamp  their 
notes  to  an  indefinite  amount ;  and 
it  was,  therefore,  impossible  for 
ministers  to  allow  the  stamping  of 
of  such  notes  to  go  on,  without  ren- 
dering their  intended  measure  alto- 
gether nugatory :  they  would  have 
been  guilty  of  absurdity  and  incon- 
^9t^c^,if^hHTxngre9olved  upon  the 


measure,  they  did  not  fcdlow  it  up. 
What  Uiey  had  done  in  taking 
this  step,  might  perhaps  require  an. 
act  of  indemnity ;  and  if  it  did,  he 
trusted  the  House  would  have  no 
difficulty  in  acceding  to  such  a  bill. 
Mr.  EUice  said,  that  he  held  the 
measure  in  question  to  have  been 
illegal ;  but  he  held  it  likewise  to 
have  been  prudent  and  necessary. 
He  was  at  a  loss^  however,  to  ima* 
^e,  how,  after  government  had 
mtimated  Uieir  intention  of  putting 
an  end  to  these  notes,  the  putting 
an  end  to  them  on  Monday,  or  on 
Tuesday,  could  occasion  any  serious 
alarm.  He  could  easily  imagine 
how  the  intimation  of  an  intention 
to  put  an  end  to  the  notes  at  all 
might  produce  alarm,  but  not  how 
an  act,  the  only  eflect  of  which 
was,  to  put  ah  end  to  them  a  day 
sooner,  or  a  day  later,  could  pro- 
duce tiiat  efifbct. 

On  the  same  evening,  the  mar- 
quis of  Lansdowh  calEd  the  at- 
tention of  the  House  of  Lords  to 
this  prohibitory  measure;  and  said, 
that,  favourable  as  he  was  to  the 
plans  which  government  had  in 
view,  he  felt  it  his  duty  toreprobate 
ftuch  an  exercise  of  the  dispensing 
power,  and  that,  too,  at  a  time 
when  parliament  was  sitting,  as  a 
most  dangerous  precedent  to  the 
constitutional  liberties  of  England. 
Lord  Liverpool  answered  that  go- 
vernment had  not  taken  the  step 
in  question,  until  a  day  was  fixed 
for  the  introduction  of  a  bill  into 
the  other  House  of  parliament 
upon  the  subject ;  nor  had  it  even 
then  been  resorted  to,  until  his 
majesty's  government  had  reason 
to  believe,  that,  if  they  had  not  re- 
sorted to  it,  there  were  individuals 
who  would  have  lefl  no  means  un- 
tried to  defeat  the  measure  then 
in  progress ;  and  this  was  done  not 
upon  Ggfat  grounds^  but  uj^n  tbf 


8]        ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1826. 

Strongest  evidence  that  there  ex**  the  chancellor  of  the  Exchequer^ 

isted  a  design  to  obstruct  the  in-  and  his  friends^  if  they  persisted  in 

tentions  of  parliament.     If  it  were  their  rash  and  unadvised  opinioiiy 

asked^  why  a  short  act  of  parliament  ought  to  state  the  i^u^ts  from  which 

was  not  introduced  with  reference  their  sweeping  conclusion  was  de- 

to  this  prohibition^  he  would  reply,  rived ;  for  there  was  no  policy  in 

that  there  did  not  rjemain  time  for  blinding  the  public  to  Uie   true 

it;  as  even  the  short  delay  necessary  causes  of  the   distress,    and    no 

for  such  a  purpose    would  have  honesty  in  unfairly  directing  tl^ 

given  an  undue  advantage  to  bank-  weight  of  its  odium  against  the 

ers  residing  near  the  metropolis.  country  bankers. 

Mr.  Hume  moved,  on  the  9th,  The  cause  of  the  country  faanlai 

for  *' returns  of  the  number  of  was  likewise  steadfastly  maintained 

country  banks  issuing  notes  which  by  Mr.  Calcraft,  Mr.  Gumey,  and 

have  become  bankrupt  from  January  Mr.  Robertson.    So  far,  they  said, 

1 8 1 6  to  the  present  time,  stating  the  from  the  assertion  being  true,  that 

place  where  such  banks  were  kept,  these  banks  had  encouraged  wild 

the  names  and  number  of  partners  speculation,  they  had  either  e£fected 

in  each,  the  amount  of  debts  proved,  positive  good,  or  were,  at  least, 

and  the  rate  of  dividends  paid  in  unable  to  effect  mischief.     It  was 

every  instance,  as  far  as  these  par*  impossible  to  suppose  for  a  moment, 

ticuJars  can  be  ascertained."    The  that  speculations  to  the  amount  of 

only  opposition  made  to  the  mo-  seventeen  millions,  existing  in  the 

tion  proceeded  on  the  ground  of  heart  of  the  metropolis,  could  have 

its  being  an  attempt  to  investigate  been  produced,  or  supported,   by 

private  affidrs,  and  to  bring  before  the  issues  of  country  banks  ;   for 

the  House  matters,  of  which  the  the  moment  a  country  note  arrived 

House  could  take  no  cognizance,  in  London,  it  was  converted  into 

The  motion  was  agreed  to ;  but  it  cash,  or  Bank  of  England  notes, 

brought  on  a  discussion  regarding  otherwise  the  issues  would  instantly 

the  character  of  the  country  banks,  faU  in  credit.     It  was  utterly  im- 

and  the  share  which  they  had  borne  possible  for  the  country  bankers  to 

in  producing  the  late  embarrass-  force  into  circulation  a  sufficient 

ments.    Mr.  Smith,  adverting  to  quantity  to  aid  speculation  to  that 

the  opinions  contained  in  the  com-  extent  in  which  government  seemed 

munication  from  the  Treasury  to  to  believe.    Any  spirit  of  specula- 

the  Bank  directors,  on  13  th  Jan-  tion    which    the    country    banks 

uary,   that  these  embarrassments  might  ever  have  encouraged,  was 

had  found  their  source  in  a  rash  notoneofrecklessnesandwildneas, 

spirit  of  speculation,  and  that  this  but  an  animating  and  advantageous 

spirit  had  been  supported,  and  en-  spirit,  which  had  long  operated 

couraged  by  the  country  banks,  most  beneficially  in  promoting  our 

begged  leave,  in  his  own  name,  commercial  prosperity.   The  coun- 

and  in  the  names  of  the  country  try  bankers  stood  in  no  need  of  a 

bankers,  whether  in  or  out  of  the  vindication  either  of  their  prudence. 

House,  to  give  to  that  assertion  a  or  their  integrity.     Undoubtedly 

most  distinct  and  unqualified  con-  in  a  body  of  seven  hundred  persons, 

tradiction.    He  described  them  as  a  there  might  be  some  fools,  and  some 

class  of  men  of  the  highest  pru-  knaves ;    but,  for  their  number, 

dence,  honour,  and  integrity ;  and  they  were  equal  to  any  class  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  '  [d 

commmiity ;  and»  as  a  body>  were  ing  tlie  circulation  of  small  notes, 
tainted  with  no  blemishes  which  Auhough  he  allowed  that  fluctua^ 
did  not  attach  in  the  same  degree  tions  were  inseparable  from  trade, 
to  all  commercial  men.  in    defiance    of  any   precautions 

The  ChanceUorof  the  Exchequer    which  ingenuity  could  invent,  yet 
expressed  himself  anxious,  that  the    their  effects,  if  not  always  caused, 
opmicms,  which  he  might  have  ut*    were  often  aggftivated,  by  a  state 
tered  in  relation  to  the  country    of  currency,  and  a  fieunlity  of  qpecu<« 
hankers,  should  not  be  misunder-    lation  like  Aose  produced  by  the 
stood.  In  the  communication  with    issues  of  paper  whidi  now  existed, 
the    Bank,   neither  he,  nor    the    The  smul    notes,    in  particular, 
first  lord  of  the  Treasury  had  en«    carried  the  consequences  of  these 
tertained  the  most  distant  intention    changes  among  Uiose  on   whom 
of  throwing  out  imputations  on  in-    they  pressed  most  severely,  •  They 
dividuals.     Their  statements  were    were  principally  in  the  hands  ci 
directed  against  the  system  of  ooun-    the  labouring  classes,  and,  to  a 
try  banks,  as  it  at  present  existed,    person  of  that  rank,  a  few  of  them 
not  against  the  persons  by  whom    constituted  a  fortune.     But  when 
they  were  conducted ;  and  when    a  panic  took  place,  the  poor  man 
he  said  that  a  rash  spirit  of  specula-    was  the  first  who  hastened  to  save 
tion  had  been  encouraged  by  these    his  little  store  by  withdrawing  it 
banks,  he  meant  by  the  banking    from  the  banker  ;  as  the  aliurm 
system,  not  by  individual  bankers,    spread,  the  more  wealthy  imitated 
Even  if  the  language  used  in  the    the  growing  example ;  and  a  sud- 
communications  with  the  Bank  had    den  run  brought  with  it  the  down- 
been  much  more  particular  than  it    fall  of  the  bsunk.     To  replace  such 
was,  it  could  have  conveyed  no    notes,  therefore,  by  a  metallic  cur- 
personal    imputation  ;    for   every    rency,  would  at  once  tend  to  the  se- 
commercial  man  of  capital  or  credit,    curity  of  the  banks  themselves,  and 
is,  to  a  certain  extent,  a  fosterer  of    would  limit  the  misfortune  which 
iqpeculation,  in  no  culpable  sense  of    their  failures  would  otherwise  pro- 
the  word,  and  without  any  pre-     duce.     In  fact  the  proposed  mea- 
judice  to  die  integrity  of  his  cha-    sure  was  not  a  novelty,  but  had 
racter.    But  while  he  was  well    been  the  regular    policy  of   the 
aware,  that  the  majority  of  the    country ;  and  its  opponents  alone 
country  bankers  w6re  above   all    were  the  true  innovators.    An  act 
imputation,  and  while,  therefore,    of  parliament  had  been  passed  in 
he  would  feel  ashamed  of  himself    1775,  prohibiting  the  issue  of  bank 
if  he  could  intend  to  attach  blame    notes:  in  l????  another  act  had 
to  their  individual  conduct,  yet,  it    prohibited  the  issuing  of  notes  under 
was  his  right  and  his  duty  to  ani-     5/.,.  and,  so  far  mm.  its  being 
madvertontheir  system  of  banking,    suspected    that    such    restrictions 
and  the  effect  of  the  laws  under    would  cramp  the  commerce  of  the 
which  it  was  carried  on.  country,   the  Bank  had,  on   that 

On  the  1 0th  of  February,  the  occasion,  declared,  that  the  issuing 
whole  House  having  resolved  itself  of  such  notes,  besides  being  a 
into  a  committee  on  the  Bank  political  evil,  was  not  necessary  for 
Charter  bill,  the  Chancellor  of  the  the  maintenance  of  our  manufac- 
Exchequer  formally  brought  for-  tures,  or  the  prosperity  of  our  trade, 
ward  the  proportion  for  prohibit^    The  latter  statute  was  made  per- 


10]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

petual  in  1787>  and  continued  un«  by  the  Bank,  and  was,  in  fact,  the 
touched  till  1797>  when  its  opera-  creation  of  a  new    basii    for    m 
don  was  suspended  until  two  years  metallic  circulation :  bnt  all  that 
after  the  restriction  on  tiie  Bank    could  be  rendered  necessary    hy 
from  payingin  gold  should  have    withdrawing  the  small  notes  was, 
exprad.      This    suspension    was    to  superinduce  a  small  droulatioii. 
not  the  result  of  any  belief  that    of  gold  upon  the  large  basis  whiclK 
the  small  notes  were  closely  con-  already  existed.     It  was  difficult 
neoted    with    the    prosperity    of  to  ascertain  tiie  amount  of  oountz^r 
manufactures,  of  agriculture,  or  of  bank  paper  in  circulation  at  any 
commerce,  and  that  their  drcula*  given  time ;  but  an   approidinai* 
tion  ought  not  to  be  interrupted,  tion  to  it  might  be  made  throogk 
On  the  contraiy,  all  parties  at  that    the    number   of    stamps   issued, 
time  agreed  that  they  should  be  'Taking  tiiis  foundation,  and  look- 
withdrawn  as  soon  as  possible ;  and  ing  at  the  average  of  tiie  last  three 
no  one  had  contemplated  their  con-  years,  it  might  be  estimated  that 
tinned  circulation,  after  the  Bank  something  more  than  six  millionia 
should    have  resumed  cash  pay-  was  the  amount  of  the   country 
ments.  And  yet,  during  the  whde  small  paper  current  in  1825.    But 
oi  that  period*  from   1777,  both  it  was  not  possible  that  such  could 
manufactures  and  commerce  had  be  its  amount  at  the  present  mo« 
grown    and   pro^red,    notwith-  ment ;  for,  in  consequence  of  the 
withstanding  the  absence  of  the  necessity  of  paying  immediatdy  in 
small  notes.  gold^  the  country  bankers  had  been 
Therighthon.ffentlemanargued,  unwilling  to  send  fbrth  a  larger 
that    any    apprehensions    of   the  amount  of  paper  than  tiiey  were 
likelihood  of  injury  to  agriculture  able  to  take  up,  and  a  considerable 
or  commerce  from  the    proposed  proportion  of  gold  coin  had  thus 
measure  must  be  founded  upon  found  its  way  into  country  drcu- 
this— that  the  prohibition  of  small  lation.     The  present    amount    of 
notes  would  diminish  the  circula-  country  paper    could  not  be  esti«* 
tion  by  the  amount  of  these  notes,  mated  at   more  than    four   mil- 
that  their  absence  could  not  be  lions;     and     the     practicability, 
supplied  by  gold,  and,  that,  there-  therefore,  of   filling   up,   in  the 
fcnre,  manufactures  and  trade  would,  course  of  three  years,  the  vacuum 
to    this  extent,  be   left  without  produced    by   withdrawing    that 
their    necessary    and     legitimate  amount  from  circulation,  was  the 
facilities.       Such     apprehensions  utmost    extent    of   the    question 
were  entirely  visionary.     During  which  the  proposed  measure  could 
1820,  1821,  and  1822,  twenty-five  raise.     Thus  any  notion  of  the  im- 
millions  of   gold  sovereigns  had  possibility,  or  even  difficulty,  of  sup- 
been  coined,  and  of  these  7,209,000/.  plying  the  place  of  thesmidl  paper, 
were  exported.     During  the  last  was  groundless.     Some   difficulty 
half  year,  the  amount  of  a  million  and  inconvenience  might   be  ex- 
had  been  imparted;  so  that  the  perienced  in  certain  places,  and 
amount  in  the  country  might  be  under  certain  circumstances ;  bnt 
taken  at  nineteen  millions.     This  they  could  not  be  general,  or  such 
had  been  effected  in  consequence  as  ought  to  deter  parliament  from 
of  the  necessity  of  preparing  for  applying  a  decided  remedy  to  the 
Iht  resumption  of  cash  payments  evfls  which  we  had  suflbred*    The 


HISTORY   OF   EUROPE.  [U 

B  of  the  Bank  of  England  tlie  eminie.  He  ctmclucled  witk 
nt  1880,  was  £3,875,000^. ;  in  moTing  the  foUowing  ie«oIution— . 
1892,  it  vru  only  1S,000,OOOJI  a  "  That  it  is  the  opinion  uf  thui 
Ih^  difieieuce  in  thetotal  aoKHint  ctnnnutl^e,  that  all  pronussory 
of  eirnilatitin  than  could  ponibly  ante*  payable  to  the  bearer  oa  da- 
te pndaced  bj  the  proposed  mea-  maud,  iaiued  by  licence,  and  under 
MDc:  Tct  not  only  had  that  de-  thevalueof  five  pounda,  and  atamp- 
iatney  been  supplied,  but,  during  ed  previous  to  the  6th  <rf  February, 
&HB  dtree  yean,  twenty-five  1826,  be  allowed  to  circulate  until 
xvOkai  in  gold  had  been  coined.       the  £th  of  Fehruarj  IttSg,  and  no 

Tit  withdrawal  of  the  nnaU  longer. 
■Ma^  tbncfore,  while  it  oare  Mr.  Baring  took  the  lead  in 
Hmity  equally  to  the  bank  which  oppontion  to  the  measure.  Pie 
■oed,  and  to  the  party  who  held  objected  to  it  aa  being  both  utterly 
them,  wtnild  not  (^erate  in-  inadequate  to  meet  the  evils  com- 
jarioBsly  on  the  currency,  or  on  plained  of,  and  ill-suited  to  the 
tke  bad*  and  manu&cturcs  of  the  present  situation  of  the  country. 
tountiy.  There  were  two  ways  Neither  could  he  agree  in  ascriUiig 
tf  ejecting  dns  withdiswaL  The  the  embarrassmeiitB,  which  had 
MM  w«a,  by  mscting  that  no  small  ariten,  entirely  to  speculation  ox 
aotca  dMRild  be  stamped  after  a  over-trading ;  for  much  of  it  had 
ceitaiik  future  period ;  the  other,  by  been  owing  to  the  conduct  previ.- 
aDotrmg  tboae  already  in  circula-  ously  pursued  by  the  Bank.  At 
tion  to  nm  a  certain  course  till  a  the  end  of  1622,  and  in  1823  and 
fixed  period,  and  prohilnting  18S4,  the  Bank  had  accumulated 
ny  new  ones  to  be  created.  The  in  its  coffers  a  lai^  amount  of 
fa^  at  these  modes  might  laed,  in  specie ;  during  that  period,  its 
^  eouise  of  three  years,  the  pro-  dividends  were  raised  from  8  to 
imtipenod,  to  very  unsatisfactory  10  per  cent  after  large  bonuses 
icalta;  for,  if  the  power  of  stamp-  had  beengrantedtothe  proprietors; 
iag  were  to  remain  nnlimited  and,  in  the  meen  time,  the  notea 
nrii^  that  period,  so  considerable  of  the  country  bankers  were  in- 
s  aamber  might  be  stamped  as  to  creasing,  an  issue  of  Bank  of 
mfcject  the  country,  in  its  ultimate     England  paper  always  tending  to    - 

iii^i s  to  get  lid  of  them,  to     increase  the  issue  of  countty  iMnk 

lU  ha  iH'eaent  evils.  It  wb.s  in-  paper.  In  consequence  of  the 
tended,  therefore,  to  prnpoK,  as  a  quantity  of  money  thus  in  the 
BOre  ennvenient.  eQeetual.and  ex-  market,  interest  fell  to  four,  and 
three  and  a  half  per  cent ;  and 
every  person,  who  had  money  to 
lay  out,  apprehensive  that  he  might 
not  be  able  to  put  it  out  prulitably 
at  all,  did  invest  it  for  so  long  a 
period,  as  to  expose  them  to  the 
full  action  of  the  change  which 
followed.  But  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land soon  discovered  its  error,  hy 
its  specie  being  drawn  out.  It 
then  suddenly  contracted  its  isGuei ; 
Kid  tfaoMf  who,  the  weok  \^<tn. 


12]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

could  not  tell  what  to  do  with  intended  change,  had  already  aug^ 
their  money,  could  not  now  teU  mented  that  distress.     They  were 
where  to  find  money.    The  Bank^  indeed  preparing ;  but  they  were 
no  doubt,  acted  in  perfect  good  doing  so  by  screwing  almost  to 
faith;  it  was  their  first  duty  to  destruction  every  farmer,  manufuc- 
take  care  of  their  own  interests,  turer^  and  other  customer  in  the 
but  still  the  consequences  were  the  country,  from  whcmi    they  could 
same.    The  London  bankers  now  get  their  money.     Many   of  the 
called  upon  their  correspondents  the  country  bankers  had  already  secured 
country  bankers^  who  again  called  the  means  of  meeting  this  new 
upon  their  customers,  and  every  order  of  things  in  part;  but  if  par«i 
creditor  upon  his  debtor,  although  liament  were  to  allow  them  lonj^ 
a  short  time  before  every  one  hod  time,  they  would  be  able  to  earn 
been  anxious  to  invest  his  money,  relief  to  the  many  poor  and  deserv- 
This  state  of  things  brought  to  the  ing    people,   whom    otherwise  it 
ground  all  those  of  feeble  credit ;  would  not  be  in  their  power  to 
and,  in  the  next  place,  many  who  assist.     The    important    questum 
had  been  supposed  to  stand  firm  was,  not  what  was  theoretically 
and  upright     Then  came  panic ;  the  best,  but  what  was  the  safe 
and  the   country   bankers  being  course,  and  what,  under  all  the 
themselves  called  upon,  were  com-  circumstances,  it  was  possible  to 
pelled  to  call  on  Uiose  who  were  attain ;    and  the  general   distress 
indebted  to  them ;  and  even  the  that  pervaded  the  country  districts 
man  who  did  not  actually  want  was  the  first  thing,  to  which,  in 
money,  called  for  it,  to  provide  for  discussing  questions  of  this  nature, 
that  event,  which,  in  the  then  state  parliament  was  bound  to  attend* 
of  things,  might  occur  in  a  single  The  proposed  measure  woidd  do 
day.     The   Bank  was  too  much  little  or  nothing,  and  the  little  it 
fettered   by  its   advances  to,  and  might  do,  would  be  an  aggravation 
agreements  with  government,  to  of  the  evil.   He  would  recommend 
meet   the   casual  embarrassments  them  to  establish  banks,  either  by 
which  might  from  time  to  time  Joint-stock  companies,  or  on  the 
arise.     It  ought  to  have  available  common  principles  on  which  they 
possession  of  all  its  means ;  for,  at  present  stood,  but  so  as  to  induce 
being  the  heart  of  the  circulating  persons  of  capital  to  become  bank- 
medium,  if  it  was  unsound,  the  ers ;  next,  to  introduce  silver  as  a 
most  perilous  evils  were  inevitable,  standard  of  the  currency  no  less 
If  the  Bank  had  been  unincumbered  than  gold,   which  would   at  ail 
by  government,  it  could  have  come  times  enable  them  to  purchase  gold, 
to  Uie  assistance  of  the  people  with  and  would  tend  to  retain  more  gold 
resources  adequate   te  the  emer-  in  the  country;    and    lastly,  to 
gency,  and  put  a  stop,  at  once,  to  relieve  the  Bank  from  those'  in- 
the  rising  distress.     That  distress,  cumbrances  which  had  hitherto,  in 
which  was  more  intensely  felt  than  consequence  of  its  pecuniary  con- 
covemment    seemed    willing    to  nections  with  government,  weigh- 
believe,  would  be  increased  by  the  ed  upon,  and  controlled  it. 
proposed  measure,  for  the  country        The    resolution    was    likewise 
was  not  yet  in  a  situation  to  bear  strenuously  opposed  by  sir  John 
it.    The    very  exertions  of   the  Wrottesly,   alderman    Thompson, 
country  bankers  to  prepare  for  the  aldfiomau  Heygate^  and  Mr.  ^VU< 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


tl3 


BCfa,  one  of  the  members  for  Lon- 
don. But  their  opposition  was 
ahnost  the  only  thing  in  which 
they,  and  other  members  who 
spoke  on  the  same  side,  agreed. 
Some  held  that  the  measure  in 
contemplation  would  be  wholly  in- 
operative to  give  any  effectual 
relief;  others,  that  it  would  be 
positively  misdiievous ;  and  a  third 
party,  while  admitting  that  the 
principles  on  which  it  proceeded 
were  sound  in  themselves,  thought 
that  the  present  state  of  the  country 
required  its  postponement.  They 
treated  as  visionary  the  scheme 
of  increasing  the  number  of  part- 
ners in  private  banks,  as  a  means 
of  security ;  because  it  was  not  on 
the  number  of  partners,  but  on 
their  prudence,  and  their  mode  of 
conducting  business,  that  the  credit 
of  a  country  bank  depended.  The 
country  bankers,  sir  J.  Wrottesly 
maintained,  instead  of  having  ex- 
cited a  mad  spirit  of  speculation, 
were  the  only  persons  who  had  not 
speculated ;  and,  in  reality,  were 
obliged,  from  a  regard  to  their  own 
safety,  to  discourage  all  dangerous 
speculation  on  the  part  of  their 
customers.  In  point  of  fact,  more- 
over, where  did  this  spirit  of 
speculation  commence?  It  first 
shewed  itself  in  Manchester  and 
Liverpool,  in  a  district  where 
no  local  notes  circulated.  The 
cotton  speculations  in  these  two 
places  were  the  very  first  heard  of; 
and  yet  in  neither  of  them  did  a 
single  country  note  circulate.  The 
next  point  at  which  this  spirit  was 
manifested,  and  at  which  it  had 
led  to  its  unhappiest  results,  was, 
not  in  the  country  where  the  notes 
in  question  circulated,  but  in  the 
heart  of  the  city,  on  the  stock  ex- 
change of  Londqn.  In  1720,  the 
only  year  in  which  the  country 

}m  been  pvemm  with  wild  qie^ 


culations,  such  as  had  been  recently 
witnessed,  there  were  no  country 
banks,  and  no  country  paper ;  and 
in  1797>  when  the  Bwk  stopped 
payment,  there  were  no  country 
notes,  and  no  small  notes  even  a£ 
the  Bank  of  England.  In  the  face 
of  such  facts  it  was  impossible  to 
charge  the  present  distoess  upon 
the  conduct  pursued  by  the  country 
bankers.  It  was  the  failure  oi 
seven  London  bankers  that  had 
occasioned  one  half  of  all  the  fail- 
ures in  the  country :  the  ciq^tal, 
the  cash,  and  the  bills  of  more 
than  an  hundred  country  bankers 
had  been  placed  in  the  hands  of 
London  bankers;  and  the  only 
surprising  thing  was,  that  a  greater 
nimiber  of  the  former  had  not 
failed  in  consequence.  And,  in  so 
far,  again,  as  the  distress  might 
have  arisen  from  overtrading,  how 
were  the  country  banks  to  be  made 
responsible  for  the  failure  of  specu- 
lations in  cotton,  or  tallow,  or 
spices? 

It  was  farther  urged,  that  the 
very  essence  of  the  present  pecu- 
niary embarrassments,  consuted  in 
the  curtailed  state  of  the  currency ; 
and  the  direct  tendency  of  the  pro- 
posed measure  was,  to  increase 
them,  by  curtailing  it  still  more. 
Taking  the  currency  at  twenty 
millions,  and  the  deduction  to  be 
made  on  account  of  the  recent 
failures  at  three  millions  and  a 
half,  the  effect  of  the  scheme  in 
contemplation  would  be  to  cause  a 
still  faither  deficiency,  and  reduce 
it  to  about  ten  millions,  with  which 
it  would  be  impossible  to  cany  on 
the  trade  of  the  country.  Although 
a  respite  of  three  years  was  pre- 
tended to  be  granted  to  the  small 
notes,  yet  the  adoption  of  the  reso- 
lution would  be  ahnost  tantamotmt 
to  driving  them  immediately  out 
of    ^omtim;    beoAu«Q    ever^ 


4]        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

and  oh  some  to  which  it  did  not  land,  or  by  any  private  banker : 

allude.  secondly,  to  increase  the  stabilitj 

In   the  House  of  Peers,  lord  of  private  banks,  by  enabling  them 

King,   after  ascribing  pur  pecu-  to   augment    their    capital;    and^ 

niary  embarrassments  to  over-issues  with   that  view^    to    repeal    that 

of  paper  bv  the  Bank  of  England,  clause  in  the  charter  of  the  Bank 

attacked  the  Corn-laws,  and  urged  of  England,  which  made  it  unlaw- 

the  necessity  of  inmiediately  effect-  ful  for  any  private  banking  estab- 

in^  in  them  a  complete  alteration,  lishment  to  consist  of  more  than  six 

With  this    view    he    moved    an  partners. 

amendment  to  the  address,  pledg-        In  the  Commons,    the  concur- 
ing  the  House  to  revise  the  Com-  rence  in  the  address  was  equally 
laws  in  the  course  of  the  session,  unanimous.    Mr.  Brougham,  r&- 
Lord  Grosvenor,  and  the  marquis  serving  for  himself  and  bis  friends 
of  Lansdown,    without    denying  freedom  of  opinion  on  the  various 
that  it  might  be  desirable  and  neces-  topics  of  the  Speech,  when  they 
sary  to  agitate  the  question  at  a  should  be  specifically  brouffht  for- 
future  period,  reosted  so  hasty  a  ward,  believed,  that  the  distress, 
proposal,  and  the  amendment  was  which  now  existed,  proceeded  from 
negatived  without  a  division.    The  causes  much  more  complicated  than 
principal    object,   indeed,  of   the  those  to  which  the  Speech  ascribed 
peers  who  spoke,  was,  to  obtain  it.    He  believed   it,  however,  to 
from    the  minister  some  general  be  universal ;  and  of  that  univer- 
description  of  the  measures  alluded  saHty  he  dexterously  took  advan- 
to  in  the  speech,  as  likely  to  be  tage  to  combat  the  opinion  of  those 
proposed  for  the  purpose  of  pre-  who  derived  it  from  the  late  intro- 
venting  the  recurrence  of  such  pe-  duction  of  more  liberal  principles 
cuniary   embarrassments   as   now  into  our  commercial  policy.     ''If," 
existed.     Lord  Liverpool  ascribed  said  the  learned  gentleman,  ''^e 
these  embarrassments  to  the  mad  embarrassment  were    confined  to 
spirit  of  speculation   which  had  any  one  branch  of  our  commerce, 
ra^ed  during  the  last  two  years — a  for  instance,  to  the  silk  trade,  then 
spirit  rendered  doubly  mischievous  an  argument  might  be  raised,  and, 
l^  having  extended  itself  to  the  without  any  great  violence  to  facts, 
country,  and  so  affected  the  issues  the  distress  might  be  attributed 
of  the  country  banks,  that  they  had  to   our    new    commercial    policy- 
increased  in  a  far  higher  proportion  But  when  it  is  observed  that  not 
jthan  those  of  the  Bank  of  England,  only  silk,  but  wool,  cotton,  and 
In  1823  the  issues  of  the  country  linen,  are  equally  affected,  it  is  in 
banks  had  amounted  to  only  four  vain  to  deny  that  the  nature  of  the 
millions;  in  1824,  when  specula-  fsicta  rebuts  the  assertion  of  any 
lion  commenced,  they  rose  to  six  connection    between  the   present 
millions ;  and,  in  1825,  to  eight  distress,  and  the  principles  of  free 
minions,  having  doubled  in   the  trade." 

course  of  two  years.     The  pallia-        The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 

tives,  or  correctives,  which  govern-  followed  the  same  course  which 

ment  intended  to  apply  were,  first,  had  been  pursued  by  lord  Liver- 

to  prohibit  the  circulation,  after  a  pool  in  the  House  of  Peers.   While 

certain  period,  of  notes  under  2/L,  he  maintained  that  many  of  the 

^betherissuedb^tfaeBankofEng-i  pauses  by  which  bur  commerdul 


fflSTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [15 

jff«n>gative  tf  the  Crown  in  r^ard  ing  such  as  were  of  a  condderabljr 

to  the  currency.    With  regard  to  higher  denomination  than  the  cur« 

the  measure  itself^  it  was  not  in«  rent  coin,  so  as  to  save  it  entirely 

tended  so  much  as  a  remedy  for  from  the  competition  of  the  paper 

existing    evils,    as   a   preventiye  currency,      llie  principle  of  the 

against  their  fbture  recurrence,  hy  measure,  therefore,   could  he  re« 

bringing  the  currency,  to  a  certain  (usted  only  hy  those  who  held  that 

extent,  to  be  a  metallic  one,  and  the  pecuniary  relations  of  the  coun- 

especially  that  portion  of  it  which  try  Were  best  secured  by  proscrib- 

alone  supplied  the  wants  of  the  ing  a  metallic  currency.     Itsneces*- 

lower  classes.  All  experience  proved  sary  effect,  again,  would  be  to  gite 

that  this  restoration  of  a  metallic  solidity  to  Sie  banks  themsems, 

currency  could  not  be  effected,  so  by  compelling  them  to  maintain  a 

long  as  small  notes  were  allowed  portion  of  their  circulation  in  gold, 

to  be  circulated :  a  permanent  state  instead  of  worthless  papor ;   and 

of  ca^  payments  could  never  exist  thus,   even  where  a  lauure  took 

by  their  side.     If,  in  any  country  ^ce,  that  extensive  misery,  which 

there  be  a  paper  currency,  of  the  such  an  occurrence  produced  among 

same  denomination  with  the  metal  the  lower  classes,  would  no  longer 

currency,  the  paper  and  the  coin  return ;   for  the  security  of  the 

will  not  circulate  together,  but  the  poorer  classes  in  such  cases  lay  ii| 

latter  will   be    expelled    by   the  the  absence  of  small  pap^.     Let 

former.     If  crown  notes,  and  half«  the  Bank  df  England  retain  in  its 

crown  notes,  were  issued,  crowns  hands  as  much  gold  as  might  be 

and  half-crowns  would  disappear ;  necessary  for  the  ordinary  opera- 

and  if  the  one*pound  notes  con«  tions  of  commerce,  for  such  de- 

tinned  to  circulate,    a  sovereign  mands  as  the  exigencies  of  govem- 

would   become  a  rarity.     There  ment  might  require,  or  to  adjust 

never  was  a  gold  circulation  in  the  an  unfkvourable  state  of  foreign 

country,    except    in    Lancashire,  exchanges.      Let    every   country 

where  no  country  notes  existed;  bank   be  governed  by  the   same 

and  when,  in  1822,  and  1823,  the  rules,  and  compelled  to  keep  an 

Bank  of  England  was  most  anxious  amount  of  gold  proportioned  to  its 

to  supply  the  country  with  gold,  operations ;    and  thus  would    be 

the  sovereigns  sent  down  by  one  created  a  sensitiveness  to  occur- 

mail  coach  retiuned  with  the  next,  rences  likely  to  cause  a  pressure 

Great  sacrifices  had  already  been  on  the  country  banks,  which  would 

made  to  effect  the  introduction  of  tend  to  the  security  of  the  whole 

even  the  partial  metallic  currency  kingdom.  The  issues  would  be  kept 

now  in  existence ;  and  these  sacri-  within  bounds,  and  gold  would  be 

fices  had  been  made  in  vain.     A  kept  in  the  kingdom.     To  judge 

large  supply  of  gold  was  obtained  of  the  unsoundness  of  the  present 

at^  a  great  expense,  and  was  oh-  system,  it  was  only  necessary  to 

tained  only  that  we  might  see  it  look  at  the  fact,  how  easily  many 

depart  and  be  compelled  to  pur-  of  the  country  banks  had,  at  all 

chase  it  again  at  a  double  expense ;  times,  been  overturned.     In  1793, 

nor  could  the  currency  of  the  coun-  there  had  been  one  hundred  fai- 

try  ever  be  placed  on  a  solid  basis,  lures  among  them ;  in  1810,  there 

nnless  country  banks  were  pro-  were    commissions    of    bankrupt 

iabited  from  issubg  noteS;  exeept*  issued  against  twenty^six ;  in  181 1; 


16]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

against  four;   in   1812^  against  tions  might  have  carried  some  out 

seventeen ;  in  1S13,  against  eigh-  of  the  country.    But«  making   tiL 

teen;  in  1814^   against  twenty*  most   extravagant  allowance    for 

nine;  in  1815^  against  twenty-six;  these  additions^   the  amount    ex-« 

in  1817^  against  thirty-seven ;  and  ported  will  not  exceed  lO^OOO^OOO^ 

during  the  late  crisis^  against  no  leaving   15^000^000  still   in    the 

fewer   than    seventy-six.      Even  country^  to  which  was  to  be  added 

those  numbers  were  undoubtedly  a  million  imported  since  last  No« 

below  that  of  the  failures^  for  in  vember^  in  consequence  of  the  ex« 

many  cases  of  insolvency  commis«  chanses  having  again  turned    in 

sions  of  bankrupt  had  not  issued.,  our  favour.      Now^   the   average 

Any  measure  wotdd  be  good  which>  issue  of  small  notes  by  the  Bank 

by  compelling  these  establishments  of  En^land^  during  the  suspen* 

to  rest^  in  part^  at  leasts  on  the  sion  of  cash  payments^  had  been 

necessi^  of  circulating  gold^  would  7>000^000 ;  the  small  paper  of  the 

give  solidity  to  themselves  and  se«  country  banks  could  not  be  esti* 

curity  to  the  public ;  and  the  effect  mated  at   more  than   6>000,OOO^ 

of  the  present  measure  would  be^  although  they  had  gone  on  increase 

that  the    small   note    circulation  ing  their  issues,  while  those  of  the 

would  immediately  be  superseded  Bank  of  England  had  been  oon« 

by  a  metallic  one.    There  were  at  tracted.    Thus,   the  paper  to  be 

least  17,000^000  of  soverei^s  in  removed  amoimted  to  13,000^000, 

the    country ;      the    prohibition  and    there   were    16,000^000    of 

against  small  notes  would  forth*  sovereigns  in  the  coimtry  to  occnipy 

with  brine  them  into  circulation,  its  place.    Where,  then>  lay  the 

whether   Uiey  had  been  hoarded  difficulty  of  effecting  the   object 

up  in  the  omers  of  the  cautious  which  the  proposed  measure  had 

£n)m  prudential  considerations,  or  in  view  ?    Within  the  metropolis, 

retained  in  the  chests  of  country  and  its  immediate  vicinity,  there 

bankers,    who  would  rather    see  was  nothing  but  a  metallic  cur« 

their  own  notes  circulating.   Thus,  rency.     In  Lancashire,  in  Liver* 

in  point  of  fact,  it  was  far  from  pool,  containing  not  fewer  than 

being  certain  that  a  new  import-  150,000  inhabitahts,  and  Manches* 

ation  of  cold  would  be  necessary  ter,  containing,  perhaps,  200,000, 

even  to  ml  the  place  of  the  four  or  no  such  thing  as  a  small  paper 

five  millions  which  would  be  ab-  circulation  was   ever  known ;    bo 

stracted  from  the  paper  circulation :  that  in  a  district,   possessing  not 

the  gold  was  alr^y  in  the  coun-  fewer  than  2,000,000  of  inhahi* 

try,  although  seldom  seen^  because  tants,  nothing  was  to  be  found  but 

thrust  Qsa&  by  the  small  notes;  a  metallic  currency.    Adding  the 

for,   of  the  twenty-five  millions  contentsof  this  district  to  that  of  the 

which  had  been  coined  since  1819,  metropolis,  there  were  4,000,000 

not  more  than  eight  millions  had  of    people    occupying     districts, 

been  exported.  which  contained  two  uiirds  of  the 

By  the  official  returns,  the  quan-  entire  wealth  of  the  nation,    in 

tity  exported  was  7>26d,000.     No  the  daily  practice  of  conducting  all 

doubt    considerable    sums    might  the   ordinary  transactions  of  lifQ 

ha/re  been  exported  without  find-  without  the  assistance  of  a  papei: 

ing  their  way  into  the  official  ac-  currency,  and  yet  these  are  pre« 

^unts;   and  smu^ling  transact  9i8el7  ike  plaoesi  in  whidi  th^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [17 

greatest  difficulties  to  the  establish-  to  notes  of  the  higher  denomina- 

ment    of   a    metallic    circulation  tions :  '^  these  may  be  piled  moun- 

would  be  expected  to  exist  tains  high,  provided  the  base  be 

While  the  expulsion  of  the  small  refreshed  by  copious  streams  of  the 

notes  would  thus  necessarily  restore  metallic  currency." 

the  securities  and  the  stability  of  To  those>  who,  without  objcct- 

a  metallic  currency,  it  was  chi-  ing  to  the  principle  of  the  measure, 

merical  to  regard  it  as  injurious  to  wished  it  to  ]be  postponed,  it  was 

the  country  banker  himself.     The  answered,  that,  inst^id  of  coming 

smaU-note  drcuhttion  cannot    be  too  soon,  it  had  come,  if  any  thing, 

takenatmorethan  five  millions;  and  too  late.     If  it  had  been  adopt^ 

it  never  can  be  reasonably  con-  at  an  earlier  period,  for  instance,  in 

tended,  that  gradually  to  diminish  1822,  when  government  was  foiled 

thafc  circulation,  at  the  rate  of  a  in  a  similar  attempt  to  make  the 

third  part  in  each  of  three  succes-  country  bankers   deposit    security 

sive  years,  could  be  attended  with  for  their  issues,  it  would  have  been 

any  thing  like  a  shock  to  the  ere-  happier  for  the  country.    At  no 

dit  of  firms,  which,  in  the  recent  time  likely  to  arrive  could  there  be 

concussion,  had  displayed  such  un-  a  more  favourable  opportunity  for 

equivocal  marks  of  stability.     The  effecting  the  object  in  view ;  for 

number    of   country    banks    was  one  result  of  the  late  panic  had 

about  eight  hundred ;  one  hundred  been,    that  a  large  proportion  of 

of   these   had  failed ;    there  still  the  small  notes  of  country  bankers, 

remained    seven    hundred ;     and  independently  of  those  of  the  hun- 

the  circulation  of  each  of  these  dred  banks  which  had  failed,  had 

would  average  about  8,000/1  Could  been  withdrawn  from  circulation, 

it  then  be  supposed,  that  a  stability  and  the  prohibitory  measure,  there- 

which  had  stood  tbe  late  tremen-  fore,  would  be  less  strongly  felt.  The 

dous  shock,  woyld  be  shaken  or  de-  advocates  for  delay  were  called  on 

stroyed  by  a  gradual  curtailment  of  to  recollect,  that  even  the  existing 

papertotheextentannuallyof 2,000^  law  would,  at  the  latest,  put  their 

or  3,000^  for  three  successive  years?  favourite  notes  to  death  in  the 

When  the  difficulty  was  thus  re-  year  1833 :  that  was  the  remotest 

duced— -when  the  means  were  so  period  to  which  their  flimsy  exist- 

limited  and  humble,  by  which  a  ence  could  be  protracted.     That 

mighty  principle  was  to  be  esta-  extinction  would  exactly  coincide 

blished— when,  by  an  operation  so  with  the  expiration  of  the  charter 

minute,  and  a  process  almost  in-  of  the  Bank  of  England ;  and  no 

sensible,  the  prodigious  advantage  person,  whose  opinion  was  entitled 

<x>uld  be  attained  of  placing  the  pe-  to  the  smallest  respect,  could  main- 

cuniary  concerns  of  the  country  on  tain,  that  it  was  desirable  that  these 

the  broad  and  imperishable  basis  should  be  contemporaneous  events  ; 

cff  a  metallic  currency,  it  would  be  and  not  one  of  those  who  pleaded 

as  imprudent  to  let  dip  the  oppor-  for  delay  had  pretended  that  the 

tunity,  as  it  would  be  unreasonable  circulation  of  the  small  paper  of 

to  deny  the  principle.  The  intended  the  country  banks  should  extend 

chance  was  not  to  affect  the  pap^r  beyond  that  period,  nor  could  any 

circulation  at  large ;  it  was  not  to  man  do  so,  unless  he  were  hardy 

trench  upon  the  great    mass  of  enough  to  maintain,  that  it  should 

paper  currency,  which  was  confine  be  made  perpetual  and  unlimited 

Vol.  LXVIII,  EC] 


185      ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1826. 


in  poiiit  of  time.  Delay^  for  whaU 
ever  period^  under  whatever  repre<« 
sentatkms  it  might  be  granted^  by 
whatever  e^klanations  or  asgurances 
it  mieht  be  accompanied^  and  how« 
ever  it  might  be  regarded  in  that 
Hoiise^  would  be  viewed  out  of  doors 
as  the  defeat  of  the  whole  measure, 
and  a  rejection  of  its  principle. 
Moreover,  who  oould  answer  that 
delaj  given  for  purposes  of  prepa« 
ration  would  be  so  employed,  and 
that  it  would  not  be  used  in  taUng 
serious  and  e&ctual  st<^  to  ppe- 
vfnt  the  probalnlity  of  a  recurrence 
to  cash  payments,  to  render  it  im- 
possible to  resume  the  question, 
or,  at  least,  to  take  it  up  on  the 
same  basis  on  which  it  now  stands  ? 
The  season,  therrfore,  was  as  fa- 
vourable, as  the  object  itself  was 
desirable.  The  altetration,  indeed, 
would  not  directly  and  immedi- 
ately put  an  end  to  our  commercial 
embarrassm^its,  which  had  prinei^ 
pally  arisen  from  the  unwholesome 
and  preternatural  extension  of 
commercial  speculation;  but  it 
would  have  the  e^t  rf  aUeviat-^ 
ing  and  preventing  the  recurrence 
of  that  distress,  which*  however  it 
might  begin  with  the  higher,  was 
sure,  if  not  withstood  in  the  outset, 
to  find  its  way  to  the  lower  dasses 
of  society.  It  would  be  a  step 
towards  the  fulfilment  of  the  old 
benevolent  wish,  that  every  pea^ 
sant  should  have  a  fowl  in  bis  pot ; 
&r  the  e&ct  would  be,  that  the 
labDurer  would  find  in  his  pocket 
a  piece  ot  gcdd,  instead  of  a  shred 
of  (perhaps  worthless)  paper. 

Mr.  Brougham  lUcewise  sup- 
ported the  resolution,  and  strongly 
urged  the  inexpediency  imd  the 
ttselessness  of  any  delay,  when  the 
work  was  already  half  done,  in 
consequenea  of  the  general  want  of 
oonfidenoebavingaf  itself  greatlyli- 
wted  theiswfiioi  ibeepuAtry  haask, 


Mr «  Baring  moved  as  an  amtad- 
Doent,  "  That  it  is  the  bpinion  of  this 
House,  that,  in  the  present  dii* 
turbed  state  of  ptibUo  and  private 
credit,  it  is  not  expedient  to  eatxt 
into  a  consideration  of  the  banking 
system  o(  the  country ;"  and,  Mr. 
Canning  having  expressed  a  hope 
that  the  decision  on  the  j^resent 
motion  would  be  regarded  as  ded- 
sive  of  the  principle,  as  the  sooner 
it  was  settled  the  better,  the  House 
divided :  &r  the  original  motion, 
93^;  fi)r    the    amendment    S9; 
majori^   Ids.      An  amendment 
moved  by  Mr*  Oumey  to  exclude 
tlie  Baak  of  England  from  the 
operation  of   the  resolulimi  was 
likewise  negatived  by  a  m^ority 
c^  66  to  9;  and  a  similar  ampail* 
ment  being  again  moved  neiU  day, 
on  the  bringing  up  of  the  ropofft, 
on  the  mere  allegati<m  that>  with- 
out  small  notes  of  the  Bank  of 
England,  it  would  be  impossible 
to  fill  up  the  vacuum  oofiaaimied 
by  the  withdrawal  of  the  coiuitry 
paper,  it  was  n^atived  witl^out  a 
division* 

The  overwhelming  mi^rity,  by 
which  the  resolution  was  cusried, 
promised    that    little    oppomtiam 
would  be  made  to  the  progreae  af 
the  bill  for  canying  it.  into  eSaci, 
which  was  immediately  brputfiit  ia 
by  the  chancellor  of  the  fjujie- 
quer ;  especially  as  many  of  thoas 
members  who   had  voted  a^^aiast 
it,  and  even  Mr.  Baring  biroaelf, 
bad  declared,  that,   the  priitciple 
having  been  once  carried,  it  w^ould 
be  usdess  and  unwise  to  ofier  any 
farther  opposition.  However  mui^ 
resistance  sprung  vp  in  i^iiT\igaiTi£ 
the  details,*  and,  onmoreococusiuiis 
than  one,  many  of  those,  who  h»d 
supported  the   general    principle, 
found  tbimiselves  ranged  a^sunst 
ministers  in  regard  to  particular 
daus^  which  goveicmoeat    pnn 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [19 

poaibi,  or  which,    when  proposed  to  the  5th  of  Febpiaty,  thouU  be 

h3r  others,  they  deemed  it  neoessaiy  issuable,  and  continae  to  drculate, 

to  resist.     In  particukr,  the  pro-  but  that  the  small  notes  of  the 

phedes  ct  the  opponemts  of  the  Bank  of  England  should  be  isBU" 

measure,    that    its  instant    efifect  aUe,  thongh  dated  BUbseqoeoitlf 

would  be,  to  contract  the  circuk-  to  ihe  5th  February,  and  up  to 

tion,  ahmdy  too  much  ^  curtailed,  the  10th  of  October.    The  e&et 

seemed  to  be  finding  some  degree  of  this  would  be,  and  theintentioBL 

ofaocomfdishment.  In  many  places  of  it  was,  to  enaUe  the  Bank  to 

the  country  hankers,  whether  &om  supply,  for  a  limited  time^  and  to 

considerations  of  mere  prudence,  a    limited    extent,  *aay   suddea 

or  from  unnecessary  precipitation,  vacuum  which  might,  bo  ^oduoed 

or,  as  was  sometimes  insinuated,  l^  the  withdrawal  of  the  country 

to  excite  prejudice  i^ainst  the  bOl  j^eper    from   drculatioo..      There 

by  creating  an  artificial  deficiency,  was  in  this  neither  danger  to  tho 

had  proceeded  to  withdraw  thcor  cmr^K^,  nor  any  eontradicdon  of 

small  notes  from  circulation  with  the  principle  of  the  general 


a  haste  whidx  did  Aot  giro  time  sure.    AlUiouj^  there  wiere  no  so* 

fer  something  else  to  occupy  their  rious  difficulties  in  the  way  of  that 

room ;   and  the  consequence  was,  measure,  nor  any  thing  whick  xen** 

that,  in  di&rent  districts,  mnch  dered  its  suooess  even  pnMcaiafti* 

difficulty  was  encountered  in  car*  cal ;  it  would  be  wrong  to  be  blind 

rying  on  the  ordinary  transactions  to  the  ooiiiei|uences  which  might 

of  iSo.    To  remedy  this  inoonve«*  iit^w,  if  ihe  country  paper  were 

nience,  the  chancellor  of  the  £x«  to  diwppear  at  onoe,   without  a 

chequer,  on  the  90th.  of  February,  ten^MXory  substitute  having  been 

when  the  House  was  in  a  commit-  provided^    By  the  principle  of  the 

tee  on  the  bill,  moved,  that  the  resdution  itself,  it  was  distinctly 

Bonk  of  England,  instead  of  being  admitted,  that  some  delay  was  no* 

limited  like  the  private  banks,  to  oessary  before  it  could  be  carried 

small  notes  stamped  before    the  into  full  efi^;  it  assumed,  that 

5th  of  February,  should  be  em*  the  drculataon  of  small  notes  oould 

powered    to    issi^  one  and  two  not  be  altogedier  dispensed  with 

pound  notes  stamped  at  any  time  for  three  years ;  and,  therefore,  to 

prLtNT  to  the  10th  of  October,  thus  ollow  the  Bank  of  En^and  to 

prolonging  the  period,  in  the  case  stamp  them  for  eight  moothslonger, 

of  the  ^uakg  for  eight  months*  they  still  beina  to  be  withdrawn 

He  stated  that  it  was  not  intended  at  ihe  end  of  ^e  three  years,  was 

by  this,  that  the  Bank  of  England  only  a  consequence  of  that  prin- 

should    continue    to    issue  small  dple,  and  necessary  to  make  its 

notes>  after  that  powCr  had  been  operation  complete, 

withdrawn  from  other  banks ;   it  The  douse,  as  it  met,  in  some 

was  not  his  object  to  give  that  measure,  the  objectiDn  to  the  biU 

iacorporatiott  the  power  of  retain-  founded  on  its  alleged  tendency  to 

iog  their  small  notes  in  circulation  produce  an  injurious  contraction 

a  moment  afitar  the  lapse  of  three  of  die  currency,  was  supported  by 

years.     The    proposal    amounted  many  who  had'ieasted  the  gmeral 

only  to  this,  that,  during  the  next  prindple ;  whale  its  opponents  coor 

three  years,   the  small  notes  of  sisted  of  none  but  those  who  had 

oouatiy  bonka  stamped  pnvioiMly  voted  fin:  liw  original  measuro. 


20]       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


Their  oppodtion  rested  on  two 
grounds.  The  clause^  they  said^ 
was  inconsistent  with  the  very 
principle  of  the  bill ;  and  the 
power,  which  it  gave  the  Bank, 
would  be  so  abused,  or,  at  least, 
used,  as  to  deprive  the  measure  of 
all  real  eflfect.  It  was  inconsistent 
with  the  principle,  because  it  went 
to  encourage  an  extension  of  the 
very  evil  against  which  that  prin- 
ciple had  b^n  set  up  and  asserted. 
When^  on  the  moving  of  the  ori- 
ginal resolution,  different  members 
had  pleaded  earnestly  for  different 
periods  of  delay,  ministers  had 
very  properly  refused  to  procrasti- 
nate, on  the  ground  that,  at  the 
expiration  of  any  given  time,  we 
should  be  in  no  fitter  a  situation 
for  making  the  experiment  than 
now,  and  that  the  interval  would 
not  be  employed  in  preparing  for 
the  change,  but  in  rearing  up  new 
obstacles.  But  the  very  same  rea- 
sons Allied  against  the  proposed 
clause ;  they  were  as  good  against 
eight  monUis,  as  against  twelve 
months,  or  two  years.  Again,  this 
was  to  enable  the  Bank  to  coun- 
teract the  whole  measure,  by  giving 
them  an  unlimited  power  of  stamp- 
ing small  notes  to  any  amount, 
during  eidit  months,  and  circulat- 
ing .them  liy  all  the  means  within 
its  command.  It  would  be  the  inter- 
est of  the  Bank  to  take  advantage 
of  this  power,  and  there  was  no 
check  by  whidi  their  issues  could 
be  controlled.  It  would  not  do  to 
say,  that  it  was  merely  intended  to 
enable  the  Bank  to  fill  up  any 
vacuum  which  might  be  made  by 
the  withdrawing  of  the  country 
paper ;  for  who  could  engage,  that 
the  Bank  would  conime  itself 
within  this  limit,  and  not  supply, 
likewise,  that  other  portion,  the 
existence  of  which  was  the  sole 
•object  of  the  whole  measure? 


Moreover,  if  the  plan  for  establish- 
ing branch  banks  were  carried 
into  execution,  nothing  would  be 
easier  than  for  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land to  inundate  every  part  of  the 
country  with  one-pound  notes. 

These  objections  were  met  hf 
Mr.  Canning  and  Mr.  Huskisson, 
who  denied  that  there  was  any  in- 
consistency between  the  clause  now 
proposed  and  the  principle  of  the 
original  measure.  It  so  happened, 
that  the  country  bankers  had  acted 
doggedly  in  regard  to  the  with- 
drawing of  their  small  notes,  and 
had,  aU  at  once,  put  a  stop  to 
their  circulation,  instead  of  spread- 
ing it  over  as  long  a  period  as  was 
consistent  with  theproposedchanse. 
In  such  a  case^  it  surely  was  Uie 
duty  of  the  House  to  guard  against 
the  consequences  which  might  en- 
sue from  a  complete  and  simulta* 
-neous  contraction  of  the  currency 
to  the  amount  of  all  the  small 
notes  in  circulation :  unless  there 
were  gold  in  readiness  to  rush  in 
at  once^  by  every  channel,  to  fill 
up  the  vacuum,  a  most  extensi?e 
stagnation  of  commerce  must  en- 
sue. Should  this  take  place,  or 
rather,  should  it  have  already  cc* 
curred,  it  Mfould  be  neither  more 
nor  less  than  a  recurrence  of  the 
crisis  of  December,  whieh  a  prompt 
issue  of  Bank-notes  under  5L  had 
remedied.  The  amendment  was 
conceived  in  the  spirit  of  the  origi- 
nal measure,  and  no  charge  of  in- 
consistency could  lie  against  those 
who  proposed  or  supported  it: 
neither  was  there  any  better  rea- 
son for  supposing  that  the  Bank 
would  make  an  improper  use  of 
the  power  which  was  thus  to  be 
conferred.  It  was  not  the  interest 
of  the  Bank  to  make  an  issue  of 
this  kind ;  and  accordingly  it  had 
never  been  a  favourite  of  the  Bank, 
for  it  never  Spied  to  come  back  to 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [21 

them  in  the  fonn  of  a  demand  for  such  an  injunction  in  r^ard   to 
cold :  in  point  of  fact»  the  Bank  their  other  notes.     Mr.  Hume  im« 
nad  completely  withdrawn  their  mediately  declared  that  he  would 
small  notes  from  circulation  three  interrupt  the  business  of  the  corn- 
years  earlier  than  the  period  limit-  mittee  by  moving  that  the  chair* 
ed  by  law ;  they  had  possessed  the  man  report  prc^ress^  and  ask  leave  to 
power  of  issuing  them  for  three  sit  again;  andhe  told  thechancellor 
years  past«  and  yet  had  never  ex-  of  the  Exchequer^  that>  unless  some 
ercised  it^  till  last  December,  and  provision  to  the  purport  of  that 
then,  too,  not  for  their  own  emolu-  recommended  by  Mr.  Maberly  were 
ment,  but  for  the  public  benefit,  introduced  into  the  Ull,  he  might 
and  to  stop  the  progress  of  the  be  assured  that  it  woidd  not  be 
growing  panic     Besides,  it  ought  allowed  to  pass  yet  for  a  week, 
never  to  be  forgotten    that   the  In  vain  his  own  friends  urged  him 
Bank  had  made  great  effi)rts  to  not    to    persist    in   this   unusual 
establish  a  metallic  circulation  all  procedure,  and  Mr.  Huskisson  6ug- 
over  the  kingdom,   and  had  fre-  gested   to   him    the   propriety  of 
quently  brought  large  quantities  rather  bringing  in  a  bill  to  amend 
of  gold  into  the  country — although  the  bill   now  before   the    House, 
it  had  returned,  like  the  dove  to  than  interrupting  it  in  its  present 
the  ark,  finding  no  place  of  rest  stage.     Mr.  Hume  answered  them 
amid  the  deluse  of  paper  money,  all  with  the  observation,  that  they 
These  three  facts,  therefore,  the  probably  were  not  aware  that  he 
recal  of  the  one-pound  notes  by  intended  to  propose  the  introduce 
the  Bank,  when  they  might  have  tion  of  five  new  clauses  into  the 
kept  them  out  for  a  longer  period ;  bill,  and  to  take  the  sense  of  the 
the  non-issue  of  them  for  three  House  upon  every  one  of  them, 
years,  when  they  might  have  is-  His  motion  was  lost  by  a  large  ma- 
sued    them ;    and  their  recorded  jority,  but  as  he  still  persisted  in 
efibrts  to  supply  the  country  with  pressing  his  clause  upon  the  com- 
an  adequate  and  well-established  mittee,  the  chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
gold  currency,  furnished  a  suffi-  chequer  for  the  second  time  con- 
cicnt  guarantee,   upon  which  to  sented  to  an  adjournment- 
found  as  competent  a  judgment  as  On  the  27th  of  February,  be-< 
the  human  mind  could  form   of  fore  the  House  went,  for  a  third 
the  probable  course  of  human  con-  time,  into  a  committee  on  the  bill^ 
duct.  Mr.  Hume  stated  the  nature  of  the 

The  clause  was  then  adopted  by  additional     provisions    which    he 

a  majority  of  187  to  24.  wished  introduced  into  it.       He 

Various  clauses  were  proposed  in  protested  in  toto  against  the  sup- 

thecommittee.  Mr.  Maberly  having  pression  of  the  smafl  notes,  because, 

moved  as  an  amendment,  "  That  if  they  were  withdrawn  from  the 

the  Bank  do  monthly  publish  an  circulation,  they  would  require  to 

account  of  all  notes  issued  by  them  be  replaced  by  bullion ;   and,    by 

in  the  preceding  month,  to  the  last  so  much,  said  he,  would  the  capital 

day  inclusive,'*   the  chancellor  of  of  the  country  be  reduced,  and  the 

the    Exchequer    was    inclined  to  power  of  giving  emplo3rment    to 

agree  to  it,  in  so  far  as  the  small  labour  taken  from  individuals.     If, 

notes  were  concerned,  but   could  argued  Mr.  Hume,  the  arguments 

not  consent  to  the  imposition  of  in  fayour  of  the  measure  be  good 


22]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

for  any  thing,  they  should  not  have    nection  a  proviaon  like  this  tad 
stopped  at   the  small   notes,   hut    with  a  hill,  whose  only  ohject  wad 
ought  to  have  prohihited  all  notes,    to  secure  the  gradual  withdrawing 
of  whatever   amount;  not  seeing    of  notes  of  a  certain  kind ;  thepur- 
that  a  metallic  currency  must  be    pose  of  the  latter  was  to  restore  a 
very  differently  affected  by  a  paper    metallic  circulation  by  a  partial  ex- 
currency  of  the  same,   or  nearly    pulsion  of  paper ;  the  purpose^  of 
the    same    denomination,    which    the  former  was  to  secure  the  reiff n 
could  supply  its  place;  and  by  a    of  paper,  to  the  expulsion  of  wie 
paper  currency  oi  a  denomination    precious  metals.     But  this  was  not 
so  much  higher  as  necessarily  to    the  only  objection  to  which    the 
require  the  assistance  of  the  metal    provision  was  obnoxious.    Its  effect 
for  the  ordinary  purposes  of  life*    would  be,  to  deter  prudent  persons 
It  was  in  vsun,  he  averred,  to  en-    from   engaging    in    the   banking 
deavour  to  impart  solidity  to  banks,    business,  for  the  whole  amount  of 
or  security  to  their  customers,  un-    their  capital  would  be  locked  up, 
less  one  measure  were  adopted^—    and  unproductive ;  and^  as  the  banks 
a  measure   the    non-adoption   of    were  to  enjoy  no  particular  privi- 
which  by  ministers   would   leave    leges,  it  was  scarcely  reasonable  to 
upon  them  the  responsibility  of  all    impose  upon  them  so  severe^  and 
the  misery  which  might  in  future    so  injurious  a  restriction^    The  ex- 
be    prbduced    by  .bank    failures,    ample  of  Scotland,  even  witli  an 
This  measure  was,  to  compel  every    extensive    issue    of    small   notes^ 
banker  to  make  deposits,   in  the    proved  that  such  security  was  not 
hands   of  parliamentary  commis^    necessary.    The  experience  of  18S2 
sioners,  equal  to  the  amount  of  his    proved  that  few  men  would  be  di^^ 
issues.  For  the  first  year  the  deposit    posed  to  establish  banks  on  such 
might  be  confined  to  the  amount  of    a  principle;  and  the  bill,  by  oompel- 
his  one  and  two  pound  notes;  for  the    ling  bankers  always  to  have  a  large 
isecond,  to  the  amount  of  his  fiv6-    portion  of  their  capital  in  gold,  and 
pound,  along  with  the  former;  and,    to  watch  the  occasions  when  gold 
m  the  third,  it  should  \ie  extended    might  be  required  from  them,  was 
to  the  whole  amount  of  his  notes    a  much  better  security  than  con^ 
in  circulation.    If,  on  presenting    signing  their  resd  capital  to  iiuMV 
a  note  at  a  country  banker's,   he    tivity.     Lastly,  it  would  put  an 
refused  to  pay  it,  the  refusal  ought    end  to  deposit  banks,  that  is,  to  al- 
to be  certified  by  the  nearest  ma-    most  every  bank  in  the  kingdom, 
^trate,    and    the   commissioners    £xisting  deposits  would  be  with- 
iuiould  be  authorized  thereupon  to    drawn,  and  no  new  deposits  would 
sell  a  portiot^  of  the  deposits   in    be  made,  because  the*  real  wealth 
th^ir  hands,  to  discharge  the  claim,    of  the  banker  was,  in  case  of  mis- 
He,  therefore,  moved  "  That  it  be    fortune,  to  be  apj^ed  to  the  pay- 
an  instruction  to  the  committee  to    mentof  the  holders  of  the  banker's 

Sfovide  for  requiring  from  banks  notes,  and  the  makers  of  deposits 
eposits  (to  be  lodg^  in  the  £x-  were  to  be  thrown  back  exclusively 
chequer,  or  other  propcp  office)  upon  the  mere  fragments  of  his 
equal  in  amount  to  the  amount  fortune,  whilst  the  holders  of  his 
of  promissory  notes  payaUe  on  de-  notes  were  secured  in  full  pa3rment 
mand,  issued  by  them  respectively.*'  i*^a  distinction  between  creditors, 
It  was  difficult  to  see  what  con«   equaUy*unjust  and  impolitic*    Mr. 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[28 


Mume   fetind  onlf  eight    mem- 
bers to  join  him^  the  motion  being 
rejected  by  a  majority  of  120  to  9. 
An  amendment  to  the  effect  that 
the  Bank  of  England  should  make 
regular  returns  of  the  whole  amount 
of  their  paper  in  circulation,  and 
another,  that  the  holders  of  country 
notes  should  have  summary  pro- 
cess  of  execution  for  their  amount 
by  the  warrant  of  a  magistrate, 
were    equally   unsuccessful;    but 
a  clause  was  added,  providing,  that 
from  the  5th  April,  1829,  bS  notes 
under  20/.  should  be  payable  in 
specie  at   the  places  where  they 
lx>re  to  have  been  issued.    On  the 
third  reading,  however,  the  exten- 
sion of  time  in  favour  of  the  Bank 
of  England,  was  again  opposed; 
clauses,  giving  summary  process  on 
notes,    and    requiring    from    all 
bankers   a  monthly  return  to  go- 
vernment of  the  whole  amount  of 
their  issues,  were  again  pressed, 
and  i^ain  n<^tived ;  and,  on  the 
7th  of  March,  the  bill  passed,  by 
a  majority  as  large  as  that  which 
had  introduced  it. 

In  the  House  of    Lords,    the 
opposition    to    the   bill   was  less 
pertinacious    than     it    had    en- 
countered in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons ;  and  the  grounds,  on  which 
it  was  attacked  and  defended  in 
the  former,  were  precisely  those 
which  had  formed  the    topics  of 
discussion  in  the  latter.     The  earl 
of   Carnarvon  alone,  who  moved, 
on  the  second   reading,    that  the 
bill  should  be  read  agam  that  day 
six  months  (a  motion  which  was 
negatived     without    a    division) 
stated  a  new  reason  why  an  actual 
gold  circulation  ought  to  be  kept 
as  fyr  from  our  doors  as  possible ; 
vijf.    that  a  return  to  it  would 
bring  back    the    highwaymen   of 
Bag^ot   and   Hounslow.    There 
was,  h^   said,   n  much   greater 


temptation  to  commit  robbery  in 
the  case  of  gold,  than  in  the  case 
of  paper,  bemuse  there  were  much 
greater  facilities  for  escaping  de- 
tection.    It  was  easy  to  uxiderstand 
that  there  oould  not  be  so  strong 
an  inducement  to  crime,  when  the 
cturrency  consisted  in  notes  num- 
bered, and  signed  with  a  known 
name,  without  which  they  had  no 
value,  as  when  it  conosted  of  gM 
eoin,  which  it  was  impossible  to 
Identify.    This  view  of  the  nobl6 
lord  was  not  original,  for  it  had 
been  enforced,  with  much  humour, 
in  certain  celebrated  letters  which 
appeared  about  this  time  directed 
against  the  Extension  of  the  bill  to 
Scotland.     It  was  likewise  worth 
considering,  that  the  forgery  of  the 
small  notes  was  a  danger  of  the 
same  kind,  and  one  which  had  ren- 
dered necessary  the  sacrifice  of,  mt 
least,  as  many  lives  to  the  law, 
as  the  more  daring  depredations 
of  former  times.      But,    finally, 
the    connection,     as    cause     and 
efiect,  between  the  disappearance 
of   guineas,    and    the   diinppear- 
ance  of  highwaymen,   was  more 
whimsical  man  real.     ^^  I    once," 
said  lord  Liverpool,  '^  when  I  was  a 
boy,  sufiered  from  a  highwa3rman, 
and  lost  all  the  money  I  had  upon 
me.     It  is,  therefore,  natural,  Uiat 
I  should  be  as  much  alive  to  this 
danger  as  the  noble  earl :  but  still, 
with  aU  my  early  associations,  I 
cannot  help  thinking,  that,  if  that 
danger  must  revive  with  a  return 
to  a  metallic  currency,   it  would 
have  been  felt  during  the  last  fouif 
or  five  years ;  for,  £iring  all  that 
time,  their  lordships  had  been  going 
about  the  metropolis  and  its  vici- 
nity, not  with  notes,  but  with  so- 
vereigns, in  their  pockets.    The  al- 
most total  extinction  of  highway 
robberies  was  to  be  attributed  to 
tjie  only  thing  which  co\M  ^Ww 


24]       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

check  or  extinguish  them,  the  es-  public  meetings  were  held  to  Ae* 
tablishment  of  a  powerful  and  ef-  precate  the  destruction  of  the  one 
fective  police.''    It    might    have  pounds  and  guinea  notes,  ;  men  of 
been  added,   that  so  far  are  the  all  parties  threw  aside  their  differ- 
numbers  and  names  on  bank  notes  ences,  and  men  of  all  ranks  foreot 
from  being  a  terror  to  evil  doers,  their   inequalities,    to    raise    one 
that  the  most  daring  mail-coach  unanimous     outcry    against     the 
robberies  have   been  perpetrated,  threatened  introduction  of  gold  at 
to  get  possession  not  of  bags  of  the  expense  of  paper ;   and  mer«> 
sovereigns,     but    of  bundles    of  chants,    manufacturers,     bankers, 
bankers'  notes.  shop-keepers,  and  even   artizans. 
While  this  measure  for  anmhi-  joined  heart  and  hand  to  resist  the 
lating  the  existence  of  small  notes  innovation.    During  the  discussion 
in  England  was  making  its  way  on  the  bill  regarding  England,  the 
through  parliament,  some  difference  tables  of  both  houses  of  parliament 
of  •  opinion  sprung  up  in  Ireland  were  nightly  loaded  with  petitions 
concerning  the  fitness  of  its  appli-*  from  public  meetings,  and  from  aU 
cation  to  that  country;  and  Scodand  the  great    commercial    bodies    of 
rose,  as  one  man,  to  resist  its  in-  Scotland,  setting  forth  the  benefits 
troduction  into  the  northern  part  which  that  country  had  so  long 
,of  the  island.     Ministers  had  de-  derived  from  its  banking  system, 
dared,  in  both  houses,  from  the  the  perfect  security  of  the  founda- 
very  beginning  of  the  discussions,  tions  on  which  it  stood,  and  the 
that  they  did  not  intend,   at  the  evils  which  would  inevitably  re- 
present time,  to  extend  the  pro-  suit  from  every  attempt  to  give  it 
posed  alteration  to  either  of  these  a  new  and  an  untried  form, 
portions  of  the  empire  ;  but  they        It  was  both  prudent  and  becom- 
liad  likewise   declared,   that  they  ing  in  parliament  to  pay  re^)ect 
could  not  see,  on  what  principle  to  the  anxiety  and  unanimity  with 
different  systems  of  currency  should  which    these  opinions   were    ex- 
prevail-  on  opposite  banl^s  of  the  pressed  ;   especially  when   coming 
Tweed,  or  how  arrangements,  which  from  those  who  best  knew  the  real 
gave  security  in  England,  should  nature,  and  practical  effects,  of  the 
not  be  equally  beneficial  in  Scot-  system.     The  grounds,    too,    on, 
land.      This    language   evidently  which  the  united  interests  of  Scot- 
shewed,  that  the  period  could  not  be  land  took  their  stand,  were  evi- 
considered  as  far  distant,  when  the  dently  deserving  of  much  consi- 
small-notes  of  the  currency  of  Scot-  deration,   and  consisted  of   facts 
land  would  likewise  be  attacked ;  notorious    to  the  whole   empire, 
and,  as  Scotland  had  never  known  The  unequalled  progress,  said  they, 
any  other  currency  than  a  paper  which  Scotland  has  made  in  every 
currency,  and  had  become  wealthy  branch  of  industry,  has  been  prin- 
and  prosperous  in    its  enjoyment  cipally  owing  to  her  banking  es- 
duringmorc  than  an  hundred  years,  tablishments  as    at  present  con- 
she  arose  with  earnestness  and  ve-  ducted.      Previously  to  their  in- 
hemencc  in  its  defence.  Seldom  has  stitution,  money  was  so  extremely 
any  political  measure  called  forth  scarce,  that  the  Scottish  parliament 
so  strong  and  so  universal  an  ex-  made   various   enactments  to  en* 
pression    of   public    opinion.     In  courage  the  importation,  and  re- 
every  city,  and  in  every  county,  strain  the  exportation,  of  specif 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[25 


but  made  them  in  vain.  In  fact, 
the  commencement  of  proaperity> 
and  of  commercial  enterprise,  in 
that  country,  had  followed  imme- 
diately on  the  erection  of  the  Bank 
of  Scotland  in  I695,  and  had  ex- 
tended itself  with  the  establishment 
of  the  royal  bank  in  1727.  The 
increase  cf  a  circulating  medium 
thus  produced,  had  given  so  suc- 
cessful an  impulse  to  Uie  spirit  and 
industry  of  the  people,  that  the 
trade  of  Glasgow  alone  had  doubled 
in  fifteen  years  after  the  first 
establishment  of  banks  there,  and, 
in  1776»  the  trade  of  the  whole  of 
Scotland  had  more  than  quadrupled 
since  the  first  erection  of  the  Bank 
of  Scotland,  and  the  royal  bank; 
and  all  this  without  any  symptom 
of  rottenness,  without  any  of  the 
ruinous  results  of  over-trading  or 
wild  speculation,  without  any  vicis- 
situdes, except  such  as  are  insepar- 
able from  trade,  or  were  the  direct 
consequences  of  political  events. 
This  system,  with  an  increasing 
number  of  banks,  had  continued 
down  to  the  present  day,  extend- 
ing the  same  benefits,  and  com- 
manding the  same  confidence. 
That  this  confidence  was  deserved 
was  sufficiently  demonstrated  by 
the  fact,  that,  for  more  than  a 
century,  a  bank-failure  had  been 
a  rarity ;  that,  amidst  the  convul- 
sions which,  at  different  periods, 
had  shaken  or  Uirown  down  the 
English  banks,  those  of  Scotland 
had  stood  firm  ;  and  that  even 
during  the  late  panic,  when  every 
morning  brought  intelligence  of 
the  insolvency  of  an  English 
bank,  not  one  of  those  establish- 
ments in  Scotland  had  been  doubted 
for  a  day,  or  for  one  moment  ex- 
posed to  a  run.  The  ordinary 
traffic  of  the  country  had  hitherto 
been  conducted  almost  entirely 
through  the  medium  of  one-pound 


notes  and  silver,  and  any  innova« 
tion  on  the  practice  would  be 
hostile  to  the  habits  and  inclina- 
tions of  the  people.  The  removal 
of  smaU  notes,  and  the  obligation 
on  the  banks  to  provide  gold, 
would,  it  was  averred,  materially 
diminish  their  ability  to  accom- 
modate the  public,  particularly  in 
times  of  pressure,  when  their  aid 
was  most  required ;  and  that  the 
hardship  of  imposing  on  Scotland 
the  necessity  of  maintaining  a 
metallic  currency  would  be  in- 
creased by  her  distance  from  the 
capital,  and  the  consequent  risk 
and  cost  of  conveyance.  They 
denied  that  the  state  or  history  of 
the  currency  of  England  furnished 
any  analogy  from  which  to  argue 
to  that  of  Scotland.  The  small-  , 
note  circulation  of  England  was 
but  of  recent  origin,  and  her  re- 
gular currency  had  been  gold ;  in 
Scotland,  it  had  existed  before  the 
Union,  and  had  continued,  without 
interruption  or  mischief,  down  to 
the  present  time.  In  England, 
no  private  bank  could  consist  of 
more  than  six  partners,  and  the 
capital  of  such  establishments  was 
therefore  limited ;  in  Scotland  the 
number  was  indefinite.  In  Eng- 
land, there  was  no  check  upon  ' 
over-issuing ;  in  Scotland,  such  an 
occurrence  was  prevented  by  the 
reciprocal  exchange  of  the  notes 
of  sdl  the  banks  twice  a  week,  and 
by  the  immediate  settlement  of  the 
l^lances  cither  in  cash,  or  short- 
dated  drafts  upon  London. 

These  differences  between  the 
systems  of  the  two  countries,  and 
the  undeniable  difference  between 
the  effects  of  the  two  systems, 
formed  good  reasons  why  parlia- 
ment should  pause,  before  extend- 
ing to  iDne  part  of  the  island  the 
plan  which  had  been  adopted  in 
the    other.    •  Accordingly,    select 


26j      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

committees  were  appointed  by  both  exampled  in  the  history  of  bank- 
Houses,  to  inquire  into  the  state  ing  —  had  supported  themselves 
of  the  circulation  of  toiall  notes  from  1797  to  1812,  without  any 
in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  and  to  protection  like  that  which  the  re- 
report  upon  the  expediency  of  striction  of  cash  payments  had 
altering  the  laws  regarding  it.  The  given  to  the  Banks  of  England  and 
only  opposition  m^e  tcF  the  ap-  Ireland — and  that,  during  the 
pointment  of  these  comnuttees,  in  whole  period  of  their  establish- 
so  far  at  least  as  they  concerned  ment,  there  had  not  been  more 
Scotland,  was,  Aat  they  Wfere  un-  than  two  or  three  instances  of 
necessary;  that  the  system  was  bankruptcy.' 
confessedly  so  secure,  and  so  nearly  As  stability  so  well  proved  did 
perfect,  that  iftquiry  was  super-  not  seem  to  justify  any  alteration, 
iiuous.  A  number  of  Scottish  so  the  committees  were  apprehen- 
merdhants,  manufacturers,  and  *'  sive  that  a  prohibition  of  small 
bankers,  were  examined ;  and  the  notes*  would  oe  injurious  to  one 
reports  of  the  committees,  which  branch  of  the  Scottish  system 
were  presented  to  both  Houses  to-  which  it  was  of  the  utmost  im- 
wards  the  end  of  the  session,  *  portance  to  preserve,  viir.  the  giv- 
justified  the  resistance  which  Scot-  mg  of  cash-credits.  Any  person, 
land  had  made.  on  applying  to  a  bank,  and  finding 

There  could  be  no  doubt,  said  proper  securities,  after  a  full  in- 

the  committees,  On  general  prin-  quiry  into  his  character,  and  the 

ciples,  that  it  would  be  desirable  nature  of  his  business,  was  allowed 

to  have  the  same  S3r8tem  of  cur-  to  open  a  credit,  and  draw  upon 

rency  established  throughout  the  the  bank    for  the  whole  of    iti 

United  Kingdom ;  but  still  there  amount,  or  such  part  of  it  as  his 

might  be  obstacles  to  such  an  uni-  daily  transactions  might  require  ; 

formity  of  system,  which  would  paying  in  again,  to  the  credit  of 

render  it  impracticable,  or,  at  least,  this  account,  such  sums  as  his  oc- 

bring  with  them  Inconteniences  casions   might  not    require,    and 
more  thafi  sufficient   to   counter--  being  charged,   or  receiving,   in- 

balance    its     advantages.      From  terest,     according    as    the    daily 

1766  to  1797j  when  no  small  notes  balance  was  for  or  against  him. 

were    issuable  in    England,    the  The  total  amount  of  these  cash 

currency  of  Scotland,  for  payments  credits  was  five  millions,  of  which 

under  5/.,    had  consisted    almost  about  one  third  had  been  actually 

entirely  of  notes  for  1/,,  and  iL  Is,,  advanced.    The  advantages  arising 

and  this  difference  in  the  currency  from  them  to  the  banks  consist^ 

of  the  two  countries  had  not  been  in  the  call  thus  produced  for  their 

known  to  produce  inconvenience  paper,  which  generally  came  back 

to  either.     It  had  been  proved  to  twice  a-week,  and  in  the  oppor- 

the  committees,  that  the  Scottish  tunity   which    they    afforded    for 

banks,  whether  chartered,  or  joint-  the  profitable  emplojrment  of  part 

stock  companies,  or  private  estab-  of  their  deposits ;  while  the  facility 

lishments,  had,  for  more  than  a  thus  given  to  persons,  who  begin 

century,  exhibited  a  stability  which  business  with  scarcely  any  capital 

the  committees  believed  to  be  un-  but  character,  to  employ  profitably 

t— ^ the    minutest    products  of   their 

•  S«c  Public  Documeau,  p.  64*  industry,    undoubtedly   bestowal 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE. 


[27 


most  important  advantages  upon 
the  whole  community.  All  the 
witnesses  had  agreed^  that^  if  the 
circulation  of  small  notes  were 
prohibited^  the  Scottish  banks 
would  be  compelled  to  put  a  stop 
to  these  cash-credits^  and  likewise 
to  abandon  their  branch-banks  in 
remote  districts  of  the  country^ 
which  would  thus  bo  left  without 
a  circulating  medium.  At  the 
same  time^  the  directors  of  the 
Bank  of  England  had  given  it  as 
their  omman,  that  the  continued 
circulation  of  small  notes  in  Scot- 
land and  Ireland  would  have  no 
ii\)uriou8  effect  on  the  metallic 
circulation  of  England,  provided 
these  notes  were  confined  within 
the  boundaries  of  their  respective 
countries.  The  committees,  there- 
fore, recommended,  that  the  paper 
money  of  these  parts  of  the  em- 
pire should  not  be  meddled  with. 
Some  members,  however,  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  being  appre- 
hensive that  a  metallic  currency  in 
England  could  not  exist  with  a 
small-paper  circulation  in  Scotland, 
sir  M.  W.  Ridley  moved  a  resolu- 
tion, that  the  House,  in  the  course 
of  next  session  (though  it  was  well 
known  that  parliament  was  about 
to  be  dissolved),  would  institute 
an  inquiry  as  to  how  far  the  in- 
terests of  England  and  Scotland 
were  likely  to  be  affected  by  the 
existence  of  different  systems  of 
currency  in  the  two  countries,  and 
to  ascertain  whether  any,  or  what, 
means  ought  to  be  adopted,  to. 
assimilate  the  currency  m  both. 
The  motion  was  negatived  without 
a  division ;  and  thus  Scotland  was 
left,  for  the  present,  in  possession 
of  that  system  of  currency,  under 
which  her  commerce,  her  manu- 
factunes,  and  her  agriculture,  had 
so  long  flourished. 

While  the  fate  of  the  small 


notes  of  Scotland  was  still  unde^ 
cided,  public  attention  was  extra- 
ordinarily excited  by  a  series  of 
letters  directed  against  the  dreaded 
alteration,  which  appeared  in  an 
Edinbursh  weekly  jiewspaper. 
The  style  in  which  they  yrere 
written  made  the  first  impression,^ 
and  it  was  fixed  deep  by  the  name 
of  the  author,  as  soon  as  they  were 
known  (and  they  were  soonknown) 
to  be  the  productions  of  sir  Walter 
Scott.  If  they  did  not  display 
great  profoundness  in  political  eco- 
nomy, the  opinions  which  they 
contained  were  put  forth  with 
what  appeared  to  most  people  in- 
vincible sound  sense ;  but,  in  re- 
ality,  they  deserved  attention  prin- 
cipally as  pieces  of  composition. 
Hastuy  thrown  together,  and 
therefore,  marked  sometimes  by  a 
homeliness  of  expression  excellent- 
ly suited  to  Its  purpose,  the  rich- 
ness and  aptness  of  illustration, 
the  adaptation  to  national  prejudice^ 
the  dramatic  variety,  the  dry  and 
pithy  jokes  of  Malachi  Malagrow- 
ther  (for  under  this  name  did  the 
author  writej  produced  in  Scotland 
a  sort  of  similitude  to  the  period  of 
the  Drapers  Letters  in  Ireland; 
and,  in  the  opinion  of  his  country- 
men, placed  the  civic  garland  on 
the  head  of  the  author  of  Waverly, 
beside  the  laurel  wreath  which  he 
had  so  long  worn.  He  discovered, 
or  thought  he  discovered,  in  the 
conduct  of  England  towards  Scot- 
land for  some  years  back,  a  design 
to  contemn  and  afiront  the  latter, 
for  the  sake  of  establishing  a 
chimerical  system  of  uniformity ; 
and  one  proof  of  it  he  found  in  the 
removal  of  her  separate  Board  of 
Customs,  to  consolidate  it  with 
that  of  England.  He  talked,  too, 
v^ry  memly,  of  the  danger  of 
sending  ch^ts  of  gold  through 
Highland  glens,  and  the  proba^ 


28]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

bility  of  its  creatine  a  new  race  of  of  two  miserable  and  insignificant 
Rob  Roys—just  as  ford  Carnarvon^  fiscal  departments !  When  I  first 
after  bim,  predicted  in  tbe  House  beard  of  tbis  extraordinary  pro- 
of Peers,  tbe  formation  of  bands  duction,  I  was  really  apprehensive 
of   bigbwaymen    round    London  that    I  b^   been   countenancing 
from  tbe  same  cause.    But  tbe  some    undefined    wrong     against 
greatest  honour  paid  to  tbese  epis-  Scotland.    When  I  met  my  noble 
Ses  was^  tbe  notice  taken  of  tbem  friend  at  tbe  bead  of  the  Admi« 
eyen  in  parliament,  as  dangerous  ralty,  or  any  of  bis   honourable 
productions.      Tbe  jokes   of  sir  colleagues  at  that  board,  I  hardly 
Walter  Scott  were  actually  treated  dared  to  look  tbem  in  the  face, 
by  some  members  as  incentives  to  At  last  it  occurred  to  me,  that  I 
rebellion ;    and    senators   gravely  bad  Scottish  blood,  and   good  old 
averred,  in  tbe  House  ot  Com-  Scottish  Blood,  too,  in  my  veins ; 
mons,  tbat,  not  many  years  ago,  and  that  my  conscience  had  never 
they  would  have  subjected  him  to  charged  me  with  any  attempt  to 
condign  punishment.     Nay,  even  diminish  tbe  honour  which  I  ex- 
tbe  chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  perienced  from  my  connection  with 
thought  himself  bound  to  notice  that    ancient     country,    and    its 
them,    and,    when    opening    the  ancient  nobility.     When,   too,  I 
budget  on    tbe   13tb  of  March,  recollected  all  the  signal  triumphs 
struck  at  Malachi  Malagrowther,  of  Scotland  in  the  various  intellec- 
in  a  rather  eloquent  and  imposing  tual  pursuits  of  the  human  race ; 
passage,  whose  periods,  more  as  a  when  I  remembered  tbe  originality 
compument  to  the  man,  than  from  and  genius  of  her  poets,  the  elo- 
respect  to  the  subject,  were  per-  quenoe  and  accuracy  of  her  bis- 
baps  better  turned  than  tbe  dignity  torians,  tbe  elaborate  lucubrations, 
of   the  matter  required.      ''Ac-  and  profound  reasonings   of  her 
cording,"  said  the  chancellor  of  philosophers :  when,  in  addition  to 
tbe  Exchequer,  ''  according  to  a  tbese,  her  bnlliant  excursions  over 
celebrated  production  whidi   has  tbe  regions  of  fancy,  of  history, 
appeared  in  the  northern  part  of  and  of  science,  I  adverted  to  the 
the  kingdom,  the  destruction  of  the  noble  efforts  which  she  had  made, 
independent  Boards   of   Customs  in  the  field  and  on  the  ocean,  in 
and  Excise  in  Scotland,  and  their  maintaining  the  glory  and  inde- 
consolidation    with     the    central  pendence  of  the  empire;  when  I 
Board,  are  considered  by  every  true  recollected  the  names  of  Abercrom- 
ScQt  to  be  dercHgatory  to  the  na-  by,  of  Moore,  of  Lynedoch,  and 
tional  dimity,  offensive  to  tbe  na-  of  Hopetoun,  and  that,  only  two 
tional  pnde,  and  subversive  of  the  years  ago,  I  successfully  proposed 
national  rights.     When  Antony  to  this  House,  to  do  tardy  justice 
makes  bis  beautiful  speech  over  to  the  name  of  Duncan ;  when  I 
the  dead  body  of  Cesar,  and  ex-  dwelt   in    imagination    upon  all 
claims, '  O,  what  a  fall  was  there,  these  things,  I  could  not  for  a  mo- 
my  countrymen,'  tbe  appeal  was  ment  contmue  to  believe,  that  the 
not  more  passionate  or  energetic,  honour  of  Scotland  was  tarnished 
than  the  appeal  made  in  tbe  letters  by  the  transference  of  a  paltry 
to  which   I   allude,    against   the  Board  of  Customs  or  Excise  from 
author    of   tbat   woeful   tragedy  Edinburgh    to    London.     I   had 
which  terminated  in  the  extinction  always  thought  tbat  that  honour 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE. 


[20 


VIS  established  on* a  mucli  more 
xSd  haas,  that  the  great  names 
of  Sootknd  would  still  have  shone 
with  peiennial  lig^t,  though  £x- 
dae  had  never  meddled  with  her 
irhidLy,  nor  Customs  controlled 
her  oonnneroe.  I  believe  that  the 
mesKKj  of  her  great  men  will 
coBkiaoe  to  shed  undiminished 
kaooron  their  country,  even 
^hngh  the  two  wretch^  boards 
</ revenue  have  been  swallowed 
i^— oh,  dreadful  calamity !  in  the 
lu-devouring  vortex  of  English 
mnfermity  ;  but  I  will  not  b^eve 
tkst  the  honour  of  the  ancient 
Edci^  of  Scotland  is  so  debased^ 


that  they  would  condescend  to 
complain  because  government  has 
less  patronage  to  bestow,  and  be- 
cause they  hsLve  less  emolument  to 
expect  and  to  receive.  All  the 
punishment  that  can  proceed  from 
the  wrath  of  an  ofiended  people 
may  be  denounced  against  me; 
but  while  I  have  the  satisfaction 
of  feeling,  that  the  measures  which 
I  have  recommended  have  dimin- 
ished their  burdens,  I  dread  not 
the  flashing  of  that  highland  clay- 
more, though  evoked  from  its  scab- 
bard by  the  incantations  of  the 
mightiest  magician  of  the  age/' 


30]       ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826, 


CHAP.    II. 

Arrangement  wilh  the  Bank  of  England^^BiU  broughi  into  the  House 
of  Lords  to  enable  private  Banks  to  have  an  unUmited  Number  ^ 
Partners*^Clause  introduced  authorising  the  Bank  of  Engl^md  to 
establish  Branch  Banks-^Discussion  on  the  Propriety  qf  relieving 
the  exviting  Distress  by  an  Issue  of  Exchequer  Bills-^The  Bami 
agrees  to  advance  Money  upon  Security'^BUl  to  enable  Factors 
holding  the  Documents  qf  property  in  Goods,  to  pledge  them  te 
the  Batik  as  effectually  as  if  they  n>ere  the  real  Owners'-^Ap» 
pointment  qf  a  Committee  on  Emigration^^^^Conft  L^ws :  Mr.  HTut* 
more's  Motion^^BUl  to  allow  the  admission  of  Bonded  Com  into  the 
Market — Bill  to  authorise  Government  to  import  a  limited  quantity 
cf  Foreign  Grain  during  the  Recess^^Mr.  Ellice^s  Motion  on  the 
State  of  the  Silk  Trade-^^etitiotis  concerning  the  Navigation  Lawe^^ 
Mr,  Huskisson's  Statement  of  the  Effects  of  the  recent  Alterations  in 
these  Laws — Relaxation  of  the  Navigation  Laws  in  favour  of  the 
new  South  American  States, 

THE  measure  for  suppressing  company  for  similar  purposes.  The 
the  circulation  of  small  notes  consent  of  the  Bank^  therefore^  was 
had  been  conjoined^  in  the  state^  required,  even  to  the  introduction 
ments  of  ministers  at  the  opening  of  this  measure ;  for  parliamentary 
of  the  session,  with  another  expe-  omnipotence  is  never  more  impru- 
dient,  the  purpose  of  which  was,  to  dently,  and,  in  most  instances, 
render  unlimited  the  number  of  more  unjustly,  exerted,  than  when 
partners  who  might  legally  unite  it  violently  wrests  legal  rights 
as  partners  to  form  a  bank.  To  from  the  unwilling.  Accordingly, 
gain  this  end,  it  was  necessary  to  in  the  month  of  January,  govern- 
interfere  to  a  certain  extent,  Mrith  menthad  entered  into  a  negotiation 
the  charter  pf  the  Bank  of  £ng-  with  the  Bank-directors,  stating 
land ;  for,  by  the  privileges  of  that  generally  the  wish  which  they  en- 
corporation,  no  private  banking  tertained  to  restore  a  metallic  cir- 
companycouldconsistof  more  than  culation,  and  to  establish  private 
six  partners,  a  limitation  which  had  banks  on  a  more  solid  foundation, 
sprung  from  ^prehensions  that  One  measure,  the  directors  were 
large  co-partnerships  might  tend  informed,  by  which  the  former  ob- 
to  exclude  the  Bank  from  its  para-  ject  might  be  in  part  attained,  was 
mount  influence  in  the  pecuniary  the  establishment,  by  them,  of 
transactions  of  the  country,  and  branch-banks  in  different  parts  of 
which  rested  on  the  same  principle  the  country ;  but  government 
that  had  induced  the  incorporated  stated  their  conviction,  that  such 
insurance  companies  to  purchase  establishments  could  not  be  erected 
from  parliament  the  power  of  pre-  in  sufficient  numbers  to  answer  the 
venting  the  formation  of  any  rival  demands  of  the  community.  There 


HISTORY  OF  EUEOPE.    -  [31 

leanocd  aaothei  expedient,  that  lation  was  agreed  to ;  and,  on  the 
(^  aJloviiig  private  banks  to  iu'  day  after  paiUament  had  assembled, 
□cue  the  number  of  their  partners  agcncralmeetrngof  theproprictors 
iadefinitely,  and  thus  to  establish  vas  held,  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
tlusa  00  a  basil  so  broad  as  to  give  firiaing  or  rejecting  the  proposed 
the  coaatry,  at  all  times,  a  coofi-  amagcmenL  Opinions  were  much 
iesea  in  theii  solidity,  like  that  divided.  One  party  Btrongly  main- 
whkh  had  «o  long  existed  in  Scot-  taincd,  that  the  proposition  had 
bud.  The  minister  pressed  ear-  nothing  equal  in  it ;  that  the  ans- 
nestiy  upon  the  directors,  how  iety  of  government  to  obtain  the 
tittle  thef  would  lose,  and  how  concession  proved  it  to  be  of  value, 
matji  the  publio-  would  gain,  by  and  that  therefore  It  ought  not  to 
the  aurenoer  of  their  particular  be  mode  without  some  aeknow- 
prinlese.  Their  notes,  they  were  ledgenieat ;  thut  all  the  benefit 
tcddi  £d  not  circulate  beyond  a  would  acwue  to  the  country  at 
certain  limited  space  round  the  the  expense  of  tbc  Bank,  and  that, 
netnpilis,  exceptmg,  perhaps,  in  when  thus  required  to  lay  (H>en 
lAucashice.  So  long  as  the  coun-  their  charter,  and  surrender  their 
bj  esUhliihments  ctmtinued  upon  rights  for  the  public  good,  it  was 
Uuir  present  footing,  a  smaller  unjust  to  call  upon  them  to  do  so 
w  gr»t£r  decree  of  temporary  without  compensation.  Those  whtr, 
difficulty,  and  M  necessity  for  tern-  suf)port<:d  the  ariBngement,  rested 
poory exertion,  must  always  be  ex-  «hiefl^  on.the  ground,  that  all  the 
perienoed  l:^  the  Bank,  whenever  exertions  of  the  directors  to  bend 
the  exchanges  were  unfavourable ;  government  on  the  point  of  com- 
nd,  therefore,  by  giving  increased  pensation  hod  been,  and  would  be, 
tfahility  to  the  former,  it  would  se-  unavailing;  that  the  concession 
am  itself  against  much  occasional  would  pot  afTect  the  reAl  interests 
Oihamasmeat.  of  the, Bank,-  and  that,  if,  at  any 

Th«  ancwec  of  the  directors  was    future  period,  they  should  apply 
i^Toorable-     It  bore,  tlut'thcy    for  an  extengioa  of  their  charter, 
mid  not  consent  to  recommend  to    they  would  be  enabled  to   do  so 
^fin^irietantheiurreDderofany    with  a  better  grace,  and  on  th^ 
pdnle^  sanctioned  and  confirmed    ground  of  stronger  merits,  if  they 
Vf  so  many  acts  of  the  l^islature.  •  yielded  now.    At  the  close  of  the 
la  retuni,  the  Treasury  would  not    tliscussiuo,    thc'~  arrangement  was 
■dinit  the  right  of  the  Book  to  ask    fipprovcd  of  almost- unanimously. 
UBnpenxBtiao  in  the  shape  of  new    ,    That  the  measure  ^founded  oo 
pinlege^  for  what  they  were  ro<    tiiis    arrangement    might    go    on 
siniultaaeously  in  parliajnent  with 
tlic   smaU-nolc    hill,    the  act    for 
enabling  private  banks  to  consist 
of  tin  unlimited  number  of  partners, 
was  introduoed  in  the   House  of 
Lords.     The  £ist  discussion  upon 
jt  toE^  placc/ou  tlie  occasion  of  lord 
Liverpool  mpving  the  second  read- 
ing (17th  Moqin};  but  the  di»- 
cus^n,  almost  entirely  forgetting 
the  ipecifie  fvopositiQn  belore  the 


32]       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

House^  was  principally  devoted  to  striction  was  removed^  the  solid  and 

general  disquisitions  on  the  history  more   extensive  banks  would  not 

and  fluctuations  of  the  currency,  fail^  in  time^  to  espcl  the  smaller 

the  sources  of  the  existing  distress^  and    weaker.       In    London^    for 

the  other  remedies  which  might  be  example^     no    paper    circulation 

applied^  and  the  conduct  and  in-  existecl,  except  that  of  the  Bank 

fluence  of  the  country  banks.  Lord  of  England.     Yet  this  was  not  the 

Liverpool^  while  he  admitted  that  effect  of  law^  for  no  enactment  prc- 

the  measures  which  government  vented  private  bankers  from  circu- 

was  now  carrying  through  were  lating  their  own  paper;  but  they 

far  from   being  perfect,  and,   in  knew,  that,  if  they  issued  notes, 

some  individual  details,  might  even  these  notes  would  immediately  be 

be  thought  hard  ones,  begged  the  presented  for  gold,    or   Bank   of 

House  to  recollect,  that  the  char*  England    paper,    and,    therefore, 

tered  privileges   of  the  Bank   of  they  declined   the  issue  of   them 

England  stood  in  the  way,    and  altogether.     But  in  this  country, 

} prevented  government  horn  going  the  free  and  the  restricted  systems 

arther.     Government,  he  had  no  were  imited ;  we  were  in  a  state 

hesitation  in  saying,  ought  to  go  of  restriction  as  related  to  every 

farther,  and  would  go  farther,  but,  thing  good  and  substantial— in  a 

at  the  present  moment,  it  could  do  state  of  liberty  as  to  every  thing 

no  more.    The  law  as  to  the  con-  rotten  and  bad.    The  law  said  to 

stitution  of  banks  was  absurd  and  any  shop-keeper,  however  limited 

ridiculous  in  its  nature,  futile  in  his  means,  ''you  may  establish  a 

its  construction,  and  dangerous  in  bank ;"  but,  to  persons  of  capital, 

its  efiects;   but  it  had  gradually  willing  to  .engage  in  a  similar  un- 

grown  up  into  what  it  was,  and  dertalong,  it  said,  "  your  company 

could  be  reduced  only  by  time  and  shall  not  consist  of  more  than  six 

trouble  within  reasonable  dimen-  partners."     We  ought  either   to 

^ons  or  sound  proportions.     One  impose  wholesome  restrictions,  or 

of  two  systems  might  be  adopted,  leave  baulking  in  full  and  complete 

One  was,  to  allow  only  a  limited  liberty ;  and  the  present  measure 

number  of  banks,  or  to  exact  from  was  an  approadi  towards  a  system 

such  as  were  permitted  to  exist,  se-  of  the  latter  kind.     It  might,  no 

curities  for  their  solvency.     This  doubt,  be  represented   as   a   half 

was  in  itself  a  wise  and  salutary  measure.      Imperfect  it  certainly 

system,   and  might  be  profitably  was;  apd  imperfect  it  must  remain, 

followed,  if  circumstances  would  till  the  country  should  be  freed 

admit  of  its  adoption.     It  prevailed  from   its   engagements  with    the 

in  Massachusets,  one  of  the  most  Bank,   or  the  bank  should   step 

settled  and  best-established  states  forward   to  release    the    country 

of  America.     That  state  allowed  from  such  parts  of  its  charter  as 

only  twelve  chartered  banks ;  and  impeded  the  establishment   of  a 

so  soon  as  any  one  of  them  became  substantial  system.     It  would  be 

unable  to  pay  in  specie,  its  charter  short-sighted  in  the  Bank  of  Eng- 

was  forfeited.     The  other  system  land  to  imagine,  that  its  interests 

was  one  of  unlimited  liberty,  which  were  engaged   in  retarding   this 

was  thought  to  be  less  objectionable  desirable  consummation.     If  the 

in  itself,  and  to  gain  equally  the  Bank  were  to  limit  the  circulation 

9ame  end;  because,  when  aU  re^  of  its  notes  to  London  and  th^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [33 

vianity,  no  banks  now  existing,  or  It  would  not  be  easy  to  form  such 
hereafiter  to  be  ^created,  couldin-*  establishments  ;  for  people,  in 
terfere  with  its  prosperity ;  wHle  general,  would  be  aiverse  tiom  en- 
such  a  step  would  be  attended  with  gaging  in  speculations,  in  which 
incalculaUe  benefits,  and  would  every  one  would  be  liable  jointly 
enable  government  to  place  the  and  severally  to  the  last  shilling  of 
banking  system  of  the  empire  on  a  his  fortune.  It  was  natural  that  a 
more  secure  foundation.  bank  consisting  of  a  few  partners. 

The  Earl  of  Lauderdale  opposed  each  of  whom  could  attend  to 
the  bill,  and  said  that  it  was  im«  some  department  of  the  business, 
possible  to  trace  the  late,  and  the  should  be  better  conducted  than  a 
existing  embarrassments,  to  any  more  unwieldy  establishment,  the 
excess  of  paper  currency,  or  to  any  most  interested  members  of  which 
speculations  arising  out  of  such  an  were  sleeping  partners  ;  and  it 
excess  ;  and  that  there  was  no  could  not  be  doubted,  that,  badly- 
circumstance  connected  with  them  managed  joint-stock  banking  com- 
which  might  not  as  well  have  oc«  panies  would  produce  as  much  mis- 
curred,  even  if  the  circulation  had  chief  and  misery,  as  any  system  of 
contained  as  much  sold  as  ministers  currency,  however  vicious.  The 
now  seemed  to  desire.  Their  true  example  of  Scotland  proved  de- 
origin  was  in  the  state  of  the  money  monstrably  how  unnecessary  it 
market,  and  in  the  fall  in  the  rate  was  to  seek  for  security  in  a  large 
of  interest,  which^  from  the  anxiety  number  of  partners.  Scotland  pos« 
to  employ  money  profitably,  na*  sessed  thirty  banks ;  of  these  seven 
turally  led  to  speculation  and  over-  were  chartered  banks ;  of  the  re-i 
trading.  The  commissioners  of  the  mainine  twenty  three,  only  seven 
Sinking  Fund  purchased  annually  were  jomt-stock  companies,  and  the 
about  5,000,000/.:  every  visit  they  rest,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  did 
made  to  the  Stock  Exchange  threw  not  consist  of  more  than  four,  six, 
additional  capital  into  the  market,  or  eight  partners.  Yet  the  solidity 
created  an  increase  of  employ-  of  the  latter  had  never  been  more 
ment,  and  a  rise  of  prices;  for  questioned  than  that  of  the  former; 
the  inevitable  efiect  of  the  opera-  their  notes  were  as  well  established 
lion  of  the  Sinking  Fund  was,  the  in  circulation,  and  they  had  stood 
noble  lord  maintained,  to  diminish  the  storm  with  as  much  vigour.  He 
the  interest  of  capital.  Such  an  could  not  conceive  it,  therefore,  to 
influx  of  capital  resembled  the  bejust,ornecessary,or  expedient,  to 
coming  of  a  lottery  prize  of  interfere  in  the  present  state  of  the 
30,000/L  into  a  country  town ;  it  country,  with  the  exclusive  privi- 
animated  the  whole  Strict  with  leges  of  the  Bank  of  England, 
a  rage  for  scheming  and  specula-  Lord  EUenborough,  likewise,  could 
tion ;  and  both  argument  and  au-  not  anticipate  much  good  from 
thority  shewed,  that  to  this  cause  -  joint-stock  companies  ;  and  ex- 
the  existing  difficulties  of  the  coun-  pressed  his  apprehensions  lest,  in 
try  must  be,  in  a  great  measure,  if  1833,  when  the  Bank  charter 
not  altogether,  ascribed.  The  pro-  would  expire,  great  embarrassment, 
posed  remedy,  therefore,  by  allow-  as  to  the  course  which  it  might  be 
inff  banks  to  consist  of  an  unlimited  deemed  advisable  to  pursue,  should 
number  of  partners,  would  not  be  arise  from  the  existence  of  these 
^cient,  and  was  not  necessary^  establishments. 

Vol-  LXVIII.  fD] 


84]       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

Ib  tkd  conuaitte^^  lord  liTer-  had  agcnte^  tiicj  had  rficoane  to 

pool  eaUed  the  attention  of  the  anotho:  expedient:  tbey  raadeaa 

House  to  the  expediency  of  insert*  alteration  in  tiieir  motes^  hy  in- 

ing  a  clause,  authorising  the  Bank  serting  the  word . "  Dublin,"  thus 

of  England   to  establuh  brandh  limiting  the  payment  in  specie  to 

hanks    throughout    the    oountry.  that  city  alone.    hLarcoret,  as  the 

There  was  no  doubt  that  such  a  oountay  banks  were  to  be  cximpelkd 

power  was  Tested  in  the  Bank  by  to  pay  their  notes  in  gold  at  the 

their  diarter ;  but  a  question  had  place  where  they  were  issoed,  it 

arisen  as  to  the  ezlc»t  of  discretion  would  be  invidious  not  to  lay  the 

with  which  they  could  dothe  their  same   obligati(m   on    the    branch 

agents.  He  did  not  think  the  estab'  banks.     The  only  difficulty  was, 

lishmentof  branehbankswouldtake  that  it  would  be  neoeasary  for  the 

place  to  any  great  extent;  yet  it  was  Bank  so  to  frame  its  notes^  as  to 

but  right  and  prudent  to  give  the  ascertain  at  what  particular  place 

Bank  &  opportunity  of  tr3ring  the  they  had  been  issued :  otiierwise  a 

experiment.  He  therefore  proposed  person  taking  a  note  to  a  brandi 

a  dauseaUowing  the  Bank  of  £]U(-  bank  might&  told,  that  it  had  not 

land  to  carry  on  tomch  banks  ror  been  issi^  there^  and  that  then 

the  purpose  of  issuing  cash  notes^  he  could  not  have  gold  far  it ;  hot 

and  bills  of  exchange*  tiiis  ofastade^    it    was  suggested* 

The    adoption    c^   this    dause  might  be  surmounted  hf  the  Bank 
Fendered  another  |Hroyiso  necessary^  adsfrting  a  note  of  a  particular  dr- 
▼ia.  a  dause  makmg  the  notes  is**  seripdon  ftnr  each  of  its  brandies; 
sued  by  the  branch  banks  payable  and  perhaps  to  give  the  notes  thii 
at  the  place  where  they  were  is^  local    character^    would    tend   to 
sued ;  fi)r^  to  lay  indivicUials  under  lossen  in  some  measure  the  in* 
the  necessity  of  bringing  or  sending  ducements  to  iorgesty*  Locd  Livar- 
l^r  bank  paper  to  London^  before  pool  readily  assented  to  the  pio* 
receiving  gold  for  it,  would  be  both  posed    dause,    both    because    hs 
inconvenient  to  the  public  and  dls*  thought  it  likdy  to  prove  a  check 
creditable  to  the  BanL  Something  on  over-issues  by  the  Bank,  and 
of  this  sort  had  recently  occurred  because  it  was  necessary  to  take 
in  Ireland.     The  Bank  of  Irdand  every  precaution  to  prevent thepoB- 
had  established  branch  banks  in  silnlity  of  discredit  being  thrown  cm 
different  parts  of  the  country;  a  any  of  these  brandi  estddishments; 
number  of  its  notes  had  been  pre-  for  the  slightest  imputation  on  the 
sented  at  these  new  establishments  security  of  a  branch  of  the  Baaik 
to  be  exchanged  lor  coin,  and,  for  df  England  would  be  attended  with 
a  while,  were  paid  in  coin,  till  the  £sr  more  serious  consequenoes  thsn 
Bank,   finding  this  inconvenient,  even  the  failure  of  a  private  hank 
refused  to  pay  any  where  but  in  A  greater  degree  of  oppositisii 
Dublin.      The  consequence  was,  was  manifested  to  the  bill,  wh^  i^ 
that  some  of  the  notes  were  pro-  came  down  to  the  Hoitte  of  Corn- 
tested,  and  legal  measures  adopt-  mons.     It  was  there  resisted  both 
ed  to  recover  the  amount.     Being  by  those  who  were  hostile  to  the 
satisfied,  however^  that,  the  con-  whole  system  on  which  ministers 
tract    eiq^ressed    on    their    notes  were  proceeding,  and  by  those  who 
being  a  general  one,   they  were  wereover*^:hary  oftheprivil^BSof 
bound    to    pay   wherever    th^  the  BanL    Theolause^itwassRi^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [$S 

fftlAdh  en$6ted,  tkat  no  jouAt-stock  membets  of  these  necesscoy  esta^ 
bmking  company  should  cany  on  tishments  ?    No  doubts  there  were 
busitiess  witfaiii  a  certain  distance  still  restrictions  in  the  bill  whidi  it 
of  London^  would  be  successfully  would  be  difficult  to  justify  on  any 
eraded*   The  Bank  of  Ireland  was  sound  principle ;  but  to  remote 
fenced  by  a  similar  protection  in  re- .  these  required  a  farther  surrender 
gard tonotes under 50/.; but thepri-  on  the  part  of  the  Bank;  and 
vate  banks  rendered  it  nugatory,  by  government  had  been  unable  to 
appointing, as theiri^ents,  bankers  obtain  more  extensive  concessions 
resident  in  Dublin,  as  if  what  they  than  the  present  bill  contained, 
did  by  an  agent  were  not  as  illegid  Although,  however,  the  bill  was 
as  if  they  had  done  it  themselves,  not  what  it  oth^wise  would  have 
The  scheme,  likewise,  it  was  ar-  been,  it  would  be  unwise  not  to 
gued,  would  give  encoun^ement  avaU    ourselves  of   the    fkcilitiet 
to  those  who,  from  time  to  time,  jrielded  to  us,  so  fkr  as  they  went, 
enridied    themselves   by  pre3ring  Somcf  slight  alterations  were  made 
on  the  credulity  of  the  public,  and  in  the  bill,  and  were  agreed  to  by 
who  had  never  been  more  success-  the  Lords.    The  bill  then  passed ; 
fal  in  their  nefarious  pursuits  than  and,  in  virtue  of  the  powers  eon- 
they  had  lately  prov^  under  this  ferxed  by  it,  branches  of  the  Bank 
very  form  of  joint-stock  assodui-  of  England  were  soon  afWr  estab- 
iions.     The  countiy  would  be  in-  lished  in  some  of  the    prindpri 
undated  with  unsubstantial  paper;  trading  and  manufacturing  towns, 
the  notes  of  the  country  baiukers  while  the  ordinary  banks,  which 
would  become  mere  local  tokens;  had  esca^  from  the  hurricuief, 
the  branches  of  the  Bank  of  Eng-  were  rapidly  regaining  confidence 
land,    free   from    all    the  disad-  and  composure, 
vantages  to  which  country  banks  But,  while  diese  two  leading 
were  uable,  would  monopolize  the  measures  of  government,  in  whicii 
paper  circulation  ;  and  it  would  they  had  received  fully  as  nraoh 
only  be  fair,  therefore,  to  postpone  support  from  their  customary  op- 
the  measure,  until  the  privileges  of  ponents,  as  from  their  habitudl 
that  body  had  expired   wiui  its  friends,  bade  fair  to  give  new  se- 
dMurter.     To  this  it  was  answered,  curity  to  the  pecuniary  arrange- 
that  the  possibili^  of  improvidence  ments  of  the  country  for  the  future, 
being  seduced,  or  knavery  tempted,  the  ministers  could  not  be  lUkrA 
to  do  what  was  fooH^  or  dis-  to  the  widely-spread  distress  of 
honest,  by  any  facilities  which  this  the  present.     The  total  want  of 
meuure  might  aficnrd,  could  be  no  demand   for    manufactures     and 
reason  for  rejecting  it,  when  it  labour  had  sufiered  little  diminn- 
would  so  certainly  be  productive  tion ;  and,  in  the  city,  above  aH, 
of  general  and  essential  benefit  to  the  absence  of  money,  or  rather  the 
the  country.  It  was  acknowledged  absence  of  that  confidence,  without 
on  all  hands,  that  the  Bank  alone  which  gold  lurks  a»  dosely  con- 
was  insufficient  to  manage  idl  the  cealed  as  when  buried  in  its  native 
money  concerns  of  the  country ;  veins,  kept  the  whole  current  of 
and  the  question  then  was  simply,  comiifiercial  transactions  in  stagnant 
since  other  banks  we  have,  and  tion.     An  expresaon  in  the  corn- 
must  have,  in  what  lies  the  magic  munication  firom  the  Treasury  to 
of  the  munbet  six,  as  api^ied  to  &e  the  Bank,  regatdmg  llie  surrendeif 

[D8] 


36]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

of  part  of  their  charter,  that  "  the  grant  no  relief^  and  had  referred 
panic  had  subsided^  and  confidence  the  merchants  to  the  Bank,  who 
was  nearly  restored/'  had  been  se-  had  it  in  their  power  to  advance 
verely  animadverted  upon  in  par-  money  on  the  security  of  goods,  a 
liament;  and  ministers  were  twitted  resource  which,  he  said,  no  mer- 
with  it,  night  after  night,  as  dis-  chant  could  adopt  without  bring" 
pla3ring  great  ignorance,  not  only  ing  a  stain  upon  his  credit.  He 
of  what  was  passing  all  over  the  vindicated  the  merchants  horn  the 
country>  but  especially  of  the  situ-  aspersions  which  had  been  cast 
ation  of  the  metropolis  itself,  upon  them,  as  having  produced  the 
From  the  opening  of  parliament,  present  calamities  by  their  own  im- 
the  mercantile  classes  had  expected  prudence,  and  a  fondness  for  spe- 
that  government  would  take  some  culation,  reckless  of  consequences, 
immediate  step  to  give  them  pre-  With  the  ephemeral  schemes  of  the 
sent  relief,  and  apphcations  to  this  preceding  year,  the  merchants,  as 
purport  had  been  made  at  the  Trea-  a  body,  had  had  no  more  connec- 
sury.  The  scarcity  of  money  was  tion  than  other  people,  and,  in  many 
the  evil  complained  of,  and  an  issue  cases,  much  less.  It  was  notorious 
of  Exchequer  bills  was  the  remedy  that  these  bubbles  had  been  the 
generally  pointed  out ;  but  govern-  creation  of  a  few  scheming  attw- 
ment  had  resolved  not  to  knd  it-  nies,  and  idle  and  needy  specula- 
self  to  a  system  of  artificial  relief  tors ;  not  of  the  real  merchants  of 
for  a  disease  which  they  thought  London,  who  now,  from  mereina* 
would  better  cure  itself  without  bility  to  convert  their  securities 
their  interference.  They  had  ex-  into  money,  were  trembling  on  the 
pressed  themselves  willing,  indeed,  brink  of  ruin  ;  and  these  bubbles 
to  keep  the  Bank  harmless  to  the  had  been  as  keenly  pursued  in  St 
extent  of  two  millions,  if  it  should  James's  street,  as  they  ever  could 
think  proper  to  00  into  the  market,  be  in  the  alleys  of  the  city.  Even 
and  purdiase  Exchequer  bills  to  the  imprudent  speculator  was  oflen 
that  amount ;  but  no  definitive  a  man  worth  saving,  if  not  on  his 
step  had  been  taken,  when  Mr.  own  account,  at  least  on  account 
Wilson,  one  of  the  inembers  for  of  others  with  whom  he  was  con* 
London,  brought  the  subject  be-  nected  in  agricultural,  conunercial) 
fore  the  House  of  Commons  (Fe-  or  monied  interest.  The  merchantSi 
bruary  23rd),  on  the  occasion  of  in  general,  were  far  from  deserving 
presenting  a  petition  from  the  mer-  to  be  harshly  told,  *'  some  of  you 
chants,  bankers,  and  traders  of  the  have  over-traded;  some  of  you 
city,  prayinff  the  House  to  take  have  speculated  rashly ;  therefore 
into  its  consideration  the  present  the  whole  body  must  be  content  to 
commercial  distresses.  He  assured  sufier,  and  suffer  on,  till  every 
the  House,  that,  so  far  from  dis-  thiijig  finds  its  own  level."  He 
tress  having  disappeared,  or  danger  was  not  pleading  the  cause  of  gam- 
passed  away^  every  day  displayed  bling  shu^holders^  but  of  a  class 
new  victims ;  and  the  privations  of  individuals,  who,  from  the  gene- 
and  difficulties  of  even  the  last  ral  want  of  confidence  that  pre- 
week,  had  brought  many  to  the  vailed,  and  particularly  among  the 
ground.  The  representations  made  banking  part  of  the  conmiunit7> 
to  ministers  had  been  fruitless ;  were  su&ring  under  a  pressure 
they  had  made  up  their  minds  to  which  could  not  easily  be  described^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [37 

• 

batwhosesufferings^ifnotrelieired,  ing  the  committee,  they  did  not 

would  describe .  meraselves  in    a  shrink  from  firmly  announcing  the 

way  which  the  House  would  not  principles  on  which  they  had  acted 

be  able    to    misunderstand.    All  in  refusing  the  various  applications 

that  was  required  was  an  issue  of  which  had  been  made  them,  and 

Exchequer  bills— a  measure  which  on  which  they  were  determined 

on    former    occasions    had    been  still  to  oppose  them.     Convinced 

often  adopted,  to  relieve  temporary,  that  the  proposed  measure    was 

but  general  embarrassments,  and  erroneous  in  principle,  and  mis« 

which,  on  no  occasion,  had  either  chievous  in  practice,   tending  to 

failed  in  its  object,  or  been  pro*  produce,  even  by  its    temporary 

ductive  of  inconvenience  to  the  efficacy,  a  future  racunence  of  the 

government     He  gave  notice  that  same  evil,  and  an  imj^rovident  trust 

on  the  28th  he  would  move  that  in  the  constant  interference  of  go« 

the  petition  should  be  referred  to  vemment,  when  other  and  suer 

a  select  committee.  cures  could  be  applied,  they  refused 

A  long  discussion  foUowed,  in  to  accede  to  that,  as  a  popular 

which  the  same  views  were  taken,  expedient,  which  their  knowledge 

and  the  same  sentiments  expressed,  imbrmed  them  was  not  necessary, 

by  almost  every  member  who  spoke;  and  which  their  deliberate  judff- 

and  Mr.  Canning  and  the  chan-  ment  taught  them  to  reject  as  m 

cellor  of  the  Exchequer  found  them-  itself  prejudicial  to  the  interests  of 

selves  deserted  even  by  some  of  the  community, 
their  firmest  adherents.  The  strong-        The  most  provoking,  the  most 

est  position  taken  against   them  unmiinly,   the  most  unjustifiable 

assuredly  was,  not  so  much  the  weapons  of  their  adversaries,  were 

threatening  appearance  of  the  mer-  the  insinuation!  thrown  out  that  the 

cantile  horizon,  which  no  man  could  resistance  of  government  proceeded 

deny*  as  the  fact  that  the  particu-*  from  cold-blooded  insensibility  to 

lar  preventive  measure  ur^^  upon  the  misery  which  prevailed,  and  the 

their  attention  was  one  of  tried  danger  which  threatened.    ''For. 

efficacy^  justified  by  the  sanction  of  myself,"  said  Mr.  Canning,  **  and 

great  names,  and  one  which  the  my  colleagues,  I  totally  disdain  to 

country  had  been  too  much  ac-  answer  such  imputations.  I  impute 

customed  to  regard  as  a  never-fidl-  to  no  man  who  now  hears  me,  that 

ing  resource  in  evil  times.    Many,  he  is  so  insensible ;  but  for  others  to 

who  had  the  evil  before  their  eyes,  impute  to  those  upon  whom  every 

would  have  allowed  it  to  take  its  day  and  every  night  care  and  anx- 

way,  if  it  had  been  necessity  to  iety  are  brought  by  the  consider- 

search  for  a  remedy ;  but  when  ation  of  these  distresses,  in  addi- 

they  saw  at  hand  what  they  be-  tien  to  the  common  sympathy  in 

lieved  to  be  a  known  specific,  they  which  they  share  as  men,  is  to 

readily  joined  in  the  wish  that  it  impute  to  them  not  only  a  want 

should  forthwith  be  administered,  of  feelinff,  but  a  want  of  sense 

that  they  might  escape,  with  all  that  womd  unfit  them  not  merely 

speed,  from  a  painful  spectacle,  for  the  -situations  th^  fill  in  the 

But,   although  ministers  did  not  government  of  the  country,  but  to 

enter  at  large  into  the  question,  appear  here,  in  the  midst  of  those 

which  would  more  properly  be  dis-  among  whom  they  have  the  honour 

cussed  on  the  motion  for  appoint*  to  sit.' 


38]       ANNUAL   REGISTBR,   1826. 

The  unammity,  however^  with    ritiefiy  which  occadoned  the  eril^ 
which  all  parties  seemed  to  urge    but  die  inability  to  convert  that 
the  necessity  of  providing  some    wealth  into  money.     Many  a  mer- 
measureof  relief  for  the  mercantile    chant  had  his  cellars  and   wraie* 
interest,  rendered  it  imposraUe  for   houses    filled  with  merchandixej 
gpyemment  not  to  lend  its  aid  to    which,  in  ordinary  circumstanoes, 
any  arrangement  which  did  not    would  have  justified  him  in  diink- 
require  its  immediate  interference,    ing  himself  a  rich  man ;  and  jret. 
Although  4etermined  to  resist  the    firom  the  universal  distrust  which 
issu^  otnew  Exdiequer  bills,  even    prevailed,  and  the  complete  pros- 
upon    securities,    lord    Liverpool    tration  of  almost  every  branch  of 
bad  already  stated,  in  the  House  of   traffic,  he  found  himself  unable  to 
Lards,  diat,  if  the  Bank  would  go    meet  his    ordinary  engagements 
into  the  market,  and  purchase  a    The  arrangement  made  with   tht 
certain  amount  of  Exchequer  bills.    Bank  was,  that  the  Bank  should 
government     would    keep    them    make  advances  to  private  indiTiduals 
harmless  to  the  extent  of  two  mil'-    upon  the  deposit  of  goods,    ma- 
ligns.   The  effect  c^  these  pur«    ohandize,  and  other  securities ;  bat 
chases  would  be,  to  bring  fcnrth  an    the  whole  sum  to  be  advanced  was 
equal  quantity  of  currency,  and    not    to     exceed    three    millions, 
thus  rempve  die  stoppage  of  mer-    Commissioners  were  appointed  to 
cantile  movements  which  only  the    carry  the  arransement  into  execu« 
want  of   that  currency  hild  oc-    tion  in  the  pnncipal  commerdil 
casioned.     To  this,  however,  the    districts ;  the  gloom  began  to  di^ 
Bank  would  not  consent,  and  seemed    perse,  and  confidence  to  return, 
to  be  fuUy  as  unwilling  as  minis-        Yet  the  applications  for  assist- 
ters  to  iniNilve  themseh^es  by  any    ance  were  far  from  being  so  nu- 
extraordinary  interference.     But,    merous  as  might  have  been  ex- 
between  the  day  on  which  Mr.    pected  from  the  loudness  and  un- 
Wilson  presented  the  city  petition,    animity  of  the  cries  for  relief;  and* 
and  that  on  which  he  had  given    at  some  of  the  provincial  stations, 
notice  of  a  motion  to  refer  it  to  a    the  office    of   the   commissioners 
select  committee,  the  force  of  pub-    was  almost  a  sinecure.     In  truth, 
He  opinion,  jconed  to  the  increasing    where  the  reigning  misfortune  is 
agitationof  the  mercantile  interests,    want  of  confidence,  such  an  expe- 
persuaded  government,  that  it  was    dient  destroys,  in  a  great  measure, 
n^ecessary  to  have  recourse  to  some    as  soon  as  it  is  taken,  the  reasons 
expedient,  and  convinced  the  Bank,    which  made  it  necessary  to  take  it 
that  it  would  be  |Hrudent  to  com-    at   aU.     The    knowledge  that  a 
ply,  as  ftu:  as  they  could,  with  the    public  fund  exists  ready  to  advance 
wishes  of  government.      Besides    money  to  those  who  can  fiimish 
the  powerful  voioe  of  the  city,    substantial  deposits,  infuses  a  simi- 
deputaticms  had  arrived  in  London    lar  confidence  into  private  indi- 
fiOTi  Liveipool,  Leeds,  Glasgow,    viduals ;     and    when    one   body 
and  other  important  manufacturing    celebrated  for  prudence  and  caution 
and  trading  districts,   all  calling    has  led  the  way  in  trusting  its 
upon  ^vemment  to  give  its  aid  in    neighbours,  others  are  gradually 
removmg,  or  relieving  the  existing    encouraged  to  follow  in  the  same 
pressure.    It  was  not  the  ^ant  of   path,  and  return  to  their  ordinary 
substantial  wealth,  or  good  9ecu«    sources  of  gain. 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  \3B 

The  isfbrmatiosi  thai  gorem-  Bank    ckartev    enipowsred    tkat 

nteni  liad  come  to  Bn  arrangement  body  to  make  advances  in  the  way 

i^ith  the  Bank  having  been  com«  which  was  now  nroposed^  proved 

munieated  to  the  House  of  Coni-i  that  it  had  been  »>rese6n  that  dr- 

xnons^  before  the  motion  for  refer-  cumstances  might  arise^  in  which  it 

ring  the  City  petition  to  a  ooimnittee  would  be  proper  and  desirable  to 

Iiad  been  made^  that  motion  was  exercise  that  power,  and  on  the 

withdrawn  by  Mr.  Wilson ;  but  Bank  would  dep^id  all  the  efficacy 

both  on  this,  and  on  some  other  even  of  an  issue  of  Exchequer  billi. 

Oeeasions,  the  m^ts  of  the  plan  The  commissioners  for    superin« 

whieh  hi^  been  adopted,  and  the  tending    that    issue  mifht  diraot 

superior  efficacy  and  expediency  of  the  fVinds  placed  at  the&  disposal 

an  issue  of  Exdiequor  bills  directly  in  the  way  best  calculated  to  re^ve 

by  government,  were  discussed  at  the  public  ^  but  this  would  be  of 

great  length.    The  general  voice  no  avail,  if  the  Bank  refined  to 

had,  beyond  doubt,  b^  in  fkvour  cash  the  securities  which  the  appU« 

of  the  hitter  measure,  and  it  was  cants  received.     If  the  Bank  re« 

supported  by  the  authority  of  pre-  fused  them,  it  was  not  to  be  ex« 

cedent  and  experience;   yet  the  pected    that    any    other     banker 

reasons  why  ministers  rejected  it,  would  accept  them ;  and  if  nobody 

and  preferred  the  interference  of  took  them  m,  then,  besides  haviog 

the  Bank,  rested  on  sound  policy,  fidled  to  increase  the  quantity  ra 

It  was  bad,  they  said,  in  principle,  circulating  medium,   they  would 

because  government  was  going  out  add   to   the  already  over«stooked 

of  its  sphere  when  it  intermeddled,  market  of  Exchequer  bills-*f  all  to  a 

in  a  pecuniary  view,  with  the  com-  discount — ^be  received  at  a  premium 

mercial  interests  of  the^  country,  by  the  Treasury«-4uid  thus  neoes- 

and  became  a  liberal  banker,  as  it  sarily  render  the  revenue  of  the 

were,  or  a  senetous,  and  not  very  country  less  capable  of  meeting  the 

inquisitive,  lender.     To  hold  itself  demands  upon  it.    The  question 

forth,  likewise,  as  ready,  on  the  would  be  different,  if  relief  could 

occurrence  of  any  general  embar-  be  afforded  in  no  other  way ;  but 

rassment,  to  pour  forth  its  funds  for  the  Bank  itself,  a  mercantile  es- 

the  behoof  of  the  involved  trader,  tablishment,  was  able  and  ready 

was,  in  reality,  to  offer  a  premium  to  do  all  that  was  necessary  to  be 

to  improvidence,  and  seduce  indi-  done  to  assist  mercantile  men,  and 

tiduals  to  rely  more  on  the  relief  would  doit  far  better  thanitcould 

which  they  might  obtain  from  go-  be  done  by  the.  government  of  the 

vemment,    than    on    their  own  country. 

friends,    their  own  prudence,    or  To  the  objection,  that,  in  advan- 

their  own  exertions.     When  the  ces  made  by  government  commis- 

agricultural  interests  were  suffer-  sioners,  the  transaction  itself,  and 

ing  under  a  similar  pressure,  they  the  necessary  inquiries  attending 

made  a  similar  demand :    it  was  it,  were  conducted  with  a  degree 

reftised,  not  from  any  difficulty  in  of  secrecy  most  desirable  to  the 

the  execution,  but  from  objection  continued  credit  of  ^e  merchant, 

to  the  principle ;   and  if  it  were  wliile  the  arrangement  which  had 

now  granted  under  a  commercial  bet^n    adopted   would  expose  his 

pressure,  how  could  it  ever  again  affa  ira  and  his  difficulties  to  the 

ot  denied  ?    The  very  fact  that  the  gosn  ^  of  the  whole  body  of  Bank 


40]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

directors^  and  their  commissioners  of  rule,  to  be  applied  in  every  de« 
throughout  the  country  (who,  in  rangement  of  commercial  relations, 
general,  would  be  fellow  merchants  But,  in  truth,  former  instances  did 
of  the  applicants)  it  was  answered,  not  apply  to  the  case  which  now 
that  the  commissioners  for  issuing  existed ;  for,  in  all  former  instan-« 
the£xchequerbiUsinl793,thepr&«  ces,  excepting  perhaps  one,     tlie 
cedent  on  which  the  friends  of  such  derangement  had  arisen,  not  as  at 
a  measure  principally  relied,  were  present,  from  the  course  of  trade 
merchants  of  the  City,  with  two  itself,  be  it  good  or  be  it  bad,  but 
exceptions,  and  three  of  them  were  from  the  positive  influence  of  po^ 
Bank  directors.    Besides,  it  would  litical  events,   during   periods    of 
be  only  what  took  place  every  day  actual  war,  and  had  arisen,  more* 
at  the  Bank,  to  which  merchants  over,  under  the  reign  of  the  restric- 
were   constantly    repairing   with  tion  on  cashpa3rments.     But  there 
bills  and  securities,  for  the  purpose  was  a  great  difference  between  the 
of  obtaining  cash.     The  Bank  did  adoption  of  such  a  measure,  when 
not  accept  such  securities  without  growing  out  of  a  political  crisis, 
ascertaining  the  credit  and  respect-  and  the  application  of  it  to  the  re- 
ability  of  the  parties;  and  what  Hef  of  commorcial  distress,  when 
greater  danger  was  there  of  injury  the     latter    had    no    connection 
to  individusd  credit  in  the  one  case  with     any    political     emergency, 
than  in  the  other?      There  was  Even    the  instance    of    179^,  to 
nothing  to  be  ashamed  of :  the  ne-  which     the     opponents     of     the 
cessity  of  relief  was  already  pro-  present     arrangement     so     con- 
claimed  ;  the  applicants  were  sol-  stantly  referred,  was,  in  a  sreat 
vent ;   they  had   property  to  the  defspree,  inapplicable.     The  difEa> 
full  amount  of  the  demands  upon  ence  between  it  and   1826  was 
them;    they    did    not  ask  credit  this,    that,  whatever  mieht  have 
merely  on  personal  security,  but  been  the  primary  causes  of  the  dis- 
they  gave  for  it   more  than  its  tresses  whidi  prevailed  in  1793, 
amount  in  solid  value ;  and   the  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  had 
best   proof  that    mercantile  men  a  great  and  decided  influence   in 
themselves  harboured  no  such  ap-  aggravating  and  prolonging  them, 
prehensions,  lay  in  the  fact,  that  the  There  was  then  a  great  nuctuation 
different    deputations     from    the  of  affairs,  and  much  distress,  aris- 
country  had  expressed  their  una-  ing,    however,    not  from  private 
nimous  satisfaction  with  the  ar-  speculations,  which  the  nature  c^ 
rangement  which  had  been  adopted,  trade  itself  would  cure,  but  horn 
Again,    the   argument    drawn  public  events  which  had  produced 
from  former  issues  of  Exchequer  the  most  serious  consequences  on 
bills  to  some  similar  ends  was  bad  the  mercantile  world.     That  was 
in  principley  and  inapplicable  in  a  derangement  which  was  the  con- 
itself.     Although  recourse  might  sequence  of  public  events,  and  gave 
formerly  have  been  had  to  a  par-  the  sufferers  a  claim  on  thegovem- 
ticular  measure,  it  did  not  foUow  ment  for  relief;  but  the  present 
that  the  measure  was  good,  and  pressure  had  been  created  by  no 
ought  to  be  repeated ;  far  less  that  public  events,  nor   could  such   a 
a  direct  interference,  which  was  al-  claim  properly  exist  in  the  eleventh 
together  alien  from  the  duties  of  year  of  profound  peace.    If  we 
government,  should  become  a  sort  liad  advanced  to  the  agricultural 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[41 


interest  in  182S,  the  four  millions 
which  they  craved ;  if  we  had  lent 
to  Ireland  in  IS23,  the  million 
which  she  asked  for^  in  her  dis- 
tress ;  if»  in  the  same  year,  we  had 
advanced  to  the  West-Indian  pro- 
prietors the  five  millions  which 
they  wished  to  relieve  their  em- 
barrassments; and  if  we  were  now 
to  lend  five  millions  more  for  the 
assistance  of  the  merchants;  go- 
vernment, in  the  course  of  four 
years,  would  have  lent  no  less  a 
sum  than  fifteen  millions;  and 
who  would  pretend  that  such  a 
system  was  right ;  or  that  a  single 
eicample,  whidi  led  to  such  con- 
sequences, ought  to  be  followed, 
even  if  it  were  applicable  ? 

With    one  alteration,    namely, 
that  the  Bank  agreed  to  lend  on 
collateral  security,  as  well  as  on  the 
security    of   deposited     goods — a 
change    which     would,     it    was 
thought,  in  some  measure  remove 
the  objection  of  injurious  notoriety, 
by  enabling  the  merchant  who  had 
goods,  to  Lodge  them  with  private 
friends  who  would  be  accepted  as 
personal  securities — the    measure 
was  immediately  carried  into  exe- 
cution.    Coiflmissioners  were  ap- 
pointed by  the  fiank  in  the  princi- 
pal provincial  towns.     These  com- 
missioners were  almost  uniformly 
mercantile  persons  belonging    to 
the  place  for  which    they  were 
appointed ;  and,  although  prudence 
required  such  an  arrangement,  in 
order  that  local  knowledge  might 
secure  prudence  of  procedure,  yet 
it  greatly  increased  the  unwilling- 
ness of  many  to  disclose  the  state 
of  their  affairs,  their  necessities, 
and  their  resources,  to  their  own 
local  competitors.  The  whole  sums 
applied  for,  fell  far  short  of  the 
three  millions  which  the  Bank  had 
set  apart  to  this  object;  and,  in 
some  of  the  provincial  towns,  the 


office  of  their  commissioners  was 
almost  unfrequented.  The  applica- 
tions for  advances  were  made  with 
the  utmost  moderation.  None  were 
required  beyond  what  were  abso<« 
lutely  necessary;  and,  in  every 
instance,  the  parties  shewed  the 
strongest  desire  to  have  only  the 
smallest  sum  which  would  suffice 
to  meet  their  immediate  wants. 

The  adoption  of  this  measure 
rendered  it  necessary  for  the  secu- 
rity of  the  Bank,  to  introduce  •& 
new  bill,  or  rather  to  anticipate 
the  operation  of  an  act  of  the  pre- 
ceding session,  regarding  the  law 
of  prmcipal  and  agent.  By  the 
common  law  of  En^nd,  an  agent 
or  factor,  holdiner  goods  of  his  frin- 
cipal,^  and  being^in  possession  both 
of  the  goods  themselves  and  of  the 
documents  relating  to  them,  al- 
though he  might  efiectually  sell 
the  merchandize,  yet  he  could  not, 
by  the  general  rule^  e^ectually 
pledge'  it;  and,  ifi  many  cases, 
where  he  had  so  pledged  it, 
apparently  in  the  character  of 
owner,  the  lender's  claim  had  been 
disappointed  by  that  of  the  real 
owner.  Accordixigly,  in  1811, 
when  the  Bank  had  made  advances 
on  the  security  of  deposited  goods, 
it  had  been  protected  from  tliis 
danger  by  a  special  mrovision. 
The  evils  of  the  general  rule  had 
been  so  severely  felt  in  the  mer- 
cantile world,  that,  in  the  session 
of  1825,  an  act  had  passed,  modi- 
fying the  law,  and  providing  that 
goods  pledged  by  a  factor,  ^ould 
be  as  effectually  pledged,  in  re- 
gard to  the  innocent  lender,  as 
if  the  factor  had  been  the  real 
owner.  But  this  act  was  not  to 
come  into  operation  till  October 
1826;  it  having  been  thought 
proper  to  give  foreigners,  so  much 
interested  in  the  powers  and 
liabilities  of  tlftir  agents  in  this 


42]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


eomitiy,  due  time  to  becmne  so 
qnamted  with  the  change  which 
had  taken  place  in  this  important 
department  of  our  raercantUe  law. 
The  Bank,  however,  in  consenting 
to  advance  three  millions,  in  the 
present  instance,  made  it  a  condi- 
tion of  their  compliance,  that  the 
protection  of  this  statute  should  be 
extended  to  them  inunediately. 
Acnnrdingly,  a  short  bill  was 
brought  in,  and  passed,  to  enable 
penKms  in  the  possession  of  soods, 
and  possessed  likewise  of  the 
documents  conferring  the  pro- 
perty of  them,  although  such 
persons  should  be  merely  ractors  or 
agents,  to  pledge  them  with  the 
Bank  as  effectually  as  if  such  per- 
sons were  the  actual  owners.  It 
was  confined  to  deposits  made  with 
the  Bank :  the  time  limited  in  the 
act  of  last  session  for  the  general 
application  ci  the  principle  to  all 
such  transactions,  was  left  un- 
touched. 

Such  were  the  measures  recom- 
mended by  ministers,  and  adopted 
by  parliament,  not  so  much  to  re- 
move the  existing  distress,  as  to 
palliate  its  symptoms  in  the  mean 
time,  and  to  provide  a  sort  of 
security  against  the  recurrence  of 
some  of  the  causes  which  had  pro- 
duced it.  The  advances  by  the 
Bank,  indeed  (to  be  considered,  in 
some  measure,  an  act  of  govern- 
ment), were  sources  of  immediate 
assistance ;  but  this  assistance  was 
confined  to  a  limited  class;  and 
that  class  itself  made  use  of  it,  not 
to  push  their  usual  mercantile  and 
manufacturing  occupations,  and 
thus  restore  employment  to  the 
artisan,  but  only  to  maintain  their 
credit,  by  discharging  their  instant 
and  pressing  engagements.  The 
suppression  of  small  notes,  and  the 
unlimited  enlargement  of  the 
number   of  partners    in    private 


banks,  were  measures  purely  oi 
prospective  security.  They  could 
not  supply,  nor  could  any  measures 
supply,  capital  to  the  manufacturer^ 
that  he  might  again  employ  the 
families  of  his  work-people :  tbey 
could  not  remove,  and  no  meastirea 
could  immediately  remove,  €ht 
glut  which  prevaOed  in  many  cA 
the  principal  foreign  markets,  and 
create  a  demand  for  cotton  yam 
and  calicoes  from  Lancashire  and 
Glasgow,  or  works  in  iron  and  steel 
from  Birmingham  or  Sheflieldj 
which  should  again  call  for  the 
industry  of  the  cotton-spinner,  the 
weaver,  and  the  grinder :  and  stUl 
less,  therefore,  could  they,  or  could 
any  measures,  provide  cargoes  for 
vessels,  whose  unfreighted  owners, 
and  unemployed  mariners,  i^irere 
loudly  complaining.  As  there  were 
many  who  thought  that  more  im- 
mediate relief  mi^ht  be  given,  and 
not  a  few  who  mamtained  that,  fV>r 
that  purpose,  it  was  only  necessary 
to  repeal  certain  measures  which 
had  lately  been  adopted,  the  atten- 
tion of  parliament  was  again  direct- 
ed towards  the  assistance  which 
might  be  derived  from  emigration, 
from  changing  the  com  laws,  and 
from  giving  up  the  more  liberal 
policy  which  had  been  lately  intro- 
duced into  our  commercial  inter- 
course with  foreign  nations. 

Extensive  emigration  is,  per- 
haps, the  last  expedient  to  which 
a  country,  whose  strength  lies  in 
its  population,  ought  to  have  re- 
course in  order  to  escape  from 
a  temporary  inconvenience,  and  is 
at  all  times,  a  remedy,  the  effect 
of  which  can  only  be  temporary. 
If  the  numbers  be  such  as  to  af- 
ford any  effectual  relief  to  those 
who  remain,  they  can  be  so  only 
by  consisting  of  those  who  have 
nothing,  who  can  neither  emigrate 
nor  settle,  at  their  own  expense. 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [43 

■1  wIm  mutt  therefore  be  remov-    jear  increased  tenfold  tbe  clainu  of 
ri  ind  settled  hj  lajing  an  addi-    emigration  upon   its  notice  ss  a 
tioBiI  burden  on  those   who  are    meaua    (^   relief.      In    Scotland, 
Itft;  for  it  is  but  few  who  quit    even  the  landholilen  of  a  count/ 
&et  nttive  land,  (unless  urged  by    applied  to  ministers  to  supply  en- 
pGlical  feeUng),    while  tbey  re-     couragementtointended  emigrants, 
■snin  that  state  of  conipetency,    and,  among  the artizans themselves, 
•Udh  is  implied  in  the  ability  to    societies  were  formed  for  the  pur- 
^^pte  ani  Kttle.     The  adren-    pose  of  projeeting  schemes  of  emi- 
Mnt  who,   not  lone  ago,  went    gretion,   and  obtaining  assistance 
(•I  from  ScotlaBd  to  Van  Dieman's    towards  their  completion,  as  well 
Lad,  did  so  at  tbeir  own  expense ;     from  the  crown,    as   from    other 
hi  vhit  effect  did  the  exile  of  so    public  and  private  sources.     Go- 
flsK  a  body  produce  on  any  in-    vennnent  felt,  that  whatever  might 
taW  b  the  oonntry  ?     If,  again,    be  done  in  that  way,  ought  to  be 
it  mnabers  wfaich  are  removed    preceded    by    much    inquiry    and 
h  » great,  that,  even  after  the    deliberation,  and  a  perfect  hnow- 
apnae  of  their  removal  has  been    ledge  of  the  effects  of  what  had 
fcwne,  a  greater  degree  of  comfort    been  already  done.     While,  tbere- 
*3I  tppfn  among  those  who  re-    fore,    they  declined    to  act  npon 
nun,  then   it    would   seem  that     such  crude  and  hasty  suggestions, 
iltii  very  increase  in  the    means    they  did  not  deny  that  the  matter 
rf  comfortsble  mbsistence  would,    was  one  of  grave  importance,  or 
in  a  ihoTt   time,    re-produce    the    shut  the  door  against  its  considera- 
foperabundant    population    which     tion  ;  and,  on  the  14th  of  March, 
U  been  thrown  off,  and  bring  a    Mr.  WiJmot  Hnrton  moved  for  the 
WW  necessity  for  recurring  to  the    appointment  of  a  select  committee 
■w  temporary  palliative.      Ire-    to  inquire  into  the  expediency  of 
hod  has  never  been  benefitted  ono    encouraging  emigration.     He  ex- 
•Ism  by  the  shoals  of  labourers    pressed  his  hopes  that  the  principle 
•horn  she  annually  disgorges  on    of  emigration  would  be  found  to 
^  ihores  of  Scotland.     Emlgra-     he  a  sound  one,  and  rested  these 
Sna  can  never  be  effective,  except-    hopes  on  what  had  been  effected 
i»  on  a  large,  and  a  continued    hitherto.      In    1823,    parliament 
Kue;  and  as  such  it  ought  never  to    had  voted  fifty  tliousand  pounds, 
ftmn  I  regular  feature  in  the  ad-    for  the  purpose  of  enabling  a  cer- 
■tnistntion     of    a    government,     tain  number  of  men,  women,  and 
lod,  least  of  all,  in  one,  a  large    children,  to  emigrate  to  our  North 
pomon  of  whose   population  de-    American  colonies.     The  number 
of  persons  who-arailed  themselves, 
on  that  occasiop,  of  the  encourage- 
ment   held    nut   by    government, 
amounted  in  all  to  two  hundred 
and  sixty-eight ;  and  the  expense 
incurred  by  the  country  for  each 
person    was    twenty-two   pounds. 
These  persons,  from  being   in  n 
state  of  extreme  misery,  weru  now 
comfortably  and  prosperously  set- 
tled.   This  first  experiment  hav- 


44}       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

ing  been  successful^  it  was  fol-        Considering  tte  degree  in  wldcl 
lowed  up^  in  1825^  by  the  end-  public  attention^  among  all  classeft 
gration    of   two    thousand    and  had   been  lately  directed   to   the 
twenty-four  persons^  men,  women,  existing  state  of  the  Com-lawSj 
and   children;   but    the   average  and  the   ideas   which    had    gone 
expense   of   sending    them    out  abroad  that  they  were  a  prindpal 
had  been  less  than  it  was  two  cause  of  the  distresses  of  the  poor^ 
years  before^  for  it  amounted  to  it  was  not  to  be  expected  thatj 
only  twenty  pounds  s^head ;  and,  among  so  many  plans  for  removing 
from  official,  and  other  respectable  these   distresses,   their   repeal   oi 
sources  of  information,  it  appeared  modification  should  be  overlooked 
that  they  were  all  prospering  and  On  the  very  first  day  of  the  sesi 
comfortable.    These  emigrants  had  sion,    lord    King  had  moved  an 
been  sent  from  Ireland ;  and  they  amendment  to  the  address,  pledge 
were    in    fact    paupers,    without  ing  the  upper  House  to  take  these 
means  of  procuring  a  subsistence  laws  into  its  immediate  considera- 
at  home,    and   utterly  incapable  tion;  and  the  tables  of  both  Houses 
of  providing  for  themselves  and  were    covered,     almost     nightly, 
their  families,    and   yet  without  with  piles  of  petitions,  partly  from 
families  they  would  not  be     The  agriculturists,    praying    that    the 
result,  therefore,  seemed  to    be,  law  might  be  allowed  to  remain 
that,  for  twenty  pounds,  a  person  as  it  was,  but,  in  greater  number, 
might  be  comfortably  settled  in  from  artisans  and  manufacturers, 
Canada,  with  the  prospect  of  inde-  praying  for  its  instantaneous  re- 
pendence  before  him,  who,  if  he  had  peal.     And  it  is  certain  that  these 
remained  in  Ireland,  could  have  opposing  petitions  tended    much 
hoped  for  nothing  but  the  wretch-  more  than  any  thing  else,  in  the 
edness  of  penury.     It  had  never  minds    of  the  unenlightened,   to 
been  in  the  contemplation  of  go-  place  the   two   interests   in   that 
vemment  to  supply  all  the  expen-  supposed    hostility    towards   each 
ses   necessary  for    canning  such  other,  in  which  no  well-informed 
experiments  farther:  their  object  and  moderate-minded  man    ever 
was,  to  shew,  by  a  few  trials,  to  found  them  to  stand.     The  work- 
those  who  .might  be  interested  in  ing  classes  universally  looked  on 
forwarding  such  a  system,*  and  in  the  Corn-laws  as  the   first    and 
removing  a  redundant  population,  great  source  of  their  distress,  for 
the  ease  with  which  it  might  be  they  could  comprehend  this  posi- 
carried  into  efiect,  without  any  tion  that,  the  cheaper  the  com 
very  great  expenditure  of  funds,  the  cheaper  the  loaf:  they  knew 
and  the  beneficial  ofnsequences  re-  that  they^  could  live  more  comfort- 
suiting  from  it.      The  object  of  ably,  if  they  obtained  a  certain 
the  proposed  committee  was,   to  quantity  of  bread  for  three-pence, 
collect  information,  examine  the  than  if  it  cost  them  sixpence,  and 
question  in  all  its  bearings,  and  farther    they    went    not.      Nay, 
bring  out,  as  far  as  possible,  all  there  were  senators  and  writers 
its  probable  results.      No    oppo-  who  still  taught  them,  that  the 
sition  was  made  to  the  appoint-  simple  solution  of  this  complicated 
ment  of  the  committee,  but  np-  and  important  question  was  to  be 
thing  followed    upon    it    during  found  in  the  two   words  '^  cheap 
the  session.  food," 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [45 

Ministers^    however,    did   not  the    discussion,    but  were  taken 
reckon  it  prudent  to  introduce  the  from  the  merits  and  details  of  the 
subject  during  the  session,  although  whole  question.     Mr.  Whitmore 
they  frankly  avowed  that  it  was  allowed  that  the  time  at  which  he 
one  which  must  be  grappled  with,  submitted  his  motion  was  not  alto- 
The  great  object  of  terror  in  the  gether  imattended  with  inconve- 
eyes   of   the    agriculturists    was,  nience,  and  the  possibility  of  loss ; 
the   comparativdy  cheap  rate  at  but,  not  only  the  expediency,  but 
which    foreign    grain    could    be  the  absolute  necessity  of  an  imme- 
brought  into  the  home  market —  diate  alteration  appeared  to  him 
a  rate  so  low,  they  said,  that  com-  to  be  imperative.     It  was  mis- 
petition  with  it,    on  their  part,  chievous,  he  said,  to  delay  the  de- 
would  be  impossible.    Many  vague  dsion  of  the  question  a  single  mo- 
and    uncertain    statements    were  ment,  after  government  had  applied 
current    regarding    these   prices ;  the  principles  of  free  trade  to  other 
and  accurate  information  was  the  branches  of  industry ;   for  these 
first  thing  to  be  desured.     In  the  principles  could  never  be  applied 
preceding  year,  government  had  with  due  effect,  nor  have  practical 
sent  abroad  Mr.  Jacob,  a  gentle-  justice  done  to  them,  so  long  as 
man  weU  acquainted  with  the  com  the  present  Corn-laws  formed  part 
trade,  to  ascertain  from  surer  data  of  our  commercial  policy.      The 
than  were  yet  known,  die  state  British  manufacturer  could  never 
and  productiveness  of  the  com-  enter  unprotected  into  a  competi- 
growing  countries  round  the  Bal-  tion    with  his  continental  rival, 
tic,  and  the  avcbrage  prices  at  which  while  the  ehief  means  of  his  sub- 
grain  might  be  expected  to  be  ex-  mstence  were  kept  up  at  an  arti- 
ported  ftom  the  Baltic  ports.    He  ficial  rate,  far  above  their  cost  in 
returned  with  a  report,  which  was  any  oth^  country  of  Europe.     If 
pnnted  for  the  use  of  parliament,  reciprocity  of  trade  was  to  be  es- 
fuU  of  most  detailed  information,  tablished  at  all,   it  was  evident 
The  advocates  of  a  repeal,  anxious  that  we  ought  to  select  those  arti- 
in  general  to  hurry  on  die  discus-  cles  for  its  operation  in    which 
sion,  seized  many  opportunities,  on  foreign  countries  had  the  greatest 
the  occasion  of  presenting  petitions,  interests.     Now,  to  all  the  coun« 
of    charging    government    with  tries  from  which  grain  could  be 
keeping   back    unnecessarily    the  obtained,  nothing  was  of  nearly  so 
settiement  of  a  question,  which,  much  importance  as  the  exporta- 
they  alleged,    was   agitating   all  tion  of  com ;  and  yet  our  system  of 
da^,  and  which  must  be  met  at  Com-lawshad  actually  been  dimin- 
softie  time  or  another.    But  it  was  ishing  in  those  countries,  the  pro- 
not  till  the  18th  of  April,  that  the  duction  of  that  in  which  fihiue 
subject  was  formally  brought  for-  almost  they  could  deal  with  us, 
ward    by    Mr.    Whitmore,    who  and  repay  us  for  our  manufactures, 
moved  "  that  the  House  do  now  In  consequence  of  our  prohibitory 
resolve  itself  into  a  committee  to  system,  the  price,  in  some  parts  of 
conader  the  propriety  of  a  re-  Germany,  was  only  14*.,  and  in 
vision  of  the  Corn-laws."      The  others,  so  low  as  10*.  per  quarter ; 
grounds  on  which  he  supported  and  if  the  profits  of  forei^  growers 
the  motion  had  no  relation  to  the  were  not  such  as  to  albrd  a  fair 
propriety  of  the  period  chosen  for  remunerating  price^    they  would 


40]       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

naturally  be  driten^  in  thdr  own  whold  population  was  oecupiai  in 
defeiice>    to  gtow  flax>    or  such  agricultunil  pursuits,  yet  mich.  iras 
otb^  artides  as  would  repay  them  their  skilly  their  knowledge,  and 
for  their  labour  and  the  use  of  experience,  that  they  raiaed  suffi-i 
their  capital.     The  fact  was  proved  cient  produce  to  keep  the  country 
by  the  report  ef  Mr.  Jacob.    That  generally  in  its  state  of  wealth  and 
gentleman  mentuHied  one  case,  in  c^mlence.     Assuredly,   there  was 
which  a  nobleman,  who  had  for-  no  other  country  in   the  world, 
m^ly  employed  S6,000  acres   in  whidi  had  ever,  with  one  third 
growing  little  else  than  grain,  had  only  of  its  strength  employed  in 
now,  in  consequence  of  our  pn>-  agricultural  pursuits,  sustained  in 
hibit<»y  system,   turned  his  land  such  a  condition,  the  rest  of  the 
and  his  attention  to  the  production  pec^le,   including  both   the  pro* 
ef  fine  wool,  and  fed  1 5,000  Me«  ductive  and  unproductive  elastes. 
rino  sheep.     The  exportation  from  It  was  this  very  smaU  proportion 
Dantzig  and  Elbing,  which,  from  of  hands,  raising  such  an  enormons 
1801  to  1805,  had  been  549,S65  amount  of  produce,  that  was  the 
quarters,  amounted,  in  the  years  real    secret  of   our   wealth    and 
horn   1821    to    1825,    after    oiur  power.     In  France,  out  of  a  pqm-i 
Com-law    d     1815    had    been  ktion  of  30,000,000,  about  four 
p8»»sd,  to  only  83,523.     A  nmi«  fifths,    or  24,000,000,   were  &h» 
kr  falling-off  had  every  where  gased  in  aariculture. 
taken  place.    If  home  grain  was        Unquestionably,  the  reaaon  why 
at  from  55#.  to  60i.  per  quar-i  we  had   many  wealthy  manafae« 
test,    we    might    never   expect  a  turert  in  our  own  country  wai, 
greater  anniuil  importation  of  fo.*  because  the  agricultural    popuia-' 
reign  grain  than  400,000  quarters ;  tion,  though  in  numbers  so  maUi 
wim  sueh  an  average  price,  the  raised  so  wge  a  supply  of  produce, 
English  agriculturists  ought  not  which  the  manufieu^turers  obtained, 
only  to  be  satisfied,  but  ought  to  in  efiect,  in  exdiange  for  their 
re^rd  themselves  as  the  most  en-  manufactures.      It  was  this  ex- 
viable  class  of  the  community.  change   of   manu^tures    against 
Sir  Francis  Burdett  supported  agricultural  produce,  upon  which 
the  motion,  but  for  very  dmerent  all  our  domestic  opulence  was  hot- 
reasons  from  those  of  the  mover,  tomed.     It  was  xidiculous,  ther&> 
He  did  not  think  that  the  motion  fwe,  to  talk  about  one  of  these 
would  produce    any  one  of   the  classes  being  poor,  and  the  other 
^ects  which  the  mover  expected  rich,  at  one  and  the  same  time, 
from  it ;  but  yet  he  would  support  The  manufacturer  eould  not  be 
it,  for  he  wished  to  get  into  the  rich  unless  there  was  plenty  of 
discussion,  that  it  might  be  shewn,  agricultural  produce  to  be  brought 
as  he  was  certain  it  would  be,  that  into  the  market  for  his  abundance 
the    land-own^r%    in    supporting  of  manufactures;   nor  could  the 
^eir  own  class  and  station,  were  agriculturist  be  rich,  unless  there 
advocating    that    which  was   ea*  was  that  abundance  of  manufac- 
sential  to  the  general  interests  of  tures  to  be  obtained  for  his  excess 
the  country.     The  opulence  and  of  produce.     The  question  now 
prospertiy  oi  the  country  was  com«  before  the  House  did,  in  fact,  re- 
{Hfised  in  the  fact,  that,  "although  gard  the  trade  which  had  been 
not  more  than  one  third  of  our  alwi^s  carried  on  in  thss  oootfiT' 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  (il 

in  the  exdtange  of  Uiese  commo-  scientific  daMes  useless,  who  wefe, 
didesy    €om    and    manufiactiires.  in  truths  the  ornament  and  the 
SiMne    persons   were  disposed  to  pnde  of  society)   were  remune- 
reacdre  all  into  the  sinde  cry  of  rated  elsewhere;    how  much  bet« 
"  Give    us    cheap   hread."      But  ter^  after  all,  ^ey  were  paid  in 
"  cheap  hread''  was,  indeed,  hut  a  England  than  in  any  other  part  of 
eonvertihle  term.      To  say  that  the  world.    The  price  of  bread 
com  was  dear,   was  to  say  that  ¥ras    of   little    consequence;    fat 
maanfactures   were    cheep.      As  though  the  master  manufaeturer 
long  as  the  exchange  of  these  arti-  might  like  cheap  Inread,   he  also 
dies  went  on  as  it  should  do  (and  Uked  to  have  remunerating  prices 
in  that  oonsisted  the  true  intawst  for  his  manufactures,  which,  while 
of  the  country),  one  of  them,  ma-  bread  continued  very  che^,   he 
nu&ctures,  or  com,  must  be  dear,  was  not  likely  to  obtain,     ni  the 
and  tiM  odier  cheap.    They  could  petitions  presented  to  parliament 
not  be  at  once  both  dieap  and  both  £rom  such  places  as  Gk^w  and 
dear,  for  there  could  he  no  such  Paisley,  the  manufacturers  oom^ 
exchange,  but  what  arose  out  of  plaint  of  low  jnioes.    It  was  diA* 
the  excessive  production  of   one  cult  to  guess  with  what  reason 
over  ^be  production  of  the  other,  they  came  before  parliament  com* 
As  long  as  the  manu&cturer  could  plahiing  ci  the  agricultural  inter- 
afiKxrd  to  make  dieap  returns  to  est,  and  the  price  of  bread;   in 
die  atfricultund  grower,    or  the  wUch  latter  particular  they  were 
agrictutuml  grower  to  the  numu*  guilty  of  a  very  great  and  gross 
iacturer,  the  productions  of  one  of  and  vulgar  error.    For  it  was^ 
them  must  be  dear;  but  both  must  no  consequence  to  the  labouring 
be  enridied  by  the  exchange  thus  people,   at  what  price  the  bread 
carried   on   between   them.     So,  they  consumed  happened  to  be. 
too,  of  the  merchant,  in  his  rela-  That  must  depend  mainly  on  a 
tions  with  the  manufacturer :  his  very  different  consideration,  name- 
returns  must  be  dependent  on  the  ly,  on  the  state  of  the  currency. 
excess  of  manufacturing  produce*  Money  prices  must  be  regulated 
It  was,  therefore,   a  mistake  to  by  the  condition  of  the  currency ; 
suppose  that  the  agriculturist,  the  but  the  real  reward  of  labour,  the 
manufacturer,    or   the  merdiant,  prqwrtionate  reward,    upon    the 
could  be  flourishing,  if  they  were  produce  of  agriculture.     A  peti- 
not  all  flourishing;  U^iether.     The  tion  from  Blackburn,  lately  pre« 
foundation  of  theu*  Jomt  prosperity  sented,  came  from  a  very  distressed 
was  the  aflricultunu  interest  of  the  dass  at  the  community.      They 
country ;  for,  without  agriculture,  also  complained  af  the  high  price 
there  could  be  neither  manufac^  of  com,  for,  except  among  the  un- 
turers  nor  merdiants;  nor,  could  fortunate  landed  interest,  a  com- 
^  men  of  science,  and  the  ^sdples  plaint  of  the  price  of  com  seemed 
of  art,  be  paid.    If  it  were  doubted  to  be  the  order  of  the  day  with  all 
that  this  was  the  case,  let  us  cast  classes.     In  this  instance,  however, 
our  eyes  abroad,  and  observe  how  it  was  only  the  expressed  gravamen 
they,   the    unproductive    classes,  of  the  complaint ;  while  the  real 
(and  he  applied  this    distinctive  evil  de|Hrecated  by  the  petitioners 
epithet  not  invidioudy,  for  he  was  was  the  introduction  of  the  "  power 
wfeom  callfaig  tho0e  studious  and  looms^"    The  more  food  you  pro* 


48]       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

duced  in  ct  rich^  well-peopled,  ma*  were    perfectly   prepared    to    go 
nufacturing    oountryi.  the    more  through  with  it,  and  had  ample 
wealth  you  created.      The  more  time  and  opportunity  for  its  deli- 
food  furnished  to  the  country,  the  herate    and    complete    discuffiion. 
greater  would  be   the   consump-  There  had  been  a  common  under* 
tion,    and    the    greater    the    ex-  standing  that  various  questions  of 
change    of    agricultural    produce  great  difficulty  and  importance— 
for    manufactures;    for    die    in-  of  which  this  was  one— ought  to  be 
crease  of  the  one  certainly  pro-  allowed  to    remain  in  smeyance, 
duced  the  increase  of  the  other,  both  in  justice  to  themselves  and 
In  proportion  as  the  manufacturers  to  the  public  interest,  until  they 
could  be  supplied  with  food,  who-  could  obtain  a  more  thorough  in- 
ther  grown,  imported,  or  dropped  vestigation  in  a  new  session  of  a 
fitmi  heaven,  the  agricultural  in-  new  parliament.    He  pledged  him- 
terest  must   be    benefitted;    and  self  to  take  the  first  favourable 
ther^ore  he  said^-'^  Let  com  come  opportunity  of  calling  the  atten- 
into  the    country  from    abroad."  tion  of  the  House  to  the  whole 
By  this  means  other  produce  and  system  of  the  Corn-laws,  and  he 
wealth  would  accumulate  in  the  had  no  reason  to  believe  that  he 
country.  should  be  unable  to  redeem  his 
Mr.  Huskisson,  without  ^iter-  pledge  in  the  next  session  ;  but  he 
ing  into  the  merits  of  the  question,  would  not  submit  to  be  taunted, 
deprecated  its  discussion  «t  |Nre-  eithei:  in  that  or  any  other  sesaon, 
vent    Ministers  had  annbuiiced  in  with  a  breach  of  faith,  because  he 
the  House,  (m  the  first  day  ^f  the  did  not  feel  himself  bound  to  per- 
meeting  of  parliament,   that  the  severe  in  an  intention,  whatever 
subject  would  not  b^  bn>ught  for-  circumstances  might  o<5cur  to  in- 
ward lihis  sesdon ;   and  certainly  duce  him  to  change  it 
nothing  had  since  happened,  to       On  a  division,  the  motion  was 
induce  them  tp  give  "way  Id  this  lost  by  a  majority  of  S15  to  81. 
ill-timed  motion.     No  man  could  The  discussion  was  rather  an  im- 
doubt,    for  a  -moment,    the    im-  patient  one ;  for  the  House  seemed 
.   portance    of   the    question,    the  to  feel  that  it  was  now  impossible 
difficulties .  which  sunbunded  it,  to  do  justice  to  a  question  so  broad 
and  the  Qiisconceptiotis  which  so  in  itself,  and  involving  so  many 
generally  preva&ed  concerning  it;  details.     It  was  necessary,  or  at 
but  all  thesi-  were  reasons  wlqr  it  least  convenient,  that  parliament 
should  b^  entered  on  with  greater  should  rise  early,  on  account  of 
caution,    and  proceeded  in  with  the  approaching  general  election, 
greater  deliberation^  than  coiild  be  and  any  appearance  of  haste  in 
looked  for  ao  near  the  elose  of  the  determining  such  a  questipn,  would 
last  session  of  a  parliament    Any  have  pleas^  neither  party, 
discussion  in  such   circuimtanoes       But,  although  the  general  and 
could  terminate  only  in  great  in-  final  arrangement  of  the  Corn-laws 
convenience    and    embarrossment.  thus  remaned  unsettled,   it  was 
The  state  and  «ystetoi  of  the  Com-  found  necessary,  before  the  end  of 
laws  was  more    nnfitr  than  any  the  session,  to  introduce  two  lulls 
other    to    be  entertained  in  the  to  modify  in  certain  respects  their 
House,  and  thereby  set  afloat  in  strict  operation.     There  was  still 
the   eotmtry,   unim  the  Hous^  UttlQ  dminution  of  the  prevailipg 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [49 

distresct ;  and  its  continued  pressure  wbich^  under  the  existing  regula- 
had  Ied>  in  the  month  of  April,  to  tions,    could  .  not  come  into  the 
a  series  of  disgraceful  riots  m  Lan-  market.       The  admission  of  this 
cashire,    whidi    led    to    the   de-  quantity  into  the  market  could  have 
struction  of  machinery^  more  par-  no  material  effect  upon  the  agricul- 
ticularly  of  steam  looms,  to  a  large  ture  of  the  country,  whilst  it  was 
extent.*     It  may  he  ohserved,  that  thought  it  would  he  sufficient  to 
the  delusion  of  the  Lancashire  ar-  diminish  that  suffering  which  was 
tiza^,    that  machinery  deprived  actually  felt,  and  which,  it  was  to 
them  of  employment,  was  scarcely  he  foiled,  was  more  acutely  felt 
to  he  wondered  at ;  when^  at  a  in  consequence  of  the  approxima- 
meeting  of  the  nohlemen  and  free-  tion  of  so  much  food  in  the  neigh- 
holders  of  the  county  of  Lanark,  hourhood,  and  the  contrast  thus 
men  of  high  rank  and  liberal  edu-  presented ;  for  the  very  fact  of  the 
cation,  apparently  smarting  under  co-existence  of  two  such  states  of 
the  necessity  of  makine  a  public  things,  want  and  plenty,  tended  to 
subscription  for  the  reuef  of  the  exasperate  the  evil.     It  was  there- 
unemployed  manufacturers  of  Glas-  fore  proposed  to  allow  bonded  com 
gow,  were  found  to  express  and  to  to  come  into  the  market.  As  again, 
maintain  the  same  doctrine.     The  it  was  impossible  to  foretel  what 
riots  were  spetdily  repressed  by  the  the  result  of  the  coming  harvest 
militaiy,'^althou^  not  without  some  might  be  (and  from  the  then  aspect 
sacrifice'oflife.   They  arose  from{ig-  of  the  crops,  fears  were  entertained 
ncnrance;  but  that  ignorance  had  that    the  harvest  might    be    far 
been  stimulated  by  a  state  of  suffer-  from  productive),  it  was  proposed, 
ing— of  almost  absolute  starvation  as  a  measure  of  precaution  against 
— -which  thefeelingsofno  man  could  the  continuance  or  the  recurrence 
overlook,  and  which  it  was  impos-  of  the  existing  distress,  to  vest  ffo- 
sible  to  meet  by  merely  local  sub-  vemment,  during  the  recess,  with 
scriptions.    Ministers  were  adverse  a  discretionary  power  of  permit- 
to  making  ally  grant  of   public  ting,  generally  or  partially,  as  the 
money  for  the  rdief  of  local  dis-  necessity  of  the  case  might  require, 
tress,  on   the  same  principle  on  the  importation  of  foreign  com,  on 
which  they  had  refused  to  issue  pa3rment  of  a  fixed  duty. 
Exchequer  Inlls  for  the  relief  of  Accordingly  Mr.   Canning,   on 
the  merchants ;   but   there   were  the  2nd  of  May,  moved  that  the 
other  means  both  of  ^ving  imme-  House  should  go  into  a  committee 
diate  assbtance,  and  of  providing  on  the  3,  Geo  4th,  c.  60.  But  even 
against    its    increase    during  the  the  Speaker's  leaving  the  chair  was 
long  interval  which  must  elapse  opposed,  and  pressed  to  a  division, 
between  the  dissolution  of  the  pre-  The  motion,  it  was  argued,  was  in 
sent,  and  the  sitting  of  the  new.  par-  downright  contradiction  to  the  vote 
liament     In  the  immediate  neigh-  of  the  House  upon  the  motion  of 
hourhood  of  the  scene  of  distress,  in  Mr.  Whitmore.     On  that  occasion 
Hull,  Liverpool,  and  other  ports,  there  existed  the  same  reasons  for 
there  were  in  bond  between  250,000  entering  upon  the  consideration  of 
and  300,000  quarters  of  wheat,  the  Corn-laws  which  existed  now ; 
■  ■  I  but  the  loudly-expressed  opinion  of 

•  The  detaU  of  these  outrages  will  *^®  House  bad  beeQ  that  this  was 

be  found  in  the  Chronicle,  p.  63«  ^  niost  i^conyenient  crisis  for  such 

VOL.LXVIH,  fEJ 


50]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   ia26. 


«  dttcmmni:    witk  wlnfe   conaift-  winch  mialrtew  ttHywocNct  Itodal^ 

tency  then  cookl  it  now  be  csQed  way«  denied.     If  tke  pooni^in«^ 

t^on  tortadndthrt  f ei'jr  vote"-«wr  new  ^aslitiet  tipoB  tlie  mailtt 

thai  inoonveiiiciiciesy  if  they  ever  is  to  beaefil  the  sufibracv  at  dH,  ii 

ttUBfeeil^  iMd  CNily  been  attgBieDted.  nnMbbe,  either  by  fomiglliagtiieB 

It  was  vaiB  to  say  that  the  pnifosed  witli  eraployMeiit  aad  wa^  m 

veaenres  did  not  invc^e  ^e  whole  by  lowering  l^e  price  o€  tlienr  M, 

fOfstsott  of  the  Corn4aws:  Aey  fov  nobody  &I1^8  ^^^  ^^  ^^"^ 

aeccisarily  opened  up  the  whde  doee  not  exist.    Tosay  lilat  it  csb 

diaeussBOiy.  for  aanuters  wcce  to  do  the  former  it  aninifestly  ^ 

have  tiie  pofwer  of  opcnraa  the  surd;  and  to  say  it  eas  do  the  ht* 

ports  at  ^eir  discietian,  while  it  ter^  and  yet  to  maintain  UmI  ^ 

waft  akogedier  uncertain  how  dM  Corn-lawahtcve  nc»  oonnectiofi  wii 

hanrest  mi^  tiim  out.    £ither  the  existence  of  the  dialtMB,  is  iti 

these    discretionary    importatione  moie dearly  illogiiad;    Bieoaesto 

were  to  take  ]daoe  under  a  certain  thkj  AatinyirtatioHS  of  gngB^cflfr 

dttty>  and  when,  the  home  pcke  txary  to  die  Corn-laws^  afw  t9» 

waft  at  a  certain  point,  or  thore  erease  confiivt,  aad  ate  to  do8o)f 

waa  to  be  no  fixed  point,  and  no  hjwering  pnees.    The  eni  siW 

fioatd  do^.    H  the  latter,    who  fimm  waae  of  eatptuyaseait,  fiw 

wodd  ventaMre  to  lodge  soch  a»  inabilxl^  to  pacthase;  and,  tiM» 

ahsAite  disBsetian  in  gwreimnent  fore,  tlicse  ought  to  be  •  gnet/ 

far  any  length  of  time,  or  how  pnbtie    measy.    If   the  stale  i 

eooldr  the  creation  of  such  a  power  dungs  was  soch>  t&al  kidMM 

he  eveui  thought  of,    without  »  woecaBed  iqiion  to  ssbsmbeftrir 

thorough  investigBtum  of  the  whole  xdsef  of  diew  fd]ow^-flOlH€cCS>  tJis 

system?     If  again,  tiwre  was  te  a  case  was  made  o«t  why  p«^ 

beafixedpnoetoieguiafeethiadis-  meat  dioqld  ialerferewkhape^ 

cietiDn,aadafixed&l7tob«Eldten  efpconaaary  assistance.     Oirtk* 

the  inyoftatieH^  what  this  pnce  gnrandk  of  gencn^  ^^pesilisB  f 

and  thur  duty  ought  to  be,  must  the  whofe  spirit  of  tiie  pfopssei 

neeessafily    be  kmrestigated,    and  measures^  sir  Thomaa  Ladibcii^ 

such,   im     investigation   eomprn*-  seconded  by  Mr.    Beaett,  foxm 

bended  the  whole  essence  of  tiie  ^ That  a  seleet  commitfise  btip 

cem    ^ueation.       Moreover,,    the  pointed  to  inquire  into  tftie  esoi^ 

f  rice  and  die  duty  which  mi^it  of  d^  disHess  in*  the  manuftKtii^ 

be  new  fixed  fiir  this  temporary  uig  distrnts."      Upon  a  dineA 

measure  would  assuredly  be  ulti«  die  original  moden  was  carried  ^ 

mete]^  adopted  a»  the  pnbe  daa&  a  majority  of  ^14  to  62* 
the  duty  on  die  final  decision  of        The  ftrst  lesolation^  aBbwis; 

the  general  question,   and  when  wheat  in  bond  tot  eo^ae  ioAo^ 

fixed  fiir  the  purpose  of  giving-low  market,  on  payment  of  a  Aitf  ^ 

places  to  the  distressed  consumer,  10«.  per  quartet,  and  othsf  o** 

they  must  neoessarily  be  rnifiur  at  inferior  lates^  mce  with  n^^ 

smd  unjiBst  todie  no  less  distressed  sistaace, excepting diat Sir  ThsiB*^ 

pBoduoen.       The     measure,    too>  Lethlnudge  was  anxious  toti^^ 

pnoeoeded  upon,  thifr  principle  aa  the  duty  f  bi^  the  widioB  ^  ^ 

their  basis,  that  the  distresses  of  House  on.  the  other  ode  weis  ^ 

the  matiufactuieg  were  OQcasJened)  loudly  expressed,  that  he  wiiUi^ 

b|^  the  pdee  of  oaias^  a^  priiMipla:  his  oppesitiOA. 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  \fii 

ly  lecnBii  ttatiation,   giri^  cmdd  justify  ii»  wtaMMhwiWrt  «f 

M*n  a  diKtclduiHvy  ycmer  li*  auoh  uoBeceasarr  and  unqwwtUii- 

MMKgfiwtiffi  gnki  dtunagtlie  tional  power,  and  ttioh  dat^^Wnis    . 

SRS,  wn  nuch  moR  atabbarn^  tunpeong  with  laws  m  wMt^  so 

^fMri.    in  tbc  fint  plaoe,  it  mas  nui^  inttjrests  d«pesded.     It  wUf 

K  ngukr  and  ^mctmstitulBanal  in  aorae  swosuic,  a  ibreach  ctf  Jiiith 

fMHi,  and  waa  aded  without  anj  towards  sll   ooiioaatod    with  die 

fN^  Ruan  faeiiig  snigned  whj  it  com  trade,  and  a  broach  arisUig 

^dd  te  bedawed  at  alL    £*eti  iiom  that  vaj  frsOhneae  in  de- 

*M%  the  poasibilities  an  whioh  claong  their  iotentioiUj  of  whu4i 

■  Mrif  tcMed,  afanefaa&ihire  miniatecs    boasted     1&^7.      At 

^(khaneat  as  mi^t  rendtir  it  the  iqMning  d  the  aemaa,   tbef 

I'adik,  hi  the   preaent  state  of  had  declaied,  itbat  the  quertion  e£ 

it  anuitrj,    to    admit    foreign  the  ComrJaw«  wguld  not  be  BtJi- 

^Bi.  whj  ahould  that  be  detra^  red.     TrustinK  ito  thie,  and   tiiat 

aad  iArdaaiA    when    padia-  for  «  jear,  at  leaat.  .ikof  WMiU  be 

■at  tan  adll  be   in  exiatenee  to  nfe,  iannos  and  Mm  dealecs  had 

MS  die  emergency  i    Parliainent  enteved  into  eontract^  the   leht- 

^■KiDtwelvB  raon^of  itsduiB-  tions  under  whinh  would  now  be 

"■  WBaming  ;  and  if  the  atataaf  altered  >to  ibe  disadvantage  (^  one 

ife  cmtntiy  be  aaA  aatorequwe  rfibe  partiea;  and  on  the.BBeiohaBt 

■kiratnig  of  gonansient  with  who  had  puiduved  grain  titi'tbe 

■Matthmunal  power,  nach  more  bidi  of  theae  dedantiont'lliat  po 

dK>  it   nqnire  that    puJiHTTMTit  foreagn  gcuin  wmild  be  adnitted, 

ioM  caatmiie  to  exiat  to  excrdie  excepting   undu'  Uie  exiBting  e&- 

iu  OBi^itntioaal  lurthoritj.    But  gulatioiK,  was  inflicted  a  Ioim  equal 

'■■'^  was  tb^ne  aay  foundatiiHi,  bt  the  deprcssian  of  price  which 

*  ftint  of  &ct,  f or  what  was  pro-  -the  quantity  of  gnun  to  be  brou^t 

Fwd;  the  i^irie  caac  proceeded  into  the  raazkat  uodw  'thaw  teio- 

^  pnwiHllitirinj  the  poanbili^  foaty  i^ulationa  »i^ht  ucGaiion> 

te  Aeie  mi^it  be  a  bad  harveat.  Some  membocs    said,    that   -they 

■d  1  Cnmae  price,  during  the  le-  would  have  ^ven  a  decided  pr&. 

aa;  aad  the  whole  ailment  pni-  ferenoe  to  a  duauwon  of  the  whole 

nU  «■  apprehenauma   of  this  matta;   otheas  aceused  mkuslecs 

Ipuiij,  dmger— not  indeed  ab-  of  inconsistency,  in  having,  during 

■wd;  ima^uaiy,   because   per-  the  adjoununent  of  the  cominit- 

fai?  fawible,  but  yet  ao  &r  im^  tee  nuce  tbe  &ist  resolutimi  vtas 

nvj,  that  it   would   fumi^   a  agreed  to,*  bruu^t  down  tfaeir;de- 

"Ma  lis  letting  the  Cfswn  with  -mind  tiom  an  unlimitod  importa- 
tjon  to  the  comparatively  imigni- 
ficant  quanti^  of  500fiOO  ^uai- 
t«rs,  whiob,   if  the  danger  really 

*  Only  tlie  Srst  resolutioo,  for  taking 
BDt  banded  corn,  was  agreed  to  on  the 
Snd  of  May.  Tbe  resictance  to  the  m- 
oaad  .mat  go  auibbom,  that  tbe  oeai- 
mittee  divided  again  aad  agaia.  It 
again  came  beibre  the  committee  on  the 
Stb  ;  and  then  was  mentioned  the  limi- 
tation  of  tbe  quantity  to  500,040  quar- 


52J      ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


arose^  would  be  insufficient  to  meet 
it ;  and  Mr.  Portman  was  of  opi- 
nion that  it  was  the  duty  of  mi- 
nisters^  instead  of  applying  to  the 
House  for  special  powers^  in  the 
prospect   of   mere    contingencies 
to  have   waited  for    the   ocr 
rence  of  these  contingencies 
then,  by  their  own  act,  if ' 
existed,  to  have  opened  tu. 
under  the  weight  of  their  co. 
tutional  responsibility.     The  Uc 
claration  involved  in  these  mea- 
sures, that  the  Corn-laws  were  in- 
sufficient, and  that  extraordinary 
enactments  were  required  to  guard 
against  a  probable  mischief,  had 
a&eady  done  much  harm,  and  pro- 
duced much  agitation. 

Ministers  maintained,  that  it  was 
a  solecism  to  accuse  them  of  bring- 
ing forward  an  unconstitutionsu, 
measure,  when  they  were  pur- 
posing to  do  nothii^  but  by  the 
authority  of  parliament,  and  had 
come  expressly  to  ask  the  permis- 
sion of  parliament.  They  might 
have  acted  without  this  authority ; 
that  would  have  been  unconstitu- 
tional, and  could  have  been  covered 
only  by  a  bill  of  indemnity ;  but  tP 
wi^  to  avoid  the  necessity  of 
requiring  an  indemnity  was  to 
wish  to  avoid  taking  an  unconsti- 
tutional step.  The  consequences 
of  doing  otherwise  had  been  seen 
in  1756,  wlifin  lord  Chatham  was 
minister,  and  lord  Camden  attor- 
ney-general, and  the  administra- 
tion the  most  popular  which  this 
country  had  "'ever  seen.  During 
the  recess  of  parliament,  famine 
stared  the  country  in  the  face,  and 
com  could  leeally  be  exported  up 
to  a  certain  price  Ministers  closed 
the  ports ;  but,  when  parliament 
met,  the  most  violent  debates  en- 
sued, although  the  necessity  had 
originated  only  after  parliament 
had  separated;  and,  although  there 


was  not 
the  ner 
rnirn 


cou. 
been    . 
have  acttx 
tion  under   «. 
responsibility ;     . 
of  1756  was    a    \v 
in    the  support    whicu 
were  receiving  in  this  ve<^ 
sure,  they  had  an  impressiveeah. 
of  the  sort  of  reception  with  whi 
they  would  honre  met,  if  they  h 
so  acted ;  for  was  it  tcbe  believ< 
that  those    same  gentlemen  wl 
believed  ministers  to  be  oommitdi 
treason  against  the  landed  intere 
by  asking  permission  to  act  u 
der  the  authority  of  parliama 
would,  if  they  had  acted  on  thi 
own  responsibility,    without  t 
authority  of  parliament^  have  git 
them  their  votes,  when  they  came 
ask  for  pardon  ?    Ministers  mid 
aflerall,  be  obliged  to  actuponS 
own  authority  still,  if  they  w< 
thrown  back  on  themselves;  1 
then  they  Vould  do  so  no  loni 
on  their  own  reraonsibility,  bin 
that  of  those  who  had  refused 
invest  them  with  power  to  nt 
the  emergency. 

It  was  complained,   that  th 
were  no  facts  to  lead  to  the 
dusion,  that  com  would^  di 
the  recess,  reach  a  price  in< 
diently  h^h.     But  the  mi 
was  not  one  of  positive  h 
fpunded  on  special  £^ 


SJRY  OF  EUllOPE.  [36 


64]       ANNUAL  EEGISTER,    1826. 

and  suillu  tlnl  appfetemioot  of  tlie  lutvt  siiid  floCb^E^  f^^gaffdintf  M 

hatred   inmost.      The    repsalsd  the  price  «r  ite  dufy /'    1«  ti 

flMefrevotkms  of  tikngtetSy  1^  tlie  spirit  fbef  continued  tbeir  #pp« 

prment  neMtmra  w«ne  not  t9  lie  tkMit&io^pdfiitiOB  wais  hdjAdesi^s 

coiaidgred  as  lap^ng  any  egnmcitem  tli€9e  was  occMMMilIjr  ^:rctt»  sn 

yhlh  th0  ihial  sd^Mtmeflt  cyf  tlie  littetntm  rti  tke  ttftrnt^  wllic^  t2ft 

^pnartidOy  eo^  not  oonttecv  tixe  dkected  agakMt  niki^scers^  llnr  wb 

dufuatou  c^  agHottltoans  that  any  they  oc^  ^ia  Bfii4entil«ktg  oC  d 

doty  or  pfke  Priidk  aoight  h«  at-  Cofn^laWs.    One  sMieweat  of  ^ 

tMiied  nowy  wfli  not  kMndod  to  termttent  deektt^,  tkM^afifie^  » 

be  tlMT  one  that  tiiotdd  hr  &Mfiy  W(»e  to  te  their  meBsareB,  ha  h 

ttdopted^oryatkaaiythatthepeofie  one, aboold feel hkiiaelf  toim^I 

wodd  not  ^\mf  it  lA  that  lig^il^  he  had  the  faommr  <yf  a  seat  ia  i 

regwd  it  ai  a  taeit  legislative  de-  neitt  psQ^lament^  to  talr<d  gi^,  tk 

okratiofi  of  what  wm  f^ht  and  aB  the  pul^  e»CabMa%f»e«iti  ^m 

prO|ntf>'and  tlms  dkable  tne  land-  broieght  down  te  tiie  lotresse  fR» 

owners^  whea  the  gyeat  qtreatkA  ble  point.    In  iihort>  oo  m  ^v 

eBiiteto^he£aeiiaBed>ft«uid«hitkig  i:i  thd  aflEEiall-^Mite  HUj    xnanilf 

a  Mghar  pri)e«i,  and  a  hi^or  dtfty^  were   opposed  hy  mme  of  tidt 

without    exposkiff   themae^es  to  friends  whoc^  not  wiah  the  Goa- 

poptlar  odkni*    The  dr^d  of  thk  laws  to  be  touehed  af  aD>  aaJ  «e^ 

measure  operating,  and  being  re*  ^pported  by  some  of  th&at  (^ 

gardedy  at  an  inciidental  deddion  nents  who  wished  to  aee  tiIeBf^ 

xMpon  the  Com-Iawa  themaalves^  moted  altogether.    The  bill  ptf^ 

Waa  the  origin  of  all  the  hostlMty  by  large  majorities,  without  alfc3»' 

of  the  knd^^wtMEfs,  and  the  reason  tion ;  and  to  the  bill  far  letUag^ 

why,  rather  than  i^rae  to  it,  they  the  bonded  com  no  serious  ff 

were  willhttg  to  enter  into  a  full  position  had  been  made. 

iarrestigatkni  and  retision  of  the        The  same  diiBference  of  mti^ 

whde  system.    Accordingly  when  prevaileid  in  the  House  of  hah 

colonel  Wood  moved  a  olause>  that  There  the  bill  lor  permitting  <^ 

inmortation  ^onld  not  dommeiice  importation  of  500,000  quartets  <^ 

rill  the  price  had  reached  65g*,  and  foreign  grain,  was  met  by  ^ 

then  only  itnder  a  duty  of  If^.,  Mahnesbury  withffi&aniendiBeDtto 

the  Ismd  owners success^Dy  joined  the  effect  "that  their  brdririf 

in  prevailing  him  to  with^w  it,  though  always  anxious  to  contn- 

on   the  ^ound   that  no  mention  bntetotheaBeviationof  thesiifc 

whatever  ^wuld  be  fi^de  of  fixed  ings  of  the  labouring  classes,  ^ 

prices  &r  fixed  daties.    They  were  not  ihinl:  it  expedient  that  w! 

better  {leased  that  it  shotfM  be  a  alterfif i<m  or  moifiificaricm  of  tk 

nnftterofpofediscretion^  for  which  existing    Corn-laws    should  tah 

ministers  alone  rfKyuldbeli^le.  '*If    place,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  a^ 

ministers  are  to  have  the  discre-  mission  of  foreign  com,  widww^' 

tion  they  widi  for/'  said  sir  Thomas  previous  inqiiiry  into  the  probtl*^ 

Lethbridffe,  "  I  do  not  wish  them  effects  of  such  a  measure  on  tlie 

to  state  the  price  at  which  com  i^  hiterests  cf  the  grower  and  cofr 

to  be  imported.    The  measure  is    sumer  of  British  produce."   Tke 

theirsfy  and  it  is  right  that  they  noHe  brd  coiltended  that  the  wl 

afaould  take  all  the  reqionsibility.    was  both  unnecessary  and  Bii«- 

{  um  glad,  iktrdow,  that  they    Qhievous  f  and,  at  aH  eYenfs,  i^- 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [3S 

qaixy    mm    iydiipcuadblo  liefere  ptov^  <tot  «ock  necctafty  csbte* 

adbptkig  It  BS  benig  BecoBaty  aad  wiiiie  hfriti  tke  ftook  in  the  edun- 

ttiefiiL     There  was  ■»  scanatj  of  tty,  tlie  faUiiq^  pnm,    and    the 

oocn  in  the  country,  nbr  aoij  pen*'  900^000  quazten  which  are  iin*> 

poet  «f  tiich  a  teana^.    The  aU  med^telf  lo  oome  oat  ef  bonJ, 

leged  «bb11  stodc  of  gran  in  tte  piOYo  therevwae. 

hands  «f  llie  dealer  was  no  nroof  Locd  EUenhocDOgh  8aid>  that  k 

whaift^er  ef  the  saaUneas  of  the  seemed  to  hiati  impeatfaie  to  ofi^poae 

sftock    in  the  eouatry ;    it  cmiy  the  motaon)  for  it  juit  ncant  ^» 

Aew«d  that  the  fiotneni  had  not  *Mhat  having  onlyfour  yean  ago 

yet  «i^  their  etodt  at  under  prieea,  paiaed  a  cectaia  act  rehtdTB  to  ttne 

hot,  aoDecding  to  tiie  old  eiiitoni»  emu  txade,  they  woaM  now  enter 

oaniod  it  to  mathet,  month  hy  into  an  inquiry  of  the  aame  sort, 

moafth  as  they  hi^p^ied  to  need  hefoce  they  proceeded  to  aher  the 

meney.    Empty  wmhouaea  were  provisions  of  that  act.    Even  the 

no  efideneeb  of  a  want  oi  grain  in  letting  out  of  the  bonded  com  last 

^Md  country.     Duiing   the   last  year  funii^ed  no  picoedent  for 

diev9n  months  528,000  quarters  of  letting  it  out  this  jeat.    The  com 

foreignoeni  had  been  imported,  via.  let  out  last  year  had  been  a  long 

488,000  lot  outof  bond,  and  95,000  time  in  bond,  and  was  limited  to 

imported  from  Canada.     The  re-  trhat  had  been  bonded  within  a 

salt  of  this  had  been,  that  the  price  certain  time;  in  the  present  in- 

whkh,  in  Nov.  1825,  had  been  stance,  the  privily  was  unlimited; 

65#.  ^,  was  now,  in  May,  1^26,  it  let  out,  not  only  all  com  actually 

onfy  60s.  4c/. ;    and  if   BOOflOO  warehoused,  but  likewise  all  00m 

qaartere  additional  were  thrown  "repoTted.  to  be  entered"  to  be 

into  the  market  by  the  measures  warehoused  befbre  the  2nd  of  May. 

now  in  progress,  the-farther  de-  Last  year,  also,  prices  had  been 

pression  of  prices  must  be  ruinous  rishig,  not  for  a  few  weeks,  but  for 

to'the  farmer.     The  toll,  therefore,  two  years.     Ministers  were  insidi- 

WBs  not  only  unnecessary  but  mis-  ously  creeping  on  against  the  Com- 

chierous.     The  Com-kws  had  not  laws.     Last  year  they  made  an 

the  remotest  connexion  with  the  attack  upon  them,  though  it  was  a 

existing  distress ;  but  the  very  in-  justifiable  one.     This  year,  how- 

ttoduction  of  these  measures  had  ever,  they  were  making  another ; 

unwittingly  countenanced  and  sup-  and  ^eir  lordships  ought  to  remem- 

pwted  the  vulgar  prejudices  gainst  ber,  that,  in  public  affidrs,  what 

thatsyttem.  To  know  that  600,000  was  innovation  in  one  year*  became 

quarters  of  wheat  might  be  poured  precedent  the  next,  and  rule  the 

into  die  market  before  the  1st  of  year  irfter :  nor  would  he  be  asto- 

Jtitie,  wasof  itself  sufficient  ground  nished,  if  it  should  be  established 

for  apprehension,  and  for  inquiry,  next  year,  upon  this  measure  as  a 

were  it  with  no  other  view  than  precedent,  that  bonded  corh  should 

thAt   the  measure    might  be  so  always  be  let  out  into  consumption. 

modified,  as  to  remove^e  grounds  The  Earl  of  Liverpool  entreated 

of  alarm.  The  discretionary  power  their  lordships  not,    by  a  hasty 

asked  hy  government,  can  be  justi-  decision,  to  prejudge  the  liieasures 

fted  only  by  necessity;  and  govern-  whidi  might  shomy  come  up  to 

incnt,  therefore,  is  bound  to  go  ^m  from  the  other  House ;  and, 

into  a  dw  course  of  inquiry  to  eWe  ^i  »ot  to  net  under  the  m-' 


56]       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

pression,  that  it  was  not  competent  price  of  wheat  was  SSs.,  and  befiore 

for  their    lordships  to  introduce  the  end  of  the  year  it  was  as  hi^ 

whatever  alterations  they  might  as  110^.    Should  such  a  circum* 

think  fit  into  the  two  hills^  except  stance  now  occur  in  June  or  July, 

as  to  the  amount  of  duty.    The  it  would  be  impossible  to  open  the 

grounds  of  the  proposed  measures^  ports  before  the  14th  of  August ; 

he  thought^  could  notice  resisted  by  and  if  the  averages  were  not  then 

any  fair  and  reasonable  mind>  or  by  sufficiently  high^  the  ports  would 

any  person  who  was  not  prepared  continue  closed  until  the  14t]i  of 

to  shut  his  eyes  to  the  dr^idful  November.    Such    a  calamity  it 

consequences  which  might  result  became  parliament  to  guard  agunsU 

from  a  scarcity  of  com  during  the  Whatever  objections  mightbe  urged 

recess.    He    never  believed,  nor  against  the. measures  in  another 

insinuated,  that  the  high  price  of  year,  was  it  right,  with  present 

com  was  the  cause  of  the  present  distress  before  our  eyes,  to  leave  the 

distress.    But,   without   stopping  country  in  such  a  state,  that,  if  we 

to  determine  what  the  cause  was,  did  not  admit  foreign  grain,  the 

could  it  for  a  moment  be  said  that  price  of  wheat  might  be  up  to  140f. 

the  price  of  food  was  not  a  great  or  150^.,  before  three  months?   It 

aggravation  of  it?     It  wa%  well  was  no  argument  to  say  that  this 

known  to  such  of  their  lordships  as  might  occur  in  any  year,  for  we 

had  read  the  documents  on  that  were  not  now  legislating  for  ordi- 

subject  laid  on  the  table,  that  the  nary    times,    but  for    a    ptes^t 

average  growth  of  this  country  emergency.    He  had  heard  it  said, 

was  not  more  than  sufficient  for  that  the  people  wanted  work,  not 

its  consumption ;  but  when  they  bread.     He  feared  that  thqy  were 

considered  that  fact,  and  looked  at  without  work,  and  many,  he  knew, 

the  effect  which  the  quality  of  the  worked  at  the  lowest  rate  possible* 

harvest  might  have  on  the  subsist-  He  did  not  allude  to  those  who 

ence  of  the  people — on  the  agri-  were  usually  paid  high  or  extrava- 

cultural,   too,  as  well  as  on  the  gant  prices,  but  to  those  whose 

manufacturing  classes — their  lord-  wages    were    from   seventeen  to 

ships  ought  to  bear  in  mind,  that,  if  eighteen  shillings  a-week :  those 

an  unfavourable  season  should  come  poor  men  were  now  reduced  to 

on,  the  crop  would  fall  far  short  of  subsist  on  seven  or  eight  shillings* 

our  wants.  He  had  looked  over  do-  Could    it  then    be  said  that  it 

cuments  relating  to  the  state  of  the  mattered  not  to  men,  under  such 

harvests  for  thirty-two  years ;  and  circumstances,  whether  the  price 

he  found  that,  between  179^  <^d  of  the  quartern  loaf  was  high  or 

•  1822,  there  had  been  eleven  defec-  low,  when  it  was  clear  that  their 

tive  harvests,  during  which  a  great  situation  was  more  or  less  bad, 

importation  of  grain  became  neces-  according  as  they  could  procure 

sary.     The  question,  too,  of  plenty  more  or  less  of  food  for  their  sup- 

or  scarcity,  was  often  that  of  a  day  port  ?     What,  then,  did  his  ma- 

or  a  week :  and  it  might  happen,  jesty's  ministers    osk  ? — a  power 

that  though  in  June  our  prospects  which,  if  it  was  unpleasant  to  their 

were  the  brightest,  all  our  hopes  lordships'  to  give,  it  was  not  less 

mightfinone  day,  fall  to  the  ground,  disaffreeable     for     ministers    to 

This  had  occurred  in  June,  1816.  receive.      Why    not    place    the 

In  the  beginning  of  that  year  the  same    confidence  in   the  present 


HISTORr  OF  EUROPE.  [57 

ministers  as  in  any  other  ?  For  if  manu&cturer.  This  enactment 
ministers  did  not  enjoy  the  confi-  was  to  come  into  operation  in  the 
d^nce  of  parliament,  they  must  month  of  July  of  the  present  year  ; 
cesae  to  hold  their  offices.  Let  and  the  manufacturers  and  their 
them  therefore  not  be  tried  by  the  workmen  found,  in  the  supposed 
confidence  which  was  generally  tendency  of  jthis  enactment,  what 
reposed  in  them,  not  by  their  was  to  ibsm  a  much  more  popular 
characters,  but  by  their  own  and  feasible  explanation  of  the  de- 
interest  ;  for  ministers  must  in  the  dine  of  their  trade,  than  in  the 
end  come  to  parliament,  as  there  tracing;;  of  causes  more  universal, 
was  no  discretionary  power  for  but  which  did  not  come  so  readily 
which  they  were  not  responsible.  within  the  reach  of  vulgar  compre- 

Lord  Bathurst  opposed  the  mo-  hension.     Perhaps,  too,  in  point  of 

tion,  and  moved  as  an  amendment,  fact,  some  manufacturers  may  have 

that  their  lordships  do  now  adjourn,  actually  limited  their  operations^ 

On  a  division,  the  amendment  was  thinking  it  prudent  to  wait  till 

carried  by  a  majority  of  166  to  67>  something  should  be  known  of  the 

and  both  bills  passed  the  House  on  "  untried  state  of  being*'— -while 

the  26th  of  May.  still  more  of  them  joined  in  sa3ring 

That  depression  of  manufactures  that  it  ought  not  to  be  tried.  The 
which  universally  prevailed,  had  truth  is,  that  little  opposition  had 
been  felt  in  some  branches  more  been  made  to  the  measure  when  it 
heavily  than  in  others ;  and  it  had  pasred ;  and,  if  other  circumstances, 
naturally  acted  with  greater  effect  which  that  measure  in  no  way 
upon  the  silk  trade  than  on  those  affected,  had  not  brought  distress, 
which  were  more  exclusively  that  measure  would  never  have 
native.  The  poverty,  which  existed,  been  blamed.  Adecay  of  the  trade, 
among  the  weavers  of  Spitalfields,  however,  having  taken  place,  no- 
had  attracted  much  notice ;  large  thing  was  easier,  and  nothing  more 
sums  had  been  liberally  subscribed  consonant  to  old  opinions,  or  more 
for  theirrelief,  and  a  particular  com-  congenial  to  inveterate  prejudices, 
mittee  had  watchedover  their  distri-  than  to  ascribe  this  decay  to  the 
bution.  But  neither  the  mere  arti-  impossibility  of  meeting  a  cheaper 
sans  themselves,  nor  yet  their  better-  foreign  competitor— cheaper  by  his 
educated  masters,  were  willing  to  pajring  a  lower  price  for  the  raw 
find  the  causes  of  their  distress  and  material,  and  for  the  labour  em- 
embarrassment  merely  in  pre-ex-  ployed  in  working  it  up.  Accord- 
isting  relations,  which  affected  the  ingly  many  petitions  were  present- 
whofe  kingdom  and  all  its  interests,  ed  from  the  persons  and  districts 
In  18S24,  the  legislature  4iad  be^n  interested  in  the  silk  manufacture, 
the  application  of  what  are  caUed  praying  for  a  repeal,  or  at  least 
the  principles  of  free  trade,  by  re-  some  further  modification  of  the 
moving  the  absolute  prohibitions  provision  of  1 824,  for  a  total  pro- 
which  prevented  the  entrance  of  hibition  of  foreign  fabrics,  or  a 
foreign  silks,  and  enacting  that  higher  duty  upon  their  importation, 
they  might  lawfully  be  imported  On  the  23rd  of  February,  Mr. 
for  home  use,  upon  pa3rment  of  a  EUice,  one  of  the  members  for 
certain  duty,  which  was  thought  Coventry,  moved,  that  the  petitions, 
sufficient  for  every  purpose  of  which  had  been  presented  on  this 
prudent  protection  to  the  native  subject,  should  be  referred  to  a  se- 


88]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

ket  cammittae;  and  tlie  ntotioii  led  The  statements  made  hf  ^bom 
to  a  debate^  whkh,  by  a^oinm-  engi^ed  in  another  birandi,  iSbt 
vaiBBtp  ocmtinued  during  two  eren*  farrad  silk  manufiu!turers,  were,  it 
inga,  The  mover  disdahned  eveiy  was  argued^  if  tnie>  equally  en- 
idea  of  being  an  opponent  of  ^  elusiye ;  and  to  have  an  c^ipoita- 
lartnciplefi  of  free  tra^,  to  the  in-  nity  of  ascertaining  their  troth  or 
trodoction  of  whidi  he  himself  had  fedsdiood^  was  the  only  object  of 
lent  his  aasistanee;  but,  in  their  tiiemodon.  They  poaitively  alBtacl, 
application*  an  error  had  been  eom-<  that  €txB  additionai  expense  to  tiie 
niitted  in  begbming  at  the  wrong  mannfacturer  here*  over  that  of 
place*  The  cnrrency  ought  to  the  French  manafacturir*  was 
have  been  rectified*  steadiness  of  equal  to  frata  fifty, to  sixty  per 
prices  ouffht  to  hare  been  secured  cent.  The  protecting  doty  of 
by  a  rerisionof  the  Corn-laws*  and  thirty  per  cent*  establiuied  by  die 
the  price  of  labour  diminished  by  act  cf  1824*  coold  affiird  no  ade- 
a  reduction  of  taxation*  befiire  ven-  quate  protectaon*  That  doty  had 
turing  on  an  interference  with  any  been  fixed  prindpaliy  upon  the 
particular  manu&cture.  Even  as  evidence  of  two  Ainerican  gentle- 
the  matter  now  stood*  he  did  not  men*  given  before  the  committee 
argue  that  the  alleoEUions  of  the  of  (^eriouae  of  Lords*  to  the  effect 
petitioners  should  be  taken  for  that  French  silks  were  prodoeed 
granted ;  but  he  certainly  thought,  at  about  ^m  twenty-five  to 
that*  when  made  so  distinctly*  and  thirty  per  cent  dieapcr  than  thoR 
of  so  much  importance*  if  they  of  England.  This  was  now  evened 
were  true*  they  were  most  proper  to  be  altogether  inoortect,  and  it 
subjects  of  investigation  for  a  com-  was  only  right  to  aaoertain  whe- 
mittee.  The  throwsters*  one  essen-  ther  or  not  it  was  so.  What  ren- 
tial  department  of  the  manufac-  dered  such  inquiry  douUyneoes- 
ture*  while  they  fairly  allowed  that,  sary  was*  the  met*  that  one  great 
knowing  the  state  of  machinery  motive  in  passing  the  bill  of  1^4, 
on  the  continent*  they  feltnoappre-  had  been  the  prospect  and  the  in- 
hensions  from  competition  on  this  tention  of  encouraging  the  export 
head*  yet  firmly  asserted*  that  the  of  home-made  silk.  But  the  result 
quanti^  of  human  labour  required*  had  been  the  contrary.  At  the  Isst 
independent  of  machinery*  was  so  sale  at  the  India-house*  the  prices 
great*  and  the  price  of  that  labour*  of  Chinese  silks  were*  as  marked 
when  compared  with  its  value  in  in  the  bills*  damask  furniture  silk, 
continental  countries,  was  so  high*  from  5s>  to  6s.  6d,  per  yard*  and 
that*  under  the  protecting  duty  the  duty  on  this  article  was  frm 
only*  it  would  be  impossible  for  2*.  to  U.  6d.  per  yard*  making 
them  to  continue  the  trade :  that  the  whole  cost  to  be  from  seven  to 
their  establishments  must  be  aban-  eight  shillings.  But  no  £n^i>h 
doned*  their  ci^tai  withdrawn*  manufacturer  could  produce  the 
and  their  numerous  apprentices  be  same  article  at  double  that  price, 
aent  upon  the  mrish.  These  were  Increased  exportation,  therefow, 
allegations  deliberately  made  by  was  out  of  the  question*  and*  in 
men  who  practically  knew  their  point  offact,  none  had  taken  place; 
business ;  and  it  was  right*  in  all  the  Engli^  manufacture  could  not 
events*  that  their  truth  should  be  findjts  way  into  foreign  marke!^» 
investigated.  long  as  the  filki  of  othn  oovntnei 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [59 

■dM  It  prafiued  mott  term  so  mBchiaeiy.     Tke  namllcr  of  laoas 

■■eb  man  frnvoiBobK^  tuapteyri  at  Orantrr  n  weanag 

Tbctbd  daw  of  pnMDS  ntter-  nbbiiads  was  9,700)  but  tbe^wcN, 

Hted  ffi  this  trade  were  the  ntt  for  the  most  pact,  of  the  nr;  worst 

ifm.      The    nMiiB&ctamB  put  eeoatruc^tm.      From  mforHndoR 

farth  the  U^  diMtjn  of  die  dyers  o^eeted  on  the  mot,  witb  all  th* 

i  one  iH^ierable  obstaek  to  &  means  of  otrtain&g  t 


roleonpetitii 

ai;  and  Ae  ^en  pnt  forwHrd  the  loom  now  used  in  Fnmce  wobU 
hanj  dutiet  spon  the  ankles  med  Araw  tff,  in  »  giv«n  time,  Etre 
■  their  ocenpation  as  inevitaMy  tines  at  nsch  as  that  whii^  wa« 
tttamoBOBg  Aeae  hi^  duffges.  employed  in  En^asd;  at  le«t 
H»  oolj  did  the  ijtn  aclmew-  when  such  practical  idlegatiotM 
Ic^  tint  ihej  apprehended  tm>-  weremade,  itwasri^t  tiieyshosld 
mig  &DIH  the  machinet;  or  sUll  be  inqoited  into ;  ter,  if  true,  then 
<f  tba  fijreign  competitor,  but  this  bnmcb  of  the  ti«de  would  he 
nhatrnxSy  slated  that,  iastead  of  invdved  in  ruin,  unless  farthw 
banng  any  tfaiii|  to  leant  from,  time  were  allowed  for  the  intm- 
tWj  had  been  able  to  give  us^l  duction  of  improved  maclnnerj. 
inbiNAiuu  to,  certain  ftveign  dyers  Thou^  moch  hnowlec^  had 
who  had  lately  been  introduced,  latelybeenobtainedof theimprored 
S^  howerer,  they  maintained  macUneiy  of  Fiance,  no  attempt 
tktf  machinery  and  skill  would  be  had  been  made  to  build  a  looin 
nasoecearful,  imlen  the  native  upon  these  principles,  in  conse- 
wae  placed  on  more  nearly  the  quence  of  the  approachins  iaipmt- 
■rae  lerel  with  the  fordgn  manu-  ation  of  forogn  silks  in  July,  for 
fiKturer  in  regard  to  the  price  of  the  manufacturers  were  unwilling 
btnor,  and  the  cost  of  the  mate-  tn  expend  capital  in  improved  ma- 
rishi  employed  in  his  trade.  All  chinety,  which,  after  aU,  might  be 
the  rarioua  ashesi  dying  stuffs,  and    useless. 

nap,  were  bnrthened  with  heavy        Such,  it  was  argued,  were  the 
loties ;  and  that  on  barilla  bad,    positive  and  deliberate  allegations 
not  long  ago,  been  even  increased,    of  the  different  branches  of  the 
The  last  branch  of  the  trade,    silk  trade,  regarding  their  own  ca- 
the  narrow-trade,  or  that  which    pabilities,  and  the  consequences  of 
(ODsisted   in   the  manufacture  of    foreign  competition,  under  a  pro* 
ribbands,  was  in  a  diflerent  situa-    testing  duty  of  thirty  per  cent, 
tion  from  the  former,  and  stood    If,  upon  investigation,  they  turned 
ttill   more  in  need  of  additional    out  to  be  true,  the  House  ought 
prMection.      The  throwsters,  the    to  pause ;    and,  assuredly,   what 
had  taken  place  during  the  t^o 
years,  since  1SS4,  allowed  to  pre- 
pare for  the  change,  did  not  justify 
precipitation.     In  1825,  said  Mr. 
John  WiUiams,  who  seconded  the 
motion,  30,000  people  were  em- 
ployed in   the  trade  in   Maccles- 
field ;  within  half  a  year,  SJSl  of 
them  have  lost  their  occupation, 
and  1,600  fnmilieB  ore  supported 


60]       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

by  voluntary  contributions.  In  prohibition,  were  preferable.  It 
1825,  tbe  broad-silk  manufacturers  was  admitted  on  all  bands,  that 
bad  at  work  10^688  looms  in  the  silk  was  an  article  easily  smugged ; 
same  place;  now  they  had  only  and  whoever  would  take  the 
4,111.  Neither,  it  was  further  trouble  to  inquire  at  the  Admi- 
urged  by  Mr.  A.  Baring,  could  ralty,  would  soon  learn,  if  he  was 
the  inquiry,  and  possible  retarda-  still  ignorant  of  the  fact,  that  the 
tion  of  the  measure  of  1824,  which  '  coast-guard  and  the  custom-house 
were  called  for,  be  regarded  as  could  not  prevent  it  from  being 
hostile  to  the  principles  on  which  smuggled,  to  any  extent.  There 
we  had  begun  .to  remove  commer-  couldT  moreover,  be  only  one 
cial  restrictions,  and  prohibitory  opinion,  that,  not  only  would  the 
duties.  All  that  he  contended  for  raising  of  the  duty  not  diminish 
was,  that  the  principle  of  free  trade  smuggling,  but  that,  with  the 
ought  not  to  exclude  any  adapta-  augmentation  of  the  duty,  smug- 
tion,  which,  under  particular  cir-  glmg  would  increase.  The  ques- 
cumstances  of  particular  articles,  tion  then  narrowed  itself  to  this, 
it  might  be  necessary  to  have  re-  in  what  degree  is  smuggling  pre- 
course  to.  There  could  be  no  rule  vented  by  a  protecting  duty,  and 
without  exceptions :  exceptions,  in-  in  what  degree  by  an  absolute  pro- 
deed,  ought  never  to  be  multi-  hibition?  Now,  a  prohibition  h 
plied ;  but  the  country  was  full  of  just  the  highest  conceivable  duty, 
them,  and  one  of  the  most  important  and,  therefore,  presents  the  incite- 
was,  the  greatly  higher  price  of  ments  to  smuggling  in  their  great- 
food  amongst  ourselves  than  on  est  degree  of  influence.  Nay,  it 
the  continent.  It  was  possible  for  offers  to  the  purchaser  a  motive 
the  greatest  men  to  commit  great  which  would  not  otherwise  act 
mistakes  in  arguments  of  this  upon  him.  Many  a  man  would 
kind.  Though  there  might  be  not  seek  to  evade  a  duty  himself, 
less  of  what  was  striking,  there  or  give  encouragement  to  those 
was  much  more  of  merit  in  at-  who  wish  to  do  so,  and  yet  would 
tempting  to  reconcile  the  claims  of  not  scruple  to  obtain,  and  to  use, 
long-existing  inconveniencies  with  articles,  the  use  of  which  was  en- 
the  demands  of  liberal  opinions,  tirely  prohibited  to  him.  The 
than  in  boldly,  under  all  circum-  quantity  of  smuggled  goods  seised 
stances,  sacnflcins  the  former,  does  not  amount,  one  year  with 
however  much-  £ey  might  be  another,''  to  5,000^,  and  who  will 
entitled  to  public  favour ;  and  the  pretend  that  that  is  the  value  of 
most  brilliant  theories  of^en  proved  all  the  foreign  silks  consumed 
injurious  in  their  application,  annually  in  the  kingdom?  The 
in  consequence  of  not  being  suf-  East  India  Company  sells  annually 
Hdently  chastened  by  practical  from  eight  hundred  thousand  to  a 
experience.  million  of  Bandana  handkerchiefs. 
The  motion  was  opposed  by  Mr.  What  becomes  of  that  quantity  ? 
Huskisson,  Mr.  Canning,  and  Mr.  Every  one  knows  that  they  are 
C.  Grant.  The  question,  it  was  shipped  off*  to  Antwerp,  Rotter- 
observed,  under  whatever  variety  dam,  Guernsey,  and  other  places, 
of  aspect  it  might  be  discussed,  and  are  then  smuggled  back  to  be 
always  returned  to  this,  whether  sold  in  this  country;  and  assuredly, 
a  protecting  duty,  or  an  absolute  in  this  country,  there  is  no  scamty 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[61 


of  tHem.     Tbe  prohibition,  there- 
fore,  so  fiir  from  protecting  the 
manufacture,  necessarily  subjects  it 
to  a  most  firaudulent  competition. 
Since,  then,  competition  did  exist, 
and  absolute  prohibition  did  not 
exclude  foreign  manufactures,  the 
question  was  simply  as  to  the  nature 
of  the  competition  which  ought  to 
be  adopted,  whether  a  competition 
conducted  fairly,  honourably,  and 
profitably,  under  the  protection  of 
ffovemment,    or    one    conducted 
miudulently  at    the    expense    of 
every  principle  of  honesty,  under- 
mining the  whole  system  of  our 
manufacturing  interests,  and  the 
more  dangerous    because   it  was 
unseen,  and  opposed  the  chicanery 
and  deception  of  smuggling  to  the 
open  emulation  of  honourable  in- 
dustry.     The  practical  effect  of 
smuggling,  as  a  mode  of  compe-* 
titidn  haa  been  proved  before  a 
committee  of  the  House,  appointed 
in  consequence  of  the  low  state  of 
the  silk  trade  in  18l6.     On  that 
occadon,   not  only  did  a  public 
meeting  of  merchants  and  manu- 
facturers connected  with  the  trade 
avow  that  the  vacant  looms  had 
been  thrown  out  of  employment 
by  smuggling,    but  likewise  the 
interested  parties  examined  before 
the  committee  distinctly  stated  the 
same  opinion.     One  extensive  ma- 
nufacturer said,  that  he  was  not 
then  paying  above  five  pounds  a 
week  to  workmen,  instead  of  four 
or  five  thousand,  as  he  had  done 
for  many  years  before.     The  de- 
pression   he    attributed    to    two 
causes,  the  heavy  duty  on  the  raw 
material,    and  the  prevalence  of 
smuggling.     The  duty  on  the  raw 
material  was  now  greatly  reduced ; 
but,  unless  a  protection  were  to  be 
substituted    for    prohibition,    the 
competition  of  smuggling  would 
Still  remauit 


While  it  was  admitted  that  the 
silk  trade  was,  at  present,  heavily 
depressed,  it  was  answered  that 
nothing  could  be  more  illo^cal  or 
unjust  than  to  ascribe  that  depres- 
sion to  the  measure  of  1%24,  which, 
in  so  far  as  it  removed  prohibition, 
had  not  yet  even  come  into  opera- 
tion :  why  should  a  particular  cause 
be  sought  for  to  explain,  in  the 
silk  trade,  a  stagnation  which 
equally  existed  in  every  other 
branch  of  industry,  in  branches 
which  hod  not  yet  been  touched 
by  the  new  principles  of  commer- 
cial policy,  cotton,  for  instance, 
timber,  tallow,  and  Irish  provisions. 
The  truth  was  that,  in  the  silk 
manufactures,  as  in  other  trades, 
the  evil  had  arisen  from  unadvised 
over-trading.  The  bill,  containing 
the  provision  now  complained  o^ 
had  passed  in  the  sprinj?  of  1824, 
and,  during  the  whole  of  that  year, 
the  trade  had  been  carried  on  with 
unparalleled  success.  In  1825, 
there  was  a  degree  of  excitement, 
and  an  extent  of  speculation, 
greater  than  had  ever  been  known 
before ;  for  it  was  then  that  so 
many  new  mills  were  erected,  and 
so  many  new  looms  set  to  work. 
The  manufacturers  built,  imported, 
and  speculated,  to  an  extent  which 
had  never  been  equalled  in  the 
most  fiourishing  state  of  this,  or 
of  any  other  manufacture.  In 
1825,  the  importation  of  silk  had 
increased  50  per  cent,  of  cotton 
38  per  cent,  and  of  tallow  80  per 
cent  This  excessive  excitement 
led  to  a  complete,  glut  of  these 
articles;  the  consequences  to  the 
dealers  were,  a  depression  of  prices, 
and  unavoidable  difficulties;  and 
why  should  silk  be  governed  by 
different  principles,  in  this  respect, 
from  cotton  or  tallow?  In  the 
year  ending  5th  January,  1825, 
the    importation     of    raw    silk 


62]       ANNUAL   REGISTEE,    1826. 

oaoBiiteA  to  S^  S5fi00  Vbs^  and^  fiotums^  jot  llieoretieBl  wsurmanmB, 

«Unrmg  thedfelkiwing'toee  cpiasCexB  they  iod  waded  tfamnieives  of  we 

of  !^t^y9sr,  eiadmg  on  10th  Co-  best  attaind^  evidenoe   cm    the 

^oher^  to  no  less  tlun  S^4dl>lS3tN(is^  sobfact.    Fonaga  jnerchnmls,  iwho 

beix^  more  dian  the  THipurtation  had  i)ol3i  gmieto  France,  and  oome 

4tf -the  wfadk  precedsDjT  jeaac.    The  to  thos  cotmtry  to  purchase  moodm, 

inmitftatian  again>   &r  the  year  and  who,  of  conne,  were  oiu^r  xu- 

endxDg  5th  January,   1824,  >had  teiested  to  procme  litem  fio  tte 

heen  onfy  S^2,lfi4JUbB.     Nc^,  so  best    terms,    declared,    that    ike 

fiir  was  tfiis  jE^drit  carried,  that,  in  difi^raioe  of  prioe  between  gooda 

Febftiary^  1^5,  there  iqppeared  in  of  «qaal  q[uali^,  bou^it  in  Fxsaee 

a  Macdesfiold  new^Hper,  an  ad-  and  England,  was  not  more  tiian 

-warfeisementtotheii^winge&ot:  30,  or  25  per  cent.    Others  bad 

"  To  the  overseen  of  the  poor,  stated  that  the  difllerenee  did  mt 

«nd  to  BEuniHes  desirous  of  settling  eanteed  SOpsr  eent,  and,  in.metiidBs 

in  Maedesfield.    Wanted  between  of  silk  bosiery,  d»y  vrould  give 

4^060  and  5,000  peisons,  between  the  preference  to  the  £n^]di  ma- 

ihe  i^;bb  of  seiiGen  and  twenty^^ne  nu&cture   both    in    quanty    and 

years/'     Thus  the  manufacturers  cJuapness.     On  iAtat  'OaauBiaiiy  ^k 

themsehves  held  out  the  assurance  nnnmaotuiBzsrdiemBeiyos  bafl  «x- 

of  the  trade  bei^  about  to  become  psessed  their  comrictism,  that,  with 

so  proiq^etouB,  as  to  simest  a  -^  proper  guards,  they  could  compstB 

iKunable  qoportumty  kit  famHiss  successfully  against  the  .eonlingiit ; 

to  settle,  iQid  iat  the  overseers  of  and  -those  giucrds  they  explained 

die  poor  to  put  out  parish  ap-  to  be,  a  reducdon  of  the  duty  mt 

pxenlices.     After  such  effiirts  to  theniw  material,  and. a  porotacting 

induce  lo  many  young  persons  to  duty  dE  15  per  cent.    The  farmer 

flodc   into    Macdesfidd,    was    it  measure  had  been  adoiUsed;  and  ^ 

wonderful  that  it  should  have  been  regard  tz)  the  latter,  ^e  protoeiiiig 

soon  found  out  that  all  this  was  duty  had  heen  fixed,  not  at  15  per 

extravagant,  and  most  imprudent  cent,  but  at  80  per  cent.     The  imu- 

qpeeulation,  which  speedily  led  to  nufacturecs  had  gotten  more  tiam 

its  usual  consequences  ?  or  that  the  tiiey  asked,  and  no  damour  oould 

siUc  manufiftotuxe  should  not  have  be  more  unjust  or  coiitnidictoiy 

been  -found  to  be  an  exception  to  than  that  wmch  was  now  raiitd. 

the  re<4iction  and  difficulty  which  In  reonxd  to  the  aUeged  in^ 

had  been  £elt  so  severely  by  every  liorily  m  Enj^and  to  Fiaott,  in 

other  branch  of*  trade.  some  parts  of  the  requuite  ma- 

'  it- was. true  that  the  bill  of  1624  dnnery,    the  fact,  if  it  existed, 

proceeded  upon  the  idea  that  a  was  a  new  proof  of  the  neeessity 

duty  of  30  per  cent  on  foreign  silks  of  never  returning  to  the  sjrstem 

would  afibrid  sufficient  protection  of  entire  prohibition.    Prom  what 

to  the  home  manufBcturer ;  and  it  cause  could  that  inferiority  aoae 

was  likewise  true  that  this  idea  in  a  country  like  this,  in  fi^ikh 

was  correct.     The  committee   of  every  other  branch  of  madiiiitfy 

the  House  of  Lords  had  not  pro-*  had  been  carried  to  the  hi^best 

ceeded  without  the  most  cautious  perfection?     It  oould<ioiily  be  Bt^ 

investigation.;    instead  of   acting  counted  for  by  that  system  of  pio^ 

predpitaiely,    or   founding    their  hihttian^  whidi,Sif  itdid  not 

nmnuoendationson^pca^oopiceived  vent^  certainly  did  noti 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [te 

the  tpi^aiCioii  of  leanmte  «im!  in-  It  wosld  be  a»  sd  of  injnstkse  to 

genuity  to  tins  branch  of  mdustrf .  the  nik-weaven  and  tkeii  nspkigi^ 

Why  did  the  sift  trade  not  enfoy  en  to  excite  in  them   falkcious 

the  some  adrantages  of  maehxneiy  hope»  by  seenmg  to  yield  to  their 

atfthecotton-mamifactim?  becs»»e  exp€Retation< ;  and,  as  the  Howe 

the  trade  was  not  open.     Hence  evidently  neither  withed  nor  in^ 

had  arisen  the  hmg  unnnprored  tended,  that   goranmcBt  ahoM 

eonthraance  of  the  old  c^ecthre  abamdon  the  more  liberd  princi* 

ioon»  tfhich  were  Tfsed  in  Coven-  plea  whseh  had  now  been  adopted  as 

try.    Bnt  even  already,  and^  a&  the  basis  of  ihecomaereialpohcyof 

tlMt  had  been  said  of  the  faopelesB*  the  country,  the  wiser  and  mam 

nos  oi  endeavouring  to  meet  con-  hunane  comw   wai^  by  puttiag 

tinental  competition,  this  m&ehief  a  negative  on  the  motioa,  to  dsoe 

was  d^appearing,    and  only  the  the  msensfion  for  ever.* 

neeesrity  &i  proper  exertion  wooH    — — • 

ever  make  it  disappear.     Already  „•  ,^  ^  «<»««*  i^^^^^  ^ 

«««»^«  1.  ■  jL^  i,«A  ikL».          -^  ^  Huskiwon  mentioned  the  following  cip- 

pow^riomns  naa  been  «recte<t  m  eunistance,  as  illustrative  of  the  ground- 

Manchester,  eac«  of  which,  vwth  jess  jeatensies  eotertaiticd  of  ibfelgit 

tike  attendance  of  one  woman  at  ■MManfiKtuves.  '<A  Frencli  manofligtonpv 


14*.  a  week,  prodnced  108  yards  ^  ^trntm  tf  d«  P<»^et,««e  efer 

weekly.     Thii  made  the  cost  of  to  BngUnd.  «f^l;f*^"wlooa^^^  i«d 

^^  _      ^       ^    ^  _^  •_  commenced   business.     Forthwitn  tne 

tuer  maaoTacmre  not  m(»e  tfcan  British  mairafacturers  openly  statecf, 

9fd.  a  yard,  while  the  cost  of  tJm  tfmt  tkis  estabtisbaMiit  was  nimmg  hu^ 

same  species  of  artide  in  France  a  «>ver  ftw  Mnagglteg  lireigB  csods 

was  7d.  a  yard.  «*>  ^  ••"»«'Tf •    My  tight  hoo,  £Hend 

Tli«»fM»  1%1'rw*  *twi»««l^».a.  «*v»o«i«^  i^^'  Gtant)  on  being  appried  to,  sent 

i  nere  beii^  thcr^ore,  noreason  f^^  ^^  parties,  and  put  them  upon  their 

m  prhiapfe  or  in  feet,  why  the  trial.    He  heard  the  charges  advanced 

HoQse  ^ould  retrace  its  steps  and  by  the  British  manu&cturers,  and  tken 

return    to    the  former  system  of  he  had  the  opposHe  party  called  in. 

universal    prohibition,     still    less  ^°^J^*^  t^!?  *f.!Sl'^J2!iS^ 

;t»  ,^1.       1.1.  'jiv—  ^y  "^   J^Piy  to   those   charges — that 

couM  any  good  be  obtained    by  foreigner,  who  had  come  over  to  thiy 

farther  dday,  which  was  confess-  country,  where  he  had  embarked  and 

edly  the  onfy  object  of  the  motion,  risked  a  large  capital,  from  the  know* 

Two   years   h^  origin^y  been  'edge  that  ^^f ^J^^fjJ^^.****^ 

ri i  J    ^»      *fs,**«^j  ^^^  certain  to  be  encoumged?    His 

allowed;    and   the   experwnce   of  hnmediatc  reply  was,  ^*send  fer   my 

these  two  years  shewed  sufficiently  books,  you  shall  see  them,  and  they 

what    mi^t   be   eacpected    from  shall  be  delivered  to  you  for  ezamlna- 

ferther      procrastination.       They  tion/'     Hfs   hooks  were  acccwdingly 

»».«»  K^«.  \M^«^<»r<ji    -m^  i^   ,««J  brought,   and   his   whole  transactions 

had  been   employed,  not  m   pc-  ^eremhlutelylookedinto.Theoftcewof 

paration,    the  purpose  lor  wtacft  ^1,3  revenue  by  this  means  ascertamed 

they    were    granted,   but  in  im-  the  persons  employed   Inr  him;  they 

provident  speculation.    Much  time  went  to  the  houses  in  which  his  men 

was  yet  to  come,  which,  if  properly  ^^^  /«  ^^!^»  '^tJ^^/'TtJ^T. 

^ f       ,        »^i.  V      ' V^tjr  /  •*»an  ">r  man,     employed   exactly  as 

employed,  might  be  conwted  to  ^j,     j^^^,  ^^^  described  in  his  books, 

the  best  purposes  ;  while,  if  further  and  upon  the  very  pieces  of  silk  that 

time  were  granted,  the  same  argu-  were  there  set  down.    Bat  the  inquiry, 

ments  would  be  again  used,  and  a  ™  o^f^er  to  sathrfy  ^^^t*^,**  J™^- 

a;«UT.^o4.«.»^«««>««r..7UT^«.««:^T»«;u  factnrers,  was  prosecuted  still  arther^ 

sranlarattemptwouHbeagainnK^  ^^^^^  nUnufarturers  themselves  were 

to  postpone  the  execution  01  the  called  upon  ta  select  from  amontf  them 

measvre tOftstiHmot^&tant  dnyv  thosepertons  who  had  moM  sim)  m^ 


64]       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

The  motion  was  n^adved  by  a    latter  wereburthened  with  a  higher 

majority  of  222  to  40.  duty.    For^  said  they,    in  conse- 

The  ship  ovniers,   and  others  quence  of  the  greater  price  of  all 

connected  with  the  shipping  inter-  the  labour  and  materials  used,  the 

ests,  who  believed  themsdves  to  rate   of   ship-building   is    nearly 

be  afiected  by  the  late  alterations  double  of  what  it  is  in  most  foreign 

in  the  navigation  laws,  complained,  countries ;  the  cost  of  navigation, 

equally  with  the  silk-manufactu-  when  the  ship  has  been  built,  is 

xers,  df  the  mischievous  consequen-  much  higher,  because  the  wages  of 

ces    of  innovation.     They    com-  seamen,  and  the  price  of  the  stores 

plained  particularly  of  the  system  &nd  victuals  for   the  seamen,  are 

which  had  been  adopted  of  lemov-  much  higher  here  than  they  are 

ing  discriminating  duties,  and  al-  abroad.     Without  a  countervailing 

lowing  articles  of  merchandize  to  duty,   therefore,  laid  upon   their 

be    imported   in  'foreign   vessels,  foreign  rivals,  they  were  not  put 

under  the   same    burthens  as  if  on  a  fair  groimd  of  competition 

they     had     been     imported     in  against  these  rivals.     In  suf^xnt  of 

British  bottoms,  on  condition  of  these   views    they  asserted,  that, 

reciprocity  in  regard  to  ourselves,  during  the  last  four   years,  the 

They  contended  m  numerous  pe-  tonnage  of  the  foreign  shipping 

titions  to  parliament,  that  such  a  entering  our  ports    had  trebled, 

reciprocal  removal  of  disoiminat-  while  our  own  trade  was  declining: 

ing  duties  was  ruinous  to  British  that  the  foreign  tonnage  entering 

shipping;  because  the  Britidi  and  the  port  of  London,  during  the 

the  foreign  owner  could  never  be  last   three    years,    had    doubled ; 

put  upon  an  equality,  unless  the  that,  at  this  moment,  nine-tenths 

— of  the  shipping  coining  into  the 

judgment  as  to  the  difference  between  port  of  Liverpool  were  American  ; 

foreign  »nd  home  manu&ctured  silk,  and    that,    unless,  itherdfore,    it 

and  the  mdividuals  so  selected,  were  _  .   /     »**"«»^  |m»w«u4^,     ** 

directed  to  go  and  look  over  the  hun-  ^^    mtended     that    our    navy 

dreds  of  pieces  of  silk  in  the  warehouse  should  dwindle  into  insignificance, 

of  the  foreign  manu&cturer,  and  to  it    was  necessary  to  lighten  the 

take  from  amon^f  those  hundreds,  all  burthens  of  the    ship^iff  inter- 

the  pieces  of  which  they  had  no  doubt  «-♦   «« j  ^^  1.1    u  s,'  ^^       •*!. 

as  to  their  being  manufactured  abrcUd,  ^*'  ^^  enable  it  to  compete  with 

80  as  to  establish  beyond  all  question,  *"®  shipping  interest  of  foreign 

the  gnilt  or  the  innocence  of  the  iudi-  countries. 

vidual  aonised.    This  was  accordingly        The  petitioners  and  their  adhe- 

done,  and  a  report  was  made,  that  the*  rentg  in  DarliAminif  rmt^tAA  tYiAne 

persons  appointed  had  selected  thirty-  T^-     pariwment,  repeated  these 

seven  pieces  of  silk  out  of  the  many  ^"^ctrmes  and  asserUons  on  every 

hundreds  examined  by  them,  of  which  opportunity ;    but,  owing  perhaps 

they  had  made  seizure  as  contraband  to  the  decided  approbation  which 

goods.    What  was  then  done  by  the  the  House  of  Commons  had  given 

foreign   manu&cturer?      He   brought  «.«  *i,«       •     •  i         *""o  "«*  »*  **• 

from  Manchester,  and  from  Spitalficfds,  ^  *^®  principles  of   the  govero- 

the  very  men  who  had  made  every  one  ^®^t  on  the  debate  concerning  the 

of  those  thirty-seven  pieces ;  and  it  was  silk  trade,  no  attempt  was  made  to 

proved  upon  oath,  to  the  enUre  confii-  bring   them    formally  under    the 

l^^'S^e^SS^t^etUrilSIS!  -Pti-ofthelegislatu^^  MnHus- 

Chester  or  Spitalfields.     The  conse-  ^^*^n*  however,  to  whose  d^»rt- 

quence  was,  a  bill  and  complete  acquittal  xuent,  as  President  of  the  Board  of 

Vf  the  foreigner.  Trade,  the  subject  belonged,  did 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [65 

not  tliink  it  wine  or  becoming  to  ships  entered  was  21,9^6,  the  ton- 
allow  the  session  to  terminate,  and  nage  2,786>844.     The  number  of 
parlijtment  to  be  dissolved,  without  foreign  ships,  in  the  same  period, 
shewing  how  groundless  these  re*  incr^sed  to  5,661  ,the  tonnage  being 
presentations    were,    and   stating  68,192.    And  it  was  to  be  recol- 
what  had  been    the  real   conse-  lected,  that  in  this  year  there  was 
quences  of  such  changes  as  had  an  unusual  demand  for  shipping, 
hitherto  been  ventured  upon.  Onthe  both  British  and  foreign,  in  con- 
12th  of  May,  he  moved  for  **  re«  sequence  of  the  unprec^lented  ex- 
turns  of  ships  built  in  the  British  tent  of  speculation  in  almost  every 
dominions,  between  181 4  and  1825,  branch  of  commerce.     Therefore, 
both  inclusive^  distinguishing  the  on  looking  to  these  returns,  it  was 
number  in    each   year,    and   the  dear  that  the  amount  of  British 
amount  of  their  tonnage."     The  shipping   had   increased   in  a  far 
motion  was  introduced  by  a  very  greater  proportion  than  that  of  all 
elaborate,    detailed,   and  masterly  other  countries  put  together.  This 
speech,  di8pla3ring  a  most  accurate  being  the  case,  we  were  not  cer- 
Imowledge  of  every  part  of  his  tainly  in  such  a  situation  as  was 
subiect,  and  great  power  of  stating  calcidated  to  excite  alarm  with  re- 
it  luminously  to  others.     Having  spect  to  the  compiarative  growth  of 
developed  the  general  principles  on  British     and     toraga     shipping, 
which  the  naviffatioa  laws  were  ori-  Even  if  the  latter  had  somewhat 
ginally  founded,  the  different  ob-  increased  last  year,  it  would  form 
jects  to  which  diese  principles  had  no  ground  of    alsjrm,    because  it 
been  applied,  the  modifications,  if  might  fairly  be  attributed  to  the 
any,  which,  down  to  the  present  time  very  extraordinary  cause  that  was 
had  been  made  upon  these  objects,  then  at  work,  and  the  unusual  de- 
and  the  causes,  arising  from  poli-  mand  for  shipping,   produced   by 
tical    and     commercial     changes,  the  spirit  of  overtrading  and  spe- 
which  had  rendered  such  changes  culation    which    prevailed.     The 
advisable  or  necessary,  he  stated,  alarm  felt  upon  this  subject  was 
that  all  the  allegations  of  mischief  grounded,  in  part,  upon  the  state 
having  ensued,  and  of  an  undue  pre-  of  our  commerce  from  the  Baltic, 
ference  having  beengiventoforeign  and  the  number  of  Prussian  ships 
over  British  shippmg,   in  conse-  which  entered  our  ports,  as  cqm- 
quence  of  the  late  alterations  on  the  pared  with  British.     Now  in  1 824, 
navigation  laws,  were  contradicted  the  number  of  British  ships  which 
by  the  actual  results.  The  complaint  entered  from  the  Baltic  was  440, 
was,  that,  in  consequence  of  these  and,  in  1825,  942.     The  number 
changes,  a  decrease  had  taken  place  of   Prussian  ships  which  entered 
in  Uie  emplc^rment  of  British  ship-  were,  in  1824,  682,  and  in  1825, 
ping.     Now,  in  December,  1824,  827.    The   number   of   Prussian 
the  number  of  British  ships  which  ships,  therefore,  increased  only  by 
entered  our  harbours  was  19464,  a  fourth,   while   that   of  Briti^ 
and  the  tonnage  2,364,000.     The  ships    was    more    than    doubled, 
number  of  foreign  ships  which  en-  Such  was  the  comparative  state  of 
tered,  during  the  same  period,  was  the  shipping  of  both  countries  in 
5,280,  the  tonnage  being  66,940.  the  last  year ;  and,  as  Prussia  seem- 
Jn  IS25  the  number  <^  British  edto  be  the  main  object  of  jealousy^ 
.  VoInLXYJIL  [F] 


6$]       ANNUAL   RJEGISTER,    1826, 


when  thors  exintad  90  Utib  gemvA 
for  it  with  respect  tp  tb»t  nsktitm, 
we  might  diamiw  our  apprd)fil)«ioo9 
upon  m»  p^ot.  Tbi^  WM  90 
moda  bj  wbich  the  change  whick 
hfd  takea  idaee  in  the  two  with 
the  Bdltic.  npuldbe  more  securately 
a9oertAi9ed  than  hy  compwng  tbo 
number  of  ell  yeead*  wblcb^  in  twp 
different  pfioriods  of  ten  jea»>  he4 
pened  the  Sound,  He  was  ftir- 
niihed  with  the  meant  of  maldng 
nidi  a  compaiifton  betwe^  the 
pfriod  which  elapaed  from  1783  to 
l793,andfrom  18l6  to  1826.  From 
gucb  a  compfiriBonit  iq^peared^  that, 
in  the  last  year,  the  number  of 
ftitiah  ab^  whidi  passed  the 
Sound  was  grater  than  in  any 
prerious  year  since  1788.  In  1 821 
the  total  number  of  British  ships 
whicb  passed  the  Sound  wa8^>8lO; 
the  numb^  of  ships  heloiu^g  to 
all  other  nations,  9.177 :  in  188ii 
British  ships,  8,00Q ;  c^  all  other 
nations,  «,00Q.  In  1 828  the  com- 
paratiye  number  was  about  the 
same  as  in  1822.  In  1825  the 
number  of  British  ships  was  £1^186 ; 
of  all  other  nations,  18,0(X).  So 
that  last  year  we  had  more  than 
a  third  of  the  whol^  of  the  navi- 
ffation  through  the  Sound.  These 
tacts  were  sufficient,  orou^t  to 
be  sufficient,  to  quiet  all  the  appro** 
hensions  which  had  been  exdted, 
and  silence  all  the  clamours  which 
had  been  raised ;  but  it  was  doubly 
pleasant  to  know  that  these  were 
the  results  of  our  measures,  wh^ 
the  latter  were  measures  which  we 
eould  not  have  any  longer  avoided. 
The  system  of  discriminating  duties 
epuld  not  have  been  longer  main- 
tained under  the  changm  circum^ 
stances  of  foreign  powers.  After 
the  American  war,  great  attention 
had  been  drawn  to  the  subject,  in 
consequence  of  the  rapid  growth  cf 
the  United  States ;  for,  wheii  dipse 


states  came  to  retaliate  n]^  the 
discriminating  duties  of  this  eoim* 
try,  by  the  adoption  of  a  rimilar 
system,  the  duty  could  no  longer 
be  kept  up,  so  &r  as  Amepe%  was 
cpBC^ned,  without  leading  to  dia« 
astrous  consequences.    It  bfiBAine 
indispensable,  tber^re,  to  tmlia- 
into  some  arrangement  upon  the 
subject  with  the  American  govent- 
ment.     That  having  bemi  done, 
and  pther  natiims  demanding  Aat 
the  same  imiciple  diould  be  ex^ 
tended  to  th^n,  it  was  impnmUe 
f(nr  us  to  embark  in  a  contest  upoo 
the  sul^ect  without  being,  in  die 
end,  thegreat^tsuflrerem*    Uwns 
much  more  adrisable,  under  the 
oircumstanoes,  to  mdce  ampge^ 
mentsin  time*    Wh^;her  the  M 
system  was  a  good  or  a  bad  one, 
government  was  no  longer  at  li- 
berty to  make  a  choice ;  ior«  wlmt 
was  th^  situation,  ^dtb  respect  to 
other  countries,  at  the  time  this 
cbangei^system  wasreoommended  ? 
In  1822  the  king  of  Prussia  ieaual 
an  ordinance,  establishing  in  his 
d<munions  the  same  duties  whici 
eipsted  in  our  own,  with  a  viev 
of  indueing  other  countries,  mad 
particularly  Great  Britain,  to  ac^ 
upon  more  Uberal  princ^    rf 
cgmmerce,  and  to  rater  into  «r^ 
rangements  for  thai  purpose*  This 
f^rder    aj^ed    equidly    to   sib^ 
nominir  in  ballast,  and  to  such  as 
had  caiigoes  on  boasd.    The  oon** 
sequence  was,  that,  in  1623,  go- 
vernment was  assailed  with  nm* 
morials  from  all  quartern,  stating, 
that  it  was  impossible  any  longer 
to  cany  on  the  trade  with  Prussia, 
owing  to  her  heavy  port  charges. 
A  communi^atiQn  in  eonseciuoaee 
was  made  to  the  Prussian  mmi^er 
hcne;   but   with  what   diow   c^ 
reason  or  justice  could  we  oom^bin 
of  this,  we  who  had  set  the  ex- 
ample ?    The  natural  answer  was, 


HISTORY  OF  EUBOPE.  [«? 

dutt  Prussia  bad  nothing  ebe  in  The  only  diang*  madu  up9B  ik$ 

yUm,  but  to  induce  us  to  ro*con«  Navigatioiwlawsamangtbf^^^ssion 

stdar  our  own  system.    In  ludi  a  Vfu   veneered  n^eessary   by  tba 

situation  of  afiairs,  if  we  bad  pm-  oowmorpial   traalii^    wbidi   bad 


bai^ed^in  a  contest  oi  probibitoxy    been  conchi4^  be^fisn  this  fS0M9* 
duties,  all  eonun«»i^  intereouiae    try  and  Cc^omUay  and  tbo  Upit^ 
would  have  ceased  between  the    Provinecs  of  tbp  Bio  d^  la  Plata, 
two  nations,  except  that  carried  on  When  tbaw  states  emergod  froii» 
in  their  own  ships.     Such  being  the  condition  ofofdonies  into  that  of 
the  state  of  things,  a  discussion  independent  ropublici,  tb^  wore 
was  entered  Jn^Q  mtb  the  Prussian  in   pnaspqiinn    of  no  lymynflypiyi 
government,  and  the  question  was  marine  of  their  own.      In   their 
put,  will  you  withdraw  all  dis-  state  of  colonial  dependency  on 
criminating  duties,  if  we  do  the  the   mother  countries,   they   had 
same }     The  answer  having  been  possessed    no    trade,    and   conse- 
in  the  affirmative,  an  arrangement  quently  no  ships.    But  the  British 
was  entered  into  upon  that  basis.  Navigation-laws,  even  as  they  at 
Similar  arrangements  were  made  present    stood,    imposed    burdens 
with  Denmark,  Sweden,  Norway,  upon  the  importation  of  foreign 
and  the  Hanseatic  cities  of  Ham-  produce,  if  not  imported  in  vessels 
burgh,  Bremen,  and  Lubeck.     It  belonging  to  the  country  of  which 
would  have  been  unworthy  of  this  the  cargo  was  the  produce,  which 
country,  if,  while  extencUng  this  were  not  imposed  upon  national 
principle  to  America,  and  some  of  vessels  brinsiag  a  national  cargo, 
the  powerful  states  of  Europe,  it  As  Colombia,  however,  and  the 
had  been  refused  to  those  little  states  of  the  Plata,  possessed  no 
republics    which,    in    the  feudal  national  ships,  it  was  deemed  right 
times,  were  the  means  of  preserv-  to  aUow  them  a  fair  and  reason- 
ing the  seeds  of  liberty  and  free  able  time  to  procure  ships,  before 
trade.     Small  these  states  might  they  should  be  placed  on  the  same 
be ;  but  they  were  not  unimportant,  footing  with  long-established  coun- 
and  it  was  our  duty  to  treat  them  tries :  otherwise  the  treaties,  so  far 
with  equal  generosity  and  justice  as  regarded  the  permission  to  im- 
aa  the  greatest.     Perhaps  if  Dant-  port  their  produce  into  this  coun- 
zic  had  still  formed  a  component  try,  would  be  uueatory.    It  would 
part  of  that  combination  of  free  have  been  unfair,   on    the    first 
cities,  instead  of   having   passed  establishment  of  .commercial  ro- 
under the  dominion  of   Prussia,  lations  with  them,  to  compel  them 
there   might  not   have   been   so  to  employ  only  their  own  shipping, 
much  danger  in  Prussia  insisting  when,  in  fact,  they  had  none.     It 
upon  a  principle,  the  tendency  of  had  therefore  heca  stipulated  in 
which   was  to   exclude    us  from  the  treaties,  that  vessels,  where- 
commercial  intercourse  with  her  soever  built,  being  the  property  of 
ports,  because  that  commerce  might  any  of  the  citizens  of  either  re« 
have    been    carried    on    through  public,  should  be    considered  as 
Dantzic.  national  vessels  of  that  republic. 
The  motion  was  agreed  to ;  sir  the  master,  and  three  fourths  of 
M.   Ridley  expressing   his  hope,  the  mariners  of  the  vessel,  being 
that  the  subject  would  receive  a  always  citizens  of  such  republic, 
full  investigation  m  the  next  par*  A   bill    to  give  effect  to  theso 
liament,  [F  2] 


68]       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


Stipulations  was  brought  in  by 
Mr.  Huskisson,  and  was  passed 
without  any  opposition,  except 
what  was  founded  on  opposition 
to  the  general  principles  of  com- 
mercial poHcy,  of  which  parliament 
had  so  repeatedly  and  deliberately, 
approved.  The  duration  of  the 
pnvil^e  was  limited  by  the  sta- 
tute, to  seven  years  from  the  date 
of  the  respective  treaties;  and,  as 


treaties  t)f  a  like  nature  might  be 
concluded  by  his  majesty  with 
other  states  of  South  America,  not 
yet  possessed  of  any  national  mer- 
cantile marine,  the  same  provision 
was  extended,  in  the  same  terms, 
to  states  with  which  such  treaties 
might  be  formed.* 


7  Geo.  IV.  c.  5. 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [69 


CHAP.    III. 

FofANCK^rAe  Budget— Mr.  Maberiys  Retobitioni  on  the  National 
Dt6t—Mr,  Huni^t  Motion  on  the  Slate  of  the  Nation,  and  Forty. 
^"f  Retolulitmt  regarding  the  FinanceM — Oppoatian  to  the  Nav»/ 
EtHmatet — Mr.  Habkotu^t  Motion  to  reduce  the  Army—Ditcuaion 
«■  the  Expente  of  the  Diplomatic  EatabUehments. 

Oti  the   IStli  of   March,  the  which    might    he     estimated     at 

chmcellor  of  the  Exchequer  £80,000/.     In  ISIStherewere  re- 

epened  tlie  budget.    Not  confining  mitted  various  aaseseed  taxes  tia 

loBuelfto  the  mere  statement  of  Ireland  to  the  amount  of  £36,000^ 


the  wsjs  and  means  of  the  year—  In   I8I9  the  policy  pursued  by 

flf  the  money  to  be  expended,  and  parliament  was  of  a  difietent  cha- 

die  modes  in  which  it  should  be  racter.  A  very  considerable  increase 

tuKd — he  took  a  laige  review  of  of  taxation,   amounting  to  more 

the  whole  financial  system,  parti-  than  3,000,000/.  fras  that   year 

eolady  of  the   reductions  which,  made.     In  18S0  no  change  in  the 

Coring  MTeral  snccesnve  years,  had  amount  of  out  taxation  took  place, 

heea  made  in  taxation,  and  of  the  In  1821  the  agricultural  horse  tax 

effect  of  these  reductions  on  the  was  remitted   to  the  amount  of 

podncdveness  of  the  revenue.  The  480,000/.     In  18^3  the  following 

redoetion  of  taxes  had  begun  in  duties  were  taken  off: — 

ISt6  with  the  repeal  of  the  pro-     Malt  ;£.1,400,000 

pertTtsx.  Government unquestion-     Hides 300,000 

wenmstaiicea  of  the  cmmtry,  that  hmtIE.  and  Wiodows,  Ire- 

awree  <rf  revenue  should  have  been  land 300,000 

Ktiincd  for  two  years  longer  ;  the  '■ 

Hooie  had  thought  othermse;  and,  Tol.l,rep«aledinl8M... .^.3,366.000 

whether    government    had    been  In  I8S3,  there  were  repealed 

WRttt    or    parliament   right,   the  Vinous  Aneufd  Tum  tn 

people  gained  sll  the  advantage  of  .  England  .■•■. ■^■^'?S'SS2 

*e^™^Triust«,theamZtof  SS^^.L^S^Vii-ti^.d      ^S 

Wtach  wafoo  less  than  i£.l4,3!0,O00  CuBtomi,      Redactioa       in 

sevcrat  minor  Bnnchei. ,         fi0,000 

Total, lepesled in  1833..  .£.3,300,000 
In  ISS*-,    the  following  taxes 
were  repealed : — 

Rum    ^.160,000 

Ceals  300,000 

I^wSlamp*  SOaOOO 

Wod   3£0,000 

Silk £27.000 

UidanI>i>tiei,fTamie»....      300,000 

InaU  *.l,T«7,00(i 


70]       ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

In  the  year  1825  the  following  man  in  the  kingdom  could  never 

Duties  were  repealed:—  have  had  the  confidence  to  an- 

^    ^     o  ,.  ticipate.     In  1823,  upon  an  esti- 

"^Z^'Z.^L^"...^!:  ^200,000  mate   founded   on   t£e  basb    of 

Hemp 100,000  the  revenue  of  the  precedug  year, 

Coff4Bfdtc.  .1* ••      150,000  he  had  assumed  that  the  euskmSi^ 

Wine   ..vr---ri* *222'2^  tiie  excise,  the  stitmp  dutidi#  the 

firitish  Spirits  and  Rum  ..     h^^^  Mrt  office,  the  assess^  titte^  for 

^s^'ttoi':::::::;:!      Wjooo  ^gl^d  and  Ireklid,  and  a«idry 

Customs  on  various  miner  tnncelmTteous itemii tafan tythcr, 

branches  of  Commerce,  would  produce  an  income  of  ahout 

amounting  in  all  to   ....       ^SOfiOO  Q^^QOfiQoi.     The  taxM  re|iealed 

Total  r^pealefl  In  1^5  n..    ^l46^  ^^    *hj^r*^..^anfS^ 

So  that  Ae  total  of  fMss  amounted    to    about    3,900^0(Ktf. 

npcAled  from   1816  to  During  the   period  of  tho  flame 

1825,  amounU  to  the  sum  session,  he  had  calculated  that  theie 

i^''Jua''^n:ruk'A'^'    '^    '  ^^^i^  be  a  hiss  to  the  revenue  of 

db«tMl   the   •monnt   rf  1.600,000/.  aMiiig  from  wnowi 

TBiMimpowdinlSlS..    8,190,000  Causes  J  so  that,  m  pout  of  net, 

■■  the  calculation  would  hava  been 

Leaving  tterefore  a  total  re-  entirely  verified,  if  the  receipts  ftw 

^1'iSia  rf       *""*  ^  M  AM  «»  1833  had  been  l,500,000t  less  than 

year  1818  of  ..;.;.. .  *.97,««8iO0O  53  2OO.OOO/.     Now  the  actual  re- 

While  twentf-seven  miUions^  of  oeipts  of  the  year  were  53,01 8,000/., 
taxes  had  thos  been  reduced,  that  being  less  than  the  sum  at  which 
reduction,  so  far  ftom  affecting  he  had  estimated  them  previously, 
the  revenue  of  the  country,  and  and  less,  let  it  be  observed}  not-i 
diminishing  the  productiveness  of  withstanding  the  amount  of  taxes 
1^  varioiis  branehesi  bad>  in  fact,  repealed  in  that  year^  by  the  sum 
^Ven  to  them  new  energy,  and  of  182,000^  only.  In  regard  to 
justified  every  anticipation,  tie  theyear  182S,  ther^oreynoeicpect- 
had  been  accused,  he  said,  of  utter-  adons  had  been  held  out,  which 
intf  pttnnises  of  ptonpeiity  which  were  not  amply  fulfilled.  In  the 
hs4  hot  been  fulfilled,  and  hold-  foUowing  year,  the  revenue  whidi 
ing  out  prospects  of  increasing  re^  he  had  anticipated  upon  the  same 
soun^  which  had  ended  iii  dis-  items,  was  5lfi65,000l.  He  bad 
appointment;  but  th^  results  bf  prqpcMsed  the  repeal  of  taxes  during 
the  last  thifefe  jreal^  IMS,  1824,  that  twelvemonth  to  a  very  con- 
and  1825,  would  sufficiently  shew,  siderable  amount)  and  calculated 
that  he  had  erred  neither  in  his  that  the  amount  of  loss,  which  the 
ealcnlatiotts,  not  in  th(  ftuts  atid  revctiue  would  sustain  thdt  yeat*, 
principles  on  Which  they  ^nere  made,  would  be  550,000f.  But  thd  actual 
A  reference  to  the  fin«it«  aocotmts  produce  of  the  yearns  receipis^  not- 
would  prove,  that)  in  respect  of  each  Withstanding  such  a  reduction  of 
df  th6m,  not  only  were  the  eK);fect«  tftitbft,  was  positively  tAotn  than  IIm 
Mmt  whidl  had  bS&A  hdd  out  to  dri^hal  intimate ;  for,  the  estimate 
the  House  in  1853  complet^y  being  61,^65,0D0/.>  the  achid 
realised  by  the  event,  but  that  they  produce  was  5^,564,000/ ;  so  tbat 
were  absolutely  exceeded  in  a  tht;  actual  produce  d{  1824  yietoed 
^tegtt^  wllidi  the  most  sangninb  vt;ry  nearlr  1|500,000{.  abbve  the 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [7l 

atiaau  which    he   had  formed,  T«    « 

ihhou^  aconndenble  reduction  j£!t      "/.".■,"'**".".'.■".■.',■  m 

iftnes  had  taken  plate.     Again,  Britisb  SpiViu".'."!!"!!!!!.-.  fi3 

Mtotbiyear]8S5; — dieefltimated  Sugnr 19 

lenBmirn  5^^5fiOOl.     Onac-  Crffte « 

nunt  of  the  taxes  remitted,  and  J,™* •  iS 


b^    eipRted    *i;«; 


tbrt  tk)  loM  upon  tha  Tcar'a  ^-  ,     n     . 

<«»  nmU  be^wo..l»ni  .bout  I»  the  npra*  l«0,  of  eoU«cdlH| 

SSOJXOI ;    Kid    yet    tli«  ectu  J  1»  «»Biu(,  •  Urge  ming  hud 

«d«,»ol«tl»ti,aingthelo,«.  <«»««■■«««■      »,;»!'  ^' JJ- 

i.lti«ttebei»«tobefelt  u  the  in  1!8J  It  had  been  reduotd  » 

IMO  «d  ofl8«6,  wu  tlp«Mli.  3,S8!,00M,  bdng  .  dtoainSon  of 

c(  S2^S0,IX)0t,  being  »eiy  eon.  ""e  than  half  a  million. 

ddataUr  nwn  than  lb.  oiginJ  VIW,  '^«1«.  "f  *«  ™*  f 

«aau/found«lunonth.a«lm^  ooUeoting,  had  been  ibo.  ibmniA- 

tin    tbU    iho.    "raid     be    no  rf,  both  tho   fniiat«l,   Ind   the 

ndnition  of  me.  at  all    Th.  yearly  ohnrge,  of  the  debt  M 

raait  of  .n  tbe«  >latenient.  wai,  lik.»iK  leen  "f  "fi-    "»   ™ 

j_,  5th  of  January,  1888,  tho  funded 
debt  amounted  to  796,330,000/.  ; 

7h  Mdottted  unount  of  rnanoe  (br  on  the  3th  of   January,    1886, 

ifa.  ^t  three  ywni  taken  Mgelher,  ^j^    ^^^(1^^    ^y^t    ^a.    foducad 

T.?"-,;- ; ■::^\:U  V;; -J,-  "'•'"■'™  to778,188,OOOl, being . reduedon, 

^^^'        ..*f  1»,«38,»0  in  the  tb.»y.o.,of  18,401,000;. ; 

'^                         . ■ —  or  at  the  tate,  in  each  year,  of 

EicMdlng    tl>e    fistlinate  6,133,000?.     On  the  5th  of  Jatl. 

Uwn^Meby 1,399,000  jg^^^    ^j^^    Unfunded    daht    vraa 

A.d,et.d„ring.be.e.h,»y».,    ^''^U  Xl'X«^= 
tiia  to  the  amount  of  no  less  than    »<>'"•   "■  """  ^,    '    r  4.  kt-j  ™yi| 

«dit  had  teen  d.stm.11yp~v^  rfS  in  the  burden,  of  the 
Bbdei  of  conmmirtwn  h«d  ra«d  ^^  ^j^^^  reduction  in  the  «ipit5 
of  the  debt.  Now  00  the  5th  af 
Jan.  1823,  the  charge  m  th« 
funded  debt  was  88,128,000/. :  on 
the  Sth  of  Jan.  18S6,  it  wa»  only 
27,1 17,0««. ;  being  a  reduction  of 
1,107,000/.  On  the  flth  JwiUarj, 
1823,  the  interest  on  Eichequer 
biUs  was  1,100,000/. ;  on  5th  Jan. 
1826,  it  was  800,0001 ;  being  a 
reduction  of  SOO.OOOi  TftUng 
both  together,  the  charge  on  the 
funded  and  unfuadetl  debt  wm  m 


72]       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

the  5th  Jan.  1823,  i9fi86,O00l ;  Interest  and  Manatrementof 

and  on  the  5th  January,   1826,  '^^IZ^^R^,-^:^^^'^^^'^^ 

^^^.>y^--,  ,    .               J   \«       •  Interest  of  Exchequer  Den- 

27,94^>000/.  being  a  reduction  in       ^j^^^  gjug^  _  7 ^^^^ 

the  annual  charge  of  the  whole    Civil  List,  &c 2,065,000 

debt  of  1,339,000/.,  in  three  years.    Half-pay  Annuity 2,800,00(1 

It  was  of  no  consequence  in  what    SinkingFund 5,585,235- 

manner  tins  reduction  of  charge  Permanent  Charge  ..^.37.617,421' 

waseffected,  whether^  the  opera-  ^^  ^^^^  y^^  tkis  year  in 

tion  of  the  smkmg  fond,  or  by  ^^   Committee   of  Suppl/  were 

some  other  means ;  the  fact  of  the        follows  • 

reduction  was  certain ;  and  it  was  ^  it  tat  nnA 

by  the   reduction  of  the  charge  ^^^^  V.'V.V.V.V'V.V.V.'^KSJoil 

that  we  ought  to  estimate,  if  we    Ordnance   1,754,000 

wished  to  estimate  it  correctly,  the    MisceUaneous    2^2S5»00a 

reduction  of  the  burden  of  the  Interest  of  Exchequer  Bills       850,000 

debt.     "  If,  therefore,"   said  the  .        ,  __  ^                  ^  TITTTTnA 

•  1...  1.        '     i.1 w.-.i.M^  *v«        Annual  Votes «£.18,7n,000 

nght  hon.  gentleman,  "  while  the  ^^^      ^j,^      Permanent 

people  of  this  country  have  had  charge    37,617,421 

their    burdens    thus    diminished.        The  whole  Expenses  of 

every   thing    has    been  done  by  the  Year ^£.56,328,421 

government   and  the  l^lature.  The  Revenue  calculated  on  for 
which  the  honour,   the  security,  the  purpose  of  meeting  this  expen- 
and  the  advantage  of  the  country  diture  was  composed  of  the  follow- 
required ;  if  we  nave  been  enabled  ing  items  :— 
extensively  to  increase  the  means  First,  a  small  item  of  a  sur- 
of  religious  worship ;  if  we  have  plu*  of  1825,  in  the  Sink- 
added  to  the  roads,  the  bridges,  the  '"K/"**^  '^^  available  . .  5^.167,000 
,     ,             _/.  ^,     i..      J     ^  .r  The  Customs  and  Excise  . .  37,446,000 
harbours,  of  the  kingdom ;  if  we    g^^^p^    7^400,000 

have  spared  something  to  the  pro-    Taxes 4,800,000 

motion  of  science  and  the  arts ;  and    Post  Office 1 ,550,000 

if,  during  the  last  three  years,  we     Miscellaneous 1,360,000 

have  reduced  the  taxation  of  the  ^^o  733  ooo 

country  eight  millions,  and  have  ^j^j  ^^^  payments  to  the      '     ' 

diminished  the  expense  of  the  debt  Trustees  of  Half-pay  and 

above  a  million,  we  have  at  least        Pensions 4,320,000 

done  something,  and  may  boldly  ^7  043  000 

face  our  constituent  in  whatever  j^^^^^^  ^^  Expenditure  7.  '^^'Mm 

part  ot  the  country,  and  at  what-  surplus  for  Parliament  to 

ever  time  we  may  be  called  upon  deal  with  as   they  may  — — — • 

to  appeal  to  them."  thinkfit «f.714,579 

with  resources  thus  increasing  The  estimate  of  the  revenue  for 

under  diminished  taxation,  and  a  the  current  year,  considering  the 

reduced   rate  of  expenditure,  he  unfortunate  state  in  which  manu- 

stated,  as  follows,  the  proposed  ex-  factures  and  commerce  had  been 

penditure  of  the  present  year,  and  placed,  might  be  considered  as  too 

thefundsby  whichit  wastobemet.  hiffh,  but  it  was  taken  upon  the 

Under  the  first  head  were  many  foUowing  grounds : — The  Customs 

expenses  of  a  permanent  nature,  and    Excise    yielded,     in     1825, 

which    the    House    had  .already  87,546,000/. ;    but   in   that  year 

sanctioned  by  its  vote^  as  follows:—  their  amount  had  been  diminished 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [73 

by  different  causes,  which,  during  below  their  proceeds  in  the  last 

'  the  present  year,  would  not  be  in  year,  and  due  allowance  made  for 

operation.     Thus,  in.  1825,  no  less  other     unavoidable     deficiendes. 

a  sum  than  1,050,000^  of  duties^  There   would  be  a  deficiency  of 

had  been  refunded  to  dealers  in  350,000L  arising  from  the  reduc- 

wine  upon  the  stock  in  their  pos«  tion  of  taxes  in  1825,  and  a  defi- 

session.     In  consequence,  likewise,  ciency  of  about  1,300,000/.,  in  the 

of  the  alterations  in  the  system  of  excise,    produced    by    diminished 

bounties  which  had  been  effected  consumption.     Allowance  ibr  all 

durinff  the  preceding  session,  there  this  had  been  made  in  the  es- 

would  this  year  be  a  reduction  of  timates;  and  the  stamps,  the  post-. 

SOfOOOL    Another,  and  an  unfore-  office,  and  the  assessed  taxes,  had 

seen  diminution  of  the  revenue  all  been  taken  at  lower  rates  than 

had  arisen  from  an  oversight  in  they  had  3rielded  last  year,  the 

the  new  acts  for  simplifying  the  stamps  being  estimated  at  48,000/1, 

whole  system  of  the  customs.    It  the  post  office  at  4S,000L,  and  the 

had  been  intended  that  the  duty  asse^ed  taxes  at   190,000/.,  less 

on  tobacco  should  continue  to  be  than  had  been  received  from  them 

four  shillings,  the  rate  at  which  it  in  1825.     On  the  other  hand  the 

stood  in  the  beginning  of  the  year;  miscellaneous  items  had  increased, 

but  by  some  mischance,  scarcely  A  sum  of  100,000/.  was  due  from 

avoidable  where  such  a  mass  of  Holland,  under  a  treaty  with  that, 

scattered  and  minute  r^ulations  government,  and  ought  to  have 

were  to  be  dealt  with,  the  unin-  been  paid  in   1825.     It  had  not 

tentional  but  practical  effect  of  the  been  paid ;  but>  having  been  now 

new  acts  had  been,  that  one  shil-  remitted,  it  would  go  to  the  ser* 

ling  of  the  duty  had  hqpsed ;  and  vice  of  the  current  year.    About 

the  duty  having  thus  been,  for  the  108,000/.  would  be  received  from 

latter  half  of  the  year,  only  three  lotteries ;   for,  although  the  last 

shillings,  instead  ai  four  shillings,  lottery  had  been .  contracted    for 

that  branch  of  the  revenue  k11  two  or  three  years  ago,  its  exist- 

450,000/.  short  of  what  it  would  ence  was  protracted,  in  consequence 

otherwise    have    yielded.     These  of  the  usual  course  of  conducting 

deductions  from   the  revenue  of  lotteries,  for  two  or  three  years 

1 825  exceeded  a  million  and  a  half ;  after  they  had  been  contracted  for. 

yet,  as  they  could  have  no  place  In  consequence  of  an  arrangement, 

during    the    present    year,    they  with  the  East-India  company,  that 

ought     to     be     added     to     the  corporation  had  become  bound  to 

37,546,000/.     received     indepen-  pay  60,000/.  in  consideration  of  an 

dently  of  them  in  the  preceding  increase  of  our  naval  force  for  the 

year ;  and  the  customs  and  excise  security  of  their  possessions.     The 

would  present,  for  1826,  a  revenue  new  silver  coinage  for  Ireland  had 

of  39,096,000/.     But  as,  in  the  cost  the  country  last  year  500,000/.: 

present  state  of  the  country,  still  in  the  present  year  the  old  coin 

labouring     under     the    pressure  would  come  back,  and  be  available 

which  it   had  felt  for  so  many  for    the    public    service,    to    the 

months,  it  would  be  unwise  and  amount  it  was  calculated,  of  about 

improvident    to    calculate    on    a  400,000/.     With  these  additions  to . 

revenue  equally  large  with  that  of  the  usual  revenue,  making  every 

1925,  all  the  items  had  been  taken  allowance  for  the  probable  depres- 


74]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

Am  of  that  retenae,  an^ng  ettber  Tliere  still  f^emamed,    UfcereToi^ 
from  direct  rcdactkm  of  tazadon,  almot  8,000,0002.,  wliidi   it  Was 
or  frota  dhninidicd  coDSompCioii,  tiie  intentioii  of  goremment   to 
t^ere  would  stOl  remain  a  surplos  pay  off  as  oonTemenoe  and  their 
of  714,O0OL  means  allowed;  and  to  begin  hj 
In  r^^itfd  to  tbe  debt  doe  to  tbe  repsymg  to  ^bc  Bank,  during  tlie 
Bank,  wUch,  it  Imd  been  allied,  present  ]rear,  the  6,000,0001.    of 
filtered  tl^  Qonk  in  its  operations,  Excbeqaer  bOh,  npon  wbkh  direct 
and  disabled  it  from  giring  to  tbe  adrances  bad  been  made  to   gi%* 
poblic  that  aid  which  it  wonld  Temment. 
otherwise  haire  the  means  of  af-        The  statement  of  ^6  chanedlor 
fording,  the  chancdlor  of  the  Ex-  of  the   Exdiequer,    holdiiig  out 
dieqoer  allowed,  that  it  would  be  much  happier  piuspects  than,  fiora 
a  Terj  desirable  obfect  to  effect  a  the  distress  whidi  pretailed  in  the    I 
reduction  in  the  amount  of  the  country,  conld  have  been  antici^ 
advances  made  by  the  Bank,  by  pated,  was  received  by  the  HiMne    | 
which  that  debt  had  been  const(-  with    general    satisfkctifHi.       Mr.     i 
tuted*    The  Bank  held  Exchequer  Maberly,  however,  and  Mr.  If  tune 
Inlls  of  two  sorts:   the  first  sort  maintained,  not  only  that   thcrp 
(Xmsisted  of  bills  upon  which  the  had  been  no  reduction  of  the  pab- 
Bank  had  originally  and  directly  lie  debt,  but  that  there  had  been 
advanced  money  to  government,  an  actual   increase  both    in    the 
The  other  sort  were  bills  which  capital,  and  in  the  annual  charge,     i 
they  had  purchased  in  the  market,  and  that  taxation  had  been  raised, 
without  any  advance  to  eovem-  instead  of  being  dimini^ed.     The 
ment,  and  which  they  might  have  capital  of  the  debt.  It  Was  alleged, 
sold  without  afiecting  their  trans^  had  been  augmented  by  no  leas  a 
actions  with  government  in  regard  sum    than  01,646^000^   between 
tothefomler.     Of  the  first  sort  of  1819  a6d  1826,  and  the  annttal 
bills,  the  Bank  held,  on  the  5th  of  charge  had  grown  in  proportion. 
January,    1826,    6,000,000/.     In  This  assertion  rested  entirely  on  a 
Februaiy,  fiwr  the  purpose  of  re-  very  obvious  fallacy,  arising  ©at 
lieving  the   money  market  from  of  a  total  misapprehension  ot  the 
the    pressure    which    seemed    to  nature  of  what  is  called  the  dead- 
operate  on  this  species  of  security,  weight-scheme,  and  of  the  armnge- 
the  Bank  had  purchased  to  the  ments,  which,  in  pursuance  of  it, 
amount  of  2,000,000/.,  upon   an  had  been  made  with  the  Bank  for 
undertaking  by  government  that  discharging  part  of  the  half*pey 
they  shouldbe  repaid  in  the  course  and  pension  list.     Mr.  Hume's  as- 
of  the  present  year.     The  Bank  sertions,that  taxation  had  increased 
was  farther  a  creditor  of  the  go-  during  the  last  three  yeant,  was 
vemment  for  rather  more  than  still  more  obviously  and  uttcrty 
3,000,000/.,  advanced  for  the  put-  erroneous.     When  such  assertions 
pose  of  paying  off  the  four  per  are  haaarded  in  direct  opposition 
cent    disrentients:   but  provision  to  figures,  and  the  votes  of  the 
had  already  been  made  for  these  House  proving  that,  from  1816  to 
last  advances  by  charging  them  J  825,  more  than  twenty-seven  mil- 
utKin  the  sinking  fund,  and,  at  the  lions  and  a  half  of  taxes  had  pori* 
cloge  of  the  present  year,   they  tively  been  reduced,  and  no  new 
would  be  very  nearly  extinguished,  taxes  imposed,  they  argue  great 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [16 

conflisioA  as  to  fSicts>  or  great  ob-  retenueWithdiminkhed  duties  Wds 

Ilotdtj  df  ititdlect  in  the  peraon  the  best  iildel  of  the  iticireate  of 

who  considers  them.    The  taxes^  comfoirt  ttmong  the  gteAt  mm  of 

said    Mr.    Mume^    produced    in  the  population. 

1817 i^.  51,183,000  The  state  of  the  puWic  debt, 

1818 i.  52,000,000  subsequently     underwent     touci 

1819 •••  51,000,000  more  lengthened  and  detailed  dis- 

Bilt,  in  ^tch  of  the  then  following  cussioh  on  two  distent  occatfons ; 

years,  nidre  Phoney  had  been  taken  and  on  botii  occa^ons  ^^  great 

iVom  the  peofik   than  in  '1817>  qnestimis   Were,  not  iii^ether   it 

1818,  and  1819*    The  amount  of  dQght  to  be  reduced>  and  might  be 

taxes  liaised  in  reduced,  but,  what  Wa^  its  actual 

1823  was  jff.  5^,b6l,0O0  amount,  and  Whether  in  point  of 

1824 52,685,000  feet,  any  diminution  of    it  had 

1825 52,540,000  been    eflfected  during  late  years. 

It  was,  therefote,  he  argued  self-  On  the  10th  of  Mar3i,  thfe  chan* 

evident,  that,  in  the  eleventh  year  cellor   of  the  Exdiequer  having 

of  peace,  when  the  pecmle  had  a  mo\ned  that  the  House  should  go 

right  to  expect  somfe  rdief  from  into  a  committee  of  Supply,  the 

taxation,  they  were  actually  pay-  Speaker's  leaving  the  diiir  was 

ing  a  million  more  annually  than  opposed   by  Mr.    Maberly,    who 

they  had  done  in  the  years  which  brought  ibrward,  as  an  amendment, 

immediately  followed  the  conclu-  a  sencs  of  i:fesdutions  concerning 

sion  a[  the  war.    But  Mr.  Hume,  the  state  of  the  unfimded  debt, 

while  he  could  not  |nretend  that  the  effects  of  the  measure  called 

new  taxes  had  been  imposed,  or  the  dead  weight,    and  the    rttd 

deny  that  many  old  ones  had  been  amount  of  the  funded  unredeemed 

repealed  or  reduced,  forgot  that  debt.     The  amount  pf  unfunded 

the  increase  of  the  revenue  was  debt  in  Exchequer  Wlls  was,  on 

merely  the  result  of  an  increase  in  the  6th  January,  1826,  thirty-seven 

the  consumption  of  excisable  dr^  millions  and  a  half ;  and  these  se« 

tides,  and  that  this  increased  con^  cuiities,  he  said,  were  so  apt,  front 

sumption  was  the   eflfect  of  the  their  very  nature,  to  bring  both  the 

reduction  of   the    Excise  duties,  government  and   the    Sank  into 

Hiat  reduction,  by  lowering  the  sudden  difficulties,  that  the  reduc- 

price  of  the  articles,  both  enabled  tion,  or  the  funding  of  them  ought 

many  persons,  beyond  the  reach  of  never  to  ^lave  been  lost  sight  of. 

Whose  means  they  had  formerly  On  the  11th  of  October,   1825, 

b^n  placed,  to  become  consumers,  there  weife  20,160,000?.  receivable 

and  enabled  those  who  had  always  as  revenue,  and  then  due,  being 

been   consumers  to  become   con-  in  fact  promissory  notes  payable 

burners  to  a  greater  extent— -and  on  demand,  while  government  had 

all  this  Was  a  direct  addition  to  the  not  a  shilling  with  which  to  meet 

comfbrls  and  enjoyments  of  the  them.   The  consequence  was,  that, 

people.     In  one  sense  the  country  on   any  depreciation  of  these  se- 

may  have  paid  more  than  before ;  cUrities,  government,  in  order  to 

but  that  was  only  because  people  prevent  them  ftom  beinc  paid  in 

had  it  in  their  power  to  enjoy  a  as  revenue,  was  compelled  to  take 

greatet  quantity  of  necessaries  or  measures  to  keep  up  their  Value ; 

conveniences.     The    increase   of  ond  as  this  was  always  effi^ted  by 


76]       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

means  of  tlie  Bank^  the  Bank  in  amount  of  debt  unfunded  ;  €bat  it 

its  turn  was  hampered  by  its  con-  might  have  been  funded  on  most 

nections  with  the  transactions  of  advantageous  terms^  and  at  a  saTing 

f'  )vemment.    In  December  1825^  of  some  millions  to  the   countrr, 

xchequer  bills  were  at  a  discount  whilst^  by  leaving  it  unfunded  tili 

of  SOs,;  government  became  ap-  a    period    of    political     diffiimltj 

prehensive  that  they  would  become  arrives^  it  cannot  £bu1  serioualj  to 

revenue ;  the  Bank  was  sent  into  affect  public  credit,  and  to  impair 

the   market^  and,  by  purchasing;,  the  energies  of  the  country  ;  and 

brought  theim  up  to  par.     In  ao-  that  it  appears,  therefore^   to  thk 

dition   to  this,  the  mterest  was  House,  diat  it  is  highly  expediest 

raised  from  l^d.  to  9.d.  per  diem,  to  reduce  the  unfunded  debt  withia 

to  guard  against  any  extraordinary  more  reasonable  limits." 
depreciation ;  yet,  in  the  following        The  other  resolutions   of  Mr. 

February,  they  were  aeain  at  a  Maberly  went  to  impeach  tbe  ac^ 

discount  of  21#.,  and  me  Bank  curacy  of  the  official  returns  of  the 

again  came  into  the  market,  and,  national  debt,  as  having  stated  't 

by  its  purchases,  brought  them  up  more  than    an  hundred   miUkBg 

to    par.      Various    curcumstances  below  its  real  amount.     First  d 

might  have  prevented  the  Bank  all,  the    dead-weight  had     ma^ 

from  making  these  purchases  with-  an  addition  to  the  debt  of  nearfy 

out  injuring  its  own  credit ;  and  seventy-five  millions.      That  ir- 

the  consequence  would  have  been  rangement  was,  in  fact,   a  graot 

that,  by  the  paying  in  of  these  bills  by  government  of  an  annuity  of 

as  revenue,  the  Exchequer  would  2,800,000/.  for  a  term  of  fortj-fin 

not  have  possessed  the  means  of  years.    The  value  of  this  annmlT, 

paying  the  dividends,  unless  the  now  that  it  had  41^  years  to  nm 

Bank  had  been  able  to  advance  the  (3f  years    of   the    term    having 

whole  amount.    But  as  the  Bank  elapsed  since  it  was  first  granted) 

had  already  advanced  5,548,817/-,  was    74,632,000/.;    and    to    this 

to  pay  the  January  dividends,  it  extent,    the   transaction    was  the 

washighlyimprobablethat  it  could,  raising  of  a  loan  by  the  country, 

at  such  a  moment,  have  advanced  and  an  addition  to  the  public  debt 

an  additional  sum  of  upwards  of  The  whole  measure  was  one  of 

three  millions  (which  would  have  the  most  dangerous  and  improvi- 

been    required)    without    placing  dent  to  which  recourse  had  e?er 

itself  in  a  most  hazardous  situation,  been  had ;  and  it  was  not  less  so. 

The  Bank  had  been  able  to  avert  because  the  Bank  had  been  induced 

these  consequences  by  its  purchases;  to  purchase  a  part  of  this  annuity, 

but,  as  it  mi^ht  often  turn  out  for    which    they    had     advanced 

otherwise,  nothing  could  be  more  13,000,000/.,  while  there  was  no 

improvident  smd  unwise  than   to  probability  of  their  being  able  to 

allow  so  large  an  amount  of  an  sell  what  they  had  thus  locked  up 

issue  of  so  daneerous  a  nature,  to  their  funds  in  bu3ring.     So  far  as 

remain  unfunded.     He,  therefore,  it  remained  unsold,  the  act  au- 

moved  as  a  resolution",  "  That  not-  thorizing  the  arrangement  ou^t 

withstanding  the  low  rate  of  interest  immediately  to  be  repealed,     aj 

which  has  heen  paid  on  Exchequer  disregarding  this  burden,  as  weD 

bills,  it  has  been  both  inexpedient  as  some  others,  the  amount  of  the 

and  dangerous  to  leave  so  large  an  public  debt  ha4  been  stated  by 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [77 

government  at  more  than  an  hun-  had  been  purchased  hy  the  Bank 

dredmillions  below  its  real  amount,  of  England,  nearly   50,000,OOOA 

That  statement  omitted  altogether  still  remained  unsold ;  that,  under 

the  debt  due  on  the  life  annuities  present  circumstances,  it  would  be 

and  long  annuities ;  no  value  had  inexpedient  to  sell  the  remaining 

been  put  upon  this  large  proportion  part,  and  would  be  expedient  to 

of  the  public  debt,  any  more  than  repeal  so  much  of  the  act  creating 

on  the  dead-wei^t :  but  the  value  the  annuity  as  related  to  the  part 

of  these  charges,  according  to  the  unsold,  knd  to  charge  the  amount 

statements  of  the  government's  ac-  necessary  for  defra3rmg  naval  and 

oountants,exceeded  101,000,000/1,  a  military  pensions  fnnn  July,  1828 

sum  which  must  be  added  to  what  (up  to  which  period  the  annuity 

had  hitherto  been  held  out  to  the  had  been  purchased  by  the  Bank), 

country  as  the  total  amount  of  the  on    the    consolidated    or   sinking 

debt.  On  the  5th  of  January,  18 19,  fimd :  and  further,  "  that  the  cap- 

the  debt  was  882,000,000/. ;  and,  tal  of  the  funded  unredeemed  debt 

since  that  period,  notwithstanding  of  the  United  Kingdom  stood  in 

the  boast  of  a  Sinking-fund,  and  thefinanceaccounts,  on  5th  January, 

all  the  amount  of  our  annual  taxa-  1825,  at,  781,128,222/.  15^.  6d.: 

tion,  it  had  increased  enormously,  whereas  the  real  capital  debt  of 

From  returns  signed  by  officers  the  country  approaches  to  nearly 

at  the  Natioiud  Debt  office  it  ap-  900,000,000/.    inasmudi  as     the 

peared^  that^  in  January,  1826,  the  capital  of  the  terminable  annuities 

debt  was  6l,646,6s6L  higher  than  is  not  included  in  the  above  sum." 

in  January,  1 819i  the  life  annuities  On  the  other  hand,  the  chan- 

being  valued,  in  both  years,  upon  cellor  of  the  Exchequer,  and  Mr. 

the    same    principles.      A  conse-  Henries,  maintained  that  it  was  im- 

quence,  ana  at  the  same  time  a  possible  to  conceive  any  thing  more 

proof,  of  this  increase  in  the  debt,  imperfect,  and  more  confused,  than 

was  the  increase  in  the  annual  the  views  on  which  these  resolu- 

charge,  which,  in  1826,  exceeded  tions  were  founded^  or  any  thinff 

that  of  1819  1^  81,895/.   Thus,  in  more  fallacious  than  the  supposed 

the  course    of   seven    years,  the  facts    which    they   pretended    to 

capital  of  the  debt  had  been  in-  embodv*    Nothing  could  be  more 

creased  by  nearly  62,000,000/.,  and  inconsistent  with  truth,  than  to 

the  annual  charge,  by  more  than  accuse  government  of  having  been 

31,000/. ;althoughgovemment con-  inattentive  to  the  reduction  of  the 

sidered  themselves  to  have  saved  the  unfunded  debt.     In  18l6,  on  the 

country  between  1,500,000/.  and  termination  of  the  war,  that  debt 

1,600,000/.  by  the  conversion  of  the  had  amounted  to  61,000,000/.  in 

five  per  cents  into  four  per  cents.  January,  1824,  it  amoimted  to  only 

The    resolutions    now    proposed  81,000,000/.  a  reduction  of  nearly 

stated  the  fact,  that  by  granting  one  half.      In  1818  the  bullion 

an  annuity  of  2,800,000/.  £r  forty-  committee    had    recommended    a 

five  years^  the  amount  of  the  public  reduction  of  the  unfunded  debt  to 

debt  had  been  increased  by  a  sum  the  extent  of  about  10,000,000/., 

equal,  according  to  returns  made  to  and  with  this  reconunendation  go- 

the  House,  in  March,    1826,  to  vemment  had  not  only  complied, 

74,682,05]/.:— that,  ^nlusive  of  but  had  gone  beyond  it,  a  reduc- 

tbeportion  of  such  amniity  which  tion  having  been  effiscted,  not  of 


78]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

10>000>00e/.  but  of  nearly  tliirtaen  1893  2,4^,060 

milUonv  and  a  liftlf.    On  Jtmuary  lg^4  \^l7sQOO 

5ih,  1819>  the  amount  of  unpro-  1825  5S0,00O 

vided  Exobequer  bilk  in  tho  hands  This    proceeded^  indeed^   on    the 

'  of  the  Bank,  ahd  of  the  public:,  wa8  supposition^  that  the  whole  ^monat 

19^480,000^;    and,    on  January  had  been  funded;  but  the  fundbig 

^tb,  lBi26,  it  had  been  reduced  to  of  any    part  of  it  would    have 

6,139>000/.     This  reduction  had  brought  upon  the  country  a  pn>- 

be^i  effiscted   principally   in  the  pordonal  additional  duutge.      To 

first  three  ye^,  from   18i9  to  complain  of  government  not  hav- 

l»SB,  during  which  10/X)0>OOOA  ing  ftinded  kraely  in  1898,  wis 

had  been  reduced,  in  confonnity  to  complain  of  Uie  absoioe  of  mii- 

with  the  recommendation  of  the  management.    The  funds  in  that 

bullion  committee;    and,  in    the  year   had  not  been  betwoea  09 

ONirse    oi  the    three     following  and  100,  as  th^  were  in   aubte- 

years,  a  futher  reduction  of  up-  quent  years.     They  were    aboot 

wards   of  8,00O,OO0Z.    had   been  72  wh^  the  deadrweig^t  atvanfi- 

effected.     Facts  Hke  these   suffi-  ment  was  entered  into,  and  74  is 

dently  vindicated  government  from  the    April    foUowinff.     To    faavt 

any  charge  of  having  neglected  the  funded  at  such  a  pnce  would  st 

reduction,  or  having  b^n  favour*  once  have  roused  in  wzadi  BfohA 

able  to  the  growtii  (tf  die  unfunded  government  all  die  eooBoodcsu  pn- 

debt     It  could  be  reduced  only  in  pensities  of  die  suppoirters  of  tk 

oneof  two  ways,  by  converting  the  present    resoludons.      In     IMf 

Exchequer  IhIIs  which  constituted  again,  the  high    price    of  atocb 

it  into  stodc,  or  by  raising  money  to  presented  another  difficulty;  £ar, 

pay  them  dBT.     Now  it  had  been  when  stock  was  high,  funduig  wu 

the  opinion  of  government  that  the  no  easy  operation,  however  detimtf 

country  would  ^n  more  l^  re-  government  midit  be  to  eiket  il, 

ducing  the  taxes,  by  encouraging  because  the  holdeva  of  Exchequer 

^uinunictures  and  commerce,  by  bills  were  then  unwilling  to  put 

reducing  the  Customs,  and  striking  with  diem  unless  diey  reeeived  a 

at  the  pro^erity  of  the  contraband  premium.      Moreover,    it    wouU 

trader,  than  l^  funding  a  greater  have  been    most    inconsistent  ts 

quandty  of  Exchequer  bills  *  and  have  attempted  to  ftmd  %  aaasi  ct 

on  that  opinion  they  acted.     Be-  Exchequer  bilH  9^  ^e  same  tias 

sides,  at  no  time  since  1818,  could  when  they  wexe  proposing  to  re- 

the    funding  of  Exchequer  bills  duce  the  4  per  cents.    The  lattsr 

have  gone  on,  without  loss  to  the  measure  might  have  been  a  wise 

public      If   the    whole   sum    of  one,  or  it  might  not,  but  it  ivoaU 

44,000,000/.   the  amount  of  the  have  been  utterly  impratdcable  ia 

unfonded  debt,  provided  and  un-  connection  with  the  funding  at 

provided,  in  the  hands  of  the  Bank  Exchequer  bills :  it  was  necessaiy 

and  the  public  in  January,  1819,  to  relinquish  die  one  measure  «r 

had  been  funded  in  diat  year,  it  the  odier.     Yet,  even  ia   lSt4, 

would  have  cost  the  country   an  government  had  been  enabled,  ly 

additional  diarge  of  5,lS5/)do/.—  the  productiveness  of  die  revenge, 

if  in  1820 £.  5,852,000  to  pay  off  a  large  amount  of  defi- 

ISai  4,126,000  ciency  bills. 

1822 2,692^000  The  resolutioB«  were  negntivvd 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [19 

Witlioiit  i  division ;  and  the  ohan^  nation  of  the  w^r — th^  redp^titH 

eeUor  of  the  Exchequer^  a  few  days  of  tai^es— the  diminished  iK>nsqn)P« 

afterwacdSf  expresiied  his  intention  tion  of  ei^ci«eablo  artinle*  j*-  the 

of  r^aying  the  Bank,  during  the  sinking  fund — the  dead-w^ygbt-*^ 

year,  siv  millions  of  the  Excheouer  and  the  burden  and  patroncuK  of 

bills  held  by  them,  and  of  funding  the  naval  and  military  estapUsh^ 

eight  or  nine  millions  wore.  ments. — The  assertions  contain^ 

The  same  topies,  and,  along  with  in  the  resolutions,  so  far  as  related 

them,  almost  every  to^ac  connected  to  the  reduction  of  the  debt,  was 

with  the  state  and  management  of  this :     '^  That  the  assertions  made 

the  finances,  were  again  brought  be»  to  tbu  House  by  the  chancellor  of 

foretheHousebyUr.  Humeonthe  the   Exchequer,   on    the    3rd  of 

4eh  of  Hiay,  by  a  formal  motion  on  March,  1 823,  that  a  reduction  of 

the  state  d  the  nation.    Althoudi  24,766,5^0/.  in  the  capital  of  th^ 

metions  of  this  kind  had  eonunomy  unKinded  debt  had  been  effected 

been  introduced  with  the  intention  by  the  operation  of  the  sinking 

of  interrupting  or   embarrassing  fund,  from  the  termination  of  the 

ministers  in  the  measuies  whi^  war  up  to />th  Januanr,  1823;  and 

ihgy  might  be  pursubg,  he  dis*  again  on  13th  March,  1626,  that 

churned  having  such  an  object  in  a  farther  reduction  of  the  public 

view  on  the  present  occasion.    He  debt  of    18,401,000/.   had    beeii 

said  that  his  only  purpose  was,  by  effected  between  the  5th  January, 

drawing  the  attention  of  Ae  House  1 823,  and  the  5th  January,  1826, 

to  the  statements  which  had  hem  making  together  a  reduction   of 

put  forth  eoncaning  the  financial  43,l67,5!^0/.  m  the  capital  of  the 

situation  of  the  country,  to  remove  public  debt,  since  the  termination 

the  delusions  which  these  erroneous  of  the  war,  are  not  consistent  with 

statements  had  produced  and  fos-  the  accounts  before  the  House,  as 

tered,  and  to  prove  tluit  we  were  appears  by  the  facts  contained  in 

pursuing  a  coune  of  extravaganee,  the  following  resolutions."    These 

and  were  enduring  an  amount  of  facts,  on  which  was  made  to  rest 

taxation    which    no    community  this  charge  against  government  of 

ever  had  borne,  or  ever  could  h^ur,  having  misled  the  country  eith^ 

The  motion  was  preoeded  by  a  from  gross  ignorance  ur  by  state- 

series  of  no  fewer  th&fi  forty-five  ments  deliberately  false,  were  said 

resolutions,  embracing  almostevery  to  be    fi)und    in    comparmg  Uie 

point  of  fipannf^^  discussipn,  and  present  amount  of  the  debt  with 

pei^^^ced  by  an  infinite  variety  of  what  it  had  been  in  the  beginning 

minute  details.     This  perplexity  of  1817.     On  5th  January,  181 '^ 

was  &r  from  being  dimini^died  1^  the  funded  debt  amounted,  in  round 

the  manner  in  which  the  mover  numbers,  to  796,000,000/.  and  the 

thought  proper  to  treat  his  sub-  unfunded  to  50,000,000/.;  the  tptal 

ject» — npt  arranging  his  resolutions  being  846,000,000/.   On  5th  Jan- 

in  any  connectdi  series,  npr  yet  uary,  1826,    the    amount  of  the 

kei^ing  auch  of  them  as  regarded  former  was  778,000,000/.,  and  that 

one  topic  distinct  from,  and  inde^  of  the  latter  41 ,000,000/.;  the  total 

pendent,  of  those  which  weie  ap-  being  819,000,000/.   The  decrease 

I^ieahle  only  to  another.— Jn  sub-  of  capital,    therefere,    was  only 

stance  they  related  to  the  T^Auatixm  Q7fi00,000l.    Of  these    twenty- 

of  tlie  puUj^  d^fefc  m(»  tb#  tepmi-  si^rm  if^tiam  eighteen  imm^ 


80]      ANlSrUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

of  the  reduction  in  the  funded  charged   horn    the   funded    unH 

debt;  and  of   this   1S,000,OOOL,  added  to  the  unfunded  debt.     The 

7>000,000/L    had    been    canceUed  total  amount  of  the  revenue  of  die 

without  the  aid  of  any  surplus  United  Kingdom,  received  in  the 

revenue.    Thus  there  was  for—  '  nine  years,  1817 — 1825  (and  ex- 

Xife  Annuities  cancelled  ..  ^.5,730^12  elusive  of  all  sums  received  for  loans 

LMid-l»x  redeemed 806,992  or  deadweight),  was5Sl,266,535il, 

UncWmed  Dividends  ....        185,462  gj^  j^e  total  amount  of  omendi- 

Five  per  Cents  paid  off..,.          82,840  .           ;„,i..j;„„  ^..^   „i,„Ju.^_ 

TranSr  of  CipitBl  from  *^'  mduding  every   chMOT  few 

England  to  Ireland,  and  interest  ot  debt,  and  the  avil  and 

vicevtna  129,789  military  establi^unents  during  the 

same    period    (exclusive   only   of 


ig.6,934,286   payments  to  the  commissionen  of 


had  been  actually  reduced.    The  "'  ^^.v^.if^^  •  wnjco,  wi«i  ue 

amiual   charge   upon   this   debt,  5?"",!^  ^  ^ustrw  and   the 

however,  wm   of   much    greater  East-Indw   Company,    nrnke    an 

importeiJce.       In    1817    it    was  amount  of  money  of  25,965,539^ 

29^70.858/..    and    on    the   5th  J^''^'  ^°'  *?  ^l^^    *^ 

jMiuary.l826,27.679,856i;being  ^^^^i^f^^lT  ^  ^t^^I'^^,  ^ 

a  redSn,  diiring  the  intcrvenini .  ?^\^  ^  *^  ^  "^  ^'^^ 

period,  of  2,190.(WO/.   Thechar^  "^^  three  yews  1822-25,  m 

rathe  unfimded  debt  on  the  531  ^^^TTf^.""  annui^of 

January,  1817,  was  2,051,242/1 ;  iH'I^°'^T7^:  "If^Si^^ 

and  on  the  5th  January,   1826.  l«d»>«»me  of  tha»  2^00,000^ 

was  1,256,482/.;  being  a  reduction  "^    surplus  mwiey?     ^««e   was 

of  79*.OOOL  on  the  interest  of  the  V°  ^^^  reduction  of  the  debt 

unfunded  debt.    The  total  reduc  ?  the  mam  while  —  no  reduc 

tion  was  2,985,000/.     Now  this  *""  '°f,J^\  enjiiUi^;   no    reduc- 

reduction  had  been  effected  to  the  ^°°  «*  *^  «''''*^-    ^?''  «ld>e"«'^ 

amount  of  nearly  2,000,000/.  in-  \°^.  *"«  ."PP^"^,!?„  ^^^ 

dependently  of  Ae  sinking  fund,  ^."^  *!  ™°«  J^f'  1817—25, 

or    any   surplus  revenue.       The  %  ^?^?^^„„,  TP^"",    ~^«»"e 

several  itemi  of  this  part  of  the  ?    25,96o,539f     (exclusive     irf 

reduction  on  the  anniid  charge  6>9l7,569treceivedfroin  the  Bank 

were  these—  ""  ""'•'^'y,  ™  the  three  yean 

,       ...      ...         ,    .  1822—5)  there  had  only  been  a 

Imperial  Annuities  expired  „j.._*.'„      •      ..i.  •._i   Jxr^ 

{^lgI9 ^^^^^    ^.230000    reduction  in  the   capital  of   the 

Exchequer  Annuities  ditto         18^760    funded  and  unfunded  debt,  during 

Long  Annuities  caaeelled  the  same  period,  of  20,393,495^ 

for  Life  Annuities......         17,490    whilst  the  finance  accounts  shewed 

Ditto  4  into  3J  ditto 381,035   *"^^  ^^r?  ^^^  ^^^e  been  effected 

i by  annuities  fallen  in^  cancelling 

Total  «i*.l,854,4l2    or  conversions  of  stocky  and  dimi- 

nution  of  interest  onunfundeddebt^ 

maldng  thus  a  total  of  upwards  oi  without  reference  to  the  surplus 

IfiOOyOOOLf  exclusive  of  cancelled  revenue. 

dividends  and  of  dissentients  di««i       Ministersi  therefore,  it  was  wsk^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [81 

duded  had  been  guilty  of  mislead-  sum  on  the  best  tenns  he  could* 

ing  and  deluding  the  country  con-  But  because   of  the   necessity  of 

ceming  the  diminution  of  the  debt^  providing  for  this  delusive  Sinking- 

and  of  its  charges.     The  great  in-  tund,   the  government  on  that  oc- 

strument  in  producing  this  delusion-  casion  raised  a  very  much  larger 

had  been  itself  one  of  the  grossest  sum^  and  upon  terms  unfortunately 

of  all  delusions^  viz.,  the  Smldng-  disadvantageous  in   proportion  to 

fundy  the  operation  of  which,  Mr.  the   amount   of  such   loan.     On 

Humehadnohesitationindeclaringy  every  occasion  the  result  had  been 

had  added  little  less  than  two  hun-  the  same ;  and  the  mischiefs  and 

dred  millions  to  the  debt,  from  the  fallacy  of  the  whole  plan  were  evi- 

time  of  its  estabUshment  up  to  the  dent  from  the  details  embodied  in 

year  .  1817 — assuming    the   same  the  following  resolutions. 
proportions  of  actual  charge,  and        ''No.  21. — That  by  aretum  made 

the  charges  which,  but  for  its  ex-  to  this  House,  the  total  nett  revenue 

istenoe,  would  have  been  saved  on  of  Great  Britain  (exclusive  of  loans) 

loans,  &C.     His  resolutions,  there-  for  twenty  four  years,  between  the 

fore,  asserted :  '^  That  no  nation  or  10th  day  of  October,  1792,  and 

body  corporate,  in  their  collective  the  5th   day  cf£  January,    1817, 

capacity,  can  derive  pecuniary  be-  appears    to     have     amounted    to 

nefit  or  advantage  of  any  kind,  by  1,126,640,417^ ;  and  the  total  ex- 

merely  trading  with  themselves;  penditure  (exclusive  of  all  sums 

and  therefore  the  Sinking-fund  sys-  paid  to  the  commissioners  for  the 

tern  of  Great  Britaip,  established  reduction  of  the  national  debt), 

solely  for  the  purpose  of  the  na-  during  the  same  period,  appears  to 

tion  trading  in  its  own  obligations,  have  amounted  to  1,533,628,631/!. 

was  founded  in  fallacy,    and  has  being   an   excess   of  expenditure 

been     maintained     by     delusion,  ovcrrevenueof  406,988,214/.;  but 

That    the    Sinking-fund    system  as  three  quarters  of  a  year  from  the 

is  not  only  useless  for  any  benefi-  5th  day  o£  January  to  the  lOth  day 

dal  purpose  to  the  state,  but  high-  of  October,  1799>  appears  to  have 

ly  objectionable,  from  the  loss  it  been  stated  twice,  three  fourths  of 

occasions,  and  from  its  direct  ten-  the  excess  of  expenditure  in  1799 

dency  to  promote  a  system  of  spe-  require  to  be  deducted,  making  the 

culation  and  gambling,  altogether  actual  deficiency  of  revenue  to  be 

inconsistent  with   the  well-being  about  393,000,000/1 
<if   the   country ;   and   therefore,        "  No.  22.-^— That,  although  the 

ought  to  be  forthwith  abolished."  actual  revenue  during  the  twenty- 

Tms,  he  said,  was  proved,  not  only  four  years,  from  1793  to  1816  in- 

by  the   enormous  charge  of  ma-  dusive,  fdl  short  of  the  expendi- 

nagement  which  that  fund  entailed  ture  only  about  393,000,000/.,  it 

upon    the    country   but    also   by  appears  by  a  series  of  resolutions 

the  immense  actual  loss  of  capitsd  submitted  to  the  consideration  of 

which  it    had    occasioned   to  the  this  House  on  the  25th  of  July, 

country,  bet^-een  1794  and  ]817>  1822,  that  an  amount  of  no  less 

amounting  to  not  less  than  35  mil-  than  618,163,857/*  of  money  was 

lions.  On  one  occasion  government  raised  by  loans  and  Exchequer  bills, 

wanted  to  borrow  5,000,000/.  oidy.  during  the  said  period  of  twenty- 

An  individual  would  have  gone  four   years,    vik.    from   1793    to 

into  the  n^ket,  and  rai8e4  that  1816  indusive, 
Voii-  LXVJIL  [G] 


92J       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826- 


tlie  before-mentioned  secies  of  re-*  creating  new  debts,  tor  support  tm 

sdntibn!^  it  appears,  t^  wfaiisk  imi^finBiy  ftmd  fyg  tAe  fcclmge 

6t8,l69,857/.  of  money  was  raSaed  (^  otber  debtee  had  aUnvail^f  ai|^ 

by  loans  and  Exebeqi^ier  bills  be-  plsed  the  stirpiaa  itfreaxm,    mtk 

tween  llxe  lOtfa  day  of  Oetober  other  resooxces,  tw  the  paifliaiu  «f 

179£,  and  the  5th  of  January,  stock  at  the  aererage  rate  of  tha 

1517,  that  18S^2^^SL  only  wis  respecdre  years, 
pcdd  to  the  coniBBBsiooera  ror  ttte        Aji6tber  set  of  tseae  BSttiiinKw 

reduction   of  the   nationid  debt,  resolutions  went  to  aver,  tbafl, 

leaving   the    enormtms    som    of  the  war,  taxatsm  hod 

lS6f€il,5l7L  totsHy  tmacoounted  instead  of  beini^  ^htAtahei. ; 

for.  during  the  last  diree  j€atk,  a  tA 


^  No.  93: — That,  by  aiii^rther  ac-    Bon  more  had  been  raised  by- 
count,  presented  to  this  House  in    than  in  the  three  precediii||  yea0, 


182^,  it  appears,  that  in  the  year    and  that  this  auparientatian 
1815,  annuitka  of  dijSerent  deno-    far  ftom  being  i&t  fiSkct  of  aa  ia- 


ntisatiotas,  all  in  perpetuity,  were  creased  oonsntaption  with 

created totheamount of S/)83,62l^,  ed  duties,  that  ^e  ewiaumptiBB, 

equal  to   102,787^4^  of  three  in  poiniof  faet,  had  gre«rtly  da- 

per  cent   stock,    fdr  which  only  creased.    The  only  noaubal  xedoi* 

53,81 9,78ffl.  moii^  wds  recdlred^  tion  of  taxaticta,  Mr.  Hntne  aaii 

bebg  at  the  rate  of  100/.  of  three  had  been  the  repeal  of  the  piopetlf> 

per  cent  capital  created  for  every  tax ;  but  the  idxilitian  of  thia  tai 

Btl.  ?/•  9d.  of  money  receiTed.  had  given  no  rdief  to  tiie  dbUIb, 

"  No.  24*.— That,  by  another  ae-  because  its  amount  continued  to  k 

count,  presented  to  this  House  in  raised  in  a  difierent  maimer ;  si 

1825,  it  appears  that  between  the  that  the  public  gained  was,  thse 

5th January,  1824,  and  5thJanuary,  ihe  taxes  were   more  ji 

1825,  the  comnriasioners  of   the  eolleeted,  and  the  burden  Was 

Sinking-^md     httve      puiclulsed  wh^t   lightened   by   being 

S,62ly92tL    of     three    per  cent  widely  q>read.     The  asaeniuu  if 

stock,  for  which  they  hare  paid  goremment,  that  27/)0O^OO0i&  if 

8,41 6,03 liL,  being  at  the  rate  of  taxes  had  been  reduced  siitoe  the 

94/.  8^.  5i/.  for  every  lOCML  of  such  war  was  an  utter  delnaioii  ;  liid 

stock,  at  a  loss  of  41/.  16^.  Sd*  of  could  neither  have  been  mnde  ma 

money,  for  every  lOO/.  stock  te-  believed,  had  it  not  been    hxm 

purchased,  as  compared  wi^  181 5."  measuring  the  amonilt  of  «»-*^^iffi 

In  diort,  for  dbout  twenty-four  b^  a  wrong  standard,  and  neAA- 

years,  while  we  had  beenborrowing,  ing    altogeths^    die    eatafaS^ad 

say  ^t  5&  Ss,  we  had  been  re-pur-  itandaxd  of   value.     The   monty 

ehasing  at  about  4/.  lOy. ;  leaving  amount  of  taxes  raised  in  Great 

i  chatvB  of  oneper  cent  f dr  ever  on  Britain,  on  tiic  average  of  the  ^lee 

the  2^,000,000/.  or  thereabouts,  years,  1813-15,  the  period  of  tiw 

absorbed  during  that  time,  by  th^  largest  receipt  during    the    war. 

Sinking-fund,  and  made  applicable  was  69,010,227/^  per  aimuiBi ;  faai 

to  the  reduction  d  the  public  debt,  as    that   amount    was   in    paper 

All  the  ruinous  consequences  of  money  of  nomin^  vahs^  tenA  mot 

this  delusive  scheme  would  have  exdmngeable   into   gold,    ott   an 

been  avoided,  if  goverament,  ion  avof&ge  of  the  thaee  ycav^  at  a 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [83 

lata  nte  tbas  5^  per  o*.  (the  in  England  and  W^e^  had  aa. 
■nbmm  hwingbeen  5L  lit.  ptr  tudlly  decreMed,  in  the  lut  forty 
Mi),  the  a«asffe  uiinnd  tssation,  years,  although,  within  the  mae 
if  ralaad  in  g^l,  wbi  equal  onlj  period,  diera  had  been  an  increase 
u  l3,a(a,0*S  an.  of  gdd,  or  to  of  about  4rO  per  oent  in  the  popu- 
ii,141,7UL  of  moner  esdunt^  )«tion.  On  an  average  of  tlie  tan 
ibie  iatoitoU  at  77*>  10|dL  per  oi. ;  yean  flora  1 789  to  17<|4,  the  num- 
wUIrt  tlwamo^  aimsge  amonnl  beref  buthelsof  malt  aanuaUycon* 
i£  malian  in  tto  laM  thive  years,  umed  wai  S.5,751,775;  uid  on  the 
ISi3-5,  was  52,430,765,  conrer^  average  of  the  ten  yean  ISlfi — 
bUe  into  gold  at  77'-  10|4^  per  1821,  the  annual  Munnntption  was 
«.,  AtMntg  B  disiBuliDn  oi  mij  only  25fii6,9*0  butbda,  ihow- 
i.310,94^.  per  amnnn  of  money  tag  an  actool  decreue  exceccUng 
(f  itandard  rafaie,  instoid  o£  5O0,O00bu«heIspefS>niu»i; whilst, 
r,J)aOfJUiL  Another,  and  a  niil  if  the  oonstimptiMi  of  nwlt  had  ib- 
nus  tnatkod  of  proring  that  tax»-  creased  in  propmtion  to  the  incnoM 
aaa  waa  hi^Kr  in  the  yean  1§SS,  of  populatiea,  tha  oonsamptioii 
\m^  and'iasfi,  Aan  in  K17,  would  have  exceeded  36,000,000  of 
1814,  and  ISlf),  was,  to  tikk  it  bdriielBpeianiKiin.  AfWeompari- 
^  what  it  would  have  bien,  if  t)»  amcouldbBBnuteoDlyby  t^ngan 
taiaynt  had  been  paid  in  wheab  averse  of  several  y«an ;  yat,  even 
^Mw,  dw  arnnial  noinp^iHount  if  the  conmaiption  of  makin  tftES 
rflnn,Ma  aaarerageof  tfaatheec  (a  year  of  gncat  eniCenent)  were 
)!anl81S-15,  waaoply  equal  ta  cocr^areA  with  nibs  other  ongla 
1^U3,9S6  quozten  of  wheat,  at  yearSr  a  greater  consaB^on  Bp> 
lOt.  9^  per  qnartez,  the  avenge  peaied  in  the  yeara  179^7  nid  9, 
piei  of  that  period;  whikt  ^  1803 »d SI,  than  in  1825.  Wi«e, 
■■tj-aBKnmt  <£  taxes,  om  an  toa,  had  ihued  th«  late  of  malt. 
OToage  ef  the  tliree  yean  1 823-5,  The  qnaauity  of  fei«%n  'wines  an- 
"se^naltD  17,434pM£<piaitenof  ssally  i^arged  widi  Excise  duty 
*W.  at  60b.  9d.  per  qnarler,  the  in  Great  Britain,  en  tho  average 
*»«iy,  price  of  that  pariffd.  Thus  of  the  dura  yean  1801-3  wai 
Unkan,  instead  of  having  baen  7,661,270  gaUnaa,  and  Scavenge 
M^aaad,  hsd  actually  incTMsed  at  quantity  charged  in  the  four  yean 
theste  (rf  eMfi£tI^  an  inercMe  1819— 1M3  inm  6,233,396  gal- 
>•  "hidi  nuacfa  af  tfas  loeent  nri-  bov,  beng  an  aoHal  dimiHtiga  of  - 
Mtin  aad  distrcaa  waaattributoUe.  2,437,944  gallons  yeariy,  or  absnt 
Tha  inenaaed  pgadnctrraaeM  of  M  pec  oent,  nottrithataading  ^ 
ik  taaea  (te  tife  amount  of  a  isinased  nuadwr  i4  tonramen 
affin  aanuaOy)  had  heen  a»-  dnri^  ibtt  penod;  altltMUgh  at 
'Wkd  by  goveraaMnt  to  the  in-  leaat  10  per  c«nt  of  Cape  wines, 
of  very  inferior  qnalit?,  had  haea 
(fau^ed  with  dnty  in  the  a|^tegat« 
qsmtaty  in  the  larttei  periad. 

The  pngrew  of  the  eonsunptioa 
of  sngar,  tea,  and  tobaeco,  ^1  of 
QaKxa  taxa^  arbtcles  of  pcinary 
uae,  kd  to  the  same  temih&  The 
^MBtity  e(f  sugar  emumned  \m 
Gmat  Britain.  «  «n  nenge  of  ~ 
CG23 


84]       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

the   nine    years    1808^—16,   was  be  grackmsly  pleased  to  take  into 

(after  dedtustin^  l^fiOO^OOO  cwts.  his  consideration  the  present  alan- 

lued  in  distiUation  in  the  six  years  ing  state  of  the  country,  and  to 

1809-14)  2,406,809  cwts.,  and  in  direct  an  immediate  inmury  to  be 

the  kst  nine  years  181 7-25,  on  an  made  into  the  causes  of  the  exiftzi^ 

areraffe,  2,593,540  cwts.;  being  an  distres,  and  the  adopdon  of  mei- 

annuiu  increase  of  only  about  l\  suies  calculated  to  bring  it  to  a 

percent,  whilst  the  population  had  ^wedy  a  terminatioa  as  pooflik, 

been  increasing,  during  that  period,  imd  to  prevent  its  further  ^pceii' 

at  the  rate  of  17  per  cent.  in^ 

The  consumption  of  tea,  on  an        The  chanoeUor  of  the  ExdK- 

,  arerage  of  the  four  years,  1800-3,  quer  said,  that  on  by  far  the  gieater 

was  21,023,155lbs.,   and,   on  an  number  of  the  topics  whidk  U 

average  of  the  four  years,  1821-4,  been  discussed  by  the  hon.  move 

was  28,445,479lbs. ;  an  increase  of  of  the  resolution,  he  should  renta 

scarcely  12  per  cent,  whilst  the  silent,  for  it  was  impossible  fortk 

number  of  consumers  had  increased  House  to  give  even  an  voXi^a^^ 

about  85  per  cent.  fJEur  less  a  satisfactory,  oonadeittiB 

The  annual  average  consumption  to  a  series  of  forty-five  reaolokioB^ 

of  tobacco  in  the  five  years  1800-4,  embracing  every  imaginable  quo- 

was  11,855,351  lbs.  and  in  the  five  tion  connected  with  the  financed 

years  1820-4,  was  13,022,851  lbs.  the  country  in  its  minutest  deM^ 

showing  an  annual  increase  of  con-  any  one  of  which  would  fmm^ 

sumption  at  the  rate  of  10  per  cent  matter  for  weighty  delibentks, 

in  the  latter  period ;  but,  if  the  and  terminating,  as  they  did,  wbt* 

annual    average    consumption  of  ever  words  might  be  used,  in  i 

14,1  bS,\Q&  lbs.  in  the  five  years  motion  for  reduction  of  taxsti» 

1810-14  were  taken,  it  would  ap-  But  the  whole  series  was  fbinide^ 

pear  that  since  that  period  there  on  a  mis-statement  of  a  nnipk 

had  been  an  actual  decrease  of  con-  matter  of  fact.    The  first  reaJo- 

sumption  at  the  rate  of  8  per  cent  tion  charged    him    with   bsviBg 

per  annum,    notwithstanding  an  misled  the  country  by  makiiig&b; 

increase  of  population  of  17  per  statements  r^arding  the  rednctia 

cent.  of  the  public  cfebt,  and  the  eftctoil 

On  these  statements  Mr.  Hume  operation  of  the  Sinking^fiind  n 

founded  his  resolution,  ^^  that  the  produdngthatreduction.  Thextr 

Gontinued  pressure  of  taxation  has  lution  clearly  implied,  that,  atbff 

greatly  increased  the  privations  and  firom  gross  ignorance,  or  dehben^ 

mstxess  of  the  productive^  indus-  intention,  he  Imd  so  firamed  In* 

trious,  and  labouring,  classes  of  the  statements,    and  the    concliiA)>^ 

community."    And,  on  the  whole  drawn  from  them,  as  to  lead  tbe 

mass  of  the  resolutions— coupled  House  into  error ;  in  short,  thatlus 

with  the  improvidence  of  the  dead-  statements  were  not  founded  in 

weight  arrangement,  and  the  ex-  truth.  Now  tins  he  denied  ;asd> 

tent  of  the  naval  and  military  es-  the  very  resolution  which  contep 

tablishments  kept  up,  Jie  averred,  the  charge,  there  was  a  statemieot 

for  no  other  purposes  than  those  of  which  would  bear  out  a  vsnS» 

patronage— he  founded  his  mo-  charge   against   the   hon.  no^ 

tion  for  an  address  to  the  Crown,  himself.     The    resolution  wa^* 

prapig  tha^  bi« majesty  ''would  'fNo,  1, ^TJiat  the  loieittfQ* 


HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


[85 


made  to  this  House  by  the  chan- 
cellor of  the  Exdiequer,  on  3rd  of 
March,  1S28,  that  a  reduction  of 
24,766,520^  in  the  capital  of  the 
public  debt  had  been  effected  by 
the  operation  of  the  Sinldnff-fund, 
from  the  termination  of  the  war 
up  to  the  5th  January,  1823;  and 
again,  on  the  13th  March,  1826, 
that  a  further  reduction  of  the 
public  debt,  of  18,401,000lL,  had 
been  effected  between  5th  January, 
1823,  and  the  5th  January,  1826, 
making  together  a  reduction  of 
43,167>520Z  in  the  capital  of  the 
public  debt  since  the  termination 
of  the  war,  are  not  consistent  with 
the  accounts  befoie  the  House,  as 
appears  by  the  facts  contained  in 
the  foUowiiu^  resolution." 

Now  the  met  was,  that,  upon  the 
occasion  alluded  to  in  the  resolu« 
tion,  he  had  never  once  said  that 
the  reduction  in  the  amount  of  the 
public  debt  was  owing  to  the  ope- 
ration of  the  Sinking-fund.  On 
the  contrary,  he  had  taken  care, 
plainly  and  directly,  to  state,  that 
the  reduction  of  the  debt  was  not 
to  be  attributed  to  the  operation 
of  the  Sinking-fund.  At  the  period 
mentioned,  he  had  proposed  cer- 
tain resolutions  to  the  House,  the 
object  of  which  was,  to  simplify 
the  operations  of  the  Sinking-uind. 
He  had  then  gone  into  a  detailed 
account  of  the  actual  state  of  the 
public  debt,  and  he  could  not  find 
that  the  words  ''Sinking-fund" 
were  at  all  made  use  of  in  that 
part  pf  the  speech  referred  to  by 
the  hon.  gentleman.  It  was  utterly 
impossible  that  he  could  have  said, 
that  the  reduction  of  debt  was  attri- 
butabl&to  the  Sinking-fund.  What 
he  had  stated  was,  in  substance, 
that,  during  seven  years,  from  Ja* 
nuary,  1816,  an  actusd  diminu- 
tion of  debt  had  taken  place  to  such 
an  extent  as  could  not  have  been 


brought  about  otherwise  than  by 
the  application  of  surplus  revenue. 
On  the  5th  of  January,  1816,  the 
amount  of  the  funded  debt  was 
816,311,446/.,  and  of  the  unfunded 
debt  48,511,000^;  on  the  5th  of 
January,  1823,  the  funded  debt, 
was  796,530,000^,  and  the  un-i 
funded,  43,526,000^,  amounting, 
in  the  funded  and  unfunded  debt, 
to  a  diminution  of  24,685,796/1 
But  it  was  quite  impossible  that  he 
could  have  so  far  forgotten  himself, 
or  attendedsolittle  tofacts,  astohave 
attributed  this  to  the  operation  of 
the  Sinking-fund.  The  honourable 
mover,  therefore,  was  not  entitled, 
by  any  thing  which  he  had  said, 
to  charge  him,  in  this  solemn  and 
formal  manner,  with  having  as- 
serted what  was  not  true.  But, 
in  another  point  of  view,  the  pro- 
ceeding of  the  hon.  gentleman 
was  of  a  most  extraordinary  nature. 
In  the  first  place,  the  honourable 
gentleman  charged  him  with  hav- 
mg  made  assertions  not  consistent 
with  the  accounts  before  the  House, 
and  concluded  his  resolution  with 
the  following  words, — '*  as  appears 
by  the  facts  contained  in  the  fol- 
lowing resolutions."  So  that  he 
first  called  upon  them  to  condemn, 
without  considering  what  the 
fbUowing  resolutions  contained. 
Was  there  ever  so  clumsy  a  pro- 
ceeding as  this?  He  first  pro- 
nounces a  sentence  of  condemna- 
tion, then  asks  the  House  to  con- 
sider the  grounds  on  which  that 
sentence  was  founded  ?  A  similar 
mode  of  proceeding  was  repeated 
in  the  31st  resolution^- 

''No.  31.— That  the  repeated  as- 
sertions made  in  this  House,  that 
there  has  been  a  diminution  of 
taxation  to  the  extent  of  27  mil- 
lions, since  the  termination  of  the 
war>  are  delusive  and*  fallacious, 
whether  as  applied  to  the  amount 


86]       ANNUAL    REOISTER,    1826. 

of  money  aetuaDj  ecdlooted  Iron  a  bottle  of  wine  was  piaeed  w^ 
iJie  peqde,  or  the  value  of  ^  cinw  |be  reach  of  a  pearwm  whocsdi 
lency  in  which  the  taxes  were  nothaveaflbrdedtopayfeitat^ 
collected,  ai  will  appear  by  the  fact  former  rate,  was  he  not  beaefitte^ 
stated  m  the  IbUowmgreflcdatiQns.''    by  the  roduetton?   were  not  tiit 

So  that,  bete  i^ain  the  hon.  gen-  trade,  and  the  eommuni^  at  fa^ 
tleman  called  upon  tiie  House  to  gainers  by  it?  Wbenever^mK 
oondeam  him  for  false  statements,  amount  <^  revenue  was  laised  <i  i 
and  false  infereaees  drawn  froai  Iowa-  scale  rf  taxation,  tiie  to 
them,  on  ^be  ground  e€  lesolocioQS  was  necessarily  less  buxdensone. 
not  yet  conadered.  He  could  not  Mr.  Brou^m,  Mr.  Msk* 
see  how  it  was  poesiUe  for  the  and  Mr.  Robertson  briefly  s^ipeii- 
House  to  come  to  «iy  condusion,  ed  tlie  resolutions.  A  motioB  fir 
founded  upon  sudi  a  series  of  pro-  adjourning  the  debate  having  beo 
positions  as  that  submitted  to  them  negatived  without  a  divkioo,  ^ 
by  the  hon.  gentleman.  House  divided    on    the    origy 

The  statement,  which  had  been  motion,  which  was  lost  by  sbj- 
quairelled  with  *as  inaccurate,  was,  jority  of  1 5S  to  52. 
^at  the  funded  debt  which,  on  The  state  of  the  finances  n 
ttie  5th  January,  1«26,  amounted  again  repeated^  r^femd  to,  ^ 
to  816,811,446^,  had  been  re-  Sensual  motions  for  reducing]^ 
duoed,  by  the  5th  January,  1823,  Kc  expMiditure  were  all  reitoatel 
to  796,6SB,OOOL ;  and  to  prove  at  different  stages  of  votii^  * 
that  this  statement  of  a  reduc-  estimates  for  the  year.  Wheat 
tion  from  January,  1816,  was  was  moved  on  the  17th  of  F^ 
inaccurate,  the  hon.  mover  had  bruary  that  the  House  shwildf 
taken  a  period    which    excluded    into  a  committee  of  supply  od  * 

1816,  Mid  began  with   January    navy  estimates,   Mr.    Hume,  i- 

1817.  But,  in  pmnt  of  fact,  if  the  though  without  pressing  hissma^ 
statement  was  taken  in  connection  ment  to  a  division,  resisted  tk 
with  the  period  to  which  it  pro-  motion,  on  the  ground  that  » 
lewedly  had  reference,  not  only  estimates  ou^t  to  be  voted,  till 
was  It  in  perfect  agreement  with  the  proposed  expenditure  of  Ae 
the  papCTs  laid  befwe  the  House,  year  had  been  laid  before  ^ 
with  which  it  was  pretended  to  be  House.— That,  answered  Mr.  Csr 
inconastent,  but  these  very  papers  ning,  is  the  v«y  object crfgoing into 
furnished  a  refutation  of  the  reso-  a  committee.  When,  on  die  report 
lutum.  To  BAY  that  taxation  had  of  the  committee  being  hroufiA  «^ 
not  diminiAed,  because  the  same  the  question  was  put  to  exmi  pi; 
sum  oontmued  to  be  nused  by  and  allowances  for  30,000  «^ 
taxes,  was  a  mere  sophism ;  and  to  men,  and  9,000marines,  Mr.Huoe 
M^  that  taxation  had  precluded  o^ected  to  the  number  as  tos 
the  people  from  the  enjoyment  of  extravagant  and  unneccBsaiy  i" 
many  oomforts,  was  inconsistent  time  of  peace.  FOTmerly,  be  «i4 
with  fact    For,  how  did  it  hap-    in  time  of  peaee>  the  navy  W 

^fl  ^i^  V^^  ^"^    reduced  only  cost  about  9,O00,000L,  iH»3« 

oy  »,500,000/.,  the  revenue  had  the  wesent  estimate  was  sbo^ 

iwDntamed  its  ground?  clearly  by  6,000,000/. ;  ted,  within  the  b* 

the   »mased   conwmption.     If,  threeyeart,therehadbeen8r^ 

bjr  a  reduction  of  duty  on  wine,  inet^ase^  instead  of  a  gradoSai- 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  fS7 

■     minufion:    Being  convinced  tliat  He  army  estimates^  wUch  pro- 
srucb  a  rate  of  expenditure,  and  the  posed  that  the  militaxy  force  for 
taxation  necessary  to  meet  it,  could  the  year  should  be  87,240  men  en- 
XLGt  be  supported,  unless  an  in«  countered  similar  exposition ;  Mr. 
•      tention  were  entertained    to  rob  Hume  having  made  an  umracces^ 
r      tlie  public  creditor,  he  moved  an  ful  atten^t  to  reduce  the  number 
r      amendment  to  the  effect,  '*  That  to  the  estafblishment  of  179S>  ^ 
a     tHs  House  c&nnot  tate  into  coti-  if  the  words  ''a  period  of  peace" 
sideration  the  navy  estimates  for  denoted    one  uniform  and  invti- 
I      tliis,  the  11  Ih  year  of  peace,  amount-  riable  set  of  drcumstEmces,   and 
xng  to  6,1S5,000/.  without  express-  the  possessions  and  relations  of  the 
\      ing  its  disapprobation  of  so  large  an  country  were  at  all  times  the  same, 
escpenditure,  and  without  adopting  and  put  forth  at  all  times  the  same 
the  language  of  the  finance  com-  demands,  provided  only  that  war 
raittee  of  1818,  that  the  strength  was  absent-     The   exigendes    of 
and  glory  of  a  country  do  not  con-  peace  vary  a5  well  as  the  necessi- 
.  -Stat  in  its  diips — ^its  naval  and  mi-  ties  of  war^  and  the  purposes,  to 
litary  force— -but  in  the  encourage-  which  nationfd  force  ought  pru- 
ment  of  the  arts  of  peace,  and  Uie  dently  to  be  applied,  alone  fumidi 
judicious  and  economical  manage-  any  standard  by  wbichthe  amount 
ment  of  its  finances."  of  national  force  required  can  be 
ITie  proposed  number  of  men  ascertained.    Mr.    Hobhouse    did 
was  justifi^  by  the  necessity  of  not  go  so  far  as  Mr.  Hume ;  but 
maintaining,  in  existing  drcum-  he  wished  the  military  force  to  be 
stances,  a  strong  naval  force  in  the  reduced  by   the  number  of  men 
Mediterranean,  and  on  the  East*In-  which  had  been  added  in  1825; 
dia  station ;  a  station  which  extended  and  moved  as  a  resolution  on  the  7th 
aver  one  quarter  of  the  globe,  from  of  March  **  That  it  appears  to  the 
the  coast  ofArabia  round  to  the  Pad-  House  that  the  regular  military 
fie  Ocean.    Our  trade  in  the  Mcdi-  force  of  this  country,  exclusive  of 
terranean  was  equally  endangered  the  troops  in  the  East  Indies^  con- 
by  the  Turks  and  by  the  insurgent  siited,  in  the  year  1822,  of  69,088 
Greeks,  andthecomplaintsof  piracy  men ;  and  that  now,  according  to 
were  innumerable.  On  thecoast,too,  thie  estimates  laid  betbre  the  House, 
of  South  America,  free-booters  were  the  number  was  86,240,  being  an 
swarming;  and,  although,  in  India,  increase  since  1 822  of  1 7>152  men. 
the  Burmese  monarch,    was  not  That  it  appears  to  the  House  that 
possessed  of  a  navy,  yet  a  naval  ar-  no  change  has  taken  place  since 
mament  on  the  river  of  Rangoon  1822,  eimer  in  our  foreign  rela- 
was  essential  to  the  operations  of  tions  or  domestic  circumstances,  to 
the  army  which  had  marched  against  j  ustify  so  large  an  augmentation ; 
bis  kingdom.  It  might  be  true  that  and  that  it  is  therefore  exi)edient 
the  estimates  were  higher  than  those  to  reduce    the    regular    military 
of  1 8 1 7 ;  but  no  committee  of  1 8 1 7  force  to  77^000  men." 
could  prophesy  the  exigencies  of  Lord     Palmerston    said,     that 
1826,  and  no  prudent  government  ndther  the  safety  of  the  colonies, 
would  meet  the  greater  necessities  nor  the  comfort  of  the  men  serv- 
of  1826  by  the  lower  scale  of  1817.  ing  in  the  army,  could  allow  of 
The  amendment  was  lost  by  a  ma-  the  proposed  reduction.      When 
jority  of  43  to  15.  ministers  proposed  the  additional 


88]      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


9^000  men  voted  in  the  preceding 
year^  they  had  expressly  disclaimed 
the  idea  of  the  increase  being  ren- 
dered necessary  by  any  thing  in  the 
internal  state  of  England  or  Ireland. 
He  had  then  stated^  as  he  now  re- 
peated^ that  it  was  only  in  relation 
to  the  colonies  that  the  existing 
force  was  reckoned  inadequate; 
that  the  diminution  of  the  military 
force  in  1822  had  been  by  far  too 
extensive;  that^  after  a  trial  of 
three  years,  that  experiment  had 
completely  failed,  and  that  a  greater 
number  of  troops  was  absolutely 
necessary.-  The  same  necessity 
still  existed :  in  fact,  the  numb^ 
of  troops  in  the  Canadas  and  West 
Indies  did  not  much  exceed  the 
number  stationed  there  in  1792; 
while  the  increase  of  their  popu- 
lation^ and  x)ther  considerations^ 
rendered  a  greater  military  esta- 
blishment indispentsable.  Whether 
or  not  the  army  was  too  numerous, 
was  best  ascertained  by  observing 
how  it  was  distributed.  We  had 
at  present,  on  foot,  eighty-three 
regiments  of  the  line;  of  these, 
nine  were  stationed  in  Great  Bri- 
tain, twenty-three  in  Ireland,  and 
the  others  are  constantly  employed 
on  foreign  service.  Besides  these 
nine  r^ents,  there^  were  also 
in  Great  Britain  the  depots  of  the 
fifty-oneregiments  stationed  abroad. 
Taking  each  of  these  depots  at 
224  men,  the  entire  number  would 
be  11,424.  And  taking  the  nine 
regiments  to  contain  740  men 
each,  they  would  amount  to  6,660. 
There  were,  besides,  six  battalions 
of  foot  guards,  4,400  men,  and 
the  stafi  corps  300;  making  a 
total  of  somewhat  above  22,700. 
If  the  1 1 ,424  men  composing  the 
depots,  and  who  were,  for  any 
active  purpose,  really  non-effective, 
were  deducted  from  the  whole, 
the  actu^  puix^ber  was  not  onl7 


not  too  laree,  but  was  less.ihjc 

could  be  wdl  deemed  adequate  t 
perform  the  services  required  of  it 
The  men  composing  the  d^pot 
were  not  available,  inasmuoli  a 
they  were  chiefly  either  employee 
in  the  recruiting  service,  or  oon 
sisted  of  invalided  men.  Altliou^l) 
therefore,  our  home  force  was  ap 

Sarently  large ;  yet,  after  tlie  de 
uction  of  these  11,000  men,    ii 
was  trifling  in  ^comparison,    witl 
the  clamour  raised  about  the  ex- 
istence of  a  standing*  army  iix  tinxei 
of  peace.    The  number  of   regi- 
ments abroad  wasfifty-one :  it  v^bs 
usual  to  release,  every  ten  years, 
each  regiment  on  foreign  service ; 
and,  surely  no  person  could  think 
ten  years  too  short  a  period  for 
their  continuance  out  of  this  coun- 
try, due  regard  being  paid  to  the 
health  and  comforts  oi  the  men. 
If,  then,  these  regiments  w«pe  to 
be  removed  every  tenth  year,  it 
followed  that  there  must  be  a  dis- 
posable force  for  the  purpose  of 
supplying  the  places  of  the  troops 
brought  home  from  time  to  time. 
Taking  the  force  thus  employed 
for  rehefs  to  be  seven  regiments, 
it  foUowed  that  fourteen  regiments 
were  to  be  considered  as  neither 
at  home  nor  abroad,  inasmuch  as 
they    were    constantly   on    their 
passage,  or  preparing  for  it.     De- 
ducting the  depots  of  these  four- 
teen regiments,  which  were  to  be 
deemed  totally  unavailable,   con- 
tinuing   in    Great    Britain,     the 
strength  of   the  whole  fourteen 
might  be  set  down  as  equal  to  five 
regiments;  and  considering   that 
this  loss  fell  solely  on  the  home 
force,    the  conclusion  was,  'that 
there  remain  continuaUy  in  this 
country  only  four  regiments  of  the 
line.     The  reason  for  setting  down 
the  fourteen  regiments  as  not  ex- 
ceeding the  full  strength  of  five, 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [89 

was>  tliat  they  always  left  behind  rive  from  the  English  ^mliftifm^Vyr 
them  in  this  country  about  224  giving  an  entertainment  to  two 
men  each ;  and,  certainly,  four  re-  thousand  Parisians.  He  regretted 
giments  composing  the  only  effect-  that  advantage  had  not  been  taken 
ive  portion  of  uie  22,700  men  of  the  liberal  determination  of  the 
whom  we  retain  at  home,  could  duke  of  Northumberland  to  defray, 
not  be  deemed  more  than  suffi-  out  of  his  private  fortune,  the  ex- 
cient  to  meet  the  emergencies  of  penses  of  his  mission  at  the  coro- 
the  country.  nation  of  the  long  of  France,  and 

The  House  having  divided,  the  that  10,000Z.  should  have  been 
numbers  were,  for  the  original  spent  in  presenting  him  with  a 
motion  I06;  for  Mr.  Hobhouse's  sword  in  return.  He  denounced 
amendment  34.  the  extravaennce  of  keeping  the 

Another  attempt  was  still  made    great  seal,  &c.  in  silver  boxes  at 
by  Mr.  Hume  to  check  what  he    Antigua  and  Dominica,  in  buying 
termed  the  career  of  reckless  ex-    plate  for  ambassadors  in  Lisbon, 
penditure,   by  cutting  down  the    Madrid,  or  Paris,   and  in  main- 
estimates  for  the  civil  contingen-    taining  kettle-drummers,  trumpeU 
cies,  and,  above  all,  the  expenses    ers,  and  silver  trumpets,  for  the 
of  our  diplomatic  establishments    bands  attached  to  the  royal  house- 
in  foreign  countries.     The  whole    hold.    He  was  grieved  to  observe 
cost,  he  said,  of  ambassadors  and    that,  in  regard  to  the  latter,  the 
consuls    for    the    present    year,    lace  and  finery  of  the  dress  were 
amounted  to  half  a  million,  and    not  only  expensive,  but  did  not 
was    regularly  increasing.      The    accord  with  the  plainness  and  sim- 
only  enect  of  large  salaries  was,    pHcity  of  the  English  character, 
he  said,  to  raise  men  above  their    He  preferred  the  plain  Windsor 
business^  and  disincline,  or  disable,    frock ;    and  he  saw,   in  all  this 
them  from  doing  their  duty ;  and    riot,  the  ruinous  waste  and  extra- 
if  a  vote  were  to  be  pass^  re-    vagance  of  the  court  of  Louis  XI V. 
during  the  salaries  one  half,  the    Mr.  Croker  reminded  him  that  the 
duty  would  be  quite  as  well  per-    dresses  of  these  important  person- 
formed.     He  complained  of    the    ages,   however   little  entitled  to 
extravagant  scale  of   expenditure    appear  beside  the  Windsor  firock, 
for  the  missions  and  consulates  in    were  so  far  from  being  an  innova^ 
South  America,  which  exceeded    tion  of  modem  fashion  and  extra- 
100,000/.,  and  of  the  foUy  of  pay-    vagance,   that  they  were  exactly 
ing  three  or  four  thousand  a-year    what  they  had  been  in  the  rei^n  of 
to  support  ministers  at  such  courts    Henry  VIH.,  as  he  might  Team 
as  those  of  Wirtemberg,  Tuscany,    by  consulting  the  pictures  of  that 
and  Saxony,   which  possessed  no    period. 

political  importance.  He  inveighed,  Mr.  Cannins  was  surprised,  be- 
in  particular,  against  the  expenses  yond  all  inteUigible  expression  of 
of  the  embassy  to  Paris,  amounting  surprise,  at  the  proposition  of  Mr. 
this  year  to  30,000/. ;  thus  exceed-  Hume  to  withdraw  our  represent- 
ing the  cost  of  maintaining  the  atives  from  the  smaller  continental 
president,  vice-president,  and  whole  courts,  on  the  ground  of  these 
civil  establishment  of  North  Ame-  courts  being  of  no  political  im« 
rica:andhecouldnot  conceive  what  portance.  The  expense  of  these 
advantage  this  country  could  de*    embassies  had  in  fact  beep  reduc^i 


90]       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


•but  #ie  reduction  Iradnot  proceedeA 
from,  ^any  so  ungenerous,  and  im- 
pKmAentview.  ^di  a  proposition 
wasintnitli  a  dedaration  a£nitting 
that  direeor  four  of  thelarger  courts 
were  to  dispose  of  the  interests  of 
tlie  smaller  ones,  and  that  in  these 
Istter  it  was  scarcdy  worth  while 
to  maintain  those  representatives 
of  the  British  Crown,  whose  pre- 
sence, howev<er,  was  reaHy  of  €0 
much  moment  to  their  welfare. 
It  never  could  be  the  policy  of 
this  conntry,  at  any  period,  so  to 
diseoimtenance  those  minor  states, 
as  to  aid  in  preventing  them  from 
raising  their  heads,  on  occasion, 
among  the  other  European  go- 
vernments. He  by  no  means  pre- 
tended to  say  that  he  was  in  a 
condition  to  predict  the  time  or 
the  iMates  which  would  one  day 
escemplify  the  better  policy  of  our 
not  ne^ecting  them:  but  the 
House  must  feel  convinced,  that 
the  period  might  very  possibly 
arrive,  some  day  or  other,  when 
these  now  minor  states  migiit  rise 
into  and  manifest  themselves  as 
states  of  much  greater  power  and 
importance. 

The  objections  to  the  consular 
estimates  appeared  to  him  equally 
extraordinary;  as  the  plan,  which 
gave  occasion  to  them,  instead  of 
Being  a  measure  of  the  govern- 
ment, was  a  child  begotten  by  Mr. 
Hume  himself.  It  had  been  de- 
termined by  parliament  to  do  away 
with  the  whole  consular  system, 
and  place  it  on  a  new  footing ;  to 
abolish  all  fees,  and  substitute  fixed 
salaries  in  their  place.  This  was 
the  plan  adopted,  to  which  he  had 
been  no  party  ;  and  it  was  rather 
hard  in  Mr.  Hume  now  to  turn 
round  upon  him  for  endeavouring 
to  give  effect  to  a  system,  in  the 
introduction  of  which  be  himself 
had  been  so  potent  an  instrument. 


The  burthens,  to  which  lie  ink 
of  the  country  had  been,  subject  in 
the  shape  of  fees  to  consuls,  wss 
between   65,000/.   and    70,0002.; 
and  the  House  had  determined  so 
longer  to  take  this  sum  from  t^e 
pockets  of  individual    merchants, 
tratUng  to  ports  where  Bridsh  cob- 
suls  were  stationed,  but  to  throv 
the  charge  upon  the  public  geae- 
rally.    On  the  old  system,  61,000?. 
were  annually  paid  by  govermnent; 
and  the  various  companies  ;  where- 
as,  under  the  new  arrangement, 
the  yearly  charges  for  these  con- 
suls were  not  more  than  50>OOOt, 
and  1 1,000^  to  the  Levant  consuU 
He  looked  upon  the  total  allow- 
ance for  such  services,  however, « 
being   79,000/.;   from  which  de- 
ducting 30,000/.  voted  in  the  qtiI 
list,  there  remained  only  49,000^ 
to  be  voted   as  consuls'   6alane8> 
This  was  the  amount  called  for; 
but  the  relief  given  by  it  to  tie 
merchants  was  61,000^       In  re- 
gard to  the  consulates  in  the  new 
states  of  South  America,  it  was 
impossible  already  to  lay  down  8 
fixed  scale,  or  adopt  a  precise  esti- 
mate.    This  year  there  had  been 
a  saving  to  a  considerable  extend* 
but  it  was  impossible  to  say  what 
the  expenses  for  the  year  might  be, 
for  no  European  mission  furnished 
any  standard  by  which  to  compare 
them.     It  was  most  difficult  ^ 
form  any  trust-worthy  scale  of  tie 
cost  of  such  establishments  in  states 
where  the  prices  of  particular  com- 
modities were  very  unequal^  and 
most  of  them  in  nearly  an  invert 
ratio  from  those  of  Europe — wbere 
a  man,  for  instance,  might  buy  a 
horse  for  a  dollar,  but  would  be 
obliged  to  pay  about  two  guineas 
for  shoeing  him.     In  the  expeosc8> 
again,  of  the  old  diplomatic  estab- 
lishments, the  scale  voted  \>j  p*f' 
liament  in  1816,  had  been  uni- 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [91 

finnly  adhered  to :  and,  altfaou^  ofreneningtliefunutuie,  amounted 

Ihe  UAal  cost  of  tte  embassy  at  to  between  23,000/.  and  24,000/. 

Pamamounted  this  year  to  30,000/.,  This  was  too  much  :  but  to  make 

h  was  falladous  to  assume  this  rta  the  house,  at  least  in  the  French 

llie  arcTsge  of  its  annual  expense,  seose  of  the  word,  weather-tight, 

because  the  increase  which  appeared  Mr.  Wyatt  had  been  restrained  by 

Ais  year  ww  but  temporary,  and  orden  from  home,  to  an  expend^ 

deftadeat     entirely     on     specific  tuie  of  18,000/.  instead  of  17,000/. 

eauaea.     The  hotel  of  our  embassy  on  the  building ;  sod  to  about  one 

b  Paris  was  our  own  property  ;  half  of  his  estimate  for  the  lenewal 

ud  we  were  the  only  power,  ex*  of  the  furniture.     The  whole  of 

citing  Riuna,  which  possessed  an  these  expenses,    therefore,   which 

hrtd :  t»  hare  ported  with  it  would  went  to  swell  iJie  item  of  ike  ]^re- 

have  been  boUi  inconrenient  and  sent  ycai,  did  not  &1I  to  be  conai^ 

impolite :  for,  although  it  was  per-  dered  as  lasting  and  regular  ele- 

&rtly  true  that  Great  Britain  was  menti  in  the  annual  average  of  the 

under  no  necessity  of  resorting  to  embassy ;   and,  in  respect  to  the 

my  womdary  means  for  sustaining  geuend  expenses  ai  the  cmhaesy, 

tliat  influence  in  European  politics  he  could  state,  on  the  most  un- 

lo  which  her  grandeur,  her  power,  questionable  authority,   that  lord 

and  her  policy,  so  indisputably  and  GraoviUe,  the  ambassador,  actually 

ahndutcfy  entitled  her,  yet,  consi-  expended  yearly,  at  least  doable 


fcring  that  but  one  other  power  the  araount  of  the  salary,  out  of 

poaened  on  hotel  in  Paris  of  this  his  private  fortune. 

nt  (and,  of  all  capitals,  it  wus  Mr.  Baring  regretted  the  adoption 

nwtt  important   for  us  to  possess  of  the  new  principle  upon  which 

BKh  a  house  in  Paris),  and  con-  government  now  appointed  consuls, 

adering  that  that  other  power  was  prohibiting  them  from  engaging  in 

Rnsia,  he  eould  not  help  feeling  trade,    and   allowing   them  fixed 

dot   it   was  quite  necessary  the  salaries  for  discharging  the  speciJic 

British  ambassador  Aould  be  thus  duties  assigned  to  them.     He  pre- 

aecommodated.       But    the    hotel  ferred  the  old  system  of  such  ap- 

west  into  disrepair :    five  or  six  pointments,  by  which  the  principal 

jtars  ago  large  annual  sums  had  merchant  of  a  trading  port,  such 

liegun  to  be  necessarily  expended  as  Amsterdam  in  Hol&nd,  was  the 

ia  requisite  repmrs  and  improve-  consul.     Such  an  individual  was 

meats,  and,  in  1824,  .5,000/.  had  surely  much    better  qualified    to 

trot  voted  for  these  purposes.     )t  sustain  the   state   and   hospitality 

wii  thought  better  to  put  it  at  necessary  to  be  maintained  among 

•nee  into  a  good  condition ;  and  a  those   with   whom    consuls    were 

[    "                               "     ~'yatt,  frequently  associating,  than  a  con- 

t                                              o  the  aul,  not  a  merchant,  with  a  salary 

1                                              ry  to  of  perhaps  not  more  than  600/.  a 

t  pense 


92]       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


CHAP.    IV. 

Bill  to  prevent  Bribery  at  Elections — Resolutions  of^ainst  Bribery^-' 
Lord  John  RusseWs  Motion  on  Parliamentary  Refbrm — Mr,  Aber^ 
cromby's  Motion  for  amending  the  Representation  of  Edinburgh — 
Motion  to  Disfranchise  non-resident  Freemen  in  Ireland — Resolutions 
for  the  Regulation  of  Private  Committees-^Mr,  Pelham's  Motion  to 
hold  Parliament  occasionally  in  Dublin  and  Edinburgh — Privil^^e 
cf  Members  not  to  be  summoned  on  Juries — Restoration  qf  farfated 
Scottish  Peerages — Debate  on  Motion  to  disjoin  the  Presidency  ^ 
the  Board  of  Trade  from  the  Treasurership  qf  the  Navy — BiUfbr 
the  CotisoUdation  of  the  Lams  against  Theft — Bill  to  amend  the 
Administration  qf  the  Crimnal  LaW'^Debate  on  Motion  to  allom 
Counsel  to  Prisoners  on  Trial  for  Felony — Case  qf  Mr.  Kenrtck-^ 
Proceedings  regarding  the  Court  qf  Chancery. 


ON  the  2iid  of  Marcli^  lord 
John  Russell  moved  for  leave 
to  bring  in  a  bill  for  the  better  yre« 
vention  of  Bribery  at  Elections* 
He  did  not  seek  his  object  by  di- 
recting new  prohibitions  against 
the  giving  and  taking  of  money^ 
or  propose  to  aggravate  the  punish- 
ments by  which  the  existing  laws 
were  already  sanctioned ;  his  pur- 
pose seemed  rather  to  be^  to  invi- 
gorate those  laws  by  facilitating 
the  detection  of  those  who  might 
be  tempted  to  break  J;hem.  Eveiy 
one^  he  said,  knew  that,  in  former 
days,  the  decisions  of  this  House 
were  so  interested  and  corrupt,  as 
to  render  it  necessary  to  impose  on 
a  select  number  of  members  an 
obligation  to  do  justice  between 
the  parties.  This  remedy,  it  was 
generally  admitted,  was  satisfac- 
toiy ;  and  he  was  ready  to  admit, 
that,  as  between  party  and  party, 
it  was  satisfactory,  but  not  as  re- 
garded the  public.  There  were 
many  t>oint8  into  which  the  com- 
mittee would  not  inquire ;  and  it 
might  happen,  that  the  expenses 


of  bringing  such  points  before  their 
consideration  mifht  deter  private 
individuals;  or  it  might  happen 
that  those  who  had  the  means  of 
doing  so  were  also  tainted  with 
bribery,  and  shrunk  from  bringing 
on  an  investigation  into  the  con- 
duct of  others.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances, the  public  had  not  that 
degree  of  security  which  it  had 
when  the  matter  was  brought  be- 
fore the  House  to  be  investigated. 
The  remedy  he  proposed  was,  that 
when  any  party  complained  of  a 
corrupt  election  which  had  oc- 
curred within  six  years  before  the 
petition  had  been  present,  if  the 
House  thought  that  the  petition 
set  forth  circumstances  requiring 
further  investigation,  it  should  ap- 
point a  committee,  consisting  of 
fourteen  members  and  the  mem- 
ber who  presented  the  petition. 
He  did  not  propose  that  any  mem- 
bers should  be  struck  off,  as  in 
ordinary  election  committees,  but 
simply  that  theyt  should  be  chosen 
by  lot :  that  this  committee  should 
investigate  the  circumstances  di$< 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [93 

closed  in  the  petition^  and  report  thouelit  too  long.  He  also  ob- 
thereon.  It  would  then  be  for  the  ject^  that  there  was  no  penalty  or 
House  to  consider^  in  each  case>  punishment  assigned  to  an  un- 
whether  any^  and  what,  ulterior  founded  charge.  A  frivolous  charge 
measures  ought  to  be  taken.  He  ought  to  he  visited  with  costs  to 
could  not>  he  said,  be  met  on  the  the  individual ;  whereas  it  was 
present  occasion  with  the  objection,  proposed  by  this  bill  to  charge  the 
which  his  motions  for  reform  had  puluic  with  costs.  A  member  of 
often  had  toencounter,  that  his  views  parliament  could  not  be  placed  in 
were  vague  and  general,  and  that  a  situation  more  repugnant  to  good 
nothing  should  be  ventured  on  but  feelings.  He  was  sure  there  was 
what  was  specific  Here  was  a  no  situation  to  which  he  could  have 
great  evil,  and  here  was  proposed  a  greater  objection,  than  to  be 
a  specific  remedy  for  it.  He,  were-  called  upon  to  inquire  respecting 
fore,  moved  for  leave  to  bring  in  a  an  election,  when  he  had  previ« 
bill  *'  for  the  better  discovery  and  ously  heard  the  detail  of  the  cir<- 
suppression  of  Bribery,  and  other  cumstances  firom  the  mouth  of  one 
corrupt  practices,  in  the  election  of  of  the  interested  parties.  Still, 
members  to  serve  in  parliament."  notwithstanding  what  he  had  felt 
The  ImII  was  brought  in,  and  on  it  his  duty  to  say  on  the  subject 
the  moving  of  the  second  reading  before  the  House,  he  would  wil- 
(14th  March),  Mr.  Wynn  sai^  lingly  give  the  matter  further  con- 
that  he  had  many  objections  against  sideration,  and  perhaps,  at  a  future 
it,  which  he  feared  it  would  not  staee,  add  some  additional  obser- 
be  practicable  to  remove,  so  as  to  vations. 

render  the  ImII  fit  for  the  adoption  Mr.  Hobhouse,  Mr.  A.  Sotith, 

of  the  House.     The  principle  of  and  Mr.  Fyshe  Palmer  supported 

the  bill,  as  he  understood  it,  was,  the  bUl ;  the  latter  recommending 

that,  upon  complaint  made  to  the  that  the  candidate  should  be  bound. 

House  by  petition,  a  select  com-  as  well  as  the  elector,  to  take  the 

mittee  should  be  appointed  to  try  oath  that   he  was  free  from    all 

the  issue,  and  that  their  decision  bribery,  either  by  fee  or  reward, 

should  be  absolute  and  final.     To  But  the  measure  never  proceeded 

this  there  was  the  obvious  objec-  farther ;  for  when  the  report  on 

tion,  that  the  decision  of  no  com-  the  bill  was  to  be  taken  into  con- 

mittee  could  be  binding  upon  that  sideration  (28th  April),  lord  John 

House.    The  inquisitmal  powers  Russell  stated  that  it  was  not  his 

of  the  House  might  be  delegated,  intention   to  press  it  during  the 

but  not  the  judicial.  A  body  might  present  session ;  but  that  he  would 

be  aj^xnnted  to  bring  in  a  true  probably,    if   such   a   proposition 

verdict  as  to  fact,  but  the  question  should  meet  with  the  concurrence 

of  COTruption  was  a  question  of  of  the  other  side  of  the  House, 

influence.    All  that  a  committee  embody  its  provisions  in  the  shape 

ooold  do  was,   to  report  to  the  of  resolutions. 

House ;  and  the  House  could  then  Accordingly,    on    the  26th  of 

either  pn)oeed  further,  or  allow  the  May,  the  very  last  day  of  the  ses- 

matter  to  sleep.     The  bill  also  gave  sion,  his  lordship  moved  the  two 

power  to  present  petitions  of  com-  following  resolutions: 

I^aint  within  six  years  from  the  ''  1.  That  whenever  a  petition 

pmgA  of  election ;  and  this  be  shall  be  presented  to  this  Hoose^ 


94]      ANNUAL   REGISTER*    1826. 


after  the  expiration  of  tbe  time 
aUovred  fov  preeentng  petitions 
affunst  tbe  validity  of  the  retura 
^  aoy  m&aahex  of  this  House,  bj 
any  persoa  or  p^son8>  affirouiig 
that,  ^t  any  time  mthia  ei^teen 
calendar  months  previoos  to  pre- 
senting the  said  petition,  general 
bribery  or  corruption  has  been 
practised,  &r  the  purpose  (^  pro- 
ducing the  election  or  return  of 
any  member  or  members  to  serve 
in  parliament  f(H'  any  borough, 
cinque  port,  or  place,  and  it  shall 
ajppear  to  the  House,  that  such  pe- 
tition contains  allegations  su& 
ciantly  specific  to  require  further 
investigation,  a  day  and  hour  shall 
be  appointed  by  the  said  House  f<» 
taking  the  said  petition  into  consi* 
deoration,  so  that  the  space  of 
twenty  days  shall  intervene  b&* 
tween  the  day  on  which  the  said 
petition  shall  have  been  presented, 
and  the  day  appointed  by  the  said 
House  for  talang  the  same  into 
consideration ;  and  notice  of  such 
day  and  hour  shall  be  inserted^  by 
order  of  the  Speaker,  in  one  of  the 
two  next  London  Gazettes,  and 
shall  also  be  sent  by  him  to  the 
returning  officer  of  the  borough, 
cinque  port,  or  place,  to  which 
such  petition  shall  relate;  and  a 
true  copy  of  such  notice  shall,  by 
such  retuminff  officer,  be  affixed 
to  the  door  or  the  town  hall,  or 
parish  chufch^  nearest  to  the  (dace 
where  the  election  of  members  to 
serve  in  parliammit  for  such  bo- 
rough, cinque  port,  or  {daee,  has 
been  usually  held. 

''  2.  That,  at  the  hour  appointed 
by  the  said  House  for  ta^ng  such 
petition  into  con^deration,  the  said 
House  shall  proceed  to  s^f^int  a 
select  committee  to  inquire  into 
the  truth  of  the  matters  contained 
in  the  said  petition,  and  report  the 
reMlt  q{  tibeur  inquiiy  to  Uie  mi, 


House ;  and  sUeh  selee^  cemmk*#f 
shall  consist  of  thirteea  memben^ 
to  be  chosen  by  lot,  acoordiag  to 
the  directions,    provisions^    rules, 
and  regulations,  and  sul^eet  ta  the 
exemptions  fat  chnoBtng  forty^niae 
members  by  lot,  coiUauMd  in  the 
various  acts  to  regulate  the  trials 
of  controverted  elections^  or  retunis 
of  members  to  serve  in  parliament, 
so  far  as  they  are  applii^ble  thara* 
to,  and  of  two  other  mi^mbecs  to 
be  appointed  by  the  said  Hoiko,  out 
of  the  members  then  present  in  the 
said  House;  and  the  thirteen  mem- 
bers so  chosen  by  lot,    together 
with  the  two  members  to  be  so 
appointed  by  the  said  I^mse,  AaiXL 
be  a  select  committee,   and  shall 
inquire  into  and  try  the  matter  of 
such    petition,    and    shall   eepoft 
their  c^inion  theneof,  together  with 
the  evidence  given  befboa  tfaeai*  to 
the  said  House." 

Mr.  Wyna  said,  that  he  by  no 
means  intended  to  object  to  the 
principles  of  the  resolutions  ;  but> 
as  the  forms  of  ^e  House  bad  pso* 
vided  a  mode  of  redress  {or  afl  cases 
of  abuse,  he  was  averse  to  enteriBg 
upon  a  generalinquiry.  Hethoi^^ 
that  the  desired  end  would  be  bel- 
ter obtained  by  the  appotnttnent  of 
a  local  committee^   where  every 
member  who  chose  mi^it  attend 
than  by  the  ordinary  mode  of  pio* 
oeeding  by  ballot ;  and  he  wouM 
suggest  to  the  noble  h^  that^  M 
the  present  was  the  seven^  sestfon 
of  parliament,  it  would  be  better 
if  he  were  to  reserve  his  resdti^ 
tions  till  the  next  parliam^itsy  as 
they  would  require,  at  all  evealR» 
to  be  affirmed  by  it.     He  was  not 
awajre  of  the  abuse  which  had  beoa 
adverted  to :  via.  the  distribiitiig 
of  money  to  the  electors  after  the 
fourteen  days  peesmbed  &r  Ae 
presenting  <^  petitions  hai  elflfied- 

If  such  a  ca^e  oouUl  be  taxM^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [Sft 

tmwmi,  tha  HeuM,  be  had  m»  ^snse  ot  beiag  diatmct  Mid  qpau- 
«Mt,  wimU  order  the  Attorney-  Ac,  wlilcli  Ita  had  bestowed  nfMs 
jMUMt  t*  pnaeoite  lh«  parties;  kia  UU  ftw  the  ]^voBti(iii  of 
vH  k  eeuU  be  proved  AM  ikt  bribeij.  The  rescJution  whidt  tw 
peat  body  of  decton  bad  partici-  piopoaetl  foe  the  a^ptiea  oi  lb« 
|MeA  is  ^  cotn^tten,  the  Hoiue  HtHtse  waa,  "  That  the  preaea* 
iH^  paoct^  to  dif&mdiiae  state  of  the  vepreseatatios  of  this 
tn*.  He  vnuid  rqiesi  kk  sag-  country  in  parliament  require*  the 
jfMliiM  totbe  BoUe  lotdy  K>  try  noit  serious  ctHwideratioB  of  tbe 
hi*  rifiiiaa  iil  is  tbc  next  pwrti^.  House ;"  and  the  line  <^  naiarli  l^ 
■cot,  m  Ike  erent  of  any  eaoe  o&>  which  he  gujqN)rted  thi&  fioao^ 
cvnag  winch  tbe  resriiitiona  eon-  sitMin  was  ouutar  to  that  whicb 
tMiplaLLil  It  would  then  be  eoo'  be  had  applied  to  the  eame  purpcoe 
fHKaX  far  him  to  ntore  £xr  the  ^>-  on  former  occaaons.  He  laid  dowB 
pMtaent  of  a  lekct  coaamittee,  two  isemiaea:  fiist,  it  wm  a  mat- 
rad  to  eooduet  Ibe  inquiry  in  the  b;r  of  pararaount  importanee  to 
WW  wlucfa  be  }BupaM(L  adapt    every   govenuaent    to   the 

Mi.  Peri,  Ukewiw,  wished  the    wanta  and  wisnes,  the  prejudice^ 
eoeaderation  of  the  reoeludanR  to    and  existing  circunutances  (^  the 
Wddajed  until  next  hmiihi.  They    country  (ot  which  it  was  iatended. 
mrclved  matter  well  w«thy  the     The  grand  Seignior  might  aafuly 
■ttation  cf  tbe   Houie,  and  he    amuse  himself  with  as  many  dec^  . 
£d  not  tUnk  the  last  day  of  a  su-    pitationa  daily  as  he  chose ;  but  be 
tini  a  fitting  time  dth^  for  that    could  not  atifely  neglect,  or  refuse, 
dtSbentioD  wMch  they  required,     to  appear  before  bis  people  at  stated 
V  for  Heaxnes  which  wero  to  hind    Intervals  which  custom  had  pn- 
fiitaie  parliaments-     The   resolu-    scribed.     Secondly,  the  peo]dc  of 
tNBt,  in  fact,  were  of  M>  important    this  country  had  arrived  at  a  d^ 
s  t^sactcT,  that  full  effect  ought    gree  of   knowledge,   inteUigcnce. 
to  be  given  to  them  only  by  a  le-    and  wealth,  which  made  them  a 
gslstive  enactment,  which  could    people  more  worthy,  than  had  ever 
not  tike  place  tiU  nest  parliament.    Wore  existed,  of  being  intrusted 
But    lord    John    Rugaell    haying    with  the  privilege  of  electing  their  . 
ftaaei  hi*  motion  to  a  division,  as    representatives,  and  more  capable 
Iw  could  not  be  certain  of  having    of  esercising  it  with  advantage, 
t  Kat  in  tbe  n«xt  parliament,  and    From  these  premises,  the  mover  of 
Uw  nnmben  on  each  side  being    the  reaolution  concbided,  that  the 
<^  l&i),  the  Speaker  gave  his    House  of  Commons,  as  at  present 
wting  vote,  as  is  usual  in  such  ■  constituted,  was  badly  constituted, 
tw%  in  &vour  <^  tbe  resolutions ;    for,  instead  of  being  chosen  hy  the 
more  numerous,  tbe  more  intelli- 
gent,   and,    compared  with    past 
times,  the  more  wealthy  class,  it 
was  elected  by  those  who  were  less 
numerous,  le^  intelligent,  and  less 
wealthy.      Since,    therefore,    the 
elective  franchise,  instead  of  re- 
maining in  .the  hands  of  the  many, 
had  become  the  property  of  a  few, 
since  such  a  tiaet^aacy  between 


96]       ANNUAL   REG1ST:ER,    1826. 


the  condition  of  the  people  and  the 
constitution  of  the  government  had 
unhappilj  come  to  exist,  calamities 
must  some  daj  or  other  ensue, 
unless  the  state  of  the  representa- 
tion were  amended,  from  which 
neither  the  constitution  nor  the 
country  would  ever  recover.  It 
was  certain,  he  argued,  from  the 
history  of  our  parliaments,  that  the 
knights  of  the  shire  were  originally 
elected  hy  all  the  freeholders  of  the 
county,  and  that  the  representa- 
tives of  horoughs  were  chosen,  not 
hy  a  select  corporation,  always 
easily  managed  hy  a  few  influential 
individuals,  but  by  the  whole  body 
of  the  inhabitants;  for,  in  point 
of  fact,  all  the  inhabitants  were 
burgesses.  It  was  impossible,  he 
thought,  to  look  back  upon  our 
history  and  not  see  that  the  ori- 
gin and  early  usai^  of  parliament 
went  upon  the  prmdple  that  those 
only  should  be  summoned  who 
were  qualified  to  spesk  the  sense, 
and  represent  the  feelings,  of  the 
people,  and  that  members  should 
not  be  sent  from  such  places  as 
Old  Sarum,  while  Leeds  and  Man- 
diester  were  left  unrepresented. 

Having  noticed  the  objections 
commonly  urged  against  the  ne- 
cessity of  reform,  the  noble  mover 
continued,  that,  of  two  modes  of 
reform  which  it  was  customary  to 
propose,  the  one  a  total  reconstruc- 
tion, and  the  other  a  partial,  and, 
so  to  speak,  a  piecemeal  renovation, 
of  the  House  of  Commons;  the 
latter  appeared  to  him  the  sounder 
in  principle,  and  the  better  suited 
to  the  condition  of  the  country. 
The  principal  feature  of  his  plan 
would  be,  to  restrict  an  hundred  of 
the  smaller  boroughs  to  one  mem- 
ber, instead  of  allovnng  Uiem  two, 
and  give  the  number  of  represen- 
tatives thus  subtracted  from  them 
to  other  towns  which  had  risen 


into  importance,  and  had  no  icfve- 
sentatives  at  all.    These   details, 
however,  would  be  matter  of  future 
deliberation.      The  object   whidi 
he  had  in  view,  in  moving  the  pre- 
sent resolution,  was,  in  the  wards 
of  Mr.  Fox,  "  not  to  pull  down, 
but  to  work  upon,  our  oonstitutioD, 
to  examine  it  with  care  and  re- 
verence, to  repair  it  where  decayed, 
to  amend  it  where  defective,  to 
prop  it  where  it  wanted  support,  to 
adapt  it  to  the  purposes  ot  the  pre- 
sent time,  as  our  ancestors  had  done 
from  generation  to  generation,  and 
always  transmitted  it  not  only  unim- 
paired, but  improved,  to  po^erity." 
Mr.  Denison,  in  speaking  on  this 
topic  for  the  first  time,  could  not 
help  feeling  that  there  was  nothing 
in  the  state  of  the  House,  or  the 
conduct  of  the  government,  to  have 
rendered  it  necessary  to  press  such 
a  motion  on  the  very  eve  of  a  ge- 
neral election.     He  was  opposed 
to  it  on  principle.    The  object  of 
those  who  advocated  reform  seemed 
to  be,  to  reduce  the  system  of  re- 
presentation to  greater  unifinmity 
in  its  operatioiL     There  were  only 
two  ways  by  which  this  oouM  be 
effected.    The  first  would  be  by  a 
greater  extension  of  the  populai 
system  of  representation ;  the  se- 
cond went  on  the  ground  of  appor- 
tioning the  representation  to  the 
amount  of  property  possessed.    Of 
these  methods  there  were  living 
examples ;  and,  as  experience  was, 
in  such  matters,  the  best  instructor, 
in    France,    the   elective    system 
was  founded  upon  property.     I^ 
we  desired  to  proceed  in  that  way> 
the  first  step  necessary  to  be  taken 
would  be  to  disfranchise  a  hrf^ 
portion  of  the  country.    But  Ss 
majesty's  ministers  were  aware  of 
the  consequences  of  such  a  prooeed- 
ing,  and  xnew  too  well  how  weak 
and  feeble  government  loust  b^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [97 

come,  if  m^pporied.  hy  a  House  of  British  politics  had  maintained. 
Commons  resembling  the  French  This  consistency  he  wished  to  pre* 
Chamber  of  Deputies.  The  other  serve  inviolate.  He  felt  no  dis- 
method,  was  to  place  the  represent-  position  to  tamper  with  the  in- 
ation  on  a  popular  basis,  approach-  teerity  of  the  constitution.  Its 
ing  to  w&t  might  be  called  a  fa&ic  had  not  been  constructed  on 
Representative  Democracy.  The  the  chaste  and  simple  principle  of 
example  of  that  course  was  to  be  Grecian  uniformity,  but  rather  par- 
found  in  the  United  States  of  took  of^e  minute  and  multi£uious 
America.  Great  allowance  must,  character  which  distinguished  the 
notwithstanding,  be  made  in  any  Gothic  temple ;  and  he  confessed 
attempt  to  draw  a  practical  argu-  that  he  found  it  impossible  not  to 
ment  from  the  circumstances  of  stand  in  awe  and  admiration  of 
nations  in  many  most  material  the  venerable  pile,  and  he  dared 
points  so  different.  Here  we  had  not  approach  it  with  the  hand  of  a 
a  limited  monarchy,  there  the  go-  daring,  though  specious,  reform, 
vemment  was  a  pure  democracy.  Mr.  Hobhouse  made  a  very  dis- 
Whatever  liberty  we  possessed  in  cursive  speech  in  support  of  the 
this  country  had  srown  gradually  motion.  It  was  objected,  he  said, 
up  among  us ;  whatever  freedom  that  the  reformers  had  no  plan  to 
existed  there,  had  been  suddenly  offer;  now  this  he  denied.  The 
obtained.  There  the  principle  cf  noble  mover  had  a  good  plan ;  the 
universal  suffiage,  with  little  or  no  member  for  Durham  (^.  Lamb- 
restriction,  was  admitted ;  here  the  ton)  had  a  very  good  plan  ;  and 
parliamentary  advocates,  at  least,  he  himself  had  a  plan,  of  whose 
of  reform,  had  never  ventured  to  merits  he  would  say  nothing.  It 
fio  so  far.  Even  the  differences  was  objected  to  them,  likewise, 
between  the  state  of  society  in  the  that  the  property  of  the  country 
two  countries  rendered  all  reason-  was  really  represented ;  he  denied 
ing  from  the  one  to  the  other  in-  this  too.  Property  was  not  re- 
Gondurive.  He  could  not  admit  presented:  for  the  most  ragged 
the  advantage  of  any  change  in  the  part  of  the  population,  who  ought 
existing  system  of  representation,  to  be  in  Uie  work-house,  ,were 
embracmg,  as  it  did,  the  advan-  voters,  and  perjured  themselves  at 
tages  of  both  schemes,  without  the  the  poU  by  saymg  they  gave  their 
ddects  of  either.  We  had  the  votes  for  such  a  candidate,  when, 
French  principle  of  property,  con-  in  fact,  they  gave  the  votes  of 
trolled  by  the  American  principle  those  who  sent  them  there.  The 
of  democracy,  and  that  in  its  turn  electors  themselves  were  not  pos- 
checked  by  the  influence  of  the  sessed  of  property:  the  persons 
aristocracy.  The  House  partook  really  possessing  property  resided 
of  all  the  changes  and  varieties  of  in  towns  which  had  no  represenU 
the  state,  and  fmorded  a  means  for  atives.  The  House,  therefore, 
the  introduction  of  every  expres-  must  either  adopt  some  reform,  or 
sion  of  public  opinion.  No  one  abandon  the  hypocrisy  of  pretend- 
parliament  had  ever  greatly  de-  me  that  there  was  a  representation, 
viated  from  the  path  of  its  prede-  The  effects  of  the  system  on  the 
oessors ;  and  to  this  circumstance,  votes  of  that  House  furnished  irre- 
perhaps,  more  than  any  other  rea-  firagable  answers  to  every  pretence 
8on»  was  owing  the  even  tenor  of  its  voice  being  that  of  the  ooun^ 
Voji.  LXVlfl,  CH] 


96]      ANNUAL    REGISTER^    1826. 

*T.    He  bad  afi  mbOfms  tf  tib^    tmoM^xA  wiUi  ^kem  j  aaA  «if 

fludoritiefl  on  the  gratt  question^    erne    countjr  member   ▼oted  wiA 

wHdiluid  bee&discttflBed  in  ISfll    th^m.    SUch.  was  the   ayatea  ty 

and  l8£2>wliidi  showed  that  tkeac    whidi  mmutew  mlcd  iMiliaaiiir 

mkjoritiea  were  whdly  made  up    and  parliament  the  eoimtzj;  9i 

of  the  eighty-nine  {dacemen,  and    of  which  Mr.  Pitt  had  dedaied  a 

rf  members  intimaldy  connected    the  days  rf  his  youA,  tiw^u^ 

widi  the  goremment,  and  if  it    it,  it  was  impessible  for  a  Diate 

were    not    im-pariiamentary    he    to  be  loi  honest  man.     The  S^ 

would  read  their  names.     He  h^    oretary  for  Foreign    Afims  kr 

idso  tnother  ixakym^  Aowing  the    once  said«  that  he  wooU  scon* 

divisbns  on  diirty-six  great  qnes-    fiovem  by  a  majority  of  plaeena 

tions  which  had  taken  place  in    but  Ae  boast  was  an   empty « 

those  years,  the  result  of  which    Ministers  had  no  other  meaaia/ 

was  rather  curious,  and  which  he    goterning,  and  wovdd  hxwe  •«* 

woold  take  tibe  liberty  (^  reading    till  they  had  deserved  the  dad 

to  tiic  House,  to  Aow  how  the    of  the  country.     '''Witlwot  Ab 

sCate  of  tl»  Tepiesentation  really    eonfidenee,  in  vain  is  all  the  bofltf 

gtiiod:<— Of  me  40  counties  erf  independence  of  the  Foraga  » 

Eiqikdd,  M  members  voted  for   cretary,  in  vain  is  idl  hia  maafa 

the  gcvemment,  and  87  againtt.    of  spirit  and  doqufcnoc  withi*4 

Of  the  te4  counliw  and  towns  of   heddig^tshisCTafapttiredaato 

Wales,  18  inembew  voted  fbt,  and    He  wocdd,  indeed^  he  "^[P^ 

9  against  the  government.    Of  89    vi^hile  he  qpoke  from  the  bmie 

titles  iand   borough,    inhere  ti«    where  he  now  dts ;  hot  ab^** 

election  ww  open,    67  members    erf  his  robes  of  office,  and  whitls 

toted  for  the  government,  and  107    happened  to  him  before  wiH  k^ 

Ugainst.    Of  the  99   cities   and   again;  his  supporters  will  Id  iif> 

boroughs  in  whidi  the  deotion  was   and  he  wiU  &id  tiiat  tte  fs^ 

oonfined,  151   voted  for  the  go*   <rf  his  persuasion  is  frrer,  m  ^ 

verament,  and  12  against.    Of  the   as  he  is  reduced  to  cham  *J 

85  eouBfties  and  boroughs  in  Scot-    only  1^  his  nadve  graeeaof  tt^ 

iaui,  85  memben  voted  for,  and    and  Wisdom..    The  preaeni  fO^ 

11  i^aiiist  ^e  government ;  of  the    tion  of  a  minister  of  the  C^**J* 

<5  eduuties  and  boroughs  of  Ire-    neither  enviMde  nor  denrahfep^ 

land,  45  voted  for,  and  21  affamst    I  can  depict  nothinc  more  af» 

the  government  \  of  the  remaining   or  more  animaiing,  Uion  ^^^^^^ 

11^  members,  ihakii^  up  a  totd    tion  of  a  minister  in  ^^^^ 

«f  658,  they  either  did  not  vote  at   parliament,   presiding,    ^"^"^^ 

«fl,  or  voted  occasionally  on  ei^ier   consent  and  support  of  th*  pcip 

idte;    Even  the  tote  wiuA  ^e   over  the  destinies  of  the  gre^ 

<Miher    night   had    prevented  ^   nation  that  ever  challeDj^ed* 

tei«Midnof  a  new  placeman,  proved   admimtion  of  mank^ftd.     T^! 

"diowughly  the  corrupt  state  of  the  linked,  liie  cheers  of  tlie  «»^ 

iepresentatioD.  *     The    majority    would  not  only  ]^y  roand  ^ 

hfi   ftivonr  of   miniBtcrs  on  Aat    head,  but  th^  would  resA  ^ 

«ecafifton,  cSOhsistedof  38  gentlemen    heart ;  his  proud  condition  w«^ 

iAo  enjoyed  places  and  salaries ;    enalite  him  to  anticipate  tkc  jwf' 

«f  ten  mo^  who  were  intimately   ment  of  posterity,  mA  a^ldunlj^ 

__i_:_,^_______:_____::„    wouM  ^oHow  lihe  meBtkA  w  ■• 

*  Sec  iniia,  p.  113  name  in  history.*^ 


•*                     HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [99 

^      Mr.  W»  Lamb  6cudj  tbe  oaeasure  effort  to  i^ly  the  dofetriiies  of  ro- 

^  x«oommended  to  thQ  House  was  so  form  to  a  particular  instanoe^  and 

'  *  anoertain  in  its  chancter>  that  he  again  moved  for  leave  to  bring  in 

p^  found  much  difficulty  in  seeing  his  a  bill  to  alter  and  amend  the  re- 

"'  way  through  it.    So  far  as  he  did  nres^tatibn  of  the  city  of  Ediii* 

'^'  8ee>  it  i^peared  to  him  that  it  was  burgh^  which  contained^  he  said,  4 

^1  likely  to  be  misohieyous ;  and  he  population  of  more  tluui  100^000 

^B  doubted  not  that  the  motiim  wds  inhabitants^    While    tiie    dbctive 

>  (me  of  intimidation^  brought  for-  franchise  Was  in  the  hahds  of  a 

0  ^  ward  fbr  the  purpose  c^  being  here-  town  council  of  thirty<*three  mem- 

e"  after  em|doyed  on  the  hustings,  hers  self-elected,  tad  what  were 

STi:  NeiUier  all  intimidation^  nor  all  called  the  vested  ti^ts  of  thiit 

II  ocmiiption^  was  on  the  side  of  go-  body  were  generally  we  pHndnal 

t^  vemment*    The  member  for  West-  obstacles  thrown  in  Ihe  way  m  a 

isitminster  had  talked  much  of  the  better  system.    But  the  feemdiiK 

SB!  corrupt  motives  by  which  majorities  had  been  given  to  the  coundUfor 

'^in  that  House  were   influtoced.  the  benefit  of  thb  public ;    and 

Si!  How  could  the  hon.  member  know  whenever  it  appeared  to  parliaw 

iefiwhat  these  motives  were ?    They  ment  that  the  M  mode  of  elec« 

ia:mi^ht  be  influenced   by  motives  tion  was  no  longer  fitting  or  bene« 

itff which  appeared  to  their  judometit  fidal^it  might  competenfly  resume 

etas  oorrect^  and  as  well  foun&d  in  what  it  had  fftven>  and  vest  the 

,  k  jiut  policy^  as  those  which  governed  fiandiiK  in  otW  hands.  Another 

gsthe  votes  of  a  minority,    m  knew  objection  was  usually  founded  on 

s  of  votes  given  in  that  House^  on  the  assertion  that  the  artides  of 

c^professed   constilutiimal    grounds^  union  precluded  any  interference 

rewhich^  in  his  soul,  he  believed  with  the  rights  of  private  property. 

f;  those  who  gave  thfcm  knew  well  To  this  he  would  reply^  that  the 

(jto  be  hostile  to  the  constitution  heritable    iurisdictions    had  been 

Iff  and  to  the  intttesis  of  the  country;  abdidied  in  the  year  1747*    If 

jfbut  if  government  had  certain  ends  there  existed  any  qiecies  ci  piivu 

gto  obtain,  so  also  had  they  who  k^  which,  mote  than  an  other, 

^voted  in  this  manner.     Pethsufs  ou^t  to  be  peculiarly  accounted 

J  some  opposition  among  their  con*  private,  the  heritable  juridcdctiotts 

yttitttents  was  to  be  got  Oter,  stent  ought  to  be  referred  to  that  dass. 

I  party  to  be  oonciliated,  same  ex«  Nothing   could    ever   have  been 

^pense  to  be  saved.    Werfe  not  these  more  distinctly  recognised  as  pri» 

(motives  as  coanxpt  as  tay  by  which  vate  property  than  were  the  henta« 

ifninisteriBl  minorities  could  be  in-  Ue  jurisdictions— they  had  been 

^fluenoed  ?      OMrru|»tiOn  was   tat  atM  and  mortgs^ed,  and  treated  on 

necessarily  or  exclusively  connected  every  occasion,  uid  for  every  pur* 

|ri^  miyoritieSL  pose,  as  matters  of  private  property. 

Neither  Mr.  Canning  nm^  Mr.  Yet  they  were  abolished ;  and  that 

BiOuf^anl  took  a  share  in  the  de«  at  least  drowed  that  the  artides  of 

6,  whidi  could  not  be  expe^ted|  union  did  not  preclude  such  an  in-* 

so  hacknied  a  topic,  to  present  terferenoe  with  private  propei'ty  as 

idi  novelty ;  and  it  terminated  might  bo  esteemed  fbr  the  general 

the  rqection  of  the  ^aiotiori  by  gora  of  the  ctrantry.    It  was  by 

miyarity  of  247  to*lSd.  no  meatns  recpniod,.  he  said,  that 

Mr.  Abercromfay  again  made  an  those  #hd  atpomi  reform  as  tt  te^ 


100]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

garded  England^  should^  for  the  cuudous  to  see  compcJled  to  unite  in 
sake  of  consistencj,  likewise  (Appose  one  firm  and  unanimous  strue^ 
it  as  it  regarded  Scotland :  lor  in  for  reform.    That,  however,  wmA 
no  one  case,  in  Scotland^  was  there  was  a  reason  against  his  entire  and 
the  most  distant  approach  topopu-  unqualified  approhation  of  the  mo- 
lar representation ;  and  yet,  no  city  tion,  was  a  reason  fen:  the  House 
in  the  empire,  of  the  same  size,  ixrith  the  less  scruple  to  accede  to  it; 
contained  so  many  householders  of  for  the  case  made  out  was  com- 
independent  fortune  as  Edinburgh,  plete  in  itself.     It  was  unanswered 
Mr.  Dundas,   the  member  for  and  unanswerable,  for  so  flagrmt 
Edinburgh,  and  Sir  George  Clerk,  was  the  injustice  complained  of>  lo 
the  member  for  the  county,  op-  very  reasonable  and  moderate  the 
posed  the  motion,  as  being  evidently  demand,  that  it  was  utterly  un- 
intended to  undermine  me  barriers  possible  to  conceive  any  feasible 
which  resisted  the  inroads  of  a  more  objection  to  it.-^For  a  perfect  case, 
wide    and    sweepmg    innovation,  indeed,  he  knew  of  nothing  Jikeit» 
The    unexampled    prosperity    of  but  the  corruption  of  Scotland- 
Edinburgh  in  every  branch  of  art  it  was  iotus,  teres,  atque  rotundnu : 
and  industry,  was  convincing  proof  it  was  so  complete  in  all  its  parts, 
that  the  system  of  representation  that  it    must    thoroughly     cte- 
had  not  been  prejudicial  to  her  vince  all  those  who  were  not,  from 
interests;    and    the  contentment  inveterate  principle  and  prejudice, 
which  pervaded  the  whole  ooun^  opposed  to  every  species  of  reform, 
try    shewed    abundantly  •  that    a  no  matter  in  what  modified  shspe 
limited  finnchise  was  not  in  itself  it  presented  itself.      The  course 
necessarily    misdiievous.       There  adopted  by  the  opponents  of  the 
were  in  Endand  many  large  cities  motion  was,  to  answer  one  abuse 
in  which  ute  franchise  was  con-  by  another.  Edinburgh  was  admit- 
fined  to  a  small  number  of  in-  tedtobean  atrocious  case,  but  Badi, 
dividuals ;  and  it  would  be  less  it  was  said,  presented  an  instanoe 
objection8J)le  to  alter  the  system  equally  atrocious.    Such  a  course 
here,  than  to  disturb  interests  which  was  most  insulting  to  that   city 
had  been  secured  by  the  solemn  and  its  representative.     He  had  no 
compact  of  the  Union.  No  borough  doubt  that  a  few  apoUiecaries  in 
had  ever   been    disfranchised   m  Bath  could  send  as  good  a  member 
England,  except  in  cases  where  to  parliament  as  the  mock  member 
gross   and  scandalous    corruption  for  the  city  of  Edinburgh;   but 
had  been  fully  proved ;  and  the  would  that  be  any  answer  to  the 
present    propel    went    to    dis-  just  demand  of  the  enlightened 
franchise  the  corporation  of  Edin-  citizens  of  Bath  for  that  share  in 
burgh  without  charging  or  proving  the  representation  to  which  they 
any  thing.  were  justly  entitled  ?     Upon  thxi 
Sir  Francis  Burdett  confessed    principle    of    setting    one    abuse 
that  he  felt  in  some  degree  less  zeal    against  another,  it  would  be  im« 
in  support  of  the  motion  than  he    possibleeverto  make  any  way  what- 
should  have  done;  if,  instead  of    ever  against  corruption  ;  for  no 
being  placed  upon  insulated  and    conceivable  case  cotud  be  stated,  to 
independent  grounds,  it  had  been    which  twenty  gentlemen  on  the 
combined  with  the  general  inter-    other  side  might  not  conscientiously 
§f9^  of  the  empire,  \^^ich  h^  was   start   up,  pipot^tin^   that  tbere 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[101 


were  cases  much  more  infamous 
and  scandalous^  and  that,  unkss 
these  were  all  put  into  ihe  same 
hoat  with  the  abuse  in  question, 
and  gotten  rid  of  at  the  same  time, 
they  could  not,  for  the  sake  of 
consistency,  consent  to  grant  the 
redress  required. 

Mr.  Canninff  said,  he  had  often 
been  accused  of  pertinacity  in  as- 
serting that  paruamentary  reform 
was  not  necessary ;  and  in  resLSt- 
ing  it,  not  only  as  being  transitory 
and  evanescent,  but  as  hazarding 
a  greater  evil  than  we  at  present 
endure.     So  far,  however,  from 
viewing  this  measure  as  only  ex- 
tending to  parliamentary  reform, 
were  he  an  advocate  for  such  re- 
form, he  should  consent  to  pass  it 
with  more  zeal,  because  he  could 
not  possibly  conceive  any  thing 
more  mischievous.     To  a  certain 
degree,  he  admitted  the  truth  of 
the  noble  lord's  argument.     If  he 
thought  the  great  and  sweeping 
measure  of  parliamentary  reform 
necessary,  then,  if  the  articles  of 
Union  were  to  be  set  up  to  defeat 
an  important  and  universal  measure, 
he  would  scout  the  attempt ;  for  these 
articles  couldnot  in  justice  be  set  up 
against  the  benefit  of  the  whole. 
If  they  were  speaking  of  the  par- 
liament of  Sa)tland  only>  there 
would  be  some  force  in  the  objec- 
tion drawn  from  tlie  articles  of 
Union ;  but  a  parliament  constituted 
like  that  of  Scotland  would  be  unfit 
for  this  great  country,  in  which  so 
many  classes  of  persons,of  things,  of 
sentiment,  required  legislation ;  yet 
an  infusion  of  that  representation, 
and  its  commixture,  had  proved 
boiefidal,    and     had    completely 
answered  all  the  purposes  of  a  na- 
tional   representation  ;    and    he 
Would    not  consent    to    alter    it 
for    the  sake  or  adopting    what 
some  might  deem  an  improvement. 


Let  the  House  consider  whether, 
taking  the  case  as  applied  to  Scot- 
land only,  she  had  been  exposed  to 
disadvantages  in  this  respect,  when 
compared  with  her  more  wealthy 
neighbour.     Had  it  been  shown 
that  there  had  been  any  deficiency  ? 
Scotland  flourished;  had  she  not 
kept  pace  with  England?      No 
man,  either  by  ocular  inspection, 
or  other  means,  could  be  ignorant 
of  the  rapid  advances  to  waras  pros- 
perity which  had  been  i^ade  in 
that    country  since    the    Unicm. 
With  respect,  therefore,  to  the  re- 
presentation of  Scotland,  she  made 
good  her  hold.     Notwithstanding 
idl  her  grievances,  the  Southerns 
had  made  no  impression  upon  her. 
Once,    indeed,    Mr.    Fox,   when 
banished  from  Westminster,  took 
refuge  at  Kirkwall,  and  became  a 
Southern  invader.     The  present 
motion,on  the  other  hand,  camefrom 
a  sentleman  of  that  county,  who 
had  nestled  himself  in  an  English 
borough.    And  the  nature  oT  the 
amendment  which  he  (Mr.  Can- 
ning) should  be  inclined  to  propose 
was,  that  leave  be  given  to  l^ng 
in  a  bill  to  the  effect  proposed  by 
the  hon.  gentleman;  but,  instead 
of  Edinburgh,  to  insert  the  borough 
of  Calne.     It  was  true  there  were 
but  thirty-three  electors  for  Edin- 
burgh ;  but  for  the  borough  which 
the  hon.  gentleman  represented  the 
number  was  much  smaller.     That, 
however,  was  no  argument  with 
him;   he  only  thought  the  hon. 
gentleman  might  as  weU  have  look-, 
ed  at  home  instead  of  going  abroad. 
It  was  quite  manifest,  that,  if  the 
mere  fact  of  paucity  of  electors  was 
to  be  construed  into  inefliciency, 
gentlemen  might  often  bring  for- 
ward similar  motions.     He  could 
mention  many  persons  who  were 
members  for  boroughs,   to  which 
the  same  reasonings  might  be  ap- 


102]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

pfied;  hat   mnnber    aknie   was  were  filled  with   tli^   names   of 

h^  no  means   conchiiiTe.    There  non-resident  fipeemen^  and  he  oon- 

nerer  had  heen  a  motion  hroog^  aidered  it  tobe  snahose,  that  soch 

fawaid  in  thst  Hoose  to  disfisn-  dioqld  idll  oontinne  to  be  the  case 

dtise  a  ph^^  merel j  on  acooont  of  in  cities  wUdi  swanneda  Hhe  Bel- 

tiie  npmher  of  its  electors  being  hst,  or  Newrj,  or  Dondalk.  with 

afBbsD^  without  anj*  other  xmpata-  protestant  inhalntanti^  intelligent 


tion*    His  objection  to  the  present  and  wQalthy^   As  the  causp  which 

motion  was^  its  rapHcation  as  a  tnodoced  the  act  oC  Qeo.  2nd  had 

sin^   instance  ci  refinm  in  a  long  since  ceased  to  operate,  die  act 

boroo|^  fbr  the  benefit  and  ad-  itself  ought  toberemored&oin  the 

Tmttage  of  being  ^Hed  to  the  statute-rook.  He,  therefore^  moved 

general  ^esdon  of  porHamentaiy  for  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  to  le- 

reform*      It    certainhr    was    not  peal  it. 

unusual  to  bring  forward  an  Mr.  Plunkett,  in  ojqKmtian  to 
attack  on  a  stn^^  boroudi,  hj  an  the  motion,  said,  that  the  question 
allegation  of  the  preysuence  of  was  not  as  between  the  act  of  Geo. 
abtuies ;  but  it  was  quite  new  to  £nd  and  the  charters,  but  as  be- 
instituta  a  charge  against  it,  bei-  tween  the  10th  of  Henrv  7th  and 
cause  its  dectire  was  not  in  pnvi  the  21st  of  Geo.  2nd.  The  char- 
portion  to  its  actual  population,  ters  required  residence,  the  latter 
This  principle,  if  once  admitted,  act  dispensed  with  it^  Hie  le- 
would  let  in  the  great  question  of  gislature,  in  passing  that  act,  did 
reform,  which  would  l^  to  end-  away  with  the  inconvenient  and 
less  squabbler  He  hoped,  how*  unconstitutionalrestrictiQnSyWhich, 
ever,  tiiat  the  motion  would  be  at  an  earlier  period,  had  been  im- 
repeatad  annually,  for  the  inno-  posed ;  and  the  House,  he  trusted, 
cent  gratification  of  the  noble  would  see  that  the  necessary  ef^t 
lord,  and  those  who  advocated  of  the  present  proportion  would 
it ;  but  thinking,  at  present,  that  be,  not  tiie  enlargement  of  the 
no  asaiffnaUe  good  was  likely  to  elective  franchise,  but  its  restraint, 
result  uom  it,  he  should  di^ent  Many  of  these  corporations  were 
from  it  established  in  the  reign  of  James 

On  a  division  the  inotion  wag  1st ;  and  it  was  well  Iqiown  that 

lost  they  were  established  on  principles 

Sir  John  Newport  endeavoured  by  no  means  favourable  to  puolic 

to  procure  an  alteration  in  the  state  in)erty,  or  at  all  in  accordance  with 

of  the  elective  franchise  in  Ireland,  the  spirit  of  the  constitution.  The 

g'  a  repeal  of  the  Irish  act  21  effect  of  this  the  l^islature  in  tha 

eo.  2nd  c*  10.    By  that  ptatute  reign  of  Geo.  2nd  thought  fit  to 

it  had  been  enacted  that.  In  con-  remove,  and  he  certainly  could  not 

sequence  of  the  difficulty  of  findr  concur  in  any  measure,  tending  to 

ing  a  sufficient  number  of  resident  repeal  that  get.     The  country  l|ad 

protestant     freemen,     sufficiently  gone  on  for  seventy  years  with  tjie 

wealthy  and  sufficientiy  educated  to  principle  of  non-residence  applied 

exercise  the  elective  franchise,  non-  to  boroughs  and  corporate  towns, 

resident  fireemen  should  be  enti-  Now,  af&r  such  a  periqd  as  this, 

tied  to  vote.  The  lists  of  fre^nen,  the  efiect  pf  the  measure  of  tl^a 

sir  John  Newport  stated,  in  most  right  hon.  baronet  woui4  be  got 

of  the  corporate  towns  of  Ireland  omy  prospective  but  retrospective. 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[lot 


Ibpft  Immii  ftflfect  vested  rights, 
sad  disturb  persons  aetuallj  in 
possession.  If  that  act  were 
repealed^  the  election  of  every 
ansting  officer  ijf  a  corporation 
would  he  impeachable.  Under  all 
fhe  considerations  which  suggested 
themselves,  the  House  should  pause 
before  it  assented  to  such  a  pro- 
poddon  on  the  ereof  a  eeneral  elee- 
ttOQ  a  pnopontion,  the  effects  oi 
wbich>  upon  ^dsting  riehts^  could 
not  be  measured.  Manj  gen- 
tlemen, reljing  upon  the  support 
of  non-residentSj  looked  forward 
to  their  elections  with  confi- 
dence; and,  if  the  present  proposi- 
tion were  adopted,  nothing  but 
mioertamty  and  disappointment 
would  ensue.  There  was  another 
point  to  which  he  felt  it  necessary 
to  direct  the  attention  of  the 
House.  It  wi^,  that  the  principle 
of  non-residence  had  been  acted 
upon  for  forty  years  before  the 
Union  of  the  English  i(nd  Irish 
parliaments.  At  thq  time  of  the 
Union,  a  selection  had  been  made 
of  those  borou^s  which  were  sup- 
posed to  be  most  fit  to  send  re- 
presentatives to  parliament,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  county  members. 
They  were  selected  on  the  ground 
of  the  number  of  electors  which 
they  eontf^ned ;  and  in  the  estimate 
of  the  number  of  elector^  the 
Bon-refltidents  were  taken  into  ac- 
eoupt,  as  well  as  those  who  were 
resident.  It  was  evident,  then, 
that  the  measure  now  proposed 
went  to  disturb  the  arrangements 
m^de  at  the.  Union. 

Hie  motion  was  negatived  by 
76  votes  to  88. 

The  ps^on  for  establishing 
Joint-stock  companies,  which  haa 
l^cd  Hke  an  epidemioEd  disease  in 
1&5,  had  overflowed  the  table  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  during 
that  session,    with  petitions  for 


private  Mils.  The  multifhrious 
and  competing  interests,  all  ani- 
mated by  the  keeh  love  of  gain, 
whidi  woire  invcdved  in  Siese 
InUs,  insured  much  discontent  with 
any  decision  which  the  eommittees, 
to  whom  they  were  referred, 
might  pronounce  upon  them  |  and, 
unloitunately,  the  conduct  of 
eommittees  tiiemselves  fbmiriied 
grounds  of  complaint  much  more 
substantial  than  the  irritation  of 
losing  parties,  er  the  dlnppoint- 
ment  of  deigning  specuktors. 
Loud  accusations  were  heard 
against  them  of  carelessness  and 
partiality ;  private  solicitation  was 
said  to  have  become  scandalous 
and  unblushing;  members  who 
had  not  heard  a  word  of  evidence, 
and  understood  not  any  part  of  th^ 
merits  of  the  subject,  were  lm»ught 
down  upon  the  committee  at  its 
final  dedfflon  to  support  private 
interests;  and  injustice  was  per- 
petrated at  the  expense  to  the  par* 
ties  of  a  ^evous  loss  in  time  and 
money.  The  attention  of  th^ 
House  had  been  drawn  to  these 
complaints  during  the  last  session  ; 
but,  though  the  necessity  of  some 
alteration  in  the  mode  of  doing 
this  part  of  the  business  of  the 
House  hadbeen  generally  admitted, 
and  a  committee  nad  been  appointed 
to  t^ke  the  matter  into  considera- 
tion, no  efficient  remedy  had  yet 
heen  devised.  Mr.  Littleton,  mem- 
ber for  StafiRnrdshire,  now  Imnight 
forward  (19th  April)  a  series  of 
resolutions  for  the  better  regula- 
tion of  such  committees.  He  did 
not  believe,  he  said,  notwithstand- 
ing the  compl9ints  which  had  been 
made,  that  the  instanpes  in  which 
they  were  well  founded  had  been 
numerous :  but  it  was  certain  that 
the  present  constitution  of  com- 
mittees rendered  improper  conduct 
perfectly  possiWe,  and  this  theplfi^ 


104]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

which  he  had  in  view  would  tend  committee  of  ajppeaL    His  scheme 

to  prevent    It  had  heen  proposed^  was  embodied  in  the  foUowing 

during  the  last  session^  to  choose  the  solutions : — 

memtor^  to  whom  a  private  bill  **  1.  That    the    present 

was  to  be  xeferred^  by  ballot ;  but  bution  of  counties  in  the  sevoral 

this  had  not  been  considered  an  Hsts,  for  the  purpose  of  forming 

eligible  mode^  on  account  of  the  committees  on  petitions  for  private 

occasional  and  una  voidaUe  absence  bills^  and  on  private  bills,  preparad 

of  commercial  and  other  gentle-  under  the  direction  of  the  Speaker 

men  from  the  House.    Another  some  years  ago,  has,  from  the  great 

plan  had  been  su^ested^  certainly  inequality  of  the  numbers  of  mem* 

more  practicable,  though  less  con-  hers  contained  in  such  lists  reqpee- 

Btitutional,  viz.,  to  refer  the  bill  to  tively,  and  from  other  causes,  been 

a  commission  of  inquiry ;  but  he  found  not  to  answer  the  object  £br 

strongly  objected  to  such  a  depar-  which  it  was  framed, 

ture  from  old  established  regula-  ''2.  That  with    a    view  moie 

tions  and  practice.     The  safer  and  nearly  to  equalize  numbers,  and  to 

more  practicable  course  would  be,  correct  too  strong  a  prevalence  of 

to  adhere  to  the  present  custom ;  local  interests  on  committees  on 

but,  should   any  case  of  decided  private  bills,  it  is  expedient  ^lat  « 

abuse  be  alleged  to  have  occurred  new  distribution  of  counties  should 

in  a  committee,  then  an  investica-  be  made,  containing  in  each  list,  as 

tion   might   take   place.      Under  nearly  as  may  «be,  120  memben, 

such  a  system  irregularities  might  one-half  only,  or  thereabouts,   to 

occur :  yet  he  conceived  that  one  be  taken  from  the  county  imme- 

great  cause  of  complaint  would  be  diately  connected  with  the  object 

entirely  obviated ;  and  the  advan-  of   the  bill,   and    the    adjoining 

tage  resulting  from  this  plan  would  counties ;  and  the  other  hsJf  from 

be,  that  it  would  render  it  unne-  other  more  distant  counties  of  Great 

cessary,  in  the  case  of  a  number  of  Britain  and  Ireland ;  and  that  the 

private  bills,  to  have  recourse  to  members  serving  for  such  counties, 

select  committees  at  all.     It  un-  and  the  places  within  such  counties 

questionably  was   most  desirable  should  constitute  the  committee  on 

that    some   alteration   should  be  each  bill. 

made    in    the    present     system ;  '*S,  That  Mr.  Speaker  be  request- 

for,  under  the  existing  regulations,  ed  to  direct  a  new  distribution  of 

a  committee  on  a  bill  from  Wilt-  counties  to  be  prepared,  in  such 

shire  required  no  fewer  than  194  manner  as  shall  be  approved  of  by 

members ;  while  from  Cardiff  no  him  conformably  to  the  princ^e 

more  than  seven  were  necessary ;  of  the  foregoing  resolution, 

for  the  county  of  Somerset  the  "  4.  That  every  committee  on  a 

number  was  176 ;  and  for  Hamp-  private  bill  be  required  to  report  to 

shire  266.     He  proposed  to   re-  the  House  the  bill  referred  to  it, 

model  the  list  for  the  counties,  to  with  the  evidence  and  minutes  of 

secure  impartiality  by  taking  only  the  proceedings, 

one  half  of  the  committee  from  ''5.  That  a  committee  be  appdnt- 

the  county  in  which  the  bill  origi-  ed,  to  be  called,  '  The  Committee 

nated,   to  make  attendance  com-  of  Appeals  upon    Private   Bills^' 

pulsory,  and  to  prevent  the  chance  which  committee  shall  consist  of 

of  abuse  by  creating  a  standing  all  the  knights  of  the  shire^  all  the 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [105 

members  for  atiea,  and  sucli  other  glass,  fixe  derk  shall  draw  theze-i 

members  as  may  be  named  therein ;  irom  the  names,  until  seven  mem-* 

so  that  the  whole  number  appointed  hers  of  such  committee  who  shall 

to  serve  on  such  committee  shall  be  then  present,  and  who    shall 

amount  to  200  at  least  not  have  voted  in  the  committee 

"  6.  That  where  any  party  inter-  upon  the  private  bill  to  which  the 
ested  in  a  private  bill,  who  shall  petition  refers,  shall  have  answered 
have  appeared  in  support  of  his  to  their  names ;  which  seven  mem- 
petition,  by  himself,  his  counsel  or  hers  shall  be  the  Select  Committee 
a^t»  in  the  committee  upon  such  to  whom  such  petition  shall  be  re- 
bill,  or  where  the  promoters  of  a  ferred,  and  such  Select  Committee 
private  bill  shall  be  dissatisfied  shall  meet  for  business  the  follow- 
with  any  vote  of  the  committee  ing  day  at  eleven  o'clock,  and  con- 
upon  such  bill,  and  shall  petition  tinue  to  sit,  de  die  in  diem,  until 
the  House,  setting  forth  the  par-  they  shall  have  reported  upcm  the 
ticular  vote  or  votes  objected  to,  same,  and  that  only  one  counsel  or 
and  pra3ring  that  they  may  be  agent  shall  be  heard  in  support  of 
heard,  by  themselves,  their  counsel,  the  petition  of  any  one  party. 
or  agent,  against  such  vote  or  "  8.  That  no  member  of  such 
votes^  such  petition  shall,  together  Select  Committee  shall  absent  him- 
with  the  report  of  the  committee  self  therefrom  during  its  sitting." 
upon  the  bill,  and  the  minutes  and  The  resolutions  were  adopted 
evidence  taken  before  such  com-  with  the  general  approbation  of 
mittee,  be  referred  to  a  select  the  House ;  the  only  one,  on  which 
committee  of  seven  members  of  the  a  division  took  place,  being  that 
House,  to  be  chosen  by  ballot  from  which  provided  that  every  petition 
the  Committee  of  Appeals  upon  complaining  of  the  decision  of  a 
Private  Bills,  which  select  com-  private  committee  should  immedi- 
mittee  shall  hear  the  arguments  of  ately  be  referred  to  a  committee 
the  parties  complaining  of,  and  also  of  appeal.  Mr.  Calcraft,  who,  with 
of  the  parties  supporting,  such  vote  lord  Milton  and  Mr.  H.  Bankes, 
or  votes,  and  shall  report  their  opi-  doubted  the  necessity  and  utility 
nion  thereon  to  the  House.  of  the  resolutions  altogether,  op- 

"  7.  That  whenever  a  petition  posed  this  one  on  the  ground  that 

shall  be    presented,    complaining  the  real  business  of  the    House 

of  any  vote  of  a  committee  upon  a  would  be  incessantly  interrupted 

private  bill,  the  House  shall  fix  a  l>y  the  hearmg  of  these  petitions, 

day  whereon  to  ballot  for  a  select  and  the  appointment  of  these  com- 

committee,  to  which  such  petition  mittees ;  but  the   resolution  was 

shall  be  referred ;  upon  which  day,  carried  by  44  votes  against  32. 
at  a  quarter  past  four  o'clock,  or        On  the  same  day,  Mr.  Pelham, 

as  near  thereto  as    the    question  member  for  Shropshire,  brought 

which  may  be  then    before  the  forward  the  most    extraordinary 

House  will  permit,  the  Speaker  proposal  that  ever  was  made  within 

shall  order  the  doors  of  the  House  the  walls  of  St.  Stephen's.     Ad- 

to   be  locked,  and  the  names  of  verting  to   the  great  increase  of 

the  members  composing  the  Com-  wealth  and  population  in  the  pnn- 

mittee  of  Appeals  upon  private  cipal  towns  of  the  kingdom,  their 

bills  being  wntten  upon  separate  distance  from  the  seat  of  legisla- 

pieces  of  paper,  and  put  into  the  tipn,  and  the  expense  of  sending 


106]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

up  to  Lond(m  witnesses  and  de-       The  attention  of  the  VLoufie  d 
Duties   whenever    their    interests    Compions    was    drawn    tp    what 


Lonall^  summoned  to  serve  pn  juneSi 

holden  in  capitals  other  than  Lon-  being  visited  with   penalties  for 

don"— that  is^  in  Edinbuigh  and  failing  to  appear,    Mr.   Holford, 

Dublin.    Of  course  no  person  wa$  member  for  Queenborpugh,  stated 

found  to  second  so  crude  and  im-  (^Oth  February)  that  he  had  been 

practicably   an    id^a.     It    woul4  so  summoned  on  a  jury  in  the  Ei- 

nave  been  as  expensive  to  carrv  chequer;  beli$)ying  that  he  was 

deputies  and  witnesses  from  Mid-  exempted    by  his    parliamentair 

dlesex  to  Dublin  or  Edinburgh  as  characterj  he  had  paid  i)o  attention 

to  bring  them    from  Dublin  or  to  the  ^ub-poenar  and  the  CQns^ 

Edinburgh  to  London.      Such  a  queqce  was^  that  he  had  been  &ied 

inigration  implied  a  transference  for    non«attendance.    Mr-    Ellioe 

of  the  Courts  and  the  Court  es-  stated  that  he  had  been  fined  under 

tablishmentSy    to    the    temporary  similar  circumatanc^.  A  difference 

capital,  and  it  would  have  been  of  opinion  prevailing  in  the  House 

necessary  to  conquer  physical  im-  as  to  the  right  of  exemption,  Mr. 

possibilities.    How  was  the  £ng-  Scarlett  fhinking  that  w  persons 

fish  bar  to  be  carried  to  Edinburgh,  were  liable  to  be  called  on  to  dis* 

for  a  session  of  parliament,  to  argue  charge  t^e  duty  of  Jurors,  and  Mr. 

cases  of  appeal  before  the  Peers,  W3mn  and  Mr.  Peel  arguing  that 

and  be  practising,  on  the  same  the  duty  pf  a   member  oi  that 

day,  in  the  courts  of  Westminster  }  House  was  paramount  to  all  other 

How  was  the  chancellor  to  sit  as  duties,  the  matter  was  referred  tQ 

judge  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  the  mom-  the  committee  of  privileges.    The 

ing,  and  preside  in  the  evening,  in  comniittee  next  day  presented  their 

the  House  of  Lords  in  Holjrrood  ?  report,  stating  their  opinion  that 

How  were  the  Attorney  and  Soli-  it  appeared  to  them  to  be  an  un- 

dtor-general  to  move  the  King's-  doubted  privilege  of  the  House^ 

bench  at  10  a.  m.,  and  at  6  p.  m.  that  no  member  should  be  with- 

be  replying  in  Dublin  to  a  speech  drawn  from  his  duties  as  ameqiber 

just    made    by    Mr.    Brougham,  of  the  high  court  of  parliament,  to 

who,  a  few  hours  before,  had  re-  attend  on  any  other  court ;  a|id 

turned  from  a  trial  for  libel  at  that  the  right  to  refrise  attendaneo 

Quildhall  ?     One  of  the  satires'on  upon  juries  had  been  repefitedly 

the  bubble  schemes  of  1825  was  a  assert^,  of  which  three  instanoea 

Joint-stock  compaiw  for  propelling  were  cited   in  the   report.    The 

stage  coaches    and  their  passen-  privilege   thus    claimed  certainly 

^rs  through  a  tube,  in  which  a  seems  to  follow   from  the  si^n^ 

vacuum  had  been  created,  at  the  principles  whidi  are  the  fbundatum 

rate    of   an  hundred    miles    per  of  other  unquestioned  privileges  of 

ininute.      Until    this,    or    some  the  Commons.     The  dvil  duty  ot 

equally    efficient    application    of  serving  as  a  juror,  is  not  higher 

^echanicalpowercanbe  discovered,  than  the  civil  duty  of  paying  a 

a  proposal  like   that  of  the  hon.  debt;  yet  a  member  pannotbecaiJ^ 

pn^mber  for  the  county  of  Sabp  frpm  his  duty  in  parliainent  to 

Iff  ill  continue  to  be  impracticable,  answer  to  civil  process*    Such  pWf 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [107 

ceas  like  the  sulnpoena  is  in  the  name  whether  incurred  during  the  swoy 

of  the  king ;  and  so  is  the  royal  of  the  Brunswick  family,  or  of  any 

proclamation  by  which  parliament  preceding  dynasty,  he  would  have 

IS  convoked,  and  which  imposes  a  been  the  last  man  to  oppose  such  n 

more  general  and  imperative  duty,  proposition  ;  but  it  was  a  little  too 

Besides,  it  seems  to  be  more  than  much  to  select  for  peculiar  favour 

doubtful,  whether  it  would  not  be  those  whose  only  claim  wa^  their 

a  manifest  breach  of  privilege  to  having  stood  in  rebelliop  to  the 

commit  a  member  to  prison  because  constitution  by  opposing  the  revo- 

he  refused  to  pay  the  fine  imposed  lutiou,  and  aiding  the  caus^  pf 

i^n  him  fbr  non-attendance  as  f^  tyranny  and  arbitrary  power,  W^ 

JMTor :  and  if  so,  then  the  court  was  not  the  duke  of  Buccleugn 

Iflsuing  the  sub^poena  would  have  restored  to  the  dukedom  of  Mon-* 

no  meaps  of  asserting  its  Jvirisdic-  mouth  ?     Why  were  not  similar 

tion^  and  the  whole    riouse    of  forfeitures  restored  ?  He  confessed 

Cpnuqons  might  be  in  contempt  that  the  selection  which  had  been 

ftom  one  end  of  the  session  to  the  made  appeared  to  him  to  bp  most 

other.  unfortunate.     He  would  not  9ay, 

During  the  session,  acts  were  that  it  betrayed  a  disregard  to  the 

pi^ssed  restorinff  the  Scottish  peer-  liberties  of  the  people,  but  he  would 

s^es  of  earl  of  Camwath,  earl  of  say  that  it  was  injudicious :  and  if, 

Airlie,  lord  Duff,  lord  Elcho,  and  in  that  opinion,  he  stood  alone,  he 

the  baronetcy  of  Threigland    of  •  should  not  be  ashamed  of  his  fingu^ 

Fingark  -^  aU    titles   which  had  larity.    All  that  he  lamented  was, 

be^  forfeited  by  rebellion  in  the  that  he  had  not  stated  his  objections 

preceding  century.  The  only  expres*  when  these  bills  first  made  their 

sion  of  disapprobation  of  these  acts  appearance.     He    could    npt    sit 

ofgraoecame  from  lord  Milton,  who  down  without  intreating  the  indi- 

avowed  that  his  opposition  to  them  viduals  whose  interests  he  might 

yras  founded  upon  political  senti-  appear  to  oppose,  to  believe  that  he 

inent.  He  said,  that,  from  the  first  had  not  the  slightest  intention  of 

mpment  these  lulls  were  introduced  objecting  to  them  personally.     It 

into  parliament,  he  had  entertained  might  be  advisable  to  create  new 

as^  opinion,  probably  confined  to  peeragd^  for  them ;  but,  he  could 

biinself,  that  they  were  measures  not  concur  in  the  removal  of  the 

which  ought  not  to  be  allowed  to  attainders  in  question.     Sir  John 

pass.     The  individuals  interested  Newport,  likewise,  expressed  his 

might,  for  aught  he  knew,  be  most  regret  that  similar  acts  of  grace  had 

9ieritorbu8characters,and qualified  not  been  extended  to  old  Jrish 

to  grace  ^ny  rank  to  which  they  families  of  the  greatest  honour  and 

might  be  elevated;   nevertheless,  highest   respectability.     Mr.  Peel 

^e  must  say,  that  the  restoration  replied  by  the  simple  statement 

tp  titles  forfeited,  not  for  treason  that  these  reversals  of  attainder? 

qg^inst  the  crown,  but  for  treason  had  commenced  with  that  of  lord 

against  the  liberties  of  the  subject,  Edward  Fitzgerald,  and  that  he 

was  a  selection  of  cases,  in  his  himself  had  made  the  motion  that 

opinion,  little  entitled  to  app^ba-  the  descendants  of  lord  Stafford 

t{on.     If  a  ^ill  had  been  brought  should  be  restored  to  their  family 

in  for  tb^  restoration  of  all  tiUes  dignities. 

against  the  effects  of  attainder,  A  question  connected  with  the 


108]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


constitutioD  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons was  raised  hj  a  proposed 
increase  of  the  salary  of  Mr.  Hus- 
Idsson  as  President  of  the  Board  of 
Trade^  to  enable  him  to  resi^  the 
office  of  Treasurer  of  the  Navy. 
Prior  to  the  year  1782^  the  duties 
performed  by  the  Board  of  Trade 
were  not  under  any  systematic 
regulations^  and  the  individuals 
composing  it  received  no  stated 
salaries.  In  1782  many  of  the 
arrangements  connected  with  it 
had  been  altered  by  the  reform  of 
Mr.  Burke :  but  the  mode  adopted 
to  remunerate  the  president  was, 
to  pay  him  scarcely  any  thing  in 
that  capacity  which  required  m)m 
him  services  of  the  greatest  diffi- 
culty and  importance,  and  award 
to  him  what  was  deemed  compen- 
sation, under  some  other  character. 
A  few  years  ago,  a  fixed  salary  of 
2,000/.  had  been  attached  to  the 
office  of  vice-president ;  but  that  of 
president  remained  upon  its  old 
footing,  the  person  who  held  it 
receiving  nothing  from  it  but 
receiving  alohg  with  it  another 
office  for  which  a  stated  salary  was 
allowed.  Mr.  Huskisson,  who  at 
present  filled  it,  was  paid  by  the 
salary  of  3,000/.  which  he  received 
as  Treasurer  of  the  Navy.  •  It  was 
now  proposed  to  disjoin  the  offices ; 
to  give  Uie  President  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  a  distinct  salary  of  5,000/. 
per  annum,  and  not  encumber  him 
with  the  duties  and  responsibilities 
of  any  other  office.  This,  it  was 
said,  was  necessary,  because  the 
duties  of  the  office  required  the 
undivided  attention  of  the  person 
who  might  fill  it;  and  the  sum 
could  not  be  reckoned  too  high  for 
a  situation  of  so  much  labour  and 
importance. 

By  all  parties  in  the  House,  the 
most  willing  homage  was  paid  to 
the  great  tatentsof  Mr.  Huskisson, 


and  the  high  value  of  his  puUic 
services;    nor    did    any  member 
insinuate   that  the  remuneration 
proposed  was  too  large.     But  the 
proposal,  when  moved  by  the  chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer  in  a  com- 
mittee of  supply  (6th  and  7th  of 
April)  was  met  by  a  very  dedded 
opposition  on  the  ground  that  tlie 
disjunction  of  the  two  offices  wis 
unnecessary,  as  no  active  duties 
were  attached  to  the  Treasurer^ 
of  the  Navy,  or,  at  all  events,  its 
duties  might,  without  inconveni- 
ence, be  transferred  to  the  pay- 
master,  the  real  officer   in  that 
department ;  that  by  adding  2,0001 
to    the    present     salary    of    the 
Treasurer,  or  giving  2,000/.  a  year 
additional   as  the  salary  of  the 
Presidency  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
the  same  amount  of  remimeration 
to  the   individual    holding   both 
offices  would  be  made  up,  at  a 
smaller  cost  to  the  public;  and, 
above  all,  that  the  scheme  of  dis- 
joining the  offices  was  merely  a 
cloak  for  the  introduction  of  a  new 
placeman  into  the  House.    Instead 
of  one  member  holding  both  with 
5,000/.  a  year,  there  would  be  a 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
with5,000/.,  and  aTreasurer  of  the 
Navy  with  3,000/. 

Mr.  Huskisson  himself  said,  that, 
whether  it  arose  firom  incapacity  of 
mind  for  the  duties  required  to  he 
discharged,  or  from  whatever  other 
cause,  he  did  feel  considerable 
anxiety  and  hardship  arising  out  of 
the  union  of  the  two  offices.  It 
was  altogether  erroneous  to  sup- 
pose that  the  occupation  of  the 
Treasurer  of  the  Navy  was  merely 
to  pay  money.  He  was  called  upon 
to  exercise  his  discretion  in  every 
instance  of  a  demand,  and  to 
sift  the  grounds  of  every  claim' 
Much  anxiety,  likewise,  he  could 
not  help  feeling  in  that  characteri 


HISTORY  OF  EUUOPE.  [lOd 

from  the  great  pecuniary  respon-  not  able  to  discharge  the  duties  of 
ability  attached  to  the  office.  The  both  with  that  satisfaction  to  his 
pa3rma8ter  was  an  officer  fully  own  feelings  with  which  eveiy 
acquainted  with  all  the  details  of  public  duty  ought  to  be  performed, 
business,  and  perfectly  familiar  He  would  leave  the  question  in 
with  all  the  operations  necessary  the  hands  of  the  committee ;  the 
for  the  proper  and  effective  proposition  now  before  it  respect- 
management  of  the  department ;  ing  himself  was  not  one  of  his  own 
but  he  had  often  asked  himself    seeking. 

whether,  if  any  casualty  were  to        Mr.  Tiemey  admitted  that  the 
deprive  him  of  the  services  of  that    Treasurership  of  the  Navy  was  a 
assistant,  he  was  himself  suffici-    situation  of  much  trust  and  anx- 
ently  informed  on  all  subjects  con-    iety,  though  certainly  not  a  labo- 
nected  with  the  office,  to  conduct    rious  one.     While  he  himself  held 
the  business  withno  better  aid  than    it,    he  never  found  that  he  left 
that  of  the  person  whom  he  might    any  duty  unperformed  by  attendr 
appoint  his    successor  ?     Such    a    ing  one  hour  daily.     The  abolition 
person  coming  in  a  novice,  it  would    of   the  office   was  the  very  last 
devolve  upon    the    head  of   the    thing  he  would  propose ;  and,  cer- 
department  to  instruct  him  in  his    tainly,  the  next  last  thing  was,  to 
duties ;  and  he  candidly  confessed,    give  to  government  the  disposal 
that,  fdthou^  exposed  to  all  the    of  two  great  offices,  one  of  5,000^1 
"pecanmrj  responsibility,  and  all    and  the  othar  of  3,000/1  a-year. 
the  care,  anxiety  and  loss  of  time.    He  remembered  that  when  sine- 
which  attended  it,  he  was  utterly    cures   were   under  consideration, 
incompetent  to  the  instruction  of    the  Treasurership  of  the  Navy, 
80ch  new  officer.    He  could  not    and  some  other  offices,   were  let. 
say    from    his    own    knowledge,    alone,  on  the  groimd  that  some 
whether,  at  that  moment,  matters    high  sinecures  mould  be  continued 
were  going  on  right  or  wrong  in    for  the  purpose  of  remunerating 
his  own  office.     From  his  entire    the  discharge  of  duties  to  which 
confidence  in  the  pay-master  he    no  salary  had  been  attached.     It 
had  not  the  slightest  doubt  that    was  then  understood  that  the  Pre- 
the  business  was  conducted  in  the    sident  of  the  Board  of  Trade  was 
best  possible  manner ;  but  that  per-    sufficiently  paid  by  the  Treasurer- 
suasion  arose  from  his  knowledge    ship  of  the  Navy,  which  was  worth 
of  the  particular  officer,  not  from    4,000/.  a-year.    When  Mr.  Dun- 
any  acquaintance  with  the  business    das  filled  the  two  offices  of  Presi- 
itself.    The  office  itself  was  per-    dent  of  the  Board  of  Control,  and 
fectly  agreeable,  provided  he  could    Treasurer  of  the  Navy,  he  received 
devbte  due  attention  to  it ;  the    only  the  salary  of  the  latter  office, 
patronage  attached  to  it,  was  of   So  it  went  on  for  six  years ;  and, 
course  ^sirable,  and  in  its  charac—  durine  that  time,   not   the  least 
ter  there  was  nothing  that  could    difficmty  had  been   felt  by  that 
be  reckoned  repulsive  ;but,although    gentleman  in  executing  the  duties 
be  certainly  could  not  say  that  he    of  both.    Perhaps  there  might  be 
bad  not  time  enough  to  discharge    more  trouble  in  the  performance 
the  duties  of  both  offices,  he  could    of  them  at  present,   as   the  ma- 
most  truly  declare  that,  to  whatever    nagement  of  seamen's  wills  had 
fause  it  might  be  owing,  he  was   been  transferred  to  the  latter  pffic^ 


110]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

For  his  own  part^  he  thought  that  compromiBinff  the  interests  of  tlb» 

an  arran£;ement  miffht  be  entered  pubuc,  hy  submittinflr  to  an  undue 

into  whioh  would  nave  the  effect  extension  of  the  inluence  c^  the 

of  satisfying  all  parties.     It  might  crown  in  parliament.     This  might 

be  so  arranged,  that,    whenever  be  effected  hj  raising  the  salary  of 

the  two  offices  were  held  by  the  the  conjoined  offices  to  5,OOOL,  or 

same    person   he  should  have  a  by  attaching  a  salary  of  tlie  same 

salary  of  5,000/.  a-vear ;  that  the  amount  to  the  Presidency  of  the 

President  of  the  j^oard  of  Trade  Board  of  Trade,  and  aUowitiff  the 

should  be  allowed  3,000/.  a-year,  dutiesof  the  Treasurer  of  the  Nayy 

and  an  additional  sum  of  2,000/^  to  be  performed  by  the  paymaster. 
when  he  executed  the  duties  of       Mr.  Canning  said,  tlmt  most  of 

Treasurer  of  the  Navy,  the  difficulties  whidi  memhers  had 

Mr.  Calorafl,   Mr.  A.  Baring,  found,  or  conceived  they  had  foun^ 

Mr.   Abercromby,  and  Sir  John  in    relation    to    this  mroposit&oi^ 

Newport,  all  acknowledged,  that  arose  from    considerations   which 

the    proposed    remuneration   was  were  connected  exclusirely  with 

well  deserved,  and  they  would  be  the  Treasurership  of  the  Navy ; 

glad  to  see  a  vote  to  that  effect  but,  if  it  could  be  made  to  appsar 

carried  unanimously  through  the  that  the  President  of  the  Board  of 

House,  to  mark  the  sense  univer-  Trade    had  more  than  sufficient 

sally  entertained  of  the  greatpub-  occupation  for  one  man,  in  the 


lie  services  of  the  present  rresi-  chargeof  the  duties  connected  with 

dent  of  the  Board  of  Trade ;  but  his  situation  in  the  government  of 

they  could  not  aid  a  plan  for  in-  the  country— and  that  that  situs* 

creasing    the    patronage    of    the  tion  was  one  which  from  its  naturSy 

crown,  under  the  doak  of  his  cha-  could  never  be  dispensed  with  in  s 

racter  and  merits,  by  the  creation  commercial  country  like  our8-i4t 

of  a  second  office*    The  imj^si-  would  foUow    that  an   adequate 

bility  of  performing  the  duties  of  provision  should  be  made  for  the 

both  offices  was   now  discovered  individual  who  held  it^  and  ths^ 

for  the  first  time,  and  had  no  ex«  inasmuch  as  it  was  an  office  whidi 

isteace  in  fact*    Even  the  pecu-  could  afford  to  stand  on  its  own 

niary  responsibility    attach^    to  grounds,  it  ought  also  to  have  at- 

the  Treasurership  of  the   Navy  tached  to  it  a  salary  payable  in  its 

was  an  easy  burthen ;  for  the  prin-  own  name.     With  respect  to  what 

dpal  was  never  made  liaUe  for  has  been  said  oi  the  Ireasurenhi^ 

defalcations,    where     the    frauds  of  the  Navy  (continued  the  Foreign 

committed  by  his  subalterns  were  Secretary)  and  the  assertion  so  ts* 

duly   explained.     They  felt   the  peatedly  made,  that  it  is  an  oiiot 

un^easant  nature  of  the  situation  frequently  held  in  connexion  with 

in  which  the  committee  was  placed ;  other  situations  of  a  public  nature^ 

they  entertained  no  desire  to  say  I  admit  such  has  been  sometime^ 

any  thing  which  might  seem  to  the  case ;  but  the  practice  has  been 

impeach  the  deservemy  hij^h  opi-  by  no  means  invariable.     On  the 

nion  of  the  great  zeal  and  smguiar  contrary,  it  has  been  as  often  (ixh 

talents  of  the  officer  in  question ;  deed  I  might  sav  oftener  j  held  se* 

and  they  would  gladly  be  relieved  parate  from,  as  jcnntly  with,  other 

from  the  dilemma  of  either  appear-  official  situations.    True  it  is,  that 

ing  to  underwrote  his  value,  or  of  brd  Melville  held  it  at  the  saw 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  .  [HI 

tune  ^haC  he  enjoyed  enother  place  than  it  is  neooMary  to  bestow  on 

of  trust  and  emolument  in   the  the    misoellatteous  businefls  with 

state;  but  it  will  also  be  in  the  whiohgovemmentisoTerwhelmed? 

veeolkction  of  the  House  that  the  I  at  onoe  answer^  no*    I  feel  per- 

Bobkman  (the  earl  of  Harrowbx)i  *uaded  ihat  imnienHe  benefit!  must 

who  immediatdy  succeeded  loid  lesult  from  the  a{^cation  of  the 

M^fUle^  held  Uie  office  wholly  surplus  time  of  persons  whose  Id- 

imcomieoled  with^    and  indepen-  sure,   like  the  Treasurer  dT  the 

dent   of,   any  other*     The   right  Nary,  is  not  entirely  absorbed  by 

kon.    gentkaan    opposite    (Mr*  an  attention  to  the  duties  of  their 

Tiemey),   my   immediate  prede*  office;    and  that  by  these  means 

',  was  similarly  situated  when  much  of  the  superabundant  busi- 


Treasurer  of  the  Navy,  as  was  I  ness  of  the  state  may  be  transacU 

ogrseif,  and  the  late  Mr*  Sheridan,  ed.     It  may  be  sufficient  to  allude 

who  succeeded  me  in  the  office,  to  one  of  the  extra-official  dutiep 

Aeniny  with  respect  to  the  hour  imposed  upon  the  ministers  of  the 

s^4ay  which  the  right  hon*  gentle-  crown— -namely,  the  necessity  of 

man  found  sufficient  for  die  dis-  hearing  cases  in  the  privy  counciL 

Ammo  of  his  duties^  without  pre-  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  it 

•ending  to  make  any  comparison  would  be  utterly  impossible  for 

heiween  tiie  rdative  quantity  of  me,  and,  considering  the  nature  of 

fausinesB  to  be  gotten  through  by  their    avocations,    for    my    hen. 

^mt  r^^  hon*  individual  and  my-  friends,  the  Secretary  for  the  Home 

wt]£,  I  am  free  to  confesB>  that  I  Department,  the  chancellor  of  ^e 

wae  either  more  slow,  or  less  fbi>  Exchequer,  or  the  President  of  the 

tunale ;  for  that  period  was  never  Board  of  Trade,  to  attend  fbr  the 

safficiettt  to  enable  me  to  execute  purpose  of  hearing  causes  in  the 

the  bosiness  of  Treasurer  of  the  privy  council.    But  the  Treasurer 

Navy*  That  businesB,  undoubtedly,  of  the  Navy  is  differently  droum^ 

is  not  of  so  engrossing  and  absorb*  stanced,  and  the  place  he  fills  is 

ing  a  quality  umt  he  can  have  no  precisely  that  sort  of  office  which 

time  to  sgose  to  other  occi;qNitbns ;  is  best  calculated  fiir  being  applied, 

the  duties  of  his  situation  may  be  and,  in  the  purest  and  best  times 

daschai^ed,    and    a   considentble  of  pailiamenc  and  the  Briti^  ge» 

*         of   leisure  remain,    which  vemment,  has  been  always  applMd, 


naay  be  devoted  to  odier  purposes,  to  such  subsidiary  purposes— purv- 

Bttt  the  Prendenqr  of  t^  Board  poses  best  suited  to  forward  the 

of  Trade  is  a  widely  diffisrentoffice  business  of  the  state,  and,  depri^ 

of  a  nature  so  engrossing  of  the  benefit  of  which,   public 


no  ahifdutdy  overwhelming,  that  affidrs  oould  not  but  mxSkr  im- 

it  can  never  leave  any  tbne  to  its  mense   detriment.    In  1788   the 

poMWSor  fbr  other  employments ;  Board  of  Trade  was  considered  as 

so  that,  even  if  the  TreasurerBhip  a  sinecure ;  but  now,  when  from 

of  tibe  Navy  b  not,  the  Presidency  the    increase    of  commerce,    and 

of  tire  Board  of  Tradb  is,  incom-  other  causes,  that  department  had 

patible  with  a  distinct  and  sepa^  become  one  of  the  most  impor- 

nte  oeeopation,  be  it  of  what  kmd  tant  in  ihe   state  —  an  adequate 

it  may.    But  if  I  am  asked  whe-  provision  ought  to  be  made  fiir 

ther  the  Treasurer  of  the  Navy  the  functionaries  connected  with 

will  not  have  more  spare  time  it.    Tho  amount  of  salary   ixt* 


112]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

tended    to   be   granted   has   not  few  accessions  of  strengtk  in  thii 

been   disputed,    and   all  we    re-  way.    He  thought^  indeed,  they 

quire  is,  that  it  should  be  annexed  had  carried  the  principle  of  absti^ 

to  the  Presidency  of  the  Board  of  nence,   in  this  pardcular,    to  too 

Trade,  the  duties  of  which  my  creat  an  extent ;  and  he  j^yc  the 

rieht  hon.  fiiend  has  shown  him-  House  fair  notice  that  he  intended 

sSi  so  capable  of  discharging,  and  to  protest  against  this  abstinence 

not  to  another  office,   which  his  on  the  part  of  government.     Mr* 

attention  to  the  former  renders  it  Pitt,  who  was  equal  to  any  ten  of 

impossible  for  him  to  fill.  them  in  debate,,  thought  that  he 

With  a  view  of  affording  time  could  not   safely  enter   the  lists 
to    fall  upon  some   arrangement  against  the  opposition  of  the  day, 
which  might  reconcile  the  opinions  without  the  assistance  of  the  Mas- 
of  all  parties,  and  obviate  the  ne-  ter  of  the  Rolls ;  and  that  officer 
cessity  of  a  division  which  could  had    given    his   aid  to    govern- 
not  but  be  unpleasant  to  Mr.  Hus-  ment  m  the  House  of  Commoiu 
Idsson,    Mr.  Calcrafl   moved    an  until  latter  times,  besides  another 
amendmeiit,    that  the    Chairman  law  officer,  who  answered  in  the 
should   report   progress,  and  ask  civil  law  to  the  Attorney-general, 
leave  to  sit  again.    It  was  lost -by  the  King's  advocate.     Now,  was 
83  votes  against  44.    An  amend-  it  not  most  material  to  the  present 
ment  then  moved  by  Mr.  Hume,  administration  to  have  the  aid  of 
'^  That  a  salary  of  5,000/1  should  these   officers   in  the    House  of 
be  given  to  the  Pr&ddent  of  the  Commons :    not  only  because   <^ 
Board  of  Trade;   and  that  it  is  inferiority    in    point    of    talent, 
expedient  that  an  inquiry  should  which  alone  would  be  a  sufficient 
be  instituted  to  ascertain  if  any,  *  plea,  but  because  of  the  accidental 
and  what,  alteration  can  be  made  but  formidable,  circumstance  of  the 
in  the  oi£ce  and  salary  of   the  present  opposition  being  composed 
Treasurer  of  the  Navy,"  shared  almost  enturely  of  lawyers  ?   There 
the  same  fate.  never  had  been  a  time  in  which 

On  the  motion  for  bringing  up  the  gentlemen  of  the  long  robe 
the  report  (10th  April),  the  opjpo-  prevuled  so  much  in  the  councils 
sition  was  again  renewed  by  Mr*  of  the  opposition.  Of  what^  ad- 
Hobhouse,  on  the  same  ground,  vantage  would  it  not  be  to  minis- 
that  the  measure  was  merely  a  ters  to  have  such  a  character  as 
pretence  for  increasing  the  means  the  Master  of  the  Rolls  to  oome  to 
of  governing  bypatronage,  by  split-  their  assistance,  when  the  contest 
tine  one  phceman  into  two ;  and  ran  high  with  the  legal  gentle- 
lord  Glenorchy  asked,  how  the  men  ?  In  aU  their  chancery  ^ 
House  of  Conmions  could  prove  bates,  for  instance,  the  authori^ 
any  check  upon  the  executive  go-  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls  wonU 
vemment,  if  they  were  to  suner  go  for  something,  at  least  Upon 
such  a  continual  influx  of  place-  tnat,  and  similar  questions  of  an 
men  ?  This  called  forth  from  Mr.  equally  technical  description^  he, 
Canning  a  very  animated  justifi-  and  his  ri^t  hon*  friends  ahoat 
cation  m  ministers  from  the  charge  him,  were  totally  at  a  loss— 4h^ 
of  seeking  to  derive  influence  from  did  not  know  their  ground;  ^ 
such  exj^ients.  Never,  he  said,  whether  they  determined  to  a^ 
)uul  n  government  gone  on  with  so  vance^  or  to  retirci  they  wer9  aw 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [113 

exposed  to  all  the  perils  of  igno-  to  whom  those  principles  applied^ 
ranee.  In  such  cases  the  legiti-  the  Treasurer  of  the  Navy^  he 
mate  authorityof  that  officer  would  contended^  was  one.  He  had  al- 
be  foimd  highly  available.  Again,  ways  held  a  parliamentaiy  emi- 
never,  till  the  present  time,  was  nence  of  a  rank  next  in  importance 
the  office  of  Judge  Advocate  filled  to  the  ministers  of  the  crown, 
by  a  person  not  a  member  of  the  He  spoke  with  sincerity,  when  he 
House.  These  facts  rebutted  the  said,  that  he  thought  the  office  of 
general  accusation,  that  they  were  Treasurer  of  the  Navy  ought  to 
Kicking  out  for  placemen  to  recruit  remain  a  parliamentary  office ;  and 
the  ranks  of  government,  regardless  he  spoke  disinterestedly,  because  it 
of  any  other  object.  If  such  had  would  not  add  the  value  of  a  hair's 
been  their  tactics,  and  if  they  had  weight  to  the  preponderance  of  go- 
not  resolved  to  stand  upon  their  vemment  Were  the  officers  of  go-* 
own  strength,  what  abundant  op-  vemment  to  be  excluded,  as  seemed 
portunities  had  they  not  missed,  to  be  the  doctrine  of  hon.  gen- 
of  which  they  might  have  availed  tlemen  opposite,  &om  the  House 
themselves,  without  any  one  being  of  Commons,  the  consequence  would 
able  to  gainsay  them?  To  the  be,  that  the  offices  of  state,  of 
preposition,  that  the  Treasurer  of  every  grade,  would  become  the  ob- 
the  Navy  should  not  be  a  parlia-  jects  of  a  general  scramble  to  a 
mentary  officer,  he  felt  stronger  host  of  favourites,  instead  of  being, 
objections  than  even  to  ^iminiRh  as  they  now  were,  and  as,  in  this 
the  salary.  He  knew  of  no  law  parliamentary  constitution,  they 
which  obliged  the  king  to  send  to  must  ever  remain,  the  reward  of 
parliament  for  his  ministers ;  but  public  conduct,  and  public  talents, 
was  there  no  good  sense  in  select-  '  The  House  again  divided,  when 
ing  them  from  that  House }  Was  the  motion  of  the  chancellor  of 
there  no  advantage  in  the  choice  the  Exchequer  was  carried  by  a 
of  the  crown  being  obliged  to  majority  of  eleven.  Mr.  Canning 
stand  the  test  of  that  House,  in  a  thereupon  said,  that  as  the  opposi.* 
minister's  being  put  to  thq  proof  tion  to  the  measure  was  so  strong,, 
there,  and  in  his  being  known  to  he  should  not  feel  himself  called 
that  House  and  to  the  public  previ-  upon  to  press  it  He  viewed  with 
ously  to  his  elevation  to  office  ?  regret  the  small  support  which  had 
While  those  men  only  were  raised  been  given  to  it ;  and  though,  as  a 
to  favour  "  whose  talents  and  emi-  matter  of  principle,  he  was  ready 
nence  were  known  to  that  House,"  to  defend  it,  yet,  on  the  ground 
there  was  a  great  security  against  of  expediency,  he  would  abandoa 
favouritism.      The   effect  of  the  it. 

choice  falling  elsewhere  than  in  Mr.  Peel  still  continued,  with 

that  House,  would  tend  to  lower  unabated  industry,  his  most  useful 

the  standard  of  public  officers — to  labours  for  the  simplification  and 

cause  a  degraded  and  demoralized  improvement  of  the  Criminal  Code, 

class  to  spring  into  the  seats   of  On  the  9th  of  March  he  intro- 

power,  which,  80  long  as  the  eye  of  duced  a  bill   to  consolidate    the 

parliament  and  of  the  public  were  various    acts     encumbering     the 

upon  them,  would  not  be  the  case,  statute^xwk,  and  confuring   each 

Among  these  officers— <unong  those  other,  whidi  related  to  fences 

Vox,-  LXVIII.  [I] 


114]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

agabst  property*     The  number  of  ny,  and  the  party  guilty  to  ba 

persons,  he  laid^  who  came  under  dictaUe  aa  a  principa],  or  aa  n 

Aeii  ^drect  operation  yearly,  was  accessory  efttr  the  fact.  In  the  law 

scafoely  ciedihle.    In1825,  IM^T  concerning  accessories,  he  wialied 

individuals  had  been  charged  with  to  remove  a  most  inoonvenient  dis- 

various    offences,    and    of    these  tinction,  by  which,  although   aa 

12,530  had  been  committed  for  accessory  befcne  the  foot  mi^it  be 

the  crime  of  theft.     During  the  tried  either  in  the  county  wbesv 

last   seven    years,    247  prisoners  the  crime  was  committad,  or  in  that 

had  been  tried  for  forgery ;  1 1 1  in  which  he  had  become  an  aooes- 

for  murder ;   50  for  arson ;   and  sory,  it  was  not  so  in  the  caae  of 

43   for  perjury ;    but  the  num-  an  accessory  after  the  fact     Two 

ber  of  those  who  had  been  tried  persons  concerned  in  a  latebm^ary 

for    larceny    was    no    less    than  at    earl    Cowper's    reaidence    im 

43,000.     To  simplify,    therefore,  Hertfordshire,  from  whence  up» 

the  statutes  which  formed  the  law  wards  of  2,000/.  had  been  stolen, 

relating  to  such  an  offence,  was  an  had  been  tried  and  executed  £ar 

important  object   These  amounted  the  offence;   but  one  man,  who 

t0  ninety-two  in  jiumber ;    and  had  been  an  accessory,  escaped,  in 

pnoviaions  regarding  theft  were  fre-  consequence   of  its  havin|;  been 

quently  found  mixed  up  mith  other  found  impossible  to   try  him  is 

matters,    among    which    nobody  Hertfordshire.     He  had  been  snh- 

would  think  of  lookinff  fqr  them,  quently  convicted  at  the  Sun^ 

Thus,  a  law  providing  for  the  bet*  assises,  at  an  expense  of  no  lass 

ter  preservation  of  hollies,  quick*  than  426/.      He  should  fwopam 

sets,  Ac.  vros  comprised  in  an  act  that  in  future  an  acceinry  after 

fbr  the  preservation  of  the  reve-  the  fact  should  be  liable  to  be  triad 

nues  of  his  majesty's  customs,  and  in  the  county  where  the  act  vras 

the    regidation    of   custom-house  committed.     Farther,  the  propoaad 

officers  in  Senegambia.    A  clause  bill  would  supply  several  defuaen* 

providing  puni«iment  for  another  cies  which  were  to  be  found  in  the 

penal  o^neie  was  contained  in  an  existing  law.    At  present,  to  oooi- 

act  permitting' the  importation  of  mit  a  robbery  in  ready«fumished 

a  better  sort  ot  barley  called  bigg,  lodgings  was  a  high  crime,  and  a 

He  had  now  collected  the  scattered  trespass  on  ariver  running  throagh 

enactments  and  reduced  the  whole  a  gentleman's  estate  was  a  gimve 

mass  within  the  compass  of  a  bill  offence ;  but  to  commit  a  robbery 

of  thirty-two  pages.    By  a  single  in  unfurnished  lodgings,  or  a  trea- 

clause,  he  wouM  get  rid  at  once  of  pass  on  a  boundary  stream,   waa 

twelve  statutes  a^nst   reset  of  no  offence  at  all.      He  tium^it 

theft.  One  act  waa  directed  against  that  all  property  deserved  pvoleo- 

the  knowing  receivers  of  stolen  tion,  and  intended  to  remedy  this 

lead,  iron,  or  oniis;  another  again^  defect     In  the  same  way,  it  was 

the  receivers  of  stolen  pewter;  a  larceny  to  steal  the  securitiea  of 

third,    against    the    receivers    of  property  vested  in  our  own  funds, 

stolen    bank    notes,    and   so    on.  but  it  was  no  crime  to  steal  ^ 

He  should  smiply  substitute  for  securities  oi  property  vested  in  die 

tliem  a  single  provision,  making  funds  of  foreign  oountriea.      He 

ifae  reeeiving  of  any  money,  goods,  proposed  to  ^aoe  both  on  the  aame 

chattels,  bill,  or  security,  a  fdo«  footing.     Mother  impoctaot  im- 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [115 

pKWvment  windi  he  would  ofl^  paaiied  into  ah  act,*  had  for  its 
t0  ^e  oonaideration  of  the  Hoane  object  the  removal  of  certain  in- 
would  be^  to  give  judges  the  same  conveniencies  belonging  to  the  ad- 
power   of    awarding    proseeutors  mitdstraticAi  of  the  orimihal  law 
tkdr  coBis  in  cases  (n  misdemean«  genendly^  and  ih  pleurticular  the 
our  which  thef  already  pMsessed  iti  amendment  of  the  existing  regula- 
csaea  of  felony.    To  leave  to  indi-  tiohs  relative  to  admitting  to  bail 
▼idtials  the  expense  of  indicting  and  iti  cades  of  felony.     Considering, 
canying  through  criminal  proceed-  sfdd  Mr.  Peel,  the  great  number 
ings  aoainst  puUic  oflfenceS)  appear-  of  persons  committed  on  charges 
ed  to  him  to  be  a  i^inardly  ai^  in-  of  felony>  and  the  large  proportion 
ejrpedient  course.     It  changed  the  of    them    ultimately   discharged, 
nature  of  such  prosecutions,  and  either  from  the    insufficiency  of 
gave  them  more  df  a  personal  than  evidence^  or  foi*  other  reasons,  he 
a  public  diaracter.     It  was  mcne*  could  not  but  think  it  proper  that, 
over  an  additional  and  a  ffrievous  under   sufficient    safeguards,    the 
harddiip    upon    individutds    who  powers  of  magistrates  to  admit  to 
had    been    injured,    that,    when  bail  Ou^t  to  be  extended.     An 
tkey  sought  redress,  they  should  alteration  of  the  existing  system 
be  loaded  with  the  expense  of  ob-  wasdesirable,  not  only  as  it  affected 
taininc  it*    He  knew  one  instanoe  the  liberty  of  individuals,  but  be- 
in    which  a    gentleman   having,  cause  a  man  never  came  out  of 
with   much    public    spirit,    pro-  prison  so  good  a  member  of  societr 
flicttted  a  constable  whom  he  de-  as  he  wait  before  his  committal. 
taeted  in  oross  misconduct  in  his  At  present  no  discretion  was  left  to 
office,  found  that,  by  doing  so,  he  the  magistrate ;  he  was  bound  to 
had  incurred  an  expense  of  801.  commit  on  every  charge  of  felony ; 
The  consequence  was,  that,  in  nine  and  therefore  it  was  that  he  pro- 
caaea    out  of  ten,  criminals   es^  posed  to  enact  that,  when  a  prisoner 
caped,  because  the  parties  injured  was  taken  before  one  or  more  ma- 
oompromised  the  offinice,  or  put  up  gistrates,  on  a  charge  of  felony, 
with  the  wrong,  rather  than  sub^  sufmortedbypositiveand'^crecffftie'' 
jeol  themselves  to  the  cost  of  a  evidence,  or  such  as,  if  not  contra- 
proaecution ;  and  he  believed  that  dieted,  would  establish  his  guilt, 
no  more  important  benefit  could  he  should  be  committed  by  the  said 
be  conferred    on    the    oommuni-  justice  or  justices :  but  that,  if  the 
tf^  than  the  transfer  of  the  ex-*  prisoner  were  taken    before   one 
penie    of    prosecuting    criminals  magistrate  only,  and  the  evidence 
from  the  hands  of  private  indivi-  prcSuced  were    not  sufficient  td 
duds  to  those  of  government.  raise  a  presumption  of  his  guilt. 
The  bill,  however,  was  not  car«  the  magistrate  should  remand  him 
ried  through  during  the .  session,  until  he  could  be  brought  before 
Mr.  Ped  stating  that,  from  the  two  or  more  justices ;  and  if,  on 
niul^licity  di  objects  which  it  taking  the  pns6ner  before  th^, 
comprehended,  and  the  very  minute  the  evidence  produced  were  not 
ngture  of  the  details,  it  was  ne^  sufficient  to  raise  a  presumption  of 

ccssory  to  proceed  in  it  with  the     __ : 

naoBt  cautious  deHbcoration.     ^  •  y  ^go,  4^  ^^  54^  « Ae  Act  for  im- 

Another  bill  which  was  intro'  proving  the  administration  of  Criminal 

diiced  by  the  Home  Secretary,  and  Jnstiee  in  Eogtend*'' 


V 


116]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


his  guilt/  though  it  might  be' such 
as  to  require  judicial  investigation, 
they  should  be  empowered  to  ad- 
mit him  to  baiL  It 'was  well 
known  that  even  at  present  the 
Court  of  KinsVbench  was  author- 
ized to  admit  to  bail  under  the 
circumstances  contemplated  hy  this 
act ;  but  the  expense  was  so  great, 
and  particularly  in  remote  parts  of 
the  country,  that  relief  from  that 
court  could  hardly  be  said  to  be 
within  the  reach  of  the  poor. 

To  a  clause  which  enacted  that 
all  accessories  before  the  fact  should 
be  liable  to  the  same  punishment 
as  the  principal  felons,  Mr.  Scarlett 
objected,  that,  instead  of  ameliorat- 
ing the  law,  it  went  to  increase 
the  number  of  capital  felonies. 
But  it  was  answered,  that  the 
provision  was  merely  an  application 
of  the  general  principle  of  the  law 
of  England.  In  every  case  in 
which  me  subject  was  mentioned, 
the  accessory  was  punishable  to  the 
same  extent  as  the  principal ;  and 
the  inference  was,  that  where  the 
subject  was  not  mentioned,  the 
omission  was  accidental.  In  all 
cases  of  murder,  burglary,  stealing 
in  houses,  horse-stealing,  arson, 
forgery,  &c.,  the  accessory  before 
the  fact  was  subjected  to  Uie  same 
punishment  as  the  principal  Why 
not,  then,  in  all  other  cases  ? 

The  proposal  for  allowing  the 
counsel  of  prisoners  upon  their  trial 
for  felony  to  address  the  jury  upon 
the  evidence,  which  had  been  so 
frequently  unsuccessful  » already, 
was  again  brought  forward  by  Mr. 
Lamb,  but  with  no  better  fortune. 
The  measure  was  supported  by  Mr. 
Williams,  Mr.  Twiss,  Mr.  Scarlett, 
Mr.  Brougham,  and  Mr.  Denman, 
and  opposed  by  Mr.  Peel  and  Mr. 
Canning,  in  addition  to  the  Attor- 
ney and  Solicitor  general,  and  Mr. 
Tindal.   The  Attorney-general  al« 


lowed,  that,  in  r^;ard  to  its  merits, 
the  opinion  of  the  bar  was  veiy 
much  divided;  but  looking  at  it 
merely  in  a  practical  light,  without 
being  misled  by  theoiT  or  authoritji 
he  was  convinced  that  its  eflfeds 
would  be  injurious  to  prisoneisi 
As  criminal  proceedings  were  now 
conducted,  the  prosecutoi^s  case 
was  opened  by  a  simple  statement 
of  facts,  and  die  judge  always  took 
care  that  his  counsel  should  not  fo 
farther,  and  the  evidence  was  dis- 
passionately heard.  After  this,  the 
prisonei^s  case  was  gone  through 
m  the  same  way,  except  that  thoe 
was  no  previous  statement  of  facts, 
because  the  general  natuoe  of  the 
case  was  already  understood.  There 
was  finally  the  charge  of  the  judge, 
careAilly  sifting  the  evidence,  tm 
calmly  applying  the  law.  But 
how  very  different  would  all  this 
be,  if  counsel  were  heard  on  both 
sides.  There  would  then  be  all 
the  zeal,  the  animation,  and  the 
^^i^gglc  ^or  victory,  whidi  were 
usutuly  seen  in  civil  cases.  This 
was  no  exaggeration;  for  it  was 
witnessed  in  the  Court  of  King's- 
bench,  where  criminal  offences  of 
certain  kinds,  such  as  charges  of 
perjury,  were  tried  under  these 
circumstances,  and  were  usuallj 
carried  on  in  the  same  spirit  as 
where  merely  the  civil  rishts  of 
the  party  were  at  issue.  If  coun- 
sel were  heard  for  the  prisoner  in 
felonies,  they  must  be  heard  with 
the  same  limitations  as  in  other 
cases.  One  of  these  was,  that  the 
counsel  for  the  prosecuticm  wooM 
have  the  benefit  of  a  reply,  when- 
ever the  prisoner's  counsel  called 
any  witnesses.  So  that  there 
would  always  be  a  very  difficult 
and  embamissing  question  for  him 
to  decide;  namely,  whether  he 
should  call  a  witness  who  wJiAi 
be  material  for  the  defence  of  bil 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [117 

cHent,    but  by  doing  wbich    he  satififactorily    administered.       He 

would  expose  him  to  the  danger  had  no  recollection  that^  in  any 

of  a  reply  which  might  more  than  petition  presented  to  him  on  behafr 

counterbalance  the  favourable  effect  of  a  convict^  the  grounds  taken  up 

of  the  testimony.     The  functions  were  his  not  having  been  allowed 

of  the  judge,  too,  would  unwit-  counsel.   Prisoners  frequently  com- 

tingly  assume  a  character  disad«  plained  that  their  solicitors   had 

▼antageous  to  the  prisoner.    If  the  omitted  to  caU  proper  evidence,  or 

address  of  the  prisoner's  counsel  that  the  witnesses  on  whom  Uiey 

threatened  to  be  efficient,  the  judge  had  relied  were  not  forthcoming, 

would,  in  many  cases,  be  compelled  or  that  they  had  not  had  sufficient 

to  animadvert  on  that  address.     In  notice  of  the  facts  with  which  they 

doing  this  he  might  unconsciously  had  been  charged,  to  be  enabled  to 

pass   the   exact    boundary  which  disprove  them ;  but  in  no  instance 

ought  to  circumscribe  his  remarks ;  did  he  recollect  of  any  hardship 

and  then  the  impression  would,  in  being    imputed  to   the  want    of 

all  probability,  frequently  go  forth  counsel.     The  common  law  of  the 

among  the  persons  in  the  court,  country   required    an    unanimous 

that  the  verdict  of  the  jury  had  verdict  of  the  jury  to  convict  a 

sprung  from  the  remarks  of  the  prisoner.     This  necessity  of  una- 

judge.     This,  surely,  would  not  nimity  was  an  immense  protection 

be  a  desirable  state  of  things ;  for  and  security  to  the  acciued  i  and 

the  judge,  instead  of  being,  as  now  it  destroyed,  at  the  same  time,  the 

considered,  counsel  for  the  prisoner,  argument  drawn  from  the  example 

would  go  forth  as  counsel  against  of  Scotland.     There,  unanimity  in 

bim.  the  jury  was  not  required :  their 

Mr.  Peel  admitted  that  the  ar-  verdict  was  decided  by  a  majority ; 

guments  which  might  be  raised  on  so  that  a  single  voice  might  de- 

both  sides  of  this  question  were  termine  on  the  life  of  the  party 

very  equally  poised ;  that  the  legal  charged.     Thinking    that   justice 

opinions  upon  it  were  nearly  equi-  was  properly  and  fairly  adminis- 

ponderant;  and  that,  if  he  were  tered,  and  very  mainly,  as  respected 

convinced  of  the  alteration  being  prisoners  charged  with  felonies,  by 

useful  and  fitting   in    itself,    he  reason  of  this  peculiar  feature  in 

would  not  oppose  to  it  merely  the  the  constitution  of  juries— he,  for 

antiquity  of  the  law  which  it  Was  one,  was  very  unwilling  to  risk  a 

intended  to  change.     If  the  allow-  change  of  the  system, 

ance  of  counsel  would  lead  to  the  Mr.  H.  Twiss  said,  it  was  an 

better  explication  of  the  truth,  or  inconceivable  absurdity  that  coun- 

if  there  existed  any  general  im-  sel  should  be  aMowed  to  start,  and 

pression   that,    from  counsel  not  multiply,  the  most  frivolous  and 

being  allowed,  the  law  was  not  visionary  objections  to  the  form 

duly  administered,  there  would  be  and  phraseobfly  of  an  indictment, 

an  end  of  the  question ;  but  he  which  were  almost  always  incon- 

had,  from  his  official  situation,  as  sistent  with  real  justice,  and  should 

ample  means  as  any  member  of  be  prohibited  from  intermeddling 

that  House,  of  learning  the  feel-  with  the  very  substance,  the  merits 

ings  of  the  countiy  on  such  a  topic ;  and  evidence  of  their  client's  case. 

and  his  experience  led  him  to  the  If  a  prisoner  wished  to  address  the 

conclusion  X\aX  justice  was  most  jury  upon  the  facts  of  his  cwe^  bt 


118]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

must  do  it  with  Ilk  own  lipt.  But  the  fiction  of  the  ju^  being 
suTOoae  that  dther  from  natural  counsel  for  the  priioner,  it  would, 
diswbility^  or  phjaioal  impediments^  in  most  cases,  he  mudi  moie  true 
or  the  accidents  of  his  situation,  to  say,  that  he  was  counsel  agsunst 
the  prisoner  should  he  unahle  to  the  prisoner,  and  for  the  prose- 
do  so  j  suppose  he  should  happen  eutor.  Wha«  did  the  cmty  in- 
to be  dull  of  capacity,  and  illiteratOj  structions  which  the  judge  received 
deaf  or  dumb,  or  overwhelmed  by  in  any  of  these  cases,  come  from  ? 
fear,  and  inci^ble  of  speahii^  from  From  the  depositions  of  the  urit* 
the  very  oonscionmess  that,  upon  nesses  for  the  prosecution.  Sfar 
the  manner  and  e£fect  of  his  speak*  Robert  Atk3ms,  in  his  notes  upon 
ing,  depended  nothing  less  than  his  lord  Russell's  trial,  had  truly  said, 
own  existence ; — ^no  matter ;  still  "  I  well  know  by  experience  wbat 
the  rule  was  general  and  the  ex-  sort  of  counsel  judger  usually  be 
ceptions  not  provided  for.  But  if  for  the  prisoner."  Usually  the 
disability  of  this  kind  on  the  part  jury  understood  the  cbarge  of  the 
of  prisoners  were  a  general  one,*—  judge  to  be  intended  with  the  view 
would  not  parliament  be  dispcned  that  the  prisoner  should  suffer  no 
to  relax  sudi  a  rule  ?  Undoubt-  wrong ;  but  in  that  respect  the 
edly  it  would. — But  in  point  of  judge  was  surely  as  much  oounsd 
fact  that  general  disability  did  for  the  prosecution.  Fair  play, 
exist*— And  if  the  prisoner  was  barely,  was  not  enough  for  the  pirl- 
overwhelmed,  stunned,  incapable  soner,  where  his  antagonist  was  a 
of  reflection,— what  mattered  it  skilful  and  practised  advocate, 
whether  his  silence  or  imbecility.  There  were  particular  cases  in 
fatal  as  it  might  be  even  to  his  life,  which  the  slightest  variation  of 
arose  from  any  general  defect  of  all  proof  established  the  broadest  dis- 
those  organs  which  should  have  tinction  of  crime ;  as  in  the  cc»n- 
served  him  in  the  hour  of  his  ne-  mon  instance  of  a  sudden  ^y, 
cessity,— or  was  a  consequence  pro-  wherein  one  man  has  stabbed  ano- 
dueed  by  the  situation,  in  which  ther.  There  the  question  would  be 
he  found  himself  at  the  bar? — It  whether  he  had  done  so  with  malice 
was  a  proverbial  saying,  that  *'  he  aforethought  ?  whether  the  fact 
who  is  his  own  counsel  has  a  fool  was  that  he  had  done  so  with  waSee 
for  his  cHent."  Of  course,  the  pr6*pfii«e,waspreciselytheconsideni- 
converse  of  this  proposition  was  tion  that  would  make  all  the  difier- 
true,  and  he  who  was  his  own  ence  in  the  crime  of  the  survivor, 
client  had  a  fool  for  his  advocate.  "  manslaughter,"  or  "  murder." 
Why  ?  Because  the  all-engrossing.  Why,  therefore,  should  not  counsel 
all-absorlnng  care  of  a  man  for  his  be  allowed  to  address  the  jury  upon 
own  interest,  was  the  very  prin-  the  nature  of  the  proof  adduced  to 
ciple  which  incapacitated  him  for  so  important  a  point  ?  In  treason, 
its  due  protection.  And  yet  to  which  was  the  highest  species  of 
this  very  defective  advocacy  did  offence  known  to  the  law,  and  in 
the  law  at  present  intrust  the  case  misdemeanour,  which  was  the  low- 
of  a  prisoner,  whose  incompetency  est,  counsel  were  allowed  to  pri- 
to  do  justice  to  his  own  case  was  soners :  and  why  should  the  same 
of  necessity  a^^p^avated  by  a  know-  liberty  in  felony,  an  offence  inter- 
ledge  of  the  serious  consequences  mediate  between  those  two,  eitcite 
afttendmt  upon  his  i^ure*    As  to  so  many. apprehensions  P 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  flW 

Mr.  Tindal  said,  ihe  first  conse-   the  assistance  of  lilie  prosecutor* 
quence  of  the  proposed  alteration    Suppose  the  counsd  for  the  pri- 

^ronld  he,  that  the  counsel  for  the  soner  were  to   make  a  powerful 

prosecution  would  diange  his  cha-  address  to  the  jury,  he  appealed  to 

racter.    He  would  no  longer  con-  his  learned  friends  round  him,  who 

tinue  to  be  what  he  was  at  pre-  were    well  acquainted  with  the 

sent,  the  minister  of  justice;  but  practice  in  ciril  cdses,  whether,  in 

woidd  be  converted  into  the  adro-  criminal  cases  also,  if  tl4s  mctice 

C8te  of  aparty.     Feeling  conscious  were  permitted,  the  counsel  fbrthe 

tliat  he  iMras  to  be  opposed  hy  oppo-  prosecution  would  not    niitumlly 

Bite  counsel,  it  was  not  likdy  that  exert  all  his  talents  to  do  away,  if 
be  would,  as  now,  confine  himself   possible,  ^e  eflfect  thus  produced : 

to  a  simple  statement  of  fAds.    In  and  whether,  however  pow^ul 

civil  cases,  the  advocate,  knowiiu^  miriit  be  the  address  to  the  jury 

the  right  possessed  by  the  counsel  in  favour  of  the  defendant,  an  able 

for  ihe  defendant,  omi^  no  argu-  advocate  might  not  render  it  in- 

maxt,  and  has  recourse  to  every  ex-  operative  on  their  minds,  by  fddlfbl 

pedient  which  he  thinks  calculated  and  dexterous  management  ?     In 

to  prepossess  the  jury  in  his  favour,  nine-tenths  of  the  cases  tried  in 

Now,  if  trials  for  fdony  iftiould  be  One  of  their  criminal  courts  before 

placed  upon  exactly  the  same  foot-  his  learned  friend  (Mr.  Denman), 

ing  as  civil  cases,  was  it  not  likely  tjiere  was  no  prosecuting  counsel 

that  the  same  exertions  would  be  at  alL     In  many  there  was  no 

made,   and  the  same  advantages  counsel  employed  on  either  side,  and 

taken,  to  secure  a  conviction  ?     It  yet  he  heard  no  complaints  of  the 

was  not  very  difficult  to  perceive  manner  in  which  the  law  was  ad- 

that  the   prisoner  must   undergo  ministered.     It  had  been  argued, 

very  serious  inconveniencies,  if  the  that  to  concede  the  privilege  m  of- 

priviLege  should  be  granted  of-  d-  fences  so  high  as  treason,  and  so 

lowing  counsel  to  make  a  speech  low  as  misdemeanors,  and  refuse  it 

for  him.    Gentle^ien  employed  in  in  cases  of  felony,  was  an  ano- 

the  criminal  courts  were  generally  maly  which  could  |iot  be  justified 

juniors  in  the  profession.    What-  or  explained.    Even  if  it  were  an- 

ever   their    talents    might   be  in  anomaly,  yet  rather  than  altar  it, 

other  respects,  they  were  not  so  because  it  was  an  anomaly,  they 

adroit  as  some  of  his  learned  friends  should  adhere  to  a  practice,  which, 

in  making  out  the  best  cases,  and  having  existed  for  so  many  ages, 

drawing  up  the  most  able  defence,  it  was  rational  to  conclude  had  been 

MenoTthefirst.talent  in  thepro-  found  productive   of  advantages, 

fession  could  not,  except  in  very  What  greater  anomaly,  to  all  ap- 

few  instances,  be  retained  by  the  pearance,  could  there  be,  than  a 

prisoner,  because  he  could  not  af-  jury,    composed  of    twelve  men, 

fold  the  expense ;  but  would  they  drawn  together  from  diderent  parts 

not  be  retained  by  the  prosecutor,  of  a  county,  to  decide  unanimouriy 

knowing  the  advantage  the  prisoner  on  questions  of  which  they  w«e, 

wouldderive  from  this  alteration  perhaps,   before  utterly  ignorant, 

ill  the  law?      So  that  thoim;h  a  and  compelled  to  become  unani- 

strpng  arm  would  thus  be  puiced  mous  by  hunger  and  thirst?     it 

fit  th^  disposal  of  the  prisoner,  a  might  be  said  also  that  appeals 

stronger  still  would  be  brought  to  to  the  fiouse  of  Lords  were  ^m 


120]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

anomaly.     One  would  think  that^        An  act  (7  Geo.  4.  c  57 )  was 
after  a  case  had  been  disposed  of   likewise  passed^    confiolidatmg    in 
in  the  other  courts,  by  men  learned    one  statute  the  different     enact- 
in  the  law,  to  refer  it  for  a  final    ments    in     regard    to     insolvent 
decision  to  those  whose  habits  did    debtors,  and  making  some  changes 
not  fit  them  for  the  administration    in  several  of  their  provisions.  . 
of  justice,  was  as  great  an  anomaly        During  the  eany  part  of  the 
as  could  well  be  conceived.      It    session,  me  attention  of  the  House 
was  found,  however,  that  justice    was  occupied  with  a  charge  K'liich 
was  thus  satisfactorily  and  effect-    Mr.  Denman  had    preferred   the 
ually  administered.      It  was  said    preceding  year  against  Mr.  Ken- 
that  the  practice  was  allowed  in  all    rick,  a  magistrate  of  the  county  of 
foreign  countries.      Wherever  it    Surrey,    and  one  of  the   Weldi 
prevailed,  however,    there  was  a   judges.       This     gentleman     had 
strong  counterpoise  against  it.     In    lodged  an    information  against  a 
France,  for  instance,  and  in  Scot-    man  named  Franks  for  stealing  a 
land,  there  was  a  public  prosecutor,    piece  of  wood,    which   certainly 
by  whom  the  prisoner  was  exam-    turned  out  to  be  of  very  trivial 
ined  before  his  trial ;  and  the  result    value.       Franks   had   been  com- 
of  the  examination  was  communi-    mitted  to  prison ;  and  a  bill  having 
cated  to  the  plaintiff,  who  might    been  found  against    him  by  the 
thus  be  prepared  with  an  answer    grand  jury,  he  was  tried,  and  ac- 
to  any  defence  the  prisoner  should    quitted.     Upon  this  Mr.  Denman 
instruct  his  counsel  to  make.     He    brought  the  matter  before  parlit- 
doubted  whether  those,  who  were    ment,  charging  Mr.  Kenrick  with 
favourable  to  the  measure,  would    having  made  a  false  and  malicious 
be  willing  to  carry  it  into  effect,  on    accusation  for  purposes  of  oppres- 
the  condition  of  connecting  it  with    sion,  and   j ustify mg  the  interfe- 
the  existence  of  such  an  officer  as    rence  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
a  public  prosecutor.     He  had  fully    to  punish  him,  by  the  fact  of  that 
made  up  his  mind  on  the  quastion,    gentleman  being  a  judge,  as  weU 
and  the  conclusion    to  which  he    as   a   county    magistrate.     Those 
came  was,  that  it  would  not  be  be-    members  who   thought    that  the 
neficial  to  the  prisoner.  case  deserved  not  the  interference 

Mr.  Scarlett  thoush^  that  cases  of  the  House,  argued  that,  al^ 
of  circumstantial  evidence  were  the  though  Mr.  Kenrick  was  a  judge, 
only  cases  in  which  the  assistance  yet  even  allowing  what  was  im- 
of  counsel  would  be  found  useful ;  puted  to  him  to  be  true,  it  bad  no 
and,  although  he  was  still  in  very  connection  with  his  judicial  func- 
great  doubt,  he  would  support  at  tions.  He  had  not  acted  as  a  ma- 
kast  the  introduction  of  the  bill,  gistrate  in  lodging  the  informatioo; 
because  he  was  convinced  it  would  there  was  no  malversation  in  office ; 
increase  the  number  of  convictions  there  was  no  abuse  or  prostitution 
of  the  guilty,  many  of  whom  now  of  judicial  powers.  All  that  he  had 
escaped  from  the  tenderness  of  the  done,  he  had  done  as  a  private  in- 
judge,  and  it  could  be  productive  dividuaL  There  might  indeed  be 
^of  no  prejudice  to  any  innocent  cases  of  private  misconduct  amount- 
man,  ing  to  such  infamy  as  would  ren- 
On  a  division  S6  members  voted  der  the  individual  guilty  of  it  un- 
fqv  the  mption^  and  IQ^  ag^st  it.    worthy  of  sitting  upon  finy  ]f^^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [121 

and  justify  the  House  in  address-  pleased  to  remove  him  from  the 
ing    the  crown  for  his  removal ;  office  of  judge  of  the  great  session 
but  in  the  present  instance^  there  of    Wales."      The    motion    was 
neither  was  any  such  misconduct  ne^tived  without  a  division, 
actually^  nor  any  good  reason  to  The  commission  which  had  heen 
believe  in  the  existence  of  mali«  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  ad^ 
cipiis  motives.     True  it  wbs,  that  ministration  of  justice  in  the  court 
Franks  had  heen  acquitted;-  but  of   Chancery  had    made  a  very 
true  it  was  likewise,  that  the  grand  elaborate  and  voluminous  report, 
jury  had  found  a  true  bill  against  to  which  was  annexed  an  immense 
him.     If  Mr.  Kenrick  had  been  mass  of  evidence,  contsdning  some 
guilty  of  a  malicious  prosecution,  grains  of  wheat  amid  a  huge  ac- 
and  been  convicted  of  that  offence  cumulation  of  chaff.    The  condu- 
in  a  court  of  law,  that  might  jus-  sions  to  which  they  came  they  had 
tify  the  House  in  praying  for  his  reduced  into  187  propositions,  con- 
dismissal.    But  the  measure  now  taining  the  alterations  in  the  prac- 
pruposed  was    to  deprive  him  of  tice    of    the    court    which    they 
the  benefit  of  a  legal  trial.     He  thought  might  be  adopted  with 
was  liable  to  a  criminal  action  in  advantage ;  and  as  it  was  known 
an  ordinary  court ;  he  was  entitled  that  the  attorney-general  intended 
by  the  law  of  the  land  to  be  tried  to  bring  forward  a  measure  found- 
by  twelve  of  his  peers :  but  this  ed  on  these  pn^sitions,  Parlia- 
was  an  attempt  to  deprive  him  of  ment  was  for  some  time  spared 
his  birth-right,    to    try  and  con-  those  declamations,  which,  in  for- 
demn    him  by  anticipation,    and  mer  sessions,  had  usurped  a  place 
that,t«o,  by  the  House  of  Commons,  that  would  have  been  better  filled 
If  Franks  should  prosecute,  how  by  pointing  out  specific  defects  or 
could  Mr.  Kenrick  expect  an  im-  suggesting  specific  improvements, 
partial  trial,  with  a  sentence  al-  Still  it  was  impossible  to  suppress 
ready  pronounced  against  him  by  entirely  that    paltry   and    unjust 
such  an  authority ;  and  if  he  Mr.  spirit,  which,  in  older  to  wound 
Kenrick  should  be    acquitted,  in  lord  Eldon,   had  long  been  busy 
what  light  would  the  House  of  in  depreciating  the  court  of  Chan- 
Commons  appear  ?  eery ;  and  the  new  efforts  of  his 
The  House,  however,    entered  detractors  afforded  new  examples 
into  evidence  upon  the  charge ;  and  of    their    incorrigible    ignorance. 
Mr.   Denman,   after  coiinsel  had  On  the  7th  of  March,  Mr.  Hume 
been  heard  for  Mr.  Kenrick,  moved,  moved  for  a  return  of  the  number 
"  That,   the  charges  against  Mr.  of  persons  in  confinement  for  con- 
Kenrick  having  been  ftUy  cstab-  tempt  of  the  court  of  Chancery, 
lished,    except    that    part  which  He  did  not  seem  to  be  aware  that 
stated  that  he  had  offered  to  with-  the  process  of  cqntempt  is  not  an 
draw  the  prosecution,  in  consider-  instrument  issued  voluntarily  by 
ation  of  Mr.  Franks's  good  cha-  the  court  to  avenge  a  supposed 
racier,  it  appeared  to  that  House  insult  done  to  itself,  but  that  it  is 
that  he  had  showed  Himself  an  the  means  which  one  subject  em- 
unfit  person  to  exercise  the  judicial  ploys  to  compel  another  to  do  him 
function;  and  that  an  address  be  justice;  and  that  the  man,  who  is 
therefore  presented  to  his  Majesty,  in  prison  for  contempt,  remains  in 
pray bg  that  be  would  be  grjwiously    that  situation,  only  becgiwe  he  perr 


122]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

sists  in  refusiiig  justiee  to  his  M«  was,  that  Ridurdson's  JafiMi^  %m 

low  subject.     The  great  complaint  was  also  in  confinement  along  with 

which  Mr.  Hume  made  was«  that  him.      Whether    the    diild    was 

the  Insolvent  Debtor^s  Act,  though  actually  in  confinement  in  eonse- 

it  relieved  persons  who  were  in  quence  of  any  process,  or  had  only 

contempt  for  not   paying  money  been  taken  there  to  accompaHy  his 

which  the  court  had  ordered  them  father,  did  not  appear ;    but,   ia 

to  pay,  gave  them  no  relief  where  either   case,    the   complaint  was 

the  contempt  consisted  in  the  non«  frivqltnis   and  dishonest :    tar,  if 

payment  of  costs.     The  attomey«i  the  infant  was  in  die  {»uon  by 

general,  by  way  of  answer,  read  the  desire  of  his  parents,  that  oouU 

to  him  the  clause  of  the  Insdlvent  be  matter  of  blame  to  no  one  but 

Debtor's  Act,  which  provided  ex«  them ;  and  if  he  was  therfe  undor 

pressly  for  the  discharge  of  persons  any  process,  diat  process  was  irre- 

who  were    imprisoned    for  non-  gular,  and  contrary  to  the  rules  of 

payment  of  costs;  and  certainly,  the  court;  and,  the  moment  the 

a  more  satisfactory  refutation  there  case  was  stated,  would  have  been 

could  not  be.     This  clause,   ex*  discharged  at    the  costs    of   die 

tending  the  relief  of  tlie  Insolvent  solicitor  who  had  so  abused  it 

act  to  cases   of  non-payment  of  Mr.   Hume,  in  the  observations 

costs,  was  onginally  introduced,  with  ilrhich    he    introduced    the 

we  believe,  at  the  suggestion  of  petition,  spoke  jof  the  Loid  Chan- 

kuod  Eldon  himself.  cellor  as  a  curse  to  the  countey. 

Mr.  Hume  repeated  his  attack  The  murmurs  of  dio^ppiobatum 

on  the  llth  of  April,  on  the  occa*  which  broke  forth  from  all  sides 

sion  of  psesenting  a  petition  from  of  the  House,  and  the  loud  ex« 

a  person  of  the  name  of  Richard*  pression  of  condemnation  and  dis- 

son,  who  complained  of  being  con-  pleasure  which  assailed  him,  were 

fined  in  York  Castle  for  contempt  an  involuntary  testimony  to  Uis 

of  the  court  of  Chancery.     The  splendid  talents  and  unspotted  vir- 

case  was,  that  a  mortgagee  of  a  tue  of  the  greatest  of  our  judicial 

small  property,  which  belonged  to  sages. 

Richardson  for  life,  had  filed  a  bill        Another   equally  unreasonaUe 

of  foreclosure ;  Richardson  did  not  complaint  was  made  on  the  S  1st  of 

put  in  any  answer,  and  the  pro-  April,  when  Mr«  Sykes  presented  a 

cess  of  contempt,  therefore,  issued  petition  from  an  attorney  in  Hull, 

against  him.      It  never  occurred  This  attorney  had  caused  various 

to  Mr.  Hume  that  the  mortgagee  of  his  bills  of  costs  to  go  through 

had  no  other  means  of  getting  his  the  form  of  taxation,  when  there 

money  than  by  forcing  on  his  ^uit ;  was  no  person  to  dieck  his  pio- 

that  he  could  not  do  so  except  by  oeedings,  and  had  thuK  gotten  them 

forcine  Richardsqp  to  answer ;  and  allow^  against  the  estate  of  a 

that  the  process  of  contempt  was  lunatic.     &)me  years  afWwards, 

the  remedy  which  the  law  of  the  the  next  of  kin,  having  discovered 

land  gave  him  to  render  his  rights  that  the  solicitor  had  not    acted 

effectual.     But  lord  Eldon  was  to  properly,  petitioned  for  a  re-tax- 

be   vilified,    because,    forsooth,  a  atiqu  of  the  costs.    Lord  ^li<m\ 

mortgagee  chose    to  enfoTce    bis  acting  upon  the  invariable  prin- 

rights !     One  circumstance  of  ag-  ciples  of  the  court,    which  have 

grav]atioa  stated  in  that   petition  beea  establidi^  with  a  view  t9 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


{128 


tbe  safety  of  the  suitors,  ordered 
the  bills  of  costs  to  be  re-taxed ; 
and  tbis  order^  tboi;gh  not  to  bave 
made  it  would  bave  beeu  error, 
vnu  gravely  stated  as  a  ground  of 
accusation  against  tbe  judge  and 
the  tribunal.     In   tbe  discussion 
on  this  most  notable  petition,  Mr. 
Hume  displayed  tbe  usual  igno- 
rance of  tbe  assailants  of  our  courts 
of  justice.    "If,"  said  be,  "they 
hx>Ked  at  tbe  report  on  tbe  tablcj 
they  would  find,  tbat  a  sum  of 
about  thirty-nine  millions  sterling 
lay  locked  up  ip  tbe  court  of  Chan- 
cery ;    a  pretty  nest-egg  for  tbe 
chancellor  of  tbe  Excbequer  or  bis 
successors.    Tbe  sum  belonging  to 
the  suitors  bad  greatly  accumulated 
within  no  very    long    period  of 
years :  what  a  mass  of  good  would 
have  been  done,  if  sucb  an  immense 
sum  as  tbis  bad  been  distributed 
to  tbe  parties !    But  be  believed 
it  would  never  be  liberated  by  the 
present  Cbancellor."    Such  were 
tbe  statements  to  wbicb  tbe  English 
House  of  Commons  deigned    to 
listen  !     Did  it  never  occur  to  tbe 
mind  of  tbis   most  accurate  in- 
quirer, tbat  tbe  greater  part  of  tbis 
sum  was  money  wbicb  no  person 
had,  or  could  bave,  cither  right  or 
power  to  distribute.     It  was  there 
for  tbe  purpose  of  administration  ; 
tbe  dividends  were  either  paid  to 
those  who  were  entitled  to  receive 
them,  or  they  accumulated,  if  tbe 
person,  who  had  tbe  right  to  direct 
what  should  be  done  with  them, 
bad  so  ordered ;    tbe  capital  re- 
mained in  court,  because  the  periods, 
fixed  by  wills,    marriage  settle- 
ments, trust-deeds,  &c.  for  tbe  dis- 
tribution of  it,  bad  not  arrived : 
but  of  the  funds  standing  in  the 
name  of  the  accountant-general, 
there  is  only  a  very  smaU   partf 
wbicb  b  detained  there  by  adverse 
litigation;    and    tbat  small   sum 


generally  remains  deposited  for  no 
fong  period  of  time.  Tbe  thirty- 
nine  miUions  said  to  be  "  locked 
up  in  the  court  of  Chancery"  are, 
for  tbe  most  part,  no  more  locked 
up  than  an  equal  sum  standing  in 
the  names  of  trustees:  and  tbe 
increasing  ms^gnitude  of  tbe  funds 
in  court  proves  only  the  increasing 
utility  of  tbe  court  as  an  organ 
fen:  administering  property,  and 
for  protecting  tbe  interests  of  in- 
fantSi  married  women,  and  others 
who  are  not  aUe  to  assert  their 
own  rights. 

Tbe  fury  of  tbe  attack  wbicb 
has  been  made  of  late  on  the  court 
of  Chancery,  and  tbe  igporance  dis- 
played by  the  assailants,  though 
some  of  them  were  men  wbp 
lived  by  tbe  practice  of  tbe  law, 
form,  indeed,  a  curious  trait  in  tbe 
parliamentary  history  of  late  years. 
That  court  has  its  faults,  and  is 
capable  of  great  improvement  : 
still,  with  all  its  faults,  it  adminis- 
ters a  much  more  enlightened  and 
comprehensive  system  of  jurispru- 
dence than  exists  any  where  else ; 
and  it  renders  greater  services  to 
the  community  than  any  other  of 
our  tribunals.  The  courts  of  com- 
mon law  apply  a  system,  which, 
though  useful  within  its  own  nar- 
row limits,  is  altogether  unequal 
to  the  transactions  of  human  so- 
ciety; and  if  no  justice  were  to 
be  found  in  England  except  what 
can  be  gotten  in  the  King's  Bench 
or  Common  Pleas,  law  would  be 
more  an  instrument  of  wrong  than 
of  right.  Tbe  Ecclesiastical  Courts, 
and  the  Courts  of  Admiralty,  again, 
abound  in  gross  abuses,  and  involve 
parties  in  the  most  enormous  expen- 
ses. Yet  the  senseless  vitupera-v 
tions,  which  were  poured  out  against 
the  court  of  Chancery,  produced 
some  effect  in  degrading  it  in  pub- 
lic opinion ;  for  tbe  generality  of 


124]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

men,  as  ignorant  of  the  matter  as  professional  to  be  generally^  intel- 
those  who  spoke  on  it,  could  with  ligible,  and  partly  because  it  was 
difficulty  believe  that  senators  not  intended  that  any  farther  pro- 
would  stand  forth  the  accusers  of  ceeding  should  be  taken  in  the 
the  highest  of  our  courts  of  justice  matter  during  the  present  session. 
without  taking  the  least  pains  to  The  object  of  his  motion  ^was 
understand  the  principles,  or  in-  merely  to  bring  the  subject  before 
vestigate  the  facts,  on  which  the  parliament ;  but  the  prosecution 
question  of  its  merits  or  demerits  of  the  bill  was  to  be  deferred  to 
necessarily  turned.  It  did  not  the  first  session  of  a  new  parlia- 
occur  to  common  understandings,  ment. 

that  a  man  of  sense  and  virtue        The  discussion  which  followed 
could  hold  himself  out  as  the  im-  the  motion  of  the  attorney-general, 
prover  of  a  machine  with  the  frame  was  very  temperate.    Some  o€  the 
and   structure   of  which  he  was  minor  orators  were  dissatisfied  that 
totally  unacquainted.  the  commissioners  had  not  found 
On  the  1 5th  of  May,  the  Attor-  fault  with  the  Lord  Chancellor;  and 
ney-general  moved  ''for  leave  to  they  stated,   or  insinuated,   that 
bring  in  a  bill  to  regulate  the  prac-  that  noble  person  had,  in  fact,  by 
tice  of  the  Court  of  Chancery.'*  his  influence  caused  the  investiga- 
He  prefaced  his  motion  by  a  long  tion  to  stop  far  short  of  the  lengths 
and  able  speech,  in  which  he  ex-  to  which  it  ought  to  have  gone, 
plained,  in  popular  language,  some  These  statements  and  insinuations 
of  the  general  principles  of  courts  were  fully  answered  by  Dr.  Lush- 
of  equity,  and  the  outline  of  their  ington :  ''  With  regard,"  said  he, 
forms  and  course  of  proceeding.  "  to  the  conduct  of  the  Lord  Chan- 
It  was  the  more  necessary  to  do  cellor,  he  (Dr.  Lushington^   did 
this,  because,  the  great  difficulty  but  discharge  a  debt  of  justice  to 
of  meeting  the  attacks  of  enemies  that  individual  when  he  said,  that, 
of  the  court  of  Chancery  consisted,  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of 
not  in  detecting  the  Aitility  of  the  the  investigation  he  had  given  the 
objections  that  were  made,  but  in  most  material  assistance    to    the 
communicating  so  much  knowledge  commissioners.    He  did  not  deliver 
of  the  subject  to  those  who  made  his  opinions  to  them  as  dogmas, 
or  heard  the  objections  as  would  but  allowed  those  who  doubted 
enable  them  to  comprehend  when  of  their  correctness  to  investigate 
a  satisfactory  refutation  was  given,  them  thoroughly,  affording  them 
He  described,  likewise,  the  course  every  explanation  which  they  re- 
which  the  commissioners  had  taken;  quired,  and  that,  too,  in  a  manner 
and,  without  descending  to  minute  which  left  on  his   mind  a  most 
details,  pointed  out  the  aim  and  favourable  impression  with  regud 
nature  of  the  alterations  which  to  the  learning,  intelligence,  and 
the  proposed  bill  was  intended  to  integrity  of  that  learned  lord.    So 
efiect.    We  do  not  enter  into  tlie  far  from  ever  seeking  to  check 
particular  tq)ics  discussed  in  the  inquiry,  he  had  done  every  thing 
speech ;  partly  because  they  were  to  promote  and  forward  it." 
necessary  of  a  nature  too  strictly 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[125 


CHAP.    V. 

IiLBiiAND. — Catholic  Emancipatioti — State  of  the  Protestant  Church  in 
t/ie  Province  of  Munster — Motion  for  a  Committee  of  Inquiry  upon 
Firsi-Fruits — Motion  for  a  Committee  on  the  levying  and  apj&ation 
igf  Church  Rates — Education — Chartered  Schools-^Bill  to  regulate 
the  Relation  of  Landlord  and  Tenant — Motion  for  a  Committee  on 
Tolls  and  Customs. 


was 


ALTHOUGH    Ireland 
diarin^largelyinthegen^ 
distress,  her  internal  situation  was 
one  of  tranquillity,  if  allowance 
be  made  for  those  acts  of  indi- 
Tidual  atrocity  which  so  frequent- 
ly darken  her  annals,  and  those 
heart-burnings    fostered,    if    not 
kindled,  by  the  Catholic  Associa- 
tion, which,   in  summer,  blazed 
forth  at  the  command  of  the  priest- 
hood, against  the  landlords  at  the 
general    election.     The    Catholic 
Association,  notwithstanding   the 
act  for  its  suppression,  still  existed 
in  substance ;  the  same  irritating, 
and  yet  absurd,  harangues  were 
delivered;    the   same  engines  of 
influence    were    kept    in    active 
operation ;  the  same  contributions, 
which  formed  the  Catholic  rent,* 
still  continued  to  be  levied.     The 
ordinary  turbulences  of  elections 
were  indeed    a^ravated  hy  the 
unhappy  spirit  of  religious  rancour 
which  the  zeal  of  the  Catholic 
clergy  superadded  to  political  dif- 
ferences; and,  in  more  instances 
than    one,    they    terminated    in 
blood.     But,  with  this  exception, 
there  was  no  violation  of  the  public 
peace ;  and  Ireland  remained  free 
from  the  outrages  to  which   the 
suffering  artizans,  in  the  manu- 
facturing   districts    of    England, 
allowed  themselves  to  be  excited 
by  poverty  and  distress. 


During  the  session  of  parlia- 
ment, the  question  of  emanapation 
was  not  formally  stirred  in  either 
House.  The  vote  of  the  House 
of  Lords  in  the  preceding  session 
had  convinced  the  supporters  of 
the  measure,  that  little  could  be 
hoped  from  again  so  speedily 
agitating  the  question;  and  the 
atrocious  language  used,  and  vio- 
lent resolutions  voted,  in  asseipblies 
of  Catholics,  only  tended  to  create 
additional  obstacles,  by  exciting 
greater  irritadon,  and  displaying 
more  clearly  their  ultimate  and 
dangerous  views.*     The  question, 

*  The  oratory  of  men  who  can  nei- 
ther think  coolly  and  correctly,  nor 
speak  witli  propriety,  is  never  worth 
preserving,  except  as  shewing  the  very 
lowest  degree  of  sense  and  decency 
compatible  with  public  notoriety,  and 
vulgar  influence.  Of  this  it  would  be 
impossible  to  find  a  more  valuable  spe- 
cimen than  the  following  language, 
used  in  a  public  meeting  in  Dublin,  in 
the  beginning  of  November,  by  Mr. 
O'Conncll.  When  it  is  recollected  that 
the  speech  was  delivered  while  the 
duke  of  York  was  labouring  under  the 
illness  which,  in  a  few  weeks,  terminated 
his  life,  and  juHt  a  month  before  Britiun, 
roused  in  a  moment  by  an  inroad  of 
despotism  upon  an  ally,  stood  armed 
with  the  rapidity  of  lightning,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Tagus,  and,  fearless  and 
prompt,  frowned  Europe  into  peace ;  it 
furnishes  an  admirable  commentary  on 
the  goodness  of  the  man's  heart,  and 
the  soundness  of  bis  bead,  on  the  extoii 


1261     ANNUAL    REGISTER.    1826. 

however,  was  still  kept  before  the  the  speech  of  lord  Liverpool  deli- 
eye  of  both  Houses  |;by  petitions  vered  the  year  before,  and  cha- 
fzom  different  districts  and  bodies  racterLzed  the  imputation  of  divided 
in  Ireland,  particularly  those  pre-  allegiance  as  '^  a  false  pretence," 
sented  to  the  House  of  Peers,  by  because  the  Catholics  in  aU  their  pe- 
lords  Damley  and  Grey,  and  the  tions  declared,  that,  in  the  oaths 
marquis  of  Lansdown,  and  to  the  which  they  took,  and  were  re^dy 
C<nnmons  by  sir  Francis  Burdett,  to  take,  they  swore  allegiance  to 
and  Mr.  Brougham.  The  peti«  his  majesty  alone*  Lord  Liverpot^ 
lions  were  more  especially  directed  answered,  that  although  he  never 
to  a  disclaimer  of  the  imputation  doubted  the  sincerity  of  the  Ca- 
of  owing  a  divided  allegiance;  tholics  in  disclaiming  civU  alle- 
evidently  on  accoimt  of  the  weight  giance  to  any  foreign  power,  the 
which  the  argument  of  the  Anti-  lact  could  bot  a£^t  the  argument; 
Catholics  on  £is  point  had  carried  for  his  argument  was  that  tpiriimal 
with  it,  or  had  seemed  to  carry  sul^tion  to  a  fcneign  power  vms 
with  it,  in  the  debate  of  the  pre*  inconsistent  with  civil  obedieaee 
ceding  session.  Lord  Damley,  in  to  our  own  sovereign. 
&ct,  in  presenting  a  petition  from        At  the   same  tune,    a  sort    of 

Drogheda,    {woceeded  to   answer  schism   threatened  to  take  place 

■  —  -* 

of,  his  learning,  and  the  suavity  of  his  established  church  [loud  cheers].    We 

maBners.  will  call   for   the    restoration   of  the 

**  I  Irish  no  physical  HI  to  the  royal  people's  property.    Through  the  doors 

duke ;  hut  If  he  has  thrown  his  oath  in  of  the  House  of  CoDtmons  we  will  tril 

the  w&y  of  oar  liberties,  and  that  as  the  peasantry  that  their  property  la  in 

long  as  he  lives  iustice  shall  not  be  the    hands   of  men    who   abuse    axul 

done  to  the  people  of  Ireland,  it  is  trample  on  them.    We  will  announce  to 

mockery  to  tell  me  that  the  people  of  them  who  are  the  robbers  of  the  poor, 

Ireland  have  not  an  interest   in   his  and  when  we  ha^e  done  that»  let  tack 

ceasing  to  live.    Death  is  the  corrector  statesmen  as  Liverpool  and  Peel  keep 

of  human  errors ;  it  is  said  to  be  man's  us  unemancipated,  in  order  to  strengthen 

hour  for  repentance,  and  God's  oppor-  and  secure  the  established  church.'' 
tonity.    If  the  royal  duke  should  not  •  •  •  # 

beoome  converted   from   his  politieal        *' England's   weakness   Is    our    ad- 

errofs,  I  am  perfectly  resigned  to  the  vantage.    I  do  not  rejoice  at  individfial 

will  of  (abd,  and  shall  abide  the  result  distress  or  mislbrtune,    but  I  caanoi 

with   the    most   christian    resignation  help  being  gratified   by  the  national 

paugbter   and   cheers].    The    Whigs,  misfortunes  of  England.    Her  revenue 

and,  amongst  others,  lord  Grosvenor^  is  on  the  decline,  while  her  expenditore 

have  Maroed  ua  for  the  honest  expres-  is  increasing.    I  read  with  pleasure  of 

sion    of  our  opinions.    I  blame    the  the  cheers  with  which  the  speech  oC 

Wliigs  for  this.      A  former  duke  of  Mr.  Cani^in^  was  received  at  Uke  Mao.> 

York,  the  Pegitimate  king;  of  England,  sion-house  in  London,  when  he    told 

was  dethroned  by  the  English  Whigs,  them  that  there  was  not  the  leAst  dan- 

although  he  had  never  taken  an  oath  ger  of  war — all  was  hush !     Ob !  ho- 

aninat  Iheir  rights  and  liberties ;  and  miliated  EnglMtd !      When  before  did 

whot  instead  of  endeavouring  to  injure  she  fear  battle;  and  was  not  the  peace 

a  single  Protestant  in  person  or  in  pro-  of  the  world  at  her  disposal?    Was  she 

perty,  could  be  only  charged  with  the  not  always  ready  to  enter  the  field  at 

crime  of  proclaiming  perfect  Hberty  of  the  call  of  glory,  interest,  or  honour? 

conscience.    Only  contrast  the  duke  of  But  Mr.  Canning  told  these  good  boys 

York  whom  they  dethroned  with  our  that  tliere  was  no  danger  of  &e  peace 

modem  duke !"  of  the  world  being  disturbed.    I  under*' 

*  *  *  *  stand  his  meaning  well — England  dare 

^  We  will  drag  before  the  House  of  not  go  to  war  while  Ireland  remains 

fawmnnn  tbe  eftomoui  alMses  of  ttte  discontented,'' 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [127 

Ike  Catholics    and   the  the  Dissenters    might    have  an- 

Disesters.     It  Bjxpeared   to   the  swered,  without  heing  thought  to 

kaaar,  that  the  Dissenters^  from  violate  sound  reasoning,  that,  al« 

whoBi   as   also  hihouiing    under  though    Dissenters,    Uiey    were 

foiidea]  disqualifications  they  na-  Protestants ;  that  apprehensions  of 

Uuallj  looked  for  sympathy  and  the  influence  of  foreign  spiritual 

aappoit,   had  either  openly  join-  supremacy,  the  conviction  of  the 

ed  the  hodj  of  their  opponents,  or  degrading  and  debasing  effects  of 

bad  inanifegt<Ml  only  a  cold  and  the  Catholic  superstition  in  all  the 

dittQuraging  neutrality,   not    re*  relations  of  life,  and  the  reasonable 

flttdnf,  that  the  liniment  applied  dread  that  all  its  powerful  control 

azmuaEy,  in  the  shape  of  an  In*  over  the  minds  of  its  adherents 

doBiuty  bill,  to  the  sores  of  the  must  be,  and  would  be,  directed  to 

Diiae&tezB,  prevented  that  constant  the  overthrow  of  the  Protestant 

imtatifm  which  kept  the  wounds  religion,  and  of  the  form  of  go- 

ef  the  Catholics  perpetually  streen,  vemment  that  gave  supremacy  to 

e^eeially  under  the  care  of  such  protestantism — that  all  these  causes 

ndb,  and  ignonuit,  and  interested,  of  opposition,  whether  wellfounded 

pwrtitionegg    as    the     associated  or  not,  were  common  to  all  Protes- 

ifUatan;  and  that  it  is  never  easy  tants;  and  that  no  inconsistency 

td  route  men  to  battle  for  an  ab*-  could  exist  in  the  union  of  a  church- 

c(nct  pnnc^le^  where  no  practical  man  and  a  dissenter  to  repel  a 

iaoQBTeniefice  is  felt,  or  supposed  common  danger* 

W  be  felt,  from  its  non-assertion.  While  the  claims  of  the  Catho- 

1^  Dvnley  oomidatned  bitterly  lies  were   merely  the  subject  of 

ft  their  laooociftency  in  pressing  incidental  remarks,  the  conditioo 

tk  ahoUtion  of  negro  slavery,  and  of  the  Protestant  church  in  Ire- 

Mfting  the  abolition  of  Catholio  land,  the  discharge  of  its  duties^ 

JJahiliricB       ''  They  form,"  said  and  the  management  of  its  funds, 

til  lordAip,  ''  a  powerful  luid  nu^  were  frequently  made  the  subjects 

■eiDus  sect  in  this  country,  and  of  more  direct  discussion. 

«it  ondbubtedly  req^iectable  and  Ii^  the  House   of  Lords,  lord 

we&paeajiing :    yet,    while   diey  Kingston  moved  for  the  appoint* 

Wire  urging  the  government  and  ment  of  a  committee  to  inquire 

padianient  to  precipitate  the  eman*  into  the  state  of  the  Protestant 

Pfutioa  of  the  negroes,  they  were  church  in  the  province  of  Munster. 

twiil J  encaged  last  year,  in  most  He  founded  his  motion  upon  the 

umsatimr  eonnectitm    with    the  evils   which  he    stated    to  have 

Higii   Churdi  party,    in    indue-  arisen  from  the  union  of  livings, 

iag  their  lordsl^^  to  reject  the  and  the  consequent  want  of  churdbes 

inyer  of  the  Cathdics  of  Ireland,  to  which  the  Protestant  peopla 

la  one  fareatfa,  these  perscms  called  m^ht  repair.    In  the  province  in 

upon  parUam^it  to  precipitate  a  question  his  lordship  stated,  it  had 

veasme,  the  pieci|Mtation  of  which  not  been  uncommon  to  unite  five, 

it  was  by  no  me^ns  impossible  six,  or  seven  livings  in  one  person; 

mi^  camproaiise  the  safety  of  and,  in  many  parishes,  if  the  Pro- 

the  colwiifs,  and  to  deny  to  Irelaud  testant  inhabitants  wished  spiritual 

that  eattneipfttjaB  by  which  ahme  consolation,  or  to  have  the  benefit 

her  traMfuillity  and  safety  could  of  religious  worship,  the  nearest 

k  effediiJly  aocured."    Ferhsj^  ctergymai^  wb9  could  advise  diem. 


128]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

and  the  nearest  church  in  which  church.     There  was  one  instamse 
service  was  performed,   was  pro-  of  a  parish  which  contained  four 
bably  at  a  great  distance.     Two  churches;    and  to  the  carates  of 
parishes  which  contained,  the  one  these  churches,  the  rector  paid  more 
eight  thousand  acres,  and  the  other  than  he  actuaUy  derived  from  the 
between  four  and  five   thousand,  whole  parish.    As  the  returns-  on 
had  only  one  church  each.     In  the  the  table  of  tho  House  shewed  all 
latter,  the  only  church  to  which  the  unions  of  parishes  that  existed 
the  Protestant  parishioners  could  in  Ireland,  and  the  authority  by 
resort,  was  a  diapel  which  had  which  they  had  been  made,  the 
been  built  by  a  private  nobleman,  motion  was  unnecessaiy.  The  mo- 
for  the  convenience  of  his  o^vn  tion  was  withdrawn, 
family ;  and,  in  another,  you  might        The  want  of  churches,  which  it 
ride    twenty-two    miles    without  was  the  pbject  of  this  motion  to 
seeing  a  church  at  alL     It  was,  he  supply,  was  intimately  connected 
said,  a  scandalous  thing  that  there  with  the  administration  of  the  fund 
should  be  such  a   want  both  of  formed  of  the  first-fruits  of  all 
churches  and  clergymen  in  a  coun-  ecclesiastical  benefices.     These  re- 
try where  Protestantism  was  the  venues,  being  the  first  yearns  income 
established  religion ;  and  his  only  of  every  benefice,  had  been  origin- 
object  was,  to  prevent,  by  supplying  ally  payable  to  the  Pope.     On  the 
both,  the  extinction  of  that  religion  Reformation  they  were  vested  in 
throughout  the  province ;  for  the  the  Crown  ;  and  the  building  <^ 
Catholics,  on  their  side,  were  most  churches  was  one  of  the  purposes  to 
active  and  exemplary  in  remedying  which  they  had  been  appropriated 
similar  deficiencies.  by  an  act  of  Qpcen  Anne.    Sir 
Lord  Harrowby,  and  the  Bishop  John  Newport  brought  the  manace- 
of  Leighlin,  answered,  that  all  the  ment  of  this  fund,  and  the  inequall- 
information,  which  such  a  committee  ties  and  insufficiencies  of  the  syston 
might  acquire,  was  already  contain-  according  to  which  the  contribu- 
ed  in  the  voluminous  mass  of  evi-  tions  of  the  clergy  to  it  were  re- 
dence  on  the  subject  collected  last  gulated,  under  the  notice  c^  the 
session  by  the  Lords'  committee  to  House  of  Commons  by  a  series  of 
inquire  into  the  state  of  Ireland,  resolutionsdeclaratory  of  its  nature 
There  could  be  no  doubt  that  unions  and  history,  and  by  a  motion  for  the 
existed,  frequently  to  an  inoonveni-  appointment  of  a  select  committee 
ent  extent.     Tl^ey  had  been  made,  to  inquire  into  its  condition  and 
some  by  the  episcopacy,  some  by  acts  administration.      The  reasons  by 
of  Council,  over  whidi  the  diocesan  which  he  justified  his  motion  were, 
had  no  control,  'and  some  existed  that  the   first-fruits,  wh^:e  thej 
by  prescription ;  but  in  many  cases  were  paid  at  all,  continued  to  be 
the  union  had  been  a  matter  of  im-  paid  upon  the  rate  of  valuation,  for 
perative  necessity.      The  number  which  there  was  no  authority  in 
of  acres  in  a  parish  formed  no  cri-  the  law,  and  that  thus  by  far  the 
terion  by  which  the  House  could  greater  portion  of  a  fund  which 
be  guided  :  the  important  clement  the  Crown  had  sacrificed,  and  the 
was  the  extent  of  the  population,  legislature  had  set  apart  for  puUic 
In  some  cases  the  parishes  were  purposes,  was  allowed  to  remain  in 
very  extensive,  and  the  population  the  pockets  of  the  clergy,  while 
could  not  pay  the  expenses  of  the  new   burdens   were    bud    upon 


'  HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  tl2d 

pAtUiionen  to  effect  those  very  could  not  fail  to  appear  monstrous^ 

objects  for  which  the  ftind  had  been  that  700,000  Irii£  acres,  making 

created.     It  was^tnie,  he  said,  that  nearly   1,000,000  English    acres, 

the  Enelish  act  of  Queen  Anne  attached  to  church  benefices  in  Ire« 

prorided,  that  the  valuation  should  land,  should  yield  so  little  towards 

renmin  in  after  years  as  it  then  the  puiposes  for  which  they  were 

was,  but  the  Irish  act  contained  no  destined. 

siniilar  provision,  and  the  omission  Mr.  Goulbum,  and  Mr.  Dawson, 

must  be  consideied  as  having  been  opposed  the  motion,  as  being,  in 

intentional,  especially  as  a  great  reality,  a  covert,  and  most  danger- 

jiroportion  of  church  land  in  Ir&-  ous,  attack  upon  the  property  of 

land  had  not  at  that  time  been  the  Irish  church,  and,  through  it, 

valued    at   all.     The  difference,  upon  the  property,  not  only  of  the 

likewise,  between  the  sums  paid  in  church  of  EnglancC  but  of  all  bodies 

the  two  countries,  proved  that  it  in  the  state ;  and  as  being  derived 

could  never  have  been  intended  to  from  a  fallacious  interpretation  of 

apply  the  same  rule  to  both.    For  the  law,   warranted    neither   by 

aeren  years,  ending  in  1824,  the  history,  nor  authority,  nor  expe- 

axchbishops  and  bishops  of  Ireland  diency.     No  justification  of  the 

hadcontributed  no  more  than  91  Ol,;  larger  appropriation  of  ecclesiastical 

whilst  England  had   contributed  fimds  now  proposed  could  be  de- 

5,419/1  to  the  First-fruits' fund,  and  'rived  from  the  practice  of  the  Popes, 

for  tenths,  8,851  /.,  makinga  total  of  in  whose  usurpations  the  first-muts 

14,2702.  Theseecf  Canterouxy  paid  originated ;  for  the  Pope  had  never 

5t,680L,  while  the  see  of  C Wher,  presumed  to  ask  more  than  half 

the  value  of  which  was,  at  least,  the  income,  and  that  very  seldom ; 

lOfiOOLf    contributed   only  35oL  and  even  that  had  always  been  con- 

The  operation  of  the  tithe-compo-  sidered  a  grievous  imposition.  Nei- 

sition  act  had  proved  the  inequauty  ther  could  any  assistance  be  derived 

still  more  completely.     In  the  dio-  from  the  statute  28th  Henry  8th. 

cese  of  Ooyne,  ninety-five  livings.  That  statute  merely  went  to  trans- 

which  were  all  that  were  valued,  fer  the  first-fruits  to  the  Crown  : 

were  estimated  at  258/1 12#.     Out  but  an  act  passed  two  years  before 

of  these  ninety-five,  there  had  been  had  laid  it  down  as  a  principle,  that 

a  composition  of  tithes  in  twenty-  the  annates  were  to  be  compound^ 

^e  only,  and  the  amount  of  that  for;  and  if  the  Pope  would  not  take 

composition  was  1 0,580/.    Surely  a  reasonable  sum,  he  was  to  be  forced 

it  was  improper  to  go  forward  any  todoso*  There wasnothine  in  these 

farther  in  a  system  so  evidently  acts  to  warrantthe  notion  £at  it  was 

unfair    While  this  ^nd  was  per-  intended  to  make  a  new  valuation 

xnitted  to  be  so  unproductive,  no  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  rate, 

letf  than  500,000/.  or  600,000/.  of  or  imposingthenecessityra  frequent 

the  public  money  had  been  voted  revaluations.  Thereludbeenaltoge^ 

by  Parliament,  for  the  very  ohjects  ther,  since  the  time  of  the  Reforma- 

to  which  the  first-fruits  were  in-  tion,  only  four  valuations.  The  first 

tended  to  be  appropriated ;  and  an-  was  in  the  reign  of  Henry  8th,  and 

nual  levies  were  raised  upon  the  then  only  a  few  of  the  livings  were 

peasantry  to  build   churdiies — a  valued.  In  the  reign  of  James  1st, 

work  which  ought  to  be  defrayed  there  W9S  a  second  valuation,  con- 

oiit  of  the  proo^  9f  the  fund.  It  fined.  bQweyer.  tQ  tho9e  livinn 

VqImLXVIIL       .  tKJ 


130]    ANNUAL   RBGISTBR,    1826. 

^fHik^   Imd  not  been  ptmoiiflly  irbich  itflied  tii^  effls  eonplakied 

vidiaed;  atMliatheYeign^6fCIiaylM  d,    iffid  fiMgad  the   Houft   to 

iBt  and  Chattes  £tid>  ihere  were  Adopt  metttiiM  for  thdr  remcyvri. 

sabBeqii6iit  vaiaafofts  ef  tlune  Uy*  It  slioukl  ik^ei->  b^  said,  be  fotw 

i^ witicklad  tootbeeii  Tptenmakf  gottan  (hafk  the  pbAi  vajotitf  of 

meniato  aeeenoft  On  lii^eliitte^  the  petsoiis  Jifli0  poAA  mck   tatet 

valuations^  it  was  distinct^  en^  wefe  OifeteEeSi  ^  that,  beuig  ao, 

joined  ikat  the  IMngs  sholiM  not  th^  eimld  hot  legi^f  iatertee  k 

liee8tiaitttedat4h(driBxtvetnevidtue>  the  ma&agenieiit  of  them.      Hie 

but  Mi&er  bjr^iMsh  a  rule  as  woifM  i&miey  Tdisedbythem  was  iMitoi^ 

he  e^tat^  in  wfereace  te  the  ^lia^Ufed  on  purpoies  not  ^raiw 

firee^^^uati^s;  and  it  would  ranted  l^  kw^  bnt  Miariei  wefe 

now  be  ffiird  indeed  if  the  legi«-  diei^  and  eligmented  in  diMot 

lature  ^iite  to  ^teide^  that  diose  tl^iMtm  «f  (Knltiv^  ehaetmntts. 

bvi^gi  ^nld  be  again  ir^iied,  and  The  kw  providSeA  ibM  the  aakry 

Aade  Mable  ibr  ^fhai^  im  the  ef  ilie  piuf^^skfk   lAicnM    not 

bnildhagaAdtepaMifgDf  {lurches,  .e&eeed  10/.;    yet   in  twd-tlrndt 

They  tsmld  heret  assent  te  ^  «^  ^  Oie  ^arjbheB  ef  >Mbfid>  it 

prin(%>le  ^Mt  the  der^  onght  to  w^  di^Me^  liitd  tHplethot  Aiimatt; 

m^aifdri^iikhifii^owiii^t^iea^  and,  Sft  one  kHfta»<SB,49CML  had  been 

as  if  <iiiD>d$OB  f«^«i«  lA»  the  benefit  Uviei  «e  binM  a  hoQ^  fel*  tiiat 

^tbb  der^'iAktt^  or  j(^  in  a  offio^^E^thetexCen.  S^6kAM9g» 

tteosnfe  iMhh  Wo\M  ktvolve  the  i^  liiese  W^^  generaUj  Mfotfed 

^veiijrteit^Mcedftldeirbenell^^,  f^ri^i^ans,  «uid  a  host  of  ovgiSblB 

a»d beep  them  pauj^s  e¥et %fke^  attd attenteits  on  e¥gatiislB»  allto 

^*— The  "ftmiieKi  ^ift  t^f^  bjr  ft  -the  protectant  ^[^iur^>  and  all  ]^ 

aa^x^  <^48'tom.  in  aglMtttiea^re,  by  the  QrtMbc 

"Sh*  HhA^^^f^»^^cftt  #te  inore  ^ee»rtbtiy.  In  DtsWnj^  vootqr  hid 

saccdSH^  in  ende^t^dSHng  tb  in-  ^iPoCed  to  the  pi^aik  4Aira%e  a  fimt 

alitQte  an  ^viiiy  Ifttb  the  s^nises  ^  fAhte  worth  100  gi^iBca»,  and 

wMdi  ^ere  sdiegied  ^o  e^dstinthe  ^^^eeted  that  ale?V  (€  that  «^ 

flitiMhiflmtiOn    ef   the    t)aErdclnal  sh^ld  be  made.     Wby^aMon^ 

fates  letied  &  I«dtiHd^>fbr  the  re-  t)MhoKe  ptoia^onefv  to  piy  100 

Mgifi^  ^eilrlee  ^  ^e  pioleB^nit  snineas  to  porbhase  a^eeoof  fiale 

e8tablirii«a^t.     Iti  1%e  ^^yr^ee^g  ^  the IVOt^Mi^t cotaie ?     In^ 

8enton4iehadlntiS»dtieeda1)4Hfor  «ame    paHl^    Ihere    w^^!e    iB«k 

-Use  ««ttiod)^  Of  ^issse  abuses,  and  ehai^  as  the   Ibllowteg  ^^^^the 

HxebSl  bad^ii6sed^!heX3ommons;  ^aki^  6f  the  pdarifth-clei^  m  £»- 

tetyin  the^oliSe^  Lbi^s  it  hiA  neas-^theve9try^derk,5bgai»ea6; 

been  deprived,  he  sidd,  of  its  most  ^d  ^^  solary  i^  the^OrsAniatted, 

renedial  dUtfse,  Which  ^ve  iany  in  ten  years,  attoimted  to  B40L 

fBAiAndner,  %lR)  might  ^1  ng-  Ute  beyow»-blow»  wtis  paid  fiMi 

^gnev«d  l^  the  amount,  the  in«  10  to  15  guineas  ^^iyottr^   Uhbd 

aftiaMty,  or  ^he  f^licatkm  of  the  tame  the  9^ton9>  H^tdoesaeo,  mtA 

rate,  an  ^aiy  and  exipeditioua  mode  servaifts^  mid  a  crowd  of  ahBikr 

of  ieiief>  Iby  appealing  to  l^e  next  ekimants,    willi    salaries   of    90 

cpiafter  sesaioiia.     llie  measures  j^nineas  a-year.     tn  a  «aitt  in 

iiroposed  by  that  biil  he  now  tM-  Coi^  an  ingenions  modfe  of  »- 

bodkd  lb  a  series  of  )!08ol^#ons  keening  aie^Mb^^Aedoifchiiri 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [131 

leoildflbitd;  ibr  he  lecrtved  *&  s^ect/'  Mr.  Oocdlmni  moved  an 
iifiioiiil  8akiy  toft  tbgittg  &ii-«  aiiieildmg&t>  to  tlie  effect  that 
tfci^-he  trM  paid  30  guineas  ^'  leave  be  ^veu  to  bring  in  a  bill 
firteaehii^the  boys  to  fdng^  and  to  dtmsdidate  and  amend  die  laws 
<<»ftf  imttuctiiigthe  giriij  so  diat  fat  legulatitig  the  levying  and  ap- 
tfae  whofe  a&unmt  tame,  ift  some  plieaiid&  of  drareh^flites  in  Ire- 
7«»»toliO,todinodKi8,  tol46  latid.'*  Oft  a  division^  the  onghial 
fSBten^  A.  imi  mofo  (jctfiiordi-  diotiofi  was  carried,  ^fe.  Ooal« 
^  theety  «^  that,  in  sotite  bumli  bMl  was  stibsequently 
paMtt,  k  wttdi  Inble  sodeties  brought  in,  and  passed. 
W  been  ttttblished,  the  Cat&olics  Iti  tha^disciission  upon  this  mo- 
vers objected  to  a  pahxidti  rate  tioit,  Mt.  Gkmlbum  6t»ted  to  the 
fo  their  sQppMt— ^  the  support  HoUde,  that  the  aet  of  last  session, 
^^F<>sperity  of  assodatiovte  con-  to  fadiimte  the  eoannutation  of 
^Wffly  £Ktted  agahiM  the  in-  titheiS^  had  come  Into  general  opera- 
tereits  of  their  own  reKgion.  tion,  and  had  already  mote  ^lan 

On  tiie  part  of  govMinient  it    Jtlstified  ^e  tnort  sadigdhe  hopes 
VIS  sdmiMed  that    thet^   were    of  those  with  Whom  it  bad  oilgi- 
i"tty  ^Itam  conn^(^ed  wMt  the    nated.    Last  session  die  number  of 
l^^^^^^^itdmstndoiiofilie^    pfbirfies  In  whieh  a  oomposhion 
pmnw  nties  which  cidled  f^re-    ^hsA  taken  ^ce^  waa  twoLhmidred 
^^>bb;  and  the  motion  was  ^esiM-    and  f^y-mne :  a  ^hofrt  time  ago, 
^y  to  uracil  becaitee  it  wag  ttn*-    ihe  number  was  six**lmi^b«d  smd 
"Q^onnexpedient,  as  because  it    fleyira^-^,    -MaSi   wa^    netfly 
*•  oauuisisty,  government  being    <^&e4bunh  of  die  total  numbcnr  ^ 
^ottt  to  intrpdnce   immediacy',    parishes  fn  Iiiekttid.    From  tMs  it 
>^  With  odier  measures  founded    would  be  seen^  to  how  great  an  ex^ 
J*«e  report  of  the  committee  of  ^tent  it  had  akelidy  proceeded;  nor 
^aaaon, a  i^  to  remedy  awl    were  its  benefHs  confined  to  the 
™"Bnh  the  evils  eomphuned  o^.    particular  paridiei^  whidh  hadoom- 
*  ^  pmriisions  of   ijiat    biQ    potmded,  as  it  Was  ioinid  diat  the 
g^heredconed  in  any  respect    he^gllbooringonMpBrto<^,  in  some 
"*^we,  it  woidd  be  open  to  the    degree,  of  the  advantages  imme- 
^^a  of  fte  present  reae^t^tions,    dtately  sctteifitding  HsaddptioH.    In 
j*  JwyosB  any  amendments  whiqh    fiict,  its  inihience  Was  ftit  divoogfa^ 
^^W»t  tern  better  suited  to    out  the  endi^  oountiy.     In  iki6 
y^feporpose.    Mr.  Ooolbdm    county  of  €orit,  the  numher  of 
^"^<vAtt;  remiested  dr  John  New*    cases  ai  the  quarter  sessions  J»d 
P«t  to  withtew  his  motion,  and    diminidied  one4ialf  since  tiie  tidie 
™»«^fcafetobegiven  tobtkigin    emnpontion^M^  had  cmne  into  4iper« 
2**31  to  which  he  had  referred ;    ation. 

°rt  fee  htter  having  cxpresaed  his  The  measi»es,  which  had  been 
•^^Awtion,  wfthocrt  any  wish  originated  or  encouinged  by  go- 
^  wcntioa  to  embarrass  the  pro-  vemment  in  Ireland,  for  pKNuot* 
**^ofnmH8ters  in  the  mea-  ing  t^e  education  *nd  morid  im-« 
^^h  they  contemjdrtted,  to  provement  of  die  gteatnmss  of  the 
JJJ^  in  hfe  reaofaitions,  tliat  people,  were  brought  under  con- 
"w^ynil^tappearonfhe Journals,  sideration  intheoourae  of  voting 
^^tt  a  ^ur  to  the  intentions  die  Irish  miseoUaneous  eatimatea 
^^wuMy^govemmaitdiiihe    (VMiMMcb.)  OuOtamOmiot 


132]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

going  into  a  committee  on  theie  transubstandation.     He  moved  Uie 

estimates^  Mr.  Spring  Rice  opposed  following  resolution  *'  That   Htm 

tbe  Speaker's   leaving  the   chair^  House  concurs  in  the  opinion  ex- 

directing  his  resistance  against  the  pressed  unanimously  by  the  oom- 

sums  which  it  was  proposed  to  vote  misffloners  of  education^  and  a»- 

to  the  Association  for  the  Prevention  sented  to    by  the  archbishop  of 

of  Vioe^  and  to  what  was  known  Armagh^  and  archbishop  of  Cashe!, 

by  the  name  of  the  Kildare-place  that  no  general  plan  of  education 

Society.  To  tbe  first  he  objected  as  in  Ireland,  bowever  wisely  andex- 


an  improper  application  of  public  plicitly  arranged  in  other 
money ;  were  its  objects  within  the  can  be  carriea  into  execution^  un- 
provinoe  of  the  church>  and  by  the  less  it  be  avowed  and  clearly  un- 
church its  funds  ought  to  be  sup-  derstood  as  a  leading  principle, 
plied.  Of  the  12^500/.  to  be  voted,  that  no  attempt  will  be  made  to 
not  less  than  %,500L  were  for  interfere  with  any  peculiar  tenets 
catechetical  premiums  in  Dublin  or  distinct  religion." 
alone,,  while  catechetical  duties  The  motion  was  supported  bj 
formed  a  part  c^  the  duty  of  the  Mr.  Fitzgerald,  who  thought  that 
clergy.  The  schools,  likewise,  of  the  associations  in  question  could 
this  association  were  at  once  too  never  do  cood,  because  they  woe 
limited  in  number,  and  too  pro-  governed  by  rules  which  neoessaiily 
testant  in  principle,  to  effect  any  made  the  Catholics  of  Ireland  their 
extensive    good.      To    the    vote,  opponents;  and  that  no  real  benefit 

X'n,  of  1 00,050/.  for  the  Kildare-  could  be  expected  until  the  superin- 
e  Society  he  objected ;  first,  be-  tendence  of  education,  as  a  matter  of 
cause  that  association  asserted  that  pubUc  concern,  was  vested  in  a  le- 
it  could  extend  the  benefits  of  edu-  sponsible  and  impartial  public  board, 
cation  to  one  hundred  thousand  To  prevent  the  schools  of  Ireland 
children,  whereas  the  number  from  continuing  to  be  each  merely 
actually  educated  was  only  fifty-two  an  arena,  on  wnich  the  Protestant 
thousand,  four  himdred  and  four,  and  Catholic  clergymen  were  con- 
"— Secondly,  because  the  schools  of  tending  for  scholars,  it  was  essential 
the  association  were  not  equally  not  to  interfere  with  the  religioos 
open,  to  Protestants  and  to  Catho-  instruction  of  the  children.  Tbe 
lies ;  for,  out  of  the  fity-two  thou-  use  of  the  Bible  without  notes,  and 
sand,  four  hundred  and  four,  only,  of  the  church  catechism,  would  di«- 
one  half  were  Catholics.  Thirdly,  appoint  all  attempts  to  educate  Ca- 
because  the  teachers  were  Protest-  tholics  by  means  of  societies  ;  for 
ants,  and  the  church  catechism  was  any  plan  of  education  which  did 
tauriit.  The  compulsory  reading  not  conciliate  the  Cathcdics,  and 
of  me  Scriptures  was  t!ie  great  ob-  obtain  the  co-operation  o£  their 
jection  Catholics  had  to  entering  priests,  must  necessanly  faiL  Why 
these  schools ;  andit  was  the  duty  of  introducesuch  a  boneof  contentian? 
the  state  to  take  care  that  all  classes  for  all  candid  persons  must  admit 
of  the  commimity  should  be  edu-  that  the  Bible  was  not  necessary 
cated  without  any  compulsory  con-  for  the  purposes  of  school  education, 
ditions  of  this  kind.  With  equal  It  was  not  used  as  a  school-book 
fairness,  a  Catholic  mi^ht  be  re-  in  those  seminaries  where  the  mem- 
quired  to  sign,  as  the  stne  qud  non  bers  of  that  House  were  educated; 

^»dinia0io0;tbedecI^ti(mag^^  it  wa9  not  put^  a^  »  bo<^  of  ii^. 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [133 

Mmction,  into  the  hands  of  the  gehra^  Greek,  and  Latin.  .  I  dp 

boys  at   £ton>   Westminster,    or  not  mean  to  challenge  the  members 

Harrow ;  nor  was  it  used  for  such  of  this  House,  although  I  feel  that, 

a  purpose  even  in  the  under-m-  with  the  exception  dP  the  learned 

daate  course  at  Cambridge  or  Ox-  professions,    and,    perhaps,    some 

ford.     The  House  ought  to  es-  coteries  of  blue-stocldng  ladies,  the 

tablish  a  general  system  of  educa-  poor  peasantry  of  the  coimty  Kerry 

don,  excluding  religious  instruction  are  more  learned  than  the  majori^ 

from  the  schools,  and  allow  the  of  those  who  compose  even  the 

people  to  read  the  Bible  of  their  higher  circles  about  London.     It 

own  aceord.    If  the  lower  classes  is  not  an  unusual  thiiig  to  see  a 

were  permitted  to  follow  their  own  poor,    baze-legmd    boy,   running 

inclinations,  instead  of  having  the  about  with  a  Homer,  a  Cicero,  or 

Scriptures  forced  upon  them,  they  a  Horace,  under  his  arm.'* 

would    provide    themselves    with  By  those  who  opposed  the  mo« 

Bibles ;  and  even  the  command  not  tion,  it  was  admitted,  that  any  at- 

to  look  into  them,  would  cease  to  tempt  to  make  prosdyti^  a  part 

have  any  effect.    Mr.  Fitzgerald,  of  a  system  of  education,, must  oc- 

however,  gave  a  description  of  the  casion  its  £ulure ;  and  that  it  was 

elate  of  education  in  Ireland,  the  most  desirable,  ifnot  imperative,  to 

principal  features  of  which  seamed  avoid  intermeddling  with  the  re« 

to  be  equally  novel  and  picturesque,  ligious  instruction  of  the  Catholics 

and  constituted  what    Mr.   reel  in  any  way  which  might  wound 

very  justly  denoniinated  a  picture  their  feelings,  or  be.  inconsistent 

of  over-education,   and  what  he  with  their  faith.     There  seemed 

hoped  parliament  would  have  too  to  be  nothing  objectionable  in  the 

much  good  sense  either  to  sanction  principle  of  the  proposition  of  Dr. 

jOT  encourage.    *^  So  far,"  said  Mr.  Murray,  that  the  children  of  Ca- 

Fitzgerald,  '^  firom  the  peasantry  c^  tholics  and  Protestants  should  be 

Irehmd  being  in  the  state  of  igno-  educated  together  ;thatth^  should 

ranee  which  is  attributed  to  them,  learn  in  common,  but  receive  their 

I  am  convinced  that  in  any  dis-  religious    instruction  respectively 

trict  they  vrill  be  found  better  edu-  from    their    own    pastois.     Still, 

aaied  than  tl^e  inhabitants  of  any  however,  the  societies  in  question 

corresponding    proportion  of   the  had  done  much  good ;  they  were 

empire.     Perhaps  I  should  except  rapdly  gaining  ground  in  the  es- 

Scotland,  where  the    people   are  timation  not    only  of   the  .more 

^  well  instructed;  but  my  asser-  wealthy    and    intelligent    classes 

tion  is  unquestionably  true,  as  far  of  the  community,  but  likewise 

as  regards  England.  At  all  events,  amongst    those    whose    opinions 

I  can  answer  for  my  own  constitu-  were,    if   possible,    of  more  im- 

ents,  and  am  ready  to  set  them  portance— Uiose  for  the  ^ucation 

against  the  peasantry  of  any  part  of  whose  children  the  societies  ex- 

of  England  of  the  same  dimensions  isted :   and,  if  parliament  would 

as  the  county  which  I  have  the  only  ocnupare  the  state  of  education 

honour  to  represent.     The   very  in  Ireland  before  their  formation, 

poorest  class  of  persons  in   that  with  the  progress  which  had  since 

county  can  not  only  read  and  write,  been  made,  and  the  amelioration 

but  are  well  versed  in  the  higher  which  their  exertions  had  effected, 

attainments,   in    Arithmetic,  Al-  it  would  hesitate  to  condemn  them. 


m-]    AN>IUAL   HEGISTTER,   1826. 


while  ibere  Was   netbifl^   mODe  other  gpod,  at  iR  «VMiti 

efi^cienttosuhstittttei&thdirplaee.  nated  thrcm^out  If6l«id  n  ^reat 

Mr.    feel  said^   the  questioB  put  tiumbet  of  vidiiaMo  kxdeir  j  pa%- 

was,  whether^  in  untMdd  iffltidfM-  liec^tiDnw,  toD^    vihlt^,    es^^ttpt  fai 

timis  of  exz^eraled  sttecM^  ihe  ^^  ittslsncdi  Wero  n^er  ol^^etod 

House  woumpit  aside  existing  tob^^  tho^e  whowerezftestoppond 

institution,  which,  ^oufih  iifip^-  to  theA  in  celigioos  fy^&Bg,    The 

i^t,  were  Admitted  to  be  dobig  aboUttdm  «f  m  in^dtiiti&ti  n^hkh 

good,  e^itd  certainly  mofe  godd  tlian  a&bfdecli  inslniotuito  ttf  fihy  Itott- 

could  be  ftccpmpli&ed  if  thd^  ti^  nmd  diSidren,  tw^ty.t<rd  llimt* 

put  down  before  0(9^  tfnd  b6tt^  iuid  of  whom  wc^  of  tto  CMfO- 

ones  were  matureft    Thd  f($»d!^  lie  pmofoahm)  dniftt  Ibd  »I^«hM 

tion  of  a  local  board  for  tibe  supe»-  ad  a  pcxslti^  and  fienddti  Itfair  to 

intendence  of  a^  6b|ect  like  thM  in  fte  connia^.      It  a^peidi^d  llio^ 

question,  wftfi  attended,  in  the  case  iMtomfi  then  on  At  titfe  d  tbe 

of  Ireland,  with  greater  ^Ufficulties  Houfie^  that,  ^  tfbpioiFed  boob, 

than  was  imagined.    He  hidiseltf,  ther6    weM    difitriDuMd    bf   die 

when    (rfBdaSr  connected   with  Kikbtfe  Aa^ation^  in  1gl8y  Mfy 

Ireland,  had  prejparel  a  Wi  Ibr  thoUaafid;  Ui  iSSO^,  ope' hfotflied 

the  purpose    of    selecting  ^  dr  and  twentt-tld^    tbiiiateiid  ;    in 

seven  persons  to  8u|)erint^d  edu-  1921;  one  nttikh«i  and  dkf-^ka^ 

cation  in  that  coiiiitry*  and  not  thousand;  iti  189f^  on6  hti^bcd 

until  after  varioUil   delib^ratioiis,  andeighty-flire  thousand;  in  IMS, 

not    onljr    with    pettons   of   his  one  hundred  and  Ax.  thoualM; 

own  party,  but  with  those  who  in  1884^  om  hundred  Mid  twentyv 

were  politically  opposed  io  him.  One  thou«md;  find>  d^rbg  tlid  hst 

had  he  rdinnuidhed  his  intention  ytbttf  one  hundred  and  set^tfutwo 

of  bringm^  tnat  measure  &rwai:d.  thousand  eight  hundr^  and  afcfiu 

They  afi  £ei^ed  the  consequence  te^.      Another  strong  pixi&t  of 

of  establishing  a  ptiUic  g^otem-  the  utUity  of  the  tnatitutioii  wl», 

ment  board;    they   thou^t  the  that  the  ebmmissioners,   on    '^^ 

people  would  take  alarm    when  aniining    the    '*  Model    ichxMd," 

they  found  that  government  had  found  m  it  fmir  hundred  boy«»  df 

constituted  such  a  board,  and  that  whotU  one  hundred  and  fifty  wtfe 

it  would  be  regarded  as  intend-  of  the   estAl^lAed   religion,  two 

ed.to  effeqt  other  purposed  th6n  hundred    and    twehty-five     Q^ 

were  avowed.    Being  thus  com-  tholiets  abd  the  rgst  Difeetito* ; 

pelled  to  give  up  that  measure,  he  While  of  girk  di^r^  Weriii  sevanty* 

looked  around  for  other  means  of  nine  Pl?ot^st6mts,   and   iio  fewer 

carrying   into    efitN^t    this    bisect  than  two  hundindd  ^iid  nine  €feh 

which  he  had  in  View ;  and  he  tholic^     Thid  dafi6  HUit  ilhlyWek 

fbund  a  private  sodety  already  in  dearly  that  the  ixfstitiitiori  w»s 

existence,  consisting  of  all  sects,  not  acting  on  principles   <^  ^« 

Protestants,  Presbyterians,  ahdCa-  dubion.    It  i^buli    nMAed<ver  he 

tholics.     To  that  society  the  nia-  remembered  Ih^C  «he^    d^idi«n 

nagement  of  the  i\inds  granted  by  Were  to   be  the  fhturd  teAi^ers 

paniament   lisld   then   been    in-  throughout  All  die  schools  of  the 

trusted.     He  protested  therfeforie,  iocletv.      The    efiect    of    jmss^ 

against  the  hasty  ettiiction  of  a  ing  the  reiiolulioiis  would  he^  feo 

irocietv,  wMoh^  if  it  eiOected  no  east  a  atigma  on  th^  KiNtafe^toeet 


HIWOHY  OF  EUROPE-  fWS 

mmsif;  mSi^  tibtfafiins,  if  Aff  Ihd  Moneff  ai  tit^abpeadof  ^ 
wi0repn8acdtaajdinaieii,li«iauflt  lord  Meutaumt*  I|;  wns  ppiioaad 
iMEgaiiT#  tkooi^  a  ttep  t^rhic^  he  bj  Mr.  jproulbouni>  beooitfe  it  W9S 
sliouU  noat  wMf iUiiupir  take ;  b&-  wguM  to  fteke  the  m^oa^eart  of  a 
cause,  m  the  ^tpettTpriacipie  on  conoeni  re^teQa^sl^  &r  evdttirhidi 
whidi  thef  wese  fininded^  he  faecr  they  eouU  not  deteet,  cor  to  eon- 
&etly  oaneiined.  \^th  ceneet  to  ^emn  ti^Jiea^d  tiie  eemmHte^  of 
the  expediency  of  iBftkiiigi^kiims  fifteim#  who  had  used  every  poasi^ 
inetruction  a  psrt  of  pii£&  fldix»-  UediUgeiieesaoditwasiiegfBtiml 
tao*^  he  hoped  Omt  we  shouhi  by  a  m^orily  of  4S  to  10* 
never  «ee  a  tyatem  of  put£tic  cdHr  In  theee  di6elisai0Q%  which  hnfl 
eeiion^  either  m  Ivdaiid  or  daA-  eU  mam  re&gMuai  to  teHgion, 
where,  di^  wai  net  fiMwded^m  j(oyer«si»eiEtt  ^Ideady  manifested 
the  Christiaa  seligbn,  or  s  raoe  no  desxra  to  epiUMid  or  perpetiuate 
of  yoiuurphLbfiophecB  vhohaddfr-  Aatm,  or  any  dsaadinetion  to 
jdvtA  vita  knowledge  of  mora]  eautioud  and  pmctlcalile  amend- 
duties  firom  any  nther  souroe.  aient;  and  tt  earned  the  same  spirit 
Mr.  Bke  withdretr  his  motion;  into  othet departments moiiestxici- 
bqt  a  division  was  piessed  on  the  ly  eonnected  wilh  the  civil  ad- 
modan  fiir  granting  ig^&OOl.  &r  ministration  of  Irdand.  A  qobk 
the  Protestant  diarteied  ediools.  mittee  on  the  state  of  that  country 
Mr.  Hiunaresbted  tfaemotiDn^^he-  had  pessented  a  report  ia  1825, 
oanse  it  was  an  expenditure  i^  a  recommending  the  adoptiDn  of  va- 
certain  ^entity  of  pounds,  diil-  lious  measures.  Several  of  these 
lings,  and  pence,fi>rapurpose  which  recommendatians  ^ere,  during  this 
he  would  not  allow  to  be  either  sesaon,  <amned  into  efiect,  while 
useful  or  charitable;  and  by  other  others,  such  as  the  iaipioveBientof 
members,  on  the  ground  of  the  the  system  of  grand  juries,  and  the 
abuses  and  o^essions  in  tiie  ma-  abolition  of  votes  created  ^cd>^ 
nagement  of  these  sdwols  detailed  tiously  upon  forty<^diiiling  &ee- 
in  the  report  of  the  preceding  year,  holds,  presented  difficulties  which 
They  opposed  any  vote  of  money,  oeuld  be  overcome,  and  opposing 
until  st^  should  have  been  taken  interests  whidi  could  he  veoonciled, 
to  prevent  the  recurrence  of  such  only  by  proceeding  with  mueh  de- 
abuses,  and  to  punidi  the  mast^s  liberation.  An  act  was  passed  ooh- 
against  whom  sudi  charges  of  mis-  solidaling  the  laws  for  the  regu- 
condttct  h&d  been  brought.  At  all  lation  and  management  of  prisons, 
events,  they  argued,  as  those  who  placing  them  under  injectors  re- 
had  the  BUperintendanoe  of  the  warded  by  salaries,  which  seemed 
achools,  tfid  into  Uie  haudsof  whom  sufficient  to  insure  officers  of  cha- 
thia  money  was  to  come,  1^  shown  lacter  and  reGponsibility,  and  in- 
themsdves,  by  allowing  those  abuses  tcuducing  an  unifiirm  system  of 
to  grow  up,  «ind  those  <^re^dbns  prison  discipline.  Better  regnb- 
to  be  practised,  either  utterly  un-  tions  were  laid  down  for  the  ad- 
able,  or  utterly  unwilling,  to  per-  ministrathm  of  justice  in  towns 
form  their  duly,  it  would  be  un-  corporate,  and  oth^  locad  jurisdio- 
justifiable  tD  put  the  money  again  tions ;  and  provision  vms  r$tde  to 
under  their  control.  Sir  Jdhn  remedy  the  inequalities  of  local 
Newport  accordingly  moved  an  assessments,  by  in^rodudngan  uni- 
ameadment,  which  went  to  place  form  valua^onof  baronies,  parishes. 


13Q]     ANNUAL  REGISTER,  1826. 

and  other  diviaioiis  of  counties.  beingooinpUed  wiih,  notonl^nay 
Another  act  made  provision  for  a  the  propriety  re-enter  into  poft< 
more  convenient  and  abundant  session,  but  the  lessee  has  noao- 
distribution  of  lunatic  asylums  tion  to  recover  either  rent  or  pos- 
throughout  the  island ;  but  the  session  from  his  sub-tenant,  what- 
most  important  measure  of  the  ses-  ever  may  be  the  covenants  of  the 
sion  afiecting  Ireland  was,  the  ''act  sub-lease.  The  same  general  pio- 
to  amend  lie  law  a£  Ireland  re-  visions  are  upglkdy.  even  udm 
specting  the  assignment  and  sub-  the  original  lease  oontaais  no  oove* 
letting  of  lands  and  t^iements,"*  nant  "  prohibiting,  oontroQiiig,  or 
by  which  some  dieck  was  put  to  regulating,"  the  assigning  or  sid>- 
that  infinite  division,  not  of  pro-  letting  of  the  lands.  Unless  the 
perty,  Ixit  of  the  use  ^  property,  lease  contain  an  express  claiise 
which  has  tended  so  strongly  to  authorising  the  tenant  toasagn, 
impoverish  and  degrade  the  rural  or  sub-let,  the  sub-lease,  to  be 
population  of  Ireland.  The  in-  valid,  must  be  signedorindoraedbf 
tention  of  the  statute  was,  to  pre-  the  proprietor,  or,  if  it  be  vexbal, 
vent  the  sul>-letting  of  property  must  be  confirmed  by  his  written 
by  a  lessee,  whether  the  original  authority:  all  constructive  or  pa- 
lease  contained  a  covenant  against  role  waivers  are  excluded.  If  the 
8ul>-lettlng,  or  was  silent,  on  the  sub-lease  be  granted  aoooidiiig  to 
pomt,  and,  in  both  cases,  to  render  the  provisions  of  the  act,  the  le- 
the  express  consent  of  the  land-  ceipt  of  the  lessee  for  the  mt 
lord  indispensable  to  the  validity  is  declared  good  apinst  the  pro- 
of the  lease.  It  enacts,  that  in  prietor,  and  all  deriving  right  6an 
cases  where  the  original  lease  him  by  any  title,  posterior  to  hib 
contains  covenants  prohibiting,  consent  to  the  sublease;  and  if 
controlling,  or  regulating,  the  the  lessee  fall  in  arrear  for  two 
assignment  or  sub-letting  of  the  s  of  therent,  thereodipCaf 
lands,  nothing  whatever  which  the  proprieUu:  is,  against  him,  a 
may  be  done  by  the  lessor  shall  be  good  discharge  to  the  sulnlessee. 
held,  or  construed  to  be,  on  his  Another  provision  of  this  act 
part,  a  waiver  of  any  of  die  bene-  secured  fiarms  against  discfeCi0D- 
fits  of  these  covenants.  To  render  ary  sub-division  at  the  will  of 
the  assignment  or  sub-lease  effec-  a  tenant  upon  his  death.  If  the 
tual  to  the  sul>-tenant,  the  consent  lease  bears  date  prior  to  Ist  Juae, 
of  the  proprietor  and  his  dispens-  1826,  and  contains  no  prohibitkii 
ing.  with  the  covenants  in  his  against  assigning  or  sut^letting^or 
favour,  must  not  only  be  express,  if  it  bears  £tte  subsequent  to  1st 
but  must  be  expressed  in  a  parti-  June,  1826,  and  contains  an  ex- 
cular  form.  If  the  sub-lease  be  press  authority  to  sub-let,  in  either 
by  a  written  instrument,  his  con-  of  these  two  cases  the  t^iant  may 
sent  must  be  expressed  by  his  sign-  devise  the  lands,  under  his  lease, 
ing. and  sealing  that  instrument,  to  what  number  of  persims he  may 
alone  with  the  principal  parties  to  ^  choose.  But,  with  these  exceptions, 
it;  if  it  be  verbal,  hisconsent  must  he  is  deprived  of  the  power  of  so 
be  expressed  b^  a  writing  under  devising  the  lands  by  his  last  will 
his  own    hand.    The   forms  not  and  testament,   as  to  sub-divide 

--r- — -  them  among  several  peirsons.     The 

*  7  Geo.  4.  c.  29.  distribution  of  property  which  tlie 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [137 

hm  makes  in  case  of  intestacy  re-  Covent-garden  market  liad  as  much 

mains  unaltered;  and  the  landlord^  right  to  come  to  parliament,  as  the 

at  least  in  new  leases,  by  giving  no  old  clothesmen  who  paid  2d.  upon 

express  authority  in  the  lease  to  the  sale  of  a  wig,  or  6d.  upon  the 

mb-let,canthusalwayssecurehim«  sale  of  a  pair  of  breeches,  at  the 

aelf  against  a  testamentary  distribu-  fair  of  Stibbereen.    So  far,  there- 

tion  of  his  lands  among  a  number  of  fore,  as  these  tolls  had  been  legally 

atms,  or  odier  relations,  who,  each  imposed,  and  were  legally  exacted, 

Allowing  the  same  plan  in  regard  there  was  no  reason  for  viewing 

to  his  own  family,  so  long  as  the  Ireland  in  a  different  light  from 

term  of  years  is  to  run,  or  renewals  any  other  part  of  the  country.     If, 

can  be  obtained,  at  last  cover  the  again,  illegal  extortions  were  prao- 

estate  with  a  race  of  paupers.  tised  by  those  having  right  to  tolls. 

Among  the  recommendations  of  on  the  one  hand,  or  if  me  collect- 

the  select  committee  of  1825  was  ing  of  legitimate  tolls  wereill^ally 

one  to  apply  some  remedy  to  the  resisted  by  those  who  were  bound 

evils  produced  in  Ireland  by  levy-  to  pay  them,  on  the  other,  and  if 

ing  certain  tolls  and  customs  upon  scenes  of  tumult  and  violence  and 

furs  and  markets  in  Ireland,  wluch  bad  humour  were  thus  occasionally 

had  been  granted  to  particular  in-  produced,    all  this  furnished   no 

dividnals  and  corporations ;  and,  reason  for  the  interference  of  par- 

on  February  16,  Mr.  Spring  Rice  liament,  unless  it  could  be  shown 

moved  an  Address  to  his  Majesty,  that  the  existing  law,  duly  resorted 

praying  him  to  order  a  commission  to,  was  insufficient  to  compel  both 

to  issue  to  inquire  into  *'  the  tolls  parties  to  keep  within'  the  boun- 

and  customs    collected    in    fairs,  daries  of  their  respective  rights. 

markets,  and    sea-ports, '  in    Ire-  The  existing  act' of  parliament  on 

land;"    The  motion  was  opposed  this  subject    provided  the  party 

both  on  the  general  merits  at  the  complainant  with  a  remedy,  in  the 

measure,  and  on  the  inefficacy  of  shape  of  an   appeal  to  a  sitting 

the  particular  mode  of  inquiry  pro-  magistmte.    To  secure  expedition 

poaed.    Mr.  Goulbum  said,  he  had  in  granting  redress,  and  impar- 

no  doubt  that  abuses,  such  as  it  was  tiality  in  deciding,  this  act,  in  the 

the  object  of  this  motion  to  reform,  first  place,  imposed  a  heavy  fine 

did  exist;  and  did  not  mean  to  upon    any    magistrate     dedining 

deny  that  they  ought  to  be  speedily  sqmmarily  to  interfere  upon  due 

resiedied,  if  a  practicable  remedy  cause  shewn ;  and,  in  the  next 

ooold  be  discovered.     The  levying  place,  provided,  that  the  cause  might 

of  tolls  in  a  fair  or  market,  to  any  be  removed  out  of  the  jurisdiction 

extent,  was  undoubtedly  a  restraint  of  any  corporate  body  interested  in 

laid  upon  the  trade  which  might  the  levy  of  such  tolls  and  customs. 

there  be  carried  on ;  but  the  motion  If  the  Irish  gentlemen  resident  in 

Gouldnot  stand  upon  this  principle;  such  parts  of  Ireland  as  happened 

for  that  objection  would  be  equally  to  be  in  the  neighbourhood  of  any 

applicable  to  every  part  of  the  place  where  illt^  extortions  took 

United   Kingdom  as  to  Ireland,  place,  would  lend  their  assistance 

there  being    scarcely  an  ancient  to  those  who  were  the  victims  of 

fair  in  existence  in  which  tolls  of  such  extortion  and  to  those  wliose 

this  kind  were  not  payable;  and  legal  rights  were  violently  resisted, 

the  tradesrpeople  who  fipequented  by  pointing  out,  in  either  case,  the 


i 


138]     ANNUAL    RJSGfSTER,    1826. 

jnvper  dq^9  t^  be  Ujkm  £w  ob-  6|£f]|l  of  ^  p$ae<^  pf  the  ilhlpiil 

tainiiig  k^timate  redreflt;^  pao  or  Bj9eid«8,  how  wuU  «  <ffmiMiw«i 

two    fexatdpka   would  suffice    to  adeqaatel7  a^BGompliflh  tbe  o^jecsls 

prove  to  aH  parties cono^rned,  the  of  th^  motioo?     If  mf  ooe  tern' 

illegalit/ of  the  course  purdli^d  bf  mMoner  weie  t9  U^^  |e  Uteage 

them ;  and  Che  ]aw>  a«  it  at  (resent  pf  Nestor  hisaselfa  he  fsipiild  aoaliDefy 

8t6od>  h&tig   sttong   enoiigh    to  ifupei^t  and  report  upon  move  than 

pumsb  any  such  Ul^al  practke$^  two  thousand  patents  for  feviriag 

^duld  seon  prev^t  the  levy  of  tolls  apd  oustoiBS  thai  e^dsled  in 

toUs  vrl^li  yr&te  either  il%»l  ctr  Irebndj  i|n4  entend^d  to  a  f^reat 

improper.     It  V^na  ja£  iaafl»rtan«e  Tm§ty  of  artac]es,  few  of  tiMB 

that  th»  people  rf  Ir^Ianl  ^puld  to  Jess  than  fifty  er  Siidy  avli- 

he  encDUtafeed  In  a  di^oi^on  to  des,  and  many  of  them  to  still 

act  under  Uie  sanctum  cf  the  law>  more.    What  fmnreissioner  would 

rather  than  to  resort  tdanyepitnh  undertake  fha  Hereuleaa  lahoiir 

ordinarymodeSof  pbtainingredress;  that  the  tems  ci  this  pcopesilMn 

and  nodiing  oeuld  be  more  e^  would  impose  upon  him?     If  the 

than  to  ^?ove  to  them  that  the  hon.  moyer,  said  Ht.  PlttiiM^  wiB 

1^1  tritMonals  were  open  to  the  point  put  the  abuses^  I  AuH.  tafe 

consideiatioiiof  even  their  slightest  upon  myaelf  the  laboor  pf  vome^X- 

inftertots^  and  entii^y  disposed  to  ing  thepii  for  there  are  no  Mos 

affiirdth^m  redress  iinr  every  ixyury  which  the  law  is  not  i^ready  iuft- 

of  whidi  they  justly  hmiphuiied.  <»ent  to  meet  i  hut  an  inquhy  lilEe 

Again,  as  th^e  tolls  were  perfectly  that  pn^)0sed  would  nev^  tenai- 

legal   rights^    and  reoogniaed  as  nate.      There    woe   in    Ifdaad 

aidii,  they  could  not  be  tSken  away  two  thous^  a^id  sixteea  flviH 

without  compensation  bdng  made  chisesj  a^d   each  of  theae  fran- 

to  the  parties^  who  should,  hy  com-  ohises  had  from  fifteen  to  twen^ 

pulsion,  be  deprived  of  them.  Their  different    tolls;    so    Aat    tfaflre 

yearly  value  might  amount  in  Ire-  would  be    about    for^  thoussirf 

land  to  about  500,000^ ;   and  it  rights  of  toll  to  investigBftei  fae- 

conld  m)t  be  expected  tlmt  their  sides  the  many  minotpctots  whieh 

jnoprietors  would  sell  them  under  sprmig  out  of  them, 
twenty    years  purchase:    but  to       Sir  John  Newport,  Mr.  Fita- 

burthen    the  country  wiCh    such  gerald,  and  Mr.  Martin,  in  sup- 

an  annuity  for  so  unnecessary  an  porting  the  motjon,  rested  chie^ 

ol^ect,  would  be  mpst  improvident  upon  Uie  hardship  and  the  hopo- 

in  any  state  of  the  Exchequer.  Ijsssness  of  the  peasantry  benig 

III  regatd  to  the  particular  mode  driven  to  defend  thmnsdvea  by  a 

of  inquiry  propoiedy  it  was  asked,  lawsuit  against  a  corporate  bodj, 

would  the  commission  moved  for  or  an  opulent  individual,  and  umd 

produce  any  more  information  (it  the  necessity,  if  the  oommissam 

called  for  a  statement  of  '*  the  tolls  should  be  refiiised,  of  fumiahing  to 

and  customs  collected  in  fairs,  mar-  the    poor   man    a    mol*e  gpmfy 

kets,    and  sea-povts  in  Ireland" )  cheap,  and  effectual,  remedy  thin 

than  the  House  already  possessea  the  kw  at  present  afibrded.    The 

in  the  returns  and  taUes  of  these  motion  was  withdrawn,  on  an  un- 

matters  already  made  out  in  most  of  derstanding  that  the  matter  dioald 

such townsandplacesin  Ireland,  and  be  sent  for  inquiry  to  a  committee, 

supported  by  the  authority  of  the  the  private  nghts  of  parties  t^ 


HISTORT  (JP  EUtK»R  im 

■BDiBgimtoiiehecl.    Accordingly,  quire  how  far  the  existing  laws  on 

on  the  2l8t  Fehnuuy,    a  select  the  suhject  were  capahle  of  heing 

coaadttee  was  appointed  to  take  consolidated  and  amended,  and  a 

into  oonaiderstion   the  returns  of  remedy  afforded  for  the  grieranoes 

toOt  and  customs  at  sea-ports^  ffurS|  at  psesent  complained  of. 
sad  markets  in  Ireland,  and  to  in- 


140]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


CHAP.    VI. 

Colonies.— iS/«we  ^Trade — Motion   regarding  the   Trials  of  Slaves 
in  Jamaica — Resolutions  of  the  Commons  on  the  Slave  Trade  adopted 
by  the  Lords-^Motion  hy  Lord  Suffield  to  ^qualify  Proprietors  of* 
Slaves  from  being  pubUc  Functionaries^-Motion  to  the  same  effect 
made  in  the  Commons  by  Mr.  Smiths-  Petitions  from  the  Council  and 
House  of  Assembly  of  Antigua,  and  the  West- India  Merchants — Mr^ 
Brougham's  Motion  on  the  Conduct  of  the  Colonies — India. — Jury 
Bill — Education  of  Wrilers-^^Petition  of  Mr.  Buckingham  complain-' 
ing  of  the  Indian  Government  referred  to  a  Committee — Canada. — 
Naturalization  Act. — Fobeion  Relations. —  The  Alien  Act. — 
Probogation  and  Dissolution  of  Pabliament. 


rrUIE  forel^  dependencies  of 
JL  the  empire  presented  little 
matter  to  occupy  me  attention  of 
parliament^  with  the  exception  of 
the  repeated  discussions  connected 
with  me  Slave  Trade.  The  House 
of  Commons^  on  the  15th  May, 
1S23,  had  passed  resolutbns  ex- 
pressive of  the  expediency  of 
adopting  cfi^tual  measures  to 
ameliorate  the  condition  of  the 
slave  population.  These  resolu- 
tions had  heen  immediately  trans- 
mitted to  the  colonies  by  govern- 
ment, accompanied  Vy  an  urgent 
exhortation  to  cause  them  to  be 
executed,  feeling  it  to  be  desirable 
that  the  colonial  assemblies  and 
governments  should  themselves  be 
the  parties  to  carry  them  into 
effect.  Disappointed  in  this  hope, 
government  had,  in  1824,  em- 
bodied in  an  order  in  council  those 
measures  which  seemed  most  im- 
mediately necessary  for  the  ame- 
lioration of  the  condition  of  the 
neeroes;  and  had  sent  that  order 
both  to  the  colonies  in  which,  from 
the  absence  of  local  legislatures, 
the  crown  had  power  to  command, 
and  also  to  the  other  colonies,  with 


a  strong  recommendation  to  their 
legislatures  to  adopt  its  princ^iles. 
Nearly    three    years    had    now 
elapsed  since  the  sense  of  parlia- 
ment, and  the  wishes  of  ffovem- 
ment,  had  been  officially  notified  to 
the  colonial  legislatures ;  and  the 
supporters  of  emancipation  main- 
tamed,  that  their  hopes  had  been 
deceived;    for  that,  during  those 
three  years,  the  planters  haa  taken 
no  measures  for  the  improvement 
of  the  slave  system,  but  had  given 
a  decisive  confirmation   of  what 
their  opponents  had  alwa3rs  assert- 
ed—of the  vanity  of  looking  for 
any  thing  like  amelioration  from 
the  very  persons  who  were  intev^ 
ested,  or  thought  they  were  inter- 
ested, in  the  continuance  of  every 
evil  which  existed.     Now,  there- 
fore, they  said,  that  the  order  of 
government  had  been  trifled  with, 
and   the   voice   of  the  House  of 
Commons  had  been  contemned,  it 
was  time  for  the  authorities  at  home 
to  interfere;  and  nothing  remained 
but  to  introduce  into  the  islands 
by  compulsion,  a  sense  of  Ju&tice 
and  humanity,  which  neither  good 
feeling  nor  common  prudence  had 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [141 

yet  been  able  to  teach  the  colo-  had  been  executed^   having  been 
nists.     In  conformity  with  these  convicted  upon  trial  of  being  con- 
viewsy  petitions  were  gotten  up  in  cemed  in  the  conspiracy.     The 
incredible  numbers ;   seldom  had  papers  connected  with  these  trials 
the  tables  of  both  Houses  been  had  been  laid  on  the  table  of  the 
covered  at  one  time  with  so  many  House  during  the  session  of  1825, 
applications  on  the  same  subject,  but  no  motion  had  hitherto  been 
Their   general  tenor  was  agree-  founded  upon  them.     Mr.  Den- 
able  to  that  of  the  common  coun-  man  now  brought  the  legality  and 
cil  of  London^   which  expressed  justice  of  these  proceedings  under 
abhorrence  at  the  continuance  of  discussion^  by  moving  a  resolution . 
the  traffic,  and  regret  that  its  abo-  to  the  effect,  that  the  House,  hav- 
lition,  not  withstanding  the  declared  ing  tak^i  into  consideration  the 
opinion  of  parliament,  should  have  trials  which  took  place  at  Jamaica 
experienced  resistance  in  another  for  rebellion,  conspiracy,  and  oth^ 
quarter;  and  declared  the  willing-  offences,   in  the  years  1823  and 
ness  of  the  petitioners  to  join  in  1824,  deem  it  their  duty  to  ex- 
bearing  any  burthen  which  might  press  their  sorrow  and  regret  at 
be  rendered  nepessary  by  indemni-  the  violation  of  law  which  took 
fying  the  slave-proprietors  for  the  place  upon  the  said  trials ;   that 
losses  which  they  might  sustain,  they  deeply  lament  the  precipitate 
At  the  same  time,  the  meetings  manner  in  which  the  sentence  of 
which  were  encouraged,  and  the  death  was  passed  and  executed; 
publications  which   were   issued,  and   recommend   some  alteration 
by  the  Anti-slavery  Society  and  in  the  mode  of  administering  the 
its  agents,  sought  to  excite  public  code  of  criminal  justice,  afiecdng 
feeling  hy  details  of   individual  the  slaves  in  the  said  colony, 
acts  of  injustice  and  oppression.  The  motion  was  pre&ced  by  a 
not  always  accompanied  with  every  speech  analysing  the  evidence  up- 
thing  necessary   to   their  proper  on  which  the  accused  had  been 
understanding,  and  often  leadms  convicted,  demonstrating  its  cen- 
to dangerous  generalization,   and  tradictions,    its   insufficiency,    its 
crude  and  indefinite  propositions,  absurdity,  and  arriving  at  the  con- 
Mr.    Hume    mentioned,    in    the  elusion  that  such  atrocities,  per- 
House  of  Commons  (1st  March),  petrated  under  the  mask  of  jus^ 
as  an  instance  of  the  unfair  means  tice,  and  the  law  of  evidence  which 
adopted  by  the  friends  of  abolition  permitted  them,  required  the  abo« 
to  excite  popular  prejudice,   and  Ution  of  a  system  which  placed  a  ' 
obscure   the   actual  state  of  the  negro  for  trial  before  interested 
question,   that  a  print  had  been  masters  for  his  judges  and  jury, 
sent  to  him  (and  he  doubted  not  and,  in  giving  him  an  appeal  to 
to  many  other   members)  repre-  the  councd,  merely  gavehim  an  ap- 
sentinff  the  impalement  of  a  fe-  peal  to  another  body  of  masters 
male  uiave  which  had  taken  place  equally  prejudiced.    The  first  trials 
in  the  year  1782.  took  place  in   the  parish  of  St. 
In  the  end  of   1823,  and  the  Mary's;    and,   it  appeared,    said 
earlier  part  of  1824,  a  plan  for  an  Mr.  Denman,   from   the   papefrs, 
insurrection  amcmg  the  slaves  on  that  on  the  l6th  of  December^ 
certain  plantations  in  Jamaica  had  1823,   a  person  of  the  name  of 


146]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

where  lie  carried  cm  die  tmde  of  a  qootioiis  liad  been  put  to  Iiim  ; 
tacchier,   liad'ooeaiion  to  rebuke  oft  was  loq^KiflAble  dud  tfa^b^f^ 
Jiig  boy  ^ea,  iot  tgitieriiing  dutt  luwi&g  fim^  peiliapB^   ttoA  the 
did  not  pleaie  faim  idxmt  the  bojr^  ftor  or  pcmishfiieiit^  told  a  f^hf^ 
dr688>  aod  aiflD  for  ^hkmg  dir^.  iiood^    idiould   answer   ot^rwiae 
Pot  of  die  converaation  wfaidi  than  he  did  to  the  ^esttoid  wlikb 
euaed  at  thai  time  between  the  had  followed  his  renatt  about  tlfe 
butdher  and  his  bcfy,  the  yrbok  bad   Chrfastmai.     Th6  boy    was 
proce^rilii^  had  aiiBen ;  and  on  taken  belbre  a  magistrate^  and  re- 
no  other  eividence  dnui  that  eon-  peatad  his  atory,  wit&  aome  duM- 
teraation^  ei^t  individiuda  had»  ish  addi^ms;  Opdn  wlileh  die  she 
wMinihuv  lays,  naifidy^  on  die  negtws,  \diOfflhe  had  xmj&tficid 
dM)Kh  of  Deoe&d)er>  been  condemn*  as  having  been  ttienttoned  by  fak 
«d  to  be  hanged;  and  die  sentence  finthet^  Were  appreheiided.    BeA 
wdlan  §00$  days  noo^  namdy,  these  steps  mete  proper  and  jti& 
on  die  S4di  tf  December^  had  dons ;  btat  it  sorely  was  hot  to  be 
been  called  into  eiecution.    The  Jusdfieddi^diejr  should  be  ^ror#n 
ounYeqattion  i)etween  Robertt  and  into  i^»on  npon  audi  etideuce, 
die  bof  was  this:    the  mastm*  widimit  hayins  iindei«(me    tfny 
teled  hiin>   in   an   angry  tone,  ^xattination.    Th^oo^tohave 
^Why  lie  dM  not  ftet  ids  eroijfi  been    exandned    aepaiatdy^     by 
taken  ofl^  in  order  uiatliein^ht  wl^  die  tmdi  or  falsehood  of 
be  in  a  proper  state  tp  ii^w  Mm  ihe  boy's  ^aiemeAt  would*  have 
at  ChUstinas?''     The  boy   «a-  beeti  dearly  proved ;  at  idl  ey»Ats, 
aweied,  '^^i   Massa^  you  wili  Wsuchamodeofproeeeding,  €be 
baito  bad  Ouistinas.''     Mr.  $io^  mot,  if .  any  fieA  existed,  woiild 
berts  Itien  aaid,  ''for what?  are  have  been  detected.     Instead  of 
dien^voes  going  to  riasf"    The  that,  on  die  l6(li  of  D^emb^, 
boy  re^ed,  **  Yes,  his  fadier  had  they  wei^  comthitted  to  jail,  and, 
tcid  hna  so."    Mr.  lioberts  then  m  the  19th  they  were  broi^t  to 
qnesdoned  him  as  to  whedter  he  trial,  when  only  one  odier  perMm 
had  seen  die  negroes  meeting.  He  who  jn-etehded  to  know  any  dditf 
aaanvepsd  that  he  had,  two  dimes^  about  die  meetings  was  eMmfaledL 
Mr«  Roberts  ai^ed  hha,  '<"  If  ^ey  The  boy  had  staled  that  two  ne- 
maant  to  Idll  all  the  budkras  K  snoes,  of  ^  names  c^  Ned  and 
W^liam  (the  hofn  name)  i^ed,  Douglas,  vi^re  there.     C^  these 
diat  they  did,  fbr  his  father  had  two,  only  I^ed  was  called.     He 
told  him  so.    His  midter  dien  stated,  ''that  he  had  bead  present 
aekvdhim  whathediou]ddo;and  at  a  meeting,  teri  days  ago,  at 
die  boy  told  him  that  he  imd  cap«  Ri^e^^tise  Estate ;  there  virere 
tainBartoa  had  better  ^  on  board  B'fe  other  negroes  widi  him;  thej 
flh^,  for  it  Was  the  omy  plaos  in  said  they  would  prepare  ihem- 
wliidi  they  would  be  sitfe,  as  die  selves  for  Christmas ;   thegt  were 
negroes  were  g<^g  to  rise,  and  dl  going  to  meet  at,  and  set  fee 
wtok  all  about  and  murd^  every  to,  Fronder  Tra^^hou^  first,  and, 
body.    He  (Mr.  Danman)  begged  when  the  buckrascame  oUt,  wtnild 
die  House  to  observe,   diat  the  kill  them ;  they  would  thta  come 
boy  had  been  almost  furnished  on  Port  Maica  Bay,  and  raise  a 
with  the  answers  by  die  master,  mob,   and  wheh   the  ffenttonea 
Ami  tiki  ttauMT  in  wUA  die  cama  mit,  they  vroell  lise  m 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [143 

ikm,  tad   kill  them,   and  then  theia  mj  thtt  tlie^  were  going  to 

%  would  be  free."    What  man  rise  at  Christmai.    Thel)ojWil« 

^  tomauti   aense  ooold  believe^  liam  waa  next  cafled  as  evidence 

te  muk  a  naeting  could  have  against  his  own  fidier;  and^  being 

ftiAen  plaee  in  an  open  atieet,  and  admonidiod  to  gpeeik   the   truths 

tkt  tLe  eon^iixatorB  mrocdd  talk  said^  that  he  went  to  his  Ikther, 

fwiWiriy    of  nuider   and  anon,  the  prisoner's^  honae^  who  told  him 

oader  the  esrtainty  of  being  heard  that  ^e  negvoes   were  going  to 

fa^  s^ny  penoa  who  mi^t  hap^  rise,  and  that  he  must  tal£  care  of 

pn  to  paiB?     To  ev&y  teflectmg  hisiself,  and  keep  out  of  the  way. 


ntaiy  it  ttuist  i^^iear  to  be  no-  He  said  that  he  did  not  aee  his 

ddn|^  noro  llian  &t  idle  and  im«  father  among  the  negroes,  smd  in 

jnbdbfe  atoty  of  two  young  boys ;  that  respect  his  testimony  was  at 

iiiiyat,  oamsh  a  story,  silt  ii^vi*  variance   with    Ned's.     Another 

teili  had  lost  their  lives.  Douglas,  person  was  then  called,  who  gave 

the  other  aegro  mentioned  by  the  some  evidence  about  a  gun,  which 

b»f  >  had  oat  been  used  as  a  wit-  did  not  bear  at  all  upon  the  ques^ 

MB  by  the  stcvmn  at  dl,   un>-  tion ;  and  upon  this  evidence,  un« 

feahwrfiy,  because  ihty  had  found  siifced,  unsuppc^rted,  and  without 

t^  Us  0videnee  would  not  serre  any  corroborating  evidence,   this 

t»  ttBfiet ;    aaad,  th^roughout  the  old  man  was  s^t  to  the  gibbet. 

wholaof  tkaae  proceedings,  nd^ier  The  next  case  wasone  of  so  absurd 

Wffiiam  nor  Ned,  the  only  wit-  a  nature  as  scctfcdy  to  Justify  its 

oenS)  ^rexe  put  upon  oath,  «1-  being  noticed,    althou^   it  bad 

tho^  so   many  lives  dep^ed  been    held    sufficient    to    justi^ 

Ai    ^ir     testimony.      Chiurles  punishment.    It  was  one  in  which 

lho#n,   die  Ibfst  of  the  accused  the  principal  cens^rator  was  half 

davtty  had,  it  seamed,  been  form-  an  idiot,  who  used  to  walk  about 

^  an  overseer  on  Frontier  Es-  the  town  and  talk  of  king  Wilber* 

M«^  ti^eVe  he  had  beeft  guilty  of  force,   for  which  he  und^went 

pHtial  and  cruel  conduct,  such  as  impriscmment  for  three  months. 

vv  renj  Mely  to  render  him  ^e  Such   punishments  were   neither 

<4|ieft  of  a  eeas^racy.    Against  more  nor  less  than  a  premium  for 

di  ttratt,  Cbarids  Watson,  there  perjury,  as  those  who  came  for- 

^u  not  the  slightest  evidence  of  ward  to  make  such  charges  were 

i*dt,  but,  OB  the  contrary,  there  fk*eqiiently  rewarded  with  manu- 

^v*^  eontri&ction^  in  the  testi-  mission,  or  with  money.    Another 

ikny,  which  ought  to  have  ^^  case  was  that  of  the  trial  at  JSt. 

*wd  an  a(^uitts4 ;  ftpd  the  only  "George's,  where  there  was  a  wit- 

^■tf^anBtanee  of  identity  again^  ness  named  Corberand,  who  had 

Codey,  one  of  the  prisoners,  was,  invented  more  plots  than  his  pro- 

ditt  be  had  the  same  dolhcs  on  tetype  Titus  Gates;  and  then,  to 

*  Ihe  fi^eeting  as  he  wore  on  his  prevent  investigation,  had  procured 

VoaL    The  last  and  most  afficting  the  removal  cf  his  confederates 

€«8C  was  that  of  the  boy's  owti  from   the  island,   to  which   the 

fcfter,  James  Btirling.    The  wit-  House    of    AssemWy    consented, 

*iis  Ned,  said  that  he  knew  tlte  instead  of  prosecuting  them  for 

p>»wi,  whose  former  name  was  perjury.     On  the  last  trial,  the 

J«fe,  and  that  he  saw  him  at  the  most  toect  perjury  had  been  com- 

Mlgt  wMi  five  oHfaersj  ai^  hewd  mxtud.    Tm  persons  bad  intriH 


144]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

dttoed  the  name  of  M.  Lessein^  as  ers  could  have  occaooned— •  md 

having  been  present  on  two  occa-  that  very  state  of  alarm^  in  wliicli 

sionsy  on  both  of  which  he  proved  the j  rnigh^  have  found  thems^TeB, 

a  clear  alibis  having  been^  on  one  of  only  rendered  mistalies  and  irregu- 

them«  out  of  the  idand^  and,  on  larities  more  probable.     Yet,  if  tlie 

the  other,  in  prison.    Throughout  proceedings,  however  much  to  be 

the  whole  of  the  depositions,  if  regretted  m  themselves,  were  reslly 

depositions  th^  might  be  called,  carried  on  according  to  the  fomis 

there  were  repeated  and  barefaced  of  the  existing  laws  of  the  island, 

contradicti<ms;  and  they  were  the  which  the  colonial  tribunals  vrere 

contradictory  affirmations  only  of  bound  to  administer,  it  seemed  dif- 

slaves,  who,  the  House  had  often  ficult  to  discover  a  good  reason  far 

been  told,  were  incapable  of  under-  supporting  a  resolution  which  oen- 

standing  an  oath,  or  feelingits  obli*  sured  thetn  for  having  fdHowed 

gation.  >  What  opinion  was  to  be  their  only  l^al  guide,  and  accused 

roimed  of  the  courts  of  justice  in  t^em  of  havmg  perverted  and 


Jamaica,  where  slaves  were  con-  lated  that  law.    Accordinglj,  Mr. 

demned  upon  the  evidence  of  slaves  Wilmot  Horton,  in  oppoang  the 

alone,  who  were  not  even  examin-  motion,  did  not  take  his  ground  on 

ed  upon  oath,    and  whose  con-  any  justification  of  eveiy  part  of 

sciences  were  -crippled  by  the  same  these  trials,  considered  m&cely  in 

fear  as  thdr  bodies  ?  for,  if  when  themselves,   but  mamtained  that 

called    as   witnesses,    they    gave  the  courts  had  only  applied  the  law 

evidence  unpedatable  to  their  mas-  which  they  were  bound  to  2ipplj ; 

ters,  they  knew  well  that  they  that  they  had  applied  it  acocnding 

would  okdy  leave  the  court-bouse  to  the  forms  required  by  that  law, 

for  the  work-house.    He  proposed  and  in  circumstances  which  fidrly' 

the   above   resolution,    that   the  called  for  the  interference  of  the 

Commons  of  England  might  have  legal  authorities.    There  could,  he 

an  opportunityof  raising  their  voice  said,  be  no  doubt,  that  at  the  time 


against  acts  of  such  crying  injus-    when  the  insurrections  which 
tioe  and  barbarity.  sioned  these  trials  were  to  have 


Although  in   the   views    thus  broken  out,  the  public 

taken  by  Mr.  Denman  of  these  weie  convinced  that  rebellious  d^ 

proceedings  of  the  colonial  tribu-  signs  existed  among  the  negroes  in 

nals  and  authorities,  too  much  in-  the  northern  districts  of  the  island, 

fluence  might  be  allowed  to  the  inflamed  by  the  idea  that  the  inten* 

habits  of  thinking  and  feeling  pro-  tions  of  government  in  thdr  fiivour 

duced  by  the  cautious  and  unim«  were  fnistrated  by  the  masteis 

passioned  administration  of  justice,  being  unMrilling  to  obey  instrob- 

still  enough  had  been  disclosed  to  tions  which  had  been  sent  oat. 

excite  the  sravest  doubts,  whether.  The  proof  that  such  was  the  im- 

in  these  truds,  very  great  injustice  pression  -on  the  mind  of  the  duke 

had  not  been  ccHDunitted,  and  whe-.  of  Manchester,  the  governor,  was 

ther  the  whole  proceedings^  besides  to  be  found  in  his  demands  for 

being  founded  on  incredible  testi-  additional  troops,  and  the  prepara- 

mony,  had  not  been  hurried  on,  tions  made   to  meet  the   danger 

from  accusation  to  execution,  with  with  which  drcumstanoes  indueed 

a  degree  of  interested  precipitancy  him  to    believe   the   island  waa 

YrbidiQid7th«a]m99qf  tl^pl^m  thxe«t^;i«d,    |^  th^  p^gc^edipgi  ft 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [146 

St.  lfiarf*s  there  was  nothing  con-  given  to  the  evidence  adduced  wai 

txBzy  to  the  law  under  which  alone  a  question  entirely  for  the  jury. 

the  court  acted.    However  desira-  The  discrepancies  or  contradictions 

Ue    an   alteration   in    that   law  of  the  witnesses  were  not  of  sudi 

sni^t    be^    and   however   much  a  kind  as  to  destroy  their  credi« 

the  state  of  things,  which  for  a  bility ;  and,  at  all  events,  die  jury 

momenty  could  render  it  necessary,  had  believed  them.      In  all  the 

was  to  be  lamented^  still,  if  the  instances    in    question,  rebellious 

pcooeediiLp  which  had  taken  place,  proceedings  had  taken  jdace;  what- 

wese  oonrannable  to  it,  could  the  ever  the  state  of  the  law  miffht  be. 

House  now  censure  those  who,  it  had  been  strictly  followed;  and 

bavin^  no  other  rule  to  guide  them  the  punishment  inflicted  had  been 

in  theur  legal  decisions,  felt  them-  pursuant  to  its  enactments.     He 

selves  under  the  necessity  of  acting  virould,  therefore,  move  the  follow- 

upon  its  provisions  ?    He  did  not  ing  amendment :— 'That  the  House 

stand  up  as  the  advocate  of  that  sees,  in  the  proceedings  brought 

law  ;  he  did  not  mean  to  defend  under  their  consideration,  a  f urwer 

the  justice  or  wisdom  of  it ;  but,  if  ^roof  of  the  evils  attendant  upon 

it  existed  when  those  trials  took  slavery,  and  derives  from  them  an 

place,   the  conduct  of  the  court  iocreased  conviction  of  the  pn>- 

oould  not  justly  orfairly  be  attacked,  priety  of  resorting  to  the  measures 

however  deserving  the  law  ilself  recommended  by  government  in 

might  be  of  reprobation.      The  the  order  of  council;  but  does  not 

forty-sixth  section  of  the  esdsting  deem  it  necessary,  however  desi- 

statute   provided,    that    if  sUves  raUe  a  change  of  the  law  may  be, 

should.be  convicted  of  rebellion,  to  impeach  the  sentences  passed 

murder,  robbeiy,  or  of  compassing  according  to  law,  by  a  competent 

or  imagining  the  death  of  white  tribunal,  and  convicted  by  a  jury 

persons,  they  should  suffer  death,  sworn  to  give  a  verdict  accoraing 

It  further  provided,  that  if  slaves  to  the  evidence, 

should  be  found  in  possession  of  The  Attorney  General  and  So- 

fire-arms,  swords,  cutlasses,  slugs,  lidtor  General,  in  sup^rting  this 

balls,  &c  without  the  knowle&e  amendment,  frankly  jomed  in  ad- 

of  their  masters,  they  were  to  suror  mitting  the  vices  of  me  system  of 

death.    Now,  it  was  proved  by  a  law  Mmer  which  the  proceedings 

female  witness  that  she  saw  a  slave  in  question  had  taken  place ;  but 

with  a  gun  and  bayonet  in  his  could  not  concur  m  stigmatising 

possession,'  and  also  some  powder  West-Indian  jurors,  because  they 

and  ball ;  and  the  powder  and  ball  had  not  done  their  duty  so  well  as, 

'w&te  found  by  the  officer  who  .perhaps,  an  English  jury  would 

searched  for  them,   in  the  place  have  p^ormed  it,  or  imputing  the 

where  she  had  said  they  were  con-  highest  delinquency  to  uie  judicial 

oealed,  in  a  basket.    Here  was  an  am  executive  departments  of  Ja- 

act,  which,  by  the  law,  subjected  maica,  not  for  having  violated,  but 

the  person  so  offending  to  the  pu-  for  haying  observed  the  law.    It 

niahment  of  death.    If  censure  was  was  impossible,  sidd  the  Attomey- 

to  be  laid  any  where,  it  was  surely  g^eral,  tolook  at  the  case,  arising, 

tl^  law  Uiey  had  to  blame,  and  not  as  it  did,  out  of  the  vice  of  the 

the  penons  whose  busbess  it  was  system,   without    willing   for  a 

to  administer  it.    Theejfecttobe  change.  If  the  whitQmaUi  upon  his 

VoIh  LXVIIL  p.3 


146]     ANNUAL   RBOtSTBlU    1826. 


trial;  h^  fltti  d^^on^fitf  fiffitt^ei}  Icwittr^gaidtottewhien^KUl 

Ydrxi  df  kiDowiiig  tlxe  chtffge;  and  mf  M^iMi'Cfii  m  tMJffid,  to 

thereb}^  preparing  his  def^sc6,  why  Uickl    Swfih  ^as  {he  k^^r  n 

^bold  not  the  Mack  dft^e  hate  the  long,  aid  the  SoliokaiH^enflnil, 

sttm^adiaiitage?  AnatctdftHelegb^  the  law  icmtined  m  iti    ^^-^ 

hi\xr^  had  lAtety  paacfedi  to  tcmpA  iorm,  he  was  fmaUe  to 

the  cliai^  to  b&  delivei«d  hi  writ-  aa  what  principle  Umm  liieihen 

ing.     Ttdd  act  Was  bfroueht  into  would  proceed,  who  Weie  foffari*- 

the  cbldtiial  legidtiiur^  of  J«ma&uL,  ing  the  gDVehuaeiit  of  Jwmmm 

but  ii  was  Accompanied  by  aprovijo,  iresponsibie  becHute  It  Ind  SDtad  k 

that  hq  bbjectioii  should  bter  be  eonformit^  with  the  ouiriag  IMr 

Autde  on  ft  pmnt  of  fetm.    Now  of  thai  iflltAd;     Very  wi»  muk 

iaen  were  too  apt  tb  cotifouiid  mib-  hid  entertahijBd  i^ety  giaVe  dMhli 

stance  and  form,  to  be  ^rmitted  of  thd  justice  of  that  nile  of  Mt 

this  latitude.    An  itlstauce  of  this  own  law  tirhich  t«)etted  tlie  tis- 

Was  supplied  in  the  ]»resetit  ca9o.  txniony  v)f  a  i^umr  in  >iiiriMi 

The  prisbhers   weire   accused  of  cases^  b^uae  h6  would  iU>tr  ttkt 

being  guilty  6f  a  irebelHbus  con«pi-  an  oath.    But,  althoBgh  a  Qiaafav 

Mcy,  aiid  "  bthelr  chaises."  TMi,  ttdght  thus  be  unab£  to  wmM 

the  p»>9bciltor  could  addiice  What-  the  man  Whb  had  mahndl,  • 

ever  evidence  he  chose,  tindei:  b  fobbed  him,  Who  would  e^er  think 

etiaige  1^  vety  bvoad.— -Hele  Wfts  of  ^^^iititkg  hk  ifldignatfeii  mgiimi 

A  cotispird^ey  chAkgecl,  but  With  the  judge  Who  tri^  or  the  Ji^ 

Whoih?      No    individuals   Wet^  who  ac^ttdl^  tht  eulj^?    lb 

tteiitioned. — ^Any  <mn  iM  li&en-  alti^  the  kW .  wtii  one  tfaiiig^  lb 

tioned?      None.  —  Time?      No  whidi  thet«  ccmld  be  no  ^b|eette, 

time  spewed. — Plads?    Ko  ci)v  but  ve  pass  a  vote  ef  camate  lor 

eumstaitee  ti)c  pla6ei     VJhtA  the  the  ^obserwmce  of  an  teidsixiig  kw 

^Ve  Evidence  bii!  was  introduced  was  a  very  different  ildn^    Tie 

into  the  colonial  assembly  t)f  Jt-  House    ou^t    to    aepnttie   fkt 

maida,  it  w^d  rejected  bU  the  ground  defb^  of  the  kw  fnoBk  tbe  alkgei 

th^t  ihe  skve  was  tob  low  in  lAte  del^qtiency  of  the  parties.  Mi 

sdile  of  moral  beSh^— that  he  had  r^eet  a  lAotioh  w^idi  went^  n^to 

no  character,  nb  dSstiuct  Uotibh  «f  denounc^e  the  ^rstem  bf  skvety,  tt 

moorality,  to  V^otion  of  i^Hgibn,  or  to  censure  the  kW,  but  tb  contea 

of  the  dist$hctioii  between  tru^  individuals  who  had  no  power  lb 

and   falsehood.     But  WtfcA    the  alt«  the  one,  br  to  ttboKsh  tke 

riave  Was  to  be  tried,  otb^r  skvcs  trther. 

We^  admitted  as  Witnesses,  and        Mr.  Bnm^am  Ssdd  that>  \idch- 

that,  tob,  on  their  bare  word,  and  out  admitting  that  the  kw  htfdttit 

laiA  eil[!horfatio«i  from  the  judge  not  beeu  viblated,  he  did  not  eare 

to  speak  fUsely.    It  was  a  knoWn  though  the  woirds  "  perrenkMi  ef 

n!ile  in  this  country — nndthe  com«  kw"  were  left  tyut  bf  the  mmoIo* 

mon   kw    of   Englmid    was  in  ^on,  so  long  as  it  admitted  that 

force  In  the  West  Indies^— that  genefrid  justice   had    been    oMIt 

MeaAay  evidence  should  not  lie  i^e-  gros^y  viokted,  and  ^e  ^^*>!— fi 

i^Ved.    Yet  the  whole  comi9e  of  rights  of  httmanity  aftiuied.    How- 

the^  proceedihgs  showed  manifbM  ever,  he  hdd  little  dbubt^  liwt  Ae 

departures  from  tlSs  important  nde;  kw,  bad  ittit  was^  'had  wot  bnfa 
lbi||Whik4lWab«nwBbiowledged^bwived,  nt  lea*  ik  MHe  <f 


*e*  trfih.     Th*  AkrgeS  th  ?*•.  fed  yet  anoib 

'fann  tfaoA  fll  Sb  Geoi^^t  arid  ihiKctment; 

Htatam  pkndm.    Ift  fte  fetter,  nature,iiotc: 

<Wi  ^  pristrtteTs  were  tried  before  cooiplrilife  ' 

«  Jfl^  by  twelve  jnroM,    UnA  *h<y,  t6  M 

m  W  indicLment  beorinff  Wnne  but  contUnil 

■WtUldnrcc  to  otir  own ;  and  fronk  Mffldentiy 

ths  tsimtnutEiin^  of  tfte  trbl  Kay.  Moodi  and  R 

Itqj  bsen  fiiS^entlj  raiidticted  in  or  by  person 

8bM«ys,gMiitbTepUsTitrni»Iil  tionJibfagt 

t)B  pnHTDed  to  have  prtvi^ledin  16«   thrir  tr 

ABJudkUpmbecdb^m  thelat<  nignM^thfe 

ler. .  This  dtdniofa  Di  strengthened  were  allows 

^  A»  kAnaHrms  ebnt^ed  In  the  defence :  }jy 

■iHBameMi  «f  colonel  Cot,  tme  of  tioh*  wert  D 

*te  prtnripm  J)artj«  in  Aesi  tKals,  unfortunate 

«lio,ihftlHter«riHehenthel$tb  remarfcabte! 

Hf  Deeenibttj  Mttten  it  to  be  faeces-  were  iillowt 

mey  W  KnM7  Stem  oit.  HU  woias  in&toiy  UUI 

trfft,    "I  ttimight  It  Sy  duty  to  Stfittetlee    ( 

Mst  M  tll«  Ina^fMei  bHn^g  InnCeidliigal 

Ae  Qii^Mea  thftf  Tutd  befett  t^en  toupled    wii 

'teiniabtety  m  tSei  and  tfl  icnd  tbtonel  Coit 

Atir  ttikl  Md  #Mtehces  express,  aome  of  the 

«■  it  Will,  ifa  my  optiOod,  he  KigVOf  without  bvei 

bkfetntit  ibr  the  Mftty  of  the  prop^  And 

flMAi  MJ  (trbhably  {h«  island,  Uw,  dtiteflttfl 

ihMiti^dttifiia  be  eitedlted  before  and  ptniiittc 

the  Mlu&yir    Tlie  urgency  thi»  that  in  the 

MhiMttf  mtSe  despatch  necessary ;  tfopical  siiif, 

«rf  tMfefifre;  #}tbpat  tatf  impu-  #ere  put  on 

tttion  (tf  iVant  Af  ehaKty;  M  dii^  tatina^e  

legafS  tat  tut  dobutnents  on  th^  man  toiild  define ;  find  Vdbffe  tlM 

UblCj  tbi  fajflecA  withoiit  roeamne  '^^  ^ent  down,   lipon  erldentfe 

tciirtMthaityM^lilaaijdlechfaactM  such  aa  no  indhidiJa]  }ajf(»ses9tin 

(tf  tUfAfltMjeseDeptthBfof  whicfi  tit   Ids   ffltulties   flbdtilS   tiatchi! 

be  had  Aeiht  hirBsetf  desetrhig,  a|(&iA  thci  lowest  MS  faieim^t  of 

to  (Mf.  B.  J  n^ht  bfe  pfernritfed  & 

believe  that  there  existed  in  these 

trials  less  regularity  and  attention 

fe  f^  fcftW,  flifln  *aS  elsewhere 

iSbmested.      Besldeg,  there   ^as 

one  other  omisBOS  in  the  trial  at 

St.  OeoTse'i  not  to  be  Anmd  th 

flMt  at  riflflOVWf  rnittAllICFi  its  m 

fU  one  esse  a  sbliator  an((  two 

t^bunsel  were.allowed  the  prisoners, 

bnt  .that  indtdBSnotf  «as  not  M- 

tcDdedintheoflier.    TUMAHIi. 


148]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

of  casting  an  imputation  on  the  the  steps  which  had  already 

constituted  judicature  of  Jamaica?  taken,  and  the  fiurther 

If  these  circumstances  of  unde«  which  it  was  the  intentiim  of  _ 

fended  injustice  passed  unrepiovedj  vemment  to  adc^    The  oxder  in 

it  would  go  out  to  the  West-Indies  council,  he  said,  for  the  impEore- 

that  the  same  error,  injustice,  or  ment  of  the  condition  of  the  aiave- 

cruelty,  might  he  committed  a^ain  population,  whidi  had  received  tihe 

and  again  with  impunity,  so  hmg  sanction  of  their  lordships  in  ISM, 

as  the  present  ahominahle  system  had  heen  sent  to  theooloiiifiSy  widi 

of  law  continued;    and,   if  the  aview  tocalltheattoitiaiiof  tiwir 

House   negatived  the  motion,  it  respective  l^];islatures  to  tlie 

would  set  the  seal  of  its  sanction  diency  of  adopting  such 

on  a  great  and  crying  injustice,  as  might  he  the  means  of  inlvo- 

and  do  more  than  it  would  he  ahle  ducing  into  the  colonies  the  prin- 

speedily  to  imdo  towards  perpe-  ciples  of  improvement  in  the  oon^ 

tuating  the  existing  system  in  our  dition  of  the  sUve-populationffeDe- 

colonies.  zally>  which  the  order  conten(i|^ated 

Mr.  Horton  having  consented  to  with  particular  reference  to  TrU 

omit  that  part  of  the  amendment  nidad.    The  reoommendatkms  of 

which  dedaxed  it  to  he  unwise  and  his  majesty's  government  on  lius 

inexpedient  to  censure  the  conduct  suhject  were  not  attended  with  the 

of  the  court  and  jurors,  the  House  success  which  its  magnitude  and 

divided,    when    the    amendment  importance  demanded^  Very  little^ 

was  carried  hy  a  majority  of  103  indeed,  had  heen  done  in  oontem- 

to  63.  ity  to  the  principles  of  that  oider. 

The  resolutions  adopted  hy  the  by  any  of  tiie  cobmal  l^putatura^ 

House  of  Commons  in  May  1823,  with  the  exception  of  Grenadat 

expressive  of  the  expediency  of  St.  Vincent,  and  Dominica,  in  whidi 

ameliorating  the  condition  of  the  two  acts  of  considerahle  imputiauee 

slaves,  had  not  been  sent  up  to  had  passed  the  legislature.  By  one 

the  House  of  Lords,  nor  had  any  of  those  acts,  in  the  event  a£  any 

similar  measure  been  hitherto  pro-  dispute  with  respect  to  the  zi^t 

posed  in  that  House.    They  were  of  property  in  an  alleged   slave 

now  communicated  to  the  Peers,  asserting  himself  to  be  hee,  the 

and  the  assent  of  their  lordships  to  onus  probaruU  was  very  proueUy 

them  craved.    Lord  Bathurst  (7th  thrown  on  the  claimant;  mcL,  by 

March)  prefaced  his  motion  that  the  other,  a  slave,  when  triad  fiir 

the  House  should  concur  in  these  any  offence,  was  placed  in  every 

resolutions,*  with  a  statement  of  respect  on  the  footing  of  a  vrhite 


*  The  Resolotioiu  were  as  follows:— 

Ist  "  That  it  18  expedient  to  adopt  in  those  cIvH  rights  and  privilcM  whi<^ 

effi^ctnal  and  decisive  measures  for  ame-  are  enjoyed  by  other  classes  of  hi«  a»- 

liorating  the  condition  of  the  slave-po-  jesty's  suljects. 

pnlation  in  his  migesty's  colonies.  3rd.  «<  That  this  House  is  anxkms  Ibr 

8nd.  **  That  through  a  determined  the  accomplishment  of  this  nTrnioan   as 

and  persevering,  but  at  the  same  time  the  earliest  period  that  shall  be  com 

judicious  and  temperate,  enforcement  of  tible  with  the  well-being  of  the  a 

such  measures,  this  House  looks  forward  themselves,  with  the  safety  of  the  ^ 

to  a  progressive  improvement  in  the  nies,  and  witii  a  &ir  and  equitikbte 

character  of  the  slave-population,  such  sideration  of  tiie  Interests  of  rrtiaiii 

|is^  prepare  fl^^  for  a  paradpatioo  property/'                                  ^ 


BISTORT  OF  EUIKWR  im 

nittingimtOQched.    Aceoirdmgfj,  qniie  liow  far  the  existing  laws  on 

OD  the  21st  Febmaiy^    a  select  die  subject  were  capaMe  of  being 

eommittee  was  appointed  to  take  consolidated  and  amended^  and  a 

into  oonaiderBtion   the  returns  of  remedy  afforded  for  die  grievances 

toQfl  and  customs  at  sea-ports^  ffdrsi  at  psesent  complained  of. 
md  markets  in  Ireland^  and  to  in-i 


150]     ANNVAL  ftKGt&TKlk,   1826. 

dmoadttU^wMi  CMelteifc3S  and  ^f  lAinMbU  legUilA^; 

wMb  Ae  eensrtltttioxi^  eouM  ii«t  liidl  to*  know  nofv,  wkit 

Id^  expresnug  lis  fegfet  tltel  tke  «li»iiAttti#ofllKMf  •Ik^ 

CoanwMlwinotpafl0edr88e)ut)oB6  wMckwtg»t»b»igoorlodt%if  the 

nere  confinnafibl^  t»  tke  Ugkt  ^  •rioniefr  eondbved  oonluauMOUw  : 

w4iolkdaTevyowlrtto^b»ve^vdied,  b»cbglred.t»taMMwtwkal  woaVi  be 

foa  tbst  til0ir  &ffMdp»  w«M  B#t  tke  «ffeet  ef  Ihit  int  Hep^  ^lAUi 

ROW  ealM  spon  «»  concur )» <^«  uuti  involve  aU  «lie'ollwr%  ' 

Bfims  iMMap  Mrflsd  to  thtir  evm  kifttoatm|^yKiadf  k  iIm 

aipdlT*     He  (Xti^ahiy   tkeugkt  ^iieMe^  w^oll  in«b*  «» 

iM    HooM    evgbt    «»    itciiie  tidopliiiy  tkeM  mokitkiBa. 

1^1  some  luglMP  prlMlpk  tium  kiai  h  >woMMii  abaivd  la 

iBiefie  eaipdKoBoy  sMolioAed  BMa«  tlieai  vetMutHiift  thiM  ]Feui 

flWBB  fbr  the  gradual  exl«Mtioii  ef  tke^r   Ind   beea   volad» 

i^  moBjrtroBS  an  evil   Byadoptkig  bwwkigwhtlkefintliamwm  tiie 

Ae8eft%idre0eKituMis>  eouebadm  Ihey    iMid    {ax)dooed   ^af    efibet. 

A  toiM»  mudi  belew  wkat  an  aMcm  ^  Suppoat,"  aaidkia kitddiii^  ^tkftt 

b))F  Bke  tke  Heuae  of  Commens  the  nd^e  earl  (ftitliuiat)  liaiiyfB 

ilimild  aatume,  amd  ttiU  mefe  ua-  to  be  wfdkaig  eu^  vnA  a  wahf 

wortkyof  theHouaac^Peeri^pap-  beiiouvaK)e  ^Kad  «f  kia,  anA  tliay 

Uaraent  armed  the  oobiual  legia-  aee  a  man  cnie%  beating    aad 

htuwa  with  Aeah  hiduceBdeiits  to  abuwighit  Hoiae  i  die  uoldaeaif  a 

veaiat  the  tteMuiea  preiaed  upon  rislitl^aonnditbfiaeBdaaTaftalilv, 

then»  and  eBeouraged  in  the  plfuit-  ^  I  sblw  ikBttver^manmair^atni^mg 

ecf  OR  ewoneeua  belief  that  be-  Ms  bezae  thiee  yeava  age  i  i  tlian 

tweeniheflovemmentaadthegvaat  went  up  te  bip,  and  ni^lo  hSm^ 

htAv  ef  the  people  there  exited  a  in  a  very  decided^  and^  at  tba  anae 

dedied  dlftrenoe  of  aaiitinient  as  time^  ip  a  veiy  dignifi^  wanafj-^ 

to  the  proprietf  ef  ameliorating  *  It  is  empedient  that  ym^  Aaaid 

the  eonfltion  of  the  sla?ea  adopt  meaauies  tot  aweljowetaag 

Lord  Ellenboiough  aaid^   that»  the  eondidon  of  that  home,  yea  I 

amid  the  diftouldes  surrounding  know  that  the  fellow  baa  onuiiiiuil 

this  graat  queilion,  not  seeiM  bis  to  treat  bis  bene  vtgj  ill  |   and 

own  waj  in  the  business,  and  not  what  I  wish  you  te  do,  mjF  kad. 


bearing  an^  bodv  else  who  could  is,  to  go  up  to  bim«  and  aqr  to 
direct  him  m  it,  ne  would  not,  by  bhn,  pveeisely  what  I  ffid  to  fasai 
supporting  the  resolutions,  involve    three  years  ago.*    The  noble  aarf  s 


himself  in  a  eourse  not  yet  e^-  first  inquiry  would  be,  what 

plained  |  ke  would  pot,  in  so  ddi-  the  efibst  of  your 

oate  a  ease,  take  tke  first  step,  three  years    ago^    The 

without  sedna  what  the   seocmd  would  be-*-he  laughed  at  ma*  be 

was  to   be.    it  appeared,   that,  abused  me,  he  sccwaed  my  remeai- 

if  these  resolutions  should  fliil  ef  stranoe,  and  he  used  his  hcna  as^ 

eAet,  and  Um  various  bills  to  be  actly  as  he  had  doaebefina.   TJben 

proposed  by  eovenuneat  to  the  would  Uie  nobb  eari  reply,  ^  la- 

eolmiial  asaembUea  should  be  le-  deed,  I  will  not  do  eay  thjaa  eo 

Jeeted,  then  pariiament  would  re-  Ibelish ;  if  you  had  at  onea  aiSan 

aort  to  odiey  measuiea  to  edbct  tke  the   fellow    \v£att    sir    Bidmid 

aeoomj^ishaeiit  of  its  views:  bat  Bimie,   and  okaigad  him  vider 

li#o||MtiHAi>«9d^iiedi^e  |fr«  Mfrtia^  eeta  or  if.yaa  kad 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE-  flBl 

ehMM  to  ^ake  file  few  into  e^io.  Tk^mtam^vMdk^tiLem 

ym^ar  awn  baads^  and  puakh  kim  dl^«ets  mre  to  be  dfeetod  miiat  lie, 

0n  4]ie  spet,  weU  abA  ^oed.    Birt  in  ike  fint  pkee^  bj  the  n&giamB 

paries  me  ^r  airing,  tbet  I  cannot  edueetien  or  the  fllave  i  tod  m  th« 

do  80  idle  a  tlung  as  te  afik  him  seoend^  1^  eettittf  rid  cf  the  meet 

maw  to  do  whet  he  refused  to  ^ou  olgeetiioiiabte  ba&es  Md  indioai- 

three  years  ago.'"  tioiM  of  Im  eoa^tion-^'-^uch  as  dM 

Lord  Liverpool  aaswerod;  that  whip^   ^e    ItoUkj-mariBet,   aod 

^bm  ebjeedoas  taken  to  the  reso-  other  things  whidi  am  in  dMn- 

tetioBi  kf  the  BoUe  lard  who  had  selves  the  &tinetioDs  that  helped: 

Ipraeeded  him,  if  thev  amounted  to  his  lot,  but  which  9aa^j  are  «ot 

flBf  Aing,  asMmnted  to  this,  that,  ncoeesarily  attaehed  to  his  situfr- 

Ml  this  important   qnesticm,    he  tien,  or  justUied  by  any  geneni 

^ppoald  do  abecdutdy  nothing;  and  ^ea  of  neeesiky.      In  iibB  nest 

vet  it  was  allowed  on  all  hands  to  place,  I  oononr  most  heartily  is 

lie  most  deorable  to  take  some  the  propriety  cf  that  other  bene- 

o^fectusl  steps  for  die  mitigation  of  fimt  and  most  important  prinew 

Ae  evils  of  davery,  and  towards  fie,  the  admisnon  of  slavo-evi- 

get^dng  rid  of  it  altogether,  as  socm  dence  in  ceutts  of  justice ;   and, 

as  we  could  cmnpatibly  with  the  lastly,  we  must  avail  ourselves  of 

•afety    of   the    ccdonies,    and    a  those  means  of  improvement  aiMl 

lair  consideration  ci  the  interests  education  that  have  been  indicated 

of  private  poperty.     He   could  in  the  (»dera  in  ooundl,  or  of  somo 

«ot  allow  to  that  noble  lord  that  similar  moMis.     I  am  not  at  all 

the  question  was  surrounded  by  disposed  to  look  to  the  ftiture  eonv 

diSeiilties    so   extraordinary  and  duct  of  the  colonial  legislatures 

comjdicated,  that  he  could  not  find  with  any  thing  like  de^ndency : 

his  way  throu^  them.     The  sim-  and  even  if  I  did,  I  should  sdli 

pie  question,  as  it  seemed  to  him,  think  it  to  be  the  first  duty  of 

which  every  noble  lord  was  called  parliament  to  try  the  course  that 

upon  to  discuss  in  his  own  mind,  is  thus  proposed  tor  the  guidance 

was  shortly  this, — "  is  it  desirable,  of  those  legislatures  in  future.     I 

or  not,  that  the  state  a^  slavery  in  should  still  think  it  to  be  our  duty 

oar  West-Indian  colonies  diould  to  state  fully  what  our  opinions 

be  ameliorated  and  improved  by  were  upon  the  measures   to    bo 

"sudi  a  course  of  measures  as  shaU  taken  for  the  amelioration  and  the 

lead  to  its  final  extinction,  as  soon  education  of  slaves,  and  to  reoom*' 

as  such  extinction  can  with  safety  mend  them  to  the  colonial  legist 

and    propriety    be    effected  ?"  -^  latures,   for  the  pumse  of  their 

Vayt,   upon    that  general    ques-  canying  them  into  effect.   I  should 

tioB,  he  beHeved  there  would  ex-  do  so,  fbr  this  reason— not  oqly 

ist  no   difference  of  opinion  be^  that  the  colonial  legislatures  are 

tween  the  noble  baron  and  himself,  much  mere  likely  to  succeed  ^  in 

«  And,  if  that  be  so,'*  continued  carrying  any  measures  of  the  kind 

lord  Liverpool,  «I  do  not  think  into  effect,  but  that  it  would  be  well 

that  he  and  i  should  diffbr  much  that  the  slaves  should  owe  these 

as  to  the  mode  by  which  that  ame-  blessings,  greater  09  less  as  they 

Horetion  in  the  condign  of  the  may  prove,  to  the  colonial  ^^ffi^ 

dave  sa^ould  be  efffected,  and  the  ktures,  jointly  with  the  British 

^late  of  slavery  beat  last  put  ati  parUament^  and  not  to  the  British 


152]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

parliament  alone,  acting  wiihout  hf  tihe  cokmial  asiemUiea»  it  will 
the  concurrence   of  the  colonial  be  for  Parliament  to  ooniider  and 
l^islatures.    To  the  colonists   I  determine  at  a  future  period,  wheo- 
would  saj.  It  is  an  object  equally  ever  the  occasion  for  its  doing  » 
necessary  for  your  interests  and  may  arise/' 
£ar   the   honour   of  the  British  The  resolutions  were  agreed  |o 
nation.    But  do  you  proceed  in  it  without  any  division, 
first  We,  the  Parliament  of  Great  On  the  17th  April  lord  Soffidd 
Britain,  desire  not  to  stand  out  brought  forward  a  motion  to  pio* 
upon  minor  considerations  and  less  hibit  persons  in  c^cial  situatiooi 
important  points.      Our  anxious  in  the  West  Indies  {rom  being 
wish  is,   that  tbe  slaves  should  proprietors  of  slaves;    a  motkn^ 
Imow  that  they  owe  the  boons  con-  which,  he  said,  had  no  connectkn 
fened  upon  them,  to  the  colonial  with    the    emancipation   of    the 
legislatures  co-operating  with  the  negroes,  and  was  directed  not  lo 
authorities  in  England,  and  not  to  much  to  the  conceding  of  dril 
any  act  of  peremptory,   separate^  rights,   as  to   the  preventing  cf 
and  absolute,  autlM)rity  upon  the  criminal  wrong.  It  was  the  nature 
part  of  the  legidature  of  Great  of  slavery  to  corrupt  and  dehsae 
Britain.    We  must  not  be  surprise  the  master,  as  well  as  to  degrade 
ed,  if  they,  whose  interests  are  di«  the  slave ;  the  corrupt  influence 
rectly  concerned  in   the  general  exercised  on  the  minids  of  puUie 
question  which  these  considerations  functionaries  in  the  colonies  by  the 
involve,  whose  prejudices  and  feel-  possession  of  slaves,  had  rendend 
ines  are  engaged  in  them,   and  justioe  a  mockery,  and  the  obtain- 
whose   property  is  liable    to   be  ing  of  justioe  for  an  injured  negio 
sSecte^  by  their  discussion,  do  not  an  impossibility*     The  report  of 
travel  quite  so  fast  towards  a  con-  the  Demerara  commissioners  alone 
dusion  in  favour  of  such  proposals  furnished  abundant  evidence.    It 
as  ourselves,  who  have  no  such  embraced   only  the  period  ftaax 
feelings    or   interests  to  consult  l6th  June,  18S4,  to  October  in 
We  have  a  right  to  see  that  those  that  year,  during  which  time  the 
parties  do  in  uns  case  what  in  our  number   of    complaints    brought 
opinion    it    is    right,    just,    and  under  consideration  was  twenty- 
proper,  that  they  diouM  do.    But  five.     Of  these,   seventeen  vrat 
we  are,  at  the  same  time,  to  re-  cases  in  which  slaves  had  coBi- 
membcar,   that  we  owe  it  to  the  plained  of  their  masters.    Twelve 
common  infirmity  of  the  human  of  these  were  punished  for  oom- 
mind,  to  make  a  large  allowance  plaining;    two  were    restored  to 
for  the  operation  of  such  influences  their  masters  to  be  punished,  sod 
upon  the  conduct  of  others.     Up-  in  two  cases   redress   had  been 
on  these  considerations  I    state,  given.    Next  followed  six  cases  is 
that    whatever    may   be  the  ul-  which  the  masters  complained  of 
timate  result  of  these  resolutions,  their  slaves.     In,four  of  them,  tbe 
we  will  be  pursuing  a  true  and  slaves  were  punished  by  imprisoD- 
correct  course  by  agreeing  to  them  ment,andin  two,  by  flogging.  There 
now.      What  may  hereafter   be  was  one  case,  continued  £e  noUe 
fitting  to  be  done,  if  the  principles  lord,  of  a  truly  horrible  nature^ 
upon  which  these  resolutions  are  which  had  beK)re  been  broo^t 
fonnded  should  not  be  acted  upon  under  the  view  cf  the  puUiPi  aai 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [153 

luid  been  defended  in  a  manner  wHch  any  decision  was  given  in 
wUch^  in  his  opinion,  only  tended  fayour  of  the  slaves,  was  miserably 
to  aggravate  it.  It  was  the  ease  smalL  A  slave  named  Felix  corn* 
«if  a  woman  who  had  been  flogged,  plained  of  general  profligacy  on 
and  who  had  miscarried  in  conse-  the  part  of  the  manager  towards 
onence.  The  driver,  who  was  or«  the  wives  of  the  slaves,  and  that 
dered  to  flog  her,  remonstrated,  say«  his  own  wife  had  been  taken  from 
mff  that  the  woman  was  pregnant,  him  for  improper  pinposes.  He 
T£e  manafler^s  r^y  was,  **  Give  went  to  the  fiscal  and  complained; 
it  to  her,  l3l  the  blood  flows  out."  and  what  sort  of  redress  did  he 
This  hi^pened on  the  Friday;  she  obtain?  A  case  of  adultery  was 
was  sent  to  work  on  the  Saturday,  proved  aeainst  the  manager ;  the 
and  miscarried  in  consequence  of  fiscal  ordered  Felix  to  be  floff- 
the  flc^ginff.  Her  testimony  was  ged^  and  the  manager  was  merely 
confirmed  by  that  of  a  medical  reproved  for  his  misconduct.  Tlie 
man,  and  a  n^;ro  woman.  The  pretence  for  flogging  Felix  was, 
defence  set  up  was,  that  the  driver  that  he  neglected  ms  work.  A 
said  she  was  rather  big  with  duid,  negro,  namdl  Lambert,  was  very 
and  the  word  ^'rather '  was  omit*  ill,  and  could  get  no  medicine.  In 
ted  in  his  examination.  The  next  this  state  he  was  compelled  to 
case  to  which  he  should  allude  was  work  day  and  night.  It  was  not 
that  of  a  man  named  Brutus,  who  contended  that  he  feigned  illness  ; 
was  flogged  because  he  would  not  he  was  flogged,  however,  and  no 
consent  to  the  violation  of  his  reason  assigned  for  it.  Another  case 
dao^ter.  He  would  mention  only  was  that  ofthe  slave  Michael,  a  very 
one  other  case,  which  remained  o]dman,whowasfloggedforrefusing 
undenied  in  every  part,  that  of  a  to  do  what  was  in  itself  illegal,  and 
n^^  named  Michael,  who  had  could  obtain  no  redress.  Nochanse 
been  floffged  on  the  same  planta-  for  the  better  could  be  reasonaluy 
tion  as  ^  former,  and,  for  aught  expected,  so  long  as  those  very 
he  knew^  by  the  same  manager,  functionaries,  who  ought  to  protect 
He  had  been  suspected  of  thef%,  the  slave  against  the  cruelty  and 
being  found  in  possession  of  pro-  tyranny  of  uie  master,  were  thenui 
perty  similar  to  some  that  had  been  selves  slave-proprietors.  He  there- 
stolen.  He  denied  the  theft  to  fore  moved,  that  an  Address  be 
the  manager,  who  threatened  him  presented  to  his  Majesty,  pra3ang 
with  the  stocks,  and  flogged  him.  that  he  would  be  graciously  pleas- 
He  complained  to  the  proprietor  ed  to  direct  that,  in  future,  no 
that  he  had  been  flogged  for  an  person,  being  Uie  owner  of 
oflfence  of  which  he  was  not  guilty;  slaves  in  any  of  the  colonies,  or 
and,  obtaining  no  redress,  he  went  possessing  a  reversionary  interest 
to  the  fiscal,  who  said  that,  as  in  such  property,  should  be  ap- 
there  was  no  proof  of  his  inno-  pointed  to  the  situations  of  gover- 
oenoe,  he  could  do  nothing  for  nor,  chief  justice,  attomey-gene- 
him.  Thus  the  man  was  punish-  ral,  fiscal,  guardian,  or  religious 
ed,  not  because  guilt  had  been  instructor,  in  any  of  the  said 
proved  against  him,  but  because  colonies. 

he  could  not  prove  his  innocence.  Lord  Bathurst  opposed  the  mo- 

The  manager  was  only  reprimand-  tion.     He  had  no  difficulty,   he 

ed*     The  number .  of  cases   in  said,  in  admitting  the  propriety  of 


151]     ANNUAL   REGISTCIt,    1826. 


F-  dud  docuBMats  wUdi  liftM 

^i8tic»  firam  being  slave-pxoprie-  kid  on  the  table  ^  the  Hoaeey  tauk 

tats;  but  the  case  was  far  mm  ftom  other  authentic  ia^anom/daa 

being  4p  ^iear  with  sespect  to  the  Tespecting the  ooionies  of  Demeaim 

fliher  lunctionaxies  included  in  the  and  Beroice^  it  appean  that,  aL> 

iBObum.    He  jaw  no  reason  whf  though  pioteotioB  has  beea   ImU 

the  Attamey-genenJ^  who  could  out  to  the  dave-popuktioii  Iw  tha 


derive  hut  an  ipconridcrable  income  appointanent  of  A  riscai  4ChiflC-Jip»- 

^DHn  hif  fisaotioe  in  any  of  the  oo-  iice,  or  aeme  other  indiyidsiai  la 

ioniesy  or  why  the  fiscal,  or  vdi-  the  diaracter  of  a  piotootor   of 

2*0118  instructor,  who  must  be  resi-  ria^es,    yet    the    shares   are    in 
mtfy  and  possess  lands  for  their  general  exposed  to  numerous  imoe- 
i9)ppoFt,  should  be  shut  out  from  Utious   apd  grievous    OHpreasions 
dbe  only  means  of  cultivating  them,  which  demand  relief;  uail  then^ 
The  nol^  lord  had  complained  of  fore  that  this  House  has  obcorvod 
|he  number  of  ca9es,  in  the  report  with  great  satis&ctioKi  the  deeiani 
from  Demacara,   in  whidi  com-  determination  of  his  mi^es^^  sai- 
plaints  were  made  by  daves  against  nisters  to  promulgate  in  thoae  eo- 
their  masters,   and,   in  place  of  lonies  an  order  m  council  on  so 
being  redressed,  vi^ted  with  pu-  important  a  subject,  to  whidi  mi* 
nishment     It  ought  to  be  consi-  qualified    obedience  will    be   jna- 
^bred  that  there  had  been,  not  quired ;  but  that,  from  bH  reason 
long  back,  a  rebellion  in  Demerara  and  experience  ^e  Houae  ia  led 
•^-dbat  the  fiscal  was  placed  in  a  to  conclude,  that  no  legal «ct,  how- 
Giitioal  Situation;  and  that,  from  ever  well    devised    and  atioi^dy 
the  very  nature  of  society  in  the  framed,  will  be  sufficient  Ibr  w 
odonies,    it   was   necessary  that  efiectual  safeguard  of  the  daves, 
slaves  (diould  be  punished  when  unless  the  officers,  either  principal 
they  brought  against  their  owners  or  subordinate,  to  whom  tiie  exe- 
complaints    utteriy    destitute    of  cutionofthelawraay  be  intmstad, 
foundation.    He  could  see  no  rea«  are  appointed  and  suppcnrted   bf 
son  for  conceding  the  motion,  and  the  ffovemment  at  home ;  and  stt 
would  therefore  move  the  order  of  absolutely  prohibited  from  poasesfr- 
the  day.    Lord  Ellenborough  said  ing  and  employing  slaves  in  any 
that  he  would  rather  have  met  the  capacity,  either  predial  or  domes- 
motion  with  a  direct  negative,  for  tic."    lliis  resolution  he  vindicated 
he  disapproved  both  of  its  princi-  by  the  same  consideradons,  and  the 
pie  and  its  details.     The  good  ex«  same  allegations  of  practical  abuses 
amples  set  by  public  functionaries  which  had  been  put  forward  by 
in  the  treatment  of  their  daves,  lord  Suffield  in  the  House  of  Peen, 
eould  not  ultimately  fail  to  have  coupled  with  delineations  of  tbe 
il^  best  efiects  on  the  conduct  of  good  whidi  had  been  ^eetod  ia 
other   prqirietors.      The    House  the    colonies  by   the    labouts  of 
passed  to  the  previous  question,  the  missionaries,  the  proportioa  ia 
and  the  motion  was  lost  which  negro  life  was  ihortened  ot 
A  fow  days  afterwards  (20th  extended  according  as  more  or  kfi 
April)  the  same  topic  was  brought  of  the  soil  was  empU^red  in  the 
bifere  the  House  of  Commons  by  cultivation  of  sugar,  and  tha  tti- 
Ifr.  W«  Smith,  who  moved  diis  vial    claims  vdatk    die   ocdoaiffii 
Ms^utiqn:  "^  Tl$^  from  the  offi*.  eould  have  to  sympadiy,  aftar haiN 


HISTQIT  Of  EUROPE,     ,     [jj^ 

k§  sink  An  gra^  tor  se^  9«ay  ai»  it  is  to  prolfct  t^  i^iut  fiaqi 

leaikto!.  tlie  agoikoC  th^  tiia^  inlusticean^oppr^s^on.    O^lj^ 

Me;  Wi]im»t  tiagUm  ^epregaled  pm^  you,  ar^  to  endeavour  to  ejp- 

Aoi  jgi  taring  xefevencM  to  ihie  ercifi^  a  sqi^  j^sfaretiQn,  ^  tp 

i»flt.  A  syaM^m  wbich,  wbatover  U  ^pt  sm^b n»easuj;e^  9^  while t^y 

M|yl  kftfie  been*  wat  supei^ed^  aecure  tke  slavey  may  not  mt&^ 

mi  wmaJA  new  nlitfii.    (n  s#-  fe«^  wi^  th^  it^d^/Mxy  or  ^tjl^ 

fwi  to  Ae  twa  aokmies  in  q\i^ft-  tb^  olD^di^fice  which  ^ey  owq  ^ 

iflSf  Ae  ymliiBn  ivm  imn^eosmgr*  their  xoasters^    F<;w  t^t  purp^i^ 

Hf  TwidaA  Order  Ir  CwwU  althou^yo^  of^i  ^  ^eyifcue  ^^ 

alroadf »  wiid  a  H^w  «ipdiji^%-  utqiost  vi^i^nce  i^  p^o^^ciing  t^ 

'  itk  &U  opnmtion  i^  D^m*  dave^  frofi^  iujuri^H;^  tre^^^^^t;^ 

a«4  wouU  soon  be  flf^  in  Bf««-  you  o^gh^  at  the  sa^me  ^im^  tp  disr 

A  pm^totftorcf  sluY^  PP9-  ^pui^ge  sJl  Ci^ivobusand  unfbuud^ 

f  anple  pKVE^m  to  ftilfi  tl^  9Qpip}aint&.    Oc^  of  yo^  ea^iiest^ 

jPfPtei  ^  Ua  i^pointQient,  h«d  5tu4ie&  o^|^t  to  be  the  me^n^^  of 

tm  soQsiated  ftir  Dem^ngnw  w4  fixing  on  ^e  pind^  of  the  slaven^ 

4i0  iamuGltoiia  given  to  th^tfiu^  l^  suoh  st^ti^op^ta  aofi,  argumentf 

taiiy  aftoded  the  be^it  answer  a^  x^ay  be  capable  of  coo^relien- 

te  the  mnof h  whi A  iigitgo^u^  ihe  sipn  by  tt^em,   the  priiuuples  of 

^vtioB.'  'FhejweiiDtothe£cd]pw-  these  instructions.''      Uxid^  ^ 

1^9  cffeei :  ^^  It  is  your  particuhpr  those  circHmatance%  s^eiiig  t^ 

W]r>   as  pvofteetor  of  w^fe$,   to  ^  r^^ktions  whic)\  had  b^ 

miA  over  all  the  regulations  that  introduced  into  'f  rimdad  were  aU 

wtf  ezift  at  pvesent,  or  that  i^(^  rfady  u;i  operation  in  De^erar^, 

k  iotiodueed  hereaftev,  r^qteoting  mi  would  «>eedily  be  to  in  Be&< 

liii  tteatment  of  ^ves  in  O^me-  hice;  it  would  be  qiuch  better  to 

nci*    You  are  to  apply  to  the  lo-  ^ool^  forward  with  con^npe  ^p4 

«il  govet^numt  for  tudi  faciliti^  hope  to  ^0  future^  th^n  tq  e^sor 

w  my  enable  the  sbveg  to  com-  perate  tha  parties  interest^  by  ^ 

wnkafe  to  you  my  compktints  rocurreno^tothepast;  and,  for^^s 

ikef  way  ba?e  to  mke  ag^nut  own  pArt,  he  could  not  see  tl^e  ^^ 

Aolr  owners ;  ^d  you  are  not  to  of  tl^s  p^rpptual  ^tatiop  qf  the 

U  to  lepGgt  to  the  lieutenant-^  question, 
venor   any   toipedimants   wbiph       Mr.  Rose  Ellis  denied  tl^e  exist- 

my  he  thrown  in  the  way  of  such  enc^  of  that  ^stem  of  reusing  t^ 

swaianniratinn*    You  are  not,  on  dres^  and  of  even  punishing  ^vea 

iU  QiYaaiaDS,  to  wait  for  the  spqnta-  for  complaining,  whid)  wasmadethe 

aauseoinplaintsofthesU^esth^m-'  ifoundationpfsuchsweepingcliafgfts 

•iTef;  but  if  youhearof  ftnymal-  a^ntin^t   the   colonies.     I^e   £^ 

teatment  lo  wbi^  they  have  been  tiuLcn  the  pains  tq  analyse  the  r^ 

a^tfectod,  you  are  to  repair  to  the  port  made  by  the  Fiscal  pf  Iferbipe  ; 

mate  on  which  that  septnt^d  mal-  and  it  appeared  th$it,  out  of  forty^ 

tiiatiaent  has  occurred,  md  insti-  three  cQses  of  complaint  inade  by 

tB^  a  diligent  inquiry  into  thp  cir-  the  sUves^  which  had  opcuq?e4  ip 

anaitaiiffts  of  the  ca^e.    You  are  a  pisriod  pf  thirteen  inonth^  tw^Q- 

BDt,  however,  to  forget,  in  thp  oa^-  ty-seyen  were  adjudged  to  be  alto- 

ttulkni  of  your  <#ce,  that  it  is  ^  gather  unfqund^ ;  and  pf  the  r^ 

muk  yoer  duty  to  «ecurp  the  legi-  ni^ng  sixteen  cases,  there  w^ 

iatttt  ogbH  of  iim  SiQfri^tor»,  (^ht  in  wUch  both  p^(i^  ^e^ 


156]     ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1826. 

adjudged  to  be  in  the  wrong,  and  meaning  of  the  letolution.   If  it 

eig|ht  cases  only  in  which  the  com-  was  not  intended^  or  thought  to 

plainants  were  right.    In  a  period  he  in  opposition  to  the  yiews  and 

of  five  years  there  was  a  total  of  wishes  of  government     If  it  was 

three  hundred  and  twenty-three  not  so  intended,  it  was  nnmyy- 

oomplidnts^intwohundredofwhich  sary;  if  it  was  so  intended,    it 

the  complainants  were  altogether  was  both  inconvenient  and  danger- 

in  the  wrong,  and  of  the  remain-  ous.    Both  in  Jamaica  and  Dcimiili 

ing  cases  it  appeared  there  were  rara  no  greater  danger  had  been 

fourteen  weU-founded  complaints  experienm  than  what  aioae  from 

eBich  year  from  a   population  of  rumours    getting   abroad ;     first, 

S0,000  slaves.     Another  test  of  that  the  government  at  home  was 

ihe  accuracy  of  that  rraort  was  to  in  hostility  with  the  colonial  an- 

be  found  in  a  report  m  the  Fiscal  thorities ;   and  next,  that  padia- 

of  Demerara,  from  which  it  ap-  ment  had  determined  to  goad  on 

peued  that,  out  of  eighteen  com-  the  government — ^for  such  was  the 

plaints  in  six  months,  fifteen  were  notion  with  which   the    strai^ 

adjudged  to  be  unfounded,    and  conduct,  speeches,  and  panq^iblets 

there  were  only  three  in  which  of  some  persons  here  had  impreaaed 

there  was  cause  of  complaint.    So  the  negroes  of  Demeiaxa.     He 

far,  therefore,  the  report  of  the  Fis-  must  say  of  the  whole  Anti-I^vety 

cal  of  Demerara  con^firmed  that  of  Society,    and  perhaps  he  ahould 

the  Fiscal  of  Berbice ;  and  he  putit  have  said  more,  if  he  had  not  the 

to  the  candour  of  the  House,  whe-  highest  respect  for  the  talents  and 
ther   those    sixteen    decisions  in.  upright  ^intentions   of  so   naany 

which  the  managers   or   owners  honourable  friends  of  his  in  that 

were  adjudged  to  be  in  the  wrong,  House,  who  were  also  members  of 

whilst  there  were  two  hundred  the  body  he  was  now  alluding  to, 

and  ninety  cases   in   which    no  that  there  was  in  their 

'  such  decision  was  recorded,  were  something  not  only  totally  ineooo- 

sufficient  ground  to  found  sweep-  dleable,   with  common  prudence 

ing  charges    Of  the  three  cases  and  propriety,  but  something  wludi 

in  which  it  was  stated  that  the  had  about  it  a  character  m  rasli- 

parties   had    been    punished    for  ness,  precipitation,  and  confusion, 

bringing  forward  unfounded  com-  that  was  calculated  to  modoce  in 

plaints,  the  report  stated  that  the  the  colonies  irremediaUe  misehtef 

parties  were  punished,  the  char^  and  vexation.    He  must  take  leanre 

being  unfounded,  and  they  having  to  apply  this  remaik,  to  a  certain 

absconded.     Absconding  was  the  extent,  to  some  of  these  gentlemen 

greater  offence,  for  which  the  ma-  even  in  that  House ;  more  tlian 

jor   part  of  the  punishment   of  one  of  whom  appeared,  from  tiie 

seventy-five   lashes  was  inflicted,  notice-book,  to  have  prepared  eadi 

They  had  been ,  so  punished,  not  some  motion  or  resolution  6n 

•fi>r  bringing  forward  unfounded  favourite  topic    If  he  oonld 

complaint  <mly,  but  for  that  of-  in  the    conduct  of   these   n 

fence  amavated  by  running  away,  hers,  any  object  of  possible  attam- 

Mr.  Knng,  in  the  course  of  a  ment  (well  knowing,  however,  tiie 

very   sensible   and    business-like  integrity  of  their  motiVlBs)  iHnsh 

speedi,   declared,  that «  he  could  he  could  recondle  with  the  dictates 

not    conceive    what    was     the  of  that  common  sense  whUk  m 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [167 

iii^>  im  Other  occaskms^  more  emi«  House  of  Assembly  In  Jamaica 

aendy  possessed^  he  should  know  passed  two  faillsy  the   object   of 

what  construction    to  put  upon  which  was  to  put  an  end  to  the 

their  proceedings^  of  which  at  pre«  slave  trade:   but  at  home  the  in« 

aent  he  could  not  understand  any  fluence  of  Bristol  and  Liverpool 

part.  succeeded  in  defeating  the  mea* 

The  motion  was  negatived  V7ith«  sure.    The  question  on  that  occa- 

out  a  divirion.  rion  had  been  submitted  to  the 

On  the  part  of  those  who  were  Board  of  Trade^  and  the  President 
intereited  in  the  colonies^  petitions  of  that  day  (lend  Dartmouth^  in- 
here presented  to  the  House  of  timated  the  qnnion  of  that  Dody 
JLords  from  the  Board  of  Council,  to  be  against  the  views  of  the 
and  House  of  Assembly  of  An-  Planters— whose  intentions  on  that 
tigua,  and  to  the  Commons  from  occasion,  as  on  former  occasions, 
the  Board  of  Council  alone,  on  the  were  defeated ;  for  it  was  allesed 
14th  of  April,  and,  on  the  20th,  to  that  no  measure  could  be  acceded 
both  Houses  from  the  great  body  to  which  would  have  the  effect  of 
of  British  merchants  trading  to  checking  a  trade  so  advantageous 
the  West  Indies ;  all  of  wliich  to  the  nation  at  large.  The  peti- 
lenewed  those  incadental  and  un-  tionets,  therefore,  maintained,  with 
defined  discussions  which  could  by  muchapparent  reason,  that,  if  they 
no  possibility  lead  to  any  prac«  '  were  to  be  dqprived,  by  the  eman* 
tical  conclusion^  The  petitioners  cipation  of  the  slaves,  of  what  the 
of  Antigua  said,  that  the  slave  law  had  declared  to  be  their  proper* 
trade  had  not  been  established  for  ty,  and  had  encouraged  them  to  ao- 
the  benefit  of  the  colonies ;  and  '  quire,  thc^  should  at  least  be  oom« 
they  proved,  by  a  reference  to  do-  pensi^ted  for  the  loss;  and,  if  any 
cuments,  that,  but  for  the  govern-  wish  was  entertained  by  parlia« 
ment  and  l^islature  at  home,  it  ment  to  try  the  experiment  of 
would  long  since  have  ceased  to  raising  West-India  crops  by  the 
eaoML  So  far  back  as  the  year  free  labour  of  n^roes,  the  peti- 
1717>  the  House  of  Assembly  of  tioners  expressed  their  perfect  wil- 
South  Carolina,  planters  them-  lingness,  cheerfully  to  sell  the 
Mlves,  and  alive  to  the  interests  of  whole  island,  at  a  fair  valuation, 
their  dass,  had  passed  an  act  wiUi  The  merchants,  again,  represented 
a  view  to  the  abolition  of  the  in  their  petitions,  that  the  eman- 
trade.  In  1765,  a  bill  had  po-  cipation  of  the  slaves  would^  be  a 
eeeded  so  far  as  the  second  readmg^  direct  interference  with  existing 
in  the  House  of  Assembly  in  Ja-  securities  over  West-Indian  pro« 
maici^  the  object  of  which  was  si-  perty.  The  statute  14  Geo.  8, 
milar  to  that  which  had  previously  expressly  recognised  slaves  as  pro« 
passed  in  South  Carolina.  But  in  perty  of  which  mortgages  mi^t 
-  Jamaica  the  bill  went  no  further,  be  granted.  But,  until  it  should 
in  consequence  of  its  having  been  be  proved  by  experience,  that 
intimated  that  the  governor  of  the  free  negroes  would  cany  on  the 
iflland  had  received  such  instruc-  ordinary  cultivation  of  the  estates 
tions  from  the  ministers  of  the  in  a  r^^i^ar  and  eflfeetual  man«i 
Crown  as  precluded  his  assenting  ner,  as  hired  servants,  the  slaves 
to  the  measure.    At  a  still  later  formed  the  essential  part  of  the 

p«ciod|  io  tbo  ^eac  J77^i  the  ^ecuiityi  t^ecausoi  wiMioat  th«ai| 


|0t]     ANNUAL   REGI3TI1U    1826. 


9ud -tb^  «bm^dfoiy  laboiuv  «^t»* 
idal  luiA  ceased  to  lit  of  value.  If 
ibm  puUk  interett^  therefcne^  tw 
pid)lk  opiniiob^  reijiiilred  tifaat  ^Me 
ieeuriti^  should  bofoHated,  ihsA^ 
2&  thills  as  in  etecy  otheir  case  of 
2>ri¥ate  property  being  taken  for 
tba  use  of  the  paUic»  ittdetainity 
waa  teqmred  boUi  bf  justice  and 
l^  tbe  practice  of  the  oonlititutiotii 
The  fears  thus  ehitertatned  had 
evidcntlj  no  foUndatioa  in  the 
Pieasuxes  of  goTemment  for  miti^ 
gffldtig  the  evils  of  slaTeij ;  but 
their  oxistenoe  proved  what  appre* 
henskms  weve  excited  hy  the  un* 
ceasing  knoekinffof  fhe  ardent  abo* 
Jitkmists  at  the  door  of  the  cabhiet 
.  A  last,  and  a  tnora  formal^  at* 
^atoft  to  induce  govemmtnt  to 
abandon  its  own  moro  moderate 
and  cautioua  fkn,  and  speak  to 
the  ooianial  kp;i8latur<te  in  the 
yoiae  of  unbending  authority,  wal 
made  just  before  the  dose  of  the 
sesaioB  by  Mi«  Brot^hatti,  who 
moved  (May  19)  a  retoixttkm^ 
f^That  the  House  has  observedi 
with  extieme  regret,  that  notihina 
has  been  effiscted  hy  the  colonifu 
kgidatilre,  in  oonipBanoe  with  the 
declared  wishett  of  government^ 
and  the  resdutiontf  of  the  House 
oSiAm  15tli  of  May,  18£d,  for  amo- 
Boratinc  the  condition  c^  the  sUi  ves 
in  the  West^Isdim  Colonies;  and 
that  thb  House,  therefore,  pledges 
ita^,  ear]y  in  the  next  sesskm  oi 
parliament^  to  take  into  its  moat 
serious  eonsideia^km  such  measures 
aa  may  be  calculated  to  carry  into 
rfbd  the  recommendation  a£  the 
government  and  the  House." 

In  ihe  speech,  fall  of  detail^ 
with  whidx  the  motion  was  intxo^ 
ditaedy  aller  passit^  over  vrith  i^ 
pvofaatkm  the  provisums  of  the 
aidttr  in  ooundl,  which  had  been 
Mttried  mto  efibct  in  &cr  cdknries 
^nffiMg  U9  particular  kgidatmes^ 


and  n  whiflii  im  fousd  iMte 
was  ol^ectianable  tmnpaied 
the  ereat  eood  wh&dik  wa» 
fitted  to  efibet,  he  piticeedod  to  lfti# 
oenduct  of  i^stB  ooioniM  wkMi  MMI 
legislatiures  of  their  own.     Tltt^sfr 
were  tUrtten  in  smnbeir ;  ttffl^  he 
would  examine,  £mm  the  ie|tt0^ 
aentations  of  the  cohmM  bMies 
theinaelves,  what  had  beeb  MwmA 
by  them  in  fuftheittnee  of    tlK 
views  of  government,  and  in 
foKtaiity  witb  the  relolutionA  of 
Houses    In  At  ef  th^m^  tiolidfi^ 
had  been  don^  nateely,  AntlgM^ 
the  Bermildasi  MontaertAt,  m%f^ 
6ti  Kitt's^  and  Tortt>k$  hiduAfi|^ 
also,  in  this  ctiiu&enrtiott,  Ae  Vk^ 
gin  Isbmdti     Is  ^esd  cbioiilet 
there  were  not  fewer  thftii  B9J90Q 
slkv^l  ari  the  only  hrfbrtutteii 
on  the  snbjeet  ci  Uieae  o^Mlea  Wii 
contained  m  a  letter  Aom  ffftefMt 
MaaEweH  of  St  Ithft's,  wh6  ^tsi 
that  the  iffiportaiit  nieudM  <^  dl§ 
amelioratiott  of  the  cdild^ldn   tf 
^  slaves,  uH  reeonteefided  by  lAit 
government  het^,  had  bean  feAfftOft 
to  a  GOBimittee  of  thd  tWtf 
ttires  of  St.  Kitt's  and  Hi 
dencies,  but  that  he  regretted  ta 
say  no  prepress  had  been  nitfA. 
Next  in  Older  was  Jatttaiot,  n  tfMMl 
impkirtant  colcmyi  in  whii^,  Hmm 
Its  population  of  S40/N)d  so^ 
Iran  the  hff ge  body  df  tiliites^  ami 
the  gteat  ftutnber  of  ftee  peo^  if 
colour  it  contained,  ooA  from  tlia 
influence  and  advantage*  it  poa^ 
aessed  is  other  t«dpdct8/tff%hfhai« 
eomplied .  morer  ciuAly   mtt   Mf 
other  with  the  Ivishetf  erf  paMi- 
ment  and  the  eoQttt^ )   yat/  bsiia 
also,  HteraQy  notfahif  iHi  beM 
dbiieii     Out  of  Mife  k^uliellBlfl^ 
five  had  been  entlMdy  e^verlMiwd, 
namely,  those  legafdiiig  ^^^^^ 
luuiriage,  sepdrauon  of  Ae  Aifeft 
on  the  aame  plantatien,  agpaftHint 
af  mteb«rs  «f  lM  swioi  ilM 


HISTORY  OP  EUBOPi;.  {16$ 

ftiwily^  irt  the  reguhtiwMi  wnpect*  ahifc*.   Tkenuiepcopddkmfrsc^ 

iiig  pwniiimwirik    But  aa  Ml  Iwd  eut  for  t^  adoption  «f  the  oclo« 

bm  pmoi  to  ptotoci  thm  from  tiiflta  had  been  xend^ed  perfect]^ 

hmng  taken  far  the  debte  of  their  nugaterj :  he  mi^t  juatly  q^eek 

It— t  Mil,    on  Settirdaxs   as  well  of  the  aoawers  to  all  of  tb^  94 

M  on  Snnda]rs*    The  first  bill  in^  eWIs.     It  was  true  that  on  tbi 

tcoduoed  in  JtaadctL,  reflpeeted  the  18th  c(  Sq^tember^  18£5^  im  apl 

adnnm  of  8bT6.«^r]dtooe  under  was  pawed  oontainkig  many  iiii. 

eertun   vaatiktiaiis.       The   bill»  portant  provi^ons  on    all   tbeoe 

wIbi^  had  been  brought  in  for  this  several  heads;    but  when   theio 

purpose,  fenced  about  with  limi*  provinons    were    cempaited   widi 

tmArtA,  whkh  rendered  the  law  previoos  act8>  it  would  be  feund* 

petfeetly  haitnks^  had  been  re*  that  some  of  thai  would  net  profie 

jotted  bf  the  ahnost  unanimout  of  the  dightest  advan€M;e  to  the 

mg&  of  the  House  of  Anembly,  ikres ;  mtt  many  of  ^em  wese 

At  Bovet   akme  voting   £»  tt»  verbally    copied    fixun    previoni 

-Afietwaids  the  same  bill  was  sub^  eiiactmciite-»that  many  of  them 

imtled  te  a  committee ;  and»  every  amde  worse  what  wasmready  bid» 

thiag  kaving  been  done  to  conci!*  and,  where  they  difiered  from  the 

fiate  local  pr^udioea  in  the  amend*  earlier  legislatioa,  it  wa^  in  moat 

ment  of  it^  it  was  again  rejected  cases,  to  tha  disadvantage  of  the 

by  a  nugoffity  of  about  two  to  one,  negro.     It  was  provided  by  the 

4Baiiy  whn  Voted  fet  it  dedaring  act  of  18125,  that  if   any  slave 

that  they  should^  at  a  subseqamt  slu)uld|;lve  informatioB  eonceming 

atagte,  vote  agidnit  iu   Now,  what  any  otmr  slave  being  implicatal 

i#as  Uia  nature  bf  this  measure  ?  in  any  insurrection,  oom^uaoy  or 

It  was  to    admit  slave-evidence,  rebdlioQ,  so  as  to  procure  convi6< 

npaa  a  ecrta&sate  of  approval  given  ti(m,  the  inlbmier  should  be  made 

£nim  the  person  who  had  had  the  free  by  his  price  being  paid  to  his 

nmaagemflnt  of  the  identical  riave  master,  and  be  granted  a  pension 

who  miLS  te  ^ve  evidence,  for  the  of  ten  pounds  a-year.    In  another 

^aceof  three  years.  /  Yet  thus  a6-  case,  provided  for  in  the  same  act, 

temailed^  frustrated,  aad  nullified,  the  informer  waste  have  a  pension 

tfaa  iBDommendaticm  of  the  order  of  five  and  twmity  pounds  a*year. 

in    eooncM  was  rejected  by  U»  This  was  a  premium  held  out  &r 

AmetMj*,  Aitfaeu^  the  evKlenoe  the  increase  of  pretended   pkHa, 

o€  ^  dave  waft  to  be  confined  to  conspiracies,  and  rebelliomk    Now 

msitien  of  murder,  tteason,  and  here  was  this  provision  shown  up 

mayhem,  the  damour  out  of  dooes  as  a  novelty  in  the  year  18S6, 

was  so  ffeat  as  to  deter  the  Cdb-  while  an  act  passed  in  the  year 

nial  AansmUy.  The  dulce  of  Man^  1688  contained  the  self-same  pro«>i 

aiiciter  thus  expresBed   himself^*-^  vision,  or  rather,  the  same  provi- 

"  The  elamoiir  out  of  doors,  and  sion  in  a  less  detestable  form,  fi»r 

the  xeaoiutiens  of  parochial  meet-  that  fixed  the  pension  ndther  at 

Ings,  so    strongly  expressed    the  lOL  nor  25^,  but  at  40^.     In  the 

pnolic  feelingt  that  many  members  same  manner,  every  ptyviftion  of 

yielded    dieir   better  judgment."  the  new  act  had  been  anticipated 

Next  in  importance  to  .htmaica,  in  seven  or  eight  measures  of  die 

aioed  fiarbadoes,    oontainii^    se^  last  century,  excepting  those  now 

.  Tilift|r-aiae    mr  eighty  thmiaanrl  intioduoedf  wfaidi  went  to  make 


IdO]    ANNUAL   REGISTER.    1826. 

Ilie  atoatioa  of  the  slave  worse  it  appeared  £rom  ihe  docuiueult 

than  it  had  heen  before.    By  an  that  every  pretended  improTcment, 

old  act,  punishment  was  proved  and  every  provision  of  importance 

for  any  slave  who  '^  should  use  any  in  this  boasted  law  of  Barbadoes 

insolent  language,  or  gesture  to  was  to  be  found  in  the  old^  as  weQ 

any  white  or  free  person/'    The  as  in  the  more  recent  enactments, 

new  act  hsd  made  it,  "to  or  of  Even  in  regard  to  the  flogging  of 

any  white  or  free  person."     He  females,  the  only  alteration  made 

could  understand  what  was  meant  was,  that  females  should   not  be 

and  intended  by  insolent  langua^  flogged  publu^,  under  a  penalty 

addressed  to  a  person,  by  a  still  of  10^ 

further  stretch;  an  insolent  gesture        The  islands  of  Grenada,  Deme- 
to,  and  in  the  presence  of,  the  rara,  and  St.  Vincent's,  Mr.  Bxoog- 
puty  might   be   comprehended ;  bam  continued,  were  to  have  dooe 
out  an  insolent  gesture  of  and  most,  as  being  the  best  circum- 
comceming  an  absent  man,  was,  to  stanced ;  but  he  thought  that  nth 
say  the  least  of  it,  vague  and  arbi-  thing  deserving  the  name  of  im- 
trary  in  the  extreme.     A  slave,  povement   had  been  introduced 
convicted  of  thisstrangely-described  mto  any  one  of  them,  either  as  to 
offence,  remained  entii«Ky  at  the  the  adxnissibility  of  slave-eridencesy 
mercy  and  discretion  of  a  single  or  the  regulation  of  punisihnient, 
.justice,  by  whose  decision  he  mi^ht  or  the  rieht  of  urouerty.     The 
be  punished  to  the  extent  of  nine  instance  of  the  Island  of  St.  Vin- 
and  thirty  stripes.    By  this  little  cent's  had  been  mainly  relied  on, 
interpolation  a  punishment  of  a  and  it  was  urged,  that  there  slave- 
most  severe  character  was  incurred,  evidence  was  admitted,  and  the 
Another  new  enactment  provided,  practice   of    driving   pat    down, 
that  if  any  slave  should  hear  any  With  respect  to  evid^ioe,  tihere 
words  tending  to  mutiny,  and  not  were  no  fewer  than  six  points  of 
immediately  dlBclose  and  discover  essential  difference  between  the  act 
the  same,  &c  &c    '^  Words  tend*  of  St.  Vincent's  and  the  TriniU 
ing  to  mutiny !"     How  could  a  order  in  ooundL    The  first  wb^ 
slave  judge  of  words  tending  to  that  the  evidence  was  only  admifsi- 
mutiny  ?-*not  whether  they  were  ble  in  cases  of  murder,  maimiiig» 
seditious,— not  whether  they  were  cruelty,  or  such  felony  as  woim 
treasonable,— but  whether  or  not  subject  the  accused,  if  conyicte4>  to 
they  tended,  directly  or  indirectly,  the  punishment  of  transportatian. 
to  make  the  other  slaves  mutiny ;— -  The  second  di&rence  consisted  in 
not  whether  the  words  constituted  this,  that  the  vntness   must  be 
in  themselves  a  mutiny,  but  whe-  provided  vvith  a  certificate  finia  s 
ther    they    had    that    tendency,  dei^^yman.    The  third  was,  thst 
What  was  the  punishment  pro-  he  must  obtain  a  certificate  firom 
▼ided  for  ihe  crime  of  hearing  his  proprietor,  over8eer,ormansger, 
these  words  of  mutinous  tendency,  as  well  as  ftasa  the  cleigyman,  bo 
— was  it  five  and  twenty,  or  nine  that,  unless  the  owner  or  his  st^ 
and  thirty  stripes?     No;  it  was  tomey  chose,  the  evidence  of  the 
death.    On  the  subjects  of  pro-  slave  could  not  be  admitted.    Afld 
perty,  mutilation,  cruelty,  punish-  what  was  the  kind  of  certifioste 
ment,  and  hanging  instruments  of  required  ?  Not  only  that  the  als^ 
^mm  nmi|d  the  necks  of  daves^  was  acquainted  witb|  and  ^odc^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUftOPE.  [161 

Mood  the  nature  of^  an  oath,  but  a  deep  and  universal  interest  in  the 
also  that  he  had  previously  home  subject ;  but,  above  all,  it  would  be 
a  good  and  unblemished  character.  weU  to  let  it  be  known  to  the  West- 
Fourthly,  the  person  tendering  his  Indian  legislatures,  who  had  disre- 
evidence  was  to  be  examined  by  carded)  were  disregarding,  and  were 
the  court  as  to  his  proficiency  in  Ukely,  till  the  House  and  the  coun- 
moral  principles,  aAd  his  know-  try  roused  themselves,  still  to  con- 
ledge  of  the  obligations  of  an  oath,  tinue  to  disregard,  the  admonitions 
In  the  fifth  place,  two  slaves,  ex-  which  they  had  received,  that  the 
amined  apart,  and  out  of  the  hear-  time  had  arrived,  when,  if  they 
ing  of  each  other,  must  give  ex-  wouldnot  do  their  duty,  the  British 
actly  the  same  evidence.  And,  parliament  were  determined  to  do 
last,  and  greatest  of  all,  the  testi-  theirs. 

mony  of  slaves  was  not  to  be  re-  Dr.   Lushington  supported  the 
oeived    against  their   owner,    his  motion,  because  slavery  was  incon- 
attomey,    manager,   overseer,    or  sistent  with  Christianity  and  the 
any  person  having  the  charge  of  constitution ;  and  Mr.  Denman,  by 
such  slaves,  who  might  be  prose-  referring  to  the  progress  which  St. 
cuted  for  any  of  the  crimes  afore-  Domingo,  since  its  emancipation, 
said.     Was  this  adopting  the  sub-  had  made  in  civil  attainments.  Mr. 
stance  of  the  Trinidad  order  in  Horton  and  Mr.  Ellis  maiatained, 
oonndl?  or  had  these  colonists  gone,  in  opposition  to  it,  that  it  was 
as  they  pretended,  to  the  utmost  unjust  and  absurd  to  consider  the 
▼erge  of  conciliation,  when  they  planters    as   having  any  love  of 
did    not   scruple    so    to  mutilate  slavery  for  itsown  sake,  or  resisting 
and  frustrate  the  letter  and  spirit  its  mitigation  as  the  renewal  of  ani 
of  that  order  in  a  case  the  most  abstract  blessing;   that  their  re- 
important    of   all,  namely,  with  luctance  to  concur  in  measures  pro- 
reference  tocharges brought  against  posed  at  home  arose  mainly  from  a 
tiie  owner  or  his  agent,  who  had  it  belief  that  those  measures  tended 
thns  in 'his  power  to  stifie  all  com-  to  depreciate  their  property,  if  not 
plaint,  where  it  was  generally  most  to  destroy  it ;  that,  as  information 
desirable  that  compkints,  if  weU  extended,  and  gradual  steps  con- 
ffmnded,  should  not  be  discouraged?  tinually  added  to  experience,  they 
In  the  same  way,  Dominica  had  would  take  a  more  accurate  view 
lecognized  the  admissibility  of  the  of  their  own  interests,  and  discern 
evidence  of  slaves  duly  beiptized,  that  the  gradual  amelioration  in- 
|nt>vided  two  of  them  concurred,  tended  was  neither  objectionable 
when  examined  apart,  in  the  same  in  principle  nor  dangerous  in  prac- 
slory;  and  provided  that  the  evi-  tice;  that  the  course -which  had 
dence  was  not  to  affect  their  master,  been  already  recommended  by  par- 
After    going    into    many    Xsther  liament,  and  begun-  by  govem- 
lengthened  details  of  what  had  not  ment,  was  the  onlycourse  properly 
been  efiected  by  the  colonial  legis-  fitted  to  gain  these  ends;  and  that 
latures,-  Mr.  Brougham  concluded  to  comply  with  the  present  motion 
tiiat  Jamaica  had  done  less  than  would  be  an  abrupt  and  total  de- 
nothing,  and  Barbadoes  worse  than  parture  from  it.     The  point,  said 
notiiing.     The  House,  therefore,  Mr.  Canning,  on  which  the  House 
ought  now  to  let  it  be  known,  that  is  now   called   to  decide  by    its 
aovemment  and  the  country  took  vote  is    whether  the  resolution 
Vol.,  LXVIII.  CM 


m]     ANNUAL   K^GISTEB,    1826. 

propQfied  f(ff  iU  ndapUoQ  will  be  in  the  West  Indias,  but  thai  it 

uj^ul  for  th^  piurpofieB,  which,  it  looks  to  thsit  dvent  as  a  lesiilt  which 

must  be  a^nuoedj  are  the  objects  will  be  produced  by  the  oiore  ooi^ 

pf  that  rewlutifl^    That  resiolu-  cilitating  and  moderate  coorae  it 

tkm  ^ootainf  som^  propositiansy  to  has  alr^y  adopted  ;  tbat  it  wiU 

whicht  us  abstract  i^ropositioasy  I  not  be  diverted  (rum  that  eoww^ 

have  9P  difficult  (with  some  modi*  except  by  a  degree  of  rf»^tnnar 

<feetfapg,  iudeocU)  in  subscribing,  amounting  to  wmhimary,  whieh  it 

But  tb^  particuW question  for  the  does  not  at  present  conteH^ttte; 

House  to  detenmnei  on  the  pre-  and  that  we  n^y  still  hope  that  wt 

aent  ecc9sion»  I  take  to  b^-^whe*  shall  not  be  drawn  to  thai  »vt 

ii^ex  thepasfiingodf  any  such  lesolu*  of  alternative  which  a  departnif 

tion  as  this  be  necessary  or  useful  ?  from  this  kind  of  ooune  soppoast 

and  if  it  be  neither  necessary  nor  As  to  those  again  who  thank  thai 

U|i^u}y    whether  it  may  not  be  this  most  in^portai^  qjuestiom  m^ 

xatfi^  detriouBntal  than,  beneficial  volving,  as  it  confessedly  do(%  st 

t^the  general  faestion  upon  which  nearly  the  lives,  the  inteiesta»  and 

the  Home  baa  already  exprpsspd  its  the  property  of  so  mai&y  of  ooi 

feeb^igE    I  must  assume,  that  the  fiellow-^sulycts>  is  to  badetqrmiiiri 

xes(»lut]ons  passed  by  this  House  ontheab6tcictpr(q[MXxtiooN^''Thai 

in  May  1823*  contain  tibe  whole  of  man  oannot  be  made  the  ptnyaisy 

the  cc4e:  which  parliament  have  of  maxn"^^  must  take  tbe  ^orty 

agpeed  tntake.lbr  their  guidance  in  of  relegnting.  them  to  the  8dKM)k; 

^his  husiu^tf ;  and  i  must  also  a»«  and  of  teUing  them  that  thi^  da 

sume  that<  the  seveml  measures*  not  deal  with  this  gvave  and  en- 

wbiich  the  gpvemmenthavefonnded  tensive  ^^lestion  aa  nwmbeCT  of  the 

Qn  those  resolutions*  have  been  ad*  British  parliament  of  aa  mer^^^ 

m^(A  to  have  been  conceive4  in  of  any  established  society.     I 

the  ^rife  of  those  resolutians*  and  tell  Uiem  that  the  piagtieal  ..^^ 

ta  bare  boen  iramed  according*  tion  of  their  roeouktive  ootiaBasn 

1^    if  there  be  these  who  think  so  grave  ana  weigjbty  a.  aybject 

u^tt  a-difierent  course  ftom  diat  womd  leave  our  West->faadia  ffl»> 

wbiclvwe  have  pursued  ought  to  sessions  to  a  state  of  rava^  and 

h^iie  been  adi^tod;.  if  ihsve.  be  desolation*   which,  I  thinks  thsf 

those  wbiO  may  be  oym  disposed  themselves  wmild  be  but  litlXapsai' 

to-  gQ  back  to  the  year  1807»  aa  pared  to  eacpect«    Is  the  roaolutiflB 

^upkin^  that  the  abolition  of  oU  now  offered  for  adoptioa,Ganfieiviid 

^Keiy-  in  the.  West.  Indies  oug^t  in  that  temperate  ipiri^  and  do«i^it 

to  have  been  then  enforced  by:  an  bear  that   stamp  of  delifaaratui^ 

act  of  parliament^  I  have  rea%  which  would  notgive^it  theafiest 

Qul^tasf^to  them  thajb  thi^  come  of  changing  our  counfi^  andpneoit' 

too  late  into  thefield :  that  parlla*  pitatbg  the  House  at  once  beg^md 

ment  has  already  come  to  itsde^  theviewithas]uthertoaetedi^iQi&? 

termination  and  formed  its  decW  If  this  resolution  were  na  mon 

sipn'on  that  subject*    I  can  only  than  a  renewsl  of  onr  feffmer  da* 

i:emind  them^  that,  parliament  bais  clarations>  it  would  amount  to  ao« 

abeady  pronou«ced>  in  a. voice  not  thing.    But*  in  fact,  it  is  no  auch 

to  be  misunderstood*  that,  it  would  thing.    In  the  first  place^  it  ex- 

not  by  an  immfdiata  act  proceed  to  presses  regret  at  the  prooaediagi 

009^  the  ^panellation  of  slavoA  of  tha  Wesuladian>  VfliiylfltUBtf 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  (m 

To  this  peat  of  it  I  can  hare  no  of  his  ttiyesty'iminiatofiaadtlMi^e 

obieetkm,    further   than   that   it  of  the  hon.  gentlemen  who  ate  de« 

would  be  a  waite  of  time  to  record  sirooa  oS  a  more  rapid  progrew  Ib, 

over  again  what  we  have  already  that  they  riak  the  dedred  end,  to 

reoocded;  and»  to  the  seocmd  part  arrive  at  a  precipitate  eonduaion ; 

of  it,  which  pledgee  the  Houte  to  wheroas  we  with  lo  retard  a  little 

ioQow  up  this   dedaration  with  the  attainment  of  the  ol))eet,  in 

measures  calculated  to  pive  effisct  order  that  we  may  arrive  at  it  with 

to  it  in  the  ensuiM  session,  I  have  a  greater  assurance  of  safb^*" 

another  and  a  di%rent  objection.  Sir  T.  Ackland,  hatins  observed 

I  think  that  to  record  such  a  deter-  that  he  did  not  wish  dmotly  to 

mination  would  be  productive  of  negative  the  motion,  and  that  he 

peidtive  mischief*    I  do  not  look  nevertheless  ihought  that  its  adf^ 

to  the  six  or  eight  numths  which  tion  ¥rould  retaid  the  good  eSoo^ 

may  possibly  intervene   between  to  be  lodced  for  fiom  the  resolu^ 

the  present  and  en8uin|(  session,  tions  of  18S3,  moved  the  previous 

with  any  feelingof  despair  that  the  question  as  an  anendmettt*  whidi 

West-Indian  governments  will  not  was  carried  by  a  minority  of  100 

adopt  some  measures  in  the  q^irit  to  38 :  and  thus  the  oolonbl  legiip 

of  the  recommendations  sent  out  latnres  were  allowed  another  op* 

to  them ;  and  I  think  thdr  dls-  portunity  of  shewmg  how  fiur  they 

positka   to   do   this    would    be  were  inclined,  by  tiim»lyoonoessions 

weakened  by  a  pkdgeofthisnature.  and  purposes  of  good  fiuth,  topro* 

What  would  be  the  ^ect  of  it  on  vent  the  neeeasity  of  thedireet  and 

their  minds?    They  would  have  a  authoritative  mtetfiaiettee  of  the 

right  to  arpne  that  we  knew  not  mother  conntxy  in  matteoi  of  iav 

our  own  minds ;  that,  diioontaeiled  temal  regnlation. 

with  the  coarse  vre  had  already  An  iiB|K>rtant  altemtion  «9s  in^ 

takea;  we  MW  stood  pledged  to  re-  irodueed*  during  this  aeasioni  into 

soft  *e  seme  other  mode  CB  l^giflli^  the  adminisUration  of  justioe  in 

tiosi ;  that,  whatever  mi^  have  India,  by  a  UU«  bfftu^  in  by  Mc 

been  the  views  of  government,  the  Wyra,  Smt  tfaorc^gidtfaonof  jraes 

Honee  of Commonshad stepped  in,  within  the  teoitories  of  Aho  eon* 

and  of  neeessity  tinged  them  by  paiqr.    The  ousting  Inw  admitted, 

pledging  itself  to  a  new  mode  i^  by  its  wosd^  all  British  snlijeots 

peoceedmg.    In  this  way  wonU  to  serve  vfeii  juries;  hut,  in  its 

«fae  Jamaica  legislature  haare  a  ri^t  inteiyretalaon,  this  appdtotion  had 

«•  amie ;  and  would  it  be  xi^t  to  never  been  extended  to  all  fwrnm 

tktmnrm  at  onoe  thoae  expeetalians  bom  within  the  Brithii  dominions, 

vrtiidi  it  is  impessibfe  bttt  we  must  A  veay  large  popularioa  bad  qpnMtg 

hnv^  and  which  the  Weauindian  np  of  late  yean  in  India,  known 

legMatntts  will  not  be  ao  absurd  by  the  nsme  of  half^caate,  ane«f 

ma,  imfnUtic,  to  give  it  no  worsen  theirparents  haBtnghaen  a  natim, 

aond  cfiithet,  as  to  entirely  dis-  and  die  othor  an  fiinopean.    By 

iqipeint,  by  signiiyingtothem  that  the  conatmctioii  whieh  tiw  law 

vfe  aie  not  satisfied  with  our  own  had  received,   a  eonstniotifln  m> 

oowrsc,  and  thereby  warning  them  ancient  and  fixed  that  only  est  Sjct 

to  wait,  and  see  what  further  stmps  of  parliament  could  now  alter  it, 

we  sh^  be  disposed  to  take  f  The  the  whole  of  thislaigedas^^hou|^ 

lfrait4i0eDmootativeentbB|dtt9  ton  in  widhick,.aewell  at  twrthw 


1641     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

very  numerous  class,  consisting  of  this  provi^on  of  the  act  of  1815, 
the  illegitimate  children  of  £u-  for  three  years,  and  allowing  the 
rop6an  fathers  hy  Indian  mothers,  company  to  appoint  any  person  to 
were  disqualified  from  serving  upon  a  writership,  who  shoiild  produce 
juries,  imder  the  idea  that  they  testimonials  of  character;  and  un- 
were  hot  British  subjects.  By  the  dergo  such  an  examination  as  might 
hill  which  now  passed,  this  dis-  be  fixed  by  the  Court  of  Directors 
qualification  was  removed^  and  and  the  India  Board, 
''all  good  and  sufficient  persons  The  case  of  Mr.  Buckingham, 
resident  within  the  limits  of  the  who  had  formerly,  on  more  occa- 
several  towns  of  Calcutta,  Madras,  sions  than  one,  complained  to  par- 
and  Bombay,  were  declared  to  be  liament,  accusing  the  Indian  go- 
competent  Jurors,  with  the  single  vemment  of  havmg  deprived  Um 
exception  that  only  jurors  profess-  of  his  property,  and  despoticafly 
ing  the  Christian  religion  should  banished  him  from  the  countiy, 
sit  upon  the  trials  of  Christians,  was  again  brought  before  the 
The  details  of  qualification,  sum-  House  of  Commons  by  lord  John 
moning,  and  challenging,  were  left  Russell,  who  presented  a  petition 
to  be  regulated  by  the  supreme  from  him,  and  moved  that  it  should 
courts,  subject  to  the  approval  of  be  referred  to  a  select  committee, 
the  king  in  council.  The  charges  contained  in  the  peci- 
The  demands  of  the  dvil  depart-  tion,  and  which  were  principally 
ment  of  the  company's  service  had  directed  against  the  late  Mr.  Adam, 
so  much  increased,  that  it  became  who  had  exercised  the  government 
necessary  to  facilitate  the  means  of  of  India  on  the  departure  of  the 
supplying  them.  An  act  of  parlia-  marquis  of  Hastings,  were^  that 
ment,  passed  in  1813,  had  provided  after  he  had  expended  20,00(D^  in 
that  no  person  should  be  eligible  establishing,  under alicence,anews- 
to  be  a  writer  in  the  company's  paper  called  the  Calcutta  Gazette, 
service,  who  had  not  passed  four  he  had  first  of  all  been  ordered  to 
terms  in  the  £ast-In^  College,  quit  India  himself,  and  next,  the  H- 
In  consequencie  of  the  subsequent  cence  of  his  newspaper  had  been 
extension  of  the  company's  ter-  withdrawn ;  that  by  these  acts  of 
ritories,  and  the  establishment  of  government  he  had  not  only  lost  the 
new  courts  in  Bengal,  much  incon-  whole  sum  invested  in  his  q^ecukr 
venience  had  been  experienced  in  tion,  but  had  been  involved  in  debts 
the  administration  of  justice :  many  to  the  extent  of  10,000^ ;  and  that 
persons  preferred  submitting  to  all  these  arbitrary  proceedings  had 
wrong,  to  the  risk  of  being  sum-  been  adopted  against  him  merdy 
moned  a  hundred,  or  a  hundred  and  because  of  some  strictures  Tvhidi 
fifty  miles  in  prosecution  of  their  appeared  in  his  journal  upon  cer- 
rights.  The  college  could  not  turn  tain  public  measures.  Mr.  Wynn 
off  a  sufficient  number  of  young  and  Dr.  PhiUimore  argued  that 
men.  Seventy  more  writers  than  there  was  no  reason  fw  the  inter- 
it  could  furnish' were  required,  and  ference  of  parliament,  as  the  peti- 
an  annual  production  to  the  amount  tioner  had  been  treated  according 
of  fifty  would,  it  was  calculated,  to  law.  No  person  could  reside 
be  necessary  to  supply  the  demand,  in  India  without  a  licence  ;  and 
Jn  these  circumstances,  a  bill  was  the  obstinate  conduct  of  Mr.  Buck- 
passed  suspending  the  operation  of  iugbam^  in  defiance  of  idt  wanungi^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [165 

bad  rendered  his  removal  necessary,    ferring  the  petition  to  a  select  com-< 
Vo  sensible  man  could  think  of  a    mittee  was  carried  by  a  majority  of 
free  press  in  India^  where  the  em-    three ;  and,  two  days  afterwards, 
pire  of  a  handful  over  so  immense    the  committee  obtained  authority 
a  population  was  the  empire  of   &om  the  House,  to  send  for  per- 
opinion.      The    Calcutta  journal    sons,    papers,   and  records.      On 
lid  begun  with  virulent  attacks    the  latter  motion  being  made,  Mr. 
upon  individuals,  and  then  assaulted    Wynn  complained  that  the  motion 
the  government,  canvassing  even    for  the  committee  had  been  carried 
the  most  delicate  transactions  with    by  surprise ;  he  never  having  an- 
the  utmost  violence,    in    articles    ticipated  that  more  would  be  moved 
which  were  immediately  translated    for  than  the  reading  of  the  petition, 
into  the   native    lan^ages.      Its    and  no  notice  having  been  given 
editor  had  received  a  warning  of    of  the  unusual  mode  of  proceed* 
the  consequences  of  persisting  ii^    ing  which  had  been  adopted,  while 
this  conduct  in  1818,  and  disre-    he  was  informed,  notice  had  been 
gaided  it     In   1821   it  was  re-    sent  to  the  opposition  members  to 
peated,  and  it  was  communicated    be   at  their  posts.     But  since  a 
tohim, '^thattheGovemor-seneral,    committee  had  been   carried,  he 
in    council,    found    himse&   con-    must  stipulate  for  a  fairer  one; 
strained    to  exercise  the    powers    the  present  list  contained  only  five 
vested  in  him ;  and,  however  pain-    names  from  his  side  of  the  House, 
ful  it  might  be,  he  could  not  shrink    and  eleven   from  the  opposition, 
from  the  discharge  of  that  duty ;    The  chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
that  he  would  be  .deprived  of  his    had  come  down  to  the  House  about 
licence,  and  would  be  required  to    six  o'clock,  and  learning  that  the 
furnish  security  for  quitting  the    presenting  of  petitions    was   not 
country."     In  the  course  of  1822,    yet  over,  he  had,  he  was  ashamed 
Mr.  Buckingham  again  repeated    to  say,   turned  back.     Mr.   Hob- 
his  attacks  on  the  government  by    house  maintained  that  when  the 
severe  remarks  on  some  transactions    opposition  did  gain  a  question  by 
which  had  taken  place  in  the  king-    some  strange  accident,  they  were 
dom  of  Oude.    Lord  Hastings  then    entitled  to  make  the  most  of  so  un- 
gave  him  his  final  ivarning,  stat-    usual  an  occurrence ;  Mr.  Calcraft, 
ing,  at  the  same  time,  th^t  if  he    that  it  was  only  by  active  arid  un- 
persevered  in  the  same  course,  his    expected  evolutions  that  his  side 
licence  would  be  cancelled,  and  he    of  the  House  could  ever  hope  to 
would  be  required   forthwith  to    defeat  their  opponents;  and  lord 
leave  India.     This  took  place  to-    John  Russell,  that  the  system  of 
ward  the  close  of  the  year  1822,    notices  was  extremely  prejudicial 
and  lord   Hastings  embarked  for    to  his  friends  and  him,  as  a  notice 
England  in  January,  1823.     Mr.    never   failed    to  bring  down  all 
Buckingham,  on  his  departure,  be-    the   numerous  representatives  of 
gan  again  to  calumniate  the  go-    Downing-street.    An  amended  list 
vemment ;  and  Mr.  Adam  imme-    of  the  committee  was  agreed  to 
diately  enforced  the  orders  of  lord    without  a  division. 
Hastings  against  him.    Any  other        In  our  North  American  colonies, 
course  would  have  been  pusilla*    the  law  of  naturalization  was  ex« 
nimity.  tended  in  the  Canadas.    By  an  act 

Tbf  motion,  bowever,  for  re*  passed  in  J791>  bo  person  could 


16d]    ANNUAL  JlBGISTBR,   1826. 

te  dumnldned  to  the  legidatllre  whieh  it  hiA  been  used  ivM  one 

council^  or  elect,  ot  be  elected^  to  which  boi^  not  tlte  aligfateat  riiftde 

the  legislative  SuseitiHy  6f  these  of  ft  political  a^eet     It  wss  that 

province^,  unless  he  was  dther  a  of  a  man  who  had    menaced  * 

natuhd   bom   subject  of    Qneat  foreign    ambassadors    and    who, 

Britain,  or  a  subject  who  had  be-  there  Wa^  the  be^t  reason  for  p»^ 

come  so  hy  the  conquest  and  ces-  Aiming,  would  hate  carried  hb 

ision  of  the  Canadas,  or  had  been  threats  into  execution,  had  he  not 

naturalLsedbyanact  of  the  British  been  brought   bdbre   the  Piitj 

parliam^it.      A   bill    wad   now  Council,  and  dealt  witli  under  the 

pasied,  giving  to  ft  nfttuitdlxing  pturisionA  of  this  act    With  tiw 

act  of  the  Canadian  legislature  the  exception  of  that  angular  case,  te 

same  effect  as  to  one  of  the  legb-  nowerij,  whichhad  been  confided  to 

lature  at  home ;  but  providing  that  nim  under  that  act,  not  only  were, 

such  act  should  be  null  and  void  if  he  trusted,  not  abused^  but  wen 

not  ratified  bvhis  majesty  within  actually  not  exeidsed^    He  had 

two  years   ftfler  it  should  hftve  also  the  satisfaction  of  stating,  that 

been  presented  to  him  for  that  in  addition  to  the  act 


purpose.*^  inoperative  in  his  own  hands,  S 
Excepting  the  relaxation  of  the  had  never  been  used  for  the  potw 
liavigaUon  kws  in  favour  of  the  poses  of  annoyance  by  those  in 
new  states  of  SoutU  America,  subordinate  situations.  He  oonld 
which  has  been  already  noticed,t  also  bear  testimony  to  the  exctl* 
and  incidental  iemarks  on  the  pro-  lent  conduct  of  the  fondg^nen 
gress  of  the  insurrection  in  Greece,  resident  in  this  countty ;  and  had 
which  excited  no  discussion,  and  it  not  been  for  such  dlKi^dcm  on 
led  to  no  result,  the  onlv  measure  their  part,  the  House  and  the 
regarding  our  relations  with  foreign  country  would  now  have  been  de- 
states,  which  occu j)ied  the  atten-  prived  of  the  satisfaction  of  seeing 
tion  of  parliament,  was  the  ex-  such  a  measure  as  the  present  in« 
piry  of  the  Alien  act.  During  troduced;  and  he  trusted  they 
this  session  it  died  a  natural  death.  Would  so  conduct  themselves  as 
and  the  expectations  which  had  not  to  incur  the  imputation  of 
been  entertained  that  no  renewal  making  a  bad  return  for  the  con* 
of  a  measure  always  unpopular,  fidence  about  to  be  reposed  in 
although  sometimes  necessary,  them.  Many  of  them  had  been 
would  oe  proposedi  were  not  dis-  compelled  to  seek,  and  had  found, 
aj^inted.  In  introducing  the  an  asylum  in  this  country ;  and  it 
mdder  set  of  regulations  which,  would  be  but  a  bad  return  for  the 
conferring  no  power  of  sending  recgrtion  they  experienced,  were 
aliens  out  of  me  country,  were  they  to  make  England  the 


—  ^ — ,  --  ^ — ispirades  agi^nst 

said,    that,   in  relinquishing  the  exming  authorities  in  their  own 

power    which  that  act  had    be-  country.    If,  however^  that  diodld 

stowed,  he  had  the  gratifying  Con-  turn  out  to  be  the  case,  an  event  he 

sciousness  that,  in  no  instance,  had  by  no  means  anticipated,  he  would 

it  been  abused.     The  only  case  in  feel  it  his  duty  to  apply  to  porii^ 

went   for   the  renewal  of  iho«B 

*  7  Geo.  4.  c.  68.  powers  for  which  he  had  the  MS^ 

f  ni0an$t,p,e7.  fa^ion to  believe thete Wtt Aow no 


HISTORY  OF  KuAOi^fi.  [IW 

■ 

ikuxiBKiiy ^  and  ftr  wliich  he  tnlsttd   t^mrMit  ihiOe^  U^  kftitdi  tft  hf 
tliere  would  be  tld  fiitare  dcoteioii.    nodci^  In tlie gacetle.    W%«ikkaV» 
T^  new  act*    i^uii^   that    ing  the  king&to,  he  iMkes  «  de* 
^Ve^ralieti  I'esid^t    Within  ihe    daraticm  tb  that  efi^t  at  the  jmrt 
Kngdota  at   the   time  it  passed    of  de^artut^,  ahd  his  pas^idH  is 
flhould    tiansmit    to    the   Alien    themipoh  k^ttihied  ib  h&6.  Thew 
Office,    within   fourteen   dikys,  a    is  no  pfotUoh  requiring  him  t» 
written  declaration  of  his  iiame,    deelate  into  what  fo^gn  parts  )ie 
fank,  oonlpation^  Ae  country  from    is  going ;  ahd,  in  no  einnttttstknees 
whidi  he  last  bame,  and  hoW  long    can  he,  against  his  WiU>  be  sent 
lie  bad  be^  in  tins  eoontiy,  ac    out  of  thekingdom*     If  hfe  (i»  tiot 
oompanied,  in  the  case  of  domestic    make  th«  tieeesst^  d^elitt>AliOfis, 
mtnkni^  With  the  name  and  abode*"  or  make  fete  ones,  h^  is  liable  to  II 
of  their  masters.    Aii  alien  arrira    fine  of  SOL,  txt  An  Imprisonmeni 
W  after  ih^  commencement  of   fbr  not  longed  thati  six  mtofthi^Mi 
the  act  is  reduired  to   make   A    conviction  &ftih^  two JUBIie^l  The 
similar  dedaratioh,  and  ddiret  tip    it^petitibb  of  tite  cteehuillionB  ihay 
Itis  passport  to  the  chief  officer  m    occadioh  to  an  allien  some  little 
the  Customs  at  the  port  where  he    titnible ;  btit  certainly  the    fteitf 
lands.  With  the  tidme  of  th^  tdace    least  that  gotemmeht  «aa  be  ei»i 
to  which  he  intends  to  go,  ana  the   pected  to  ask  is^  that  it  shall  ai 
name  and  place  of  ab^  of  any    least  knew  what   fbrdgners   ti^ 
pefsobs  to  whom  he  is  known,    resident  in  the  country,  and  where 
He  receive  a  certificate  from  tho    they  reside*    This  is  all  that  the 
Customs,  and  ihe  dedaraticm,  the    act  grants  i  seveh  years  t«sidenee 
pttssport,  and  a  co;^  of  the  certi^    em^dpates  the  alien  fh)m  its  re« 
ficate  are  transmitted  to  the  Alieti    stiaints  altogether:   And   ndther 
Office.    When  they  are  received,    for  the  certificates,  the  declarations, 
a  new  eertiflcat^  is  riven  to  the    nor  aoy  other  st^p  required  under 
alien ;  and  if  he  be  found  therea    it,  does  it  allow  a  single  fee  to 
afler,  without  the  certificate,  or    be  takenut«.a  happy  contrast  Aom 
residtngi  Without  legal  exbuse,  in    the  condu^  of  continental  eourts, 
any  ot£er  place  than  those  therein    Who  contrive  to  pay  their  fisuil 
expi^essed,  he  is  subject  tb  a  penalty    officers  by  extonkmi  practised  upon 
of  20/. ;  but  if  the  certiflcatig  shall    strangers, 
have  been  lost  ot  destroyed,  th^       The  session  of  parllatneni  Was 
alien  shall  obtain  a  nevi^  one  oh  itii    somewhat  shortetied  by  the  atM 
bdng  attested  bv   ft  justice   of  pro^  of  Its  dissolution.    On  the 
peace  that  silch  is  the  fcdse,  atid    31st  of  Miiyi  its  siitth  and  lait  ses^ 
that  he  has  complied  With  the  re«    sion  Was  terminated  by  the  follow^ 
quisitions  of  the  act.    Twice  every    itig  8peeeh>  delivered  by  the  Lord 
year.  vix.  on  the  ist  January,  and   Clumcellor  as  me  of  the  Royal 
1st  July,  he  muM  repeat  the  dc^    GoniniissioiierB  for  thai  purpose* 
chffation  of  his  plate  of  t^dence,         ^'My  Lords  and  Gentlemen^ 
and  whertj  he  intehds  iii  fntui^  to       "  His  Majesty  eommands  US  to 
reside ;  but  a  Secretary  of  State    inform  you,  that,  the  state  of  the 
may  require  this  declaration  from    ptiUk  business  enabling  his  Ma- 
him  more  frequently  either  by  a   jesty  to  close  the  session  at  a  period 

.    ■  of  the  year  the  most  convenient 

*  7  Geo.  4.  c.  54.  for  a  general  election,  it  is  his  Ma- 


168]      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


jesty's  intention  to  dissolve^  with- 
out dday^  the  present  parliament, 
and  to  direct  the  issue  of  writs  for 
the  calling  of  a  new  one. 

'^  His  Majesty  cannot  take  leave 
of  you  without  commanding  us  to 
express  his  Majesty's  deep  sense  of 
the  xesl  and  puUic  spirit  which 
you  have  constantly  displayed  in 
the  discharge  of  your  several  im- 
portant innctions* 

'^  Hi«  Majesty  particularly  ac- 
knowledges the  promptitude  and 
discretion  with  which  you  have 
applied  yourselves  to  the  objects 
specially  recommended  to  you  by 
his  Majesty  at  the  commencemeut 
of  this  session:  and  his  Majesty 
confidently  hopes,  that  the  eood 
effect  of  your  deliberations  wiU  be 
manifested  in  the  improved  sta- 
bility of  public  and  private  credit. 

"  His  Majesty  has  the  satisfac- 
tion to  inform  you,  that  the  dis- 
tinguished skill,  bravery,  and  suc- 
cess, with  which  the  operations  of 
the  British  Arms  in  the  dominions 
of  the  king  of  Ava  have  been  car- 
ried on,  have  led  to  the  signature, 
upon  highly  honmirable  terms,  of 
a  preliminary  treaty  with  that 
sovereign,  which  his  Majesty  has 
every  reason  to  expect  wul  be  the 
foundation  of  a  secure  and  per- 
manent peace. 

"  His  Majestyfurther  commands 
us  to  repeat  to  you,  that  his  Ma«^ 
jesty's  earnest  endeavours  have  con- 
tinued to  be  unremittingly  exerted 
to  prevent  the  breaking  out  of 
hostilities  among  nations ;  and  to 
put  an  end  to  those  which  still  un- 
happily exist,  as  well  in  America 
as  in  Europe. 

"  Gentlemen  of  the  House  of 
Commohs, 

'^  His  Majesty  commands  as  to 


thank  you  for  the  provitions  wliicl 
you  have  made  tor  the  service  oi 
the  year. 

''His  Majesty's  attention  wilJ 
be  constantly  directed  to  the  re^ 
duction  of  the  public  expenditurej 
in  every  deg;ree  that  may  be  ocnx- 
sistent  with  the  due  maintenanoe 
of  the  security,  honour,  and  in^ 
terests,  of  his  kingdom. 

"  My  Ldrds  and  Crentieinen, 

^'  We  are  specially  commanded 
to  assure  you,  that  his  Majesty's 
paternal  feelings  have  been  de^y 
affected  by  the  distresses  which 
have  prevailed  among  the  manu- 
facturing dasses  of  ms  Majesty's 
subjects;  and  by  the  exempliuy 
patience  with  which  those  dis- 
tresses have  been  generally  borne. 

''His  Majesty  trusts,  that  the 
causes  out  of  which  the  partial 
stagnation  of  employment  has 
arisen,  are,  under  the  blessing  of 
Providence,  in  a  course  of  gramial 
abatement. 

"  His  Majesty  is  confident  that 
your  presence  and  example  in  your 
several  counties  will  contribute  to 
maintain  and  encourage  the  loyal 
and  orderly  spirit  which  pervades 
the  great  body  of  his  people. 

"  And  his  Majesty  relies  upon 
your  disposition  to  inculcate  that 
harmony  and  mutual  good-will 
among  the  several  great  interests 
of  the  country,,  upon  which  die 
common  prosperity  of  them  aU  es- 
sentially depends/' 

On  the  2nd  of  June  Parliament 
was  dissolved,  and  writs  ordered  to 
be  issued  for  a  new  election,  the 
writs  to  be  returnable  on  the  25th 
of  J^ly* 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE; 


[169 


CHAP.   VII. 

General  Election — Slate  of  the  Harvest^Impwrtation  of  Grain  allowed 
— Meeting  of  the  new  Parliament — King  s  Speech — Amendment  on 
the  Address  in  the  House  of  Lords,  moved  by  Lord  King'^Amend- 
ment  on  the  Address  in  the  House  of  Commons,  moved  by  Mr.  Hume 
— Amendment  moved  by  Mr.  Westem-^Act  of  Indemnity — Motion 
for  a  Select  Committee  on  Joint^Stock  Companies — Resolutions  against 
Briery  at  Elections,  moved  by  Lord  AUhorjH^Resoluiionsfor  regu^ 
luting  Committees  on  Private  ^ills,  moved  by  Mr.  Litttefon-^King's 
Message  respecting  the  Conduct  of  Spain  towards  Portugal-^Mr. 
Canning* s  Speech  on  an  Address  in  Answer  to  the  Message — Discus-^ 
sum  in  the  House  of  Commons — Mr.  Canning's  Reply — Address 

moved  in  the  House  of  Lords-^Speech  of  the  Duke  ofWeMngton 

Sailing  qfan  Armament  for  PortugaL^Adjoumment. 


ALTHOUGH    the   elections, 
which  foUowed  immediately 
the  dissolution  of  parliament,  pre- 
sented several  scenes  of  active  and 
vigorous  individual  comhat,   they 
did  not  possess  that  interest  which 
attaches  to  them  when  their  issue 
is  to  decide  the  fate  of  contending 
parties.    Mr.  Stephen  endeavoured 
to  make  the  Slave-trade  a  test,  hy 
publishing  an  address  to  the  elec- 
tors of  the  United  Kingdom,  in 
which  he  recommended  to  them 
that  the  first  question  put  to  a 
candidate  should  be,  whether  he 
was  a  West-India  Merchant,  or 
proprietor  of  slaves?  and,  if  the 
question  should  be  in  the  affirma^ 
tive,  to  refuse  him  the  countenance 
of  a  single  suffirage.  Enthusiasm  is 
almost  always  inconsistent,  and,  to 
its  vision,  one  single  object  occu- 
pies all  space.     No  better  illus- 
tration of  this  could  be  found,  than 
that  a  sensible  man  should  under- 
value in  a  legislator  all  the  quali- 
ties  suited  for  the  discu&sion  of 
the  complicated  interests  of  Great 
Britain,    because  they  might  be 
I^ifueed  tp  (me  particular  side  on 


a  single  question  of  very  difficult 
solution. 

The  Corn-laws,    and  Catholic 
Emancipation,  were  the  topics  most 
frequently  resorted  to  on  the  hus- 
tings.    As  the  lower  classes  had  had 
the  impression  that  their  food  was 
high  because  the   Corn-laws  ex- 
isted to  enrich  the  landholder,  to 
declare  an  opinion  in  favour  of 
their  abolition  could  not  fail  to 
gain  cheers  at  a  popular  election. 
Yet  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  even 
where  candidates  found  it  neces-' 
sary  or  prudent  to  express    their 
sentiments  on  the  subject,  they  sel- 
dom spoLe  of  any  specific  enmity 
to  the  landholders,   or  gave  any 
pledge   to  keep  food  cheap,  but 
found  shelter  behind  the  vague  and 
unmeaning  promise  of  supporting 
such  measures  as  would  be  equally 
for  the  benefit  of  the  grower  and  the 
consumer.     At  Liverpool  a  miser- 
able attempt  was  made  to  get  up 
an   opposition  to  Mr.  Humsson. 
The  pretext  for  it  was,  that  the 
mercantile    policy    of    the    cabi- 
net had  injured  the  manufactures 
pf  the  country,  and  the  trade  of 


It03    ANNUAL   RfiOlSTER,    1826. 

the  port.    But  its  abettors  were  defeat^  announcing,  thaf  he  wcmld 

few,    and    ignorant^    and    mean,  repeat  the  experiment  till  it  suo 

and  could  not  fmd  a  candidate  to  ceeded."  That  Cobbett  should  haire 

accept    of   their  vulgar   support,  polled  nearly  a  thousand  votes  in 

Sir  Francis  Burdett  and  Mr.  Hob-  rreston  is  perfectly  natural^  b&« 

houst  were  returned  for  Westmins-  cause  Preston  enjoys  i^ost   uiu* 

ter  wi^out  opposition :  in  South-  venal  suffirage ;  and  the  faet  is  aa 

wark,  sir  ttcmert  Wilson  was  op*  edifying  example  of  the  effects  at 

posed  strodgly,  but  unsuccessfully,  that  m^e  of  distributing  the  elec^ 

In  the  county  of  Westmoreland,  tive  franchise.    On  the  part    of 

Mr.  Brougham  was  againmadethe  the  tnan  ^  Ike  peof^  the  election 

instnltnent  of  a  struggle  against  was  a  scene  cff  unmixed  iJack- 

the  iamillr  of  Lowther,  but  received  gUardism4    On  its  termination  be 

a  i/axxx  signal  defeat  than  in  his  mus  addressed  his  mob : 
former  attacks,    tn  Korthumber-       Gentlemeil,  I  have  dime  much 

land,  h>rd  Howick  and  Mr.  Beau-  good  to  you  by  my  coming ;  I  have 

Qiont  (one  oi  the  former  members  sweated  your  tyrant»>— Ihave  bled 

for  that  county)  both  failed,  al-  them,     i    have    made    the    silly 

though  each  of  them,  before  the  Honourable  (Mr.  Stanley)  throw 

ekction  was  done,  gave  his  second  15,0002.  among  you,  and  that's  no 

voted  With  a  ministmal  and  sue-  joke ;  fiir  though  thete  leads  have 

cessful  candidate.  In  Scotland,  the  too  much  land,  they  have  tiot  too 

only  struggle  was  for  the  represen-  much  money.    I  haVe  tickled  the 

latum  of  ^e  stewartry  of  Kircud-  captain  too ;   I  hav&  mad^  him 

bright,    ^m   which  the  fbrtner  danbe  to  dome  tuhe ;  h^  tnttM  luive 

ittember  was  ousted  by  a  majcnrity  pledged  his  half-pby  to  ksc^  open 

of  one  ill  favout  of  Mr.  Ferguson  house  for  you,  and  noW,  like  the 

of  Craigdarroch,  who  had  returned  other  half-pays  in  London,  he  miist 

to  his  native  country  a  voluntary  Hve  on  plates  of  beef  dnd  goes  of 

exile  of  mdre  than  twenty  yean  gin  ibr  Uie  next  seven  yean.    As 

in  India,  whither  he  had  gone  to  to  Mr.  Wood,  I  could  not  dfsw 

practise  as  a  barrister  after  ms  con*  liny  money  out  of  him,  f&t  Ae 

viciion,  nlong  with  lord  Thanet,  poor  devil  had  none  to  ^^d ;  bttt 

for  a  Hot  in  the  court  at  Maid-  his  father  Otty  Wood,  the  niiseriir 

ston^   on    the    trial    of    Arthur  old  sugar  beicet  of  Livetpod,   I 

O'Connor.  have  extracted   fnm.   hid  pod^et 

Cobbett  had  the  couraJ^  to  ofibt  whatahundred-horst-powersteAirt- 

himself  to  the  electon  of  Preston,  enebe  could  not  draw  fiioni  hhtM.^ 

t^here  he  found  amongst  them  a  I  have  made  hint  spend  7,0OOL 

ffbod  many  kindred  hearts;  and  These  are  what  I  have  dtme  hr 

Huni,  once  a  bold  and  dangerous  you,  good  gentlemen.    Bui  I  have 

demagogue  (in  to  far  as  the  power  done  mor&-^I  have  ktt^  oui  the 

and  incfinaiion  to  excite  confusion  Tory  captain  Barry.    Not  thai  I 

make^  a  man  dangerous)  but  whose  like  Wood  either;  I  only  didike 

ikme  had  now  sunk  into  that  of  a  him  least  of  the  tWo  *  bnt  yoa 

very  successful  manufacturer   of  shall  not  be  cuned  with  dth^oM 

shoe-blacking,  had  the  eflVontery  OT  other  of  them,  gentlenum.    Tlie 

lo  start  for  the  county  of  Somertet,  election  Is  not  Worth  a  Straw.     lH 

in  fecial  opposition  to  sit  Thomas  have  it  set  aside  next  April)  wfrtk 

Lethbridgd,  dnd  to  rettt^  from  his  111  bleM  our  ot^poneints  ^ffih,  ttft 


HlSTOtlV  01?  EUROPE.  ["I 

jtmll  eltet  for  your  nqpttsentatire  c^tfHed   before  the   lord   nltyon 

tlie  0iolf  num  wbo  has  the  wish  Lord  Johtt  Ruaikll  IdBt  his  d«^ 

sod  tile  dhiUty,  the  heart  and  the  tionftnrthetioontjfofHuntiiifldoiii 

lieaci,  to  serve  ytnx  atid  his  co\intr]r  his  brother>  the  tnar^uls  of  TavisA 

•^-tnyself^  ^demen^  myBelf."  He  tock^  was  otily  seoond  on  ths  pc^^ 

did  keep  his  promise  so  far  as  to  in  die  eotiAty  of  Bedfbtd>  after 

petlt&m  against  the  return ;  but  he  Mn  M'  Queen  an  anti^^^atholia 

neglected  to  enter  into  his  recog>*  candidate )  and  Mr.  Pym^  the  oUier 

nisances,  and  the   petition   was  eandidate  oii  the  B^dAnrd  intomt^ 

discharged.  lost  his  electioh  altogether.  Bnaa* 

The     Catholic    question    was  cipation>  or  r^sistattce  to  eiiianci« 

brought  forward  ittuch  more  dis^  pation^  Was  not  indeed  ptoposed  to 

dncUy,  eten  in  England :  the  tio*  candidates  as  a  test  or  generdly  or 

lence,  and  threats  (for  their  Ian-  loudly ;  but>  on  the  mult  of  the 

guage  was  nothing  less)  of  the  Englidi  eleetioiil,  the  opponents  of 

Cat&>lics  had  call^  up  a  cortea^  that  nveasure  did  gain  aa  aooeadon 

ponding  spirit  to  resist  them.    It  of  strength. 

was  knoWn  that  their  claims  would        It  Was  in  Ireland,  iUtdnatutaUj 

be  one  of  the  earlier  subjects  of  so>  that  the  giving  or  lefosing  of  a 

discussion  in  the  new  parliament;  irote  depend^  on  the  answer  re* 

the  one  ftatf,  therefore,  strove  to  ceired  to  the  question — ^wiU  you 

insure  the  election  of  a  House  of  Vote  for  emancipation  ?    The  doi^ 

Commons    which  would   support  ma^ogues  of  the  Catholio  asso^^ 

emancipation  by  so  powerfol  a  ma«  ciation  gave  themselves  entirely 

jority  as  to  overcome,  by  moral  in*  Up  to  cBtrymg  this  one  point,  and 

doenceandpoliticalexpediency,  the  were  aided  by  a  band  of  much 

majori^  of  the  House  of  Lords;  more  powerAil  agitators.    TheCa- 

Whik  the  other  struggled  to  regain  thdic  priests  now  mixed  openly  in 

that  ascendancy  in  nie  House  of  the  ocmflict ;  the  contest  on  the 

Commons  which  they  had  lost  in  hustings  was   converted  into  an 

18Sf,  but  had  lost  in  a  degree  so  award  of  eternal  damnation)  the 

small  as  to  be  yet  recoverable.    Of  consolations  of  the  church  here, 

four  candidates  whom  Yorkshire  and    the  joys    of  heaven   here* 

for  the  first  time  returned,  two  after,  Were  lavished  in  promise 

were   elected   on    the    declared  upon  the  Catholic   peasant  who 

ground     of    being    omjosed    to  voted  for  an  emandpation  candid 

emancipation;    and  lord   Milton  datei  the  darkness  or  excommuni- 

had  to  submit  to  be  interrupted  in  cation  in  this  life,  and  th^  gloom 

his  address  from  the  hustings  by  of  purgatory,  or  the  flanies  of  heU 

chtmorous  diouts  of  ''no  popery."  in  that  which  is  to  come,  were  de-> 

In  London,  alderman  Wood,  who  nounced  against  him  if  he  should  so 

trembled  for  his  election,  oomphdn«>  forffet  his  God  as  to  vote  for  an  anti-* 

ed  bitterly  that  his   attachment  catholic.   Over  the  tattered  and  iff^ 

to  the  cause  of  the  Catholics  should  norant  peasant,  whom  his  miseraUe 

be  made   a   reason  for   opposing  pat43h  of  potatoe^ground,  rated  kt 

him:  and  a  placard  having  been  forty  shillings, 'constituted  a  free« 

posted  up,  like  other  electioneering  holder,  the  i^nnical  sway  of  the 

squibs,  alludhig  to  thatattachment,  prie^  armed  with  the  terrors  of 

the  idderman  dctuaUy  had  the  hap  eternity,  was  irresistible.    The  as- 

iM  UltstidEet  i^ptehended,  and  sociated  banistcar  and  the  political 


172]      ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1826. 

pnest  travelled  the  country  toge-    and  here  are  your  priests  who  ^i^ait 
ther ;  in  order  to  propagate  the    on  the  bed  of  your  sickness,  and 
common  creed— -the  one^  by  threats    are  your  friends  alike  in  prospe- 
of  damnation^  and  the  other,  by    rity  or  woe :  follow  us  or  them.*^ 
the  more  temporal  considerations    Mr.     Shiell    said,    ''  the    whole 
of  civil  and  rddgious  power ;  and,    body  of  the  peasantry  have  risen 
to  insure  any  portion  of  the  elo-    up  in  a  tumultuous  revolt  against 
quence  expended  from  being  lost    their  landlords.    I  avow  that  this 
upon  the  motley  and  unlettered    extraordinary  political  phenomencm 
audience,  when  ike  lay  apostle  had    is,  to  a  great  extent,  the  result  of 
delivered  his  exhortation  in  Eng-    the   interposition  of   the  clergy, 
lish,  his  clerical  brother  followed  m    whose  influence  has  been  brought 
their  native    Irish.     Not  merely    into  full  and  unrestrained  activity .** 
political  opposition,  but  downright        This  interference  of  a  new  in- 
personal  hatred  towards  an  anti-    fluence    for    the   first   time    was 
catholic  candidate  was  inculcated    beneficial  for  the  present,  in  the 
as  a  Christian  duty.    Mr.  O^Con*    Irish  elections,  to  the  supporters 
nel  traversed  the  county  of  Water-    of  emancipation :  how  far  it  may 
ford,  with  a  rev.  Mr.  Sheehan  by    ultimately   benefit    the    cause   is 
his  side,  to  rouse  it  against  the    more    doubtful.     The    zeal    and 
family  of  Beresford.     Every  tie  of    violence  of   the  priesthood  gave 
respect  and  civil  influence  which    the  question  a  new  character,  and 
had  hitherto  united  the  Catholic    opened  a  new   view  of  the    in- 
tenant  to  his  Protestant  landlord,    tended  consequences  of  emancipa- 
gave  way  before  the  tremendous    tion.     What  is  called  emancipation 
power  of  the  church,  hurrying  on    is  a  civil  right,  and,  if  sranted, 
the  unthinking  votaries  of  i^o-    would  reach  only  a  few  laymen, 
ranee    and     superstition.       The    It  requires  a  considerable  share  of 
consequences  were  inevitable :  the    credulity  to  believe  that  the  ac- 
priest-hood  wielded  the  electors,  the    tivity  of  the  clergy  had  no  conneo- 
landlords  were  attacked   and  de-    tion  with  the  interests  of  their 
feated  by  those  very  forty-shilling    own   order ;    that  they   laboured 
freeholders  whom  they  had  them-    with  such  diligence,  and  employed 
selves  created  for  political  purpo-    all  the  powers  of  their  churdi, 
ses;  and  wherever  an  anti-catho-    merely  from  a  generous  willingness 
lie  candidate  came  in  contact  with    to  assist  others  in  a  cause  which 
the  church,  his  failure  was  inevit-    could  be  productive  of  no  advantage 
able.    In    the  county  of  Water-    to  them.    It  is  not  uncharitable  to 
ford,  lord    George    Beresford,    a    believe  that,  in  fcUowing  a  mere- 
member  of  by  far  the  first  family    ly  civil  measure  under  the  stand- 
of  the  county,  was  compelled  to    ard  of  pretended  civil  liberty,  they 
give  up  the  contest,  his  own  ten-    foresee  the   gradual  elevation  of 
antry  being  marched  forth  against    their  own  hierarchy.     Never  have 
him  by  Mr.  O'Connel  and  the  rev.    the  CathoHc  dergy,   as  a  body, 
Mr.  Sheehan.     At  a  meeting  h^    been  the  friends  of  civil  liberty ; 
in  Clonmel,    shortly    after     the    and,  in  looking  at  their  conduct  in 
elections,  to  celebrate  the  triumph,    the    Irish    elections,    Protestants 
Mr.  Sheehan,  the  priest,  said,  "  we    may  find  reason  to  suspect,  that  the 
said  to  the  people,  here  are  the    CaUiolic  church  sees  in  emandpa- 
natural  enemies  of  your  country,   tion  9oroetWn j[  much  more  cmlj 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [173 

connected*  with  its  own  power,  and  scarcity  was  most  alarming.  The 
the  renovation  of  its  own  prospe-  accounts  from  every  part  of  the 
rity,  than  the  equality  of  civil  pri-  country  were  all  equally  unfavour^ 
vileges,  and  the  universal  equaliza-  ahle;  and  the  consequence  v^as; 
turn  of  religions.  The  exerdse  of  that,  in  the  end  of  July,  and  the 
their  influence,  moreover,  tended  hegiiming  of  Au^st,  the  price  of 
to  diminish  its  sources.  The  these  latter  artides  hegan  to  rise 
landlords  were  now  taught  the  rapidly  and  steadily  in  every  mar- 
vanity  of  covering  their  estates  ket.  In  the  middle  of  June,  when 
with  a  swarm  of  mendicant  voters,  the  consumption  of  the  preceding 
whose  voices  were  neither  their  crop  tends  naturally  to  elevate  the 
own  nor  their  masters,  and  who  market,  oats  were  22s.  lid.:  du« 
could  not  hrin^  even  the  advantage  ring  the  first  two  weeks  of  August 
of  heing  politically  useful  to  hmi  they  were  at  or  above  27s.  3d. ; 
once  in  seven  years,  to  redeem  the  on  the  18th  of  that  month  they 
ignorance  and  misery  with  which  were  2Ss.  Sd. ;.  on  the  25th, 
they  surrounded  lum.  If  the  they  were  29*.  4rf. ;  and,  by  the 
landlords  of  Ireland  had  used  the  1st  of  September,  the  price  had 
full  powers  of  ejectment  which  risen  to  30s.  At  the  same  time, 
they  possessed,  the  condition  of  the  the  most  alarming,  and  apparently 
lower  class  of  tenantry  would  have  well-founded,  apprehensions  were 
been  calamitous.  In  some  in-  entertained,  that,  while  oats,  in 
stances  the  power  was  exercised ;  many  districts,  the  most  important 
and  the  Catholic  board  voted  a  article  of  food  to  the  lower  classes, 
portion  of  its  funds  for  the  relief  were  thus  placed  absolutely  beyond 
of  the  paupers  whom  they  had  in-  their  reach,  the  misery  would  be  in- 
duced to  quarrel  with  their  land-  creased,  and  particularly  in  Ireland; 
lords,  and  to  sacrifice  their  homes,  by  the  failure  of  the  potatoe-crop. 
The  interest  and  bustle  which  Even  the  jfarmers,  though  obtaining 
had  been  excited  by  the  elections,  high  prices  in  one  way,  were  sufiTer- 
were  succeeded  by  grave  appre-  ing  much  in  another;  for  the  violent 
hensions  concerning  the  result  of  and  continued  heats  were  so  pre- 
the  harvest.  Wheat  had  produced  judicial  to  the  grass,  that,  on  the 
what  is  commonly  called  an  aver-  richest  meadow  lands  of  England, 
age  crop  over  all  England,  or,  at  it  became  necessary  to  feed  cattle 
least,  where  it  had  partially  failed,  with  dry  fodder,  dmost  as  in  the 
these  failures  were  too  limited .  to  depth  of  winter.  Subsequently,  in- 
have  any  serious  or  lastins  influ-  deed,  these  alarms  were  dispelled  by 
ence  on  the  general  price ;  but  the  a  favourable  change  of  weather,  and 
heat  and  drought  which  prevailed,  partly  by  precautionary  measures ; 
during  the  months  of  July  and  and  the  national  root  of  Ireland 
August,  both  for  a  length  of  time,  produced  a  crop  singularly  abun- 
and  with  a  decree  of  violence,  not  dant,  instead  of  one  miserably 
ordinary  in  this  country,  threaten-  poor :  but  such  were  the  prospects 
ed  an  absolute  dearth  in  other  which  the  harvest  held  out  in  the 
species  of  grain,  as  well  as  in  beginning  of  September.  The 
pulse  and  potatoes.  Barley  was  high  price  of  30*.  for  oats,  at  the 
far  fiom  reaching  the  extent  of  an  season  when  they  should  have  been 
average  crop ;  but  it  was  in  oats  most  abundant,  and  pressing,  too, 
«ad  pulse  that  the  apprehended  as  it  did^  precisely  on  those  dis^ 


m]    ANP^UAL   RBOISTER,   1826. 

ckggi^  q(  ihe  oommunityj  vrhiek  ed  by  pfMrlianietit« 

were  $kt9aAy  suffering  so  much  Tbe    neoeasUy   of  ^  oimflniiflig 

ftom  die  Ifoiguishii^  9ttte  of  ma*  tliese  duties  and  €k^$bdng  an  mt^ 

nufactuz^  and  trade,  was  of  iu  of  Indemmtf  for  mlaisieri  who 

lelf  soffioiesitiij  alttrming  J  and  tha  had  thus  gone  beyond  th«  law, 

fears  thus  melted  were  indreased  oocgsioned  the  assemUitig  of  Uie 

by  ^e  accounts  whieb  were  daily  new  parliament  at  a  mam  etriict 

arriving  from  the  lUff th  of  Europe^  and  more  inconvetiifiait  seiMcm  than 

^t  the  demand  was  every  where  usuid*    The  same  garcH^  which 

inoreafing  for  that  q^edes  of  grain,  contained   the  order  ia   oooiidly 

But  althfl^b  the  price  which  contained  a  prodam^lion  ammiKm^ 

eats  had  reached  l^  the  beginning  ing  parliament  to  meet  for  the 

of  Septembeir  was  above  the  im-  despatch  of  business  on  the  14tii  «f 

portation    price,    the    system    (^  November.    On  that  day,-  abovt 

aven^ges  disabled  government  firom  an  hundred  members  of  Ae  new 

hfpUf  applying  any  remedy  to  House  of  Commons  appeared  at 

the  threatening  evil    Until  an  the  bar  (rf*  the  House  of  Lcfds. 

average  price  above  ^e  importa-  The  lord  Chancellor*  as  one  of  tht 

tion  price  should  have  been  struck,  royal     commissionerBy     addrosssJ 

the  ports   must   remain    closed;  them  in  the  following  tennifi— > 

and  the  first  average  that  would  "  My  Lords,  and  Oendemen  ef 

be  ta](en  would  not  be  struck  till  the  House  rfConunoasj 

the  15th  of  November,  an  interval  ''We  haveit  hi  command  firam  hii 

during  which  all  the  calamities  of  Miyesty  to  infblw  you,  that,  9M  saon 

a  fi^mne  might  have  overtiid^en  as  the  members  of  both  Housoa  have 

the   country.     F|om    this    pros^  assemble^,  his  Majesty  will  deoltft 

peot  ministers  had  no  means  of  the  causes  c^  summoning  the  pie* 

escaping*  except  by  vicdating  the  a^t  parliament  {  and  as  it  is  n^- 

law,  and  taking  upon  themselves  the  cessary  that  a  fit  and  proper  person 

responability  of  permitting  imports  he  diosen  Speaker  of  the  {feiiae  ef 

atien  widiout  wudng  for  tbe  ar*  Commons,  it  is  commanded  by  Ins 

rival  of  the  quart^ly  average  under  Miyesty  that  you  return  l«  the 

which  alone  it  could  le^iUy  be  id*  j^aee  where  you  are  to  sit,  mi 

bwed.    They  very  pn^ierly  choae  then  proceed  to  the  Atjioo  of  a 

the  latter  course ;  and  on  the  lit  df  proper   person  as  SpeidEer  ;   aad 

September  an  order  in  council  i^  after  sudi  choice^  that  ^wx  prownt 

j»med  authorising  the  immediate  such  proper  personfor  his  M%|0ity'$ 

importation  of  oats,  oat-meal,  vf^,  royal  awrobation." 

pease,  and  bean^  suid  the  bringing  The  Commons  having  tettUTBed 

them  into  market  if  they  were  in  to  Uieir  own  House,  Mi^  Musoictf 

bond^  but  imposing  a  duty  of  9«.  Sutton,    on   the  mottoB  «f  Mr. 

per  qum1;er  on  oats,  Qs.  Qd^  per  Sturges  Bourne,  was  unaAJtuossljr 

boll  on  oatmeal,  and  3f*  6d>  per  reelected  to  the  chair.     On  the 

quarter  on  rye,  beans>  and  pease^  following  day,  he  was  pfeaost^ 

The  duty  was  necessarily  made  with  the  usual  c^i^emoniea,  So  dv 

conditional,  and  was  not  payable  royal  commissionerff,  who  dedflrei 

at    the    moment.    Security  only  his  Majesty's  approval  of  the  ehoioe 

was  recmired  from  the  importers  made    hy  the   House;    f«id   the 

And  holders  of  the  gndn  tQ  mii^  $pef^^j  ia  ^  cualtnMj  fiftm^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE-  [m 

owed  nod  obtained  aMunnce  of  the  interruption  of  peaoe  in  dif" 

all  the  aneient  rights  and  privileges  ferent  parts  a(  the  world, 

of    the    Commons   of    £ngland«  "  Gentlemen  of  the  House  of 

Till  the  dl8t>  the  mdy  biuiness  Commonsi 

done  consisted  in  the  swearing  in  <'  I  have  directed  t^e  estimates 

of   memhers.    On    the  21st  his  of  the  ensuing  year  to  he  prepared^ 

Miyesty  himself  proceeded  in  state  and  diey  will  in  due  time  be  laid 

to  Ibe  House  of  Peers^  and  opened  bdbre  you. 

(be  new  Parliament  in  person  with  "  I  will  tale  core  that  they  shall 

the  following   l^[)eech   from  the  be  formed  with  as  much  attention 

Thrones  to  economy  as  the  exigencies  of  the 

''  My  Liords  and  Gentlemen^  public  service  will  permit. 

y  I  have  (odled  you  tM^ethcfr  at  "  The  distress  which  has  per« 

Ibis  lime,  for  the  spedu  purpose  vaded  the  commercial  and  manu« 

of  eomsHinicatipg  to  you  the  me»-  faeturing  classes  of  my  subjects 

saves  whidk  I  judged  it  necessary  during  Uie  last  twelf  e  mcmths  has 

to  lakeinlhemoBAiof  S^temher^  affect^  some  important  branches 

lor  the  admission  into  the  porta  of  of  the  revenue ;  but  I  have  ^ 

the  United  Kmgdom  of  certain  satisfaction  of  informing  you»  that 

sorts  of  forem  grafai  not  then  there  has  been  no  such  diminution 

admiastbfe  by  hw.  in  the  internal  consumption  of  the 

*'  I  havo  directed  a  my  of  the  country,  as  to  excite  any  apprAe&- 

Qrder  in  Cousacil,  issued  on  that  sions  tlmt  the  great  sources  of  our 

eecasMm,  to  be  laid  before  you^  and  wealth  and  prosperity  have  been 

I  con^i^ntly  trust  that  you  will  impairedt 

sea   stArient   reason  for  gh'ing  *'  My  Lords  and  Gentlemen, 

your  sanetioB  to  the   provisioQS  "  I   have   deeply    sympadnsed 

of  that  Gtdev,  and  for  carrying  with  the  sufferings  whidi  have 

Ibem  into  efbet  been  for  some  time  past  so  sever^y 

^  I  have  freat  satisftietion  h.  Mt  in  the  manufacturing  districts 

bebg  aUe  to  inform  you  that  the  of  the  country. 

Iiopes  entevtafaied  at  th»  close  of  ''I    hare    oontemnhted    wHb 

kst  aessian  of  ParMament.  respect*-  satitfaetioQ  thd  exemptoy  palienee 

iag  the  termination  of  war  in  the  with  which  these  sulSerii^  have 

Burmese  territories^  have  been  ftd«  been  ffenerally  borne. 

fiUed»  aai  that  »  pease  has  been  "  'nie  depressioB  under  winch 

eonehided  in  that  quarter,  highly  the  trade  and  manufactures  cf  the 

koDouraUe  to  the  Britjidi  arms,  and  country  Imve  been  labouring  has 

the  oounoils^  of  the  BritiA  govern*  obated  more  slowly  than  I  tfaouf^t 

meal  in  India.  mysdf  warranted  in  anticipating ; 

'^  I  conlinue  to  reoeive  from  all  but  I  retain  a  Arm  expectation  l£it 

foreigft  powers  assurances  of  didr  this  abatement  will  be  progressive* 

dmra  to  cultivate  the  rohtions  of  and  that  the  time  is  not  for  dis«- 

peaee'  and  friendly  understanding  tant  when,  under  the  blessings  of 

witlfr  me.  Divine  Providence,  the  oommeroe 

^  I  am  exerting  myself   with  and  industry  of  the  United  King- 

unvemifeting  anxiety,  either  sinfj^y,  dom    wiU    have    resumed    their 

or  in  conjunction  with  my  AlUei,  wonted  activity." 

aa  well  to  arrest  the  pvogress  of  In  the  House  of  Lords  the  Ad« 

asBiatiiig  hoiiililiftv  af  to  prevent  dress  was  moved  by  ead  Ggn|walii 


176]      ANNUAL    REGISl'ER,    1826. 

lis,  and  seconded  by  lord  Colville.  other  the  necessity  c^retrendiment 

The  only  opposition  to  it  proceeded  It  did  strike  him  as  a  most  extn- 

from  lord  King,  who,  mistaking,  as  ordinary  circumstance,  that,  at  a 

so  many  do,  or  pretend  to  do,  the  time  when,  in  the  minds  of  all  m^, 

real  nature  and  object  of  a  speech  there  was  but  one  prevailing  opi- 

from  the  throne,  complained  that  nion  as  to  the  aspect  of  public 

although  it  was  very  well  so  far  affairs,  and  that  an  urgent  demand 

as  it  went,  it  did  not  go  far  enough ;  was  felt  by  every  one  that  the  aflfain 

and,  after  expending  a  great  de^  of  of  Ireland  should  be  earnestly^  and 

very  indiBFerent  wit  on  the  charac-  i^peedily,  though   maturely,   con- 

ter  of  the  late  parliament,  and  the  sidered,  yet  that,  in  the  King'f 

dulness  of  ministers  as  being  the  Speech  delivered  from  the  throne 

greatest  "  doubters"  out  of  Chan-  at  this  time,  the  name  of  Ireland 

eery,  amply  compensated  for  the  should  never  once  be  mentioned, 

deficiencies  of  the  address,  by  mov-  He  hoped  there  was  nothing  onri- 

ing  an  amendment,  twice  as  long  nous  in  it,  but  it  must  be  confessed 

as  the  Speech  together,  and  em-  that  it  was  in  the  last  d^ree  sur- 

bradng    every  difficult  and  dis-  prising.     It  was  a  singular  &ct 

putable   question  — taxation,  the  that,  just  before  the  breaking  out 

national  debt,  the  civil  and  military  of  the  American  war,  at  a  moment 

establishments,  import  duties,  the  when  all  men's  eyes  were  pointed 

Corn-laws,  and  the  state  of  the  towards  America,  and  when  Ame- 

currency.    These  topics  were  re-  rica  was  the  word  which   hung 

gularly  brought  out  in  it,  as  an  upon  the  quivering  lip  of  every 

exposition  of   the  sentence  with  man  who  tiiought  or  felt  at  aD, 


which  it  commenced :  '^  we  hope  neither  mention  nor  allusion 

that  a  steady  adherence  to  just  and  made  to  it  in  the  Speech  from  die 

liberal  principles  of  policy  will  pre-  throne.     In  a  time  of  scarcely  less 

vent  a  repetition  of  Uiose  distresses,  anxiety,  Ireland  was   omitted  in 

which  in  the  course  of  the  last  ten  the  Speech  which  had  been  just 

years,  have  repeatedly  and  severely  read  to  the  House.  No  man  livinff 

afflicted  all  dasses  of  your  Ma-  could  beUeve,  knowing  what  had 

jesty's  subjects.''    The  amendment  been  doing  in  Ireland  for  the  last 

was  n^atived  without  a  division.  six  months,  what  was  doing  there 

In  the  Commons,  the  address  now,  and  what  ought  to  he  done 

having  been  moved  by  Mr.  Liddel,  here,  that  the  King's  Speech  con- 

a  new  member  for  the  county  of  tained  no  mention  whatever  of  the 

Northumberland,  and  seconded  by  condition  of  that  country.      For 

Mr.  Wyim,   Mr.  Brougham,  fol-  obvious  reasons,  he  would  not  now 

lowing  the  example  of  lord  King,  enlarge  on  this  subject ;  but  he 

complained  that  the  speech  con-  protested  against  the  omission,  and 

sisted  of  nothing  but  blanks :  he  he  earnestly  expected  to  hear  the 

had  never,  he  said,  listened  to  a  reasons,  if  reasons  could  be  given, 

speech  which  said  so  little,   and  why  that  omission  had  occurred, 

omitted  so  entirely  what  it  might  The  most  satisfactory  proposition 

have  said.    Among  the  omissions  his  majesty's    government    could 

of  the  speech,  of  which  he  had  to  make,  would  be  spme  measure  of 

complain,  there  were  two  subjects  sound  and  enlightened  policy  whidi 

of  paramount  importance ;  the  one,  should  do  justice  to  Ireland,  save 

the  present  st«t9  of  Ireland;  the  that  C9untry  f]K)m  the  oopibined 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


(177 


liaiTon  of  civil  and  religious 
warfare,  and  protect  it  in  what 
were  now  its  weakest  points,  but 
which,  well  managed,  ought  to  be 
ita  strongest,  and  which  would  im- 
part strength  to  the  whole  united 
empire.  As  to  retrenchments,  it 
might  be  said,  that,  when  the  esti- 
mates came  to  be  submitted  to  the 
House,  it  would  be  time  enough 
to  discuss  this  topic ;  but,  taking 
into  his  view,  circumstances  which 
fbroed  themselves  upon  his  atten- 
tion, and  listening  to  the  reports 
which  were  abroad,  and  which 
wrere  evidenced  by  certain  outward 
and  visible  signs,  he  saw  one  reason 
why  no  pledge  of  retrenchment  had 
been  made.  He  alluded  to  the 
report  that  a  certain  proposition 
mij^t  be  expected  to  be  made  to 
the  House,  savouring  of  any  thing 
rather  than  necessity,  and  entirely 
opposed  to  the  just  feelings  and 
expectations  of  the  people  of  this 
country.  It  might  be  hazardous 
to  prophecy  what  might  happen  in 
this  House;  but  the  measure  to 
which  he  alluded,  if  carried,  would 
be  carried  with  the  unanimous  and 
ioudly-exmressed  reprobation  of  the 
people  of  England.  These  were  not 
times  to  trSe '  with  the  people. 
The  distress  of  the  country  was  ad- 
mitted to  be  great :  one  means  of 
alleviating  it  could  alone  be  effec- 
tual, and  that  was  retrendiment. 
The  saving  the  public  money,  the 
reduction  of  the  taxes,  the  cutting 
down  the  estimates,  not  merely 
lower,  but  as  low  as  the  necessities 
of  the  people  required, — these  were 
what  the  duty  of  the  government 
prescribed,  and  what  they  must 
resort  to,  if  they  expected  to  re- 
tain the  obedience  of  the  people. 
Talk  of  new  palaces  whue  the 
country  is  thus  situated.  New 
palaces  !  Good  God !  is  this  a  fit 
time  to  discuss  the  propriety  of 
.  V01..LXVIH, 


adopting  this  or  that  order  of 
architecture  ?  If  the  House  pos- 
sessed the  proper  feelings  of  a 
British  House  of  Commons — ^if  it 
was  not  quite  dead  to  those  im<i 
pressions  by  which  on  other  oc- 
casions it  had  been  influenced,  it 
should  know  and  feel  that  the 
purest  and  most  ornamental  order 
that  art  and  science  could  invent 
and  combine,  would  appear  far  less 
gratifying  than  to  see  palaces  un-' 
finished,  while  the  people  are  suf- 
fering from  want  and  starvation. 
Without  any  wish  to  excite  the 
displeasure  of  those  whom  he  (Mr. 
Brougham)  had  now  the  honour  of 
addre^ng — ^many  of  them  for  the 
first  time — ^he  nevertheless  felt  it 
to  be  his  imperative  duty,  on  the 
first  night  of  this  new  parliament, 
to  express  his  deep  conviction,  that 
the  House  would  best  fulfil  its 
duty  to  the  country,  by  admitting 
Ireknd  to  a  full  and  free  participa- 
tion of  those  rights  from  which 
she  had  been  too  long  excluded,  and 
by  reducing  the  pubuc  expenditure 
of  the  nation. 

Mr.  Canning  said,  it  ought  to  be 
remembered,  that  parliament  was 
not  called  together  at  this  unusual 
and  inconvenient  season  for  pur- 
poses of  general  legislation,  but 
because  it  was  necessary  to  provide 
an  indemnity  for  those  who,  under 
the  pressing  of  a  grievous  necessity, 
had  been  forced  to  violate  the  ex- 
isting laws ;  and  if  any  complaint 
were  made,  that  no  notice  of  the 
com  question  was  to  be  found 
in  the  King^s  Speech,  beyond  a 
recommendation  to  grant  the  in- 
demnity referred  to,  he  would  at 
once  declare  his  decided  disinclina- 
tion to  state,  at  this  early  period  of 
the  sessbn,  the  opinions  entertain- 
ed by  his  majesty's  ministers  on  the 
subject  of  the  Corn-laws,  and  the 
way  in  which  those  laws  operated 


178}    ANNUAL   REGISTEB,    1826. 

on  the  country  generally.  He  of  Poriueal  8)iould  not  be 
trusted,  tberdbre^  that^  he  should  by  a  hoitSa  arm  ',  a«d  the  HouM 
avoid  ^ving  dissatisfaction  to  those  would  kam  wiu  aadsfadioii  ihaly 
who  were  mterested  in  the  ques*  during  the  last  threa  unsioot 
tion^  when  he  mid,  that  it  was  not  months,  the  aj^^eamiee  of  the 
the  intention  of  ministers  to  bring  naval  fofotf,  whidi  we  maintehiiii 
forward  any  measure  connected  in  the  Tagus^  had  prevented  aets 
with  the  Com^laws  in  thai  portion  that  nughthave  involvedall  Eutii^ 
of  the  ses^n  which  would  pre-  in  war.  In  that  very  fcnree,  who 
cede  the  adjournment ;  and.  he  would  take  Upon  him  te  i»y«  that 
was  determined  not  to  be  provoked  the  seeds  of  safety  w«A  not  aoWBt 
into  a  too  hdsty  discussion  of  that    and  the  wisest  and  beat  ecoswy 

ntion.  Certain  works  had  been  exhibited  f  It  was  Qolf  tllie^tfiM* 
unced  I  but  he  would  maintain  for  th»  purpose  of  an  vmtecfm(ff 
that  the  prosecution  of  public  display  of  the  strength  of  this 
works  was  of  the  first  importance^  country^  that  the  preMtt  mivsl 
when  the  crying  evil  of  the  country  estaUishmeot  in  the  Tigut  was 
was  the  want  of  employment  for  kept  up  i  and  thef^  woil  no  brsneh 
its  workingpc^ulation  |  and,  wha4>*  of  the  poli^  of  great  Brtlm^  that 
ever  might  oe  thesu^sringsof  par-  he  was  net  equfdly  prq^oted  to  §s 
ticular  daises  ,  and  however  these  into,  and^  de£md«  In  nigsMPd  te 
distresses  fiii^t  be  attributed  lo  Ixdbndi  it  was  th»  full  intftisn 
difiecent  causes,  he  was  con*  of  his  iBS|jeety V  ministnfa  to  bfi^g 
vinced  that^  the  good  semie  and  that  sumct  bcdbve  p«fliain<ot,  but 
proper  feelinos  m  the  oountrj  ho  would  not  be  tempted  by  itm 
generally  woim  never  gp  to  the  boa.  and  learned  gendemaa  inta 
extent  to  whii^    the   nom.    and    the  diaoufttoft  of  a  H^iieeti  wUeh 


learned  gentleman  had  carried  hii  musty  of  Becesftity»  be  bnn^t  tt€* 

remarks,  and  seriously  eacourafs  ward  in  the  course  of  the  [n^im 

a  desire  to  curtail  the  decent  q^n-  secflipn* 
dor  of  the  Crown.    The  hoB«  and        Mr.    Hutfie  deliveivd    a    ki^ 


learned  gentle&an  complained  that  '  speech,  on  thenec6ssity  ^  iln 
no  reduction  had  taik^  place  in  the    diate  reduction  of  ei^enditura  asid 
naval  and  military  departments  of    taxatiQn>  em  immediate  revirina  cf 
the  state;  but  what  was  the  amount    theGora*laws^theimmedisi|e( 


of  his    ot^ection  ?      Had    Oreat  cipadon  of  the  Irish 

Britain  no  statkm  to  maintain  m  aa  inmiediatc  reform  of  Padia* 

the  worlds     Had  not  Uus  couiitry  ment|  and  mifed  an  amondmiKt 

been  forced  to  oarry  her  army  to  a  whkh  pledged  the  Houae  inyaatV 


remote  comer  of  the  globe  ?     Did    to  proceed  to  MeeuCe  theft 

not  his  majesty  say  in  his  &>Q8chy    meosuresi  and  thanked  his  Mi^^i^ 


that  he  had  been  empfoyed  '^  te  &r  having  called  them  toigeth<t  at 

prevent  the  interruption  of  peaee  so  early  a  period,  as  to  leai%  llitfM 

m  dii^rent  parts  of  the  world  i^^  time  to  Make  M  re^uisittiH^^ivisi 

and  did  the  House  bcdievc  that,  iu  into  thtestimates  b^otte  voliM tke 

presecutiiu;  that  purpose,  thevewas  supplies.    This  aaeaddient>  wnitk 

no  neoadi^  £cnr  mssntaining  ex-  form  inquired  to  be  movted  m  i 

pensive  establishments?      It  was  subatitute for  the  original  Addwsii 

the  4uty>  for  instance^  of  thiaceun^  was  seaonded  1^  Mr.  MarohaUid^s 

try  to  tsJi^  care^  that  d»  confines  of  thenewmembeiifor  YockshiM^ 


HWTORY  OF  JEUROPB.  [m 

Wflifatoaft,  n  Ronald  FemsMk,  mthy  Mil  ^^eMtjr  Wlm^  iSt  fhd 

ad  ftldortotti  Woody  bol  waslosfe  Ifi  mdmtfiMi^  ^lM<^  h^^€  exp^n(^flc6cE 

iSnmm  hj  170  TOte^  agabtfe 34.  sffM  ^o  t^g^riMikM  df  iife  #^ 

The  agfkvhrhids  ^d  dot  flwnf  iaHienstt  iBl6,kaiBtkf  ttM^^ 

l9  be  bMOT  leased  Uum  Oidr  ad^  AtfOlffiftit^fe^tlJ^ilS^ffiifoff^stotihg 

fttwriM  wkb  tke  OHUSMem  *f  tlie  the  agriculture^    cffSH^ird^i    im 

itfbi«^  oC  &e  Com-kws  kr  t6o  ffianimief^tt^  of  the  to^iftiH^  td  ihe 

Sfneir;  anc^  wiicit  thff  i^ipolrt  m  fttffl«e  tfMiidiliirft  ef  pip^^afpfe^Ity  mi 

iW  Ad&Feis  was  faroitgirt  npy  Mf c  pfo^Mlte  l%r^ein<i^  in  ttltich 

Western  said,  t^a*  the  cfpen^m  6f  t^^  We^  sleMilf  ad^dnc$fr^  ait-: 

t]i6Adten,»ieiiDW8tdod,#fllDid  t«d«ct^M  «»   ths^   ^e^'^-^TM 

ftovo   eaeeedin^    ngurioit^  hf  ta&ifdmstti  Tf as^  6pp6se6i  hf  ^ 

te  thoopMan^  tfiM  tte  atiMdW  MmsldMiif^  lh«^  the  tH^lcf  ^fcf^ 

«iia»  w«i«r saflfarbuf  fiwift  fth^i^-  6^r^§(  fh^  C^^^T^s  t^oifia  iid(m 

^  pAa^  ti  ibear  U^Acm  cmxiiU^^  U  hmrtf  ^^  UdH^ ;  tM  iHm 

Ml  and  Mi^hMPX,  tiie  i^^ltflflL  fid^  j^<«6^i^  id  ^  Ximfit  hf  iM 

tafiets.   How  iC  was*  tfi6sr»  mMe^Pi^  ftfo^'^r. 

Meoiy  Ikat  ^psKVawetd  slMftd  dOf  Oh  thefNf^eftta6l^6f 2r|«6Cit^; 

aQ  ift  its  femet  to  go^  «gs£Me  WS   Li^e]?p66!  f «;>^«;s^fe<!    ift  ^^ 

diofiofiagBdoBof  sn^  d6  M«¥y  FloiJi$&  o#  jLof^   the  (!^!afU(M 

Sat  dfeif  tihff  iluoM  ^tOUld^  flpBfiftft^  "^^^f^'  ^  ^^  4i^M^  oh  Ac  ArtafhH, 

wj  plcdnpr  ttstM  Uf  MF  IfWWBMEhi  hM  d^noHdf^  wci^  ptcpstttct  id 

tm  of  the  essBCB^  t^at6%  iMt  16#  p¥^^^   ^  f^Stii^m    m6aittf€   f^ 

^iimaMake  c4  fStfffi^f  aM  dlH^  g»#^g  fhe^ €iM^^^,  httt  <bat  H 

MMf  aiuit  vskMly  O^iflf  ^Ii^ihM^'  Ihe  #^1^  b^^  Hfmar  fo^ards^nite^  66titt^ 

7W  lM5,lQdlplM6M^MKMi^k  ^  arfd"   ^b^'mds'  ptSlrfigtniehf    ^ 

»  atwitdm  f^tetly  tfid^lB^eleid:  B^ng  !^  fbrvMd^iSjte  ^'  Cbn^ 

Be  eoocaee^Mv  lifi^  fl^t^  dtffy  lfti^h<^^^.     ft  Imi  Bb6)t  fulfy 

^  ilia  proMt  yari^a!&Mn#  #9s^>  ^  ttt^derftooa    that  pa^lnhni^tft  ^^ 

adettafe  sfaft  cln^  of  iSISt^  M*  not  to'  xiteef  fef  Msii^SS-  tiS  ^c^ 

y<<tfigatfoi»"  t#  OMlMSftk^'  #10  Aa^  CIwKrtitfarf,  afn!b  ths^  )t  haxi  bsijn 

of  ^Kiai^  die  «diMB»  ^0^^  Mil  c«6K^6k«»  itf  ?feirelEk^^  lioerel^^  f6]^ 

U  t»  tudt  sor  ektMofillM^  m^  at   i^fj^^t^-  pm^bset      f^    ^dtdd, 

<€ dislPBB^Ibr  dl& kMT  «M^  ^'eSiirs;  t^^r^y bftui^jfefst  t&^tttef rxpcfti 

He  tihanfotf  MM#  m  m  ^Haien^  M^e^  whicft  rt  hti  ^li  n^- 

■tot— "TbatjpWtfM^IJf^rfl&ifllc  i^6ff  iVtehnafecP  \tt)\ilff  not  Cotnff 

^CoBtfnKitfn^  il>  ^^do«y  «o^  iMf  jnresinitf  iMder  the  notice  ef  ]^- 

w^restm  tv  JW*  Mttjesty/ «ft* jrir  ]S^afmei*t7>    awff,    nrflfej^deitttfy   csf 

tbesiBne  timvtsroxpye^lheif  d^  ot^ei^  con^^Va^io¥)^,  llDi^  d6Mpli- 

wpetv<fe»da^Ag^oltf»agcfag»^y  dAed    interests- JnVoltdd   fn   1^ 

io^ BE  tte  jeiBTl 893r~ 

sfcrte  of  several  j^i^e^i^lti^,  fr6«h  tfi^  fbfi  attehtfence. 

Iiwffy  borliieay  »tAMi  iSH^  ilNs  Oh  t£«  niot!otr  0^  lotd  Lijtrdb^ 

Bd,»    Tlfef  tiMraid^Vbnf  1^  da!fe,  mi  Adtfire^'^aTVbteff  tb'hiV 

tb»>4ltaW#^HMi  B«^le#f^  H^Wi^,  pra^^^&tff^oilferfiis' 

[N  2] 


180]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,  .1826. 

ambaflsadors  and  consuls  abroad  to  ourselves  from  foreign  ported   finood 

return  notices^  with  all  convenient  the  general  character  of  Uie  harvesi 

speedy  of  the  laws  at  their  respec^  abrwLd,  ministers  would  have  been 

uve  stations  regulating  the  exporta-  unworthy  of  the  trust  reposed  in 

tion  and  importation  of  grain^  and  them/  if  they  had  hesitated  to  se- 

the  alterations  in  the  duties  for  the  cure  the  country^  so  far  as  8ecurit3' 

last  fifty  years.  could  be  obtained^  againist  a  scarcity 

On  the  24th  of  November^  the  of  food.     If  they  had  waited   till 

House  having  resolved  itself  into  the  15th  of  November^  when    by 

a  committee,  ^'  to  take  into  consi-  law  the  ports  might  have   been 

deration  the  Com  acts/'  Mr.  Hufr;  opened,    the  consequences   iKTould 

kisson    stated    the    circumstances  probably  have  proved  most  cala- 

which  had  led  to  the  order  in  coun-  mitous.     From  the  rapid  riae   of 

dl   allowing  the    importation  of  prices  before  the  first  of  September 

foreign  gram.    He  said  that,  as  «-their  continued  elevation  subee- 

most  of  the  gentlemen  whom  he  quent  to  that  period— *the  conditjcm 

was  addressing  had  been  resident  of  the  crops  at  home — and  the  dis- 

in  the  country  at  the  time  when  coiuraffing  prospects  of  supply  from 

that  order  was  promulgated,  their  abroad,  he  had  no  difficult  in  aary- 

own  observations,  throughout  their  ing,  that  the  minister,  who  ahovJd 

respective  neighbourhoods,  would  have  hesitated  to  advise  the  admis- 

bear  testimony  to  the  fact,  that  the  sion  of  foreign  grain,  would  have 

state  cf  the  harvest  had  been  such  as  deserved  neither  the  favour  of  the 

to  justify  the  expedient  adopted  by  monarch,  nor  that  fiiir  and  liberal 

govenunent :  for,  in  no  year  withm  confidence  which  is  reposed  in  the 

uie  reach  of  his  own  experience,  ministers  of  the  Crown^  while  par<- 

had  there  been  so  much  unanimity  liament  is  not  sitting.     He  put  it 

of  opinion  in  the  reports  of  the  to  the  committee,  whether  it  oould 

probable  issue  of  the  harvest.     It  be  for  a  moment  thought,  that  any 

was  in  oats,  beans,  and  peas,  that  man  merited  to  be  trusted  by  the 

the  prospect  of  failure  nad  been  Crown,  or  supported  by  parliament, 

most  alarming.     On  the  4th  of  who  could  for  an  instant  hesitate 

August  they  exceeded  27^*  Sd.,  to  choose  between  a  breadi  of  the 

and  were  still  at  that  price  on  the  law  on  the  one  hand,  or  the  rhk, 

11th*    Ministers  thouglit  it  expe-  nay,  the  certainty  of  famine  on  the 

dient  to  wait  during  the  remainder  other.     There  was  another  feature 

of  that  month,  and  by  the  be^-  of  the  case  which  required  notioe^- 

ning  of  September  oats  had  risen  he  aUuded  to  the  duty  imposed  on 

to  SOs.    The  accounts  received  at  the  ffrain  admitted,  or  rather>  he 

that  time  from  Lancashire,   and  should  say,  undertaken  to  be  paid 

the  very  unpromising  appearance  thereon.      The    advisers    of    the 

of   the    crop   of  potatoes,    were  Crown,  on  this  occasion,  had  de- 

such    as    to    excite    not    iperely  parted  as  little  as  possible  from  the 

alarm,  but  despair  and  despond-  spirit  of  the  existing  Cran-laws; 

ency ;  and  had  it  not  been   for  they  required  the  parties  importing 

the  rains  which  followed,  nothing  to  pay  certain  duties— that  is»  Uie 

could    have    saved    Ireland  from  order  in  council  imposed  upon  the 

famine.     In  these  circumstances,  importers  the  necessity  of  entering 

to  which  was  superadded  an  in*    into  an  engagement  to  pay  a  ^e- 

(preadng  difficulty   of   supplying    dQed  duty^   prpvid^  ^t  dntf 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE*  [181 

should  be  sanctioned   bj  parlla-  that  the  duty  specified  by  the  order 
ment ;  and>  in  pursuance  thereof^  in  council  ^ould  continue  till  the 
bonds  had  been  entered  into :  there-  15th  February^    when  the  next 
fore^  the  act  necessary  to  be  passed  averages  would  be  struck^  and  that, 
on  the  present  occasion,  should  not  in  the  mean  time,  com  should  be 
merely  indemnify  the  parties  who  permitted,  on  the  payment  of  that 
incurred   this  responsibili^,    but  duty,  to  be  introduced  as  it  had 
should  give  power  to  the  Crown  been  done  since  the  issue  of  the 
to  recover  those  duties.    Gentle-  order  in  counciL    If  the  prices 
men  might  differ  as  to  the  amount  were  30s,  in  the  harvest    time, 
of  duty  to  be  imposed;  he  had  could  they,  at  this  season  of  the 
merely  to  state,  that  the  amount  year,  hesitate  in  adopting  such  a 
fixed  by  the  order  in  council  was  resolution?   He  concluded  by  mov- 
^s,  as  a  permanent  duty,  and  2s,  ing  two  Resolutions— <me  deda- 
as  a  temporary  duty  for  the  first  ratory  of  the  opinion  of  the  com-* 
three  months.     It  was  obviously  mittee,  that  the  parties  advising 
a  case  in  which  parliament  should  the  order  in  counal  of  the  first  S 
not  impede  indemnity,  but  rather  September,  and  acting  under  the 
encourage  and  sanction  similar  con-  same,  should  be  indemnified ;  and 
duct  on  like  occasions.     The  com-  the  other  recommending  the  ad- 
mitteewouldobscrve,that  the  order  mission  of  foreign  com  to  be  per- 
in  council  did  not  impose  the  duty ;  mitted,  on  payment  of  the  duties 
it  only  required  the  party  to  enter  specified  in  the  said  order, 
into  a  bond  to  comply  with  the  The  proposed  measiiure  experi- 
duty,  if  parliament  should  think  fit  enced  no  opposition  from  any  quar-^ 
to  sanction  it     His  majesty's  go-  ter ;  the  agriculturists  only  protest- 
vemment  felt,  that  it  would  have  ing  that  their  approbtition  of  this 
been  agross  and  culpable  violation  of  particular  step,  which  they  thought 
the  first  principles  of  the  constitu-  had  been  wisely,  if  not  necessaruy, 
tion  to  have  done  otherwise,  and  he  taken,  should  not  be  construed  into 
trusted  that  the  House  would  ove  a  deviation  from  opinions  on  the 
them  credit  for  being  incapab^  of  Corn-laws  which  they  nii^t  for« 
giving  such  advice.    On  the  sub-  merly  have  expressed.    Sir  Thomas 
ject  m  the  amount  of  the  duty,  he  Lethbridge  gave  the  measure  his 
would  observe,  that  he  thought  it  full  concurrence ;  but,  as  he  would 
should  not  have  exceeded  2s. ;  for,  not  have  assembled  parliament  at 
had  4*.  been  imposed,  there  could  so  unusual  a  period,  for  the  pur- 
be  little  doubt,  that  the  importers  pose    of    discussing    the    general 
would  have  waited  until  the  1 5th  question,  so  he  thought  that  mi- 
of    November,    and    taken   their  nisters  might  have  delayed  their 
chance  of  being  then  able  to  in-  indemnity  till  the  ordinary  time  of 
troduce  it      In    confirmation   of  meeting.    Mr.    Whitmore    consi- 
this,   he  would  observe,   that  of  dered  the  whole  matter  as  a  new 
the    quantity  imported,    600,000  proof  of  the  absurdity  of  the  exist- 
quarters  of  wheat,  150,000  were  ingCom-law.    It  was  a  law  which 
actually  overheld,  the  owners  de-  it  was  found  necessary  every  now 
dining  to  pay  the  duty  of  2^.,  and  and  then  to  break,  and  nobody 
preferring  to  take  their  chance  on  seemed  to  think  its  infringement 
the  15th  of  November.     He  had  unconstitutionaL      Within    three 
fifurther  to  propose  to  the  committee,  years  it  had  been  thrice  broken^ 


182]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


and  be  could  not  ooncciye  why  ^ 
law  should  be  retained,  wbicb  it 
seeiped  to  be  even  jnerltorious  to 
▼ipl^te.  The  bUl  bftvlng  boon  in- 
troduced, passed  both  Houses  with- 
out any  rorther  poticq. 

On  the  a^rd  of  November,  the 
House  being  $bout  to  resolye  itJielf 
into  a  committee  of  puppljr,  Mr. 
Brorien,  who,  flw:  manjr  yeftrs, 
had  Deen  chairman  of  that  commit- 
tee, declined  the  hopour  of  being 
reelected  at  present.  Among 
the  bubble  schemes  of  1825,  one 
had  been  ftnned  for  purchasing 
and  working  the  iron  mines  ot 
Arigna,  A]thougb  equally  evan- 
escent as  tuost  of  fts  perishine  com- 
panions, it  enjoyed  for  a  while,  Uke 
them,  the  services  of  a  Board  pf 
Dijiactor^  *nd  the  profits  of  the 
sale  of  fictitious  diares.  In  an 
evil  hour,  Mr.  Brogden  had  al- 
lowed his  name  to  be  set  dowp  as 
a  director  of  the  compapy-  It  was 
asserted  that  the  original  specu- 
lators had  qgreed  to  pay  10,000/. 
for  the  mines;  that  they  had 
charged  them  to  the  company  fbr 
wbidi  they  acted  as  having  been 
purchased  for  g5,000/. ;  and  that 
the  1 5,000/,  thus  raised  by  knavety, 
had  been  divided  among  the  direc- 
tors and  their  dependents.  Al- 
derman Waithman,  who  seemed  to 
have  marked  out  these  speculations 
ap  the  peculiar  objects  of  his  parlia- 
mentary castigatioris,had  introduced 
them  into  the  debate  on  the  address, 
and  had  pointed  out  the  omit- 
ting all  mention  of  thp  dishonesty 
in  which  they  began,  and  the  bank- 
ruptcies in  which  they  ended^  as 
one  peat  deficiencv  in  the  royal 
SpeeA.  In  particular,  he  expressly 
declared,  that,  if  Mr.  Brogden  should 
be  again  proposed  to  fiu  the  situa- 
tion whlcji  Re  had  recently  held, 
he  would  oppose  his  election,  until 
certain  transactions,  in  which  he 


bad  been  encage^,   shoold   have 
been  explaineu. 

Mr.  Brogden,  on  that  occasion, 
stated,  in  answer  to  the  alderman, 
the  history  and  particulars  of  bis 
connection  with  the  Arigna  com* 
pany ;  admitting  that  unjustifial^ 
transactions  baa  undoubtedly  been 
resorted  to  in  the  ponduct  of  its 
affiiirsi  but  averHng  bis  total  ig- 
norance of  any  tmng    improper 
having  been   even  contemplated, 
and  confirming  his   assertion   hj 
the  fact,  that  a  committee  of  th^ 
very  proprietors  against  whom  the 
firaud  had  been  directed,  had^  after 
due  inquiry,    not  only  fuUy   ac- 
quitted hijn,  but  reported  that  he 
had  conducted  himself  tbrouehout 
with  strict  honour  and  integrhy ;  a 
judgment  wliich  had  subsequently 
been  ratified  by  four  or  five  gene- 
ral meetings  of  the  sbare-hoTders. 
On  the  motion  that  the  Speaker 
should  leave  the  chair,  with  the 
view    of    the    House     resolving 
itself  into  a  committee  of  supply, 
Mr.  Brogden  now  said,  tbat^  for 
two  paruaments,  he  bad  enjoyed 
the  honour  of  filling  the  chair  of 
the  committee  of  ways  and  means ; 
and,  during  the  whole  of  that  time, 
he  was  not  conscious  of  baving 
done  any  thing  contrary  to    the 
station  whid)  he  individually  held 
in  society,  or  derogatory  to  that 
with  which  be  had  been  honoured 
1^  the  House.    However;  for  some 
time  back,  he  bad  been  lissailed  by 
calumnies  and  aspersions  the  moat 
unjustifiable  and  unfounded :   pre- 
judices must  natun^y  have  araen 
against  bim,  both  within  and  with- 
out the  walls  of  parliament  i  and 
though  he  had  repelled  thetn  in 
quarters  to  which  he  had  aooeas — 
though  he  had  been  thanked  and 
applauded  for  his  conduct  by  those 
who  best  knew  his  character — stfll 
the  attacks  against  him  Jiad  been 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [183 

90  condnufid  and  so  caluflcmious^    dividnal  as  ihe  subject  of  partieular 
that  they  seemed  intended  to  drive    investigation.     Hfowever,  so  many 
him  altogether  from  society.    In    members  were  under  the  necessitjr 
such  a  £atuation«  then^  almost  de-    of  being  absent  from  town  at  this 
prived  of  his  character  by  anonv-    time  on  their  pivate  affairs^  that 
mou«publication«— standing  imlike    he  could  not  proceed,  with  any 
any  other  gentleman  within  that    hope  of  success,  in  so  extensive  an 
House— -seemg  that  injurious  im*    investigation,  till  after  the  recesv. 
presaons  must  almost  necesMuily        Mr.  Maberly  complained,  with 
have  been  raised  against  him— he    some  warmth,  and  aOTarentfy  with 
did  not  with,  without  a  full  invcs-    some  justice,    of  this   mxJcrMti- 
tigaticm  and  a  Ml  acquittal  from  all    nathig  mode  of   proccedinff.    If 
such  charges,  again  to  offer  himself    he    had   rightly    understood    the 
as  thear  ^«rman.     That  investi-    alderman,  when,  on  a  former  night, 
gation  he  now  fidly  and  qpeedily    he  introduced  the  sul^ect  to  the 
courted^  and  be  hoped  the  House    House,  it  appeared  to  be  his  inten- 
would  do  justice  to  his  feelings,    tion  at  first  to  prefer  a  charge  of  a 
All  he  would  now  say  was,  that  he    specific  nature  against   the  hon. 
was   not   guilty   of  the  charges    member    for    Launceston    (Mr. 
alleged    against    him.    For   Uie    Brogden).    Afterwards,  when  he 
present,  he  knew  he  must  bend  to    found  that  hon.  centleman  dechn- 
tbe  storm;  but  fair  weather  would    ing  to  take  the  diair  of  the  com- 
yet  come,  when  he  would  be  able    mittees  of  the  House,  the  alderman 
to  vindicate  his  character,  and  he    shifted  his  ground  from  a  particular 
h<»ed  the  opportunity  for  doing    charge  to  an  attack  of  a  gener^ 
aowould  soon  be  given  him.     Un-    nature    against     aU     joint-stock 
tU  that  trial  was  over,  he  would    schemes,  and  (it  was  to  ^suppo^) 
not  oflfer  himself  to  the  House ;    many  members  of  the  House.  Was 
but,  of  all  things  he  most  courted    it  a  feir  way  of  proceeding,  to  con- 
speedy  invesdgSon.  vert  a  P*^^^i|^^^«i^^^^^ 
^n  the  moSon  of  Mr.  Canning,    general  charge  ?    Was  the  hon. 
wbo  agreed  that  the  course  adopted    gentleman  scharacterto  beattacked 
by  MTBrogden  was  required  by  a    and  injured,  and  then  ^e  discus- 
soiseboth^whatwasduetohim.    sion  wTuchjm  expected  to  arise 
a^and  to  the  House,  sir  Alex-    to  be  nut  off?    The  mqmry  should 
ander  Grant  was  called  to  the  chair,    be  an  Immediate,  not  a  remote  one. 
Alderman  Waithman  now  showed        Accordingly  Alderm^  Wai^- 
Uttle  anxiety  to  proceed  with  his    man  moved,  on  the  5th  December, 
specific  charge;  and  Mr.  Brogden.    for  the  appomtment  rf  a  select 
cmlSrsoth  of  November,  a  whole    committee  upon    Uie    iomt-stock 
week  having    elapsed,   requested    speculations  dP  the  hwt  three  years, 
bim  to  expMn  hl/intentions,  and    Be  spoke,  at  great  length,  of  the 
not  to  indLt  torture  by  delay.  The    number  of  oomnames  which,  dnnM 
alderman  amiwered,  that  his  inten.    that    time,    ^^  .^'^  ^^^*^ 
tion  was,    to   propose  a  general    amounting  to  no  fewer  th^  ax 
Wuxyi,;toaBloiit.stock^^         hundred,  ^^d  fequinng^^^ 
STind   the   conduct  of  their    execution  of  thdr  intended  opera- 
S^tow.  necessarily  including  the    tions,acap^^ofmimymimo^^^^^ 
A^TMining  Company,  but  he    complained  of  the  ^ishonestjaews 
ItV?^  a^^%^  ^oAnnf:  fliiv  in-    with  which  they  were  originaUy 


184]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

set  on  foot,  the  knavery  hj  which  indiyidual  who  had  held  a 
a  fictitious  value  was  for  a  time  guished  place  in  that  House,  h&- 
fl^ven  to  shares  which  had  cost  cause  there  were  other  individuals 
nothing,  that  the  solid  dififeiences  who  were  not  only  implicated,  bat 
hetween  imaginary  prices  might  who  appeared  to  be  far  more  col- 
fill  the  pockets  of  the  ^amhhng  pable  than  he.  But  if  he  did 
[^leculators ;  and  of  the  misery  and  allude  to  this  individual,  and  to 
ruin  produced  by  this  systematic  other  members  of  the  House^  be 
swindling.  If  a  man  purchased^  did  it  only  in  the  discharge  of  bis 
the  lottery,  he  knew  something  of  duty ;  and  if  his  majesty's  ministers 
what  he  was  doing ;  that  he  was  did  theirs,  and  directed  some  in« 

g'ving  a  certain  sinn  for  a  very  un-  quiry  to  be  made,  in  his  mind  it 

leiy  chance ;  and  that,  in  doing  would  be  utterly  impossible  for 

so,  he  was  conferring  some  benefit  some  members  of  that  House  to 

on  government.    But   the  joint-  retain    their    seats.     The    House 

stock  gambling  was  of  a  much  more  should  bear  in  mind,  that  the  indi« 

atrocious  kind ;  it  was  gambling  viduals  connected  with  this  com« 

with  false  dice.     The  loss  itself  on  l^any,  against  whom  chaises  were 

the  whole  speculation  was  an  evil ;  made,  were  directors — ^were  trustees 

but  the  great  and  signal  grievance  — Abound  to  be  careful,  not  so  much 

was,  that  the  holders  of  the  shares,  of  their  own  interests,  as  of  the 

now  worth  nothing,  were  not  the  interests  of  others  which  had  been 

losers.      The    original    swindlers  committed  to  them.     What,  then, 

worked  up  the  market  to  the  point  were  the  public  to  think,  if  those 

which   they  had  expected    it   to  who  were    trustees    were   found 

attain;  then  down  went  the  shares;  guilty  of  fraud  ?     They  were  the 

and  when   they  were  down,  the  first  to  a.sk  how  were  they  to  be 

original    swindlers   again  bought  paid  ?    Why,  they  were  to  get  two 

them  up,  and  were  now  the  hold-  or  three  guineas  daily  for  sitting 

ers.  The  Arigna  Mining  Company,  at  a  table,  and  signing  their  names 

both  in  its  extent  and  its  amount,  as  having  done  so,  and  to  get  seven 

was  small  in  comparison  with  some  guineas  for  doing  a  little  more, 

others ;  but,  in  looking  at  the  con-  How  were  they  to  be  paid?     Not 

duct  of  its  directors,  it  did  not  by  shares :  no,  so  much  had  been 

appear  to  be  behind  any  of  them  in  said  about  shares,  that  it  must  not 

nefarious   management.     In    this  be  in  this  way.     Not  so ;  but  they 

company  there  were  3,000.  shares,  were  told,  "  Here  is  money ;  put  it 

and  the  first  deposit  was  5L     The  in  your  pockets,"  and  no  more.    If, 

Sremium  upon  them  rose  in  one  then,    a  gentleman  had  received 

ay  from  8|  to  24  ;  now,  whether  1,047/.,  which  he  had  put  into  liis 

this  was  or  was  not  a  trick,  he  pocket,  but  was  subsequently  txM 

would  leave  it  to  the  House  to  that  this  sum  did  not  arise  fixnn 

determine;  then     it  got    to  26,  the  sale  of  shares;  would  he  not 

and  then  again  it  dropped  in  one  ask  himself,  how  came  it  then  into 

day  to  24.     Surely  such  variations  his  pocket  ?  He  could  not  reply  that 

could  never  be  fairly  caused,  and  the  "  workman  was  worthy  of  bis 

how  such  proceedings  were  brought  hire ;"  for  he  had  done  no  work : 

about,  he  would  leave  to  any  one  to  would  he  not  then,  or  rather  should 

form  an  opinion.     He  would  have  he  not,  give  the  answer  wkidi  bis 

^ted  wron^  in  singling  out  an  conscience  dictated,  and  refund  tbt 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [185 

tarn  to  thofle  from  whom  it  had  sum  into  his  pockety  and  ohtaining 
been  taken  ?  In  the  acts  there  was  large  sums  for  his  hrother-in-law^ 
no  difference :  the  gentlemen  had  no  and  other  individuals — and  was  not 
shares — they  had  paid  no  deposits^-  parliament,  then,  called  upon  to  do 
yet  those  persons  who  were  share-  something  towards  an  inquiry  into 
holders,  and  had  paid  their  deposits,  conduct  that  appeared  so  dishonour- 
but  refused,  or  were  unahle,  to  pay  ahle  ?  Never  had  there  been  upon 
more,  were  shut  out,  and  had  no  parliament  a  fouler  stain.  He 
remedy,  because  those  companies  would  venture  to  say,  that  the 
had  be^n  declared  to  be  illegal,  present  of  1,000/.  given  to  sir  W. 
This  had  been  declared  in  strong  Trevor,  by  the  city  of  London,  on 
terms  by  the  lord  chief  justice,  who  the  passing  of  the  Orphan  bill,  was 
had  asserted,  and  settled,  that  they  nothing  to  it,  or  the  cotiduct  of 
were  ill^al ;  yet,  notwithstanding  Mr.  Hutchinson  in  receiving  at 
this  opinion  from  such  authority,  the  same  time  a  present  of  twenty 
delivered  ip  the  clearest  and  most  guineas,  for  which  he  was  expelled 
explicit  terms,  here  were  legislators  the  House.  Surely  the  House  of 
setting  themselves  up  to  break  the  Commons  was  bound  to  make  some 
very  wws  which  they  themselves  inquiry, 

had  made.  If  any  hon.  member  The  Alderman,  after  some  re« 
would  rise  in  his  place,  and  give  it  marks  on  the  conduct  of  the  Equit- 
as  his  opinion,  that  any  individual  able  Loan  Company,  moved,  ^'  that 
who  had  so  acted  was  worthy  to  a  select  committee  be  appointed  to 
ait  in  the  chair  at  the  table  of  that  inquire  in  to  the  origin,  the  mana^e- 
House,  then  he  would  say  what  no  ment,  and  the  present  state,  of  me 
disinterested  nmn  would  say  out  of  Joint-stock  Companies  formed  dur- 
the  House.  They,  the  very  legis-  ing  the  years  1 824, 1 825,  and  1 826, 
lators  who  made  the  laws,  were  and  to  report  on  the  same,  together 
the  first  to  break  them,  and  to  with  any  special  matter  touching 
break  them  in  the  most  glaring  any  member  of  that  House."  The 
manner.  Well,  this  company  was  motion  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Brog- 
trying  to  get  an  act  of  parliament,  den  himself. 
and  it  was  at  first  intended  that  Mr.  Canning  objected  to  the 
the  sum  of  15,000/.  should  be  extent  of  the  inquiry,  which,  he 
divided  between  four  or  five  indi-  said,  to  be  useful,  must  be  limited 
viduals;  but,  as  it  was  not  con-  and  precise.  The  motion,  as  it 
sidered  safe  so  to  do,  it  was  then  stood,  involved  many  companies, 
agreed  to  divide  the  spoil  more  against  the  utility  and  management 
extensively.  One  gentleman  put  of  which  no  charge  had  ever  been 
into  his  pocket  2,500/.  of  this  brought.  Enough  had  passed  in 
money,  and  afterwards  1,250/.  as  the  House  to  give  strong  ground 
profit  upon  shares,  yet  he  had  not  for  suspicion  that,  in  the  a&irs  of 
paid  for  those  shares,  and,  at  this  the  Arigna  company,  there  was 
very  moment,  was  indebted  to  Mr.  matter  deserving  inquiry,  the 
Clarke  375/.  for  them  j^Loud  honourable  member  to  whom  re- 
cries  of  name,  name]].  Mr.  Waith-  ference  had  so  frequently  been 
man  said,  he  had  no  objection  to  made,  havine  himself  admitted 
name ;  that  individual  was  sir  that  acts  had  been  done  for  which 
l^^Uiam  Congreve,  Here  was  a  he  could  find  no  defence.  But,  in 
member  of  parliament  putting  this  consenting  to  this  inquiry,  h^  was 


186]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


unwilling  to  extend  it  further 
without  equally  good  grounds^  or  to 
destroy  its  very  object  by  the  ex- 
tent and  multiplicity  of  its  details. 
Where  sufficient  reasons  were  shown 
for  investigating  the  history  of  any 
other  speculation,  he  would  be 
equally  ready  to  enter  upon  the 
inquiry  as  ho  now  was  to  enter 
upon  one  into  the  management  of 
the  Arigna  company.  He^  there- 
for^ moved  an  amendment,  limit- 
ing the  committee  especially  to  the 
management  and  history  of  that 
company. 

Mr.  Huskisson  said,  that  he 
could  not  allow  it  to  go  forth  to  the 
country  that  the  House  approved 
of  the  unmeasured  condemnation 
pronounced  by  the  worthy  alder- 
man against  joint-stock  companies 
of  every  description.  If  there  was 
one  circumitanoe  to  which,  more 
than  to  another,  must  be  attributed 
the  great  advantages  derived  by 
commerce  in  this  countiy,  it  was  the 
existence  of  ioint-stock  companies. 
The  great  difference  between  the 
manner  in  which  public  works 
were  carried  on  in  England,  com- 
pared with  other  countries,  con- 
sisted in  this,  that  here  they  were 
under  the  direction  of  men  who 
had  a  deep  interest  in  the  success 
of  the  undertaking,  whilst  in  other 
countries  they  were  left  to  the  care 
of  the  government,  and  the  ex- 
penses were  defrayed  out  of  the 
public  revenues.  The  consequence 
of  this  latter  mode  of  conducting 
public  works  generally  was,  that 
many  which,  if  completed,  would 
tend  to  the  benefit  of  the  pub- 
lic generally,  were  left  unfinish- 
ed. Many  of  the  great  works 
throughout  the  country  were, 
originally,  very  disadvantageous  to 
the  projectors,  although  very  bene- 
ficial to  the  public.  What  greater 
benefit  could  a  large  town  enjoy 


than  that  afforded  by  the  New 
River  company  ?  What  greater  ad- 
vantage could  a  large  town  poaseas 
than  an  ample  supply  of  good 
water?  That  work  was  undertaken 
by  individuals,  and  carried  on,  ori- 
ginally, at  a  great  loss  to  them,  but 
with  l^efit  to  the  public.  Ulti- 
matebr  the  work  was  productive  of 
benefit  to  those  who  suoceedtd  the 
oriffinal  shareholders ;  but  the  puh- 
Uc,  who  orkmally;  were  li^ 
fitted,  were  also  ultimately  bene- 
fitted. The  same  might  be  said  of 
brid^,  of  canals,  and  other  g;reat 
works,  which  distinguuhed  this 
country  from  other  countries, 
advanced  its  commerce,  and  in- 
creased its  general  weedth.  AU 
those  works  were  undertak^i  by 
joint-stock  companies,  and  suooefl»- 
fully  managed,  not  always  for  the 
benefit  of  the  parties  who  had 
engaged  in  them,  but  always  to 
the  advantage  of  the  public.  "  A 
greater  illusion,**  said  Mr.  Hus- 
kisson, "  cannot  exist,  than  an  at- 
tempt to  cry  down  joint-stock 
companies  of  every  description,  as 
positive  and  public  evils.  What 
was  the  conduct  of  this  House  in 
that  respect  ?  Not  longer  ago  than 
last  session,  this  House  ^unte* 
nanced  a  negotiation  with  the  Bank 
of  Ensland,  to  induce  them  to  relax 
a  little  the  monopolv  which  that 
establishment  ci\)oys  by  charter,  in 
order  that  joint-stock  companies 
should  be  established  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  persons  engaged 
in  trade,  &om  the  loss  to  which 
they  were  exposed  by  the  then 
existing  system  of  currency.  Wc 
quoted  as  an  example,  Scotland, 
where  the  charter  of  the  Bank  d 
Scotland  does  not  prevent  the 
formation  of  joint-stodL  companies. 
I  am  astonished  to  hear  men  of  busi- 
ness—I  am  astonished  to  hear  the 


HISTORY  OP   EUROPE. 


[187 


iMrti^  olAw^M^ — talk  of  mining 
cmm  cm  hj  joint-stock  companies 
as  a  tixmg  at  recent  date.  I  tell 
tkte  gentlemen — I  tell  tlie  worthy 
aEennao — tliat  there  has  not  been 
a  mine  worked  in  this  country^  time 
oot  of  mind^  except  bj  means  of 
joint-stodc  eompames — end  with- 
out theformation  of  suehcompanief, 
thorn  ndqes  would  not  haye  been 
ex{Aored.  AH  the  punes  in  Corn- 
wtD,  an  the  mines  in  Wales,  and 
in  the  other  mining  districts,  are 
airied  on  by  joint-stock  companies. 
I  ItnwQt,  Bir,  very  much,  that  the 
law  is  not  in  a  more  satisfactory 
stsle  with  respect  to  those  eompa- 
rats.  All  I  say  is,  that  it  ought  to 
be  tbe  policy  of  the  law  to  encou* 
n^  jomt-BtodL  companies ;  that  it 
is  a  iaisdiie¥ous  policy  to  attempt 
to  disnxade  persons  firom  engaging 
ia  them,  or  to  take  away  their 
ebaneter ;  and  that,  when  embark- 
ed in  properly  and  fairly,  they  are 
hendSml  to  the  public  interests, 
aid  firaught  with  great  public 
advintaffes.  I  do  not  now  speak  of 
the  bobbles  of  the  last  two  years. 
'  bate  no  hesitation  in  saying,  that 
those  who  have  been  concerned  in 
thoie  ^peculations  have  disgraced 
themselves,  if  they  knew  at  the 
time  they  engaged  in  them,  that 
they  were  not  iScely  to  tend  to  the 
paUie  benefit  T,  for  one,  can  say, 
thtt,  when  the  discussions  connected 
with  those  bubbles  took  place  in 
thk  House;,  I  was  always  ready  to 
nw  my  hand  against  them,  and 
to  use  what  little  weight  or  influ- 
ence I  possess,  in  dissuading  the 
poWic  fnm  connecting  themselves 
vilJi  ephemeral  schemes,  so  fVaught 
with  fraud  and  delusion  in  many, 
and  with  obvious  risk  and  hajsard 
in  other,  instances." 

Mr.  Canning's  amendment  was 
weed  to  without  a  division,  and 
tW  eommlttee  appointed. 


The  resolutions  of  lord  John 
Russcl  for  detecting  and  suppreas* 
ing  Mbery  at  electSons,  which  had 
been  earned  by  the  casting  vote  of 
the  Speaker,  on  the  last  day  of 
last  session,  had  expired  by  the 
dissolution  of  the  parliament  which 
passed  them.  On  the  22nd  of 
November,  lord  Althorp  moved 
them  in  the  New  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  expressed  his  hope  that 
it  would  not,  by  now  rejecting 
theiQ>  afford  a  singular  contrast 
between  the  last  session  of  an  old 
parliament,  and  the  first  session  of 
a  new  one.  Mr.  Wjmn  said  that 
he  certainly  did  not  dissent  in  any 
degree  from  the  principles  on  which 
the  motion  was  made,  and  would 
always  be  ready  to  eo  into  a  full 
scrutiny  of  facts,  wnerever  there 
was  a  distinct,  specific,  allegation 
of  acts  of  bribery  and  corruption. 
But  he  difiered  greatly  from  the 
noble  movet  as  to  the  nbans  by 
which  the  object  was  to  be  attained ; 
and  the  resolutions  now  proposed 
seemed  to  hira  to  have  several  in- 
conveniencies,  item  which  the  pre- 
sent practice  was  free.  The  best 
mode  which  could  be  adopted  was, 
that  of  an  election  petition,  upon 
which  any  elector  oould  question 
the  return  of  any  member  who 
had  been  guilty  of  corruption,  who 
had  once  ofiered  to  commit  any  act 
of  that  description,  or  who  had 
engaged  any  other  to  do  so.  In<« 
stances  were  not  unknown  of  per- 
sons going  down  as  candidates,  and, 
without  even  tendering  a  single 
vote,  making  such  acts  the  ground 
of  petition  to  the  House.  There 
was  another  way  of  considering 
this  subject,  which  was  that,  in  any 
case  where  bribery  had  been  carried 
on  upon  an  extended  scale,  it  was 
impossible  that  evidence  oould  not 
be  brought  forward  to  prove  it. 
Thei«  the  statute  law  interfered 


J883     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


with  its  penalties^  and  necessarily 
required  indubitable  proof.  The 
House,  however,  was  not  precluded 
by  the  statute  law  from  interfering 
in  another  manner,  where  it  had 
evidence  of  the  commission  of  acts  of 
corruption,  either  by  electors  or  the 
elected,  and  could  proceed  by  bill, 
or  could  disfranchise  the  borough 
in  which  corruptiun  was  proved  to 
prevaiL  These  resolutions  went, 
nowever,  to  all  acts  committed  for 
eighteen  months  previous  to  the 
presentation  of  a  petition;  and  any 
individual  was  thus  at ,  liberty, 
without  expense  or  responsibility, 
to  trouble  and  harrass  any  member 
of  the  House.  It  was  true,  to  be 
sure,  that  a  notice  was  to  be  sent 
to  the  borouffh,  or  place,  twenty 
days  before  the  petition  was  to  be 
considered.  But  were  the  parties 
put  upon  an  equal  footing?  Was 
it  fair,  that  any  person  should  be 
called  upon  to  defend  himself 
against  an  irresponsible  individual? 
At  the  time  that  the  Grenville  act 
was  introduced,  any  person  could 
petition  the  House  against  a 
member's  return,  and  what  was  the 
consequence  ?  Why,  that  petitions 
were  repeatedly  presented,  merely 
to  entitle  the  petitioners  to  a  seat 
under  the  gallery,  until  the  decision 
upon  their  petition!  That  prac« 
tice  continued,  until  the  resolu- 
tions were  passed  respecting  such 
petitions  as  were  declared  to  be 
frivolous  and  vexatious.  These 
were  the  principal  obj^tibns  he 
had  to  the  present  resolutions,  but 
he  also  had  an  objection  to  the 
House  pledging  itself  to  any 
specific  measures.  If  the  House 
would  entertain  all  such  petitions 
as  were  presented,  no  doubt  num« 
bers  would  be  brought  before 
them;  and  there   certainly    were 

Kiet  enough   who  would    tell 
.  mQmben  they  would  put  them 


to  considerable  expense,  and  say  i^ 
them,  '^  It  is  better  for  you  to  bu| 
me  off  than  ha£ard  the  dedsioii  m 
a  committee  of  the  House  of  Com* 
mons."  He  believed  that  the  most 
innocent  borough  in  the  kingdom 
miffht  thus  be  made  an  instrument 
of  annoyance  to  its  representative. 
Under  the  Grenville  act,the  decision 
of  the  committee  was  final;  but, 
under  these  resolutions,  there  was 
to  be  a  discussion  and  decision  by 
the  House,  after  the  committee 
had  reported  their  opinion.  He 
could  see  no  necessity  for  this  com* 
plicated  machinery  merely  to  work 
out  that  for  which  the  present 
mode  was  amply  sufficient,  vix.  a 
full  investigation. 

Mr.  Peel  said,  he  would  r^eat 
the  opinion  which  he  had  given 
upon  this  subject  last  session,  that 
if  this  new  jurisdiction  was  to  be 
created  at  all,  it  had  better  be 
created  by  bill  than  by  resolutions; 
if  there  were  to  be  any  interference, 
it  would  be  infinitely  wiser  to 
make  that  interference  efiective, 
than  to  adopt  a  measure  so  imper- 
fect and  inoperative  as  those  reso- 
lutions presented.  Was  it  not  a 
very  serious  consideration  that  the 
committee,  forming  the  tribunal 
before  which  this  offence  was  to  be 
tried,  was  without  the  power  of 
administering  an  oath  ?  Here  was 
an  imperfection  and  an  evil,  for 
which  the  resolutions  made  no  pro- 
vision whatsoever.  It  was  vain 
to  hope  that  any  measure  could  be 
salutary  or  effective  in  its  opera- 
tion, if  deficient  in  so  important  s 
point.  A  common  informer  mis^t 
adopt  the  intention  of  institutiDg 
such  a  proceeding  as  the  resolutioot 
contemplated — might,  for  seven- 
teen months  and  twenty-nine  days, 
threaten  the  character  of  a  reqpeeC- 
able  corporation,  and  disturb  tiie 
repose   of  an .  yno&nding  iofi* 


HISTORY  OF  EUilOPE.  [18& 

it  then  come  forward  passing  resolutions,  which  he 
to  prefer  an  unfounded  charge,  thought  might  be  so  framed  as 
xcure  of  being  indemnified  for  his  to  be  effective ;  but  were  they 
eipenses,  and  certain  of  escaping  sure  that,  if  they  introduced  a 
with  imponity,  however  unjustifi-  bill,  that  bill  would  pass  into 
die  his  conduct  in  the  proceeding  a  law  ?  He  admitted  that,  in 
might  bare  been.  Those  resolu*  their  present  form,  the  resolu- 
tions provided  no  penalty,  how-  tions  were  not  altogether  unobjec- 
ever  flagrant  might  be  the  course  tionable ;  but  he  was  persuaded 
of  proeeeding  pursued  by  the  in-  that  they  might  be  so  modified  as 
ftrmer,  or  his  abettors.  If  such  a  to  remedy  the  evil,  without  cer- 
tiftanal  were  to  be  constituted  at  tainly  goins  the  length  of  infiict- 
all,  it  assuredly  ought  to  be  in-  ing  a  penalty,  or  imposing  costs 
vested  with,  the  power  of  adminis-  —objects,  which  could  be  accom- 
toing  an  oath.  plished  only  by  means  of  a  InlL 
Mr.  Scarlett  observed,  that  the  He  thought  they  might  be  with- 
lesoiutions  might  very  possibly  drawn,  and  again  introduced  in  an 
not  meet  the  difficulties  which  it  amended  form. 

dearable  should  be  overcome.  Lord  Althorp  adopted  the  sug- 


g- 

bat  at  the  same  time,  he  thought  gestion  of  Mr.  Scarlett,  and  with- 

tlie  ri^t  honourable  Secretary  had  drew     the    resolutions    for    the 

tiken  rather  a  partial  view  of  the  present. 

qoestioD.     It  Mras  alleged,  that  the  Mr.  Littleton,  Ukewise,  again 

psrties  would  be  exposed  to  long  proposed  the  resolutions  for  the 

Miy,  and  might  be  open  to  unjust  regulation  of  committees  on  private 

sod  iBtarious    imputations — but  bills  which  had  been  passed  by  the 

nrdy  tiie  House  had  the  remedy  late   parliament,    and  they  were 

IB  its  own  hands ;  if  it  discredited  now  adopted  with  the  exception  of 

tbe  statements,  it  might  reject  the  an  additional  one ;  which  provided 

petitum.     It  had  been  stated,  that  that  a  party  appealing  from  the 

dke  tceosing  party  acted  under  no  decision  of  the  committee  should 

peril  of  his  own,  and  this  objection  deposit  a  sum  of  500L    Mr.  Lit- 

K  was  as  willing  to  admit  as  any  tleton  represented  this  addition  to 

<ne  could  desire.    Nay,  he  would  be  indi4>ensable,  as,  without  it, 

go  further,  and  acknowledge  that  all  the  others  would  fail  of  their 

there  was  no  mode  of  meeting  intended  effect.     The  more  plain 

ndi  an  inconvenience  by  any  re-  and  simple  way  would  be,  to  pro- 

nhtions  at  all.     Considering  the  ceed  by  recognizances,  but   that 

nbject  solely  in  that  point  of  view,  would  require  an   act  of  parlia- 

we  most  be  a  bill :  without  a  ment ;  and  for  the  course  which  he 

Ul  no  penalty  could  be  inflicted —  had  adopted  there  was  a  precedent 

BO  costs  could  be   charged — the  in  th6  deposits  made  to  cover  the 

nbject  could  not  be  taxed  without  fees  of  officers  of  the  House.     The 

tbe  consent  of  the  other  House  of  resolution  was  objected  to  by  Mr. 

Parliament ;   but  there  was  this  Bankes,  Mr.  Calcraft,  and  others, 

oljection  to  rejecting  the  resolu-  as  laying  an  unnecessary  hardship 

tioDs  in  favour  of  a  bill,  that  the  upon  a  poor  applicant,  who  might 

other  House  of  Parliament  might  have  to  deposit  the  only  money  by 

aot  give  its  consent  to  the  measure,  which  he  would  have  been  enabled 

Th9  CowmoM  ha4  the  power  of  to  prosecute  his  appeal^  and  ati 


190]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

bting  s  grievous  addition  U>  tlie  wished^  he  said,  |o  biimj^  batk  Um 

inconyeniendes     already     arising  House  to  the  sulject  Erectly  fa^" 

from  the  expense  of  private  bills,  fore  it,  and  from  which  he  ttioo^i 

Mr.  Littleton  agreed  to  postpone  their  attention  was  gradually  stni|r- 

the  con^deration  of  it  till  after  the  ing.     In  the  discnssion  which  had 

rscess.  talcn  phoe,  there  were  two  miei- 

There  was  in  London  a  person  of  tions  agitated,  and  he  diSsted  mat 

the  name  of  Taylor,  who  described  some   honourable    members  witk 

hinxself  as  '*  reverend,"  holding,  or  respect  to  the  propriety  of  die  m- 

having  held  a  cure  in  the  county  of  troduction  of  one  of  thcnl  at  prs- 

Sufiblk,  and  a  Bachelor  of  Arts  of  sent.    The  first  was,  whether  tht 

Cambridge,  who  had  aittued  him-  House  shoidd  agree  to  the  pr^er 

self  into  a  disbelief  of  afl  revealed  of  the  petition  which  had  heoa 

rdigion.      This  person  ptevmled  presented;  and  the  seocmd  wai^ 

upon  Mr.  Hume  to  present  a  p^  whether  that  petition  ahoold  Ic 

tition  to  the  House  d*  Commons  received  at  alL    On  the  Mrsl^  he 


(29th   November)  professing  hk  bad  a  very  strong  opinion^  whi^ 

cGsbelief  in  Christianity^  conq^hun-  however,  he  would  not  at  that 

ing  of  intolerant  persecution,  be-  time  express;  but,  if  ever  the  hon. 

cause  his  oath,  as  being  that  of  a  gentleman  followed  up  the  ptti* 

Deist,  who  rejected  the  gospels^  tion  by  bringing  fbrvmd  »  bul  ti 

could  not  be  received  in  a  court  of  r^eve  the  gentleman  whtf  con* 

justice,    and   praying   ''that   the  plained   to  toe  House   from  tht 

Hotlse  Would  decree  that  he,  and  obligatioa  of  an  oath,  ha  wouU  bs 

an  other  persons  holding  suuilar  pte^eaed  to  meet  the  hoiu  gaatie* 

opinions,   should   be  entitled    to  mafi,  and  to  contend  agaust  lius, 

have  their  evince  received,  iy  and  those  who  should  npport  hisis 

swearing  upoii  th^  works  of  nature,  for  the  pceservation  of  ous  deaiest 

in  the  same  manner  as  all  other  ngfits^  and  of  the  best  inteiests  ti 

testimony  is  now  received  from  sodety.    At  the  same  time,,  he  was 

persons  sworn  upon  the  gospels^"  not  proposed  to  say,  that  it  wouU 

To    hold    such  ^nions  was  no  be  wise  to  rc^ct  the  petition  al- 

proof  of  a  very  sound  head;  to  together,    if   it  was  sespect^y 

make  such  a  proposal  to  an  assem*  Worded,  because  the  House  might 

bty  of  sensible,  educatedylc^^islators,  not  choose  to  agree  to  itspnqrss* 

betrayed  a  melancholy  a&rratiott  He  also  thought  that  it  would  aiA 

of  intellect;  to  find  a  person  who  be  right  to  attribute   too  wmk 

woald  net  dissuade  it,  was  a  great  importance  to  a  petitioa  of  this 

misfortime.     Yet thepetitiom  con^  description.    Whatever hrmouTaWs 

taining  this  miserable  trash  was  members  mig^  feel  upon  the  sub* 

presented  to  the  Commensof  Cng^  ject,  the  Houst  shouUI  resftiaia  A* 

hmd  by  Mr.  Hume  as  being  ''  qf  self  from  the  oKpcesaon  of  aay 

considerable  impoitance>  from  its  opinion  upon  it  at  frasent^  sbcI 

connexion  with  the  rights  ei  Bri-  eonfine  itself  to  the  decision  of  the 

tish  subjects,  and  the  privileges  of  oucstion  which  was  immediately 

dvit  and  religious  liberty."     Some  before  it. 

members  s^ke  of  this  strange  pro-        The  petition  wai^  then^  allowed  ts 

ceeding  with  great  warmth»  but  be  read;  but  Ms.  Hume's  ft»tte 

Mr.  Peel  treated  it  with  the  only  proposal,  that  it  should  be  pmtsdi 

feeling  which  it   deserved*    He  was  rejected  by  afrlamatinn 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[101 


Thm  laH  iofk  whkh  oeeupied 

tk  sfctentkni  of  parliflment  before 

tU  ncBfi,  waa  of  a  very  different 

kU.    JoliiiIV.,kingofPcHtugalj 

nw  succeeded,  on  his  death  in  the 

MBth  ai  March,  1^  hia  aon  Don 

Pedvo^  euperctf  of  BraaiL     The 

cMBitittttiAii  of  Brazil  had  tttovided 

dial  ila  cmwn  •bould  never  he 

wiled  oa  thd  same   head   with 

tket    of    the    mother    countiyj 

tad   Doa    Pedro   found   himself 

caUcd  upon  to  chooee  between  the 

mtgnJUmy  rf  the  Etm^pean  and 

^  South  AmeridUi  part  of  the 

Awninio»f  of  his  Hotua     Piefer- 

a^  the  Tnamtliuitk  sceptre,  he 

m|Btd  his  'European  oown  to 

hk  in&nt  daughter,  and  appointed 

t  r^eoey  to  gorefn  during  her 

naon^«    At  the  same  time,  he 

JMd  remodaUed  the  old  political 

imtitytiana  of  Portugal,  aad  given 

to  it  a  cOBstitulfam  in  the  baa  of 

»  npnMntadve  go?^>un^t«  This 

eoastituticB,     qpfingiiy     neither 

^Nia  tha  growing  bidftts  nof  in* 

QiMsd  uteUigence  of  the  people, 

led  sMrked  in  its^  with  many 

Mtt&  attracted  littk  notice,  and 

euked  no  eBtbuaaflm.    The  party, 

^ntwefVi  which  now  ruled  in  the 

cabiaet  of  Spain>  akn&ed  at  the 

<<tiMiithiffiant  of"  any  ihxi^  oon« 

anted  with  fibeltil  iastitutiona  in 

>U  aiardialrt    vicinity    of    the 

Uneof  ignentaee  and  despotism 

whtfh  tltajr  had  reetored  in  their 

ovi  cobntry,  resolved  Hot  onify  to 

ivpede  its  pregress,  hut  to  effect 

itt  deslroeti^.      In  Porttigal  iU 

ttlf  there  waa  a  nummmie  p&rty 

Iksitfle  Ui  the  eonslitution,  not  ua« 

wiHrteoali€ad  by  the  intrigues  of 

die  QueBD  Dowager  and  the  widies 

^  Don  Mmiel,   who  had  been 

MKd  over  %y  Us  Iv^ther  in  the 

MWation  of  die  regency;   they 

hd  esttdden^Ia  inftbenee  among 

tks  mOkm^,  aad  w«re  thMBselves 


at  the  command  of  the  priesthood« 
Their  power  was  first  manifested 
l^  the  desertions  of  whole  regi<- 
ments  from  the  Poartuguese  army, 
which  found  refuge  within  the 
Spanish  frontier.  By  and  bv  the 
l^ers  of  the  conspiracy  joined 
thttB,  and  led  them  ^k  into  Pot^ 
tugal,  in  open  war  against  the 
regency  land  the  otmstitutiaq, 
having  proclaimed  Don  Miguel 
king»  and  taken  a  solemn  oath  to 
maintain  his  righti.  The  detailn 
of  their  j^rc^ress  belongs  more 
prcqperly  to  our  foreign  history: 
at  present  it  is  suffideadt  to 
say,  that  whenever  they  were 
compelled,  by  want,  or  by  the 
constituticmal  troops,  to  le-^aross 
the  frontier,  they  were  not .  only 
received  and  protected  by  the 
Spanish  authoritie»-*^uti  with  the 
knowledge  and  authority,  and 
partly  at  the  expense  oif  the 
Spenish  goy^nm^t,  they  ,yftt^ 
again  organiied,  armed,  pA>visiioii«- 
ed^  and  sent  forth  to  the  invasioti 
of  P(»rtU|nL  To  the  remonstranees 
of  the  orittsh  and  P(»rtUguese 
ministers  at  Madrid  the  ctmiiet 
of  Spain  answered  by  lying  dUh 
avowals,  or  hcdlow  promises  i  and, 
from  the  bc^inniitg  oS  November^ 
the  perfidy  of  its  conduct  beeame 
every  week  more  apparent.  The 
invasion  was,  to  all  politiGal  in- 
tentsy  an  invasion  by  Spain,  and 
was  onlv  rendered  more  dangeioiis 
by  the  madiousness  of  iU  cEarae- 
ter.  But  Britain  was  bound  by 
treaties  to  interfile  for  the  defence 
of  Portugal  when  attacked  firom 
without ;  and,  as  the  danger  daily 
increased,  the  P<NrtUguese  uaba^ 
sador  at  London  made  a  formel  aiK 
plication  to  our  goveiwmenti  in  tae 
bceinning  of  December^  fct  the 
mmtary  assistance  which  these 
treaties  stipulated.  Ministers, 
having  waited  for  a  few  days  till 


192]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


the  conduct  of  Spain  had  been 
placed  beyond  a  doubt^  instantly 
took  a  decisive  resolution.  It  was 
impossible,  with  good  faith,  to  re- 
sist a  demand  which  rested  upon 
such  grounds,  and  succour  could  be 
useful  only  by  being  prompt.  On 
the  11th  of  December,  utterly  un- 
expected by  the  country  at  large, 
lord  Bathnrst  in  the  House  of 
Peers,  and  Mr.  Canning  in  the 
Commons,  presented  the  following 
messaee  f^m  his  Majesty. 

''1tj8  Majesty  acquaints  the 
House  of  Lords  and  Commons,  that 
his  Majesty  has  received  an  earnest 
application  from  the  Princess  Re- 
gent of  Portugal,  claiming,  in  virtue 
of  the  ancient  obligations  of  alliance 
and  amity,  subsisting  between  his 
Majesty  and  the  Crown  of  Por- 
tugal, his  Majesty's  aid  against 
hostile  aggression  ^m  Spain. 

''His  Majesty  has  exerted  him- 
self, for  some  time  past,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  Majesty's  ally,  the 
King  of  France,  to  prevent  such 
aggression;  and'  repeated  assur- 
ances have  been  given  by  the  Court 
of  Madrid  of  the  determination  of 
his  Catholic  Majesty  neither  to 
commit,  nor  to  allow  to  be  commit- 
ted, from  his  Catholic  Majesty's 
territory,  any  aggression  against 
Portugal. 

''But  his  Majesty  has  heard 
with  deep  concern,  that,  notwith- 
standing these  assurances,  hostile 
inroads  into  the  territory  of  Por- 
tugal have  been  concerted  in  Spain, 
and  have  been  executed  under  the 
eyes  of  the  Spanish  authorities  by 
Portuguese  regiments,  which  had 
deserted  into  Spain,  and  which  the 
Spanish  government  had  repeatedly 
and  solemnly  engaged  to  disarm 
and  disperse. 

"His  Majesty  leaves  no  effort 
unexhausted  to  awaken  the  Spanish 
govenunent  to  the  dangerous  con^ 


sequences  of  this  apparent  conaiT- 
ance. 

"  His  Majesty  makes  this  oom^ 
munication  to  the  House  of  Lords 
and  Commons,  with  the  full  and 
entire  confidence  that  the  House 
of  Lords  and  his  fidthful  Commons 
will  afford  to  his  Majesty  their 
cordial  concurrence  and  support,  in 
maintaining  the  faith  of  treatiesy 
and  in  securing  against  foreign 
hostility,  the  safety  and  indepen- 
dence c^  the  kinffdom  of  Portugal, 
the  oldest  ally  of  Great  Britain." 

On  the  following  day  an  Ad- 
dress, in  answer  to  the  Message, 
was  moved  in  both  Houses.  In 
the  Commons  it  was  moved  by 
Mr.  Canning. 

"  In  proposiug  to  the  House  of 
Commons,"  said  he,  "  to  reply  to 
his  Majesty's  Message,  in  terms 
which  will  be,  in  effect,  an  echo  of 
the  sentiments,  and  a  fulfilment  of 
the  anticipations  of  that  Mess^e, 
I  feel  that  it  becomes  me  as  a 
British  minister,  reconunending 
to  parliament  any  step  which 
may  approximate  this  ooontiy 
even  to  die  haxard  of  a  war,  while 
I  explain  the  grounds  of  that 
proposal,  to  accompany  my  expia- 
nation  with  expressions  of  r^ret. 

"  Among  the  alliances  by  whidi, 
at  different  periods  of  our  histocy 
this  country  has  been  connected 
with  the  other  nations  of  Europe, 
none  is  so  ancient  in  origin,  and  so 
precise  in  obligation*— none  has  con- 
tinued so  long,  and  been  observed  so 
faithfully— -of  none  is  the  memory 
so  intimately  interwoven  vrith 
the  most  brilliant  records  of  our 
triumphs,  as  that  by  which  Crreat 
Britain  is  connected  with  Portugal 
It  dates  back  to  distant  centuries; 
it  has  survived  an  endless  variety 
of  fortunes.  Anterior  in  «yg^ff<'flHff 
to  the  accession  of  the  House  d 
Braganxa  to  the  throne  of  Poftu|pl 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [193 

— 4t  derived,  however,  fresh  vigour  "  What,  then,'  is  the  force — what 

from  that  event ;  and  never,  nrom  is  the  effect  of  those  ancient  trea- 

that  epoch  to  the  present  hour,  ties?  If  all  the  treaties  to  which  this 

has    the    independent    monarchy  article  of  the  treaty  of  Vienna  refers, 

of  Portu^  c^ised  to  be  nurtured  had  perished  by  some  convulsion  of 

by  &e  friendship  of  Great  Britain,  nature,  or  had,  by  some  extraor- 

This  alliance  has  never  been  seri-*  dinary  accident,  been  consigned  to 

ously  interrupted ;  but  it  has  been  total  oblivion,  still  it  would  be  im- 

renewed  by  repeated  sanctions.   It  possible  not  to  admit,  as  an  incon- 

haa  been  maintained  under  diffi-  testable  inference  from  this  article 

culties  by  which  the  fidelity  of  of  the  treaty  of  Vienna  alone,  that 

other  alliances  was  shaken,  and  in  a  moral  point  of  view,  there  is 

has  been  vindicated  in  fields  of  incumbent  on  Great  Britain,  a  de< 

blood  and  of  glory.  cided   obligation   to    act    as    the 

''  It  is  not  at  distant  periods  of  effectual  ddfender  of  Portugal.  If 
history,  and  in  by-gone  ages  only,  I  could  not  show  the  letter  of 
thatthe  traces  of  the  union  between  a  sincle  antecedent  stipulation, 
Crreat  Britain  and  Portugal  are  to  I  should  still  contend  that  a  solemn 
be  found.  In  the  last  ccmipact  of  admission,  only  ten  years  old,  of  the 
modem  Europe,  the  compact  which  existence  at  that  time  of '  Treaties 
forms  the  basis  of  its  present  inter-  of  Alliance,  Friendship,  and  Guar- 
national  law-«^I  mean  the  treaty  antee,'  held  Great  Britain  to  the 
of  Vienna  of  1815— this  country,  discharge  of  the  obli^tions  which 
with  its  eyes  open  to  the  possiUe  that  very  description  implies.  But 
inconveniences  of  the  connection,  fortunately  there  is  no  such  difficul- 
but  with  a  memory  awake  to  its  ty  in  specifying  the  nature  of  those 
past  benefits— solemnly  renewed  obligations.  The  preceding  treaties 
the  peviously  existing  obli^tions  are  so  numerous,  and  their  general 
of  alliance  and  amity  with  rortu-  result  is  so  uniform^  that  it  may  be 
gaL  The  third  article  of  the  treaty  sufficient  to  select  only  two  of 
concluded  at  Vienna  in  1815,  be-  them  to  show  the  nature  of  all. 
tween  Great  Britain  on  the  one  "Thetreatyofl66l,  which  was 
hand,  and  Portugal  on  the  other,  concluded  at  ihe  time  of  the  mar- 
is couched  in  the  following  terms :  risuge  of  Charles  the  2nd  with  the 
— *  The  Treaty  of  Alliance  con-  Infenta  of  Portugal,  after  redt- 
duded  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  the  ing  the  marriage,  and  making 
19th  of  February,  1810,  being  over  to  Great  Britain,  in  conse- 
fonnded  on  circumstances  of  a  quence  of  that  marriage,  first,  a 
temporary  nature,  which  have  considerable  sum  of  money,  and 
happily  ceased  to  exist,  the  said  secondly,  several  important  places ; 
Treaty  is  hereby  ded^^  to  be  runs  thus :  — - '  In  consideration  of 
void  in  all  its  parts  and  of  no  effect ;  all  which  grants,  so  much  to  the 
without  prejudice  however,  to  the  benefit  of  the  Kii]|;of  Great  Britain, 
ancient  Treaties  of  alliance,  friend-  and  his  subjects  in  general,  and  of 
ship,  and  guarantee,  which  have  so  the  delivery  of  those  important 
long  and  so  happily  subsisted  be-  places  to  his  said  Majesty,  and  his 
tween  the  two  Crowns,  and  which  heirs  for  ever,  &c.  the  King  of 
are  hereby  renewed  by  the  High  Great  Britain  does  profess  and 
Contracting  Parties,  and  acknow-  declare,  with  the  consent  and  ad- 
ledged  to  be  of  full  force  and  effect.'  vice  of  his  cooncit  that  be  will 

Vol.  LXVIII,  [O] 


i 


194]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

tale  the  interest  of  Portugal  and  hy  recruiting  it  fiom  time  to 

aH  its  dominioitf  to  hearty  defend-  at  their  own  es^ense.' 

ing  tlie   same  with    his  utmost  ^'  It  is  not,  howeTer,  on  ipecifir 

power,  b^  sea  and  Lmd,  even  as  articles  alone»-4t  is  not  so  wmdk, 

Enclaiid  itself;'    and  it  then  pro«  perh^s,  on  either  of  these  aorirait 

ceeds  to  qpedfy  the  succours  to  be  treaties  taken  separately— «ft  it  is 

sent*  and  the  manner  of  sending  on  the  sgixit  and  understawKi^  of 

them*  the  whole  body  of  treaties^   of 

**  The  treaty  of  1703  was  a  tri-  which  the  essence  is  concentrated 

partite  engagement  between  the  and  preserved  in   the  treaty  of 

States-ipeoeral  of  Holland^  Eng»  Vienna,  that  we  aeknowiedn  in 

land»  and  FdrtggaL    The  second  Portugal  a  n^  to  look  Id  Grest 

article  of  that  tieatv  sets  forth,  Britain  as  ho:  ally  and  defender, 

diat  *  if  ever  it  shall  lumpen  that  This  being  the  state,  monUy  and 

the  Kings  of  Spain  and  Tranee,  politically,  of  our  oUigatioiis  to- 

either  tl^  present  or  the  future^  wards  Portu^^  it  is  obvious  that 

that  both  of  them  together,  or  when  Portugal,  in  arorehcnainn  of 

either  of  them^  separately,    shall  the  comim|;  stormi  called  on  Great 

make  war,  or  ^ve  occasion  to  sus^  Britain  for  assistaDoe>    the  only 

pect  that  they  mtend  to  make  war,  hesitation  on  our  part  could  b&« 

upon   the  kingdom  of  Portugal,  not  whether  that  assistance  wm 

either  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  due,  supposing  the  oocmwon   &r 

or  on  its  dominions  beyond  seas;  demanding  it  to  arise-^butaimpty, 

her  m^esty  the  queen  of  Great  whether  ^t  occauon-— in   tma 

Britain,  and  the  lords  the  States-  words,  whether  the  coiusjlxderii 

general,  shall  use  their  fiiendly  •--had  arisen, 

offices  with   the  said  kiiu;i^    or  '^In  our  opinion  it  had.     Bands 

either    of   them,    in    oroer    to  of  Portiwiese  rebels,  anned«equ^ 

persuade   them    to   observe   the  ped^  ana  trained,  in  S|Nuiit  U 

terms  of  peace  towards  Portugal,  crossed  the  Spanish  fianticx,  eany* 

and   not    <o    make    war    upon  ing  terror  and  devastation  into 

it.'     The  third  article    declares,  their  own  country,  and  proclaiming 

that,  in  the  event  of  these  'good  sometimes  the  brother  of  the  itjgn* 

offices  not  poving  successful,  but  ing  sovereign  of  POrtu|pl,  aonie* 

altoigether  me&cUial,  so  that  war  times   a   l^ianish   prinees^^    and 

ahomd  be  made  by  the  aforesaui  sometimes  even  FerdinandofSpui, 

kings,  or  by  either  of  them,  upon  as  the  rightful  occupant  oTtibe 

Portugal,    the   above   mentioned  Portuguese  throne.    These  lehA 

powers    c^    Great   Britain   and  crvMsed  the  frontier,  not   at  one 

Holland,  shall  make  war  with  all  point  only,  but  at  several  points: 

their  fhrce,  upon  the  foresaid  kiius  for   it   is   remarkahle>   that  the 

or  king  who  shall  carrv  hostue  aggression,  on  which  the  origiDsl 

arms  into  PortU|ral:  and  towards  application  to  Great  Britain  ice 

that  war  which  £all  be  carried  on  succour  was  founded,  is  not  the 

in    Europe,    they   shaU    supplv  aggression  with  reference  to  whid 

12,000    men,  whom    they    shall  that  application  has  beoi  complied 

arm  and  pay,  as  well   when  in  with.    The  attack  annoimoedbj 

quarters  as  in  action ;  and  the  said  the  French  aewroapers  was  on  the 

High  Allies  shall  be  obliged  to  north  of  Portugat  in  the  province 

keep  that  number  of  men  complete^  (^  Tra^H^^Montes;  an  official  so< 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  f  196 

KsenA  of  whkh  has  been  reoeifed  don^  that  tbe  nM^oeiiarietf  in  this 
bf  Ins  mnestjr's  goreniment  cmlf  instance  were  natires  of  Pwtugal? 
I&sdaj.  But  on  Fxiday  an  account  "Tbe  Totefor  wbicb  I  call,  is  a 
was  receivied  of  an  inmsaon  in  tbe  vote  for  tbe  defence  of  P<»tugal^ 
aotttfa  of  Portugal^  and  of  tbe  not  a  vote  for  war  against  Spain. 
captme  of  ViUa  Vidosa,  a  town  UnjustifiaUe  as  I  shall  show  the 
Ijnig  on  the  road  from  the  south*  conduct  of  Spain  to  ba?e  been— 
em  mmtier  to  Lirixni.  This  new  eontnuy  to  the  law  of  nations,  and 
fiut  established  even  more  salis&o-  of  good  neighbouriiood,  ci  God 
toiily  than  a  mere  confirmation  of  and  of  man,  still  I  do  not  mean  to 
tbe  attadk  first  complained  of  preclude  a  locus  pomiientiof,  a 
wooU  have  done,  the  systematic  possibilityofredress  and  reparation, 
mtoie  of  tbe  aggression  6om  Spain  It  is  our  duty  to  fly  to  the  defence 
against  PortugaL  One  hostile  of  Portugal,  be  the  assailant  who 
iiTupticmmi^t  have  been  made  by  he  may.  In  thus  fulfilling  the 
Mine  smg^  corps  escaping  Smm  stipulations  o(  ancient  treaties^  of 
liieir  quarten^-^-by  some  body  of  the  existence  and  obligation  of 
atrag^lei8>  who  mi^t  have  eyaded  which  all  the  world  are  aware,  we, 
tlie  Tigilanoe  of  Spanish  authori-  according  to  the  universally  ad- 
ties  ;  and  <me  such  accidental  and  nutted  construction  of  the  law  of 
unoonnected  act  of  vioknca^ai^t  nations,  neitha:  make  war  upon 
not  have  been  oonduaive  evidence  that  assailant,  nor  give  to  that 
of  cognisance  and  design  on  the  assailant,  much  less  to  any  other 
partrfthoseaudunities.  But  when  power,  just  cause  of  war  sgainst 
SI  aeries  of  attacks  are  made  along  ourselves. 
the  whole  line  of  a  frontier,  it  u  ''In  some  quarter;^  it  has  been 
^ifficnlt  to  deny  that  such  muUl-  imputed  to  his  majesty's  ministers, 
pUed  instances  ol  hostility  are  that  an  extraordinaiy  delay  in- 
eridenoe  of  oonoerted  aggression.  tervened  between  the  taking  of  the 
''  If  asingle  company  of  Spanish  determination  to  give  assistance  to 
jmUiers  had  crossed  the  frontier  in  Portugal,  and  the  carrying  of  that 
bostile  array,  tbere  could  not  be  a  determination  into  efibct.  But 
doubt  as  to  the  character  of  that  bow  stands  the  fact  ?  On  Sun^ 
invasion.  Shall  bodies  of  men,  day,  the  3rd  of  this  month,  we 
armed,  dothed,  and  r^^imented  hy  received  from  the  Portuguese  am- 
Spain,  cany  fire  and  sword  into  bassador  a  directand  formal  demand 
the  boaom  of  her  unoffending  of  assistaiu^e  ^gainst  a  hostile  ag- 
nei^ibour,anddiaIl  it  be  fHretended  gression  from  Spain.  Our  answer 
tbat  no  attadc,  no  invawn  has  was— «tbat  although  rumours  had 
taken  place,  because,  forsooth,  reached  us  through  France,  bis 
tbeseontsagesarecommittedagainst  majesty's  government  bad  not  that 
Portugal  l^  men  to  whom  P(Nrtugal  accurate  information— 4bat  official 
hadgivenbirtfaandnurtuze  ?  What  and  precise  intelligence  of  facts- 
petty  quibbling  would  it  be,  to  say  on  which  they  could  properly 
that  an  invasion  of  Portugal  from  found  an  wplicatioQ  to  parliament. 
Spain  was  not  a  Spanish  invasion.  It  was  only  on  last  Friday  night 
because  Spain  did  not  employ  her  that  this  ftedae  information  ar- 
jOfwn  troops,  but  hired  mercenaries  rived.  On  Saturday  his  majesty's 
toefifeet  her  purpose?    And  what  confidentiai  servants  came   to    a 


196]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

ciaon  received  the  sanction  of  his  fairly  carried  into  e£fect.  Inter- 
majesty.  On  Monday  it  was  com-  nally,  let  the  Portuguese^  s^de 
municated  to  hoth  Houses  of  Par-  their  own  affidrs;  but  with  re- 
liament— -and  this  day,  Sir*-at  the  iroect  to  external  force,  while 
hour  in  which  I  have  the  honour  Great  Britain  has  an  arm  to  ndie^ 
of  addressing  you— the  troops  are  it  must  be  raised  against  the  efibrts 
on  their  march  for  embarkation.  of  any  power  that  should  attem^ 
"  As  to  the  merits  of  the  new  forciUy  to  control  the  dioioe,  aad 
constitution  of  Portugal,  I  have  fetter  the  independence,  of  Par- 
neither    the   intention,    nor    the  tugal. 

right,  to  offer  any  opinion.    Per-        **  Has  such  been  the  intention  of 

sonally,  I  may  have  formed  one;  Spain?     Whether  the  proceedingB 

but  as  an  English  minister,  all  I  which  have  lately  been  pmctiied 

have  to  say  is — '  May  God  pros-  or  permitted  in  Spain,  were  acts  of 

per  this  attempt  at  the  establish-  a  government  exercising  the  usual 

raent  of  constitutional  liberty  in  power  of  prudence  and  fares^bt, 

Portugal!   and  may  that  nation  (without  which  a  government  n 

be  found  as  fit  to  enjoy  and  to  for  the  good  of  the  people  wbidi 

cherish  its  new-bom  priioleges,  as  live  under  it  no  gov^nment  at  aU), 

it  has  ofi;en  proved  itself  capable  of  or  whether  they  were  the  acts  cf 

discharging  its  duties  amongst  the  some  secret  illegitimate 


nations  of  the  world ! '  of  some  furious  fimatical  fucikm, 

''  I  am  neither  the  champion  nor  over-riding  the  councils    of  the 

the  critic  of  the  Portuguese  con-  ostensible  government,  defying  it 

stitution.    But  it  is  acunitted  on  in  the  capital,  and  disobeying  it  on 

all  hands  to  have  proceeded  from  a  the  frontiers^-^I  will  not  stop  to 

legitimate  source— and  to  us,  as  inquire.   It  is  indifferent  to  Pcnto- 

Englishmen,    it  is  recommended  sal,  smarting  under  her  wrong»* 

by  the  ready  acceptance  which  it  it  is  indifferent  to  England,  who 

has  met  with  from  all  orders  of  is  called  upon  to  ^venge  them — 

the  Portuguese  people.    To  that  whether  ihe  preeent  state  of  tiiingi 

constitution  it  is  impossible  that  be  the  result  of  the  intrigues  of  t 

Englishmen  should  not  wish  welL  faction,  over  whidi,  if  the  Spamsh 

But   it  would  not  be  for  us  to  government   has  no    control,    it 

force  it  on  the  people  of  Portugal,  ought  to  assume  one  as  soon  as 

if  they  were  unwilling  to  receive  possible—or  of  local  authorities, 

it— or  if  any  schism  should  exist  over  whom   it  has  control,    and 

amongst  the  Portuguesethemselves,  for  whose  acts  it  must,  diaefove, 

as  to  its  fitness  and  congeniality  be  held  re^ondble.     It  matten 

to  the  wants  and  wishes  of  the  not,  I  say,  from  which  of  these 

nation.    It  is  no  business  of  ours  sources  the  evil  has  arisen.      In 

to  fight  its  battles.     We  go  to  either  case,  Portugal  must  he  pio- 

Portugal  in  the  discharge  of   a  tected;  and  from  England   that 

sacred  obligation,  contracted  imder  protection  is  due* 

andentand  modern  treaties.  When  '^  Great  desertions   took  place 

there,  nothing  shall  be  done  by  us  from   the    Portuguese  army  into 

to  enforce  the  establishment  of  ihe  Spain,  and  some  desertions  took^MX 

constitution — but  we  must    take  from  the  Spanish  army  into  P<v 

care  that  nothing  diall  be  done  by  tugal.     In  the  first  instance,  the 

others  to  prevent  it  £rom  being  Portuguese  authorities  were  taken 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[197 


hy  sarpnse ;  but^  in  every  subse- 
quent instance,  where  they  had  an 
opportunity  of  exercising  a  discre- 
tion, it  is  but  just  to  say,  that  they 
uniformly  discouraged  the  deser- 
tions of  the  Spanish  soldieiy. 
There  exist  between  Spain  and 
Portugal  specific  treaties,  stipulat- 
ing the  mutual  surrender  of  de- 
serters. Portugal  had,  therefore, 
a  ri^t  to  claim  of  Spain  that  every 
Portuguese  deserter  should  be 
forthwith  sent  bacL  I  hardly 
know  whether  from  its  own  im- 
pulse, or  in  consequence  of  our 
advice,  the  Portuguese  government 
waved  its  right  underthose  treaties; 
very  wisely  reflecting,  that  it  would 
be  highly  inconvenient  to  be  placed 
by  the  return  of  their  deserters,  in 
the  difficult  alternative  of  either 
granting  a  dangerous  amnesty,  or 
ordering  numerousexecutions.  The 
Portuguese  government,  therefore, 
signified  to  Spain  that  it  would  be 
entirely  satisfied  if,  instead  of  sur- 
rendering the  deserters,  Spain 
would  restore  their  arms,  horses, 
and  equipments;  and,  separating 
the  men  firom^  their  officers,  would 
remove  both  from  the  frontiers  into 
the  interior  of  Spain.  Solemn  en- 
gagements were  entered  into  by 
the  Spanish  government  to  this 
eflfect— first  with  Portugal,  next 
with  France,  and  afterwards  with 
England.  Those  engagements, 
eonchided  one  day,  were  violated 
the  next  The  deserters,  instead 
^f  being  disarmed  and  dispersed, 
were  allowed  to  remain  congr^;ated 
together  near  the  frontiers  of  Por- 
tugal ;  where  they  were  enrolled, 
trained,  and  disciplined,  for  the 
expedition  which  they  have  since 
undertaken.  It  is  plain  that  in 
these  proceedings,  there  was  perfidy 
aomewhere.  It  rests  wiUi  the 
Spanish  government  to  show,  that 
it  was  not  with  them<--'it  rests 


with  the  Spanish  government  to 
prove,  that  if  its  engagements  have 
not  been  fulfilled— if  its  intentions 
have  been  eluded  and  unexecuted, 
the  fault  has  not  been  vdth  the 
government ;  and  that  it  is  ready 
to  make  every  reparation  in  its 
power. 

*^  I  have  said  that  these  promises 
were  made  to  France  and  to  Great 
Britain,  as  well  as  to  PortugaL 
I  should  do  a  great  injustice  to 
France  if  I  were  not  to  add,  ihat 
the  representations  of  that  sovem- 
ment  upon  this  point,  with  the 
cabinet  of  Madrid,  have  been  as 
urgent,  and,  alas !  as  fruitless,  as 
those  of  Great  Britain.  Upon  the 
first  iiTuption  into  the  Portuguese 
territory,  the  French  government 
testified  its  displeasure  by  instantly 
recalling  its  ambassador;  and  it 
further  directed  its  chared  d'affaires 
to  signify  to  his  C^thohc  majesty, 
that  Spain  was  not  to  look  for  any 
support  from  France  against  the 
consequences  of  this  aggression 
upon  Portugal.  I  am  bound,  I 
repeat,  in  justice  to  the  French 
government,  to  state,  that  it  has 
exerted  itself  to  the  utmost,  in 
urging  Spain  to  retrace  the  steps 
which  she  has  so  unfortunately 
taken.  It  is  not  for  me  to  say 
whether  any  more  efficient  course 
might  have  been  adopted  to  give 
efiect  to  their  exhortations :  but  as 
to  the  sincerity  and  good  faith  of 
the  exertions  made  by  the  govern- 
ment of  France,  to  press  Spoin  to 
the  execution  of  her  engagements, 
I  have  not  the  shadow  of  a  doubt : 
—and  I  confidently  reckon  upon 
their  continuance. 

'*  There  are  reasons  which  en* 
tirely  satisfy  my  judgment  that  no- 
thing short  of  a  pomt  of  national 
faith  or  national  honour,  would  jus- 
tify at  the  present  moment,  any  vo- 
luntary approximation  to  the  possi-« 


199]     ANNUAL   REGISTER*    1826. 


bOitr  of  tf&f •    Ijst  loci  he  tmaet^ 
stoocly  howewcTf  dtsdnctbr,  as  not 
mesning  to  uy  that  I  oread  war 
in  a  good  canae  (and  in  no  otha* 
may  it  be  the  lot  of  this  ooontrf 
erer  to  enga^  f),  fSron  a  diatrnst 
ot  the  atrength  of  the  cuiiutry  to 
commence  it,  or  of  her  resources  to 
maintain  it.    I  dread  it,  indeed,—* 
bnt  upon  far  other  gnmnda :  I 
iircaa  it  irom  an  appreDenaton  oc 
the  tremetraona  cooae^iienoea  wMcb 
might  arise  from  any  liostilities  in 
which  we  mi|^t  now  be  engaged. 
Some  years  ago,  in  the  disraasion 
of  the  negotiatkms  respecting  the 
Prendi  war  against  Spam,  I  stated 
that  the  position  of  this  couutrv 
in  the  present  state  cf  the  world, 
was  one  ot  neutrality,  not  only 
between  contending  nations,  bnt 
between  conflicting  principles;  and 
that  it  was  by  neutrality  fuone  that 
we  could  maintain  that  balance, 
the  preservation  of  which,  I  be- 
lieved to  be  essential  to  the  welfare 
of  mankind.     I  then  said,  that  I 
feared  that  the  next  war  which 
should  be  kindled  in  Europe,  would 
be  a  war  not  so  much  of  armies,  as 
of  opinions    Not  four  years  have 
elapsed,  and  behold  my  apprehen- 
sion realised !    It  is,  to  oe  sure, 
within  narrow  limits  that  this  war 
of  opinion  is  at  present  confmed : 
but  it  is  a  war  of  opinion,  that 
Spain  (whether  as  government  or 
as  nation)  is  now  waging  against 
Portugal;  it  is  a  war  which  has 
commenced  in  hatred  of  the  new 
institutions    of   Portugal.     How 
Jong  is  it  reasonable  to  expect  that 
Portugal  will  abstain  from  retalia- 
tion ?  If  into  that  war  this  country 
shall  be  compelled  to  enter,  we 
shall  enter  into  it,  with  a  sincere 
and    anxious    desire    to  mitigate 
rather  than    exasperate,    and    to 
minele  only  in  the  conflict  of  arms, 
not  in  the  more  fiital  conflict  oi 


cyifiiniia.    But  I  mncii  tett  that 
ims   caniArf  (however  #AiiM'^ij 
But  nay  cwdcavoui  to   svoid  it) 
could  not,  in  siM^  ease,  aivoid  aeen^ 
nmked  under  her  bacmienr  all  the 
reitleas  and  dimatiuOtd  of  any 
tioB  with  whidi  riie  mi^it  come 
oonffiel.  It  is  the  oontemjd^rtion 
tms  new  power,  in  any  future 
whidi  excites  myiaoat  aaxioiia  ap^ 
prefaenaioB.  Itisonethzngu^kave 
a  giant's  strength,  but  it  woold  he 
another  to  use  it  like  a  guaot.  The 
conscionsneas  of  such  strength  n^ 
undoubtedly ,  a  source  of  confidence 
and  security  ;  bnt  in  the  aiuatkm 
in  which  this  eoontiy  stands^  onr 

business  is,  not  to  seek  opportunities 
of  displa3rin^  it,  but  to  coatsnt 
oorselvea  with  letting  the  pro- 
fesBon  of  vi^dent  and  exaggeiaied 
doctrines  on  both  s^es  fb^that  it 
is  not  their  interest  to  eonvcrt  an 
umpire  into  an  adversary.  The 
situation  of  England,  anudst  the 
straggle  of  po^t£al  opinions  which 
agitates  more  or  less  sensibly  dif- 
ferent countries  of  the  world,  may 
be  compared  to  that  of  Uie  mkr  of 
the  winds,  as  desoibed  by  the 
poet:— 

*  CelsS  sedet  JEolin  «it», 

Sceptra  tenens;  moUitqiie  ai^iMa  tt 

teroperat  iim ; 
Ni  fiiciat,   maria  ac  terras  csJumque 

^  profundum 
Qaippe  ferant  rapidi  secutn,  verrantone 
per  anrai.' 

The  consequence  of  letting  loose 
the  passions  at  present  dialled  and 
confined,  would  be  to  prodttce  a 
scene  cf£  desolation  which  no  man 
can  contemplate  without  horror; 
and  I  should  not  sleep  easy  cm  my 
couch,  if  I  were  consdoas  that  I 
had  contributed  to  precipitate  it  by 
a  single  moment.  This  is  tiie 
reason-Mi  reason  very  diflferent  fitmi 
fear — the  reverse  of  a  conscious- 
ness of  disability— why  I  dread 
the  recurrence  of  hostilities  in  any 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


tm 


port  (»f  Eimme;  whyl  wonMbear 
mnchy  and  forbear  long;  why  I 
ttronld  put  tip  with  aiinost  any 
tinng  diat  dia  not  touch  national 
fiddi  and  national  honour— -rather 
than  let  dip  the  furies  of  war,  the 
leash  of  which  we  hold  in  our 
hands— not  Imowing  whom  they 
may  readi^  or  how  tax  their  raraget 
may  be  carried.  Sudi  is  the  lore 
€f -peace  nHndi  the  British  govem-i 
ment  adtnowledges ;  and  such  the 
necessity  for  peace  which  ^e  cir- 
eomstances  of  the  world  inculcate. 
Let  tis  fly  to  the  aid  of  Portugal, 
by  whomsoever  attacked ;  because 
it  is  our  duty  to  do  so :  and  let  us 
cease  our  interference  where  that 
duty  ends.  We  go  to  Portugal, 
not  to  role,  not  to  dictate,  not  to 
prescribe  constitutions—but  to  de- 
fend and  to  preserve  the  inde- 
pendence of  an  ally.  We  go  to 
plant  the  standaro  of  Eujzland 
on  the  well-known  heights  of  Lis* 
bon.  Where  that  standard  is 
planted,  foreign  dominion  shall  not 
come. 

Mr.  Canning  sat  down  much 
exhausted,  amm  loud  cheers  from 
all  sides  (k  the  House. 

The  Speaker  read  the  Address, 
which  was  received  with  ^reat  ap- 
plause, and  put  the  question  that 
it  be  adopted. 

Sir  Robert  \^^lson  supported  the 
address;  at  the  same  Ume  adding, 
that,  in  his  opinion.  Great  Britain 
was  bound  to  require  of  France,  that 
she  should  march  her  troops  out 
of  Spain,  as  a  first  step  to  the 
defence  of  Portugal.  She  had  en- 
tered Spain  merely  to  release  U^e 
king,  and  to  restore  peace,  and  that 
object  had  long  ago  been  ac- 
complished. 

Mr.  Hume  rose  amid  loud  mur- 
murs, and  opposed  the  Address, 
principally  on  the  ground  that 
^is  country  was  not  in  a  situation 


toenterupon,  andlottgmaitttaitt,a 
war  on  a  great  scale,  ftwashi^^y 
iijtconsistent  in  Mr.  Cazunng,  who 
was  the  advocBte  of  peace  in  1B2S, 
to  precipitate  the  country  into  a 
war  now,  without  either  affi)rding 
sufficient  time  for  ddxberation,  or 
establidiing  a  case  of  nnavoidaUe 
necessity  to  enter  into  it  The 
hon.  member  moved  an  amend- 
ment, ''that  the  House  be  calkd 
over  this  day  week.** 

Mr.  Wood,  member  for  Preston, 
seconded  the  amendment 

Mr.  Barinff  did  not  see  how  the 
ministers  coim  have  adopted  any 
other  course  than  that  for  which 
they  now  asked  the  sanction  of 
the  House.  He  could  not  help 
recrettmg  that  government  had 
loMced  so  passively  on  the  invasion 
of  Spain  in  1825.  If,  at  that 
time,  the  same  resolution  had  been 
shewn  in  the  case  of  Spain,  as  was 
at  this  time  in  the  pase  of  Portugal, 
Europe  would  have  been  saved 
from  that  calamity  into  which,  at 
some  time  or  other,  he  firmly  be- 
lieved that  an  invasion  would  draw 
it.  He  could  not  view  the  posses- 
sion of  Spain  by  France,  continued 
year  after  year,  without  feeling 
that  it  was  extremely  dangerous  to 
this  country.  To  what  degree  the 
war,  once  commenced,  might 
spread,  in  pcnnt  of  expense  and  ex- 
tent, there  was  no  saying  before- 
hand. But,  keeping  in  mind  the 
taxes  which  haa  been  repealed 
since  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  he 
denied  that  the  pressure  at  this 
time  cotdd  be  such  as  to  render  us 
incapable  of  bearing  the  burthens 
war  m^ht  bring  upon  us. 

Mr.  fiankes,  senior,  was  of  opi- 
nion that  the  House  should  be  as- 
sured that  the  war  was  qmte  in- 
dispensable, before  the^  rushed 
into  it.  He  was  not  satisfied  that 
such  was  the  case.    The  disturb- 


200]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

ances  in  Portugal  were  of  a  po«  upon  our  resources ;  for  a  small 
litical   character^    and    connecied  sum  spent  now  in  due  time,  naj 
with  its  internal  arrangements.  He  be  the  means  of  saving  us  an  ex- 
did  not  shrink  from  war  because  penditure  often  times  Uiat  amount, 
he  despaired  of  the  resources  of  with  interest—aye,  and  compound 
the    coimtry,   and,  therefore,  he  interest  accumulated  upon  it.    In 
would  not  support  the  amendment,  the  principles,  now  adopted  and 
but  neither  could  he  vote  for  the  avowed   by    the   ozgans    of  ouz 
original  motion.  government,  we  have  a  strong  and 
Mr.    Brougham  supported  the  impregnable  Inilwark,  which  will 
Address.  Adverting  to  the  ground  enable  us  not  only  to  support  our 
on   which    the   amendment    was  burthens,  and,  should  the  day  ol 
principally    supported,    he    said,  trial  come  upon  us,  to  meet  the 
*^  The  hon .  members  (Messrs.  Hume  combined  world  in  arms,  but  which 
and  Wood)  must  recoUect,  and  the  will  afford  the  stroiigest  practical 
House  and  the  country  must  bear  security  against    future    danger; 
in  mind,  that  the  question  is  not  and  render  it  eminently  improba- 
at  present,  whether,  even  at  the  ble  that  we  shall  ever  have  that 
expense  of  your  character  for  good  combined  world  to  contend  with^ 
faith,   you  will  consent  to  bear  so    long  as  those  principles  are 
hereafter  among  mankind  a  stained  maintained.     Our  burthens  may 
reputation,  and  a  forfeited  honour,  remain,  but  our  ^vemment  know 
The  question  is  not  whether  you  that  when  the  voice  of  the  peo^e 
will  do  so,  and  by  so  doing  avert  a  is  in  their  favour,  they  have  a  levari 
war*    I  should  say  no,  even  if  this  if  not  within  their  hands,  within 
choice  were  within  your  reach ;  their  grasp." 
but  the  question  is  whether,  for  a        Mr.  Bnght  contended,  that  no 
little  season  of  miserable,  insecure,  act  of  aggression  against  Portugal 
precarious,  dishonourable,  unbear-*  had  been  avowed  by  Spain,  id 
able  truce.—-!  cannot  call  it  peace,  that  consequently  no  casus  fadem 
for  it  has  nothing  of  the  honour  existed.    The  occupation  of  For- 
and  the  comfort  which  m^ke  the  tugal  by  five  thousand  men  would 
name  of  peace  proverbially  sweet-^  amount  to  nothing  more  than  an 
1  say,  the  question  is,  whether  for  armed  neutrality.     Now,  by  the 
this  wretched,  precarious,  disgust-  terms  of  the  treaty,  we  were  bound 
ing,  and  intolerable  postponement  to  assist  Portugal  only  in  the  event 
of  hostilities,  you  wUl  be  content  of  actual  hostilities  having  been 
hereafter  to  have  recourse  to  war,  commenced,    and  then  we  were 
when  war  can  no  longer  be  avoided,  bound  to  attack  Spain  with  all  our 
and  when  its  horrors  will  fall  upon  might. 

you-^egraded  and  ruined  in  dia-        Mr.  Canning's  reply  was  eyen 

racter  in  the  eyes  of  all  the  nations  more  eloquent  than  his  opening 

of  Europe,  and,  what  is  ten  thou-  speech. 

sand  times  worse,  degraded  and        **  The   hon.   gentleman*'  (Mr* 

^nedin  your  own.     I  say.  Sir,  Bright)  he  said,  "who  spoke  last, in 

degraded  and  ruined  in  reputation,  his  extreme  love  for  peace,  proposes 

and  what  may  appear  worse  to  expedients,  which  would   raider 

those  to. whose  mmds  such  topics  war^inevitable.    He  would  aToid 

do  not  find  so  easy  an  access,  the  interference  at  this  moment,  when 

war  will  fall  with  tenfold  weight  Spain  may  be  yet  hesitating  as  to 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [201 

iiie  oouxse  which  she  shall  adopt ;  ''An  amendment  has  heen  pro-i 
and  the  lan^a^  which  he  would  posed,  purporting  a  delay  of  a 
liold  to  Spam  is,  in  effect  this—  week,  hut,  in  effect,  intended  to 
'  You  have  not  yet  done  enough  to  produce  a  total  ahandonment  of  the 
implicate  firiti^  faith,  and  to  pro*  object  of  the  address ;  and  thai 
voke  British  honour.  You  have  amendment  has  been  justified  by  a 
not  done  enough,  in  merely  en-  reference  to  the  conduct  of  the 
abling  Portuguese  rebels  to  invade  government  and  to  the  language 
Portugal,  and  to  carry  destruction  used  by  me  in  this  House  between 
into  1^  cities ;  you  have  not  done  three  and  four  years  ago.  It  is 
enough  in  combining  knots  of  stated,  and  truly,  that  I  did  not 
traitors,  whom*— after  the  most  then  deny  that  cause  for  war  had 
solemn  engagements  to  disarm  and  been  given  by  France  in  the  in- 
to di^rse  them—you  carefully  vasion  of  Spain,  if  we  had  then 
re-assembled,  and  equipped  and  thought  fit  to  enter  into  war  on 
sent  back  with  Spanish  arms,  to  be  that  account  But  it  seems  to  be 
plunged  into  kindred  Portuguese  forgotten  that  there  is  one  main 
bosoms.  I  will  not  stir  for  all  dinerence  between  that  case  and 
these  things.  Pledged  though  I  the  present,-* which  difference, 
am  by  the  most  solemn  obligations  however,  is  essential  and  all-suf- 
of  treaty  to  resent  attack  upon  ficient.  We  were  then  to  go  to 
Portugal  as  injurious  to  Englsmd,  war,  if  we  pleased,  on  grounds  of 
I  love  too  deeurly  the  peace  of  political  expediency.  But  we  were 
Europe,  to  be  goaded  into  activity  not  then  bound  to  interfere,  on  be- 
by  such  trifles  as  these.— No.— -But  half  of  Spain,  as  we  now  are 
give  us  a  good  declaration  of  war,  bound  to  interfere  on  behalf  of 
and  then  rll  come  and  fight  you  Portugal,  by  the  obligations  of 
with  all  my  heart.'*-This  is  the  treaty.  War  might  then  have 
hon.  gentleman's  contrivance  for  been  our  free  choice,  if  we  had 
keeping  peace.  The  more  clumsy  deemed  it  politic :  interference  on 
contrivance  of  his  majesty's  govern-  behalf  of  Portugal  is  now  our  duty, 
ment  is  this  : — ^  We  have  seen  unless  we  are  prepared  to  abandon 
enough,  to  show  to  the  world  that  the  principles  of  national  faith  and 
Spain  authorised,  if  she  did  not  national  honour.  It  is  a  singular 
instigate,  the  invasion  of  Portugal ;  confusion  of  intellect  which  con- 
and  we  say  to  Spain,  Beware,  founds  two  cases  so  precisely  dis- 
we  will  avenge  the  cause  of  our  similar.  Far  from  objecting  to  the 
ally,  if  you  break  out  into  declared  reference  to  1823,  I  refer  to  that 
war;  but,  in  the  mean  time,  we  same  occasion  to  show  the  con- 
will  take  effectual  care  to  frustrate  sistency  of  the  conduct  of  myself 
your  concealed  hostilities.'  Who  and  my  colleagues.  We  were  then 
would  not  prefer  this  course  of  his  accused  of  truckling  to  France, 
majesty's  government,  the  object  of  from  a  pusiUauimous  dread  of  war. 
wmch  is  to  nip  growing  hostilities  We  pleaded  guilty  to  the  charge 
in  the  ear,  to  that  of  the  chivalrous  of  wishing  to  avoid  war.  We  de- 
member  for  Bristol,  who  would  let  scribed  its  inexpediency.,  its  incon- 
aggressions  ripen  into  full  ma-  veniencies,  and  itsdangers,«— (dan- 
turity,  in  order  that  they  may  then  gers,  especially  of  the  same  sort 
be  mowed  down  with  the  scythe  of  with  those  which  I  have  hinted  at 
a  magnificent  war  ?         >/^q  ZTN^-day)  but  we  declared  that^  al* 


202]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

thott^  we  could  not  overlook  those  concerned,    ihe   empbymeiit    of 

dangers,  those  inoonveniencieSy  and  such  means  would  be^  strictly,  I 

that  inexpediency,  in  a  case  in  nii^t  say  epimnintaticalljv  Jtut. 

which  remote  interest  and  doubtful  The  Foreign  Enlistment  act  was 

policy  were  alone  assi^ed  as  mo-  passed  in  the  year  1819,  if  Aot  at 

tives  for  war,  we  womd  checrfiilljr  the  direct  reonest,  for  the  especial 

affiront  them  all,  in  a  case— if  it  benefit,  of  Spain*     What   xi^it, 

should    arrive  — where  national  then,  would  Spain  hare  to  com* 

fidth  or  national  honour  were  con-  riain  if  ^e  should  repeal  it  nervr, 

cerned.     Well,  then— ^  case  has  for  the  especW  benefit  of  Pdrtnjpd? 

now  arisen,  of  whidi  the  essence  "p^-The  Spaaish  Refugees  haire  been 

is  foith,  of  which  the  character  is  harbouicd  in  this  country,   it  is 

honour ;  and,  when  we  call  upon  true ;  but,  on  condition  of  abstsfai* 

parliament,  not  for  offensive  war,  ingfirom  hostile  expeditkmsagmiist 

•—which  was  proposed  to  us  in  Spain :  and  more  than  ono^  wben 

1823— -but  for   defensive  arma«  sudi  expeditions  have  been  ^an-* 

ment;   we    are   referred  to   our  ned,  the  British  govemment  has 

abstinence  in  1825,  as  disqualify-  interfered  to  suppress  them*    How 

ing  us  for  exertion  at  the  present  is  this  tenderness  for  Spain  re* 

moment,  and  are  told,  that,  because  warded?-— Spain    not    ocuy    liir* 

v<re  did  not  attack  France  on  that  bonis,  and  foster^  and  sustains, 

occasion,    we   must    not    defend  but  arms,  equips,  and  mardials  the 

Portugal  on  this.    I,  Sir,  like  the  traitorous   refugees  of   Portu^ 

proposers  of  the  amendn^t,  place  and  pours  them  by  thousands  mto 

the  two  cases  of  1823  and  1826,  the  bosom  of  great  Britain's  nearest 

side  by  side,  and  deduce  from  them,  ally.     So  far,  then,  as  Spmn  is 

when  taken  together,  the  exposi-^  concerned,  the  advice  of  those  who 

tion  and  justification  of  our  general  would  send  forth  against   Spain 

policy.    I  appeal  from  the  warlike  such  dreadful  elements  of  strife  and 

preparations  of  to-day,  to  the  fbr-  destruction,  is»  as  I  have  admitted, 

bemunce  of  1823,  in  proof  of  the  not  unjust    But  I  repeat,  Bgm 

pacific  character  of  our  counsels ;-—  and  again,  that  I  disdaun  a31  sudi 

I  appeal  from  the  imputed  tame«  expedients ;— «nd    that    I    diesd 

ness  of  1823,  to  the  message  of  tOi*  especially  a  war  with  Spain,  h^ 

night,  in  illustration  of  the  nature  cause  it  is  the  war  of  all  others  in 

of  those  motives,  by  which  a  go«  which,  by  the  example  and  practice 

vemment,  generally  pacific,  may  of  Spain  herself,  such  expedients 

nevertheless  be  jusuy  roused  into  are  most  likely  to  be  adopted.  Let 

action.  us  avoid  that  war  if  we  can,— 4hat 

**  It  has   been  suggested.   Sir,  is,  if  Spain  will  permit  us  to  do  so. 

that  we  should  at  once  sbip  off  But  in  any  case,  let  us  endeavtmr 

the  Spanish  refugees,  now  in  this  to  strip  any  war*-»if  war  we  must 

country,  for  Spain ;  and  that  we  have-^^  that  most  formidaUe  woA 

should,by  the  repeal  of  the  Forei^pi  disastrous  character  the  hon.  and 

Enlistment  act,  let  loose  into  the  learned  gentleman  (Mr.  Brougham) 

contest  all  the  ardent  and  irregular  has  so  eloquently  described,  sua 

spirits  of  this  country.     Such  ex-  which  I  was  happy  to  hear  hifl 

pedients  I  disclaim.     I  dread  and  concur  with  me  in  deprecating,  as 

deprecate  the  employment  of  them,  the  most  fatal  evil  1^  which  the 

So  far,  indeed,  as  Spain  herself  is  world  could  be  afflicted. 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [20^ 

^  *  TwD  boncRmble  members  in«  parliament.  No  peace  was  in  those 

tk  llist  tlie  Frendi  army  in  Spain  days  thought  safe  for  this  ootintiy 

las  been,  if  not  die  eaose,  the  en-  while  the  crown  of  Spain  continued 

comagemcul,  of  the  late  attack  by  on  the  head  of  a  Bourtxm.    But 

Span  agaznat  Portugal;  that  his  were  not  the  apprehensions  of  those 

Baesty'a  government  were  highly  days    greatly  over^stated  ? .    And 

eo^abfe  in  allowing  that  army  to  is  the  Spain  of  the  present  day 

ester  into  Spain,  tintt  its  stay  there  the  Spain  of  which  the  statesmen 

if  la^ify  isdurkms  to  British  in«  of  the  times  of  William  and  Anne 

tenM  and  honour,  and  that  we  were  so  much  afraid?  Is  it  indeed, 

fl^it  instantly  to  call  upon  France  the  nation]  whose  puissance  was  ex« 

t9wiihdrawit*  pected  to  ahake  England  from  her 

"Idonotaeehowthewithdraw-  sphere?    No,  Sir,  it  was  quite 

iag  the  Frendi  tniops  fitom  Spain  another  Spain«»it  was  the  Spain, 

eoold  e£bct  oor  present  purpose,  within  the  limits  of  whose  empire 

Tlie  French  anny  in  Spain  is  now  the  sun  never  set— it  was  Spain 

a  prolection  to  that  very  party  ''with  the  Indies'' that  excited  the 

winch  it  was  onrimdly  <adled  in  jealousies  and  alarmed  the  imagina^ 

10  pot  down.     Were  tiie  French  tions  of  our  ancestors. 
&3By  suddenly  removed  at    this        ^  It  would  be  di^genuous,  in-< 

pncise  moment,  I  verily  believe  deed,. not  to  admit  that  the  entry  of 

^  the  immediate  effect  of  that  the  French  army  into  Spain  was,  in 

nmowMk  would   he^  to  give^  full  a  certain  sense,  a  disparagement — 

fBOft  to  the  unbridled  rage'of  a  an  afi&ont  to  the  pride,  a  blow  to  the 

jtaati^  faction,    before    which,  feelings,  of  England  r^^^Mmd  it  can 

ii  the  whirlwind  of  intestine  strife,  hardly  be  supposed  that  the  govern-' 

^  party  least  in  numbers  would  ment  did  not  83rmpathize,  on  that 

^  swept  away.  occasion,  with  the  feelings  of  the 

"  So  nnich  for  the  immediate  people.    But  I  deny,  that,  que»- 

c€eet(^the  demand  which  it  is  pro-  tionable  or  censurable  as  the  act 

poiedtonatomake,  if  Umt  demand  might  be,  it  was  one  which  ne-' 

were  instantly  successful.     But,  cessarily  called  for  our  direct  and 

when  with  reference  to  the  larger  hostile  opposition.     Was  nothing 

Qoestion  of  a  military  occupation  of  then  to  be  done  ?•— *Was  there  no 

opaia  by  France,  it  is  avenned,  that,  other  mode  of  resistance,  than  by  a 

I7  that  occupation,  the  rdative  direct  attack  upon  France— or  by 

Btnition  of   Great    Britun    and  a  war  to  be  undertaken  on  the  soil 

Fnnee  la  altered ;  that  France  is  of  Spain  ?   What,  if  the  possession 

thereby  exalted  and  Great  Britain  of  Spain  might  be  rendered  harm- 

Wered,  in  the  eyes  of  Europe  :•—  less  m  rival  hands*-harmless  as  re^ 

1  disnot  itom  that  averment  garded  us<-^nd  valueless  to  the 

''  I  do  not  Uame  those  exaggera-  possessors  ?    Might  not  compensa- 

tons ;  beeanse  I  am  aware  that  tion  for  disparagement  be  obtained, 

tbey  are  to  be  attributed  to  the  and  the  policy  of  our  anccstcms 

reodketiona  of  some  of  the  best  vindicated,  by  means  better  adapted 

tiaiesof  oor  history;  that  they  are  to  the  present  time?     If  France 

the  edioes  of  sentiments,  which,  occupied  Spain,  was  it  necessary, 

is  the  days  of  William  and  of  in  order  to  avoid  the  consequences 

Anne,  animated  the  debates  and  ofthat  occupation,— that  we  should 

dietatod  the  votes  of  the  Bntiah  blockade  Cadijv?    No.     I  looked 


204]     ANNUAL   REGISTER^    1826. 


another 'way — I  sought  materials 
of  compensatioii  ki  another  hemis- 
phere. Contemplatiog  Spain,  such 
as  our  ancestors  had  Imown  her,  I 
resolved  that  if  France  had  Spain, 
it  should  not  he  Spain  '  with  the 
Indies.'  I  called  the  New  World 
intoexistence,  toredress  the  balance 
of  the  Old. 

'^  Once  more  I  declare,  that  the 
object  of  the  address,  which  I  pro* 
pose  is  not  war:  its  object  is  to 
take  the  last  chance  of  peace.  If 
you  do  not  go  forth,  on  this  oc« 
casion  to  the  aid  of  Portugal,  Por- 
tugal will  be  trampled  down,  to 
your  irretrievable  disgrace :  -«-and 
then  will  come  war  in  the  train  of 
national  degradation.  If,  under 
circumstances  like  these,  you  wait 
tUl  Spain  has  matured  her  secret 
machinations  into  open  hostility, 
you  will  in  a  little  while  have  the 
sort  of  war  required  by  the  pacifi- 
cators :-«-and  who  shall  say  where 
that  war  will  end  ?" 

The  Amendment  was  put  and 
negatived,  there  appearing  only 
three  or  four  supporters  wr  Mr. 
Hume's  proposition.  The  ori- 
einal  question  was  then  put  and 
Lried,  with  0DI7  the  sam.  number 
of  dissentients. 

On  the  same  night,  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  a  similar  address 
was  moved  by  lord  Bathurst,  and 
seconded  by  lord  Holland.  The 
duke  of  Wellington  spoke  next; 
beginning  by  expressing  a  hope 
that  it  would  be  permitt^  to  him, 
who  for  many  years  had  had  the 
direction  of  the  resources  of  both 
the  countries  which  formed  the 
subject  of  discussion,  against  the 
common  enemy,  to  lament  that 
any  necessity  should  arise  for  our 
interference  between  them.  He 
also  hoped,  that  the  measures  which 
called  for  our  interference,  were 
more  to  be  attributed  to  the  peri 


fidious  conduct  of  the  servsnts  of 
the  king  of  Spain,  to  the  captains- 
general  of  provinces,  and  to  infe- 
rior ministers,  than  to  his.Catlu^ 
majesty.    Whether,  however,  tfaey 
proceeded  from   the  one   or  the 
other,  he  could  not  possibly  see 
bodies  of  troops  on  both  odes  of 
the  Douro,  and  on  the  south  of 
the  Tagus  and  the  Guadiana,  at 
the  same  time,  all  armed  by  the 
Spanish  authorities,  without  im- 
mediately  perceiving  that    tbeie 
must  be  a  concurrence  of  the  Spar- 
nish  government    Under  tbe  cir- 
cumstances, therefore,  of  this  pie- 
concerted  invasion  of  the  P<xtu- 
guese  territory,  he  was  of  opnion, 
that  the  casus  foederis  did  clearly 
exist.    War,  however,  mifi^t  still 
be  prevented ;  and  he  hoped  for  the 
cordial  assistance  of  France,    by 
negotiations,    in   prevendns    the 
breaKng  out  of  hostilities,  in  bring- 
ing his  Catholic  majesty  to  a  just 
sense  of  his  own  danger,  to  a  proper 
feeling  of  what  was  due  both  to 
his  dignity  and  his  interest,  and 
to  the  obligations  of  good  fiedth. 

Lord  Lansdowne  alM>  declared 
his  full  approbation  of  the  pro- 
posed measure;  and  the  address 
was  carried  without  a  dissentieDt 
voice. 

The  unanimity  which  prevailed 
in  parliament  on  this  decisive  mea« 
sure,  was  not  more  perfect  than 
was  the  universal  concurrence  of 
sentiment  rq;arding  it,  which  ex- 
isted throughout  the  country.  The 
reasons  on  which  it  was  founded, 
and  the  promptitude  with  which  it 
had  been  adopted,  inspired  ooDfi- 
dence ;  the  aj^ur,  the  manUness, 
the  deq>  tone  of  generous  feeling 
with  which  it  had  been  defended, 
excited  esteem  and  ndmiratinn* 
Never  were  a  government  and  its 
subjects  in  more  complete  unison* 
Tbe  activity  of  the  pablic  offices 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE, 


[205 


kpt  pace  wiih  the  wishes  of  both ; 
a  annament  connstiiig  of  iire 
tibougmd  men,  under  the  command 
flf  ar  William  Clinton,  was  equip- 
ped in  an  almost  inoedibly  short 
i|Boe  of  time.  Even  the  winds  of 
Wsfen  seemed  to  favour  the  en« 
terpriae.  Mr.  Canning  pronounced 
Ik  speech  in  the  House  of  Com« 


mons  on  the  12th  of  December, 
and  on  Christmas  day,  the  ship, 
which  carried  the  first  detachment 
of  the  British  army,  cast  anchor  in 
the  waters  of  the  Tagus. 

On  the  13th  of  December,  the 
House  adjourned  till  the  sik  of 
February. 


206)     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826, 


CHAP.  vm. 

India— i^-commenc6mfn/  of  Hostilities  with  the  Burme^e^^Militarj^ 
Operations  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Prome — British  ^'^  advances 
to  MeUoone^^Conferences  and  Terms  of  Peace  accepted — The  Treaty 
not  being  ratified,  the  Army  takes  MeUoone^-^The  Army  advances  to 
Pagahm-mew — Battle  there-^ A  Treaty  concluded  and  ratified'^Siege 
and  Capture  of  Bkurtpore  by  Lord  Owwiermcre.— Aprica— 2>c/ca^ 
of  the  Ashantees, 


fTlHE  annistice  which  had  been 
M  concluded  on  the  17th  Sep- 
tember>  1825,  between  the  British 
and  Burmese  commanders^  was  not 
employed  hj  the  court  of  Ava  in 
any  serious  negotiations  for  peace, 
but  in  collecting  forces  for  a  vigor- 
ous prosecution  of  the  war.  By 
the  second  article  of  the  amnesty 
it  had  been  agreed  that  a  commis- 
sioner from  Ava,  with  full  powers, 
should  meet  the  British  author- 
ities, on  the  2nd  of  October,  half 
way  between  Prome  and  M^iday, 
the  stations  of  the  respective 
armies,  to  treat  of  the  re-establish- 
ment  of  peace.  These  conferences 
took  place  on  the  plain  of  Neoun- 
ben-zeik,  the  negotiators  on  each 
side  being  accompanied  by  a  train 
of  five  hundred  men,  as  the  dignity 
of  the  prime  minister  of  Ava  did 
not  aUow  him  to  move  with  a 
smaller  retinue.  The  Burmese 
commissioners  displayed  ostensibly 
the  most  amicable  dispositions ; 
were  anxious  in  their  inquiries 
after  the  health  of  his  majesty  of 
£ngland,  and  the  latest  news; 
uniformly  spoke  of  Britain  and 
Ava,  as  the  "  two  great  and  civil- 
ized nations,"  and  scrupulously 
avoided  every  thing  which  might 
be  construed  into  an  acknowledg- 
ment of  inferijority.    They  endea^ 


voured  to  exculpate  their  monarcli 
from  any  blame  on  account  of  the 
hostUe  acts  committed  in 
which  had  led  to  the  war,  liy 
surances  that  they  had  been  com- 
mitted without  his  authority  or 
consent,  and  that  the  remonstrances 
of  the  Indian  government  had 
been  kept  from  his  knowledge. 
In  the  terms  of  peace  which  were 
proposed,  they  quarrelled  princi- 
pally with  the  demands  for  a  ces- 
sion of  part  of  their  territory,  and 
an  indemnification  in  money  for 
the  expenses  of  the  war,  and  la- 
boured hard  to  have  them  with- 
drawn, at  least  in  the  mean  time, 
gravely  holding  out  such  consider- 
ations as  this,  that  the  dignity  of 
the  king  of  Ava  did  not  allow  him 
to  submit  to  terms  imposed  upon 
him  by  a  present  force,  but  that, 
so  soon  as  the  Indian  government 
should  have  withdrawn  their  army 
from  the  country,  there  was  no- 
thing which  his  generosity  would 
not  concede  to  them.  Being  un- 
able to  obtain  any  modificationjof 
the  terms,  they  desired,  and  <^ 
tained,  an  extension  of  the  armis- 
tice for  twenty  days,  that  they 
might  have  time  to  transmit  them 
to  Ava,  and  receive  new  instruc- 
tions. The  extension  of  the  armis- 
tkc,  although  proposed  hf  the 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [207 

flODy  netdj  to  gain  tioie^  was  to  cut  off  the  comirmmcation  with 

BO  ncnfioe  on   the  part.  dT  the  Rangoon.     When    remonstranceg 

fiotuh  commander ;  for  the  season  were  made  to  the  Burmese  com^ 

lad  the  state  of  the  country  would  manders^    they  with  their  usual 

Dot  have  permitted  him  to  take  disregard  of  truth,  denied  all  looow* 

the  field  at  an  earlier  peziod.  ledge  of  these  marauding  expedi- 

fti  receiving  the  proposed  tenns  tions,  although  it  was  proved  ly  the 

ofpcaoe,  his  majesty  of  the  Golden  prisoners  taken,   that  they  were 

Foot  faEoJb  out  into  the  most  in-  acting  directly  under  ordexs  from 

to^ente  bursts  of  inqiotent  pas*  headquarters.    At  length,  when 

aaa,  and  ssavc  orders  to  his  gen&-  the  armistice  had  nearly  expired, 

nb  munediatelj  to  renew  o&n-  the  thin  mask  was  taken  off,  imd 

afe  opoations.     Hisvigorous  pre-  the  following  haughty  and  laconic 

pandras  had   again  collect  in  answer  was  returned  to  the  pro- 

tiKo^diboQxhoM  of  Meaday,  an  posals  of  peace  made  at  Neoun- 

army  orhetween50/X)0  and  60,000  ben*zeik :  ''  If  you  wish  for  peace, 

men.     He  luid  sent  down  from  you  may  go  away ;  but  if  you  wish 

An,  a  veteran  leader  of  great  either   money   or    terriuny,    no 

e^crienoe,  Maha  Nemiow,  who  friesidship  can  exist  between  us> 

WIS  to  introduce  a  new  mode  of  This  is  Burman  custom." 

aMJufting  the  war,  and  had  at*  The  whole  army  of  Ava,  nearlj 

tsdbed  to  his  army  a  body  of  eight  sixty  thousand  strong,  immediately 

^nwnd  Shans,  a  species  of  force  advanced  along  the  banks  of  the 

tttnog  a  hi^  character  for  goL  Irrawaddy   against    Prome,    and 

Itttry,  and  who  had  not  yet  met  the  six  thousand  British  and  na* 

aBrituhannyin  thefidd.    Along  tive  Indian   troops  by  whom  it 

wUi  them  were  three  young  wo-  was   occupied.     It   was   divided 

om  of  high  rank  who  were  bo-  into  three  bodies,   which  moved 

listed,  by  their  superstitious  ooun-  parallel  to  each  other,  but  were 

t^peot  to  be  not  only  endowed  dispersed  with  so   little  tactical 

vith  the  gift  of  prophecv,  but  to  skill,  that  insuperable  physical  ob- 

poneis  the  miraculous  faculty  of  stacles  prevented  any  one  of  them 

tmoDf  aude  balls  and  bullets  or  fiom   supporting    any  other,   all 

'codenng  them  innoxious.    Con-  being  thus  exnosed  to  the  immi- 

fi^  in  their  strength,  and  urg&d  nent  danjger  of  beinsr  destroyed  in 

y  the  tbreateiunff  mandates  of  detaiL    The  right  division,  con- 

udr ZQonarch,  theBurmese chiefs  sLsting  of  fifteen  thousand  men, 

^  00  gcrupl^  c^  delicacy  in  vio-  under    the    command   of   Sudda 

^^^  the  truce.      Scarcely  had  Woon,  moved  along  the  right  or 

^  departed  bom  the  place  of  western  bank  of  the  river.    On 

^"'^^(CQoe    at     Neoun-ben-zeik,  the  opposite  bank,   separated  by 

vhea  numerous  irruptions  were  the  whole  breadth  of  the  Irra^ 

^^  by  predatory  i»mds   from  waddy,  advanced  the  centra  con- 

J^  snny,  transgressing  the  line  sbting    of    between    twenty-five 

^  demaici^ion  laid  down  in  the  thousand  and  thirty  thousand  men, 

^'^"^tia,  laying  waste  the  country  headed  by  the  Kee  Wonghee  in 

™o«t  to  the  walls  of  Prome,  in-  person,  and  escorted  by  a  consi- 

^^'^^ipting   the    supplies    of    the  derable  armament  of  war  boats. 

vny,  ascending  the   river,   and  Maha  Nemiow  himself  took  the 

watQibg^  and  j^ainly  intend^  command  of  the  left  division. 


208]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

wliich  likewise  was  fifteen  thou-  tinued  succession  of   brisk 

sand  strong,    and   contained  the  mishes.      The  division,  however, 

Shan  horsemen;    it  marched  on  made    good    its    advance  to   the 

the  same  side  of  the  river  with  neighbourhood    of    Watty-goon  ; 

the  centre,  still  more  to  the  east-  but    colonel    M'Dowgal,    having 

ward>   but  was  completely  sepa-  been    killed   while  reoonmntrin^ 

rated  from  it  and  the  river  by  an  the  works,  there  being  no  iqopear- 

impenetrable  forest  several  xniles  ance  of  the  two  other  divioons, 

in  depth.    The  difierent  divisions  and  the  force  and  position  of  the 

advanced  in  the  ordinary  style  of  enemy  being  much  too  strong  to 

Burmese   warfieire,    creeping    on-  be  attacked  without  their  asaast- 

wards  slowly  and  certainly,  stock-  ance,  a  retreat  wgs  efifected,  with 

ading  and  entrenching  themselves  the  loss  of  four  officers  and  axty- 

at  every  step,  risking  no  general  one  men  killed,  and  ten  officers 

engagement,    patienuy    working  and  a  hundred  and  twenty  men 

themselves  roimd  Prome  to  obtain  wounded,  besides  forty  missing, 
positions  in  its  rear  as  well  as  in        Maha  Nemiow  was  emboldened 

Its  front.    On  the  10th  of  No-  by  this  partial  success  to  advance 


vember,   ^e  advanced  guard  of  closer  to  Prome,  but  was  not 
Maha  Nemiow,   on  the  extreme  duced  from  his  cautious  and  secure 
left,  was  at  Watty-soon,  a  village  mode  of  approach,  throwing  up 
to  the  north-east  of  Prome,  and  his  stockades  at  every  step  that 
not  more  than  sixteen  miles  dis-  he  gained.    The  centre  and  the 
tant ;  his  intention  being  to  turn  right  division  advanced  simulta- 
the  right  of  the  British  position,  neously,    in    the  same  mole-Hke 
and  thus,  at  the  same  time,  throw  manner  ;   and  in  the.  end  of  No- 
succours  into  the  kingdom  of  P^u  vember,  the  centre,  under  the  Kee 
on  the  east.    Colond  M'Doweal,  Wonghee  was  distinctly  .  visibk, 
with  two  brigades  of  native  m-  stocbided  in  the  difficult  hd^its 
fantry,   was   ordered   to  dislodgd  of  Napadee,  which  run  along  "the 
them,    and  approached  them   in  riffht  bank  of  the  river  about  five 
three  divisions;  one  marching  by  miles  above  Prome,  while  Sudda 
the  direct  road  to  Watty-goon,  the  Woon,  with  the  right,  was  posted 
two  others  by  circuitous  routes,  opposite  to  him  in  a  similar  man- 
but  vrith  the  design  that   they  ner.    The  British  army,  in  the 
should  all  reach  the  point  of  attack  mean  time,  remained  quiet  in  its 
at  the  same  time,  and  act  simul-  positions,  anxious  that  the  enemy 
taneously  acainst  the  front,  flank,  should  be  seduced  to  attack,  and 
and  rear  of  the  enemy.     But  the  even  giving  him  apparent  enoou- 
plan  was  disconcerted  by  the  for-  ragement  to  risk  an  assault     The 
wardness  of  the  Burmese,   who,  troops  never  showed  themselves 
instead  of  awaiting  the  attack  in  beyond  the  lines;  batteries  were 
their  position,  met  the  centre  and  erected  and  entrenchments  thrown 
principal  division  of  the  detach-  up,  as  if  in  apprehension  of  the 
ment  half  way,  and,  bringing  on  approach  of  the  assailants ;   and 
large  bodies  of  Cafray  horse,  wher-  rumours  were  circulated  that  pre* 
ever  the  road  emerged  from  the  parations  were  making  for  a  sud- 
jungle   into    eround    sufficiently  den    retreat    to   Rangoon.     Bat 
open  for  cavalry  to  act,  both  re-  every  expedient  failed   to  diwt 
tarded  and.  wei^ened  ithyB,  con«  Ma^  Nemiow  from  his  own  iqrf-i 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [209 

tern.      He  had  now  approached  day-light  commenced  a  heavy  can- 

'within  a  morning's  walk  of  Prome^  nonade  on   the    enemy's   centre^ 

and  stockaded  lumself  strongly  at  and  continued  nearly  two  hours  to 

Simhike  and  Kyalaz^  on  the  Na-  attract  his  chief  attention  to  that 

inrine  river.  As  his  detached  parties  point. 

gave  serious  annoyance  to  the  river  On  reaching  the  Nawine  river^ 
convoys  of  the  army^  and  as  it  was  at  the  village  of  Zeouke^  the  force 
of  much  importance  that  no  part  was  divided  into  two  columns,  the 
of  the  fitting  season  for  efficient  riffht  column,  under  the  command 
operations  should  he  suffered  to  or  hrigadier-general  Cotton,  con- 
pass  away  unimproved,  sir  Archi-  tinning  to  advance  along  the  left 
bald  Camphell,  small  as  his  force  hank  of  the  river,  while  the  com- 
was,  determined  to  hecome  the  mander-in-chief,  with  the  other 
assailant  himself.  column,    crossed  at   the  ford   of 

The  inferiority  of  the  British  Zeouke,  and  advanced  upon  Sim- 
troops  in  point  of  number  was,  bike  and  Lombek,  in  a  direction 
in  a  great  measure,  counterbalanced  nearly  parallel  with  the  brigadier- 
by  ue  unskilful  disposition  of  the  eeneral's  division.  The  troops 
three  great  masses  of  the  Burman  had  to  contend  with  every  disad- 
army,  which,  separated  from  eaA  vantage  of  a  difficult  and  enclosed* 
oth^  by  a  broad  and  rapid  river,  country,  and  the  information  ac- 
or  an  impenetrable  forest,  formed  quired  regarding  the  position  occu- 
in  reality  three  distinct  armies,  pied  by  the  enemy  had  not  enabled 
whichmieht  be  attacked  and  routed  the  general  to  make  any  previous 
^ccessivdy  without  any  possibi-  fixed  arrangement  for  intercepting 
lity  of  mutual  co-operation  and  the  retreat  of  an  enemy,  to  whom 
assistance.  On  the  30th  Novem-  every  footpath  in  the  jungle  was 
ber,  the  British  commander  made  famUiar,  and  whose  irregular  flight 
his  dispositions.  The  division  of  would  be  made  by  every  path  that 
Maha  Nemiow  himself,  posted  at  promised  safety  at  the  moment. 
Simbike  on  the  left  of  the  grand  The  object,  therefore,  was,  that 
army,  was  the  first  and  principal  whichever  column  should  have  the 
object  of  attack ;  but,  to  cQvert  the  good  fortune  to  fall  in  with  the 
attention  of  the  centre  and  the  enemy  first,  should  attack  him  vi- 
right,  a  demonstration  was  to  be  gorously  in  front,  while  the  other 
made  against  the  heights  of  Na-  should  endeavour  to  occupy  such 
pgdee,  and  the  flotilla  was  to  main-  positions  as  would  enable  it  to  cut 
tain  a  fire  against  both  sides  of  m  upon  him,  when  driven  from 
the  river.  At  day-break  on  the  his  defences.  The  route  followed 
1st  December,  1825,  sir  Archibald  by  brigadier-generalCotton  brought 
Campbell,  leaving  four  raiments  him  in  front  of  the  stockaded  posi- 
of  native  infantry  in  the  works  at  tion  at  Simbike,  which  he  at  once 
Prome,  marched  with  the  rest  of  assaulted ;  and  when  his  fire  first 
the  force,  to  dislodge  the  corps  of  opened,  the  other  column  was 
Maha  Nemiow  from  its  position  about  a  mile  and  a  half  distant  to 
on  the  Nawine  river ;  and,  as  had  his  left  and  rear.  Sir  A.  Camp- 
been  previously  concerted,  the  flo-  bell,  in  consequence,  sent  a  detach<« 
tilla,  and  a  regiment  of  native  in-  ment  to  guard  the  fort  at  Zeouke, 
fantry,  acting  in  co-operation  on  the  main  road  leading  to  Neoun- 
the  bank  of^e  river,  shortly  after  benzick^  and  the  position  of  the 

Vol.  LXVIII,  [P] 


210]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

Kee-Wootighee^  while,   widi  the  the  troops  only  ttra  hotiirs 

rest  of  the  o(dumn>  he  pushed  on  he  returned  the  same  ereniiig  1 

towards  Sasee,  in  the  hope  oi  fail-  Zeouke,  where  the  army  falvouaw 

ing  in  with   the  enemy  retiring  for  the  night,  having  peribraad 

upon  Watty-goon.     Brigadier-ge-  durii^  the  di^  a  harassing  BMns 

nend  Cotton  and  Ins  division  did  of  twenty-nine  vakn,  taA  feog^ 

not  allow  time  for  completing  this  a  battle. 

movement.     In  less  than  ten  mi-        At  daylight  in  the  nwmimg  c 

nutes  every  stockade  was  earned,  the  2d^  they  were  againih  nntsiM 

the  enemy  completely  routed,  i^d  It  was  the  generals  iatmtioB  t 

the  second   column  had  only  an  hive  cut  in  upon  die  river  ao  as  t 

opportunity  of   cannonading   his  divide  the  Kee«WoOn^Me'a  fdtee 

panic-struck  masses  as  they  rushed  but  the  impassaUe  natim  of  lis 

fast  througit  the  ^openings  of  the  intervening  countl^  prevented  Us 

jungle  in  front.     Every  thing  had  frtni  readhing  Pagacm^  the  poini 

been  confusion  within  the  stock-  selected  for  breaking  thraog^  tk 

ades  from  the  moment  that  g^fie-  line ;  and  the  only  road  ihatt  cmsM 

ral  Cotton's  column  entered  them,  be  discovered  led  to  tiie  fiettt  d 

at  the  first  assault ;  the  very  nunm  the  fortified    ridge  of   Napadee, 

4)er8  of  the  enemy,  crowded  wiUun  which,  from  its  iBaoCeenbilitf  en 

their  works,    disabled    them   for  three  mde^  could  be  attadoed  oidy 

ef^tive  resistance.      The   Shians  in  front,  etnd  by  a  Iknited  mnabs 

alone  maintained  their  diai^ter,  of  men.     Early  in  the  moniing 

and  fought  bravely.    Animated  by  general  Cotton's  divobn  endea^ 

their  youi^  proj^tesses^  and  the  voured  to  push  round  to  the  i^|^ 

example  m    their    diobw^is^    or  land  gun  the  enemy's  flank  faf 

chiefs,  they  maintained  the  eon*  every  padi  tliat  conM  be  diacofer- 

test  tUl  the  greater  part  of  f&em  ed ;  but,  after  great  eseztiaD,  tie 

were  cut  down^     One  <^  the  pro«  effort  was  abandoned  as  whoiy 

phetesses  received  a  mortal  wound,  impracticaUe.    The  aitiilecy  beiag 

and  old  Maha   Nemiow   himself  pittoed  in  poritioa^  opened  wUi 

fell,  encoun^^g  his  men  itk  the  great    effect,    whik    the    fkifSk 

hottest  of  the  conflict,  to  desperate  under  conmuidore  &r  J.  BfisbsiT, 

resistance*  moved  forward  and  cai^snoaaded  ds 

The  dispeiteon  of  the  enemy's  heights  from  the  river.    At  tke 

left  wing  was  thus  oomjdete :  tile  same    tim^    brigadier    EkiaigloB 

^gitives  did  not  attempt  to  eflbct  was  directed  to  advance  thraiM;h 

a  junction  with  their  centre,  but  the  jttigle  to  tba  right,  where  the 

fled  through  the  jungle  towards  eatemy  opposed  him  with    gnat 

Meoday  which    had    been   fixed  gallantly  said  resolutievi^  defettlmg 

rn  as  n  point  c^  re-unioA  in  case  every  tree  and  breast^woik  with 

any   disaster.    Sir   Archibald  determined    obstinacy.      To  tlte 

Campbell,   therefore,   havfng  his  Brigadier's  lefr^  rix  eompantfisi^ 

hands  dear,  resolved  immediajkely  the  67th  reginaeM;  were  oidaed 

to  attack  the  centre  itseU^  on  the  todrive  in  the  enemy's  posts  to  the 

heights  of   NflpadeO)  before  the  bottom  of  the  ridge.    llttsserTise 

Kee-Wooi^ee  should,  efieot  the  was  succesiliilly  perfermcdt  aad 

retreat  to  whieh  the  overthrow  of  the  ^lemy  was  driven  from  all  iut 

the  leit  wing  would  probaUy  de**  defenees  in  thus  vall^^  lotzaatiDg 

$eimiaa   hua»     Havnig  aQowed  tohibprifldipd  waksontlw^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUBOPE.  [2U 

The  app^artnee  of  tbese  works  river>  now  imnained  to  be  dia>06ed 

ivas  tufflcaently  formidaUe;  a&d  of.    So  quiet  had  tliis  general  kept 

the    hills,    which    they   covered^  hunself ^  and  so  caxefufij  were  his 

(xmld    be    ascended    only    by    a  men  concealed  from  observation, 

paitow  roadj  cammanded  by  artil-  that  it  was  at  first  doubtful  whe« 

l«ry>  and  numerous  stockades  and  tha:  he  had  not  quitted  his  works, 

bieast-works  filled  with  m^i,  ap-  and  retired  in    silence.     On  its 

parently  all  imned  with  mudcets.  being  ascertained  however,  that  he 

Ab  soon  as  the  artillery  and  rockets  still  maintained  hisoriffinal  ground, 

bad  made  an  impression  upon  the  preparations  were  made  for  imme-* 

enemy's  works,  imd  silenced  several  diately  attacking   him.    On  the 

pf  his  guns,  the  troops  advanced  to  mominff  of  the  5th  December,  the 

the    assault.      The    Ist    Bengal  troops  intended  for    this  service 

brigade^  consisting  of  the  Idth  and  under  general  Cotton,  were  carried 

SBm  regiments,  was  directed  to  across  the  river  by  the  flotilla,  and 

advance  by  the  beach,  and  storm  landed  somewhat  hisher  np  the 

the  height  in  front,  and  the  six  river  than  the  stockades,  a  rocket 

companies  of  the  87th  regiment^  brigade,    and    a   mortar   battery 

which  had  advanced  through  the  havmg  been  established  during  the 

jungle  to  the  rights  drove  every  night,  on  a  small  isknd  in  the 

thing  before  them  on  that  side,  channel,    within    range   of    the 

Nothing  eould  surpass  the  steadi*  enemy's  works,  and  opening  their 


esi  and  res(dute  courage  dii^layed  fire  at  day  break.     The  enemy 

in  this  attack.     Scarcely  a  ^ot  ^edily  retreated  from  his  positum 

was  fired  in  return  to  the  miemy's  on  the  river;  but»  on  taking  pos« 

con^ued  voUies.    The  38th  re-  session  of  it>  it  was  discovert  that 

rent«  which  ledy  first  entered  they  had  a  stockaded  work  about 
enemy's  entrenchments  on  the  half  a  mile  in  the  interior,  oom- 
beight^  driving  him  from  hill  to  j^etely  manned>  and  mounted  by 
bil]»  over  preoi|nces  which  could  guns.  Brigadier  Armstrong,  co- 
only  be  ascended  by  a  narrow  stair>  kmel  Brodie,  and  colonel  Godwin, 
Antil  the  whole  of  the  formidable  immediately  moved  upon  its  centre 
|Kwition>  nearly  three  miles  in  ex-  and  right ;  general  Cotton  himself 
jtenti  was  oomj^tdy  carried,  led  the  roysds  to  the  left,  and 
During  the  attack,  Uie  flotilla,  the  work  was  instantly  carried> 
whose  cannonade  had  been  most  the  en^ny  leaving  three  hundred 
useAilly  e&ctive>  pushed  past  the  dead  cm  the  field,  and  dispersing 
works,  and  succeeded  in  cimturing  in  ev^  direction.  From  three 
all  the  boats  and  stores  which  had  hundred  to  three  hundred  and 
been  brought  down  fctf  the  use  of  fifry  mudiets  were  taken,  having 
the  army*  been  abandoned  by  the  enemy. 
The  two  divisions  which  had  The  whole  of  the  defences  were 
heea  advancing  along  the  eastern  set  on  fire« 
bank  of  the  Irtuwadly  were  now  Thus»  in  thecoune  of  four  daprs, 
coofik^e^  dwpersiedi  with  the  loss  the  immense  army  of  Ava,  which 
of  their  artOlery,  ammuniticm,  had  tiireatened  to  envelope  t^rome, 
militaiy  stores,  aiMl  the  bravest  of  and  swallow  up  the  British  troops^ 
their  troops.  Only  the  right  had  melted  away  like  a 
division  under  Sudda  Woon,  stock*  and  sir  A»  Campbell  was  at 
aded  <m  the  western  bank  of  the  to  march  upon  the  capital, 


2123     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


distant  about  three  hundred  mileo. 
He  commenced  advancing,  after 
allowing  his  men  a  day's  repose, 
on  the  6th  of  December.  The 
order  of  march  was  in  two  di- 
visions. The  first,  to  which  head 
quarters  were  attached,  was  in 
advance,  maldng  a  considerable 
circuit  to  the  eastward,  for  the 
purpose  of  turning  all  the  river 
defences  of  the  enemy  as  far  up  as 
Meaday,  where  it  was  expected 
that  the  enemy  micht  have  ral- 
lied, as  the  stockades  had  been 
strengthened  with  every  thing 
that  Burmese  art  could  effect. 
The  second  division  under  bri^- 
dier  general  Cotton,  advanced,  by 
a  route  nearer,  and  parallel,  to  the 
liver,  to  act  in  co-operation  with 
the  flotilla,  until  it  should  be  as- 
certained that  the  navigation  of 
the  river  was  open,  at  least  to 
Meaday.  The  earlier  part  of 
the  miurch  was  through  a  difficult 
country,  with  roads  scarcely  prac- 
ticable for  artillery,  leading  through 
a  thick  and  tangled  jungle,  tlmt 
kept  the  soldiers  lOmost  continually 
deluged  with  water,  which^  besides 
damaging  their  provisions,  was  per- 
nicious to  their  health.  The  cholera 
again  made  its  appearance,  and 
carried  off  numbers  of  the  men 
before  its  ravages  could  be  checked 
by  gaining  a  more  open  and  ele- 
vated country.  When  the  army 
reached  Meaday  on  the  19th  De- 
cember, they  found  it  just  evacu- 
ated by  the  rear-guard  of  the 
enemy^  the  Burmese  having  re- 
tired upon  Melloone  where  their 
army  had  received  orders  again  to 
concentrate.  The  pursuit  was  con- 
tinued firom  Meaday  by  forced 
marehes;  and  on  arriving  within 
£Ye  miles  of  Patana^h,  a  town  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  frrawaddy,  op- 
posite to  Melloone,  which  occupies 
iht  light  bank,  it  was  ascertained 


that   the   whole  of  the  enemy'a 
forces  had  crossed  to  die  Mellooiie 
side  of  the  river,   and  occupied, 
with  ten  or  twelve  thousand  men, 
a  series  of  strongly  fortified  heights, 
and   a  formidc^le   stockade,   oon- 
sidered  the  chef  d'  oeuvre  of   the 
Burmese  engineers,  having  in  firant 
a  rapid  stream  ax  hundred  yards 
broad.     On   the   26th,   however, 
they  sent  in  a  flag  of  truce,  bring- 
ing a   letter   from    their   chi^, 
stating  their  desire  to  put  an  end  to 
hostihties,  that  a  minister  had  ar- 
rived from  Ava  with  fiill  powers 
to  negociate  and  ratify  a  peace, 
and  requesting  a  meeting  for  that 
purpose.     On  the  28th  two  ofiioers 
were  sent  to  Melloone  to  arranse 
the  proposed  conference;  but  toe 
Burmese  leaders  again  displayed 
their  usual  anxiety  to  gain  time. 
They  made  many  profoimd  reflec- 
tions on  the  expediency  of  waiting 
a  propitious  season  for  so  important 
a  transaction,  and  argued  strongly 
for  the  propriety  of  not  proceeding 
before  the  approaching  full  moon. 
The  British  officers,  unable  to  ac- 
complish the  object  of  their  errand, 
declared  the  truce  at  an  end,  and, 
next  day,  the  British  army  took 
possession    of    Patanagoh,    from 
which  its  cannon  could  reaudk  tho 
enemy's  works  across  the    river. 
The  Burmese  flotilla  immediatdy 
attempted  to  run  up  the  river  to 
secure  their  communications  with 
Ava ;  but  the  artOlery  being  has- 1 
tily  brought  to  bear  upon  themrj 
they  returned  to  their  former  poa« 
tion  under  the  guns  of  the  stockade.. 
The  British  flotilla  which  had  been' 
detained  by  the  intricacy  of  the  chan* 
nel,  and  the  propriety  of  waitix^ 
thel  erection  of  batteries  to  cheat 
the  fire  from  the  MiUoone  side,  m 
preached  so  soon  as  the  cannooadtf 
b^;an.     It  had  to  pass  dose  ande< 
the  enemy's  works,  but  the  Bun 


i 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[213 


dnefii  tboogjit  it  imprudent 
ID  predpilate  liostiUties,  when 
tbeie  was  a  chance  of  gaininff 
ameddng  hy  delay.  Instead  of 
fiziiig  a  single  shot  at  the  flotilla^ 
two  gsody  war-boats  came  out  to 
ad  88  pilots;  and  it  anchored  safely 
at  some  distance  above  the  town, 
cQtdng  off  all  means  of  retreat  or 
of  flipplj  by  the  river. 

The  consequence  of  these  ami- 
calile  di^nsitions  on  the  part  of 
tlie  enemy  was  the  conclusion  of  a 
trace,  and  the  appointing  of  a  con- 
ieresce  to  be  held,  to  treat  of 
peace,  on  board  of  a  large  boat 
noned  for  that  purpose  in  the 
niddle  of  the  river.  The  commis- 
wncB  for  Ava  were,  the  Kee 
WoQ^^^  and  the  new  negoda- 
tw  Kolein  Menghi.  The  first 
eoofereDoe  was  held  on  1st  of 
January,  1826.  As  formerly  they 
rented  obstinately  the  payment  of 
aoney,  and  the  cession  of  territory. 
To  tbe  first  of  these  demands  they 
inswered,  that  they  were  unable 
to  pay  such  a  sum ;  that  the  war 
^  been  much  moie  expensive  to 
(iKvuelTes,  from  the  large  armies 
wbid)  tbey  had  been  compelled  to 
ittintain,  than  to  Britain;  that 
^  might  be  able,  by  using  great 
^fooamj,  to  pay  a  million  baskets 
of  ticc  within  a  year,  but  they  did 
*<  grow  rupees;  and,  if  sir  A. 
(^UD^)ell  had  any  disinclination  to 
^  rice,  there  were  abundance  of 
^  trees  in  the  forests,  which  he 
|i&gbt  cat  down,  and  carry  away 
"^tead  of  the  money.  They 
^ed  io  retain  Arracan,  they 
*i^  not  on  account  of  its  value, 
fi»*  it  was  rather  a  burden  to  Ava 
^  aaource  of  profit,  but  because 
«e  nation  was  proud  of  the  con- 
<P«t,  which  had  been  achieved  by 
^valour of  their  ancestors,  and 
»>£  national  honour  was  engaged 
not  to  yidd  it.    Finding,  howey  w. 


cunning,  entreaty,  l3rinff,  down« 
right  b^ging,  all  equalty  inefl^ 
tual,  ana  that  they  had  no  choioe 
but  between  immediate  acc^ance 
of  the  proffered  terms,  and  the  in- 
stant re-commencement  of  active 
hostilities,  they  finally  signed  the 
treaty  on  the  3d  of  January.  By 
its  terms,  the  four  provinces  oi 
Arracan,  together  with  those  of 
Mergui,  Tavoy,  and  Zea,  were  to 
be  ceded  to  the  company;  the 
kingdoms  of  Assan,  Cachar,  Zeat- 
ing,  and  Munnipoor,  were  to  be 
placed  under  princes  named  by  the 
British  government.  Residents 
from  each  court  were  to  be  receiv- 
ed at  the  other,  and  allowed  to  re- 
tain an  escort  of  fifty  men ;  Bri- 
tish ships  were  to  be  admitted  into 
Burmese  ports,  and  to  land  their  car- 
goes, free  of  duty,  without  unship- 
ping their  rudders,  or  landing  th^ 
guns;  and  Ava  was  to  pay  to  the 
company  a  crore  of  rupees  by  in- 
stalments, as  some  indemnification 
for  the  expenses  of  the  war.  The 
treaty  was  to  be  returned  from  the 
capital  ratified  by  the  king,  along 
with  the  English  prisoners  there 
detained,  within  fifteen  davs. 

Durine  these  fifteen  days,  how- 
ever, it  became  very  evident  that 
the  Burmese  had  no  serious  inten- 
tion of  making  peace,  that  delay 
had  been  the  only  object  of  thdr 
negotiations,  and  that  they  would 
again  encounter  the  chance  of  war, 
rather  than  yield  to  the  terms  im- 
posed upon  them.  Prince  Me- 
miaboo,  who  commanded  in  Mel- 
loone,  continued  to  strengthen  bit 
works  in  violation  of  me  truce, 
and  in  defiance  of  the  remonstran- 
ces of  the  British,  general,  as  if  he 
had  been  perfecuy  aware,  that 
there  was  no  chance  of  peace.  On 
the  17th  January,  the  day  before 
that  on  which  the  ratification  of 
tb^  tr^ty  W9is  to  bQ  d^vered, 


214]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


thiee  Bormefie  offieem  w^re  smiI 
to  maUke  apologies  for  tlie  delay^ 
pvofeiB  igiUNrance  ci  its  causes^  and 
beg  for  an  eztea^n  of  tke  limited 
period.  They  ofiered  to  pay  down 
an  instalment  of  mon^,  and  g^ve 
hostages  for  llie  execution,  of  the 
tipeaty,  if  tke  Bntidi  army  would 
retire  to  Piame>  a  pmosal  too  e3c« 
tiayagant  and  absuitl  m  any  court 
but  Uiat  of  Ava  to  make.  Tke 
Britifili  commissioners  would  grant 
no  relaxation  of  tke  terms  wkat- 
ever  excepting  tkis,  tkat^  if  tke 
Burmese  evacuated  Melloone,  and 
continued  retiring  before  tke  BxU 
tisk  forces  upon  tke  oaj^tal,  kos- 
tilities  would  not  be  recommenced, 
tkou^  tke  army  would  advance, 
and  even  tke  marck  of  the  army 
would  be  suqjended  so  soon  as 
tke  ratified  treaty  was  received, 
Tkis  proposal  behig  peremptorily 
rejected,  tkey  were  dismissed  witk 
tke  assurance,  tkat  twelve  o'clock 
on  tke  nigkt  of  tke  18tk  would  be 
tke  signal  for  renewed  hostilities. 

Accordingly,  immediately  after 
midni^kt  of  tke  18tk,  tke  con« 
stiuction  of  batteries,  and  tke 
landing  of  keavy  OTdnanoe  from 
tke  flotilla  cbmnenced.  Witk  so 
muck  seal  and  activity  was  tke 
service  performed,  tkat  by  ten 
e'dock  on  tke  morning  of  tke  19tk, 
twenty-eigkt  pieces  c^  ordnance 
were  in  battery,  on  points  present- 
ing a  front  of  more  tban  a  mile  on 
tke  eastern  bank  of  tke  Irrawaddy, 
and  corresponding  witk  the  extent 
of  tke  enemy's  Ime  of  defence  on 
tke  i^posite  skore.  Hopes  were 
entertained,  tkat  tke  formidable 
appearance  of  tkese  pre|)Qrations 
would  kave  induced  tke  enemy  to 
make  some  fUr^er  eommonications 
in  the  morning,  instead  of  asain 
nsking.  tke  renewid  of  hostilities 
with  troops  of  wkose  decided  su- 
V^nanty  tkey  had  so  reoentfy  ra- 


oeived  tke  most  ocmvi&eiag  wank 
kumiliating  proofs.  But  aS  day* 
light  it  was  seen  tkat  tke  psecediB^ 
nigkt  kad  been  devoted  by  tliom 
to  preparations  equally  lakonoas, 
smd  tke  construction  of  exieamw^ 
dfiA  wett-pbumed  works,  witii  a 
view  to  tibe  reostanoe  on  wkick 
tkey  kad  resolved. 

At  eleven  o'clock,  a.  k.  (tlio 
19tk),  ^  batteries  and  rockets 
opened  tkeir  &«  on  tke  e&em3r'a 
porition ;  and  while  it  was  wanniy 
k^  up,  tke  txoa^  intended  for 
tke  assault  were  embarking  in  the 
boats  of  tke  skips  and  tke  flotiBa» 
at  a  point  above  Patanagok,  tmder 
tke  superintendance  of  captain 
Ckads,  of  the  Alligator,  on  wkm 
tkis  diarge  devolved,  in  ^  ab- 
sence of  commodore  sb  James 
Brisbane,  in  consequence  of  ex<« 
treme  indisposition.  About  one 
p.  M .  a  decided  impression  kaving 
been  produced  l^  tke  cannonade, 
one  brigade  under  lieateaant-coioi 
nel  Stde,  consisting  of  tke  I9th 
and  38tk  regiments,  was  directed 
to  drc^  down  tke  river,  and  awaulf 
the  main  face  of  the  enemy's  po- 
sition, near  its  south-eastern  an^: 
brigadier-general  Ooltcm,  witk  tkt 
flank  companies  of  tke  47tk  and 
S7tk  regiments,  and  tke  89tk  le^ 
giment,  under  lientenant-ooloDel 
Hunter  Blair ;  tke  41st  le^xmeat, 
and  tke  18tk  Madras  native  ia- 
fantry,  under  lieutenant-cokmel 
Godwin;  and  tke  2Sth  Madbas 
native  infontry,  witk  the  ftmk 
companies  of  tke  43rd  Madrss 
native  infantry,  wader  lieutenant* 
colonel  Pariby,  weie  ordered  to 
cross  above  Melloone,  and,  after 
carrying  some  outworks^  tm  MMuk 
tke  nortkem  fkoe  of  tke  principsl 
work. 

Altkougk  the  whole  of  ti^boati 
pushed  Off  together  from  dia  left 
bank,  tke  strength  of  tii#eufWti 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [21fi 


atnA  •  imng   hteemt   fisom   tW  poctuie  hom  MeEoooe,  tlie 

novtby  Cflnied  the  fint  fangade  to  ter  answexed,  with  ereat  coohiess 

the  given  point  of  attack  hef<>Fe  and  flood  humoor,  ^Ihat  in  the 

tlie  other  eclamns  oould  poflnhly  same  Inirfy  he  had  kft  hehxnd  him 

reoeh   the  (mpodite  diore;    lieii*  a  hoge  som  of  Bonej^  which  aiaa 

tefumt-celoncu  Sale  was  iinlort&-  he  was  oonfident  the  Biitifih  gen- 

rmUity  wounded  in  his  hoat,  biit>  end  onlj  waited  an  opfarlunitj  of 

the  eorps  of  his  brigade  having  xietnming;'^ 

landed,  and  fofmed  with  admiiable  On  tfe  25th  of  Janoarf,  the 

v^gohiity,  under  the  command  of  anaj    lesmned    ita    trhnaphant 

BH^  Fri^,  of  the  58th^  rushed  maich  townrda  ihB  aqakal,  and  on 

en  to  the  aflflfmlt,  and  were,  in  a  the  ^st  was  met  in  itsadrancehy 

Aoft  time,  oemnlete  masters  of  a  Dr.  Priee  an  American  missioiiaiy, 

work,   which,  ahhongfi  certainly  and  Mr.    Sandford,   an   assutant 

not  80  well  chosen  in  point  of  po«  surgeon  of  the  armj,   taken  pri- 

sition  as  some  others,  yet  had  been  soner  some  months  before,  whom 

rendered  Inest  formidable  by  labour  fbar    had     induced     the    kinff, 

and  art,  and  was  such  as  to  afford  or  his  learning  the  rout  of  Me£- 

the  enemy  a  presumptiTO  assurance  loone,  to  restore  to  their  liberty,  and 

of  security  in  their  possession  of  it*  de^t<^  as  messengers  of  ymce, 

Thia  is  fully  evinced  by  the  dr-  They  were   sent  to  express  his 

eumstanee  of  the  chiefs,  with  Me-  majesty's  sincere  desire  for  peace, 

imabeo  at  their  head  (contrary  to  and  to  ascertain  the  lowest  terms 

the  Burmese  custom  in  all  such  at  which  it  could  be  purchased. 

eases),    having  remahied    within  These  diflered  little  from   what 

iheir  defences  till  they  saw  the  had  been  i^eed  to  at  MeUeone ; 

troops  crossing  to  the  assault.     The  sir  A.  Campbell  refused  to  halt  his 

diseoniflture   was  rendered   com-  army  till  tney  should  be  accepted, 

plete,  by  the  second  brigade,  when  but  promised  not  to  pass  for  twelve 

the  works  had  been  ctfned,  cutting  days    Pagahm-Mew,    which  was 

in  upon  the  retreat  of  the  crowded  between  him  and  the  capital,  and 

and  disorda-ly  fugitives.     The  loss  which  he  could  not,  in  any  event, 

of  the  attacking  troops  amounted  reach  in  less  than  ten  days.    The 

to    only    niiie    men   killed,    and  messengers  departed  with  sanguine 

thirty4bur  wounded,  among  whom  hopes  tlat  ib^  would  return  with 

were  three  officers.     The  victors  a  ratified  treaty;  but  the  golden 

were  masters  of  all  the  ordnance  majesty  of  Ava,  resolved  to  risk 

and  military  stores;  in  the  house  the  chance  cf  war  once  more,  put 

of  prince  Memtaboo  they  found  forth  new  exertimis  to  raise  new 

30,000    rupees    in    specie,    and,  forces,  and  prepared  to  assemble 

what  was  fuHy  as  interesting,  both  them    in   the    neighbourhood    of 

the    Endish    and    the    Burmese  Pagahm-Mew.     Part  of  the  fup- 

copies  S  the  treaty,  in  the  state  tivesfromMeUoonehad  been  rallied 

in  which  they  had  been  signed,  at  that  pomt,  and  there  reinfop«d 

having  never  been  transmitted  to  by  fresh  levies  from  Ava.     The 

Ava.      When    sir    A.    Campbell  command  of  the  whole,  amounting 

afWrwards    sent  it  to   the  Kee-  to  sixteen  thousand  men,  had  been 

Woonghee,  with  a  note  stating  that  given  to  Ta- Yea-Soc^ean,  Woon- 

he  supposed!  he  had  merely  for-  dock,  Ne-Woon-Brecn,  who  had 

gotten  it  in  the  hurry  of  his  de-  plei^  himself  to  his  sovereign  to 


216]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


achieve  some  ngnal  success  at  the 
expense  of    the  British,    styling 
them,  in  the  insolent  language  of 
hiB  Court  and  nation,  the  Jnyading 
Army    of    Rehellious    Strangers. 
On  the  eyening  of  the  8th  of  r  eh- 
xuary,  the  enemy  was  disooyered  in 
force  strongly  posted  ahou  t  five  miles 
in  advance  of  the  village  of  Yesseah, 
where  the  leading  British  divmon 
had    that   day  encamped.     They 
liad  resolved  to  defend  two  posi- 
tions ;  the  first  having  for  its  appui 
the  Logoh-Nunda    Pagoda ;    the 
second,  within  the  old  walls  of  the 
city,  which  had  undergone  some 
TATtial  repairs,  and  the  numerous 
Pagodas  in  and  ahout  Pagahm — 
the  former  was  to  he  occupied  hy 
seven  thousand,  the  latter  hy  nine 
thousand  men.    Consideiing  it  of 
importance  that  the  decisions  of 
the  Court  of  Ava  at  this  particular 
crisb  should  not  he  left  to  depend 
upon  hopes  cherished  under  a  false 
confidence  in  the  promises  of  their 
new  commander,,  sir  A  Campbell 
took    measures  for  attacking  the 
enemy  on  the  morning  of  the  9th, 
and  ordered  brigadier  general  Cot- 
ton,   whose   division  was  twelve 
miles  in  the  rear,  to  march  with 
three  of  his  corps,  at  such  an  hour 
during  the  night,  as  would  ensure 
his  joining  him  by  day  light.  Thus 
reinforced    he    marched    at   nine 
o'clock ;  and,  four  miles  from  our 
camp,    found,   for   the  first  time 
since  the  commencement  of  the 
war,  the  enemy  prepared  to  dis- 
pute the  ground  m  the  field,  in 
front  of  his  first  position.     The 
disposition  of  his  troops,  and  his 
plans  for  receiving  our  attack,  ex- 
hibited   marks     of    considerable 
judgment. 

The  road  from  Yesseah  to  Pa-i 
gahm*Mew  leads  through  a  country 
much  overgrown  with  prickly  jun- 
gle, wJiicS,    whilst  it  renders  it 


difficult  for^  reffolar  troops  to  di- 
verge from  its  cUrect  course,  eitfaer 
to  the  right  or  left,   is  in  aooie 
places  so  thick  as  completelj  to 
mask  the  formations  and  manoeu- 
vres  of  large  bodies.   TheBuxmeae 
general,  availing  himself  of  thew 
advantages,  and  probably  icnonoit 
of  the  reinforcement  the  leading 
division  had  received  during  the 
night,  drew  up  his  army  in  the 
form  of  a  crescent,  both  its  flanks 
being  considerably  advanced,  and 
the  main  road  running  directly 
through    its  centre,  thinking   bo 
doubt  the  British  must  advance  by 
it,  till  opposed  in  front,  when  tbc 
wings  would  close  in  to  attack  them 
on  both  flanks  and  in  the  rear, 
which    his    great   superiority    is 
numbers  would  have  enabled  him 
to  efiect.     But  the  advance  of  the 
British  force   was   conducted    in 
such  a  manner  as  soon  to  defeat  the 
object  of  his  formation^    and    he 
was  instantly  assailed   upon  both 
flanks.      The  13th  light  infant 
under  sir  A  Campbell, led  the  right 
attack  accompanied  by  four  guns, 
and  a  small  detachment  of  the  body 
guard,    supported    by    the     89tk 
regiment;  die  38th  regiment  at- 
tacked on  the  left,  supported  by 
the  41st,  and  two  guns  under  the 
direction     of    brigadier     general 
Cotton—whilst  lieutenant  colonel 
Parlby,  with  the  43rd  Madras  na- 
tive infantry,advanoedon  the  bank  of 
the  Irrawaddy,  towards  the  extreme 
left,  to  prevent  the  enemy  firom 
throwing  troops  into  the  rear  in 
that  direction.     They  received  die 
attack  on  both  flanks  tolerably  well- 
formed,  and  with    some  show  of 
resolution,  but  were  soon  dibliged  to 
.  give  way  before  the  rapid  fire  and 
steady  charge  of  British  sokUers. 

Part  of  their  troops,  being  brgken 
by  the  38th,  retii^  into  a  weO^ 
cqns^ct^  field- work|  but  were  so 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[217 


dosdy  pursued  that  they  had  not 
time  to  form  for  its  defence ;  there 
from  three  to  four  hundred  of  them 
perished,  either  by  the  bayonet,  or 
Ranging  into  the  riyer  to  escape. 
The  enemy,  perceiving  both  nis 
flanks  attacked,  and  the  Britidi 
centre  apparently  without  troops, 
pushed  axolumn  by  the  main  road, 
towards  an  enunenoe  in  the  rear, 
covered,  with  Pagodas,  but  was 
checked,  and  retirea  on  seeing  the 
89th  in  reserve.  Several  times 
during  the  day  they  attempted, 
with  &eir  cavalry  to  turn  the  right, 
and  vigilantly  watched  every  op- 
portunity which  mi^t  offer  to 
effect  this  purpose.  They  at  one 
time  came  down  in  great  force, 
and  good  order,  towards  a  small 
party  of  the  13th  light  in- 
rantry.  The  first  of  the  enemy's 
positions  being  thus  carried,  the 
troops  were  re-formed,  and,  after  a 
short  halt,  led  to  the  attack  of  the 
second,  which  they  soon  forced 
without  much  oppodtion.  The 
enemy,  thus  defeated  at  all  points, 
left  the  conquerors  in  possession  of 
Pagahm-Mew,  with  sdl  its  stores, 
ordnance,  arms  and  ammunition. 
The  Burmese  commander,  Nee- 
Woon-Breen,  whose  confidence  had 
enticed  the  king  into  this  new  dis- 
aster, had  no  sooner  reached  Ava 
in  his  flight,  than  he  was  put  to 
death. 

No  opposing  force  now  remained 
between  the  army  and  the  capital, 
towards  which  it  again  directed  its 
march  through  a  country  not  de- 
vastated by  the  policy  of  a  retreat- 
ing foe,  and  forming  only  a  dreary 
wudemess  of  jungle,  but  presenting 
a  wide  extent  of  rich  and  well- 
cultivated  fields,  thickly  inter- 
spersed with  copswood  and  vil- 
lages, while  temples  and  pagodas 
l^tt^red  along  the  banks  of  the 
^ver«  Op  the  13th  Or.  Price  agftiq 


met  the  army,  bringing,  indeed, 
neither  the  first  instidment  of  the 
money,  nor  the  prisoners,  but  to 
assure  the  British  commander,  that 
the  king  had  3rielded,  though  he  de- 
murred as  to  the  money  tram  an  ap- 
prehension taught  him  by  his  own 
faithlessness,  tlmt  the  invaders,  bav- 
ins once  received  payment,  would 
stul  keep  possession  of  the  country. 
He  was  instructed,  therefore,  to 
inquire  whether  sir  A.  Campbell 
would  not  accept  of  six  lacs  out  of 
the  twenty-five  upon  the  spot,  and 
receive  the  other  nineteen  on  his 
arrival  at  Prome  on  his  return. 
The  request  was  refused ;  the  army 
again  advanced ;  when  it  had 
reached  Yandaboo,  within  four 
days  march  of  the  capital.  Dr. 
Price  again  made  his  appearance, 
bringing  with  him  the  prisoners, 
the  treaty  ratified,  and  the  stipu- 
lated sum  of  twenty-five  lacs  of 
rupees.  The  war  was  now  ended ; 
a  party  of  oflBcers  from  the  army 
visited  the  capital,  and  were 
received  by  the  humbled  monarch 
with  every  honour.  On  the  5th 
of  March  the  troops  who  had  main- 
tained this  unequal  contest,  and 
forming  but  an  handful  in  com- 
parison with  the  multitudes  op- 
posed to  them,  had  marched  from 
victory  to  victory  into  the  very 
bowels  of  an  hostile  empire,  com- 
menced their  return  to  Rangoon. 

The  following  were  the  articles 
of  the  treaty. 

1.  There  shall  be  perpetual 
peace  and  friendship  between  the 
hon.  company  on  the  one  part,  and 
his  majesty  the  king  of  Ava  on 
the  other. 

2.  His  majesty  the  king  of  Ava 
renounces  all  claims  upon,  and  will 
abstain  from  all  future  interference 
with,  the  principality  of  Assam 
and  its  dependencies,  and  also  with 
^he    contiguoi|8    petty  states    of 


218]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


Oetekav  and  Jjntta.  With  regard 
to  Monitipare,  it  is  stxpulated,  that, 
sboilld  Gomli^eer  Singh  desiie  to 
Dstom  to  that  country,  he  shall  be 
leoc^niaed  bj  the  king  of  Ava  at 
nj^  thereof. 

a«  To  prevent  all  future  d^ 
BQtea  re^eoting  the  bounditrf 
fine  between  the  two  great  nations^ 
the  British  Ayvenuoent  will  retaxa 
the  oonquerra  pronneesof  Airacan; 
indudiBgthefonr  dirisionBof  Arra- 
oan,  Ramree,  Cheduba,  and  Sando- 
wef,  and  his  majesty  the  kingof 
Ava  eedes  all  right  thereto.  The 
Annonpeeteetonnnen  or  Arracan 
nieantinns  (known  m  Arracan  by 
the  name  of  the  Yeomaboorg 
or  Pokhenloui^  Range)  wiS 
henceforth  form  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  two  great  nations  on 
that  side.  Any  doubta  regarding 
the  said  line  of  demarcation  wifi 
be  settled  by  oommissioners  ap« 
pointed  by  the  req^ective  govern- 
ments for  that  purpose,  such  com* 
missioners  from  both  powers  to 
be  ci  suitable  and  corresponding 
rank. 

4.  His  majesty  the  king  of  Ava 
cedes  to  the  British  government 
the  conquered  provinces  of  Yeh, 
Tavoy,  and  Mergui,  and  Tenasse- 
rim,  with  the  iuands  an4  depen- 
dencies thereunto  appertaining, 
taking  the  Saluen  river,  as  the  line 
of  demarcation  on  that  frontier. 
Any  doubts  regarding  their  boun- 
daries will  be  settled  as  specified 
in  the  concluding  part  of  article  3. 

5.  In  proof  of  the  sincere  dispo- 
sition of  the  Burmese  government 
to  maintain  the  relations  of  peace 
and  amity  between  the  nations, 
and  as  put  indemnification  to  the 
British  government  for  the  expen- 
ses of  the  war,  his  majesty  the  king 
of  Ava  agrees  to  pay  the  sum  of 
one  crore  of  rupees. 

6.  No  person  whatever,  whether 


native  or  foreifln,  kheieafter  M  \m 
moketed,  by  either,  on  aoeoont  of 
the  part  which  he  may  haive  taken, 
or  have  been  oon^lled  to  tt^  in 
the  present  war. 

7.  In  order  to  euMrate  and  im* 
prove  the  relatians  of  amhy  and 
peace  hereby  eataUidied  betweoft^ 
the  two  govemttient%  it  ia  agneodf 
that  aeoiedited  mbtAUesgi^  ttmh^ 
ing  an  escort  or  saf (^uard  oi  f^f 
men,  from  each,  dialf  leikle  al  mb 
durbar  of  the  oth«p,  who  abaU  1b 
permitted  to  purchm,  or  to  build 
a  suitable  plaee  of  resideaee^  of 
pennanent  materials  ;  and  a  com- 
mercial treaty,  upon  prindpba  of 
reciprocal  advantage,  wiH  be  al- 
tered into  by  the  two  High  Ooa- 
tracting  Poweis. 

8.  AU  public  and  private  debts 
contracted  by  either  govemoieiit^ 
or  by  the  subjects  of  tt^er  govem- 
ment,  with  toe  other,  previona  to 
the  war,  to  be  reeOfp[iiaed  and 
liquidated  upon  the  some  priael- 
pies  of  hononr  and  good  fam  as  tf 
hostilities  had  not  tiuLen  f^aoe  be- 
tween the  two  nations ;  mad  no 
advantage  shaU  be  taken  by 
either  party  of  the  period  fi^t 
may  have  elapsed  sinee  tike  delvts 
were  incurred,  or  ki  eenae- 
quencQ  of  the  war ;  and,  accor^^ng 
to  the  universal  law  of  nations^  it 
is  furtho^  Btipoleted,  that  the 
property  of  all  British  su);|eeto 
who  may  die  in  the  ^millions  of 
the  king  of  Ava,  shidl,  in  the  aib- 
sence  m  legal  heirs,  be  plaeed  hi 
the  hands  of  the  Brltiui  resideBf 
or  consul  in  the  said  dominions, 
who  win  dispose  of  the  sane 
according  to  the  tenor  ci  the 
British  law.  In  like  manner  the 
property  of  Burmese  subjediy 
dying  under  the  same  drcumsloB- 
ces  in  any  part  of  the  BrifiA 
dominions,  moll  be  made  over  to 
the  minister   or  odier   snthetltf 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPB.  [219 

delqitted  by  his  Burmese  nu^esty  as  EtUe  irkaoane,  or  inooBvenkiit 

to    the    supreme   goyemment  of  as  possihle  to  his  majesty  the  king 

India.  of  Ava,  consent  to  the  following 

9*  The  king  of  Ara  will  abo-  arrangements,  with  respect  to  the 

lish    all    exactions  upon    British  divisian  of  the  sum  totid,  as  speci- 

ahips  or  vessels  in  Burman  ports  fied  in  the  article  before  re£3rred 

that  are  not  required  from  Bur-  to>  into  instalmenta^  viz. :  upon  the 

man   ships   or  vessels  in  British  payment  of  twenty-five  lacks  of 

ports ;  nor  diall  ships  or  vessels^  rupees^  or  one4burth  of  the  sunt 

the  pvcpeity  of  British  subjeetsi,  totad  (the  other  artidos  of  the 

wheUier  £ore|iean  or  Indian,  en-  treaty  being  executed),  the  anny 

tering  the  Rangoon  river  or  other  will  retire  to  Rangoon ;  upon  the 

Bujrman  ports,  be  required  to  land  future  payment  of  a  shnikr  sura  at 

their  guns,  or  unship  their  rudders,  that  place,  within  one  hundred 

or  to  do  any  other  act  not  required  days  nrom  this  date,  with  the  pro- 

of  Burmese  ships  or  vessels  in  Bri-  viso  as  above,  the  army  will  evacu- 

tifih  ports.  ate  the  dominions  of  his  majesty 

10.  The  good  and  faithful  ally  the  king  of  Ava,  with  the  least 
of  the  Britiw  government,  his  ma-  possible  delay ;  leaving  the  remain- 
jesty  the  kins  of  Siam,  having  ing  moiety  of  the  sum  total  to  be 
taken  a  part  in  the  present  war,  paid  by  equal  annual  instalments 
will,  to  the  fidlest  extent,  as  far  as  in  two  years,  firom  this  24th  day  of 
leguds  his  majesty  and  his  sub^  February,  1826,  A.  D.,  through 
jects,beincludedintheabovetreaty.  the  consul,  or  resident  in  Ava,  of 

11.  This  treaty  to  be  ratified  l^  Pegu,  on  the  part  of  the  hanour* 
the  Burmeiie  authorities  competent  able  the  East  India  company. 

in  the  like  cases,  and  the  ratification  A.  Campbbll,  Major-Gen.  and 
to  be  accompanied  by  all  British,  Senior  Commissioner, 
whether  European  or  native  (Ame-  T.  C.  Robebtson,  Civil  Com- 
rioan)  or  other  prisoners,  who  will  missioner. 
be  delivered  over  to  the  British  H.  D.  Chads,  Captain   Royal 
oommisstoners.     The  British  com-  Navy, 
raiflsioners,  on  their  part,  engaging  Laboxsn  Meonja  Woonohbe, 
that  the  said  treaty  shall  be  ratified  Shwaovm  Wook  Atawook. 
by  the  right  hon.  the  governor- 
general  in  council,  and  the  ratifica-  While  the  Burmese  war  was 
tion  shall  be  delivered  to  his  ma-  brought  to  this  triumphant  condu- 
jesty,  the  king  of  Ava,  in  four  sion,  fortune    had    been  equally 
months^  or  sooner  if  possible ;  and  propitious  to  the  arms  of  Bntain, 
all  the  Burmese  prisoners  shall,  in  on  the  north-western  frontiers  dt 
like  manner,  be  delivered  over  to  her    Indian    empire,   where    her 
their  own  government  as  soon  as  interposition    was    demanded    to 
they  arrive  from  Bengal.  protect  a  native  prince  against  an 

jjj'^'      1  ji  J'  7  usurper.     The  rajah  of  Bhurtpwe, 

Additumal  Article.  ^^^  ^^^^  l^i^  ^^  i^  ^^^ 

The  British  commissioners  being  of  strict  alliance  with  the  company, 

most  anxiously  desirous  to  manifest  by  which  they  were  bound  to  toast 

the  sincerity  of  their  wish  for  peace,  each  other    against    all  enemies^ 

and  to  make  tlie  immediate  execu-  The  rajah,  i^prehensive  of   the 

^n  of  the  fifth  article  of  this  treaty  consequences  which  rai^t  follow 


220]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

upon  liis death  had,  duringliis life*  its  strength^  from  the  quandtj  of 
time^  declared  his  son,  Bulwunt  water  wmch  its  locality  enables  the 
Singh,  his  successor,  and  had  oh-  garrison  to  command,  and,  when 
tained  for  him  from  the  company  filled,  the  ditch  presents  a   most 
the    formal    investiture    of    the  formidahle  ohstade.     To  the  real 
Khilaat,  or  rohe  of  inauguration,  strength  of  the  fortress,  was  added 
From  that    moment  the    young  that  of  opinion:  if  not  impregnahle, 
rajah  was  under  the  protection  of  the  natives  of  Hindostan  believed 
the  British  government.     On  the  it  to  be  so.     The  terminaticni  of 
death,  however,  of  Buldeo  Singh,  the  attack  in  1805,   without  its 
his  nephew,  Doorjun  Sal,  gained  actual  surrender,  although  it  .had 
a  party  in  the  army,  exated  a  been  thrice  attempted  to  be  statm- 
succes^^l  rebellion,  gained  posses-  ed,  had  produced  an  exaggerated 
sion  of  Bhurtpore  itself,  and  seated  opinion  of  its  strength,  and  of  the 
himself  on    his    cousin's    throne,  courage  of  its   defenders,    which 
Bulwunt  Singh  demanded  the  pro-  presented  exceptions  to  the  usual 
tection  of  the  company ;  and  in  the  career  of  the  British  arms  in  India, 
end  of  1825,  an  army,  under  the  Bhurtpore  wa^  a  point,  on  whidi 
command    c^   lord    Combermere  the  vanity  and  discontent  of  the 
marched  to  reinstate  him.  military  tribes  of  Hindostan  could 
The  first  and  oreat  object  was,  dwell  with  satisfaction  ;  and,  after 
the  reduction  of  Bhurtpore  itself,  the  failure  of  lord  Lake,  it  was  a 
a  fortress  of  immense   strength,  saying  amongst  them,  that  India 
deemed  by  the  natives  to  be  im-  was  not  yet  conquered,  for  Bhurt- 
pregnable,  and  already  celebrated  pore  had  not  been  taken.     It  was 
for    its    successful    resistance    to  not  to  be  doubted  that  a  seoond 
British  troops,  when  besieged  in  failure  would  produce   the   most 
]  805  by  lord  Lake,  who  was  com-  unfavourable  eStects  on  public  opi- 
pelled  to  give  up  the  enterprise  after  nion,  and  give  new  life  to  all  thfe 
he  had  lost  3,000  men.  It  is  a  town  elements  (^  restlessness  and  dis- 
of  considerable   extent,    strongly  affection  which  might  be  ejristiog. 
fortified  on  every  side,  being  sur-  The  preparations  for  the  attaoL 
rounded  by  a  mud  wall  of  great  were  now  made  on  a  large  and 
heieht  and  thickness,  with  a  very  complete  scale,  calculated  to  insure 
wide  and  deep  ditch.     The  fort  ultimate  success  ;  and,  on  the  10th 
stands  at  its  eastern  extremity,  and  December,  lord  Combermere  ap- 
is of  a  square  figure ;  one  side  over-  peared  before  it  with  an  army  of 
looks  the  country,  the  other  three  upwards  of  20,000  men,  and  a  6eM 
are  within  the  tovm.     It  occupies  of  more  than  an  hundred  peces  of 
a  situation  that  appears  more  ele-  artillery.     During  the  night  the 
vated  than  the  town ;  its  walls  also  enemy  had  cut  the  bund,  or  em- 
are  higher,  and  its  ditch  of  greater  bankment  of  a  lake  to  the  north- 
width  and  depth.     The  circum-  ward,  for  the  purpose  of  filling 
ference    of    the    town    and    fort  their  broad  and  deep  ditch,  a  most 
t(^ther,  is  above  eight  miles ;  and  essential  means  of  defence,  wbidi 
their  waJls,  in  all  that  extent,  are  had  contributed  largely  to  the  soo- 
ilanked    with    bastions    at    short  cessful  resistance  of  the  place  in 
distances,  on  which  is  mounted  a  1805 ;    but    they  had   been   too 
numerous    artOlery.      The    place  tardy    with    thb   operation,    ^ne 
derives  a  considerable  addition  to  British  troops  arrived  in  time  to 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [221 

make  themselves  masters  of  the  between  them,  having  likewise  be- 
embankment,  and  repair  the  breach  gun  its  fire  within  two  hundred 
before    a     sufficient    quantity  of  and  fifty  yards  of  the  north-east 
water  had  flowed  into  the  fosse  to  angle,  the  defences  of  the  east  side 
render  it  impracticable.     The  fol-  of  that  part  of  the  works  were  in 
lowing   days    were    occupied    in  a   great   measure    destroyed,     A 
recannoitring  the  works,  and  de-  battery  was  then  constructed  bear- 
termining  tine    ^points  of   attack,  ing  on  the  north  face  of  the  same 
until  the  battermg  train  and  its  angle,  at  a  distance  of  about  two 
appurtenances  should  have  come  hundred  and  fifty  jrards.     The  rest 
up,  the  fortress  occasionally  firing  of  December  was  employed  in  a 
upon  the  reconnoitring  parties,  and  similar  manner  in  strengthening 
occasional  skirmishes  taking  place  the  old  batteries,  erecting  new  ones, 
between  small  detachments    and  and  pushing  forward  the  works ;  a 
his  cavalry  which  were  encamped  constant  fire,  Which  left  scarcely  a 
under  the  walls.  roof    uninjured    being    kept    up 
Lord  Combermere,  desirous  to  against  the  town,  while  the  enemy 
save  the  women  and  children  from  seemed  to  be  reserving  his  resources 
the  horrors  of  a  siege,  and  of  a  to  the  last,  and  the  operations  of 
bombardment  like  that  which  must  the  besiegers  were  exposed  to  no 
follow  from  such  a  battering  train  material  interruption.   On  the  3rd 
as  he  was  about  to  employ,  ad-  January,  1826,  the  artillery  besan 
dressed  a  letter  to  Doorjun  &d  on  to  breach  the  curtains ;  the  ditches 
the  21st,  calling  upon  mm  to  send  in  front  were  found  to  be  dry,  and, 
them  out  of  the  fort,  promising  from  the  ruegedness  of  the  coun- 
them  a  safe  conduct  through  the  terscarp,    offered  fewer   obstacles 
British  camp,  and  allowing  four  than  had  been  expected.     Such, 
and  twenty  hours  for  that  purpose,  however,  was  the  tenacity  of  the 
before  he  should  open  his  nre  upon  tough  mud  walls,  that  they  resist- 
the   town.     Having   received  an  ed  the  effects  of  shot  better  than 
evasive  answer,  his  lordship  again  masonry  would  have  done ;  it  was 
sent  to  him,  allowing  a  farther  ex-  found  that  the  batteries  were  in- 
tension of   the  time  for   twelve  sufficient    to    breach    them,    and 
hours ;  but  the  humane  offer  was  recourse  was  had  to  mining.     On 
not  accepted.     On  the  2drd,  there-  the  evening  of  the  6th,  a  mme  was 
fore,  every  thing  beinff  in  readiness  commenced  in  the  scarp  of  the 
to  commence  operations,  and  the  ditch  on  the  northern  face  of  the 
north-east  ancle  of  the  works  hav-  work,  with  the  purpose  of  improv- 
ing been  fixea  upon  as  the  point  of  ing  the  breach ;  but  the  engineers, 
attack,  the  besiegers  under  a  heavy  fearing  that  they  would  be  dis- 
fire,   took  possession  of  a  ruin^  covered,  .if  they  continued  their 
village  called  Kuddum   Kemdee,  operations  during  the  day,  sprung 
and  of  Buldeo  Singh's  garden,  and  it  at  day-light  on  the  following 
completed  their  first  parallel  at  the  morning,  when  it  was  not  suffici- 
distance  of  about  ei^t  hundred  ently  advanced  to  have  any  material 
yards    from    the    fort.     On    the  effect  upon  the  walL     In  making 
morning  of  the  24th,  two  batteries  a  second  attempt,  the  miners  were 
erected  at  these  two  points  opened  driven  away,  having  been  counter- 
upon  the  town,  and,  on  the  25th,  mined  fix>m  the   mterior    before 
another'  more   advanced   battery  they  had  entered  many  feet«  and, 


222]      ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1826. 

the  gftBffirywiflSttbiequeiitly  blown  a  few  feet  of  liiiii»  were  IdHed  on 

up,  it  being  diseoyered  that  the  the  spot.    The  troops  innwiiifliitfly 

enemy  were  keeping  watoh  in  it.  mounted  to  the  anolt,  witk  tiv 

On  t^  l4/th,  another  mine  under  greatest  order  and  steadinea,  «■!» 

one  of  the  bastions  was  exploded  notwithstanding  a  detemnncd  op* 

too  {weoipitatelj,  and  failed  of  its  position,  carried  the  breaohea.  Ths 

eifect    Two    more    mines    were  left  breach  was  the  more  difficult 

immecUatel J  driven  into  the  same  of  the  two ;  end  at  one  nwKnt, 

work,  winch  were  qirung  on  the  where  the  ascent  was  steepest,  the 

16^  so  successfully,  that  with  the  59th  resiment,  which  led  the  a^ 

ttdof  a  day's  batteibig  they  efibct-  tack,  huted  for  an  instant  ;  bnt  at 

ed  an  excellent  breadi,  which  was  a  cheer  from  their  comradea  behind^ 

repented  to  be   practicable.     On  they  pressed  on,  and  quiddy  sm^ 

the  17th,   the  mine   under    the  mounted  it,  the  grenadiers  moraig 

north-east  angle  was  completed,  up  it  slowly  and  lesdutdy  without 

and  the  following  day  was  fixed  yet  drawing  a  trigger  in  reton 

for  the  storm.  for  the  vc^es  of  round  shot,  f^tspe^ 

Early  in  the  morning  of  the  and  musketry,  whidi  were  poural 

18th,  the  troops  destined  for  the  upon  them.    Some  of  the  fogeuMst 

assault  estaldished  thems^ves  in  of  the  enemy  defended  the  breach 

the  adraitced  trenches  unperceived  for  a  few  minutes  with  great  i»i 

by  the  enemy.    The  left  breach  solution,  but,  as  the  eTpfawwrw  of 

was  to  be  mounted  by  the  brigade  the  mine  had  blown  up   tbee- 

of  general  NicoUs,  headed  by  the  hlindrod  of  their  companioiu^  thej 

59th  regiment ;  that  on  the  right  were  soon  complied  to  giTe  wi^, 

by  general  Reynell's  brigade,  h^id-  and  were  pursued  along  the  ram-* 

ed  by  the    14di  regiment;    the  parts.    Wheneter  they  eame  to  a 

explosion  of  the  mine  under  the  gun  which  they  oonld  mar%  thqr 

north*east    angle  was  to  be  the  turned  it  upon  their  pursuers^  bid 

signal  for  the  attack.    At  ei^ht  they  were  immediately,  killed  by 

o'dook,  the  mine  was  exploded  with  the  grenadiers,  and  the  gun  npest 

terrific  efibct;  the  whc^  of  the  In  two  hours  the  whole  ran^ait 

salient  angle,  and  part  of  the  stone  sumnindine  the  town,  although 

cavalier  in  the  rear,  were  llf^  bravely  d^snded  at  every  gate>- 

into  the  air,  whi<^  for  some  time  way  and  bastion,  along  wiA  the 

was  in  total  darkness;  but  fnrni  command  of  the  gates  of  the  citadel, 

the  mine  having  exploded  in  an  were  in  possession  of  the  benegen» 

unexpected  direction,  or  from  the  and  early  in  the  aftCTnoon,  the 

troops  having  been  stationed,  in  citadel  itself  surrendered.     Illiaa» 

consequence  of  miscalculation,  too  dier  general  Sle%h,  ooounaiidmff 

near   it,   the  ejected  stones  and  the  cavalry,  having  been  intrusted 

masses  of  earth  kiUed,  in  their  fail,  with  preventing  the  tatmpe  of  the 

several  men  of  the  regiment  at  the  enemy's  troops,  after  the  agsank, 

head  of  the  oolumn^  of  attack,  and  made    such  a  dispadtioii   of   his 

severely  wounded   three  ofilcers;  forces,   that  he  suceeeded  in  a^ 

they  fell  so  thick  about  lord  Com-  curing  Doorjun  Sal,  whoy  with  his 

bermere    himself,    that   brigadier  wife,  two  sons,  and  a  hundred  and 

general  M'Combe,  who  was  stand-  sixty  chosen  hoise,  attempted  to 

ing  next  to  him,  was  knocked  down,  fbrce  a  passage  throi^  die   8th 

and  two  sepoys,  who  wete  withh^  light  oavafay. 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  {223 

The  lott  6f  the  enemy  eeuld  not  betv^een  his  own  ocmntfy  und  the 

be  edmpUted  at  less  than  fbnr  thoih-  sea^  by  sueoeaBively  attaddng,  and 

mad  kulfid ;  and,  owing  to  the  dia-  ovei^wering,  the  native  prineet  in 

pQsitioB  of  the  eavalry,  hardly  a  the  British  interest^  and  surpriiing 

Bum^  bearing  anns,  escaped.  Thus,  Briti^  Accra.     It  was  not  pottiUe 

aa  by  the  surrender  ef  the  town,  for  him,  howevelr,  to  make  the  ne« 

aU  the  stores,  arms,  and  anununi-  cessary  preparations,  without  ikm 

tio«  fdl  into  the  possession  of  the  knoWledge   of   the    neighbouring 

▼icte^,  the  wh^  military  power  of  chiefs^  whose  fears  at  length  kd 

the  Bhurtpoor  state  mi^l  be  oon-  them  to  supplicate  assistance  £rom 

stdered  as  annihilated.     The  forti*-  cdxmel  Pindon,   commandii^   at 

ficatbns  were  demdidied,  the  prin-  Cape  Coast.     They  promised,  if 

oipBl  bastieiiB,  and  parts  of  several  he  would  give  them  muidLets  and 

eurtaim  were  bbwn  up  on  the  6th  powder,    to    purchase    an    equal 

Febiniary,  and  it  was  l^t  to  the  quantity  from  the  nwicfaantSj,  raise 

imisi  to  complete  tiie  ruin.    The  twelve  thousand  men,    and   put 

Fntty  Bouig,  or  "  Bastion  of  Vio-  themselves  under  hisootiunandi  and 

tovy,"  bnilt,  as  ^ke  Bfaurtporeans  they  engaged^  in  the  most  sijeam 

vaunted,  wkh  the  bones  and  blood  manner,  net  to  run  away,  as  they 

of  Briti^  scddiers  who  fdl  in  the  had  done  on  the  oocasion  of  sff 

aasanlt  under  lord  Lake,  was  now  Charles    McCarthy's    unfortmiale 

kid  low ;  ai^  amongits  destroyen  defeat.     Cohmel  Puvdon,  taking 

wme  some  of  those  very  men  who,  what  assurances  he  could  get,  ■o** 

twenty  years  bd^ire,  "had  been  oepted  their  oftr,  gave  them  what 

permitted,"  in  die faoa^g  language  assistancehe  could,  anddivided  tfceir 

of  tiie  nativee,  ''  to  fly  from  its  fofce  into  five  brigades,  wilii  two 

etenial  waUs."    All  the  other  for-  strong  ooros  of  observation,  tofffo- 

tvesses  within  the  Ri^ah's  domi-  tect  each  nank.  He  dien  assembled 

mans    immediately    surrendered ;  such  of  the  settlers,  merchants,  and 

tke  inhabitants  returned  to  their  civilians  as  he  could,  and  fonned 

dhodes,  and  the  prince  was  re^in»>  them  into  one  corps  as  a  reserve* 

stated  in  his  Mrthority.   LordCom^  The  only  British  troc^  he  had 

heruere  broke  uplnscamj^toretuin  w«:e  ei^ity  men  of   the   Bapl 

to  Calcutta,   on  the  dOth   Feb-  African    corps,    with    fear    field 

mary,  and  arrived  there  esrly  in  pieces,  of  dx  and  threc'-poundenk 

April  The  tmited  force  amounted  to  less 

than  twelve  thousand  ifien.     The 

In  Afbica,  during  IhiB  year,  our  natives  wwe  composed  of  the  fiol- 

aetklemeRts  en  the  coast  of  Guinea  lowing  kings,  nations,  and  tribes : 

were  again  threatened  by  tl^  rest-  Acoatoo,  long  c^  A^piimbo ;  Ad« 

lesness  of  the  Ashantees.  Sinoethe  cmonaqua,  king  of  Aqnapim  :  Don* 

unfOTtunato  battle  with  sir  Charies  gua,  queen  of  Aikim ;  Cndjoe,  16ng 

MHIIflOthy,      which      emboldened  of  Assin  ;  the  king  of  Tufid,  wti 

t^e*i,  h^  the  death  of  the  British  many  other  caboceers,  and  captains 

eemmander,  rather   than   disoou-*  of  tiibes.     They  brought  into  the 

raged  them  by  the  ultimate  failure  field  about  ten  thousand  men  j  to 

of  the  ^itorprise,  the  king  of  that  whom,  and  the  eighty  men  of  the 

wtion  had  silently  been  coUecting  regular  troops^  were  added  five- 

snpifties,  and  forming  an  army  to  hundred  militia,   British,  Dutdi> 

dBfect  his  favourite  object  of  making  and  Dani^,  behraging  to  Aowa 

himself  master  of  dl  the  tewitory  and   Gqae   Coart   Caede.     The 


224]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

Adhantees'     force    amounted    to  orders  he  had  receiyed,  to  bring  ap 

twenty-fiye  thousand  men.  his  division^  the  moment  he  flhf>old 

On  the  29th  of  July,  colonel  hear  the  report  of  the  British  guns, 

Purdon    marched   to  Wongassey,  and  attack  the  Ashantees  on  their 

about  eighteen  miles  from  British  left    flank.      This    simultaneoos 

Accra.    On  the  4th  of  August  he  movement,  with  the  forces  inune- 

moved  to  Ashroocan,  and  on  the  6th  diately  under  the  direction  of  colo- 

he  took  up  a  position  (twenty-four  nel  Purdon,  had  the  dedred  eEkct, 

miles  from  Accra)  on  an  extensive  and  decided  the  fate  of  the  batUe. 

plain.     The  morning  of  the  7th  If  the  whole  of  the  allies  had  ac^ed 

happened  to  be  a  Monday,  and  a  inasimilar  manner,  neither  theking 

remarkably  fine  day,  which  was  re-  of  the  Ashantees,  nor  any  part  of 

garded  by  the  "  wise  men  "  of  the '  his  army  would  have  escaped*  But 

AshanteesasaFetish(orgoodomen)  it  is  difficult  to  prevail  upoa  auch  a 

and  a  favourable  day  for  the  king  race  of  people  to  act  upon  a  system- 

to  fight  on ;  he  was  assured  by  atic  plan  of  operation,  if  it  be  at 

these   soothuyers    that  it  would  variance  with  their  own  notions ; 

render  him  invincible.      He  ac-  and  the  cause  of  the  fli^t  of  port 

oording^y,  acting  under  their  in-  of  them  was  that,  in  dnobedienoe 

fluenoe,  at  half  past  nine  in  the  of  orders,  they  broke  from  the  line 

momiilg,  moved  to  the  attack,  in  a  formed,  and  rushed  into  contest 

very  imposihg  and  determined  man-  without  regularity,  without   any 

ner.      Colonel    Purdon    instantly  reserve  to  support  them,  or  pni- 

put  his  force  in  motion,  met  the  dence    to    guide   them,    in    case 

Ashantees  half-;way  upon  the  plain,  of  difficulty.     The    loss    of  the 

and  commenced  the  hatde  with  great  Ashantees,    in    killed,   wounded, 

bravery.  After  the  engagement  had  and    prisoners  was  estimated    at 

lasted  more  than  an  hour,  a  pause  not  less  than  five  thousand  men.— 

ensued,  in  consequence  of  the  left  Many  of  the  Ashantee  princes  and 

of  the  British  right  centre  bri-  generals  were  killed  and    taken, 

gade  and  nearly  the  whole  of  the  About  eight  hundred  were  killed, 

rieht  wing  giving  way.     At  this  and  two  thousand  wounded  on  the 

critical  moment,  as  soon  as  the  side  of  the  British.     The  whole  of 

centre  reserve  (composed  of  the  the  camp  equipaee,  of  great  value, 

Royal  African  Corps)  became  un-  fell  into  the  hands  of  some  of  the 

covered  by  the  flight  of  the  natives,  least  deserving  of  the  allied  focoes. 

colonel    Purdon    opened   on    the  Amongst  those  spoib  were,  thegold- 

Ashantees    a  destructive    fire  of  en  umbrellaof  State,  the  golden  stool 

rockets,  grape,  and  cannister,  which  of  State,  and  gold  dust,  ivory,  and 

did  great  execution ;  and,  peroeiv-  other  valuable  to  a  large  amount 

inff  that  they  were  panic-struck,  Adononaqua,  kingof  Aquimim^re- 

and  in  the  utmost  confusion,  he  covered  the  head  of  the  late  sir 

moved  forward  to  the  attack  with  Charles  McCarthy,  which  was  ooo* 

every  man  he  had,  and  cut  through  sidered  by  the  Ashantees  as  their 

the  ^lemy's  centre.     They  gave  greatest  charm  or  fetish.     It  was 

way  in  all    directions,    and    the  enveloped  in  two  folds  of  ^puget, 

victory  was  no  longer  doubtful,  covered    with  Araluc   dtaracto% 

Accatoo,  king  of  Aquimbo,  who  tied  up  a  third  time,   in  a  alk 

commanded  a  strong  corps  of  ob-  handkerchief,  and  lastlysewed  up 

servation  on  the  extreme  right,  in  a  leopard's  skin*     The  aytor 

brardy  and  accurately  obeyed  the  reused  to  ^yq  up« 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[225 


CHAP.  IX. 

France — Meeting  of  the  ChamherS'^Expenses  of  the  Amiy  of  Occupa^ 
turn  in  Spain — Ouvrard's  CotUracts — The  Budget — Roads  --'Army  and 
Navy — Operation  of  the  Sinking  Fund — Com  Laws — Trade — Law 
of  Primt^emture'-'Speech  of  M.  Fillele — The  Slave  Trade — Com-* 
plaints  against  the  Government  Jor  shewing  partiality  to  Turkey 
against  Greece — Independence  o/'  St,  Donnngo,  and  Indemnity  io 
the  Colonists — Motion  against  ReadingSpeeches — The  Press — Trial 
of  the  Ahh^  Mennais-^  Montlosier's  Denunciation  of  the  Jesuits^-' 
Treaty  with  Brazil — PoUcy  of  France  towards  Portt^al — Recal  of 
the  French  Minister  from  Madrid,  and  of  the  Swiss  Guards. 


EXCEPTING  the  excitation 
of  opinion  kept  up  by  the 
efforts  and  intrigues  of  a  high  ec- 
clesiastical party  to  extend  their 
influence,  and  the  clamours  of  in- 
terested men  who  declaimed  against 
the  financial  measures  of  the  minis- 
try because  they  had  been  losers 
by  fluctuations  in  the  funds,  every 
thing  ^as  tranquil  and  prosperous 
in  France ;  when  the  king  opened 
the  Session  of  the  Cnambers,  on 
the  31st  of  January,  with  the  fol- 
lowing speech: 
"  Gentlemen, 

"  It  is  with  real  satisfaction  that 
I  see  myself  again  among  you. 
Attentive  to  the  movements  of  the 
public  mind,  and  to  the  course  of 
affidrs,  I  have  judged  that  no  se- 
rious motive  required  that  the 
time  at  which  I  proposed  to  call 
you  together  should  be  anticipated. 
My  foresight  has  been  justified, 
and  I  am  happy  at  not  having 
abridged  the  repose  on  which  you 
were  allowed  to  depend. 

"  Death  has  just  struck  in  the 
midst  of  his  career  one  of  ray 
most  magnanimous  allies :  this  loss 
has  profoundly  afflicted  me.  I 
receive  from  his  successor^  as  well 

\Qh.  LXVUL 


as  from  the  other  powers,  the 
most  positive  assurances  of  the 
continuance  of  their  friendly  dis* 
positions;  and  I  have  the  confi- 
dence, that  nothing  will  impair 
the  harmony  between  me  and  my 
allies  for  the  tranquillity  of  nations. 

'^  I  have  concluded  with  his 
Britannic  majesty,  a  convention 
which  will  render  more  uniform 
the  conditions  to  which  the  red^ 
procal  navigation  of  the  two  king- 
doms and  their  colonies  is  sub- 
ject. I  expect,  from  this  ar- 
rangement, happy  results  for  our 
maritime  commerce. 

"  I  have  determined  to  fix,  at 
length,  the  fate  of  St.  Domingo. 
The  time  was  come  to  dose  a 
painful  wound,  and  to  put  an  end 
to  a  state  of  things  which  com- 
promised so  many  interests.  The 
definitive  separation  of  this  colony, 
which  has  been  lost  to  us  for  these 
thirty  years,  will  not  disturb  the 
security  of  those  which  we  pre- 
serve. 

"A  law  became  necessary  for 
the  division  of  the  indemnity 
which  I  have  reserved  for  the 
ancient  planters;  it  will  be  pro- 
posed to  you. 


226]     ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1S26. 

"  I  shall  immediately  cause  to  Proridence  has    intrusted   to    m 

be  laid  before  you   the  accounts  care.      You    will    not    be     mod 

for  1824,  the  statement  of  the  re-  moved  than  I  am  at  the   inccNQ 

ceipts  and  expenditure  of  1825,  siderable  alarms  which  still  agitai 

and  the  budget  of  1827.      The  some  minds,  notwithstanding  t|| 

development    of    our    commerce  security  we  enjoy, 

and  our  manufactures  daily  aug-  "  This  security,  gentlemen,  i^ 

menting  the  produce  of  the  taxes  not  be  haslirded,  d^md  upon  it 

on  ixmsumpiion  and  transactions,  I  will  watdi  with  equal  aolieitad 

will  allow  ah  amelibratioli  of  the  over  all  the  interests  of  tba  State 

situation  of  the  ministers  of  our  and  I  diall  find  means  to  concilistt 

holy  i'eligion>  ah  increase  of  the  what  is  requufed,  by  the  exaroiaa  oi 

dotiition  of  sevonl  of  the  services,  legal  liberties,   the    mftintenapa 

and  inalre  it  posdbk  to  reduce,  by  of  order,  and  the  repf«Baum   d 

nineteen  milHdns  more,  the  direct  lieentiousness*" 

taxes,  which  have   already  been  The  superiority  of  the  miniatrrs, 

diminished  this  year.  although    opposed    both    by     the 

"You    will    rejoice   with    me,  party  which  styled  itself  liberal* 

gentlemen,  at  thus  finding,  in  the  and  by  the  party  whoie  cteed,  as 

progress  of  our  internal  prosperity,  ultra  it)yidists  and  ultnt  reli^on- 

means    to    redress    the    burdens  ist^,  Went  as  extravagantly  wmag 

v^hieh  are  the  ihost  onerous  to  the  the  other  way»  was  manifiBtod  b?" 

siibject.  the  decisive  majoritiei  by   wfaM 

The  l^islatiue  should  provide,  they  c»lrried  the  election  of  Ibt 


by  ^cc^teive  Ameliorations,  for  all  cctanimttee  to  prejpaie  ibe 

thfe  wants  df  society.  in  the  Chamber  of  Paen,  and  tbc 

*'  The  progressive  subdivisioil  df  election  ef  the  presidents  ia  the 

kmded  property  essentially  contrary  Chamber    of   Deputies.     In    lb* 


to  the  principle    of  moharchicai  form^,  one  (^iposition  member 

g^himent,    would   weaken    the  chosen,  the'  archbisbop  of  Paris; 

securities  which  the  charter  has  but  that  was  a  comdiment  wbicb 

given  to  my  throne  and  to  my  the  ministry  allowea  to  be  paid  to 

subjects.  his    ecclesiastical    rank.     Of  the 

"  Means  will  be  ^^eposed  to  re-  topics  adverted  to  i&  tbe  i^eadi, 

store  the  agreement  that  should  the  jKBposed  mtroduction  of  the 

ejdst  between  the  political  law  and  biw  of  prinmgeniture,  the 


the  civil  law,  and  to  pres^ve  the  mens  relatmg  to  the  press,  and 

patrimony  of   fi&milies,    without,  the  recognition  of  the  inde^eod* 

however^  affecting  the  lib^ty  of  ence  o£  Su  &omingo,   were  tbe 

disposii^  of  property*  only    matters    on    which     mucb 

"  The  presOTvation  ef  families  difference  of  opinion  was  cxpiesied 

leads  to  and  guarantees  political  in  the  course  of  the  debates  upon 

stability,  whi(£  is  the  firat  want  the  address :  on  eadi  of  them  the 

of  a  stat^  and  especially  ^t  oi  Chamber  of  t)i^ties  divided,  bat 

France,  after  so  many  vicissitudes,  in  all  the  divisions  tbe  niniitas 

"  You  will  flecond  me,  sentle-  were  triumphant.     On  tbe  reeog- 

men,  in  accomplishing  the  designs  nition  of  Hayti,  and  tbe  liboty  of 

which  1  have  meditated,  and  in  the    press,    their    m^cnity    vai 

ensuring  more  and  more  the  hap-  small ;  for  on  these  questions  tk^ 

piness  of  the  people  whom  Diyiae  were  opposed  by  tbe  ultra  adbe- 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [237 

rent!  of  both  parties  for  reaions  ifaelawof  priiKiogeBituie>altboiig|i 
diametricall J  opposite  tc^  each  tpeciaUy  duected  to  maintain  their 
other.  The  ultra  rojaliits  resiited  own  wealth  and  splendor;  and 
tha  recognition  of  Hajtian  inde*  the  courts  of  law  had  always  shewn 
pendenoe,  because  it  was  a  sane-  themselres  unfavourable  to  th^ 
tion  to  rerolt,  and  a  cession  of  part  extension  of  the  majorat,  or  es- 
of  the  territory  of  France;  by  the  dusive  rights  of  the  first-bom. 
liberals,  again,  the  conduct  of  the    The  lawyers,  likewise,  and  even 

government  was  blamed,  because  the  courts  had  of  late  been^dis- 

the  recognition  had  been  an  act  of  playing  much  ceal,  and  some  inde- 

thecrown,  whereas  they  maintained  pendenoe,  in  defence  of  the  presiu 

that,  constitutionally,  it  could  take  Towards  the  dose  of  the  preoedinc 

place  only  with  the  consent  of  the  year,  the  Royal  Court  had  acquitted 

legislature.   The  former  party  held  theeditorpoftheConstitutioneluid 

that  the  ministers  were  regardless  the  Gmrier  Fran^ais,  who  were 

of  monarchy  and  religion  by  in-  under    prosecution    for    pdiitical 

dulging  the  press  wiu  too  ^;reat  libels ;  and  when  the  jud^  of 

liberty :  the  latter  party  dedauned  that  court  waited  upon  the  kmg,  on 

against  them  as  persons  who  wish-  New  Year's  day,  along  with  other 

ed  to  lay  it  in  chains,  and  extirpate  public  bodies,  to  pay  him  the  cus«' 

all  freedom  of  discussion.  tomary  compliments,  his  majes^ 

The  whole  address  was  carried,  received  them  oddly,  and  did  not 

as  prepared  by  ministers,  by  a  ma*  condescend    to    mdce   any  other 

jority  of  174   votes  against  87*  reply  to  their  address  than   ''I 

The  Chamber  of  Peers,  however,  accept  the  homage  of  the  Royal 

made  some  modifications  of  the  Court."    {JerecoU  ^  hommag€d€ 

ori^pnal  address.     Instead  of  the  lu  Cour  Rq^aleO 
decided  manner  in  which  the  law        On  the  11th  of  February,  the 

of  primofleniture  had  been  reoom-  minister  of  finance  Uoughi  ig§* 

molded  uom  the  throne,  the  Peers  ward  not  only  the  budget,  but 

declared  they  would  adopt  such  likewise  a  prefect  of  a  law  for 

measures  as  '^  would  not  restrain  finally    closing     the    public    ao« 

parents  in  the  disposal  oi  their  counts  for  1824:,  which  had  still 

property,"  a  provision  inconsistent  been  kept  c^n  in  consequence  of 

with  the  system  of  strict  entails  the  pecuniary    tittnsaodons   ooa- 

which  formed  part  of  the  plan  of  nectal  with    the   occupation    of 

the  ministers;  and  in  replying  to  Spain.     This  latter  was  a  sore  and 

that  part  of  the  speech  which  al-  unpc^ular  subject.    France  found 

luded  to  the  press,  they  made  re-  the  protection  o£  Ferdinand  a  nse- 

fermoe  to  the  ri^ts  secured  by  less  load  upon  her  finances;  the 

the  charter,  and,  while  admitting  expenses    of   the    enterprise  had 

the  evils  and  dan|;ers  of  licentious-  much    exceeded    the    antid^wted 

nesB,    expressed  an  opinion  that  sums :  it  was  with  difficulty  that 

reason,  and  the  ccmscienoe  of  the  Spain  could  be  btought,  even  now, 

pid)lic  were  its  most  efficient  pre-  to  strike  a  balance,  and  acknow- 

ventives.     On  both  these  topics  ledge  a  debt,  and  she  had  strained 

the  (pinion  of  the  higher  chamber  her  resources  to  the  utmost  to  be 

was    greatly    influenced    by   the  able  to  make,    in  the  preceding 

lawyers.    Even  the  great  families  numth,  a  payment  on  account  w 

were  mudi  divided  m  opinion  on  700,000     finmcs,    not    30,000^ 


$28]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

These  expenses  were  still  more  Chamber  of  Peers  now  took  up 

unpopular^  and  still  more  warmly  the  case^  as  the  alleged  frauds  ci 

was  the  final  adjustment  of  them  Ouvrard  affected  its  character  hf 

opposedin  the  Chamber  of  Deputies^  implicating  some  of  its  members  n 

because  almost  a  certainty  had  been  accomplices.    Some    doubts   were 

obtained^  that  great  part  of  the  entertained  of  the  power  of  the 

money  had  been  grossly  misapplied  Chamber  to  proceed  in  su<^  an  in- 

by  the  frauds  oi    the   army-con-  vestigation;  because  no  peer  had 

tractor^  Ouvrard^  and   the  pecu-  been  distinctly  named  or  accused, 

lations  even  of  the  generals  who  and  because  there  was  no  diaife 

commanded  the  army  sent    into  of  high  treason  to  consdtute  a 

Spain ;  and  it  was  maintained  that  jurisdiction  in    the    peers.     But, 

no  money  ought  to  be  voted  for  although  there  was  no  impeadi- 

the  service  of    that  ycar^    until  ment,  nor  any  complaint  regulailj 

these  charges  had  been  investigat-  made^  it  was  no  secret   that  the 

ed^  and  all  the  transactions  con-  public  voice  loudly  accused   the 

nected  with  the  supplying  of  that  highest  officers  in  the   army   of 

army  fully  explained.  M •  Casimir  having  been  participators   in  tbe 

Perrier  said,  it  was  evident  that  a  contractor's  schemes  of  peculatioD, 

dilapidation  of  the  public  property  and  the  name  of  the  Daliphln  him- 

had  been  committ^  either  by  the  self,    who  had    commanded    the 

superior  authorities,  or  by   their  army,    was  not  spared.       Count 

agents ;  and  he  moved  as  an  amend-  BourdesoUc  and  general  Guillena- 

ment,   "  that  ministers  shall  pre-  not  were  spedauy  pointed  out  ai 

sent,  in  the  next  session,  the  ae-  culprits,  and  the  latter  was  retom- 

counts  of  their  operations  relative  ing,  or  had  been  recalled,  from  his 

to  the  war  in  Spain,  and  propose  embassy  at  Constantinople,  to  meet 

the  definitive  settlement  of  the  ex-  the  cburges  against    him.      The 

penses  of  that  war."    The  argu-  Chamber  appointed  a  committee  to 

meiht  of  the  ministers  was,  that,  in  inquire  and  report  whether  thej 

submitting  to  the   Chamber  the  could  competently  proceed;  and, in 

documents  already  laid  before  it  the  mean  time,  Ouvrard  was  kept 

respecting  the  expenses  of  sending*  prisoner  in  St.  Pelagic,  which  had 

the  army  into  Spain,   they  haid  formerly  been  his  residence,  under 

done  all  that  the  law  required  of  the  sway  of  Napoleon,  for  pecu- 

them ;   that  the  expenses  of  the  niary  debits  of  a  similar  desaip- 

occupation  were  diminishing,  and  tion.     The  charges    against  hot 

no  new  credit  required  for  them ;  were,  that  he  supplied  the  anay 

and  that  the  effect  of  the  amend-  sent  into  Spain  with   articles  in 

ment  would  be,   to  postpone  in-  much  smaller  quantity,  and  greatlj 

definitely  the  final  adjustment  of  inferior  in  quality,  to  those  sped- 

the  accoimts  in  question,  and  ex-  fied  in  his   contracts ;    that    tbe 

cite  new  discussion  regarding  mat-  prices    fixed  by    those    contracts 

ters  on  which  the  Chambei*  had  were  exorbitant ;  and  that  he  had 

already  decided.     After  a  stormy  been  able  to  affect  this  spoliadon 

debate,  continued  during  two  sit-  by    bribing    his    superiors    with 

tings,  the  amendment  wasrejected,  part  of  the  plunder.     It  was  only 

.and  the  investigation  and  punish-  with  this  bribery  and  corruptkn 

ment  of  the  alleged  guilt  were  that  the  peers  had  any  concern,  as 

Jcflj   to  another   tribunal.     The  affecting  the  purity  of  their  own 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[229 


body;  for  the  quantity,  quality, 
and  prices,  of  the  articles  supplied 
were  mere  matters  of  contract,  and, 
even  if  the  prices  were  exorbitant, 
that  could  only  prove  the  rapacity 
of  the  contractor,  and  the  ignorance 
or  carelessness  of  the  minister  of 
war,  in  concluding  the  bargain. 
On  receiving  the  report  of  their 
committee,  they  thought  enough 
had  been  discovered  to  justify  in- 
quiry, and,  by  a  large  majority,  a 
committee,  consisting  of  the  mar- 
quis de  Pastorct,  count  PortaHs, 
ccmnt  Julien,  and  general  count 
Beliard,  was  appointed  to  institute 
a  *  supplementary  investigation. 
The  committee  continued  their  in- 
quiries till  the  middle  of  July, 
examining  a  multitude  of  wit- 
nesses and  documents,  when  they 
presented  a  report,  concluding,  that 
there  were  no  grounds  for  proceed-  ^ 
ins  sigainst  counts  Guilleminot 
and  Bourdesolle,  the  two  peers 
who,  at  first,  had  seemed  to  be 
implicated.  The  Giamber  adopted 
the  report ;  and,  as  there  was  thus 
no  ground  of  accusation  agaibst  any 
of  its  own  members,  declared  itself 
to  be  incompetent.  All  the  weight 
of  the  ministry  was  employed  to 
bring  about  this  termination  of  an 
affair  which  threatened  ultimately 
to  involve  tliemselves;  for,  although 
money  had  undoubtedly  heen  lost 
to  the  nation  by  an  improvident 
bargain,  Ouvrard  would  have  lit- 
tle difficulty  in  allowing  that  he 
had  taken  for  his  goods  the  highest 
price  he  could  obtain :  and  the  neg- 
ligence or  incapacity  of  those  who 
had  contracted  with  him  on  the 
part  of  the  public,  would  not  have 
added  to  their  popularity.  Alluding 
to  the  religious  jubilee  which  had 
just  been  celebrated  over  the  Ca- 
tholic world,  and  the  universal  ab- 
solution of  dns  which  was  its 
greatest  benefit,  the  duke  de  Choi- 


seul,  in  one  of  his  nyeeches  char- 
acterized the  proceedings  in  this 
matter  as  a  judicial  jubilee.* 

In  the  budget  for  the  year  1827^ 
the  expenditure  was  estimated  at 
915,773,042  francs,  and  the  ways 
and  means  were  expected  to  pro- 
duce, taking  as  the  basis  of  the 
calculation  the  income  for  1825, 
916,608,734  francs,  leaving  a  dis- 
posable excess  of  835,692  francs. 
The  expenditure  of  1824  had  been 
originally  estimated  at  990,119>582 
francs,  and  had  actually  amounted 
to  nearly  two  millions  and  a  half 
more;  but  the  revenue  for  the  same 
year,  estimated  at  992,333,953 
francs,  had  exceeded  that  sum  by 
more  than  two  millions  and  a  half. 
The  revenue  required  to  meet 
the  expenses  of  the  present  year, 
was  greater  than  that  required 
for  1821,  by  35,371,340  francs. 
This  had  arisen  partly  from  an 
addition  which  had  heen  made, 
since  the  latter  year,  to  the  per- 
manent debt,  partly  from  naval  ex- 
penses to  complete  the  operations 
of  that  department  in  the  colonies, 
which  would  not  be  incurred  again, 
and  partly  from  remittances  al- 
lowed from  the  revenue  of  the  post 
office,  and  other  branches  of  reve- 
nue. On  the  other  hand,  the  ordi- 
nary sources  of  revenue  had,  during 
the  same  period,  been  increasing. 
In  1821,  they  yielded  891,614,678 
francs;  while  the  gross  produce 
for    the  present   year  would  be 

*  We  find  towards  the  end  of  the 
year  the  following  paragraph  in  one  of 
the  French  journals 

"  On  Tuesday,  the  ninth  of  this  month, 
(November)  M.  Ouvrard  is  to  appear 
before  the  tribunal  of  the  Correctional 
Police,  on  a  charge  of  corruption ;  M. 
Berryer,  jun.,  has  undertaken  his  de- 
fence. The  second  part  of  the  Memoirs 
of  Ouvrard,  in  respect  of  his  life  and 
financial  operations,  is 'announced  for 
speedy  publication.' ' 


230]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

916,608,734  franco.    The  report  been  set  at  liberty  by  the  cftderct 
of  the  committee  of  the  Gutmber  the  minister  of  justice,  with  an  in- 
of  Peers  on  the  budget,  was  "  By  junction  to  pass  intoa  foreijgn  coun- 
the  attentive  examination  which  try.     The  minister  admitted  the 
we  have  made  of  the  expenditure,  fact,  and  justified  it  on  the  ground 
we  hare  seen,  that,  if  there  are  that  from  the  effervescent  natuiv 
several  heads  under  which  a  re*  of  Corsican  passions,  it  was  impot- 
duction  may  be  justly  hoped  in  sible  to  maintain  absolute  order  in 
Inture,  and  some  which  might  re«  the  island,  and  it  was  necemzy  to 
edve  a  more  useful  apphcation,  countenance  the  expatriaticm    of 
they  are  collectively  useful  and  some  persons  condemned  for  bomi- 
judicious,"  cide  committed  from  revenge.  But 
In  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  surely  it  is  a  new  doctrine  both 
great  diversity  of  opinion  prevailed  in  poHtics  and  morals,  that  in  pro* 
regarding  the  purpose  to  which  portion  to  the  aptitude  of  danger- 
the  excess  of  revenue  over  the  ex-  ous  passions  to  break  forth,    the 
penditure  should  be  applied.    Some  means  intended  to  weaken  them 
members  proposed  tluit  the  duty  should  be  diminished,    and  that 
on  strong  beer,  others  that  the  punishments  ought    to   be    more 
duty  on  cider,  should  be  reduced,  mild    and  rare,  precisely  where 
and  others  that,  in  the  rural  com-  crimes  are  most  frequent  and  stzo- 
munes,  houses  of  only  one  story,  cious.    The  Papal  government  has 
and  the  rent  of  which  did  not  ex-  sometimes  bribed  b^dits  from  ^eir 
eeed  fifty  francs,    should  be  ex-  calling  by  pensioning  them  off; 
empted  fhmi  the  door  and  window  and  they  have  thus,  at  least,  one 
tax.     All  these  propositions  were  motive  to  good  conduct,  and  Clie 
raected  in  favour  of  the  motion  means  of  living  without  rapine; 
of  the  minister  of  finance  to  em-  but  it  is  very  doubtful  whether 
ploy  the  surplus  in  reducing  the  even  such  a  system  has  ever  pi^ 
land-tax.      Twenty-five    miUions  vented  a  robbery  or   a  murder, 
were  voted  for  the  civil  list,  and  Relegation  from  Corsica  can  scarce- 
seven  millionsfor  the  Royal  family,  ly  be  an  evil,  and  supplies  no  mo- 
On  the  vote  for  the  expenses  of  the  tive    for    controlling    the    angiy 
minister  of  justice  being  proposed,  passions  whose   indulgence   have 
M.  de  Labourdonnaye  accused  that  produced  it. 
department  of  protecting  and  re-  To  improve  and  maintain  the 
warding  criminals,    and  declared  internal    conmiunications    of  the 
that  he  would  never  consent  to  country,  422,000  francs  were  voted, 
vote  the  public  money  to  a  minis-  in  addition  to  28,000  francs  for 
ter  "  in  whose  hand  the  sword  of  new  works,  and  certainly,  oonsider- 
justice  was  wielded  for  the  protec-  ing  that  thus  only  about  17>000/1 
tion  of  assassination/'    This  charge  were  to  be  expended  upon  all  the 
excited    much    confusion   in  the  roads  in  France,  it  is  easy  to  he- 
Chamber,    till    the  member    ex-  lieve  in  the  justice  of  the  com- 
plained himself  by  saying,  that  he  plaints,  made  by  some  of  the  mem* 
had  documents  in  his  possession  hers,  of  the  state  in  whidi  the 
which  proved,  that,  in   Corsica,  roads  were  kept.    .The  annual  ex- 
several  assassins,  under  sentence  of  penditure^  however,  upon  cansbi 
death,  and  others  against  whom  and  other  public  works,  had  been 
proceedings  were  eomraenctd,  had  gradually  increasing. 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  ^  [281 

The  nmnsteroFtiie  interior  Stat-  ever  the  steain4)oat  system  "was 

^  in  aieport  (madeto  the  }ang),  adopted^   as  adapted,  it  nrast  he. 

that  this  expenditure  amounted  in  The  m^taiy  estaMishments  t^rere 

IMS  toi9omethingnnderfourinil-  still  more  roundly  taxed  with  in- 

Bons ;  in  1824  it  was  neaiiy  ten  efficiency.     The  two  royal  mantN 

miffions ;  in  IB25,  neariy  fif^n  facftories  of  mu^ets,  made  ahotit 

millions;  and  the  estimate  for  18S6^  two  hundred  tSiousand  annually, 

eiEoeeded  twenty  miHions.      But  hut  made  t3iem  so  hadly^  that  it 

these  canals    and    roads,    instead  was  necessary  to  subject  them  to  aki 

cf  hei^g  the  fruits  of  a  spirit  of  additional^  smd  expensive  ptrocess, 

privEte  enterpzise^  were  tiienmder-  toTcnder  tiicm  fit  for  trte.    TTie 


of  B  puhHc  hoard ;  and  pri-  ani^y,  instead  of  heing  540,000 
VBte  individu^,  instead  of  diaring  men^  Which  was  the*  peace  'estab^ 
in  them,  impeded  them.  The  mi-  Ushment,  comnsted  of  onlySSl,000^ 
nister  complained  that,  although  and,  for  the  last  ten  years,  instead 
the  compensation  proffered  to  tibe  of  sixteen  millions  beinff  annually 
proprietors  of  lands  through  which  devoted  to  the  repair  m  ^!tte  fbr-< 
a  road  or  canal  was  to  pass,  uni-  tresses,  the  sum  so  bestowed,  it 
fonnly  exceeded  the  market  value  was  adnntted  by  ministers,  was 
0f  the  ground  or  buildings  which  only  four  millions.  The  situation 
it  was  necessary  to  purchase,  the  of  tlie  frontier,  since  the  restoea- 
bo«zd,  with  all  its  jirecautions,  was  tion,  had  rather  rendered  increase 
met  by  perpetual  delays,  &putes,  imperious,  than  justified  reduction : 
law-suits,  and  losses ;  and,  instead  Srnss  neutrality  had  vanished  ; 
of  the  assistance  which  it  might  Landau  belonged  to  Bavaria ; 
reasonably  expect  from  ind^duals,  Prussia,  a  first-rate  military  power, 
it  was  often  hampered  by  vexatious  was  on  the  banks  of  the  Mosfelle, 
opposition,  however  dear  might  and  could  manoeuvre  her  trobps 
be  the  advantage  to  be  reaped  from  within  twenty  leagues  of  Paris ; 
the  pnmosed  measure.  Belgium  was  no  longer  simply  an 
In  the  British  parliament,  the  Austrian  province,  with  a  distant 
opposition  had  endeavoured  to  force  government,  but  had  become  a 
a  reduction  of  the  army :  in  the  kingdom  united  to  Holland,  armed 
French  Chamber  of  Deputies,  the  wi^  a  triple  line  of  fortresses,  and 
opposition  to  the  army  and  navy  these  fortresses  commanded  and  in* 
estimates  was,  that  they  were  too  spected  by  Wellington.  "  Be- 
low. Ministers  were  accused  of  collect,  gentlemen,"  exclaimed  M. 
acting  so  as  to  reduce  France  to  Casimir  Perrier,  in  that  theatrical 
the  rank  of  only  a  third-rate  naval  style  of  rhetoric  which  diatttcterijfes 
power,  and  of  adopting  a  false  and  French  eloquence,  and  amid  shouts 
pernicious  economy.  Genend  Se-  of  "  Order,"  and'  violent  and  tu- 
bastiani  reproached  them  more  mtdtuous  interruptions  from  the 
especially  with  having  paid  no  at-  mortified  nationsu  pride  of  the 
tention  to  the  construction  of  steam-^  Chamber,  "  Recollect  the  tears  of 
boats,  which  were  rapidly  bringing  despair  which  we  shed  on  seeing 
about  a  maritime  revolution ;  and  the  Prussians,  the  laurels  of  vio« 
he  assured  the  chamber  that  aH  tors  in  their  caps,  guarding  your 
the  money  now  expended  in  build-  barriers,  and  parading  yoitr  squares! 
ing  ships  of  war  was  wasted,  for  Do  you  wish  to  see  the  matchei 
the  vesseb  would  be  usdess  when^  again  lighted.^  ready  to  blow  up 


232]      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


your  bridges^  your  public  edifices^ 
and  that  immortal  column  raised 
to  the  glory  of  your  armies."  The 
minister  of  war  admitted  that  the 
present  military  means  were  in- 
sufficient ;  but  they  might  be  ex« 
pected  to  improve  annually,  and 
could  not  be  insufficient  merely 
from  being  9^000  men  below  the 
fixed  peace  establishment.  As  to 
the  fortresses.  Lisle  had  been  neg- 
lected during  the  whole  period 
from  179'^  to  the  restoratbn,  but, 
since  the  restoration,  1,500,000 
francs  had  been  expended  on  it. 

Although  the  finances  were 
fburishing,  and  only  required  a 
pacific  mmistry  to  keep  them  so, 
the  variations  in  the  prices  of  some 
of  the  public  funds  had  produced 
a  great  deal  of  individual  misfor- 
tune and  disappointment.  They 
had  been  most  observable  in  the 
three  per  cent  stock,  which,  within 
a  short  time,  had  been  up  at  78, 
and  down  at  59,  and  had  fallen  in 
the  confidence  of  that  portion  of 
the  public  who  invested  their  money 
as  prudent  men  for  security,  not  as 
gamblers  for  stock-jobbing  gains. 
Ministers  were  accused  of  lending 
themselves  to  produce  these  fluctua- 
tions by  shewing  an  undue  prefer- 
ence to  the  three  per  cents  in  ap- 
plying the  sinking  fund,  and  M. 
Casimir  Perrier  moved  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  committee  to  in- 
quire, whether  the  laws  respecting 
the  sinking  fund  had  not  been 
violated  with  regard  to  the  holders 
of  the  five  per  cents.  He  contended 
that  the  purchases  made  with  that 
fui^d  ought  to  be  made  exclusively 
in  the  five  per  cents ;  and  he  com- 
olained  that,  in  violation  of  the 
law,  the  commissioners  gave  a  pre- 
ference to  the  three  per  cents  which 
he  designated,  with  as  much  warmth 
and  virulence  as  if  he  had  ^culated 
in  them,  and  had  come  off  a  loser. 


a  wretched  abortion,  sprung  ftam 
the  immoral  union  of  stock-Jobbiiig 
and  delusion.     On  the  otiier   side 
it  was  contended,  that  tHe  prefer- 
ence given  to  the  three    per  cenu 
was  no  injustice  to  the  holders  oi 
the  five  per  cents,  as  the  law  did 
not  specif  any  particular  stock  to 
be  the  subject  of  the  operatioiis  o( 
the  sinking  fund,  but  leflb  the  com- 
missioners at  liberty  to  make  their 
purchases  wherever  they  could  make 
them  to  the  best  advantage.      The 
motion  for  the  committee  w^s  lott 
by  a  large  majority.     A    Kimilar 
display    of    virtuous    iadignBtioa 
against  stock-jobbing  was    mani- 
fested by  M.  Hyde  de   Neuville 
and  M.  Perrier,  on  a  petition  for 
the  prohibition  of  time  bargains. 
M.  ViUele  checked  the  career  of 
the  latter  gentleman  by  quoting  a 
paper  to  which  M.   Perrier  had 
affixed  his  signature  in  favour  of 
those  very  concerns  which  were 
now  denounced  as  polluting  sod 
corrupting  what  was  termed  Frcmce 
morale.     When  lotteries  were  abo- 
lished in  England,  not  a  voice  was 
raised  in  defence  of  their  principle, 
and  the  practical  evil  of  their  re- 
sults was  monstrously  exaggerated. 
The   stake    in  this  country   was 
always  too  high  to  create  a  spirit 
of  gambling  in  those  who  would 
have  been  injured  by  indulging  it: 
the  lottery  was  beyond  the  reach 
of  the  lower  ranks ;  and,  even  in 
the  middling  classes,  it  was  never 
a  general  or  a  ruinous  passion.    In 
France,  as  in  the  other  continental 
countries,  and  particularly  in  Italy, 
it  was  much  more  easily  accessible, 
and  therefore  much  more  general ; 
but  the  morality  of  the  Chamberf 
could  not  be  brought  to  sufmress  it. 
M.  Vill^le  admitted  that  such  gam- 
ing was  improper,  and  that  govern* 
ment,  in  the  game,  had  a  great  ad- 
vantage over  the  buyers  of  ticketi, 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [233 

the  combinations  being  such  as  to  that  price,  a  permanent  and  in- 

make  it  inevitable  that  the  majority  variable    duty  upon  the    foreign 

of  the  players  must  be  losers ;  but  grain  which  might  enter,  excepting 

he  asserted  that  it  had  been  less  that  the  duty  should  be  hieher 

injurious  during  the  last  year  than  upon  grain  imported  in  foreign  uiips 

at  any  former  period,  and  added  than  m  French  vessels, 

that  "  it  was  in  £he  year  1825,  that  "  His  majesty  shall  be  humbly 

the  riches  and  prosperity  of  the  requested  to  cause  to  be  presented 

country  had  readied  their  greatest  to  the  Chambers  a  prqfet  of  a  law 

height."    The  fact    is,  that   the  containing   the   following    provi- 

lottery  was  too  productive  a  source  sions : 

of  revenue  to  be  dispensed  with ;  ^M .  In  future,  there  shall  be 

and  the  passions  of  the  Exchange,  for  the  whole  realm  but  one  single 

and  the   Palais   Royal,  were  too  limit  for  every  kind  of  grain,  under 

powerful  for  la  France  morale.  which  foreigu  com  cannot  be  im- 

Among  the  politicians  of  France  ported  for  internal  consumption, 

there  existed  the  same  difierence  of  '*  2.  The  limit  of  importation 

opinion  regarding  the  value  of  pro-  shall  be— 

tecting  and  prohibitory  duties  on  p     ^y,                       fr.p«^oUiw 

the  importation  of  foreiim  products,  ^L       ^  Vt  *  j  * "  "A* ,  ^ 

which  reigned  in  BritaL ;  and  the  ^y^,  ^"^  ^^^*^"  ^^"'^  ]l 

agricultunsts  of  Essex  or  Sussex      ;      q^^^' It 

were  scarcely  more  eager    to  be  ^^'    

shielded  by  legislative  enactments  "  3.   The  average  pride  of  all 

than  were  those  of  France.    The  the  regulating  mai^ets  designated 

distressed     state     of    agriculture  by  the  law  of  the  4th  July,  1821, 

was  frequently  alluded  to  during  shall  be  officially  published  every 

the  session ;  and,  after  the  budget  month,  without  distinction  of  the 

had  been  voted,  the  chamber  of  above  four  classes. 

Deputiestook  the  state  of  the  Corn-  "4.   There  shall  be    received, 

laws  into  consideration,  in  secret  upon  the   importation  of  foreign 

committee.  A  committee  which  had  com,  a  permanent  duty,  by  metrical 

been  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  quintal,  of  twenty-five  centimes  by 

effect  of  the  importation  of  foreign  French  ships,  and  of  two  francs  by 

com  preynted  a  report,  in  which  foreign  ships.     This  duty  shall  he 

they  expressed  a  formal  wish  that  raised  to  fifty  cents  for  flour  in 

the  government  would  make  use  the  first  case,  and  to  four  francs  in 

of  the  power  vested  in  it  by  the  the  second  case, 

existing  law  of  1819^  immediately  "  5.   The  exportation  shall  be 

'  to  secure  a  more  extended  protec-  prohibited  when  the  average  price 

tion  to  native-grown  com  against  pf  com  shall  have  attained    the 

importation    from    abroad.      The  limit  fixed  for  the  importation." 

committee  then  proposed  the  fol-  In  discussing  the  law  imposing 

lowing  resolutions,  embodying  a  the  duties  of  the  customs,  many 

plan  wr  the  future  regulation  of  opinions  were  expressed,  and  many 

the  com  trade,  adopting  the  system  propositions  mode,  approaching  to 

of  monthly  averages,  fixing  a  price  a  more  liberal  system  of  commercial 

at   which  importation  should   be  intercourse,  luid  others  again  of  a 

altogether  prohibited,  andimposing,  very  opposite  character.     The  high 

when  com  should  have  risen  above  duties  on  wood,  iron,  and  foreign 


234]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


wool»  were  a&vereij  attacked,  as 
diee^g  tlie  exchange  of  dommodi- 
Hes,  and  provoking  other  countries 
to  make  reprisals.  An  unsuccessful 
attempt  was  made  to  reduce  the 
duty  on  iron  one  half.  The  re- 
strictive measures,  which  prevented 
the  eiqportation  of  wines  into  Bel- 
gium and  other  northern  countries, 
and  hy  laying  on  articles  to  be  im- 
ported in  return  a  duty  whidi  ex- 
duded  them  altogether,  were  par- 
tioularly  inveigh^ against;  andM. 
Rihoul  said,  tl^t  if  this  prdiibitory 
system  were  persevered  in,  the  inha- 
Intants  of  some  departments  would 
soon  be  obliged  to  renounce  every 
kind  of  exchange,  and  consume  the 
whole  of  their  own  produce.  On 
the  other  hand  it  was  wished  to 
augment  the  duty  on  foreign  linens; 
and  an  amendment  was  moved  con- 
taining, an  impost  which  would 
have  been  equivalent  to  a  prohibi- 
tion, but  the  more  moderate  views 
of  the  minister  of  finance  prevailed. 
He.  maintained,  in  point  of  fact, 
that  the  French  linens  required  no 
protection,  because  even  in  foreign 
markets  they  were  preferred  to 
those  of  every  other  nation ;  and 
several  members  allowed  that  the 
cotton  manufacture  stood  much 
more  in  need  of  being  guarded 
against  competition. 

In  her  commercial  regulations, 
Hkewise,  France  followed  the  ex- 
ample of  Britain,  in  departing  from 
the  jealous  system  of  discriminating 
duties,  and  trading  upon  principles 
of  reciprocity.  In  the  month  of 
January  a  commercial  treaty  was 
concluded  between  her  government 
and  that  of  Fngland,  by  which  the 
vessels  of  both  countries  were  put 
upon  the  same  footing.  The  slups 
of  either  country,  departing  from 
or  entering  into,  the  harbours  of 
the  other,  were  to  pay  no  higher 
rtte  of  tonnage,  pilotage,  light<^ 


house  dues^  and  other  ^mOftr  ex- 
actions, than  should  be  paid  by 
vessels  belonging   to   that    odier 
country    itseff.     Goods    imported 
into  Britain  in  French  veas^fi,  or 
into  France  in  Briti^  vessels,  urexe 
to  pay  the  same  duties  as  if  l^bcj 
had  been  imported  in  yends  of 
the  country  to  which  ihej  were 
brought,  with  this  exception,  Am 
the  produce  of  Afiiea,  Anm»  and 
America,  ^should  not  be  imported 
firom  these  countries  into  BiiteiB 
in  French  ships,  nor  from  France 
in  British  ships,  for  the  purpose  of 
home  consumption  in  Brilain,  but 
only  to  be  warehoused,  or  exported ;. 
France  reserving  a  power  to  make 
a  similar  declaration.     Europeaa 
productions,  again,  were  not  to  be 
imported  into  France  in  British 
bottoms    for    home   consumptaoiiy 
unless  they  had  been  loaded  in 
some  port  of  the  United  Kingdogt, 
Britain  reserving  the  right  to  make 
a  similar  declaration  against  die 
importation  of  such  goods  in  Freadi 
vessels.     It  was  further  dedarsd, 
that  all  goods  which   might  bt 
legally  exported  from  either  Gaun- 
try, should  pay  the  sameduties,  and 
be  entitled  to  the  same  drawbacks 
and  bounties,  on  exportation,  whe- 
ther exported  in  the  vessels  of  that 
country  or  of  the  other ;  providsd 
that  they  sailed  directly  mnn  die 
ports  of  the  one  to  the  ports  of  die 
other ;  that  no  fishing  boat,  drivea 
into  a  port  by  stress  of  weather, 
should  pay  any   dues,   unless    a 
cargo,  or  part  of  a  cargo,   was 
there  taken  on  board;  and  that 
neither  country  should  grant  to  any 
third  party  greater  privileges  than 
by  this  treaty  they  granted  to  each 
other. 

The  principles  and  provisions  of 
this  treaty  were  received  with 
much  approbation  by  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies^  where  they  seoiied, 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[Q35 


however,  to  be  so  much  misunder- 
stood,  diat  although  they  were 
undoubtedly  a  relaxation  of  the 
ancient  system  of  British  maritime 
policy,  and  had  many  and  power- 
ful enemies  in  this  country  as 
being  injurious  to  its  commercial 
prosperibr  and  its  naval  power, 
M.  ae  St  Chemans  hailed  them 
''  as  a  first  step  towards  a  Navi« 

Stion  act  sinmar  to  that  which 
d  so  powerfully  favoured  the 
development  of  the  commercial 
riches  of  England."  They  were  a 
first  step  towards  the  adoption  of 
principles  of  reciprocal  freedom  in 
commercial  intercourse ;  the  Navi- 
gation acts  were  founded  upon 
principles  of  exclusion  and  restric- 
tion. M.  Casimir  Perrier  wished 
to  improve  upon  the  measure,  b)r 
imposme  upon  French  vessw 
coming  n*om  Britain  into  French 
ports,  a  duty  not  exceediue  that 
imposed  upon  foreign  vessels ;  for 
by  paying  less  in  England,  and 
more  in  France,  than  they  had 
done  before,  the  owners  would  still 
be  gainers,  and  a  large  sum  would 
flow  into  the  Treasury.  "  Suppose, 
said  he,  "  to  take  round  numbers, 
that  before  the  treaty  our.  ships 
paid  3000  francs  in  England,  and 
nothing  on  their  return  to  France; 
a  thousand  ships,  then,  paid  three 
million  francs  in  England,  and 
nothing  at  home.  By  the  treaty, 
the  English  have  reduced  their 
duty,  I  will  suppose,  to  1000  francs, 
and  the  French  government  lays  a 
duty  on  our  own  vessels  to  the 
same  amount.  The  thousand  ships, 
then,  will  pay  only  two  millions 
instead  of  three,  one  million  to 
England,  and  one  million  to  our- 
selves. The  owners  will  gain  a 
million ;  and  our  Treasury  will 
receive  a  million  which  it  did  not 
receive  previous  to  the  treaty." 
The    proposed   introduction  of 


the  law  of  primogeniture  agitated 
Paris  mnch  more  deeply  than  any 
other  measure  of  policy  foreign  or 
domestic.  No  question  raised  since 
the  Resolution  had  excited  so  much 
popular  and  adverse  feeling ;  the 
re-establishment  of  the  censorship 
would  not  have  been  resisted  witn 
a  clamour  and  ardour  so  nearly 
approaching  to  what  might  have 
been  expected  in  defending  at  once 
a  personal  possession  and  a  national 
right  'The  elevation  of  an  eldest 
son  above  his  brethren  seemed  to 
be  connected,  in  the  minds  of  the 
Parisian  puUic,  with  the  horrors 
of  the  darkest  times  of  feudalism, 
and  the  insulting  tyranny  of  an 
exclusive  oligarchy;  politics  and 
economics  were  equally  unable  to 
convince  them  that  those  who  are 
bom  to  have  power  ought  to  be 
able  to  exercise  it  in  a  spirit  of 
independence,  and  that  it  is  no 
advantage  to  a  nation  that  every 
man  should  be  his  own  farmer. 
The  journalists  and  the  pamphlet- 
eers both  raised  and  repeated  the 
voice  of  Paris— and  Paris  is  France 
—-that  primogeniture  was  not 
merely  a  violiation  of  the  charter, 
which  said  not  a  word  upon  the 
matter,  but  the  invasion  of  the 
ordinary  rights  of  humanity ;  and 
an  attempt  to  resume  the  national 
domains  would  scarcely  have  come 
more  home  to  every  man's  supposed 
interest,  or  have  covered  the  minis- 
ters with  more  unpopularity.  The 
opposition  to  it,  out  of  the  cabi- 
net, was  nearly  universal :  for  it 
was  far  from  finding  unconditional 
favour  in  the  eyes  even  of  the 
peerage,  whose  influence  and  re- 
spectability it  was  intended  to  sup- 
port. 

The  language,  in  which  the 
measure  had  been  mentioned  in 
the  Speech  from  the  Throne,  was 
moderate  and  sensible,  and    had 


236]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


nothing  about  it  calculated  to  excite 
alarm  in  sober-minded  men.  "  The 
progressive  subdivision  of  landed 
property,"  said  the  king,  '^  essen- 
tially contrary  to  the  principle  of 
monarchical  government,  would 
weaken  the  securities  which  the 
charter  has  given  to  my  throne 
and  to  my  subjects.  Means  will 
be  proposed  to  restore  the  agree- 
ment which  should  exist  between 
the  political  law  and  the  civU  law, 
and  to  preserve  the  patrimony  of 
families,  without,  however,  affect- 
ing the  Hberty  of  disposing  of  pro- 
perty. The  preservation  of  fami- 
lies leads  to,  and  guarantees  politi- 
cal stability,  which  is  the  first  want 
of  a  state,  and  especially  of  France, 
after  so  many  vicissitudes."  This 
was  a  sufficiently  correct  enuncia- 
tion of  the  political  virtues  of  the 
right  of  primogeniture.  An  in- 
finite divisibility  of  property  ne- 
cessarily leads  to  poverty,  poverty 
in  each  member  of  a  family  in- 
creasiug  with  the  number  of  gene- 
rations which  pass  away.  The 
inevitable  consequence  is,  that  a 
hereditary  nobility  becomes,  under 
such  a  system,  a  race  of  titled 
paupers ;  and  of  all  kinds  of  men, 
no  class  can  be  at  once  more  use- 
less, and  more  dangerous,  both'  to 
king  and  to  people,  than  a  poor 
and  privileged  aristocracy.  Their 
real  wants,  and  much  more  the 
artificial  wants  incident  to  their 
station,  render  them  dependents 
upon  court  favour,  making  them 
pensioners  of  the  hand  that  feeds 
them,  and  hired  servants  of  that 
very  power  which,  in  a  mixed 
monarchy,  they  are  created  to  re- 
strain. This  is  the  natural  course 
of  things ;  in  every  struggle  be- 
tween the  Crown  and  the  subjects, 
they  will  incline  to  the  former,  for 
their  rank,  their  habits  of  life, 
their  very  vanities  are  all  connected. 


and,  as  it  were,  identified^  with  Its 
power,  and  separate  them  firom  the 
sympathies,  and  modes  of  thinking, 
of  those  who    are    below   them. 
The  monarch,  again,  finds  that  the 
political  powers  vested  in  them  by 
the  state,  instead  of  being  trouble- 
some and  efficient  restraints  upon 
his  prerogative,  are  admirable  in- 
struments for  the  execution  of  his 
plans,  and  the  extension  of  his  au- 
thority :  under  the  form  of  a  con- 
stitutional legislature,  they  are  the 
express  image  of  the  executive,  re- 
flecting from  their  glittering,  but 
dead,  surface,  its  every  feature  and 
motion.    Gratuities  are  bestowed, 
and  offices  are  created,  to  supply 
their  wants ;  the  people  pay  their 
own  enemies ;  and  the  constitution 
gradually  br^thes  its  last  in  tliat 
state  of  political  lethargy  in  which 
the  lineaments  of  public  liberty 
remain,  when  the  roirit  is  benumb- 
ed and  expiring.     France  had  only 
to  look  at  the  condition  of  her  own 
nobility  before  the  Revolution,  to 
know  what  a  poor  and  hereditaiy 
aristocracy  must  come  to. 

The  economical  effi^ts,  too,  of 
such  a  progressive  subdivision  of 
property  have  nothing  to  recom- 
mend it.  If  it  be  true  that  land 
cannot  be  cultivated  to  its  utmost 
productive  capacity  without  a  large 
capital,  it  must  always  be  receding 
from  that  limit  in  the  hands  of 
men  whose  capital  is  diminishing, 
generation  by  generation,  in  a 
geometrical  progression.  If  it  be 
true  that  it  is  an  advantage  toa- 
country  to  raise  the  greatest  possi- 
ble quantity  of  food  by  the  smallest 
possible  quantity  of  labour,  tktt 
country  cannot  be  in  a  prosperous 
course,  where  the  number  of  those 
who  raise  food  only  for  tliemselves 
or  their  families  is  perpetually  in- 
creasing. It  was  not  a  blessed 
time,  either  in  England,  or  in  any 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[237 


other  country^  "  when  every  rood 
of  ground  maintained  its  man.'' 
In  every  great  country  there  must 
be, large  properties  to  supply  the 
fiources  of  any  thing  like  permanent 
.  wealth  or  competency  to  the  peo- 
ple*    Where  the  lahour   of    the 
whole  population  is  required  to 
raise  the  food  of  that  population^ 
national  wealth  can  never  accu- 
mulate, and  in  proportion  to  the 
numher  so  employed  is  the  distance 
at  which  the  country  is  removed 
from  national   affluence.      Hence 
France,  notwithstanding  her  soil 
and  climate,  has  never  been  a  rich 
country,  her  agriculturists  becom- 
ing weaker  and  weaker,    poorer 
and    poorer    by    every   successive 
death  of  the  head   of  a  family. 
Not  above  one  third  part  of  the  po- 
pulation of  England,  a  less  fertile 
land,  beneath  a  more  inclement 
sky,   is  employed  in  raising  the 
food  of  themselves,  and  eight  mil- 
lions of  their  countrymen,  and  yet 
the  national  wealth  and  resources 
of  England  are  something  which, 
till  our  own  day,  the  world  had 
never  seen.     Ireland,  by  following 
in  regard  to  her  tenants,  the  system 
pursued  by  France  in  regard  to 
her  proprietors,  has  covered  her 
surface  with  penury  and  misery ; 
and,  as  a  state,  has  become  so  ex- 
hausted as  to  be  scarcely  able  to 
bear  the  touch  of  taxation.     Yet, 
in   the    debates    in    the    French 
chambers,   the  French  l^islators 
gravely  lamented    that    England 
should  have  adopted  so  pernicious 
a  course,  and  that  we  were  not 
blessed    with    the    same   law  of 
descent    which    prevailed   among 
themselves. 

The  project  of  law  presented  to 
the  Chsmibers  was  the  following : 

1.  In  every  inheritance  accrumg 
to  the  direct  descending  line,,  and 
pc^Tiog  300  francs  land  tax,  if  the 


deceased  has  not  disposed .  of  the 
part  which  he  may  devise  accord- 
ing to  law,  this  portion  shall  be 
given  under  the  title  of  preciput 
kgal  to  the  eldest  male  child  of 
the  deceased  proprietor.  If  the 
deceased  has  disposed  of  a  part  of 
the  portibn  which  he  may  devise, 
the  legal  preciput  shall  be  com- 
posed of  the  part  which  he  has  not 
disposed  of.  The  preciput  shall 
be  taken  out  of  the  real  property 
of  the  inheritance,  and,  in  case  of 
insufficiency,  out  of  the  personal 
propertv. 

2.  The  enactments  of  the  two 
first  paragraphs  of  the  preceding 
article  shall  cease  to  have  effect, 
when  the  deceased  has  formally 
expressed  his  will  by  deed,  inter 
vivos,  or  testament. 

S.  The  property  which  may  be 
disposed  of  according  to  the  913th, 
915th,  and  91 6th  articles  of  the 
Civil  Code,  may  be  given  by  deed, 
inter  vivos,  or  by  testament,  charg- 
ed with  the  condition  of  transmit- 
ting them  to  one  of  several  children 
of  the  donee,  bom  or  to  be  bom  to 
the  second  degree  inclusively. 
The  articles  1051  to  1074  inclu- 
sively of  the  Civil  Code,  shall  be 
observed  in  the  execution  of  this 
disposition. 

Thus,  the  proposed  law  fell  far 
short  of  the  rule  established  in 
this  country;  for  it  gave  to  the 
eldest  son  of  a  person  dying  intes- 
tate, not  the  whole  real  estate,  but 
only  a  limited  portion  of  it.  The 
third  article,  which  gave  a  power 
of  substituting  a  second  heir,  was 
of  the  nature  of  an  entail,  and  yet 
was  so  limited  as  to  be  absolute 
freedom  of  disposal  compared  with 
the  entails  of  Scotland,  by  which 
the  property  is  tied  up  in  a  parti- 
cular line  so  Ions:  as  there  are 
heirs  of  that  line  in  posse.  This 
clause,  however,  though  evidqitl 


^8]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


quite  af  triftocratic  as  ihe  others, 
end  tending  more  directly  to  the 
perpetuation  of  heieditarj  wealdi, 
hecauie  it  dqnived  the  fint  heir,  in 
so  hr,  of  the  ri^  of  di^onl,  was 
r^rded  with  less  abhorrence  than, 
the  strnj^e  prorision  regarding  the 
|Nreciput  in  an  intestate  suooesston* 
The  discussion  was  long,  and  in 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  violent 
There    the    debate    lasted    three 
dajs^  and  was  finished  on  the  third 
only    in    consequence   of  several 
members  who  had  inscribed  their 
names,  declining,  from  the  impa- 
tience of  the  Chamber,  to  exercise 
their  right.    The  opponents  of  the 
prcHect,  when  they  quitted  rhe- 
torical and  sentimental  declama- 
tion, had  little  to  say  against  it, 
except  that  it  was  contrary  to  the 
manners  and  feelings  of  the  people^ 
and  that  the  existing  system  had 
not  produced,  and  would  not  pro- 
duce, any  mischievous  subdivision 
of   property.    To   the   argument 
drawn  nom  the  example  of  Eng- 
land they  answered :  The  English 
are  an   emigrating  people;   they' 
have  their  East  and  West  Indies, 
their  Australasia,  their  Canadas; 
their  possessions  are  scattered  all 
over  the  globe,  and  in  these  they 
quarter  their  younger  sons.     But 
we  have  no  such  resources:  our 
cadets  must  either  starve,  or  be 
quartered  upon  the  public ;  and  the 
church  and  army,  as  before  the  re- 
volution,   become    the    exclusive 
Eroperty  of  the  sons  of  great  fami- 
les.      The  speech  of  M.  ViUele 
contained    almost   all   the  sound 
sense  that  was  spoken  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  his  statistical  details  fur- 
nished irrefragable  proof  of  the 
practical  consequences  of  the  sys- 
tem.    "We  are  asked,"  said  he, 
"  for  proof  of  that  excessive  par- 
celling out  of  lands,  which  this 
project   is   to   remedy?    But  is 


there  need  of  proofs  fiv 
£Kt?     Is  it  not  the  Chamber  itadf 
which  has  pointed  out  its  daiigiaa 
to  the  attention  of  govenment^ 
The  ddiberationsaf  ooiinci]a|Beii»- 
»1    ercty  year   or    out  ^\ 
prompt  remedy  for  an.  evil,    tiie 
progreas   of   which    is    tmmoMe. 
What  proprietor  is  there  who  does 
not  see  country  houses  taken  dorim, 
and  lands  divided  into  pieoea  aH 
about  them  ?     In  whatever  dire^ 
tion  you  traverse  France,  the  in- 
fluence of  this  inclefinite  diviaiom 
must  be  remarked,  and  the  icavd- 
ler  must  observe  it  even  in  tiie 
abandonment    of   the    means    of 
transport  suitable  to  the  wealth  of 
great  proprietors    alone.     Never- 
theless, precise  details  are   looi^ 
ed  for:---but  the  minister  would 
not   have  waited   till  they  wtace 
asked  for,  if,  in  producing  thoae 
which  he   could  collect,    he  was 
not  afraid  oi  committing,  in  aooK 
sort,  an  act  of  Charlatanism^  un- 
worthy of  the  good  faiUi  of  the 
king's    government.     In    such    a 
matter,  however  exact  may  be  Che 
returns  apd  the  tables  of  figure^ 
they  cannot  furnish  a  proof  incsk- 
pable   of   being  disputed.      The 
documents  collected  to  day  cannot 
give  information>  unless  we  could 
compare  them  with  returns  made 
at  a  former  period.     It  is,  there- 
fore,   without  the  hope  of   any 
great  advantage,  that  government 
has  ordered  researches  to  be  made ; 
and  it  is  also  without  the  hope  of 
founding  any  argument  on  than, 
but  merely  to  satisfy  the  defilre 
of  several  speakers,   that  it   has 
produced  that  information  whidi 
it  was  able  to  procure.     The  re- 
turns have  been  made  from  the 
registers  of  several  departments, 
presenting  altogether  an  average 
population  of  3o3,580  individuals. 
Out  of  this  niunber  the  re^gpsters 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[239 


ut  ISU  preteiat  149>311  Uoable— 
of  them,  ll6»483  pay  less  than 
20  francs  (16  ihillings)  impost — 
9,616  pay  from  20  to  30  &ancs« 
(16#.  to  24tf«)— 9,243  pay  from 
80  to  50  francs.  J[S4r.  to  40#.)-^ 
7>519  pay  from  50  to  100  francs 
(SA  to  4/.)— 5,62s  pay  from  100 
to  500  francs  (4/.  to  20/.>— 578 
pay  from  500  to  1,000  frwcs 
(20/«  to  40/.)--&nd  302  pay  1,000 
francs  (40^)  and  over. 

In  1826,  the  results  are  as  fol- 
low, from  t)ie  same  registers  z*^ 
161,739  are  taxable,  of  whom 
133,903  pay  less  than  20  francs— 
8,983  from  20  to  30—7^915  from 
30  to  50—6,083  from  50  to  100— 
3^649  from  100  to  300— <  this  new 
daas  has  been  formed  on  account 
of  the  elect(HiJ  census,  to  which 
thm  old  tables  paid  no  attention)— 
580  from  300  to  500--41 1  from 
500  to  1,000— and  206^  1,000 
francs  and  upwards.  It  may  be 
true  diat  the  registers  do  not  give 
the  exact  number  of  proprietors ; 
but,  if  it  be  taken  for  granted  that 
the  comparison  of  the  two  returns 
may  ^ve  an  exact  idea  of  the  pro- 
meskYe  division  of  lands,  it  will 
be  found  that,  in  ten  years,  the 
number  of  persons  paying  under 
twenty  frames  has  increased  about 
a  ninth<*-while  those  who  pay 
above  one  hundred  francs  has  di- 
minished a  third,  which  is  far  from 
o&ring  a  satisfactory  result. 

"  To  appreciate  the  definite 
effect  of  the  law  of  equality  of 
divisions,  it  may  perhi^is  be  suffi- 
cifflit  to  recollect  in  what  ^irit, 
and  in  the  midst  of  what  circum- 
stances, this  law  was  made ;  but, 
if  figures  be  called  for,  let  an  ex- 
ample be  taken,  and  it  will  be 
£een  that  in  Paris,  out  of  7,649 
successions  opened  in  1825,  6,568 
were  opened  at  intervals.  Of  the 
1,081  remaining,  fifty-nine  only 


contained  dispositioiis  advantage^ 
ous  to  the  cnildren;  the  othori 
were  bequests  tp  strangers*  By 
this  it  may  be  judged  what  has 
been  the  operation  of  equal  par- 
tition, and  whether  it  u  neces- 
sary to  prevent  its  effects.  Eng- 
land is  spoken  of— ^but  what  other 
country  ofEexs  an  example  of  equal 
industry,  co->existing  with  the 
greatest  accumulation  of  landed 
property?  The  resources  which 
she  offers  to  her  cadets  are'  talked 
of-^but  is  France  less  fertile  in 
resources  of  the  same  kind  ?  has 
she  not  even  this  additional  ad- 
vantage^  that  all  the  outlets  opened 
to  her  industry  are  her  own ;  that 
the  products  of  her  manufactures 
are  consumed  in  her  own  interior> 
while  England  is  obliged  to  look 
forconsumenfrom  abroad?  France 
then,  in  this  point  of  view,  has 
no  reason  to  envy  £nglaiid>  and 
nothing  hinders  her,  aicer  the  ex« 
ample  of  her  neighbours,  from  at« 
tempting  io  introduce  within  wise 
limits,  a  little  fixedness  in  proper* 
ties  and  families.  Of  what  con- 
sequence, it  is  said,  is  this  fixed- 
ness to  their  fortunes,  which  de- 
crease and  perish,  and  are  replaced 
by  others  which  sprint  up  and 
augment  without  there  being  any 
necessity  that  society  should  dis- 
quiet itself  about  the  change  ?  If 
fortunes  in  money  are  spoken  of, 
the  minister  agrees  that  the  losses 
oi  one  are  compensated  to  a  cer- 
tain point  by  the  gains  of  anothcb: ; 
but  if  fortunes  interfere  one  with 
another,  it  is  very  different  with 
landed  prc^rties.  Lands  may  be 
very  easily  divided,  but,  after  they 
have  been  divided,  it  is  not  easy 
to  reunite  them.  The  greatest 
sacrifices  will  sometimes  be  in- 
efiectual  to  obtain  success  in  such 
an  undertaking.  A  man  becomes 
naturally  attached  to  the  soil  which 


240]      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


he  has  purchased^  or  inherited^ 
firom  hiB  ancestors.  The  smaller 
the  inheritance,  the  strong  very 
often  is  his  desire  of  retaining  it. 
You  may  cover  it  with  gold  with-  . 
out  prevailing  on  him  to  yield  it. 
Therefore,  we  nowhere  sec  a  great 
property  formed  out  of  the  nrag- 
ments  into  which  it  had  heen  di- 
vided— and  it  may  be  truly  said, 
that  in  all  countries  the  great  do- 
mains have  been  generally  formed 
at  the  epoch  of  a  conquest  Small 
properties  are  not  an  evil ;  but  it 
is  necessary  that  moderate  proper- 
ties should  be  preserved,  and  that 
great  properties  should  not  be  en- 
tirely dismembered.  Such  is  the 
intention  of  the  law.  All  the 
effect  expected  from  it  is  to  arrest 
a  little  the  progress  of  the  evil^ 
and  maintain  for  a  longer  time 
the  actual  state  of  things,  or  a 
state  something  resembling  it.  In 
order  to  appreciate  this,  we  must 
know  what  that  state  is«  During 
the  course  of  the  Revolution,  the 
properties  of  the  clergy  and  the 
old  corporations  were  sold,  and 
have  passed  into  the  hands  of 
666,000  purchasers;  440,000  in- 
dividuals have  purchased  the  lands 
of  twenty-seven  thousand,  emi- 
grant families;  the  properties  of 
communes  have  been  shared  among 
110,000  persons;  finally,  100,000 
hectares  of  forests  have  been  sold 
since  the  restoration :  in  short,  in 
consequence  of  these  sales,  1 ,222,000 
new  proprietors  have  succeeded 
30,000  old  proprietors,  without 
speaking  of  the  purchasers  of  the 
forests,  or  the  consequences  of  later 
divisions. 

"  From  this  statement  it  may  be 
judged,  that  we  need  not  fear  too 
great  a  concentration.  Division 
ha^  produced  all  the  effect  that 
any  one  could  desire.  France  be- 
yond contradiction  has  enough  of 


small  properties;  she  has  also 
enough  of  moderate  properties; 
perhaps  some  great  piuperiieSy  in 
addition  to  what  she  has,  might  be 
necessary.  It  is  because  the  actual 
state  of  things  has  produced  so 
much  comfort  among  the  people, 
such  a  security  for  government, 
such  an  extension  to  our  conuxierce, 
that  we  desire-  to  maintain  it  with- 
out alteration.  To  its  mainte* 
nance,  besides,  is  attached  ihs  se- 
curity of  our  political  institation&. 
The  limited  monarchy,  under  which 
we  have  the  happiness  to  live,  can- 
not in  reality  do  without  tl^  in- 
fluence of  great  properties,  of  thk 
necessary  bond  which  attaches  die 
different  parts  of  the  social  edifice 
to  one  another— of  this  indi^ens- 
able  support  of  the  throne  and 
public  liberty,  which  the  indefinite 
division  of  properties  leaves  ia 
isolation,  feebleness,  and  abandon-- 
ment.  Cultivation  itself  loses 
more  than  may  be  thought  by  the 
parcelling  out  of  great  properties. 
The  smaS  proprietor  cidtivates  at 
greater  loss,  and,  if  we  oompan 
what  his  acre  costs  him  with  what 
the  acre  co^  the  great  proprietor, 
it  wiU  be  seen  that  the  spade  is 
more  expensive  than  the  plough, 
that  cultivation  is  like  all  other 
branches  of  industry,  and  the  more 
it  is  restrained  the  less  profitaUe 
it  is.  On  the  other  hand^  it  is 
not  the  small  properties^  but  the 
large,  which  provision  the  maikets, 
and  it  is  the  goods  brought  to 
market  that  support  the  population 
of  cities,  and  all  the  manufacturii^ 
part  of  the  nation.  Small  proper- 
ties, no  doubt,  swell  the  popula- 
tion ;  but  this  excess  of  populatitMi 
absorbs  all  the  products  of  the 
earth  wliich  it  brings  into  exist- 
ence, and  there  remains  nothing 
to  assist  the  wants  of  the  remaic^ 
der  of  society, 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[241 


The   law  was    carried  in  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  by  a  majority 
of  261  voices  against  75 ;  but  in 
the  Chamber  of  Peers,  the  first 
paragraph  of  the  first  article  which^ 
in  the  case  of  intestate  succession^ 
gave  the  eldest  son  as  preciput, 
the  whole  of  the  portion  of  which 
the  deceased  might  have  legally 
disposed,  was  rejected  by  a  ma- 
jority of  120  to  94.    With  this 
alteration,  the  law  passed ;  the  last 
clause  vrhich  allowed  the  testator 
to  name  the  heir  of  his  heir  among 
that  heir's  children,  being  carried 
by  an  overwhelming  majority.    A 
man  has  an  interest  in  extending 
liis  own  powers  over  his  property, 
which  he  does  not  feel  in  enabling 
the  law  to  make  such  a  division 
of  it,  as  perhaps  would  not  have 
been    accordant    with    his    own 
wishes  and   feelings.     So  great, 
however,   was  the  triumph  sup- 
posed to  have  been  gained  by  the 
popular  voice  in  the  rejection  of 
the    first    provision,    that    many 
quarters  of  Paris  were  illuminated, 
and,  in  the  intoxication  of  victory, 
the  opponents  of  the  minister  were 
reckonmg  on  his  downfall.     But 
the  question  was  no  party  or  poli- 
tical question.     Perhaps  the  mea- 
sure was  urged   with  too   much 
precipitancy,  when  so  loud  a  cla- 
mour had  been  excited  against  it ; 
for  such  changes  ought  always  to 
be  introduced  graduculy,  and  with 
much  deference  even  to  the  pre- 
judices of  the  people ;  but  M.  de 
Villele  was  no  more  interested  in 
the  law  of  primogenitiure  than  the 
most  vehement  of  his  opponents, 
and  a  failure  to  carry  a  measure 
not  essentially    ministerial  could 
scarcely  be  fatal  to  the  existence 
of  the  ministry  itself. 

Although  for  several  years,  the 
Slave  Trade  had  been  formally 
abolished  by  France,  though  she 

Vol-  LXVIII. 


was  bound  by  treaty  to  England, 
to  join  heartily  in  effecting  its  ex- 
tirpation, and  had  enacted  sevete 
laws  against  those  who  should  be 
detected  engaged  in  its  prosecution, 
she  had  never  received  much  credit 
for  being  in  earnest.     It  was  in- 
dubitable that  the  traffic  was  still 
carried  on  in  her  colonies  to  a  very 
considerable  extent,  in  despite  of 
the  naval  force  whidi  was  stationed 
to  prevent  it ;  but  a  much  more 
serious  and  didionouring  fact  was, 
that  in  Nantz,   Bourdeaux,  and 
other  French  ports,  vessels  were 
fitted  out  for  slaving  vo3raees,  and 
were  allowed,  by  the  oEirSessness 
or  the  connivance  of  the  authori- 
ties, although  the  mode  of  their 
equipment    told    every    one    the 
purposes  for  which  they  were  in- 
tended, to  proceed  unmolested  to 
their  destination.    Either  the  law 
was  too  feeble  and  imperfect  to 
meet  the  boldness  and  expedients 
of  the  traders;  or  those  to  whom 
the  execution  of  it  had  been  in- 
trusted,  winked  at  its  violation. 
The  precautions  adopted   by  go- 
vernment to  secure  the  due  execu- 
tion of  the  law,  certainly  did  not 
at  present  justify  the  suspicion  that 
they  had  been  taken  merely  as  a 
covering  against  the  disgrace  of  an 
avowed  encouragement  of  the  trade> 
under  which  the  colonial  market 
might  still  be  supplied,  without 
compromising  the  character  of  the 
mother  country.     France,  indeed, 
had  not  followed  the  example  of 
Britain  and  America,  in  declaring 
the  trade  to  be  piracy ;  the  French 
politicians  objected  to  such  a  mea- 
sure that  it  would  expose  their 
flag  to  the  insult  of  subjecting  the 
vessels  which  bore  it  to  be  visited 
by  British  cruisers ;  but  the  force 
stationed  abroad,  and  the  remila- 
tions  estaUished,  and  proceedings 
carried  on,  at  home,  were  fair  proofs 

CR3 


242]     ANNUAL   KEGISTER,    1826. 

%h$^  goyierament  wag  m%mn  to  1)0  s^ricti^  woeswf  for  tfi9  ^epw, 

suppress  tke  t;i?adei  boweyer  muab  %nd  b^  to  deliver  tlio   miiflif^ 

ik9y  migbt  bave  been  misl^kea  in  rpU  in  cases  wbere  tbe  Bumher  et 

the  efficacy  of  their  mefms^  or  the  the  crew  exceeded  that    oaualty 

honesty  and  vigilance  of  die  suh^  ^mploy^  in  vossehi  tp  wbioh  90 

ordinate  officers*    On  the  ooast  of  suspicion  attached,   AU  omitr»vea« 

A&ioa  were  sti^tioned  a  frigate,  a  tions  of  the  laws  pvoiiibitory  ef 

sloop  of   war,    and   six    smaQer  slave^trsiding  were  judiciaHjF  pio. 

vessels ;  and  another  frigate^  with  yided  against;  and  sinee  ISll,  153 

three  smaller  vessels^  cruised  off  cases  had  he^  sulnnitted  So  tlie 

Cuba,  lor  the  purpose  of  inter-f  cqurts  abroad  and  at  bomcu  wliidi 

eeptinff  slave-ships.    The  gover-  led  to  53  oonvietions  and  74)  acqoit* 

aois  of  Ffencb  ookmiea  and  naval  tals«  leaving  ^6  in  whicb  the  kjgal 

officers  commanding  in  the  West  proqednie  was  iiot  yet  finiabfA 

Jndiei^  Cayenne,  and  Madagascar,  But  whatever  the  good  faith  of 

bad  received  injuncti<His   to  use  the  govermnent  miflbt  be,  eitfaet 

all  due  vigilance,   and   to  seise  their  plans  were  baJy  aecondedby 

all  French  vessels  which  Blight  t^ose  to  wbom  the  e^eputana  of 

attempt  to  tnade  in  slaves ;  or&rs  them  was  confided,  or  4w   hw 

bad  been  issued  from  the  dq^art^  itself  wuk  nnaUe  to  giipl^  ^*iA 

ment  of  the  marine,  addressed  to  the  evU^    The   trade  eqntiBoed, 

all  Idng^a  ships  on  tbeir  leaving  and  the  haibimn  nf  Ffwaee  wiPi 

French  ports,  to   as»st    in   the  disgraced  by  being  tbe  8ae«ie  of  the 

repression  of  the  traffic,  l^  board-  preparatieni   m^  for   ^    Tbs 

ing  and  searching  all  Frendivessds  ^w^  Brilinn  might  he  viqial^i 

suspectod  of  engaging  in  it,  and  to  ^ccasJcmajly  in  a  re^noto  edkp^i 

detain   those  whose   lading  and  but  it  w^  nevev  sMPeetod  thu 

equipment  furnished  proof  of  tbw  sIavo  ships  W4»n9  fitted  inH  imm 

being    slave-ships.      There   was  liveipool   er  IQristQl;    wbilQ  bi 

held  out  to  the  oaptors  a  premium  France,  both  the  puUie  voiee>,  mI 

ef   too  francs  head-money,   for  judicial  proceedings,  ^nvod,  that 

every  slave  brought  in,  to  be  em?>  individual  Uwe  of  gain,  wte  tie 

ployed  in  the  public  works;  and  powerful  fojp  the  lawt    Tbe  vwy 

the  FreoQb  conoils  on  the  western  number  of  piesecuti^ma  wbi^  ImA 

eoests  ^  America  weve  authosiaed  been  brought,   im]^ed  a,    atsoi^ 

to  sequester  any  French  ship  co»i?  beUef  of  being  abi^  smwwwfajjy 

vi/cted  of  trading  in  slaves,  with  to  evade  itspj^ln^ipnsi  aii4  soek 

Qvieu  to  send  ner  to  the  nearest  a  belief  cc^uiot  eiist,  og^^  at  le^ 

French   colony   for  adjudication*  continue  to  ewt,  where  md  law 

At  home,  the  naval  authorities  in  is  faithfully  uid  dilig^tty  adni* 

the  dilSbrent  ports  were  requnred  xustered*     A    petition    fi^oaa    tbe 

to  throw  every  obstade  in  the  way  m^chants  of  Paris  «ai  Havse  wm 

of  ^  dearanoe  of  any  vessel,  presented  to  the  Chamber  of  Depii* 

wh^9se  outfit  and  general  equip*  ties,  pcaying  for  the  enaetmant  of 

m^t  might  i^^pear  su^idous :  they  severer  lawif,  stating  t^a^  the  Uaffie 

were  oommazided  to  be  vigilant  in  was  carried  on  d^y  under  the 

preventing  the  shipment  <£  mana^  French  flag,  with  soandakH^eSb^ 

des  &K  fastening  slaves  togetb^,  and  activity,  and  that  th^  l^^w  in- 

as  also  of  a  greater  numbear  of  tend^  to  suppress  it  bad    oi^ 

W<U»KHiocks  or  boilecs  tb^  mi|^t  increased  its  b^^li^oirs*    §9  im^ 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  {243 

tlifiy  laid^  «s  tliQ  trade  wa^  le^  the  other  parts  of  the  auestion^  he 
thei«  were  regulations  prescribing  said  that  government  had  gone  to 
^he  number  of  slaves  to  be  carried  the  full  ^n^th  of  their  powers. 
OQ  board  of  a  vessel  of  particular  £yen  slave-ships  and  their  com* 
dJunensiDns ;  but  now^  when  the  manders  that  had  withdrawn  into 
t^^ade  mi  the  regulations  for  con-*  fcoreign  countries^  had  been  pro** 
ducting  it  were  equally  aboliahecl^  ceed^  against ;  and>  at  that  mo- 
three  or  four  hundred  slaves  were  ment>  the  question  of  the  legality 
-Cfowded  into  a  space  in  whidi  of  such  pro^cutious^  which  had 
formerly  not  one-fourth  part  of  the  been  ordered  hj  goyeroment,  wa9 
x&iunher  would  have  been  immured,  pending  before  the  court  of  appeal 
The  committee  appointed  to  re**  To  increase  the  severity  of  the  law 
pprt  vmsm  this  petition,  found  might  be  ii\jurious  to  the  very 
themselves  compelled  to  admit  the  persons  whom  it  was  wished  to 
iacts:  they  declared  that  they  protect;  for  if,  as  the  petitioner! 
found  it  impossible  to  doubt  of  the  alleged,  the  traffic  was  now  carried 
ewten(«  of  the  trade,  in  spite  of  on  with  precautions  against  detec- 
the  lanysu  and  of  the  measures  tion  which  exposed  its  miserable 
Uken,  by  ^vemment  to  insure  victims  to  greater  sufferings  than 
their  execution.  They  agreed  with  before,  would  not  the  effect  of 
the  petiticmersj,  "  that  it  was  neces*  making  the  punishment  capital  be, 
sary  tq  seelf;  the  meai^s  of  rendering  th^t  those  who  followed  the  trade, 
the  existing  laws  more  efficacious  would,  to  escape  from  the  gibbet 
sod  reov)ving  the  obstacles  which  adopt  precautions  still  more  in- 
stood  in  the  way  of  a  complete  human  than  those  they  now  jg rac- 
Buppression  of  a  traffic,  the  impu«  tised  to  escape  from  confiscation  ? 
Vity  of  which  was  a  blot  on  the  ^'  The  real  cause  of  the  evil"  said 
French  name ;"  and  they  therefore  he,  "  lies  in  the  difficulty  of  apply- 
prcposed,  that  the  petition  should  ing  the  law.  Therefore  it  is,  that 
be  referred  to  the  president  of  the  the  ministry  redoubles  its  efforU 
4xuincil  of  piinisters*  General  Se«  and  its  ]^ecautions,  and  it  is  thus 
TtftfriyT^i  gnd  Beiy  amin  Constant  that  it  will  arrive  at  the  end  which 
amied,  that  the  whole  blame  lay  it  proposes,  much  better  than  by  a 
-with  the  ministers ;  for  either  they  more  severe  penalty.  We  must 
^  not  &ithfully  execute  a  suffici-  arrive  insensibly  at  the  point ;  and 
ently  efficacious  law,  or  they  we  have  already  made  a  g^ 
betrayed  their  duty  in  not  pro-  advance^  since  there  is  no  hesita* 
posing  measures  which  would  be  tion  to  apply  the  law.  Do  not 
410  i  and  tb^  declaimed  loudly  on  doubt  but  that  we  shall  immedi- 
the  inhuman  practice  of  slave-ships,  ately  have  fewer  complaints.  Whik 
when  cha^  throwing  the  negroes  this  is  our  convictiou,  it  would  be 
over-bowd,  to  conce  J^  the  nature  on  our  part  an  act  of  weakness  to 
oftheeargo  which  they  had  carried,  giye  way  to  declamation,  and  to 
To  this,  M.  de  Vill^e  answered  adqpt  measures,  which,  instead  of 
very  sevsiblyi  that  no  new  law  was  reaching  the  objects  would  carry 
required  to  punish  such  atrocities,  us  away  from  it.  *  AM.  Dudon 
'^  ThiowiBg  negroes  into  the  sea,  is  actually  spoke  feelingly  of  the 
miuder*  and  pu^hable  acoord-  misery  of  the  captains  of  slaves 
ingly.  Insisting  on  such  things  is  ships :  "  torn  from  their  country, 
iB^noljr  empty  A^clamtVOQ*''    On  and  their  ftmijies,  fnd  reduced  to 

CR2] 


244]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

senre  as  common  sailors^  for  having  to  the  Morea  in  a  French  ship 
broken  the  law  which  prohibits  the  of  war ;  and  carried  their  widies 
trade ;"  and  he  seriously  thought^  so  far  as  even  to  call  on .  the 
that  no  member  who  had  seen  a  Chambers  to  compromise  the  go- 
slave-captain  thus  reduced^  would  vemment^  by  voting  money  for  the 
ever  propose  to  aggravate  the  use  of  the  Greeks.  In  the  d^wle 
enormity  or  the  punishment  of  his  on  the  kinff*s  speech,  Benjamin 
offence.  Probably  M.Dudonmeant,  Constant,  wno^  with  general  Se- 
that  a  detected  slave-captain  was  bastiani  was  the  great  leader  ci  the 
afraid  to  come  home  to  enjoy  the  Fhilhellenes  in  the  Chamber  of 
fruits  of  his  infamous  traffic  The  Deputies,  moved  the  followii^ 
same  member  asserted  that  the  paragraph  as  an  addition  to  the 
slave-trade  was  carried  on  by  Eng-  address :  —  "  Finally,  Sire,  yoor 
land  to  a  greater  extent  than  by  faithful  subjects,  deputies  of  die 
France ;  that  British  vessels  took  in  departments,  dare  to  sappHcate 
theircargoes  on thecoastof  Africa  as  your  majesty  to  consult,  in  yoor 
usual,  carried  them  to  Madagascar,  wisdom,  what  methods  are  to  he 
and  evaded  their  law,  by  intro-  taken  to  save  these  unhappy  Chiis- 
ducing  them  into  the  British  colo-  tians,  who  fall  in  thousands  b^ieath 
nies  as  old  slaves  imported  from  the  sword  of  the  infidels;  and, 
that  settlement !  Such  were  the  above  all,  to  prevent  Frenchmoi, 
statements  eravely  made  in  the  whom  their  country  and  Europe 
French  legi3ature.  disavow,  from  seconding  the  fen>- 

The  proposal  of  the  committee  cious  enemies  of  the  Christian 
on  the  petition  was  not  adcmted,  name ;  for,  if  we  see  with  indi&r- 
and  the  Chamber  got  rid  of  the  ence  our  eastern  brethren  mas- 
subject  by  passing  to  the  order  of  sacred,  all  protestations  of  reelect 
the  day ;  but  the  petition  itself,  as  and  love  for  that  holy  religion 
well  as  the  admissions  and  opinion  which  they  profess  as  well  as  we, 
of  the  committee,  were  unequivo-  will  seem,  in  our  mouths,  a  cmd 
calproofsof  the  progress  which  the  and  bitter  derision."  It  was  not 
public  mind  in  France  was  making  true,  in  point  of  fact,  that  thou- 
upon  this  interesting  question.  sands  of  Christians  were  perishii^ 

The  French  politicians,  at  least  beneath  the  sword  of  the  iwfi^ly ; 

the  opposition  politicians,  always  military  success  had  as  yet  been 

contrived  to  mix  up  with  the  slave-  pretty  fairly,  and  savage  massacre 

trade  the  assistance  said  to  be  given  in  cold  blood    had  as  yet   been 

by  their  government  to  Turkey  equally,  divided  between  Turks  and 

against   Greece,  and  which  they  Greeks;  and  what  sort  of  policy 

denominated  the  white  slave-trade,  would  it  be  to  lay  it  down  as  a 

They  did  not  confine  themselves  rule,  that  whenever  fortune  favoun 

to  die  ]^ropriety  of   government  Turkey  in  a  war  against   Russia 

maintaimng  a  strict  neutrality,  but  or  Austria,  eveiy  other  nation  must 

complained  of  its  not  preventing  hasten  to  protect  them,   for  the 

individuals  from  lending  their  pri-  sake  of  Christianity,  a^inst  the 

rate  aid  to  the  Turks ;  abused  it  for  power  of  their  enemy  ?    Both  good 

allowing  ships  to  be  built  in  French  policy,  and  the  real  justice  of  the 

ports  for   the  Turkish  command-  cause,  may  often  compel  every  good 

ers,  and  transporting  the  treasures  statesman  to  wish  success  to  **  the 

of  Ibrahim    Pacha   from    Egypt  sword  c^  the  infidel"   Hovnacfpm 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[245 


vernment  would  act  on  the  ideas 
i^hich  inspired  M.  Duhamel  when^ 
in  a  debate  on  tlie  navy  estimates^ 
he  described  the  war  in  Greece  as 
one  '*  of  which  the  politician  can 
weigh  the  events  in  his  brazen 
Imlance^  but  all  those  behold  with 
indignation  and  enthusiasm^  who 
prerar  liberty  to  slavery,  the  Cross 
of  Jesus  Girist  to  the  Crescent  of 
Mahomet" 

In  the  Chamber  of  Peers^  the 
duke  de  Choiseul  declared,  with 
the  usual  mixture  of  bad  taste  and 
^regions  vanity  so  ordinary  in 
French  rhetoricians,  "  that  ana- 
themas were  pronounced  against 
the  enemies  and  oppressors  of 
Greece,  against  all  who  furnished 
arms,  or  soTorded  military  instruc- 
tion, to  unbelievers  in  the  cross ; 
that  Europe,  led  by  the  example  of 
France,  was  pouring  forth  gifts 
and  ofierings  for  theu:  brethren  in 
the  East,  and  openine  a  new  Cru- 
sade of  benefits  and  generosity : 
that,  next  to  the  honour  of  being 
a  French  peer,  was  the  honour  of 
being  a  member  of  the  Greek  com- 
mittee ;  that  however  the  barbarous 
policy  of  cabinets  might  crush  the 
glorious  cause,  his  name,  and  those 
of  other  Greek  committee-men 
would  be  consecrated  by  posterity 
for  their  attachment  to  Hberty,  re- 
li^on,  and  humanity;  and  that 
the  greatest  fault  of  the  budget 
was,  that  it  did  not  contain  a  vote 
in  favour  of  Greece."  The  more 
sober,  rational,  and  practical  views 
of  the  ministers,  as  opposed  to  these 
crude  ebullitions  of  superficiality 
and  sentimentalism,  were  to  be 
learned  from  the  report  of  a  com- 
mittee, to  whom  a  petition  con- 
nected with  the  Greek  cause  had 
been  referred.  The  report  of  the 
Committee  was  the  following :— 

"  The  interest  with  which  the 
Chamber  has  heard  in  a  rcc^t  de- 


bate the  eloquent  expression  of  the 
sentiments  which  the  misfortunes 
of  Greece  inspire,  proves  that  it  is 
unanimous  upon  this  point  They 
are,  in  hct,  unfortunate  men. 
Christians,  who  combat  with  cou- 
rage, not  to  defend  a  political 
cmmion,  but  to  save  their  property, 
their  lives,  their  religion.  C>n 
seeing  them  faU  by  thousands 
under  the  sword  of  ihe  Turks, 
who  could  refuse  his  pity  to  so 
much  suffering— -his  admiration  to 
so  much  courage  ?  But  the  cause 
of  Greece  has  served  as  a  pretence 
for  some  men  to  attack  the  go- 
vernment, and  the  Chamber  nas 
thought,  with  reason,  that  it  would 
not  become  the  government  to 
meddle  with  these  attacks.  It  has 
thought  that  the  silence  of  all 
other  nations  would  be  sufficient 
to  justify  the  conduct  of  govern- 
ment How,  in  fact,  could  France 
take  upon  herself  to  light  the  torch 
of  discord,  and  throw,  perhaps,  all 
Europe  into  a  general  war  ? 

'^  These  considerations  have  de- 
termined us  to  propose  to  you,  not 
to  receive  a  proposition,  which  is 
not  the  mere  expression  of  a  sen- 
timent of  pity,  but  which  would 
be,  if  taken  into  consideration, 
the  approval  of  a  political  system 
which  presents  the  greatest  dan* 
ger. 

Specific  charges  of  direct  inter- 
ference on  the  part  of  the  French 
government  to  give*  assistance  to 
Turkey,  and  thus  violate  the  neu- 
trality which  she  professed,  were 
capaUe  of  more  direct  and  specific 
answers.  It  was  alleged  that  the 
ministers  had  supplied  officers  to 
Ibrahim ;  that,  under  their  eyes, 
his  vessels  had  been  built  at 
Marseilles,  and  the  cannon  made 
that  were  used  in  the  siege  of 
Missolonghi ;  that  they  allowed 
agents  to  recruit  for  hun  openly 


246}    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


in  France,  and  permitted  the  offi- 
cers whom  he  enlisted  to  retain 
their  military  rank ;  and  that,  after 
the  expedition  of  Ibrahim  into  the 
Murea,  his  treasures  had  been 
tnnsported  from  Alexandria  to 
Navarino,  in  a  French  ship  of  war. 
In  so  for,  however,  as  any  of  these 
accusations  were  founded  in  fact, 
it  did  not  appear  Aat  ^j  could 
fairly  be  Imputed  as  matters  of 
blame  to  the  French  ministry,  al-* 
though  it  mifiht  well  be,  that  the 
ministers  took  no  warm  interest, 
and  could  have  no  direct  interest, 
in  the  success  of  the  Greeks.  It 
was  true  that  die  treasures  of  the 
Egyptian  army  had  been  trans^ 

torted  to  Greece  in  French  vessels ; 
ut  every  officer  concerned  in  that 
act  had  been  recalled,  as  well  as 
the  commander  on  the  station,  and 
had  been  punished.  Vessels  had 
been  built  at  Marseilles  for  other 
potentates  equally  unchristian  as 
the  pacha  of  Egypt,  without  objec- 
tion ;  they  had  been  built  for  the 
dey  of  Algiers,  although  his  object 
and  interest  were,  to  employ  them 
aeainst  every  Cbjristian  power  iti 
Europe.  The  pacha  had  been 
allowed  to  build  a  frigate  and  a 
corvette ;  but  he  had  b^n  allowed 
only  to  build  them,  not  to  arm 
them.  If  there  were  agents  in 
France  recruiting  for  him,  it  was 
difficult  to  see  now  government 
could  restrain  them,  when  their 
proceedings  were  justified  by  the 
conduct  of  their  very  opponents; 
for  Surely  it  would  be  tto  observ* 
ance  of  the  national  neutrality,  if 
the  government  prohibited  the 
agents  of  Turkey  from  beting  or 
bdbing  for  their  master,  while  the 
Greek-committee  men,  and,  their 
i^nts,  were  not  only  collecting 
men,  arms,  and  money,  in  every 
part  of  the  kingdom  for  the  service 
«f  Qteeee,  but  boasted  publJeiy  in 


the  leriidatnre  of  the  suoceas  fAoA 
atten&d  their  exertions.     Bev^,  a 
renegade,  over  whom  Fratrce  had 
no  longer  any  power,  was  Ae  onlj 
officer  in  the  Turkish  army  vrfro 
had  borne  a  Frendi  commission ; 
but  sevend  of  them  were  to  he 
found  in  the  ranks  of  the  GvbA 
forces.    Government,  if  it  wished 
to  preserve  an  impartial  neutrality, 
could  only  grant  to  both  parties^ 
the  liberty  of  doing  sudi  thino 
or  grant  it  to  neither.     The  ad- 
herents of  the  Greek  c&ast  accused 
the  French  squadron  in  the  Levant 
of  various  acts  of  hostility  towards 
the  Greek  maritime  forces;  hut 
the  reports  of  admiral  de  Ri^y* 
who  commanded  on  that  statum, 
refoted  the  charge.    According  to 
these  reports,   of  the  trail^fKitti 
forming  part  of  Ibrahim's  fleet, 
which  reached  the  Morea  in  Vxh 
vember,  1825,  some  were  Au^tisn, 
some  English,  some  were  Spanid> 
Tuscan,  Sardinian,  or  American, 
but  not  one  was  French :  on  tite 
request  of  the  admiral,   Ibrahim 
had  delivered  up  to  him  all  the 
fomale    slaves  within    his  tcbA, 
purchased  from  his  own  soldiers, 
and  they  were  sent  to  Nrooli  di 
Romania.      An    account    m   the 
French  having  fired  upon  a  vessd 
of  the  Greek  admiral  fcanaris  wis 
contradicted  by  a  declaration  under 
the  hand  of  Canaris  himself:  ftm 
the  commencement  of  the  trouUes, 
the  French  fleet  had  served  as  an 
asylum  to  upwards  of  seven  thou- 
sand Greeks,  men,  tromen,  sn^ 
children;    it   had   never   carried 
either  troops  or   money  to  the 
Turks  in  the  Morea,  and  had  nerer 
fired  on  a  Greek  vessel,  except 
on  pirates  for  the  defence  of  French 
merchantmen.    The  cannon  used 
in  the  siege  of  Missolonghi  wtre 
not  Fren(£  cannorl;  the  offioen 
who  directed  the  aiege  wete  so^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[247 


i 


Frencli^  but  nedmoBtese  and  Nea- 
politans. The  ren^ade  Sev^  was 
the  only  Frenchman  in  Ibrahim's 
army^  and  he,  whatever  might  be 
his^  reason  for  keeping  aloof  from 
active  operations,  had  always  re* 
mained,  during  the  last  campaign, 
in  the  tes^  in  the  vidnity  cf 
Modon. 

It  was  not  without  much  resist- 
ance by  the  ultra-royalist  party, 
that  the  indemnity  stipulated  for 
the  French  colonists  of  San  Domin- 
>,  when  the  independence  of  the 
aytian  republic  was  recognised, 
was  carried.  The  opposition  was, 
not  to  the  principle  or  the  amount 
of  the  indemnity,  but  to  the  re- 
cognition itself,  which  was  de- 
nounced as  a  concession  made  to 
republican  principles,  a  new  sacri- 
fice to  the  interests  and  policy  of 
Britain,  and  an  unconstitutional 
alienation  of  part  of  the  inalienable 
territory  of  France.  Count  Ber- 
thier  held  the  re-conquest  of  the 
isbnd  to  be  the  easiest  exploit  ima- 
ginable, an  enterprise  that  would 
incontestably  be  successful.  San 
Domingo,  he  said,  had  only  about 
10,000  men  for  its  defence,  and  its 
peculation  did  not  exceed  400,000; 
but,  on  the  same  ratio,  France, 
with  a  population  of  thirty  millions, 
could  stxpplj  an  army  of  750,000 
men  for  its  attack.  Besides,  the 
Uack  population  would  form  them- 
selves into  regiments  on  the  side 
of  the  invaders,  and  fight  as  the 
vanguard  of  the  French  army,  like 
the  sepoys  in  British  India.  Nay, 
a  few  active  and  loyal  subjects, 
supported  by  a  few  regiments  and 
a  few  ships  of  war,  would  have 
been  sufficient  to  bring  back  the 
colony  under  French  domination. 
^'Onl^  promise  the  black  popula- 
tion Its  Uber^,  and  to  ^ich  fa- 
mily a  piece  of  ground  in  absolute 
property;  only  make  these  pro-i 


mises  in  the  name  of  the  Ung  of 
France,  a  name  which  stiill  retains 
all  its  grandeur  in  the  recollec- 
tion of  the  mass  of  the  population, 
and  the  island  is  yours.    That," 
exclaimed  the  orator,  ''that,  ffen^. 
tiemeu,  is  the  way  in  whidi  I 
would  have  conceive!  the  conquest 
of  San  Domingo."    The  illegality^ 
ttgain,  of  the  reception  was  in- 
ferred from  the  parliament  of  Paris 
having  refused  to  ratify  Uie  cession 
of  Guienne  to  England  after  the 
Battle  of  Poictiers.  M.delaBour- 
donnaye  asked  the  Chamber,  if  they 
would  not  have  spilled  the  last  drop 
of  blood,  rather  than  ratify  the  trea- 
ties of  Pavia  or  Bretigny :  and  there 
might  have  been  something  in  the 
question,  if  the  spilling  of  French 
blood  would  necessarily  have  led  to 
the  recoveiy  of  San  Domingo,  and 
if  the  recovery  itself  would  have 
counterbalance    to    France    the 
money  and  the  troops  which  she 
must  have  squandered  in  effecting 
it.    To  these  topics  of  declamation 
were  opposed  the    simple   facts, 
that  the  island  had  been  independ- 
ent, beyond  aU  question,  for  thirty 
years;    that  its   separation  from 
France  had  become  complete ;  that 
ideas  of  re-conquest  were  chimerical, 
for  the  climate  would  make  it  the 
grave  of  every  French  army  that 
entered  it ;  and  that>  devastated  as 
it  had  been,  and  all  the  sources  of 
its  commerce  blighted,  by  a  dvU 
war  of  long  duration  and  atrocious 
character,  its  possession  would  not 
be  a  gain,  but  a  burthen.     The 
liberals  blamed  the  way  of  making 
the  recognition,  rather  than  the 
recognition  itself.     It  was  an  act, 
they  said,  beyond  the  royal  pre- , 
rogative,    and    an    arbitrary    as- 
sumption of  power  pregnant  with 
danger  to  the  country.    Only  the 
legislature  could  dispose  of  anv  part 
of  the  property  of  the  state.  If  such 


248]      ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1826. 


a  power  be  given  to  the  Crown, 
fortress^  may  be  sold  or  pledged 
for  the  basest  purposes,  and  the 
country  laid  defenceless  at  the  feet 
of  foreigners.  These  apprehen- 
sions were  equally  inconsistent  and 
chimerical.  It  may,  or  may  not, 
be  proper,  in  a  mixed  monarchy,  to 
give  the  Crown  the  power  of 
making  war,  and  condudmgpeace; 
but  when,  as  in  France,  it  has 
been  invested  with  this  power,  it  is 
contradictory  to  refuse  it  a  right 
which  may  often  be  indispensable 
to  peace.  How  frequently  has  the 
cession  of  fortresses  been  the  very 
object  of  a  war,  and  the  condition 
of  a  treaty  ?  Who  imagines  that, 
in  1814  or  1815,  the  aUied  powers 
would  have  desired  the  sanction  of 
a  French  legislature  to  the  cession 
of  the  left,  lank  of  the  Rhine  to 
the  Netherlands?  Nor  is  there 
any  danger  of  kings  ever  becoming 
fond  of  the  exercise  of  such  a  pre- 
rogative. Necessity  is  the  only 
thmg  that  will  compel  a  monarch 
to  part  with  his  territories  or  his 
fortresses;  and  cases  of  such  neces- 
sity can  never  be  met  by  any  strict 
and  invariable  rule.  Where  ne- 
cessity does  not  interfere,  public 
opinion  will  prevent,  or  will  reme- 
dy the  operation  of  other  motives ; 
and  where  no  public  opinion  ex- 
ists, no  formal  want  of  prerogative 
would  be  efficient. 

One  measure  connected  with  San 
Domingo  placed  the  French  go- 
vernment in  a  less  favourable  li^t. 
A  Mr.  Kingston,  an  Englishman, 
had  rendered  great  services  in 
1 792  to  refugees  from  the  island, 
and  afterwards  to  the  exiles  of  St 
Pierre  and  Miguelen,  whom  he 
had  transported,  the  former  fi^m 
Bermuda  to  Charlestown,  and  the 
latter  from  Halifax  to  London,  at 
a  pecuniary  expense  to  himself  of 
apout  1,100/.    He  now  presented 


a  petition  to  the  Chamber  of  I>e« 
puties,  praying  to  be  allowed  some 
remuneration.    The  committee  to 
whom  his  petition  was  referred^ 
admitted  his    services;    they   ac- 
knowledged that  he  4uLd  not  only 
saved  a  great  number  of  the  French 
colonists,  but  had  done  so  at  a  great 
pecuniary  sacrifice.    They  reoom* 
mended  to  the  Chamber,  however, 
not  to  recognize  the  claim ;  bfecause 
the  government  had  not  given  a 
pecuniary  guarantee  on  b^alf  of 
the  colonists  of  San  Domingo,  and 
therefore  was  not  a  debtor  to  die 
petitioner ;  and  because  the  moral 
obligation  had  been  already  dis- 
charged by  the  government  grant- 
ing Mr.  Kingston  an  advantageous  ^ 
maritime  commission.  This  favour, 
which  was  held  to  have  discjiarged 
the  obligation,    had  condsted  in 
giving  him  the  benefit  of  a  flag  of 
truce,  which,  in  time  of  war,  was 
no  doubt  an  advantage ;  but,  hav- 
ing been  driven  by  stress  of  weather 
into  one  of  the  Eng^sh  West- India 
Islands,  on  his  voyage  from  France 
to  the  tJnited  States,  he  was  taken 
by  a  French  privateer,   and   his 
protection  declared  void,  and  his 
vessel  and  cargo  confiscated,  bv 
the  sentence  of  a  French  colonial 
prize-court     This  was  the  whole 
remuneration  now  set  up  against 
a  debt  incurred  thirty-four  years 
before.    But  the  motion  for  dis« 
missing  the  petition,  by  pasang  to 
the  order  of  the  day,  was  success- 
fully resisted  by  M.   Alexis   de 
Noailles,  and  M.  Hyde  de  Neu- 
ville,    who  protested  against  the 
government    being   content  with 
merely  doing  what  mi^t  be  called 
strict  legal  justice,   in  a  case  in 
which  it  was  admitted  that  the 
petitioner  had  saved  the  lives  of  so 
many  French    colonists,    at    the 
expense  of  his  own  fortune;  and 
a  motion  for  sending  back  the  peti- 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [249 

tion  to  the  minister  for  foreign  bition  against  thinkine  at  aD,  and 
affiurs^  was  carried  by  a  large  ma-  collecting  the  materisds  for  think- 
jority.  The  Chamber  here  ap-  ing.  "  It  is  wished,"  said  the  re- 
peared  in  a  more  advantageous  porter^  ^'to  avoid  long  speeches; 
point  of  view  than  the  ministers.  but  it  is  much  more  easy  to  be 
A  French  member  of  parliament  brief  in  writing,  than  in  speaking 
reads  his  speeches^  instead  of  speak-  extemporaneouSy.  The  writer  re- 
ing  them;  he  does  not  come  to  the  jects  with  care  all  repetitions  of 
House  with  ideas  in  his  head^  pre-  ideas  or  phrases ;  he  compresses  at 
pared  to  meet  the  ever-varying  and  will  his  reasonings  and  his  style ; 
unexpected  necessities  of  debate^  he  chooses  at  leisure  his  thoughts 
but  he  comes  with  a  pamphlet  in  his  and  his  words.  The  extempora- 
pocket>  to  read  an  essay  on  a  given  neous  speaker^  on  the  contrary, 
subject^  prepared  by  himseff  or  cannot  choose  either  the  one  or 
somebody  else,  in  the  solitude  of  the  the  other.  What  proves  that  the 
closet.  An  attempt  was  made  to  interdiction  of  written  speeches 
get  rid  of  this  anomaly  of  reading  would  not  abridge  our  delibera- 
speeches  by  a  motion  of  M.  Du-  tions  is,  the  length  of  the  sittings 
^hamel,  "  That  no  written  discourse  of  the  English  House  of  Commons, 
shall  be  allowed  to  be  read  to  the  A  single  orator,  Mr.  Hume,  in  the 
Chamber,  on  the  chapters^  titles,  sitting  of  the  17th  March,  spoke 
and  articles  of  laws,  or  propositions  twenty-eight  times,  after  having 
submitted  for  its  consideration,  but  spoken  forty-one  times  on  the  6th. 
that  only  notes  may  be  consulted."  It  was  probably  ignorance  which 
The  proposal  was  sent  to  a  com-  gave  the  name  of  speeches  to  the 
mittee,  and  the  report  of  the  com-  remarks  which  pass  in  the  British 
mittee  was  fatal  to  an  innovation  House  of  Commons,  when  the 
which  was  to  give  France  some  House  is  in  a  committee  on  esti- 
chance  of  possessing  parliamentary  mates — although,  even  in  that 
oratory.  The  change^  said  the  re-  sense,  the  allegation  regarding  Mr. 
porter,  would  do  much  harm,  and  Hume  was  inaccurate ;  but  so  far 
no  good.  Extemporaneous  speak-  was  the  view  taken  by  the  com- 
ing is  not  always,  or  necessarily,  mittee  from  being  a  correct  one, 
the  best  speaking ;  and,  even  if  it  that  it  is  of  the  very  nature  of 
were,  the  proposed  prohibition  of  written  discussion  to  spin  out 
written  discourses  would  not  secure  "  the  thread  of  its  verbosity  finer 
it.  '*  May  there  not  be  some  than  the  staple  of  its  argument." 
among  the  orators  most  admired  To  allow  written  discourses,  in- 
as  extemporaneous  speakers,  whose  stead  of  diminishing  the  number 
inspirations  have  been  only  pre-  of  members  who  bum  to  pour  forth 
tended?  Have  not  their  dis-  their  ideas  on  the  assembly,  con- 
courses been  too  elegant  for  un-  fessedly  goes  to  extend  their  line 
studied  speeches  ?  '  If  they  had  to  the  utmost  limit  of  the  patience 
wished  to  deceive  us  into  this  be-  of  that  assembly ;  for  it  adds  to 
lief,  would  they  not  have  intro-  those  who  can  speak  what  they 
duoed  some  occasional  negligen-  think,  all  those  who  can  read 
ces?"  This  might  be  very  true ;  what  has  been  written.  Theindi- 
but  the  committee  forgot,  that  a  vidual  essays,  too,  naturally  be- 
prohibition  against  readmg  what  a  come  more  prolix  than  speeches, 
man  has  thought,  is  not  a  prohi-  The  very   'leisure'*  with  which 


^50]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

ihe  writer  composes^  leaves  him  to  but  as  he  couli  not  anticipate  ^A^t 

aaf  every  thing  that  can  be  said,  that  other  was  to  say,  his  tej^j 

and  creep  dein)erately  into  every  never  touches  on  what  has  gone 

nook  and  cranny  dP  his  subject;  before.     If  a  ready  command  of 

the  debater  seizes  only  what  im«  the  stores  collected  by  reading  and 

presses  itself  upon  him  as  impor-  thinking,   rapidity   of   invention, 

tant.    Accordingly,  more  real  biisi-  quickness  of  thought,  accuracy  of 

ness  is  done  in  me  House  of  Com-  memory,  and  fadlitv  of  estpressaaa, 

mons  in  a  month,   than  in  the  be  Valuable  mental  qualities^  die 

Chamber  o^  Deputies  in  a  session,  French  mode  of  narliamentarr  d»* 

It  may  be  true  that  the  French  cussion  is  equally  unfavouraiile  to 

systeni  enables  a  man  to  cuU  his  them  all. 

phrases  with  greater  care,  and  turn  By  a  law  passed  in  1822,  (br 

his  periods  with  greater  elegance ;  the  regulation  of  the  pteas,  it  was 

to  give  every  member  of  a  sentence  enact^  that  "  if,  in  the  interval  of 

its  proper  length,  stick  every  in«  the  sessions,  serious  drcuttistanoes 

terjection  in  its  proper  place,  and  (circonstances     graves)     should 

introduce  every  metaphor,  with  a  render  the  measures  of  guarantee 

due  flourish  of  rhetorical  prepare-  and  repression  for  a  moment  in- 

tion.    But  it  is  inconsistent  with  effectusd,  the  censorship  may  be  im- 

energy  and  boldness ;  it  leads  irre-  mediately  established  by  a  VJoepl 

sistibly  to  a  vitiated  taste ;  it  ends  Ordinance/*     Such  a  provision  is 

in  that  puerile,  declamatory,  style  utterly  destructive  of  the  liberty  of 

of  oratory  (if  so  it  must  be  called),  the  press,  because  it  leaves  the  do- 

which  has  fited  its  abode  in  the  termination  of  what  circumstances 

French  tribune.     The  French  may  require  the  introduction  of  a  cen« 

possibly  attain  the  smooth  enamd,  sorship  dependent  on  the  execu- 

and  the  nice  Bnishing,  of  the  minia-  tive  alone.    A   very  misdiievoai 

ture,  but  they  can  never  reach  the  measure  may  be  carried  through 

power  and  magnificence    of  the  in  a  very  short  interval;  and  it 

fresco.      If   Cicero   had    been  a  may  be  extremely  desirable  for  the 

French  deputy,  he  would    have  executive  to  prevent  thepublic  press, 

unfolded  his  manuscript  in  the  tri-  during  that  interval,  from  sound- 

bune,  and,  holding  it  to  his  eyes,  ing  the  alarm.   Provisions  founded 

would  have  read  out,  "  Quousque  on  an  anticipated  necessity  for  dis- 

tandem  abutere,  Catilina,  patientia  pensing  with  the  regular  and  estab- 


nostra,**  with  tones  and  gestures  of  Hshcd  law  cannot  wisely  be  made 
most  extemporaneous  preparation,  standinspartsof  a  form  of  govern- 
Moreover,  it  is  ridiculous  to  call  ment :  mey  are  prospective  biHs  of 
that  mode  of  discussion  a  debate,  indemnity.  M.RoyerCollard,  there- 
in which  every  body  reads  his  own  fore,  had  reason  on  his  side,  when  he 
sentiments,  but  nobody  discusses  wished  to  modify  this  law,  or  at 
them ;  in  which  every  one  gives  least  to  fix  the  meaning  of  ^ 
his  opinion,  but  no  one  disputes  "circonstancesgraves,"  which  were 
it ;  in  which  all  open,  but  nobody  to  justify  the  crown  in  imposiiig 
answers  or  replies.  No  one  ad-  temporary  fetters  on  the  press.  He 
vantage  of  debate  is  gained ;  there  wished  it  to  be  restricted  to  ''  great 
is  no  mutual  sifting  of  opinions  events,  great  troubles,  extraordinaiy 
and  reasons.  A  tnember  mounts  cases,  which  could  not  be  foreaeei^* 
the  tribune  to  reply  to  another ;  —in  Aort,  to  something  di&rent 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


C251 


fitim  the  mere  Abuse  of  the  liberty 
of  the  ptess  itself.    This  would 
certainly  seem    to  be  the    more 
rational  and  fair  interpretation*  ^ 
seditious  mob  in  every  large  town, 
tnth  seditbus  publications  issuing 
from  an  hundred  presses  to  excite 
and  justify  their  excesses,  such  as 
liave  been  witnessed  in  England 
more  than  once,  would  form  a  crisis 
lequiiing    and    excusing    much 
stronger  measures  than  an  unusual 
quantity  of  abuse,  or  an  universal 
expression  of  dislike,  against  the 
Jesuits,  or  the  ministry:  yet,  to  the 
king's  confessor,  or  to  a  tottering 
minister,  the  latter  might  appear 
equaUv  alarming  with  Sie  former, 
and  the  law  permits  the  applica- 
tion of  the   power  of  imposing 
silence  in  the  one  as  in  the  other. 
The  law,  however,  was  allowed  to 
remain  as  it  was,  the  minister  of 
the  interior  assuring  the  Chamber 
that  no  cabinet  had  ever  borne  the 
Attacks  of   the  press  with  more 
patience  and  forbearance  than  that 
of  which  he  was  a  member,  and 
that,  when  they  used  the  power 
which  they  possessed,  it  would  not 
be  to  defend  themselves,  but   to 
prevent,    instead    of    punishing, 
crimes  which  might  endanger  puo< 
He  order.     The  editor  of  the  Jour" 
nal  du  Commerce  was  called  to  the 
bar,  fbr  a  libel  on  the  Chamber ; 
and,  after  he  had  been  heard  by 
his  counsel,  was  punished  with  a 
montVs  imprisonment,  and  a  fine 
of  an  hundred  francs— the  mini-- 
mum  of  penalty  allowed  by  the 
law.  Another  member  complained 
to  the  Chamber,  of  the  editor  of  the 
Drapeau  Blatic,  on  account  of  a 
mis-report,  not  of  his  own  speech, 
but  of  that  of  the  minister  of  war, 
who  was  represented  to  have  said 
something  insulting  to  him.    An 
angry    mscussion    followed,    the 
libml   party  insisting;  wiUi  no 


great  indulgence  for  the  errors  of 
the  "  chartered  libOTtine,"  that  the 
reporter  to  the  journal  should,  in 
future,  be  excluded  from  the  sit- 
tings of  the  Chamber :  but  it  came 
to  no  practical  result* 

In  Uie  internal  state  of  France 
there  was  scarcely  any  thing  to 
occupy  public  attention,  except  oc- 
currences arising  from  ^e  conflict- 
ine  efforts  of  dmerent  sects  of  re- 
ligionists. Some  ecclesiastical  orders^ 
particularly  the  Jesuits^  had  been 
gradually  courting  favour,  and  in- 
creasing in  influence,  and  en- 
deavouring to  recover  a  portion  of 
that  authority  which  was  once 
theirs.  Eccleaastics  of  a  different 
description  were  devoting  them- 
selves to  the  task  of  awakening 
among  the  people  a  spirit  of  fanati- 
cal piety ;  and  men  of  considerable 
authority  in  the  church  availed 
themselves  of  their  station,  to  try 
to  enforce  a  more  rigorous  dis- 
cipline, and  to  restore  to  supersti* 
tious  rites  the  credit  which  they 
had  long  since  lost.  The  party 
calling  itself  liberal,  again,  was  op- 
posed to  these  religionists:  they 
dreaded  the  approaches  of  the 
Jesuits  to  power,  because  experi- 
ence had  taught  too  clearly  how 
exclusive  and  despotic  that  power 
would  be;  and  they  disliked  the 
rigorous  austerity  and  debarring 
superstition  of  the  others,  because 
its  direct  tendency,  and  its  gremt 
object,  was,  to  enthrone  ecclesiasti- 
cal authority  by  absorbing  the 
mind  in  theological  dogmas  and  de* 
votional  rites.  The  religionists 
were  the  enemies  of  all  popular 
rights ;  and  the  imprudence  (^ 
some  individuals  among  them  per- 
mitted doctrines  to  be  seen  which 
appeared  to  be  equally  hostile  to 
the  Crown.  At  the  end  of  the 
preceding  year,  the  editors  of  tw« 
liberal  journals  had  been  tried  for 


262]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

political  libels^  and  acquitted.    The  tl^e  king,  axising  from  his  haiA, 
acquittal  was  very  displeasing  to  and  assailed  the  order  of  succession 
the  Jesuits  and  their  coadjutors;  to  the   throne.      Of   this    latter 
and  the  Abbe  de  la  Mennais,  in  a  chai^  he  was  acquitted ;  the  court 
pamphlet  which  he  published  upon  holding  that  the  passages   of  his 
the  occasion  indulged  himself  in  publications  on  which  it  was  found- 
opinions  which  went  to  subvert  the  ed^  were  rather  a  discussion  of  the 
fundamental  rights  of  all  govern-  first  proposition  of  the  Declaration^ 
ments  except  tlmt  of  the  Pope^  and  than  a  direct  and  poddve  attack 
to  raise  the  altar  above  the  throne,  against  the  dignity  and  birth-ri^t 
A  Declaration  of  the  French  clergy  oi  the  monarch,  or  the  order  of 
made'  and  r^sistered  in  the  par-  succession^  and  that  the  known  re- 
liament  of  raris^  in  l6S2  forms  ligious  and  monarchical  opinions  oi 
the  basis  of  the  law  of  France  re-  the  Abbe  were  against  any  pre- 
gording  the  power  of  the  pope  sumption  of  his  having  intended  to 
within  the  kingdom,  and  consti-  commit  such  an  offence.     On  the 
tutes  the  record  of  the  liberties  of  first  count,  however,  he  was  found 
the  Galilean  church.     The  first  guilty  of  having  written  several 
proposition    of    this    Declaration  chapters  directly  and  formally  im- 
states,  that  St.  Peter,  his  successors,  pugnine  the  declaration  of  l682, 
and  the  church  itself,  have  received  and  violating  the  edict  which  had 
no  authority  from    God,    except  made  that  Declaration  part  of  the 
over  things  spiritual^  and  not  over  constitutional  law  of  the  land.  He 
things  temporal  and  civil ;   that  was  condemned  to  pay  a  fine  of 
kings  are  not  subject,  in  things  thirty  francs,  and  his  work  "  On 
which  concern  temporal  matters.  Religion,  considered  in  its  Relations 
to  any  ecclesiastical  power;  that  with  PoHtidQ  and  Civil  Order,"  was 
they  cannot  be  depos^  directly  or  ordered  to  be  seized  and  destroyed 
indirectly  by  the  authority  of  the  wherever  it  mi^ht  be  found.    The 
head  of  the  church ;  and  that  their  court  justified  me  smalbiess  of  the 
subjects  cannot  by  him  be  exempted  fine  on  the  ground  that  the  bhunea- 
from  the  submission  and  obedience  ble  passages  formed  only  a  small 
which  they  owe  them,  or  dispensed  part  of  the  work— that  the  r&- 
from  their  oath  of  allegiance  :  and  mainder   consisted  of   theological 
by  a  subsequent  royal  edict  all  the  discussion  with  which  they  could 
king^s  subjects  are  prohibited  from  not  interfere — that  the  book  was 
maintaining,  writing,  or  printing,  one  which  would  be  read  and  ap- 
any  thing  contrary  to  the  principles  predated    only    by   the    weU-iB- 
of  this  Declaration,  or  tending  to  formed — and  that  the  abbe  him* 
renew  disputes,  or  ^ve  rise  to  a  self  was  a  person  of  most  respecta- 
difference  of  opinion  on  the  subject,  ble  character.     It  is  worthy  of  re- 
Mennais  was  brought  to  trial  for  mark,  as  a  historical  coincidence, 
having,  in  the  plenitude  of  his  zeal  that  while,  in  the  discussions  of  the 
on  behalf  of  his  order,  attacked  the  British  parliament  on  the  Catholic 
doctrines  of  the  Dedaration,  and  question,  the  friends  of  Emancqpa- 
violated  the  edict,  by  asserting  the  tion    maintained    that    the  older 
subjection  of  the  km^ly  power  to  doctrines  of  the  Romish  churdiie- 
the    supreme    authority    of    the  garding  her  supremacy  over  tinp 
church.     A  second  count  accused  had  been  fully  and    finaDj   le- 
him  of  having  denied  the  rights  of    nounoedj    there   was   in  Pazis  * 


fflSTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [253 

member  of  that  church,  and  an  1760,  the  edict  of  Louis  XV.  in 

adherent  of  its  most  learned,  most  1764,  the  edict  of  Louis  XVL  in 

politic,  and  once  most  powerful,  1777,  thelaw  of  May  1792,  and  the 

order,  convicted  and  punished  for  republican  decree  of  the  SrdMessidor 

openly  maintaining  from  the  press  in  the  year  12,  the  legislature  of 

the  very  doctrines,  which  it  was  France' had  formdly  opposed  itself 

said  to  have  abandoned.  to  the  re-establLdmient  of  the  so- 

Another  measure  directedagainst  ciety  cdled  "The  Society  of  Jesus," 

the  ecclesiastical   orders  was  the  under  whatever  denomination  it 

publication  by  a  count  Montlosier  might  present  itsdf ;  that  these 

of  a  work  entitled  "  A  Denuncia-  edicts  and  decrees  were  founded  on 

tion"  of  the  Jesuits,  and  their  con-  the  acknowledged  incompatibility 

gregations,  and  addressed  to  the  between  the   principles  professed 

L^ourRoyale  in  which  he  declaimed  by  that  Society  and  the  mdepen« 

acainst  these  religionists  as  enemies  dence  of  civil  governments — ^prin- 

of  the  state  and  abusers  of  religion,  ciples  still  more  incompatible  with 

and  formally  called  upon  the  0>urt  the  constitutional  charter  which 

to  perform  its  duty,  by  putting  in  was  itself  a  public  right.   But  they 

force    the    existing   laws  agamst  likewise  held  that  to  suppress  or 

them.     This, example  of  a  popular  dissolve  congregations  or  associa- 

right  of  action,  by  which  an  unin«  tions  formed  in  contempt  of  these 

terested  individual  demanded  the  laws  and  decrees,  belonged  to  the 

interference  of  a  court  provided  department  of  the  high  police  alone; 

with  its  own  officers  to  put  its  that  any  facts  of  a  difierent  kind 

powers  into  action,  was  not  favour-  mentioned  in  the  denunciation,  did 

able  either  to  public  tranquillity  not  constitute  any  crime,  misde- 

or  to  the  r^ular  administration  of  meanour,  or  contravention,  which 

the  law :    but   the   partiality  of  could  be  judged  of  in  that  Court ; 

party    spirit    exalted    Montlosier  and  therefore,    upon    the    whole 

into  an  idol ;  and  a  written  opinion  matter,  the  Court  declared  itself 

was  published,  signed  by  nearly  to  be  incompetent.      In  all  the 

fifty  ofthe  most  respectable  counsd  judicial     contests     between     the 

of  the  French  bar,  bearing  that  the  Jesuits  and  their  opponents,  their 

'' Denundntion,"     as    demanding  ancient  spirit  of  Jansenism  was 

the  execution  of  the  laws  against  distinctly  manifested  in  the  bar. 

the  Jesuits,  and  the  congregations,  France  had  not  as  yet  formally 

was  an  immense  service  rendered  recognized    any    of    the     Soutii 

to  the  king  and  to  the  country.  American  republics;  but,  in  the 

The  Court  admitted  the  indict«  course  of  the  present  year,  she  ap- 

ment,  so  to  speak :  but  the  Attorney-  pointed  commercial  agents  to  reside 

general  appeared,  and  insisted  that  in    several    of   them,    possessing 

no  grounds  wero  laid  even  for  de-  nearly   the  same  character  which 

liberation,  and  that  the  Court  was  belonged  to  those  sent  out  by  this 

incompetent  to  hear  such  a  case,  country  in  1819*     In  the  month 

All  the  members  of  the  Court  in  of  January,  she  concluded  a  treaty 

Paris,  to  the  number  of  fifty-four,  with  the  emperor  of  Brazil.    By 

attended  the  discussion,  and  the  this  treaty,   France  expressly  rc- 

Court  came  to  the  following  de-  cogni:?ed  the  independence  of  the 

cision.     They  held  that  by  the  de-  Brazilian  empire,  and  the  imperial 

cree  of  the  parliament  of  Paris  in  dignity  in  the  person  of  don  Pedro 


854]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

and  bis  l^ntimate  micceason^  It  the  otl^r  deaerten  frotn  iU  annif 
was  provided  that  the  subjects  of  or  navy;  or  even  £roni  iUxneicbmt 
each  power  shouldhavefuUreligioiis  resseli;,  and  to  expel  frooi  ita  do- 
toleration  when  residing  in  the  minions,  so  soon  as  an  f^ipUcatiaa 
territories  of  the  other ;  should  to  that  purpose  should  be  made,  all 
eiyoy  aU  the  rights^  privilege^  and  persons  accused  of  treason  fdoay, 
exemptions^  which  bad  been,  or  or  the  forging  or  coining  of  mon^ 
thereafter  might  be  granted  to  the  whether  metallic  or  paper*  The 
most  favoureoFnation;  and  were  not  stipulations  regarding  Uie  duties 
to  be  suliject  to  military  service  or  on  shipping  and  ^oods,  and  the 
contributions^  or  forced  loans  and  character  of  Brazilian  veaeb  wece 
impo8t9^  It  was  declared  that  to  continue  in  force  for  six  years 
vessels  of  the  one  country  enter-  from  the  date  q{  the  ratification; 
ing   the  harbours  of  the  other,  the  others  were  to  be  perpetual. 


fibould  pay  no  higher  dues  for  ton-        The  treaty  was  ratified  at  Pa 

nage,  &c  than  vessels  belonging  on  the  igth  of  March, 
to  the  most  favoured  nation,  but        To  the  European  powesi^  by  fiir 

that  Portugal  should  not  be  taken  the  most  important  part  of  the 

as  the  term  of  comparison,  if  it  foreign  policy  of  France,  ifvas  bar 

pbould  cQQie  to  enjoy  commercial  conduct  in  t^^^^  to  the  a£&ixs  of 

privUeges  in  Brazil,  and  that,  until  Portugal.     Wnen  the  aimed  io- 

the  deficiency  of  seamen  could  be  terference  of   Spaii)  (^pina^  thf 

supplied,  all  vessels  built  or  owned  regency  and  constitution  of  Portu- 

by  Brazilian  subjects,  apd  <:arrying  g)d,  compelled  Britain  to  send  h^ 

a  Brazilian  captain  and  mate,  should  troops  to  the  peninsula  for  the  pso- 

be  held  to  be    Brazilian    ships,  tection  of  h^  ally,  the  peace  of 

although  three  fourths  of  th^  crew  Europe  depended  on  the  cabinet  of 

should  not  be  subjects  of  the  envr  VersaiUeg.  An  exaggerated  dislilp^ 

pire ;  that,  under  the  same  modi-  on  its  part,  ci  the  establishment  of 

fications,  articles  of  French  growth  popular  institution^  excessive  oom- 

or  mani^actiure  should  be  admitted  plaisance  to  the  wishes  of  Feccli- 

into  Brazil,  either  in  Fi^^ncb  or  in  nand,  or  jealousy  of  the  inflnenoc^ 

Brazilian  vessels  on  paym^t  of  no  and,   stiU   more,   of  this  armed 

higher  duties  than  those  impo^  interposition  of   England^    oonld 

on  the  most  favoured  nation ;  and,  hardly  have  iailed  to  light  up  a 

on  the  other  hand,  that  the  produce  war.    It  was>  indeed,  i impassible 

of  Brazil,  imported  into  France  that  France,  governed,  herself,  bgr 

for  consumption,  whether  in  Bra**  a  representative  body,  could^  with 

zilian  or  in  l^rench  yessels,  should  any  regard  to  decency,  become  die 

^y  no  higher  duties  than  those  enemy  of  the  Portuguese  constita» 

miposed  on  them  by  the  French  tion,  n[ierely  because  it  was  framed 

tanfi*  when  imported  in  French  after  the  model  of  her  own.     As 

lx>tto¥as.     In  accordance  with  this  the  charter  had  emanated  yolantsi- 

artide,  France  abolished,  in  favour  rily  from  the  legitimate  and  sov&- 

of  Brazil,  the  additions^  duty  q(  reign  authority,  it  was  equally  iqi- 

10  per  cent  on  merchandize  im<  possible  for  her,  with  any  regard 

ported  in  foreign  ships,  and  like-  to  cc^isistency^  to  wish  wcdl  to  the 

wise  the  distinctioEu  between  stufis  Portuguese  insurgents,  who  were 

of  long  smd   short  wool.    Each  in  open  rebellion  a^dnst  ^eir  law« 

m^o  bound  itself  to  deliv^  fip  t^  Ad  soyereig^,    AwsdU  l^asoo^ld 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [2S5 

ah^  with  anj  re^gard  to  good  faithj  Mre  formed  an  anomalQUd  species 
support  ^e  intrigues  of  those  who  of  armed  neutrality  which  Britain 
J^boured^  bj  rebellion,  to  elevate  a  could  not  have  recosni^ed :  for  she 
tref^sonable  faction  that  was  deter-  evidently  was  equsdly  entitled  to 
mined  to  annul  the  separation  of  bombard  Cadiz  or  Barcelona,  and 
the  colonies  from  the  mother  coun^*  besiege  Bad^oz  or  Ciudad  Rodri- 
txj ;  since,  by  the  treaty,  which  oq,  whether  they  were  garrisoned 
has  just  been  mentioned,  she  had  by  French  or  by  Spanish  troops.  If, 
jolemnly  recqsnised  the  indejiend-  again,  France  should'withdraw  her 
ence  of  Brazu,  and  the  legitimacy  troops  altogether,  it  was  nerfectly 
of  its  imperial  dignity.      These  certain,  from  the  internal  state  of 
were  considerations  to  induce  the  Spain,  from  the  crowds  of  exiles 
French  cabinet  to  allow  the  new  on  account  of  their  political  faith, 
order  of  things  in  Portugal  to  try  ready  to  return  to  her  shores  with 
its  own  strength,  and  take  its  n^  fresh  hopes,    and  the  additional 
tuxsi  course,  and  to  lend  no  ea?  to  excitation   communicated  by  the 
the  bigoUed  apprehensions,  or  any  establishment  in  Portugal  of  a  fre^ 
countenance  to  the  intrigues  of  constitution  dven  by  its  luttive 
Spain*    Other  considerations  even  monarch,  and  protected  from  fo- 
ntade  it  still  more  decidedly  her  reign  attack  by  the  power  of  Eng«- 
interest,  unleiis  she  wished  for  a  lam,  that  the  departure  of  the 
war  wiUiout  an  ol^ject,  to  be  pro-  French  army  would  be  the  signal 
secuted  for  its  own  sake  by  the  for  an  immediate  renewal  of  the 
aacrifice  of  all  principle,  to  use  h^  revolutiona^  excesses,  and  tumul- 
infiuence  in  ipreventing,    on  the  tuary  government,  the  suppression 
part    <rf   ^?ain,    any    aggression  of  which  had  been  the  very  object 
against  the   Portuguese  govern-  for  which  she  had  marched  ner 
menu    France  knew  well  that,  in  squadrons    across    the    Pyrenees, 
the  ^ent  of  such  an  aggression  France  had  entered  Spain  to  main- 
heing  made,  Britain  was  bound  by  tain,  as  it  were,  the  public  jpeace ; 
treaty  to  support  Portugal  in  re-,  and  she  would  now  be  quitpig  it, 
pdHng  it;  and  the  decision  and  just  because  that  peace  which  she 
n^idi^  with  whidi,  when  it  was  had  gone  thither  to  maintain,  was 
made;,   British  troops  were  con-  about  to  be  broken.    Unless,  there- 
vey?d  to  the  Tagus,  proved  to  a}l  fore,  she  gave  up  all  that  she  pur- 
the  wcdd  that  Britain  would  not  chased,  or  thought  to  have  pur- 
he  tardy  or  hesitating  in  fulfilling  chased  in   1823   with    so    many 
her  obligations.     But  a  war  be-  sacrifices,  France  could  not  avoid 
tween  Britain  and  Portugal  on  the  war,  if  the  conduct  of  Spain  tcn 
one  haJhd,  and  Spain  on  the  other,  wards    Portugal    should  provol^e 
while  Spain  was  occupied  by  ^  hostilities  with  England;  but  to 
French  army,  would  almost  neces-  her  such  a  war  could  have  no  ob- 
aarily  involve  France  as  a  party,  ject ;  it  could  add  nothing  to  her 
however  contrary  it  might  he  to  real  power,  and  its  inconsistency 
her  policy  and  her  interests.   That  would  have   lowered   immensely 
l^rench  troops  should  fill  the  har-i  her    influence    on    opinion.      It 
1^^%,  and  occupy  the  fortresses  of  was  thus  equally  her  interest  and 
S|»in>  and  perform  the  duties  of  the  her  duty  to  preserve  the  peace  of 
interiar,  to  let  k|Ose  a  Spanish  army  Europe,  by  preventing,  if  P^^sible. 
Uglin^t  Britain  in  the  field,  would  the  m^  extxavaganws  of  Ferd^^ 


266]    ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

nand>  and  expressing  decidedly  her  or  Robespierre  cheering  on  A& 
disapprobation  of  his  hostile  and  blood-hounds  of  the  Jacobin  Club, 
faithfess  policy  :  for  Ferdinand,  With  such  principles,  and  against 
blind  and  bigotted  as  he  was,  had  such  prejudices,  it  was  difficult  to 
no  resource  but  abject  submission,  reason ;  such  apprehensions  pr&- 
when  left  to  cope  with  the  giant  vented  all  solidity  and  consistCTcy 
power  of  England,  unaided  by  the  of  conduct ;  and,  accordingly,  these 
active  co-operation,  and  even  un«  men,  while  they  were  the  chosen 
consoled  by  the  friendly  sympathy,  apostles  of  the  absolute  power  of 
of  the  Bourbons  of  France.  lanss,  justified,  and  supported,  and 

Fortunately    the    ministers   of    applauded,  the  Portuguese  r^)el8, 
France  were  moderate  and  just;    who  were  marching  in  arms  to 
and  these  plain  considerations  of    dethrone  their  lawnil  sovereign, 
j^ood  policy  decided  their  conduct,    and  acknowledged  the  title  of  Dim 
They  went  hand  in  hand  with  Bri-    Miguel  to  usurp  the*  crown  of  hk 
tain  in  endeavouring  to  bring  Far-    brother  and  his  niece.     From  the 
dinand  and  his  advisers  to  their    press  they  unceasingly  demanded 
senses.  But  there  was  a  clamorous,    that  the  ministry  should  send  an 
and,  in  some  respects,  aninfluen-    army  into  Portugal,  a  friendly  coon- 
tial  party  in  France,  whose  wishes    try,  and  up-root  eveiy  germ  of  Uie 
pointed  in  a  veiy  opposite  direction,    constitution,  the  willing  gift  of  its 
and  who  were  eager  for  a  war    hereditary  monarch.    It  would  be 
which  must  be  unprofitable,  on    easier,    they  said,    now  to  more 
grounds  which,  to  sound  reason,    the  army  from  Spain  into  Portugal, 
were  untenable.    The  ultra-royal-    than  it  had  been  three  years  beuse 
ists,    consisting    partly  of   many    to  march  it  from  France  into  Spain, 
members  of  the  old  noblesse,  and    At  all  events,  they  insisted  tbat 
supported  by  almost  all  the  multi-    eveiy  thing  should  be  done  to  aid 
farious  influence    of   the  clergy,    the  wiles  and  efforts  of  Ferdxnand 
considered  the  representative  go-    against  the  constitution ;  that  be 
vernment  of  Portugal  as  much  an    should  be  backed  with  all  the  coon- 
olnect  of  terror  and  abhorrence  as    tenance  which  France  could  give; 
did  even  Ferdinand  himself.     In    and    that    eveiy    encouraeement 
every  thing  that  approached  to  the    should  be  secretly  given  to  hun,  and 
nature  of  a  popular  institution,    to  the  Portuguese  rebels,  whom tbey 
they  saw  the  subversion  of  the    designated  royalists,  because  thcjr 
altar,  the  proscription  of  nobility,    were  fighting  against  their  king, 
and  the  downfal    of  the  divine    The  private  intrigues  of  the  party  to 
rights  of  monarchy ;  the  charter  of    confirm  Spain  in  her  policy,  were 
Don  Pedro  was  not  in  their  eyes,    more  successful  than  their  puUic 
much  less  pregnant  with  misery    declamations  to  force  France  into 
and  crime  than  the  most  tumul-    a  war.    The  baron  de  Moodier, 
tuary  ordinance  that  ever  issued    the  French  minister  at  Madnd, 
from  the    National   Convention;    lent  himself  to  their  views.    As 
and  the  Princess  Regent  of  Portu-    the  French  ministry  had  notUi^ 
gal,  exhorting  her  chambers  to  pro-    to  gain  by  falsehood,  and  as  thdr 
ceed^  faithfully  and  prudently  in    whole  conduct  spoke  nothing  l«t 
settling  the  government  which  her    sincerity,  it  is  impossible  that  th^ 
brother  had  bestowed,  presented  to    could  have  given  this  man  prifite 
them  in  a  milder  form,   Danton    instructions  at  variance  wiA  dft 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [267 

ientiinents  which  th^  imiformljr  been  the   detennined  attitude  of 

expressed  to  the  British  cabinet ;  Britain,  equally  prepared  for  war» 

but    secret   instructions   he    un-  as  solidtous  for  peace,    that  had 

doubtedly  had  from  the  leaders  of  confirmed  them  in  a  just  and  hon- 

tbe  ultra-royalists :  and,  trusting  to  ourable  line  of  policy.    The  secret 

tbe  influence  of  that  party  to  jus-  springs,  however,  by  which  the  ul-. 

tify  whatever  he  might  do  in  fur-  tra-royalists   work^   behind   the 

tberance  of  their  schemes,  he  ven-  curtain,  were  powerful ;  but^  al- 

tured  to  trifle  with  the  policy,  and  though  De  Moustier,  on  his  ar- 

compromise   the  character  of  his  rival  at  Paris,  in  December,  was 

fovemment.    He  strengthened  the  admitted  to    an  audience  of  the 
panish  cabinet  in  its  resolution  to  king,  the  cabinet  immediately  took 
refuse  acknowledging  the  Portu-  another  step  which  told  much  more 
guese  regency,  and  assuted  all  its  plainly  how  sincere  was  their  re« 
expedients  to  evade  the  demands  solution  to  lend  no  aid  or  counte- 
and  the  remonstrances  of  the  Por-  nance  to  the  policy  of  Spain,  than 
tuguese  envoy.    Although  the  mi-  the   recalling  of   an  ambassador, 
nister  of  a  power  whi(£  had  re-  When  the  French  army  took  pos- 
ceived  in  Paris  an  accredited  di-  session  of  Spain,  two  regiments  of 
plomatic  agent  of  Portugal,    and  Swiss   guards,   troops  m   ancient 
had  itself  accredited  to  Lisbon  an  proverbial  fidelity,  had  been  spe- 
ambassador  of  high  rank,  he  pre-  daily  assigned  for  the  protection 
tended,    when  requested  to  state  of  Uie  royal   person;   and  when 
whether  his  government  had  re-  part  of  the  army  was  withdrawn 
cognized  that  of  Portugal,  that  it  in  1824,  these  regiments  had  been 
was  a  matter  which  did  not  con-  allowed  to  remain  at  the  particular 
cem  him,  that  he  knew  nothing,  request    of   Ferdinand.      France 
and  had  received  no  instructions  now  recalled   them;    and   in  re- 
about    it.      The   pretext,    under  calling  these  troops,  in  preference 
which  Spain  endeavoured  to  veil  to  any  others,  she  seemed  to  in- 
her  obstinate  hostility  was,  the  ne-  tend  to  impress   upon  Ferdinand 
cessity  of  knowing  the  sentiments  the  opinion  which  ^e  entertained 
of  her  allies ;  and  De  Moustier  took  of  his  conduct  personally.     Every 
care  that  she  should  never  want  an  expedient  was  had  recourse  to  by  the 
excuse  for  pretending  to  be  still  Spanish  government  to  have  the 
officially  ignorant  of  the  determi-  order  revoked ;  Ferdinand  himself 
nation    of   France.      When    the  wrote  a  letter  to  his  most  christian 
French  ministry  learned  this  con-  majesty.     But  the  French  minis- 
duct  of  their  servant,    they  ex-  try  would  not  sacrifice  their  own 
pressed  their  opinion  both  of  him  character,  already  somewhat  com- 
and  of  Ferdinand,  by  instantly  re-  promised   by  the   conduct  of  De 
calling  him.     Less  they  could  not  Moustier,    to  save  him  from  the 
have  done,  unless  they  were  wil-  consequences  of  his  own  folly  and 
ling  to  make  themselves  proverbial  stupicQty  persisted  in  with  an  ob- 
examples  to  Europe  of  falsehood  stinacy  which  only  bigotry  could 
and  insincerity ;  and  a  severer  cen-  have  produced.    The  Swiss  reei- 
Bure  would  have  tended  better  to  ments  left  Madrid  in  diflerent  di- 
remove  from  them  every  taint  of  visions,  and  returned  to  France  in 
suspicion,  that  it  might  only  have  the  month  of  January.    England 
Vol.  LXVIII.  [S] 


286]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

and  Fr^ce  weie  thuff  united  to  dark  ind  dnBuy  veign  of  deqiotkn 

preserve  the  peace  of  Euiope  in  8d  and  mipexsdtion^  amid  wlioie  pal^ 

hr  as  it  was  menaced  hj  Spain.  paUe  dbseority  thef  phiwled  toi 

Such  an  union  deprlred  the  caibinet  their  own  prey,  or^   when  sated 

and  Camarilla  c^  Madrid  of  their  with  victims,  slumbered  on  iaten^ 

last  hope  of  bexn^  aUe  to  extend  tiA  infloleoee. 
oter  a  neighbouring  oountrf  the 


HISTORY  or  EUROPR  [m 


CHAP.    X- 

Thk  GfiBMANic  t)iBT.— HoLLANi>— Dutrnfe^  cdncermHjf  the  Naviga^ 
Hon  of  the  Rhine — Arfangements  regarding  the  C(Uh6&9 — Epidendc 
Disease  in  North  HoUand^Financei'^MuUia  Law^Expeditioh  k> 
Java-^BAYAniA—AvBTRiA— Proceedings  of  the  Hungarian  JXet — 
Decree  against  the  Slave  Trade— pRVeBiA^RvBsiA^A  CoHnims- 
sion  appointed  to  investigate  the  Insurrection  of  IS^S^Beforms  in 
t^  Adnunistration — Discontetds  among  the  P^asants*^Death  of  the 
Empress — Report  o/"  the  Commispon  ^  tnquiru  ^^  Stnlence  and 
Pmnishtnent  of  the  Conspirators — Coronation  qf  the  Emperor — War 
with  Persia ^ MiUiary  Operations  in  Georgia^  The  Persians 
defeat^ 

T3E  Dietof  tbeOermatiic  Con-  cofttmercuil  inteftiourse  amonff  the 

Iteration  assembled  at  Frank-  tftatc«,  were  fitiD  to  be  determmea ; 

fort   in   January;  but>    aHbough  the  fofmer  inrolvinir  the  intefestu 

flffveralquestioiisofverygenetalinK-  of  eirery  comer  rf  &errtrany,  and 

poruaice  occupied  its  atteiiti^^  as  the  hitter  totiehitfg  th^  dcfstruction 

thejr  had  dmie  for  years,  no  oiie  of  of  a  jealous  prohibitory  sy^em,  by 

themwa8brdu^tofteonGlus2on;so  ithlbh  eten  the  tnost  petty  sbite^ 

tedicus  are  the  forms  of  proeeeding  attempted  to  defend  their  niatiu- 

in  that  body,  requiring  constant  fkctures  ^^ainst  their  neighhour^. 

correspondcnice  between  the  tnem^  On  mjne  of  these  matters  did  th6 

ber«  and  their  constituents ;  and  Diet  ooine  to  any*  ded^n ;  and  the 

90  multiped    mid    contradictory  only  meastire  which  they  carried 

are  die  mtercst»  which  it  vainly  through  was  the  fbial  occupation  of 

attempts    ta   combine  in  a  har^  the  £(elgic  fortress  of  Luxembourg 

laonious  whc^    The  organiifacion  ty  commissioners  and  a  garrison  in 

of  the  military  force  of  the  Diet  ^  name  of  the  Comederit^oh. 

waa  still  to  lie  fkm3^  fbced,  the  iThe  king  o^  the  Netherifftnds  re^ 

sBiedlerstalest^niondtratcnfg  against  sisted  this  dmn^  ai^  far  as   he 

the  nmnerical    amount    of  their  decently  cotQd  resist  a  fundamentid 

eontixigeHts,    and    resiifting    with  rule  of  the  Confederation,  (rf  which, 

great  jgood  sense,  the  oppression  (^  as  sovereign  of  the  Du^  of  Lux- 

nnposmg  upon  their  ins^gmftcant  efiiburgh,    he    formed    tf   ]^t— ^ 

terrhories  ^  btulhen  of  maim  for  no  monarch  can.  #iUhi«y  see 

tabling  cavalry  and  rfrtillery.  Which  his  fortresses  in  the  hands  of  dotnr- 

they  said,  ought  to  be  ra^tained  neering  powers,  of  which  he  hat 

at  ikt  expense  of  the  great  powers,  always  occasron  to  be  jealotis  as 

t«r  whom  akme  these  munfmettts  of  dangeToius  rivals,    though  united 

warconldever  be  of  any  re^  service,  wife  them  in  nalne  as  confeder- 

The  ooestlons,  too,  of  the  tolls  ates. 

npon  uie  tfsvi^ntion  of  the  Rhine,  The  difibrenccs  which  eidsted 

oad  the  esMJWflhioeiil  of  tk  £re6  regarding  the  mvijgation  of  the 

ts2Jr 


260]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


Bbine,  fomied  a  diqmte  between 
GermaiiT  and  ibe  king  of  Holland, 
nUher  than  among  the  memben  of 
the  diet.  From  the  moment  that 
the  Rhine  entered  Holland,  it  be- 
came subject  to  the  government  of 
that  country  alone,  who  was  sore- 
reign  of  boUi  its  banks.  Whatever 
duties  Holland  might  think  proper 
to  impose  on  the  traffic  of  the  liver 
during  the  remainder  of  its  course 
to  the  shores  of  the  North  Sea, 
WGte  strictly  matters  of  internal 
arrangement,  regalAtiDg  the  inter- 
course of  foreigners  with  her  own 
exclusive  dominions,  and  were  im- 
posts with  which  the  diet  had  no 
authority  to  interfere.  She  was 
thus  enabled  by  high  duties,  to 
render  the  Rhine  useless  as  a 
means  of  transport  to  the  sea ;  by 
discriminating  duties  she  could 
secure  the  whole  trade  from 
Nim^;uen  to  the  sea,  to  her  own 
subjects,  and  a  preference  to  her 
own  manufactures  as  articles  of  ex- 
port. The  states  higher  up  the  river 
could  eain  little  by  establishing 
equitaUe  regulations  regarding  the 
duties  to  be  levied  by  the  powers 
who  possessed  its  opposite  banks, 
so  long  as  they  were  absolutely 
excluded  from  proceeding  on  it  to 
the  ocean  by  an  authority  over 
which  they  had  no  control.  In  the 
treaty  of  Paris,  in  1814,  by  which 
the  langdom  of  the  Netherlands,  as 
it  at  present  exists,  was  created, 
and  subsequently  at  the  Congress 
of  Vienna,  provisions  had  been 
agreed  on  wHch  certainly  were 
intended,  and,  it  was  thought, 
would  be  sufficient,  to  limit  the 
power  of  Holland,  and  open  the 
navigation  of  the  Rhine  to  all 
Germanv,  to  and  from  the  sea. 
But  an  ambiguous  expression  gave 
Holland  a  pretext  for  maintaining 
her  exclusive  rights.  She  said,  that 
f*  to  the  se»"  WW  »  very  different 


expreaBonfipom'' into  the  sea;**  and, 
moreover,  if  the  iniper  states  were 
to  insist  so  strictly  npon  words, 
then  they  must  be  contented  wiih 
the  course  of  the  proper  Rhine 
itself.  The  mass  of  water  which 
forms  the  Rhine,  dividing  itself  a 
little  way  above  Nim^uen,  is 
carried  to  the  sea  thxou^  three 
principal  channels,  the  Waal^  the 
Leek,  and  the  Yssd ;  the  first  de- 
scending by  Gorcum,  where  it 
changes  its  name  for  that  of  the 
Meuse ;  the  second,  €uther  to  die 
north,  approaching  the  sea  at 
Rotterdam ;  and  the  third,  taking  a 
northerly  course  hj  Zutphen,  and 
Deventer,  to  disgorge  itsdf  into 
the  Zuyderzee.  None  of  these 
channels,  however,  is  called  or 
reckoned  the  Rhine ;  that  name  b 
preserved  to  a  small  streanfi  which 
leaves  the  Leek  at  Wyck,  takes 
its  course  by  the  learned  retreati 
of  Utrecht  and  Leyden,  gradually 
dispersing  and  losing  its  wateis, 
till  the  magnificent  river  divindks 
down  into  a  tiuddy  ditdi,  and,  un- 
able by  its  expiring  strength  to  force 
its  way  into  the  ocean,  din^jpean 
among  the  downs  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Kulwyck.  The  Rhme 
itself,  strictly  speaking,  being  thus 
useless  for  the  purposes  of  sea- 
navigation,  it  had  been  agreed  be- 
tween Holland  and  her  nei^boors 
to  consider  the  Ledc  as  the  ooo- 
tinuation  of  the  Rhine ;  and  the 
government  of  the  Netherlands 
afterwards  consented  that  the 
Waal,  as  being  deeper  and  better 
adapted  to  navigation,  should  be 
sul»tituted  for  the  Leek.  Now 
the  Waal,  said  the  government  of 
Holland,  terminates  at  Gorcum, 
to  which  the  tide  ascends ;  there 
consequently  ends  the  Rhine ;  all 
that  remains  of  that  branch  firom 
Gorcum  to  Gravelingen,  Hel- 
YOetsluysi  %ai,  the  xoQUth  of  ^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [261 

Meuse^  is  an  ami  of  the  sea,  in-  France^  agreed  diat  the  soyereignty' 

cdosed  within  our  own  territories,  of  the  Houfie  of  Orange  should 

and  therefore  to  be  subjected  to  receive  an  accession  of  territory, 

any  imposts  and  reguhitions  which  and  that  the  navigation  of  the 

-we  may  think  fit  to  establish.  Rhine,  from  the  pomt  where  it  is 

In  this  interpretation,  Holland  navigable  to  the  sea  (ju$qulh  la 

was    supported    by    France    and  merj^  and  vice  versa,  should  be 

Baden,  but  strenuously  resisted  by  free.    This  last  point  was  further 

all  the  other  powers  of  Germany^^  confirmed  in  the  separate  article, 

who  inveighed    against   it    as  a  which  provides  'that  the  freedom 

quibbling  attempt  to  evade    the  of  navigation  in  the  Scheldt  shall 

plain  meaning  of  the  treaty  of  be  estalmshed  on  the  same  princii 

raris.    Prussia,    whose    Rhenish  pies  as  those  on  whidi  the  navlga« 

provinces  form  the  wealthiest  and  tion  of  the  Rhine  is  regulated  by 

most  manu&cturing  portion  of  her  Article  5  of  the  present  treaty/ 

monarchy,  addressed  a  memorial  The  allied  powers  farther  reserved 

to  the  great  powers  who  had  been  to  themselves  to  determine,  at  the 

parties  to  the  treaty  of  Paris,  and  next  Congress,  the  countries  which 

the  congress  of   Vienna,  calling  should  be  united  with  Holland, 

upon  them  to  state  what  had  been  and  declared  '  that  then  the  princi- 

the  real  meaning  of  that  treaty  in  pies    should    be   discussed,   upon 

Teaard  to  the  navigation  of  the  which  the  tolls  to  be  levied  by 

Rhine ;  and,  in  the  mean  time,  on  the  States  on  the  banks  might  be 

the  groimd  of  the  delays  of  Hoi-  regulated    in  the  most    umfonn 

land,  she  retained  in  her  hands  a  manner  and  most  advantageously 

sum  of  fourteen  millions  of  florins,  to  the  commerce  of  aU  nations.* 

raised  by  duties  levied  on  the  river  It  appeared,  from  the  simultaneous 

where  it  passes  through  her  territo-  issumg  of  these  two  resolutions, 

ries,  which  ought,  of  right,  to  have  that,  among  other  conditions  which 

been  shared  with  Nassau,  Baden,  the  allies  annexed  to  the  incorpora- 

Darmstadt,  and  other  small  states,  tion  of  Belgium,  this  increase  of 

The  allied  powers  put  upon  the  territory  wascombined  on  their  side, 

treaty  the  same  interpretation  as  even  before  the  establishment  of 

the  German  states ;  but  the  go-  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 

vemment  of  the  Netherlands  hav-  with  the  above  obligation  to  ie« 

ing  returned  an  unfavourable  an-  store  the  fireedom  of  the  navigation* 

fwer  to  their  joint  remonstrance.  There  could  certainly  be  no  more 

the  Austrian  envoy  at   Brussels  express  and  positive  obligation  than 

presented  a  note  to  that  court,  in  that  which  is  united    with   the 

February  of  the  present  year,  in  foundation  of  a  state,  and  which, 

which  he  not  only  enforc^  what  in  the  present  case,  had  been  fully 

Austria  held  to  be  the  true  mean-  sanctioned  by  the  accession  of  the  ' 

ing  of  the  diplomatic  provisions  of  king  of  the  Netherlands  to  the 

1814  and  1815,  but  spoke  in  a  treaty  of  Paris,  and  the  act  of 

style  which  much  resembled  re-  Congress  at  Vienna.     It  was  in- 

proach,  of  the  ingratitude  of  the  conceivable  how  the  government 

king  of  the  Netherlands  towards  of  the  Netherlands  could  flatter 

his  political  creators.     ''By  the  itself  with  the  hope  of  making  a 

treaty  of  Paris,"  he  argued,  "  the  right  obscure  and    doubtful,  Iby 

allied  powers,  in  conjiinction  with  prolix  observations  on  th^  main 


3ft2]     ANNUAL   RBGISTBR,   1826. 

yesolutifin^  and  to  do.  away  wHh  never   have   9ficep^^   the    sove- 

A^  priiK^^  of  the  firee  nc^viga-  rdgiity  of  the  United  Piovuuaes>  if 

tioii  (4*  the  Rhin^  which  wa&  pro*  the  origin  of  it  was  to  be  aseribed 

claimed  in  the  faee  of  the  world  in  to  a  forei^  co-operation^  however 

the  first  document  of  the  political  powerful  it  might  he>  and  however 

r^toration  of  Eunqpe>  and  on  the  magnanimous  the  monarcht  com- 

same  day  when  Holland  was  ^vea  posing  it ;    and  he  wouH    have 

up  to  the  House  of  Orange."  utterly  rejected  any  increasa   of 

In .  its  answer,  the  cabbet  of  teariteafy,  if  it  bad  been  neoeaaary 

Brussels  r^ieated  tho  geographical  tp  purchase  it  at  the  exp^isa  erf' 

argument,  that  the  mdne  termi->  the  dignity  of  the  country  in  which 

natea  long   before   reacihiog  the  the  remain^  of  his  ancestors  re- 

Bmi  and  to  the  reasoning  cf  the  pose. 

Austrian  minister  drawn  from  the       There  was  something  waning  to 

eonditions  of  the  incorporation  of  this  argument.    Although  it  were 

the  Netherlands  with  Holland,  it  granted    that    the    king    of   the 

was  replied,  that'  the  republic  of  Netherlands  had  regained  the  so- 

HoUand  had  neyer  ceased  to  exist  vereignty  of  the  Umted  Provaioes 

^jure,  and  had  resumed  its  exists  in  virtue  of  the  ancient  and  weD- 

enoe  under  a  monarch  de  facia,  won    rights   of    the    House    of 

b^ore  the  treaties  whidi  ineor^  Qranoe,  it  by  no  means  foUowed 

porated  with  it  the  Catholic  Ne-  that  he  held  the  new  sovereignty 

therlandfli,  and  before  the  acts  of  of  the  Catholic  Netherlands  li^ 

the  congress  of  Vienna.    That  his  the  same  tenure.    These  formed  a 

mi^jesty,  owed  the  sovereignty  of  possession^  to  which  Holland  and 

his  family,  to  the  bkx>d  shed  by  his  her  monarch  had  no  daim ;  which 

anoestom  for  the  country,  to  the  the  allied  powers,   if  possesab^ 

glory  which  it  had  acquired,  and  any  right  to  dispose  of  the  Nether- 

the  prosperi^  it  had  enjoyed,  under  lands  at  all,  could  pive,  or  refuse,  st 

their  aumoes,  to  the  intimate  con-  pleasure ;  and  which,  they  alleiged, 

nexion  tannei  in  the  course  of  they  had  ceded  to  his  majesty  only 

centuries  between  them  and  the  on    condition  of  his  jgerfbrnm^ 

nation,  to  the  ancient  rights  of  his  certain  stipulations.    They  oould 

housis,  and  to  the  conndence,  as  affix  to  their  gift,  and  his  nuyesty 

well  as  to  the  spontaneous  choice,  could  reject,  any  conditions  diey 

q(  a  free  people.    It  by  no  means  might  think  proper ;  although  the 

dated  from  the  act  of  Union,  ac-  puuets  of  the  Rhine  were  moi^ 

e^pted  the  21st  July,  1814,  which  peculiarly  streams  of  Holland,  and 

concerned  only  Bel^um ;  but  from  therefore  subject  only  to  his  sb- 
the  arrival  of  the  king  in  Holland, «  cient  sovereicrnty,  it  was  as  oampe- 

the  SOth  November,  1818 ;  from  tent  to  the  allies  to  stipulate  for  s 

the  2nd  December,   1813,  when  relaxation  of  the  rights  of  that 

his  majesty  was  proclaimed  soye-  ancient  sovereignty  as  a  oonditioo 

reign  at  Amsterdam ;  and  from  the  of  their  boon,  as  for  the  reservatioD 

d9ui  March,  1814,  when  the  fun-  of  any  franchise  to  the  citixens  of 

damental  law  was  sanctioned  and  thenewly-acquiredprovincestbeiB- 

pxKnulgated,  an  event  which  gave  selves.      He   might    reject   ^ 

occasion  to  congratulatory  letters,  proffered  gift  when  coupled  wiA  s 

addressed  by  the  allies  to  the  sove-  sacrifice  of  some  of  the  privilifec 

mfpi  prince.    His  majesty  would  of  his  ancient  dominions  j  btf(  if 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [263 

be  did  Bcoept  of  it  (and  this  was   maj  \m  aDovod  to  tlie  iaquiiitive 
whBt  the  allied  courts  alleged)  on    geaasa^er ;    but  in  the  serious 
the  understanding  diat  certain  ex-    busmess  of  real  life,  it  does  appear 
cdusiye  rights  of  Sie  latter  were  to    strange,    tiuit   die  name  or  the 
be  limited,  the  argument  drawn    mighty  Bhine  dumld  he  continued 
from  die  histofj  of  his  Bunilj,    to  a  petty  boook,  iriule  two  thirds 
was  both  bad  hoik,  and  bad  Iqgui.    of  its  massof  waters  are  gliding  on 
All  that  argument  and  remon-    throughdiewindingsof  the  Waal, 
atranoe  could  as  jet  gain  from  the    and  recsiviiig  in  dielr  course  tltt 
Nedierlands  was,  ilmt  the  Ledc    l^ise  as  a  tributary, 
should  be  considered  as  tbe  Rhine ;       During  the  3rear  most  of  the 
that  the  vessels  ai  die  Gorman    di£ferences,whi(di  had  been  so  Jong 
atat^  diould  be  allowed  to  naari*    existing  b^ween  the  Nedierlands 
fiateitunmolested,  under  no  higher    and  the  F^ial  see,  retnrdinff  die 
duties  than  might  be  imposed  on    powers  of  the  GitluSc  Udiops, 
other  parts  oi  the  river ;  and  that    and  the  TnAU  and  maintenance  of 
the  prohibitions  against  the  transit    the  Caduma  xeligioii,  ^era  finaUj 
of  goodsin  other  vesselsthan  those    adjusted;  and  we  fonaer  power 
of  Holland,  diould  be  abolished*    sent  an  envoy  to  Rome  to  qion  a 
This  still  left  in  uncertainty  the    new  negotiation  in  regard  to  die 
great   question  —  through    wh^tt    femaindtt.    By  a  decsree  of  IBM, 
channel  is  the  navigation  of  die    no  privato  chapel,  or  oratoiy,  could 
Rhine  aj>,^^ir  Of  <Ae#6a  to  be  carried    be  erected  or  oonsaczated  without 
oa?-«for  the    Leek    terminates    die permisoon (rf* the Idnsr, granted 
where  it  joins  the  Mouse,  a  river    ujpon  an  application  by  me  Ushop 
purely  Bdme   and  Dutch,  before    ofthedioa»».  This  regulation  was 
readiii^  &tterdam.    The  abdi-    now  relaxed ;  and  die  power  was 
tion  of  the    prohibition    against   given  to  the  bislu^ctfaudioriaing 
transit  was,  it  was  Airdier  said,  a    die  erectioo  of  diapels  andoratories 
point  gained,  in  so  fiu:  as  it  re«    exdusively  Cor  die  use  of  the  indi- 
moved  the  exclusive  provisions  in    viduals,  corporatians,  or  oongrega- 
&vour  of  the  Dutch  trade,  and   dons,  who  might  build  them,  on 
permitted  the  free  trade  of  Ger-    oondidon  that  suchauthmity should 
man  shippers  with  each  other  on    never  be  granted  exoent  to  persons 
the  Rhine  of  Holland;  but  diat    who  from  age  or  infirmity  were 
still,  sosoonastheyapproadiedthe    unable  to  attend  diurch,  diat  die 
aea,  there  they  were  stepped  until    dumelsthemaelvesshoiildbeecested 
they  should  pay  die  export  duties    with  all  possible  economy,  and  that 
fixed  by  Holland,  which,  infiivour   only  aged  and  infirm  prieiits,  having 
of  its  own  trade,  migiht  be  so  hi^    no  other  duty  to  pmonn,  diould 
as    to   amount  to  a   prdiibition.    be  appointed  to  cfficiato  in  them. 
This  was  one  ofthe  many  instances    The  Catholics  were  likewise  re^ 
in  which  disputes  and  errors  have    Heved  of  part  of  the  burthen  of 
arisen  from  the  arbitrariness  with    suppcwting  their  own  hierarchy, 
which  the  original  name  of  a  rami-    a  sum  of  five  hundred  diousand 
lying  river  is  bestowed  on  one  of   florins  being  voted  by  die  States^ 
its  branches.    One  would  diink    general  towsurds  the  expenses  of  die 
that  die  larger  arm  ought  always,    Catholie  Worship  in  Che  nordiem 
like  a  first  bom,  tobear  the  fiuaily    provinces.    But  a  proper  jealousy 
title:    »ore   nice    investigations   wasstiDflDanifestedoftbeencroacb* 


264]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


hig  dispofiitiDn  of  tliat  dangerous 
church.  A  few  years  before^  a  reli- 
gious association^  denominated  the 
''Brethren  of  the  Christian  Schools," 
professing  their  object  to  be  the 
education  of  youths  and  bearing  a 

Citical  character,  had  been  al- 
ed  to  settle  themselves  in  the 
kingdom^  and  each  .of  its  members 
had  been  required  to  sign,  and  had 
si^ed,  a  declaration  that  it  was 
iimependent  of  any  foreign  supe- 
rior. It  was  now  discovered  that 
these  declarations  had  been  intend- 
ed to  deceive ;  and  that,  notwith- 
standing them,  the  relations  former- 
ly existmg  between  the  Superior- 
eeneral  df  the  body  out  of  the 
Kingdom,  and  the  members  of  the 
association  within  the  kingdom 
had  never  been  discontinued ;  and 
therefore,  in  the  month  of  Fe- 
bruary, the  association  was  sup- 
pressed by  a  royal  decree.  The 
archbishop  of  Mechlin^  likewise,  was 
severely  censured  in  the  name  of 
the  kinff,  by  the  Director-general 
of  the  affairs  of  ibe  Roman  Catho- 
lic church,  for  having  received 
through  an  unusual  channel^  and 
not  communicating  to  government, 
a  papal  rescript,  tenduie  to  excite 
disobedience  and  opposition  to  his 
majesty's  measures  regarding  the 
Catholic  church.  The  letter  was 
farther  denounced  as  being  an  en- 
croachment on  the  rights  of  the 
bishops  of  the  kingdom,  who  alone 
are  authorized  to  govern  their 
churches,  the  Pope  having  no 
power  to  interfere  without  vio- 
lating the  liberties  of  the  church 
of  the  Netherlands,  as  had  always 
been  understood,  and  especially 
since  I767,  when  a  certain  de- 
claration from  Rome,  relative  to  a 
marriage  of  the  marquess  of  Chas- 
teler  with  a  widow  of  Amsterdam, 
was  declared  null  and  void.  The 
•rchbishop  was  told  tl^at  bis  xna^ 


jesty  intended  to  abide  hjr  tbe 
isting  system,  and  was  therefixe 
most  seriously  warned  not  to  nu^ 
any  use  of  the  said  letter,  or  of  any 
others  relative  to  the  same  subject, 
lest  he  should  expose  himself  to 
serious  consequences* 

During  the  autumn  of  the  year, 
the  province  of  Groninflen    was 
afflicted  with  an  epidemics  diseafle, 
which  spread  itself  likewise  into 
Friezland,  operating  most  fatally  in 
the  districts  far  removed  fenn  tiie 
sea.  It  appeared  in  the  endof  July: 
in  the  first  week  of  August,  the 
deaths  of  Groningen  amounted  to 
one  hundred  and  six ;  and  l^  the 
middle  of  September,  their  munber 
had  increased  to  one  hundred  and 
forty  two.    The  sick  amounted  to 
upwards  of  five  thousand,  scarcely  s 
single  house  escaping  the  mala^ ; 
and,  although  the  country  suffered 
less  than  the  cities,  yet,  in  one  viU 
lage,  out  of  a  population  of  a  thou- 
sand souls,  not  an  hundred  escaped 
the  disease.  It  raged  chiefly  among 
the  labouring  poor :  dread  of  con- 
tagion depriv^  them  almost  en- 
tirely of  attendance  and  assistance, 
and  even  of  medical  advice.     The 
magistrates  of  Groniniren  apidied 
tothe  govenmentiir  Si 
officers,  and  invited,  by  a  puUie 
address,  the  services  of  the  profes- 
sion generally ;  but  all  the  remune- 
ration they  could    offer  was,  « 
hundred  guilders  per  month.    The 
epidemic  was  supposed    to  lucre 
originated  from  the  violent  asd 
long-continued  heats,  and  it  gn- 
dusuly  disappeared  as  the  winter 
returned. 

In  the  Dutch  budg^  for  ^ 
year  there  was  an  increase  of  raon 
than  2,000,000  florins  in  the  ex- 
j)enses  of  its  first  division,  partly 
occasioned  by  the  half  millkm 
voted  to  the  Catholics,  and  a  nul- 
Uon  and  a  lialfwbich  bid  been  »e- 


HISTORY   OF   EUROPE.  [265 

poided  In  works  on  tlie  rivers  and  qualification  from  serving  in  thb 

aea  coast.    Holland  could  not  spend  corps. 

money  more  usefully  either  for  her  The  darkest  spot  in  the  pros- 
industry  or  her  safety ;  and  a  spe«  perity  of  the  Netherlands  was  the 
eial  commission  had  been  appointed  intestine  war  which  still  raged  in 
to  examine  into  the  means  for  im-  their  Indian  colonies,  and  threat- 
proving  the  course  of  the  rivers,  ened  the  downfal  of  their  supre- 
and  preventing  those  inundations,  macy.     The    Javanese    were    in 
which,  in  a  single  night,  could  work  almost  a  general  state  of  insurrec- 
wid&-spread  misery  and  devasta*  tion,  particularly  in  the  southern 
tion.    Some  of  its  su^estions  had  and  middle  districts  of  the  island ; 
already    been   adopt^,    and  the  the  insutgents  shewed  themselves 
channels  of  internal  communica*  incessantly  upon  difierent  points, 
tion  were    constantly  increasing,  and  always  in  great  force,   thus 
On  the  expenditure  forming  the  dividing  and  harassing  the  Dutch 
other  branches  of  the  budget  there  troops,  whose  numbers  were  too 
was  a  considerable    diminution;  smaQ  to  admit  of  strong  detach* 
and,    from  the   pn^ceding    year,  ments  being  sent  against  them, 
there  was  a  surplus  revenue,  which  The  numbers  of  the  rebels  in-* 
enaUed  the  government  to  reduce  creased  with  their  success.    One 
some  of  the  taxes,  and  make  an  body    of    them    had    anticipated 
addition  of  10  per  cent  to  the  general  Van  Gaen  in  a  projected 
sinking-fund.    The  duties  received  attack  to  be  made  upon  them  from 
on  exports  and  imports  amounted  Samarang,  drove  back  his  advanced 
to  6,200,000  florins.  divisions  from   their    position  at 
A  law  was  framed  for  the  for-*  Daraack,  and  took  possession  of 
mation    of  an    internal  military  that  town.     Djocjocarta  and  its 
force,  a  militia,  called  Communsd  environs,  though  not  regularly  he- 
Guards,  to  be  employed  in  main-  sieged  by  them,  was  kept  in  per- 
taining   the   public    tranquillity,  petual  alarm  by  their  guerilla  sort 
and  in  time  of  war,  in  repelling  an  of  predatory  warfare ;  the  natives 
enemy.     If  a  commune,  however,  being  able  to  keep  the  field  even 
did  not  contain  a  population  of  two  during  the    rainy  season,    while 
thousand  five  hundred  souls,  its  active  operations  would  have  de- 
communal  guards  were  not  to  be  stroyed  the  European   troops  by 
caUed  out  m  time  of  peace,  and,  siclmess  and  fatigue.     On  the  1 8th 
during  war,  they  were  to  form,  of  February,  they  attacked  an  un- 
wilh    those  of  other  communes,  finished  fort,  and  were  repulsed ; 
the  levy  en  masse  of  the  country,  but  the  Netherlanders,  having  pur- 
The  law  extended  to  all  male  in-  sued  them  too  far, '  were,  in  their 
habitants    having    attained    their  turn,  attacked  by  an  ambuscade, 
twenty-fifth,   and  not  completed  and  forced  to  retreat  with  the  loss 
their  thirty-fourth,  year,  on  each  of  part  of  their  artillery.     Inf  the 
successive  first  of  January.     The  month  of  June,  fortune  seemed  to 
force  to  be  embodied  was  to  be  two  incline  in  favour  of  the  Dutch ; 
men  for  every  two  hundred  per-  they  successfully  stormed  the  prin- 
sons,  and  the  period  of  service  five  cipal  fortress  of  the  insurgents,  and 
years.     To  have  been  condemned  dispersed  the  army  which  covered 
to  a  punishment  which  the  law  it.      But  this   success  was  more 
hflA  infamous^  was  made  ^  dis-*  than  cou^terb^lanc^  by  a  defeat 


^6]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

whicli  tliey  su&red  in  a  battle  Wasseoaer^  after  having  loat 

fought  a  few  weeks  afterwards  he-  main-mast^    and  endeavouzed    in 
tween  Solo  and  Samarang.     The  *vain  to  come  to  an  andior*  while 

insurgents   were    led    by   Djupo  not  a  caUe  woidd  stand,  drifted 

Magoro,  a  man  of  some  enterprise  towards  the  sbore^  struck  on  the 

and  talent^  who  had  raised  himself  banks  to  the  norA  of  Egmont,  and 

to  the  command  ainongst  th&iKU  instantly  filled  with  water.     As 

The  Dutch  were  completely  de-  ^e  bad  struck  so  near  die  diore,  a 

feated^  losing  a  great  niunber  of  number  of  vessds  were  aent  to  bar 

men>  among  whoni  were  several  rdief ;  and,  the  weather  becoming 

officers,  wiw  great  |^  of  th^  mpre  f^ronrable,  she  held  together; 

artillery  and  ammunition.  Theinr  till  all  on  board  were    bvoogiit 

surgents  immediately  spread  them*  safely  on  shore,  except  about  mtj 

selves  over  the  country ;  all  com«  persons,  almost  all  of  whom  had 

munication  between  Sa^narang  and  been  drowned  when  die  first  filled 

Bataviawascutoffby  them.    The  upon  striking.    Her  consort,  the 

govemhient    was    compelled    to  Waterloo,  stood  out  the  tempest 

summon  to  its  assistance  the  gar-  with  better  success,  and  came  to 

risons  of  Sumatra,  Banca,  Macas-  an  anchor  under  the   idand   of 

sar,     and    Borneo.      Palembang  Borkum,  after  having  been  entiidy 

again  reverted  to  the  possession  of  dismasted, 
the  natives;    and   the  queen  of 

Boni,    taking   advantage  of   the        In  Wibtbitbbbg  and  Batabia 

ffreat  part  of  the  Dutch  forces  every    thing   was    tyaiiq^ii^     and 

being   withdrawn  frcnn   Cdebes,  contented.       In    suooeeding    his 

took  the  field  with  an  army  to  father,  Louis  of  Bavaria  tucoeed- 

expel    the    remainder.      Nothing  ed   the  most  popular   prinoe   in 

but   the   arrival  of  troops  from  Europe ;  for  to  no  nun^ieh 


Europe  seemed  likely  to  enable  a  pe(^le  ever  united  by   a  nune 

the    Netherlands    to    retain    its  hearty  re^d  and  good  wil),  dun 

Eastern  dependencies  in  sul^eo-  were  the  Bavarians  to  Maximilian 

tion :  the  most  urgent  applicatlcms  Joseph.    But  Louis  was  far  €am 

were  made  at  Brussels  and  the  being  a  loser  by  being  compaidt 

Hague  from  the  governor  of  Java,  with    his    predecessor.    He    was 

and  were  not  unheeded  by  the  go-  equally     liberal    in     diqxMitkio, 

vemment  at  home;   but  fortune  but  had  more  foresight. 


seemed  to  have  sworn  to  thwart  habits  of   thinking,  and  _ 

all  their  projects.  firmness  of  character.  .  As^cravn 

An  expedition,  consisting  of  the  prince,  he  had  been  distinguished 

Waterloo  and  Wassenaer  men  of  by  his  love  of  the  arts,  and  the 

war,  was  fitted  out  in  tlie  end  of  collecting    of    their    productions 

the    year    for    Java,    where  the  was  the  only  luxury  (£  power  in 

power  of  the  insurgents  was  most  which  he  was  fond  of  indnlging. 

alarming,    and    saUed    from    the  He  resisted  steadily  the  offieioiis 

Helder  m  the  beginning  of  Jnnu-  attempts  of  the  jealous  cabinet  of 

ary,  having  on  board  a  reinforce-  Vienna  to  interfere  with  the  po- 

ment    of    two     thousand    men.  pular  forms  of  government  whicfc 

Scarcely  had  they  left  the  shores  had  been  established  by  his  fadier, 

of  Holland,  when  they  were  over-  and  refused  to  lend  himself  to  its 

taken  by  a  violent  storm.    The  prying  policy.     Even    the 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  pCI? 

lance  of  hifl  oiyn  police  was  dis-^  States^  many  reductions  should 
agreeable  to  him :  and  assuredly  have  been  mad^  but  it  was  proper 
there  can  be  no  greater  degra-  *  to  respect  the  will  of  my  father, 
dation  of  a  goyemment  than  that  In  the  next  session  our  budget 
it  should  sink  down  into  a  mere  will  be  very  different  from  what 
superintendance  of  baOiffs  and  it  was ;  and  if  things  had  remained 
police  officers.  The  Director-ge*  on  their  former  footing  we  should 
iieral  having  brought  him  the  have  been  banbnipts." 
usual  police  report^  '^In  future"  He  introduced  reform  into  hi^ 
said  he,  "  I  will  dispense  with  council  of  state,  his  court,  the  de- 
jour  presenting  me  such  reports ;  partments  of  his  ministry,  the 
I  dcm't  wish  to  know  scandalous  administration  of  his  hereditary 
anecdotes,  or  to  penetrate  into  domains,  the  number  ^nd  pay  of 
famfly  privacy.  All  I  require  of  his  troc^  and,  in  short,  into 
you  is,  carefuUy  to  watch  over  the  every  part  of  the  national  charges, 
maintenance  of  good  order,  and  By  these  reforms,  no  less  a  sum 
the  safety  of  the  citizens."  Pro*  than  a  million  of  florins  annually 
digality,  arising  from  facility  of  was  saved  to  the  public  On  the 
disposition,  had  been  the  greatest  other  hand,  positive  improvements 
defect  of  the  late  king;  he  had  were  efiected  in  the  system  of 
multiplied  useless  places  for  his  public  education  and  the  manage- 
friends  at  the  expense  of  his  sub-  ment  of  ecclesiastical  affairs,  wMle 
jects.  Louis,  on  the  other  hand,  the  rights  of  individuals  were  con- 
instituted  a  severe  scrutiny  into  suited,  and  the  laws  of  the  consti- 
every  branch  of  expenditure,  and  tution  maintained  and  consolidated, 
carried  into  efiect  every  possible 

reduction.  This  system  of  econo-  In  the  dominions  of  Au8Tbia, 
my  naturally  injured  many  private  the  Hungarian  diet,  which  had 
interests ;  but  it  was  rendered  im-  been  convoked  in  the  autumn  of 
perious  by  the  state  of  the  finances :  the  preceding  year,  still  continued 
and  his  only  detractors  were  those  to  sit  in  Presburgh.  They  had  not 
who  suffered  because  the  nation  yet  agreed  upon  the  final  repre- 
gained.  In  replying  to  an  address  sentation  to  be  made  to  the  em- 
presented  by  the  deputies  of  the  peror  regarding  the  observance  of 
town  of  Anspach  he  said ;  ''  In  the  Hungarian  constitution,  and 
order  to  make  savings,  I  have  the  losses  which  had  been  sustain- 
been  obliged  to  make  retrench-  ed  from  the  authorized  deprecia- 
ments;  many  branches  of  ex-  tion  of  the  imperial  paper-cur- 
penditure  have  been  diminished  rency;  they  manifested  a  strong 
half.  Doubtless  these  measures  desire  to  enforce  practically,  what 
have  displeased  many  persons ;  but  certainly  is  a  rule  of  their  consti- 
I  could  net  do  otherwise.  People  tution,  that  the  important  matters 
make  an  outcry,  yet  I  have  done  of  recruiting  and  taxation  should 
only  what  is  just.  Many  other  be  regulated  by  themselves ;  they 
changes  would  be  necessary,  but  still  shewed  that  the  bad  humours 
humanity  restrains  me.  As  for  produced  by  the  rather  haughty 
the  persons  in  office,  who  are  af-  tone  of  the  emperor's  answer  to 
fected  by  these  measures,  they  their  first  petition  of  grievances, 
shall  have  sufficient  to  live  upon,  had  not  yet  dispersed ;  t^nd  the 
Even  in  the  last  assembly  of  the  archduke  Palatine  still  found  it 


268]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

necessary  to  act  as  mediator  he*  sacred  and  hallowed  perscKi  called 

tween    tliem    and   bis    brother,  into  question^  but  black  thougliU 

Those  who  eould  see  in  the  con-  are  attributed  to  our  nature,  &0111 

duct  of  the  diet  only  the  plain  which    our    minds    recoQ    vwiih 

symptoms  of  incipient  rebellion^  horror." 

visited  them  with  unmeaning  abuse  The  eniperor^  in  his  answer, 

as  asserters  of  insurgent  doctrines^  assured  them  that  he  knew  per- 

and  inveidied  against  the  consti-  fectly  well  what  value  was  to  be 


tution  which  permitted  such  doings  set  upon  the  opinions  of  such 

among  any  part  of  the  subjects  of  lumniators,  and  that  from  him  tbejr 

his  imperial  majesty.     These  at«  received  the  contempt  they  deserv- 

tacks  may  have  been  directed  by  ed.    But^  remembering  at  the  i 

a  secret  hand^  to  excite  dislike  for  time^  that  legislative  bodies 


the  constitution  as  a  prelude  to  convoked  for  doing  business,  diat 
sujmressing  it>  for  the  proceedings  this  Hungarian  diet  had  been  sit- 
of  the  diet  had  been  too  serious  to  ting  four  months,  and  done  no- 
make   it    assailable    by  ridicule ;  thing,  and,  above  all,  that  it  bad 
but  this   was  the  only  side  on  done   nothing  for  the   doin^  of 
which  the  Hungarian  constitution  which  he  had  convoked  it,  "  be 
possessed  any  strength.     It  is  only  was  induced/'  he  said,   "  fay  his 
as  a  powerAil  oligarchy,  perfectly  confidence  in  the  sincerity  of  the 
able,  and  legitimately  entitled,  to  wishes  of  the  diet  for  the  public 
control  the  crown,  that  it  can  ever  weal,   to  add  a   few   woidsT  of 
be  of  any  use  to  Hun  wy :  in  no  advice.    '^  The  public  good,**  said 
other  way  can  it  be  ^Ivantageous  the  emperor,  '^requires  at  all  times, 
to  the  great  mass  of  the  popula-  but  particularly  in  our  days,  nc^ 
tion,  for  they  have  no  share  in  its  only  that  the  most  perfect  union  and 
constitution  or  deliberations,  and  reciprocal  confidence  should  exist 
it  has  its  full  quota  of  oHgarchi-  between  nations  and  their  princes, 
cal  vibes.    The  diet,  however,  is  but  also  that  they  should  be  openly 
proud    of    its    constitution,    and  evinced  in  the  most  unequivocal 
waxed  highly  wrath  that  it  should  manner.     With  a  heart  full  of  joy- 
be  abused  and  undervalued.     In  we  assembled,  last  autumn,  the 
an  address  of  congratulation  which  estates  of  the  kingdom  around  oar 
they  presented  to  the  emperor  upon  royal  throne ;  every  word  uttered 
his  birth-day,  they  said,   ^^  Your  by  us  on  the  presentation  of  the 
majesty   cannot    be    ignorant   in  royal     propositions,      sufficiently 
what  unworthy  colours  the  Hun-  shews  with  what  confidence  we 
garian  nation,  which  is  so  faithful  opened    this    diet      We    justly 
to  you,  has  been  represented  by  hoped  that  the  estates  of  the  king- 
the  calumniators  of  our  name  and  dom   would  profit  by  this  loi^ 
our  institutions.     These  enemies  desired   opportunity  to*  dedicate, 
of  all  legitimate  rule,  of  order,  of  under  the  protection  of  our  thirty- 
tranquimty,  and  of  aU  power  es-  four  years  experience,  their  activhj^ 
tablished  by  God,  dare  to  circulate  and  ardent    zeal    to  the  objects 
in    their  journals,   assertions,    in  judged  necessary  to  the  real 


which    our  ancient    constitution,  of    the    kingdom.       Have 

consecrated  by  so  many  centuries,  labours,    their  deliberations,  and 

is  treated  with  infamous  derision ;  the  result  of  them  up  to  this  time, 

fiot  only  is  ouf  fidelity  to  your  attained  the  end  of  our  wishei  and 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[269 


ocUr  hopes?  We  leave  it  to  the 
estates  themselyes  to  decide;  a 
father  has  a  right  to  put  this  ques- 
tion to  his  chiklren. 

"We  hope  that  these  words> 
proceeding  from  the  bottom  of  our 
heart,  will  attain,  where  they 
ought  to  have  their  full  force,  the 
object  which  our  benevoleirt  in« 
tentums  proposed.  We  have  spo- 
ken thus,  because  we  wish  to  have 
no  reproach  to  make  either  to 
oorself  or  our  kingdom.*' 

Austria  could  not  have  much 
upon  her  conscience  in  relation  to 
the  Slave-trade.  She  had  neither 
colonies  in  which  slaves  miffht  be 
employed,  nor  a  commercial  navy 
to  seek  gain  by  shipping  them  as 
a  profittmle  cargo.  Her  flag  was 
scs^rcdy  known  out  of  the  Medi- 
terranean: her  slavery  was  con- 
fined to  the  civilized  nations  of 
Europe ;  and  in  no  country  could 
the  slave-trade  be  more  safely  de- 
nounced with  a  certainty  of  injur- 
ing no  one  existing  interest.  In 
August,  an  imperial  decree  was 
issued,  which,  after  proudly  pro- 
claiming that  '^  every  slave  becomes 
firee  horn  the  moment  he  touches 
the  soil  of  Austria,  or  even  the 
deck  of  an  Austrian  ship,  and  the 
slave  of  a  foreigner  recovers  his 
liberty  the  instant  he  is  given  up, 
on  whatsoever  account,  to  an  Aus- 
trian subject,"  provided,  that  every 
Austrian  subject,  who  should  oppose 
any  obstacle  to  the  personal  liberty 
of  any  slave  conveyed  to  him,  or 
alienate  anew  any  slave  so  con- 
veyed, whether  in,  the  territories 
of  Austria,  or  elsewhere  —  also 
eveiy  captain  of  any  Austrian 
vessel,  who  should  chfia*ge  himself 
with  the  transportmg  of  slaves,  or 
directly  or  indirectly,  interpose  any 
Dbstade  to  the  enjoyment  of  per- 
sonal freedom,  acquired  by  such  as 
night  come  on  board  his  vessel—' 


of  the  public  peace,  and  be  punished 
vrith  close  imprisonment,  from  one 
to  five  years.     If  a  captain  of  an 
Austrian  vessel,  or  any  other  Aus- 
trian subject,  should  enrage  in  any 
continued  commerce  of  slaves,  or 
any  thing  relating  thereto,  the  pe- 
nalty was  to  be  augmented  to  im- 
prisonment for  ten  years,  and  where 
the  circumstances  were  aggravated, 
for  twenty  years.     Ill  usage  of  a 
lighter  charsicter  was  to  be  punished 
with  a  fine,  and  an  imprisonment 
varying  from  three  days  to  three 
months,  to  which,  in  cases  of  re- 
peated ofiences,  were  to  be  super- 
added  fastingandrigorous  seclusion. 
These  measures  proved  the  exist- 
ence of  good  dispositions,  indul^d 
without  the  sacrifice  of  any  m- 
terest,  or  the  conquering  of  any 
resistance.       They    were    chiefly 
directed  to  the  war  in  the  Levant 
between  Grreece  and  Turkey ;  they 
were  expressly  extended  to  prisoners 
of  war  who  had  fallen  mto  the 
hands  of  an  enemy  that  treated  its 
prisoners  as  slaves ;  and  goins  di- 
rectly, therefore,  to  prevent  Aus- 
trian vessels  from  beinff  employed 
to  transport  prisoners  of  war,  they 
were    the   first  symptoms  whidi 
Austria  had  displayed  of  looking 
with  one  eye,  at  least,  of  mercy 
upon  the  Greek   cause.     In  the 
dispute  between  Spain  and  Por- 
tugali  likewise,  she  shewed  a  wise 
and    pacific    disposition.      France 
was  unwilling  to  move  in  defence 
of   rebellion    against  legitimacy: 
Austria  herself,  Kussia,  and  Prussia, 
were  too  distant  firom  the  scene  to 
act  with  any  efiect :  Don  Pedro, 
whose  authority  was  attacked,  was 
the  emperor's  son-in-law,  and  the 
young  queen,  who  was  to  be  de- 
throned, was  the  emperor's  grand- 
daughter.    The  Austrian  cabinet, 
therefore,  very  wisely  kept  Don 
Miguel  quiet  at  Vienna,  while  the 

io^urgeot;  y(^xQ  ruQiupg  wild  ia 


270]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

Ins  name  on  tlio  finintiers  of  Pqf-  ficationt   of   diese   caatMamam, 

togai,  and  petfoaded  him  to  insme  anj  longer  hnpooiUey  and  find 

the  crown  by  accepting  it  with  a  the  governments  finm  niudi  of  the 

wriSby  rather  than  nA  its  lon^  and  odium  which  had  been  cast  upon 

his  own  destruction,  in  attempting  them,  except,  perhi^  the  omtnt 

to  grasp  it  by  rebellion  against  his  of  having  oontribiited  to  the  €oa« 

brother  and  his  nieee.  tinnance  and  the  growth  of  tins 

dangerous    ^irit  1^  ^eir  petti- 

In  pROasiA,  part  of  the  inquiries  nacious  reftisal  to  admit  kito  their 

whidi  it  had  been  found  necessary  political  institutions^  any  aprink- 

to  institute  into  die  practices  and  ling  d  public  opinion,  or  popular 

constitution  of  certain  secret  asBo-  forms.     In  the  month  c^  Maj,  the 

oiations   of   fismatical    fri^ds   of  inqiwes  regarding  a  society  moMd 

liberty^  were  brought  to  a  conelu-  "  The  Association  of.  the  Youths^" 

aion.    Almost  from  the  very  con-  were  terminated ;  and,  al  twenty- 

ckisaon  of  the  war,  the  notice  of  ei|[ht  members  of  it  who  had  beoi 

the  C^erman  courts  had  been  di-  seized,  eleven  were  oondenuied  to 

rected  to  these   mischievous   so-*  imprisonment  and  hard  labour  ftr 

deties,  composed  of  men,  or  rather  fifteen  years,    two  to  the    aaae 

of  raw  youths,  whose  only  Striking  punidmient  for  thirteoi  yean,  two 

qualities  were  hot-headedness,  an  lor  twelve  years,  and  twelve  fiir 

utter  ignorance  of  the  world  and  various  terms,  fhmi  eleten  dowa 

its  affidra,  an  unconquerable  attach-  to  two  years;  all  of  them  wcit 

ment  to  diimericai    schemes  for  deprived  of  the  national  oodcade, 

establiidung    what    they    called  and   honttaary   £stittetions ;    aad 


liberty,  and  deemed  an  ameUora-  tho^,  ivho  held  any  office^ 

tion  ii  the  condilion  of  mankind,  cashiered,  and  dedmred  ineaplUe 

and   no  small  disregard  for  the  of  being  employed  in  future.    At 

ordmary  rules  of  morality  in  the  the  head  of  these  intrigues,  so  hr 

Eursuit  of  their  projects.    For  a  aS  could  be  known  £rom  antheiitk 

me  time,  the  more  liberal,  but  sources,    was  the  Association  cf 

still  rational  thinkers  of  Europe,  Men,    whose    ramifications    were 

had    believed    these    plots  to  be  sidd  to  extend  beyond  Germany, 

imaginary,  or  that  they  were  at  and  to  be  connected  with  fiMtioB 

most  merely  the  pranks  of  a  set  of  in  other  cotmtries*     Immeffiately 

madcaps,  exaggerated  into  formid-  subject  to  it,  and  bound  by  an  oath 

able  conspiracies  by  the  fears  of  de-  of  unlimited  obedience,  even  to  the 

spotic  governments  who  felt  public  aatasaination  g{  enemies  of  the  As- 

opinion  tottering  beneath  them,  or  sedation,  was  the  AsBoeiation  of 

wilfully  misrepresented,  to  furnish  the  Youths,  the  members  of  which 

a  pretext  for  crushing  evenr  spark  were    scattered  diroushout  Ger- 

of  manly  freedom;  but  the  dis-  many.     This  Assodatien   fivided 

eoveries  effected  by  the  police,  year  Germany  into  twdve  elr^s,  and 

after  year,  the  investigations  now  i^pointed  a  chief  in  eadi.     Tkeie 

instituted  in  Prussia,  and  still  more  was  a  supreme  dnef,  l^  wheal, 

those  of  the  commisnon  appointed  and  some  others,  the  genemi  sfidrs 

to  inquire  into  the  conspiracy  which  were  Erected,  and  ute  cottneuon 

broke  out  in  St.  Petersburgh  on  with  the  Assockticm  of  the  Men 

the  death  of  the  emperor  of  ftussia,  was   conducted.     Its  olgeet  was, 

rendered  scepticism  either  as  to  the  to  overthrow  existing  rnstftotiwa^ 

existence^  the  objects,  or  the  rami^  asA  oaeita  imoMaH  mA  l«M« 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [271 

lian.    Hie  Biembers  were  trained   issued,  ditecdng,  that  every  one  6f 
to  aimsj  aiid  were  aibject  to  the    them  who  should  make  Umself 
csontrol    oi    unknown     superiors,    liable  to  puni^ment,   i^uM  be 
Immediately  under  this  were  the    expelled ;  mat  a  list  of  them  should 
Secret   Associations,    oter  which    be  returned  every  six  mon^^  to 
members  of   the    Association    of    the  royal  eommis^oner  over  the 
Youth  presided ;  bilt  the  mass  of    University,  to  be  by  him  coramu* 
tbeir   members  were  ignorant  of   nicated  to  the  Consistories,  pro- 
the  existence  of  the  Association.    Vineial  colleges,  and  other  public 
These  met  several  thnes  in  a  year,    bodies,  with  OTders  to  admit  no 
find  Germany  was  divided  by  them    person  contained  in  it  to  any  public 
into  ihree  main  divisions.    Under    employment,  or  to  the  examinations 
thefti  was  the  Burschenschaft,  and    which  it  might  be  necessary  to 
under  that, -the  reading  societies    undergo,  before  commencing  the 
and  dubs.     It  is  surprising  that    practice  of  a  profession.     The  de* 
the  jroung  men  who  entered  into    partments  of  justice  and  finance 
these  criimnal  assoeiaiions,  should,    were  likewise  to  be  shut  agailnst 
after  all  they  had  seeui  have  been  so    them. 
deaf  to  experience.    The  precau- 
tions whkh  had  so  long  saved  their        The  tmexpected  events  which  had 
Qniver8ity<K^lubs  from  mscovery  and    occurred  at  St.  Petersburgh  in  the 
destruction,  seemed  to  lose  their    endof  1825,  left  behind  them,  with- 
virtue  when  applied  to  these  more    in  a  few  days,  scarcely  any  trace  of 
dangmius  unions.     It  was  plain    their  existence,  except  what  Was 
from  their  history,  either  that  they    to  be  found  in  the  trials  and  pun- 
oonld  not  so  contrive  their  arrange-    i^nnent  of  the  conspirators.    A1- 
ments  as  to  exclude  spies  from  their    though  it  was  the  army,  the  most 
▼ery  bosom,  or  thieit  ammigst  their    formidable  foe  when  disaffected, 
members  some  were  always  to  be    and  when  faithful  the  only  trust- 
found,  wilHng,  when  imprisoned  on    worthy  support  of  absolute  power, 
suspicion,  to  make  their  peace  vrith    which  had  excited  the  revolt,  and 
government  by  reveaKng  whatever    dipped  its  hands  in  loyal  blood, 
was  known  to  them.     This  was  no    the  rebellious  movement  did  not 
doubt  perfectly  natural  in  associa^    extend  beyond  the  daring  attempt 
tions  so  widely  extended,  and  in-    made  at  St  Petersburgh  in  the 
eluding  so  many  varieties  of  head    north,  and  the  more  abortive  one 
and  h^urt,  especially  when  the  vo-    at  Kiev  in  the  southern  part  of 
latility  and  rashness  of  youth  and    the  empire.    The  rest  of  the  troops 
enthusiasm  combined  are  taken  into    submitted  peacefully  and  willingly 
account ;  but  the  almost  absolute    to  the  new  emperor  ;  the  resi^na- 
certainty  of  detection  was  unable    tion  of  Constantine,  from  what- 
to  crush  the  flame ;  and  the  young    ever  cause  it  might  have  originally 
men  stfll  continued  to  train  them-    proceeded,  whether  from  an  im- 
aelves,  by  unruly  aiid  seditious  con-    probable  disinclination  to  the  cares 
diict  at  the  univenaties,  for  found-    of  imperial  power,  or  a  reluctant 
ing  new  confederacies,  and  planning   assent  to  the  will  of  another,  was 
itew  rebellions.     At  Halle  the  be-    now  certain  and  final ;  and,  if  he 
faaviour  of  the  students  vras  so  bad,    possessed  the  power,   he  shewed 
that,  at  the  end  of  the  first  session    by  the  frankness  and  sincerity  of 
of  Ae  year,  an  ordonnance  was   Ins  conduct,  that  he  had  not  the 


272]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

indinatioii    to    excite    civil  war,  tlie  aide-de-camp,  general  Groljen 
by  acting  on  the  prejudices  of  the  istcheJBT;    Koutouaofi^  military  go 
people  in  favour  of  the   regular  vemor  <^  St.   Petersburg  ^    ibt 
order  of  succession.     The  throne  aides-de-camps,  generals  SenJAftii' 
of  Nicholas  seemed  to  be  as  iBrmly  dorff,  Lewaschen,  and  Patas0o£ 
rooted  as  if  he  had  been*  always        At  the  same  time  he  set  aboal 
destined  to  it  from  his  birth;  a  sup-  remedying  the  abuses,  which^  al^ 
pressed  revolt  only  gave  it^  as  it  though  they  neither  produced  noi 
always  does,  additional  security ;  justified  the  treasons  of  the  ooo^ 
his  character  was  respectable  and  spirators,   might  have  been,  used 
popular;   his  activity  in  business  by  them  to  excite  popular  disoGOi 
was  exemplary;  even  to  the  dis«  tent,  and  conceal  their  real  xao^ 
affected  nulitaiy,  the  intrepidity,  tives.     Negligence  in  the  execa-J 
the  coolness,  and  the  energy  of  lus  tion  of  the  laws,  and  corruptiaa 
conduct,   amid  the   tumults   and  in  the  administration  of  justke, 
dangers  of  the  25th  of  December,  were  widdy  difiused*     It  appear- 
were  powerful  reoommeiidations.  ed,  from  a  report  of  the  minister 
His  first  care  was,  to  acknow-  of  justice,  that  sixteen  drflfezent 
ledge  the  services  of  those  who  governments  of  the  empire  had 
haa  been  faithful  to  him ;    they  neglected  to  carry  into  execution 
were  liberally  rewarded  with  pro«  no  fewer  than  2,749  ulasesi,  ad- 
motions  and  titles  of  honour :    a  dressed  to  them  by  the  directing 
pension   was  eiven  to  the  rela-  senate  from  the  year  1822  to  1824, 
tions  of  generalMiloradovich,  who  of  which  660  were  for  the  goveni- 
had  fallen  in  his  defence.     The  ment  of  Kursk  alone.     The  ooin-> 
punishment  of  the  traitors  was  the  mittee  c^  the  ministry  immediately 
next  object.    It  was  a  good  sign  ordered  the  sixteen  governments 
of  the  government,  that,  far  from  to  be  severely  reprimanded,  to  be 
indulgmg,  from  the  fears  and  pro-  enjoined  to  carry  these  ukases  into 
vocation  of  the  moment,  in  indis-  execution  withm  the  term  of  t 
criminate  executions  and  proscrip-  year,  and  to  be  ordered  to  acoount 
tions,    it    proceeded    with    great  for  die  delay.     But,  Uie  resdution 
calmness  and  moderation,  regularly  of  the  committee  bdng  laid  befise 
to  ascertain  the  guilt  of  the  differ-  the  emperor,  his  majesty  allowed 
ent  criminals  by  an  investigation  only  three  months  for  the  execo- 
to  which  it  afterwards  gave  every  tion  of  ukases,  and  added,  that  it 
publicity.      There    was  policy  in  should  be  intimated  to  the  civil 
this,  as  weU  as  justice ;  it  was  de^  governor  of  Kursk,   that,   if  he 
sirable   to   reacb    the    conspiracy  should  be  guilty  of  such  irregukr- 
throughout  its  minutest  ramifica-  ities  in  future,  he  would  be  fSfh 
tions,   and  not  to  cut  ofi^  by  an  secuted  before  the  criminal  oonrU 
over-hasty  zeal   to    punish,    any  Nothing  could  show  more  deaify 
probable    sources     of   important  the  he^lessness  of   the  demotic 
mformation.     A  special  commis-  head  of  an  extensive  empire,  thaa 
sion  of  inquiry  was  appointed  in  that  so  many  ordinances  of  AIe»> 
January  for  the  trial  of  the  rebels,  ander  for  the  good  of  his  sulj^edlr 
It  consisted  of   the  grand  duke  or  the  interests  of  his  autfaori^ 
Michael,  the  minister  at  War,  ge-  shoiild  have  been  l3ring  disobof^ 
neral  Talistdieff,  president ;   the  and  disregarded  in  the  autbabii 
priv7  (Councillors  pnnce  Callitzin ;  tli^  very  cA^ers  to  whoo^  WF 


klSTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[273 


eacecution  had  been  iDtnisted^  with- 
out either  he  or  his  ministers  hav- 
ing any  Imowledge  of  the  fact. 
Instinctions  were  likewise  issued, 
enjoining  the  civil  governors  of  the 
empire  to  demand  of  all  judicial 
tribunals  within  their  respective 
{provinces  the  most  prompt  decision 
of  causes  pending  before  them, 
whether  civU  or  criminal,  and  es- 
pecially of  criminal  prosecutions 
afiecting  the  life  of  Uie  accused. 
The  governor  of  Smolensko,  against 
mrhom  loud  complaints  of  negli- 
gence were  made,  was  reprimanded 
lor  the  dilatoriness  which  existed 
in  the  proceedings  of  the  courts  of 
that  province;  and  the  attomies- 
general  of  the  different  govern- 
ments were  specially  charged  tp 
watch  over  the  strict  execution  of 
the  imperial  will,  and  to  report 
to  the  minister  of  justice  every 
instance  which  might  occur  of  neg- 
ligence in  a  judge.  An  abstract 
of  these  reports  to  be  communi- 
cated every  month  to  the  emperor 
himself. 

The  empress  Elizabeth  had  been 
with  the  emperor  when  he  died, 
and  she  did  not  long  survive  him. 
A  chronic  disease  had,  for  many 
years,  been  undermining  her  health, 
and  the  physicians  had  advised  a 
journey  into  the  south  of  the  em- 
pire, in  the  hope  of  effecting  a 
cure  which  was  deemed  impossi- 
ble in  the  climate  of  St.  Peters- 
burgh.  The  change  of  air  seemed 
to  produce  a  favourable  effect,  but 
it  was  fatally  counteracted  by  the 
illness  and  death  of  Alexander, 
over  whom  ~  she  watched  to  the 
last  with  exemplary  solicitude  and 
assiduity.  From  that  moment 
she  felt  that  death  was  approach- 
ing herself.  Having  set  out 
from  Taganrog  to  join  the  empress 
mother  at  Kmouga,  her  disease 
evidently  increasea  at  every  stage ; 

VoiN  LXVIII. 


but  she  persisted  in  continuing 
her  journey,  contrary  to  the  re- 
monstrances of  her  physician,  and 
her  suite.  Her  situation  became 
so  alarmihg,  that  an  express  was 
sent  to  the  empress  mother,  who 
had  already  arrived  at  KaJouga, 
acquainting  her  with  the  dan»3r, 
and  requesting  her  to  come  to  Be- 
lefi^  a  town  between  Kalouga  and 
Orel,  the  empress  hans  unable  to 
proceed  further.  The  former  im- 
mediately set  out ;  but  before  she 
could,  arrive  at  Bdeff,  the  empress 
had  expired  on  the  l6th  of  May. 

Insurrections  have  been  produc-i 
ed  in  our  West-Indian  colonies,  by 
the  negroes  being  imbued  with  a 
belief,  that  government  had  de- 
creed their  emancipation,  and  that 
they  were  deprived  of  its  benefits 
by  their  owners  suppressing  the 
fact  A  similar  behef  had  gone 
abroad  among  the  serfs  and  pea- 
sants of  Russia,  although  it  dis« 
played  itself  as  yet  only  in  mur- 
murs and  petitions.  Alexander 
had  abolished  the  personal  servi- 
tude of  the  peasants  of  the  crown, 
and,  with  the  consent  of  the  great- 
er part  of  the  land-owners,  had 
extended  the  benefit  of  the  mea- 
sure to  the  peasantry  of  the  Ger- 
man provinces  of  the  empire, 
Livonia,  Esthonia,  and  Courland. 
But  the  same  freedom  could  not 
be  used  with  the  less  enlightened 
proprietors  of  old  Russia :  to  have 
emancipated  their  serfs  would  have 
been  to  injure  too  many  interests, 
or  rather,  to  wound  too  many  pre- 
judices, which  the  emperor  found 
it  necessary  to  respect.  He  was 
compelled,  therefore,  to  rest  satis- 
fied with  preparing  the  way  for 
such  a  measure,  and,  as  one  im- 
portant step,  he  had  prohibited  the 
proprietors  from  makins  a  traffic  of 
their  serfs,  whom  they  had  hither- 
to been  in  the  habit  of  selling  like 


2H]     ANNUAl.   REGISTER,    1826. 


cattle:   they  mi^lit  be  sold  witli 
tbe  estate  to  which  they  belonged, 
but  they  were  no  longer  to  be 
handed  over  from  master  to  master, 
as  femdng  of  themselTes  spi  article 
of  commerce.     The  peamtts  natu- 
rally thought  that,  where  this  had 
been  granted,  more  was  intended ; 
they  ¥rished  to  be  placed  on  the 
same  footing  with  their  brethren 
in  the  Otrtnan  provinces;    they 
were  misled,  perhaps,  by  political 
agitators,  for  a  much  worse  pur- 
pose; and  they  as9erted  that  an 
ulaise;^   decreeing  their    complete 
emancipation,  had  beeu  prevented 
only  by  the  sudden  death  of  Alex- 
ander.    These  feelings  and  ideas 
daily  gained  ground ;  the  peasants 
on  the  crown  lands  believed  that 
thor  had  been  released  from  taxes 
which  were  still  exacted  from  them, 
and    the    peasants   of   the  land- 
owners, that  they  were  freed  from 
absolute  obedience  to  the  will  of 
their  lords.    Numerous  petitions, 
fbunded  upon  these  suppositions, 
were  addressed  to  Nicholas;  and 
just  about  the  time  when  the  in- 
vestigations of  the  cominission  of 
inqmrv  into  the  plot  of  December 
had  discovered  a  perseverance  and 
extent  of  conspiracy  to  which  such 
a  spirit  in  the  peasantnr  would 
have  been  a  most  use^  aUy,  a 
decr^  was  issued,  correcting  the 
errors  of  the  peasantry  upon  both 
points,     ascribing    them    to    the 
machinations  of  seditious  and  evil- 
disposed  persons,  but  threatening, 
if  they  were  acted  on,  to  punish 
with  the  whole  rigour  of  the  law. 
An  further  petitioning  on  such  mat- 
ters was  prohibited;  and  it  was  or- 
dered, that  the  authors  of  such  peti- 
tions should  be  delivered  over  to  the 
tribunals,  and  severely  punished,  as 
disturbers  of  the  public  tranquillity. 
It  was  ahar  A  measure  to  punish  sub- 
jects for  addressing  peaceaWc  peti-. 


tions  to  their  sovereiga ;  but  expec- 
tations would  havebeen  entertained, 
and  the  assertiona  of  the  peasantry 
would  have  been  thou^it  to  be 
acquiesced  In,  so  long  as  petitioDS 
were  received  without  eensue. 
To  crush  all  hope,  and  repress 
every  expression  of  discontented 
feelmg  was,  at  the  moment,  the 
poHcv  of  the  government. 

Aner  an  investigation,  whidi 
lasted  nearly  five  months,  the  con- 
mission  of  inquiry  into  the  ooa- 
spiracy  which  had  led  to  the  events 
of  the  26th  December,  terminated 
its  labours ;  and,  in  a  long  report, 
developed  the  orfg^,  the  constitu- 
tion, and  the  objects  of  the  secret 
societies  in  which  the  conspiracy 
had  originated.  This  repent  was 
founded  almost  entirely  on  docu- 
ments belonging  to  these  societies 
themselves^  and  on  the  evidence 
and  confessions  of  the  accused,  who 
seem  aQ  to  have  been  wiHing  to  re- 
veal every  thing  they  Icnew.  The 
first  idea  of  such  associations  had 
been  imported  by  some  youn|^  raih- 
tanr  men  in  1814  and  1815«  who 
haa  become  acquainted  with  theai 
as  they  existed  in  Germany,  and 
who,  believing  in  their  infalli- 
ble tendency  to  create  liberty 
and  happiness^  had  resolved  to 
transport  them  into  Itussia.  The 
first  persons  who  proposed  the 
plan  were  Alexander  Mvuaviev,  a 
c^tain  on  half-pay,  captain  Nikita 
Muravicv,  and  colonel  prince 
Trubetsky.  These  orinnal  oon- 
spirators  were  soon  joined  by  othersy 
aJmost  aH  officers  of  disbanacd  regi- 
ments ;  and  they  proceeded  to  or- 
^nize  the  first  secret  association, 
under  the  name  of  ^  The  Unana  of 
Safety,  or,  the  true  and  faithful 
Sons  of  the  Country."  Thk  so- 
ciety included  three  clasaei^  that 
of  or^ihren,  that  of  men^  and  that 

of  boyars.    Yxm,  tb^  laai  chi^ 


\ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [m 

to  the  oth^  two>  were  nend  Orlovi   wbo  was  emj^ojred 

evtry  numth  tho  elders  said  abiig  witk  Ccunt  Mamonovi  and 

£ftclQCt^    natnelgr   the    prosideiit^  the   counsellor  of  State^    Nicolas 

tfae  soperinieodenl^  and  the  sed^  Turauenavj   m  the  formation  ot 

ttfiy.    The  admission  of  members  aaothei^  soeietyi  which  was  to  beai: 


aoooiopaiiied  with  Solemn  te^  the  title  of  the  Russian  Knight8» 
The  candidates  took  im  Mi^-general  Midiol  Orkvj  and 
9tA.  to  presenre  secrcsy  in  e^ray  Alexander  Muraviev^  tried  to  ef- 
thiag  tkat  diould  be  confided  to  feet  a  junction  of  their  reactive 
tixm^  e^n  when  th^  opidians  sodetiiesj  but  they  could  not  agree 
ihEKild  not  agree  witii  those  of  the  Upon  the  terms  of  the  BnioH«  The 
■nety ;  they  bound  themselTes  to  piail  failed^  and  an  a880ciation>  of 
pneeed  towards  the  object  of  thm  which  the  general  had  oene^ited 
lUBon,  and  to  submit  to  the  deci«  an  ided^  nranelyj  to  prerent  the 
aoa  of  tlie  mipreme  council  of  ereetkm  of  a  kingdom  i«  Pelandi 
lnjir%  althooglt  the  boyars  were  was  liet  formed*  The  original  6o« 
f9  nanin  unknown  to  ^  the  in«  ciety  tnade  no  prof^ress^  Som6  of 
^fidnala  of  the  inferior  dnses^  its  members^  partieularly  one  Pe8« 
At  this  dflsCy  die  socirty  colisisted  tel^  lefl  Petejfsburg ;  others  disco^ 
<i  Alcaomder^  Nikita^  Setg,  and  vered  inconsutenoy  in  its  View^^ 
Mat^w  MunwiBV^  Prince  Serg  and  inconVcniettcies  in  its  laws^ 
Tnbet^$  Noviko?  (formerly  Others  again>  and  espeoaUy  thoSe 
Asolor  of  the  office  of  goremor*  who  had  simply  cioDsented  to  inn 
ffoenl  of  little  Rdsda)^  Michael  temke  with  the  Vtaxm  of  S^ty^ 
Lsanine^  and  thitie  other  members^  required  ^at  the  society  shouM 
vho  sofase^oently  aibandoned  it  at  Ihaoit  itself  to  aetiiig  doWly  on  the 
^fecnt  period!^  and  btidie  off  all  public  mind^  that  it  ^uM  thange 
anesion  with  thi^  nior«  tftddttt  its  statutes^  Whidt  hsid  for  theit 
eoflcagncB.  Its  object,  from  the  basLs  the  priticiple  of  Wild  obedl^ 
^K^bmng,  was  a  change  in  the  cnce>  and  the  employment  of  tkvi 
otttitif  institntioRS  of  the  empht^.  lent  means^  and  that  it  l^ould 
Ml  weiv  the  onailimoas  declara*  adopt,  in  place  of  them,  relations 
UflDsofAleMnder^  8^,  Matthew,  to  be  drawn  prmcipally  &om  the 
nd  N&sta  Hms^^ks^,  a»  well  as  code  of  the  German  Tugend^Bund, 
^«d.  Prince  Trubetsky  i^rm-r  or  ass6ciatioh  of  virtue.  The  pri- 
eititse,  »WM&of  the  WiSi^Hi^se  imd  mitive  members  of  the  society  op 
toaenty  of  ihek  enterpiise,  they  p^sed  the  attetation  for  a  long 
<iiBaased  at  thoir  meetings  the  l^e }  and  it  was  dtoiiig  the  dett^ 
iiem»  e^  ptomoting  the  gbod  ef  berations  upoii  this  subject  that, 
thb  cftimry,  and  of  fartht?ririg  in  1817,  the  assassination  of  the 
tl»  stseonp^ments  €^  e^et^  tfs^*  emperor  Alexande*  was  first 
W  dMi^.  Their  principal  object  broadied^  and  that  too  upon  sup- 
^m  to  ^crease  iht  iiyttt  of  their  positiona  which  tdmost  implied 
ssriety  by  ^e  ^nisidon  (if  ftew  frcni^  in  those  who  entcrtdiHed 
nwalters,  whose  tj^efit^and  tttbttl  them.  One  of  the  members  had 
fftliiSes  were  \o  be  stfppertei  uj^on  receired  ^  letter  from  Troubetskyy 
M  tesdmony,  «  a  q[«alificfefioti  announcki^  ^t  ^e  empettk  had 
^«f  thdr  adttdMott.  In  Ihc^iiieaft  the  intentton  of  vcstofii^  to  Vg» 
taifr  tii^  aeftftia  fhe  tecettteh  df  land  fifi  ite  ttoti«w«8  ct)ftque*cd 
Ml  VakucBtme',    afld   m\^i^^s^  b^  ftcissia,  9m  thit^  fboeseni^  4& 

[T2] 


276]     ANNtJAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


tiie  p«rt  of  the  Russians,  discon- 
tent and  oppoffltion,  he  intended  to 
retire  to  Warsaw  with  his  court, 
and  leave  the  country  a  prey  to 
anarchy.  This  intdligence,  of 
which  the  conspirators  themselves 
acknowledged  die  absurdity,  pro- 
duced upon  them  an  effect  scarcely 
credible.  They  cried  out  that 
an  attempt  upon  the  life  of  the 
emperor  had  become  an  object  of 
urffent  necessity.  Prince  Theodore 
S(£akousky  proposed  not  to  delay 
the  execution  of  it  longer  than  the 
day  on  which  his  regiment  was 
to  mount  guard.  They  even  wished 
to  draw  lots  who  should  be  the  as- 
sassin, when,  excited  by  the  agita- 
tion of  his  companions,  and  in- 
flamed hy  their  discourses,  Yakouch- 
Idne  offered  his  arm  for  regicide. 
Even  in  his  madness  he  seemed  to 
feel  the  enormity  of  the  crime 
which  he  meditated.  "  Fate," 
said  he,  *'  has  marked  me  for  its 
victim.  Having  become  a  criminal, 
I  shall  no  longer  be  able  to  live. 
I  shall  strike  the  blow  first,  and 
then  kill  myself."  The  proposal, 
however,  was  at  that  time  carried 
no  further;  1)ecause  they  were  con- 
vinced that  the  crime  would  be 
useless,  and  Yakouchkine,  who 
seems  to  have  been  really  mad, 
broke  off  all  connexion  with  the 
society. 

The  association  having  hitherto 
enjoyed  so  little  prosperity,  changed 
its  name  into  that  of  "  The  Umon 
of  the  Public  Weal,",  and  adopted 
a  new  constitutbn,  and  new  regu- 
lations. By  the  first  part  of  these 
r^ulations  the  members  declared 
that  they  entertained  no  intentions 
of  injuring  government,  and  that 
they  pursued  their  labours  in  secret 
only  to  avoid  the  perverted  con- 
structions of  malevolence  and  ha- 
tred. The  members  were  divided 
»to  four  classes.    The  first  had 


for  its    object  philanthropy   and 
beneficence,   public  and    piivate. 
The  second  had  fisr  its  object,  in- 
tellectual and  moral  education,  the 
establishment  of  schools,  pardcu- 
larly  on  the  Lancasterian  system, 
and,  in  eeneral,  co-operation  in-the 
instruction    of   youth.      To    the 
members  of  this  section  was  con- 
fided the  inspection  of  aU  schools. 
The  third  had  for  its  object,  to 
watch  over  the  proceedings  of  the 
tribunals.      Its    members    bound 
themselves  not  to  refuse  any  iudi- 
cial  appointment  that  shouia  be 
offered,  to  fulfil  their  duties  with 
zeal  and  exactness,  to  oicouiage 
persons  of  integrity  employed  about 
the  tribunals,  and  to  denounce  to 
the  government  those  who  betrayed 
their  trust.    The  members  of  the 
fourth  class  were  to  devote  them- 
sdves  to  political  economy,  to  en- 
courage, industry,    to  consolidate 
public  credit,  and  to  oppose  mono- 
polies.   The  interior  omnisatioo 
of  the  society  was  as  follows  :— 
Its  founders  were  to  form  the  cen- 
tral union.     From  this  union  was 
drawn  the  central  council,  com- 
posed of  a  president  and  four  atees- 
sors.    When  the  members  of  the 
central  union  joined  this  council, 
the  assembly  took  the  name  of  the 
Central  Direction.      The  psattal 
council  exercised  the  executive,  and 
the  central  direction  the  l^islative, 
power.     The  direction  had,  be- 
sides, the  power  of  nominaring  a 
temporary  chamber  of  l^islatiOD 
to  examine,  explain,  and  cosapLeto, 
the  laws  of  the  union  withoot 
changing  their  oUect    Thus  the 
whole  authority  of  the  society,  and 
the  power  of  directing  it  towards 
any  object,  was   wielded  hj  its 
founders,  members  of  the  oimaa^ 
association.     It  belonged  tottien 
to  receive  new  inemb^  by  estab- 
Ushing  each  a  directioot    Tbm 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[277 


directions  were  called  efiective> 
secondary,  and  principal.  They 
took  the  title  of  effective  directions, 
as  soon  as  they  were  composed  of 
ten  members.  Every  effective  di- 
rection could  establish  a  secondary 
one,  which  had  no  relation  but 
with  it.  But  if  the  secondary 
direction  established,  in  its  turn, 
another  composed  of  ten  members, 
it  became  independent  of  its  found- 
er. The  title  of  principal  direction 
was  given  to  those  which  had  esta- 
blished three  free  societies.  The 
principal  direction  had  the  prero- 
gative of  receiving  the  second  part 
of  the  regulations.  In  every  di- 
rection there  was  elected  a  council, 
composed  of  an  overseer  or  two 
chiefs,  according  as  the  direction 
consisted  of  ten  or  twenty  mem- 
bers. All  afiairs,  both  in  the  di- 
rections and  central  union,  were 
decided  by  a  plurality  of  votes. 
The  names  of  the  members  who 
had  merited  well  of  tfie  union  were 
inscribed  in  a  book  of  honour,  and 
those  who  had  been  expelled,  in  a 
book  of  ignominy.  They  had  the 
right  of  leaving  the  union,  but 
were  bound  to  secresy  on  every 
thing  which  they  had  learnt 
while  in  it.  There  was  no  parti- 
cular ceremony  of  admission.  The 
new  member  put  in  a  written  de- 
claration, which  was  afterwards 
burnt  without  his  knowledge. 
Cvery  member  was  bound  to  give 
to  the  treasury  the  twenty-fifth 
part  of  his  annual  income ;  but  this 
regulation  was  so  little  observed, 
that  only  five  thousand  roubles 
were  coUected  in  all,  and  these 
were  spent  for  purposes  uncon- 
nected with  the  objects  of  the 
society. 

Such  was  the  character,  and 
such  were  the  ostensible  objects  of 
the  first  part  of  the  regulations  of 
^  society.    But  these  were,  so 


to  speak,  pnly  the  doctrines  of  the 
exoteric  school ;  there  was  an  es- 
oteric school,  into  which  only  the 
more  select  conspirators  were  ad- 
mitted, and  in  which  their  practi- 
cal political  schemes  for  the  rege« 
neration  of  Russia  were  discussed, 
almost  every  conceivable  plan  of 
reform  being  proposed,  and  no 
distinct  course  ever  resolved  upon 
or  adopted.  Some  wished  to  es« 
tablish  a  government,  in  which  the 
supreme  authority  should  be  con- 
centrated in  a  triumvirate,  of 
which  they  flattered  themselves 
they  would  make  a  part:  others 
intended  to  divide  Russia  into 
several  independent  administra- 
tions, united  by  a  federal  bond,  to 
be  called  states,  of  which  they 
hoped  they  would  be  constituted 
the  heads :  others  dreamed  of  de- 
taching different  provinces  of  the 
empire,  either  to  give  them  com- 
plete independence,  or  to  cede 
them  to  neighbouring  powers: 
and  others  stSl  were  willing  to 
retain  monarchy,  transferring  the 
crown  from  Alexander,  to  his 
wife  the  empress  Elizabeth.  There 
was  no  unity  of  sentiment  or  de- 
sign, no  steadiness  of  purpose: 
what  had  been  unanimously  agreed 
to  was  frequently  unanimously 
altered  a  few  hours  afterwards. 
The  assassination  of  the  emperor 
was  again  spoken  of,  and  steps 
towards  its  perpetration  were  ac- 
tually taken ;  but  whether  by  the 
mad  zeal  of  individuals,  or  in  ex- 
ecution of  resolutions  of  the  whole 
body,  was  very  doubtful.  In  1S23, 
two  members  went  for  that  pur- 
pose to  Bobronisk,  through  which 
the  emperor  was  to  pass,  but  the 
non-appearance  of  their  accom- 
plices discouraged  them  from^ 
making  the  attempt.  In  1825,  it 
was  once  more  resolved  upon:  a 
man  who  had  been  loaded  witl^ 


278]    ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

favouw  by  tbe  empcrw,  streno-  oaih  of  fidelity  to  a  new  vmmgn, 
ouAj  manifested  an  eager  desii©  to  and  to  new  laws ;  but  that  all 
be  the  assaasin,  o^ectmg  to  all  was  irreporabljr  lost"  The  in- 
delay ;  and  it  waa  decided  that  the  telligence,  however,  that  the  grand 
regicide«  ihould  proceed  to  Tagan-  duke  Constantine  per^sted  in  h» 
Tog,  where  his  imperial  majesty  refusal  of  the  crown,  garc  freA 
resided :  but,  upon  further  de-  Kfe  to  the  hopes  of  the  cmsfm- 
liberation,  it  was  agreed  to  delay  trars:  they  flattered  thcmselTes 
the  enterprise  till  tiie  month  of  that  thqr  could  deceire  the  tzoops 
May,  1 82(),  when  the  consprati^  and  the  people,  by  persuading  them 
supposed  he  would  review  the  that  the  grand  duke  never  had 
troops  in  the  neighbouAood  of  renounced  the  crown,  and,  nnder 
Bela  Tserkoff.  In  the  autumn,  this  pretext,  excite  them  to  over-. 
too,  of  1825,  another  conspirator  turn  the  government.  The  fee- 
arrived  at  Petersburgh,  from  the  tion  was  then  to  take  advant^e 
extremities  of  Russia,  and,  having  of  the  confbsion,  to  establish  a 
been  affiliated  in  the  northern  as-  provisional  government,  whidi 
sociation,  offered  his  arm  to  assas-  should  order  diambers  to  be  ferm« 
sinate  the  emperor,  ed  throughout  the  provinces  for 
It  is  impossible  to  conjecture  the  election  of  deputies.  Two 
what  might  have  happened,  if  legislative  chambers  were  to  be 
Alexander  had  lived  to  review  his  instituted,  the  highest  to  be  corn- 
troops  at  Taganrog,  where  such  posed  of  permanent  members. 
discoveries  had  already  been  made  They  were  next  to  proceed  to 
fo  the  emperor  of  the  machina-  form  provincial  chambers,  which 
tions  that  were  going  on,  as  led  to  were  to  have  a  local  legislation ; 
the  immediate  adoption  of  mea-  to  convert  the  military  colonie 
sures  of  precaution,  and  gave  the  into  a  national  guard ;  and  place 
first  information  of  the  plot  to  the  the  citadel  of  St*  Petersburg  in 
government  at  St.  Petersburg,  the  hands  of  the  municipality. 
His  unexpected  death,  however,  According  to  another  plan,  de- 
took  them  altogether  unprepared,  velopcd  by  Batenkov,  the  con^- 
and.  Joined  to  the  knowledge  that  rators  were  to  separate,  some  joo- 
part  of  the  plot  had  been  already  claiming  the  grand  duke  Constan- 
detected,  induced  them  to  act  tine,  and  others  Nicholas ;  and  if 
rashly,  in  the  hope  that  the  con-  the  majority  should  be  in  favour 
fusion  of  the  moment  might  sup-  of  the  former,  the  latter  was  either 
ply  the  want  of  means  and  fore-  to  have  consented  to  the  re-model- 
sight.  The  submission  of  Con-  ling  of  the  public  institutions,  and 
stantine  deprived  them  of  one  to  the  establishment  of  a  provi- 
great  hold  upon  the  array.  Baten-  sional  government,  or  to  have 
kov,  who,  when  the  attempt  was  postponed  his  accession  to  the 
actually  made,  was  one  of  the  firdt  throne ;  and  then  the  conspirators, 
to  desert  his  party,  exclaimed —  declaring  such  postponement  to  be 
*'  That  the  opportunity  which  they  an  abdication,  were  to  have  pro- 
had  suffered  to  escape  would  not  claimed  the  grand  duke  Alexan- 
Ttcar  in  fifty  years;  that  if  there  der,  his  son,  as  emperor.  Baten- 
had  been  any  wise  heads  in  the  kov  assumed  that,  at  the  moment 
c^nncil  of  state,  Russia  would,  at  of  this  revolutionary  explosion,  an 
tfiirt  moment,  have  been  taking  an  attempt  would  be  maae  dgjunst 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  [279 

the  Hfe  tt  Mfeholas,  and  Itteliet  It  wm  ddddad  tli4t  tli«fr  Alrf 
embracing  Kahoraky,  saidtohim^  should  go  the  following  day  to  the 
^'  Mv  dear  friend,  you  are  alone  flenate-honse,  and  head  the  troops 
in  the  world ;  you  ought  to  sacri.  who  pefuucd  to  take  the  oath;  but 
fice  yourself  for  the  sake  of  so-  the  two  csaptains.  who  were  to 
ciety:  assassinate  tha  emperor."'  command  under  his  otders,  con* 
At  the  same  instant  the  other  con*  trived  to  be  alxient ;  the  one,  be* 
splrators  embraced  him,  and  he  cause,  having  becni  but  newly 
riromised  to  do  it.  He  was  to  initiated  into  the  conspiracSy,  he 
lave  gahied  access  to  the  palace,  did  not  thoroughly  understand  its 
tf^gmsed  as  an  officer  of  grena-  object  •  the  other,  because  he  sus« 
dSers,  or  to  have  waited  on  one  of  pected  the  majokity  of  the  leaders, 
the  steps  which  his  majesty  Was  Of  the  principal  oonq^irators  who 
to  have  passed ;  but  he  discoveiied  were  to  haVe  app«u:ed  at  the  ren- 
subsequently  that  the  project  was  de^vous  to  take  the  command  of 
not  feasible,  and  the  conspirators  the  troops,  Bulatov  presented 
concurred  in  his  opinion.  himself  merely  as   a    spectator; 

It  was  known  that  the  manifesto    Yakubovitch  did   not  remain  an 
of  the  emperor  Nicholas  on  his    instant;    and    prince    Trubetsky 
accession  to  the  throne  would  ap-    hastened    to    take   the   oath    to 
pear  on  the  26th  of  December,    Nicholas,  thus  hoping  to  effiuse  a 
and  that  day  was  fixed  upon  by    part  of  his  crime;  and  then  fled 
the  conspirators  for  the  out-break*    to  the  Austrian  minister,  his  wife's 
Ing  of  the  revolt ;  trusting,  not-    brother-in-law,  where  count  Nes* 
withstanding  their  want  of  con-    selrode  claimed  him  by  order  of 
cert,  that  their  own  military  in-    the  emperor.    Batenkoff  followed 
fluence,  and  the  name  of  Constan-    his  example.    The  inferior  traitors 
tine,   the  legitimate  heir  of   the    behaved  with  greater  coura^,  and, 
throne,  whose  refusal  of  the  crown    at  least,  did  not  betray  then:  cause, 
was  to  be  represented  as  a  false-    wicked  and  impracticable  as  it  was, 
hood,  or  as  the  effect  of  compul-    in  the  moment  of  danger.     Eie- 
sion,  would  seduce  the  soldiery  in    licv  had  succeeded  in  seducing  the 
the  critical    moment  when    they    officers   in    the  marine  barracks, 
were  about  to  take  the  oath   to    who,  after  a  long  resistance,  de- 
Nicholas.     Even  on  the  25th  they    termined  to  take  part  in  the  in- 
were  sanguine  as  to  their  success,    surrection ;    and  the  saQors,   led 
Baron  Steinbell  had  already  be-    away  by  them,  refused  to  take  the 
gun  a  manifesto,  announcing  that    oath.    General  Schipo,  who  had 
the  two  grand-dukes  hod  siven  up    been  commissioned  to  administer  it, 
to  a  noble  band  of  patriots  the    placed  the  officers  under  arrest; 
nomination  of  a  sovereign;    that    but  they  were  speedily  liberated 
the  senate  had  ordered  a  general    by  the   conspirators,   exclaiming, 
convocation  of  the  deputies  of  the    "  Do  you  hear  those  vollies  ?  your 
empire;  and  that  in  the  interval    comrades  are   being  massacred T' 
theore  was  to  be  a  provisional  go-    At    these    words,    the   battalion 
vemment.      As  the  moment  ap-    darted  from  the  barracks,  and  met 
proaohed,  the  greater  number  of   with  a  lieutenant  of  the  regiment 
the  conspirators  exhibited    iropa-    of  Finland,  who  cried  out  to  them, 
tience,  and  their  leaders  betrayed    **  Form  against  the  cavalry." 
irresolution,    remorse,    and   fear.       Prince  Stcbapine,  after  having 


290]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

encouraged  lis  soldiers,   directed  revolt  in  ihe  fiouthern  pnmiitti^ 
them  to  fill  their  cartouche-hoxes  were  arrested  in  consequence  of 
and  load    their  arms  with    hall  the   discoveries   which  had   been. 
cartridge,'  to  seize  the  grenadiers'  made  even  hefore  the   death  of 
flag,  and  to  drive  hack  the  troops  Alexander.    Some  disturbance  was 
who  remained  faithful.     In  doing  excited  at  Vossilkov,  hy  the  brt>- 
ihis,    general   Fredericlcs,  major-  thers   Muraviev,    who    foim   the 
genenu  Schenschin,    and   several  begmning  had  been  active  in  die 
other  officers  were  wounded.    The  conspiracy ;    escaping  from    their 
rebels  succeeded    in  ^  seizing  the  prison,  and,  in  conjunction  with 
flag,  and  moved  towards  the  senate  some  other  officers,  endeavouri^ 
house.     Yet  this  traitor  Stchapine,  to  seduce  the  military,  instead  S 
notwithstanding  his  conJuct  in  the  seeking  safety  in  flight.     The  mu- 
barracks,  in  the  morning  when  he  tiny  was  immediately  quelled  If 
rose  had  addressed  the  following  a  detachment  of  hussars :  the  con- 
prayer  to  God : — "  Oh  God  !    u  spirators  being  given  up  by  thdr 
our  enterprise  is  just,   grant   us  men,  or  killed  in  the  action, 
thy  support ;  if  not,  may  thy  will  Such  was  the  substance  of  the 
be  accomplished."     Nearly  similar  information     collected    from    the 
means  caused  the  revolt  of  the  papery  and  evidence  of  the  oon- 
guard  of  grenadiers,  who  united  spirators  themselves  regarding  die 
themselves  to  the  companies  se-  character,  the  constitution,  the  ob- 
duced  by  prince  Stchapine ;  and  jects,  and  the  proceedings,  of  these 
many  persons  armed    indiscrimi-  traitorous  associadons,  from  their 
nately  with  pistols,  poignards,  and  first  institution  in  1816  down  to 
sabres,  mixed  in  their  ranks.     But  their  first  open  attempt  at  revolt  in 
the  fidelity  of  the  great  body  of  1825.     The  success  with   whidi 
the   troops    in   Petersburgh,    the  they  were  concealed  for  ten  years, 
energedc    measures    immediately  gradually  augmenting  their  nuni' 
adopted  by  those  at  their  head,  hers,  and  extending  their  ramifica- 
and  the  intrepidity  and  presence  tions,   exposed  all  the  time  to  a 
of  mind  of  the  new  emperor  him-  strict  and  acdve  vigilance,  would 
self,  instandy  crushed  the  moment-  lead  us  to  think  that  their  mem- 
ary  success  of  ihe  mutineers ;  they  hers  must  have  been  persons  of  no 
had  no  longer  a  plan  or  leaders,  ordinary  tact  and  prudence  ;  were 
and  any  farther  struggles   were  it  not,  that  the  consuming  of  these 
the    mere    eflbrts    of    individual  ten  years,  without  having  formed 
frenzy  or  despair.     A  conspirator  even  the  rudiments  of  any  feasible 
named  Kahovsky,    who  mortally  plan — the  fantasdcal  arrangements 
wounded    general    Miloradovitch,  and  classificadons  of  their  internal 
after  committing  another  murder  economy — their  vague  and  mystical 
by  billing  colonel  Sturler,  threw  philanthropy,  while  they   looked 
away  his  pistol,  saying  "  I  Jmve  upon  assassinadon  with  indulgent 
done  enough  to  day  ;   I  have  al-  eyes — the  rashness  of  the  attempt  • 
ready  two   upon  my  conscience.*'  on  which  they  at  last  resolved— 
The  enterprise  having  failed,  those  and  the  want  of  concert  and  fidcli- 
who  had  been    concerned    in  it  ty  among  themselves  when  it  w«» 
hastened     to     give    informadon  actually  made—compel  us  to  ae- 
against  each  other.     The  conspi-  knowledge,  that  they  neither  knew 
yator»  who  were   preparing   for  verjr  diitincdy  what  Hx^  widMod 


i 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [281 

t0  tttain,  nor  bad  fonned  any  ra^  that  it  vdAt  apportion  the  po- 
donal  judgment  how  it  was  to  be  niahment  of  the  guilty.     By  their 
sttaiiied.     They   were    exagger-  sentence^  out  of  ore  hundred  and 
tted  copies  of  German  originals ;  twenty  convicted  criminals,   who, 
but  ^ij  were  more  dangerous,  by  the  laws  of  Russia,  were  all  wor- 
because  their  strength  lay  in  the  thy  of  death,  five  were  condemned 
army,  to  whose  voice,  if  it  once  to  the  pain  of  death,  to  be  inflicted 
qnke  in  the  language  of  disafTec-  by  their  being  quartered,  andthir- 
tkm,  nothing  could  be  successfully  ty-one  to  death  by  decapitation ; 
opposed,  and  because  they  num-  nineteen  were  condemned  to  po- 
beicd  among   their    adherents  a  litical  death,  and  to  hard  labour 
greater    number    of   men  whose  during  life;  thirty-eight,  to  labour 
rmk  and  situation  gave  them  in-  hard  for  a  limited  term,  and«  at 
floence,  and  ought  to  have  given  its  expiry,   to  be  exiled  for  life 
tkm  education.    With  the  most  to  Siberia ;  eighteen,  to  perpetual 
contemptible  means,  they  specula-  exile  in  Siberia,  being  first  deprived 
ted  on  carrying  through  the  most  of  their  nobility  and  disgraced ;  one 
extenidve     schemes,    beset     with  individual,  to  serve  in  uie  ranks  as 
tonamerable    difficulties.      Their  a  common  soldier,  being  first  de- 
leaden  acknowledged   that  their  graded,  and  deprived  of  his  nobility, 
ideas  were  neither  understood  nor  with  the  faculty  of  future  advance- 
TeHdied  by  the  citizens  of  Peters-  ment,    according  to  his  service  ; 
burgh  and  Moscow :  yet  these  citi-  eight  individuals,  to  serve  as  corn- 
sens  are  wealthy,  powerful,  and  mon  soldiers,  without  deprivation 
wen  informed ;  but  they  displayed  of  their  nobility,  and  with  the 
00  predilection  for  the    political  faculty    of   future    advancement, 
theorists.     To  shake  the  fidelity  The    clemency   of  the   emperor, 
of  the  army  was  the  only  hope  of  however,  interfered  to  lessen  the 
tbe  conspirators ;  that  object  itself  number  of  the  capital  punishments, 
was  to  be  effected  by  a  momentary  The  law  was  allowed-  to  take  its 
iHiision  acting  on  that  very  fidelity;  course  only  against  Pestel,  Serg 
and  the  whok  plot,  from  its  open-  Muraviev,     and    Rumeni,     who, 
n^  to  the  catastrophe,  proved  that  from  the  first  institution  of  the 
a  military  revolution  was  the  only  societies,  had  been  their  most  ac- 
ooe  which  Russia  had  as  yet  to  fear,  tive  and  dangerous  leaders ;  Rieliev, 
To  the  report  of  the  commission  who  had  proposed,  and  Kahovsky, 
of  inquiry  was  subjoined  a  scale  of  who  had  undertaken,  the  assassin- 
thediflerentdegreesof  guilt  which  ation  of  Nicholas,  the  last,  more- 
it  thought   imputable  to  the  va-  over,   having  likewise  been    the 
rioos  parties  implicated ;  but  it  had  murderer  of  general  Miloradovitch 
been  made  no  part  of  its  duty  to  and  colonel  Sturler,  on  the  '26th 
pnmoonce  sentence.     For  this  lat-  of  December.     Even  in  regard  to 
ter  porpose  the  emperor  appointed  these  the  sentence  of  being  quar- 
B  special  tribunal,  whose  members  tered  alive  was  changed  into  the 
were  taken  from  the  council  of  punishment  of  the  gibbet.     The 
the  empire,  the  directing  senate,  sentences  of  the  other  prisoners 
and  the  synod,  with  the  addition  of  condemned  to  death  were  com- 
lome  other  persons  both  civil  and  muted,  in  the  greater  number  of  in- 
adlitary.  To  this  high  court  was  re-  stancesintoht^  labour  for  life  with 
(•ted  tb^  report  of  thecommissionf  degradation  and  loss  of  nobilityi  |i^ 


282}     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

a  few  cases  into  hard  labour  fbr  Soloviev,  and  two  Usutenftnts, 
twenty  years  with  annular  degra-  being  condemned  tp  deaths  tbdr 
dation,  and  exile  for  life  to  Siberia,  s^tencc  was  commuted  into  hard 
afterthesetwenty-yearssbouldliave  labour;  one  officer  was  sent  to 
expbed.  Pestel  and  his  accomplices  Siberia,  and  four  were  d^raded 
were  ei^ecuted  on  the  26th  of  July;  to  serve  as  common  soldiers  in 
and>  on  the  same  day,  infront  of  their  distant  ganisons.  A»  those  of 
gibbet^  the  ceremony  of  degrada-  Muraviev'fe  band,  who  had  &llen 
tion  was  performed  on  the  pri-  in  the  conflict  with  the  troops  who 
soners  of  whose  sentence  that  pun-  dispersed  them,  were  beyond  ^ 
ishment  fbnned  a  part,  except  the  reach  of  the  executioner,  gibbets, 
naval  officers,  who  were  sent  to  with  their  names,  were  oroered  to 
Cronstadt,  to  be  degraded  on  board  be  placed  upon  their  gaves  instead 
a  man  of  war.  Tne  fete  of  the  of  crosses.  Of  the  offlcerf  not  en- 
officers  condemned  for  life  to  labour  gaged  in  the  conspiracy,  prince 
in  ihe  mines,  or  drag  out  existence  Sieschtchaki,  and  several  others, 
in  Siberia,  was  scaroSy  to  be  envied  were  punished  with  imprisonment 
in  comparison  with  the  lot  of  on  account  of  their  cowardice, 
those  who  suffered  on  the  scaffold.  The  whole  progress  of  this  ju- 
Any  man  may  nerve  himself  to  dicial  inquiry,  as  weU  as  its  ter- 
meet  the  mere  extinction  of  life,  mination,  was  most  honourabls  to 
and  every  man  does  it  at  last,  whe-  the  character  of  the  Russian  go- 
ther  he  meet  it  on  his  couch,  or  on  vemment,  and  the  new  emperor, 
the  sc^lfold ;  but  protracted  death.  It  was  begun  in  no  passionate  or 
the  lingering  torture  of  hopeless  vindictive  humour ;  it  was  prose^ 
banishment,  the  privation  of  all  cuted  steadily  and  calmly,  witiunit 
that  can  render  life  itself  accept-  those  tedious  delays  which  in  some 
able,  permission  to  breathe,  when  countries  prevent  the  infliction  of 
every  moment  brings  with  it  the  punishment  till  the  impression 
wish  to  die.  Is  an  accumulation  of  made  on  the  public  mind  by  the 
misery  at  which  the  heart  sickens,  guilt  of  the  accused  has  been  almo^ 
Yet  this  was  the  destiny  to  which  eflaced  bv  lapse  of  time.  The 
many  staff  and  superior  officers  of  sources  of  evidence,  too,  on  whkh 
Russia  were  doomed,  had  not  the  the  commission  seems  to  have  re- 
well-judged  policy  of  the  emperor  lied,  were  trust-worthy.  An  alle- 
intervened.  After  a  careful  in-  cation  of  political  crim^  und^  a 
quiry  into  the  extent  to  which  despotic  government, generally  sup- 
they  had  approved,  or  actively  for-  plies  the  place  of  proof;  fear  and 
warded,  the  treasonable  views  of  the  suspicion  serve  the  purposes  of 
conspirators  with  whom  they  were  conviction :  but  here  there  was  dis- 
invoived,  he  ordered  them  to  be  played  no  disposition  to  ccmdemn 
discharged  from  any  sentence  pro-  at  random ;  no  inclination  to  ex- 
nouncea  by  criminid  courts,  and  to  aggeratc  imputed  guilt,  no  at- 
be  liable  only  to  correctional  pun-  ^  tempt  to  force  an  improbable  mean- 
ishments.  Tlie  same  merciful  dis-  ing  upon  actions  and  words,  to 
position,  not  more  humane  than  combine  artiiidally  drcumstanoes 
wise,  was  manifested  in  the  pun-  which  had  no  bonnexion  with  eadi 
ishment  of  the  conspirators  impli-  other,  and,  in  the  absence  of  that 
cated  in  the  insurrection  excited  precision  and  particularity,  without 
by    Muraviev    at    Kiev.    Baron  which  there  can  be  no  evidence,  to 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE. 


[283 


proceed  up(m  vague  and  tTrannical 
maxims  ooneerning  the  motiTes  and 
tendency  of  aets.  On  the  contrary, 
tbe  goTemment  manifbsted  astrong 
determination  to  avoid  the  conjure 
ing  up  of  imaginaiy  plots  and 
dangers,  and  to  deal  only  with 
what  was  substantial  and  certain, 
toad  a  humane  anxiety  to  lessen 
mther  dian.  to  exaggerate,  the 
number  of  the  guilty ;  to  separate 
their  varying  degrees  of  criminality 
from  each  other,  and  point  out 
every  circumstance  of  moral  pallia- 
tion, the  irresolution  of  the  leaders 
themselves,  the  weakness  of  their 
dupes^  even  their  subsequent  re- 
pentance and  remorse.  The  report 
was  the  candid  charge  of  a  judge, 
not  the  partial  statement  of  a  pub- 
lic accuser.  Hence,  too,  the  go- 
vernment was  able  to  give  the  ut- 
most publicity  not  merely  to  the 
genenu  results  of  the  inquiry,  for 
whose  truth  and  justice  their  own 
assertion  was  to  be  the  only  guaran- 
tee, but  all  its  details  and  evidence, 
from  which  every  man  could  pass 
judgment  for  lumself  upon  the 
government  and  its  opponents. 
Nicholas  acted  as  if  he  wished  to 
convince,  not  to  revenge :  and  his 
proceedings  thus  gain^  the  con- 
fidence of  the  nation,  the  iaost 
essential  of  all  results  to  the  use- 
Ail  prosecution  of  political  crimes. 
How  different  was  this  deliberate 
and  discriminating  inquiry,  from 
the  despotic  and  sanguinary  mea- 
sures, the  precipitate  punishments, 
the  general  proscriptions,  the  un- 
relenting love  of  penal  vengeance, 
by  which  Ferdinand  of  Spam  was 
making  his  kingdom  rec^e  from 
the  comforts  and  securities  of  social 
life?  The  very  publicity  which 
the  Russian  government  gave  to 
the  inquiry,  the  discrimination 
with  which  it  apportioned  punish- 
ment among  the  criminals^  and  the 


lenity    with  which  the  emperor 
interfered    to    sofben    down    the 
rigour  of  the  law,  proved  that  they 
were  confident  in  the  hold  which 
they  had  upon  such  public  opinion 
as  existed.   Nicholas  found  himself 
sufficiently  secure  to  be  able  to  be 
mercifiil ;  Ferdinand  (bit  his  power 
to  be  so  feeble  and  tottering,  that 
he  could  not  even  afford  to  be  Just 
The  interests  of  so  many  families 
of  rank  and  respectability  were  in- 
volved in  the  result  of  tms  inquiry, 
that   St.   Petersburg,  during    its 
continuance,  wore  no  air  of  salety. 
The  Emperor  had  denied  himself 
every  kind  of  diversion,  and  public 
shew:  even  the  birth-day  of  the 
empress   had    not  been  observed 
with    the    customary  ceremonies, 
and  the  coronation  of  their  ma- 
jesties had  been  postponed.     But 
justice  and  mercy  having  equally 
done  their  duty,    the  coronation 
took  place  at  Moscow,  on  the  3rd 
of  September,  with  all  the  pomp 
which  the  rites  of  the  Greek  church 
could  bestow,   and   amid  all  the 
magnificence  which  the  congregated 
representatives  of  all  the  crowned 
heads   of   Europe  could    display. 
The  most  striking  occurrence  was 
the  unexpected   presence  of   the 
grand-duke  Constantinc,  who  gave 
a  very  satisfactory  confirmation  oi 
the  good  faith  with  which  he  ac- 
quiesced in  his  exclusion  from  the 
throne,  by  repairing  voluntarily  to 
>f  oscow,  and  beanng  a  principal 
share  in  the  ceremonv  of  placing 
upon  the  head    of   his   younger 
brother,  the  imperial  crown,  which, 
by  right  of  birth,  ought  to  have  glit- 
tered on  hb  own  brow#   A  n  imperial 
manifesto  immediately  followed,  by 
which,  in  the  event  of  the  em- 
peror^s  death,  leaving  a  minor  son, 
the  grand  duke  Michael  was  declared 
regent  till  the  majority  of  the  heir ; 
or  if  the  empress  should  be  left 


284]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

pr^pantj  tin  her  being  delivered  of  diey  were  still  governed  hf  Aeir 

a  son,  and  the  expiry  of  his  mi-  ancient  Khan^  who,  acknowledge 

nority.  In  the  event  of  the  emperor  ing  the  emperor  Alexander  as  their 

leaving  no  son,  and  a  posthumous  sovereign    lord,    instead    dt    the 

child  proving  a  female,  the  crown  Schah  of    Persia,    sdll    retained 

itself   devolved    upon   the  grand  thdr  ancient  laws  and  coatomiy 

duke  MichaeL  were  separated  by  their  rdigioos 

In  the  course  of  the  year,  the  belief  from    their   christian    so* 

differences    between    Russia    and  periors  and,  while  paying  fonnal 

Turkey,  regarding  the  occupation  homage  to  Russia,  preserved  their 

of  WaUachia  and  Moldavia,  and  attachment  to  Penda,  cemented  as 

the  rights  of  the  Servians,  which  it  was    by   conformity  of   faitb, 

had  led  to  so  much  tedious  negotia-  similarity  of  language  and  man- 

tion at  Constantinople,  werebrought  ners,  and  ancient  recollections.  The 

to  an  amicable  conclusion,  of  which  disputes  about  the  frontier  were 

we  shall  speak  more  at  large,  in  perpetually  renewed.  Russia  alleged 

detaUing  the  public  events  which  that  Persia  had  taken  possession  of 

occurred  in  Turkey.    But  scarcely  a  tract  of  country  expressly  ceded 

had  the  emperor  arrived  at  this  to  Russia,  in  the  treaty  of  Guhs- 

termination  of  a  dangerous  dispute  tan ;  while  it   was   certain  that 

with  one  neighbour,  and  escaped  Russia,  certainly  without  auUior- 

from  the  splendors  of  his  corona-  ity  from  that  treaty,   had  taken' 

tion,  when  he  found  himself  un-  possession  of  part  of  the  Persian 

expectedly  involyed  in  actual  war  territories  on  the  lake  of  Goktscha. 

with  another,  thou^  less  formida-  These  differences  had  long  been 

ble,  adversary.     When  Russia,  in  the  subject  of  negotiation  between 

1812  and  1813,  was  collecting  all  the  two  courts,  and  Russia  bad,  in 

her  resources  to  oppose  the  inva-  the  meanwhile,  continued  to  occu- 

sion  of  Napoleon,  and  disentangling  py  the  disputed  ground.    No  threst 

herself  from  every  embarrassment  or  appearance  of  hostilities  had  m 

which  might  hamper  her  exertions  yet  appeared  on  either  side ;  Russia 

in  a  contest  in  which  her  existence  had  offered  to  restore  the  territory 

was  at  stake,  she  put  an  end  to  the  in  question,  upon  the  district  be- 

iK%r  then  existing  between  her  and  longing  to  her  and  occupied  by 

Persia,  by  the  treaty  of  Gulis-  Per^a,  being  given  up  in  return ; 

tan.     In  that  treaty  the  boundary  or  to  exchange  it  for  another  tract 

between  the  territory  of  the  two  described  to  be  of  far  less  value,  and 

countries  on  the  north-west,  to-  whose  dry  and  arid  soil  offered  no 

wards  Georgia,  had  not  been  mark-  compensation  except  the  vidnity  of 

ed  out  with  sufficient  distinctness,  the  lake.     At  length  it  was  agreed 

no  other  line  of  demarcation  hav-  between    general    YermolotiF^   the 

ing  been  assumed  than  the  posi-  Russian   commander  in    Geoigia, 

tions  occupied  by  the  belligerent  and  Abbas  Mirza,  the  prince  royal 

armies,  not  following  either  any  of  Persia,  that  it  should  be  retained 

natural  limit,  like  that  of  the  moun-  by  Russia,  and  that  Persia  should 

tains  and  rivers,  or  any  succession  receive  in  return  a  tract  of  land 

of  artificial  works  such  as  towns  between  the  rivers  Kapan  and  Ka- 

and  fortresses.     The  Khanats  of  panatchy.     Nicholas,  immediately 

Shirvan,    Karabun,    and  Noucha  on  his  accession,  despatched  prince 

hf4  been  ceded  to  Ri^ssia ;  but  Mensikoflf  as  ambassador  extraor* 


t 


HISTORY  OF  EUIlOPfi.  [285 

dinary  to  the  Court  of  Tehran>  to  misconduct  of  the  Russian  soldiery, 

announce    his    accession    to    the  and  of  some  of  the  inferior  Russian 

throne^  and  put  the  finishing  hand  agents,  had  produced  general  dis* 

to  the  arrangement  r^arding  the  content  among  the  lower  orders  of 

line  of  demarcation;  authorizing  the  people.*    All   these  drcum^ 

him^  if  it  should  be  necessary  for  stances>     exa^erated     and     en- 

the  final  settlement  of  the  matter,  forced  by  the  MoUahs,  the  Persian 

to  give  up  to  Persia,  in  addition  to  priesthood,  had  produced  ajzeneral 

the  district  of  the  Kapan,  part  of  belief  in  the  country,  that  Georgia 

the  neighbourine  district  of  Talys*  was  eager  to  rise  in  arms  against 

chine.     Prince  Menzikoff,  on  his  its  northern  oppressors,  and  that 

arrival  on  the  frontiers,  was  treated  now  was  the  time  for  Persia  to 

^th  the  highest  respect;   Abbas  drive  back  the  neighbour,  before 

himself  received   him   at  whose  advance  she  had  hitherto 


Tauris,  loaded  him  with  honours,  been  compelled  to  recede.  A 
and  gave  him  the  most  friendly  solemn  appeal  in  defence  of  the 
assurances.  suffering  believers  in  the  prophet 
But  Abbas  Miria,  who  was  heir  was  made  to  the  people  by  the 
apparent,  having  been  named  by  his  MoUahs,  and  despatched  to  the 
father  to  succeed  him,  and  whom,  provinces,  to  be  read  in  all  the 
therefore,  Russia  had  bound  herself  mosques ;  calling  into  action  re- 
by  the  termsof the  treaty  of  Gulistan  ligious  prejudices  which  are  sudi 
to  recognize  as  successor,  had  been  poweifid  motives  to  popular  action 
pla3ring  a  double  part  Whether  every  where,  and,  in  the  east,  nse^ 
nom  uncalculating  ambition,  na-  so  easUy  to  fanatical  enthustasm. 
tional  antipathy,  or  mere  precipitate  Abbas  l^irza  was  assisted  by  the 
fdlly,  he  had  been  watdbing  a  fa-  prime  minister  Alaiar  Khan,  who 
Yoorable  opportimity  for  recovering  was  likewise  his  brother-in-law; 
from  Russia  by  force  part,  at  least,  and,  supported  by  the  public  wishes, 
of  the  spoils  which. she  had  secured  they  eaaly  prevailed  over  the  pa*- 
to  herself  at  the  peace  of  1813.  cific  dispositions  of  the  king,  re- 
He  thought  that  he  had  now  found  presenting  to  him  how  much  he 
it ;  and  that  the  occupation  of  the  would  sam  in  the  opinion  of  all 
disputed  territory  by  Russia  would  true  Mahommedans  by  standing 
furnish  a  good  pretext  for  war,  forth  as  the  champion  and  aveneer 
while  the  discontents  of  the  new  of  their  rdleion,  and  to  what  dfr» 
subjects  of  Russia  would  both  be  gradation  of  character  he  must 
usdul  instruments  in  prosecuting  submit,  if  he  refused  to  listen  to 
it,  and  render  it  popular  at  home,  the  prayers  of  his  brother-believers 
The  Mahommedans  of  Georgia  groaning  under  the  oppression  of 
were  averse  to  the  rule  of  an  infi-  an  infidel  yoke.  The  king  re- 
del  ;  thepetty  chiefs  weredissatisfied     

with  a  power  which  abridged  their  *  In  ^^!/®"T  ^°T  *i  Sultenla,  a 

^— .  ^JL^,^^^^  anVI  V«  Tf a  <TrMf  Chousk  of  Karabang  made  the  following 

own  prerogatives,  and,  by  Its  great-  ^^  ^  the  SchSi.-"  Man,  do  yo5 

er   strictness  m  comparison  with  caU  youwelf  the  king  of  the  Mohamme. 

the  supremacy   which    had  been  dans,  and  idly  pass  your  time  in  the 

exercised  by  Persia,  compelled  them  Harem,  when   Mussulmen   are   daily 

to  remember  that  they  were  sub-  f^'?«d  by  infidels?    I  w^  obliged  to 

.     *  .        ^r_            i/     . ^  look  on   while  five    Russian    soldiers 

jects  m  reahty,  as  well  as  in  nam^  ^^^^^  „y  ^^^  .„  ^ambwig.    I  spit 

In  90PQ  places  tm  yum^  9m,  at  your  bea^d.'^ 


ad6]     ANNUAL   REGISTBR,    1826. 

solved  for  war,  and  the    troops   tiations,  stated  that  he  would  im* 
were  ordered  to  inarch  to  the  fron-    mediately  apply  to  his  goyenunent 

tier.  for  further  orders;  hut  he  wm  in* 
Theaei    resdutions    had    heen    formed  that  he  would  he  fumisked 

adopted>   while  prince   Meneikov  with  the  means  of  returning  to 

was  on  his  jouxney  to  Sultania.  Teflisy  and  that^  although  die  ne- 

On  theroadhe  had  been  passed  by  sotiations  might  he  resumed  in  a 

AUws  Mirea  returning  in  great  uontier  towi^  it  would  only  be  on 

hastef)rom  Tauristo  the  camp;  and^  the  footing  of  the  treaty  of  G^ 

when  he  arrived  at  Sultania,  he  listan^  that  was»  upon  Ruau^  m 

experienced  a  striking  change  from  a  preliminary^   retiring  instantly 

the  deference  and   respect  with  &om  the  dieted  territory.    On 

whidi  he  had  bera  received  on  the  the  interposition  of  the  Eng^idi 

frontier.    At  his  first  audience^  Charg^  d'Affiusei,  piinee  MoisU 

when  he  presented  the  emperor's  b^  agreed  to  tdke  with  hia  ta 

letter  to  the  Schah,  4he  latter^  in*  Teflis  a  Persian  negociator,  wIkm 

ste*d  of  taUng  it  in  his  ownhand^  efforts  he  might  second,  and  who 

the  usual  mark  of  respect  to  a  should  endeavour  to  pracute  £rom 

foreign  potentate^  and  which,  in  general  Yennolov  the  evacnatni 

the  coiurse  of  the  previous  arrange*  of  the  coast  of  the  Gdcftdm  durinff 

ment  of  the  ceremonial  of  presen*  the  ensuing  winter,  which  cooU 

tation,  he  had  twice  positivdy  pro*  be    employed    in    aBanging    the 

miaedtodo^madeasigntotheprince  V^^^'^    ^    ^tispute  rcgMqlng  iht 

to  lay  it  upon  a  cus&n,  a  mark  of  nontiers.     The  Schah  aasentad  to 

coirtemptaDd  insult  to  Ids  maater.*  this  prapoaal,  and  named  an  enror 

War   had  been  alrea^ ,  tesoived  to  proceed  to  Teffis;  but  thaportiMi 

upon,  but  decency  reqiured  that  a  of  territory  in  dispute  were  not  die 

i^easQR    should    be    given.      The  ol^ect  or  motive  of  the  war  party, 

Persian  minister  accordingly  nude  and  such  an  arrangement  dia  any« 

a  peremptory  demand   to  prince  thing  but  suit  thmr  views.     T^ 

Menaikott,  that  Russia  should  inu  Khanof  Tafyche,  a  district  sob^eet 

mediately  rive  up  possession  of  the  to  Russia,  chose  this  monieBt  to 

countty  which  she  occupied  on  the  revolt ;  he  put  the  Russian  gaoaaoa 

lake  g€  Goktcha.    Prince  Mcnxi*  of  Arkevan  to  the  wwmdf  and  d** 

koff  answered  by  referring  to  the  manded  of  Fsrsia,  what  Ihe  in- 

letter  of  Abbas  Mirsa  to  general  stantly  received,  ass»ta&ce  agamt 

Yermoloff,  hi  wMch  his  royal  high,  the  ii^del.    Abbas  Nfirsa  and  bis 

ness  had  eensemed  to  yield  that  adherents  took  advantage  of  ^ia 

district  m  exebange  for  the  tract  oceunenee   to   decide    the    king 

between  the  K^»  and  Kapana->  ^  war.    The  king  and  th#  amy 

tdiy;:  Iwt  Akiar  Khan  ref^ied,  whieh  had  been  m  the  caoip  at 

that  such  an  exchange  had  never  iSuUanItt,  nuffched  t»  the  i&otttier 

iteeived  the  sanction  of  the  Schah,  c^  Geergia>  and  ^ineo  McoKikev 

and    was     totally     inatlmissiblc.  set  out  en  Ihs  return  to  Tetfis. 

The  Ilusaion  envoys  whose  mstruc*  On  his  journey  h^  w«s  g«fa|qetei 

taoaa   had  been     finmed  on  the  tomankbid  speeicis  ef  iaanlt,  and 

supposition  of  that  exchange  being  bad  trcattnent.    His  tbagonum  was 

a  point  already  fixed  by  the  nego-  put  under    arrest*    tt»  iKAorkn 

-*: — —                     '    ..  coming  to  him  as-  ^eft  m  ikmt 

Prince  McDzikov's  BespaidM  sent  ^  hm,  were^  MoFP«^  an* 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [287 

tk  despatches,  taken  from  them,  therefore,  on  the  28th  September^ 
At  EziVan  he  was  detained  for  issued  a  declaration  of  war  against 
tliree  weelLg  by  orders  of  the  Persia,  in  which,  after  stating  the 
P^sian  mioiiter^  notwithstanding  facts,  she  concluded^  that,  as  the 
an  ha  remonstrances  against  this  treaty  of  Gulistan  hud  been 
breach  of  the  law  of  nations ;  and  broken^  she  would  not  lay  down 
ht  at  last  made  his  escape,  and  her  arms,  "  till  she  had  obtained 
reached  Teflis  in  safety,  only  by  guarantees  for  perfect  security  for 
cMsing  it  to  be  represented  to  that  the  future,  ana  a  iust  indexnnity 
minister,  that,  as  his  numerous  for  the  past,  by  a  soud  and  honour- 
enemies  would  assuredly  make  able  peace.** 
UK  of  the  first  unsuccessful  or  The  folly,  the  precipitation,  the 
even  doubtfiil  battle,  to  destroy  his  fanaticism  of  Persia  thus  hurried 
csedit,  it  would  be  good  policy  for  her  into  an  unnecessary  war, 
him  to  think  beforehand  of  con-  for  which  she  was  not  at  all  pre- 
cluding a  peace  on  advantageous  pared,  and  that,  too,  with  a  power 
tenos,  and  tnat  such  apeace  was  most  whose  colossal  strength,  if  directed 
Bkelv  to  be  obtained  by  allowing  towards  schemes  of  conquest,  could 
t^  departure  of  the  Russian  am<^  have  wished  for  no  better  pretext 
lor,  who  would  have  a  per-^  to  crush  her.     Even  if  Russia,  by 


amal  interest  to  incline  his  go^  occupying  the  shore  of  the  Goktcha, 
▼enunent  to  an  accommodation*  had  extended  her  occupation  be- 
When  these  proceedings  first  yond  the  limits  prescribed  by 
became  known  at  Petersbursh  and  treaty,  it  was  not  an  aggression  of 
Mosoowj  thft  emperor  Nicholas  was  yesterday^  calling  for  immediate 
&[K»ed  to  ascribe  them  to  the  action  to  repel  it.  The  encroach- 
&Qbedienoe  of  some  Peman  com-  ment,  if  such  it  were,  had  been, 
ffiaoder,  who  had  disregarded  the  and  was  at  that  moment,  the  sub- 
iotentioDS  of  his  sovereign ;  and  he  jcct  of  negotiation ;  that  negotia- 
dcmanded  nothing  more  than  the  tion  had  already  come  the  length 
iouaediate  removal  and  exemplary  of  an  arrangement  sanctioned  by 
poniahment  of  the  Sirdar  o£  Eri-  the  prince  royal;  and  if  a  refusal  on 
▼ait  whom  he  considered  to  be  the  part  of  Persia  to  ratify  it,  ren- 
die  first  aggressor.  But  when  dered  it  necessary  for  the  Russian 
tbese  order*  arrived  in  Georgia,  it  envoy,  necessarily  un  instructed  oh 
vas  00  longer  possible  to  execute  an  occurrence  which  had  never 
them,  and  the  affair  was  decided,  been  anticipated,  to  await  the 
Abbas  Mirza,having  returned  from  farther  orders  of  his  court,  it  could 
tbe  eamp  of  Sultania,  had  taken,  be  no  good  reason  for  interrupting 
in  person,  tbe  command  of  the  lu^tiation  altogether  by  an  un- 
Perstttn  forces.  He  already  occu-  expected  appeal  to  anns.  Persia 
pied  a  jart  of  the  province  of  rushed  into  war  without  a  suffi- 
Kazahasdi,  belonging  to  Russia,  cient  motive ;  and,  as  she  brought 
and  was  exciting  rebellion;  his  to  it  neither  adequate  resources, 
qaiffBiriefi  were  encouraging  the  nor  sufficient  preparation,  she  could 
Hakocomedaa  sut^ts  of  Russia  in  not  reasonably  promise  herself  that 
all  ttc  froiitier  provinces  to  revolt ;  the  result  would  be  favourable, 
and  tha  PersiaB  proclamations  an-  The  Persian  army  was  trained  b^ 
^ponced  a  religious wav«    RuBsiai  British    officers;    but    whea    xt 


288]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


marched  to  attack  the  Russian 
fiontier^  the  British  charge  d' 
affidres  forhade  them  to  follow  it. 

The  Persian  army  consisted  of 
between  thirty  and  forty  thousand 
men;  and^  as  the  invasion  took 
place  in  the  midst  of  peace>  it 
found>'when  it  crossed  the  Araxes^ 
the  frontiers  of  Georgia  almost 
stripped  of  troops.  The  Georgian 
army  of  Russia  was  dispersed  in 
its  cantonments^  and  to  collect 
them  required  time.  At  iirst^ 
therefore,  success  was  on  the  side 
of  the  Persians ;  the  Russian  posts 
on  the  frontiers  fell  back  as  the 
enemy  advanced,  being  too  weak 
to  resist  them,  and,  die  country 
beinff  open  to  them  for  a  time,  the 
Persians  issued  their  manifestos 
calling  on  the  delivered  population 
to  take  up  arms  in  the  name  of 
Mahomet,  and  in  defence  of  their 
religion,  a  call  which  was  not  very 
generally  answered.  Their  pros- 
perity was  of  short  duration. 
General  Yermolov  rapidly  con- 
centrated his  troops  at  Teflis,  and 
strengthened  the  dififerent  points 
which  were  threatened.  In  the 
middle  of  September,  the  Persians 
were  first  encountered  by  general 
Madatov,  who  attacked  a  body  of 
them  amounting  to  about  ten 
thousand  men  under  the  command 
of  a  son  of  Abbas,  and  a  brother 
of  the  Schah.  After  a  severe  con- 
test, the  Persian  cavalry  took  to 
flight,  and  the  infantry,  being  thus 
left  unsupported,  were  broken  by 
the  Russian  cavalry,  and  complete- 
ly routed.  The  Persians  lost  two 
thousand  men  in  killed  and  wound- 
ed. Amur  Khan,  the  uncle  of 
Abbas  Mirza,  was  killed  while  en- 
deavouring to  rally  his  troops,  and 
the  youn^  prince,  son  of  Abbas, 
after  having  been  taken  prisoner 
by  a  Cossack^  was  rescued  by  the 


devotion  of  one  of  his  attendants. 
The  Russians  now  advanced,  and 
took  possession,   of   Elizabethpol 
without  opposition.    Abbas  Mim, 
having    been   joined    by    Alaiar 
Khan,  burning  to  avenge  their  de- 
feat,  advanced  against  Madatov, 
who  had  prepared  to  meet  him  hj 
effecting  a  junction  with  general 
Parksewitch,  and  a  second  battle 
was  fought  on  the  25th  September, 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Euzabeth- 
poL     According  to    the  Russian 
accounts,    the    Persians,    thou^ 
amounting  to  no  fewer  than  thir- 
ty-five  thousand  men,  with  twen- 
ty-six  pieces  of   artillery,  were, 
flf ter  a  short  combat,  routed  witk 
the  loss  of  twelve  hundred  men, 
while  the  killed  and  wounded  in 
the  Russian  army  did  not  amoont 
to    three    hundred    men.       The 
Persians  retreated  across  the  Arax- 
es  in  confusion,    leaving   behind 
them    great  part   of   their   bag- 
gage,   and    fell    back    upon    the 
frontiersof  Persia.  General  Paifae- 
witch  sent  detachments  across  tbe 
river  to  seize  the  enem3r'8  maga- 
zines,   dear    the    frontier,    iod 
recover  the  numerous  families  of 
Russian  subjects,  who  had  been 
carried  off  as  plunder.      In  the 
course  of  these  operations  numerous 
skirmishes  took  place,  all  of  which 
terminated  to   the   advantage  ci 
the    Russians.     In    the    end    of 
October,  they  returned  to  the  left 
bank  of  the  Araxes  to  go  mto 
winter  quarters ;  and,  at  the  sms 
time,  ^  Abbas  Mirza,*  who  had  re* 
treated    to   Ardebil,   retaining  s 
small  body  of  troops  round  his  own 
person,  dismissed  the  remainder  till 
the  spring.     From  the  province  of 
Erivan,  the  Serdar,  and  nis  brother 
Hassam  Khan,  made  various  ^ 
datory  incursions  into  the  Rosoan 
territory,  striving  to  eaodte  the  in« 


HISTORY  OP  EUftOPfi.  [iS^ 

ytkants  to   revolt^    and,   when  October^  attacked  and  defeated  the 

iiyfidledm  this^  subjecting  them  Persians  near  the  castle  of  Mirac^ 

topiDagey  and  carrying  them  off  and  pursued  them  to  within  two 

ai  captives.     But    on   this    side,  days  march  of  Erivan  itself,  where 

Ebwise,  the  Russians  were  victors,  the  Sirdar  sliut  himself  up. 
Geoeral  Dandov,  on  the  15th  of 


VobWYIO,  CU3 


ai>0]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826 


CHAP.   XL 

Spain — General  SlalC'^Change  of  the  Council-- Prosecution  of  the 
Constilutionalists — Plots — Revdt  of  Bazan — Disturhances  occasioned 
hy  thfi  Royalist  'Volunteers — The  Clergy — The  Finances  —  PoBcy 
towards  Portugal — Refusal  to  acknowledge  the  Regency  of  Portu^ 
— Support  given  to  the  Portuguese  Rebels — Desertion  of  Spamsk 
Troops — Remonstrances  of  the  Portuguese  Envoy — Invasion  of  Par* 
tugal — Defeated  Rebels  again  received  in  Spain — General  Longa  *af- 
pendedfrom  his  Command,  and  a  Minister  from  Portugal  received. 


SPAIN,  until  in  tbe  latter  part 
of  the  year  she  attracted  the 
attention  of  every  European  court 
by  her  intrigues  against  the  estab- 
lishmentof  a  representative  govern- 
ment in  Portugal,  had  no  occur* 
rence  in  her  foreign  policy  worthy 
of  being  commemorated,  and  ex- 
hibited, in  her  domestic,  condition, 
the  same  inquisitorial  system  of  ty- 
ranny, the  same  endless  fears  of  dis- 
content and  danger,  the  same  hope- 
less prostration  of  all  thought  and 
action  before  bigotry  and  despotism, 
which  had  formed  her  history  from 
the  restoration  of  Ferdinand  to  abso- 
lute power.  By  the  surrender  of 
Callao,  in  Peru,  to  the  revolutionists, 
she  lost  the  last  foot  of  ground  which 
remained  to  her  in  South  America ; 
but  she  still  obstinately  refused  to 
acknowledge  the  independence  of 
her  revolted  colonies,  or  to  enter  into 
commercial  connexions  with  them, 
which  might  have  been  to  her 
some  compensation  for  the  loss  of 
their  aUegiance.  She  still  made 
empty  vaimts  of  her  inalienable 
supremacy  over  these  distant  coun- 
tries, and  still  more  empty  threats 
of  using  force  to  assert  it,  while 
the  pirates  of  Algiers,  and  the  pri- 
'^vateers  of  Colombia,  were  insulting 
her  coastS;  and  capturing  hei:  mer* 


chantmen  in  the  very  mouth  of 
their  harbours.  The  wretdied 
state  of  the  finances  occasioned  her 
failing  to  pay  a  stipulated  sum  of 
six  millions  of  reals  to  the  Dey  of 
Algiers;  and  the  barbarian  im- 
mediately sent  his  corsairs  to  sea, 
and  paralyzed  for  a  time  the 
whole  trade  of  Catalonia  and 
Valencia.  So  early  as  April,  Co- 
lombian privateers  appeared  in  the 
Mediterranean,  harsissed  the  oom- 
merce  of  Cadiz,  and  made  seve- 
ral prizes;  others  were  cruising 
with  equal  success  on  the  lunrth- 
eastem  coasts.  Spain  was  reduced 
to  too  low  a  state  to  revenge  Uie 
insults;  and  even  the  steam-boai 
between  Cadiz  and  Gibraltar  was 
forced,  for  a  while,  to  abandon  her 
voyages.  These  privateers  did  not 
always  respect  the  usages  of  war ; 
other  flags  than  those  of  Spain 
were  occasionally  exposed  to  their 
aggressions. 

Too  feeble  to  resent  insult  £rom 
without,  Spain  was  equally  de- 
prived of  all  comfort  and  respecta- 
bility within.  What  with  the 
necessities  and  jealousi^  of  the 
government,  and  the  violences  of 
organized  banditti,  neither  life  nor 
liberty  nor  property  were  secure 
for  9U  instant;  a  social  order  could 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  ,  [291 

rody  be  md  to  exist;  since  every  breeches,  a  bnllianfc  priettbood, 
thing  which  rendered  it  comfort-  high  roads  infested  by  banditti,  an 
able  and  respectable  had  fled.  The  e^uausted  treasury,  the  country 
finances  were  mined,  the  popuk^  divided  into  parties  of  all  cok)urs ; 
tkm  was  impoverished,  commerce  a  king  who  is  not  ignorant  of  it, 
scarcely  raised  its  head ;  the  priest-  but  who  does  not  dare  to  do  any 
hood  were  jealous,  well  paid,  and  thing ;  a  paper  currency  which  is 
ab9[dute;  the  government  was  solely  worUi  more  dian  it  ou^  to  bet 
occupied  with  cares  of  police,  ex-  nothing  was  wanting  to  thee  buta 
tineuishing  every  latent  spark  of  holy  year,  and  the  pope  has  hasten- 
enbghtened  thought,  and  guarding  •  cd  to  grant  it." 
against  the  possible  return  of  In  theb^;inningaf  theyear  the 
banishtyl  revolutionists,  or  the  im«  king  changed  the  constitution  df 
portation  of  foreign  liberals.  Super*  his  council  and  gave  it  a  new  name, 
stitious  bcHef,  slavish  terrors,  and  The  Consultative  Junta  was  dis- 
Spanish  gravity — a  king  without  solved,  and  a  new  body  installed 
ettber  h^urt  or  head,  a  ministry  in  its  plaoe,  under  the  a|^llatioR 
without  talent  or  independence,  of  the  Permanent  Great  Council, 
an  inquisition  without  principle  or  which  was  to  deliberate  and  de- 
humanity — a  profligate  and  .poor  cide  upon  sdl  proposed  measures, 
aristocracy— a  selfiw,  dark,  and  and  control  the  ministers  in  their 
tyrannical,  priesthood^— «  populace  various  d^artments.  Ndther  the 
whose  only  enei^es  were  reserved  men  nor  their  system  was  changed ; 
fctf  outra^ng  tli^  laws,  and  con-  the  duke  del  Infantado  was  still 
verting  ute  cxmatrj  into  a  den  of  at  the  head  of  the  ministry,  and 
thieves — a  military  force  setting  it*  caidinal  Inguanso,  now  aj^Knnted 
sdf  above  the  restraints  of  dis*  archbishop  of  Toledo,  was  the  iirst 
ckpHsae,  and,  reddening  on  the  credit  councillor  named.  The  fVamers  of 
of  its  being  indispensably  to  the  this  council,  whether  with  a  view 
court,  letting  loose  its  licentious*  to  improve  its  policy  by  giving  it 
ness  on  friends  smd  foes — ^in  the  more  stability,  or  merely  to  secure 
BMritime,  and  once  commercial  the  continuance  of  their  own  power, 
cities,  great  aptitude  for  revolt—  prevailed  upon  the  king  to  sane- 
every  where  else  an  utter  Hstless-  tion  as  a  fundamental  principle  of 
ness  and  indifi^rence  to  political  its  institution,  that  its  members 
matters,  the  mark  of  a  people  sunk  should  not  be  removeable  at  plea- 
to  the  lowest  degree  of  political  sure— that  they  should  not  be  dis* 
debasement,  and  knowing  no  spring  missed,  or  exiled  from  the  capital, 
of  political  conduct  except  abject  except  for  crimes  duly  proved,  and 
fear — these  were  the  elements  by  an  express  -order  of  the  sove- 
which  now  constituted  the  mo-  reign.  This  was  a  scheme  to  pro- 
nardiy  of  Ferdinand  7th.  tect  themselves  against  each  other's 
A  pasquinade,  pasted  up  in  the  intrigues,  and  to  resist  perhaps  the 
streets  cf  MadHd,  in  defiance  of  infhience  of  those  menials  of  the 
the  vigilance  of  the  pdice,  thus  king,  who,withont  ostensible  power, 
described  the  state  cf  the  country :  formed  in  reality  his  privy  council ; 
"  Nothing  is  wanting  to  thy  hap-  and  yet  within  a  few  months,  the 
pmess,  my  dear  country ;  thou  hast  duke  del  Infantado  himself  was 
monks  and  locusts — the  police ;  under  the  necessity  of^  resigning. 
ports  without  ships,  troops  without  A  m^n  gains  little  by  securing  the 


292]     ANNUAL    tlEGlSTER,    1826. 

right  to  remain  in  'a  capital  till  majesty  has  heen  anxious  to  re- 
proved guilty  of  a  crime^  when>  if  establish  harmony  in  iR  the 
he  n^lects  the  hint  which  tells  branches  of  the  monarchy,  to  pre- 
lum that  his  presence  is  disagree*  serve  the  laws  inviolate,  and  to 
able,  he  may  be  sent  for  life  to  the  cement  the  bonds  of  afiection  and 
dungeons  of  the  Inquisition  with-  fidelity  between  yourself  and  your 
out  any  thing  being  proved  against  subjects.  The  nation.  Sire,  is 
him  at  alL  The  anxiety  of  the  convinced  of  your  anxiety,  and  is 
ministers  to  protect  themselves  grateful  for  it:  and  it  feels  asored 
against  exile,  except  in  the  case  of  that  the  neglect  alone  of  those  to 
beine  convicted  of  something  cri-  whom  your  majesty  had  intrusted 
miniu,  was  a  bitter  satire  upon  the  execution  of  your  wishes,  has 
the  value  attached  to  law  and  conducted  the  monarchy  to  the 
liberty  in  the  administration  of  the  brink  of  a  precipice.  The  nation, 
Spanish  government.  Sire,  desired  to  see  its  king  sur- 
The  leading  members  of  the  rounded  by  men  possessing  his  oon* 
new  Council  were,  the  archbishop  fidence,  and  charged  with  prapos- 
of  Toledo;  the  bishop  of  Leon;  ing  the  means  of  rendering  the 
father  C3rrille;  the  duke  del  In-  people  happy,  of  attacking  and 
fantado ;  the  duke  de  San  Carlos ;  destroying  those  vices  whi^  the 
don  LfOuis  de  Salazar ;  don  Francis  course  of  time  had  introduced  into 
Calomarde,  as  minister  of  Justice ;  the  government  of  reforming  that 
don  LfOuis  Ballasteros,  as  minister  government,  of  watching  over  its 
of  Finance ;  ^  the  marquis  de  Zam-  fleets  and  armies,  of  maiTifaw^ng 
brano,  as  minister  of  War;  Cas-  the  rights  of  legitimacy,  and,  in 
tanos,  captain«general ;  the  marquis  fine,  oi  bringing  on  that  day  whidi 
Villa  Verde;  the  marqliis  de  la  should  restore  to  thepeople  oonooid 
Reunion ;  the  count  du  Venadito ;  and  tranquillity.  Toe  permanent 
don  Jose  Garcia  de  la  Torre.  It  Council  is  charged  with  these 
was  solemnly  installed  in  its  func-  important  duties ;  and,  in  oider  to 
tions  on  the  15th  of  January.  The  accomplish  them,  it  will  qiaze  do 
duke  del  Infantado,  addressing  an  sacrifices.  Yes,  Sire,  we  promise 
haraneue  to  his  majesty,  in  which  and  swear,  that  we  wiU  not  rat, » 
he  told  him  all  tbAt  he  the  king  long  as  the  enemies  of  your  aove- 
had  ever  wished  to  do,  and  all  that  reignty  exist,  until  we  shall  have 
he  would  ever  intend  to  do,  laid  dn^ged  them  forth,  no  matter 
the  blame  of  the  present  state  of  where  they  may  be  hi^dpn^  or 
things  on  the  incapacity  of  those  under  what  disguise  they  may  seek 
who  had  before  possessed  the  royal  to  conceal  themselves." 
confidence,  and  descril^  the  new  If  it  had  ever  been  the  wish  of 
council  as  setting  in  its  constitution  Ferdinand  *'  to  re-estaUishharmooy 
an 'example  to  sJl  monarchies,  and  in  all  the  branches  of  the  numardiy, 
forming,  by  its  creation,  an  epoch  and  cement  the  bonds  of  afiection 
in  the  history  of  Spain.  ''  We  between  himself  and  his  subjects,* 
must  endeavour,"  said  the  minister  the  measures  which  he  was  *Hn 
to  the  king,  "  to  strengthen  what  sedulously  pursuing,  were  certainly 
the  disaffected  seek  to  weaken,  and  admirably  calculated  to  defeat  his 
to  reclaim  those  parts  to  order  own  purpose,  and  make  the  wodd 
which  have  quitted  their  bounds,  believe  Uiat  he  sought  the  sale^ 

Impressed  wiih  the^e  truths,  youc  Qf  bis  throne  only  in  perpetuating 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [293 

discord  and  dlBtrust.      The  pre-  families  were  said  to  have  already 
tended    amnesty,    clogged    with  been  driven  into  exile  in  conse- 
vague  exceptions  of  whole  classes  quence  of   their  connexion  with 
so  ill  defined  that  a  man  could  political  events,  and  they  had  ear- 
scarcely  tell  whether  or  not  he  ried  forth  wiih  them  almost  all 
was  included,  had  destroyed  all  the  capital  and  enterprise  of  the 
confidence :    no  one  who  had  in  country.    A  number  of  citijsens  of 
any  way  contributed  to  raise  the  Barcelona,  who  were  suspected  of 
troops,  or  took  any  share  in  pro-  having  once  favoured  the  constitu- 
daiming  the  constitution  through-  tion,  or  who  had  consented  to  hold 
out  the  Kingdom,  but  was  in  hourly  offices  under  its  reign,  when  Fer- 
danger  of  being  called  to,  account  dinand  himself  consented  to  hold 
for  by-gone  iniquities,   in  which  his  crown  under  it,  were  onlered 
nearly  the  whole  population  had  to  leave  the  city  within  four-and- 
partidpated.     M.    fiurgos,    in    a  twenty  hours,  and  betake  them- 
memorial  addressed  to  the  king,  selves  to  particular  places  of  re- 
in the  beginning  of  the  year,  on  straint  specially  assigned  to  them, 
the  best  means  of  winning  back  the  Not  a  moment's  delay  was  allowed 
departed  prosperity  and  tranquillity  them  for  preparation,    and  their 
of  the  country,  said>  with  much  entreaties  to  be  allowed  to  quit  the 
truth  and  boldness :   ^'  The  first  kingdom  were  disre^urded.     The 
mean  is  a  full  and  absolute  am-  criminal  tribunal  of  Seville  passed 
nesty,  to  all,  without  exceptions ;  sentence  of  death  upon  about  se- 
or,  if  there  be  exceptions,   they  venty  of  the  deputies  who  had 
roust  be  few,  personal,  and  dis-  voted  for  the  establiishment  of  a 
tinctly  named.     To  fear  danger  recency  in  1823,  but  fortunately 
from  an  amnesty  is  to  tremble  at  a  only  four  or  five  of  them  were  in 
phantom.     Men,    whose  severity  the  hands  of   that  tardy  justice 
is  offended  if  criminals  are   not  which  had  kept  them  up  for  three 
punished,    will  perhaps  maintain  years,    as   if   afraid    lest  victims 
that  the  impunity  of  certain  royal-  should  fail  for  her  periodical  fes- 
ists  might  encourage  excesses,  and  tivals  of  blood.     General  Capape 
lead  to  new  convulsions.    I  entreat  had  long  been  imprisoned  on  sus- 
your  majesty  not  to  yield  to  this  picion  of  bein^  accessory  to  an  in- 
melancholy    scruple.      Justice    is  surrection  similar  to  thai  of  Bes- 
already  satisfied  with  the  leaders  sieres.     At  length  he  was  brought 
of  the  rebellion  having  died  on  the  to  trial  before  the  Supreme  Council 
scaffold.     Three  years  of  proscrip-  of  war,  on  the  10th  of  April.     A 
tion  and  misfortune  have    suffi-  minority  of  the  court  were  for  find- 
dently  punished  those  who  took  ing  him  guilty,  and  passing  sen- 
part  in  the  errors  and  disorders  of  tence  of  death ;  but  Uie  majority 
the  late  period.     Policy  authorizes  voted  that  he  ought  to  be  acquit- 
and  prescribes  exceptions   to  the  ted,  and  re-instated  in  his  former 
ordinary  rules  of  justice,    when  honours.     The  king,  however,  in 
crowds  have  been  guilty :   when  the  face  of  this  judgment  of  the 
punishment  is  impossible,  pardon  Court,  sentenced  lum  to  be  banished 
or   oblivion   is    necessary."     This  to  the  West-Indian  island  of  Porto 
was  honest,  wise,  and  humane  ad-  Rico,   and  to  be  confined  in  St. 
vice,  but  it  was  lost  upon  Ferdinand  Sebastian  till  a  vessel  should  be 
i^d  his  ministers.     Forty  thousand  found    to    transport    him.      The 


294]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


police  on  iIm  frontiers  was  every 
where  rendered  more  dtriot:  by 
a  specid  ardinftnce>  all  perscms, 
whatsoever^  entering  the  kingdom, 
whether  suspected  or  not,  were 
ordered  to  be  arrested,  till  their 
conduct  dionld  be  ekamined>  and 
the  purpose  of  their  journey  ascer* 
tflined.  It  was  particularly  added, 
"  the  king's  pleasure  is,  that  this 
measuro  be  extended  even  to  all 
persons  who  have  returned  with 
lawful  permi^ion/'  At  the  same 
time  ministerial  circulars  were 
issued,  rousing  the  vigilance  of  the 
public  officers  not  only  to  watch  all 
books  to  be  imported)  but  again  to 
set  to  work>  and  examine  all  books 
already  imported,  calling  upon  the 
dergy  to  make  use  of  the  pulpit 
and  the  confessional  to  enforce  the 
giving  up  of  prohibited  works ; 
and  (as  if  td  remove  every  shadow 
of  social  Confidence,  and  hold  out 
premiums  for  the  gratification  of 
lying  and  malicious  informers),  to 
enforce,  by  these  mighty  engines 
of  a  superstitiuus  creed,  ''  Ihe  duty 
of  informin^i  wUh  ike  greatest 
secrecy**  agamst  persons  who  shall 
not  give  up  such  books.  The  cOn- 
fessot  was  to  compel  a  man,  by 
threats  of  eternal  perdition,  to  de« 
liver  up  to  the  Inquisition  a  rela- 
tion or  a  fViend  who  was  guilty  of 
the  enormity  of  possessing  a  Bible, 
or  a  volume  of  Voltaire.  Nothing 
could  better  illustrate  the  fears  and 
jealousies  of  the  government  than 
the  instructions  given  to  the  police 
affer  the  promulgation  of  the  con- 
stitutional charter  in  Portugal. 
By  these  instructions,  the  subaltern 
iatendants  of  police  were  to  make 
up  lists  of  all  persons  who  came 
under  the  descriptions  of  being 
attached  to  the  constitutional  sys- 
tem, having  been  national  vdun- 
teers  of  infantry  or  cavalry,  mem- 
ber of  sacfed  battalions  or  com« 


panics,  reputed  free-masons,  Icnofm 
for  communeros,  considered  liberal, 
exaltados,  or  moderates,  and  pur- 
chasers of  national  or  Becularised 
property.  These  lists  were  like- 
wise to  specify,  whether  any  indi- 
vidual had  been  a  member  of  the 
Supi«me  Junta  xsi  the  goTmuiieiit 
of  Madrid,  a  minister,  a  member  of 
any  tribunal  or  court  of  juatioe,  a 
deputy  fVom  any  province  to  the 
Onrtes,  or  a  seci^tary,  a  political 
chief,  or  employed  on  any  other 
service,  a  member  or  curator  of  any 
political  society,  or  apolitical  i^riter. 
Any  other  thing,  which  might  eive 
a  correct  idea  of  the  true  onnuoiis 
held  by  such  individual  dunng  the 
prevalence  of  the  constitution,  wis 
to  be  added ;  as  well  as  an  explana- 
tion of  his  conduct  from  the  down- 
fall of  the  cotistitution,  and  of  the 
influence  which  he  had  possened, 
and  might  have  in  the  government, 
in  consequence  of  Ms  fortune. 
When  any  person,  oyntained  in 
these  infamous  lists,  or  any  of  his 
children,  or  servants,  applied  for  a 
passport  to  leave  the  district,  the 
general  intendant  was  immediately 
to  be  informed  of  the  fact,  and  of 
the  suspicions  to  which  the  journey 
might  give  rise.  No  passport  was 
to  be  given  to  a  person  *'  marked 
as  attached  to  the  constitutional 
system,"  without  satisfying  the 
police  that  he  had  good  reasons  for 
travelling.  His  passport,  if  he  re- 
ceived one,  was  to  specify  the 
places  through  which  he  was  to 
pass,  and  at  which  he  was  to  stop 
in  going  or  returning;  and  this 
specification  w^  to  serve  as  a 
notice  to  the  authorities  in  these 
places  '^  to  have  cm  eye  upon  his 
conduct."  As  if  false  informers 
could  never  be  too  numerous,  or 
be  too  highlybribed,  a  reward  of  a 
thousand  reals  wasptomised  toevery 
police  officer  who  riiould  denottnce 


HISTORY  Of  EUROPE.  (]B»6 

sny   meediig  <st  persons   wtesd  resits  ^  some  of  thesi  ittt^wed  tto- 

Tianies  were  m  the  litfts ;  ftiid  if  tli«  vdlen  te  pus  tinspdiled  of  «it 

ineeting  conasted  of  more  tJMin  six  diing  bnt  Wiehr  Ihmkm;  the  Bieii 

persons,  avd  the  hwwe  w«b  whfit  of  Cotmmi,  a  haiklit  wholcejft  An* 

was  termed  a  suspected  one,  tns  dahnia  in  alanb,  winelkiieB  used  «b 

reward  was  to  he  two  thoosand  their  waich^word,  "D^n  Carlos 

xeais,  and  promotion,  **  ewit  ihot^  and  the  InqbiiStioto  j"  Msd  govern- 

ikt  offfect  qfthe  v^Hng  shotdd  n&l  .mentoflfetwl  a  pslkdoin^oAfty  awrn* 

be  ascertained  "  ber  ef  Ms  hand  who  would 


But  diese,  and  simihtr  m6a«ufes,  up  this  Mhel>  i/t  poinl;  ttUt  Ihe 
tyrannical  as  they  were,  cduH  not  ptee  df  Ins  vetitat.  £v«ry  m^ir 
enahle  the  government  to  sleep  suspicion  ied  to  new  acts  of  <et«. 
soundly ;  they  were  in  constant  rity,  and  VextttioiM  pdide  r&ga^ 
dread  of  insurrection,  mid  public  latkits.  The  g(ov«inorof  Afaneim, 
functionaries  seemed  to  Yie  with  on  the  authority  of  an  aiwnyiiwma 
eadi  other  in  proving  their  loyalty  letter,  piohil^ted  the  inhabitants 
by  inventing  or  detecting  plots,  from  being  out  of  doors  after  ten 
One  object  of  tenor  was,  the  long's  o'elodc  at  n%ht  without  t  lanthom^ 
own  brother,  Don  Carlos.  Agenend  and  fbihnde  move  l^n  thrae  per« 
rising  in  his  favour  all  over  the  sons  to  meet  in  public  or  private, 
kingdom  was  daily  dreaded;  and  bf  night  or  day.  Ill  its  own  ttOdpa 
the  wonderfbl  thing  was^  that  the  the  government  r«po^  little  con- 
dislike  of  his  adherents  to  the  fidence,  fcft  it  could  not  pay  them ; 
sway  of  Ferdinand  was  founded  on  and  anxious  precauliond  were  taken 
their  having  discovered  that  the  to  prevent  them  fiom  forming  any 

government  of  the  latter  was  too  lasting  connection  with  the  popu^^ 

beral  and  moderate.     Several  ec-  lation.    The    captains-general  of 

clesiastics  were  remdved  from  Ma-  the  provinces  reported  regularly  to 

drid  in  consequence  of  being  sus-  the  government  all  the  movements 

pected.  of  Carlism,  and  rigorous  and  marches  made  by  the  men 

inquisitions  were  instituted  even  linder  their  command  t  they  wet« 

into  families  to  discover  these  dis-  told  in  their  instructlonSi  that  they 

loyal  and  ultra-royal  indinations.  mtist  "  avoid  too  great  a  dissemi- 

The  appetite  of  the  priesthood  for  nation,  which  is  always  insufficidnt, 

revenge  and  power  must  have  been,  compared  with  the  extent  of  the 

indeed,  insatiable,  when  even  the  country,  And  of^n  useless;  but 

executions  and  proscriptions,  and  when  this  dissemination  is  indis- 

ordinances,  of  Ferdinand  were  in-  pensable,  it  is  essentially  requisite 

sufficient  to  glut  it     Prodama-  to  chai^  the  regiments  with  eadi 

tions  in  favour  of  Don  Carlos  were  other,  m  order  that  this  kind  of 

circulated  throughout  the  kingdom;  service  may  not  injure  discipline^ 

and  in  the  province  of  La  Mancha ;  and  cause  the  corruption  of  the  sol- 

circularg   were    addressed  to  the  dier."  The  king  havinggone  to  visit 

commanders  of  the  royalist   .vo-  the  barracks  of  a  regiment  of  pro- 

lunteers,  setting  forth  his  preten-  vincial  militia  quartered  at  Aran- 

sionSy  and  calling  on  them  to  pro-  jtiex,  arrived  while  the  men  were 

claim  him.     The  numerous  bands  at  dinner.     "  You  dine  late,"  said 

of  robbers  that  infested  the  cotm-  the  king. — "Yes  Siite,"  answered 

try  were  8un>ected  to  be  in  reality  a  sc^ci^;  "we  dine  lite,  and  we 

binder  the  mrection  of  hb  adhe*  dine  on  credit >  toO'." 


296]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

The  only  rerolt  which  actually  longed   to   a   bod7>    the  rqjralist 
brol^e  out  was  a  mad  attempt  made  volunteers^  which  was  indeed  aU 
in  Valencia  by  general  Bazan.   He  most  the  only  body  of  troops  in 
was  an  officer  of  some  merit>  and  whom  the  kii:^  could  repose  mudi 
had  formerly  been  political  chief  confidence,    but    who  were    fire- 
of  Valencia.     He  landed  on  the  quently  the  cause  of  much  public 
19th  of  February,  at  Quardamar,  disturbance  themselves,    and   die 
a  ftmall  sea-port  a  few  leagues  from  perpetrators  of  lawless  acts  of  in- 
Alicant,    with  about  a  hundred  suit,  and  oppression,  and  riot ;  and 
men  who  had  joined  him  in  his  they  aggravated  their  excesses  by 
enterprise.     He  pillaged  the  town  assuming  a  sort  of  privily   to 
and  the  church ;  and,  on  the  ap-  commit  them,  because  they  ima- 
proach  of  a   body  of  royalist  vo-  gined,  and  not  without  some  rea- 
lunteers,  who  had  already  placed  son,  that  the  government  was  too 
themselves  betwepn  him  and  the  weak  either  to  dispense  with  tURr 
sea,  he  retired  towards  the  moun-  services,  or  to  punish  their  crimes, 
tains.     The  royal  troops,  however.  They  were  the  chosen  support  of 
came  up  with  him  and  his  party,  the  most  extravagant  of  the  Apos- 
and,  after  a  desperate  combat,  in  tolical  party ;  and  all  that  was 
which  he  received  four  wounds,  he  required  of  them  was  devotion  to 
himself,  with  his  brother,  and  the  ,  its  plans.     In  the  provinces  th^ 
greater  part  of  his  companions  fell  were  formed  and  recruited,  and 
into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  Some  the  funds  for  their  pay  were  some- 
of  them  were  immediately  shot  at  times  raised  by  the  influence,  or 
Orihuela,  and  others  hanged  at  ~  evenirom  the  coffers,  of  the  priest- 
Murcia.  Bazan  himself  was  spared  hood.     After  they  had  once  fdt 
for  a  few  days,  ostensibly  be^^use  their  own  importance,  disdpline 
he  was  at  the  point  of  death,  in  lost  its  power  to  restrain ;  they 
consequence  of  his  wounds,  but  raised    commotions     when     thej 
more  probably  in  the  hope  of  ex-  thought  proper,  and  scorned  tbe 
torting  information  from  him  ;  for  attempts,  of  Uieir  officers  to  restore 
he  was  at  last  shot,  on  the  4th  of  order.      They    were    irregularly 
March,  inalitter,  which  his  wounds,  paid,    they    had    arms    in    then* 
then  in  a  state  of  mortification,  hands,  they  were  principally  mea 
prevented  him  from  leaving.     His  of  abandoned  character,    and  no 
plan,  according  to  papers  said  to  strangers  to  trime ;  and  the  con- 
have  been  seized  upon  him  and  sequence  of  this  was,  that  they 
his  comrades,   was,   to  appoint  a  acknowledged  scarcely  any  law  but 
regency  for  the  government  of  the  their  own  will.     Three  officers  be- 
kingdom,  erect  a  supreme  revblu-  longing    to  this  corps  had  been 
tionary   tribunal  in   the    capital,  convicted  at  Cordova  of  violent 
with   subaltern    tribunals  in  the  outrages  committed  against  persons 
provinces  for  the   punishment  of  whom  they  chose  to  call  liberals, 
the  royalists,   and  confiscate   the  and  whom  they  consequently  hdd, 
property  of  the  nobility  and  of  the  in  conformity  with  the  practice  of 
church.       Lists    of   proscription,  Ferdinand's  government,  to  be  oat 
too,  were  said  to  have  been  al-  of  the  pale  of  the  law.     These 
ready  drawn  up.  officers,  who  .were  not  even  in  cia- 

The  military  force  employed  on  tody,  proceeded  forthwith  to  tbe 

this  occasion  to  crush  revolt,  be-  court  which  h^d  tried  themi  sad 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[297 


insisted  that  the  proceedings  against 
them  should  be  burned:  on  the 
refusal  of  the  judges^  they  and 
their  soldiers  inunediately  raised  a 
riot,  and  the  civH  authorities  were 
undbr  the  necessity  of  demanding 
military  assistance  from  the  cap- 
tain-general of  Seville^  to  enable 
them  to  maintain  the  public  peace 
against  the  loyal  defenders  of 
''  good  order."  In  the  beginning 
of  April  some  tumultuary  assem- 
hlages  of  the  populace  took  place 
in  Uie  capital,  in  consequence  of 
then:  discontent  at  the  increase  of 
the  duties  on  meat^  wine,  and 
other  provisions,  an  increase  which 
had  partly  been  occasioned  by  the 
necessity  of  providing  for  these 
Tcry  men  ;  and  the  troops  were 
kept  under  arms.  While  some 
royalist  volunteers  were  coming 
out  of  a  house,  a  petard  exploded 
near  them  in  the  street.  They 
said  that  a  pistol  had  been  fired, 
and  aimed  at  them.  In  a  moment 
a  hundred  and  twenty  volunteers 
assembled  with  arms  in  their  hands, 
threatening  to  enter  the  houses  of 
the  Negroes  (so  the  constitution- 
alists are  termed),  and  take  ven- 
geance for  the  outrage.  A  piquet 
of  Lancers,  who  had  barracks  in 
that  quarter,  attempted  to  dis- 
perse the  mutineers,  but  they,  as 
well  as  a  second  more  considerable 
detachment,  were  repulsed.  The 
colonel  of  the  volunteers,  M.  VU- 
lamis,  endeavoured  to  appease 
them,  but,  though  popular  among 
them,  he  was  unsuccessful.  He 
at  length  ordered  the  Lancers  to 
charge  them.  At  this  juncture, 
the  captain-general  of  the  province, 
and  the  governor  of  the  fortress, 
made  their  appearance,  and,  by 
their  persuasions,  the  volunteers  at 
length  dispersed,  and  tranquility 
was  restor^.  On  the  21st  of  May, 
a  royalist  volunteer  assassinated  a 


citizen  of  Madrid  on  the  public 
street,  for  no  other  reason  than  that 
he  was  a  negro.  He  was  arrested 
with  the  bloody  sabre  in  his  hand, 
and  judicial  proceeding  were  in- 
stituted against  him.  But  he  ad- 
dressed a  petition  to  the  king  pre- 
tending that  he  had  had  a  quarrel, 
with  the  unarmed  man,  before 
stabbing  him:  the  petition  was 
supported  by  Carvajal,  the  inspec- 
tor of  the  volunteers,  and  Calo- 
marde,  the  minister  of  justice ; 
and  the  authorities  who  conducted 
the  prosecution,  announced  that  his 
majesty  had  been  pleased  to  pardon 
the  volunteer.  One  of  the  munici- 
pal magistrates  had  the  honest  bold- 
ness to  make  a  direct  application  to 
the  king  against  this  atrodpus  out- 
rage on  justice  and  decency;  stating 
that  the  court  could  not  bring 
itself  to  believe  that  it  was  the 
royal  will  that  assassins  should  be 
pardoned,  contrary  to  existing 
laws;  but  the  murderer,  to  the 
disgrace  of  this  contemptible  go- 
vernment, the  slave  of  its  own 
hired  servants,  continued  to  walk 
the  streets  of  Madrid  in  perfect 
security. 

The  clergy,  the  directors  of 
these  exemplary  troops,  even  ven- 
tured to  employ  them  in  more  ex- 
tensive, and  organized  combina- 
tions, to  make  the  government  feel 
the  power  which  they  could  wield, 
'  and  urge  it  to  the  adoption  of  any 
measure  against  which  any  solitary 
ray  of  sound  reason  still  glimmer- 
ing in  the  cabinet  might  have 
m^e  it  revolt.  As  if  the  ministry 
had  not  manifested  sufficient  reso- 
lution in  resisting  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Portuguese  constitu- 
tion, the  apostolics  worked  On  their 
fears  by  rouzing  the  royalist  volun- 
teers. At  Murcia,  on  the  13th  of 
September,  the  volunteers,  in  fur- 
therance of  a  plot  of  which  tl^^ 


298]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


bishops  of  Murcia  jand  Onhuela> 
with  their  chapters,  were  the 
prime  movers^  assembled  iii  the 
great  square  oC  the  town  with 
their  leaders  at  their  head.  They 
then  divided  into  small  parties,  and 
marched  through  the  streets,  com- 
mitting all  sorts  of  outrages  against 
personssu^cted  of  liberal  opinions, 
whom  they  chanced  to  meet.  They 
entered  moreover  the  houses  of  a 
great  number  of  liberals,  whom 
they  abused,  wounded,  killed,  and 
pillaged.  After  having  employed 
several  hours  in  these  exploits,  they 
again  assembled  in  the  square,  and 
with  shouts  of  "  Death  to  the  Libe- 
rals ;  the  King  without  Chambers 
for  ever,"  marched  towards  Ori- 
huela,  tb  join  the  volunteers  of 
that  town,  and  of  the  country  be- 
tween Orihuela  and  Murcia.  The 
civil  authorities  were  in  the  plot, 
and  accompanied  the  volunteers  to 
Orihuela;  but  when  they  were 
departed  from  Murcia,  the  in- 
tendants  of  finance  and  police  as- 
sembling the  servants  of  govern- 
ment in  the  town,  and  some  of  the 
respectable  inhabitants,  succeeded 
in  arming  four  hundred  men,  by 
whose  means  they  re-established 
some  degree  of  tranquillity.  A 
similar  scene  was  performing  at 
the ,  same  time  in  the  north,  at 
Roa,  a  city  of  Old  Castile.  There, 
while  the  commander  of  the  vo- 
lunteers was  endeavouring  in  vain 
to  restrain  his  mutinous  soldiers, 
bv  haranguing  them  in  the  market- 
juace,  he  received  a  blow  on  the 
head  with  a  club,  and  fell  dead  on 
the  spot  An  officer  who  stood  by 
him,  wished  to  lay  hold  of  th^  mur- 
derer, and  remonstrated  with  the 
men  upon  their  guilty  conduct ;  but 
he  was  immediately  stabbed  in  the 
belly  with  a  poinard,  the  point  of 
which  protruded  through  his  loins. 
The  tumult  now  became  so  great. 


that  the  authorities  were  glad  to 
drag  away  the  wounded  msai,  and 
flee  with  him.  They  sought  refuge 
in  the  town  of  San  Martin,  about 
a  league  from  Roa,  and  there  they 
demanded  assistance.  Thirty 
soldiers  accompanied  the  aath<m- 
tics  of  the  city  and  town  to  Roa, 
to  restore  order  there.  They 
reached  the  souare  vh^re  Uie  in- 
surrectionists had  assembled  ;  and 
the  alcade  of  San  Martin  mounted 
some  steps  and  proceeded  to 
harangue  them.  He  reproached 
them  for  their  disloyalty  and  dis- 
obedience to  the  best  of  kings  ;  bat 
they  would  not  even  allow  iiim  to 
finish  his  speech.  He  was  stopped 
by  insulting  cries  against  the  p»- 
son  of  the  monarch ;  and  the  mnti- 
neers  declared  that  neither  tiie 
people  nor  the  soldiery  would  sub- 
mit to  any  authority  that  came  in 
his  name.  There  was  no  longer 
any  means  of  resistance ;  and  the 
inhabitants  of  San  Martin,  with 
the  volunteers  of  that  town,  woe 
forced  ^ain  to  seek  safety  in 
flight.  Such  was  the  authority  of 
Ferdinand  with  his  own  army, 
such  was  the  humility  of  the 
apostolic  priesthood,  and  such  were 
the  troops  to  whom  was  intrusted 
in  Spain,  the  maintenance  of 
public  order. 

Nor,  in  fixing  their  empire 
over  opinion,  did  the  clergy  neg^ 
lect  those  means  of  influence 
which  flow  from  wealth.  Un- 
der the  constitutional  sovem- 
ment,  all  th^  estates  of  the  mo- 
nasteries and  convents  bad  been 
sold,  or  declared,  at  least,  to  be 
national  property,  to  be  ^qipro- 
priated  to  the  payment  of  the 
public  debt.  Persons  who  held 
property  under  them  at  a  quit- 
rent,  Imd  boen  allowed  to  redeem 
it,  and  become  absolhte  proprietofs, 
on  making  payment  to  the  govern- 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[299 


ment  of  a  capital  equal  to  that 
rent^  estimated  at  a  nxed  number 
of  years.  Ferdinand  now  declared 
all  these  redemptions  null ;  and 
not  only  re-instated  the  religious 
orders  in  their  property,  but  con- 
demned the  tenants  to  pay  to  them 
the  rents  which  had  become  due 
since  the  date  of  the  redemption, 
l^thin  two  years  and  a  hau  the 
Jesuits  received  upwards  of  three 
millions  of  reals  mmi  the  public 
purse,  on  account^  it  was  said,  of 
what  was  due  to  them  by  thd 
state,  while  every  other  creditor 
remained  unsatisfied,  and  even  the 
troops  and  public  servants  were 
irregularly  paid,  or  not  paid  at  all. 
Bo£  in  the  capital  and  m  the  pro- 
vinces several  estates  and  houses 
were  restored  to  them .  In  Madrid 
and  its  neighbourhood,  they  fitted 
up  for  their  principal  abode,  a  vast 
hotel,  and  vested  their  capital  in 
purchasing  farms  and  houses ;  they 
were  founding  colleges  for  the  edu- 
cation of  the  nobility.  Their  houses 
of  noviciate  and  convents,  of  which 
Madrid  alone  contained  two  hun- 
dred, were  fuU ;  they  had  regained 
their  situations  and  influence  as 
chaplains  or  confessors  in  the  fa- 
mihes  of  the  srandees ;  and  they 
were  intrustea  with  the  education 
of  the  eldest  son  of  the  infant  Don 
Carlos,  the  presumptive  heir  to  the 
crown.  Even  the  will  of  their 
master  the  Pope  was  questioned, 
if  it  seemed  to  stand  in  the  way  of 
their  own  humour,  or  the  gratifi- 
cations of  their  own  vindictive 
passions.  His  holiness  had  issued 
a  bull,  addressed  to  the  archbishops 
and  bishops  of  the  Peninsula,  re- 
commending union  and  charity,  but 
the  clergy  had  sufficient  influence 
to  prevent  the  council  of  Castile 
fVom  publishing  it  jfor  several 
months ;  and  the  Pope  was  under 


the  necessity  of  censuring  its  sup- 
pression, and  attempting  to  enforce 
Its  principles  by  a  second.  If  even 
the  authority  -of  the  church  was 
thus  despised,  when  employed  to 
restrain  the  violence  of  its  own 
sons,  that  of  the  state  was  still 
less  respected.  An  order  having 
been  issued  by  the  government  to 
the  bishops  to  restore  to  their 
parishes  some  cur^s  who  had  been 
suspended  on  account  of  unfounded 
pohtical  charges,  the  bishops  con- 
descended to  tender  dbedience  to 
the  decree,  provided  only  that  the 
cur^s  would  enter  into  an  ecclesi- 
astical engagement,  almost  amount- 
ing to  an  act  of  rebellion — namely, 
that  they  would  recogni2e  the 
Pope  as  Christ's  vicar  on  earth, 
and  would  resist  all  ciyil  inter- 
ference whatever  in  the  afiairs  of 
the  church. 

WhUe  the  fortunes  of  the  clergy 
flourished,  the  fortunes  of  tne 
public  were  ruined.  M.  Zea 
Bermudez  had  been  unable  to  re- 
tain his  office  for  four  and  twenty 
hours  after  proposing  an  impost 
which  would  afiect  equally  eme- 
siastical  and  lay  property.  The 
receipts  of  the  Treasury  did  not 
amount  to  half  the  unavoidable 
expenses ;  new  taxes  excited  pub- 
lic discontent,  and  little  remamed 
in  the  country  from  which  addi- 
tional taxes  could  be  paid.  Twelve 
regiments  of  militia  were  disband- 
ed, because  the  government,  though 
ill  able,  and  much  disinclined,  to 
dispense  with  their  services,  was 
still  less  able  to  pay  them ;  and,  po- 
litically, they  would  not  be  so 
dangerous  in  the  form  of  armed 
robbers,  as  in  that  of  murtUuring 
soldiers  with  just  and  disregarded 
claims.  Borrowing  was  out  of 
the  reach  of  Ferdinand;  no  sensible 
man  would  have  trusted  him  with 


300]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

a  pound ;  his  conduct  in^regard  to  a    representative    assemUy    was 

the  bonds  of  the  Cortes  had  made  altogether   incompatible.     Power, 

him  bankrupt  all  over  Europe,  not  when  in  the  hands  of  a  weak  and 

only  in  fortune,  but  in  good  faith,  bigotted  monarch  like  Ferdinand, 

He    was   a  large  debtor  to  the  was  in  their  own  hands ;  bis  fears, 

f)vemments  both  of  England  and  his  superstition,  and  his  stupidity, 
ranee ;  but,  excepting  a  payment  rendered  him  their  tool ;   but  it 
of  700,000  francs,  which  he  con-  would  be  a  hopeless  task  to  at- 
trived  to  make  to  France,  neither  tempt  to  rule,  by  the  same  means, 
of  them  could  obtain  any  thing  a  body  of  elected  deputies,  rendered 
but  a  statement  of  the  account,  doubly  formidable  by  being  con- 
and  a  recognition  of  their  claims,  joined  in  a  legitimate  union,  aid 
and  even  that  only  after  he  had  invested  with  regular  and  consti- 
thrown  every  possible  difficulty  in  tutional  authority.     They  remcm- 
the  way.  bered  moreover,  and  remembered 
It  was  impossible  that  a  govern-  with  bitterness,  the  indiscriminat- 
ment    so   despotic,    so  weak,    so  ing  and  unjust  fury  with  whidi 
jealous,  could  look  without  appre-  their  order  had  been  pursued,  and 
hensions  at  the  establishment  of.  their  property  confiscated,  during 
the  constitutional  system  in  For-  the  temporary  domination  of  the 
tugal.    That   system   was  not  a  Cortesof  Spain;  and  they 'saw.  the 
direct  attack  upon  her  own  insti-  constitutional  charter  of  Portt^ 
tutions ;  but  its  success  would  not,  itself,  although  the  work  of  a  Ca- 
on  that  account,  be  ultimately  less  tholic  monarch,  anxiously  exdad- 
fatal  to  their  stability.     A  free  ing  priests  and  monks  from  the 
government  could  not  continue  to  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise, 
exist  in  their  immediate  neigh-  The  objects  which  Ferdinand  and 
bourhood,      without     powerfully  the  apostolics  had  in  view  in  re- 
afiecting  the  public  feeling,    and  sisting  the  establishment  of  liberty 
enlightening  the  public  mind  in  in  Portugal,    were  in  themsdves 
Spain :    the   spectacle   of   public  bad   and   unworthy  objects ;  but 
tranquillity  preserved,    and   reli-  being  once  entertained,  it  is  impo*- 
gion,  with  its  ministers  and  cere-  sible  to  say  that  the  cabinet  and 
monies,  duly  honoured  and  cele-  the  camarilla  were  not  acting  in  a 
brated,  under  the  auspices  of  a  manner  calculated  to  attain  them, 
representative  constitution,  would  when  they  employed  all  their  en- 
have  been  to  the  subjects  6f  Fer-  gines  of  intrigue  against  the  Por- 
dinand  a  satisfactory  refutation  of  tuguese  charter.     With  sudi  ideas 
his    political    creed,    that    every  in  their  head,  the  destruction  of 
amelioration    of    despotism     was  its     representative     government, 
identified    with     blasphemy    and  either  by  foreign  force  or  domestic 
infidelity,  with  crime  and  confu-  rebellion,  was  a  consummation  de- 
sion.     The  manifest  and  unblush-  voutly  to  be  wished ;  they  would 
ing  object  of  the  priesthood  was,  gain  much,  if  they  could  even  ex- 
not  merely  to  establish  absolute  cite  public  disturbances,    though 
power,  but  much  more  to  vest  that  soon  crushed ;  for  it  was  easjr  to 
absolute  power  exclusively  in  their  lay  the  blame  of  such  irregularities 
own  body.     With  the  attainment  on  the  new  system,  and  to  repie- 
of  such  an  object,  the  existence  of  sent  internal   commotio^  as  the 


HIStORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[301 


unavoidable  consequence  of  mixing 
up  with  the  pure  mass  of  des- 
potism any  portion  of  the  leaven 
of  liberalism. 

Ferdinand  and  his  clergy^  there- 
foie,  were  equally  opposed  to  the 
establishment  of  the  Portuguese 
omstitution,  and^  as  a  necessary 
consequence,  to  the  rect^nition  of 
the  regency  which  acted  under  the 
same  power  that  had  granted  it. 
The  clergy,  however,  were  more 
inclined  to  hurry  at  once  into  des- 
perate measures,  and  proclaim  open 
hostility ;  the  cabinet,  weU  know*- 
ing  that  Spain,  without  foreign 
assistance,  was  in  no  condition  to 
undertake  a  war,  and  probably, 
likewise,  feeling  that  their  mere 
dislike  of  liberty  would  scarcely 
justify  in  the  eyes  of  £urope  a 
declaration  of  war  against  an  un- 
offending neighbour,  because  it 
obeyed  the  mandate  of  its  sove- 
reign, were  more  willing  to  try 
the  effects  of  concealed  mtrigue, 
and  to  endeavour  to  make  the 
other  continental  courts  parties  to 
their  machinations.  They  resolved, 
therefore,  to  encourage  every 
symptom  of  discontent  which 
midit  show  itself  in  Portugal, 
and  to  gratify  the  more  extrava- 
0mt  i^xMtolics  by  appointing  M. 
D.  Anduaga,  a  violent  adherent  of 
that  party,  to  succeed  M.  Casa 
Flores  as  ambassador  at  Lisbon, 
to  organize  rebellion,  and  collect 
coadjutors  in  the  capital  The 
foreign  ministers  had  sufficient 
influence,  however,  to  prevent  this 
step  .  from  being  taken.  They 
represented  to  the  government, 
how  impolitic  a  mission  avowedly 
of  such  a  character  would  be  in 
the  existing  state  of  things  in  Por- 
tugal ;  that  the  constitution  of 
that  countr}'  had  come  from  a  le- 
gitimate source,  as  the  voluntary 
gift  of  the  Intimate  soyeieign^ 


and  was  in  no  respect  contrary  to 
the  principles  supported  by  the 
European  governments.  The 
journey  of  Anduaga  was,  there- 
fore, in  the  mean  time  deferred ; 
and  recourse  was  then  had  to  the 
courts  of  France,  Austria,  and 
Russia,  to  prevent  them  from  ac- 
knowledging the  Portuguese  con- 
stitution, and  induce  them  to  sup- 
port her  in  endeavouring  to  crush 
it.  But  Ferdinand's  remonstrances 
were  ineffectual;  it  was  not  a  quar- 
rel in  which  the  oth^er  kings  of  Eu- 
rope had  any  interest,  or  in  which 
Spain  had  any  justice  on  her  side : 
they  stood  in  the  same  amicable 
relations  with  the  infanta  ilesent 
in  which  they  had  stood  with  king 
John.  They  might  be  called  on 
to  interfere  if  the  ruling  party  in 
Portugal,  in  the  pride  of  new-bom 
liberty,  ^ould  attempt  to  act  upon 
Spain  by  any  other  influence  than 
the  inevitable  influence  of  exam- 
ple ;  but  so  long  as  Spain  herself 
was  not  disturbed  by  Portugal, 
they  could  see  no  reason  for  stajid- 
ing  by  the  side  of  Spain  in  an 
attack  on  Portugal,  an  attack, 
moreover,  in  which  they  knew 
that  they  would  find  England 
in  arms  by  the  side  of  the  flatter. 
Their  determinations  miffht  have 
been  different,  if  they  had  only 
had  to  deal  with  the  House  of 
Braganza;  but  they  could  not 
conceal  from  themselves,  that  the 
true  and  serious  question  was  not, 
whether  they  would  be  parties  to 
a  war  against  Portugal,  but  whe- 
ther they  would  be  parties  in  a 
war  with  Great  Britain  ? 

The  spirit  of  discontent  in  Por- 
tugal had  begun  to  show  itself  on 
the  promulgation  of  the  constitu- 
tion at  Lisbon,  in  the  middle  of 
July.  Frequent  desertions  took 
place  from  the  troops  on  the  fron- 
tiersi  produced  by  the  influence  <€ 


802]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

g  few  geaerals  of  little  note^  and  own    crown.      He    could  «it    all 

flfflne  noUemmi  of  extensive  pro-  times^  uioreover>  be  latiaK  of  le- 

perty.      The  deserters  unifomlj  grets^   and  assurances,   and    pso- 

took  refuge    in  Spain^    carrying  mises;  and  he  might  hope   that 

with  them  their  arms  and  ammu-  the   mask  mi^t   thus  he  safely 

nitioB  ;  at  di£f^ent  points  within  wom^  till  the  trium]^  o{  the  PoT' 

the  Spanish  frontier,  were  esta-  tuguese  rebels  idiould  hare  enabled 

hlished  r^pihr  depots,  where  they  him  to  throw  it  off,  and  eome  ^kA 

might  be  concentrated  and  organ*  as  the  acknowledged  chammoii  of 

iaed,  under  the  rebel  eommauder&  the  true  puWc  opinion  of  Portu- 

Th^  were  the  bands  whom  Spain  gal. 

determined  to  emplc^  in  invading        A  system  of  policy  like  this  le- 

Portugal;  they  were  a  species  <h  quired    much    wiser   and   aookr 

fecce,  whidb,  i£  sufficiently  strong  heads  than  were  to  fae  Cmmd  in 

in  numbers,  would  be  doubly  effi*  Ihe  cabinet  of  Ferdinand,  aad  a 

eient  for  her  purpose  by  the  ex*  ministry  much  more  fakhkm,  and 

arajde  whkb  they  set,  and  the  capable    of    being   hood«winked« 

dkaf^tion   which   their  appear-  tiian  that   which   conducted  the 

aace  in  mrms  in  the  kingdom  could^  pc^y  of  England ;  and,  uaibrtu* 

not  fail  to  excite    among    their  nately  for  the  whole  sdieme,  whole 

friends  and  dependents ;  she  fiat-  it  threatened,  as  its  issuc^  to  bring 

teved  herself  virith  being  able  to  down  upon  ^pain  the  w^iole  len- 

coaceal^  or  to  explain  away>  the  geance  of  England^  it  neccia—rily 

9iA  whkh  she  asigjbt  a£R)rd  them ;  set  out  fioin  acts  which  wmM 

and  that  she  thus  might  omquer  hare  justified  an    imwediatp  de- 

Portugal  vrithout    ineunang   the  daratton  of  war  on  the  part  of 

odiias  of  attacldbeig  an  unoffbndiBg  Porti^aL      Its   very    foundatios 

aUy,  or  exposing  herself  to  cer*  was  a  refusal  to  recognise  the  ex- 

latfi  destruction  by  attacking  hc^  isting  government  of  FaiiagBl,  ss 

singkshanded.     If   the    captains-  a  regular  and  Intimate  ffonraf^ 

geneial  «f  the  frontier  pcovincea  ment,  or  to  acknowledge  toe  title 

allaa^fed   the    refugees  to  assem^  of  the  young  queen,  or  the  tide  cl 

Ue  in  amis>   or  pfovided  them  the    regency  ajqK>inted    by  Doa 

with  anas>  for  tiw  attack  of  Portu/-  Pedro  to  enrdse  the  powers  of 

pal^  Ferdinand  could  pretend  thai  sovereignty.     To  peiriat  in  tUs 

il  was  done  en  their  own  respoo^  refusal  was  a  measure  which  coald 

siUlity,  and  contrary  to  his  wi^ies;  neither  be  concealed  nor  exphaaed; 

if  meney  was  ooareyed  to  them,  it  was   treating    the  PortsKvese 

he  coidd  re^msent  it  as  being  no  government  as  an  illmi  uanfi* 

aid  horn  the  public  treasvuy,  but  tiOD,  and,  if  Portugal  had  besa 

the  pious  collections  and.  offeringa  quarrelsoiiie,  would  very  sfeeflv 

of  tho  holy  servants  of  the  altar ;  have  led  to  open  hestilttiH.    H 

if  they  took  ac^bma  eaths>  aaud  Spain,  again,    acknowledged  the 

paoopaus  oereaioaaes,.  ok  tibe  S|)an-  government,  she  acknowle^^ged  it* 

iflh  teaiitoiy,.  to  mmirtam  iSbe  tkle  right  to  insist  upon  the  fioA^ 

of  Den  Miguel  to  the  throne,  and  execution  of  existing  treatiss  b^ 

the  daaau  of  the  '  queea-motk^r  tween  the  two  countries;  but  to 

to  the  regency^  he  conU  answer,  execute  these  treaties  was  to  coos- 

thttt  the   Puttvgnese  best   knew  teract  all  the  machinations  mVA 

tke  lulss  of  sucoesrion  to  theii:  Spain  was  derittng*      By  th^ 


HISTOHY  OF  EUROPE.  [303 

tMlk^  Snaia  wm  bound  ^t  leaat  Spain  thus  received^  enoounified. 

tpdianB  ail  deserters, to  send  them  armed,  organized^  and  sent  ha^  to 

oto  the  interior,  to  preserve  the  the  invasion  of  Portugal-^-accom* 

peiee  of  the  frontiersy  and  deliver  panied  on  some  occmons  hy  bodies 

19  Uieir  arms  to  Portugal  from  of  SpiM:ush  troopft^^belcnig  mora 

vim  they  had  been  stolen*    But  properly  to   the   history  of  the 

if  the  le^Jity  of  the  Portuguese  btter  country :  at  present  we  have 

gofvenimei^t  weipe    rect^gni^^    a  only  to  trace  the  progress  of  the 

i^^bcal  on  the  part  of  Spain  to  poUcy    which    Spain    had     thus 

fohil  ihesB  conditions  would  be  adopted.    The  complaints  of  Pojiv 

f%nif4<^t  ^  a  declarat^n  of  war«  tu^  on  the  refusal  to  leeognije 

Siieiii^t  pretend  not  to  aee  the  her  governments  and  to  exeente 

pendife  awistanoe  rendered  to  the  existing  treati^  l^  toarmii]^  and 

Mb^  hy  W  autboritks ;  hut  she  dispensing  the  feibel  rrfugees,  were 

vM  not  vefMSfi!.  at  least,  fo  order  unceasing  an4  unansweinble.    M« 

tbfor  disfersioni  and  the  restoring  Goniesu^  amb^^ssa^  of  Portugal 

of  their  arms;  tax  the  escecution  at  I4^dj:idj  having decdaicd  himself 

of  Aese  erdera  sb^  was  pa^fwah*  against  th«  oimstituticNu  «f^  d&« 

^;  if  ^  was  too  feeUi^  to  coqh  caned  taUng  the  oath  required  by 

9mi  obedioMc^  fHam   W   own  the  dimrter.thtere  was  no  accredited 

lemAli,   it  w«s  fuU  tim«  that  minister  of  that  power  to  urge  her 

^te  P«w^s  AfmUi  take  tW  9U^  remcmslrance^  till  the  arrival  eC 

^Mty  inlo  tWiv  ow«  hsands^    If  his  »ftccessor>  count  Vilk  Sea)>  in 

wk  Qfigrn  wffe  «I^C9rod>  h»r  po^  the  month  of  September.    All  the 

%  waa  tt  im  end ;  if  they  weie  ptessing  applications  of  that  wisMh 

iil  «hfi9«d»  peae^  w«i«taAend«  ter>ji(nnedtoth(osoof  th(»«mbaas»« 

%  theibr  nQ»-fuiUUm^nl  was  an  dor  of  England,  were  unaUe  to 

iifiDttiPsi  of  aolevan  treaties    She  pvocure  an  ada¥>wkdgment  of  the 

^Afi  f^mtty  to  avQMi  war^  and  u^w  government ;  and  a  change 

te  snrt  hfft  piolipy  against  Portu-^  which  hod  taken  place  in  the  cahi- 

pli  hilt,  aa  she  mameigei  them>  net  seemed  to  hold  out  more  un- 

4si«  olgiaeta  w«»  incompatibte^  fevouraUe   fvo^>ect9  thus   ever, 

i^qhs  endad  with  SM^divg  tQ  tli^  The  council  of  the  king  had  not 

diKQW9  of  diiaifinnted  «t«a«ing>  been  unaniaaoua  in  approvins  «f 

^  h^mSMatk  of   unsucccaafvi  the  course  on  which  Spain  had 

^fvu    lu  fac^  PtfrtUsyind  seems  entered  ;  aone  of  the  members  had 

liw  to  hnro  snspcft^  tUl  the  been  in  favour  of  a  moce  plnusfcUe 

tmlhhnnt  upon  hiiu  at  the  same  neutrality  b^r  disaimifng  thft  rebels 

mmnt  that  in  overwhelmed  hun,  in  i^nus  of  the  treajdesy  and  tJ^ 

tka^  BxilaiA  would  take  the  de-i  lewing  events,  to  take  their  own 

ciiirepHrtwhich  she  soon  adq;)ted;  course:  they  could  not  see  the  pi«*< 

tkn  she  would  du  any  thing  more  denoe  of  giving  Portugal  a  mo^ve 

tkia  nmonati9^,  or^  at  the  woxat>  and  a  jij0ti£catioa  for  adoptii^ 

^Wsa^iU   ot  would  require  any  dangerous  'measmea  in  her  tuiB# 

tiid^r  veil  t^  be  thxQwn  oyer  lus  and  embodying  on   the  ficontieffs 

IsUcy  ikauk  would  just  enable  h»r  the  multitudes  of  Spanu^  r^Uffees 

^  99  with  d0OSPcy>  that  she  bid  whom  the  proscriptions  of  the  lust 

Wen  wistakga  in  its  cbnraoter.  three  years  had  forced  into  entile; 

The  militaiy  operatkms  carried  and  still  Less  could  they  discern  the 

ou  b^  tb»  liaad3  <tf  rebdsL  whom  pd&:y  ojE  stseagtheniQg  the  Fortui* 


3045     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

fiese  consdtuiion  by  compelling  than  those  from  Portugal,  now 
ngland  to  interfere  in  its  defence,  took  place  among  the  troops  of^ 
The  ultra-royalists,  with  Calo-  Spain.  These  desertions  occurred 
marde^  the  minister  of  justice,  at  principally  in  Grallicia  and  Estre- 
their  head,  imdervalued  the  danger,  madura,  but  were  taiorc  formidable 
and  silenced  every  whisper  of  pru-  from  the  disposition  which  led  to 
dence  by  pourtraying  the  horrible  them,  than  from  their  extent.  It 
consequences  of  liberal  institutions  may  be  well  doubted  whether 
to  the  Crown  and  religion  of  Spain,  they  proceeded^  in  point  of  £ict. 
The  duke  del'  Infantado  would  from  any  thing  connected  with 
seem  to  have  been  inclined  to  the  politics.  The  men  no  doubt  be- 
more  moderate  and  the  safer  course^  longed  to  those  troops  of  the  line 
but  found  himselfunable  to  resist  the  who  had  formerly  set  up  the  oon- 
united  influence  of  the  personal  in-  stitution ;  they  were  said  to  have 
dinations  of  the  king,  and  the  arranged  their  desertions  upaa 
secret  influence  of  the  Apostolics,  a  regular  plan,  and  to  have  an- 
to  whose  burning  zeal,  moderation  nounced  to  the  flovemors  of  the 
seemed  treachery  and  indifi*erence.  Portuguese  provmces  in  whidi 
He  resigned  the  ministry  of  Foreign  they  took  refuge,  thdr  purpoae  of 
Aflairs  in  the  month  of  August,  aidmg  Portugal  to  bring  the  Sftf 
and  was  succeeded  in  his  office  by  nish  government  to  the  adaption 
don  Manuel  Gonzalez  Salmon.  of  a  system  of  greater  moderatiaQ ; 
The  Portuguese  ambassador  di-  but  these  latter  circumstances  were 
reoted  his  applications  more  par-  of  very  doubtful  truth ;  only  two 
ticularly  to  obtain  the  disarming  officers  had  joined  in  the  deaortian, 
and  dispersing  of  the  rebels^  whose  and  no  name  was « even  mentkned 
numbers  had  now  increased  to  an  of  sufficient  weight  to  head  a  plot 
alarming  extent,  in  all  the  frontier  The  Apostolics,  to  whom  even  a 
nrovince8>but  especially  in  Gallida,  public  suspicion  of  political  disoon- 
Valladolid,  and  JBstremadura.  The  tent  existing  in  the  army  was  an 
captains-general  of  these  provinces  object  of  alarm,  ascribed  the  deaer- 
not  only  opposed  no  obstacle  to  tions  to  the  jealousy  exdted  in  the 
their  proceedings,  but  treated  them  army  at  large  by  the  gay  trminfi 
as  if  both  parties  had  been  allies  and  r^ular  payment  of  the  Rqyu- 
armed  in  the  same  cause ;  supplied  g^uards.  Probably  .  both  reaaoni 
them  with  military  stores,  and  re-  operated :  an  ill-paid,  ill-dothed* 
fused  nothing  that  could,  complete  and  ill-fed,  soldiery,  might  expect 
their  military  organization.  The  better  treatment  in  the  ranks  of 
determinations  of  the  Spanish  ca-  their  neighbours,  and  in  thepotili^ 
binet  were  more  fixed  than  ever,  cal  quarrel  between  Portugal  and 
because  some  recent  events  seemed  Spain,  they  would  not  doubt  but 
to  realize  all  its  apprehensions  of  that  their  services  would  be  thank* 
destruction  from  the  vicinity  of  so  fully  received.  But,  whatever 
dangerous  a  nd^bour  as  a  free  might  be  the  cause  of  the  deKr- 
constitution.  The  promulgation  tion,  Portugal  kept  fiedth  moft 
of  the  Portuguese  charter  had  ex-  honourably  with  Spain,  and,  on 
cited  much  interest  at  Madrid,  her  part,  at  least,  honestly  fblfilU 
though  every  expression  of  satis-  the  obligations  in  which  die  was 
faction  wasprevented  by  the  police ;  bound  by  treaty.     Spain  had  been 

fuul  deaertiop^  still  piore  alanning  doing  eyery  dung  to  pcoydoQ  bvi 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[305 


and  had  allowed  her  refugees^ 
during  nearly  two  months,  to 
assemble  under  her  protection  for 
purposes  of  invasion ;  and  Portugal 
would  have  been  perfectly  justified 
in  the  eyes  of  all  Europe,  if  she 
had  embodied  these  deserters,  and 
sent  them  into  Spain,  to  teach 
Ferdinand  what  he  had  been  doii^ 
against  Portugal.  But  Portugi^ 
under  the  restraining  advice  of 
Britain,  took  a  nobler  course. 
The  moment  the  regency  yras  in« 
formed  of  the  desertions,  it  dis- 
armed them,  and  sent  them  into 
the  interior.  The  decree  of  the 
Spanish  government  disbanding 
the  re^ments  to  which  they  had 
belonged,  and  holding  out  to  them 
a  conditional  pardon  if  they  re-i 
turned  to  their  duty,  was  published 
in  the  Lisbon  Gazette ;  while  the 
Spanish  government  refused  to 
allow  a  similar  proclamation  of  the 
princess  regent  to  be  printed  either 
in  the  Macuid  Gazette,  or  in  the 
provincial newspapers,le8t  it  should 
entice  stra^ers  from  the  rebel 
standard.  jThe  incendiary  pro- 
clamations, which  were  profusely 
circulated  within  the  Portuguese 
frontier,  and  reached  even  to 
Lisbon,  were  openly  printed,  with- 
out any  impediment,  in  Badajoz 
and  Ciudad  Rodrigo.  The  Portu- 
guese governor  of  Elvas  com- 
plained of  the  abuse  to  the  com- 
mandant of  Badajoz,  and  threat- 
ened to  retaliate,  if  it  was  not  put 
an  end  to.  In  such  a  war  of  re- 
taliation Spain  was  sure  to  be  a 
loser;  and  yet  she  seemed  deter- 
mined to  provoke  it,  for  no  one 
officer  or  public  authority  was 
censured  for  whatever  he  might 
do  or  permit  in  favour  of  the  rebels, 
and  against  the  constitution.  The 
Spanish  people  were  amused,  and 
the  Spanish  government  pretended 
to  be  alarmed,  by  tales  of  exiled 
Voii*  LXVIII, 


Revolutionists,  and  Liberals  from 
almost  every  state  in  Europe, 
being  about  to  enter  the  field 
against  Spain,  with  the  counte- 
nance and  protection  of  England. 
Thero  was  no  truth  in  these  inven- 
tions; but,  if  she  dreaded  such  a 
danger— and  well  might  she  dread 
it— it  was  madness  to  persist 
in  a  line  of  conduct  which,  if  it 
did  not  render  it  inevitable,  gave  ■ 
Portugal,  beyond  all  doubt,  a  full 
right  to  produce  it.  Spain  could 
have  had  no  reason  to  complain, 
if  Mina  had  entered  her  territory 
at  the  head  of  his  brother  exiles 
from  the  frontiers  of  Portugal,  so 
long  as  Chaves  and  Montealegre 
wero  invadine  Portugal  from 
Grallicia  and  Salamanca. 

In  the  mean  time  viscount  Ca- 
vellas,  himself  a  refugee,  and  one  of 
the  prime  leaders  in  all  the  plots  of 
therobels,  had  taken  up  hisabode  for 
a  time  in  Madrid,  where  he  resided 
in  full  communication  with  the  mi- 
nistry, supporting  the  interests  and 
arranging  the  plansofhisparty.  The 
presence  of  a  declared  rebel  to  his 
native  sovereign    was  at  best  a 

Ctuitous  insiut  to  Portugal ;  and 
minister  demanded  that  he 
should  be  ordered  to  leave  Madrid. 
M.  Salmon  did  not  hesitate  to  give 
assurances  that  Cavellas  would  be 
ordered  to  leave  Madrid,  within 
three  days,  and  Spain  within  a 
month ;  b^t  M.  Salmon  had  not  the 
most  distant  intention  that  his  as- 
surances should  be  fulfilled,  or  if 
he  had,  there  wero  stronger  in- 
fluences which  coimteracted  his. 
At  the  same  time,  in  the  begin-* 
ning  of  October,  Portugal  was  in- 
vaded by  the  rebels  almost  simulta- 
neously in  the  provinces  of  Tras  oa 
Montes  and  Algarves ;  the  Spanish 
minister  having  promised,  on  the 
5rd  of  October,  that  measures  would 
be  taken  to  proyent  any  further 

CX3 


30e]     ANNUAL    RBCISTER,    1826. 


disturbanoes  from  the  armed  re- 
fugees. Their  success  was  brief; 
they  were  speedily  driven  back 
across  the  frontier ;  but  while  they 
remained  in  possessiop  of  some 
small  towoM,  they  were  publicly 
oongmtulated  by  the  Spanish  au- 
thorities of  the  neighbourhood^ 
without  any  expression  c^  disap- 
probation on  the  part  of  the  govem- 
•ment.  This  new  outrage  almost 
exceeded  the  bounds  of  forbear- 
ance; and  especially  as  the  rebel^^ 
after  being  repulsed  into  Spain> 
were  received  with  the  same  en- 
couragement as  before,  luj^ed 
witb  the  Hmnitiena  of  war^  and 
again  ps^tared  for  a  simihur  en- 
terprise. The  government  could 
no  longer  pretend  ignorance  of 
aimies  being  formed  within  its 
tenitory,  and  formed  for  purpoaea 
of  invasion ;  it  could  not  but  see 
that  tkeae  arquea  had  been  formed, 
and  these  invasioiia  made^  under 
the  eyes>  and  with  the  ooimivaneey 
of  its  ow«  authorities^  who  had  the 
power,  and  Qu^t  ta  h^ve  had 
orders,  lo  prevent  them :  yet  noli 
only  ^d  it  a&eie.  to  the  same 
polky,  wUdi  ohfitinaey  might  ac- 
count fbr,  but,  by  repeating  its 
aaswranees  that  all  this  had  lieen 
done  wi^ut  its  hnawledge,  and 
contrary  to  iia  ordets,  seemed 
aotually  to  imagine^  that,  while 
adh^dng  to  that  poliey^t  '^  cwM 
stittbypoifiiliility  beb^iieved.  The 
preteait*  undei?  which  Spain  now  xe« 
fWed  to  reco^uze  the  Portuguese 
rpgency,  waa  her  want  of  informal 
tion  as  to  the  s^timents  of  Austria 
sxA  Finance  upon  the  sul^ect.  Of 
the  incUnatiims  of  both  these 
powers  it  waftmeve-tcifi^  to  doubt 
foe%mom^  Both  of  diem  ha4ao« 
crejyy|«d  uMnintevs  at.  liisbon;  and 
a|  Vienna,  the  Infant  don  Miguel, 
\yham  reb^.and  Spain  hod  set  up 
m  «aUtlec(  tA  tb&  ciown^had  taken 


the  oath  to  the  new  eonstltotiai, 
and  been  solemnly  betrothed  to  die 
young  aueen,  in  obedience  to  the 
will  ai  his  brother.  This  last  ag- 
gresrion,  too,  apinst  Poitugal*  bad 
so  completely  unWled  the  deeSt^BM 
of  8p^,  and  the  active  ahaie 
which  she  had  borne  In  hogHTitJeji 
which  but  fbr  her  assistanee  eonld 
novfr  have  been  committed,  dwk 
forbearance  oould  no  long^  be  ex- 
pected tom  Pcsrtugal,  or  her  alfiet. 
^<  Is  it  consistont,^  said  oounl  Villa 
Real,  in  a  note  to  M.  Sdiaon  ia 
the  end  of  October,  ^^  is  it  etmmmimi 
with  the  interests  of  the  Peninsula 
a^  of  Europe,  that  P(»tugal  siioeU 
be  kept  In  alann'  on  aoeoont  ti 
what  may  be^  her  ftom  witboat? 
— ^tha.t  the  attention  of  its  govern- 
ment should  be  withdrawn  I^obi 
the  objects  of  its  internal  adniinis- 
tvation ;  and  ^t  it  should  be  te- 
peded  ia  its  progress  by  &e 
ceoragement  which  th«  paaafl 
inseparable  from  changes  suelh  as 
this  country  has  iteently  VBdev* 
gone,  will  naturally  ftod  ib  thea^ 
titudeof^^?  if  Portugal h« 
hitherto  been  able  to  absla^  finm 
taking  mes^sures  which  the  duty  of 
her  pres^vation  would  ^^ear  fa 
dictate  to  her,  she  has  done  ao  oi^ 
in  the  confidence  whicb  ate  has 
plaeed  in  thi3  support  of  her  afliesL 
In  thus  proving  her  moderatfan, 
Portugal  has  aocpmed  Ae  right  af 
addressing  herself  to  Ukea,  widfeoiii 
feariiM^  t-nat  het  a^pfeal  w91  be 
made  in  vain." 

To  these  and  similiup  ransR- 
stiaaoe^  %ahi  replied  by  palpatio 
evaaons  aacl  lying  aswireBoea  If 
sheintended  with  good  faif^  topte- 
veol  violence  against  the  fi^ealktB* 
f(»  what  reason  could  she  lefiussie 
reoognLmitagoteniiiieftt?  Sbloag 
as  it  was  baown  that  she  regudei 
itaaanusurpi^ioa,  itwasKsmMAk 
ta  hqie  that  her  own  fimconmRea 


HISTORY  OF  BUHOPE. 


C307 


would  timt  its  rightf  with  much 
Inspect,  car  that  its  own  r^belHoas 
subjects  diouldnot  dimwenoourags- 
meot  from  the  fact  that  the  work 
of  Insuireetioti  was  the  work  of 
Spab.  But  Spain,  with  an  in« 
fij^uation  for  whidi  it  would  be 
dtflcult  to  account,  were  it  neeea- 
sary  to  account  for  any  measure  of 
a  coremment  in  which  brutal,  un» 
eaS^ulatiaff  bigotry  occupies  the 
{dace  of  roresight,  prudence,  and 
h0aestj,  was  determmed  to  persist 
in  her  career,  tiU  she  should  put  it 
BM»t  thorou^y  out  of  the  power 
of  my  sensible  man  in  Europe  to 
any  a  single  word  in  her  behalf. 
Even  now  Ae  might  have  retraced 
her  steps  without  much  humiHa< 
tion;  uie  would  only  have  been 
the  last  to  acknowledge  a  govern- 
ment, whose  principles  she  thought 
dangerous  to  henelf,  and  her 
hatml  to  whose  institutions  she 
dici  not  think  it  necessary  to  eon* 
oeal ;  the  inroads  made  upon  IVn> 
tngal  in  October  might  have  afibfdrf 
ed  her  as  fitvoralde  an  opportunity 
tts  she  coold  now  expect,  to  come 
off  without  open  disgrace,  as  if 
that  unblushing  and  regular  inva* 
sion  had  for  the  first  time  foveed 
tipon  her  the  unwilling  bdief  that 
her  good-nature  had  been  abused.*** 
Slie  might  still  have  yielded  with* 
cot  appearing  to  yield  to  forte; 
En^and  had  not  yet  laid  her  hand 
upon  the  sword ;  France  had  not 
yet  treated  her  with  contempt; 
Russia  had  not  yet  read  to  her  a  lee* 
tore  of  grave  disapprobation  ;  the 
semblance  of  oood  nuth  now  would 
have  co^redul  the  faultsand  follies 
of  the  past.  But  Spain,  baddcsbeinff 
deptitwl  of  the  exercise  of  sound 
reason,  seemed  to  have  lost  every 
feeing  of  national  piide  and  regard 
for  national  character,  and  to  re^»n 
h  nothing  that  shefaikd  in  her 
cAjoety  unless  she  could  contrive 


to  add  to  that  failure  as  many  eir- 
oumstances  as  possible  of  contemnt 
and  disgrace.  During  the  whme 
of  November,  amid  hit  re-iterated 
asBuranoes  that  nothing  further 
needed  to  be  dreaded  from  the  re« 
fugees  of  Portugal,  a  new^  and  £yr 
mora  serious,  invasion  of  that  ooon« 
try  was  actually  preparing.  To 
the  rebels  themselvea  were  now  ad«» 
ded  %)anish  lanoen  and  guerillas ; 
Spanish  arms  were  distributed 
among  the  ranks,  and  sent  across 
the  frontier  to  be  distributed  among 
the  peasantiy ;  and  a  park  of  aiw 
tillery  vras  ready  at  Badajoa  to 
accompany  the  dirisioD  whiek  waa 
to  enter  the  province  of  Akntcrio. 
LoBga  and  St.  Juan,  the  captains 
seneral  of  Valladolid  and  Estiema^ 
aura,  who  again  and  again  had 
been  pointed  out  to  the  govern^ 
me^it  by  name,  as  the  deubeilUe 
and  pbsrinate  violatovsof  neutrality, 
and  ynhoy  probaUy  for  that  very 
reaoon,  had  been  sludiou^  ooR«i 
tiHucd  in  their  oommands,  al«« 
lowed  and  encouraged  all  thk 
bustle  of  preparatian  under  their 
own  eyes,  where  the  lowest  whis^ 
per  of  discontent  couM  not  have 
escaped  the  snares  and  Bpes  of  the 
police.  On  the  23rd  of  November 
the  rebels  entered  Portugal,  pene« 
trated  firoaa  the  nerth  across  the 
Donro,  as  fieor  as  Viseu,  threw 
Operto  into  oonstematioii,  p^oed 
town  and  country,  pioolaimed  uon 
Miguel  kinff,  estabndied  juntas  of 
regency  in  nis  name,  ana,  for  tax 
weoks,  kept  the  fate  of  Portugal 
turning  almost  xxposa  a  point.  The 
whole  of  this  was  the  work  of 
Spain ;  she  seemed  about  to  derive 
from  her  ofastinaey  and  deoeit  the 
advantage  of  amomentary  triumph; 
and,  but  for.one  eafainet»  Ae  mig^t 
have  been  successful.  So  soon  as 
the  invasion  was  known,  the 
Spanish  miaisler  at  Liebon  was 
ex  2] 


308]     ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1S26. 


suspended  from  Ms  functions;  at 
Madrid^  the  Portugese  envoy  in- 
stantly demanded  His  passports,  and. 
departed ;  the  British  minister, 
hastened  off  the  intelligence  to 
England,  and  absented  himself 
from  court  England  hadpatientlj 
watched  the  progress  of  Spain> 
anxious  not  to  interfere  till  the 
eonduct  of  that  power  should 
justify  interference  to  all  the  world. 
Her  advice  and  authority  had  often 
restrained  Portugal^  when  provoca- 
tion might  have  led  Portugal  to 
measures  of  justifiable  retaliation. 
But,  if  Portugal  had  thus  done 
violence  to  her  sense  of  insult  for 
a  while,  in  order  that  her  ally 
might  stand  before  Europe  on  im-^ 
moveable  ground,  so  much  the 
more  was  wat  ally  now  bound  to 
act  in  her  defence  with  prompti« 
tude  and  vigour.  Within  five  cUiya 
after  the  intelligiEfnoe  of  the  inva- 
sion reached  London,  in  the  be^ 
ginning  of  December,  the  troops 
of  Britain  were  on  their  march 
to  the  assistance  of  her  oldest 
friend,  and,  before  the  end  of  the 
month,  th^  were  again  landed  on 
the  scene  of  their  earlier  glories. 

This  energy  and  rapidity  of  deci- 
sion came  upon  Spain  like  a  thun- 
der-bolt: like  her  own  Sancho, 
when  the  imperious  physician  of 
Barataria  snatched  the  favourite 
viands  horn  his  lips,  she  stood 
utaring  in  stupid  amazement  On 
an  actual  war  with  Britain  she 
had  never  counted:  for  any  thing 
else  she  might  have  been  prepared. 
The  recal  of  the  French  ambassa* 
dor  who  had  encouraged  her  in 
her  policy,  in  opposition  to  the  sen- 
timents o£  his  government;  the 
departure  of  the  Swiss  guards  of 
France  from  Madrid  which  imme- 
diatdy  followed;  and  the  disappro* 
bation  which  the  autocrat  of  Rus- 
jria  jiow  formally  bestowed  upon  her 


condttct^-werfe  all,  mate  or  lea, 
eaqyressLons  of  censure,  bat  none  of 
them  presented  any  impedime^ 
to  Ferdinand  prosecuting  his  own 
schemes,  in  his  own  way,  andwi^ 
his  own  means:  they  gave  him  no 
aid,  but  they  opposed  to  bum  ao 
podtive  resistance.  A  British  aoDy^ 
however,  was  an  obstacle  of  a  voy 
different  kind ;  Portugal  was  nov 
beyond  the  reach  of  attack;  the 
very  rumour  of  the  arrival  <^  die 
British  troops  had  struck  dismj 
into  the  rebels,  and  blasted  aH 
their  hopes ;  retreat  and  defeat  fid^ 
lowed  hat  upon  each  other,  and 
within  a  few  days  they  wece 
swept,  with  their  Spanish  aQie^ 
from  every  comer  of  the  kingdnwi, 
seeking  mercy  in  submissioo«  Spsin 
might  arm  die  fugitives  again  if 
she  dared,  but  ^^  themadves 
would  never  choose  again  to  cbmi 
the  frontiers  with  arms  ia  their 
hands.  Like  a  recreant  bully, 
Ferdinand  found  it  necfjanry  to 
disavow  his  pretensions,  when  he 
had  most  surely  reckoned  on  mak- 
ing them  good.  He  consented  to 
receive  a  minister  from  the  Portu- 
guese regency,  a  virtoal  vecoc* 
nition  of  the  government,  on  hat 
own  minister  at  Lisbon  beinf  re- 
instated in  his  diplomatic  rase* 
tions.  General  Lcmga,  and  the 
governor  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  who 
had  again  permitted  a  few  miser- 
able fugitives,  from  ihe  last  defeat 
of  the  rebels,  to  re-enter  Porting 

Cbably  because  new  instructuns 
not  yet  readied  them,  were 
suspended  from  their  oomman^ 
and  ordered  to  be  tned  by  a  nii£« 
tary  tribunaL  Instead  of  all  the 
points,  at  which  it  was  known  thst 
the  rebels  were  to  leave  ^niii, 
being  stripped  of  troops,  the  garri- 
sons on  Uie  frontiers  were  in- 
creased, and  supported,  by  an  amty 
of  ei|^t  thousand  men^  slang  tliic 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[309 


]iie  of  tbe  Tagos,  to  guard  the 
%n^  tenitoiy  from  violatioii 
l^dUier  party^  and  prevent  the 
mportatkm  of  the  constitational 
esnlapoii— measures,  the  Jumest 
idoptKRi  of  which,  two  months 
waa,  would  have  saved  Spain 
bca  aU  the  contumely  to  which 
i^wM  DOW  exposed.  The  cap- 
tsbs-fenenl  of  Uie  provinces,  and 
^  'nupeetor  of  the  royatist  volun« 
ttm,  were  now  informed  hy  the 
omiBfeer  of  war,  that  "  his  Mdjesty 
^  the  most  lively  desire  to  main-* 
tain  the  relations  of  amity  which 
note  him  with  his  auffust  allies, 
sod  insure  their  invicSability  hy 
Beans  calculated  to  secure  redpro- 
ol  oaifidenoe;  that  of  all  these 
nenfl^  none  is  more  indispensable 
tltta  tbat  of  observing  neutrality, 
bf  distaining  finm  interfering  by 
vsf  hostile  acts  or  co-operation 
i0unst  Portugal,  so  as  not  to  com- 
{tODBse  himself  either  with  that 
toQQtiy  or  with  its  ally,  England ; 
tbt  to  suffer  any  hostile  force  to 
Tonain  assembled  in  arms,  on  the 
Spioidi  territory,  would  be  acting 
in  a  manner  contrary  to  these 
innc^les,  and,  consequently,  ha* 
nidiDg  the  dignity,  and  the  con* 


stant  and  proverbial  good  faith  of 
the  noble  and  elevated  Spanish 
character."  Not  a  word  of  dl  this 
was  liable  to  any  doubt ;  and  every 
syllaUe  of  it  had  been  pressed 
upon  the  Spanish  government  for 
months,  with  exemplary  forbear- 
ance ;  but  it  was  extremely  doubt- 
ful how  far  these  sentiments  pro- 
ceeded irom  sincere  conviction,  or 
wouldbeactedonlongorthan  thene- 
eessity  continued.  The  ministers 
who  had  so  misguided  Spain  still  re- 
tained their  places,  and  their  influ- 
ence; except  that  M.  Calomarde 
suffered  a  temporary  disgrace,  for 
having,  by  some  piece  of  bad 
manaffement,  allowed  a  great  num- 
ber of  the  original  orders,  which 
had  been  sent  to  the  captains- 
seneral  of  the  provinces .  on  the 
mmtiers  of  Portugal,  and  memo- 
randa of  the  rest  of  them,  to  fall 
into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Lamb,  the 
British  ambassador,  fumishine  do« 
cumentary  evidence  upon  which, 
if  need  were,  to  pronounce  a  ver- 
dict of  guilty  against  Spain,  as 
havine  brought  upon  herself  much 
humiliation  by  want  of  sense,  want 
of  prudence,  and  want  of  princi- 
ple. 


310]    ANNUAL  !lEGISTEE,   1826, 


CHAP,  xir: 

Tkrmu  mfiiimur  of  ki»  DaughietxM^Ed^Uskmm  ^  n  Regmm^ 
Nm  GmsHMmndr  iiniwgal^Ptmtdgaiim  ^  ike  /Vrrif&riwr 
Slate  of  PuUie  Opmhk^Diiamimt  of  ike  UUr&^Ra^OigUi  ^^ 
DeieritoM  from  the  Armg^^^Ekctkm  of  the  Depniiee  io  the  Cmiee^ 
Intriguet  of  Spain  and  the  Marquis  of  CAavetw^^^Nm  refkaee  m 

dttarm  the  Dtserters^CoH»piracff  discovered  in  Lisbon Ihcm 

against  Emtgrants-r-Demands  of  the  PoHuguess  Envw~Revota  h 
Jlgarves  and  Tras  os  Montes-^Meeting  if  the  Cwies^Dan  Migwd 
takes  the  Oath  to  the  ConsHtnHon^Renef^ed  Rmmmeirameee  «f  rti 
Fortuguesi  Enwy  at  Madrid  ^Prepstraiims  ^  the  RdfOe^Thee 
invade  Portugal^Spamsh  Minister  at  JJibm  iuspsndsd^Ammtnm 
fiven  by  Spain^Progrees  of  the  Ikbels  m  Tras  os  Mmiee^Remh 
tn  l/tmego^Insurreetion  in  Beira^Progress  tf  the  ReMs  under 
Magessi  in  the  Alentefo^Magessi  is  dnt>en  back  into  Sm^s^Ht 
re-enters  Portugal  in  the  Province  of  Beira^RevoU  in  AlmMs^ 
Mihtary  Movements  of  the  Rebel  Commanders  and  rf  the  Caneti^ 
ttonal  Troops-^Arnval  if  British  Troops  at  lAsbm^The  lUMs 
defeated  at  Coruches-^They  retreat  into  Spain. 

JOHN  VI.  king  of  Portugal,  had  declared  that  the  Honse  rf 

and  ^tulat  empettxr  of  Bradl,  Bragttn^a  had  ceafcid  to  reitfo,  not 

died  at  Lisbon  on  the  10th  of  to  preffer  mlhtg  over   m   inde- 

March,  1826,  at  the  age  of  fifty-  pendent  empire  in  Araericfc,   to 

nine,  after  a  reign  of  thirty-fbur  wearing  the  crowtt  of  a  ran^  in 

years.      Durmg    twenty-five    of  Europe,  was  a  singukr  step,  and, 

these  years,   from  1792,   he  had  perhaps,    a    wise    one;     but    it 

exercised  the  sovereign  power  as  was  the  result  of  foreign  pdicr 

regent  for  his  mother,  who  labour-  and    urgency,    not    ofhis^wii 

ed  under  mental  alienation.     He  voluntary  deliberation.     While  be 

succeeded  her  upon  her  death  in  held  his  court  at  Rio  Janeiro,  and, 

1817,  and  was  crowned  at   Rio  in  Portugal,  after  his  return  to 

Janeiro,  to  which  he  had  retired  Europe,  he  still  was  guided  in  his 

with  the  court  on  the  invasion  of  course  by  the  circumstances  which 

I'ortugal  by  Napoleon.     His  cha-  sprung  up  around  him,  seldom  at- 

racter    was    marked    neither    by  tempting,  and  still  more   seldom 

emment    vulues,    nor    debasing  attempting  successfully,  to  foresee, 

vices ;  and,  though  he  had  passed,  to  direct,  or  to  control  them-     The 

during  his  reign,   through  many  revolution    of  1822   carried  him 

vicissitudes  of  fortune,  he  did  not  before  it,  until  it  sunk  beneath  the 

display  m  them  any  sagacity  of  de-  weight  of  its  own  vices  and  ah- 

8ign,ormuchsteadmessofpurpose.  surdities,  and  left  him,  for  the  re- 

ioleave  Portugal  when  Napoleon  mainder  of  his   reign,    the   M, 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[811 


titilnhltdd  ^titli(n^fy  of  hid  ftd^m. 
But  neither  was  he  Ingottedl^ 
obstinate  in  adhering  to  old  t»hi- 
jtidices,  wheii  oppo^  to  pMn 
views  df  #h4f  was  practie&blfe 
tttA  \itoper.  By  siibmiftMi^  to 
be  i^tioMIjf'  ad^is^i  and  irfecOgi 
thAsg  ¥iiib  a  ^bod  gMcd  Ml  ia 
^)6d  tiine,  the  iAdei^^Hdl^iike  t>f 
Bnttil,  he  praterVfed  fliat  mpH^ 
to  hi^ft&iljr:  whild  ^eHUttlna  df 
SpMsii  Blinds  bjr  Hgoiry  oild  pf^ 
jUiBce,  dhd  goid^  ^  a  fhetioh  aft 
nnthinkbg  tA  hfewelfi  not  rtfiljp 
lost  his  domiilMs  ift  th6  ne# 
#(«Ad,  bht  lost  thfetii  amid  kmd 
brav^o^  knd  tm^tf  thireato,  whibh 
rendered  his  weakness  as  cdti- 
tenl|)tiUe  ta  hi«  ol^titHM^  had 
teen  ifididulobfc 

A  restel  wai  immediately  fles^ 
|mtch^  to  Rio  Janeiro  trith  the 
intelligence  of  the  king's  decease^ 
and,  ift  the  mean  time,  the  gd- 
vemment  wtis  administered  by 
il  regency,  appointed  by  the 
late  kmg  ott  the  6th  of  Mircb, 
a  few  days  before  his  death,  at  the 
hettd  of  which  was  the  Aitei  of 
the  tieW  inonarch,  the  princ^to 
Isabella  Maria.  Thete  was  bnly 
one  drcumstaxice  which  eould  make 
the  death  of  John  VI.  an  occasion 
for  political  itltrigue.  If  Don  Pedro 
acc^ted  the  throne  of  Portugal, 
it  ifras  imperative  upon  him  to  lay 
down  the  crbwn  of  Bittzil ;  for  the 
constittttidh  of  Brazil>  to  guard 
against  the  misgovemntent  whieh 
had  afflicted  it  wheil  a  colony,  had 
provide^,  in  securing  its  independ- 
ence, that  the  two  crb#hs  should 
neiref  be  united  on  the  s;toie  hedd. 
It  remained,  therefote,  tti  be  seen, 
whether  Don  Pedl<)  would  chdose 
to  be  emi^erur  df  Brazil,  or  king  of 
Portugal.  But  at  hotne  theit  was 
a  utimf  party  whieh  had  appottd 
to  the  last  the  Meogmtioh  of  Bra- 
^SBtin  indepe^tidence  by  the  late 


kingi  t^ho  were  willing  to  haxwed 
every  risk  to  efifeet  its  ret»l,  and 
even  venture  upon  the  impossible 
t^k  df  bringing  Brazil  back  1^ 
toce  ti»  fl  £ie  obedience  to  th^ 
mdthe^  boumry.    Th^  wete  sup^ 
pbrted  by  the  itifluetice  of  the 
queen  dowager,  «ad  the  emperor's 
yotiiiget  bh)ther  Don  Migaeli  bbtb 
d  Whom  had  shewn,  in  (he  ^- 
ceding  year,  how  littk  they  ris- 
gard«d  ^e  affeetkm  and  tire  re- 
spect due   to  a  Husband  and  d 
father,  when  it  stcM  in  the  way 
of  thdir  own  Wild  and  ombitiow^ 
de^s.     This  paHy  itself,  agam^ 
Was  in  A  gteal  measure  Inerdy  the 
ereattire  of  some  foreign  courts 
which  held  the  ssnie  general  areed 
of  political  obedience,  and.  mare 
esitedall^  df  the  con  rt  of  Madrid, 
which  was  wedded  to  such  princi- 
ples of  policy  by  a  community  of 
interest.     It  was  the  wish  of  this 
party   to  induce  Don    Pedro   to 
temporize  as  long  as  possible  be- 
fore making  his  choice  between 
the  crowns,   and  to  prevent  all 
representation^    to     him     which 
might  hasten  that  choice,  in  the 
hope  thftt,  by  evading  and  procras- 
tinating, expniients  might  be  found 
to  restore  the  supremacy  of  Por- 
tugal, and  enable  him  to  wield 
both  sceptres.     The  regency  Had 
the  ^cbd  fkith,  and  the  good  sehse 
to  fiiHlow  better  ddvice ;  and  when  . 
they  informed  Don  Pedro  of  the 
death  of  his  father,  they  pressed 
upon  him  earnestly  the  necessitjr 
and  expediency  of  a  speedy  deter- 
mination.    Delay  would  have  been 
dangerous  to  his  authority  in  both 
c6untrie8,  for  in  both  his  authority 
would  have  been  uncertain;  and 
in  fact,  eVery  act  of  government 
exercised  by  the  r^ncy  of  Por- 
tugal in  the  name  m  Don  Pedro, 
arar  he  fimvUd  have  kbmed  his 
title  to  the  crown^  wotdd  have 


312]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


been^  on  liis  part^  a  violation  of 
the  constitution  of  Brazil. 

In  the  event  of  Don  Pedro  re- 
solving to  sacrifice  the  crown  of 
Portugal^  and  transfernng  it  to 
one  of  his  children^  it  was  doubtful 
how  far  Don  Miguel  and  his  ad- 
herents would  patiently  submit  to 
such  an  arrangement.  They  were 
declared  enemies  to  the  separation 
of  the  two  countries;  there  was 
reason  to  apprehend^  that^  when 
Pedro  relinquished  the  throne  him« 
self^  they  would  dispute  his  right 
to  ^  it  with  another ;  and,  at  all 
events,  Miguel's  elevation  to  the 
vacant  seat,  would  be  the  triumph 
of  their  own  principles.  On  his 
father's  death,  however,  Don  Mi- 
guel appeared  to  be  most  submis- 
sive and  respectful.  When  that 
event  happened,  he  was  still  re- 
sident at  Vienna,  whither  he  had 
been  sent  as  into  a  kind  of  honour- 
able relegation,  after  his  attempt 
against  the  authority  of  his  &ther ; 
and,  however  little  the  Austrian 
cabinet  might  be  inclined  to  give 
countenance  to  political  changes, 
by  encouraging  princes  who  ac- 
knowledged the  independence  of 
revolted  colonies,  they  had  nothing 
to  gain  for  her  by  exciting  in- 
ternal discontent  in  Portugal,  or 
raising  up  a  competitor  to  its  law- 
ful monarch.  Accordingly  the 
answer  which  Don  Miguel  re- 
turned to  his  sister,  on  receiving 
officially  the  notification  of  his 
brother!s  accession,  while  it  plainly 
showed  what  apprehensions  were 
entertained  of  his  own  inclinations, 
or  of  the  purposes  for  which  a 
party  might  employ  his  name,  was 
frank  and  satisfactory.  "  Though 
the  fidelity,"  said  he,  *'  which  the 
Portuguese  nation  has  always  ob- 
served towards  its  sovereigns  be 
unalterable,  it  is,  however,  possi- 
ble that  evil-minded  persons,  ac- 


tuated by  sinister  and  lepreheoAble 
views,  may  seek  to  excite  in.  the 
kingdom  criminal 
perhaps  making  use  of  my 
to  cover  their  perfidious  views. 

'^  Under    these    circumstan^ 
and  considering  the  distance  wliicb 
separates  me   from    Portugal^     I 
have  thought  that  it  was  not  tsaalY 
suitable,  but  absolutely  necessary, 
to  express,  by  the  only  means  in 
my  power,  that,  far  from  authoii- 
zing,  directly  or  indirectly,    my 
seditious  machinations,  tending  to 
disturb    the    tranquillity   of    our 
country,  I  positively  declare  diat 
nobody  respects  more  than  I  do 
the  last  will  of  our  august  fiither 
and    master;    and   that    I    dialZ 
always  disapprove  every  thing  that 
shall  not  be  conformable  to  the 
dispositions  of  the  decree  of  the 
6th  March  of  the  present  year,  by 
which  his  majesty.the  emperor  vad 
kins  so  wisely  provided  for  the 
pumic  administration,  by  creating 
a  junta  ot  government  for  these 
kingdoms,  Ull  his  legitimate  heir 
and  successor,   who  is  our  dear 
brother  and  master,  the  emperor 
of  Brazil,  shall  have  provided  fior 
it,  as  he,>  in  his  vnsdom,  shall  see  fit 

*^  I    beg    you,    therefore,    my 
tender   sister,   in  the  improbaMe 
case   that   any   one  should   dare 
rashly  to  abuse  my  name,  to  serve 
as  a  cover  to  projects  subversive  of 
good  order,  and  of  the  legal  exist- 
ence of  the  gevemment  established 
by  him  who  had  the  incontestiUe 
right  to  do  so,  to  take  care  to  cause 
to    be    published    and    dedared, 
when,  how,  and  where  yon  shall 
please,  by  virtue  of  the  preseat 
lettep  the  just  sentiments  which 
it  contains,*  which  spontaneously 
emanate  from  my  heart,  and  aie 
inspired  by  the  fidelity  and  res|)ect 
due  to  the  memory  of  the  last  wiQ 
of  our  dear  father  and  sovereign*" 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [313 

Sodi  wu  the  language  of  Don  moved;  establuhmentemilitaiyina' 
Jugiiel  on  the  6th  of  ApriL  In  val,  and  commercial,  which  had  ex- 
the  omne  of  a  few  months  a  wide*  isted  for  centuries ;  and  allies  both 
^tetA  rebellion  was  ragjing  in  the  able  and  willing  to  eupport  bla  au- 
togdim,  to  overturn  the  succes-  thority,  if  he  should  be  so  inclined, 
an  qipinnted  by  his  "  dear  bro-  against  anj  popular  encroachments. 
Ha  ad  master,"  and  place  him-  In  Brazil,  he  wastogive  steadiness  to 
aifi^oa  the  throne,  without  its  a  throne  tottering  amid  the  storms 
dnwing  &am  him  any  speedy,  or  of  surrounding  revolutions ;  laws 
ilcdsire,  or  public  disavowal  of  the  and  institutions,  a  fieet,  an  army, 
taitns  who  were  levying  war  in  and  s  treasury,  were  to  be  created ; 
Us  Dune  against  a  govemment  to  a  war  already  begun,  but  neither 
viiich  he  had  sworn  allegiance.  popular  nor  succ^sfiil,  was  to  be 

The  intelligence  of  the  death  of    prosecuted ;  his  subjects  were  to  be 
ting  John  reached  Rio  Janeiro  on    jealous  colonists,   and  savage,  or 
i^  94th  of  April,  the  anniversary     half-civilized  aborigines ;    ^  he 
of  the  day  on  which  he  had  em-     was  to  have  for  ndghbouitf,  not 
bnted  tiom  it  to  return  to  Portu-    powerful  allies,  and  monarchs  who 
pL    Don  Pedro  had  now  before    bad  the  same  interest  with  himself, 
Ua  a  dkoice  which  on  every  side    hut  vigilant,  and  inimical  repub- 
VK  surrounded    by    difficulties,     lies.     But  it  was  natural  for  him 
At  firtt  light  it    would    appear     to  desii«  that,  although  he  could 
Mtaral  that  he  should  prefer  the     not  rule  over  both  countries  him- 
:iiident  and  settled  throne  of  bis     self,  they  should  both  remain  sub- 
Eorapean  monarchy,  to  a  new  and    ject  to  the  House  of  Braganca. 
malady  dominbn,  whose  popula-     The  successor  whom  he  might  a{>- 
Ua  woe  not  Bttadied  to  him  by    point  to  the  throne  of  Portugal, 
lubit,  while  their  hatjonal  and  po-     was  not  likely  to  be  attadced  by 
luiol  prejudices  were  strongly  di-    any    dangerous    and    extraneous 
RMed  gainst  his  native  country,     competitor :    the  habits  of  legitiv 
iBd«'ho«e  territory  came,  on  every     mate  succession  were  too  deeply 
ade,  into  contact  with  states  the     rooted  in  Europe,  and  it  was  too 
^Bj  form  of  whose  government     much  the  interest  of  all  its  mo- 
nade  them  his  enemies,  and  were     natchies  to  preserve  them,  to  allow 
u^KMoutly    presenting    seductive     the  tranquillity  of  the  legal  suc- 
oimplea  to   the  discontents  and     cesser  of  a  sovereign  who  had  ab- 
uiqathies    of   his    own  betero-     dicated  to  be  seriously  disturbed. 
Brazil,   however,  was  in  a   very 
different  utuation,  and  to  relin- 
quish   it    to    rei^    in    Portugal 
brought  the  immment  danger  of 
losing  it  entirely.     Of  all  the  colo. 
nies  which  Spain  and  Portugal  hod 
planted  in  South  America,  Brazil 
alone  had  retained  a  monarchical 
government ;   and  her    continued 
adherence   to     monarchical   forms 
had  been  the  result,  in  no  small 
degree,    of  the   presence    of    the 
king  and  the  court   during  th^ 


114]     ANNUAL   HEGI^tfiR,    1826. 


y^rs  c^hirf  exile  fh)!h  ^urb^.  The 
Bitidliklis  Were  fid  bitter  in  theiie 
tnttiitj  against  the  policy  and  in- 
stitutions of  thcJ  indthfer  country, 
as  the  hatives  cf  any  dther  South 
Ameridein  itates ;  thisy  wdreeiiuallj^ 
determined  agaiilst  the  int^el^nee 
of  he*  iiiflu^fcfc  wi!h  the  cdfidndt 
fef  tteif  gofefhment ;  ifopik)dtioh 
to  th^it  (bntlfcHas  had  b^h  persisted 
in  by  Pdrtu^  ai  bbitirtcitely  as  it 
ttr^  by  Spairi  to  the  demands  of 
Goldmbift  or  Btiehos  Ayffes,  BtAit'd 
Would  hare  ranked  atiiong  her 
iister  republics;  and  even  nbw 
flangt^us  ftymptoihs  wete  occ^- 
fiiohally  shewing  fh^mselVes  in  thd 
northehittoVinces.  The  children 
ot  Ddn  ftdi-d  t^ere  all  infihts :  a 
Idng  Iniiiority,  and  regeilfcy,  could 
iH)t  fail  to  hb  Most  dangerousi  t6 
tlie  supterae  tttithority  of  the  royal 
house  df  Portugal  in  a  country 
-which  had  just  eonqtiefed  its  iitde- 
^endfence;  Which,  ih  cdnquering  its 
independence,  had  naturally  been 
drawn  to  wardsfhrms  of  government 
bf  Which  thslt  independence  would 
be  most  itrdngly  expressed,  and 
was  attracted  by  politicdl  affinities 
to  the  republican  institutions  that 
evety  where  suritmnded  it.  Ha- 
tred of  European  governments, 
and  European  p'Hfices,  had  been 
both  a  cause  and  an  effect  of  the 
Sbuth  Anidtican  devolutions ;  And, 
althdtighcircum^aneeshad  hither- 
to Saved  Inonarchy  in  Brazil,  tno- 
ritttchy  itself  was  not  ati  object  of 
affection,  and  the  fanlily  whb  en- 
joyed it  was,  ftoixi  its  very  connec- 
tidn  with  the  mother  country,  an 
object  of  jealousy. 

Considerations  like  these  may 
have  had  some  weight  with  Don 
Pedro  and  his  counsellors  in  mak- 
ing a  choice  Which  it  cati  nevet* 
be  agreeable  to  a  monarch  to  nrtke 
*a^which  of  two  crowns  he  sbdll 
r«iign.    At  all  events,  he  made 


hid  dedsion  in  favdnt  bt  ftrajol,  and 
that  without  dthet  ieiiipori^ing,  dr 
any  undue  delay.  Oii  the  2nd  of 
May,  he  abdicated  th^  throne  rf 
Portugal,  kad,  in  anndunding  thli 
std|)  to  ihe  Brazilian  chfimben, 
When  he  opened  their  aesskm  fbtxt* 
days  ftfteHtard^,  hb  idftde  it  ^  new 
iherit  With  Mi  Attienc^  sdbjecis. 
*'  1  eonsid^fed  th^  intcr^t  of  B«- 
!Al ;  I  r^ected  that  it  woilH  be  a 
disgrace  not  to  rbak^  Porttigol 
happ)^,  bnt  Whikt  was  tny  ACSictHiti 
in  seeking  medns  to  taslke  Portogsl 
happy  without  it^ur^ig  Brazil,  and 
Separating  thM  neter  a^id  io  It 
united.  If  there  be  ihf  Braciliaiii 
still  iiicr^duldlis,  they  may  mm 
knoi^  that  subh  is  my  con^&TatiA 
fbr  th^  ititet^ts  and  independence 
of  Brazil,  that  I  have  abdicated  & 
crown  of  the  Portuguese  monarchy, 
which  was  mine  oy  indisputable 
right,  merely,  Ifcst  in  future,  somf- 
thing  might  arise  prejudicial  to  (be 
intertSts  of  Brazil." 

This  abt  of  abdidltioii  cf  ^ 
crown  of  Portugal  was  in  favour  d 
his  eldest  dau^ter  Doima  Maria 
da  Gloria,  who  was  then  an  in£nt 
of  Sevfen  yeiirs  of  dge.  Until  she 
should  arrive  at  legal  age,  the 
powers  df  government  were  vested 
in  her  aunt,  the  present  r^ent 
At  the  same  time,  ill  order  to  it- 
move  as  fbr  as  possible  ei^ery  oeea- 
sion  of  internal  disturbance^  anfl 
obviate  §ny  dangers  which  idig^ 
be  apprehended  mm  fhe  faction  df 
the  qiieen  dowaget,  and  Don 
Miguel,  it  was  made  a  condltiem  of 
the  ceiHion  to  the  infant  piinceaa, 
that,  oh  hmiing  of  age,  ^e  sluniU 
marry  her  uncle  Don  MigueL  Aft 
amnesty  wasat  the  same  time  grant- 
ed for  all  political  offiiteces  where  the 
punishtiient  had  not  eitceto&d  coih 
demhation  to  the  gallies  fat  fktt 
years.  A  new  constttution  was 
formally  promised  to  Portogal;  tnA 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[ai6 


thejoutig  qti^en  Was  nbt  to  leave 
h^r  fftther*!  cdtirt  Until  not  only 
thd  (deiemony  of  her  be^t)thal  to 
ber  uticle  diotdd  have  taken  place> 
but  until  the  ^pomised  Constitution 
■beuldhaveb^h^Wombin  Lisbon. 
Although  the  ihdependenc^  6f 
Btttitil  hkdbeen  ^hlially  recogdi^ 
id  I825i  Potiugal  had  hitherto 
latiied  upon  thai  country^  60  long 
as  it  was  under  one  sovereign  Ivitfi 
b^tself^  as  forming  not  merely  a 
peatt  of  the  telme  moniirchyi  but  as 
still  having  the  chahlctef  of  a  colo- 
nial adjuTicti  which  many  accidents 
might  bring  back  to  a  state  of 
colonial  subjeaitin.  The  separatiou 
was  iioW  final  aiid  coiht^lete ;  it  was 
no  lotiger  an  a(!t  of  a  revdltitidiiary 
gdVehiment^  tvhose  ^^eten8ions 
might  bedidregarded  as  rebellious ; 
the  supreme  and  legitiriiate  authOr<' 
ity  had  dissolved  the  connection 
fbt  ever.  Thi^  dissolution  equally 
offended  two  parties  in  Portugal, 
totally  oppos^  to  each  othet  in 
theit  ultimate  views.  The  apos^ 
tolled  pdfty,  as  it  Was  called,  whose 
ereed  ootlsisted  in  the  most  extH^ 
▼agant  notions  of  prerogative, 
atretehed  to  their  most  chimerical 
extents  and  who  held  the  right  of 
supremacy  in  the  mother  country 
ovet  the  colonies  to  be  no  less 
divine  and  indefea^ble  thftn  the 
tigfit  of  supremttQr  iri  the  sovereign 
over  the  inother  country^  consider^ 
ed  it  to  be,  ift  InrincipJe,  lu  formal 
liffprobbtion  of  insurrectiofi,  and,  in 
praetiee,  a  direct  ehcoutagement 
to  ffrture  treateons,  the  destruction 
of  all  social  order,  and  a  degrada- 
tion of  the  power  and  dignity  of 
the  Portuguese  crown.  The  libe- 
rals, aglEtin,  who  languished  far  the 
eslerf^nation  of  despotism,  regret- 
ted the  choice  of  Don  Pedro,  be- 
eaiise  they  eouM  not  expect  that  a 
t^mpttHiry  rej^ncy  would  venture 
upon  ftdy  ehan^  in  the  Ibrmiy  of 


government,  and  bebause  th^  de&a 
tiued  husband  Kif  the  queen  had 
already  shewn  himself  to  bedecided- 
ly  hostile  to  every  degree  of 
politick  inhGlvation^  Both  parties 
united  in  aseriUng  the  empetor's 
determination  to  uie  influence  ctf 
Great  Britain,  who  followed,  the^ 
said,  only  her  otvn  int^testi  in  dk^ 
menibgring  and  weakening  the 
Porttiguete  mondrehy,  in  makiiig 
Pottugal  dependent  lipon  her  in 
£urope>  and  monopoliHng  to  het^ 
self  the  advantages  of  comin^eial 
intercourse  in  America:  All  these 
ideas  were  overturned  by  the  course 
of  events*  It  wa^  just  ds  chi- 
tnerieal  fbt  Portugal  to  hope  that 
she  could  reduce  Brazil  byforcd, 
as  it  would  have  been  impossi- 
ble id  prevail  upon  the  latter  to 
return  under  the  supremacy  of  the 
mothet  country.  What  had  happen- 
ed in  the  Spanish  colonies  was  mo^ 
convincing  proof,  that  the  recogni- 
tion of  Brazilian  independence  was 
the  only  step  which  could  preserve 
some  Sort  of  connection  beiweeiv 
that  country  and  Portugal^  Bra^ 
was  still  governed  by  a  member  of 
the  family  of  Portugal;  but  the 
poHcy  of  the  apoStolics  would  Iwhre 
produced  their  banishment  from  it^ 
dioreS,  and  Insured  the  creation  of 
a  repuWic  as  a  bulwark  f^ainst 
their  ever  returning. 

The  new  constitution  which 
Don  Pedro  had  promised  to  Portu- 
gA  iteraediately  followed,  and  was 
the  last  act  of  his  authority  over 
that  kingdom.  The  haste,  with 
which  it  was  concocted;  did  not 
augur  well  for  the  sagacity  of  its 
arrangementSi  The  constitution 
which  had  been  given  to  Braati  in 
December  182£r  was  at  hand;  rfnd 
the  charter  which  was  now  given  to 
Portugal  was,  in  point  of  fact,  little 
else  tlwm  a  transcript  of  the  former, 
with  the  difference  th«t  the  upper 


316]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


chamber  of  the  Brazilian  legisla- 
tive assembly  was  formed  of  elective 
senators^  while  the  upper  chamber 
of  the  Portuguese  Cortes  consisted 
of  hereditary  peers.    Now^  no  plan 
could  be  more  crude  and  hasty^  no 
measure  could  promise  of  itsdf  to 
be  so  little  successful^  as  to  transfer 
to  Portugal  both  the  general  forms 
and    the    details    of    institutions 
which  had  been  framed  for  Brazil^ 
a  country  where  the  organization 
of  sodety,  the  progress  of  civil  life^ 
the  habits^  the  sentiments^  and  the 
prejudices  of  the  people^  differed  so 
widely  from  those  of  ancient  Euro- 
pean states.    If  they  were  suitable 
and  expedient  institutions  at  Rio 
Janeiro^  the  probability  nvas^  that 
they  would  be  found  misplac^  and 
embarrassing  on  the  banks  of  the 
Tagus,  except  in  so  far  as  they 
proclaimed     those     abstract    and 
general  pnmositions  which  belong 
equally  to  all  forms  of  good  eo vem- 
ment>  and  yet  are  practicaBy  use- 
less in  the  framing  of  any. 
•«^    This  constitutional  charter,  in 
145  articles,  arranged  under  ei^ht 
titles,  attempted  to  draw  the  Ime 
between  the  executive  and  legis- 
lative power,  and  to  define  speci- 
fically the  rights  of  the  people. 
To  the  long  were  reserved  the 
prerogatives  of  making  peace  and 
war,  with  the  exception  that  any 
treaty  which  might  exchange  or 
cede  any  part  of  the  tenitory  or 
possessions  of  the  crown  should  be 
ratified  by  the  Ck)rtes ;  to  bestow 
honours  and  grant  pensions,  the 
latter,  when  given  at  the  public 
charge,  being  dependent  on  the 
approbation  of  the  Cortes ;  to  no- 
minate to  all  ecclesiastical  ^gnities, 
and  to  all  civil  and  military  offices ; 
to  convoke  the  Cortes,  either  at 
the  stated  time  of  assembling,  or, 
if  circumstances  should  require  it, 
in  an  extraordinary  meeting;  to 


prorogue  and  dissolve  them  when 
he 'should  think  prqier;  and  to 
give  the  force  of  laws  to  their  de- 
crees, by  adhibiting  his  consent. 
In  imitation  of  the  constitution 
given  to  the  jealous  Brazilians, 
tills  charter  provided  that,  if  the 
kins  should  quit  the  kingdom 
-  without  the  consent  of  the  Cortes, 
he  should  be  held  to  have  abdicated 
the  crown. 

To  the  Cortes,  as  the  l^islative 
body,  was  declared  to  b^mgtl^ 
right  to  appoint,  in  case  of  the  mi- 
nority of  uie  heir,  a  regency,  and 
define  its  powers,  and  to  ac^ow- 
ledge  the  prince  royal  to  be  heir  of 
the  throne  in  the  first  sessicm  which 
should  beheld  after  his  Inrth-^ 
provision  which  seemed  superfluous, 
if  hereditary  succession  was  to  be 
a  fundamental  principle  of  the  con- 
stitution, and  implied  a  power  in 
the  Cor^  of  changing  the  dynasty, 
or  at  least,  the  order  m  the  dynasty, 
at  every  new  accession.    To  them, 
likewise,  it  belonged,  on  the  death 
of  the  king,  or  in  the  event  of  the 
throne  being  vacant,  to  establish  a 
Council  of  Administration ;— to  in- 
quire into  and  reform  abuses  which 
might  have  been  introduced ; — to 
m&e  laws,  and  to  inteipiet,  sus- 
pend, or  revoke  them ;— to  watdi 
over  the  constitution,  and  provide 
for  the  general  good  of  the  natioo; 
—to  fix  annufoly  the  public  ex- 
penses, and  apportion  the  direct 
taxes ; — to  grant  or  refuse  entntnoe 
to  foreign  forces,  by  land  or  by  sea, 
into  the  interior  of  the  kingdoo, 
or  into  its  ports ;— »to  fix  annually 
and  according  to  the  report  of  go- 
vernment, the  land  and  sea  foroei^ 
ordinary  and  extraordinary; 
authorize  the  government  to 
tract  loans; — to  establish  proper 
resources  for  the  payment  of  tlie 
public  debt  ;r— to  regulate  the  ■i' 
ministration  of  the  national  io* 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[317 


■lin^  and  decree  their  alienation ; 
-MoGiEate  or  mppreaa  public  officei, 
nd  to  Gx  their  emoluments ; — to 
wternime  the  weiglit,  value,  iu- 
Ki^tiDn,  and  denominadon  of 
nmiea,  as  well  as  tlie  standard  of 
w^tt  and  meaniiea. 

TTie  Cortes,  by  whom  these 
powers  were  to  be  exerdted,  was 
10  coonst  of  two  chambeis,  a  chain- 
ia  t4  Peov,  and  a  chambei;  of 
D({nties,  the  approbatioii  of  both 
bdng  necessaiy  to  the  making  of 
Iwi.  The  peers  were  deprivea  of 
tJMirri^t  ot  exemption  from  taxa- 
tion, md  were  declared  to  be  the 
(»lf  judges  in  iio^peachments  of 
public  semats.  The  number  of 
niKsentatiTes  to  be  elected  to  the 
dNmber  of  Deputies)  and  the  mode 
rf  their  election,  were  not  provided 
fe  by  the  charter,  but  it  laid  down 
ti>c  general  qualifications  to  be 
[■qiiircd  in  a  voter,  and  provided, 
after  the  example  of  America,  and 
ike  reroludimary  Cortes  of  Sp^, 
and  of  Portugal  in  1828,  that  the 
deputies  should  be  re-imbursed  for 
tHir  expenses  in  trav^Uing  to  and 
'mn  Lisbon,  and  receive  a  daily 
nm  for  their  attendance.  In  the 
judidal  department,  trial  by  jury 
in*  introduced ;  it  was  declared 
tlist  the  judges  should  not  be 
ranoTEsAile   at   the  will  of  the 


bute  to  its  revenue;  that  every 
man's  house  was  inviolable ;  that 
no  citizen  should  be  obliged  to  da, 
or  be  hindered  from  doing,,  any 
thing  whatever,  unless  by  virtue 
of  a  law ;  that  no  law  should  have 
a  retrospecdveefiect;  that  everyone 
might  communicate  his  thoughts, 
whether  verbally  or  by  writing, 
and  publish  them  in  print,  being 
responsible  for  any  abuses  whii£ 
he  might  commit  in  the  exercise 
of  this  ri|^t,  according  to  the 
forms  determined  by  the  law ;  that 
no  person  diould  be  persecuted  for 
the  sake  of  religion,  as  long  as  he 
respected  that  of  the  state,  and  did 
not  oSend  public  morality ;  that 
every  m^  might  remain  in  the 
kingdom,  or  depart  from  it,  and 
carry  with  him  all  his  property, 
conforming,  nevertheless,  to  police 
regulations. 

If  nothing  more  weic  required 
to  make  a  constitution  suited  to 
the  wants,  and  conformable  to  the 
habits  and  opinions  of  a  people, 
than  to  frame  it  upon  dogmas  of 
most  theoretical  liberality,  and 
enunciate,  as  its  foundation,  ge- 
neral propositionB  most  unquestion- 
ably true,  the  charter,  which  was 
thus  granted  to  Portugal,  ought  to 
have  insured  her  happiness.  But 
the  efficacy  of  all  such  institutions 
depends  upon  the  details  by  which 
general  rules  are  to  be  reduced  to 
practice,  and  still  more  upon  the 
E^iiit  which  is  to  animate  the  es&- 
cutioD-  of  these  details.  Thus,  to 
know  whether  any  real  good  will 
follow  from  a  charter  which  de- 
clares that  eveiT  subject  may  do 
every  thing  which  is  not  prohibited 
by  an  express  law,  it  is  necessary 
to  know  what  is  the  nature  and 
constitution,  what  the  feelings  and 
modes  of  thinking  of  the  power  by 
which  these  laws  are  to  be  made, 
and  above  all  what  are  the  rules 


dl8]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


wUtfh  govern,  and  the  spirit  which 
pervades,  the  tribimals  by  which 
these  laws  are  to  be  administered. 
But,* at  all  events,  the  granting  of 
this  charter  was  a  fair  and  voluntaiy 
attempt  of  Don  Pedro  to  introduce 
a  representative  government,  and 
it  was  more  than  a  fulfilment  of 
his  father's  promise  to  restore  at 
least  the  ancient  Cortes  of  Lameso. 
It  had  not  been  wrested  fhmi  him 
either  by  fbrce,  or  even  by  prayers 
and  remonstrances ;  and  therefore 
could  not  with  any  good  grace 
be  resisted  even  by  the  caMnets 
which  held  that  aU  political  changes 
must  proceed  as  a  gift  from  the 
crown.  In  itself,  it  still  lefl  to  the 
king  enough  of  splendor  and  pre- 
rogative to  place  it  beyond  the 
reach  of  any  objection  ftom  the 
lovers  of  absolute  power,  except 
the  simple  objection  that  it  was 
not  unadulterated  despotism. 

When  this  Constitution  arrived 
at  Lisbon,  the  regent  and  her 
counseUcnrs  delayed  its  promtdga* 
tion,  not  from  any  design  of  sup^ 
pressing  it,  or  impeding  its  execu- 
tion, but  to  be  prepared  for  oppo- 
sition—Han oppo&tion  which  the  po- 
litical changes  of  Portugal  during 
the  last  four  years  rendered  not 
improbable.  This  caution,  how- 
ever, was,  in  some  respeets,  mi». 
chievous.  For,  although  the  people 
in  ceneral  received  with  fkvour 
the  bo^n  which  was  thns  granted 
to  them,  there  were  many  who, 
ham  pure  love  of  despotism,  iiated 
it  for  its  own  sake ;  there  were 
many,  who  disliked  it,  because  they 
regarded  it  as  a  proof  of  the  pre- 
ponderance of  British  influence  in 
the  counsels  of  Portugal ;  and  there 
were  some  foreign  potentates  will- 
ing to  plot  against  it,  l)eeause  they 
dreaded  every  acknowledgment  of 
popular  rights  as  dangerous  to  the 
stability  (^thexr  own  thrones.    All 


these  drew  hope  and  eonfideiiee 
from  the  delay  in  the  publicatioD 
of  the  constitution,  which  they 
imputed  to  lukewarmnesa  or  ap- 
prehension in   the    govemmeat; 
while  those  again  wno  i  yarded 
the    constitution    with    aroctioa 
were  agitated  by  undefined  fears 
that  the  benefits  which  thekiM 
had  resolved  to  bestow  upon  his 
subjects  were  to  be  interoroted  by 
domestic  treason,  or  by  uie  un- 
warrantable interferenee  of  foieign 
powers.    The  consequenoe  of  f&M 
feeling  vras  indignation  and  £•• 
trust,  wMdi  threatened  ^  yMk 
tranquillity.      Creneral  Saldaaha, 
who  was  governor  of  Oporto^  and 
immediatdy  afterwards  was  naoed 
minister  of  war,  stated  ia  a  report 
to  the  recent,  that  the  first  intd- 
H^ence  of  the  grantiM  of  a  ood' 
stitution  had  been  received  in  Uiit 
city  not  only  with  the  groilest 
joy,  but  with  a  firm  resdntiaB  to 
exact  the  fbll  enjoyment  of  the 
benefits  conferred   by  the  sore- 
reign;    that  this  lesoluticm  had 
pained  strength  in  proportkm  u 
Its  necessity  was  apparent^  in- 
creased by  the  silence  of  the  ^ 
Vemment ;  and  that  the  joy  whidk 
at  first  had  animated  the  peopteflid 
the  troops  of  the  mrrisM^  gave 
way  to  distrust.     The  peaowle 
character  of  the  inhahttanils,  aad 
the  discipline  whioh  he  had  ea- 
fbiced  among  his  sddieif^  had  €s- 
abled  him  to  keep  them  wiIUb 
the  bounds  ef  duty  and  modcM* 
tion,  and  they  had  contented  then* 
selves  with  manifesting  their  ca- 
thusiasm  in  the  tkoatres.    **  Bet,' 
added  the  genend, '^  1  ntBOt  frtal^ 
tell  j^our  highness,   that,  if  w 
state  of  uncertainty  aod  dktia^ 
be  sufiered  to  eontinue,  and  if  As 
first  post  does  not  bring  posWve 
orders   for    takixu;    the  oath  f 
the  constiltftignar  duartiVi  k  ^ 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE. 


[819 


hfmitMf!  to  praeerve  tranquillity, 
or  to  caleolate  the  fatal  oonse- 
maces  of  such  a  state  of  things.'* 
the  f^yponents  of  the  constitution 
were  as  restless  as  its  fHends; 
ikir  mutual  animosities  daily 
at^Biented;  plots  were  forming 
vmmg  the  military  not  only  to 
oppose  the  introduction  of  the  re- 
presentative fbrm  of  goyemment, 
bat  to  delude  the  descendants  of 
Da  Pedro  from  the  throne^  and 
eknie  his  younger  hrother,  Don 
}hgQtl,  in  his  stead.  These  an- 
t^ifthies  and  machinations  broke 
rat  at  last  in  aets  oi  open  violence, 
wkidi,  however,  were  immediately 
t^edted  hy  the  vigour  and  firmness 
with  i^ich  Saldanha  acted.  The 
^issKeCed  party  in  Oporto  where, 
ifkr  Iid)on,  public  opinion  is 
of  moit  importmice,  was  crushed, 
ad  ^  not  again  show  itself  even 
isakg  the  revohitionary  move^ 
ottti  whicii  soon  f(41owed  in 
(4er  parts  of  the  Idngden. 

On  the  IStb  of  July,  ike  adiof- 
tioQ  ef  the  constitution  had  been 
pndsiaedll  and  the  91st  ef  that 
Boath  was  appointed  as  the  day 
OB  whidi,  in  aeeordanee  with  the 
pnviaoDs  of  the  dlarter,  the  oath 
to  k  ihoBld  be  taken  If  all  the 
nenbers  and  servants  of  govern* 
raty  ^  ^gnlfied  clergy,  the  mii» 
i^CTslmagistrales,  and  puldic  funo« 
tiniaiks,  Uuoughevtt  the  monarchy. 
At  Lisbon  the  eeromony  wae  per- 
^med  with  much  pomp  and  popo- 
^  shew:  the  mourning  fbr  the 
late  king  was  suspended  ;  the  city 
^^  iituminated,  and  ^  three 
^t  presented  one  continued  scene 
'^  feMmty  and  publie  rejoicing 
^  troopa  ^ared  in  the  enthu- 
4«ofHie  people;  the  new  system 
s^eaiedto  be  firmly  fixed  in  the  af« 
fee^flitf  smd  o^nion  of  the  capital ; 
^  council  of  recency  was  at  an 
^;  the  Infliata  becaine  soli  sove« 


reign;  and  a  new  ministry  was 
formed,  consisting  entirely  of  men 
who  were  known  to  be  the 
friends  of  liberal  institutions, 
though  not  of  miUtaiy  revolution. 
Throughout  the  provinces^  like<i 
wise,  the  ceremony  passed  off,  in 
general,  without  any  manifesta* 
tions  of  disaffection  to  the  oharter 
on  the  part  c£  the  people.  The 
ministers  of  foreign  powers  main- 
tained the  usual  diplomatic  tth^ 
tions  with  the  govemmentof  the  re- 
gent, and  either  virtually  or  express- 
ly  reo^nised  its  legitimacy,  with 
the  exception  of  Spain,  whose 
policy,  however,  it  did  not  suit 
publidy  to  withdraw  her  ambas- 
sador. Britain  not  only  oqpressly 
recognijed,  but,  by  her  influence, 
was  the  bulwark  of  the  constitu- 
tion; nay,  the  enemies  of  the 
diarter  laboured  to  excite  popular 
discontent  against  it,  by  represent- 
ing it  as  an  engine  framed  by  Bri- 
tain as  a  meaas  ci  perpetuating 
her  influence  over  Portugal,  ana 
securh^  the  insigmficaaoe  c^  the 
monarchy  l^  confirming  for  ever 
the  separation  of  the  colonies  from 
the  mother  country.  But  the  only 
influence  which  England  possessed 
in  Portugal,  independent  of  that 
arising  from  commercial  relations, 
was  the  influence  of  great  power, 
always  used  with  good  ftdth,  U 
confer  great  benefits. 

In  the  proekmation  in  which 
the  charter  was  promulgated,  the 
regency,  in  order  to  conciliate 
thoie  who  thought  change  syn- 
onymous with  anarchy,  from  what- 
ever source  it  might  be  derived, 
had  pointed  out  how  muck  it  dif- 
fered in  character  from  that  which 
had  been  forced  upon  the  nation 
by  military  usurpation,  in  1822. 
"  The  charter,'*  said  th^,  in  that 
proclamation,  **  is  not  a  forced  con- 
cession;   it    is    ft  t<oluntary  and 


320]      ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1826. 


spontaneous  eift  of  the  legitimate 
power  of  his  Majesty^  and  matured 
by  his  profound  and  royal  wisdom. 
This  charter  tends  to  terminate 
the  contest  between  two  extreme 
principles  which  have  agitated  the 
universe.  It  summons  all  Portu- 
guese to  reconciliation,  by  the 
same  means  which  have  served  to 
reconcile  other  people;  it  main- 
tains, in  all  their  vigour,  the  reli- 
gion of  [our  fathers,  and  the  rights 
and  dignity  of  the  monarchy ;  all 
the .  oiders  of  the  state  are  re- 
spected, and  all  are  alike  interested 
in  uniting  their  efforts  to  surround 
and  strengthen  the  throne,  to  con- 
tribute to  the  common  good,  and 
to  secure  the  preservation  and 
amelioration  of  the  country  to 
which  they  owe  their  existence, 
and  of  the  society  of  which  they 
form  a  part;  the  ancient  institu- 
tionsare  adapted  and  accommodated 
to  our  age,  as  far  as  the  lapse  of 
seven  centuries  will  permit;  and 
finally,  this  charter  has  prototjrpes 
among  other  nations  who  are  es- 
teemed among  the  most  civilized 
and  the  most  happy." 

But  neither  thi^t  language, 
moderate  and  prudent  as  it  was, 
nor  the  general  satisfaction  with 
which  the  constitution  was  received 
throughout  the  kingdom,  could 
check  the  activity  or  extinguish 
the  intrigues  of  a  party  which  was 
opposed  with  equal  animosity  to 
the  liberty  of  Portugal,  and  to  the 
independence  of  Brazil.  If  de- 
prived of  foreign  assistance,  that 
party  could  hope  for  success  only 
by  seducing  the  military,  and, 
unfortunatdy,  the  recent  history 
of  the  Portuguese  army  had  been 
an^  thing  but  favourable  to  high 
sentiments  of  fidelity  and  sub-* 
ordination.  During  late  years, 
they  had  been  taught  lessons  which 
soldiers  should  never  learn.     It 


had  fhrst  been  seduced  firoa  ki 
allegiance  by  the  revolutionists  in 
1 822,  and  made  the  instrument  of 
introducing  their  tumultuary  con- 
stitution. Its  influence  was  after- 
wards thrown  into  the  appomte 
scale ;  and,  in  1824,  it  roBe  twice 
against  the  existing  aathoritkL 
The  first  insurrection  was  partisl, 
and  failed ;  the  second  was  sucoeo- 
ful,  and  put  an  end  to  the  power 
of  the  Cortes.  In  Apnl,  1S25, 
the  troops,  at  the  instigation  of 
the  faction  who  afiected  to  lock  op 
to  the  Queen  and  Don  Migod 
as  their  head,  were  again  arrayed 
against  the  sovereign^  on  ^ 
ffroimd  that  he  was  not  sufficiently 
despotic ;  and  it  was  only  the 
dr^  of  the  British  power,  and 
the  presence  of  a  Britisli  squadroo, 
that  restored  the  authority  of  the 
king.  It  was  scarcely  to  be  ex- 
pected, that  troops  who  had  been 
accustomed  to  interfere  so  irzego- 
larly  with  the  political  arrange- 
ments of  a  country,  should  be 
easily  satisfied  with  a  S3rstem  in 
which  their  co-operation  hadneither 
been  needed  nor  desired.  The 
more  disorderly  among  them  were 
naturally  indiJoed  to  take  advan- 
tage of  the  moment  of  change  to 
throw  off  the  trammels  of  saboidi- 
nation ;  and  they  were  excited  to 
do  so  by  those  officers  who  were 
too  deeply  implicated  in  the  in* 
trigues  of  1824  and  1825,  to  be 
cordially  trusted  by  the  new  au- 
thorities. The  same  influence, 
which  had  led  them  astray  on  the 
latter  occasion,  was  again  ^aployed, 
and  for  the  same  purposes;  the 
queen-mother  did  not  conceal  her 
hatred  of  the  constitution,  and  of 
the  new  government;  the  watdi 
word  of  her  party  "  An  absolnte 
king  "  was  again  heard,  and  Spain 
was  held  out  as  the  model  widdi 
Portugal  ought  to  imitate.     Their 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [321 

'vttigate  vaa  not  alb^ether  tin-  lie  funds,  from  the  employnwnt 
nramful,  but  u  jet  diej  pro-  of  capital  in  industry  or  coninieroe, 
iacti  only  desertion.  At  the  end  o[  from  the  pursuits  of  a  profesiion, 
Jit!)',Kiid  the  besiiuiiDg  of  August,  or  even  irom  a  public  pension ;  but 
pin  of  two  raiments  stationed  at  all  persons  hired  for  wages  were 
hotaoM  and  Villa  Viciosa,  on  exduded,  except  clerks  oi  cashiers 
tbe  &taitiers  (^  the  Alentejo,  re-  in  mercantile  houses,  and  such 
rolled  and  fled  into  Spain  under  members  of  the  rojal  household  as 
tlw  command  of  brigadier-general  did  not  wear  liverj.  In  estimating 
UajfEsi;  and  some  of  the  military  the  income,  that  of  the  wife  was 
in  Cbares  and  Sraganza  on  the  to  be  added  to  that  of  the  husband, 
acnlien]  frontiers  of  Tras  os  and  the  incomes  of  minor  sons  to 
Moates,  followed  their  example  un-  the  income  of  the  lather.  All 
ia  toigadier  general  Montralegre.  Portuguese  subjects  who  w«ra 
But  thor  flight  excited  no  disturb-  actually  utizens  of  Brazil,  wfao 
ran  in  the  provinces:  it  was  a  should  be  naturalized  in  foreiga 
pnicf  that  they  could  not  trust  for  countries,  or  accept  of  foreign 
^tipfort  eithei  to  their  comrades,  service  uid  honours  without  the 
IT  to  the  people  ;  and  if  Spain  had  permission  of  govermnent,  were 
MmcDuragedandoi^nized  them,  declared  to  be  disqualiiied  from 
'.hor  desettioD  would  scarcely  have  voting.  The  most  important  dis< 
Jtincted  the  serious  consideration  ability  was  that  which  attached 
°f  the  govenmient.  The  only  to  the  cler^.  All  clei^ymen  and. 
^  it  tocAL  was  to  declare  the  monks  livm^  in  confratemldes 
'f^Bieata  suppressed,  and  to  erase  were  disqualified,  with  the  ezcep- 
liar  names  from  the  army  list  tion  of  the  non-cloistered  brethren 

The  first  labour  of  the  Regea-     of  the  three  military  orders,  who 
rj,  after    the  oath    to  the  con-    formed  no  part  of  the  conventual 
nitutHMi  tii"i  been  taken,  was  to    communities.     To  be  chosen  a  pn>- 
pnpve  for  the  convoldng  of  the     vincial  elector,   and   thus  have  a 
Cartu,  by  framing  a  code  of  re-     direct  voice  in  choosing  the  depu- 
jJstions  (or  the  election  of  the     ties,  it  was  necessary  to  have  an 
^ocDiben  of  the  Chamber  of  depu-    income  equaltoSO/.  sterling,  double 
DU-    This  code,  which  was  pro-     of   that  required  in  a  parochial 
QulgitedoD  the  10th  of  August,     elector:   and  to  be  eligible  as  a 
pnjweded  on  the  principle  of  in-     deputy,  the  candidate  was  required 
^inct  election.  The  kingdom  with     to  have  an  income  double  that  of  a 
ihe  iglanda  in  the  Atlantic,  and  its     provincial  elector,  viz.  an  income  of 
AiiicanBod  Asiatic  dependencies,     about  100/.  sterling.     A  candidate 
moreover  could  be  elected  deputy- 
only  for  the  district  in  which  he 
had  been  bom,  -or  that  in  which 
his  rendencc  was  legally  fixed  at 
the  time.  The  num&r  of  deputies 
was  fixed  at  the  proportion  of  one 
for    every    twenty-five    thousand 
souls,  which  gave  in  all  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty-eight  members,  viz. 
i  hundred  and  twenty  for  For- 
nt  and  Algatre ;  «lerea  for  tb 


tu^t  ant 


322]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


Wanrtfi  nfttrhirh  the  Azotes  fbrm^ 
ed  cm  proving  tut  dktticty  ftnd 
Mftd«ifa  ttid  Porto  Sbxm  ss^tl^t ; 
mmI  9et9ik  to  the  ^leitM  @8tiMiBh» 
sietits  Ift  Ashi  and  Aftka.  The 
ek^ioris  bf  the  psHihes  were 
U&iited  td  tl»0e  dftys,  commencing 
Ml  the  17th  atid  endins  Ofi  th« 
19th  df  Se{>tembet.  Tte  whole 
(motieediiigs  weiie  to  he  eonduct^ 
by  day-^li^t.  So  ioon  as  eandles 
becttaae  tkee&mitf,  thd  bufttnoM  wm 
to  be  adJouMed  till  next  day.  Th!e 
election  of  the  dejmties  by  the  di^* 
tA&  ot  ptovindal  electors  Wft»  to 
eommenoe  cfh  xhie  Iii%  of  October 
and  tetmhtate  ott  the  8th. 

The  iirindpal  dei^  ifi  thid  Sf^ 
tern  of  regulations  ^^las  the  adop- 
tion of  the  j^ciple  ef  indirect  eleio 
tkm ;  AiAMhlne^  whidi>  sepatttting 
theeledted^iHMithegreatfh&ssof  tl£ 
electosf«>  ftlwuy^imtMdrs  the  s^-eAgth 
«M  virtM  of  ft  i^preset^tetiye  go« 
Yemfnent.  The  case  in  tvhich 
there  is  i^roM  ground  fbr  having 
recourAd  to  it^  iA,  where  the  qtiall^ 
dcfttions  of  totes  ate  extremely 
low,  mA  Y^oters  extrenieiy  nume^ 
roui ;  but  dibt  t«ason  M  not  «p^ 
ply  10  Portugal,  where  the  n^m*- 
b^  were  small)  ahd  even  the 
parochial  electors  Were  to  falive  1^ 
yearly  income  of  five^rfid-twenty 
poui^>  Another  error  wad>  the 
almost  fotal  exdudioft  o^  the  e&* 
desiaetical  oi^iers  fW)m  the  elective 
fratidhise.  There  is  no  good  reason 
why  l^  members  of  the  established 
r^gioii  of  a  country  should  be 
di^rived  of  the  politiced  privileges 
enjoyed  by  other  subjects ;  emd 
dvere  is  little  consistency  ih  elU" 
duding  them  (torn  one  iMnch  of 
the  le^slature.  While  their  digni*- 
tar^  are  admitted  to  seats  in  the 
othbr.  It  may  be  tree,  that  thek 
iaflueoee  Was  to  be  dreaded,  and, 
that  it  Would  net  h^ve  facilitated 
the  w<^dng  of  ^  %ew  kk^*- 


tutions ;  but  it  woiM  hovt 
much  less  dangerous,  actittg  opeiriy 
tatider  the  known  fbrms  of  die  eon- 
sHtotkm,  tha»  When  operaf^  by 
concealed  intrigues  end  maehiiift- 
tions.  The  more  thai  eceleaimiu 
are  8^»rated  by  the  pecufimitiei 
of  Iheir  profes^On  fW>m  some  ef 
the  ties  ^  ftodal  Kf^  die  more 
desirable  jA  k  that  thc^  shouM  be 
linked  to  it  by  other  cotmectionii: 
Priests  will  be  the  better  by  ptr* 
tidpnting  it!  pofitical  prtTflcges; 
and  A  i^pntem  wiU  b^  tlte  moie 
se«^re  for  not  etdting  tlkttr  hos- 
tility. 

In  the  ttehn  time,  iWwn  me 
moment  thai  the  conatitutiofi  hfed 
been  promulgated,  and  tiie  oadi  of 
fidelity  to  it  tftken,  secret  intrigoo 
hAd  been  eerrymg  on  to  efiect  its 
overthrow/ and  p&ce  Don  M^nd 
upon  the  throne.  The  ^IsaflMioft 
beg^n  with  tlie  party  who  were 
ho^e  to  the  introduction  of  aay 
thing  like  popular  ekuents  into 
the  goveitiment,  Ahd  wbo,  in  1B&5, 
hid  made  a  daring  attempt  agiunft 
the  late  kitig,  beesuse  he  was  net 
extirpating,  by  bloodied  and  pro* 
sctiptiOn,  the  seeds  tH  the  pMtthr 
commotion  of  182S,  so  merdkssly 
as  to  their  bigotry  seemed  good. 
They  hkd  alwa3rs  been  anxioai 
to  support  the  title  of  Don  Mignd, 
in  the  event  6f  Don  Pedro  ab^ 
dating  the  Portuguese  crown,  be* 
caus^  he  Was  a  man  al^  ^lelr  own 
mind,  prepared,  like  tihem,  to  asaett 
ati  imaginaiy  supremacy  over  Dm* 
zil,  and  set  at  defiance  every  et- 
pties&ion  of  public  opinioii,  or^te 
public  desires  sft  home.  The  C9» 
tabhshmefnt  of  a  repres^itatile 
constitutiem  roused  fheir  peStfoil 
^thuflasm,  l&e  the  eommlsrfmi  cC 
some  atrocious  crime;  and  die 
moment  when  the  new  gov  ei  umeat 
was  still  unsettled  seemed  to  fbr> 
jskh  an  opportufii^  for  ettutdng 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [828 

fMk  ]3wty  in  ite  bbth.     They  to  poHtioal  ihkilEiiif  >  tori(  liltk 

wtn  eneouniged  aaad  aggiited  W  intdveak  in  poUtkal  ckaiiget ;  aiid 

dtf  ipaen  dowser,  who^  althougp  would  either  remain  qutet^  or  be 

naovod  fimm  tie  court,  and  k^t  dmwa    to  £&vour   an    eaXtr^pxiait 

nods  strict  aurveifiance  at  QueloA^  which  wai  prodahned  to  be  in 

QCfcr  ceased    to  l%boor  for  the  defsiiae  oi  religion,  and  for  tb« 

BestoiBlioii  of  nmnittgated  detpth  refl^oratum  of  the  grandeur  of  the 

tifiB,  and  was  secretlj  pre|Miring  the  Fortugaeae  mmiarchy. 

way  for  insurrection  bjr  k^eaaes  Bui  neithor  their  own  resouroe^^ 

h^owedon  theoffioeraand  nSdiera  nor  the  indii^renee  of  the  people, 

of  her  guard.    At  the  head  of  the  nor  the  wavering  fidelity  of  the 

party  were  the  maiquis  of  Chavea,  anny>   would  have   affinrded  the 

ADoUenuoi  of  hnmense  poaseaoons,  conapiratora  any  hopes  of  anecesa, 

aod  exteaalve    influence  in  the  if  they  had  not  beoi  aupported  and 

HrfiberD  p«rt  of  the  kingdcmi,  Ma  encouraged  by  Spaan.    The  ovdcv 

tmde  ^Heira,  and  the    viscount  of  succeaaion  ^kdolidied  by  Don 

Cndlaa,  who,  in  1820,  had  been  Pedro,     and     the    ooiiatttuHonid 

praident  oJT  die  inaurgent  junta  of  charter  which  he  had  granted,  had 

OjpQito^  and  now  laboured  in  the  both  been  recc^nlaed  hy  foreign 

due  of  abeolute  power  as  wDlinj^  powers,  as  proceeding  fhnn  a  lecLx 

m  he  had  tiien  ranted  in  fttvonr  timate  authority.     Qte^t  Britain, 

cf  radkal    levcdutions.      Along  France,  Rnaak,  Pruaaia,  and  Au8« 

vkh  them  weve  combined  Mott-  tri%  all  united  in  aeknowled^^; 

toi^ira,    and    general    Magessi,  the  re^mcy,  inid  in  mdntirining 

t  siaa  who  was  held  td  poaaesi  diplomatie  rehudons  with  hi  aor 

•nw  adlttary  talent.    Th^  dii  was    it    eaail^   eoneeivafale    that 

Mt  aaek  ^kAr  instruments  nanodg  any  court,  distkiguished  by  ettech* 

As  peat  body  of  the  people  r  tlieir  mei^  to  {nrerogativ^  ^ould  be  so 

weace  ii^  princips^y  witib  the  absurdly  inconaiatent  as  to  qae»« 

sB&ary ;  they  reckon^  on  being  Uon  the  right  of  a  sovereign  pnnoe 

^  again  to  saduee  an  army  whida  to  give  his  subjects  andi  instituw 

U  aueady  bee&  more  ^n  oaoe  tkms  as  he  might  choeee.    Spain 

^Iwadked,  md  taught  to  mslEe  alone,poor,  and  weak,  and  wreidb» 

vd  unms^  govMttaents ;  they  edas  she  was,  refused  to  acknow* 

ttmtedon  the  weai^  of  ,Ch»vea,  ledge  eitlier  die  govenunen^  or  the 

n  the  contributions  and  heSKty  eenstitution,    aiul    determined    to 

eo-opevation  of  the  priesthood,  who  pn»idi  up  a  crusade  against  kings 

md  the  constitution  both  as  eiu  m  ifefeoee  ef  menaeohy.    She  hML 

cMxiiff  tikem  from   power,    and  been  diepieased  at  die  raeognition 

Uneutaltothedei^otismtluroiiig'h  of  the  independence  of  Bnsil  by 

vUdi,  by  luliag  one,  they  tyran«  John  VI.,  beeause  it  was  an  eato 

ttteovsr  aU ;  aftd  they  could  ^d  ample  whieh,  in  regatd  to  herown 

^MTttlenipthytiiecountenSjneeef  eokiaei,  she  was  determined  not 

te  ^fieea^  and  lideld  it  under  the  to  fbdow ;   die  offence  had  been 

iMBieefa^neeof  thebtoedroyaL  he^tenedbydiesubsei^ueutsan&i 

tf  they  could  suoceedinestablishiaig  tion  ^ven  to  dus  separatioa  1^ 

tHeaoelvefl  in  die  kingdom  at  the  Don  redro,  when  he  resided  the 

ksi  of  a  militmry  force,  they  had  sc^tre  of  Portugal  to  retain  that  ef 

Ktdete  dread  &oin  die  great  body  Brazil;  and  new,  die  establishment 

4dw  pmle,  who,  nnacciistomed  of  a  repvesentatwe  wvemmentjon 

i:y2] 


824]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


her  very  frontiers,  and  with  so 
many  facilities  for  communication^ 
excited  at  once  the  fears  and  the 
hatred  of  Ferdinand  and  the  knot 
of  priests  and  fanatics  who  formed 
his  counsellors.  To  extinguish 
every  wish  of  seeing  a  better  ^ 
vemment  substituted  for  the  bhnd 
and  ignorant  despotism  which  they 
had  re-established,  had  been  the 
object  of  their  incessant  labours 
from  the  moment  of  the  restoration 
of  Ferdinand  by  the  armbof  France; 
proscription  and  banishment,  the 
dungeon  and  the  scafibld,  had  been 
mezmessly  employed  to  root  out 
every  symptom  of  the  disease ;  and 
they  now  looked  with  horror  and 
loathing  on  a  neighbour  who  was 
all  over  infection,  and  was  bringing 
contagion  into  their  very  presence. 
Ferdinand  and  his  Camarilla  did 
not  believe  that  their  system  was 
safe  for  a  moment,  so  long  as  a 
representative  government  existed 
in  Portugal ;  their  system  involved, 
to  their  eyes,  the  rights  of  God, 
and  kings,  and  the  duties  of  sub* 
jects ;  and,  therefore,  by  open  force, 
or  by  secret  intrigue,  the  constitu- 
tion of  Pedro  was  tobe  overthrown, 
and  the  palpable  darkness,  which 
brooded  over  the  Escurial,  was  to 
be  extended  to  the  moutii  of  the 
Douro,  and  the  banks  of  the  Tagus. 
If  the  treason  of  Chaves  and  his 
coadjutors  was,  of  all  treasons,  the 
most  mean-spirited,  because,  instead 
of  springing  from  a  generous  love 
of  liberty,  or  a  sense  of  strong  at-* 
tachment  to  an  unfortunate  prince, 
it  was  founded  upon  an  abstract 
love  of  slavery,  and  directed  against 
the  l^al  and  native  monarch  of 
the  country,  the  conduct  of  Spain, 
setting  aside  her  fears,  was  no  less 
absurd  and  unprincipled.  Spain, 
more  than  any  other  cabinet,  was 
the  apostle  of  the  divine  and  ilH- 
putable  rights  of  kings ;  her  policy 


was  a  daily  commentary  on  ^ 
text,  that  every  desire  for  akcn- 
tions  which  are  not  the  free  0ft  of 
the  sovereign,  is  rebellion  ;  ai^that 
the  holiest  political  duty  of  man  k 
to  defend  every  act  of  kingly  power, 
and  more  especially  to  defend  it 
against  subjects.  But  when  alie  se- 
fused  to  recognize  the  govenunent 
of  Portugal,  and  resolved  to  aid 
the  conspirators  against  it,  At 
was  curtaiiling  the  extent  of  kin^ 
prerogative,  and  uniting  hersdf 
with  rebellious  subjects  against  the 
lawful  acts  of  a  crowned  hemL 
The  constitution  was  a  g^ft,  not  a 
concession;  it  was  a  free-will 
offering,  not  an  extorted  benefit; 
it  had  no  taint  of  rebellion,  and 
bore  upon  it  every  rharacler  of 
Intimate  supremacy.  Its  oppo- 
nents were  plotting  to  resist  rtnrd 
authority,  and  elevate  bj  force  the 
wishes  of  subjects  above  the  heij 
rights  of  kings:  yet  Spain  took 
part  with  the  rebellious  subjects, 
and  determined  to  risk  her  own 
tranquillity  in  support  of  the  rig^ 
of  the  people  to  constrain  and  com* 
pel  the  will  of  the  monarch  ;  while 
the  wickedness  of  a  people  attempt- 
inff  to  compel  or  constrain  that 
will  was  the  very  foundation  of 
her  government,  and  the  sole 
maxim  of  her  policy.  In  fiut, 
Spain  opposed  royal  authonty, 
because  that  authority  was 
ployed  to  introduce  popular 
tutions  among  its  sulgects;  and 
thus  she  enjoyed  the  solitary  and 
degrading  honour  of  publishing  to 
Europe,  that  neither  monarch  nor 
people  could  cherish  civil  liberty 
without  guilt  and  damnation,  and 
that  unmixed,  hopeless  detpotiMi 
was  the  single  form  of  government 
which  heaven  had  designedfor  man, 
and  the  only  one  which  virtue, 
religion,  or  expediency,  could  suffix 
to  exist.      In  the  frensy  of  her 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[325 


fean  and  her  bigotry^  she  seemed 
even  to  shut  her  eyes  upon  the 
dangers  with  which  her  own  prin- 
ciples threatened  her  own  govern- 
ment. If  Ferdinand  was  entitled 
to  say  to  Pedro^  I  will  not  recog- 
nise the  form  of  ffovemment  whidi 
you  have  estaUished  in  Portugal 
why  should  not  England  and  Por« 
tu^  on  the  same  grounds  say  to 
Ferdinand^  we  will  not  recognize 
that  which  you  have  established 
in  Spain?  If  Spain  could  say^ 
"  we  shall  aid  Chaves  and  Canel- 
las,  in  overturning  the  regency," 
why  should  not  the  regency  say, 
**  we  shall  let  loose  Mina,  and  lus 
exiled  countrymen  upon  your 
shores  to  overturn  Ferdinand  ?" 

Spain  first  expressed  her  fears 
to  the  cabinets  of  her  continental 
allies,  in  the  hope  of  finding  in 
them  kindred  apprehensions,  and 
receiving  their  countenance  in  the 
course  which  she  might  pursue. 
But,  however  little  some  of  these 
cabinets  might  be  inclined  to  fa- 
vour popular  rights,  none  of  them 
was  inclined  to  imitate  her  incon- 
sistency or  endanger  the  peace  of 
Europe  by  dedanng  war  against 
the  prerogative  of  kings.  Al- 
though they  did  not,  by  any  formal 
declaration,  refuse  to  her  all  coun- 
tenance in  her  plans,  and  for  a  time 
were  suspiciously  cold  to  the  re- 
monstrances of  the  Portuguese  re- 
gency ;  yet  neither  did  they  openly 
justify  her  proceedings.  England 
iiad  taken  the  part  of  the  new  go- 
vernment firmly  and  decidedly. 
France,  although  her  sincerity  was 
exposed  to  suspicion  by  the  mis- 
conduct of  her  minister  at  Madrid, 
professed  the  most  cordial  satisfac- 
tion with  the  regency,  and  subse- 
quently proved,  by  deeds,  her  dis- 
upprobation  of  the  mad  policy  of 
Ferdinand.  If  among  the  other 
great  powers,  ther^  were  any  who 


were  willing  to  awtdt  in  indif- 
ference the  issue  of  these  machi- 
nations,   and  perhaps  would  not 
have  been  displeased  to  see  the 
constitution  of  Portugal  fall,  they 
did  not  dare  to  lend  thdir  aid  to 
its  overthrow;  and  Spain  found 
that  she  must  depend  upon  her  own 
resources.    An  open  declaration  of 
war  was  not  suitable  to  her  own 
internal  state,    and  would  have 
been  too  hard  to  justify  in  itself; 
she  applied  hersdf,  therefore,  to 
reach  her  end   more  covertly  by 
finding  a  Spanish  army  in  the  ad- 
herents of  Chaves  and  Canellas. 
.    The  intrigues  of  these  traitors 
and  their  coadjutors,  aided  by  the 
money  and  agents  of  Spain,  had 
befinin  to  shew  themsdves  even 
b^ore  the  oath  to  the  constitution 
had  been  taken,  in  alarming  and 
frequent  desertions  from  the  Por- 
tuguese army.    Instigators  of  re- 
beSion  appetured  on  different  points 
of  the  frontier,  from  Algarve  to 
Tras  OS  Montes,  assembling  and 
arranging  the  deserters,  who,  until 
they  formed  a  body  strong  enough 
to  act,  were  received  as  allies  m 
the  Spanish  territory,  by  the  Spa- 
nish authorities.    A  whole  regi- 
ment   abandoned    the    important 
fortress  of  Almeida,  and,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo, 
awaited  orders  to  return  as  inva- 
ders.   To  the  south  Mageasi  was 
assembling  and  organizing  in  the 
vicinity  of  Badaioz  the  batallions 
which  deserted  nom  the  difi*erent 
corps  stationed  in  the  province  of 
Alentejo:  and  in  the  north,  Chaves 
and  Monteal^re,  not  only  concen- 
trated the  fugitives,  but,  aided  by 
the  influence  of  the  former,  whose 
paternal  estates  were  situated  in 
that  part  of  the  kingdom,  they 
crossed  the  frontier  and  advanced 
some    leagues   into    the  interior. 
Whenever   the  approach  of  the 


326]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

consdtutf  on&l    tudops     compelled  fled>  sAd,  if  required^  to  deKvcr  vf 

ikem  to  retire,  they  i^in  found  the  desertefs  themsel^eB.   Bat,  in* 

tef\ige  in  the  Spanish  territoiy,  stead  of  any  part  of  these  enga^ 

where  they  proceeded  with  their  mentft  being  fulfilled  hy   Spain, 

preparatibnt  a«  openly  and  ttnn-*  her  military  and  dtil  goyernon 

quiUy    as    if   they  had    fbrmed  on  tfa«  fhmtiers,  not  only  teoeiTed 

H  8panidi  army^  and  Spain  had  the  rebels  as  allies,  and  allowed 

tegnkrly   dedatisd   war    against  them  to  pifepatelbrUMir  campaign 

Pottngd.  within    the    Spanish    letitlories 

Wl^  ^ey  iMomed  the  name  but  whei«  arms,  or  anraraokion, 

of  K)yiii)stB>  aikl  deceived  assotdnce  or  proidsions  were  wanting,  aU 

ftom  a  mionarch,  Who  more  thati  these  lieeesstiies  were  sapuhed  at 

fthy  other,  was  extmvagant  in  his  the  expense  and  by  the  autliocitiei 

notions  of  Itingly  power,    their  of  Spsnn  herself.     Repeated  appii- 

declared  ol^eet  was,  to  contrd  the  cations  were  made  to  the  commaa- 

sovereign  by  fbree  and  to  alter  the  ders  in  the  frontier  towns   and 

order  of  succession.      They  pro-  fortresses,  urging  the  ekecntion  of 

daimed  t>on  Miguel  ldng,aithougii  the  existing  conventions,  which  in 

ev«h  after  the  abdication  of  Don  an  instant  would  hare  put  an  end 

Pedre,  his  ri^ts  were  excluded  by  to  the  hopes  and  schemes  of  the 

every  one  itf  Don  Pedto's  ehUdren.  imurgents ;  but  in  evny  instance 

Failing  him  they  transferred  their  they  were  evaded,  on    the  pi«- 

allejiiande  to  the  princess  of  Beira  tence  that  such  a  step  could  not  be 

and  her  son,  Although  by  the  laws  taken  without  entering  upon  neg»- 

of  Portugal,  the  marriage  of  that  tiations  which  the^  nevet  deigned 

princess  had  incapacitated  her  from  to  particularize.      Theae  lemoo- 

succeeding.    On  the  Slst  of  July  strances  proving  fruitless,  and  U 

they  proclaimed  Don  Miguel  king,  being  evident  that  the  oOken  in 

and   the  queen   dowager  regent  the  previnces  had  higher  amc^on 

during  his  absence.  for    this    continued  violatiim  of 

The    desertions    aianned    and  treaties.  Gomes,   the  Portnguae 

embarrassed  the   regency  not  so  minister  at  Madrid,  was  directed, 

much  by  their  numerical  amount,  on  the  7th  of  August,  to  comma* 

as  by    the    influence  of  the  ex-  nicate  to  the  Spanish  government 

ample,  and  the  general  distrust  the  occurrenees  whidi  had  tik«a 

of  the  army  which  they  inspired,  place  $ — to  ex^bin  that^   as  the 

Decrees  were  immediately  issued,  regiments  which  had  de»tad  hid 

disbanding    the    difibrent    cmrps  bi^    disbanded,    and    ^e   tine 

whkh  had  deserted,  but  holding  limited  in   the  decree  in  ftvour 

out  pardon  to  the  privates  and  of  the  inferior  officers  and  solditn 

to  the  inferior  officers  upon  their  had  expired,    the   individnab  of 

return    to  their  duty.      Bt  the  these  coi^  who  might  remain  on 

standing  treaties  between  Portu*  the  Spanish  territory  were  gml^ 

gal  and  l^pain,  each  country  wai  of   treason    and    rebe&ion  '^^^vd 

bound,  in  the  case  of  troops  de«  to  demand,   ther^bre,  that  Aef 

sorting  Item    tha-  other,    imm&-  should  be  given  up  or  placed  ia 

diately  todisarin  th^m,  to  restore  saib  custody  unril  brought  to  tfisl 

ih&T  airms^  «ao»^,  and  ammuni-  -^tfaat  the  horses,  anns>  ammm* 

tion  to  the  neorest  mitimitici  of  tion,  money,  te.,  which  tbey  lad 

the  coumry  ftmn  which  ^my  had  earned  eff,  skodU  Ibe  hMNcblt^ 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE-  [327 

thd  sod  nUaad^^'aaA  that;  Uw  time,  tke  dMol^dient  ccvooiaBd* 

Sfukh  a^diontacB,  agaiim  iriioin  aott  wer^  eoatmu/ed  in  thei^  a(^ 

tk  fOTcnmient  of  Portugal  bad  fices ;     tbe    refuges     Portuguese 

iDchjnft cause flfodmplaint^flhouid  wene    received    ^id  armed;    the 

kiiiiiiiinnl     But  Gomez  uofortuo  equipmenl  of   infantry   ^nd    the 

Btfify  WS8  himself  fn  adlierait  of  moouting  of  cavalry  were  going  on 

tknbds;  1m  had  lefusedio  take  in  GaUicia>  VaUe^:^  gi^  &Lla- 

tbt  aatli    to   tbe  coottitittioiial  manea^  and  Ci^elb^  bimself,  tba 

ebrtv  I  ani  as  this  was  asknown  very  soul  oS  tbe  oQpffliracy,  yfbf»» 

m  UAaa  mbm  ihaae  inatrualiont  Fendiaand  was  kwM  by  trealty  ta 

m  teak  la  faun,  Portugal  at  this  bave  aent  in  chinos  to  Lid^on,  W^ 

oitical  mameni  wb  left  without  a  renting  in  Madrid,   ia  constant 

i^iffatative   at   the   Court   of  aad  &mlliar  eompmnication  with 

UML  Hi9  place  was  akmdantly  tbe  Spanish  ministerfliy  as  if  he  bad 

soppUed  hf  Mr.  Lamb,  the  Britidi  been  tbe  recognized  plenipotentiary 

Busier.  Ourgoramment^ficDm^  of  the  rebel  chiefs. 

my  fine,  bad  dedared  finnly^at  Hitherto  the  infidelity  to  the 

tW  Portuguese  constitjationAonld  constitution  and  the  le^ncyhad 

kvefinr  ^y ;  that  we  were  bound  been  confined  to  the  HuUtary,  and 

bf  tiaato  to  biterfere  in  defence  to  tbe  fortresses  and  towns  on  thf 

i  Paitogal,  if  an  unprarokod  ag-*  fipnti/nr.  In  the  interipr  the  troc^ 

mnm  sl^mld  be  made  upon  Mc  had  dii^yed  no  Qrq^>tonis  of  dis- 

uQtt  without;  that  we  had  no  affisction;  every  where  tbe  £^:eat 

ij^  and  no  wish  to  interfere  in  body  of  tbe  people  had  remained 

dvfl  dissentioiis  among  her  own  tranquil ;    and    at    Lisbon    ^nd 

ckuou;  btit  that  an  army  of  Por«  Oporto   public   (pinion  was    de- 

ngaese  rebels,  amed,  equipped^  cidedly  in  favour  of  the  new  system, 

ad  paid  by  Spain,  would  be  treated  An  abortive  attempt  made  at  Lis^ 

»  wbat  it  realty  was,  a  Spanish  bon   to  exdte  insurrection    only 

ttay.    Spam   ^   nat    wiki    to  strengthened  the  government,  by 

^mt  nngie-handed  to  a  contest  the  contemptible  poverty   of   its 

vidi  Britain ;  but  die  was  equally  means,  and  the  facility  with  which 

QnwiDiiig  to  allow  the  oonstitu-  U  was  suppressed*    Some  disafiect-i 

tion  ofPortugal    to  settle    into  ed  officers,  having  seduced   four 

tnaqoyiity.     Falsehood  and  eva«  eompanies  of  the  eavalry  of  police, 

Bfln  were  employed,  even  when  idong  with  a  few  infantry,  n^rmed 

tkey  deceived  nobody :  all.tiie  re.  the  project  ot  rifling  in  open  rebels 

BoiutraiKea  of  Mr.  Lamb  were  lion  in  the  heart  of  the  capital  on 

answered  by  lying  assoranoes  that  the  night  of  the  2  m  of  August, 

tbe  eorerum's  on  the  frontiers  had  If  they  were  joined  by  the  gamson# 

aiedwitbout^knoTA^edgeorau-  it  was  their  intention  to  proclaim 

tlnrity  of  the  government — by  pro-  a  new  king,  and  injstitute  a  new 

ndsw,  which  were  never  inteaded  regency ;  if  they  foufid  their  force 

to  be  fulfilled,  thai  sudi  proceeds  unequal    to    that    attempt,    they 

ingi  woald  be  prevented  for  the  were  to  aoarch  to  Villa  Franca,  a 

fotme— and   by  hypomticid   la-  shm*  way  above  Lisbon,  on  the 

mentations    that  tbe  Portasnese  Taeus,  and  there  await  the  effect 

^leserters  should  have  abused  the  which  their  example  might  produce; 

rtSmi  afforded  to  ^Mi  in  tbe  and  if  ^ve|i  this  last  esmerimen^ 

6ps&h  temtoiy.    tn  tbe  mean  should  fail;  they  wece  Qnally  ig 


328]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

march  quite  across  Portugal  into  already  left  the  Idngdom,  and  ihot 
Spain.  The  conspiracy  was  com-  who  might  he  disposed  to  join  then, 
municated  to  the  government :  the  It  ordered  the  local  au^orities  in 
four  companies  were  disarmed  with-  the  different  towns  and  cities 
out  resistance ;  and  hoth  the  gar-  throughout  the  kingdom  to  make 
rison  and  the  people  of  Lishon  up  lists  of  all  persons,  of  whatever 
displayed  the  highest  zeal  in  sup-  condition^  who  had  emigrated  from 
porting  the  measures  of  the  re-  tlieir  respective  districts,  pointiBg 
gency.  To  contribute  to  the  tran-  out  their  dignities  and  em^kj' 
quillity  of  the  capital,  a  decree*  ments,  and  to  sequestrate  the  pro- 
was  issued,  requiring  all  persons,  perty  of  the  fugitives  of  every 
who  ^ould  cry  newspapers,  peri-  description.  But,  hy  the  existing 
odical,  or  other  printed  papers  law  of  Portugal,  the  punishment 
about  the  streets  for  sale,  to  take  of  the  absentees,  independently  cf 
out  a  licence  from  the  police ;  and  their  rebellion,  went  muth.  further 
ordaining  that,  if  any  person  so  than  sequestration.  By  the  old 
licenced  should  announce  alarming  law,  not  only  was  any  person,  leai^ 
news,  proclaim  seditious  papers,  ing  the  kingdom  without  pennis- 
publish  calumnies,  or  give  cri-  sion,deprivedof  his  civil  ri^ts  and 
minal  notifications,  he  diould  be  employments,  but  his  property  was 
arrested,  and  detained  until  it  ipso  facto  confiscated,  withoat  any 
should  be  ascertained,  whether  his  jud^ent  of  a  court,  upon  a  haze 
spoken  program  were  conformable  certificate  of  his  absence.  In  179S, 
to  the  contents  of  the  paper  he  was  this  severe  forfeiture  had  been 
vending,  and  till  he  should  give  up  changed  into  sequestration  during 
the  editor  or  author.  The  execu-  tbe  absence  of  the  ofiending  party ; 
lion  of  this  decree  was  intrusted  but  in  1811,  the  decree  o€  1792 
to  the  military  patroles.  It  was  was  repealed,  and  the  old  law  ooo- 
no  favourable  treatment  of  the  firmed  in  all  its  parts, 
press  to  constitute  such  function-  The  regency,  on  being  informed 


aries  the  judges  of  what  might  be  of  the  detection  of  thdr  m;T>;ftyf 

*'  alarming  news,  seditious  papers,  Gomez,  had  despatched  the  marquii 

or  criminal  notifications ;"  but,  at  of  Villa  Real  as  plenipotentiaiy  to 

the  commencement  of  an  untried  Madrid.      On    his    arrival,     the 

order  of  things,  threatened  by  open  Spanish  ministry,  still  refusing  to 

rebels  from  without,  and  appre-  adcnowledge  his  government. 


hensive  of  concealed  traitors  ^m  fused  to  recognize  his  official  dia^ 

within,  measures  of  strict  and  ir-  racter — a  double  rejection,  whidi 

regular    police  are,    not    merely  constituted  in  itself,  by  the  law  of 

justifiable,  but  indi^nsaUe.  nations,  a  just  cause  c^  war;  and* 

Another  decree,' issued  on  the  perhaps,  an  immediate  dedaratjon 
27th  September,  was  directed  of  war  by  Portugal  would  have 
against  the  conspirators  who  had  brought  Spain  more  speedily  to 
— . listen  to  reason.     But  the  former 

*  One  article  of  this  decree  declared,  was  unwilling  to  add  the  embar- 

that «'  8uch  business"  (vis.  the  crying  of  rassments  of  war,  if  by  possibility 

«Tair£f^.f^;Jiv  ,!!^^P«^"^  fj*^^^)  they  might  be  avoided,  to  the  difB- 

snail  be  given  only  to  persons  of  known  il:     •       !_•  t. 

probity,;x)«win^  real  property,  or  tome  cultiesin  whioh  every  new  goveni- 

commercial  or  mantifae^rin^  ett^blieh"  ™^^^  "^^  itsdf ;  and  hoped  that 

meni  of  their  fliw.'»  ^©  recognition  ijf  th«  cou5titutio|i 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [329 

\3f  Don  Miguel^  which  was(  daily  liherty  to  have  recourse  to  evenr 
expected  from  Vienna,  would  check  means  which  might  appear  suitable 
the  ardour  of  conspirators  who  for  her  defence.  Alx)ut  the  same 
had  no  shield  but  his  name.  Be-  time,  Mr.  Lamb  absented  himself 
sides,  in  the  event  of  a  war,  Britain  from  a  solemn  levee  at  the  palace^ 
was  the  only  power  to  which  on  the  1st  of  October,  assigning  as 
Portugal  could  look  for  active  and  his  reason  the  unsatisfactory  con- 
immediate  aid;  and,  as  Britain  was  duct  of  the  government  in  r^;ard 
bound  to  come  to  her  aid,  only  if  to  the  disarming  of  the  Portuguese 
she  was  unjustifiaUy  attacked,  it  refugees.  The  consequence  of  this 
was  wise  to  allow  Spain  to  de-  was  a  note  from  M.  Salmon  on  the 
▼elop  her  wiles  more  fully,  and  3rd  of  October,  addressed  not  only 
put  herself  in  the  wrong,  to  the  to  M.  VUla  Real,  but  likewise  to 
conviction  of  all  the  world.  For  all  the  foreign  ministers,  in  which 
the  same  reasons,  the  marquis  of  he  asserted  "  that  the  king  had 
Villa  Real  still  continued  his  diplo-  already  ^ven  orders  to  send  back 
matic  intercourse  with  the  Spanish  the  arms  of  the  deserters,  and  pre- 
government.  He  pressed  for  the  vent  them  from  violating  the  Por- 
reoognition  of  the  charter  and  the  tuguese  frontier,  and  had  directed 
regency,  the  punishment  of  the  Canellas  to  leave  Madrid  within 
cxnnmanders  on  the  frontiers  who  three  days,  and  Spain  within  a 
had  openly  protected  and  armed  month."  The  first  assertion  was 
the  rebels,  the  expulsion  of  Canel-  either  a  deliberate  falsehood,  or  the 
las  from  Madrid,  and  at  all  events,  government  of  Ferdinand  was  de- 
the  seizure  and  restoration  of  the  spised,  and  his  commands  flouted 
arms  which  the  deserters  had  car-  even  within  his  own  kingdom ;  for 
lied  off.  His  demands  either  re-  those  orders  never  were  obeyed,  if 
mained  unanswered  or  were  evaded,  they  were  ever  given.  The  Spanish 
The  pretence  of  Spain  was,  the  ne-  government  was  not  ignorant  to 
cessity  of  consulting  with  her  allies  whom  their  orders  were  addressed, 
before  taking  so  important  a  step  and  by  whom  they  were  violated ; 
as  the  recognition  of  the  new  the  names  of  the  offending  generals 
government.  But  the  opinion  of  had  been  particularized  to  them, 
her  allies  was  already  known;  every  general  Longa  on  the  northern 
great  court  in  Europe  had  recog-  frontier,  St«  Juan  on  the  eastern, 
nized  the  regency  as  a  legitimate  and  Quesada  in  the  south.  Along 
government,  and  had  its  accredited  the  whole  frontier,  the  system  con- 
agents  in  Lisbon.  Wearied  out  by  tinned  to  be  followed ;  at  the  very 
this  long  course  of  bad  faith,  the  moment  these  assurances  were 
Portuguese  minister  addressed  a  given  by  M.  Salmon,  the  Portu- 
-note  to  M.  Salmon,  Ferdinand^s  guese  rebels  were  equipping  thcm- 
minister  for  foreign  affairs,  in  the  selves,  with  the  aid  of  Spain  for  a 
end  of  September,  stating,  that,  if  new  inroad  across  the  frontier ; 
the  court  of  Madrid  finafly  refused  after  these  assurances,  the  equip- 
to  reenjnuze  the  present  govern-  ment  proceeded  as  actively  as  be- 
ment  of  Portugal,  and  would  not  fore ;  the  very  arms  which  were 
satisfy  her  demands  with  respect  to  to  be  seized  and  restored  were  put 
the  refugees,  he  would  withdraw  into  the  hands  of  refugees,  or 
himself  immediately,  and  then  allowed  to  remain  in  them ;  and 
Pcwrtugal   woyld   feel   herself  «t  Portugal  was  aaain  invaded  botfc 

ill  tb^  north  and  in  the  south* 


880]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

On  the  7th   of  Oetober,  the  d^eapied  by  the  rebds ;  tlie  greii 

duke  of  AbrvnteSj  landed  at  Tavira,  body  of  the  army  had  ivmakiii 

in  Algarve^   apparently  with  no  faithful ;  the  population  batd  ahe^m 

ibraea  plan  (^opera^ns.    Ar^-  a  ^irit  of  quiet  and  eontentOMaftp 

ment  of  ehasseuTS,  howeyer,  which  and,    on  no  occasion^    had   be«i 

waa  stationed  there,  was  induced  seduced  1^  the  pcoimaea  or  proiet- 

to  join  Mm,  and  Don  Miguel  was  sions  of  tiie  insurgetM;  leaJUzs*    If 

pfOdi^ined  king.    This  body  then  eren  now,  Spain  had  dooe  hm 

inarched  eastward  to  Vilk  Aeal>  JUity,  and  kept  her  word,  1^  ntilxaf 

where  they  oMupelled  the  governor  up  to  the  «ssuraMes  give«  bf  M. 

of  the  town  to  take  the  oath  to  ^mon  on  the  Sid  of  October, 

the  new  king,  and  were  compli-  alarm  and  tumult  would  have  d>a> 

mented  on  weir  success  by  the  a^eared  from  Portucal.     But  tbt 

Spctfush  authcHities  of  Ayamonte,  foUy  of  A^e  CamariSa  soomtd  is 

a  frontier  town  on  the  other  side  be  equalled  only  by  ka  penevetiag 

of  ^e  Ouadiana.     The  insurgents  obstinacy.     The  retreatiag  vebeh 

were  not  joined  by  any  part  d'  the  were  received  as  kindly  aa  cw ; 

peculation, .  and  the  rest  of  the  greater  exertk«is  than  before  weM 

muitary  in  the  protinoe  proved  now  made  to  organise  ttad  aiai 

faithful.     M*  Saldanha,  the  minis*  ^em,  and  eonvett  these  p<«daftttry 

ter  at  war,  immediately  |HX)ceeded  inroads  into  a  more  serftwia  domat 

into  Algarve,  taking  with  him  all  The  priesthood  kbottred  with  aeal 

the  troops  diat  could  be  spaved  to  rouse  enthusiasm^  and  to  a^^^y 

from   Lisbon.     Along  with  him  money ;  but,  as  yet,  none  of'^tke 

were  five  judges,  to  form  a  military  higher  ranis  of  the   i^artugoett 

tribunal,  wh^  might  move  about  ecdesiastics  had    manifested  a&y 

from  place  to  place,  to  try  cum-  disalfecdon  to  the  exia^g  order  df 

liiarily,  and  punish  instantly,  such  things. 

rebels  as  might  be   taken.     But  The  charts  had  fixed  ^le  feat 

the  inaurrection,  whkh  was  never  ordinary  meeting  of  the  Cmtea  lor 

formidable,  had  melted  away  before  the  find  of  January,  1827;    but 

his   arrival.     The   military    cmu-  the  executive  possemed  the  power 

mander  of  the  province  had  checked  of  convoking  them  at  any  tim^ 

the  advance  of  the  rebels  north-  in  an  extracnrdinary  sesston,  if  aay 

wu^,  by  taking  post  at  Mertola ;  public  emez^raicy  should  render  k 

and  when  Saldanha  reached  that  advisaUe.     In  the  present  state  of 


town,  they  had  already  dispersed  puMic  afiairs,  it  was  ifound 

and  fled  into  Spain.  sary  that  new  taxes  should  be  im« 

The  attempt  made  by  the  mar"  posed,  to  meet  the  Increasejl  ex- 

quia  of  Chaves  again  to  raise  the  penditure  occanoned  by  tJ^  rebel- 

ptovince  of  Tras  os  Montes  was  non ;   and,  as  the  continuance  of 

Iqnally  unsuccessful.     He  advan-  that  rebdlion,    aided    by   Spain, 

c^,  in  the  beginning  of  October,  might  force  Portugal  to  daim  the 

as  fhr  as  Villa  Real ;  but  all  he  assistance  of  Britain,  it  was  neees- 

eould  effect  was,  to  induce  about  sary  to  obtain  the  consent  of  the 

two  hundred  men  of  a  chasseur  Cortes    to    the    mtroductxm    of 

raiment  to  desert;  and  on   the  foreiwi  troops  into  the  kingdfnB. 

10th  of  October,  he  fled  with  his  The  Cortes  Wer6,  tliet^b^e,  am. 

Iiwaftily  into  Spain.      There  was  laaoned  to  meet  on  the  30th  of  Oc^ 

How  not  a  single  q>ot  in  l^ortugal  tober  $    and,   on  that  day^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[831 


iut  Mttloa  WM  opened  bjr  tlie 
la&Bte  lUgeni,  witti  a  speech 
fHiyi  bfieatbed  a  sjont  of  mildnefls 
tad  modertLtaefn,  always  becoming, 
but  not  often  met  with  in  a  new 
flooscitation*  '^  You  are  well  awate," 
fl^  die,  *'  that  P^Ttngid  has  never 
fteognijed,  even  in  the  most  te* 
tt0t0  ages^  any  other  govmiment 
ikaa  tluit  of  a  r^nesentative  mo«i 
vmAj;  hat  the  prelates  and  the 
gsmdees  of  the  kingdom  fortned 
^  representative  body  $  the  people 
Ittd  no  voioe  ffldd  no  share  in  its 
iattitutk^is,  whidi  Wtsre  almost 
CeadaL  It  was  the  king  of  Portu-^ 
fii  thai,  some  time  af^r  the  origin 
of  the  monardiy,  eoneeded  to  the 
tUid  Mtate  those  rights  and  that 
^^pakf  which  barhamis  ages  had 
raied  tiiem.  Portugal  then  flou^ 
ndsd,  for  the  first  time,  under 
tke  protection  of  a  purely  repre- 
ieotetive  government*  There  ex- 
istei,  however,  no  laws  to  give 
italnlity  to  institutions  adopted  by 
UBge,  and  handed  down  by  tradi« 
tioB :  titey  fell,  in  consequence,  into 
^cwetude^  and  tlw  Cortes  wend 
^sgottest  by  the  nation  which 
di^  <mce  represented.  It  has 
beoi  reserved  for  our  days  to 
tevive  them  by  wise  and  stable 
niks.  Such  was  the  design  con-> 
t«Q^)lated  by  the  royal  mind  of 
vsf  attgust  father,  whose  memory 
win  be  ever  dear  to  Portuffal — such 
« the  design  which,  to  his  immor- 
td  honour,  my  august  brother  has 
ttaaammated,  by  conferring  upon 
t&  nation  the  bogn  of  the  consti* 
tHtkmal  charter.  A  very  few 
hours  ago,  I  received  from  Vienna, 
SatdHgence  that  my  dearly  be- 
bred  and  much  esteemed  l^otber 
bad  taken  the  oath  to  the  consti- 
titioa^  durter,  without  condition 
or  fo^fication,  on  the  4th  of  this 
fieseiit  nKmth;  and  that,  imme- 
SaHtfy  itfter  this  act>  he  had  ad- 


dredsed  his  holinesi,  fer  the  pur« 
pose  of  obtaining  the  necessary 
dispensation  for  solemniaing  hJ6 
marriage  with  my  august  niece 
and  sovereign  Queen  Donna  Maria 
the  Second.  Our  legislative  en- 
actments  will  eminently  eoncur  to 
the  maintenance  of  puWc  tranqtiil*i 
^ty>  and  in  giving  stability  to  the 
p(4itical  system  established  by  the 
i^arter.  They  will  establidi,  on 
the  solid  basis  of  justice,  the  civil 
and  ctimmal  codes  of  the  empire ; 
they  will  give  regularity  to  our 
municipal  bodies,  and  to  our  pro** 
vincial  tribunals  j  and  add,  at  the 
same  time,  a  new  impulse  to  com«* 
merce  and  agriculture,  the  sources 
of  our  national  prosperity.  In 
mentioning  commerce^  t  cannot 
refrain  frota  communicating  to  you 
the  very  flattering  hopes  I  enter- 
tain of  seeing  its  activity  doubled, 
both  in  Portugal  and  Brazil.  Your 
attention  will  doubtless  be  direct^ 
ed,  with  very  particular  care,  to 
education  and  the  public  instruc- 
tion of  the  community,  which 
contribute  so  efficaciously  in  puri- 
fying the  morals  of  the  people. 
Which  times  of  trouble  have  cor*, 
rupted.  Nor  will  the  re-establish- 
ment  of  education,  bottomed  upon 
the  principles  of  Uie  holy  religion 
which  we  profess,  and  whiA  we 
shall  ever  defend,  less  contribute 
to  the  stability  of  the  monarchy, 
and  to  the  production  of  that  per- 
fect harmony  in  which  all  the 
members  of  this  great  family  ought 
to  dwell. 

"  Worthy  Peers  of  the  realm  I 
in  your  capacity  of  legislators  you 
are  called  upon  to  take  pMt  in 
those  important  labours ;  but  you 
are  abo  called  to  exercise  the  high 
functions  of  the  magistracy.  By 
the  wisdom,  firmness,  and  patriot** 
ism  which  shall  distinguiA  your 
rfforts  you  will  serve  as  an  example 


332]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


to  those  who  may  succeed  to  your 
hereditary  dignities.  It  is  with 
you,  gentlemen  deputies  of  the 
Portuguese  nation,  that  all  mea- 
sures which  respect  the  recruiting 
of  the  army,  and  the  taxes,  wm 
of  right  originate*  The  establish- 
ment of  our  public  credit  also  de- 
mands your  most  serious  attention. 
The  ministers  of  state  will  furnish 
you  with  all  the  explanations 
which  the  charter  requires  from 
them.  Finally,  from  aU  of  you 
conjoined,  worthy  Peers  of  the 
realm,  and  gentlemen  deputies 
ci  the  Portugueze  nation,  I  ex- 
pect, and  the  whole  nation  hopes, 
the  accomplishment  of  our  brilliant 
design*  To  you  the  throne  looks 
for  Its  firmest  support;  and  you 
have  placed  before  you,  as  the 
great  recompense  of  the  interesting 
hibours  which  you  are  about  to 
enter  upon,  the  delightful  satisfac- 
tion of  being  able,  one  day,  to  say 
to  your  countrymen,  *  We  found 
Portugal  weak  and  languishing: 
we  leave  her  vigorous  and  flourish- 

The  language  used  in  alluding 
to  the  relations  between  Portugal 
and  Spain  was  equally  conciliatory. 
"  All  will  speedily  learn  that  the 
representative  government  of  Por- 
tugal is  truly  just  and  moderate, 
and  that  it  seeks  not  to  carry  dis- 
quiet into  any  other  State,  on 
account  of  diversity  of  institutions, 
but  limits  its  intentions  to  the 
steady  and  energetic  defence  of  its 
own.  Already  have  facts  more 
forcibly  than  words  shown  the 
prudence  and  good  faith  of  this 
government.  These  have  in  a 
great  measure  diminished  the  ap- 
prehensions of  a  neighbouring 
nation.  The  government  of  that 
nation  are  now  convinced,  that 
difference  of  political  institutions 
pught  not  to  diminish  that  friend* 


ship  and  mutual  confidence  whidi 
the  solemnity  of  treaties,  the  ties 
of  blood,  and  the  vicinity  of  teni- 
tory,  have  so  long  oonsoUdated.** 

The  first  care  of  the  Chamheis 
was,  to  provide  for  the  secority  of 
the  kingdom  against  domestic  trea- 
son and  foreim  aggresm^m.  A 
law  was  p^sec^  suspending  for  t 


limited  period  some  of  the 
guards  of  personal  liberty  estal)- 
Ushed  by  the  charter ;  and  another, 
for  making  an  addition  to  the 
army,  by  the  formation  of  a  sdect 
body  of  troops,  under  the  ntrnt 
of  Guards  of  Security.  In  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  a  fnopcMil 
was  made  to  authorize  the  gofem- 
ment  to  arm  regiments  at  pfeasme, 
and  to  employ  aU  foreigners,  whe- 
ther soldiers  or  otherwise,  who 
had  taken  refuge  in  Portugal 
This  last  measure  was  intended  to 
alarm  Spain,  by  sending  back 
armed  into  her  territory*  t^e  libe- 
rals who  had  been  exiled  on  the 
restoration  of  Ferdinand,  as  wdl 
as  some  troops  who  had  deserted 
on  the  establishment  of  the  consti- 
tution in  Portugal.  But  althou^ 
as  a  measure  of  retaliation,  it 
would  have  been  perfectly  justified 
by  the  conduct  of  Spain^  yet,  as  s 
declared  act  of  government,  it 
would  have  been  inconsistent  with 
the  moderation  which  Portugal 
and  her  ally  still  wished  to  display. 
The  proposal  was  sent  to  a  oom- 
mittee,  but  was  never  adopted* 
To  secure  the  fidelity  of  the  army 
already  existing,  it  was  reserved 
that  the  pay  of  such  soldiers  as 
might  be  killed  in  the  rebellion 
should  be  continued  to  tln^ir  wives 
and  daughters. 

In  the  budget  of  the  year,  as 
brought  forward  by  the  mfn^aify 
of  finance  on  the  7th  of  November, 
there  was  a  deficiency  to  the 
amount  of  twQ  thousand  cantos  gf 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [333 

ieui»  without  making  any  allowance  date  of  her  arrival  in  the  kinff^ 
for  new  expenditure  which  might  dom,  and  was  to  receive,  inad-* 
be  found  necessary,  and  which,  in  dition,  the  sum  of  2,000  mil-reia 
regard  to  the  army  estimates,  as  outfit.  The  other  princesses 
would  be  unavoidable.  The  mi-  were  allowed  pensions  of  125,000 
nister  stated,  however,  that  there  francs ;  and  the  queen  dowager, 
were  means  of  providing  for  this  besides  the  appanage  which  she 
deficiency  without  having  recourse  already  enjoyed,  a  pension  to  the 
to  direct  contributions,  which,  he  game  amount,  proper  and  becoming 
thought,  in  the  present  drcum-  from  her  connexion  with  the  royw 
stances  of  the  country,  would  not  family,  but  not  merited  by  any 
be  advisable.  The  chamber  accor-  manifestation  of  good  will,  either 
dingly  authorised  a  loan  to  be  to  the  sovereign  or  the  constitu- 
e&cted,  to  the  extent  of  the  de-  tion.  All  these  allowances  were 
fidency,  at  five  per  cent,  with  a  declared  to  be  independent  of  any 
sinking  fund  of  one  per  cent,  other  sums  paid  to  the  personages 
Twenty  contos  of  reis  were  to  be  on  whom  they  were  conferred, 
annually  employed  in  paying  the  and  the  enjoyment  of  palaces  or 
interest  and  redeeming  the  princi-  other  property  belonging  to  them, 
pal,  by  buying  up  tie  bonds  of  The  cares  of  the  Cortes  were 
the  loan.  To  meet  this  charge,  speedily  diverted  from  internal  ar« 
certain  new  duties  were  laid  upon  rangements  to  foreign  invasion* 
some  articles  of  importation,  par-  The  r^ent,  in  opening  the  session, 
ticularly  on  cards  and  foreign  had  said,  "  That  the  Spanish  go- 
wines.  A  small  impost  was  like-  vemment  was  now  convinced,  that 
wise  laid  on  the  importation  of  difference  of  political  institutions 
gniin.  ought  not  to  diminish  that  friend- 
The  regency  had  already  fixed  ship  and  mutual  confidence,  which 
the  salary  to  be  allowed  to  the  the  solemnity  of  treaties,  the  ties 
members  of  the  Chamber  of  Depu-  of  blood,  and  the  vicinity  of  terri- 
ties  at  3,750  reis  (about  1/.^  per  tory,  had  so  long  consolidated." 
day,  during  the  session,  witn  an  But  so  long  as  Ferdinand  hated 
additional  allowance  to  the  depu-  and  feared  the  Portuguese  consti* 
ties  from  the  distant  provinces  of  tution,  it  was  impossible  that 
Madeira,  the  Azores,  and  Asia,  mutual  confidence  or  friendship 
The  Cortes  now  fixed  the  estab-  could  exist  between  him  and  the 
lishments  of  the  different  members  rulers  by  whom  that  constitution 
of  the  royal  family,  as  provided  was  supported ;  his  fondest  desire 
by  the  charter.  To  the  infanta  wa3,  to  witness  its  downfal,  and 
regent  was  voted  an  allowance  of  his  only  anxiety  to  conceal  his 
1,500  mil-reis  per  day  while  she  share  in  the  conspiracies  by  which 
continued  r^ent,  and  a  further  it  was  attacked.  The  assurances 
pension  of  125,000  francs  during  given  by  M.  Salmon  on  October 
h^  life,  as  a  mark  of  gratitude  3rd,  had  been  followed  by  the  in- 
on  the  part  of  the  Cortes  for  vasion  of  Algarves  and  Tras-os- 
the  services  she  had  rendered  to  Montes,  ^y  Chaves  and  the  duke 
the  state  on  the  introduction  of  of  Abrantes;  and  these  traitors 
the  constitution.  The  young  queen  retired  into  Spain  only  to  recruit 
was  to  have  an  allowance  of  2,000  their  strength,  and  better  organize 
nul*reis  per  day,  payable  from  the  their  designst    It  was  now  officii 


8S4]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

ally  Imown  ot  Madrid,  tliftt  Don  he  tcted  undtr  seerel  ottes 
Miguel  hiraBelf  had  been  betroth-  his  govemment,  or  was  tlie  duiag 
•d>  at  Vienna^  to  the  young  queen^  instrument  of  a  &otkm  who  thought 
ii^  bad  taJcen  the  oalh  to  the  new  themselves  powerful  enough  la 
constitution,  without  eondition  or  counteract  the  policy  of  the  vad^ 
qualifloatiom  His  alleged  dtle  try  of  Charles  X.,  gave  the  utBMH 
to  the  throne,  on  the  abdieation  of  countenance  to  the  dels^  and  ert- 
Don  Pedro,  had  nerer  been  any  sions  of  Spain.  The  mer^mf  rf 
thingmore  than  direct  usurpation  *  Vilk  Real  addressed  a  note  to  hm 
but,  after  be  had  solemnly  recog-  on  the  10th  November,  in  winch 
nised  the  charter,  and  the  line  of  he  stated,  that  M.  Sebnoii  aasi^iNl 
succession  whidb  it  established,  as  the  reason  for  not  reoognunag 
there  could  no  longer  be  any  sup-  the  Portuguese  goyemment,  that 
posed  identity  of  prc^'ects  between  neither  France  not  Austim  hil 
him  and  the  rebels,  and  Spain  made  to  Mm  any  officiel  ooraam- 
could  not  lend  herself  to  those  who  nication  of  a  similar  act  of  reec^ 
m%ht  still  use  his  name,  without  nition  having  been  performed  of 
being  guilty  of  direct  hostilities  themselves,  and  added,  '^  As  your 
against  the  Portuguese  govern-  excellency  cannot  be  ignofmnt  that 
nent.  Trusting  to  the  efiect  which  the  communications  whidi  ^ 
tUs  occurrence  m^ht  have  had  duke  de  Raucan  has  fotiSt  at 
upon  the  Spanish  ministry^  the  Lisbon,  leave  no  doobt  thi^  hii 
British  and  Portuguese  ambassa-  most  Christian  majesty  hxm  reeof- 
dors  renewed  their  remonstrances  nized  the  legality  of  the  goten<- 
against  the  refu^  to  recognise  meet  estaWshed  in  lisbon,  and  ss 
the  r^ehcy.  Spain  did  not  dare  the  charge  ^affaires,  appointed  It 
to  ^)eak  out  the  true  reason  of  this  the  infanta  regent  to  your  gw^e^^i 
refusal,  vis.,  that  she  denied  the  ment,  has  already  be^  preieBted 
right  of  a  sovereign  prince  to  es-  to  his  most  Christian  nuyesty^  I  da 
tablish  a  representative  govern-  not  hesitate  to  ti^ormyoQ  q€  d« 
ment  in  his  states,  and  that  the  objection  which  M.  SEdmon  has 
was  resolved  to  oppose  the  exercise  made  to  my  api^ieation,  in  the 
of  his  pr^ogative,  because  it  was  1h^  that  you  wOi  thmk  proper  ta 
disagreeable  to  her ;  she  had  re*  obviate  tlMsm,  in  so  &r  as  regarli 
course  to  pretences  so  flimsy  in  the  opinion  of  your  gorennKfii 
themselves,  and  so  inoonmstent  with  re^)ect  to  Aat  ot  Pbttugal, 
with  fact,  that  she  only  exposed  and  will  be  pleased  to  conmumteate 
herself  to  the  reproach  of  hypo-  to  M.  Salmon,  that  the  opinioa  «f 
erisy  and  double-dealing,  without  the  king  of  Franee  as  to  the 
rea^g  any  one  of  the  advantages  changes  which  have  taken  plaee  ia 
of  concealment.  She  still  shielded  Portugal,  coincides  With  that  «f 
herself  behind  the  necessity  of  the  cabinets  of  London,  St.  Fetcn- 
waidng  the  decision  of  France  burg,  and  Berlin."  The  French- 
mid  Austria,  although  both  of  man's  answer  was  evasive  and 
them  were  known  to  stand  in  the  laconic :  *  **  Being  of  o^nien  t 
most  friendly  relations  to  the  court  the  solution  cX  the  very  conq  " 
of  Lisbon.  In  pursuing  this  course,  ed  question  contained  in  yoitr 
she  derived  no  small  encourage-  cannot  concern  me,  I  b^  yon  wffl 
roentfromDeMoustier,  the  French  not  take  it  amiss  that  I  eonfine 
minister  at  Madrid,  who,  whether  myself  soldy  to  admov^oaging  tf^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[335 


mtifi  ti  your  lettejr,  which  I  wffl 
set  &3  to  bring  to  the  knowledge 
mwy  gorefninent.**  This  answer 
prored  either  thit  tfhe  French  go« 
vttnment  wa<  playing  a  double 
ftan,  or  that  it  was  betrayed  by 
its  semuit.  It  prored  that  De 
Moastier  had  left  it  in  the  power 
n  ^Non  to  pretend  that  his  gtv 
Tcfnment  had  not  recognized  that 
d  Portttgal,  although  he  must 
b?e  known  that  the  king  of 
Fnnoe  had  received  an  accredited 
igeat  from  that  goremment,  and 
md  accredited  to  it  a  nunister  of 
hi^  rsnk.  It  was  incredible  that 
Ms  arart  conld  have  left  him  so 
loag  withoot  instructions ;  and^  at 
^  erents,  this  urgent  application 
wgnl  to  have  drawn  from  him  a 
statement  that  France  was  iti 
aanotUe  political  relations  with 
Ac  govemntent  of  Portugal.  The 
itei  question.  Has  your  king  re* 
cognifed  the  government  of  For* 
ti^d?  was  treated  by  him  as  a 
Btttter  with  which  he  had  no  con^x 
am,  and  he  affected  to  be  alone 
ottformed  of  a  fact  which  whs 
ntoriom  to  all  Europe. 

The  truth  h,  that  Spain^  and 
4b  friends  of  the  Spaniel  policy, 
wte  now  m  hopes  that  a  new  in^ 
witectiou  m  Portugal  wouM  de- 
tenoine  the  miestion  against  the 
eeastitotion,  without  exposing  Fer- 
^^mnd  to  the  danger  of  qrcn  war 
Qpon  the  one  hand,  or  to  the  hu* 
nSittioti  of  a  tardy  and  compelled 
RcognitSon  upon  the  other.  It 
*»  i»w  Ae  middle  of  November, 
h*,  instead  <^  a  single  Pbrtuguese 
totttet  hating  been  difttrmed,  the 
fM  regiments  were  again  equip- 
ped for  iwrasion ;  instead  of  being 
opened  in  the  interior,  ot  given 
*p  to  Portugal,  they  had  been 
>glm  organised  on  the  Spnniih 
fioDtier,  under  the  eye  of  the 
8|ttkiA«tttlHirfties;  atidCatteUas, 


instead  of  being  ordered  lo  bavt 
Spain,   was  din^cting  ^e  plaas, 
and  arranging  the  movements,  of 
the  insurgents.    The  troc^  iM>w 
collected  for  the  enterprise  were 
much  more  nnmetous,  and  better 
equipped,    than    those  who    had 
made  similar  attempts  in  August 
and  October.    Their  plan  was  ta 
enter,  in  two  elisions,  the  pro- 
vinces   of    Tra»-os-M(mtes    aaad 
Alentejo  at  the  same  time.    The 
division  in  Alentejo,  under  gene*- 
tal  Magessi,  was  to  make  its  way 
into  Upper  Beira^  where  it  would 
he  joined    by  that  of   Tras   es 
Montes,  under  Chaves,  which}  it 
was  reckoned,  would  by  that  time 
have  crossed  the  Douro ;  and  then 
both  divinons>  uniting  in  the  neigh* 
bourhood   of   Coimbra,   were   te 
march   upon  the  capiteL      '^cif 
strengthened  themselves  foif  their 
enterprise  by  a  solemn  oath>  taken 
cm  the  11th  of  Notember  at  La 
Serena,  with  much  religious  pom^ 
After  celebrating  mass,  each  com- 
pany was  formed  into  a  circle ;  its 
captain  placed  himself  in  l^e  cen- 
tre, holding  in  his  hand  a  missali 
a  crucifix,  or  a  simple  cross ;  and 
the    men    stretching  their   <i^t 
hands  towards  him,  swore  fidelity 
in  the  following  terms :  "  1  sweat 
to  maintain  and  defend  the  lawful 
rights  of  the  king  of  Portugal  and 
the  Algarves,  Don  Miguel  I.,  our 
lord,  and  to  maintain,  at  the  risk  of 
my  life,  shedding  all  my  blood  to 
render  valid  and  to  confirm  the  pW- 
clamation  of  the  same  sovereign, 
and  of  the  regency  of  his  auttust 
mother,  the  empress  queen,  dur- 
ing the   absence  of  his  majesty 
Don  Miguel,  made  on  the  3lBt  of 
July,  of  the  present  year;   and 
should    his  august  majesty  Don 
Miguel    I.,   die    without    lawful 
issue,   I  acknowledge  as  his  suc- 
cessor of  the  kingdom  of  P^rtttgal^ 


336]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

Algaires^  the  adjacent  islands,  and  Montealegie.  Colonel  VaUex^  wbo 
the  dominions  beyond  sea^  depen-  occupied  Bniganza  with  five  him^ 
dant  on  the  kingdom  of  Portugal,  died  men  of  the  troops  of  the  le- 
ber  most  serene  highness  the  gency,  inarched  against  them,  bo^ 
mncess  of  Beira,  Donna  Maria  after  a  sharp  action,  he  was  caoas- 
TheresB,  and  at  hex  death  (which  pelled  to  fall  back  upon  the  town 
heaven  avert),  his  serene  highness  b^ore  superior  numbers ;  and,  ud- 
the  infant  Don  Sebastian,  Bragan«  able  to  maintain  himsftlf  in  the 
2a,  and  Bourbon,  her  august  son,  town,  he  retreated  into  its  acazedj 
a  Portuguese  by  blood  and  by  defensible  citadel,  that  be  mig^ 
birth,  and  also  by  the  solemn  con-  delay  their  advance,  until  the 
tract  of  marriage  between  his  au«  troops  of  the  province  could  be 
gust  parents ;  and  finally,  I  swear  drawn  together.  The  rebels  took 
to  defend  until  death  the  sacred  possession  of  the  town,  and  gave 
and  lawful  rights  of  the  aforesaid  it  up  to  plunder.  General  CJaa* 
royal  persons,  and  never  to  ac-  dino,  the  commander  of  the  pro- 
knowledge  any  usurper  who  may  vince,  having  too  small  a  nnmbfr 
be  forcibly  imposed  upon  us,  in  of  troops  to  relieve  Braganat,  im- 
defiance  cf  the  fundamental  laws  mediately,  retired  upon  Cbaves,  to 
of  the  kingdom,  which  bind  alike  await  reinforcements.  Valdex  and 
subjects  and  sovereigns."  his  troops  held  out  to  the  2^, 

The  regency  was  not  ignorant  of  when  they  surrendered  by  capita- 
the  activity  of  the  rebels,  and  must  lation.  By  the  terms  of  ibs  ca- 
have  expected  a  new  attack :  yet  pitulation,  the  soldiers  were  par- 
the  frontiers  were  almost  defence-  doned,  unless  the  king  (Don  Mi- 
less  ;  the  garrisons  had  not  been  guel)  should  adopt  a  difierent  de- 
strengthened  ;  no  regular  system  termination ;  the  principal  officer 
of  resistance  had  been  organized  ;  were  to  be  treated  as  prisonexs  of 
the  army,  according  to  the  ac-  war,  and  confined  in  the  fortresKS, 
knowledgment  of  the  minister  of  "  as  the  only  means  of  saving  their 
war  in  the  Cortes,  was  in  such  a  lives,  and  preserving  tbem  ham, 
state  of  disorganization,  that  they  the  insults  of  the  people."  The 
were  compdled  to  have  recourse  to  rebels  attempted  in  vain  to  induce 
the  militia,'  and  to  the  assistance  the  garrison  to  join  them,  and  the 
of  Britain ;  and  when  the  danger  prisoners  were  marched  into  %iain, 
came,  it  surprised  them,  scarcely  guarded  by  Spanish  lancers;  fbr 
better  prepared  to  meet  it  than  this  body  of  the  rebels  unifarmly 
they  had  been  in  the  end  of  July,  consisted,  in  part,  of  Spanish  troops. 
when  rebellion  had  first  shown  Simultaneously  with  these  move- 
itself.  ments,  the  second  division,  under 

On  the  22nd  and  23rd  of  No-  Magessi,  had  entered  the  Alent^ 

vember,  one  body  of  rebels,  con-  without  opposition,  and  made  them- 

sisting  of  eight  hundred  regular  selves    masters  of  Villa    Vi9Qsa; 

infantry,  and  about  two  hundred  muskets  were  distributed  amoog 

cavalry,   accompanied  by  a  large  the  peasantry  by  the  Spanish  au- 

party  of  Portuguese  and  Spani^  thorities  on  the  frontiers;  and  a 

guerillas,  entered  the  province  of  park  of  artillery  was  preparing  to 

Tras  OS  Montes  in  the  direction  of  march  from  Badajoz  to    support 

Braganza,  under  the  command  of  them, 
the  marquis  of  Chaves  and  viscount       Whenintelligenoeof  these  eventi 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [SBf 

reached  Lisbon,  the  regency  could  government  and  the  charter  ;  it 

no  longer  avoid  looking  upon  Spain  was  bound  to  assist  Portugal,  if  in- 

as  having  virtually  issued  a   de-  vaded  by  Spain ;  and  it  never  con- 

daration  of   war.     Casa    Flores,  cealed  that  it  would  hold  Spain  to 

the  Spanish  ambassador,  was  im-  have  made  war  upon  Portugal,  if 

mediately  informed  that  his  diplo-  the  former  allowed  the  rebels,  who 

mal^c    character   was    suspended,  attacked  the  latter,  to  be  assembled, 

until  his  court  should  have  given  organized,  armed,  and  equipped,  in 

full  explanations  of  such  violations  her  territory,  instead  of  disarming 

of  the  law  of  nations,  and  the  faith  and  removing  them  according  to 

of  treaties;  and  instructions  were  treaty.     Britain,   though  not  de- 

sent  to  Villa  Real,  to  leave  Madrid,  ceived  by  the  promises  and  assu- 

if  the  Portuguese  government  was  ranees  of  the  Spanish  cabinet,  had 

not    formaUy    recognised    within  hitherto  confined  herself  to  remon- 

forty-eight  hours.      The  Cortes,  strances,  patiently  waiting  till  the 

who  were  still  sitting,  suspended  real    share    of    Spain    in    active 

the  laws  relative  to  personal  liberty  hostilities  should  be  put  beyond  a 

for  three  months,  and  authorized  doubt ;  and  when  this  new  invasion, 

government  to  suspend  and  dis-  so  openly  concocted  and  organized 

miss    magistrates   and   judges  at  under  Spanish  authority,  came  as 

pleasure,  without  regarding    the  the  final  fulfilment  of  so  many 

forms  required  by  the 'charter.     A  solemn    promises,    and    the   true 

decree    was    issued,     proclaiming  meaning  of  so  many  evasive  pre- 

that  all  volunteers  who  should  join  tences,  there  was  no  longer  any 

the  regular  army  within   twenty  room  for  hesitation.  If  she  did  not 

days,    should   have  to  serve   for  now  interfere,  her  ally  would  fall 

two  years  only;   the  students  of  not  beneath  the    poljcy,  but  in 

the  University  of  Coimbra,  who  truth  before  the  arms,  of  Spain, 

had  petitioned  to  be  allowed  to  The  remonstrances  of  the  British 

embody  themselves  in  defence  of  minister  became  daily  more  urgent 

the  constitution,  were  formed  into  and  menacing ;  he  declared  that  he 

a  regiment ;  the  Chamber  of  Peers  would  demand  his  passports,  unless 

offered  to  march  in  a  body  against  justice  were  immediately  done  to 

the  rebels,  and  several  members  Portugal.  Spain  saw  herself  about 

actually  set  off  for  the  frontiers,  to  be  plunged  into   a*  war  with 

A  law  was  passed,   at  the  same  Britain,  without  the  aid  of  a  sinsle 

time,  to  authorize  the  formation  ally ;  for    France  disavowed  the 

of  a  volunteer  corps,  to  maintain  conduct  of  her  minister,  and  even 

internal  tranquillity.     The  mar-  threatened  to  deprive  Ferdinand  of 

Suis  of  Angna  was  sent  to  take  the  protection  of  the  French  troops 

tie  command  in  the  province  of  which  guarded  his   capital.     But 

Minho,  and  the  marquis  of  Villa  such  was  the  infatuated  obstinacy 

Flor  in  the  province  of  Alentejo.  of  the  Spanish  cabinet,  that  they 

But  it  was  on  the  support  of  still  hoped  to  succeed  by  promises 

Britain  that  the  chief  hope  of  the  already  proved  false,  aiid  by  orders, 

regency  was  placed.     The  policy  which,  in  defiance  of  lying  assu- 

of  England  had  all  along  been  ranees,    had    never    been    given, 

marked  with  much  firmness,  and  or,  if  given,  had  uniformly  been 

niuch  forbearance.     It  had  at  once  disobeyed  with  the  knowledge  and 

iiankly  and  fully  recosmized  the  approbation  of  the  govemmenU 

Vol.  LXVIIL        "^  C^] 


^38]     ANl^UAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

On  tlie  28th  of  November,  when  went  hand  in  hand  aCTuist  the 
peace  and  war  were  trembling  in  bigotry  and  despotism  off  Madrid ; 
fhe  scale^  M.  Salmon  had  the  and,  with  a  rapidltj  whi^  Europe 
confidence  once  more  to  answer  a  had  never  jret  seen  displayed  by  a 
pessing  notd  of  Mr.  Lamb  by  nation  reposing  in  the  indolence  of 
hmentmg  that  the  Portuguese  peace,  British  troops  were  landed 
refugees  should  have  "  abused  the  in  Portugal  in  suffident  time  to 
confidence"  of  the  Spanish  local  deprive  Spain  of  all  ^e  had  hoped 
authorities,  and  assuring  him  that  to  gain  by  sacrificing  comiiMii 
orders  had  now  been  despatched,  to  sense  and  common  honesty, 
send  into  the  interior  all  the  After  reducing  firaflaxua,  the 
Portuguese  theh  m  Spain,  not  rebels  under  Chaves  advanced  to- 
allowing  a  greater  number  than  wards  the  Douro,  plundering  in 
forty  to  remam  together  at  any  one  their  progress  the  towns  thioogh 
station,  to  admit  in  future  no  which  they  passed,  and  rmvaginf 
armdl  Portuguese,  and  to  send  the  surrounding  country.  Genem 
Chaves  and  Canellfls  out  of  Spain  Mello  retired  before  them,  and  m 
under  a  military  escort.  Two  the  1st  of  December,  their  head 
months  before,  the  same  promises  quarters  were  at  Mirandella.  The 
had  been  made,  aild  similar  orders  insurrection  was  now  ^reading 
had  been  alleged  to  hare  been  widely  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
given :  to  renew  them,  as  matters  province,  atnong  the  fatznly  de- 
now  stood,  was  a  mockery.  Ferdi-  pendents  and  adherents  of  ths 
nand  said,  he  was  now  willing  to  marquis  of  Chaves ;  and  it  became 
disperse  the  Portuguese  refugees  ih  ikn  object  of  the  last  importance  ta 
Spain,  and  send  Chaves  out  of  the  protect  the  province  of  Minho,  asd 
kmgdom ;  but  he  knew  that  neither  cover  Oporto.  At  Oporto  the 
the  one  nor  the  other  were  any  consternation  was  ceneraL  Ex- 
longer  in  Spain^  that  his  object  had  aggerated  accounts  of  the  strength 
been  gain^,  that  they  were  now  and  success  of  the  rebels,  of  whora 
in  arms  on  the  soil  of  Portugal,  it  was  i^eported  that  they  had  been 
and  were  commencing,  under  promised  three  days  pillage  of 
somewhat  prosperous  auspices,  that  Oporto,  and  were  exasperated  to 
very  war  oif  insurrection  to  which  the  uttermost  against  Enghnd, 
he  trusted  fbr  the  triumph  of  his  joined  to  the  doubtful  fidelity  of 
policy,  and  the  prostess  of  which  the  troops,  although  the  great  mam 
he  flattered  himself  would  be  too  of  the  inhabitants  were  mendly  to 
rapid  to  admit  of  Portugal  receiv-  the  constitution,  filled  the  dtj  with 
ing  timely  assistance  from  Britain,  alarm.  Many  of  the  Briti^  snb- 
But  the  season  for  Britain  even  jects  reading  there,  embarked  their 
pretending  to  believe  in  the  since-  merchandise  and  efiects,  to  be  pre<* 
rity  of  Ferdinand  was  past ;  the  pared  to  sail  on  the  approach  of 
faithlessness  and  the  designs  of  the  enemy.  General  Stubbs^  the 
Spain  were  no  longer  matters  of  governor,  was  a  man  of  spirit  and 
doubt ;  Portugal  formally  demand-  talent,  and  of  tried  fidelity^  He 
ed  the  aid  to  which  sh6  was  by  made  eveiy  preparation  to  defend 
treaty  entitled.  This  new  invasion,  the  city  to  the  last ;  while  the 
and  die  mode  in  which  it  had  been  marquis  UAngija,  to  whom  the 
got  up,  dedded  the  British  cabinet ;  command  of  the  province  had  been 
^  goyemment  and  the  people  intrusted)  tocdcfneasuzes  to  pi^rcsit 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[339 


tite  enemy  from  penetrating  into  it 
stall. 

Hie  Drovince  of  Tras-os-Montcs, 
bounded  on  the  east  and  south  by 
the  Douro,  is  separated   on   the 
west  throughout  great  part  of  its 
fe^th,  from  the  province  of  Min- 
ho,  oy  the  river  Tamego,  a  tribu- 
tUT  stream  of  the  Douro,  \vhose 
hanks,  steep,  and  difficult  of  access, 
cover  the  greater  part  of  the  latter 
province  upon  the  east.     The  mar- 
quis   Angija,  dratving  reinforce- 
ments from  Oporto,  on  which  he 
could  always  fall  back,  and  from 
the   northern    extremity    of   the 
province,  where  only  a  few  troops 
were  left  to  check  any  inroads  of 
goeriOa  parties,  occupied  the  posts 
along  the  risht  bank  of  the  Tame- 
st Genenu^  Claudino  and  Mello, 
who  were  between  Chaves  and  the 
Oouro,  nuurhed  to  join   him  at 
.Wrante,  where  the  insurgents 
nnist  pass  in   advancing  against 
Oporto.    The  line  of  the  Tameso 
was  thus    abundantly  protected; 
l>at  the  right  bank  of  the  Douro, 
froai  the  mouth  of  the   Tamego 
eastward  was  left  nnguarded,  and 
it  was  open  to  the  rebels  to  march 
tmisipeded   into  the  ptovince  of 
Bdia:    a  disadyantage  which  is 
much  greater  in  a  civil  conflict, 
than  in  ordinarv  war ;  for  the  moral 
efiect  producea  in  favour  of  the 
advancmg,  and  apparently  triumph- 
ant, psuty  bears  no  proportion  to 
tie  ground  which  they  may  have 
gamed. 

On  the  departure  of  the  consli- 
tntional  troops  from  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  Douro,  the  spirit  of 
direction  first  shewed  itself  at 
Laniego,  an  ancient  city  in  which 
Alphmiso  had  first  sworn  to  rule 
according  to  the  institutions  of  the 
national  Cortes,  to  whom,  in  his- 
tory, it  had  given  its  name.  Priests, 
and  other  political  emissaries  had 


been  sedulously  preparing  the  way; 
and,  on  the  3rd  of  December, 
crowds,  assembled  in  the  streets, 
began  to  shout  the  name  of  Don 
MigueL  The  troops  of  the  regency 
displayed  no  energy  in  checking  the 
spreading  of  the  flame;  some  of  mem 
joined  in  the  insurrection ;  the  rest 
quietly  left  the  city,which  now  open- 
ly espoused  the  cause  of  the  insur- 
gents. From  the  pulpits  the  priests 
announced  that  the  day  of  redemp- 
tion from  the  sins  and  miseries  of 
civil  liberty  was  at  length  arrived : 
Don  Miguel  was  proclaimed  king 
of  Portugal,  and  the  treason  was 
consecrated  by  the  celebration  of 
high  mass.  The  most  prominent 
actor  in  the  scene  was  the  marchio- 
ness of  Chaves,  who  added  to  the 
political  influence  of  her  husband 
an  enthusiasm  in  the  cause,  which 
he  did  not  possess.  She  had 
already  headed  the  insurrection  at 
Chaves  in  the  northern  extremity 
of  Tras-08-Montes ;  and,  now  in 
Lamego,  she  traversed  the  streets, 
to  harangue  and  encourage  the 
multitude.  Her  husband  and 
Montealegrc,  informed  of  the  re- 
volt, abandoned  their  intention  of 
forcing  the  line  of  the  Tamego, 
which  was  now  strongly  defend- 
ed, and,  having  passed  the  Douro, 
fixed  their  head-quarters  at  Lame- 
go,  where  a  junta  or  regency  was 
immediately  installed,  in  the  name 
of  Don  Miguel,  the  members  of 
which  were  nominated  by  Chaves. 
The  example  of  Lamego  was  fol- 
lowed in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
province.  A  band  of  insurgents 
appeared  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Ahnendra ;  but  their  exploits  were 
those  of  bandits  ;  they  did  no 
further  harm  than  abusing  the 
magistrates,  robbing  the  publie 
chest,  opening  the  gaols,  and  issu- 
ing treasonable  prodamations.  At 
Guarda,  however,  the  effects  of  the 

CZ2: 


3401     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


sedition  were  much  more  alarming, 
as  shewing  that  even  the  militia^  a 
species  of  force  much  more  imme- 
diately connected  with  the  people 
than  the  regular  troops^  were 
tainted  with  rebellion.  A  militia 
regiment  of  Guarda,  having  been 
directed^  on  the  8th  of  December, 
to  take  possession  of  Celorico,  were 
induced,  by  general  Telles  Jordao, 
to  mutiny,  instead  of  obeying 
orders ;  being  joined  in  their  rebel- 
Hon  by  another  regiment  of  miHtia 
belonging  to  TondeUa,  they  pro- 
claimed Don  Miguel,  and  instcdled 
a  junta  of  regency. 

The  force,  which  Chaves  and 
Montealegre  had  now  assembled  at 
Lamego,  was  estimated  to  amount 
to  about  ten  thousand  men.  Ge- 
neral Azeredo,  who  commanded  in 
Beira  for  the  regency^  retired  be- 
fore this  superior  force  upon  Coim- 
bra,  on  the  road  to  Lisbon,  until  he 
should  be  joined  by  general  Clau- 
dino,  who  mieht  now  be  spared 
from  the  line  of  the  Tamego.  The 
rebels  advanced  as  far  as  Vizeu, 
but  their  movements  were  attended 
with  much  delay  and  hesitation. 
The  road  to  Lisbon,  indeed,  was 
now  before  them,  and  rebellion 
never  gains  by  delay  ;•  but  if  they 
had  advanced,  they  left  in  their 
rear  the  armies  of  Angija  and 
Claudino,  on  the  frontiers  of  Minho, 
besides  the  garrison  of  Oporto. 
They  waited,  therefore,  till  they 
should  be  joined  by  Magessi,  with 
the  second  body  of  insurgents  from 
the  Alenteio,  and  contented  them- 
selves with  a  fruitless  attempt  to 
force  the  bridge  of  Amarante,  in 
which  they  were  repulsed  with  a 
loss  of  twenty-five  men  wounded, 
and  forty-seven  taken  prisoners. 
Magessi,  in  the  mean  time,  who 
had  entered  the  Alentejo  with  a 
large  body  of  insurgents  and  Spanish 
auxiliaries,  at  the  same  time  that 


Chaves  and  Montealegre  had  pene- 
trated into  Tras  os  Moates,  bad 
been  much  less  prosperous  than  hit 
brother  conspirators.  He  bad  made 
himself  master  of  Villa  Yiciosa 
without  difficulty,  and  compelled  or 
prevailed  upon  the  garrison  to  join 
him.  On  the  7th  of  December  be 
crossed  the  Guadiana  at  Monsoiat, 
and  marched  northward  by  T&xdm, 
Borba,  and  Estremos,  hastening 
towards  the  province  of  Beira,  in 
which  disaffection  had  been  ex* 
pected  to  break  out,  and  where,  at 
that  very  time,  it  had  in  fact  shew- 
ed itself  by  the  defection  of  die 
troops  under  Jordao.  At  EstreoKS 
he  learned  the  approach  of  the 
marquis  of  Villa  Flor,  wbo  had 
been  appointed  commander  of  the 
Alentejo,  and,  declining  a  battk, 
directal  his  march  towards  the 
frontiers.  Villa  Flor,  however, 
came  up  with  his  rear  guard  near 
Portalegre  on  the  lOth;  an  en- 
gagement ensued,  in  which  the 
rebels  were  defeated,  and  loal 
about  twentv-five  men,  in  addition 
to  the  troops  of  the  garrison  of 
Villa  Viciosa,  who  seized  the  first 
opportunity  of  returning  to  thdr 
duty.  Magessi  and  his  troops  took 
refuge  in  Spain;  Villa  Flor  re- 
mained some  days  in  Portal^oe  to 
refresh  his  troops,  ignorant  en  the 
motions  of  the  rebels,  and  only 
knowing  that  they  had  been  ex- 
pelled firom  the  province.  In  fiu^ 
Magessi  was  very  skilfully  wialt^iw 
use  of  his  defeat,  and  his  means  of 
recruiting  in  Spain,  to  make  this 
reverse  serviceidile  to  his  original 
design  of  Joining  Chaves  in  i^iper 
Beira.  When  he  re-entered  Spain, 
he  stationed  his  army  at  Alcantara: 
having  there  recruited  his  strengtk 
for  several  days,  he  made  ra^ 
and  silent  marches  northward, 
along  the  Portuguese  frontier,  but 
in  the  territory  of  Spab,  till  be 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[341 


ooKd  it,  and  suddenly  appeared 
in  Upper  Beira,  in  the  neighbour- 
bood  of  Almeida^  not  far  from 
Gusrda  and  Tondella^  where  the 
tiDops  had  already  rebelled^  and 
wi^  nothing  to  prevent  him  from 
amdung  strwht  to  Vizeu  or  La-> 
mego.  Ahndda,  one  of  the  most 
important  firontier  fortresses  of 
Portueal^fellipto  his  hands;  having 
^  aeliTcred  up  by  the  treason  of 
eeneral  Elezeario^  who  conunanded 
oonng  the  iUness  of  eeneral  Pego. 
Immediately  on  learning  this 
unfiDfeseen  movement  of  Magessi^ 
^Hk  Fkr  sent  orders  to  the  com- 
nondant  in  Lower  Beira  to  advance 
from  Castello  Branco  towards 
(^uaida;  and  he  himself ,  breaking 
op  from  Portalegre,  crossed  the 
Tagns,  and  hastened  northwards  in 
tBe  nme  direction.  By  the  23rd 
of  December  he  had  entered  Upper 
Bon,  and  inunediately  drove  the 
rehels  fbm  Guarda^  where  the  in- 
'^nectkm  in  this  part  of  the  pro- 
^ua*  had  first  be^un.  Some  resist- 
«Me  was  offered  by  a  body  of 
lAia  and  guerillas^  but  they 
^erenrated,  and  retreated  preci- 
pititel?  to  the  army  of  Magessi  at 
Almeida ;  and  on  the  25tl^  ne  had 
advanced  to  Celorico.  In  the  mean 
^  in  the  western  part  of  the 
PW'mce,  general  Claudino  had 
f"*Kd  tlie  Douro^  and  was  march- 
H  upon  the  Mondego,  to  join 
Aaeredo,  that,  with  their  forces 
•^^lited,  theynright  attack  the  rebels 
^^^  Chaves  and  Montealegre, 
who,  as  yet,  had  not  penetrated 
^rtha:  into  the  province  than 
VittiL  On  the  27th  of  December 
^^owas  at  Tondella.  Thus 
^  troops  on  both  sides  had  effect- 
^  their  junction  about  the  same 
^  Magessi  had  made  his  way 
^  Alenteio  into  Beira,  and 
P«ced  himself  in  communication 
^  the  division  under  Chaves; 


andtherebels  now  held  the  northern 
part  of  the  province  from  Almeida 
to  Vizeu.  Villa  Flor,  following 
the  steps  of  Magessi,  had  brought 
himseli  into  communication  with 
Azeredo ;  and  the  troops  of  the  re- 
gency occupied  the  western  and 
southern  parts  of  the  province  from 
Coimbra  to  Guarda.  Out  of  Beira, 
the  province  of  Tras  os  Montes  was 
all  that  the  rebels  had  eained  by  a 
month's  campaign,  ana  that  had 
been  gained  in  a  few  days.  The 
force  of  the  troops  on  the  Tam^o 
had  prevented  them  from  advanc« 
ing  till  joined  by  Magessi;  and 
now  that  he  had  joined  them,  they 
had  in  front  of  them  the  army  be<« 
fore  which  he  had  fled,  united  to 
the  proper  army  of  the  province 
itself.  In  few  instances  had  their 
cause  been  embraced  by  the  people; 
no  general  discontent  against  the 
regency  and  the  constitution  had 
been  excited ;  a  few  military  seduc- 
tions were  all  they  could  boast  of; 
the  nobility,  and  the  commanders, 
had  proved  faithful  to  the  govern- 
ment; and,  though  itinerant  priests 
were  the  pioneers  of  Chaves,  the 
influential  dignitaries  of  the  church 
were  so  far  from  taking  part  with 
them,  that  the  Patriarch  of  Lisbon, 
in  a  pastoral  charge,  painted  their 
conduct  in  its  true  colours,  and 
called  their  enterprise  by  its  right 
name. 

So  stood  matters  with  the  rebels^ 
when  the  arrival  of  the  troops  sent 
out  from  England  blasted  all  their 
hopes,  and  overturned  all  their 
designs.  When  the  English  Cabi- 
net decided  on  equipping  this  ar- 
mament, it  was  fitted  out  with  a 
rapidity,  which  could  scarcely  have 
been  credited  beforehand,  and 
furnished  an  admirable  example  of 
the  efficiency  in  which  those  de- 
partments of  public  service  connect- 
ed with  national  defence  may  b^ 


342]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


kept,  and  oagbt  to  be  kept,  by  a 
legular  government,  evep  in  the 
nucUt  ot  peace.  The  Pyramus,  the 
first  vessel  that  sidled  from  Engr 
land,  arrived  ^^  Lisbon  on  the  ^5tb 
of  December,  just  two  days  t^ter 
bis  majesty's  message  to  parlia* 
ipent,  on  the  11th,  was  knowi^ 
tiiei^.  The  messiage,  and  Mr.  Can- 
ning's sp^^ech  bad  Deen  received  in 
Lisbon  on  the  ^3rd,  the  la,st  day 
of  the  session  of  the  Cortes,  ^d 
produced  an  instant  change  in  the 
hopes  a|id  fears  of  all  parties.  The 
charter  did  not  allow  ibe  Cortes  to 
continue  their  session,  and  not 
having  time  to  draw  up  such  an 
address  as  would  sufficiently  con« 
vey  their  high  sense  of  the  obliffa« 
tio^  under  which  they  lay  to  this 
country,  a  vote  of  thanks  in  their 
own  name,  and  tbat  of  the  Portu- 
guese nation,  to  the  king,  parlia- 
ment, and  people,  of  Great  Britain^ 
was  voted  by  acclamation.  The 
speech  of  Mr«  Canning  was  imme- 
diately translated,  and  sought  after 
with  an  avidity  which  the  presses 
of  Lisbon  could  scarcely  supply. 
Six  thousand  copies  were  sold  m  a 
few  hours,  and  it  was  spread  over 
all  parts  of  the  kingdom  in  the 
form  of  hand-bills. 

From  the  pioment  of  the  arrival 
of  the  British  troops  in  the  Tagus, 
all  hope  departed  from  the  rebels ; 
it  gave  confidence  to  the  govern- 
ment, it  disheartened  the  disaffect- 
ed, it  decided  the  wavering  in  fa- 
vour of  the  regency.  These  troops, 
indeed,  were  not  to  be  employed 
in  civil  dissention,  or  in  defending 
one  part  of  the  nation  against 
another,  in  an  internal  stniggle 
about  a  constitution  with  wmch 
no  foreign  power  had  a  right  to  in-, 
terfere ;  but  the  rebds,  though  Por- 
tuguese by  birth,  were  the  soldiers 
of  Spain ;  it  was  her  cause  they 
were  maintaining,  and  by  her  re- 


sources that  they  were  supported. 
Ferdinand  now  saw  that  the  cod- 
t^iuanoa  of  that  support  must  be 
purchased,  notwithstanding  all  bis 
wiles,  at  the  espenae  of  an  qxai 
rupture  with  Britain ;  tbat  her  long 
forbearance  bad  only  been  the  ro- 
sult  of  conscious  strength;  tbat 
the  firmness  with  which  she  de- 
cide, and  the  rapidity  with  which 
she  executed,   proved  her  to  be 
completely   in    earnest.    At  the 
same  time,  France  exnzeaaed  veiy 
plainly  and   publicly  her  opinion 
of  his  conduct,  9^  her  detennins- 
tion  to  leave  bun,  helpless  and  con« 
temptible  as  he   was,  to  rescue 
himself  unaided  from  the  lian-| 
into  which  he  had  flung 
despite  of  so  many  warnings.  The 
possibility  of  France  taking  part 
with   Spain  was  the  only  mstter 
which  could  have  deserved  much 
consideration  on  the  nart  of  Britain, 
before  taking  the  re^ution  of  stand- 
ing forth  in  defence  of  Partngsl; 
and  the  conduct  of  De  Moustier  at 
Madrid  had  given  reasonable  cause 
for jgrave  susrdcions  of  the  sincerity 
of  France.    But  the  French  caH- 
net  disavowed  his  conduct  b^  re- 
calling him  froqi  his  mission ;  anil 
convinced  Ferdinand  much  more 
feelingly  how  little  he  had  to  ex- 
pect mm  them  in  the  prosecution 
of  his  mad  career,  by  recalling  lite- 
wise  the  regiments  of  Swiss  fjjuards, 
which  had  been  given  to  bun  for 
his  personal  protection  at  a^  time 
when  he  could  not  trust  himielf 
among  his  own  subjects. 

Ferdinand,  therefore,  finding 
that  France  would  not  support 
him,  and  that  Britain  wo^  not 
allow  him  to  pfiSc  witn  her,  was 
compelled  ^  yield  lUlgniciouflly  to 
necessity  what  he  might  so  often 
have  conceded  with  a  good  ff9c^ 
On  the  18th  of  DecOTiber,  M. 
Salmon  addressed  a  note  to  Mr* 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE.  (343 

LfOmb^  in  which,  after  atoliiig  fcui  Ifaitidi  teoopB  ha4  heen  embarked, 

BatJs&ctJon    that    the    aasuraiVQes  had  arrived  in  the  Ti^gu^ ;  hut  the 

ffiven  in  his  note  of  the  ^8th  of  oqorse  of  events  irenoiered  it  un« 

November   bad   produced    "  th?  necessary  for  them  to  enco^nter  an 

hapi^  efiecta  which  were  to  be  enemy.     Their  presence,  besides 

expected  from  them/'-^these  effects  diipriving  the  rebels  of   the  last 

having  beofi  the  landing  c^  five  gleam  pf  h(^,  enal))ed  the  regency 

thousand  Britiah  tro^  in  Po]b?  to    emphiy    an    additional   force 

tu^aL^e  added,  that  his  august  against  the  insurgents.     It  was 

manter,  in  order  to  furnish  ^noUier  (mly  in  Tsas  os  Mmites,  and  in  the 

proof  of  his  desire  for  peace  *'  was  upper  parts  <^  Beira,  that  they  had 

ready  to  receive  a  pubUc  agent  on  been  able  hitherto  to  maintain  any 

the  part  of  his  most  faithnil  ma^  footing ;  and  even  t;here  they  had 

jefity  Don  Pedror  as  soon  as  the  lit^  chance  of  keeping  the  field 

count  de  Casa  Floret  his  ambas*  against  the  troc^  which  would 

aa^Uir  ^t  Lisbon,  should  be  re-in-  now  be  opposed  to  them.    Hitherto 

stated    in    his    functions."     New  the  commanders  of  the  constitu- 

assurances,  likewise,  were  given  of  tioiial  forces  had  been  content  in  a 

the  fulfilment  at  last  of  reputed  great  measure  to  act  merdy  on  the  . 

pTDmlses  and  former  resolutions,  oefensiYe,  because  aqy  serious  mis- 

'^taking  at  the  same  time  such  fortune  in   the  provinces    might 

precautions   as  must    insure  the  have  had  the  worst  effects  upon 

punctual  execution  of  them :" — a  the  public  mind^  and  endangered 


very  plain  acknowledgment  that  the  safety  of  the  capita}.    But  the 

he   hitherto  had  taken  care  that  considerations  of  prudence,  which 

these    promises    and    resolutions  recommended  this  line  of  conduct, 

should    be  worthless   and  futile,  were  npw  at  an  end,  and  the  con- 

Thia    note  being  transmitted  to  stitutionalistf  were  at  liberty  to 

lisbon,     the    regency    informed  commence    offensive     operations. 

coont  Casa  Flores  that  he  would  Generals  Claudino   and  Azeredo 

be  received  in  a  private  audience,  entered  Vizeu  on  the  S8th  of  De« 

and,  after  that  audience,  would  be  cember ;  the  rebels,  who  occupied 

coosiderad  as  re-instated  in  all  his  it  as  the  advanced  guard  of  the 

offidal  righte  and  privileges.    But  insurgent    army,    having  ab«ady 

it  was  added,  f'  the  spei^y  execu-  begqn  to  retire  towards  the  fron- 

tion  of  all  the  promises  made  by  tier.    At  the  same  time  Villa  Flor 

Spain  in  M.  Salmon's  circular  of  was  moving  asainst  them  from  the 

the  28th  erf  November,  and  dspe-  neighbcmrtooa    of    Guarda    and 

dally  the  prompt  and  total  dis*  Celorico,  and  at  last  they  were 

arming  and  dispersing  of  the  corps  brought  to  a  decisive  engagement 

of  Magesai,  now  in  the  Spanish  near  the  town  of  Coruches.     The 

temtory,  must  be  considered  as  an  rebels  were 'said  to  amount  to  about 

indispensaUe  part  of  this  concilia-  twelve  thousand    men,    and   the 

tion."    On  the  26th  of  DeoCTaber,  troops  opposed  to  them  to  seven 

M.  Casa  Flores  was  admitted  to  thousand.    The   battle  began  at 

his  audience,  and  the  diplomatic  one  o'clock  in  the  aftqmoon  on  the 

relations  between  the  two  countries  Qth  of  January,  1827,  and  lasted 

were  again  estaUished.  till  night-falj,  when  it  ended  in 

By  toe  first  of  January,  1 827,  the  total  discomfiture  of  the  rebels : 

all  the  vessels  of  war  in  which  the  their  commanders  were  among  the 


344]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


first  to  fly.  An  ineflfectual  at« 
tempt  was  made  to  rally  at  Almeida^ 
but  the  panic  was  universal,  and 
the  greater  part  of  the  rebels,  now 
informed  of  the  arrival  of  the  Bri- 
tish troops^  deserted  a  cause  whidi 
they  had  never  maintained  from 
principle;  and,  by  giving  them- 
selves up  to  the  constitutional 
commander,  endeavoured  still  to 
entitle  themselves  to  the  benefit  of 
the  amnesty,  which,  in  the  be- 
nnning  of  November,  the  Princess 
Regent  had  proclaimed  to  all  sub- 
alterns and  soldiers  who  should 
return  to  their  duty  before  the 
expiry  of  the  year.  Their  generals, 
accompanied  by  about  a  thousand 
men,  escaped  into  Spain,  and  fur- 
nished to  the  Spanish  cabinet  ano- 
ther opportunity  of  proving  how 
little  sincere  it  had  been  in  the 
assurances  civen  by  it  on  the  18th 
of  December,  that  precautions 
would  be  taken  to  insure  the 
punctual  execution  of  orders  for 
disarming  and  dispersing  the  Por- 
tuguese refugees.  A  body  of  eight 
hundred  men  marched  from  Ciudad 
Rodrigo,  ostensibly  to  meet  and 
disarm  the  fugitives  from  the  bottle 
of  Coruches ;  but  instead  of  being 
disarmed,  they  were  allowed  time 
to  supply  themselves  with  money, 
and  ammunition,  and  with  Spanish 
arms  in  the  place  of  those  which 
had  been  thrown  away  in  their 
precipitate  flight.  In  a  few  days 
they  re-cros^  the  Douro,  and 
entered  the  southern  part  of  the 
province  of  Tras  os  Montes  with- 
out meeting  with  the  slightest 
obstacle  from  the  Spanish  author- 
ities. M.  Salmon  now  found  it 
more  difficult  than  ever  to  satisfy 
the  British  minister ;  he  found  it 
necessary  to  suspend  general  Longa, 
who  had  permitted  this  new  act  of 
hostility,  from  his  command;  an 
inquiry  was  order^  to  be  instituted 


into  the  conduct  of  several  local 
governors;  and  the  cabinet  ex- 
pressed  diplomatically  its  hi^  dis- 
pleasure at  their  disobedience  tc 
orders  which  they  were  said  te 
have  received.  But  the  disobe- 
dience of  Longa  had  been  partico* 
larly  brought  under  its  notice 
long  before;  and,  while  troops  were 
moving  from  all  parts  of  the  king- 
dom towards  Portugal,  under  tbe 
pretext  of  preventing  any  violation 
of  the  Spanish  territory  by  tbe 
contending  parties,  all  those  p(noti, 
at  which  it  was  Imown  the.rd)e]s 
were  assembling  and  arming  them- 
selves, and  from  which  their  in- 
roads were  to  be  made,  weie  lefl 
defenceless.  After  the  defeat  at 
G)ruches,  Chaves,  and  the  other 
commanders  sent  their 
Madrid,  where  it  was 
same  piivilege  with  tl 
bassadors,  and  allowed 
without  being  examined. 

Count  Vim  Flor  having  made 
himself  master  d  Almeioa,  and 
the  whole  province  of  Beira  beinf 
thus  cleared  of  the  rebels,  crosKd 
the  Douro  into  Tras  os  Montes, 
whither  the  fugitives,  few  and  dis- 
heartened, had  ventured  to  return. 
They   offered  no  resbtance,  and 
retii^  to  the  frontiers.    Tbe  aunc 
bad  fortune  attended  them  in  tbe 
northern    part   of   the   provinee, 
where    the    oonstitutionai  troops 
under  Angija  and  Mello,  drore 
them'  back  into  Spain,  and  reco- 
vered the  town  of^  Chaves.    Bi»- 
gaiura  was  now  almost  tbe  onlj 
point  which  the  insurgents  retabied 
in  the  kingdom ;  their  force  was 
completely  broken  ;    their  bopes 
were  gone ;  their  ally  was  ot»* 
awed ;  and  there  was  no  proipert 
that  they  would  again  be  able  to 
disturb  the  tranquillity  of  P"^ 
tugal,  or  endanger  the  existence  of 
its  new  ponatitutiont 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[345 


CHAP.  XIII. 

TjmKBY-^UUimatum  qf  Russia,  regarding  Wallachia  and  Moldavia  ; 
ii  is  acceded  to  hy  the  Porte — Conferences  at  Ackerman  between 
Russia  and  Turkey  —  SettlemerU  of  their  Differences  —  The 
Sultan  attempts  to  introduce  European  Discipline  among  the  Janis-» 
saries — The  Janissaries  Revolt — The  Revolt  is  quelled,  and  the 
Janissaries  suppressed — Fire  in  Constantinople — Executions'-^  Mea* 
sures  adopted  to  Reform  the  Administration.^^GRKKCE — Engage'* 
ments  between  the  Greek  and  Turkish  Fleets — Siege  of  Missolonght — 
Attacks  and  Repulses  of  Ibrahim — Capture  by  Ibrahim  of  Vassila^ 
and  Anatolico — Famine  in  MissoUmghi — Miaulis  endeavours  to  re» 
Ueve  it — The  Garrison  attempts  to  cut  its  way  through  the  Turkish 
Camp — Missolonghi  taken — military  Operations  qfler  the  taking  of 
MissoUmghi — Proclamation  of  the  National  Assembly — Measures  of 
the  Commission  of  Government — European  Policy  in  regard  to  Greece 
'^Piracies  committed  under  the  Greek  Flag — Finances — Exposure 
qf  the  Greek  Loans — The  conduct  of  Persons  connected  with  those 
Loans. 


THE  Sublime  Porte  had  hither- 
to obstinately  refused  to 
satisfy  the  demands  of  Russia, 
arising  out  of  the  measures  which 
the  former  had  thought  proper  to 
adopt  for  the  security  of  Wal- 
lachia and  Moldavia,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  disturbances  in 
these  principalities  in  1 82 1 .  The 
threats  of  Russia,  though  her 
army  stood  on  the  banks  of  the 
Pruth,  prepared  to  overrun  Mol- 
davia upon  very  little  warning, 
were  disregarded ;  the  united 
remonstrances  and  advice  of  other 
European  powers  were  received 
with  indifference,  or  treated  with 
contempt,  as  an  officious  intni- 
sion  of  counsel  where  it  was  nei- 
ther wanted  nor  desired ;  Turkey, 
while  the  small  and  ill-disciplined 
bands  of  the  Morea  were  scatter- 
ing her  troops,  reducing  her 
Grecian  fortresses,  emancipating 


from  her  yoke  her  Grecian  pro- 
vinces, and  driving  her  fleets  with 
disgrace  to  the  very  mouth  of  the 
Dardanelles,  was  wilfully  exposing 
herself  at  every  moment  to  be 
attacked  on  the  north  by  the 
most  gigantic  military  power  in 
Europe.  She  may  have  thought, 
that,  with  its  possessor,  the 
throne  of  Russia  had  changed 
likewise  its  policy,  and  that  the 
new  emperor  might  feel  less 
powerfully  than  his  predecessor, 
the  almost  native  desire  of  modem 
Russian  sovereigns  to  make  the 
Danube  the  southern  boundary 
of  their  European  dominions. 
But,  from  the  moment  when 
Suwarrow  gladdened  Catherine 
with  his  brief  despatch  that  Tsmael 
was  no  more,  that  had  been  too 
constantly  an  object  of  Russian 
policy,  to  be  easily  lost  sight  of 
in  the  mer^  change  of  a  monarch } 


346]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


and  to  limit  the  authority  of  the 
Porte    in    its    frontier   provinces 
towards  Hungary  and  Bessarabia, 
is  one  essential  step  towards  its 
attainment.       Nicholas    adopted 
towards  these  provinces  the  prin- 
ciples of  Alexander,  and,  as  soon 
as  the  crown  was  fixed  firmly  o^ 
his  head,  he  prepared  to  assert 
Uiem    with    vigour.      The    total 
failure  of  the  negotiations  of  the 
former  year,  although  the  influ- 
ence of  other  powers  had  pre- 
vented them  fVom  being  followed 
by  immediate  hostilities,  seemed 
to  forbid  the  hope  of  the  matters 
in  dispute  being  ultimately  settled 
without  an  appeal  to  arms.     The 
sultan  pretended  that  he  dared 
not    consent    to    the   conditions 
demanded    in   favour   of   infidel 
subjects,  without  running  (he  risk 
of  exciting  an  insurrection  among 
the    faithful.      He  was  probably 
crafty  enough   to   know,   that  in 
procrastination  there  was  not  much 
danger,    as    the   jealousies    and 
policy  of  Austria   and   England 
would  not  wiUmgly  see  him  pay 
to  Russia,  in  the  shape  of  a  ces- 
sion  of  territory,   an  additional 
penalty  for  his  delay  in  giving 
her  satisfaction ;  and  he  was  ap- 
prehensive,   lest,    if   he    yielded 
easily  to  the  demands  of  Russia 
and  her  allies  in  favour  of  Chris- 
tians beyond  the  Danube,  it  might  * 
ei^courage  them  to  be  equally  im- 
portunate on  behalf  of  Christians 
m  the  Morea.     Russia,  however, 
forced  upon    him  the   bare   and 
strict  question  of  peace  or  war. 
In  the  month  of  April,  M.  Min- 
ziacky,  her  ambassador  at  Con- 
stantinople, presented  to  the  Porte 
an  ultimatum,  again  setting  forth 
the  grounds  of  complaiqt  against 
Turkey,  the  dilatory  and  evasive 
conduct  by  which  they  had  been 


met,  and  the  patience  and  loog- 
sufiering  of   Russia,   which    her 
honour,   as  well  as  her  interest, 
required  should  now  be    at    an 
end.     His    imperial    majesty,    k 
was  said,  mieht  have  connoered 
the    negotiations   as  terminated, 
after  the  result  of  the  coDfereoce 
of  1 3th  October,  1825,  aad  might 
have  employed  the  readiect  and 
most  efficacious  means  to  enforce 
the  observance  of  his  own  rights, 
and  of  the  fiedth  of  treaties.     In 
holding  out  the  olive  branch  for 
the  last  time,  and  the  addition  of 
another  to  the  many  opportunities 
which    had    been      anbrded    to 
Turkey  of  satisfying  his  demands, 
he  was  only  m^J^ing  a  new  sacri- 
fice to  his  moderation  of  temper 
^nd  love  of  peace ;  in  doing  so, 
he  gave  the  Sultan  at  once  the 
strongest  proof  of  friendships  |md 
the  best-founded  motives  for  cfm- 
fidence ;  he  had  no  wish  bat  for 
a  sincere  and  durable  reconctiio 
ation  between  the  two  powars,  by 
a  final  determination  of  all  the 
questions,  which,  since  1816,  had 
rendered  their  reciprocal  relatioos 
uncertain     and    difficult.       He, 
therefore,  once  more  repeated  die 
preliminary  demands  whidi    had 
already  been  so  often  made,  and 
as  often  evaded  or  refused ;  vii., 
1.  That  the  state  of  things  ^sHuch 
had   existed    in    Wallachia   and 
Moldavia  before  the  insuirecdca 
of  1821,  and,  in  particular,  the 
number  and  organisation  of  the 
provincial  militia,  should  be  com- 
pletely re-established.     2.    That 
the    Servian  deputies,   who  had 
been    confined    in    the   sers^iia, 
since    1821,    should    be    set  at 
liberty.     3.  That  the  Porte  should 
appoint  plenipotentiaries  to  meet 
with    Russian    commissioners  in 
some  town  on  the  Russian  &on- 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [347 

tiei8>  ib€(e  to  let mne  the  pegoti%-  pected  to  embolden  him  in  resist- 
lioQS  on  til  points  which  had  been  ing  the  demands,  and  vhat  he 
iflderoooaiaeration  between  1816  thought   the    encroachments,   of 
and  1821,  and  bring  them  to  a  Russia  upon  the  other.     If  theie 
(k^Ditive  conclusion.    These  were  was  any  reality  in  his  apprehen- 
]»dimiQary  points,  on  theconced-  sions  that  the  concession  of  what 
iog  of  which  Russia  insisted  as  was  asked  by  Russia  might  excite 
isdiipensable  to  the  continuance  revolt  among  the  fanatic  populace, 
of  amicable   relationsi    between  he  perhaps  thought  thai  the  mo- 
iunelf  and  the  Porte.    The  Porte  mentwas  favourable  to  take  ad- 
wu  alfewed  six  weeks  to  return  a  vantage  of  the  more  tranquil  and 
categorical  answer ;  and,  if  that  accommodating  temper  which  this 
wswer  should  be  in  the  negative,  signal  victory  over  heretics   and 
M,  Minxiacky  was  immediately  to  rebels  might  produce,  as  a  hungry 
qtut  Constantinople.      To    add  lion  may  be  passed  in  safety  while 
iorce  to  the  demand  and  the  argu-  it  is  gorging  on  its  prey.    But  the 
i&eQt,  the  army  in  Bessarabia  was  true  secret  of  his  change  of  dispo- 
ordered  to  be  in  readiness  to  cross  sition,  or,  at  least,  of  conduct, 
the  Pruth,  and  to  clear  the  princi-  seems  to  have  been  in  very  differ- 
^lities   of    the  Turkish   troops,  ent  considerations.     He    had  al- 
Tbe  ministers  of  the  other  powers  ready   formed  plans  of  internal 
St  Constantinople  were  informed,  reform,  which  he  very  soon  after- 
^at  the  only  object  of  the  attitude  wards    carried   into    effect,    and 
whicb  Russia  was  assuming  was,  which  a  war  with  Russia  would 
^  bang  to  a  termination  its  own  have  rendered  impracticable.     He 
<iifferences   with   Turkey,    which  could  not  hasten    into  the  field 
^  emperor's  dignity  could  not  against  such  an  enemy,  at  the  mo- 
^How  to  remain  any  longer  un-  ment  when  he  was  about  to  sub- 
^^Ukd,  since  the  interposition  of  ject  the  whole  system  of  his  mili- 
other  states,  and  his  own  forbear-  tary   force    to   alterations  which 
^Qce,  during  five  years,  had  led  necessarily  rendered  it  inefficient 
to  no  satisfactory  result.  for   a   time,   or,    as  it    actually 
)^ith  a    readiness    which  was  turned  out,  first  to  annihilate  it, 
any  thing  but  expected,  the  Porte  and  then  to  reproduce  it     On  the 
agreed  unreservedly  to  every  one  13th  of  May,  the  Porte  commu- 
of  these  demands,  and  that,  too,  nicated  to  M.  Minziacky  its  ac 
^  a  moment  when  the  exultation  ceptance    of  the    terms   of   the 
of  success  in  Greece  might  natu-  Russian  ultimatum.      It   stated, 
^}  have  tended  to  confirm  her  that  it  considered  the  existence  of 
^   her  obstinacy    and    wrong-  the  BescWis  Agas,  officers  of  pro- 
redness.     In  the  beginning  of  vincial  militia,  in  Wallachia  and 
H^yttheSultanlearuedthetriumph  Moldavia,    as  necessary  for  the 
^  Ibrahim's  arms  in  the  Morea,  maintenance   of  peace  in   those 
^d  the  fall  of  Missolonghi,  almost  principalities  ;    but   that,   never- 
^c  last  strong-hold  of  the  insur-  theless,    in    conformity  with  the 
^ts    beyond    the    isthmus    of  wishes  of  the  emperor  of  Russia, 
^^wiath.     An   event  which  pro-  orders   had  been    given    to    the 
'^iKdtofree  him  from  a  Greek  war  governor  of  Silistriato  withdraw 
^  ooe  side,  might  have  been  ex-  the  Baschbeschlish  and  their  men 


348]      ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1826. 

from  the  Other  side  of  the  Danube,  justment.  They  regarded  prind- 
and  the  Waiwodes  had  been  di-  pally  the  restoration  by  Russia  of 
rected  to  appoint  others  in  their  certain  Asiatic  fortresses  on  tlie 
place.  The  Servian  deputies  Black  Sea ;  the  free  navigation  of 
would  be  immediately  liberated,  that  sea  by  the  Russian  flag ;  the 
and  Hadi-Efiendi,  and  Ibrahim-  repayment  to  that  power  of  losses 
Effendi,  members  of  the  Uhlemas,  sustained  by  her  subjects  firoia 
were  named  the  Turkish  pleni-  the  Barbary  corsairs,  amounting, 
potentiaries  definitively  to  settle  it  was  said,  to  a  million  steriing; 
with  those  of  Russia  the  other  the  internal  government  of  Wal- 
matters  between  the  empires  which  lachia  and  Moldavia ;  and  the  re- 
still  remained  undeciaed.  The  establishment  of  the  independoit 
Turk  was  faithful  to  his  word :  rights  of  the  Servians.  These  de^ 
the  Servian  deputies  were  imme-  mands,  excepting  what  concerned 
diately  liberated ;  the  withdrawing  the  fortresses,  went  directly  to  se- 
of  the  Beschlis  could  not  but  cure  to  Russia  a  preponderance  &- 
wound  his  pride,  but  it  was  imme-  tal  to  Turkey ;  and  the  persereranoe, 
diately  executed.  To  the  inhabi-  with  which  she  resisted  the  only 
tants  of  the  principalities  it  was  demand  that  Turkey  made,  sprang 
veiled  under  the  pretext,  that,  *'  as  from  the  same  policy  that  rendered 
the  number  of  the  Beschlis  in  her  inflexible  in  imposing  her  own 
them  had  been  increased  in  con-  demands  upon  the  Sultan.  As 
sequence  of  the  civil  troubles,  and  the  independence  of  the  principali- 
the  restoration  of  tranquillity  ren-  ties,  that  is,  a  virtual  dependence 
dered  the  presence  of  so  large  a  upon  Russia  as  their  protector 
number  of  soldiers  unnecessary,  against  a  Mahommedan  govi^n- 
it  had  been  thought  fit,  in  order  ment  which  they  disliked,  gave 
to  avoid  useless  expense,  that  the  Russia,  in  any  attack  which  she 
Agas  should  retire  with  their  troops,  might  m^ke  upon  her  neighbour, 
and  that  the  Hospodar  should  all  the  immense  aid  to  be  derived 
appoint  a  Baschbeschli-Aga,  com-  from  civil  commotion,  so  the  pos- 
manding  a  number  of  Beschlis  equal  session  of  the  strong-holds,  and 
to  that  which  existed  before  the  in-  navigation  of  the  Euxine,  gave  a 
surrection.''  Russia,  on  her  part,  thousand  facilities  to  actual  inva- 
named  the  marquis  de  Ribeau-  sion.  In  the  hasty  peace  con- 
pierre,  and  general  count  Woron-  eluded  between  Russia  and  the 
zov,  commissioners  to  treat  with  Porte,  in  1812,  the  minister  of 
those  of  Turkey ;  and  Ackermann,  the  former  consented  to  restore  U> 
a  town  of  Bessarabia,  near  the  Turkey,  Anape,  Anagri  Poti  whidi 
mouth  of  the  Dniester,  as  the  commands  the  entrance  of  the 
place  where  the  conferences  should  Phasis,  and  Soukom  Kale,  and 
be  held.  Redoute  Kale,  two  ports  on  the 
The  questions,  which  remained  Black  Sea,  the  one  on  the  side  ci 
to  be  settled  by  the  plenipoten-  Abasia,  the  other  on  that  of  Min- 
tiaries  at  Ackermann,  were  much  g^elia. .  The  court  of  St.  Peters- 
more  numerous  than  the  prelimi-  burgh  was  said  to  have  been 
nary  points  which  had  been  fixed  highly  offended  with  the  cessioD, 
at  Constantinople,  and  did  not  and  to  have  sent  orders  to  her 
promise  to  be  of  more  easy  ad-*  generals  to  defer,  ftt  least,  the  rp* 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [349 

stitution ;  some  of  them  had  been  ing  the  Pruth.  When  the  Reis 
given  up  before  these  directions  Effendi  received  the  despatch 
arrived;  Anagri  was  afterwards  containing  these  terms,  he  ex- 
amicably  abandoned  to  Turkey,  claimed,  "  they  have  a  mind  to 
but  Soukom  and  Redoute  were  put  a  knife  to  our  throats  T — and 
still  in  the  hands  of  Russia.  The  so  they  had.  It  was  only  by  fear 
latter  was  determined  not  to  sur-  that  flussia  was  working  upon 
render  them,  miserable  fortalices  Turkey,  the  only  motive  which 
as  they  were,  because  they  carried  Turkey  had  hitherto  appeared  to 
her  frontier  to  the  sea,  and  were  acknowledge,  and  the  moment  was 
almost  essential  to  its  navigation ;  peculiarly  favourable  to  its  influ- 
for  she  could  witli  difficulty  main-  ence.  Mahmoud  was  much  less 
tain  the  station  which  she  had  able  to  turn  the  knife  from  his 
establbhed  for  herself  on  the  throat  by  force  in  September  than 
eastern  shores  of  the  Euxine,  if  he  had  been  in  May ;  Constant!- 
her  vessels  were  not  allowed,  in  nople  was  flowing  with  the  blood 
severe  weather,  to  take  shelter  in  of  his  own  Janissaries,  mowed 
the  bays  of  diose  two  harbours,  down  by  his  own  cannon  ;  he  had 
The  Sultan,  again,  was  equally  re-  destroyed  his  old  armvy  and  was 
solved  to  recover  them,  both  be-  only  preparing  the  rudiments  of  a 
cause  policy  required  of  him  to  new  one ;  a  military  rebellion  had 
prevent,  if  possible,  a  powerful  scarcely  been  suppressed  in  the 
enemy  from  fortifying  himself  on'  capital,  and  revolt  was  to  be  appre- 
his  very  frontiers ;  and  because  bended  from  the  Janissaries  and 
they  were  the  great  entrepots  of  their  adherents  in  the  provinces, 
the  trade  which  brought  the  To  have  provoked  the  invasion  of 
beauties  of  Circassia,  Mingrelia,  a  Russian  army  in  such  circum- 
and  Geoi^ia,  to  the  harems  of  stances,  when  only  the  fanatic  fury 
Constantinople.  of  the  populace  could  have  pre- 
Pretensions  so  discordant,  main-  vented  it  from  marching  to  Con- 
tained with  equal  obstinacy  on  stantinople,  would  have  been  mad- 
both  sides,  seemed  to  threaten  a  ness ;  and  Turkey  yielded,  with 
rupture  at  the  very  opening  of  the  the  best  grace  she  could,  to  all  the 
conferences ;  the  Turkish  com-  demands  of  her  imperious  adver- 
missioners  spoke  of  leaving  Acker-  sary .  The  treaty  of  Bucharest  was 
man,  and  those  of  Russia  sent  to  confirmed  in  all  its  parts,  as  were 
their  court  for  further  instructions,  all  existing  conventions  relating 
Russia,  at  length,  yielded  the  point  to  Wallachia  and  Moldavia.  Russia 
as  to  the  fortresses,  but  insisted  consented  that  these  principalities 
with  so  much  the  greater  per-  should  be  governed  by  ooyars, 
tinacity  in  every  one  of  her  own  natives  of  the  country,  it  being 
demands.  As  in  the  negotiations  provided  that  the  choice  should 
at  Constantinople,  her  determina-  be  made  by  the  divan  of  each 
tion  was  shewn  in  the  form  of  an  principality,  and  confirmed  by  the 
nltimatum ;  the  Sultan  was  called  Porte ;  and  even  her  demands  re- 
upon  to  answer  yes  or  no  to  her  garding  the  internal  administration 
demands  within  a  limited  time ;  a  of  these  provinces,  in  the  levving 
refusal,  a  delay,  an  evasion,  was  to  of  taxes  and  ground-rents,  ana  the 
be  the  signal  for  her  armies  cross*  remission  of  the  latter  for  two  years, 


360]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826, 

were  acceded  to.     Turkey  further  likely  to  be  entered  into  with  mere 

bound  herself  to  restore  to  the  sincerity,  or  to  be  observed  longi 

Servians,  within  a  year,  all  the  than  till  they  could  safely  be  dii 

rights  and  privileges  which  their  regarded.     In    the    mean    tim 

deputies  haa  claltned ;  freedom  of  however,  Russia,  in  the  midst  < 

trade,  permission  to  travel  with  peslce,  had  secured  almost  erei 

their  own  passports,  freedom  of  re-  advantage  which,  in  the  existtn 

ligion,  e^ual  in  the  administration  state  of  Europe,  she  could  hav 

of  justice,   the  establishment  of  promised  herself  from  o|>en  waj 

schools   and  printing-offices,  the  She  had  not  only  obtained    th 

exclusion  of  Turks  from  Servia,  coiiflrmation  of  all  that  was  securer 

except  garrisons  in  the  fortresses ;  to  her  by  the  treaty  of  Bucharest 

every  thing,  in  fine,  short  of  a  but  fresh  conditions  had  been  im 

recognition  of  independence,  which  posed,  calculated  to  consolidaU 

could  tend  to  separate  the  Servians  her    interests,    and    extend    hel 

from  the  Porte,  leaving  them  to  influence ;  she  had  gained  largety, 

regard    Russia  as    their   saviour  and  yielded  sparingly  in  return, 

and  protector.    There  was  add-  She  restored,  indefed,  the  Asiati(i 

ed   the  general  stipulation,  that  fortresses,    and    conceded    some 

every  demand    to  be    made  by  minor  points  relating  to  tbe  inter- 

.  the   Servians,    and    not    incom-  nal  government  of  Wallachia  and 

patible  with  the  duty  of  ^ood  sub-  Moldavia ;  but  the  conventbn  ot 

jects  to  the  Sultan,  should  be  Ackermanti  thus  engrafted  upon 

granted.      The    Porte    and    the  the  stipulations  of  former  treaties, 

Servians  were  not  likely  to  agree  was  a  precedent  which,  in  future 

in  what  were  the  duties  of  chris-  disputesbetween  the  two  countries, 

tians  as  good  subjects    towards  might  be  made  the  point  of  de- 

Mahommedau  rulers ;  and  Russia  parture  for  another  stride  toward; 

stood  by  to  profit  by  their  dis-  the  attainment  of  that  unchanged, 

putes,  and  encourage  her  proteges,  and  unchanging,  object  of  Russian 

Turkeyengaged,withintwomonths  policy,  the  extension  of  its  d(Hni- 

^  after  the  claims  of  Russia,  for  losses  nion  to  the  banks  of  the  Danube, 

occasioned  since  1 821  by  the  cor-  if  not  to  the  shores  of  the  Mediter- 

sairs  of  Barbary,  should  be  given  ranean.  Each  successive  struggle, 

in,  to  make  them  good  out  of  the  whether  of  arms  or  negotiation, 

imperial  treasury,  if  the  potentates  had  ended,  like  this,  in  narrowing 

of  Africa  refused  to  do  so  them-  the  circle,  and  beating  down  the 

selves,  after  firmans  should  have  outworks  of  the  Ottoman  empire ; 

been  directed  to  them  for  that  exciting  no  jealousies,  alannine no 

purpose.  The  re-shipment  of  goods  fears  prematurely,  but  awaitn^, 

in  the  ports  of  the*  Black  Sea  was  and  preparing,  a  crisis,  when,  ra 

confirmed,  and  the  free  passage  of  the  fulness  of  time,  Turkey  shoidrf 

ships  under  the  Russian  flag  was  be  as  an  infant  wrestling  with  t 

guaranteed.  giant. 

Stipulations  so  hurtful  to  the  If  such  a  destiny  was  preparng 

pride,  and  injurious  to  the  interests,  for    Turkey  in    ttie    cabinet  of 

of  Turkey,  extorted,  too,  by  com-  Russia,  nothing  could  have  been 

pulsion,  at  a  moment  when  resist*  better  fitted  at  least  to  ddaj  H, 

ftoce  was  impossible,  were   not  than  die   revolution  widdi  the 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  ^35 1 

Sultan  now  attempted  to  effect  in  troops  in  European  warfare.  The 
the  military  force  of  the  empire,  same  fanaticism  which  bound 
by  subjecting^  it  to  sterner  disci-  them  to  their  religion  wedded 
pliney  and  training  it  to  European  them  to  the  cumbersome  and  im- 
tactics.  The  Janissaries  had  been,  perfect  system  of  oriental  tactics ; 
for  centuries,  the  main  body  of  improvements  in  the  art  of  war* 
the  Ottoman  army,  and  for  at  least  were  resisted  with  tumult  and  re- 
an  hundred  years,  the  masters  of  volt,  like  heretical  innovations 
their  Sultan.  In  them  resided  the  upon  their  faith  ;  the  manoeuvres 
true  power  of  the  empire ;  like  the  of  an  European  army  they  could 
Prsetorian  bands  of  ancient  Rome,  neither  understand,  nor  practise, 
they  disposed  of  the  crown  at  their  nor  counteract;  their  arms,  and 
pleasure,  and,  like  them,  they  the  modes  of  exercising  and  wield- 
bestowed  it,  liot  upon  the  most  ing  them,  contitiued  to  be  what 
worthy,  but  u-pon  nim  who  was  they  had  been  centuries  before, 
most  profiise  or  his  largesses,  and  Bringing  into  the  field  no  one 
most  observant  of  their  prejudices  appurtenance  of  a  soldier,  military 
and  rights.  Bold  in  their  numbers,  or  moral,  but  the  ^udy  trappings 
proud  in  the  exclusive  privileges,  of  barbaric  magnincence,  ana  the 
which  belonged  even  to  the  mean-  undisciplined  fury  of  religious  an- 
est  of  their  body,  they  formed  a  tipathy — and  ruling,  when  at  home, 
sort  of  military  democracy,  of  by  revolt  and  riot — they  were  use- 
which  both  the  Sultan  and  their  less  for  defence,  and  the  bane  of 
fellow  subjects  were  slaves.  The  all  regular  and  efficient  govem- 
Sultanhimselfwas  only  their  com-  ment.  The  Sultan,  who  should 
radeand  brother,  and  his  compan-  disband  them,  re-tnodel  his  army, 
ions  belonged  to  the  dregs  of  the  and  reduce  it  to  a  state  of  well- 
populace.  The  daily  pittance  of  trained  discipline,  as  well  as  lead 
soup  to  which  every  Janissary  was  it  into  a  course  of  military 
entitled,  was  a  sufficient  bribe  to  improvement,  would  at  once  free 
crowd  their  ranks  with  the  most  himself  from  subjection  to  a  rabble, 
degraded  victims  of  idleness  and  and  be  entitled  to  the  gratitude  of 
vice.  Christian*  renegades,  jews,  the  empire, 
pagans,  criminals  themselves,  were  But  the  attempt  was  surrounded 
the  recruits  of  this  chosen  oand,  with  dangers.  To  interfere  with  the 
which,  once  the  pride  and  the  prop  privileges,  restrain  the  licentious- 
of  the  crescent,  had  become  its  ness,  oppose  the  pleasure,  or  alter 
disgrace  and  its  curse.  While  the  customs  of  the  Janissaries, 
they  ruled  the  empire  within  with  had  more  than  once  cost  a  Sultan 
a  rod  of  iron,  they  had  become  his  throne  and  his  head.  The  first 
utterly  ineffectual  for  its  defence,  attempt  to  introduce  European 
Addicted  to  every  vice,  even  their  discipline  had  been  made  by  the 
ancient  valour  had  disappeared;  former Sultan,Selim.  Theiiucleus 
discipline  was  unknovm  to  them  ;  of  the  force  which  he  endeavouifed 
insubordination  was  the  very  in-  to  establish,  and  which  was  termed 
strument  by  which  they  ruled.  Nizam-gedittes,  or  soldiers  of  the 
Had  they  even  been  obedient  and  new  regulations,  was  formed  of  the 
brave,  their  prejudices  would  have  wrecks  of  the  garrison  which  so 
^mlitted  them  for  being  efficient  bravely  defended  St.  Jeati  d!  Acre. 


352]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


When  this  new  corps  took  the 
field  in  Bulgaria  and  Romelia^  for 
the  suppression  of  the  numerous 
banditti  that  infested  these  pro- 
vinces, their  superiority  over  the 
Janissaries  was  speedily  seen.  They 
defeated  the  mountaineers  in 
numerous  conflicts,  routed  them 
efiectually,  and  finished,  in  two 
months,  a  task,  to  which  the  Janis- 
saries, backed  by  the  household 
troops  of  the  Pachas,  Sanjacks, 
and  Ayans,  had  never  been  found 
equal.  Their  success  rendered 
the  advantage  of  the  European 
discipline  indisputable ;  they  were 
handsomely  remunerated ;  and 
means  were  adopted  for  augment- 
ing their  number,  by  a  kind  of 
conscription,   principally  for  the 

Surpose  of  curbing  the  turbulent 
anissaries.  The  jealousies,  how- 
ever, of  the  latter,  and  the  preju- 
dices of  the  people,  roused  so 
general  a  fermentation,  that  the 
order  of  the  Sultan  could  not  be 
executed.  Successively  attacked 
by  the  Janissanes,  the  Oulemas, 
the  Yamacks,  and  the  Topschis, 
the  Nizam-gedittes  suffered  the 
fate  of  all  establishments  made 
inopportunely.  Selim  was,  in 
1807,  obliged  to  suppress  them, 
after  having  witnessi^,  with  his 
own  eyes,  the  massacre  of  all  those 
ministers  and  counsellors  who 
were  suspected  of  being  their  par- 
tizans.  His  own  dethronement , 
immediately  followed;  Mustapha 
was  proclauned  emperor,  and  his 
elevation  was  the  signal  for  the 
dispersion  of  the  Nizam-gedittes. 
Their  barracks  were  plundered, 
and  the  object  of  the  institution 
was  abandoned  until  the  succeeding 
year,  when  Mahmoud,  the  present 
Sultan,  mounted  the  throne.  Mus- 
tajiha  Bairactar,  who  was  then 
vjzier^  bad  perceivedi  in  his  last 


campaign  with  the  Russians,  the 
advantages  inseparable  from  £uro« 
pean  tactics.  To  compose  a  regular 
army,  he  began  by  attempting  to 
introduce  reform  among  the  Janis- 
saries   themselves,    and    several 
companies  of  Seymens,  that  is, 
select  soldiers,  were  immediately 
formed.    Unfortunately  Bairactar, 
was,  of  all  men,  the  least  adapted 
for  gaining  proselytes  to  his  own 
plans.     Instead  of  alluring   the 
Janissaries,  who    came   to   ofler 
themselves  to  be  enrolled  among 
the  select  soldiers,  by  presents  and 
caresses,  he  treated  them  with  m- 
sufierable  arrogance,  refused  them 
all  peculiar  pnvileges,  and  acted, 
upon  the  whole,  as  if  his  wish  had 
been  to  oppose,  not  to  further, 
the  measures  which  he  liimself 
had  recommended.     The  conse- 
quence was,  that  the  new  corpc 
fell  into  speedy  contempt.     Bai- 
ractar,   after    rendering    himsdf 
detested  by  all,  was  murdered  io 
one  of  the  most  serious  insurrec- 
tions of  which  Constantinople  has 
afibrded  an  example ;  the  Seymess 
were    abolished,   as  the   Nizam- 
gedittes  had  been  before  them; 
die  discipline  of  the  Franks  seem- 
ed for  ever  renounced;  and  an 
anathema    was  even   denounced 
against  those  who  should  propose 
the  revival  of  any  plan  for  m 
adoption. 

But  recent  events  had  taught 
Mahmoud  and  his  counsellors  the 
necessity  of  reform  still  more 
feelingly  than  it  had  been  felt  by 
his  vizier  and  his  predecessor. 
The  pliancy  with  which  he  foond 
himself 'Compelled  to  bow  before 
the  threatening  attitude  of  Rusua, 
impressed  him  painfully  with  dtt 
sense  of  his  weakness;  and  die 
success  of  the  Greek  insuigaitt 
was  still  more  irritating  to  pak 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [363 

and  ambition.  These  bands,  kier  Hussein  Pacha*-a  man  of 
fonned  in  haste,  ill-accoutred,  great  decision  of  character,  a 
and  worse  paid,  wielding,  indeed,  farourite  too  of  the  people,  because 
European  arms,  but  with  only  a  he  had  always  been  successful, 
scanty  portion  of  regular  Euro-  The  emperor  gave  the  first  public 
pean  dbcipline,  had  yet  been  able  indication  of  his  intentions  by  in- 
to rout  his  best  commanders  and  creasing  the  number  and  pay  of 
most  trust- worthy  troops,  and  com-  the  corps  of  Topschi,  or  artillery- 
pelled  him  to  send  to  Egypt  for  the  men,  a  corps  amounting  to  nearly 
dangerous  aid  of  Ibrahim.  The  fourteen  thousand  men,  whicn 
career  of  the  latter,  from  his  arrival  had  been  formed  some  years  be- 
in  the  Morea,  had  tended  no  less  fore,  and  always  maintained,  upon 
to  convince  and  determine  the  something  like  an  approach  to 
emperor.  Ibrahim  brought  with  European  principles,  and  of  which 
him  troops  trained  to  European  Hussein  Pacha  had  the  command, 
dtscipline  by  European  officers:  The  predilection  shewn  in  their 
his  course  had  been  one  of  almost  favour  made  them  objects  of  jea- 
uninterrupted  victory,  and  he  had  lousy  and  dislike  to  the  Janis- 
just  wrested  Missolonghi  from  saries,  which  instantly  became 
the  Greeks,  leaving  to  them  mutual,  and  only  bound  them 
little  prospect  of  safety  but  in  more  firmly  to  me  fortunes  of 
submission.  Mahmoua  resolved  their  imperial  master,  whose  fall 
to  attempt  again  to  remodel  the  would  be  the  signal  for  their  own 
Ottoman  army,  and  he  conceived  destruction.  In  the  beginning  of 
that  both  the  violence  and  impru-  June,  Mahmoud  promulgated  his 
dence  of  Bairactar,  and  the  too  regulations,  and  commenced  the 
facile  disposition  of  Selim,  might  formation  of  his  new  army,  by 
be  avoided.  Even  superstition,  ordering  the  enrolment  of  a  cer- 
or  the  priests  of  superstition,  was  tain  number  of  men  out  of  every 
now  in  some  measure  upon  his  company  of  Janissaries,  to  be 
side ;  the  ulemas  themselves  saw  drilled  to  European  exercise  and 
the  rapid  decay  of  the  national  manoeuvres.  Their  pay  waa 
strengUi,  and  the  increasing  dan-  raised :  to  conciliate  their  hatred 
gers  of  the  Mahommedan  faith,  of  innovation,  an  old  name,  sig- 
in  the  necessity  in  which  the  nifying  organized  light  troops,  was 
empire  had  found  itself  of  yield-  taken  from  the  ordinances  of 
ing  implicit  compliance  wim  the  Soliman  the  great,  whose  military 
imperious  demands  of  the  unbe-  regulations,  as  he  had  first  given 
lieving  Czar  of  Moscow.  He  did  them  the  perfect  organization 
not  act  hastily,  without  a  plan,  which  they  once  boasted,  were  es- 
but  prepared  his  measures  with  teemed  sacred  as  the  precepts  of 
much  precaution.  He  visited  the  the  Koran.  Their  uniform  was 
garrisons  on  the  Bosphorus  to  be  selected  with  the  same  views, 
satisfied  as  to  their  fidelity;  he  and  whatever  might  recal  any 
assured  himself  of  the  hearty  co-  idea  of  the  Nizam  Djedid  was 
operation  of  the  dignitaries  of  the  carefully  avoided.  To  all  ap- 
empire,  and  the  heads  of  religion ;  pearance  the  chiefs  of  the  Janis- 
and  he  found  a  zealous  and  able  saries,  as  well  as  the  greater  part 
supporter  of  reform  in  the  SeraQ**  of  the  men,  were  dispos^  to  ac« 
Yojh  LXVIIL  12  A3 


by  tbe  Janistaries. 
find  him,  but  bkihouM  was  pil 
laged)  and  its  inmatet  abaae^ 
with  baihaious  orueky. 

In  the  mean  time^  the  prine%w 
body  had  direetad  tkttr  matci 
tofwards  the  palace  of  the  Porte 
for  the  purpoae  of  anpritiog  th^ 
grand  vizier.  He  having  reoetvcc 
intimation  firom  the  Aga,  hmd 
inthdrawn  horn  the  pal^,  will 
hb  lamiiyY  and  retired  to  « 
pavilion  of  the  Suhan'a,  nftnateei 
near  the  aeiagliOy  on  the  aide  d 
the  haibour.  It  was  hen  thad 
the  partizani  of  die  goairanagwl 
asaembled,  bydegraea,  while  the 
rebels  were  oceapied  in  piUiging 
the  palace  of  the  Parte,  tx,  dm- 
perud  among  the  wi— -heuin, 
were  tndnlging  ki  the   yoaaitt 


354]      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

(inieiGe  in  the  change ;  the  former 
had  bound  theniBelves  to  the  adop- 
tion of  the  new  ly^m  by  oath ; 
it  was  8uppc»rted  by  all  the  in* 
floeneeof  U)e  Ulemas,  formerly  the 
most  bigotied  enemies  of  innova^ 
tion,  and  united  with  the  oause 
of  their  religion  by  a  solemn  act  of 
oonseoration,  performed  with  much 
pomp  in  presence  of  the  troops, 
and  alargeooncoune  of  the  people. 
But,  amidst  the  ealm,  symptoms 
of  discotitent,  threatening  an  ap- 
proaching storm)  were  distinotly 
visible ;  wad  the  Sultan  soon  found 
that  the  precautions  he  had  taken 
were  any  thing  but  superfluous. 
The  Jamsaaries  inoorpomted  into 
the  new  regular  troops  showed,  in 
the  perlbrmance  of  their  new  ex* 
ercise,  a  resistance  to  their  nffi* 
oerSy  which  plainly  betrayed  a 
smothered  fermentation.  The 
first  traces  of  it  manifested  than** 
selves  on  the  evening  of  tbe  I4th 
of  Jiine,  by  several  groups  of  die 
Janissaries  being  seen  assembled 
at  difierent  poinis^  as  if  prepared 
to  take  part  in  some  general  en* 
tetprise  ;  and>  in  the  night  be- 
tween the  I  dth  and  14th,  it  beeaaie 
an  open  revolt*  A  tFOOjs  of  the 
mutineers  prooeeded,  aner  and* 
night,  to  the  hotel  of  the  Aga  of 
the  JanisBaTies  tb  mwder  their 
g^end  in  chief)  bat  he  bmi 
found  time  te  eadape  to  AepaAnee 
of  the  Parte.  Hatnig  ^M  m 
their  prindpal  efejeet,  Aey  m^ 
da%ed  their  sage  taly  piUaging  thie 
bouae  of  the  Aftuy  md  watiagiBs 
his  femiiy.  They  then  nsoeaeded 
to  the  residflnceof  Nedschib  &- 
fendi,  the  agentirf  Meiiaimasd  Mi 
Pacha,  who  had  recently  retaraed 
fran  his  mission  in  the  lierea, 
and  whoy  as  oae  of  the  most 
ardent  adaaivers  of  the  new  ender 
of  Ihingiy  wf»  partwularly  hailed 


At  day-break  tha  .yaniafirs 
who  w««  in  the  barcndDs,  mmtm 
bkd  in  the  sfaan  of  AlmeSdM^ 
sitttatad  in  the  centre  of  the  bar- 
racks, and  well  knofwn  in  ptnisai 
rav^dts.  'Httthar  they  took  their 
canp^cetdes,  awl  caHnd]Mncb- 
mation  to  be  made  by  oieia,  tkst 
every  Jnnisaary  shaild  repar  ts 
the  place  of  gtncnd  rendMoai. 
A  like  sonnnons  was  ^Mnmd 
to  the  Tsohabedaohis,  fir  cuttan, 
in  ths  neighbottiiKkod  of  tbe 
SMNKpie  «f  Santa  dophia;  hat  k 
was  evaded  by  the  anpaiamdlint 
of  these  men,  mudar  various  pw- 
teicts* 

flovemment,  however,  was  sot 
inactiiit^  OntheirdtiaAalfeaci 
ai  the  wdftieus  aaepretaeaC,  tkt 
sultan  Mahnaoud  kft  hts  eaadser 

palace,  on  fihe  Burepean  «iii  ^ 
the  Bos^ras,  far  tiie  Mrps«^ 
relMimii^  «s  the  sein||M.  is  > 
sbevt  tittle  the  ndnislen,  tk 
beads  of  ihe  departments,  Ai 
Maftiy  and  the  ^mi^^  Uast*) 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [356 

assei^ble^  at  ^i-fCoschlc,  rouod  to  tb^m.    Enragied  ut  ti^  (J^maiid, 

^    grand    vijgiier.     I^iiquedi^^ely  and  very  difiereot  from  hiii  pre* 

after,  the  Ag%|  Hussein  P^u^ha,  dac^sor,  Seli^^  III.i  who  wae  tha 

eommander  of  the  Qpuiip  of  Qbsef*  victim  pf  )iis  weakne»9,  l^ultw 

vation  on  tha  Eurpp^a^  fro^^,  Mahmoud  ordered  Hf^iseia  P^ha 

v^    Mpbaypuiftd    P^hg,    com-  to  marcb  with  aJl  tbe  trpop^  at 

qmder    of    the    Mk^    c^p,  his   disposal  against  tim  rebels, 

afrivfsd    fvith   ^   Ij^ge    body  pf  whom  a  fetwa  from  tfie  Mufti  k^d 

tjppps,  among  whpm  ^ere  m^y  put  out  of  the  protectipn  of  the 

battalions  of  canppnaer/^  a^d  bom-  law.    Hussein  Pachay  at  ^  bead 

bardiers,  with  pieces  of  ordnance  of  several  tbpusaficl  ff^fk,  marched 

from  the  battery  of  Tpphana,    A  rapidly  against  tbe  rebels^  who 

coDsiderjable  force  wa^  assembled  co^ld  jiot  resist  the  iippeiiiosity 

at  the  aame  time  uader  the  eyp  9f  his  attack.    They  retired  o^ 

Qf  the  Sultan,  wbp,  in  military  the  Atmeidan,  and  flu^g  them- 

yWorm,    directed   the   arrange-  selves  into  tbe  barracka.    Caim>n 

mmi^  in  person,  af^d  it  m^^ebed  shot  and  bomb-sbelU  burst  upon 

towards  the  Hippodrome  or  Au  the  strong-hobbi  of  the  revolu- 

meidan.    The  custpmary  prayers  tionists ;   after  a  diort  s^fuggle 

in  times  of  4isturba|ice  were  put  the    rebels    wore    de£i|||ed ;    a 

a\,  and  the  sacred  standard  of  dfe^ful  slaughter  emu^  in  thm 

ahomet  we«  brought  fordi  fsgm  barrac)^,  which  weres^pn  ^e,  the 

the  Treasury,   and  unfuried — a  conflagratu^  extendiug  to  some 

summons  to  all  good  believers  to  nej^^bouriiw  i^usep.    The  Dum* 

arm  in  de&npe  o^  tbe  religion  of  ber  of>  the  rebels  kiU^  amounted 

the  prophet.    A  proclamation  an-  to  between  two  and  three  thou- 

nouncing  the  call  wa^  published,  sand,  including  those  whP  perish* 

at  the  game  time,  by  criefa  in  all  ed  i|a  the  fire :   the  Jpss  of  the 

the  quarter^  pf  the  city  and  suburbs,  troopi  of  tbe  -Sultan  w&s  compara- 

Nupoeroo^  armed   groups    came  tjv^y    small.    In    the    bamcka 

from  all  parts  of  the  Atmeidan,  considerable  treasure  was  found, 

encouraged  by  the  intrepidity  of  which,  was  given  as  booty  tp  the 

the  Sultan  and  the  warlike  ardpur  conquerors*     Tl^  fugitivea  were 

of  Hussein  Pacha,  and  vowed  to  pursued   in  all    directions,    and 

defei^d  the  Sultan  and  the  throne  thpee  who  threw  themselves  into 

to  the  last  drop  of  their  blood.  the    stpne   buildings  about    the 

The  same  appeal  wa«  add^ efsed  Adrianople  gate,  and  tbe  Seven 

to  all  the  mutineers.    Three  times  Towers,  were  compell^  tp  sur* 

they  were  summoned  to  rep^r  to  render, 

the   standard    of    (be    pr<4>bet.  |n  thd  mean  tii»e,  tb/9  cdbi^et 

They    indignantly    i;i»je^ed    al}  held  its  sittings  beoMth  teotg  oq 

aummpns.    and   anawej^,   that  tbe  Atmeidan,  urijim  the  preii* 

thev  would  not  submit  to  the  will  dency  of  the  grfm<l  vbsier,  Hussein 

pf  the  Sultan,  until  the  new  r^**  Pa/cba,  and  tj^  Af  ufti,  and  A^rmed 

lations  should  have  been  aholisbo  a  t^ibuuH)  to  try  tliue  rd)els.    All 

ed,  and  the  heads  of  the  grand  the   J$tQM99ries  who   had   he/m 

vi?ier,  of  Hussein  Pacha,  pf  the  taken  with  «rw#  i^.  their  h^mds, 

A^  of  the  Janissaries^  and   of  but  prinQipa%  their  Ustas,  and 

Nediahib^^EJejodi,  were  deliver^  other  offipem  wIm>  U^'i  formerly 

[2A^] 


366]      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

sworn  to  adopt  the  refonn,  were,  the  faith,    and   to    find    meaiu 

after  a  short  interrogatory,  exe-  to  resist,  under  the  auspices  of 

cuted;    the   less  culpable    were  religion,  the  enterprises   of  ^ 

put  into  the  prisons  of  the  Bos-  enemy  ;  that  it  had  conyincugly 

tangi-Baschi. '  shown,  in  the  late  wars,  that  the 

■Hie  state  reasons  for  proceed-  enemy  owed  his  superiority  only 

ing    slowly    with    reform,     and  to  the  exercise  to  which  his  troops 

veiling    its   features    under    the  had  been  accustomed ;  that  since 

mask  of  old  names,  had  now  dis-  the  wars  of  1202  (1787),  attempts 

appeared;  and,  on  the  16th  the  had  been  twice  made,  to  introdace 

Sultan    issued    a    proclamation,  that  exercise  into  the  army ;  that 

formally  abolishing  the  corps  of  the  corps  of  Janissaries  had  ^own 

Janissaries    for    ever,     and    de«  itself  unfavourable  to  the   mili- 

voting  their  name  to  execration  tary  manoeuvres,  had  disapproved, 

as  habitual  rebels.     In  this  pro-  and  always  opposed,  them ;  and 

clamation  he  described  them  with  that  several  sovereigns,  who  de* 

much  accuracy,  and  showed  that  served  to  live  as  long  as  the  vnAi^ 

the  Porte  both  knew  well  where  had  been  the  victims  of  the  obsti- 

its  weakness  lay,  and  felt  deeply  nacy  and  the  ferocity  of  this  corps; 

the  mortifications  to  which  that  — ^he  decreed  that  the  name  of 

weakness    exposed    them.     The  Janissary  should  no  longer  exist, 

Janissaries,  said  Sultan  Mahmoud,  and  ordered  the  formation  of  re- 

who  had  formerly  gained  so  many  gular  and  disciplined  troops  undtf 

victories,  and  conquered  so  many  Sie  name  of  askeri-muhammedije, 

countries    by    their    courage    in  for  the  defence  of  the  empire  and 

attack,  and  above  all,  by  their  Islamism.     No  one  was  allowed 

blind  obedience  to  the  orders  of  to  appear  in  the  dress,  or  to  bear 

their  master,  had  insensibly  de-  the  name,  of  a  Janissary.    All 

generated,  and  become  cowardly  their  barracks  were  demolished; 

and  mutinous.     Thes^  troops,  in  their  camp-ketUes,  which  had  so 

the  wars  which  had  been  carried  often  served  as  a  signal  of  revolt, 

on  for  a  century  past,  had  despised  were    broken;    their    distinctive 

the  orders  of  their  chiefs — had  marks  of  ortas,  or  regiments,  were 

been  seized    with    consternation  taken  away,  trampled  under  foot 

from  the  slightest    causes — ^had^  by  the  Mufti,  and  destroyed;  in 
spread   terror    by   false   news —  -  fine,  every  thing  was  annihilated, 

quitted  their  ranks,  and  shame-  that  belon^d  to  this  once  for- 

fully  fled  before  the  enemy,  aban-  midable  militia.     All  the  posts 

doning  to  them  the  fortresses  and  hitherto  occupied  by  the  Janis- 

provinces.    During  this  time,  the  saries  were  delivered  up  to  artO- 

enemies  of  the  faith,  considering  lery  men,  or  bostandschis,  and  at 

this  degeneracy  and  cowardice  as  the  twenty-four  gates  of  the  citj 

equally  to  be  attributed  to  all  were  established  as  many  Kabid- 

Mussulmen,  had  not  ceased  daily  schi-baschi,    with    a   guard  of 

to  importune  the  Porte  with  fresh  twenty-five  men  of  th«8e  troops* 
pretensions    and    demands.    On        The  only  further  resistance  to  be 

the  other  hand,  considering  that  apprehended  was  what  might  b^ 

the  whole  nation  was  bound  by  made  by  the  Yamaks,  who  gW" 

law  to  arm  itself  with  the  zeal  of  sooed  the  castle  on  the  Boq>hci«^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [357 

cekbraUd  in  former  insurrections  than  Tartars  of  the  Porte  were  to 
of  the  Janissaries.  But  these  be  employed  in  that  capacity, 
troops  remained  perfectly  tran-  Dunng  these  tumultuous  scenes, 
quil,  and  even  declared  that  they  the  Sultan  himself  displayed  much 
were  disposed  to  assbt  the  Sultan  energybothofpurpose  and  activity, 
with  all  their  force  in  putting  and  sternness  of  execution.  It  was 
down  the  sedition.  The  grand  only  by  the  entreaties  of  his  attend- 
seignior  thanked  them  for  their  ants  that  he  was  prevented,  on  the 
lo]^ty,  and  sent  a  present  of  15th,  from  putting  himself  at  the 
three  hundred  purses,  to  be  head  of  the  troops  who  were  to  act 
divided  among  the  garrisons  of  against  the  mutinous  Janissaries, 
the  castles.  Every  body  of  men  A  strict  search  was  kept  up  in 
that  had  been  more  particularly  Constantinople  after  such  of  the 
connected  with,  or  dependent  rebels  as  had  escaped  the  voUies 
upon,  the  Janissaries,  was  pur*  of  the  artillery,  and  the  conflagra- 
sued  with  stem  vigilance,  and  tion  of  the  barracks,  and  no  mercy 
disabled  from  becoming  danger-  was  shewn  to  them  when  disco- 
ous.  The  class  of  hamomalSf  or  vered ;  they  were  hurried  to  the 
porters,  who,  for  the  greater  part,  Hippodrome,  and,  so  soon  as  they 
were  enrolled  upon  the  list  of  were  identified,  were  handed  over 
Janissaries,  and  had  shewn,  upon  to  the  executioner.  Death  was 
all  occasions,  a  disposition  to  denounced,  too,  against  all  who 
pillage,  and  particularly  during  should  harbour  these  proscribed 
the  late  troubles,  were  excluded  individuals,  and  the  banishment 
from  the  tribe  of  porters.  Their  of  every  man  against  whom  even 
chief  was  executed,  and  they  were  suspicion  was  entertained,  secured 
banished  from  the  capital.  Many  the  tranquillity  of  the  capital  and 
thousands  of  them  were  conduct-  its  environs.  The  total  and  in- 
ed  to  the  coast  by  an  escort  of  stant  failure  of  the  main  body  of 
soldiers,  and  shipped  off  for  Asia,  the  mutineers  in  Constantinople 
Each  received  a  passport,  contain-  over-awed  and  disheartened  their 
ing  an  express  prohibition  against  brethren  in  the  provinces.  An 
returning  to  Constantinople^  The  insurrectionary  movement  whicl^ 
Kurds  were  treated  in  the  same  took  place  at  Adrianople,  was  put 
manner.  The  greater  part  of  the  down  without  difficulty ;  the  go- 
pumpers  were  banished,  their  vemors  of  the  fortresses  along  the 
chief  executed,  and  both  these  Danube  were  faithful  to  the  Sultan, 
classes  were  in  future  to  consist  and  their  garrisons  submitted  to 
of  Armenians.  his  will  without  resistance.  A 
The  numerous  class  of  water-  firman  was  sent  to  every  province, 
men  also,  who  were  mostly  Janis-  to  be  read  publicly  by  the  imams 
saries,  underwent  some  reform,  in  the  mosques,  explaining  the 
Similar  regulations  were  extended  state  of  affairs,  and  the  object  of 
to  the  Janissaries  who  acted  as  the  recent  changes;  they  were 
guards  of  honour,  or  couriers,  to  enjoined  to  make  known  to  the 
fee  different  foreign  embassies,  people,  that  the  only  thing  in- 
The  government  deprived  them  tended  by  the  dissolution  of  the 
of  their  distinctive  badge  as  Janissaries  vras  the  necessity  and 
coders,  and  in  future  no  other  the  desire  of  reviving  religion,  of 


368]     ANNUAL    RteGlSTEH,    1826. 


fortifying  the  Ottotnah  power,  kaA 
of  ameliorating  Islamisni ;  that  for 
that  piir{)0se  the  instittitioti  of  the 
corps  had  been  changed,  atid  dis- 
ciplined troops,  tindrir  the  denomi- 
nation of  the  "  Victorious  TtoojjS 
of  Mahomet,"  snbstitttted  In  their 
pMde.  "Let  all,"  added  the 
flmiste,  "  tirho  lire  ol]tedient  id 
God  find  Dis  holy  book,  offdt  their 
tiiank^  to  thd  Great  Being  for  this 
happy  etent,  lire  peaceably  Under 
the  protection  of  the  most  poirer- 
ffil  Padischdh,  tvho  is  the  shadow 
of  God  npoti  earth,  arid  neret 
c^ase  to  join  their  prayers  with 
his  in  caHing  doWii  the  blessing  of 
Heaven.  Finally,  whoeter  shall 
act  contrary  td  this  recommenda- 
tioti,  shdll  be  punished  both  in 
this  world  and  Uie  next/' 

Iti  tti6  mfikn  thn^  the  (brmatioh, 
and  exef'cising  of  the  ii€W  army, 
were  prosecuted  With  uriremittitig 
vigour.'  In  etei'y  quarter  of  Con- 
stantinople, soldiers  were  to  be 
seen  at  diill ;  Egyptian  officers 
were  brought  as  instructors  frohi 
the  army  of  Ibrahim ;  and  proud 
Turks,  who  were  wont  to  treat 
Egyptians  with  sovereign  con- 
tempt, now  quietly  submitted  to 
become  their  pupils.  The  com^^ 
manders  were  industriously  search- 
ing every  where  for  information, 
and  for  European  treatises  on  the  art 
of  wat* ;  and  translations  of  them 
were  ordered  ftnd  executed  With 
the  rapidity  which  terfOr  inspires. 
The  Sultto  himself  frequently  at- 
tended at  the  drills^  and  encou- 
raged the  meri  by  his  approbatiori, 
atid  by  rewards. 

Violence  does  not  seem  to  have 
ibrmed  any  part  of  the  original 
plan  of  Mahmoud  in  effecting  this 
nevoltttidft;  but  wheh  his  wrath 
aMi  ap[)et{te  fd^  blood  wet«  once 
itHiaed  by  NMiitance,  no  respite 


was  given  ib  tfi^  bow-strfaig  and 
the  sabre.    Every  runwrfr  cJ  ncw^ 
plots  formmg  by  old  friends  of  the' 
proscribed  troops,  every  expression' 
of  discontent  by  the  poptdace  at 
bemg  Excluded  from  their  coifce- 
hotises,  ^hich  had  been  shut  up, 
ai^  favourite  retteais  of  the  Janis- 
satied.  wai  die  pretext  and  the 
signal  for  neW  executions;  the 
Sultah  strangled  and   beheaded 
WithoiH  tnerey  and  without  db- 
criminatiotl.    A  fire  whidi  bioke 
out  in  the  capital  on  the  31st  of 
August,  and  burncid  for  thirty-six 
hours,  laying  great  part  of  it  in 
ruins,  and  of  which  it  was  doubt- 
ful whether  it  was  the  work  of  in- 
cendiaries ot  of  accident,  aggra- 
vated still   furthcfr  his   vigilance 
and  revenge ;  and  the  prochmt- 
tion  which,  on  this  t>ccasion,  was 
issued  against  the  seditious,  wai 
a  frank  avowal  of  the  wites  of  fbe 
Turkish  police,  and  the  secrets  of 
Ottoman  espionage.      **  Persons 
are  found,"  said  the  proelamatioD, 
"  so  devoid  of  reason  and  rdigion, 
as  to  wish  to  ci*eate  distnthamres; 
to  these  violators  of  the  peace  are 
joined  the  wifcs  of  those  who  hare 
been  exiled  or  put  to  death,  wfao 
go  about  spreading  all  kinds  of 
false  reports,  with  respect  to  the 
intentions  of  the  government,  and 
alarm  even  the  tranquil  and  honest 
part  of  the  community.     Instead 
of  prayer  and  humiliation,  wfcidi 
were  suitable,  after  so  drndftil  a 
visitation  as  the  late  fire,  diese 
persons,  who  are  destined  to  de- 
struction here  and  hertafter,  fii- 
tening  to  nothing  but  the  sugges- 
tions of  the  devil,    indulge  in 
anger  at  the  decrees  6f  l^rovideAcc, 
and    in  hatred  of   the  SuUtee 
Porte.      Their  seditious  des^os 
have  not  passed  unnoticed;  and 
fbr  their  repression,  men  so  A- 


HIStORY  OP  EUROf^E. 


[d59 


gafiM  u  not  to  be  diiRCOVei^y  Me 
wpfmtiA  to  visit  every  quarter  of 
tlie  eity ;  women  also  are  appointed 
for  stniilar  parposes,  and  whoever, 
in  fbtore,  is  found  spreading 
misttt  of  Ms^  reports  respeetlng 
die  govttntnebt,  Shall  be  seized 
oa  tkt  ipoty  and  ptinished  without 
Mky  er  swiey,  whiitever  be  their 
nttk."  Iht  pufiishment  de- 
mnmd  agamst  disobedience 
wm,  Ihaf  men  fth(mld  be  put  to 
(kaUi  upon  the  spot  where  thet 
•ere  sef^,  and  women  strangled, 
and  thrown  into  die  sea»  Mah* 
mood  was  not  a  man  to  let  such 
"sharp  laws  and  bithig  ordi* 
t^ttices"  deep  unused.  Almost 
dtitj,  men  ana  women,  whose  ofoly 
Mt  #a8  that  of  speaking  ''  of 
Mddeti  things,"  were  hurried  to 
execation,  and  still  more  of  these 
difo^ous  barbarities  were  perpe* 
tntf«d  in  the  secrecy  of  the  night. 
The  greatest  difficulty  in  the 
wiy  of  the  Sultan  arose  from  the 
id»tity  which  urkish  prejudices 
ami  habits  of  thinking  had  esta* 
Ued  between  old  customs,  and 
^  religious  fkith.  He  was 
^ipported  indeed  by  the  ulemas, 
^  muftis,  and  the  imauns ;  but 
«yeB  their  authority  failed  to  con*- 
^  the  populace  that  the  inno* 
vttioaswhkh  had  been  introduced 
^  josti&ed  by  the  Koran  ;  and 
^  spirit  of  unbelief  supplied  a 
<^**«nt  stock  of  materials,  on 
wkiA  the  discontent  of  the  sup- 
pfc<0ed  Jsmissaries  might  work. 
Anodier  fire,  on  the  11th  of  Oc- 
^^,  the  presage  of  new  horrors, 
W  scarcely  been  extinguished, 
^^  the  spies  of  the  Serftskier 
P^  him  information  that  meet- 
*^took  pbee  at  the  houses  of 
^s^keewrs  of  flie  royal  sheep- 
**•»  whidi  belong"  to  the  Janfa- 
*^  tod  to  whi^  no  attention 


htA  bee^  paid  at  the  period  of 
the  eommotions  in  June,  as  they 
were  then  perfectly  quiet.  Two 
thousand  five  hundred  disciplined 
troops  #ere  fanmedlalely  sent 
against  those  sheep-fblds,  and 
against  nearly  three  thousand  in- 
dividuals, who  ibrffierly  beldngi^l 
to  the  Janissaries,  and  amongst 
whom  were  found  a  number  of 
workmeh  and  cooks  belonging  to 
the  seraglio.  Oue  thousand  live 
hundred  of  them  were  executed, 
the  remainder  Were  sent  to  Asia^ 
It  was  discovered  by  the  confes- 
sions of  thoite  men,  that  a  con- 
spiracy had  been  organised  by  the 
fdfmer  Janissaries^  who  were  to 
taemble  in  great  numbers  on  the 
Asiatic  side,  fbr*the  purpose  of 
ibrmiftg  a  Junction  with  the  mal- 
contents of  the  capital,  while  the 
fire  was  occupying  the  attention  of 
the  grand  signior.  As  soon  as  the 
Sultan  learned  these  particulars, 
he  sent  to  the  pacha  of  the  Asiatic 
shore  Orders  to  exterminate  the 
Janissaries  Whom  he  might  find 
there. 

The  fermentation  produced  by 
the  humiliating  part  which  the 
nation  of  the  foithful  found  itself 
compelled  to  act  At  Akermann, 
proauced  ne#  disturbances;  the 
populace  res;arding  it  as  a  dis- 
grace brought  upon  the  crescent 
by  the  irreligious  innovations  of 
the  Sultan,  which  had  deprived 
the  empire  of  its  old  defenders  at 
the  very  moment  whai  they  were 
most  needed  to  repel  insult  and 
aggression.  Order  was  restored 
by  the  usUal  expedients  of  indis- 
criminate beheading,  strangling, 
and  drowning— scenes,  of  which 
the  details  and  repetition  would  be 
tedious  and  disgusting.  Mah- 
moud  sat  upon  an  uneasy  throne ; 
but,  amid  the  executions  which 


360]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


went  on  around  him,  he  did  not 
relax  his  efforts  for  the  creation 
of  his  army,  and  amused  himself 
with  reviews.  By  the  end  of  the 
year  there  were  upwards  of  twenty 
thousand  regular  troops  in  Con- 
stantinople and  its  ne^hbourhood. 
Extensive  barracks  were  rising  all 
around ;  arsenals  and  manufac- 
tories of  arms  were  established; 
and  superior  officers  were  success- 
fully employed  in  introducing  the 
new  discipline  into  Romelia,  and 
the  Asiatic  provinces. 

Such  a  period  of  civil  disorder 
was  not  favourable  to  civil  reform, 
an  object  at  all  times  contemptible 
in  the  eyes  of  a  Turkish  Sultan  : 
yet  Mahmoud  manifested  some 
symptoms  of  a  desire  to  introduce 
justice  into  his  administration,  as 
well  as  d^cipline  into  his  army. 
In  the  beginning  of  August  four 
firmans  were  issued,  the  first  of 
which  put  an  end  to  the  practice 
of  confiscating  the  property  of 
Turks  or  Greeks  capitally  punished 
by  order  of  the  Porte ;  prohibiting 
all  mollahs,  cadis,  &c.  from  in- 
terfering in  any  way  with  his 
succession,  if  the  condemned  per- 
son should  have  heirs  arrived  at 
majority,  but  allowing  their  in- 
terference where  the  heirs  were 
minors,  in  order  to  preserve  the 
property  for  them.  They  were  to 
receive,  in  lieu  of  all  demands  for 
their  trouble  in  this  respect,  two 
and  one  half  per  cent  on  the 
amount,  instead  of  ten  per  cent, 
and  expenses,  amounting  to  more 
than  twenty  per  cent,  which  they 
used  to  exact.  The  second  fir- 
man strongly  recommended  to 
the  mollah,  or  cadi,  the  utmost 
impartiality  in  the  distribution  of 
justice ;  the  rigorous  prosecution 
of  all  false  witnesses,  and  of  all 
yrbo    should    practise    chicanery 


against  their  opponents,  that  Ae 
parties  might  be  saved  the  tisdes 
expenses  to  which  they  were  ofteo 

subjected. 

If,  for  endeavouring  to  reDovtle 
the  military  vigour  of  the  Turidi^ 
empire,  the  Sultan  Mahmoud  was 
entitled  to  the  thanks  of  the 
Ottomans,  his  reforms  promised 
no  good  to  the  insurgents  <^ 
Greece,  whose  cause,  during  the 
year,  had  been  retrograding.  In 
Western  Greece,  which  was  the 
principal  scene  of  conflict,  the 
Greekis,  under  general  Goora, 
had  made  themselves  masters  of 
Salona,  an  important  strong-hold, 
in  the  month  of  November,  19^ 
In  consequence  of  this  succev, 
the  Seraskier  Redschid  fousd 
himself  compelled  to  retire  nortk- 
ward  from  before  Missolonghi  to 
Vrachori,  in  order  that  he  migbt 
insure  his  communications  wkb 
Arta.  Ibrahim,  likewise,  weak- 
ened in  troops,  withdrew  his  met 
from  the  interior,  excepting  t 
strong  gaiiison  left  in  Tripolnia, 
and  awaited  the  arrival  of  tiie 
reinforcements  which  were  oe 
their  way  from  Egypt.  The  com- 
bined Turkish  and  Egyptian  fieets, 
Having  these  reinforcements  ob 
board,  to  the  number  of  about 
eight  thousand  men,  appeared  in 
the  waters  of  the  Archipelago  m 
the  beginning  of  November. 
Miaulis  was  endeavouring  to  tt- 
semble  the  Greek  fleet  at  Cer^ 
for  the  purpose  of  intercepting 
them  ;  but  unexpected  difficulties 
and  disputes  prevented  him  from 
being  joined  by  the  squadrons  of 
Spezzia  and  Ipsara;  and  he  foQsd 
himself  compelled  to  sail  with  the 
Hydriot  vessels  alone,  for  tk 
gulph  of  Lepanto,  both  to  preveiit» 
jf  possible,  the  undisturbed  di«- 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [361 

embarkation  of  the  Egyptian  sue-  1826,  stood  out  a  siege  of  eight 
couTSy  and  to  impede,  at  all  events,  monUis.     Its  garrison  was  small, 
the  complete  blockade  of  Misso-  but  determined,  or  rather,  despe- 
longhi  hj  the  Turkish  fleet.     He  rate ;  the  failure  of  so  many  at- 
fell  in  with  a  large  division  of  it,  tacks,  and  their  long  resistance  to 
off  Chiarenza,  near  the  mouth  of  so.  tnany  Turkish  lx>mbardment8, 
the  gulpb,  on  the  25th  of  Novem-  had  given  them  confidence :  want 
ber,  which  attacked  him  both  on  of   provisions  was    the   greatest 
that  and  the  following  dlEiy.     On  danger  which  they  had  to  appre- 
both  occasions  he  repelled  them,  hend.      The  approaches  on   the 
with  no  other  loss  than  that  of  a  land  side  were  in  the  hands  of 
vessel    which    accidentally    took  the  besiegers;   the  harbour  was 
fire ;  but  his  inferiority  in  point  blockaded  by  the  Egyptian  fleet ; 
of  strength,  his  force  amounting  to  and,  if  the  latter  were  allowed  to 
little  more  than  half  of  that  of  the  remain  masters  of  the  gulph,  Mis- 
enemy,  and  especially  the  absence  solonghi  could  not  be  saved  from 
of  the  Spezziot  fire-ships,  rendered  being  starved    into  a  surrender, 
it  impossible  for  him  to  make  any  Miaulis,  who  had  found  himself 
impression   upon    their  fleet,    or  too  weak  to  prevent  the  enemy's 
prevent  it  from  entering  the  gulph.  fleet  from  entering  the  gulph,  or 
It  reached  Patras,  and  re-inforced  to  undertake  any  thing  decisive 
Ibrahim's  army  by  landing    six  against  it  when  there,  had  return- 
thousand  fresh  troops.    With  part  ed  to  the  south,  leaving  his  fleet 
of  these  succours,  Ibrahim  imme-  cruizing  between  Zante  and  Chia- 
diatel^  sailed  up  the  gulph,  and,  renza,  to  clear  away  the  difHcul- 
effectmg  a  landing  on  its  northern  ties  which  had  prevented    him 
shore,  marched  to  oppose  a  Greek  from  being  joined  by  the  Spez- 
force  under   Goura   and   Draco,  ziote  and  Ipsariote  vessels.     In 
which  the  government,  on  learn-  this  he  succeeded,  and  the  united 
ing  the  arrival  of  the  Egyptian  fleet  appeared  off  the  gulph  of 
fleet,  had  ordered  to  advance  from  Lepanto  on  the  20th  of  January. 
Salona  to  the  relief  of  Missolonghi.  On  the  22nd,  an  engagement  took 
His  troops,  under  Mohanem  Bey,  place  between  divisions  of  both 
met,  and  defeated  them,  although  fleets,  but  they  separated  without 
without  any  serious  loss,  while  his  damage  on  either  side,  the  vio- 
naval  armament  destroyed  a  num-  lence  of  the  easterly  winds  making 
ber  of  small  vessels,  and  captured  it  impossible  for  them  to  keep  the 
a  considerable  quantity  of  provi-  line  of  battle.     On  the  27th,  the 
sions  and  ammunition.     He  then  Turkish  fleet,  which  was  generally 
returned  with  his  booty  to  Patras,  at  anchor  off  Patras,  again  bore 
and,  having  re-inforced  the  Seras-  down  upon  the  Greek  squadron  ; 
kier,  who   had  again  advanced,  the  latter  stood  out  to  sea,  to  gain 
they  proceeded  together  to  press  a   more  advantageous    position ; 
the  siege  of  Missolonghi,  while  then  engaged,  and,  after  a  sharp 
the  fleet  blockaded  the  entrance  action  ofsome  duration,  compelled 
to  its  harbour.  the  Turks  to  return  to  Patras,  with 
Missolonghi,   the  last  hope  of  the  loss  of  a  frigate  and  a  corvette, 
the  patriots  in  Western  Greece,       These  partial  engagements,  how- 
had  already,  at  the  beginning  of  ever,  were  of  little  lasting  effect 


862]    ANNUAL    REOISTER,    1826. 

lit  ^liering  the  btsieged  town,  for  eked  much  of  tEheir  Uood,  hm 

they  failed  in  the  only  thing  by  seen  their  hatntations  dettiD^ 

which  they  conld  assiit  it,    th^  and  their  eoUntry  laid  wairte ;  tbr 

raising  of   the  blockade  of  the  all  which  nothing  osn  tndemiiifj 

harbour.    The  Turkiah  fleet  was  them  but   liberty  and  ind^m* 

too  strong  to  be  driren  from  the  denoe.     With  regard  to  the  » 

gulph,  although,  so  long  as  Yas*-  eaalt  which  he  threatona  to  mib 

■iladi,   a   small  fortified   island,  within  eight  days,  we  are  resd?  to 

commanding  the  mouth  of  the  leeeive  it;  and^fighthig  wtthOd 

harbour,  was  in  the  hands  of  the  on  6ur  side,  we  trust  w«  dudl  be 

Greeks^  the  enemy  could  hot  en-  able  to  frustrate  and  repel  it,  m 

tindy  stop  the  entrance  of  pro-  we  did  that  of  the  Setaskier,  in 

visiotis  into  the  town.     On  the  July  last, 
land  side,  no  more  vigorous  at^        '^  For  the  rest,  he  is  well  awaie 

tack  was  made  during  the  month  that  We  have  a  Government,  a 

of  January,  than  what  consisted  obedience  to  whose  orders  we  figk 

in  throwing  a  fbw  shells,  or  firing  and  die : — to   that    govemmefit, 

a  few  sfaiHs  from  the  batteries,  therefore,  he  may  adcbBSS  himsdf, 

Ibrahim,  iHth  his  usual  caution,  whenever  he  is  diqxiaed  to  nego» 

from  the  landing  of  his  Egyptian  ciate  peace  or  ii^ar." 
reinforcements,  had  been  prepi^        The  Turkish  army  now  bsfote 

ing  for  a  vigorous  and  general  Missolonffhi  exceeded  20,000fli|», 

atmck,  in  which  he  trusted  for  8,0t)0   of  whom  were   Egyptiu 

success  to   the  European  disci-  troops,  trained  to  regular  warais^ 

pline  of  his  own  troops,  and  the  and  supported  by  a  nnm^tnu  u- 

talents    of   the    European    offi-  tiilery,  well  managed  by  Boropm 

oers,  principally  French,  Neapo-  engineers.     The  garrison  whidi 

litans,  and  Piedmontese,  who  di-  resisted   this  overwhelming  force 

rected  his  artillery.    By  the  end  did  not  amount  to  2,000  Bes, 

of  the  month,  every  thing  was  under  the  command  of  Noto  Bdz- 

nearly  in  readiness;   but,  before  zaris;  and  if  the  enemy  had  00)7 

the  attack  took  place,  the  cap-  perseverance,  escape  seemed  to  be 

tain  of  a  British  ship  of  war,  the  impracticable,  for  their  very  am- 

Rose,  was  made  the  bearer  of  a  bers  could  weary  out  the  meim 

message  from  the  capitan  pacha  bravery  of  the  besieged.    Ibrshisi 

to  the  garrison,  in  which  he  in-  opened  his  batteries  on  the  tows 

formed  them  that,  in  eight  days,  about  the  middle  of  February,  and 

the  preparations  for  the  assault  continued  a  furious  bombcuumeBt, 

would  be  completed,   but  that,  without  making  any  assanlt,  till 

desirous  to  save  the  effusion  of  the  28th.     On  that  day  he  M 

blood,  which  would   necessarily  his  men  to  a  general  and  finnil- 

ensue  if  the  city  should  be  taken  taneous  attack;    the  Greeks  I^ 

by  storm,   he  wished  to  know,  ceived  him  with  their  usual  des- 

whether  the  garrison  was  willing  perate. bravery,  having prefiosilj 

to  capitulate,   and  if   so,  ndiat  excited  themselves  into  enthssi- 

terms  they  demanded  ?    The  an-  asm,  by  taking  the  holy  sscit- 

swer  was,    <'  The  capitan  pacha  ment,  as  if  moving  to  ineritable 

knows  that  the  Greeks  have  suf-  death.    The  contest  was  long  asd 

fered    losses  without  end,    have  doubtful,  and  the  carnage  i^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [363 

'q};  bntflift  despair  of  the  Greeks  cnrizing  in  the    neighbourhood, 
jre?ailed,    and  Ibrahim  was  re-  was  too  weak  in  force  to  risk  a 
pulsed  tipon  every  point,  with  a  battle;   and  the  fate   of  Misso- 
loss  which,    according  to  some,  longhi  was  sealed.    Ibrahim  could 
amottnted  to  three  thousand  men.  assault  both  on  the  sea  and  on 
On  the  !2nd  of  March  he  made  a  the  land  side ;  and,  between  the 
similar  attempt,  and  was  agahi  18th  of  March,  and  the  end  of 
repulsed ;  while  the  Greeks,  sdly-  the  month,  be  made  several  fhri- 
ing  from  the  town,  drove  in  his  ous  attacks,  combining  all  his  pre- 
out-posUr,   and  insulted  his  en-  parations  in  a  manner  which  seem- 
trenchments.  ed  to   promise   decisive  success. 
Ibrahim,  while  he  allowed  his  Ibrahim  himself,   hi  the  last  of 
troops  to  recover  from  the  conse-  these  assaults,   led  on  his  men. 
quences  of  these  unsuccessftil  as-  While  the  attack  was  made  on 
saultB,  now  directed  his  attention  the  land  side,  a  numerous  flotilla 
with  greater  earnestness  to   the  of  boats,   crowded  with  troops, 
project  of  starving  the  town,  and  made  a  simuhaneotts  attack  fVom 
thus    compelling     the     garrison  the  sea.     On  the  latter  point  the 
either  to  surrender  at  discretion,  attack,  at  first,   succeeaed ;   the 
or  expose  themselves,  in  a  despe-  Egyptians    surmounted    all    the 
rate  attempt  to  break  through  the  difficulties  presented  by  the  nature 
circle  which  surrounded  them,  to  of  the  ground,  and  made  their 
almost  certain  destruction,  fhmi  way  as  wr  as  the  custom-house, 
his  immense  superiority  of  force.  But  the   Greeks  had   formed   a 
To  gain  this  end,  it  was  essential  rampatt  of  hogsheads  filled  with 
to  make  himself   master  of  the  sana,  and  surmounted  with  can- 
small    island    of   Vassiladi,    the  non  ;  behind  this  they  entrenched 
guns  of  whose  fortress  prevented  themselves,  and  kept  up  so  de- 
li is  fleet  from  establishing  a  per-  structive  a  fire,  that  the  Egyptians 
feet  and  actual  blockade,  and  pre-  and  Turks  were  again  driven  back 
venting   a  frequent  entrance  of  in  disorder,  leavine  behind  them 
small  vessels   laden  with  provi-  two    thousand    of  their  bravest 
sions,  from  Zante  and  CephsJonia.  troops. 

It  had  already  resisted  several  at-  Ibrahim  had  now  learned  the 
tacks,  but,  on  the  9th  of  March,  temper  of  the  garrison,  and  wise- 
he  succeeded  in  carrying  it,  in  ly  resolved  not  hastily  again  to 
consequence,  it  is  said,  of  a  shell  squander  his  men  in  such  costly 
having  fallen  in  the  powder  maga-  attacks  upon  opponents,  who  seem- 
zine  during  the  assault,  and  at  ed  to  be  as  immovable  as  the  walls 
once  produced  confusion  in  the  which  they  defended.  Keeping- 
garrison,  and  deprived  them  of  within  his  entrenchments,  and 
their  means  of  defence.  On  the  maintaining,  by  his  occupation  of 
13th,  he  was  equally  successful  Vassiladi,  a  strict  blockade  of  the 
against  the  fortified  island  of  Ana-  harbour,  he  patiently  awaited  the 
tolico.  His  ships  of  war  could  issue  which  his  very  position,  and 
now  anchor  where  it  suited  them ;  the  failure  of  provisions  in  the 
his  armed  boats  could  prevent  a  town,  could  not  fall  soon  to  pro- 
sinde  plank  from  entering  the  duce.  Abundance  and  repose 
haSour :  the  Greek  fleet,  though  reigned  in  his  camp ;  the  Greeks 


364]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

were  worn  out  with  watching,  and  store  and  magazine  had  been  lom^ 
famine  stared  them  in  the  face ;  exhausted ;  the  famine  was  abso- 
yet    their     desperate    resolution  lute,  and  women  and  children  wen 
never  failed,  and  every  proposal  dying  of  starvation.  Shut  out  £roii 
of  a  surrender  was  treated  with  every  gleam  of  hope,  and  lookii^ 
contempt.      Ibrahim,  who,  with  on  the  life  which  would  be  reserved 
all  his  barbarism,  does  not  seem  for  themselves  and  their  families 
to  have  delighted  in  blood  for  its  in  Turkish  slavery,  as  a  life  not 
own  sake,  sent  a  summons  to  the  worth  retaining,  except  as  an  in- 
town  on  the  2nd  of  April,  offering  strument  of  revenge,  the  MisM- 
a  capitulation  on  the  garrison  sur-  longhites  formed  aresolation  whicfa 
rendering  prisoners  of  war,  pro-  only  despair  could  hare  adored. 
mising  to  save  the  lives  of  the  in-  It  was  aetermined  that  the  mea 
habitants    on    their  arms  being  able  to  bear  arms  should  make  a 
given  up,  and  undertaking  that  sudden  saUy,   and  endeavour  to 
Siey  should  be  allowed  to  proceed  force  their  way,  sword  in  hai^ 
to  any  part  of  the  Turkish  domi-  through  the  besieging  armj.     To 
nions  which   they  might   select,  assist  their  project,   it  had  heem 
These  terms  were  refused,  either  arranged,  by  means  of  secret  mes- 
from  distrust  in  the  good  faith  of  sengers,  that  the  Rumeliot  tro(^ 
the  Egyptian  commander,  or,  it  in  me  mountains,  and  behind  iht 
may  be,  from  a  noble  wish  to  set  Turkish  camp,  should,  at  a  fixed 
a  heroic  example  of  that  total  for-  hour,  attack  it  from  the  rear;  the 
getfulness  of  self,  which  the  love  commencement  of  their  firing  was 
of  country  will  sometimes  inspire,  to  be  the  signal  for  setting  fire  to 
In  the  mean  time,  the  unfortunate  some  houses  in  the  town  ;  while 
garrison  was  abandoned  to  its  fate,  the  attention  of  the  enemy  wu 
The   commanders   in    the  north,  thus  distracted,  the  garrison  was 
and  at  Argos  and  Napoli,  made  to  make  a  sortie,  in  the  hope  of 
no  effort  for  its  relief;  Goura  and  being  able  to  carry,  in  the  confn- 
Fabvier  were  in  the  rear  of  the  sion,  pne  of  the  batteries  on  the 
besiegers,    but  were    either    too  sea  shore,  and  secure  their  pas- 
weak,  or  too  timid,  to  attempt  sage.     The  other  part  of  the  plan 
even  a  diversion.    Miaulis,  indeed,  was  still  more  dreadful :  the  old 
risked  his  fleet,  and  endeavoured  men,  the  women,   and  children, 
to  break  through  the  blockade;  unable  to  be  sharers  in  this  des- 
but,  although  the  advantage  was  perate  enterprise,  and,  remainirf 
sometimes  on  his  side,  the  naval  defenceless  m  the  town,  ceitaiii 
superiority  of  the  Turks  was  too  only  of  massacre  and  dishonour, 
decided  to  enable  him  to  open  the  prepared     for    voluntary    death, 
harbour,  and  throw  in  provisions.  Several  parts  of  the  works  and  of 
By  the  16th  of  April,   Ibrahim  the  town  were  imdennined   and 
had  cut  off  every  means  of  com-  charged ;  there  these  helpless  vie- 
munication,  by  mooring  across  the  tims  resolved  to  take  their  stand, 
harbour  rafts  and  flat-bottomed  when  stripped  of  their  natural  de- 
boats,  armed  with  heavy  artillery ;  fenders  ;  there  they  were  to  await 
even    the  scanty  supplies  which  the  entrance  of  the  Turks,  then 
hitherto  had  occasionally  stolen  spring  the  mines,  and  bury  them- 
in,  could  no  longer  arrive ;  every  selves,  their  abodes,  and  their  cnt^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[365 


ny,  in  one  common  destraction. 
These  resolutions  were  all  taken, 
lod    the  necessary   preparations 
Qade,  in  the  course  of  the   19th 
tod  20th.     On  the  2 1  st  and  22nd, 
tfiaulis  made  a  last  attempt  to 
lome  to  their  assistance,  and  to 
arry  a  vessel  laden  with  provi- 
ions  into  the  harbour;  but  his 
mall  fleet  struggled  in  vain  with 
he  overwhelming  force  of  his  ad« 
ersary,  and  he  was  reluctantly 
ompelled  to  leave  this  devoted 
landful  of  brave  men  to  their  fate, 
rhe    execution  of   their  design 
ould  no  longer  be  delayed.     The 
lumeliots  made  the  preconcerted 
attack  on  the  rear  of  the  Turks 
»n  the  22nd  of  April,  but  a  de- 
erter  from  the  town  had  revealed 
he  plan  to  the  enemy,  who  in  con- 
equence  re-inforced  their  posts, 
0  keep  the  Rumeliots  in  check, 
ind  beset  every  avenue  by  which 
he  besieged  might  be  expected 
0  issue  forth.     When,  therefore, 
he  garrison,  having  taken  leave 
>f  their  families,  for  whom  not 
yen    a    chance    remained,    and 
eceived  from    their    bishop  the 
•lessing  and  the    absolution    of 
leaven,  sallied  out  to  the  attack, 
Dstead  of  falling   unexpectedly 
ipon    an    unprepared  adversary, 
hey  found  the  enemy  on  the  alert, 
na  doubly  strengthened,    every 
rench  and  every  battery  manned. 
i  surprise  had  been  their   only 
iope,  but  yet  to  advance  was  not 
Qore  certain  destruction  than  to 
etire.     They    threw    themselves 
rith     desperate     and     reckless 
ourage  into  the  works ;  they  fell 
Q  ranks  before  superior  numbers ; 
►ut,  notwithstandmg  the  murder- 
ous discharges  from  the  Turkish 
annon,  about  eight  hundred  men, 
ess  than  one-half  of  their  number, 
ucc^eded  in  cutting  a  passage 


for  themselves,  and  joining  Ka- 
raiskaki  and  his  Rumeliots  in  the 
mountains.  The  Turks,  heated 
from  slaughter  and  resistance, 
rushed  into  the  defenceless  town ; 
amid  the  confusion,  the  mines 
were  only  partially  sprung,  and 
the  sickening  scenes  of  licentious- 
ness and  n&urder  began.  Ibrahim 
himself  bewailed  the  carnage  which 
he  could  not  restrain ;  many  women 
sprung  into  the  sea,  and  into  wells, 
with  their  children  in  their  arms ; 
many  more  were  killed  by  their  own 
relations,  as  the  only  protection 
against  the  Turkish  ravisher. 
Among  the  slain  was  Noto  Bozza- 
ris,  the  commander  of  the  town, 
an  old  man  of  seventy-six,  who 
had  refused  to  depart,  declaring 
that  he  considered  himself  the 
cause  of  all  their  misfortunes, 
since  it  was  by  his  advice  that 
they  had  rejected  every  offer  of 
capitulation.  A  band  of  about 
one  hundred  and  thirty  men  for<« 
tified  themselves  in  a  house,  and 
defended  it  during  the  whole  of 
the  following  day,  till,  when  about 
to  be  overpowered,  exhausted  by 
fatigue  and  hunger,  they  blew  up 
themselves  and  their  assailants. 
So  obstinate  was  the  conflict  at 
the  works,  and  so  ruthless  was 
the  massacre  in  the  town,  that, 
although  between  two  and  three 
thousand  Greeks  perished  in  both, 
only  an  hundred  and  fifty  were 
returned  as  having  been  taken 
alive.  The  male  population  above 
twelve  years  of  age  was  extermi- 
nated; between  three  and  four 
thousand  women  and  children 
survived,  to  be  carried  into  slavery. 
After  the  fall  of  Missolonghi, 
the  Rumeliots  who  had  occupied 
the  mountains  of  Acamania,  with 
that  part  of  its  garrison  which 
had  escaped^  and  the  corps  un** 


366]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

4er  GoarE;  which  h^  been  id  adv^uf^  of  Ibrahim  into  EatUn 
the  neighbourhood  of  Saloqa,  m-  Gr^ec^,  if  he  should  tbiok  proper 
tir^d,  leaving;  Western  Greece  open  to  move.  In  an  unsucces^  u- 
to  the  conqueror,  ^  topk^  reiW^  s^ult  nuMie  by  the  besi^ii  09 
in  Athens,  Thither  they  wer^  fol-  the  1 8th  of  October,  geaeol 
lowed  by  Redsic^hid  P^b#9  who  Gour^  who  coTjpnw>nded  the  pr- 
formed  tb^  sf^ge  of  the  town,  risoo,  was  killed, 
Ib|:^iip,  hitherto  irresi^tible,  re-  About  the  s^m^  tm^  that  lb- 
crossed  the  Gulphi^tolhe  Alorea,  splongbi  fe^l,  the  Greeb  i«s 
haying  no  impediment  in  the  way  eqi^aUy  imfortunafe  in  an  stleofA 
between  him  ^d  NapoU  di  Ro-  wgich  they  made  against  Negnh 
mania,  the  only  important  fortress  pont*  Cobu/el  F^^er,  ooe  of 
now  ocpupied  l^y  the  Patr^ts  in  the  SurppejsiB  officers  in  th^Gis^ 
that  part  of  Greei^e^  ]3u^  he  bad  service,  had  employed  the  s^ 
suffered  too  severely  in  his  repeated  of  the  yeaf  in  raising  rjeproiU  it 
attack^  upon  Missoloi^ghi,  to  be  Athens^  and  in  tha  islands,  vBi 
able  to  undertake  new  offensive  succeeded  in  brii^ng  tofs^ 
operaitions,  until  he  should  have  ^si4  tfaiitipgy  about  oi^e  thofaad 
recruited  }iis  army^  and  received  five  hundred  ipen.  At  the  bead 
reinfiHDcements  from  Eg^t,  for  of  these  he  i^pe^iFpoc^lybP^'* 
which  pum^se  the  Egyptu^  fleet  Eubp^  ii^  the  end  of  mwh^id 
had  sailed  for  Alexandiria  after  8U|^>rised  Cfurysto,  m  Ppco  ^^^ 
the  taking  of  Missolonghi,  while  the  Turkish  garrison  of  which  ii< 
the  pr<Mper  fleet  of  Turkey  returned  treated  ioto  fhe  citadel ;  bat  bn- 
to  the  Dardandllee.  He  opcupied  iqg  lost  ^is  tim^e  i^  atteiDptjsg  to 
himself  in  strengthening  and  pfo-  taJ^  the  citadel,  and  his  pro- 
visioning Tfipolizza.  which  was  visions  being  eonsumedi  he  *v 
exposed  to  the  attacks  of  Coloco-  surprised  by  the  flp^fremor  of  N^ 
tn^f  and  Napoli  remained  un-  gropont,  who  haa  hastened  to  tk 
disturbedr  The  lest  of  the  y^ear  aid  of  jCa^sto  with  a  n^aami 
was  spent  by  Ibrahim  in  inactivity,  body  of  cayalry. 
for  the  fleet  from  Alexandria  d^  Colonel  Fabvier,aiidthegiate' 
not  arrive  M  Navorino  till  the  4th  part  of  his  coq)s»  succeeded  '» 
of  Pecemher;  it  brought  to  him  fighting  their  way  to  jmisletorqiGk, 

no  troops,  but  a  large  a&^ply  of  called  Stura  where,  durio|8^Q' 

military  stores,  and  ^  million  and  days,  and  und^r  great  pn?atiMit 

half  of  piastres.      The  siege  of  they  resisted  the  attacb  of  ^ 

Athens,  likewise,  though  pressed  Turkish  forces,    till    tb^  «^ 

by  Redschid  Pacha,  did  not  pre-  rescued  by  some  of  the  r&atk 

sent  any  memorable  occurrence*  of  the   Insurgents  of  Xiao  ^ 

The  Turks  were  repulsed  in  all  Syra. 

their  attacks  upon  the  Acropolis ;  On  the  llthof  Apnl,a bo(^^ 

and,  on  the  other  hand,  ail  at-  Albanians  effected  a  lapdiaf  b^ 

tempts  to  raise  the  siege  failed.  Bairout,  a  trading  tovr;^  od  tU 

The  Greeks  were  unable  to  sup-  coast  of  Syria  ;  and,  gukkd  I9 

ply   forces  for  its   relief,    with-  spies,  entered  t^e  towm  alJV^tfa^ 

out  withdrawing  the  few  troops  fore  any  alarm  had  been  gV^ 

jdiey    still    possessed    below  the  The  i^oAissulmen,  however,  m  ^ 

JstbmuS;  pm  thus  faciUtdting  the  sums^  mi,  «£ter  a  ^laip  ff^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [367 

the  QreekSy  although  fuppoitsd  by  subjected  uft  to  bitter  trials,  he 
the  firs  of  the  ships  from  which  has  never  forsaken  us  during  our 
they  had  landed,  were  compelled  long  and  arduous  struggle ;  and, 
to  retreat  to  a  neighbouring  hill,  testifying  fpom  the  bottom  of  our 
learing  behind  them  between  thirty  hearts,  our  deep  gratitude  towards 
and  forty  of  their  number  killed,  an  Omnipotent  Proridenoe,   we 
They  remained  in  this  position  for  again  proclaim,  in  the  name  of . 
several  days,  without  attempting  the  Greek  nation,  its  unanimous 
any  thing  fturther ;  when,  finding  resolution  to  live  and  die  amid 
that  the  Greeks  of  the  moimtains  the  chances  of  war,  rather  thaa 
were  not  rising  in  their  favour,  tk^  cease  to  struggle  for  the  deliver- 
letumed   to  their  ships.      Hiey  ance  of  Greece.     For  that  ofaieet, 
made  no  booty,  and  committed  no  we  have  long  beheld,  and  still  be- 
ravages  in  the  country,  or  violence  hold,  tranquilly  and  unyielding, 
towi^ds  the  inhabitants^  our  cities    and  villages  deluged 
The  National  Assembly  was  sit-  with   blood,  our   imd§  made  a 
ting  at  Epidaums,  when  the  in-  wilderness,  thousands  of  our  In- 
telligence of  the  tiJdng  of  Misso-  low  citizens  dragged  to  slaughter, 
kMight  reached  It.    Even  a  regular  to    slavery,'  to   pollution    «F0«se 
and  long  established  government  than    either.      The   Reppssenta- 
vottld  have  folt  much  embarrass-  tives  of  the  Greek  nation  eon- 
mentyifplaced  in  the  circumstances  sider  it  their  duty  to  piodaim 
in  which  titis  body  found  itself;  these  things  op^y  to  those  mko 
defeated  in  the  field,  survouaded  are    attached    to    the    name  of 
by  discord  at  home,  the  treasury  Christ,  and  whose  hearts  beat  te- 
empty,  and  neither  wealth  in  the  sponeive  to  the  generous  senti- 
eountry  to  tax,  nor  credit  abroad  ments,  and  unchangeable  resolu- 
upon  which  to  borrow.     Its  first  tion,  of  the  Greek  peo^de.    They 
step  was,  to  adfkess  a  manifesto  to  entertain  a  ferfent  hope  that  the 
the  naitioB,  in  which  it  did  not  monarehs  of  Europe,  who  exercise 
conceal  the  mischief  of  the  re-  dominion  under  Christ,  convinced 
verse  of  fortune  which  had  tatutt  of  the  equity  and  justice  of  their 
place,  but  in  which  itstiU^peke  contest,  will,  in  this  appalling  hoar, 
the  same  language  of  detenmned  cast  an  eye  of  pity  on  an  «mfor- 
resolutioBloresisteveniuito death,  tenate  «aCion»  whose   sufieriags 
and  in  a  tone  of  calmer  and  deeper  arise  from  their  piolessing  and 
soleasnity  than    it  had  hidierto  maintaining  a   similaT  creed  to 
assumed,  appealed  to  ^iie    jus-  ^emeelves." 
ttee  and  mercy  of  Christendom.        The  next  step  of  ithe  National 
^  When  'we  deseen4ed  into  this  Assembly  was,  to  sepaiate,  having 
great  arena,  we  proclaimed  in  the  first  appointed  an  executive  dqpUf- 
iiEioe  of  Ood  and  man,  our  de-  taition,  or  oommiesioa,  coasistiDg 
tenmnation  to  4ie  with  liie  oross  of  e^en  members,  ojmI  a  eem- 
b^re  us,  and  our  weapons  in  our    raittee  of  its  own  body,  coneisting 
hands,  rather  than  live  «s  sUwes    of  liMrieen  members,  vested  with 
without    a    religion,    without    a    ihefuU  powersof govecnment.  The 
oountry,  a  soom  and  an  opprobri-    seamen  of  the  fleet  were  prevailed 
vm  4o  neighbouring  nations.    Al-    upon  to  agree  to  senpe  for  six 
thooghOod^  in  iu»  wisAeiO;  has  aiontfas  tenger  without  dearwodipg 


368]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

their  pay ;  and  the  executiTe  ex-  utmost  delicacy  and  difficulty.  It 

erted  itself  in  procuring  provisions  every  christian  state,  the  loelaii- 

and  ammunition  for  the  fortresaes,  choly  fate  of  the  deroted  gaiiiace 

and  thetroops.wbichvere  still  on  and  inhabitants  of  Missolongtiin- 

foot ;  sending  numbers  of  females  cited  only  one  feellD^of  deepnm- 

and  children  into  the  islands,  that  miseration  ;  in  every  capital,  ud 

intheerentofasie^.themagazineB  even  in  some  courts, contributtou 

might  not  be  burdened   with    a  were  coUected  to  relieve  the  cnwdi 

croud  of  useless  mouths.    The  tn-  who  were  perishing  in  nakcdsot 

activity  of  Ibrahim,  who  was  re-  and   want,    and    to    re-porcltw 

poeing  bia  anny  at  Modon,  and  captives.      At  Berlin    the  king 

watching    over    the    safety    of  himself  set  the  example.  Thekij^ 

Tripolizza,  allowed  it  to  carry  on  of  Bavaria  transmitted  from  im- 

itsmilitaiyprepaiadonsundisturb-  self  and  his  family  a  nun  of  np- 

^ ;  and  it  found  leisure  to  em-  wards  of  3,000f.  in  addition  to  i 

ploy  its  authority  in  attempting,  suni  of  nearly  2,000^  which  b 

sometimes  successfully,    to   allay  had  already  given  towards  the  n- 

the  disseutiouB  which  were  per-  demption  of  women  and  childitt 

petually  on  the  eve  of  breaking  who  had  been  carried  into  sIbto; 

out  among  the  chiefs.     The  pre-  from  Missolonghi.     The  self-cm- 

sident  of  Uie  executive  commission  stituted   Greek  committees,  too, 

himself,  with  two  of  its  members,  who,  as  yet,  had  exhibited  onlliD- 

and  the  archbishop  of  Arta  vice-  contestible  proofs  of  vanity,  W 

president  of  the  committee  of  the  vado,   and  mismanagement,  n- 

National  Assembly,  hastened  to  creased  their  exertions  to  expori 

Corinth,  where  petty  and  private  for  the  service  of  Greece  ceitiiD 

jealousies   of  long  standing  be-  persons  who  assumed  the  appell^ 

tween  the  general  and  vice-general  tionofPhit-Hellenes,smalleaoiigk 

of theprovinceweienowopenlyas-  in    number    to  be   utterly  cm- 

suming  the  form  of  a  civil  war;  the  temptible  as  allies,  and  in  the  uk 

fections  having   successfully,  re-  of  arms,   if  arms  could  be  (*- 

cniited,  even  in  the  neighbouring  tained,  far  less  practised  and  a- 

provinces,  men,  who,  if  they  drew  perienced  than  the  Greeks  them- 

tbe  sword  at  all,  ought  to  have  selves.  Forty-five  of  these  penon 

beenopposingthe  commonenemy.  were  shipped  from  MaiseiUei  ■ 

These  deputies,   backed  by  the  the  month  of  July  with  nmdi 

presence  of  Colocotroni,  who  was  parade,  and  theatrical  affectttion 

thus  withdrawn  from  the  Morea  at  "'  ocntimant  "  in  finVi*  Tnt  libnn 
BO  critical  a  period,  succeeded  in 
restoring  for  a  dme,  at  least,  ap- 
parent harmony. 

The  appeal  which  the  National 
Assembly  nad  made  to  Europe  was 
partially  answered  in  one  way,  but 
could  not  be  answered  in  another ; 
their  treasury  might  be  assisted, 
and  their  troops  armed,  by  private 
contributions:  but  the  interlerence 
of  govenunents,  was  r  task  of  the 


HISTORV  OF  EUROPE. 


[369 


in  their  heads ;  and,  worst  of  all, 
to  irritate  and  disgust  the  Greek 
goyemment  by  their  arrogant  as* 
sumption  of  juvenile  superiority. 
The  wishes  and  intentions  of  such 
men  may  have  been  laudable, 
but,  in  general,  the  want  of  pru- 
dence, of  discretion,  sometimes  of 
honesty,  in  the  directors  of  such 
schemes,  was  deplorable. 

The  interposition  of  the  Chris- 
tian cabinets,  if  ready  to  be  backed 
by  force,  would  probably  have 
been  effectual  with  Turkey,  press- 
ed as  she  was  by  Russia;  but  it 
would  have  been  difficult  to  have 
discovered  any  principle  of  jus- 
tice, on  which  such  an  interference 
could  have  been  defended.  The 
sovereignty  of  Turkey  over  Greece 
was  just  as  legitimate  as  that  of 
Venice  had  once  been  over  Can- 
dia  and  the  Morea,  or  that  of 
Russia  over  Georgia ;  it  was  per* 
fectly  consonant  to  the  public 
law  of  Europe,  and  had  been  ac- 
knowledged without  interruption, 
by  all  its  powers.  The  tyranny 
or  injustice  of  the  Ottoman  Porte 
towards  its  Greek  subjects,  could 
not  be  made  the  ground  of  inter- 
ference, without  setting  it  up  as 
a  principle  that  every  sovereign 
had  a  right  to  take  care  that  his 
neighbour  exercised  his  authority 
according  to  his  notions  of  hu- 
manity and  principle.  France  or 
England  had  no  more  right,  in 
point  of  principle,  to  quarrel  with 
the  Sultan  for  leading  into  cap- 
tivity the  dishonoured  matrons  of 
Missolonghi,  than  for  tying  up  in 
sacks,  and  throwing  into  the  sea 
of  Marmora,  the  matrons  of  Con- 
stantinople who  talked  of  forbid- 
den things.  Neither  could  any 
help  be  derived  from  the  fact,  that 
the  Greeks  were  Christians,  and 
their  oppressors  Mahommedans, 

Vol.  LXVIII. 


however  powerfully  it  might  act  as 
a  bond  of  Sympathy*  In  so  far 
as  oppression  can  justify  foreign 
interference,  it  matters  not  whe- 
ther that  oppression  be  exercised 
over  orthodox  believers  or  over  he- 
retics: to  twist  the  bow-string  round 
the  neck  of  an  innocent  mussul* 
man,  is  as  great  an  enormity  as  to 
twist  it  round  the  neck  of  an  in- 
nocent Christian ;  and  it  has  never 
been  a  rule  of  European  policy, 
that  nations  of  different  religions 
ought  not  to  be  subject  to  the 
same  sovereign.  On  what  prin- 
ciple could  Russia  ask  that  Chris-^ 
tian  Greece  should  be  withdrawn 
from  under  the  yoke  of  Turkey, 
on  which  Turkey,  in  return,  might 
not  have  insisted  that  the  M ahom- 
medan  provinces  of  Daghistan  and 
Shirvan  should  be  liberated  from 
the  supremacy  of  Christian  Rus* 
sia  ?  Any  interference,  therefore, 
in  the  shape  of  a  demand,  seemed 
to  be  out  of  the  question  :  advice 
and  good  offices  to  both  parties, 
were  all  that  the  Christian  cabi* 
nets  could  offer.  Russia,  in  the 
note  in  which  she  explained  to  the 
ministers  of  foreign  powers  at  the 
Porte  the  reasons  why  she  in* 
sisted  by  threats  of  usmg  force, 
on  the  acceptance  of  her  ultima* 
tum  regardmg  the  principalities 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube^ 
assured  them,  that  this  resolution 
had  no  connection  with  the  state 
of  things  in  Greece :  that,  notwith- 
standing her  natural  inclination 
and  the  universal  wish  of  the  na* 
tion  to  save  from  extermination 
its  remaining  fellow-Christians, 
she  would  not  depart  from  her 
previous  engagements,  to  act  only 
m  concert  wiUi  the  other  powers ; 
and  that  the  instructions  sent  to 
M,  Minziacky  had  no  relation  to 
those  affairs*   The  note  concluded 


J 


»70)    ANNUAL   HBGISTBH,    1826. 

wUk  a  ho^  tkftl  the  Mttt  yferit  ceiftt  wift  whal  tenper  ke 

•fthemnMstetsofdM  allied p«w«rft  b«rs  listoneA,  in  tlie  moa 

at  ConBtgatinppte  weoUl  soccaed  Tictofy^  topra^aMion  «»  ^JS^* 
io  pul^a^  aa  and  ta  Ika  dieadlu]^        It  naa  ai  iamortaoee  to  Gae 

scaRaakftOieaca,  aatllNruif  abotti  la  wM^  aA  iMMty    tmj  <i«a 

an  acrangenM*  aihick  might  la^  witk  Ae   EBropean  paapers» 

coooBe  potter  awl  kiHwanky.    A  wMah  the  tmbliiskmf^  awl  vi 

BuanoB  of  me  duka  of  Wettiag^  ttraisad  syaleai  of  pbaey  yiat^ 

Ion  ta    SH.  Palanbiifgk  m  t£a  att^i    bar   flagf  m  the   LemiC 

spttagof  tka]peaF,  waatKoaghl  l9  threatened  to  iimhreWr.    Alaaod 

liara  lafafange  priacipall^to  Iba  evaffyiskadmrtieAidUprfagO'kad 

settfesmenl  of  tbe  caatast ;  buA,  if  kaaoMaattaatofvoMeia.  Whifeife 

the  aagottation  weal  any  iardMo  govanupaat  could  wiA  itjffim^ 

than  fein^  ^aaecal  raka  b^  wfckk  hmhi  die  aaliaBal  ieel,  iMitlaa  d 

tiie  eabiaats  were  ta  ba  guided^  mystics,  aad  alfaer  pmlMil  etaft, 

uid  aacartaiaiaa  tiMic  matoal  iq^  swannad  from  CteKfia  la  Nei^ia 

Itttttoaa,  it  procnicad,  in  the  mean  pant,    and  violfeiited  tha  A^  d 

lkoa,ttapvactica>eflfect.  Anycoa^  every  naiioa  that  aHled  th^  Me- 

ditiaa8»agai&»tawliklilhaUiaeka  iKtarraaaan*    The  cpewa  of   ibe 

aaemad  wittng  ta  caaient,  waaa  captured  i%«f9^  w»a  tia^wunllj 

avidantky  auck  at  Turk^  woaid  tmatad  wkk  kariManm^  lauclij; 

aaaer  ansede  ta    Aacavding  la  a  tha  cavgoea  ware  opaalf  cwikd 

doaaDwai   defivared  by  ^end  fbr  tale  ganafa%'  to  S^r«a>   aad 

Baeke  ta  tka  Oiaak  committee  in  often    va^asly    impoKitd     iala 

Faiis^  and  ipinpactin^  to  onaaala  Smyrna,    the    vaiy   market   fer 

fromt  Die  Naliimftl  AssemUy,  iha  wkicb  Ibey  kad  baaa  akippad  m 

Bntiak  moustar  at  GteatmUno*  tkebomaport.    Tkaae  waga aqaa- 

pie  waa  nrtkoriaed  ta  tseat  of  cbanaof Bmiah,FBaaeKAaii.i  iaii, 

peace  on  eandition,  tkal  na  Tudc  and  Austrian  man  af 

dumkl  laiida,  or  poeaempropeityy  ing  in  tha  kavant,  hat 

in  Cbeeta;  tha)l  di  the  Graekn  the  kantthoad  of  the 

tetraatts  ikould  ba  oocapicdby  tbematdefianca*    Wkan 

Gfadi  gaoisona  ;  that  the  Gn^a  Uiajrianl^fir  kgbtandaamJi 

•l^aald  haRRB  a  laffiii^nt  miUlnry  sab  into  iobm  naiiow  aad  ilmlhw 

wad  naval  force  for  Ike  maintow  ciadi,  wkaia  a  diip^af  war  caiM 

naaaa  ol  twngnillity^  and  diapr»-  approach  thaaa  amy  by^  aaadh; 

lactian:  af  ooaamesce ;  tkal  tkey  ont  her  boata*    tf  iba  did  m» 

dumld  anjay  tba  figfat  of  oainii^  thev;  ftmgka  fkom  bakind 

manayyuid  that  the  amnaniirftri-  witk  M  die  ooanigaof  di 

bniatoihapaidbydieaasbouUiba  If  takany  it  waaonhp-tabaraiif 

fixed;    dmt  the  SuHaa   SaMf  attbayaidaffm;  if  dwyaHuwd 

akouid  kaiva  no  infiuencaoaar  the  theiv  aemal  to  ba  ca^iaaad  ar 

Giad[i  olergy,  ov  in  the  internal  burned^  tkay  weia  left  ba  rtaaa< ; 

anganisation  of  the  country*    If  it  to  be  shot,  tbarafbia^  igjhtiB^  ta 

waa  only-  tha  dread  of  a  Ruarian  the  loel^  witb  a  ehaniBe  adaaeape, 

inyarion^  when  be  waa  belplessy  waa  boiler  dian  either  af  Aau 

that  induoadtkcSnltan  to  comrade  aitamatiacai    Tka  gofWAanaftaf 

Ike  muck  more  limited  priailagea  Qvaaca  waamadi  tea  flMdata  bt 

of  tha  aaavian^  il  18  aaay  te  can*  aUfrto^paildDwn 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


(971 


themaelves,  found  abundaut  frieads 
m  tiw  iaktbHasiB  of  the  Archipe- 
\tig^  B J  9  deeree^  honreffer,  it- 
wmi  in  Jlme,  it  deckfed  tkal  it 
wmM  GCiiskter  m  pimtleftl  all 
naukk  wkidi,  not  forming  p«rt  of 
Iks  Gf  edc  fleet,  abould  eniise  on 
tkenfeis  m  pritalters;  aeoondlyy 
aR  tkose  Toiiels  whtcb,  thovigh 
bdongii^p  to  tbe  vitionaft  fie^ 
tk&M  not  be  providedy  beoides 
that  papers  of  militaty  aMvioe^ 
witk  regular  lettert  of  mantue, 
signed  bf  tbe  govennMnt,  or  ad- 
Mral )  tlMi^,  aQ  thbae  amsdlpri* 
vateerittg  Temb,  wbieb  went  im^ 
der  the  deaomination  of  mnticbs, 
iMfflBi^  MkA  elephljnes.  The 
loea)  antitorities  stationed  on  the 
U  nds  o»  the  coast  of  Greece^ 
and  the  Gvieek  ships  of  war,  ear- 
rfiA^  regular  cotnmiaBioiiSy  wem 
.rapuied  ia  seize  att  such  vessels^ 
ted,  in  cam  of  resistanoe^  to  idiaie, 
sink,  or  bum  theou 

Thebttildi&g  of  pirames,  ck|)h-« 
tines^  and  o&er  similar  vessels 
cakiikited  for  niraCical  eniisitig, 
wa»  expressly  fobidden.  If  the 
baildets  of  these  imierdlcted  barics 
did  not  iidrthwith  abaAdon  the 
iBlBadfed  eonstf aetion  of  them^  Or 
undertook  the  bailcBng  of  aiaiy 
new  onea,  diey  were  to  be  punished 
with  fina  and  imprisoameiit.  The 
public  awthoritiea  of  the  islands 
OA  the  coast,  on  which  avichbafhs 
were  built,  were  also  to  be  pu- 
itished  witi^  a  pecuniar]^  peeah^, 
tf  thejf  did  not  preiTeat  the  con- 
sKfuetul»  of  Aem.  This  decree 
waa  pipiacip^ly  vahiaUe  as  fixing 
certain  ptai»  characters  which 
A<Miid  be  indicative  of  piracy, 
tt*d  thus  Seeing  the  naval  squa^ 
dvoDftof  forei^  powers  from  the 
difficulty  whidi  they  often  en- 
<)Oiiateied  of  Mccrtaiaing.  the 
pirate  from  the  Greek  ship  of  war. 


But  by  &r  Ae  greatest  iUk^ 
cwlty  which  the  cottndssioft  «f 
govenuoatothad  to  eacounter,  and 
the  greatest  obstacle  to  resaedying 
the  losaes  they  had  stlstatned  in 
weatem  Greece,  arose  from  tb^ 
totd  rain  of  the  finances.  Nei- 
ther discipline,  nor  constancy^ 
could  be  eitpeoted  from  troopa 
who  were  ill-clothed,  ill-fed,  and 
not  paid  at  att.  PosMised  of 
BO  resottrcea  in  themseWea,  thi^ 
Gredis  had  aheady  coaftracted 
debts  which  they  were  unable  to 
pay,  and  yel  these  debts  had  been 
contracted*  and  the  mawy  raised 
by  them  aqpeaded,  withoitt  eae 
soKlary  real  advantage  hdhKQ|( 
been  hithetto  pntehaaad  by  thettu 
On  the  return  of  lord  Cochrane 
from  estdbiiahing  independence  iH 
Peruke  waswillmg,jfor  am  ademiaita 
pCcuAiary  re^ward,  to  devote  mSBh- 
self  to  the  sameeMSto  in  Greeoe : 
and,  if  a^pMpef  na«al  force  eouM 
be  put  wv^ex  hi$  ooaamaflid,  ever^ 
thing  was  to  be  Ckpected  from  hts 
skitt,  his  galknftry,  and  hi^  k)ve 
of  oMerprise.  Certam  geadem^ 
in  London,  styling  theniaelves  the 
Gredt  Committee,  with  the  know- 
ledge and  codsetot  of  the  Gre^ 
deputies,  Messrs.  Orlando  «id 
Luriott»,  had  entered  into  an 
arrangement  with  his  lordship,  l^ 
which  a  fleet  was  to  be  crei^, 
aad  placed  under  hi»  cmttnanll. 
It  was  to  consist,  not  merely  of 
the  usual  ships  ef  war,  bat  hfes- 
wise  of  a  number  of  steam-boat#^ 
not  bithcafto  used  m  the  Levant ; 
wad  two  large  frigates  were  to  be 
buik  in  the  United  States;    tke 


onW  thing  wanting  for  the 
cuUon  of  this  plan  was  fuadk, 
precisely  the  want  which  it  was 
most  dtfiieuk  to  supply.  Early 
in  1&25,  a  loan  to  the  extant  of 
2,000>000/y  wes  negociated  in 
[2  8  23 


372]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

London,  through  the  agency  of  the  dollars,  for  our  services  in  tli« 

Messrs.  Ricardo,  of  which  it  after-  premises." 

wsurds  appeared,  that  about  one        In  tHb  mean  time,  the  eGnup- 
tenth  part  had  been  remitted  in  ment  of  the  steam  bcMits  in  Loo* 
specie  to  Greece,  where  no  satis-  don  did  not  proceed  a  whit  oKne 
factory  account  of   its  progress  successfully.    By  the  contract  for 
through  the  hands  of  the  members  equipping     them,     five    steam- 
of  government  into  whose  pos-  vessels,  within  two  months,  or  two 
session  it  came,  could  be  obtained,  months  and  a  half  at  the  latest. 
The  great  object  was,  the  equip-  from  the  17th  of  August,  1825» 
ment  of  lord   Cochrane's    fleet,  were  to  have  been  placed  at  the 
The  two  sixty-gun  frigates  were  disposal  of  lord  Cochrane,  as  com- 
to  be  built  in  the  United  States,  mander  of  the  auxiliary  maiiBe 
and  1 55,000/.  were  transmitted  to  force  in  the  service  of  Greece,  and 
new  York  to  cover  the  expenses,  his  lordship  was  engaged  to  sail 
The  superintendence  of  the  execu-  in  the  month  of  November :   fiw 
tion  of  this  naval  contract,  the  the  equipment  of  this  armameott 
building  and  equipment  of  ships  150,000/.   of  the  loan  were  set 
of  war,  was  intrusted  to  Lalle-  apart.    It  was  the  month  of  May, 
mande,an  ex-general  of  Napoleon.  1 826,  before  one  of  the  vends  was 
The  Greek  deputies  subsequently  ready  to  leave  the  Thames ;  and 
took  credit,  in  their  accounts,  for  even  then,onlyoneof  them,  the  Per- 
13,000/.  paid  to  this  person  for  severance,  was  fit  for  sea.      She 
his  services  during  twelve  months  sailed  under  the  command  of  cap- 
in  a  department  of  which  he  was,  tain  Hastings  for  the  Morea,  and 
and  must  have  been  known  to  her  machinery  turned  out  to  be 
have  been,  profoundly  ignorant ;  useless.    She  was    tossed  about 
this  the  general  denied,  declining  helplessly  in  the  MediterraneaD, 
to- answer  ^'personal  reflections,  and,  having  been  forced  almort 
and  injurious  remarks,"  and  with  to  re-construct  her  machinery  m 
this  denial  he  remained  satisfied.  Sardinia,  it  was  not  till  the  14th 
The  progress  of  the  commission  of  November,  nearly  four  osoothi 
was  what  might  have  been  ex-  after  her  departure,  that  she  was 
pected  from  the  wisdom  which  able  to  reach  Napoli  di  Romania, 
characterized  its  commencement.  The    other    steam-vesseb    were 
The  155,000/.  were  expended  in  either    in    the    state    in  which 
New- York;  and  in  return,   the  she  had  left  them,  or,  when  they 
Greeks  received,  in  the  very  end  were  tried  in  London,  in  Septon- 
of  1826,  instead  of  two  ships  of  ber  and  October,  it  was  found  that 
war,  one  frigate  of  sixty  guns  the  machinery  refused  to  woik, 
which  was  not  worth  one  htdf  of  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  tike 
the  money.    A  dispute    ensued  it  out,  and  that  the  whmwoik 
with  the  contractors ;  it  was  re-  was  to  do  again.    The  machmirt, 
ferred  to  the  decision  of  three  to  whom  the  construction  of  ^ 
American  arbitrators,    who  con-  machinery  had  been  committsd, 
firmed  the  honesty  and  fair-deal-  had  a  son  in  the  service  of  the 
ing  of  the  whole  transaction,  and  pacha  of  ^^pt  as  an  engineff; 
the  first  finding  of  whose  award  and  inquisitive  persons  could  Mt 
adjudged  to  themselves  ^*  4,500  be  prevented  from  askingi  lAit 


HISTORY   OF  EUROPE  [373 

security  would  there  be. for  the  contract  for  the  steam  boats; 
son's  beady  if  the  pacha  should  and  it  was  still  more  astounded 
leaniy  that  the  steam-boats  which  upon  learning  that,  although 
vere  defeating  his  fleets  had  been  scarcely  any  thmg  had  been  done, 
fitted  out  by  the  father  ?  In  the  the  whole  2,000,000/.,  raised  by 
mean  time^  lord  Cochrane  was  theloan^  were  disposed  of!  Nine* 
lingering,  in  vain  expectation,  about  tenths  of  this  sum  had  never  come 
die  shores  of  France  and  Italy,  into  their  hands ;  but  they  were 
Instead  of  leading  a  gallant  fleet  to  told  it  was  expended,  and  all  they 
the  assistance  of  .Greece  in  No«  had  received  in  return  were  a  sixty- 
Tember,  1825,  he  had  not  a  ship  gun  frigate,  and  a  miserable  steam- 
trader  his  command  in  Nov.  1826.  boat,  both  of  which  arrived  too 
When  the  Greek  government  late  to  be  useful,  when  punctu- 
coDsented  to  appropriate  so  large  ality  in  point  of  time  was  essential 
a  portion  of  the  loan  to  this  arma-  to  their  value.  Some  of  the 
meat,  it  made  a  great  sacrifice  at  chiefs  began  to  clamour  loudly 
tbe  moment,  but  made  it  likewise  for  an  account  of  the  manner  iii 
for  a  great  object.  If  the  terms  which  the  money  had  been  applied,^ 
(^  the  contract,  on  which  they  and  no  one  of  them  was  willing 
were  entitled  to  rely,  had  been  at  that,  where  plunder  and  peculation 
an  observed,  it  is  diflicult  to  be-  were  to  be  practised,  they  should 
lieve  that  Missolon^hi  would  have  be  practised  by  other  hands  than 
&Ilen.  The  intended  armament,  their  own.  In  the  month  of  June 
added  to  the  Greek  fleet  already  the  government  recalled  from 
on  foot,  and  led  by  an  officer  like  London  the  deputies  who  had 
lord  Cochrane,  would  have  been  managed  the  negotiation  of  the 
to  Ibrahim  a  very  diflerent  force  loan,  and  ordered  them  to  give  in 
£n)m  any  ^at  he  had  yet  encoun-  their  accounts.  M.  Spaniolacki, 
tered ;  and  the  peculiar  powers  of  another  Greek,  was  authorized  to 
steam  vessels,  enabling  them  to  examine  these  accounts,  in  con- 
€ntertheharbour,when  the  easterly  junction  with  two  respectable 
gales  blew  the  blockading  squad-  Englisk  gentlemen  ;  and  he  was 
nm  off  the  coast,  would  have  in-  instructed  to  use  the  utmost  dili- 
sured  the  garrison  against  famine,  gence  *'  from  the  present  moment. 
After  what  had  been  already  in  examining  the  accounts  and 
*diie?ed  by  the  Greek  fleet  on  eliciting  the  truth." 
niore  occasions  than  one,  there  While  the  deputies  were  pre- 
paring for  this  investigation,  a  com- 
mittee of  Inquiry  was  appointed 
nttintam  the  supremacy  at  sea ;  by  a  public  meeting  of  the  bond* 
Hnd,  in  that  case,  the  fate  of  holders  in  London.  Though  the 
Ibrahim,  dependent  as  he  entirely  committee  consisted  nominaUy  of  a 
^as  npon  Egypt  for  supplies,  was  considerable  number  of  persons,the 
sealed.  The  Greek  government,  pretended  investigation  seems  to 
therefore,  had  every  reason  to  havebeen  conducted  only  by  colonel 
complain  of  the  mismanagement  Stanhope  and  Mr.  Bowring.  Mr. 
^if  those  who  had  received,  or  had  Hume,  though  a  member  of  the 
<>Qmed  the  control  of,  this  loan,  committee,  did  not  attend  cpa  of 
^  %  cVkut  right  to  annul  the  its  meetings. 


^vas  no  extravagance  m  supposing 
that  it  might  now  acquire  and 


974]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

A  report  was  preptoed  i&lbe  ningof  1824.     The  Greek  €oei- 

name  cC  the  committee,  bat,  ia  mittee  appear  to  have  s^BCtioaed 

^t,  by  Mr.  Bowring,  Wlikh,  on  the  thearrangemeattmade  wiCkMeesn. 

2drd  of  Oeteber,  was  submitted  to  LoughBan,  Son,  and  O'Brieiii  as 

St  meeting  of  the  bond-holders,  contractors;  the  proceeds   wntt 

It  manifested  on  the  very  fttce  of  not  c<mudled  by  the  Greek  dmi- 

H  a  strong  anxiety  to   conceal  ties,  vHhont  the  sanction  of  ifr. 

SAneh  of  the  truth,  rather  than  to  ^wardEUicey  Mr.  Josej^  ttoRM, 

present  to  the  world  a  Ml  disclo-  and    Mr.   Loa^nan,  eeii.»  who 

sure  of  the  fraud  and  follv  with  were  appointed  tmsceee  t   smd  it 

which  the  Ore^  lottos  hw  been  was  stipulaied  that  die  aonieB 

eonnected:  and  yet  it  betrayed  should     be     i^nittsd    to     fear 

enough  to  excite  in  the  pubtie  other  trustees  in  Greece  (<^whoai 

Buind  strong  disgust  at  the  inoa-  three  were  Bn^isfamen^  to  watch 

Scity  and  dishonesty  of  most  i>£  over  the  pR^r  appr^^pfiatJon  sf 

Me  who  had  been  parading  on  the  same, 
the  puMic  stage  as  disinterested        The  following  was  gives  ass 

friends  of  Greece.  statement  of  the  appUcattoii  ofdie 

The  first  loan,  the  report  stated,  firit  loan  t — 
was  contnu!ted  for  in  the  begin* 

£.        9.  4, 

Intent • f)0,000    0  0 

CommissiOQ  on  loan,*  and  shipments  to  Greece  ....  825,746    9  % 

Sinking  Fund 16,000     0  0 

Specie  sent  Vb  Greece 998,726  It  9  | 

Stores  sent  to  Greece    10,063    6  6  I 

Bilb  drawn  from  Greece 3,856  15  0 

Expenses  of  Agents,  9ic 1,027  15  10 

Loan  of  Lord  Byron,  and  interest  repaid 4,683    6  8  ; 

Fre%hts  and  Passages  paid 1,624  15  11 

Mr.  Orlando,  fbr  10,000/.  Bonds 5,900    0  0 

Individual  Expenses  of  the  Deputation    5,045    0  0  ' 

Advertisements  and  Solioiton' Mis 140    0  0 

Balance  paid  to  Messrs.  Ricardo  and  Ralli 27,501    0    0 

'  i 

■      ■  ! 

f. 480,3 17  11  8 
What  those  shtpmenU  were,  that  the  whole  of  the  first  kaa, 
which  were  represented  as  amount-  though  placed  under  the  guard- 
ing to  pearly  200,000/. ;  how  the  ianship  of  Mr.  EHice  and  Mr. 
298,000/.  was  remitted  in  specie  Hume,  had  disappeared  wMieet 
to  Greece— on  these  and  similar  producing  even  the  sembhmoe  of 
topics  the  report  gave  no  inforaia-  benefit  to  Greece, 
tion.    All  that   was  known  was  The  report  did  not  deal  quite 

•  It  waa  sfterward.  discovered  tha|  ^  genUy  with  the  sej^  has : 

thU  commiBsioo  (so  curiously  blended  ^"®  management  of  wlileli  tm 

m  one  item  with  Bhipmenta  to  Greece)  been   in   Other  hattdi.      Its  ■§« 

amouoted  to  iio  Ism   than   SMOOA  minal  amount    was    a,000,08W. 

sHo«rM|  aomiiia^ly  to  UMglaMMi  snd  Co.|     .terlin^   which  had  beea  MM  tl 
but  who  in  their  turn  piUd  1I,000A  to     •^™5>  ^nicn  naa  oeni  «Mia 

Bowiip^.  55  per   ce&ti   jm   wita 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  |Bt5 

tti8«r«M for tM ]f«ift    ..«w...........^......\  900,^0    t)  0 

Zixmadsmm* .*....«>.«..  tH,000    f)  0 

irotDsraga ^ to  Mr.  BouM  .............>....  4,800    0  O 

SiiikmgF>Hi4 ^.. tO,000    6  0 

$pecw  tefil to  GMece  ;*. .......>..  18^,401  14  4 

BiUsdrawtiAtMni  Greece  ..^ %.«...% «^...  33,713    S  6 

$«ores  Mat  to  Greece  .«..«.....,.  ^ 5&,T32  19  6 

Baqpesaes  of  A^^etitt 12,297  16  <6 

Pr6ig«MaiidPa»8&g^patd... *     999    9  6 

Set  aside  ftMr  4i  projected  Expedition 160,000    0  0 

Paid  IbrFrigaies bv^ing to  Aifierica............  150,990    5  0 

250,0001.  Bobde  oflBt  Loan  putchased .113,183^    0  0 

Sent  to Cotonel  Oordoa ..»..  15,108     1  6 

Doe  by  Mr.  Orlando,  as  per  his  accoHttt     5^039    9  11 

Due  fov  Mr.  Luriotib,  aa  pet  ditto 4,652  1 1  0 

Indiviaual  Expenses  of  the  Deputation 6,716  19  8 

Lo8$  on  Exchequer  Mis,  and  on  Money  Sent    to 

Marseilles  and  returned 411  1^  0 

Ditia  by  Failure  of  Mr.  Mavrocordato !^,696    5  3 

Penalty  to  Mr.  Conlostavlos,  for  the  tton-Miiliftent 

of  a  Contract  for  Ouus 1,000    0  0 

Paid  to  Mr.  Graham  for  MUitary  Stores,  hot  sent,  on 

account  of  the  Proclamation. 9,000    0  0 

Sent  for  the  relief  of  Missolonghi     3,350    0  0 

Arms  and  Clothing  Sent  from  Paris  to  Greece 10,893    5  6 

Paid  to  Captain  AliauUs  and  his  Crew v.  915    0  0 

Adteniaemenu  aud  Solicitor's  Bills  > 110  10  0 

Asaiataace  and  Charity  to  Poor  Greeks  in  London  . .  S05    0  0 


The  detection  of  the  gross  tnis- 
application  of  a  sum,  which,  if 
employed  with  common  sense  or 
common  honesty,  would  have 
ensured  the  liberation  of  Greece, 
led  to  squabbles  among  the  indi- 
viduals who  had  been  accessory 
to  the  mismanagement  of  the 
money:  and  these  squabbles  led 
to  mutual  accusations  little  honour- 
able to  the    parties    concerned. 

*  Of  this  commission,  it  was  suited 
tbat  Mr.  EUice  bad  received  14,000/. 
Mr.  Easthope,  10,000/. ;  Messrs.  Lloyd 
and  Co.  6,500/. ;  the  deputies  7^5001, ; 


Oilando,  Lurbtjtis  and  Spanrd- 
lacki  (deputies  or  agents  of  the 
Greeks),  Hume,  Ellice)  Bowring, 
and  Messrs.  Ricardo,  filled  the 
newspapers  with  letters  of  pallia- 
tion or  recrimination.  We  shall 
not  descend  into  the  details  of  the 
petty  meanness  and  manoeuvring, 
which  the  correspondence  unveiled 
to  the  public :  but  two  or  three  in- 
stances may  be  given  of  the  mode 
in  which  the  agents  and  trustees 
of  Greece  dealt  with  her  money. 
In  the  first  loan,  Mr.  Hume  had 
assigned  to  him  10,000/.  stock, 
at  the  rate  of  59/.  per  hundred, 


376]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


the  original  price  at  which  the 
contract  was  made.  Some  time 
afterwards,  the  bonds  having  fallen 
.to  16  per  cent  discount,  Mr. 
Hume  became  alarmed,  and  applied 
to  the  deputies  and  contractors  to 
relieve  him  from  his  loss.  The 
deputies  at  first  refused,  intimating 
that,  if  the  stock  had  risen,  Mr. 
Hume  would  not  have  parted  with 
the  profit.  He,  however,  insisted  on 
his  demand ;  he  was  powerful,  for 
he  had  a  control  over  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  loan ;  and  at  length  the 
deputies  consented  to  take  the  stock 
ott  his  hands  at  the  rate  of  13  per 
cent  discount.  Thus  Mr.  Hume 
lost  only  1 ,300/.  instead  of  1 ,600/. ; 
and  the  loss  of  the  300/.  was  gra- 
tuitously thrown  upon  Greece. 
Some  time  afterwards  Greek  stock 
rose  above  par ;  and  Mr.  Hume 
made  strenuous  and  persevering 
applications  to  have  Uie  1,300/. 
returned  to  him.  The  request 
excited  considerable  surprise,  but, 
from  an  unwillingness  to  disoblige 
80  ardent  and  faithful  a  friend  of 
the  Greek  cause,  this  sum  was 
also  given  to  him.  Still  Mr.  Hume 
was  not  satisfied.  He  discovered 
that  the  interest  on  the  1,300/., 
from  the  date  when  the  con- 
tractors took  his  stock  from  him 
at  1 3  per  cent  discount  to  the  date 
when  they  made  him  apresentof  the 


1,300/.,  would  amount  to  54/. 
accordingly  applied  also  for 
sum  of54/.  and  received  it.  In 
manner  Mr.  Bowringtook  25,< 
of  stock  at  the  original  pike 
59/.percent.  The  stock  fell,  and 
being  unable  to  pay  his  insi 
made  vehement  remonstrani 
coupled  with  representations 
his  services  to  the  Greek 
to  induce  the  deputies  to  mi 
Greece  bear  the  loss  m 
upon  his  speculation.  H 
seconded  hisentreaties;  and, 
by  menaces  and  partly  by  pe^1 
suasion,  the  deputies  were  pnH 
vailed  upon  to  commit  a  breach  of 
trust  and  to  take  back  the  stock  at 
the  rate  of  10  per  cent  diacooot 
The  stock  having  subsequently 
risen  to  a  premium,  Mr.  Bov- 
ring  applied  to  have  the  stock  re- 
turned to  him.  The  answer  to 
his  request  was  (and  the  answ^ 
was  supported  by  the  production  of 
his  own  hand-writing)  that  he  bad 
sold  the  stock  to  the  deputies.  He 
declared  that  he  had  forgotten  or 
misunderstood  the  circumstance; 
Mr.  Hume  again  interfered  io  Ui 
behalf:  and  the  deputies  paid  him 
back  2,500/.,  to  which  he  had  so 
right,  and  which  was  so  much 
money  abstracted  from  the  fundi 
p(  Greece. 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [377 


CHAP.   XIV. 

TsB  Ukited  SrATEA^^Negoiiaiums  mih  Britain  regarding  the  Coh^ 
mat  Trade-^^ovTU  America — War  between  Brazil  and  Buenos 
Aifres — Constitution  cf  J?razt^— States  of  the  Rio  db  j:<a  Plata 
--Colombia — Revolt  in  Venezuela — Venezuela  declares  itself  Inde^ 
pendent — Return  of .  Bolivar-^Non^payment  of  the  Dividends  on  the 
Vebt — Laws  concerning  the  Public  Debt.-^MBiaco — Financep^^ 
Negotiations  with  the  Fope — Guatemala — Internal  Disseniions. 
— Pebu — Surrender  of  CaUao — The  National  Representatives 
refuse  to  meet — Consmracy  against  Bolivar '■^  He  is  chosen 
President  for  Life — llis  departure — Finances — Bolivia  re* 
caves  a  Constitution  from  Bolivar — Chili — Chiloe  conquered^^ 
Insurrection  in  Chiloe  in  favour  of  OHiggins — Confusion  in  the 
Gooemment'^The  Supreme  Director  resigns — Non-paymefU  of  the 
Dividends  on  the  Pubuc  De^/.— Conobess  of  Panama. 

DURINGthis  year,  the  United  led,  by  ill  health,  to  decline  the 
States  lost  two  of  their  ex-  invitation  to  attend  its  celebration 
presidents,  Mr.  Jefferson  and  in  Washington ;  and,  before  sun- 
Mr.  Adams,  who  were  besides  set,  they  had  both  breathed  their 
two  of  the  only  three  survivors  of  last,  having  witnessed  their  coun- 
the  members  of  Congress,  who,  try  rising,  during  half  a  century, 
in  1776,  signed  the  Declara-  to  power  and  wealth,  under  the 
tioQ  of  American  Independence,  government  inlaying  whose  found- 
It  was  thought  a  coincidence  ations  they  had  borne  so  large  a 
worthy  of  being  remarked,  that  share.  Their  whole  lives  had 
they  both  expired  on  the  same  been  spent  in  the  public  service ; 
<iay,  and  that  day,  the  4th  of  they  had  filled  the  highest  oflBces 
Joiy,  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  in  the  state  at  home,  and  conducted 
the  issuing  of  the  Declaration  its  diplomacy  abroad, 
which  ma&  America  an  inde*  The  revenues  still  continued  to 
pendent  nation.  They  heard  the  be  more  than  equal  to  the  expeU'* 
WMmd  of  the  beUs  and  the  salutes  diture ;  and,  in  the  budget  of  the 
which  ushered  in  the  political  year,  they  were  estimated  as  foU 
festival ;  both  had  been  compel*  lows :  The  revenue 

From  Customs 24,000,000  00  dollars 

From  the  public  lands 1,000,000  00 

From  Bank  dividends    385,000  00 

From  miscellaneous  and  incidental 

receipts 1 15,000  00 

25,500,000  OQ 

The  expenditure  of  the  year  was  estimated  as  follows : 

Civil,  miscellaneous^  and  diploipatiQ.  •    2^32,454  ^ 


376]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

Military  service,  including  fortifica- 
tions, ordnance,  Indian  department, 
revolutionary  and  military  pensions, 
arming  the  militia,  and  arrearages 
prior  to  the  1st  of  January,  1817  . .     5^525,662  55 

Naval  service,  including  the  gradual 
increase  of  the  navy  .  • 3,026,612  81 

PoblicdAt    , 10,000,000  00 


20,684,750  03 


Which  would  leave  io  the  Treasury  on 
the  3 1st  December,  1826,  after  satis- 
fying all  the  demands  of  that  year,  a 
surplus  estimated  at  #•••.•« 


4,915,269  93 


The  United  States  were  more 
interested  than  any  other  country 
in  the  progress  of  the  new  South 
American  republics.  Geographi- 
cal situation,  as  well  as  similarity 
of  political  institutions,  drew  them 
towards  each  other,  and  promised 
to  the  former  peculiar  advantages 
for  the  establishment  and  exten- 
sion of  a  most  lucrative  commerce. 
The  general  Congress  which  the 
South  American  republics  pro« 
posed  to  hold  at  Panama,  held 
out  to  the  United  States  an  op- 
portunity of  forming  with  them 
a  connection  exclusive  of  all  Eu- 
ropean influence,  which  would 
make  North  America,  in  some 
measure,  a  member  of  their  own 
body^  and  secure  to  it  preferences 
and  a  preponderance,  to  which 
European  powei-s,  who  took  no 
part  in  the  deliberations  of  the 
assembled  representatives  of  the 
American  continent,could  not  hope 
to  aspire.  On  the  other  hand,  in  such 
an  assembly  of  political  bodies, 
who  had  just  thrown  oflf  the  su- 
premacy of  the  mother  country, 
whom  the  mother  country  still 
treated  as  rebels,  and  whose  inde- 
potidence  was  far  from  having 
been  universally  and  checrftilly 
recognized  by  theJBuropean  courts, 


it  was  more   than  probable  that 
measures  might  be  propoaed,  and 
resolutions  adopted,  to  which  the 
United  States  could  not  become 
parties  without  injuring  their  re- 
lations with  Europe,,  or,    at  all 
events,  with  Spain.    T6  Americs, 
the  recognition  by  Spain  of  the 
independence  of  her  coUmies  vis 
of  much  d6q>er  interest  than  to 
the  powers  of  Europe ;  their  rsk- 
tions  with   these  colonies  vosU 
be  only  commercial  and  dipto- 
matic ;  but  America  would  nsti* 
rally  foriQ  with  them  a  muoh  men 
intimate  political  union,  diiect«l 
exclusively  to  American  oljaeli; 
and   some    American   atatesnei 
were  already  speaking  of  prevfist- 
ing  Europe  from  *'  coloniiittg  M7 
part  of  America*"  *  Hence  sroK 
the  urgency  with  which  the  VtJid 
States  were  usin^  all  their  iait' 
ence  in  the  cabmets  of  Emopt, 
and  particularly  that  of  R«sn% 
to  procure  from  Spain  a  fixmil 
acknowledgment  of  an  indepen- 
dence whicn  hsul  been  established 
irreversibly  de  ^actOp  and  heoce 
arose  their  hesitation  to  become 
at  once  members  of  this  Ampbjc- 
tionic  council.    From  thftniQae&< 
it  was  projected,  Mexico  and  Co- 
bad  expmaed  ^Mtf  ^ 


HISTORY  09  EUROPE,  |:379 

that  the  Unitdd  States  should  be  the  difibent  partieA   on   fle¥«nd 
repiedeated  at  the  proposed  Con-  raateml  points ;  that  H  threal^ned 
grew  f   elating,  at  the  same  time,  to  compromise  the  neutrality  of 
that  ihey  did  not  desire  the  latter  the  United  States;  and  that  some 
to   depart  fh>m  their  neutrality,  of  the  proposed  subjects  of  de- 
er expect  them  to  tidce  part  m  liberation  would  be  better  setded 
suck  of  the  deliberations  as  might  in  separate  neg6tiations  with  the 
re^aM  the  prosecution  of  the  ex-  indindual  states,  than  in  a  con- 
istu^  war  with  Spain.     T6  this  ference  with  all.   They,  therefore, 
•ia^tatioti^   the  executiTe  of  the  recommended  a  resolution,  <<that 
United  IBtales  answ^ed,  that  such  it  is  inexp^ient  tot  the  United 
a  Congress  as  ¥ms  contemplated  States  to  send  any  minister  to  the 
might  be  highly  useful  in  settling  Congress  of  Panama."     On  the 
seifend    important  and  disputed  other  hand,  the  committee  of  the 
qu^rtfons  of  public  law,  in  arrang-  House  of  Representatites,  recom- 
ing  matters  of  deep  interest  to  mended  a  resolution.  ''That,  in 
the   whole    American   continent,  the  opinion  of  the  House,  it  is 
and  in  strengthening  the  ties  of  expedient  ur appropriate  the  funds 
friendship  and  mutual  good-will  necessary  to  enable  the  president 
amonjg  the  American  powers ;  but  of  the  United  States  to  send  mt- 
that  It  would  be  expedient  first  to  nisters  to  the  Congress  of  Panama.'' 
adjust  among  the  states,  of  whose  This  recommendation  they  justi- 
repreaentations  it  was  intended  to  fied  by  the  consideration,    that, 
be   composed,   such   preliminary  as  the  subjects  on  which  (he  Con- 
points  as   its    organisation — the  giess  was  to  deliberate  were  of 
nature  and  form  of  the  diplomatic  primary  importance  to  the  coun- 
agents  who  were  to  compose  it—  try,  the  measure,  instead  of  being 
and  the  topics  to  which  their  at^-  prejudicial  to  public  interests,  was 
tention  was  to  be  directed,      ff  of  the  most  obvious  political  expe- 
Uiese    matters  were  arranged  to  diency  s  that,  as  it  was  stipulated 
the    satisfaction    of    the    United  that  Uie  neutrality  of  the  United 
States,  it  was  the  opinion  of  the  States  should  not  be  brought  into 
president  that  they  ought  to  be  hazard,  all  apprehensions  of  be« 
represented   at  Panama,    where  coming    involved    in   entangling 
the  Congress  vras  intended  to  be  alliances    were    unfounded,    and 
held.     These  preliminary  points  the  Congress  would  be  regarded, 
having  been  settled,  the  executive  in   so   fkr  as  the  United  States 
named  its  representatives  to  the  were  concerned,  as  being  purely 
Congress ;  but  considerable  diiTer-  a   consultative    assembly.     This 
ence  of  opinion  as  to  the  pro-  opinion  prevailed,  and  the  neces^ 
priety  of  the  measure,  prevailed  in  sary  sums  were  voted  for  the  ex* 
the  legislative  bodies.  IntheSenate  pensesofthe  mission,  the  ministefa 
as  well  as  in  the  House  of  Repre-  having  been  already  named  by  the 
sentatives,  the  question  was  sent  to  president, 
a  committee  on  foreign  relations.  By  an  act  of  parliament  passed 
The  committee  of  the  Senate  ob-  in  182^,  the  trade  with  the  Bri- 
Jeeted   to    the  measure,   on  the  tish    West-Indian    Colonies   had 
ipound  that  there  was  stOl  a  want  been  partially  opened  to  Amevkia. 
^  Aonatutene^  of  j^nion  among  That    statute    permitted  eertala 


380]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1826. 

enumerated  articles  to  be  import-  with  those  of  any  other  the  most 
ed  into, certain  specified  ports  in  favoured  nation,  but  until  '^  proof 
the   colonies,   from    any  foreign  should  be  given  to  the  satisfaction 
country  in  America  or  the  West  of  the  president  of  the  Unit^ 
Indies,   in  British  vessels,  or  in  States,  that  no  other  or  higher 
vessels  of  such   foreign  country  duties  of  tonnage  or  impost,  and 
indiscriminately ;  it  also  allowed  no  other  charges  of  any  kind,  axe 
the  articles  so  imported,  to  be  ex-  exacted    in  me  British   colonial 
ported  to  any  other  colony,  or  to  ports  on  the  vesseb  of  the  United 
the  United  Kingdom.    Although  States,  and  upon  any  goods,  wares, 
this  privilege  extended,  in  words,  or  merchandize,  therein  imported 
to  all  the  coimtries  of  America,  from    the  United    States,    than 
it  was,  in  reality,  an  exclusive  upon  British  vessels  entering^  the 
benefit  conferred  upon  the  United  same  ports,and  upon  the  like  goods. 
States;  for  the  new  South  Ameri-  wares,  and  merchandize,  imported 
can  States   had  as  yet  nothing  in  such  vessels  from  dsewh^ie." 
which  could  deserve  the  name  of  By  another  clause,  which  provided, 
a  commercial  marine.    It  was  a  that  no  British  ship,  entering  an 
benefit,  too,  which  the  United  States  American  port  from  the  United 
could  never  have  demanded  as  a  Kingdom,  or  from  any  other  Bri- 
right,  and  which,  in  point  of  fact,  tish  possession,   except   directly 
had  not  been  conceded  to  any  from    the    West-India    colonies, 
European  power.     They  laid  hold  should  be  allowed  to  clear  frcNn 
of  the  trade  which  was  thus  open  any  port  of  the  United  States  for 
to  them ;  but,  instead  of  meeting  any  of  these  colonies,  an  interdict 
the   relaxation    which  had  been  was  laid  upon  any  trade  being 
made  in  their    favour,    in    any  carried  on  between  the  mother- 
friendly  spirit,  they  immediately  country  and  her  colonies,  through 
burthened   British    vessels    with  the    United    States.      At    first, 
higher  duties,  and  set  up  claims  the  British  government  misappre- 
to  the  colonial    markets    which  bended  the  import  of  the  words 
were  unheard  of  among  indepen-  '^  from  elsewhere  ;*'  conceiving  it 
dent  powers.     In  the  session  of  to  mean  only  foreign  countries. 
Congress    which     followed    the  and  never    supposing    that    the 
passing  of  the. act  of  1822,  they  United  States  could  intend  to  set 
made  a  law,  imposing  upon  British  up  so  extravagant  a  pretension  as 
vessels  coming    from  the  West  that  of  being  admitted  on  the 
Indies,  an  alien  duty  of  94  cents  same  terms  widithemother-country 
per  ton,  and  an  additional  duty  into  the  markets  of  her  own  coki- 
of  10  per  cent  upon  their  cargoes,  nies.  However,  after  several  official 
To  this    enactment,    sufficiently  notes  had  been  interchanged  be- 
nnfair  and  ungracious   in   itself,  tween  the  British  envoy  at  Wash- 
they  superadded  a  provision,  that  ington,  and  the  American  secre- 
these  alien  duties  should  continue  tary  of  state,  it  was  ascertained 
in  force,    not    until  their  ships  that  such  was  the  concession  re- 
should  be  admitted  into  the  colo-  quired  by  the  act  of  Congress  ai 
nies  on  the  same  terms  with  Bri-  the  condition   of  removing    the 
tiih  ships,  and  their  produce  and  additional  alien  duties   imposed 
i^erchandize  on  the  same  terms  on  the  tonnage  and  cargoes  nf 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [381 

Bntofa  TQMels  trading  from  the  cles)  being  the  growth  or  produce 
West-India  islands  to  the  United  of  the  countrv  to  which  such  ves* 
Stitei.    To  concede  such  a  claim,  selg  belonged,  and  to  export  the 
and  thus  procure  the  recal  of  the  produce  of  the  colonies  to  any 
tbtksy    was     impossible ;     and  country,  except  the  United  King-t 
Britain    met    them,    by  laying  dom,  and  its  d^ndencies — ^thus 
coontarailing   duties    upon  the  opening  to  foreigners  the  ctoying 
toiuuige  and  canoes  of  American  trade  from  our  colonies  to  all  the 
i^asek  oitenng  the  colonial  bar-  world,  except  the  mother  country. 
boon.    She  might,  under  the  act  This  measure  was  justly  and  pro- 
of ld22,  have  interdicted  all  in-  perly  limited  by  certain  conditions, 
tercourse,    in  the  circumstances  intended  to  secure  a  return  of 
^"iiicb  had  arisen,   between  her  benefits  from  those  who  were  to 
coloiies  and  the  United  States ;  gain  by  it.    It  was  provided,  that 
kt  die  adopted  a  milder  expe-  it  should  be  lawful  for  his  majesty 
^eol  of  retaliation,  both  from  a  to  prohibit  the  intercourse  between 
^>e   that    the     latter     would  the  colonies,  and  any  country  in 
^persevere  in  their  pretensions  Europe,  having  possessions  in  Ame- 
vben  they  came  to  understand  rica  or  the  West-Indies,  which  did 
tiwr  extravagant  nature,  and  be-  not  confer  on  our  ships  the  like  pri- 
cause  a  full  opportunity  of  ex-  vileges  with  those  which  we,  by  that 
plaining  them  would  be  afforded  act,  granted  to  foreign  ships :  and, 
^  the  course  of  the  negotiations  by  a  subsequent  act  of  the  same 
i^etweei    the    two    governments  session  (6th    Geo.  4th  c.  114., 
which  it  was  intended  to  open.  s.  4)  it  was  declared,  that  the  pri- 
Thesenegotiations,  however, which  vileges  of   intercourse  with    our 
coffloienced    at  Ix)ndon  in    the  colonies  should  not  be  enjoyed  by 
spring  of  1824,  had  not  led,  in  so  the  ships  of  countries  not  having 
&  as  this  matter  was  concerned,  colonial  possessions,  which  did  not 
to  any  satisfactory  result ;    the  place  our  commerce  on  the  foot- 
I'nited  States  being  so  far  from  mg  of  the  most  favoured  nation, 
giving  up  their   demands,    that  unless  his  majesty  should  deem  it 
their  envoy,  Mr.  Rush,  declared  expedient,  by  an  order  in  council, 
<^  proposal  to  be  inadmissible  to  make  an    exception  in  their 
w^  was  not  accompanied  with  favour.    The  act  of  parliament 
^  concession  of  rights  equal  to  passed  in  July,  1825,  but  was  not 
ti^08eofthemothercountry,required  to  come  into  operation  till  the  5th 
^  the  American  act  of  Congress,  of  January,  1826.     The  United 
In  the  mean  time,   the  more  States  had  thus  sufficient  time  to 
liberal  principles  which  had  been  consider,  whether  or  not  they  would 
'i^aced  into   the  commercial  repeal  their  discriminating  duties 
P^  of    Great    Britain,    had  upon  British  vessels,   place  this 
^^pcned  the  mariLets  of  her  colo-  country  on  the  same  footing  with 
^o  to  all  the  world,  as  well  as  to  the  most  favoured  nations,  and 
Anjcrica.      In  1825,   an  act  of  withdraw  their  absurd  pretensions 
P^'hament  was  passed,   allowing  to  equality  with  the  mother-coun- 
Joieigii  v^sels  to  import  into  her  try  herself,  or  sacrifice  their  trade 
cokmiei  any  commodities  (with  the  with  the  colonies  by  insisting  on 
^>^<3^tioQ  ^  a  few  prohibited  arti«  these  pretensions^  cmd  retaining 


3«2]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


4m  aUeit  unpeM  vpon   Brhkli   J«ly  ^f  tUi  ym,  dM  cdloMl 


doggMk  teponkJ  eonoeMi^  of  ofdef  in  ocwncfl,  to  be  Ami  ^yriiif 

tb«  trod*  Mbdd  by  tbis  country  AmerieMi  foaith  tftir  tho  Ist  of 

to  Amcriefty   in  1822,  bad  been  Deoembey  earaiag.    Tbe  Biiiiib 

^fof^ssedly   imde    tbe     leunda-  govemmeBt  wooMbavebeeB  joi* 

tkn  of  dbe  act  of  Coegvess  of  tified  in  exchxbng  them  iwiniti 

Itta ;  bat  by  tbe  act  of  1825  9Ukjy  and  nitboot  any  iMfe  ape* 

tbeaeraitnctioM  were  done  away;  dfic    notice  tbaa   waa  fftvev  by 

and,  if  th«  Uniled  States  were  tbe  law  itself;    espeiewiy  m  k 

redly  deaiiotte  of  eitabli^ing  hi  bad  not  eooMi  iado  operation  tfl 

eomaMioe  ibat  fteedom  and  rect-  tbe  e<p^  ef   firfe  montba  aJWr 

piocityy  of  wbicb^  in  tbeiv  dipio>-  its  enactment,  and  bad  aifcndy 

nartic  decnHieivts,  tbey  professed  been  tbe  siriiject  of  eon>i<ein<iMi 

to  be  die  most  hberal  adheient^  boeb  to  di»  govemiMHt  sohI  is 

■otiring  remained  to  jastiiy  tbe  tke    kgisla^re    of    ibe  '  Unitdl 

ecmtnMnace  of  bnutattoae  which  States.    Fromtbe5thof  Janwssy, 

even  engmaHy  were  ibmided  on  1826,  when  tbe  operatioa  of  tibe 

aafwarfanftaUe  pretensicms.    Tbe  act  comsnenced,  Aamricaai  vwnis 

United  States,  bowever^  did  not  ooghty  in  stvfetnessy  to  bam  been 

dnak  propel  to -accept  of  tbe  move  exduded;   but   ae;,  in  pmnt  el 

Uhasal  offer  wbicb  was  vow  made  fael,  diey  bad  stiii  been  acbsitlcd, 

19^601,  ahboHgb  to  retain  tbe  it  wne  mmgbt  dae,  perfanp%  to 

afie»  duties  impeded  in  182d,  and  die  eonftevy  to  be  expnctad  frsm 

to  elasm  Um  a«biissiett  of  her  {nt>-  one  fnea<%  nation  towmrdt  aB> 

inee  oo  the  some  terms  witb  that  other,  to  giee  tbe  United  Staeee  a 

el  tbe  motber*€oimtr^,  was  in  feet  new  warnuig,  a  proK>gated  penod, 

to  demand  every  thing  of  Oreat  an  aditilionBl  oppoftnnitv  ol  be^ 

Biitaittr  and  to  give  nothing  m  coming  jnst  and  leasonoble,    Tbe 

return.  They  veftned  to  abate  any  American   gotevmnent   now  fek 

thing  of  what  was  ieqnired  by  that  the  difficukies  in  which  they  bad 

act  of  congress,  an  obetiaacy  ob^  invdved  diemeelves;   tbeir  trade 

viaHB^   moH    unreasOnabte   and  with  tbe  cokmies  was  a4  as  tmd^ 

»t^  and  which  couid  have  no  wad  yet  they  were  nnahle  to 


ether  vesak  than  a  prohibition  of    cover  any  ftiasihli?    pretonce   fcr 
tbaintercodrse  which  they  refined    having  refused  to  vetain  it  open 


to  accept  on  the  same  terms  widi  coaditiDmr  actually  much  moivfinr 

the  rest  ol  tbe  wovld,  and  on  which  and  beneficial  dian  die  terineanea 

atone  it   could   fairly  be   asked«  whichdmv  had  hitherto  eajeyed  it. 

So  fer  was  congress  from  being  They  reemiied  to  siAmit  the  whole 

ineiined   to   repeal  or  relax  the  matter  to  congsese  in  its  ensuing 

restrictioas   in^oeed  by  its    act  session,  that  l:^y  hairio|p  alseady, 

ef  1B23,  that,  during  the  present  daring  the  present  year,  in  ml 

<ession>  when  that  assenaUy  had  hnowledge  of  die  adt  of  1825^ 

fuU   knowledge    of    die    act  of  refused  every  pi<q>ostd  to  madiiy 

padioment  ef    1825,    a    mo^n  or  idxdish  the  lanitations  ol  their 

for  the  repeal  of  the  discriminating  act  of  1823;  and  dm 

dttties  wan  rejected  after  debate,  secretary  of  state,  and  dmif 

Tbft  canseiiMnoe  wa^  that>  ia  ter  at  Londoa^  ia  dm 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [m 

MM  which  diej  wew  nov  com*  Aintrican  ministers  might  now  he 

fAd    to  make    to  the   British  convinced  of  the  absurdity  and 

mcnuiieBt,  complained  at  great  extravagance  of  their  demands^ 

Rigt]i,a9diQ08t  queruloasly,  that  and   be  willing  to  recede   from 

the  latter  fAioM  have  reflated  them,  but  they  cotdd  not  recede  : 

the  trade  by  an  act  of  parfaament,  these  demands  had  been  made  by 

■Btead  of  renewii^  those  nego-  congress,  and  fixed  by  the  law : 

bi^aotm  fm  arranging  it  by  treaty  itwas  congress  that  had  to  recede  ; 

windi  had  been  be^n  in  1824.  and,  so  far  horn  showing  any  dis- 

Thii  was  a  strange  complaint  in  position  to  do  so,  it  had,  in  diis 

Ibemoiidiof  agove^nnenty  which  very  year»  refused  to  listen  tt  a 

note  dtaa  three  years  before  had  propel  for  rej^ealiag  those  dis- 

KtoaBy  r^;alatea  this  very  trade  criminating  duties  which  its  loi* 

bj  an  act  oC  congress  which  ren-  nistera  said^  in  the  iDstructioas  ta 

doed  it  impossrole  for  them  to  their  en^oy  at  Londoxi,  they,  for 

B9|06iate;  an  act,  moreover,  on  their  parts,  were  willing  to  see 

nplictt  compliance  with  everyone  abolished  on  both  sides**     In  the 

«l  whose  requisitions^  their  envoy  cakn  and  reasonable,  but  decided 

bd  insisted  as  a  preliminary  to  language  of  Mr.  Caiuaing  to  the 

se^SPtiationy  while  this  demanded  American  envoy,  ''  It  is  not  made 

coDf&mce  was    both   hnpndent  matter  of  complaint^  by  the  British 

nd  abnudy  and  an  absolute  bar  apovernment,.  that  1^  United  States 

m  the  way  of  any  treaty  about  the  have  decUuied  conditions,  whjcb 

natter,    it  was  the  United  States  other  nations  h%ve  thought  wocthy 

tbenarfves  who  had  shut  the  door  of  their  acceptonce^     It  is  on  Ae 

a§aBut  treaty ;   diey  had  done»  other  hand,  not  the  fanit  of  tlam 

miy  after  bemg  mams  fbOy  aware  British  government^  if  the  United 

of  its  eomeqnences,    they  per-  States  have  sujQG^ed  the  time  ta 

KV€ied  in,  an  act  which  had  ren-  pass  by,,  at  which  it  might  have 

fa<ed  negotiation  nt^atory ;   an  been  an  object  of  greater  import- 

Kt  by  wbi^  her  executive  was  ance  to  this  country  to  induce  the 

hnmiff  and  its  hands  tied  up.  United  States  to  come  into  their 

%ir  public  ftmeliottaries  were  proposals.     The    Unit^    States 

Aot  at  liberty  to  exercise  their  exercised,  upon  this  point,  a  free 

own  discretion ;  the  law  had  pre-  judgment,  and  they  can,  on  their 

snibed  e  preliminary  requisite  as  part,  have  no  reason  to  complain 

ajtue^aiion  in  any  arrangement;  Uiat  Great  Britain,  after  allowing 

tl»t  leottbite  was  one  to  which  ample    time    for    maturing   that 

l^cidieruteat  Britain,  nor  any  other  judgment,  is  contented  to  abide 

ot^^joident  nation,  could  listen  the  result  of  their  decisioiK    But 

Ibr  a  moment,  and  which  no  coun-  the  Britisli    government    further 

tcybot  the  United  Staves  had  ever  owes  to  the   spirit  of  frankness 

^d  the  coolness  ta  propose ;  and'  which  it  wishes  to  cultivate  in  all 

it  wmiM  have  been  a  mockery,  un-  its    relations    with    the     United 

worthy  of  the  cUgnity  of  tlie  British  States,  to  declare,  thafc,  after  hav- 

Sv^ernment,  to  tieat  with  the  ex-  ing  been  compelled  to  apply  to 

'wtive  power  of  America  upon  a — 

^  lAich  the  supreme  authority  .  ^r.  chy'«  tnstructioiw  tt)  Wfr.  GaU 
^  the  latter  fisavowed;      The    latin,  19tb  Junei  1826. 


384]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

any  country  the  interdict,    pre-  endeavouring  to  seduce  coazrtrie 
scribed  by  the  act  of  1825,  the  from  the  nations  to  whicb    thq 
British  government  cannot  hold  belonged,  so  that  the  republican 
itself  bound  to  remove  the  inter-  government  was  thus  under  tlM 
diet,  as  a  matter  of  course,  when-  painful  necessity  of  allowinj^  **  tlw 
ever  it  may  happen  to  suit  the  lamentable  practice"  of  privateer- 
convenience  of  tne  foreign  govern-  ing  against  the  ships  of  a  powei 
ment  to  reconsider  th^  measures  with  which  it  was  at  open  war  ! 
by  which  the  application  of  that  The  executive  issued,  at  the  same 
interdict  was  occasioned."*  time,  a  manifesto,  intended  as  a 
_    ^      ,    .       .        ,  proclamation  of  war,  but  which 
In  South  Amenca,  the  progress  did  not  set  forth  any  ground  ot 
of  evente    was   far    from  being  quarrel,  was  full  of  dedamatioii, 
favourable    to    the    consolidation  ^buse,  and  bravado,  and  incited 
and  tranquillity  of  the  new  govern-  ^^    Brazilians   to  rebellioo,    by 
mcnts.      The   imprudent  contest  calling  upon  them  to  follow  the 
into  which    Buenos    Ayres    had  example  of  Buenos  Ayres.      In 
entered   against  Brazil,    for  the  ^his  document,  the  emperor  was 
possession  of  the  Banda  Oriental,  chaiged  with  having  usurped  a 
assumed  a  more  distinct  character  principal  part  of  the  territory  of 
in  appearance,  without,  however,  the  republic  "  in  the  most  worth- 
leading  to  any  important  result,  i^^  ^nd  infamous  manner  recorded 
while  It  injured  commerce,  and  i^  history,"  with  having  laid  up<a 
laid  burthens  upon  the  national  i^g  citizens   a  tyranny,   cmd  in 
resources  which  they  were  little  itself,  and  exercised  by  vile  and 
able  to  bear.     On  the  last  day  of  contemptible    instruments;    with 
1825,  admiral  Lobo,  who  com-  having  united,  in  order  to  invade 
xnanded  the  Brazilian  squadron  Jt^  « whatever  elements  be  could 
in  the   Plata,    declared    Buenos  tear  from  his  unhappy  vassals^  to 
Ayresitself,  as  well  as  all  the  ports  draw  vengeance,  desolation^  and 
and  coaste  of  the  republic  occu-  death,  upoa  its  territory."    The 
pied  by  its  troops,  to  be  in  a  state  repubUcan  hatred  of  royalty,  and 
of  blockade ;    and  he   prepared  of  European  royalty,  flamed  forth 
with  his  fleet  to  enforce  it  against  in    the    concluding    invocatioa: 
the  capital,  allowing  foreign  ves-  «  Brave  men,  who  have  given  in- 
sels  fourteen  days  in  which  to  dependence  to  your  country,  tike 
load    and  take  their  departure,  down  your  swords:  A  king,  bom  on 
This  step  was  immediately  fbl-  the  other  side  of  the  seas,  insultsoar 
lowed,  on  the  2nd  of  January,  by  repose,  and  threatens  the  honour 
a  decree  of  the  executive  govern-  of  our  children.    To  arms  I  M- 
ment  of  Buenos  Ayres,  for  issuing  bw-citizens,  to  arms  !"    In  the 
letters    of   marque  and  reprisal  fory    of    their   indignation^   the 
against  the  emperor  of  Brazil— a  patrioU  of   the  Plata  seemed  to 
decree  in  which  his  majesty  was  forget  that,  to  whichever  party  in 
accused  of  having  rejected    all  this  unfortunate  contest,  Moote 
means  of  hostility  recognized  as  video  and  ite  territory  ought  to 
legitimate  by  the  rights  of  war,  in  be  adjudged  upon  a  historical  de- 

•  Mr.  Canning  to  Mr.  GaUaUn,  llth  Auction,  yet  Don  Pedro  h^  ben 

September,  1826  the  party  attacked,  when  he  was 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [385 

in  fail  possession  of  the  territory ;  found  more,  than  sufficient  occu- 

tbat    the    Monte-Videans     had  pation  in  alone  watching  Buenos 

possessed,  and  had  exercised  the  Ayres.     In  the  month  of  January, 

same  right  with  themselvesy  to  rise  nine  foreign  vessels,  in  spite  of  the 

in  rerolt  against  the  authority  of  blockading  squadron,  entered  the 

Spain,  and,  in  the  course  of  the  harbour,   some  of  them  passing 

ccQtest,  had  submitted  to  Brazil,  to  within  gun-shot  of  the  Brazilian 

vbomthey  had  since  been  subject ;  fleet,  and  under  the  protection  of 

that  if  Buenos  Ayres  claimed  the  a  greatly  inferior  force.     It  cer- 

Btnda  Oriental,  because  it  hadonce  tainly  would  have  been  difficult 

fonned  part  of  the  vice-royalty  of  to  point  out  a  more  unequivocal 

U  Plata,  the  same  principle  would  example  of  an  imaginary  block- 

justify  a  war  against  raraguay,  ade  ;  and  the  American  function- 

aod  those   provinces    of  Upper  ary  protested  against  it "  as  being. 

Pan  which  had  been  just  formied  in  its  general  character,  as  well  as 

into  the  new  republic  of  Bolivia —  in  its  practical  operation,  stamped 

for  all  of  these  provinces  had  once  with  ii^efficiency ;  supported  by  a 

Wonged  to  the  vice-royalty;  that,  naval  power  wholly  ^incompetent 

at  all  events,  there  was  no  stronger  to  enforce  it,  and  therefore  illegal ; 

reason  forgoin^to  war  in  1825  than  prostrating  neutral    rights,    and 

ia  any  precedmg  year ;  and  that  therefore  wholly  inadmissible  on 

it  vas  most  imprudent  to  engage  the  part  of  the  government  of  the 

in  rach  a  contest  without  due  pre-  United    States."      The    protest, 

puEtion,  and  without  even  the  however,was  disregarded,  aiid  the 

^neans  of  securing  the  command  of  Brazilian  vessels  of  war,  cruising 

therirer.  about    the  mouth  of   the    bay, 

The  principal  mischief  of  the  although  they  could  not  shut  up 

i>ioekade  was,    the    interruption  its  harboiu*s,    produced  a    total 

^hich  it  gave  to  trade,  and  even  suspension    of   business   in    the 

thatwas  only  partial,  so  inefficient  capital,  while  all  descriptions  of 

*as  the  small  force  of  the  Bra-  provisions,  and  of>  foreign  imports 

olianadmira].  The  length  to  which  rose  one  half  in  price.    The  stag^ 

^  had  carried  the  right  of  block-  nation  of  trade  at  once  cut  off  the 

^  compared  with  the    paltry  ordinary  sources  of  the  public 

i^^eant  which  he  possessed  to  en-  revenue,  and  disabled  the  people 

force  it,  drew  firom  the  Amen-  from  meeting  the  burthen  of  ex- 

<^  consul  a  strong  remonstrance  traordinary  imposts. 

>g^inst  such  a  violation  of  "  one  The  republican  fleet  was  much 

^  the  fundamental  rules  of  the  weaker  than  even  that  of  Brazil ; 

^w  of  blockade,  as  professed  and  it  consisted  of  two  brigs  of  war 

pi^tised  by  the  government  of  and  eleven  gun  boats;  and  the 

Reunited  States."  Admiral  Lobo's  unimportant  actions  which  took 

^laration  of  blockade  embraced  place  between  these  flotillas  were 

^  extent   of  maritime  coast  of  merely  skirmishes,  by  which  no- 

^^^ott   than    twenty    degrees   of  thing  was  effected  on  either  side, 

latitude;  and  the  maritime  force  The     republican    squadron    was 

ployed  to  enforce  it  amounted  under  the  command  of  commodore 

^0  a  corvette,  a  couple  of  armed  Brown,  who  hoisted  his  flag,  on 

^np,  and  some  gun-boats^  which  board  one  of  the  brigs  on  the  14th 

Vox.  LXVIU.  t8  C] 


386]     ANNUAL   RBGlSTER,    1826. 

of  January^  with  (ke  dmga  of  eDterUiiied  do  doabi   bit   tbM 

tUackiDg  tiie  enemy,  cleariag  the  they  would  enjoy  tlie  vi$m  of  % 

nfer,  aodeven  riiuittDg  up  i^mi*  Mvid  batUe,  wb^  tbe  Bnzilmi 

ral  LobOy  with  his  •tiperior  foree,  adnuralagaio  put  about  aad  with* 

in  the  harbour  of  Monte  Video,  drew*    On  the*  9th  of  February, 

On  the  15th,  the  aquadron  got  commodoie  Brown  agaia  left  w 

under  weigh  for  the   tsland  of  anchorage  to  attack  them,  aud» 

Martin  Garcia,  tituatad  where  the  on  bit  approach,  they  retired  up 

Uruguayjoinf  the  Plata,  which  the  the  river.    He  followed  them  fee 

BraziUainshad  taken  poiaeasionof,  withm  about  three  leagues  of  Co^ 

and  had  fortified  with  a  batory  of  ionia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 

fourteen  guns,  and  a  garrison  of  Plata,  and,  having  come  up  with 

two  hundred  men;  but,  before  they  thenirfirad  a  broadside,  which 


had  proceeded  &r,  the  Bra»liaa  iminediately  fetumed  by  Labo^ 
squaaroD,  cottMsting  of  three  cor-  wbo,  with  another  corvette,  lay  on 
vettes,  three  achoooersy  three  gun-  each  side  of  Brown,  and  continued 
boats,  and  a  cutter,  came  in  sight  the  engagement  for  about  an  hour. 
Notwithstanding  the  enemy's  su-  During  all  this  time,  Browu  auf- 
perioiity  in  point  of  forcci  admiral  foied  aeverdy,  his  own  bn^  keep- 
Brown  bore  down  upon  him  as  iog  out  of  tm  wav  a  conswierahle 
soon  as  he  got  in  sight  of  the  city,  distance  to  loewarcL  Fiadiogthis, 
Tbt  beach  was  lined  with  speota*  he  s^  sail  and  came  in  sight  ef 
tofSi  and  many  volunteers  put  off  Buenos  Ayras,  where  be  waaagaia 
in  boats  to  join  the  patriot  sc^uad*  obliged  to  cmne  to  action,  and 
ron.  An  acticm  seemed  inevitable,  mistained  e  nmningfightfor  thme 
llie  two  patriot  brigs,  togietber  hours.  The  Brazilian  sqimdron 
with  a  gun-boat,  were  dosing  with  then  stood  down  the  river  to  vefit, 
two  of  the  Brazilians,  whils  the  and  the  Buenos  Ayras  squadros^ 
remaining  gun«boats  were  dosing  having  saved  the  gun-boats,  ra- 
with  tbt  Brazilian  admiral's  diip,  turned  into  the  outer  roads  for  the 
the  rest  of  the  Brazilian  force  same  purpose.  In  other  ei^;a^ 
being  near  at  hand.  At  the  mo*  meats  of  the  same  indeciane 
sMnt  when  they  had  got  within  character  which  took  place  daring 


half-gun  diot,  and  thecommeace-  Uie  summer,  the  rqpiiblican 

meat  of  the  action  was  looked  for,  mender  had  reason  tooom^ainof 

admiral  Lobo  tacked,  and  stood  the   same   backwardness  in  his 

off,  the  remainder  of  his  squadron  oonsorts,  which,  on  this  occasion, 

firfiowing  him  in  his  retreat*    The  had  left  him  almost  unsupported 

piAriot  squadron  chased  them  for  to  sustain  the  enemy's  fire.    On 

a riiort distance,  and thfini,ratttm-  the  19thof  October  begot  under 

iog,  took  a  new  position*    The  weigh,  having  given  ordioa  to  the 


Braxiliaas  continued  their  oourse  commandem  ot*  the  odier 

doarn  the  river  for  some  time,  but  to  follow  him  for  the  purpose  of 

having  united  their  force,  they  passing  tbe  Brazilian  squadron; 

again  returned,    having   formed  trnt,  after  they  bad.paaasa  Uie  bar 

themselves  in  two  divisions.    In  of  the  harbour  in  safety,  and  had 

an  bo«r»  the  two  squadrons  were  every  probability  of  accoroplishiiy 

again   within  gun-shot  of  each  their  design,  the  other  veaseb  of 

otber^  and  the  muUitade  on  abo»  the  Ae^  lift  the  adouial  to  pun 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[387 


cded  alone»  and,  with  one  excep- 
tioDy  retiuiied  to  their  former 
ppiitions.  It  was  not  easy  to 
oivine  whether  such  miscondact 
proceeded  from  dislike  andjealousY 
<^  a  (breign  commanderi  or  regard 
to  their  own  personal  safety.  The 
Brazilian  fleet  had  been  put  under 
a  new  leader,  Norton,  but  he  was 
neither  more  enterprising,  nor 
more  successful  than  his  prede- 
cessor Lobo.  Though  much  supe- 
rior in  numbers,  and  in  weight  of 
metal,  be  ventured  nothing  more 
serious  than  the  bravado  of  ap- 
proaching the  town,  and  uniformly 
retiring  when  the  republican 
squadron  drew  near. 

In  the  beginning  of  June,  while 
great  part  of  the  republican 
squadron  were  on  the  opposite 
coast,  to  which  they  had  convoyed 
a  reinforcement  ot  troops  undis- 
turbed, he  af^roached  the  re- 
mainder lyipg  at  anchor  near  the 
town.  Witnout  leaving  their 
anchora^  they  opened  their  fire 
upon  him,  and  he  retired  to  a 
safer  distance.  They  weiehed 
anchor,  and  stood  out  after  nim^ 
and  a  distant  cannonade  was  k^t 
up,  till  night  separated  the  parties, 
while,  in  the  mean  time,  the  de- 
tachment from  the  republican 
squsdron^  having  safely  landed 
their  troops  on  the  BandaOriental, 
had  returned  in  safety,  under  the 
very  eyes  of  the  Brazilian  fleet, 
which,  with  all  its  numerical 
superioritVy  had  been  unable,  or 
rather  dia  not  attempt,  to  stop 
Ikeir  passage. 

To  increase  its  maritime  force, 
the  gov0cnment  had  purchased  the 
Qaval  armament  of  Chili,  whidi 
that  republic  was  willing  to  sd], 
aud  admiral  Brown  proceeded^ 
the  coast,  over  land,  to  take  we 
caniavid  of  it;  but unexpecled 


difficulties  intervened;  and  the 
ships  were  not  readv  for  the  voyage 
round  Cape  Horn  tal  the  following 
year.  The  privateers  of  Buenos 
Ayres  made  several  captures.  Mi- 
litary operations  had  oeen  almost 
suspended,  since  the  defeat  sus- 
tained by  the  Brazilians  in  tho 
neighbourhood  of  Monte  Video,  in 
the  preceding  October.  That  town 
still  continu^  to  be  invested  by  the 
republican  army,  but  was  defended 
by  a  garrison  of  three  thousand 
troops,  and  was  r^^arly  and 
abundantly  supplied  with  provi- 
sions. Inferiority  in  point  of 
numbers  constrained  the  republi- 
cans to  remain  in  inactivity,  but 
the  government,  notwithstanding 
its  financial  difficulties,  made  sreat 
exertions,  towards  the  end  of  th^ 
year,  to  augment  the  invading 
army,  and  send  it  across  the  Negro. 
The  plan  was^  to  ad:ack  the 
Brazilian  provinces  of  Bio  Grand^^ 
and  San  Pau19»  to  which  they 
were  invited  by  the  spirit  of  dis- 
afiection  which  prevailed  in  these 
provinces,  partidularly  in  the  lat- 
ter ;  the  appeamnce  of  republican 
invaders  was  to  call  forth  insur- 
nsctiom  Considering  that  Don 
Pedro's  throne  in  Brazil  was  yet 
scarcely  established ;  that,  evjen  in 
time  of  peace,  all  his  neighbour- 
ing states  presented  a  powerful 
seduction  to  his  subjects  in  their 
republican  forms  of  government, 
and  could  entertain  omy  one  com- 
mon wish  to  see  royaUy,  as  well 
from  opinion  as  for  the  safety  of 
their  own  institution^^  rooted  out 
from  the  American  continent ;  it 
was  extreme  imprudence  in  the 
cabinet  of  Rio  Janeiro  to  provoke 
a  war  which  increased  tenfold  their 
means  of  exciting  discontents  and 
enabled  them,  at  the  same  time, 
to  take  advantage  of  it  with  a  good 
1:2  C  83 


388]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


grace.  The  war,  at  least,  once 
begun,  ought  to  have  been  prose- 
cuted with  energy,  and  not  con- 
ducted by  indecisive  skirmishes ; 
every  month  it  lasted  increased  to 
the  emperor  its  politicaF dangers; 
success  alone  could  deprive  it  of 
its  sting. 

At  home,  the  emperor  of  Brazil 
was  amusing  his  subjects  with  the 
re-production  of  a  liberal  consti- 
tution, two  years  old,  and  the  pa- 
geant of  assembling  the  represen- 
tative legislative  body.  In  No- 
vember, 1 823,  he  had  dissolved  the 
legislative  assembly  as  it  then  ex- 
isted; he  had  promised,  at  the 
same  time,  to  prepare,  without 
delay,  a  more  liberal  constitution ; 
and,  accordingly,  in  December  he 
had  given  for&  the  plan  of  a  con- 
stitution, to  be  submitted  for  dis- 
cussion to  a  general  national  and 
constitutional  assembly.  This 
document,  being  officially  pub- 
lished, was  considered  by  the  Bra- 
zilians as  perfectly  satisfactory ; 
and  the  citizens  of  all  the  towns 
in  the  empire,  beginning  with  the 
capital,  expressed  their  approba- 
tion of  it.  Books  were  opened  in 
which  every  body  was  invited  to 
inscribe  his  assent  or  dissent; 
the  assent  was  nearly  unanimous ; 
the  books,  crowded  with  signa- 
tures, were  sent  to  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
The  emperor  considered  this  as  a 
formal  assent  of  the  nation  to  the 
constitution  which  he  had  pre- 
pared, and  it  was  accordingly  pro- 
mulgated as  such,  without  losing 
time  by  calling  a  constitutionsd 
assembly  to  discuss  it.  The  em- 
peror himself  took  the  oath  to  ob- 
serve it  on  the  26th  of  March, 
1824,  declaring  that  he  complied 
with  the  wish  of  his  people  assem- 
bled in  Camaras,  that  is,  the  mu- 

picipal  councils  of  the  difierent 


towns  and  districts  of  the  empire. 
It  was  now  again  formally  pro* 
mulgated,  and  orders  issued  for 
the  meeting  of  the  first  national 
assembly  to  be  convoked  under  it. 
By  this  constitution,  the  go- 
vernment of  Brazil  was  declared 
to  be  ''  monarchical,  hereditary, 
constitutional,  and  representative;* 
the  crown  to  descend  through  the 
posterity  of  Don  Pedro,  the  first 
of  its  emperors,  accordine  to  the 
right  of  primogeniture,  Uie  first 
line  of  issue  being  always  prefer- 
able to  any  subsequent  line,  the 
next  degree  to  the  more  remote  of 
each  line,  and  the  elder  person  to 
the  younger  of  each  sex.  All 
strangers  were  declared  incapable 
of  succession ;  the  husband  of  a 
princess,  who  might  be  heiress  pre- 
sumptive, was  to  be  selected  by  the 
reigning  emperor,  or,  in  event  of 
his  death,  the  choice  waste  be 
approved  of  by  the  legislative  body ; 
the  husband  was  to  take  no  part  m 
the  government,  nor  assume  tne  title 
of  emperor,  until  the  empress  should 
have  become  a  mother — a  rule  bor- 
rowed from  the  ancient  customs 
of  Portugal.  It  was  declared  to 
be  the  prerogative  of  the  crown  to 
appoint  all  public  functionaries, 
civil,  naval,  and  military ;  to  sp- 
point  all  bishops,  and  provide  fit 
persons  for  ecclesiastical  benefices ; 
to  declare  war,  or  conclude  peace, 
making  to  the  national  assembly, 
in  the  former  case,  such  domma- 
nications  as  might  be  compatible 
with  the  interest  of  the  state ;  to 
form  treaties  of  alliance,  defensive 
or  offensive,  obtaining,  however, 
the  sanction  of  the  legislature,  as 
indispensable  to  the  validity  of  any 
treaty  entered  into  during  time  (m 
peace,  which  might  stipulate  for 
the  cession  or  exchange  of  any 

part  of  the  territories  iodudea 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [389 

it,  or  bdonging  to,  the  empire ;  were  entitled  to  take  their  seats 
to  distribate  titles^  honours^  and  at  25)y  possess  an  annual  income 
pensions,  the  last,  when  not  al-  of  800  milreas  (200/.)  arismg  from 
ready  fixed  by  law,  being  always  property,  trade,  a  profession,  or 
submitted  for  approval  to  the  as-  an  office ;  and,  above  all,  that 
wnbly;  to  confirm,  or  reject,  the  they  should  be  persons  "of  pru- 
decrees  of  cooncib,  and  other  ec-  dence  experience,  and  virtue," — 
destastical  bodies,  before  present*  one  of  those  requirements  on  which 
mg  them,  in  the  case  of  approval,  all  the  value  (k  a  constitution  de- 
and  of  their  relating  to  general  pends,  but  which  is  in  no  degree 
a&iis,  for  the  sanction  of  the  le-  aided  by  being  fairly  set  down  in 
fnkture ;  and  to  maintain,  along  a  paper  constitution.  It  was  made 
with  the  indivisibility  of  the  em-  the  exclusive  duty  of  this  body  to 
pire,  and  the  purity  of  the  consti-  take  cognizance  of  all  offences 
tntjon,  the  apostolic  Roman  Ca-  committed  by  members  of  the  im- 
tholic  religion.  The  emperor,  perial  family,  ministers  and  coun- 
iK^werer,  was  not  invested  with  an  sellors  of  state,  senators  and  de- 
ibsohte  legislative  veto.  If  both  puties  during  the  period  of  their 
dambers  of  the  national  assembly  legislative  existence ;  in  other 
^Wd  pass  a  law,  he  had  the  words,  to  try  impeachments.  The 
pover  of  refusing  his  sanction  to  mode  of  election  of  the  chamber 
it  once;  and,  if  this  prerogative  of  deputies  was  indirect;  provincial 
vere  exercised,  the  chambers,  who  assemblies,  or  colleges,  choosing 
i»d  met  with  the  refusal,  were  provincial  delegates,  and  these 
to  answer,  "  The  chambers  com-  again  electing  the  deputies  of  the 
noid  bis  majesty  for  the  interest  province  in  a  certain  proportion 
which  he  takes  in  the  nation;''  to  its  population.  The  elective 
but,  if  two  successive  legislatures  franchise  was  vested  in  all  citizens^ 
tboold  approve  of  the  law,  and  twenty-five  years  of  age,  possess- 
present  it  for  his  adoption  in  the  ing  an  income  of  an  hundred  miU 
Mme  terms,  it  was  to  be  "  under-  reas  (251,),  except  servants,  monks, 
rtood^that  the  emperor  granted  and  the  regular  clei^;  but  the 
lui  sanction.  qualification  for  a  provincial  elector 
The  legislative  body  was  formed  was  fixed  at  two  hundred  milreas 
of  the  Senate  and  the  Chamber  of  (SOL),  and  the  qualification  which 
theDeputies,  both  of  them  elective,  should  entitle  the  possessor  to  be 
hat  elective  for  different  periods,  elected  a  deputy,  at  double^  that 
The  members  of  the  senate,  once  sum  ;  one  hsJf  of  the  qualification 
<^hosen,  were  to  retain  their  offices  required  in  a  senator.  The  cham- 
fer life ;  their  number  from  each  ber  was  to  be  renewed  every  four 
provmce  was  to  be  equal  to  one  years ;  and  was  to  enjoy  the  ex- 
^f  of  the  number  of  deputies  elusive  privilege  of  originating  all 
hm  that  province,  unless  a  laws  relating  to  taxes,  the  raising 
proWnce  should  have  only  one  of  men  and  the  selection  of  a  new 
^uty,  in  which  case  it  was  like-  dynasty  for  the  throne  whenever 
vve  to  have  one  whole  senator,  a  reigning  one  should  become 
It  was  required  that   the  sena-  extinct. 

ton  should  be  at  least  forty  years  These  two  bodies  formed  the 

^  (except  imperial  princes,  who  National  Assembly,  which  was  to 


390]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


meet  every  year  on  the  2ud  of 
May,  the  sesBion  to  continue  for 
four  months.  Its  most  important 
powers  were,  to  fix  the  annual  ex- 
penditure, ajid  the  amount  of  di- 
rect taxation;  to  determine^  on 
reports  presented  by  govemmenty 
tM  extent  of  the  naval  and  mili- 
tary force  to  be  maintamed;  to 
regulate  the  administration,  and 
disposal,  of  the  national  property  ; 
to  create  or  suppress  pubuc  offices ; 
to  give,  or  renue,  its  sanction  to 
the  introduction  of  foreign  forces, 
naval  or  military,  into  the  interior, 
or  the  harbours,  of  the  empire.  Its 
menibers  were  to  receive  wages  for 
their  legislative  services;  they 
were  not  to  be  answerable  for  any 
opinion  which  they  might  express ; 
their  persons  were  declared  exempt 
from  arrest;  and,  if  any  action 
should  be  brought  against  a  legis* 
lator,  the  judge  before  whom  it 
might  come  was  to  intimate  the 
circumstance  to  the  chamber  of 
which  the  defendant  was  a  mem- 
ber, that  it  might  decide  whether 
or  not  he  ought  to  be  suspended 
from  hm  functions. 

In  relation  to  the  administra- 
tion of  justice,  the  constitution 
introduced  juries,  declared  the 
judges  to  be  irremoveable,  and  gave 
a  right  of  popular  action  against 
them  for  subornation,  corrup- 
tion, peculation,  and  extortion — 
a  provision  which,  unless  guarded 
by  very  strict  practical  restraints, 
threatened  to  render  the  office  of 
a  iudge  no  object  of  envy ;  for,  of 
all  mai,  disappointed  litigants 
are  most  apt  to  accuse  their 
judges  of  corrupt  motives,  and 
deceive  themselves  into  a  belief 
that  their  suspicions  are  correct 
This  charter,  likewise,  contained 
within  itself  a  species  of  habeas 
corpus  act.     Every  person  arrest- 


ed was  to  receive  within  twenty* 
four  hours  after  he  had  been  sent 
to  prison,  a  voitten  note  from  the 
magistrate  by  whom  he  had  been 
committed,  setting  forth  the  cause 
of  his  imprisonment,  the  names  of 
his  accusers,  and  the  names  of 
the  witnesses  a£;ainst  him,  so  (ax 
as  they  might  then  be  known.  In 
all  cases  in  which  the  punishment 
could  not  be  higher  than  six 
months  imprisonment,  or 
ment  from  the  arroi 
the  accused  person  was  to  be  al- 
lowed to  remain  at  large ;  in  all 
other  cases,  bail  was  to  be  taken, 
except  in  militar]^  offences,  or  im- 
prisonment for  debt,  or  contempt 
of  court.  The  liberty  of  the 
press,  without  a  censorship,  was 
established,  writers  and  publishers 
being  made  responsible  m  a  court 
of  law. 

One  of  the  most  striking  fea- 
tures of  this  constitution  was,  the 
provision  which  it  made  for  ffivii^ 
the  great  body  of  the  popiuatioB 
a  direct  influence  in  the  local  ad- 
ministration of  the  provinces.  In 
every  province  there  was  to  be  a 
provincial  council,  consisting  of 
twenty-one  members  in  the  more 
populous  provinces,  and  of  twelve 
m  the  less  populous,  chosen  at 
the  same  time,  and  in  the  same 
manner,  with  die  deputies  to  the 
national  assembly,  enduring  for 
the  same  period,  and  holding  an- 
nually a  session  of  two  months 
continuance.  It  was  the  business 
of  these  councils  to  discuss,  and 
deliberate  upon,  all  matters  touch- 
ing the  interest  of  their  particular 
districts,  and,  if  they  shcmld  think 
proper,  to  transmit  their  resolu- 
tions to  Che  emperor,  that  they 
might  be  enforced  by  his  authority, 
if  be  saw  reason  to  adopt  them, 
or  be  proposed  to  the  national 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE. 


[391 


lembly  aa  prqfeU  de  lot.  These 
constituted  political  bodies  eyi- 
dentiy  might  have  become  very 
embarrassing  companions  to  the 
general  g^vemment,  if  they  had 
been  allowed  to  extend  their  con- 
stitutional powers  beyond  the 
sphere  of  merely  local  interests; 
and  they  were,  therefore,  pro- 
hibited from  introducing  the  gene- 
ral affairs  of  the  nation  among 
matters  of  discussion  which  mi^t 
arise  between  different  provinces, 
taxes,  or  the  execution  of  the 
laws. 

The  National  Assembly  met  on 
the  6th  of  May.  Its  delibera- 
tions were  almost  entirely  of  a 
preparatory  nature.  Both  cham- 
bers unanimously  passed  an  act, 
recognizing  the  eldest  son  of  the 
emperor,  fiam  in  October,  1825, 
as  successor  to  his  father,  a  cere- 
mony which  the  constitution  re- 
quired to  be  performed  by  the 
assembly  during  its  first  session 
after  the  birth  of  an  heir  apparent. 
The  emperor  prorogued  them  on 
the  6th  of  September. 

The  emperor  thought  it  his  in- 
terest to  accede  to  the  congress 
of  republics  which  was  to  be  as- 
sembled at  Panama,  although 
probably  with  the  design  of 
watching  and  impeding  its  motions 
rather  than  of  cordially  seconding 
its  resolutions ;  and,  at  the  same 
time,  he  maintained  most  amicable 
relations  with  his  singular  neigh- 
bour doctor  Francia,  Dictator 
of  Paraguay,  and  the  enemy  of 
all  the  republics.  Brazil  and 
Paraguay  were  natural  allies 
tgainst  Buenos  Ayres.  Paraguay 
1)^  formed  part  of  the  vice-royal- 
ty of  the  river  Plate ;  it  had  been 
Copied  by  the  Spaniards  almost 
fore  aiw  other  province  of  the 
vice-royalty;  ana  the  descend- 


ants of  the  Spttiish  settlers  fbmed 
a  consideraue  population,  among 
whom  the  spirit  of  pronnoialism 
prevailed  in  a  hi^er  degree  than 
even  in  any  other  part  of  South 
America.    Partly  from  itm  eir- 
cnmstance  —  pardy   from    their 
sedaded  and  mland  situation-^ 
and  partly  from  the  raeonsiderahle 
progress  which  tiiey  had  made  in 
any  species  of  iraproveueiit  or 
indostry, — the  Paraguayiiis  war* 
little  affected  by  the  convultiooa 
of    the    surrounding    countries. 
Shortly  after  Buenos  Ayres  had  as- 
serted its  independ^ce,  the  junta 
of  that  state  demitohed  a  foree 
under  general  Belgrave,  to  expel 
the  Spanish  authorities  from  ra- 
raguay.    The  Paraguayans,  how- 
ever, supported  the  Spanish  go- 
vernor,   and  the  invaders  were 
defeated.    In  the  following  year, 
the    inhabitants    of   Assumptioii 
deposed  the  governor,  and  estab- 
lished a  junta,  which  refused  to 
acknowledge    the    authority   of 
Buenos  Ayres,  or  to  have  any 
political   connections    with    that 
neighbour.    Under  these  circum- 
stances it  was  that  Francia,  who 
was  an  advocate  by  profession, 
contrived  to  raise  hunself  to  su^ 
preme  power,  by  means  of  his 
great    family    connections    with 
many  of  die  principal  landed  pro- 
prietors.   His  system  of  policy 
was,  to  prevent,  as  far  as  possiMe, 
any  intercourse  with  foreign  eoon- 
tries ;  thereby  at  once  confirming 
his  own  power,  and  flattering  the 
prejudice   of  the  Paraguayans, 
who  conceive  themselvea  to  be  a 
chosen  race,  superior  to  the  rest 
of  mankind.     So  pertinaciouidy 
did  he  adhere  to  tfiis  non-inter- 
course system,  that  a  foreigner 
who  was  found  within  the  limits 
of  Paraguay  was  seldom  permitted 


3921    ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1826. 


to  quit  it  at  his  pleasure.  He 
applied  himself  sedulously  to  the 
improvement  of  his  military  forces, 
and  was  a  determined  enemy  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  who  looked  upon 
Paraguay  as  part  of  their  own 
possessions,  and  on  Francia  as  a 
rebel,  or  at  least  an  usurper. 
Nothing  but  want  of  force  had 
hitherto  prevented  the  arms  of 
the  confederation  from  being 
turned-  against  the  dictator ;  and 
the  dictator,  therefore,  found  it 
to  be  his  interest  to  draw  closer 
to  so  powerful  an  ally  as  the 
emperor  of  Brazil.  Bonpland, 
the  French  naturalist,  had  been 
detained  for  several  years  at  As- 
sumption, the  ordinary  fate  of 
scientific  travellers  who  impru- 
dently trusted  theitiselves  m  the 
power  of  Francia ;  for  such  per- 
sons he  uniformly  detained,  from 
no  other  apparent  motive  than  to 
keep  the  rest  of  the  world  in 
Ignorance. of  the  state  of  his  own 
sovereignty.  Don  Pedro  took 
advantage  of  an  application  which 
he  made  for  the  liberation  of 
Bonpland,  to  open  a  negotiation 
with  the  supreme  director,  and  ex- 
pressed his  willingness  to  guarantee 
to  him  the  province  which  he  had  so 
long  governed.  Francia  replied  that 
he  had  envoys  in  Europe  treating 
with  the  Spanish  government, 
and  he  would  introduce  no 
change  till  their  mission  was 
ended;  but,  if  Spain  refused  to 
receive  .his  commissioners,  he 
would  then  treat  with  Brazil,  and 
send  M.  Bonpland  to  Rio  Janeiro 
as  his  plenipotentiary. 

In  the  united  provinces  of  the 
river  Plate,  Rivadavia  was  again 
elected  President,  almost  unani- 
mously, and  found  himself  at  the 
head  of  a  government,  involved  in 
the  most  embarrassing  financial 


difficulties.  No  greater  error  had 
yet  been  committed  by  the  united 
provinces  than  the  hurrying  into 
an  expensive  war,  without  any 
urgent  necessity,  at  a  moment 
when  their  Treasury  was  in  no 
condition  to  bear  the  burthen  of  a 
costly  and  protracted  struggle. 
The  means,  too,  adopted  by  the 
government  to  supply  its  wants, 
and  maintain  its  credit,  were  to 
the  full  as  bold  and  uncalculating 
as  had  been  its  attack  upon  Brazil. 
The  Congress  had  lately  estab- 
lished a  national  bank,  and  it 
now  enacted,  that,  for  the  two 
following  years,  the  bank  should 
not  pay  its  notes  in  cash,  except 
during  the  last  six  months  of  the 
year  following  the  date  of  the  law, 
to  the  amount  of  one-third  of  the 
notes  in  circulation ;  during  the 
next  six  months,  to  the  amount  of 
one-half  of  its  circulation ;  during 
the  last  six  months  of  the  second 
year,  to  the  amount  of  two-thirds 
of  its  circulation ;  and,  even  to  the 
partial  extent  in  which  payments 
m  specie  might  be  required,  they 
were  to  be  made  only  in  ingots 
of  the  value  of  a  thousand  dollars, 
and  of  five  hundred  dollars.  At 
the  same  time,  it  was  decreed, 
that  the  notes  should  be  current 
for  their  nominal  value  throughout 
the  whole  of  the  territory  of  the 
republic.  This  was  a  new  ex- 
periment in  finance;  it  was  the 
first  time  that  the  world  had  seen 
the  establishment  of  a  national 
bank,  followed  almost  inmiediately 
by  a  declaration  of  its  inability  to 
meet  its  engagements,  and  by  a 
suspension  of  cash  payments.  It 
added  not  a  little  to  the  sineu- 
larity  of  the  tiansaction,  that  Uiis 
forced  circulation  of  paper  money 
should  have  occurred  in  the  very 
region  of  gold  and  silvery  and  in 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[393 


a  state  whose  very  name,  in  some 
measure,  connects  it  with  metallic 
wealth.      Another    extraordinary 
circumstance  was,  that,  in  this 
state  of  affairs  with  a  newly  estab- 
lished bank    unable    to    pay  in 
specie,  and  its  notes  enormously 
depreciated,  its  sanguine  contriv- 
ers gravely  talked  of  establishing 
branch  banks  in  the  different  pro- 
vinces,   and    expatiated  on    the 
benefits  which  would  accrue  from 
the  wide  circulation  of  this  depre- 
ciated paper  money.     The  public 
sanction   thus  given  to   such  a 
currency  tended  only  to  involve 
the  government  in  further  pecu- 
niary difficulties.     As  the  notes 
of  the  bank  were  to  be  receiv- 
ed,   in    payment    of    taxes,    at 
their  nominal    value,     the    real 
amount  of  the  revenue  was  dimin- 
ished in  proportion  to  their  de- 
preciation;   and  it  was  scarcely 
m  a  season  of  difficulty  like  that 
which    now    existed,    when    the 
sources  of  revenue,  such  as  they 
might  be,  were  all  deranged  by 
war,  that  Congress  would  venture 
to  impose  new  burthens  to  supply 
the  deficiency,  or  that  the  ex- 
ecutive could  have  means  of  com-< 
pelling  the  payment  of  them.     On 
the  other  hand,  many  of  the  ex- 
penses of  the  government  were  of 
a  kind  in  which  the  notes  of  its 
bank  could  be  of  no  use.     British 
and  American  merchants  would 
not  accept  them  in  payment  of 
naval   and    military  stores,    nor 
would  they  be  taken  in  London  in 
discharge  of  the  interest  of  the 
debt  of  Buenos  Ayres.     In  such 
a  state  of  things  the  confederation 
could  hold  out  little  hope  of  being 
able  to  meet  even  the  necessary 
charges  of  its  own  internal  ad- 
ministration, much    less  to  pro- 
vide for  the  expenses  of  a  pro- 


tracted war  with  Brazil.  The 
annual  expense  of  the  war  depart- 
ment alone  threatened  to  be 
ruinous ;  the  Customs,  in  cqpse- 
quence  of  the  blockade,  had  be- 
come utterly  unproductive ;  specie 
had  disappeared ;  dollars  were 
procured  from  the  interior,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  remittances  -to 
Europe,  at  a  premium  of  forty 
per  cent.  The  paper  of  the  bank 
was  the  only  circulating  medium ; 
and  the  government  had  ruined 
the  character  of  that  paper  by  its 
own  deliberate  act. 

A  spirit  of  disunion  among  the 
states  which  compose  it,  and  a 
jealousy  of  Buenos  Aj^s,  were 
two  of  the  greatest  disadvantages 
that  the  confederation  of  the  Rio 
de  la  Plata  had  to  struggle  with. 
The  latter  disposition  could  not  be 
allayed  by  an  act  passed  during  this 
session  of  congress,  declaring  Bue- 
nos Ayres  the  capital  of  the  repub- 
lic, an  empty  honour  which  might 
have  been  formally  assumed  at  a 
more  favourable  opportunity,  while 
her  situation,  her  wealth,  and  her 
strength  would  have  sufficiently 
secured  the  natural  influence  of 
the  province.  The  spirit  of  dis- 
union which  threatened  to  make 
the  states  burst  the  bond  of  con- 
federation  in  which  they  were 
imited,  and  deprive  the  general 
government  of  every  thing  but  the 
shadow  of  efficient  controlling 
power,  was  manifested  in  the 
inability  of  that  government  to 
perform  its  public  and  solemn 
contracts.  On  its  establishment 
it  had  formed  the  design  of  aiding 
its  resources  by  the  mineral  trea- 
sures of  the  country,  and  had  en- 
deavoured to  allure  from  foreign 
countries  the  capital  for  working 
its  mines  which  its  own  subjects 
were  unable  to  supply.    Its  nmc- 


394]     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

tionari^  sent  directions  to  their  zuela  proved   how  littk  fimdft- 
agents  in  Europe  to  form  an  asso-  mental  laws  were  to  be  regarded, 
ciation  for  the  purpose  of  working  how  feeble  the  bond  was  whidi 
the  mines  withm  its  limits.    This  held  the  provinces  together,  and 
company  was  formed  under  the  how  completely  the  general  go- 
name  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  yernment   was   dependent  opoa 
Biining  Association ;  the  govern-  militaiy  leaders.     General  Paei, 
ment  contracted  to  assign  to  it  the  muiitary  commandant  of  Ve- 
certain  mines  as  the  subjects  of  nezuela,  had  been,  next  to  Bo- 
ils operation ;  the  capital  was  sub-  livar,  the  most  distingnidied  lesukr 
scribed;  a  considerable  expendi-  in  therevohttionarywar.    Heve 
ture  was  iacurred,  and  ultimately  hhnself    a    mulatto  ;    his  dhri- 
it  turned  out,  that  the  undertak-  sion,  consisting  ^Jmost  entiidyof 
ing  was  a  hopeless  enterprise,  be-  mulattos,  was  the  flower  of  the 
cause  the  government  which  se-  Colombian  army,  and  his  cavahy, 
dnced  the  share-holders  into  it,  in  particular,  had  been  the  tem>r 
had    not    strength    enough,    or  of  the    hussars    of    Ferdinind. 
hcmesty   enough,    to     fumi    its  Living  in  a  perfect  equklity  with 
own  engagements.  The  provinces  his  men,  sharme  their  sports,  their 
bought  fit  to  dispose  of  their  own  exercises,  and  Uieir  meab,  he  was 
mines  according    to    their    own  the  idol  of  his  own  formidable 
views,  and  disavow  the  contract  troops,   and  a  general  favoante 
of  the  general  government.    An  throu^out  the  array.     Thongb 
agricultural  and  emigration  asso-  possessed  of  this  dangerous  power, 
ciation,  formed  under  the  same  he  had  hitherto  been  a  quiet  sob- 
auspices,   ^ared  a  similar  fate,  ject  of  the  government  of  Bogota, 
How  could  a  government  come  and  had  been  content  to  act  a 
into  any  money  market  in  Europe  secondary  part  to  Bolivar,  who 
to  raise  a  loan,  when  it  had  al-  had  gained  him  by  pnxdence  and 
ready  shown  itself  unable,  or  un-  affability  :  But  an  act  of  the  go- 
willing,  to  observe  the  most  so-  vemment,  which  he  thought  in- 
lemn  engagements  ?  jurious  to  his  honour,  confinced 
Financial  embarrassment,  dis-  the  executive,  that  he  was  little 
regard  of  public  credit,  and  in-  inclined  to  submit  in  all  things  to 
temaldissention,  manifested  them-  its  constitutional  authority,  and 
selves  still  more  distinctly  in  Co-  that  he  was  both  able  and  wiDing, 
lombia.    In  some  of  the  provinces,  if  much  provoked,  to  dissohe  the 
and  especially  in  Venezuela,  and  whole  confederation  into  its  ori- 
Apure,   there  had  long  b^n  a  ginal  elements.     By  a  law  of  the 
strong  spirit  of  discontent  with  general  Congress  for  the  oigani- 
the  existing  central  form  of  go-  zatioti  of  a  militia,   ev^  maJc 
vera  ment,  and   a  decided  supe-  throughout  the  republic,  between 
riority  of  (pinion  in  favour  of  a  the  ages  of  sixteen  and  fifty,  had 
federal  constitution.     By  Uie  fun-  been  required  to  enrol  bis  name 
damental  laws  of  the  republic,  for  service.    When  the  decree  of 
however,  no  congress  was  to  be  the  executive  for  carrying  Uiis  law 
held,  for  the  purpose  of  revising  intooperation  appeared,  great  md 
or  altering  the  constitution   till  general  opposition  to  it  was  iMli' 
1831 ;  but  the  example  of  Vene-  festtd,  and  the  govenimeDt,JiiS^ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [395 

apprehensive  of  the  consequences    Representatives ;   that  body,    in 

of  popular  discontent,  enjoined    the  absence  of  Bolivar  in  Peru, 

those  who  were  engaged  in  giving    whose     prudence    might     have 

effiM!t  to  it,  to  use  the  utmost  cir-    quenched  the  rising  flame,  took 

cumspection.     General  Paez  had    up  the  subject  with  great  warmth, 

taken  upon  himself  the  respou-    and  sent  up  an  impeachment  of 

sibility  of  suspending  its  execu*    the  general  to  the  senate.    The 

tion  m  Venezuela  altogether,  un-    senate  admitted  the  accusation, 

til,   in  December  1825,  he  was    and  a  decree  was  issued  on  the 

induced  to  enforce  it,  in  conde-    30th  of  March,  depriving  Paez, 

quence  of  real,  or  pretended,  ap-    in  the  mean  tiole,  of  his  com* 

prehensions  of  a  rebellion  among    mand,  and  calling  him  to  B<^ota 

the  slaves  of  the  province.   Twice,    to  answer  the  charges  which  nad 

in  the  course  of  December,  he    been  preferred  against  him.    To 

had  summoned  the  inhabitants  of    neither  of  these  mandates  was  the 

Caraccas  by  proclamation  to  as-    haughty  soldier,  sarrounded  by  his 

semble  for  the  purpose  of  being    troops,  over  whom  his  authority 

enrolled ;  but  the  proclamations    was  absolute,  inclined  to  pay  any 

were  unheeded ;  of  itself  a  suiR-    obedience ;  and  he  knew  wen  that 

cient  proof  of  the  utter  feebleness    the  appearance  of  momentary  sub- 

of  the  government.     He  issued  a    mission  would  instantly  call  forth 

third  proclamation  on  the  6th  of   the  hosts  of  his  adherents.    AI- 

January,  intending,  as  he  himself   though,   therefore,   he  made  no 

expressed  it,  ^'  to  make  them  feel    preparations  for  proceeding  to  the 

my  authority,  and  to  proceed  with    capital,  he  opposed  no  ostensible 

an  energy  becoming  Uie  honour  of    resistance    to  general  Escalona, 

the  military  power.^   This  procla-    who  had  been  appointed  his  suc- 

mation  was  no  better  obeyed  than    cessor,  assuming  the  command  of 

the  others  had  been,  and  Paez    an  army,  which  he  was  perfectly 

forthwith  had  recourse  .  '^  to  mUi-    aware  would  not  submit,  without 

tary  energy ,''  filling  the  streets    his  own  orders,  to  have  any  com- 

with  patroles,  who  seized  the  citi-    mander  but  himself. 

zens,  and  dragged  them  by  force        The  decrees  of  the  senate  ad- 

to  the  barracks.    These  arbitrary    mitting   the    impeachment,    and 

proceedings  were  suspended  only    suspending  the  general  from  his 

by  the  interposition  of  the  inten-    command,  were  promulgated  at 

dant  of  the  province,  and  the  con-    Valencia  on  the  29th  of  April. 

duct  of  Paez  was  represented  to    Paez  professed  the  most  implicit 

the    executive  in  no  favourable    deference,  and  expressed  his  wil- 

colours,  while  the  executive  itself   lingness  to  comply  with  the  orders 

did  not  dare  to  show  much  favour    of  the  general  government.     But 

tovrards  an  officer  who  had  ex-    the  troops,  as  he  had  expected, 

posed  its  decrees  to  popular  odium,    immediately  broke  out  into  open 

The  complaints  of  the  public  of   revolt,  demanded  the  restoration 

a  violation  of  their  civil  rights  by    of  Paez  to  his  command,  spread 

military  force   were    loud ;    the    alarm  and  tumult  through    the 

national  Congress  was  sitting ;  the    town,  and  murdered  several  per- 

municipality    of    Caraccas    de-    sons  whose  views  were  supposed 

nounced  Paez  to  the  House  of   to  be  hostile  to  them.    The  mu- 


396]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


nicipality  joined  them  in  their 
clamours,  not  probably  so  much 
from  any  wish  to  see  retained  in 
his  command  the  very  officer  of 
whose  arbitrary  proceedings  they 
themselves  had  complained,  as 
from  inability  to  resist  the  soldiery, 
and  the  necessity  of  submitting  to 
them  to  preserve  the  citv  from 
bloodshed  and  pillage,  riot  sa- 
tisfied, however,  with  restoring 
him  to  his  military  command, 
which,  of  itself,  was  setting  at 
defiance  the  powers  of  the  general 
government,  the  municipality  as- 
sumed all  the  privileges  of  inde- 
pendence, and  conferred  upon 
Paez  the  supreme  authority  of  the 
province,  civil  as  well  as  military. 
The  general  accepted  it,  wiui 
many  protestations  of  reluctance 
and  moderation,  the  usual  marks 
of  rebellious  ambition.  "  The 
entire  population,"  said  he,  writ- 
ing to  Bolivar,  "  assembled  in  the 
municipal  hall,  loudly  demanding 
that  the  decree  from  Bogota  should 
be  suspended,  and  that  I  should 
be  retained  in  the  command,  I 
accepted  the  charge,  because  I 
thought  it  necessary  to  the  main- 
tenance of  good  order,  and  my 
authority  was  instantly  recognized 
by  the  troops.**  He  immediately 
issued  a  proclamation,  on  the  Sra 
of  May,  declaring  that  his  remo- 
val had  been  obtained  by  the  im- 
portunities of  his  personal  ene- 
mies, and  was  an  outrage  upon 
the  national  honour.  **  The  peo- 
ple,'* said  he,  "  through  the  organ 
of  the  military  intendant  of  Va- 
lencia, sanctioned  by  the  legiti- 
mate authorities,  have  restored  to 
me  a  power  which  I  had  resigned 
in  virtue  of  that  subordination 
which  has  ever  marked  my  mili- 
tary career ;  but  I  have  thought 
fit  to  take  upon  myself  the  office 


with  which  public  opinkm  has  in* 
vested  me,  because  I  could  nol 
neglect  the  demonstration  of  affec' 
tion  towards  me  shown  by  mv 
countrymen,  nor  see  them,  witt 
indiffi^rence,  exposed  to  internal 
disorders,  at  a  season  when  I  hare 
the  most  powerful    reasons  for 
dreading  the  one  and  the  other. 
'^  I  shall  second  the  object  of  this 
movement    by    maintaining  the 
public  tranquillity  with  the  armed 
force  under  my  orders,  and  by 
securing  the  other  benefits  arising 
from  it ;  and  this  force  shall  not 
interfere  with  the  resolutions  of 
the  people  in  the  exercise  of  their 
sovereignty  for  the   provision  of 
their  welfare  and  security."    The 
meaning  of  all  this  simply  was, 
that  he  applauded  the  province 
for  having  set  the  government  at 
defiance,  and  that  the  people,  in 
the  exercise  of  their  sovereignty, 
might  act  as  they  pleased,  pro- 
vided they  did  not  interfere  wiA 
his  control  over  the  army,  or  the 
control  of  the  army  over  them. 

It  is  not  probable  that  the 
merely  personal  interests  and  am- 
bition of  Paez  would  have  made 
his  quarrel  be  adopted  as  a  popu- 
lar cause  throughout  the  province. 
In  all  his  communications  vith 
Bolivar,  he  complained  bitterly 
of  general  Santander,  the  yice- 
president,  as  abetting  and  for- 
warding intrigues  which  were  in- 
tended for  his  ruin  ;  but  the  po- 
pularity of  Santander  was  proof 
against  the  ebullitions  of  his  irrita- 
tion. On  the  15th  of  May,  the 
vice-president  tendered  his  resig- 
nation, but  it  was  refused  by 
•  Congress  almost  unanimoiidj» 
only  five  members  voting  tiiat  rt 
should  be  accepted.  Paea,  thfl»- 
fore,  immediately  secured  l» 
own  personal  interests,  by  wed&l 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[397 


them  to  a  cause  much  more  ge- 
neralljpopular.  Taking  adyantage 
of  tbe  public  feeling  which  existed 
in  fkfour  of  a  federal  form  of  go- 
vernment,   and    of  the   popular 
jeakusy  of  the  central  goyemment 
of  Bogota,  he  proclaimed  himself 
as  seeking  only  these  popular  ob- 
jects, the  independence  of  Vene- 
zuela, purity  and  reform  in  the 
^bnimstration,  and  the  immediate 
coofocation,  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  them,    of   the    grand 
eoof^itioQ    of    the    Colombian 
pfovinces,  which  the  constitution 
had  fixed  for  1831.  He  professed, 
at  the  same  time,  and  probably 
{dt,  the  most  submissive  dispo- 
atitm  towards  Bolivar,  and  urged 
hk  return  as  a  certain  means  of 
securing  to  the  province  the  ful- 
filment of  its  wishes,  without  en- 
coontering   the  evils  of   a  civil 
VBT.    The  most  important  cities 
of  the  province,  all  sharing  the 
same  feeling,  followed  willingly 
so  powerful  a  leader  in  a  cause  to 
which  they  were  cordially  attached. 
Victoria  and  Puerto  Cabello  were 
seemed  by  his  officers    Marino 
and  Gala.     In  the  city  of  Carac- 
cas,  a  general  assembly  of  the 
monicipality  and  inhabitants  una- 
lumoosly  aaopted  the  resolutions 
of  Valencia.    They  declared  it  to 
be  necessary  to   invest   general 
^aei  with  authority  for  the  main- 
tenance of  public  order,  for  raising 
annies,  and  preserving  regularity 
m   the     public    administration. 
This  authority  he  was  to  retain, 
^er  the  title  of  "  Civil   and 
Military    Chief  of   Venezuela;" 
until,  on  the  return  of  Bolivar, 
^  people  should  be  convoked  to 
Wiberate  on  a  form  of  govern- 
n^t  more  consonant  to  the  lo- 
<^ty,  the  customs,  and  the  pro- 

i^nsi  of  the  provincer  It  was, 


likewise,  resolved  to  despatch  a 
messenger  to  Bolivar  in  rem,  to 
hasten  his  return,  and  request 
him  to  use  his  influence  vrith 
other  departments  to  procure  the 
immediate  convocation  of  the 
grand  convention.  Paez  pro- 
ceeded to  exercise  the  powers 
conferred  upon  him.  He  was  in 
the  singular  situation  of  having 
become  a  popular  leader,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  disobedience  to 
orders  which  had  been  directed 
against  him,  in  obedience  to  po- 
pular clamour ;  and  he  had  the 
boldness,  under  the  shadow  of 
his  irregular  authority,  to  venture 
upon  the  very  measure  which 
had  excited  that  clamour  against 
him,  when  he  acted  as  the  organ 
of  the  constitutional  government. 
He  issued  adecree,  onkining  every 
person  between  the  ages  of  six- 
teen and  fifty  to  appear,  to  be  en- 
rolled in  the  national  militia.  To 
assist  its  operation,'  he  declaimed 
upon,  and  magnified,  the  dangers 
of  invasion  to  be  apprehended 
from  the  Spanish  squadron  which 
was  still  hovering  in  inactivity 
about  the  shores  of  Cuba.  To 
raise  money,  he  called  upon  the 
merchants  of  La  Quayra  and 
Caraccas  to  grant  a  voluntary 
loan  to  the  provisional  govern- 
ment of  24,000  dollars,  for  the 
payment  of  the  troops,  by  monthly 
instalments  of  4,000  dollars,  to 
bear  interest  at  the  rate  of  one- 
half  per  cent  per  month.  Some 
small  sums  were  subscribed ;  but 
the  authorities,  seemg  that  they 
were  altogether  inadequate, 
changed  the  voluntary,  into  a 
forced  contribution,  every  man 
being  rated  according  to  the  arbi- 
trary estimation  of  the  intendant. 
Amid  all   these    proceedings, 

every  one  of  which  wsw  utterly 


3^3     ANNUAL   REGISTER.   1826. 


fubv6niv€  of  the  Colombian  coa- 
stitutkm,  and  inoonMstent  widi 
any  idea  of  an  existing  central 
autbority,  the  government  of 
Bogota  was  miserably  helplesa. 
Congress  was  ccHnpeUed  to  see 
the  pablic  officer  whom  it  had 
impeached,  treating  their  autho- 
rity with  acorn,  and  setting  them 
at  defiance  with  anns  in  his  hand. 
The  executive  saw  ^its  commands 
disobeyed,  and  its  authority 
usurped,  by  the  subordinate  func* 
tionaries  oif  one  of  its  own  pro- 
vinces, usurped,  too,  for  the  very 
purpose  of  destroying  its  own  ex- 
istence. In  July,  the  government 
issued  a  manifesto,  addressed  not 
<Hily  to  the  republic,  but,  as  it  was 
somewhat  pompously  added,  '^  to 
the  world,  detaUing  the  history 
of  the  Colombian  eonfederation, 
and  denouncing  Paea  as  havii^ 
scandalously  violated  his  duty  and 
his  oath.  They  reminded  the 
people,  that,  although  the  distress 
m  which  the  republic  had  been 
involved  by  its  long  and  ultimately 
successful  struggle,  was  great,  and 
although,  even  widi  the  assistance 
of  the  loan  from  England,  it  could 
scarcely  meet  its  engag^uents, 
vet  the  generals  and  officers,  who 
had  fought  for  its  independence, 
were  treated  with  the  utmost  con- 
sideration and  generosity,  and 
had  received  an  the  honours 
and  emoluments  that  the  grati- 
tude of  their  fellow-<K>untry-men 
could  devise  or  afford.  Paes, 
the  general  in  chief^  more  than 
all  the  rest,  had  been  the  object 
of  the  preference  of  the  execu- 
tive government:  he  had  been 
authoriseed  to  grant  whatever  pro- 
motions he  saw  fit  in  the  aimy 
under  his  command ;  and  though 
he  had  made  most  unsparing  use 

of  that  i^ivil^,  the  goveromenty 


from  its  unhesitating  confidence 
in  his  prudence  and  disctetioB, 
had  confirmed  all  his  appoints 
ments.  But,  although  his  u^^* 
titude  had  produced  maaentaiy 
c<mfasion,  the  government  exp 
pressed  its  conviction,  that  the 
c<mduct  of  the  puUic  functiona- 
ries, and  of  the  towns  under  the 
command  of  Paez,  was  to  be  at> 
tributed  solely  to  their  incapacity 
to  resist  armied  violencCt  and  its 
confidence  that,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  blind  partiaans  of 
bis  seditious  projects,  the  bands 
of  Venezuela  were  not  oontani- 
nated  with  the  spirit  of  mntiiq^  or 
disobedience.  The  assertions  of 
Paez,  that  he  sptske  the  voice  of 
the  people,  were  utterly  falsified, 
said  the  manifesto,  by  the  con- 
duct of  the  authorities,  civil  and 
military,  of  the  ne^bouring  de- 
paitments,  vrboBe  c<»ductj  at  such 
an  eventful  crisis,  gave  unqnes- 
tionable  im>ofo  of  the  stability  of 
the  republic,  and  afforded  a  speedy 
prospect  of  the  re-establishment 
of  internal  tranquillity.  Finally, 
the  government  ctedared,  that 
Paex  had  violated  everv  article  of 
the  constitution  which  had  Car 
its  object  the  maintenance  of 
order,  tranquillity,  uidgood  go- 
vernment, and  that  by  his  conduct 
the  social  compact  had  been  tom^ 
and  the  constitution  tramplfd 
underfoot. 

.  That  such  was  the  character  of 
the  ponduct  of  Paes,  in  so  &r  as 
it  regarded  the  central  govern- 
ment, was  p^ectly  true;  bat 
unlMtunately  that  government 
could  neither  prevent  nor  pusi^; 
unavailing  complaints,  and  hn- 
'potent  indignation  did  not  add 
either  to  iU  di^ty  or  authority. 
To  attempt  to  check  the  qmad 

of  dieftSmioii  by  njitaiy  imei 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  f8fl9 

aod  to  dissolve  the  sect  of  which  Venezuela  akme,  a&d  pttrt  of  the 

Paez  bad  pradentlv  declared  him*  provioce  of  Apore,  fumiihed  ao 

self  to  be  the  head,  was  hopeless,  jneason  why  the  other  states  ana- 

Fmz  declared  frankly  to  Bolivar  posing  the  republic  should  coo- 

his  determmation  to  resist  to  the  sent  to  the  violation  of  a  fuadi^ 

uttexBiost  any  fi»ce  which  might  mental  law.     But  to  Venezuela 

be  sent  against  him*    **  I  cannot  and  Apure  was  now  added  Guaya- 

answer  for  tranquillity/'  said  he,  quill  itself:    they  were  speedily 

*'  if  the  government  of  Bogota  followed  by  the  departments  of 

have  the  imprudence  to  dischaxge  the  Isthmus,  Azuay,  Zulia,  Mag^ 

a  singie  shot    I  have  undertaken  dalena;  and,  in  a  few  months  after 

the  protection  of  this  people ;    I  the  first  defection  of  Vdeacia, 

have  sworn  that  they  shall  not  be  no  fewer  than  seven  departmeats 

melted,  till  their  enemies  have  had    declared    themselves  r^y 

ried  over  my  body.  I  will  not  to  throw  off  their  connection 
the  aggressor,  but  I  will  take  with  the  central  goveonment,  and 
veogeance  for  any  insults  which  to  frame  for  themselves  a  new 
may  be  oSered  to  them,  until  they  constitution.  So  unsteady  and 
foiMke  me.  Without  your  ex-  inconsequent  were  some  of  these 
cellency,  civil  war  is  inevitable;  Neophytes  in  the  cause  of  r^ 
and,  should  it  once  commencet  I  gular  liberty,  that,  at  Quito, 
feel  that,  from  the  character  of  U)ey  voted  that  all  liberty  should 
-this  people,  there  is  no  hope  of  be  suspended,  and  Bobvar  de- 
lta termmation,  until  all  be  re-  dared  Dictator;  expressing  a  heme 
dttced  to  ashes.''  Such  was  the  that  the  other  departments  would 
language  of  die  Colombian  go-  unanimously  adopt  a  similar  mea- 
.veroment  held  by  one  of  its  own  sure.  To  such  communications, 
officers,  and  such  the  deplorable  Santander,  the  vice-president, 
condition  of  its  civic  union,  answered,  that  he  recognised  no 
While  it  was  compelled  to  stand  acts  inconsistent  with  the  political 
by  in  idleness,  the  example  of  code  which  the  executive  had  re- 
Venezuela  was  rapidly  spreading,  ceived  from  the  Cobn^ian  people. 
The  desire  to  shake  off  their  de-  and  that,  so  long  as  a  single  town 
pendence  on  the  central  govern-  adhered  to  it,  ne  would  support 
ment  spread  ftom  province  to  it  with  his  life  and  fortune ;  that 
province.  The  municipality  of  there  was  no  necessity  for  the 
the  department  of  Guayaquil!  ^'absolutely  detestable"  propo- 
addressed  an  application  to  the  sition  to  create  a  Dictator;  and 
government,  praymg  that  the  con-  that  the  president,  as  chief  ma- 
stitution  should  be  immediately  gistrate,  would  find  in  the  consti- 
.  revised  and  altered.  The  govern-  tution  itself,  all  the  powers  neces- 
ment  replied,  that  the  executive  sary  to  save  it  from  foreign  or 
could  not,  without  a  breach  of  domestic  assaults, 
duty  and  a  violation  of  oath,  anti-  Venezuela,  in  which  the  dis- 
cipate  the  period  originally  fixed  cord  had  b^^n,  proceeded  more 
for  that  purpose ;  that  the  federal  formally  than  any  other  province 
fonn  of  government  demanded  by  to  remodel  its  institutions.  In 
the  discontented  was  essentially  consequence  of  a  report  by  the 
weak  ;Md  that  the  disobedience  of  recorder  of  Caraccas,  whicn  re« 


400]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


presented,  with  a  melancholy  de- 
gree of  truth,  that,  by  the  late 
political  events  in  the  departments 
to  the  westward,  the  republic  of 
Colombia  had  been  resolved  Into 
its  original  elements,  that  a  new 
compact  was,  therefore,  to  be 
formed,  and  that  all  the  resources 
of  Venezuela  and  Apure,  which 
had  uniformly  acted  in  concert, 
would  be  demanded  by  the  crisis, 
a  meeting  of  the  authorities  took 
place  at  Caraccas,  at  which  Paez 
presided.  At  this  meeting  it  was 
proposed,  and  carried  by  accla- 
mation, that  the  departments  of 
Venezuela  and  Apure  should  de- 
clare themselves  to  be  pure  federal 
states,  and  invite  the  other  de- 

1>^ment8  of  the  dissolved  repub- 
ic  to  confederate  with  them. 
Paez  declared,  that  since  the  dOth 
of  April  he  hkd  sworn  not  to 
obey  the  government  of  Bogota, 
and  was  determined  to  keep  his 
oath — a  plain  avowal  that  he  at 
least  acted  from  motives  of  per- 
sonal irritation ;  but  he  was  wil- 
ling to  resign  the  power  with  which 
he  had  then  been  invested,  if  hb 
continued  possession  of  it  were 
any  obstacle  to  the  formation  of  a 
new  government.  As  a  matter  of 
coursehe  was  successfully  intreated 
to  retain,  in  the  mean  time,  his 
civil  and  military  supremacy ;  and 
he  was  requested  to  issue,  at  his  dis- 
cretion, the  necessary  orders  for  the 
assembling  of  the  existing  electo- 
ral colleges,  and  for  the  formation 
of  them  where  none  existed,  in  the 
provinces  under  his  command,  in 
order  that,  by  conforming  in  this 
particular  to  the  existing  consti- 
tution and  laws,  regulating  the 
number  and  qualifications  of  the 
representatives  forming  the  con- 
fess of  Colombia,  a  proper  num- 
ber might  be  elected  for  the  pur<> 


pose  of  assembling  at  such  tan< 
and  place  as  his  excellency  shoold 
appoint.  A  similar  invitation  wu 
to  be  given  to  all  towns  and  citia 
comprehended  within  the  ancient 
limits  of  Venezuela;  should  the] 
think  fit  to  concur  in  this  com- 
pact, they  might  send  their  repre- 
sentatives, who  would  be  received 
as  brothers,  even  although  the 
session  should  have  already  opened, 
The  meeting  further  resolved  that, 
till  the  new  assembly  could  be 
convoked,  the  government  dioald 
remain  as  it  had  been  settled  by 
the  municipality  of  Valencia  oo 
the  dOth  of  April,  the  laws  of  Co- 
lombia being  retained  in  eteiy 
thing  consistent  with  the  present 
reforms  and  alterations ;  and  a 
resolution  declaring  that  '^  what- 
ever may^  be  the  political  situatioa 
and  rank  which  Venezuela  maj 
hold  among  the  States  of  America, 
she  will  be  always  faithful  to  the 
obligations  contracted  with  foreign 
nations  and  individuals,  by  diplo- 
matic treaties,  or  pecuniary  coo- 
tracts,  in  such  proportion  th&eof 
as  belongs  to  her,  in  conmioo 
with  the  rest  of  Colombia,^  ms 
received,  when  scarcely  announced, 
with  such  deafening  acclamatiooi 
of  applause,  as  prevented  all  dis- 
cussion or  exammation,  as  if  the 
pompous  promulgation  of  a  pro- 
mise, and  the  actual  payment  oft 
debt  were  synonymous.* 

Paez,  in  conformity  with  these 
arrangements,  promul^ted  a  de- 
cree on  the  13th  November,  r^ 
lating  the  election  of  thedqmties. 
The  qualifications  already  requiied 
in  the  electors  and  candidalei  to 
the  general  congress  weie  r^ 
tained ;  but  he  decreed  that  Ae 
number  of  deputies  retunied  bf 
each  electoral  collie  dio«ldl» 
doubledi  and  the 


fc.  I )  I ' .  i  •  t » ' » I 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [401 

Todoed  more  purely  democratic  batteries  at  the  mouth  of  the 
t^tbe  saj^ression  of  the  senate.  Cumana  river,  where  he*  was 
liie  deputies  were  to  be  paid  out  joined  by  general  Monayas,  who 
<^tfae  funds  hitherto  set  apart  for  commanded  in  the  town.  The 
payment  of  the  deputies  of  Bogota,  greater  part  of  the  inhabiti^nts 
Odc  sweeping  article  in  the  decree,  expecting  a  bombardment,  fled, 
vbich  onlabed  that  **  all  persons,  some  to  Bermudez,  and  others  to 
wiihoiit  exception,  who  should  the  opposite  shore ;  but  the  great 
directly  or  indirectly  oppose  the  mass  of  the  population  determined 
ekctions,  or  any  part  of  the  decree,  to  resist;  and,  as  the  militia  had 
slioold  be  finea  and  punished  as  a  joined  the  federal  cause,  colonel 
traitor,**  placed  the  life  of  every  Ruiz,  who  took  the  command  after 
loan  at  the  mercy  of  a  wild  and  the  desertion  of  Monayas,  found 
Tagne  law,  administered  by  fiery  himself  at  the  head  of  several 
party  zealots.  The  assembly  was  thousand  men.  He  made  a  sally 
to  meet  at  Valencia  on  the  15th  on  the'  19th  of  November,  and 
of  January,  in  the  following  year —  defeated  Bermudez,  who,  after 
and  thus  the  republic  of  Colombia  sustaining  considerable  loss,  retired 
foond  that  its  members  neither  to  Barcelona,  leaving  the  town 
bad,  nor  thought  they  had,  any  unmolested, 
common  interest,  and  that  it  was  It  was  only  the  influence  and 
utterly  impotent  in  itself  to  pre-  authority  of  Bolivar  that  could 
vent  local  jealousies,  or  personal  check  these  ruinoiis  dissentions ; 
ambition,  from  dashing  it  in  and  Bolivar  was  lingering  in  Peru, 
pieces.  It  was  fortunate  that  the  where  the  war  had  been  already 
ren^Qtion  had  proceeded  so  tsa  triumphantly  finished,  detained 
without  bloodshed.  Some  lives,  partly  by  the  discovery  of  a  con- 
indeed,  had  been  lost  at  Truxillo,  spiracy  directed  against  himself, 
in  ^  department  of  Zulia^  but  and  partly  by  a  wish  to  secure  his 
the  afiray  was  more  the  result  of  power  more  firmly  than  the  spirit 
a  drunken  quarrel  between  the  which  produced  that  conspiracy 
garrison  and  some  of  the  troops  seemed  willing  to  permit.  Early 
of  Paez,  on  their  march  to  Varmas,  in  August,  however,  he  had  de- 
than  the  open  contention  of  oppo-  spatched  a  confidential  person  to 
^  poUtical  opinions.  The  only  the  Intendant  of  Caraccas,  to  ex- 
attempt  to  support  by  force  the  plain  his  views  regarding  the  pre- 
aothority  of  tne  government  of  sent  state  of  affairs  in  Colombia, 
Bogota,  wfihin  the  revolted  pro-  and  proposing  that  the  constitution 
^Dces,  was  made  by  general  Ber-  which  he  had  just  framed  for  the 
modez,  who,  from  Carthagena,  new  republic  of  Bolivia  should, 
had  thundered  forth  threatening  with  some  modification,  be  adopted 
^  impotent  proclamations,  an-  at  home.  He  left  Peru  in  the  end 
Dovncing  the  speedy  annihilation  of  August,  and  arrived  at  Guaya- 
of  Paez  and  his  rebeUious  adhe-  quil  on  the  12th  of  September, 
rents.  Cumana  having  declared  where  he  immediately  issued  a 
for  the  federal  system  adopted  at  proclamation,  taking  upon  him- 
(^^iraccas,  Bermudez  contrived  to  self  all  the  blame  of  the  dissen- 
niake  himself  master,  with  about  tions  which  had  occurred,  and 
foor  hundred  men,  of  one  of  the  speaking  of  them  much  more  in 
Vol.  LXVIII.  [2  DJ 


402]     ANNUAL   RBGISTEB;    1826. 

tbestyleof  abftdrhetoriciaii,  thMi  added  gveatl;  to  its  peenaiiffy 
of  a  pmetical  lUitesniaii.  "There  embarraatmeniB.  The  toieasfem 
is  only  one  individiud  guilt  j^"'  said  seemed  incUned  to  act  with  p^fect 
he,  *'  and  ttis  I,  because  I  did  not  good  faith  tovafds  Ha  Europesn 
return  sooner.  Let  your  blows  be  creditors ;  nay,  so  anxious  was  it 
directed  against  me:  they  will  be  to  make  provision  ibr  tfio  pay- 
welcome  to  me,  if  they  can  as-  ment  of  the  interest  on  its  Iobm, 
auage  yoar  resentments.  I  am  that  the  agent  at  Bogota  of  OoU- 
now  on  the  soil  of  the  common-  schmidtand  Cowthe  contrador  for 
wealUi,  let  there  be  no  more  Vene-  the  last  loan  of  4,750,0001.  nego- 
auela,  or  Cundinamarca,  we  are  all  ciated  in  London,  haTing  applied 
Colombians/'  Hisinflttenoa,how-  in  March  to  the  minister  ef 
ever,  acquired  by  great  services,  finance  for  information  as  to  any 
prudence,  and  modemtion,  the  re-  measures  which  had  been^  takes 
spect  which  both  parties  enter-  to  insure  payment  of  the  divideods, 
tertained  for  him,  and  the  confi-  that  minister  replied  on  the  8tb  of 
dence  which  they  reposed  in  him,  April,  that  the  govemomnt  had 
rendered  his  journey  a  scene  of  already  provided  the  funds  necei- 
triumph  over  even  internal  dis-  sary  to  dischaige  the  interest  whidi 
sentions.  Both  parties  had  equally  was  to  become  dne  in  July,  and 
marked  his  return;  they  had  that  instructions  to  this  emct  had 
appealed  to  him  as  an  arbiter  and  been  communicated  lo  the  minifter 
mediator  His  presence  and  per-  of  the  republic  in  London*  ^^  Thus,** 
suasion,  in  addition  to  his  autho-  added  M.  de  Castillo,  **  even  the 
rity  as  head  of  the  executive,  im-  dday  has  been  foreseen  vrtiich 
mediatelv  recalled  several  munici-  might  have  taken  place  in  tho 
palities  from  their  enors,  and  re-  payinent  of  the  bitb  drawn  for 
established  constitutional  order  in  this  purpose,  and  negociated  in 
the  departments  of  the  Equator,  Peru/'  But  Colombia,  in  tmst- 
Quayaquil,  and  Azuay«  He  ex-  ing  to  these  Peruvian  bilto,  was 
asperated  neither  foction,  and  was  leaning  on  a  brdcen  reed.  The 
sparing  of  punishment  t  in  one  de-  matter  stood  thus :  Colombin  had 
partment  he  removed  only  the  in-  incurred  enormcms  expezuiee  in 
tendant  i  m  another,  only  the  supporting  the  indepenoent  par^ 
commandant  general.  He  waa  in  Peru  in  thi^  sucoeatful  oonteit 
indulgent  to  the  errors,  and  sym-  against  the  moth«r-eountry  ;  she 
pathised  with  the  wounded  feel-  justly  thought  herself  entitled  to 
mgs,  of  Paes ;  Paez  was  person-  re-imbursement,  and  hid  nmde  an 
ally  attached  to  him;  and  the  arrangement  with  the  Peruvian  go- 
breach  between  Venezuela  and  vernment  by  which  part  of  theie 
the  repuUic  seemed,  for  the  time  expenses  were  to  be  repaid  within 
at  least,  to  be  again  healed.  the  ymc.  The  latter,  in  the  be- 
The  finances  of  Colombia  were  ginning  oS  the  year,  was  about  to 
already  in  no  flourishing  state,  and  negociate  a  loan  in  London  i  part  of 
these  scenes  of  civil  ducord,  out-  that  loan  it  was  to  set  aside  for  a  re* 
ting  off,  as  they  did,  the  souroea  payment  to  Colombia  2  and  the 
of  the  common  revenue  from  the  part  so  set  aside  Colombia  appro* 
treasury  of  the  government  which  printed  to  the  payment  irf  the  in- 
had  GoatraGted  common  dfblay  temst  ou  her  own  Euiop<aa  debt ; 


HISTORY  OP  EUROPE. 


[391 


toMj  9sprofeisde  loL  These 
<ODitituted  political  bodies  eyi- 
ifeatij  m^t  have  become  very 
linbarraasing  companions  to  the 
Meral  goremment,  if  they  had 
Been  allowed  to  extend  their  con- 
Aitntioiial  powers  beyond  the 
tfbete  of  merely  local  interests; 
mi  they  were,  therefore,  pro- 
UxCed  from  introducing  the  gene- 
ral aflairs  of  the  nation  among 
mttters  of  discussion  which  might 
arise  between  different  provrnceSy 
taxes,  or  the  execution  of  the 
lasrs. 

The  National  Assembly  met  on 
tike  6th  of  May.  Its  delibera- 
tioDs  were  almost  entirely  of  a 
preparatory  nature.  Both  cham- 
bers unanimously  passed  an  act, 
lecognixing  the  eldest  son  of  the 
emperor,  bom  in  October,  1825, 
as  successor  to  his  father,  a  cere- 
mony which  the  constitution  re- 
quired to  be  performed  by  the 
asionbly  during  its  first  session 
after  die  birth  of  an  heir  apparent. 
The  emperor  prorogued  them  on 
tk  6th  of  September. 

The  emperor  thought  it  his  in- 
terest to  accede  to  the  congress 
of  republics  which  was  to  be  as- 
aembfed  at  Panama,  although 
probably  with  the  design  of 
witching  and  impeding  its  motions 
rather  than  of  cordially  seconding 
its  resolutions ;  and,  at  the  same 
time,  he  maintained  most  amicable 
rela^ns  with  his  singular  neigh- 
bour doctor  Francia,  Dictator 
of  Paraguay,  and  the  enemy  of 
d  the  republics.  Brazil  and 
Ptraguay  were  natural  allies 
against  Buenos  Ayres.  Paraguay 
md  formed  part  of  the  \ice-royal- 
tj  of  the  river  Plate ;  it  had  been 
peopled  by  the  Spaniards  almost 
Wbre  anj  other  proWnce  of  the 
^royalty;   ana  the  descend- 


ants of  the  Spttiish  settlers  fbmed 
a  consideraue  population,  among 
whom  the  spirit  of  pronnoialism 
prevailed  in  a  higher  degree  than 
eren  in  any  other  part  of  South 
America.  Partly  from  itm  cir- 
cnmstance  —  partly  from  their 
seduded  and  mland  situation— 
and  partly  from  the  inconsiderable 
progress  which  they  had  made  in 
any  species  of  improvemeiit  or 
industry,— the  Paraguayans  were 
little  affected  by  the  convultiooa 
of  the  surrounding  eoontries. 
Shortly  after  Buenos  Ayres  had  as- 
serted its  independ^ce,  the  junta 
of  that  state  dem>atohed  a  force 
under  general  Belgrave,  to  expel 
the  Spanish  authoritiee  from  ra- 
ragnay.  The  Paraguayans,  how- 
ever, supported  the  Spanish  go- 
vernor, and  the  invaders  were 
defeated.  In  the  following  year, 
the  inhabitants  of  Assumption 
deposed  the  governor,  and  estab- 
lished a  junta,  which  refused  to 
iicknowledge  the  authority  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  or  to  have  any 
political  connections  with  that 
neighbour.  Under  these  circum- 
stances it  was  that  Francia,  who 
was  an  advocate  by  profession, 
contrived  to  raise  himself  to  su^ 
preme  power,  by  means  of  his 
great  family  connections  with 
many  of  die  principal  landed  pro- 
prietors. His  system  of  policy 
was,  to  prevent,  as  far  as  possiMe, 
any  intercourse  with  foreign  coun- 
tries ;  thereby  at  once  confirming 
his  own  power,  and  flattering  the 
prejudice  of  the  Paraguayans, 
who  conceive  themselves  to  be  a 
chosen  race,  superior  to  the  test 
of  matikind.  So  pertinaciourfy 
did  he  adhere  to  tliis  non-inter- 
course system,  that  a  foreigner 
who  was  found  withbi  the  limits 
of  Paraguay  was  seldom  permitted 


404]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


Congress  immediately  enacted 
two  laws  to  meet  the  emergency ; 
and,  if  good  intentions  as  to'  the 
disposal  of  revenue  could    have 
produced  the  revenue  to  be  dis- 
posed of,  the  creditors  of  Colom- 
bia would  have  had  little  reason  to 
complain.     By  the  first  of  these 
laws,  bearing  date  the  15th  of 
May,  the  amount  of  the  national 
debt,  both  foreign  and  domestic, 
was  clearly  ascertained,  and  dis- 
tinctly recognized.     The  foreign 
recognized  debt  was  6,750,000/. 
viz.  2,000,000/.  of  the  loan  of 
1822,  and  4,750,000/.  of  the  loan 
of  1824 ;  and  of  this  debt  it  was 
enacted,  that  it  had  yielded,  and 
should  continue  to  yield,  to  the 
creditor;  interest  at  the  rate  of  six 
per    cent.    The    domestic    debt 
was  of  two  kinds ;  first,  a  sum  of 
about    two    millions  of   dollars, 
consisting  partly  of  sums  ascer- 
tained  by    the    commission    of 
liquidation,  and  partly  of  a  loan 
contracted  in  1 823,  to  cover  the 
expense  of  equipping  the  troops 
of  Apure ;  such  parts  of  this  debt 
as  had  hitherto  borne  five  per 
cent   were  to  continue   at  that 
rate  of  interest,  and  such  parts  as 
had  hitherto  yielded  less  were  to 
be  raised  in  future  to  five  per 
cent:  Secondly,  sums  remainmg 
due  as  the  value  of  military  pro- 
■perty,  which,  in  1821,  had  been 
declared  to  belong  to  the  servants 
of  the  republic,  to  the  amount  of 
5,458,600  doUars,  the  half  of  the 
allowances  to  civil  and  military 
officers  which  had  been  withheld 
for  the  public  service  in  1819; 
and  the  third  of  their  pay  which 
had  been  withheld  from  the  same 
persons    in    1821 :    these    debts 
were  to  bear  interest  at  the  rate 
of  three  per  cent  from  the  1st  of 
July,  IdZe.    For  the  payment  of 


the  interest  of  the  foreign  dAt, 
and  the  gradual  extinction  of  the 
capital  were  set    apart,    1,  All 
the  clear  produce  of  the  rereniie 
of  tobacco;  2,  one-eighth  of  the 
produce  of  the  customs ;  3,  the 
whole  produce  of  the  uncultivated 
lands  which  might  be  sold  or  lei; 
4,    the    whole    produce    arising 
from  the  sale  or  fanning  of  the 
mines  of  every  kind  of  metal  be- 
longing to  the  republic;   5,  the 
surplus  of  the  branches  of  the 
revenue  appropriated  to  the  pay- 
ment of  the  interest  of  the  domes- 
tic debt.    The  branches  of  re- 
venue set   apart  for   this  latter 
purpose,    again,    were: — 1,  TTic 
revenue  arising  from  the  mort- 
gs^s,  and  sequestrated  or  con- 
fiscated property  not  yet  adjudi- 
cated;   an^  the  revenue  ansing; 
from  the  property  sequestrated  a 
confiscated   in   1821  and  1824; 
2y  the  revenue  arising  from  the 
property  of  Majorats,  which  were 
to  be  mcluded  in  the   natiootl 
property ;  3,  the  revenue  of  hm^ 
and    other  property  within  the 
territory  of  the  republic,  belong- 
ing under  any  titie  whatever  to 
the  republic  as  national  property; 
4,  the  revenue  of  property  tad 
temporalities  which  had  not  beeo 
alienated  or  adjudicated ;  5,  the 
revenue  of  the  property  beloogiDg 
to  the  extinct  inquisition  not  yet 
transferred  or  adjudicated,  dteie 
branches  to  be  appropriated  soldy 
to  the  extinction  of  the  captal; 
6,   the    revenues    arising    6om 
mortgages  on  real  property  c»- 
demned,    and    which   mifpit  be 
realised  in  money ;  7,  the  dev 
produce  of  the  stamps,  and  the 
'  fines  arising  from  the  mfracti(m  of 
the  stamp  acts;  8,  the  piodsoe 
arising  from  the  notificma  ^ 
bypothecsi  and  the  registntit'o 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[39a 


aitate  whose  very  name,  in  some 
measaie,  connects  it  with  metallic 
vealth.     Another    extraordinary 
drcomstance  was,  that,  in  this 
nate  of  affairs  with  a  newly  estab- 
lished bank    unable    to   pay  in 
specie,  and  its  notes  enormously 
depreciated,  its  sanguine  contriv- 
ers gravely  talked  of  establishing 
binch  banks  in  the  different  pro- 
vinces,  and    expatiated  on    the 
braiefits  which  would  accrue  from 
the  wide  circulation  of  this  depre- 
ciated paper  money.    The  public 
sinctioQ  thus   given  to   such  a 
currency  tended  only  to  involve 
the  government  in  further  pecu- 
niary difficulties.     As  the  notes 
of  the  bank  were  to  be  receiv- 
ed,  in    payment    of    taxes,    at 
their  nominal    value,     the    real 
amount  of  the  revenue  was  dimin- 
ished in  proportion  to  their  de- 
preciation;   and  it  was  scarcely 
in  a  season  of  difficulty  like  that 
^h   now    existed,    when    the 
WttTcea  of  revenue,  such  as  they 
®ight  be,  were  all  deranged  by 
war,  that  Congress  would  venture 
to  impose  new  burthens  to  supply 
the  deficiency,  or  that  the  ex- 
ecutive could  have  means  of  corn- 
Piling  the  payment  of  them.     On 
the  other  hand,  many  of  the  ex- 
P«J8es  of  the  government  were  of 
a  kind  in  which  the  notes  of  its 
bank  could  be  of  no  use.     British 
and  American  merchants  would 
not  accept  them  in  payment  of 
naval  and    military  stores,    nor 
^Id  they  be  taken  in  London  in 
discharge  of  the  interest  of  the 
debt  of  Buenos  Ayres.     In  such 
a  state  of  things  the  confederation 
wwild  hold  out  little  hope  of  being 
*blc  to  meet  even  the  necessary 
charges  of  its  own  internal  ad- 
"wuatration,  much    less  to  pro- 
^  for  the  expenses  of  a  pro- 


tracted war  with  Brazil.  The 
annual  expense  of  the  war  depart- 
ment alone  threatened  to  be 
ruinous;  the  Customs,  in  copse* 
quence  of  the  blockade,  had  be- 
come utterly  unproductive ;  specie 
had  disappeared ;  dollars  were 
procured  from  the  interior,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  remittances  -to 
Europe,  at  a  premium  of  forty 
per  cent.  The  paper  of  the  bant 
was  the  only  circulating  medium ; 
and  the  government  had  ruined 
the  character  of  that  paper  by  its 
own  deliberate  act. 

A  spirit  of  disunion  among  the 
states  which  compose  it,  and  a 
jealousy  of  Buenos  Ayres,  were 
two  of  the  greatest  disadvants^s 
that  the  confederation  of  the  Rio 
de  la  Plata  had  to  struggle  with. 
The  latter  disposition  could  not  be 
allayed  by  an  act  passed  during  this 
session  of  congress,  declaring  Bue- 
nos Ayres  the  capital  of  the  repub- 
lic, an  empty  honour  which  might 
have  been  formally  assumed  at  a 
more  favourable  opportunity,  while 
her  situation,  her  wealth,  and  her 
strength  would  have  sufficiently 
secured  the  natural  influence  of 
the  province.  The  spirit  of  dis- 
union which  threatened  to  make 
the  states  burst  the  bond  of  con- 
federation in  which  they  were 
united,  and  deprive  the  general 
government  of  every  thing  but  the 
shadow  of  efficient  controlling 
power,  was  manifested  in  the 
mability  of  that  government  to 
perform  its  public  and  solemn 
contracts.  On  its  establishment 
it  had  formed  the  design  of  aiding 
its  resources  by  the  mineral  trea- 
sures of  the  country,  and  had  en- 
deavoured to  allure  from  foreign 
countries  the  capital  for  working 
its  mines  which  its  own  subjects 
were  unable  to  supply.    Its  nmc- 


406]    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

lation  of  the  law.  A  Mr.  Foley  ports  of  deposit  for  all  kinds  of 
led  Bogota  on  the  4th  of  July  goods  and  merchandise.  Hie 
wiUi  240^000  dollara ;  but  when  goods  imported  were  to  rems^n  in 
the  money  arrived  at  Carthagena,  the  warehouses  of  the  customs 
an  order  from  the  executive  com-  until  taken  out  for  the  purpose  of 
manded  that  40,000  dollars  should  being  sold,  or  re-e^cported,  and 
be  immediately  paid  to  the  troops,  were  to  be  charged,  in  the  interim, 
and  that  the  remainder  should  be  with  a  duty  of  four  per  cent  oo 
detained  until  further  instructions,  the  amount  of  the  mtoice,  the 
Hie  troops  in  Panama,  Cartha-  duty  being  payable  when  they 
gena,  and  Santa  Martha,  had  were  taken  out.  If  taken  out  for 
all  large  claims  for  arrears ;  sale,  the  import  dutied  were  to  be 
the  government,  in  existing  cir-  paid  by  ins^ments,  the  dates  of 
cumstances,  could  not  use  li^rties  these  instalments  beine  calculated 
with  debts  due  to  them ;  for  the  from  the  day  on  which  the  goods 
troops  of  Venezuela  and  Apure  were  taken  out  of  the  custom- 
had  formally  declared  themselves  house.  In  case  the  goods  or 
against  the  constitution.  The  merchandize  were  taken  out  with 
consequence  was,  that  no  portion  ft  view  of  re-exporting  them,  whe- 
of  the  dollars  reached  Europe,  the  thet  to  any  other  ports  of  the  re- 
dividends  remained  unpaid,  and  public,  or  to  foreign  ports,  they 
Colombia  was  bankrupt.  Yet,  were  not  to  pay  any  import  da^ 
even  in  October,  a  policy  was  in  the  ports  of  deposit;  but,  if 
opened,  and  under-written  in  afterwards  introduced  bto  any 
London,  by  the  authority  of  the  port  of  the  republic,  they  were 
Colombian  minister,  to  insure  there  to  pay  the  iniport  duties 
160,000/.  from  Csuthagena  t6  provided  by  law.  The  tranat 
London,  when  not  a  dollar  was  duty  on  foreign  goods  crossing 
ready  to  be  shipped,  and  the  the  isthmus  (rota  the  one  ocean 
whole  treasure  in  the  mint  of  to  the  other,  was  fixed  at  two  per 
Bogota  did  not  expeed  300,000  cent  on  the  amount  of  the  invoice, 
dollars.  The  consequence  was,  In  the  month  of  March  an  act  had 
a  temporary  rise  in  the  price  of  been  passed  abolishing  the  duties 
Colombian  stock  and  immediate  on  some  articles  when  exported, 
disappointment.  Mr.  Foley  had  and  reducing  that  on  others ;  but 
powers  to  negociate  a  new  loan,  Paez,  when  he  assumed  the  su- 
or  obtain  the  necessary  advances  preme  power  in  the  maritime  de- 
from  private  individuals,  on  the  partment  of  Venezuela,  ordered 
security  of  the  custom-houses  at  the  operation  of  this  law  to  be 
La  Guayra,  Carthagena,  Guaya-  suspended,  and  the  old  duties  to 
quil,  &c. ;  but  the  attempt  was  be  levied,  because  he  found  it 
not  more  successful  than  it  was  difficult  to  provide  money,  and 
modest.  "such  alterations,''  as  he  ex- 
The  Congress,  during  its  ordi-  pressed  himself  in  his  decree, 
nary  session,  introduced  the  ware-  ^' could  not  be  introduced  in 
housing  system  by  an  act  which  moments  of  difficulty." 
declared  Puerto  Cabello,  and  After  a  siege  of  four  years,  the 
Carthagena  on  the  Atlantic,  and  garrison  of  St.  Juan  de  Ulloa, 
Guayaquil  on  the  Pacific,  to  be  pressed  by  want,  and  reduced  to 


HISTORY  OF  BUROPE. 


[407 


Ae  kit  extrenuty  of  tickiiMs,  had 
Hfffewlered  to  the  OQCMtitatioBal 
taiptof  Mexico^  on  the  17th  of 
Kofcmber,  1825.  This  event 
kteA  ererj  pait  of  the  Mexican 
torttory  mm  the  eaemj,  insured 
Ae  comsnafid  of  Vera  CruK,  one  of 
the  moit  important  harbours  of  the 
Me,  andmibled  the  gorenunent 
t$  iayof  e  lis  finOMcea,  by  potting 
k  tt  tti  poirar  to  reduce  greatly 
the  mSMuj  eicpenditare.  The 
coBieiBpiated  redoction  in  the  war 
oCiUinmeiil  waa  ao  great,  that  a 
eonautiee  of  finance  struck  off 
oae  half  of  that  item  in  the  budget 
pKaented  by  the  minister.  'Hie 
suBister  and  the  committee  dif- 


fered very  widely  on  the  financial 
state  and  prospects  of  Mexico; 
the  former^  M.  Estava,  bringing 
out  a  deficiency  of  more  than  eight 
laiUioBs  ai  dollars  upon  the  ac- 
counts of  the  year,  the  latter 
bringing  out  a  surplus  revenue, 
upon  the  same  accounts,  amount- 
ing to  more  than  two  millions  of 
dollars;  the  former  calculating 
upon  a  much  higher  expenditure, 
and  a  considerably  less  productive 
revenue,  than  the  latter  thought 
ought  to  be  allowed  and  antici- 
pated. The  Mexican  budget, 
according  to  the  estimates  of  these 
difierent  authorities^  was  as  fol- 
lows:— 


RXTENVX. 

Esamilet  by  Um  Minli- 
teroTFlBancv 

Dtttoms • D.2,675,732  . 

Duty  on  introduction  into  consumption . .   1,618,223  . 

Tcbacco 648,142  , 

GoDDOwder     84,303  . 

Alaiala  on  Tobacco 39,784  . 

Posu 164,246  . 

Lotteries 70,136  . 

Sah    26,367  . 

Tenritories  of  the  Federation 9,960  . 

National  Property 42,246  . 

Tithes 529,989  . 

Rents  of  the  Archbishopric  of  Mexico  . .        86,929  . 

Do.  of  the  Dignity  of  the  Treasury 8,194  . 

Contingent  of  the  different  States 2,285,872  . 

Ateria 169,664  . 

Pcage — 

Restorations  56,579  . 

Foreign  Loan 1,317,543  , 

^iM^i— ^»^"— «"^— ^ 

D.9,832,898 


AiMnStod  SsUuntet 


• . 


3,276,232 

1,868,223 

1,044,925 

84,803 

39,784 

164,246 

70,136 

80,000 

42,245 

629,989 

86,929 

8,194 

2,317,127 

169,664 

37,454 

65,579 

2/476,315 

12,850,345 


EXPENDITXTRB. 

DipottiHttit^, 

Hone  and  Fowigii d.  105,737  ....  105,737 

J«tice          ...:... 77,«20  ....  77^30 

W«     ."     12,000,000  ....  6,990,880 


408]     A  N  N  U  A  L   E  E  G I S  TiE  R,    1826. 

Marine , • 2,934,535  .....  1,310,78 

Finance ,.   1,083,143 1,083,14 

Arrears 865,804  .....    724,87 

Expense  of  Collection : 618,968  ....  * — 

Pay  of  Officers  ., \ 301,267 

D.18,086,674         10,292,6:^ 


The  president,  in  his  communi- 
cations to  Congress,  represented 
every  branch  of  the  revenue  to  be 
in  so  thriving  a  condition,  that, 
after  defraying  the  expenses  of  the 
administration,  and  the  interest  of 
the  debt,  a  large  sum  might  be 
expected  to  remain  in  the  treasury, 
applicable  to  other  national  pur- 
poses. The  pecuniary  engage- 
ments of  the  republic,  had,  he  said, 
been  religiously  observed.  In  the 
beginning  of  ^e  year  it  had  be- 
come necessary  to  remit  money 
to  London  for  payment  of  the 
dividends  oi^  the  loan  contracted 
for  by  Goldschmidt  and  Co. ;  what 
would  be  wanted  for  the  July  divi- 
dends was  about  to  be  shipped, 
and  the  sums  which  were  to  come 
into  the  treasury  by  vessels  already 
entered  in  the  ports,  would  prove 
sufficient  for  all  the  remaining 
dividends  of  the  year.  A  sum  of 
money  had .  been  lost,  and  public 
credit  somewhat  affected,  by  the 
stoppage  of  Goldschmidt's  house ; 
but  the  executive  had  immediately 
restored  the  credit  of  its  funds  by 
announcing,  that  the  money  des- 
tined for  ^e  regular  payment  of 
its  obh'gations  was  already  de- 
posited in  the  customs. 

Mexico,  like  l!he  other  confede- 
rations of  South  America,  was 
perfectly  aware,  that  Spain,  feel- 
me  her  own  im{>otence  to  recover 
colonies  over  which  she  obstinately 
asserted  an-  empty  title  of  supre- 
macy, had  been  using  every  effort 
to    prevail  •  on    the   continental 


cabinets  of.  Europe  to  aid    be 
chimerical  designs,  of  recovering 
them  by  force.     They  were  all  to 
prudent  to  involve  themselves  ii 
so  ruinous  a  contest,  and  the] 
knew  that  Great  Britain  would  no^ 
look  with  indifference  upon  theii 
armed  interference.     The  Mexi- 
can congress  resolved  to  cut  <^ 
from  them  all  temptatimi  to  inter- 
pose even  with  the  influence  of 
their  diplomacy  in  favour  of  the 
pretended  rights  of  Spain,  by  pas»- 
mg  an  act  which  declared  goiltj 
of  treason,  every  person  subject  to 
the  laws  of  Mexico,  who  should 
propose  verbally   or   in  writing, 
publicly  or  privately,   within  or 
without  the  territones  of  the  re- 
public, that  the  state  should  listen 
to  any  proposal,  on  the  part  of 
Spain,  or   of  any  other   poirer, 
which  had  not  for  its  basis  tbe 
absolute  recognition  of  the  inde- 
pendence   of   the    confederation 
under  its  existing  form  of  govern- 
ment.    By  the    same   law  erm 
person  was  to  be  punished  with 
eight    years    imprisonment  wIk) 
should  propose  or  maintain  that 
Mexico    should    accede  to   anj 
demand  of  indenmity,  tribute,  or 
contribution,  which  might  be  made 
by  the  Spanish  government,  or  bj 
any  other  in  its  name,  as  a  com- 
pensation for  its  ancient  supre- 
macy. 

All  the  new  republics  of  Sooth 
America,  in  establishing  their  in- 
dependence, had  declared  poptrf 
tp  b$  th^  national  relij^ion;  b^t 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [409 

the  more  immediate  interests  of  theecclesiasticalcouncilsyreserved 

an  arduous  struggle  for  political  a  perfect  freedom  from  control  on 

existence  had  not  left  them  leisure  questions  of  discipline,  patronage, 

to  attend  seriously  to  ecclesiastical  church  revenues,  organization  of 

government ;   while  the  freedom  dioceses,    and    the    election    of 

with  which  they  applied  the  pro-  'bishops.     All  ecclesiastical  affaurs 

perty  of  the  church  to  national  were  to  be  determined  within  the 

purposes,  and  dispersed  congrega-  republic,  according  to  its  laws  and 

tions  of  wealthy  idlers,  seemed  to  the  canons  ;  no  stranger  was  to 

throw  weighty  obstacles  in  the  exercise  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction 

way  of  their  reconciliation  with  by    virtue    of   any  commission ; 

the  head  of  their  religion.     But  monks  and  nuns,  formerly  amen- 

pope  Leo  XII  was  less  obstinate  able  to  authorities  out  of  the  re- 

than  the  first  bom  of  the  church,  public,  were  to  be  subject  to  their 

Ferdinand  of  Spain,  although  the  proper  metropolitan  ;  and  an  an- 

latter  had  been  thoroughly  strip-  nual  gift  of  100,000  pesos  was 

ped  even  of  that  influence  of  opi-  offered    to   his  holiness.     These 

nion,  which,  among  an  ignorant  incipient  negotiations,  with    the 

and  superstitious  people,  still  ad-  peaceful  tenor  of  the  pope's  cipos- 

hered  to  the  office  of  the  latter,  tolic  benediction,  had  a  beneficial 

In  the  preceding  year,  the  pope  effect  on  the  Mexican  clergy,  who, 

had    addressed    a  very   friendly  seeing  their  communication  with 

letter  to  his  "  beloved  son,"  the  their  spiritual  head  renewed,  were 

piresident  of  the  United  Mexican  under  less  temptation  to  contrive 

States,  congratulating  him  on  the  its  re-establishment  through  the 

peace  and  concord  which  prevailed  restoration  of  Spanish  auUiority, 

under  his  government,  applauding  and  became  more  disposed  to  con- 

his  constancy  in  the  faith,  and  his  cur  in  the  existing  order  of  things, 

veneration  for  the  papal  chair,  and  The  religious  feelings  of  Mexican 

finally  bestowing  on  him  the  apos-  legislators  sometimes  appeared  in 

tolic  benediction,  "  as  one  of  the  forms  which   rendered  ludicrous 

best-beloved  sons'*  of  the  church,  what  they  held  most  sacred.     In 

Mexico,  in  return,  sent  plenipo-  the   constituent  congress   of  the 

tentiaries  to  Rome  to  regulate  by  state  of  Mexico  itself,  on  the  pre- 

a  concordat,  the  relations  between  amble  of  the  constitution  being 

the  pontiff  and  the  national  church,  read,  bearing  that  what  followed 

At  Rome,  they  met  with  a  very  was  decreed,  "  under  the  auspices 

favourable  reception ;  but  the  prin-  of  the   Supreme    Being,"   Senor 

ciples  laid  down  by  the  Mexican  Olaez  proposed  that,  in  place  of 

senate  as  the  base  of  the  proposed  these  words,  the  words  **  in  the 

arrangement  went  to  curtail,  in  name    of   the    Almighty    God,'* 

its  most    important  points,    the  should  be  inserted.     There  was  no 

Ewer  of  the  Holy  See,  and  to  objection  tothe  first,  but  he  thought 
-ive  merely  a  mode  of  communi-  the  terms  most  commonly  used 
cation  between  it  and  the  national  should  be  preferred,  and  justified 
church,  under  very  strict  and  them  by  the  example  of  the  Spa- 
efficient  limitations.  The  republic,  nish  constitution,  the  federation, 
submitting  its  opinions,  in  so  far  and  many  other  states.  Senor 
fts  doctrine  might  be  concerned,  to  Jauregui  opposed  the  change,  on 


410]    ANNUAL    REGISTER,    182«. 

•  * 

the  shewing  of  the  last  speaker  spectacle  of  civ3  obedience,  and  po« 
himself,  who  admitted  that  it  litical  tranquillity^asdid  itsmeig^- 
made  no  difference  which  of  the  hour  Colombia.  The  provhiciaJ 
terms  was  made  use  of.  Accord-  governments  disregarded  the  com- 
ing to  that  principle,  there  could,  mands  of  the  general  goveniment, 
be  no  objection  to  the  insertion  of  and  there  scarcely  existed  any  efi^ 
the  whole  creed,  the  invocation  cient  executive  authority.  BairoD' 
of  saints,  or  whatever  the  piety  of  dia,  the  military  chief  of  the  pro* 
any  deputy  might  suggest.  vince  of  Guatemala,  displeased  with 

Senor  villaverde  said,  that  his  certain  orders  which  tmd  been  fa- 
wish  on  this  subject  proceeded  sued  by  the  supreme  government,  or 
neither  from  prejudice  nor  fanati-  thinking  them  encroachments  upoo 
cism ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  he  the  limits  of  his  own  command, 
thought  it  would  be  necessary  to  employed  the  troops  to  oppose 
say  ^  God,  three  in  one,^  because  their  execution.  The  President  of 
he  knew  all  the  members  of  that  Che  republic  had  the  firmness  tm- 
assembly  to  be  Catholics ;  and  by  mediately  to  put  him  under  arrest; 
invoking  God,  the  Trinity  in  but  so  violent  was  the  prevalent 
Unity,  then  no  Catholic  could  spirit  of  disunion,  that  the  dis- 
form  a  conception  of  him  apart  obedient  soldier  found  as  warm 
from  his  divine  essence,  attributes,  partisans  as  the  insulted  govem- 
and  perfections.  ment.    The  picture  of  this  smaU 

Senor  Najara  thought  the  in-  confederation,  drawn  by  the  pre- 

vocation  of  the  Supreme  Being  sident  himself  in  a  manifesto  which 

sufficient,  because  he  was  God ;  he  addressed  to  the  people  in  the 

but  if  it  was  necessary,  in  framing  beginning  of  October,  strongly  dk- 

a  political  constitution,  to  shew  played  the  impotence  and  anarchy 

that  they  were  Catholics,  then  in-  which  are  the  natural  attributes  of 

deed  all  that  had  been  proposed  these  federal  constitutions.     The 

was  required,  and   the  creed  too  state  of  Honduras,  according  to 

might  be  inserted.  his  description,  was  entirely  dis- 

Senor  Mora  said,  the  congress  organized,  having  neither  a  l^is- 
would  make  itself  ridiculous  by  lative  body,  a  representative  as- 
mixing  up  with  a  political  discus-  sembly,  nor  a  court  of  justice.  In 
sion  what  was  the  province  of  a  the  state  of  Nicaragua,  the  ex- 
council.  He  asked,  who  did  not  ecutive  and  the  legisJative  were  at 
know  that  he  invoked  God  when  variance,  and  the  citizens,  in- 
he  called  on  the  Supreme  Being,  flamed  by  an  old  spirit  of  discord, 
without  the  formality  of  expres-  were  arming  against  each  other, 
sinff  distinctly  the  Father,  Son,  The  executive  government  of 
and  Holy  Ghost.  To  say  *'  hi  Guatemala  had  conspired  against 
the  name  of  God,*'  was  to  prosti-  the  federal  government,  had  seized 
tute  it ;  in  the  same  name,  the  the  federal  revenue,  had  organized 
Inquisition  had  burned.  At  length  civil  war,  levied  forces,  attacked 
the  original  preamble  was  carried,  the  troops  of  the  republic,   and 

committed  other  flagrant  acts  of 

G  u  ATEM  A  L A ,  or  the  confedera-  usurpation  and  revolt.  The  federal 

tion  of  Central  America,  pre-  congress  at  the  close  of  their  scs- 

sented    nearly  as  unpromising   a  sion,  in  the  present  year,  bad  been 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[411 


ineomplete  ^  to  representation^ 
and  doabtfnl  of  the  validity  of  its 
proceedings ;  on  this  account,  the 
delegationsofthestatesof  Salvador 
and  Costa  Rica  had  withdrawn, 
and  other  delegations  were  de- 
ficient. The  new  congress,  con- 
voked for  the  1st  of  October,  had 
not  been  able  to  assemble  then, 
and  would  not  be  able  to  assemble 
at  all,  for  want  of  regularly  elected 
representatives.  'Die  senate  of 
die  republic  was  not  in  existence 
practically,  not  having  the  con- 
stitutional number  of  members; 
and,  of  course,  the  executive  was 
deprived  oflts  constitutional  coun- 
cil. Public  opinion  called  im*> 
peratively  for  remedial  measures, 
but  these  were  beyond  the  legal 
liBK^ulties  of  the  executive  alone. 
In  consequence  of  all  these  evils, 
be  couTOked  an  extraordinary 
national  congress,  to  be  fully  em- 
powered by  the  people  to  restore 
constitutional  onler,  and  to  meet 
in  the  city  of  Cojutepeque  as 
soon  as  a  proper  number  of  repre- 
sentatives should  be  freely  elected, 
at  the  rate  of  two  for  every  thirty- 
thousand  inhabitants. 

pEftu  was  the  last  portion  of 
South  America  from  which  the 
standard  of  Spain  disappeared, 
after  more  than  three  centuries  of 
domination.  The  castle  of  Callao, 
the  port  of  Lima,  had  already  en- 
dured a  long  siege ;  its  garrison, 
under  the  command  of  general 
Rodil,  having  submitted  with 
much  constancy  to  scarcity  of  pro- 
visions, and  withstood  the  dis- 
couraging conviction  that  their 
enemies  were  triumphant  all 
around,  and  that  from  Spain,  of 
whose  cause  they  were  the  last 
Supporters,  no  succour  was  to  be 
txpectcd.    The  siege  was  pressed 


by  an  army  of  several  thousand 
troops,  assisted  by  vessels  of  war, 
while  the  Spanish  flag  could  not 
be  displayed  in  any  comer  of  the 
Pacific  ;  the  garrison  was  now  re- 
duce to  about  five  hundred  men ; 
who,  worn  out  by  fkmine  and  fa- 
tigue, were  sacrificing  themselves 
to  a  vain  obstinacy,  without  the 
most  distant  hope  of  securing 
any  ultimate  advantage  by  dday- 
ing  the  triumph  of  the  enemy. 
On  the  23rd  of  January,  gene- 
ral Rodil,  who  had  done  every 
thing  that  fidelity  and  honour  de- 
manded, surrendered  the  fortress, 
on  condition  that  he  and  his  men 
should  be  allowed,  if  they  should 
think  proper^  to  return  to  Europe* 
He  himself  immediately  took  his 
departure  for  Spain,  where  he  was 
honourably  received  as  a  trust* 
worthy  supporter  of  the  inaliena- 
ble and  absolute  supremacy  of 
monarchs ;  and,  as  such,  was  in- 
vested with  an  high  command,  in 
the  army  of  observation,  which ,*  in 
the  end  of  the  year,  was  formed 
on  the  frontiers  to  frown  at  the 
constitutional  army  of  Portugal. 

The  fall  of  Callao  terminated 
the  war:  the  liberation  of  Peru 
from  the  Spanish  yoke — the  object 
for  which  Bolivar  had  enterea  it 
with  his  Colombians — was  now 
effected ;  there  seemed  to  be  no 
reason  why  his  army  should  any 
longer  continue  to  be  a  burthen 
upon  the  country,  or  why  a  Peru- 
vian government  should  not  be  in- 
stalled, and  the  virtual  dictator-* 
ship  of  a  foreigner  brought  to  an 
end.  Bolivar  himself,  however, 
seems  to  have  entertained  very  dif- 
ferent notions,  to  have  viewecl  with 
dislike  the  approaching  termina- 
tion of  his  power,  and  to  have 
wished  to  establish  in  himself  a 
more   lasting  and   efficient    in« 


412]     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


fluence  than  was  consistent  with 
the  privileges  of  an  independent 
state.     Some  of  his  first  proceed- 
ings, though  founded  in  strict  and 
stem  justice,  manifested  no  dis- 
position to  show  much  deference, 
m  the  exercise  of  the  powers  with 
which  he  had  beeh  intrusted,   to 
the  wishes  of  the  Peruvian  au- 
thorities.     General    Bemidoaga, 
(who   had  been  commandant  of 
Callao    at   the    time  when    the 
black  troops  delivered  it  up  to 
the   Spaniards,  and,   if  not  the 
instigator  of   the    treason,    had 
been  certainly  cognizant  of  the 
plot  without  taking  any  steps  to 
prevent  its  execution),  had  been 
made  prisoner  during  the  siege, 
and,  during  his  captivity,  had  de- 
nounced a  respectable  inhabitant 
of  Lima,  named  Tiron,  as  privy 
to  a  traitorous  correspondence  car- 
ried on  with  the   royalist   army. 
After    a    confinement,  of    some 
months  both  of  the  prisoners  were 
now  tried,   convicted    and  con- 
demned.   The  municipal  authori- 
ties of  Lima  interceded  earnestly 
with  Bolivar  for  a  remission,  or 
commutation,  of  the  sentence  of 
death  which  had  been  pronounced. 
"  The  times,"  said  they,  "  of  ter- 
ror  and  peril  are  gone ;  you  have 
dispelled  dangers,  and  difficulties, 
and  apprehensions;  and,  having 
covered  yourself  with  laurels,  and 
Peru  with  peace  and  happiness, 

J^ou  may  without  impropriety, 
isten  to  our  intercessions  for  the 
guilty.*'  But  Bolivar  was  in- 
flexible ;  he  bade  them  remember 
that  to  pardon  traitors  would  im- 
pair the  moral  sentiments  of  the 
republic ;  that  the  laws,  yet  in 
their  infancy,  would  be  enfeebled 
by  the  exercise  of  clemency ;  and 
that  a  few  drops  of  parricidal  blood 
would  not  make  abends  "  for  th$ 


torrents  from  their  dwn  bosoms 
with  which  the  defenders  of  Peru 
had  watered  its  plains." 

Tlie  Peruvian  congress  was  con- 
voked in  the  b^inning  of  April ; 
but,  only  a  small  number  of  de- 
puties assembled  in  the  capital, 
and  even    of  these  the  greats 
number,  instead  of  proceeding  to 
the  business  for  wmch  they  had 
been  elected,  questioned  their  own 
powers,  refused  to  act  as  legisla- 
tors,  and,  at  a  time  when  an 
energetic  and  efficient  controlling 
power  was  the  greatest  want  of 
Peru,  gravely  insisted  on  the  ne- 
cessity of  an  appeal  to  the  nation. 
They  had  been  legally   elected: 
the  regulations  for  swearing  the 
members,    and    conducting    the 
business  of  the  assembly,  had  been 
sanctioned  by  congress  more  than 
two  years  before,  and  their  execu- 
tion had  been  ordered  by  a  decree 
of  Bolivar  in  1825.     Yet  they  re- 
solved that  they  should  not  proceed 
to  act  till  the  following  spring — 
the  country  in  the  mean  time, 
having  no  other  government  than 
the  dictatorship  of  a   foreigner. 
The  reasons  assigned  for  this  de- 
lay were  singular.     It  was  neces- 
sary, they  said,  to  give  time  for  ex- 
citing in  the  people  an  affection 
towards  their  representatives  which 
would    induce  them   to  provide 
funds  to  re-imburse  the  members 
for  the  inconvenience  they  mi^t 
sustain  in  the  discharge  of  their 
duty — as  if  this  affection  could 
be  excited  by  the  said  representa- 
tives doing  nothing.     It  was  ne- 
cessary, they  said,  to  consult  the 
nation,  whether  the  present  con- 
stitution should  be  maintained,  or 
reformed ;  and,  if  the  latter,  whe- 
ther the  reform  should  be  radical 
or  partial ;  whether  the  representa- 
tives were  to  act  up9n  their  owi\ 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[413 


c<H!victioiis,  and  be  guided  by  their 
own  oiniiions,  or  were  to  follow 
4)6cial  instructions  which  might  be 
given  by  their  constituents  ;  and, 
finally,  to  consult  the  public  voice 
as  to  the  most  proper  person  to 
be  dected  president.     A  deputa- 
tion of  fifty  two-members  present- 
ed these  resolutions  to  Bohvar,  ex- 
posing their  opinion  that,  until 
tbese  points  were  arranged,  any 
meeting  of  the  legislature  would 
be  premature.     Bolivar  concurred 
entirely  in  their  views,  which  left 
^  no  apprehensions  of  a  rival 
power,  especially  during  his  ap- 
proaching absence  in  Colombia; 
OT;  if  he  had  no  ambitious  project 
in  his  head,  it  gave  no  favourable 
opinion  of  his  political  sagacity  to 
find  him,  in  his  answer  to  these 
reluctant  l^islators,  giving  vent 
to  such  absurdities  as  the  follow- 
ing:  "  I   approve  of  your  desire 
to  recur,  in  the  midst  of  your 
difficulties,  to  the  source  whence 
jour  power  is  derived.     Nothing 
is  80  conformable  with  popular 
<k)ctrines  as  a  reference  to  the 
nan  of  the  nation,  on  those  capi- 
tal points  which  form  the  bases  of 
states,  namely,  fundamental  laws, 
and  the  supreme  magistracy.     All 
UMii?idixals  are  liable  to  error  and 
seduction,  not  so  the  nation,  which 
poflsesses,  in  an  eminent  degree, 
tbe  knowledge  of  its  welfare  and 
tbe  measure  of  its  independence. 
FTom  this  cause  its  judgment  is 
pne,  its  will  is  strong,  and  con- 
sequently,  no  one  can  •  corrupt, 
^rless,  intimidate  it.     I  hold  ir- 
refragable proofs  of  the  constancy 
of  the  nation  in  great  resolutions, 
and  therefore  it  is,  that  I  have  al- 
^J%   preferred   its   opinions    to 
tluMe  m  the  wise.     Let,  then,  the 
Sectoral  colleges  be  consulted." 
U  was  left  to  the  president  of 


Colombia  to  discover  that  ^'  in 
the  midst  of  national  difficulties,** 
the  purity,  the  constancy,  the  in- 
corruptibility, and  the  intelligence, 
of  a  rude  and  unlettered  mob  were 
the  best  resources  of  a  state,  and 
that  the  opinions  of  the  wise  were  of 
comparativelv  little  value.  To  say 
nothing  of  history,  the  existing 
condition  of  every  new-bom  state 
between  Cape  Horn  and  the  Nor- 
thern confines  of  Mexico,  gave 
the  lie  to  this  mischievous  nonsense. 
Thus  the  authority  of  Bolivar 
was  the  only  government  that 
Peru  was  as  yet  to  enjoy ;  but  he 
was  far  from  being  so  popular 
among  the  people,  as  among  the 
hair-brained  aeputies  who  had 
acted  so  unintelligibly,  and  obse- 
quiously. Grave  doubts  were 
entertamed  of  the  purity  of  his 
views  in  regard  to  Peru,  and  re- 
ports were  spread  of  his  intention 
to  render  her  dependent  upon 
Colombia.  People  could  not  oe- 
lieve  that  a  dismterested  regard 
for  the  welfare  of  a  foreign  state 
should  detain  him  at  Lima,  when 
rebellion  was  tearing  Colombia  in 
pieces;  they  could  discover  no- 
thing but  sinister  motives  for 
keeping  his  army  in  Peru,  where 
it  was  no  longer  needed,  and  was 
only  a  source  of  intolerable  ex- 
pense ;  least  of  all  were  they  dis- 
posed to  be  satisfied  with  his  mode 
of  employing  that  army,  marching 
the  Peruvian  troops  to  the  Isth-. 
mus,  and  occupying  every  village 
in  the  country  wi^  his  Colom- 
bians. The  discontent  was  gene- 
ral ;  some  slight  insurrectionary 
•movements  among  the  Peruvian 
military  in  the  provinces  were 
.  easily  repressed  ;  but  a  more  ex- 
tended and  dangerous  conspiracy 
was  discovered  and  prevented. 
Bolivar^  unexpectedly,  issued  a 


414]      ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1826. 


proclamation  ordering  the  cele* 
bnition  of  the  great  festival  of  the 
declaration  of  Peruvian  Ind^)en* 
dence  to  be  deferred  from  the 
25th  of  July,  to  the  6th  of 
August,  the  anniversary  of  the 
battle  of  Jairu.  On  the  evening 
of  the  25th  July,  he  went  to  the 
theatre  with  his  usual  state,  but 
left  it  early  and  suddenly ;  double 
guards  were  posted  at  tiie  doors, 
and  a  number  of  officers  amnre- 
hended  at  they  went  out.  Next 
day  it  was  alleged  that  a  conspi- 
racy had  been  discover^,  the 
object  of  which  was,  to  seize  Boli- 
var in  his  box,  and  either  put  him 
to  death,  or  to  impurison  him. 
Numerous  arrests  continued  to  be 
waAe  durjne  the  whole  of  that 
day;  an  a£litional  regiment  of 
cavalry,  and  a  battalion  of  artil- 
lery were  brought  into  the  city ; 
and  Bolivar,  leaving  his  countnr 
seat  in  Uie  neighbourhood,  took 
up  his  retideiioe  in  the  palace 
closely  Munounded  by  centinek. 
The  prmcipal  parties  arrested 
were  military  odOicers  of  high 
rank,  and  extensive  influence, 
among  whom  were  generals  Ni- 
oochea,  Alvarado,  and  Correa. 
The  last  of  these  attempted  to 
commit  suicide;  some  of  the 
more  turbulent  of  the  inferior 
military  were  shot ;  and  Bolivar's 
own  admiral,  Quise,  was  impri- 
soned aa  implicated  in  the  c(m- 
spiracy. 

It  was  difficult  to  account  for 
the  stay  of  Bolivar  at  Lima,  now 
that  the  spirit  of  disaffection  in 
Colombia  had  spread  even  to 
Guayaquil,  except  on  the  suppo- 
sition that  he  wiaaed  to  perpetu- 
ate bis  power  over  Peru,  and 
secure  tO:  himaelf  a  &mnal  right 
of  continually  interfering  in  and 
controlling  its  affairs.    His  whole 


conduct,  now  that  the  state  of 
Colombia  imperatively  denanded 
his  presence  m  the  ieif<dted  ]pp»- 
vinces,  confirmed  the  suspioon. 
Ever  and  anon  he  wa«  on  the 
point  of  departing,  but  gmerovaly 
sacrificed  his  emu  widiea  to  the 
prayers  of  Peru,  which,  in  the 
shape  of  his  own  obaaqukma  ad- 
herents, entieatad  him  to  vemani, 
and  to  retain  for  their  sakea»  a 

C>wer  which  he  was  sighing  to 
ydown.  Onthe  15th  of  August, 
the  assembled  negroes  of  Lima, 
humbly  petitioned  him  to  igmaJn, 
to  save  tke  republic  fma  anaidiy 
and  slavery;  but  their  P^m* 
were  more  successfully  bawed  by 
the  good  reasons  bnnu^t  forA 
by  a  deputation  of  )aQiea»  whs 
actually  proceeded  to  the  palsce, 
and  sueoeeded  in  cosvinciaig  the 
dictator  of  the  impropriety  of 
saving  Colombo  at  the  ezpease 
of  quitting  Peru,  Bolivar  was 
molUfied  wad  overcomes  he  de- 
clared himself  unable  to  vesist 
'^  the  assembled  beauty"  of  Lima; 
he  consented  to  lemain;  «t 
<'  the  assembled  beauty''  a-daae- 
ing  with  his  aide-d«^akmpa»  and 
the  city  belb  a-ris^^iiiir.  This 
farce  was  followed  next  day  by  a 
more  serious  performaMO^  to 
which  it  had  only  been  inliodue- 
tory.  The  Electoral  eoUefo  ef 
the  department  of  Lima  assembled, 
and,  by  an  unanimous  vole,  elected 
Bolivar  president  for  life.  He 
aooepted  the  boon,  reeonmmided 
lo  them  the  fonn  of  ccmntitutian 
which  he  had  framed  for  Bobvis, 
discovered  that  hiaiAiseiiQa  throat- 
ened  Peru  neithot  with  anarchy 
nor  despotism,  and  set  out  imsse- 
diately  fotr  Cobmbia,  leaving  Ike 
government  in  the  hmA  of  the 
vice-present  Santa  Cms. 
The  foihure  of  the  Peruvwn  go- 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  [417 

he  probablv  hoped  to  recover  his  tioos,  to  avail  themselves  of  his 
kstanthonty.  For  this  purpose,  kindness.  If  he  had  that  share  in 
dun  Pedro  Aldunate,  the  brother  this  transaction,  vrhichevery  thing 
of  the  govenioi  of  Chiloe,  was  seemed  to  prove,  it  was  a  most  in- 
iie^tched  liom  Callao,  with  a  auspicious  omen  for  the  future 
ctnunitstOB  from  O'Higgins,  to  tranquillity  of  South  America.  It 
t'ldte  the  garrison  of  Chiloe  to  indicated  aspirit—ifnotofmihtary 
insurrection.  Aldunate  arrived  io  usurpation — at  least,  of  ambitious 
Chiloe  on  the  night  between  the  and  unnecessary  interference,  and 
Kth  and  25th  of  April;  and,  that,  too,  by  exciting  insurrection, 
LhoDi^  he  found  his  brother  ab-  which  might  lead  to  a  succession 
sent,  he  met  with  no  difficulty  in  of  revolutions  in  countries,  whose 
^lecuthig;  hb  task.  Fuentes,  the  prosperityandhappinessdepended 
ijfficer  in  command,  joined  readily  entirely  on  the  permanence  and 
III  the  plot:  and,  on  the  3rd  of  stability  even  of  the  imperfect 
May,  the  troops  threw  off  their  govemmentswhichtheypossessed, 
illegiance,  and  declared  for  O'Hig-  But,  in  fact.  Chili  could  scarcely 
jms.  Emissaries  were  sent,  at  the  be  said  to  possess  a  government ; 
ame  time,  to  seduce  the  troops  in  the  administration  was  a  matter  of 
:ther  districts,  and  to  excite  dis-  cabal  to  a  faction  of  great  proprie- 
tuifaonces  in  Santiago,  Conception,  tors  mingled  with  some  lawyers; 
uid Coquimbo.  Asortofassembly  the  people  at  lai^  took  no  share 
lu  immediately  convoked  at  in  it,  and  had  little  or  no  influence 
Chibe,  under  the  auspices  of  the  on  its  course.  In  October,  1825, 
Tiiliuiy  authorities,  which  declared  the  deputies  of  Santiago,  the  capi- 
ihr  province  to  be  henceforth  free,  tal,  had  usurped  to  themselves  the 
iDd  independent  of  Chili,  until  a  functions  of  the  general  congress 
rovemment,  legally  constituted  by  of  the  republic.  Thereupon  their 
fie  people,  should  be  formed,  re-  constituents,  in  a  tumultuary  as- 
jinmg  in  the  mean  time  the  con-  sembly,  recalled  their  commissions, 
lilotion  of  Chili.  the   Supreme  Director   dissolved 

That  Bolivarwasoneofthecon-  them,  and  banished  from  the  (er- 
rireisof  this  insurrection,  could  ritoriesoftheconfederation  eleven 
carcely  be  doubted.  It  was  from  of  the  most  noisy,  who  insisted 
on  his  recognising  them.  As  the 
directorship  of  Freire  was  about 
to  expire,  and  there  was  no  con- 
stitutional mode  of  re-electing  him, 
or  choosing  a  successor,  without  a 
National  Assembly,  unewCongress 
was  convoked  in  July,  Don 
Manuel  Blanco  Encalada  was 
chosen  Supreme  Director;  the 
Congress  resolved  "that  the  re- 
public should  be  consolidated 
under  the  Federal  system ;"  and, 
so  soon  as  the  acclamations  attend- 
ant on  these  empty  words  had  died 
aw^,  they  proceeded  to  tear  the 


418]     ANNUAL    REGIStER,    1826. 


confederation  in  pieces  by  diasen- 
tion,  and  leave  the  government 
paralysed  by  poverty.  In  two 
montlis  the  Supreme  Director 
Encalada^  very  wisely,  gave  in  his 
resignation,  and  nothing  could  pre- 
sent a  more  melancholy  picture  of 
a  state  than  what  was  contained  in 
bis  reasons  for  adopting  this  step. 
"  He  had  hoped,"  he  said,  *'  that 
Congress,  sensibly  alive  to  the  cri- 
tical position  of  anairs,  and  the  ex- 
hausted state  of  the  treasury,  would 
lend  their  active  co-operation,  and 
unite  in  perfect  harmony  witn  the 
executive,  for  the  purpose  of  call- 
ing into  action  those  indispensable 
resources  that  were  so  imperiously 
necessary  for  meeting  the  urgent 
and  daily  necessities  of  the  State, 
and  which  have  been  a  source  of 
unceasing  perplexity  to  the  govern- 
ment, from  the  first  moment  of  its 
installation.  What  has  been  the 
state  of  the  public  treasury,  from 
that  period  to  this,  will  sufficiently 
appear  from  the  repeated  repre- 
sentations made  by  the  executive 
to  Congress.  It  is,  therefore,  quite 
nugatory  again  to  altude  to  the 
lamentable  appearance  it  presents, 
and  which  has  been  already  sub- 
mitted to  the  consideration  of  the 
representatives,  without  ever  pro- 
ducing the  effects  that  might  rea- 
sonably be  expected,  anoi  which 
were  equally  demanded  by  neces- 
sity, reason,  and  sound  policy."  He 
further  stated  plainly,  **  The  cause 
that  has  induced  me  to  adopt  the 
resolution  of  tendering  my  resigna- 
tion is  the  alienation  and  neglect 
manifested  by  all  parties  towards 
the  executive  power,  which  has 
been  left  to  the  mercy  of  the  at- 
tacks of  public  opinion,  without 
aid  or  hope,  to  steer  its  course 
amidst  a  thousand  hidden  rocks, 
which  inust  ultimately  be  its  de- 


struction. Some  other  individual, 
more  fortunate  than  he  who  ad- 
dresses you,  or  more  experienced 
in  the  science  of  making  some- 
thing out  of  nothing,  may  succeed 
one  whose  unhappy  fate  it  has 
been  to  struggle  witn  insuperable 
difficulties :  at  one  titne  to  oppose 
dangerous  innovations — at  another 
to  discountenance  the  most  absnrd 
and  inexplicable  theories — now  to 
foil  the  intrigues  of  party — ^now  to 
calm  the  ardour  of  passions  neither 
elevated  nor  generous." 

There  was  now  no  occasion  for 
any    South-American     power  to 
blush  because  it  did  not  pay  ib 
debts ;    they  kept  each  other  ifl 
countenance ;    and,  least  of  all, 
was  any  great  sensitiveness  to  be 
expected  from  a  legislature,  which, 
in    such    matters,    would   listen 
neither  to  "  reason,  necessity,  nor 
sound  polioy."  The  Chilian  bond- 
holders in  Loudon  remained  un- 
paid, like  those  who  had  trusted 
to    Colombia    and    Peru.     The 
Chilian  government  had  pretended 
to  make  provision  for  the  regular 
discharge   of  the  interest  of  its 
debt,  but  the  mode  adopted  was 
not  a  little  singular.     It  conveyed 
to  a  mercantile  company  the  mo- 
nopoly of  certain  articles  of  gene- 
ral consumption ;    and  the  com- 
pany, in  return  for  that  monopoly, 
was  to  provide  for  the  discharge 
of  the  accruing  interest  of  the 
foreign   debt.      Though   such  a 
monoi)oly  might  have  been  main- 
tainea  under  the  Spanish  system 
of   administration,   it  is  easy  to 
see  that,  as  it  must  necessarily  be 
exceedingly  unpopular,  it  could 
not  but  be  insecure  under  a  new, 
tottering,  inexperienced,  half-oli- 
garchical, and  half-democratical, 
government.     Had  the  state  re- 
tained the  monopoly  in  its  own 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.        823 

Uttainf  ootmttrfoil  coin  hftTing  before  been  conrktad  as 

a  ootomoo  utterer  » •  • .  .  •        1 

Arson  ••  ••  ••  ••  ••         ••        1 

Stoaliiuf  in  a  dwelling  house  to  the  value  of  40t,  or  upwards      73 
Receirag  itokn  jguoos  ... 

Manslaagbter 

Selling  Uounterlelt  Coin 

Transposing  tbe  Goldsmith'a-hall  mark 

Larcenies  of  vluiolis  desctipttons 

Misdemeanors  < . 

Conspiracy 

Peijury        • .  • . 

LimI 


•  4 


10 

8 

9 

1 

I 

. .  1,691 

16 

3 
..        2 

1— 1,S46 


Of  wbieh  tbere  were  sentenced— « 

To  death            ..            ..              .            ..  ..303 

To  transportation  for  life              . .  64 

To          Ditto        for  14  years            . .            . .  . .      96 

To          Ditto        for  7  years        ..            ..  ..643 

To  inlprisonnient  in  Newgate  and  in  the  Houses  of 

*  Correction  for  three  years  2 

Ditto,  for  two  yeafs  . .        8 

Ditto,  for  one  year           . .            . .  .60 

Ditto,  for  nine  months    . .            . .  . .        2 

Ditto,  for  six  months              . .              . .  . .     140 

Ditto,  for  four  months                ..                .^  ..14 

Ditto,  for  three  months      . .            . .            . .  .167 

Ditto,  fot  two  months  . .  .  ....       76 

Ditto,  for  six  weelcs        . .                . .            . .  .9 

Ditto,  for  one  month  and  under         . .  . .     163 

Fined  one  shilling  and  discharged,  one  10/.  101 

Whipped  and  discharged                           . .  .86 

Those  whose  judgments  remain  respited  .        12 

Entered  into  his  own  recognizance           . .  . .        1  — 1,846 

Ac<piitted                                                  .  •  676 

Ditto,  on  the  ground  of  insanity              .  1 

Discharged,  Imls  of  indictment  not  being  found  . .     246 

Ditto,  not  baring  been  prosecuted  » .      28  —  960 

2,796 
Fourteen  of  whom  have  been  executed  for  the  following  offences  :--* 


Burglary                         .• 

4 

Fbrgery 

1 

Murder 

1 

Highway  robbery 

6 

Horse^stealing 

1 

Sheep-stealing 

Stealing  from  the  Person    .  • 

1 
1 

14 


324      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 


Th6  following  TabLb  exhibits  the  Annual  Number  of  PeMonK  who 
have  suffered  Dbath  in  the  County  of  Mibdlbsbx  and  City  of 
London,  within  the  space  of  the  last  Eleven  Years. 


OFFENCES. 


I  ••• •••••••••••••••••• 


Burglary    

Cutting  and  MaimlDg 

Extortion 

Forgery 

Fratricide  ••.... 

House-breaking 

Infanticide 

Letter-breaking 

Murder  ». 

Ditto  on  the  High  Seas 
Maliciously  Shooting 

Piracy • 

Rape  

Robbery  (Highway) 

Ditto  on  the  Thames    

Ditto  of  Employers  

Sacrilege 

Cow-stealing „ 

Horse-stealiDg ••• 

Sheep-stealing ,..,. 

Stealing  in  a  DvreiUng-houe  ... 

Ditto  (Privately) 

Ditto  from  the  Person 

1  reason  •....•....,.,,,,••,,,,,,,,,,,, 

Uttering  Forged  Notes 

Unnatural  Crime 


TOTAI 


00 


3 

1 


2 

4 


1 
2 


3 
2 


18 


1 
1 


4 
1 
5 


23 


00 

flO 


2 


1 

2 


8 


20 


Ok 
00 


3 

1 


1 
1 


4 

1 


25 


% 


6 

2 
1 
1 
1 


2 
1 

1 
1 
2 


5 
15 


43 


4 
2 
2 
1 


12 

2 
1 


1 
1 


33 


§ 


10 


1 


4 
? 

23 


90 


9 
2 

1 

I 


1 
1 


2 
1 


18 


00 


3 


2 


U 


a 


8 


1 
1 


1 
1 


17 


e 


1 
1 


14 


^ 


fi9 
S 
4 

U 
1 
B 
1 
4 

10 
4 
1 
4 

40 
4 

i 

1 

6 
4 
i 
i 
i 
5 
46 
6 

j45 


Grand  Total— Males  238,  Females  7— W5 


Table  of  the  Number  of  Bankrupts,  Declarations  of  Insolvsnct, 
Petitions  of  Insolvents,  and  of  Dissolutions  of  Partnsbsbip. 


January  

February  

March   

April    

May  ..' 

June  

July 

August 

September  %. 
October  ...., 
November  .. 
December   ., 


Baoknipts. 


287 
264 
219 
342 
275 
218 
116 
138 
141 
130 
241 
212 

2583^ 


DeclaraUoni 
of  Iniolrency. 

18 
21 
19 
24 
30 
22 
16 
23 
16 
25 
24 
15 

253 


ImolvcBti 

beard  in 

Town. 

168 
213 
208 
227 
365 
.348 
235 
202 

195 
282 

248 

2691 


Inaolvents 

heard  in 

the  Country. 

96 
108 
140 
2 
103 
705 
113 

95 
475 
111 

11 

1889 


DiMohcd. 


172 
184 
160 
185 
247 
191 
191 
190 
168 
181 
159 
165 


2193 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         321 


s|ir=siiis=igs- 

ss 

-  1  11^^ 

1 

1 

■s 

1 

•B&'&i 


ij 


322       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


ANNUAL  STATE  OF  NEWGATE,  1826. 

Statement  f^the  Number  qfPenxmf  C^mUtted  in  the  Tear  1626. 


Male*. 

159 


In  custody  oa  Ist  January,  1826 
Committed  to  Slst  December  indusivey  under  1  inoy 
21  years  of  afe  . .  . .         . .  J       ' 


years  ot  age 
Above  that  i^  . . 


•  • 


1096 


48 
442 
i$6 


} 


Of  which  there  have  been  executed 

X^lBU  ••  ••  ••  ■• 

Removed  to  Hulks  at  Gos port 

Ditto  ..        Portsmouth  .         .. 

Ditto       .  #       . .        8heemes8  . .  -  . .  * 

Ditto        .,       . .        Chatham 

Ditto       ..  Woolwich 

Ditto       ..       ..        Devonport 

Ditto  to  tiio  Penitentiary,  Imlbaok 

Ditto  Co  Ibe  Eefuge  for  the  Destitute 

Ditto  by  Habeas  Ck)rpu8  for  Trial  at  the  Assizes 

Ditto  to  the  House  of  Correction  for  London 

Ditto  to  the  House  of  Correctioa  for  Middlesex 

DischMTged,  hadng  received  his  Mi^esty's  pardon 

Ditto,  haviiM[  been  acquitted  at  the  CHd  BaSey  Seisions  . . 

Ditto,  upon  ollb  of  indietment  not  having  been  found    . . 

Ditto,  no!  having  been  prosecuted 

Ditto,  haffag  been  imprisoned  pursuant  te  leBlence 

Ditto,  having  beea  whipped  . ,  *, 

Ditto,  having  been  fined  ]«.  and  one  10/. 

Ditto,  upon  bful,  and  other  causes 

Removed  to  a  Lunatic  Asylum 

Sent  to  Trial  to  Clerkenwdl  Session 

Remain  in  custody  1st  Jan.  ]827^Males  233,  Pemdes  145 


Tool 
..     207 

..2,931 
d,13S 


16 
4 

100 

75 

124 

245 

179 
35 

107 

11 

26 
119 
452 

7 

676 

245 

2S 

86 

86 

90 

24 

2 

23— 2JfiO 

378 


Of  which  number  421  had  beoa  in  Newgate  before. 
Commttali  increased  tjm  yieaa-,  547. 


3,m 


Statement  of  the  Number  ofTmrwm  Qmvided  in  the  Year  182& 

Murder 

Burglary 

Housebreaking 

Highway  robbery 

Hocse-stealiQg 

Sheep-stealing 

Cattle-stealing 

Retumii^  from  transportation 
Forgery 

Coming 


1  *■, 


•» 

1 

. 

37 

.  • 

19 

•  « 

37 

• 

13 

•  • 

7 

»  m 

2 

^ 

8 

• 

1 

m  - 

i 

« 

HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[4J9 


bauds,  it  would  even  then  have 
been  the  object  of  general  odium ; 
but  when  the  monopoly  was  as- 
signed to  a  company  of  merchants, 
was   it  to  be  expected  that  the 
people  would  submit  patiently  to 
deprivations    imposed   on    them, 
apparently  for  the  benefit  of  ^ 
few  speculators?     The  company, 
thinking   that  they  had  not  made 
a  very  secure  bargain,  announced 
that  they  would  not  provide  for 
the  interest  of  the  debt,  unless  a 
large  extension  of  their  exclusive 
privilege  were  granted.     This  ex- 
tension the  government  dared  not 
venture  to  concede  ;  and  the  con- 
sequence was,    that    the    public 
creditor  had  to  remain  unsatisfied. 
The  executive  could  not  bring  the 
revenue  to  a  level  even  with  the 
ordinary  expenditure,  although  it 
had  sold  its  fleet  to  Buenos  Ayres 
to   raise  a  sum  for  its  present 
necessities. 

Thus    throughout    the    South 
American  States  there  was  little 
that   was  promising,  except  the 
final  reipoval  of  the  debasing  des- 
potism and  ecclesiastical  degrada- 
tion of  Spain ;  every  where  reign- 
ed disunion  and  uncertainty,  theo- 
retical symnjetry,   and  practical 
confusion.      In    none    of    them 
could  apy  man  feel  the  least  con- 
fidence that  what  existed  to-day 
would  exist  to-morrow;    faction 
and  intrigue  were  every  moment 
attempting  or  accomplishing  in- 
novations;   the  spirit  of  change 
was  so  busy,  and  found  so  much 
facility  in  gratifying  itself,   that 
nothing  was  regarded  as  perma- 
nent or  fixed;    and  this  uncer- 
tainty and  variableness  not  only 
weakened  the  administrations,  but 
arrested   the  career  of  improve- 
ment, and  quenched  the  spirit  of 
private  enterprise    and  industry. 


They  were  now  safe  from  external 
assault,  until  they  should  quarrel 
with  each  other ;  but  their  govern- 
ments were  devoid  of  that  con- 
sistency and  stability  which  ex- 
clude    sudden     and     capricious 
changes  in  fundamental  details, 
and  at  the  same  time  admit  im- 
proveqfient  by  gradual  modifica- 
tion, and  by  accommodation  to 
varying  circumstances.  Yet,  while 
each  had  so  much  with  which  to 
occupy  itself  at  home,  they  as- 
sembled a  pompous  and    futile 
Amphyctionic  council,  ^  deliber- 
ate on  the  welfare  of  the  whole 
American  continent     The  depu- 
ties to  this  grand  Diet  of  the  New 
States  assembled   at  Panama  in 
the  month  of*  June.     Only  four 
of  the  states^^olombia,  which 
had  borne  the  jprincipal  share  in 
its   convocation— -Mexico — Peru, 
which  was  governed  by  the  Co- 
lombian  president — and   Guate- 
mala,  whose  provinces  were  at 
war  with  6ach  other — sent  repre- 
sentatives.   Tlie  provinces  of  the 
Rio  Plata  regarded  the  assembly 
with  more  of  aversion  and  sus- 
picion than  of  confidence,   from 
their   jealousy   of  the  influence 
and  designs  of  Colombia.  Similar 
feelings  were  entertained  by  Chili, 
heightened   by  the    insurrection 
effected  in  Chiloe  by  the  military 
adherents    of    Bolivar's    friend, 
O'Higgius.      The   baby   Bolivia, 
fondled    in    the    bosom    of  the 
Colombian  president,  was  repre- 
sented wherever  he  had  a  minis- 
ter.      To    preserve    a    fantastic 
equality,  the  lot  decided  the  pre- 
sidency as  well  as  the  order  in 
which  the  deputies  of  the  differ- 
ent states  should  sign  the  acts 
of  the  diet.     Don  Manuel  Lorenxo 
de  Vidaurre,  one  of  the  ministers 
of  Peru,  happened  to  be  chosen 


420]      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


president;  and  addressed  to  the 
assembly,  as  the  opening  of  its 
deliberations,  a  matchless  efFusioi^ 
of  pedantry  and  bombast.  Set- 
ting' out  from  such  profound 
axioms  as  these,  ^Hhat  man,  in 
the  use  of  his  most  perfect  facul- 
ties, distinguishes  wliat  is  just 
from  what  b  unjust ;  what  is 
useful  and  agreeable  from  what 
is  pernicious  and  offensive ;  what 
is  secure  from  what  is  dangerous ; 
the  enjoyment  of  moderate  plea- 
sures, which  are  perpetual,  from 
intense  gratifications,  which  are 
only  momentary ;"  he  assured 
them,  as  if  to  encourage  them  to 
set  experience  at  defiance,  that 
their  revolutions  "  found  no  ex- 
ample in  all  the  revolutions,  civil, 
moral,  and  political,  which  histo- 
rians have  related,  or  philosophers 
examined/'  He  then  treated  of 
the  creation  of  the  world,  the 
dynasties  of  the  Chinese  and 
Egyptians,  the  empires  of  the 
Medes  and  Persians,  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  Marathon,  Salamis, 
Thebes,  and  Carthage ;  Emilianus, 
O'Higgins,  Pitt  and  Fox;  and 
various  other  topics  equally  fit 
for  a  deliberative  assembly,  with 
a  zeal  and  copiousness  betraying 
not  merely  bad  taste,  but  poverty 
and  barrenness  of  mind,  want  of 
experience,  ignorance  of  all  that 
is  worth  knowing,  and  an  absence 
of  the  habits  of  thought  which 
are  required  in  active  life.  This 
has  hitherto  been  the  bane  of  the 
South  American  statesmen.  They 
speak  and  they  write  like  boys 
who  have  just  left  school,  as  if 
their  minds  had  been  stationary 
since  they  attained  the  age  of 
puberty :  they  exhibit  scarcely  a 
single  trace  of  a  reason  accus- 
tomed to  observe  human  affairs, 
to  analyze  their  combinations^  or 


follow  their  consequences.  Fo 
this  defective  turn  of  mind  the; 
were  hardly  responsible ;  the  sya 
tem  of  education,  and  the  fxain 
of  society,  which  existed  in  ih 
Spanish  colonies,  were  such  a 
scarcely  to  permit  statesman-liki 
habits  of  thought  to  grow  up. 

The  politick  objects    of   tl» 
Diet,   so  far  as  they   could  \m 
gleaned  from  amid    a    mass  ol 
vague    and   declamatory   propo^ 
sitions,  were  founded  on  invetenUi 
hostility  to  Spain,  and  good  will 
towards  all  the  rest  of  the  world 
and  to  each  other.     It  professed 
to  treat  with  respect  the  estaWish- 
ed  European  governments,  how« 
ever  opposite  in  their  principles 
to  those  of  America;  to  seek  a 
free  commerce  with  all  natioiis, 
and  grant  great  commercial  privi- 
leges to  such  as    recognized  its 
independence;    to  establish   re- 
ligious   toleration,    and    abdtsb 
slavery.     To  convince  Spain  that 
her  hopes  of  re-conquest,  if  she 
still  entertained  them,  were  chi- 
merical,   the   war    establishment 
was  still  to  be  maintained;    her 
fruits,  her  commodities,  every  pro- 
duction of  her  industry  and  soil, 
were  to  be  absolutely  prohilHted, 
seized,    and  destroyed  wherever 
they  might  be  found,  till  Ferdi- 
nand, persuaded  'that  he  could 
not  recover  what  he  had  been 
unable  to  maintain,  and  convinced 
that    in    America    even    facticm 
would    lend  him  no   assistance, 
should  become  accessible  to  rea- 
son and  justice,  and  recognise  as 
a  right  the  independence  which 
they  would  neyer  condescend  to 
purchase.     Then  America  wonW 
forget  all  the  calamities  which  he 
had  caused  her,  and  allow  him 
the  benefit  of  "  the  generous  re- 
conciliation which  ale  profewl 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


[421 


to  him.^  It  was  impossible  to 
coodemn  either  the  spirit  or  the 
prndence  which  recommended 
obstinate  resistance  to  Spain,  and 
f^ea  active  war.  In  relation  to 
the  American  States  themselves, 
the  grand  Congress  was  to  act  in 
km  characters.  It  was  to  be 
**an  adviser  in  great  conflicts — a 
faithfiil  interpreter  of  treaties — a 
mediator  in  domestic  disputes — 
an  agent  in  the  formation  of  new 
i^ts  with  foreign  states."  There 
could  be  no  objection  to  its  giving 
adrice,  though  that  advice  had 
little  chance  of  being  much  re- 
g^ed:  it  might  interpret  and 
ntediate  as  much  as  it  pleased, 
though  it  was  an  awkward  circum- 
stance that  the  contending  parties 
should  themselves  be  inteCTal 
parts  of  the  interpreter  or  media- 
tor; but  as  to  "  its  agency  in  the 
fonnation  of  new  rights  with 
foreign  states/'  it  was  to  be  ex- 


pected that  foreign  states  would  be 
very  cautious  in  negotiating  with 
such  an  assembly,  or  through  its 

Srency.  When  they  dealt  with 
olombia  or  Mexico,  they  ^ere 
dealing  with  a  supreme  state;  if 
they  dealt  with  a  body  like  this 
great  Diet,  they  were  dealing  with 
a  shadow.  After  concluding  an 
ordinary  treaty  of  perpetual  alli- 
ance and  friendship  among  the 
four  republics,  the  Congress  rose, 
apparently  alarmed  by  the  un- 
healthy climate  of  the  isthmus, 
which  had  proved  fatal  to  some 
of  the  functionaries  attending  its 
proceedings;  but,  as  many  sus- 
pected, in  consequence  of  the  ap- 
prehended intrieues  of  Bolivar,  to 
whose  schemes  it  seemed  inclined 
to  be  less  subservient  than  he 
desired.  The  members  agreed 
to  hold  another  meeting  at  Mexico, 
or  in  its  neighboiyrhood. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


327 


TMUU-^MicUAShHAU,  1826, 
Classis  I. 
Oaorge  A.  Denison,  Christ  Church. 
John  T.  Hope,  Christ  Church. 
Georyc  F.  VV.  Mortimer,  Ouccft's* 
Viscount  Newark,  Christ  Church. 

Ctissis  II. 
Lord    Henry  WOliam  C.  Bentinck, 

Chsrisi  Church. 
Edward  P.  Blunt,  Conms. 
John  A.  Gower,  Magwilen, 
George  Lea,  Wadham. 
Edward  Simms,  Wadhmn. 
Walter,  J.  Trower,  Christ  Church. 
Samuel  Wilberforce,  Oriel. 
Lovelace  B.  Wither,  Oriel. 


In  LUerlt  HumanioribfH^ 
Classis  III. 

Charley  D,  Bevaa,  BalM. 
Henry  J.  BuckoU,  Queen's. 
John  D.  Ciuimbert,  Oriel. 
James  Clay,  Balliol, 
Thoma*  Collfitt,  Trmly^ 
John  D.  O.  Croiise,  l^eter. 
Morgan  Dwt^t  fVq4hum. 
George  Dawaon,  Exeter. 
Robert  Eden,  Christ  Church. 
John  Hardiogt  fFbrcester, 
Thomas  J.  Hemiogt  Christ  Chwch. 
Charles  W.  Lawrence^  Brosen^nose, 
Patrick  M.  Smytbe,  Christ  Church. 


Ci.M8ie  I. 
George  Dawson,  Exeter. 
Joseph  Maude,  Queen's. 
Robert  B.  Maurice,  Christ  Church. 


In  Diteiplinii  Mathematicis  et  Physieis. 


Walter  J.  Trower,  Christ  Church^ 
Rowland  Webster,  Lincoln. 
Samuel  Wilberforce,  Oriel. 


LaUn 


CHANCELLOR'S  PRIZES. 

Essay*— '^  Quibus  pnedpue  de  causis  in  artium  liberalium  studiis  Ramani 
Grtecis  vix  pares,  nedum  superiores  evaserint  ?''    [Not  awarded.] 

English  Essay. — ^**  It  a  rude,  or  a  refined  age,  more  fqwurable  to  the  production  of 

works  of  fiction  V*    George Moberlyi  Balliol. 

SIR  ROGER  NEWDIGATE'S  PRIZES. 

LatiD. — **  Monies  Pyrentm.'^    Prancis  K.  Leighton,  Magdalen. 
English — *'  Tr(0an*s  Pillar.''    W.  W.  Tircman,  fTaSham. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAMBRIDGE— triposes,  1826. 


ti^M..^^,  $  ^^^  ^"^^»  ^*•'^•  Sidsiey. 
**'*'''''^'- 1  Joshua  King,  M.A.  X^een's. 


fVranglers. 

Ds.  Law,  (!.)    Trinity. 

Hymers St.  John's, 

Metcalie St.  John's. 

Han«»,(2.)  ....Clare HaU. 

Miller .....St.  John's. 

Budd  Pembroke. 

Moseley ...St.  John's. 

Stratton(A)    ....Trinitjf. 

Willis Cuius. 

Fisher Pembroke, 

Julian Queen's. 

MaM>n Trkutff. 

Clinton Caius. 

Eyre  • Pembroke. 

Stansfeld  ..••..  Trinity. 
Hodgsen  {9),,.. Trinity 
Otter,  E.    ...... Jesus, 

Webb ,...T^mity. 

Green  ....... ^.^Pirist's. 

Salkeld  ..„,.., Trinity. 


Keeling 


St.JohnU. 


Goodhart  •  •  Trinity  >  k^^^u, 
Welte  . .  Corpus  Ch.  \  ^^V^^^*' 
Stone  .•..*..*..  Caius. 
South  «.........^J«A«iV. 

Wollaston Caius. 

Booth Corpus. 

Senior  Optimes. 
Ps.  AtkinaoB,  Jk,  ....  Trinity. 

Clark .....Queen's. 

Lawsen    St,  John's. 

Glutton   ,..,.... Emmanuel. 

Edmonds. ... Trinity. 

Hales Trinity. 

Welch Pembroke. 

Heald .....Trinity. 

Marsden  •••...»  .St.  John's. 

Blissard St.  John's. 

Mayoard.  • Pembroke. 

Ashington Trinity. 

Burneil  ,,,.,, $$Queen's» 


328      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


GUderdale Catherine  Mall. 

Rolls    • Trinilsf. 

Neate TUnify, 

OUer^O Jeau. 

Stock  ....; Peier. 

Borrett  ........CbtW. 

Smedley Trinity. 

Fearon St.  John's, 

Kinglake TWnify. 

SuUaby  ...,....&,  John's. 

Baker Sidney, 

Steggall Jesus. 

*  Gratton », St.  John's. 

•  Gibson  \,,*,,,, Sidney. 
Gibson    ..••..•.<$/.  John's* 

Taylor    Jestes. 

Kerr   .•••• Sidney, 

Collins Ti-inity. 

Gumey   Trinity. 

Junior  Optimes. 

Ds.  Dunn  •« St.  John's. 

Atkinson,  C Trinity. 

Russell Peter. 


Shepherd  '.0..\*Trkuty. 
Greensall    ..,.,. St. John's. 

Hopkins St.  John's, 

Apthorp  ..••••  J,&mMome{, 

Stevens SLJohCs. 

Power  .. • Ckare* 

Patton ...Trmify. 

Pinder ^....Trinity. 

Hubbersty St,  John's. 

Greene    Pembroke. 

Cole ...i..,  St.  John's, 

Moore Christi, 

Flavell.. St,  John^s. 

Bissett Magdalen. 

Rawlings Qiieefi'x. 

Bell Gmsus. 

Gregg .,.,  St,  John's. 

Bawtree  Jesus, 

South   ..'. Pemhrohs, 

Adye   Caius. 

Foster St.Joim's. 

Purton TViniiy. 

Price    St,  John's, 


Classicaii  Tripos,  1826. 

'Thomas  S.  Hughes,  B.D.  Emmanuel* 

t?^^:^^,    J  Julius  Charles  Hare,  M.A.  Trinity. 
iLxoMmers,  <  t^l_  r>_«i ^.m  a    r^i-.M. 


First  Class. 

Ds.  Stratton  (▲)    ....  Trinity. 

Power  • .Clare, 

Price   .......n.^St, John's, 

Gibson Sidney, 

Hodgson  (b)  .•..Trinity. 

Flavell St,  John's. 

Gretton   St.John's, 

Heald Trinity. 

Maraden St,  John's. 

Ashington  • Trinity, 

Fisher  •••...••  ..Petnbroke, 

Welch Pembroke. 

Atkinson,  R.  ....  Trinity, 
Second  Class. 

Ps.  Rolls   •• Trinity, 


John  Graham,  M.A.  Christ's. 
Temple  Chevallier,  M.A.  Catherine. 

Stock ^.. .Peter. 

Shepherd    Trinity. 

Goodhart    Trinity. 

Pattoii Trim^. 

Green Chrisfs, 

Borrett  • Caius. 

Keeling St.John's. 

Third  Class. 

Ds.  Smith Si,  John's. 

Foster St,  John's, 

Pinder    TVmHy. 

Hopkins Si,  John's* 

Wells Otqms. 

■Taylor    • Jesus. 

Greensall St.Johk's, 

Clark Queen's. 


CHANCELLOR'S  MEDALLISTS. 

Thomas  Stratton ....Trinity. 

John  Hodgson ,, ,*., Trinity. 

CHANCELLOR'S  PRIZE. 

English  Verse.— J.  S.  Brockhurst,  St*  John's. 
Latin  Essay.— J.  A.  Jeremie,  Trinity. 

SIR  W.  BROWNE'S  MEDALS. 

Greek  Ode.—"  Delphi," 
Latin  Ode.— "A'w." 
Greek  Epigram.— <'£»»»  HUnii  yi  Ovfif," 
Latin  Epig.*-"  Etofuiumne  oculi  out  faeundasileniia  ling* 


W.Seliryn,/A4ji^« 


}> 


P0R90^  PHIZE.     Shakspeare's  King  John,  Act  3,  Scene  S.-**"  Cme  kOher 

Hubert,"  8iQ*    B.H,  Kennedy, /p^w**. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.        325 


PRICES  OF  CORN. 

An  Account  of  the  Average  of  the  Price  of  Whbat,  for  the  Yean 
IS23,  1824, 1825,  and  for  Four  Months  ending  30th  April,  1826. 

TorlSSS  ••••••.•• •••.«• ..«..•.#» t* Averagedl    9  per  quarter. 

IBM  •••••«. • ••.•••••••••••••••     Do.     62    0        Pp, 

1825 Do.     06    6       vpo. 

f<ar  Che  fodr  Months  ending  SOth  April,  1886.... ••••     Do.      58    6        Do. 

C«B  RctonuP  Ofliet,  4th  May,  1886.  WM.  JACOB,  Receiver  of  Com  Reding^ 


Average  Prices  of  Wheat  per  Quarter,  Winchester  Measure^  from 

1670  to  1770. 


i^i..«... 
ifiys 

idri 

Jfi74 

lets 

ifly« 

ifln 

iflrs 

ieT9 

I6i0 

lOBl 

16K 

IfiW 

1684 

1£85 

1« 

IfiBI 

ifln. 

leep 

1590 

Hi:::::: 
Ig:::::: 

169* 


PriOH. 


#.  d. 

ST  OJ 

37-  4 

37  0 

' 

41  6 

61  0 

52  1 

33  9 

37  4 

52  S\ 

48  0 

40  0 

41  5 

39  1 

35  6 

39  1 

41  5 

30  £ 

31  ^ 

23  1} 

96    8 

30  91 

S9  11 

41  9} 

60  1} 

56  10 

47  li 

\ 

VMM. 


1696, 

i69r. 
1698. 

1699. 
1700, 
1701. 
1702, 
170s. 
170* 
1705 
1706 
1707. 

1708, 
1709 
1710 

1711. 
1712 
1713, 
1714 
1715, 
1716, 

1717 
I7I8 

1719 
17S0 


Prkw. 


Yean. 


mi...... 

1722 

1723.,..., 

1724 

1725 

1726 

17«7 

1728 

1729 

1730 

1731 

1732 

1733 

t734...... 

1735 

1736 

1737 

1738 

1739 

1740. 

1741 

1742 

1743. • « t •* 
1744...... 

1745 


Prksa. 


22 

H 

25 

2 

33 
58 

n 

35  10 

33 
31 

'4 

33 

2 

48 

10 

41 

9 

28 

5 

22 

0 

22 

0 

24 

A 

Ymn 


1746 

1747 

1748 

*i4y •«»•». 
1750«..«.. 

1751 

1752 

1753 

1754 

1755 

1756 

1757 

1758 

1759 

1760 

1761 

1762 

1763 

1764 

1765 

1766 

1767 

1768 

1769 

1770 


PricM. 


s. 

d. 

34 

8 

30  11| 
32  10} 

32  10ft 

28  lOl 

34 

2 

40 

8 

39 

8 

30 

9 

29  11' 

40 

If 

53 

4 

44 

H 

35 

3 

32 
26 

^ 

34 

8 

36 
41 

^ 

48 

0^ 

43 

li 

57 

4 

53 

9i 

40 

7 

43 

6» 

01 


Average  Price  of  Wheat  per  Statute  Quarter  from  177i« 


T«n«. 


mi 

1T75 

1773 

JT74 

^* 

tm 

»?77 

17^ 

nrg...,,, 
i?»i 

17SS...... 

vm 


Avcnf*. 


#.  d. 

47  2 

50  8 

51  0 

52  8 

48  4 
38  2 
45  6 
4«  0 
33  8 
35  8 
44  8 
«7  10 
52  » 
48  10 


Years. 


1785 
1786 
1787 
1788 
1789 
1790 
1791 
179* 
1793 

179* 
1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 


Areract. 


$•    d, 

51  10 
33  10 
41  2 


45 

51 
53 
47 
41 


0 
2 
2 
2 
9 


47  10 
50  8 
72  11 
76  3 
52  2 
50  4 


Years. 


1799 
1800 

1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
I8O9 
1810 
1811 
1812 


Anragc. 


#.  d. 

6611 
110  5 
115  11 

67  9 
1 
5 
1 

9 
1 


57 
60 

87 
76 
73 
78  11 

94  5 
103  3 

95  5 
122  8 


Years. 


1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
I8I9 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 


ArcrsfV. 


s. 

d. 

106 

6 

72 

1 

63 

8 

T6 

2 

9* 

0 

1{3 

8 

72 

3 

65  10 

54 

5 

43 

9 

51 

9 

62 

0 

06 

6 

32«      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


UNIVERSITY    OF   OXFORD. 

EXAMINATIONS,    terms— icichablmas,  1825. 


Clamis  I. 


In  Uteris 


Hftssard  H.  Dodgson,  Christ  Church^ 

Robtrt  EvanSf  Jesus, 

GtnffiB  Morrii,  Cmfms, 

Hod.  John  C.  Talbot.  Christ  Church. 

Thomas  Vorcs,  ffadham, 

CliASSlS  II. 

Caiper  W.  C.  Baker,  BaUiol. 
Henry  Bosaoquet,  BallioL 
VVilliam  i.  CoplestoD,  Corpus* 
Caledon  G.  Du  Pee,  St.  Mary  Hall, 
Jo«epb  S.  R.  Evans,  Queen's. 
Richard  N.  Gresley,  Christ  Church. 
John  Hambleton,  Edmund  HalL 
John  Hippisley,  Oriel. 
William  JUtmbert,  Corpus. 
Arthur  Lewis,  Trinity. 
Jacob  Ley,  Christ  CJ^rch, 
Arthur  Mauter,  Balliot* 


Humaniaribus. 

WiJliam  L.  NeYille,  QmmiV. 
WiUiam  FSslner,  Si.  Hary  BaU. 
TfaooBs  Sale,  Mardalen. 
Edivard  B.  St  John,  St.  Alhan  Bsll. 

ctAssis  in. 

Henry  Burt,  Worcester. 

Francis  Drake,  fForeesier. 

Henry  Freeman,  WMumu 

Henry  L.  Gabell,  Christ  Church. 

William  Hazell,  Christ  Church. 

Elisha  \V.  Hood,  fFadftam. 

William  Hughes,  Oriel. 

James  Hughes,  Jesus. 

Baldivin  F.  Leigbton,  Omst  Chvrsh. 

John  S.  Martin,  Oriel. 

John  Parry,  Bra4^iumose. 

John  Perry,  BaUiol. 

George  A.  Smyth,  Ednkuni  HuU. 

John  H.  Walsh,  BalHol. 

George  Wylie,  Queen's. 


Classis  II. 
John  Hippisley,  Oriel. 
Elisha  W.  Hood^  Wadham. 


In  Disciplinit  Mathematics  et  PhysictM. 


Jacob  Ley,  dhrist  Church. 
Thomas  Yores,  fFadham. 


TERM— PASCHAL,  1826.     /»  Literis  Bumanionbus. 


Classis  h 
William  J.  Blake,  Christ  Church, 
Richard  Dumford,  Magdalen. 
John  J.  Hatton,  St.  Edmund  Ball. 
Francis  W.  Newman,  /Worcester. 
Digby  C.  Wrangham*  Brasen^nose. 

Classis  II. 
William  AUfrey,  Exeter. 
Alfred  Browne,  Christ  Church. 
Francis  A.  Faber,  University. 
Edward  Girdlestone,  BaUiol. 
Francis  H.  Greswell,  Brascn^nose. 
Peter  Hansell,  University. 
Thomas  Harding,  fyorcester. 
John  Hoole,  Wadhanu 
Downes  Will.  Johnston,  St,  John's. 
John  Medley,  H^adham, 
William  Orger,  St.  Edmund  Hall. 
Richard  C.  Seweli,  Magdalen. 
Stevensto  V.  Surtees,  University. 

Classis  III. 
Robert  A  ppleton,  Pembroke. 


Thomas  Brown,  Magdalen  Hall, 
Edmund  H.Buckby,  BaUiol. 
John  Griffith  Cole,  Exeter. 
William  J.  Downes,  fVorcosttr. 
Francis  Forster,  fVadham. 
William  S.  Hadley,  Q^een?s. 
Henry  J,  Harper,  Queen's. 
William  D.  Harrison,  H^orcester. 
Thomas  B.  Hill,  Wadhasn. 
George  Innes,  Trinity. 
James  Jerram,  WatUumu 
Robert  Kilvert,  Oriel 
Thomas  B.  Lancaster,  Merton. 
George  C.  Legh,  Christ  Church. 
Charles  Lushington,  Christ  Church. 
Robert  P.  Morrell,  BaUiol. 
John  E.  Pitcher,  On'el. 
Rice  Rees,  Jesus. 
Francis  W*  Rice,  ChHsi  Church. 
George  A.  Warde,  Brasen-nowe, 
John  Watson,  fPiorcester. 


Classis  I. 
William  J.  Blake,  Christ  Church. 
Edmund  H.  Backby,  BaUiol. 
Francis  W.  Newman,  f Worcester. 
Thmcfs  V.  Woodhouse,  Ereter. 
Digby  C.  Wrangham,  Brasen-nose, 


Thomas  L.  Wheeler,  fPorcesttr. 
In  Disciplinii  Mathematicis  et  Physicis. 


Classis  II. 
Charles  W.  Faber,  University. 
William  R.  Faber,  University. 

Classis  III. 
Robert  Kilvert,  Oriel. 
WilUam  Oiger,  St.  JSdtmmd  Ml. 


CHRONICLE. 


-c  rn 

OXFORD 


CHRONICLE. 


JANUARY. 


ACCIDENT —  This  day,  be. 
tween  the  hours  of  twelve' 
and  one  o'clock^  the  Augustinean 
Friary  Chapel,  at  Callan,  County  of 
Kilkenny,  being  crowded  to  excess, 
some  women  and  children  began 
to  groan,  and  complain  -of  intense 
pressure.     A  sudden  panic  seized 
the  congregation,  when  a  cry  (per- 
fectly unfounded)  that  "  the  gal- 
lery was  giving  way"  resounded 
ihrou^    the    chapeL       A.  rush 
towards  the  only  door  common  to 
the  floor  and  gallery  took  place. 
Women  and   childr^    were    in- 
stantly crushed  to  death,  or  suffo- 
cated outside  the  door,  where  they 
fell;   so  that  a  pile  of  the  dead, 
dying,    and   half-suffocated,    was 
soon  accumulated.    A  cry  that  the 
kitchen  (which  is  under  the  chapel) 
was  on  fire,  added  to  the  terror 
of  the  people.      A  rush  towards 
the  altar  In'oke  down  the  railings 
of    the   sanctuary.      Some    were 
killed  in  the  fall  :&om  the  win- 
dows.    A  young  woman  bore  a 
neighbour's   child  over  the  pile, 
and  instantly  remembering    that 
her  own  sister  was  within,  she  at- 
tempted to  return,  but  met    her 
fate  at  the  door.      A  mother  of 
nine  children  is  among  the  persons 
consigned  to  the  grave.    Two  chil- 
dren   were  crushed  to  death  be- 
hind the  door,  belonging  to  coun- 
try people,  who  have  not  yet  heard 
of  their  fate.     Fourteen  persons 
are  already  dead.     The  number  of 
those     who    have     suffered     by 
broken  legs,  arms,  ribs.  &c»  and 
Vol.  LXVIII. 


are  now  under  the  hands  of  the 
surgeons,  amounts  to  one  hundred. 

3.  Whitbhavbn. — An  occur- 
rence took  place  this  morning  in 
the  mine  William  Pit,  by  which 
nine  persons  perished.  One  of  the 
engines  under  ground  in  that  pit 
had  been  worked  several  hours, 
when  the  men  in  attendance  dis- 
covered the  space  about  the  engine 
to-be  enveloped  in  flames,  which, 
having  the  effect  of  igniting  the 
coal,  and  also  the  wood-work, 
so^n  produced  an  immense  body  of 
.fife.  The  air  passing  through  this 
body,  and  thus  rendered  unfit  for 
respiration,  had  to  travel  a  distance 
at  least  of  two  miles,  before  it 
reached  the  upcast  shaft ;  at  this 
place  two  men,  who  had  the  charge 
of  the  furnaces,  were  suffocated. 
The  remaining  seven  went  in 
search  of  the  two  sufferers,  and 
shared  the  same  fate.  The  direct 
road  through  which  they  had  to 
pass,  leading  to  the  upcast  shaft, 
has  a  ventilation  distinct  ^m  the 
William  Pit ;  but,  in  consequence 
of  the  furnaces  at  this  place  having 
become  extinguished,  the  current 
of  air  was  reversed,  and  the  road 
was  impregnated  with  the  impure 
air  from  the  William  Pit. 

New  London  Bridob— The 
first  stone  of  the  land-abutment 
on  the  Southwark  side  was  laid 
on  Saturday  last.  The  bridge  is 
in  a  state  of  great  forwardness,  the 
masonry  on  that  side,  to  the  centre 
arch,.being  nearly  level  with  high-^ 
waterman* 

B 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


[1826. 


4.  PoisoNiNO  IN  Corsica.— A 
man^  named  Tolomeo  ii  PavaDO> 
has  been  it^ed  at  Ajacdo^  for  hav* 
ing  caused  the  death  of  several 
individuals^  by  poisoning  a  rivulet 
called  Calenoone.  It  appeared  in 
evidence,  that  in  June  last  five  or 
six  persons  were  seized  with  violent 
pains  in  the  bowel^  and  three  of 
them  died  in  a  few  days.  The 
surgeon,  who  examined  the  bodies, 
gave  it  as  his  opinion^  that  the 
deceased  had  come  by  their  death 
in  consequence  of  taking  some  poi- 
soned liquid.  The  sick  persons 
being  questioned,  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain the  cause  of  their  illness, 
stated,  that  they  supposed  it  to  have 
arisen  from  iJieir  drinking  cold 
water  when  in  a  violent  perspira- 
tion. One  of  them,  however,  was 
positive,  that  as  far  as  related  to 
him,  this  cause  could  not  have 
produced  the  malady ;  for,  as  he 
had  not  been  out  of  his  house  for 
a  week  previous  to  his  indisposi- 
tion, it  was  impossible  that  he 
could  have  drunk  cold  water  when 
his  body  was  heated.  A  medical 
man  tasted  the  water  of  the  rivulet, 
and  found  that  it  possessed  a  pecu- 
liar flavour.  About  fifty  yards 
from  the  spot  where  the  deceased 
resided,  a  considerable  quantity 
of  laurel  branches,  with  leaves 
C Daphne  laureolaj,  was  discovered 
at  the  bottom  of  the  rivulet ;  where 
they  had  been  placed  by  Tolomeo, 
who,  in  his  defence,  said,  that  he 
was  not  aware  these  leaves  were 
of  a  poisonous  nature.  .He  had, 
however,  been  heard  to  threaten 
one  of  the  deceased,  and  the  cha^- 
racter  he  received  being  a  very  bad 
one,  he  was  found  guilty.  As  the 
code  does  not  mention  this  crime, 
it  became  a  matter  of  some  diffi- 
culty with  the  judges  to  award  a 
punishment;  but  an  ordinance  was 
founds  dated  so  far  back  as  I669, 


at  the  period  of  the  Chambre  Ar« 
dente,  whoi  soiatfmy  hundred  per« 
soas  were  executed,  being  fcMmd 
guilty  of  administering  pcnson. 
The  law  provides  that  whoercr 
shall  put  laurel  leav^  into  smill 
rivulets,  with  the  intention  of  poi- 
soning the  water,  and  therdiy  ac- 
tuallv  occasion  death,  shall  he  ese- 
cutei ;  where  no  bad  intentioncx« 
isted,  the  court  was  to  be  at  fi« 
berty  to  punish  with  imprisomneBt 
Tolomeo  was  sentenc^  to  tkiee 
years'  confinement,  and  to  be  ^aced 
during  ten  years  under  Uie  sur- 
veillance  of  the  police. 

5.  Fire.— About  half-past  fiisr 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  a  pirt 
of  the  metropolis  was  thrown  into 
considerable  alarm  by  the  appear- 
ance of  flames  at  a  great  hei^t, 
proceeding  from  the  manu&ctory 
of  Messrs.  Walker  and  Parker,  (k 
patent-shot-tnanufacturers,  on  tLe 
south  side  of  the  Thamesi,  oppodte 
to  Surrey-street.  The  propnetocs 
of  the  premises  oould  not  ac- 
count for  the  accident;  fin*  no 
fire  had  been  in  the  place  snoe 
Wednesday  aft'?moon,  and  the  fiic 
broke  out  in  the  upper  part  of  tlie 
building  »No  workmen  were  in 
the  building,  nor  was  business  of 
any  sort  going  on,  when  the  be 
appeared. 

A^r  the  breaking  out  of  iik 
fire  at  the  top  of  the  building,  tk 
wind  being  high,  and  the  ventil^ 
tion  from  the  bottom  upwards  tot 
strong,  the  fire  soon  desoendw 
from  one  floor  to  another,  until  the 
whole  pile,  about  130  feet  bi^ 
was  in  one  blaze.  The  upper  lower, 
fell  in  with  a  tremendous  cta^l 
and  the  lead  in  a  liquid  state  fiD* 
ing  down,  partly  outwards,  in 
nearly  a  constant  stream,  was  to 
frightful,  and  the  heat  proceeding 
from  the  manufactory  so  intflOS& 
that  none  of  the  fitooi/Bn  9Bm 


JAN.]                CHRONICLE.  S 

^pmdi  tlie  pkoe :   their  efSorts  denomination  wert  anemUed  dur- 

woe  Ueitelbre  directed  to  the  ad-  ing  the  day,  skating,  sliding,  and 

joamig  paremiaes,  whidi^  with  the  practising  other    sports.      Many 

immeiMe  property  on  the  ground,  parts  of  the  ice  were  deemed  l^ 

ms  of  the  first  impcnrtanee,  as  a  the  men  bdonging  to  the  Royal 

wmhet  of  timher-yaids  surround  Humane  Society  to  be  unsafe,  imd 

die  piemisea  of  Messrs.    Walker  to  point  out  these  places  to  the 

ad  P^CT.      They   fortunately  skaters,  a  rope  was  t^ux)wn  across 

AKceeded  in  allaying  any  appre*-  die  CanaL    About  a  quarter  past 

bcBBoos   for  the    wfety  of  the  two,  a  shout  from  the  men,  and 

od^bouihood.      But    the    wind  the  shrieking  of  the  females  who 

mving  easterly,  the  flsd^es  of  fire  wero  assembled  on  the  green  on 

AO  so  heavily  in  a  large  timber-  either  side  of  the  Canal,  attracted 

Tnd,  situated  immediately  west-  the  crowd  to  one  particular  qpot, 

wsid,  that  it  was  necessary  to  where  the  ice  had  gtren  way,  and 

mpiay  upwards  of  200  men  in  no  less  than  nine  imfortunateindi- 

froto^ing  from  the  fire  the  large  viduals  were  in  the  water.    Before 

lOescf  wuable  Wood  which  filled  any  effort  could  be  made  to  extri- 

^  jard.  cate  any  one,  the  ice,  ftom  their 

1<1  The  paUio-house  called  die  exertions  to  escape,  cracked  and 

Elephant,     in    Fendiurch-street,  separated  for  a  considerable  dis- 

apposed  to  be  one  of  the  (ddest  in  tance  around  them,  and  four  or 

I^iadtm,  is  at  last  condemned  to  five  clung  to  one  strong  man,  who 

k  pulled  down.    It  was  here  that  was  endeavouring  to  get  away  by 

Hc^^arth  enjoyed  many  of  his  con-  swimming,  and  drew  him  down, 

^^  meetings :  and  on  the  walls  and  the  wiiole  sunk  toeether,  but 

^  the  tap-room  are  two  paintings  immediately  rose  to  uie  surface, 

^  his  hand  of  convivial  meet-  and  separated.    The  bystanders  by 

0%%  whidi  may  probably  contain  this    tmie    had    procured    ropes, 

pv^ndts  not  only  of  himself,  but  which  were  cast  to  the  stru^^ing 

^  ^aracters  well  known  in  his  persons,  and  four  were  drawn  out. 

^.  Thesepaintings,  of  which  the  xhere  wero  still  five  persons  in 

B|>^eet8  are  ^  Midmdit  Conversa-  the  water,  mostly  in  an  exhausted 

tion,"  and  the    *^  Hudson's  Bay  state,  and  clinging  to  one  another; 

Tidet  Porters,"  hove  since  been  two  of  these  wero  dragged  out, 

^  successfully    transferred    to  but  the  ropes  breaking,  me  fate  of 

canvas  by  Mr.  Hall,  a  patron  of  the  others  seemed  inevitable.    One 

^  arts,    who   purchased    them  of  them,  raising  his  arms,  shrieked 

oncooditionally  of   the  landlady,  out,  "Oh,  wd,  save  me!    my 

Pw  some  time  the  attempt  was  poor  mother!   my  mother!"   and 

^'I'OiUered  impracticable,  the  paint  sunk  below  the  ice.     This  dis- 

^^'inng  become  incorporated  with  tressing  ejaculation  seemed  to  sti- 

^  turface  of  the  wall,  and  nearly  mulate  to  renewed  exertion,  and 

»  bmd  88  marble.  several  persons  ran  to  the  In^ik  of 

11*    Catastbophb    on    thb  the  broken  ice,  and  grasped  at  the 

Cakal  in  Si*.  James's  Pabk.— -  drowning  men,  but,  the  ice  again 

^^^insig  to  the  severity  of  the  frost  breaking,    they   themselves  wer6 

for  tlie  last  day  or  two,  the  Canal  immersed,  and  with  difficullr  es* 

^  Ui6  Park  was  frozen  over,  and  caped.      However,    ropes   being 

^^Unliers  ef  persons  of  every  fastened  atomid  three  yxmug  men, 

B2 


4               ANNUAL  REGISTER.         cissft 

they  plunged  in^  seized  the  strug-  the  throne  which  had  been  pie- 
gling  persons,  and  rescued  one  pared  for  him,  and  the  assislants 
youui,  who  was  taken  ashore  in  a  took  their  respective  places.  The 
state  of  insensibility.  The  atten-  two  steps  of  granite  leading  to  the 
lion  of  the  throng  was  at  this  in-  holy  gate  had' been  previously  te- 
stant  attracted  to  an  elderly  gen-  moved,  and  two  of  wood  sabsti- 
tleman,  who,  at  great  personal  tuted.  Several  trays,  containing 
risk,  saved  the  lives  of  two,  but  in  bricks,  mortar,  and  stucco,  desttael 
his  third  effort  the  ice  save  way,  for  walling  up  the  sacred  aperture, 
and  he  sank  beneath  it.  Ropes  had  been  placed  near  the  steps, 
were  thrown  to  him,  but  the  dan-  Every  thing  being  ready,  the  two 
ger  was  so  apparent,  that  none  wooden  steps  were  taken  away, 
would  approach  to  his  rescue,  and  the  pope  quitted  his  throne,  with 
he  appesu^  likely  to  share  the  fate  mitre  on  head  and  candle  in  haod, 
of  me  remaining  two;  however,  to  bless  the  bricks  and  mortar, 
the  ice  being  broken  to  the  bank.  This  beinf  performed^  one  of  the 
several  persons  locked  their  hands,  masters  of  the  ceremonies  girded 
and,  advancing  into  the  water,  him  with  an  apron.  Kneelingupdtaa 
dragged  him  to  the  side.  This  cushion  placed  in  front  of  the  door- 
was  followed  instantaneously  by  way,  he  received  a  trowel  bopi  a 
the  convulsive  cry  of  the  two  cardinal,  and  took  with  it  sone 
young  men,  who  had  grasped  a  mortar,  which  he  spread  upon  the 
firm  hold  of  each  other,  as  they  threshold,  reciting  at  the  suae 
sunk  to  rise  no  more.  Some  time  a  form  of  prayer.  Upon  this 
watermen,  in  a  few  minutes,  came  he  placed  in  the  centre  ai^  at  the 
up  with  a  boat  and  drags,  and  in  side  three  brick^i^  which  were  gilt, 
about  twenty  minutes  succeeded  and  embossed  with  his  arms  and 
in  bringing  ihe  bodies  up.  Some  those  of  the  cathedral.  During 
persons  stripped  them,  and  pro*  this  and  subsequent  operations,  the 
ceeded  to  use  the  means  recom-  choir  sung  the  hymn  **  Cidaiii 
mended  by  the  Humane  Society  urhs  Jerusalem."  Next  came  the 
for  the  resuscitation  of  drowned  cardinal  chief  penitentiary,  who 
persons ;  they  were  rolled  and  also  placed  his  bricks  and  mortar, 
rubbed,  and  the  usual  remedies  His  eminence  was  followed  in  a 
were  used  forabove  an  hour;  but  re-  like  process  by  the  four  seniar 
animation  could  not  be  produced,  penitentiaries  (confessors)  belong- 

12.  JuBiLEB  AT  RoM£.-«The  ing  to  the  church.  As  the  moit 
jubilee  year  terminated  on  the  workmanlike  arrangement  rfahout 
S4th  of  December,  when  the  18  bricks  could  not  dose  this  en- 
closing of  what  is  called  the  holy  trance,  the  workmen,  in  order  to 
gate  at  St.  Peter's  took  place,  with  effect  the  sembhmce  of  completion, 
the  following  ceremonies  :-*  lowered  over  the  aperture  a  cui- 

Afler  vespers  had  been  sung  in  vass  painted  to  represent  a  gate, 

the  Sistine  chapel,  the  pope,  at-  His  holiness  having  returned  to 

tended  by  the  cardinals,  &c.  de-  his  seat,  all  the  candles  that  had 

scended  by  a  private  staircase  into  been  borne  by  those  who  had  com* 

the  church,  wnere  he  was  received  posed  the  procession  were  now  ez« 

by  the  chapter,  who,  forming  in  tinguished;    the   Te  Deum  vm 

grand  procession,  marched  into  the  penormed  by  the  choristers ;  and 

porticQ.  H^re  bis  holiness  ascended  the  solemnity   concluded  with  « 


JAN.]                 CHRONICLE.  6 

publication  by  two  cardinals  of  a  at  the  window  overlooking    the 

pieaary    indulgence  in  favour  of  yard,  about  eiglit  o'clock  in  the 

all .  present.      Similar  ceremonie$  evening  of  the  26th  of  December, 

were  performed  at  the  churches  of  and,  hy  the  gas«light,  which  was 

St.  John  di  Laterano,  St.  Maria  dose  to  her    window,  could  see 

Maggiore,  and  St.  Maria  in  Tras-  what  was  done.    There   was  no 

tevere>    where  the  Jubilee  gates  light  in  the  prisoner's  yard;  the 

were  shut  by  cardinals  espemlly  gate  was  shut,  but  she  could  see 

delegated  to  those  offices.  over  it.  She  observed  the  deceased 

13.  Old  Bailbt. — Mary  Cain,  in  the  yard  with  the  prisoner,  her 

aged  44i  was  capitally  indicted  for  husband,  and  daughter.     The  pri- 

the     wilful    murder    of  Maurice  soner  said  to  the  deceased— '^  Mau- 

Fit^gerald  on  the  26th  of  Decern-  rice  Fitzgerald,  you  vagabond,  I'll 

ber  liast,  by  wounding  him  in  the  let  you  Imow  you  have  no  business 

left  breast  with  a  knife,  so  as  to  in  my  place."    The  prisoner  and 

cut  the  artery  near  the  heart,  and  her  daughter  then  got  holdof  Fitz- 

poduoe  deadi  by  the  efiusion  of  gerald  between  them,  and  he  im- 

blood«      The  prisoner,  an    Irish-  mediately  fell.      Scnnebody  here 

woman  in  the  lowest  ranks  of  life,  screamed  out  ^'  murder !"     After 

had  been  quarrelling  with  het  hus-  the  body  was  taken    away,  the 

band,    and  stabbed  the  deceased,  prisoner  came  out  and  shut  the 

while   he  endeavoured  to  pacify  yard  door,  and  afterwards  washed 

them.  the  stones. 

Mary  Casev    stated,    that  she  Bridget    Riley   lodged   in    the 

lived  in  Horn  s-alley,  opposite  the  same  house  as  the  prisoner— -6he 

prison^s  house.     On  the  evening  lodged  up  stairs,  where  the  de- 

of  the  26th  of  December,  as  she  ceased  had  been  sitting  with  her  for 

was    going    home,    she  observed  some  time  on  the  evening  in  ques* 

the    prisoner    and   her    husband  tion.     She  heard  the  prisoner  and 

going    towards  their  own  house,  her  husband  quarrelling  below,  and 

quarrelling     and      beating     one  was  going  down,  but  Fitzgerald 

another.     Witness  went  to  bed,  prevented  her,  and  went  himself 

and   heard    the  prisoner   say    to  to  make  peace  between  them.     In 

Fitzgerald,   ''  What  brought  you  about  five  minutes  afterwards  the 

to  my  place  ?     Ill  let  you  know  prisoner's  daughter  called  out  to 

you  have  no  business  in  my  place."  witness  to  come   down  stairs,  as 

Witness  then  got  up  and  went  to  the  man  was  killed.     She  found 

the  window,  when  she  saw  the  Fitzgerald  sitting  on  the  threshold, 

body  of  a  man  carried  away  on  a  and  the  prisoner's  daughter  sup* 

gutter  by  the  prisoner's  husband  porting  his  head.     She  observed  a 

and  three  other  men.  She  followed  wound  on  Fitzgerald's  left  breast, 

the  body  for  a  short  time,  and  then  from  which  a  great  deal  of  blood 

returned  to  the  prisoner,  to  whom  flowed,  which  the  daughter  was 

she  said,  "  What  a  pity,  to  murder  endeavouring  to  staunch.      Fitz- 

the  poor   man."      The    prisoner  gerald  was  speechless.      W^*?®^ 

answered,  "  If  there's  a  row  be-  clasped    her    hands,    exclaiming; 

tween  me  and  my  husband,  what's  *'  Who   killed    the    man  ?"      No 

that  to   you?     What  right  have  answer  was  made.     Witness  then 

you  here  ?"  left  the  daughter  taking  care  of 

Hannah  Lucklan  was  standing  Fitzgerald,  while  she  went  for  a 


6  ANNUAL   REGISTER.        DM 


gorgdtm  to  HMton-gavdeiL.  Whik  bim  to  the  hovm.    Tlw 

retuining  with  the  surgeon,  they  came  out  fiom  under  the  l^Mr, 

aiet  die  hody  of  ihe  deceased  car**  and  told  the  dauditer  net  to  tab 

ried  on  a  shutter.    When  the  de-  him  in  there,     ihe  deceased  m 

ceased  went  down  stairs,  he  was  at  first  standing,  and  then  walkii| 

perfectly  sober.  slowly  towards  the  door,  when  m 

Samuel  Caiger,  the  watchman,  fell  on  his  knees^  and  sunk.    The 

said^dmt,  when  Im  wait  to  HomV  daughter  had  one  hand  on  Ini 

<x>urt,  in  consequence  of  the  ncise,  breast,    and  die  other  ea^purtei 

he  saw  the  deceased,  the  prisoner,  hb  head.    She   called  for   Mn. 

her  husband,  and  daughter  there.  Riley,  who  came  down  and  hsl- 

The  prisoner  appeared  to  be  en-  looed  out,  ''Murder!    murder T 

deaTOuring  to  get  to  her  husband  The   prisoner     dien    said,   tlisl 

horn  the  yardeate*   Thedaughter  Fitzgerald  had  fallen  on  a  kntfe 

and   Fitcgerald    appeared    to  be  whii%  he  had  in  his  hand.    The 

mlling  Uie  husband  into  the  house,  prisoner  held  a  li^t  at  the  door, 

The  prisoner  had  a  slender  table^-  while  they  were  cartyingaws^^ 

knife  in  her  hand>   holding  the  body. 

Uade  upwards.  Some  person  here  Mr.  Stephen  Skinner,  the  an 
cried  *'  The  watchman ;"  on  which  geon,  examined  the  wound,  wkiel 
they  all  went  into  the  houses  and  was  on  the  lefl  breast,  about  tb 
shut  the  gate.  Witness  then  region  oi  the  heart ;  he  had  M 
heard  a  female  voice  exclaim,  doubt  of  its  having  occaakinsd 
'^  Daom  you,  I'll  stab  you."  He  death.  The  knife  produced  would 
thought  it  was  the  prisoner's  voice,  have  made  such  a  wound- 
but  he  could  not  say  positively.  Mr.  Shelton  then  read  the  de* 
He  then  went  awav,  supposing  it  fence.  It  stated  that  the  prisoDer*! 
to  be  only  an  Irish  quarrel  In  poverty  had  prevented  her  frofli 
about  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  he  saw  employing  counsel,  but  she  thiew 
the  body  of  a  man  carried  on  a  herself  on  the  meTdflil  oonadsN 
shutter.  He  went  to  the  prisoner's  ation  of  the  court  and  Jury.  8hs 
house,  and  found  her  l3ring  in  bed^  disclaimed  all  intention  of  taking 
having  all  hex  clothes  on,  except  away  the  life  of  any  human  being; 
her  shoes.  She  did  not  appear  to  and  had,  on  the  evening  in  qoes- 
be  over  sober.  He  took  her  to  tion,  been  dressing  some  omoai 
the  watchhouse.  Next  day  he  and  pepper  for  her  husband^  m^ 
found  three  knives  in  the  prisoner's  per  t  she  had  a  knifb  in  her  hitid, 
house,  one  of  which  (a  black-han-  and  a  diild  In  her  arms.  She  kid 
died  common  kitchen«>knife  of  only  drank  two  glasses  of  gia,  it 
rather  a  small  eize,  apparently  being  boxins-^ay,  aoA  the  festiTsl 
long  used,  and  sharp  towards  the  of  St.  Stephen's.  About  sixtstt 
point)  he  supposed  to  be  the  one  months  ago  she  had  been  depriicd 
ihe  had  in  h^  hand.  of  her  reason  for  some  UmB,  in 

John  Cartwright,  a  boy,  heard  consequence  oi  an  injury  leceiisd 

a  noise,  and  saw  Fitcgerald  stand*  on  the  head.    This  infirmity  troiH 

ing  at  the  pig^-sty,  about  three  bled  her  on    taking  any  ipirita 

yards  from  the  door  of  the  house.  There  Was  a  distiSbanoe  in  tl» 

He  said,  ''  Oh,  I*m  dead."    The  place,  but  what  was  done  she  dU 

daughter  was  trying  to  stop  the  not  know,  being  quite  insetuilde 

blood,  and  endeaivouring   to  lead  of  every  thing  around  her.    9ie 


JAKJ                 CHRONICLE,  7 

coold  not  tell  whether  Fits gendd  Mr.  Berkely  Paget,  lord  Lowther, 

was  popesent  or  not.  lord  GriBnyiUe  Somerset. 

The  kid  chief  hanm  summed  My  lords,  assisted  1^  the  trustees 

up.  of  the  Deccan  hooty,  lord  Bexley, 

The  jury  retired  for  20  minutes,  and  the  law  officers  of  the  crown, 
and  S^fuid  the  prisoner  **  Guilty  of    having  heard  counsel  on  behalf  of 

Murder."  the  marquis  of  Hastings  and  the 

The  recorder  then  passed  sen-  grand  army,  and  also  on  behalf  dT 

tenoe  of  death  on  the  prisoner,  sir  Thomas  Hislop  and  the  army 

She  heard  the  verdict  with  little  of  the  Deccan,  upon  the  subjects 

emod^m,  but  burst  into  tears,  when  of  discussion  rektmg  to  the  distri- 

the     sentence    was    pronounced,  bution  of  the  Deccan  booty,  which 

She  -was  executed  on  the  following  have  arisen  out  of  the  difierence 

Monday.  between  the  actual  circumstances 

14.  As  two  lightermen  were  attending  the  capture  of  a  large 
p—MTig  undfflT  LGauUm-bridge  in  proportion  of  that  booty,  as  stat^ 
a  wherry,  die  boat  was  upset,  l^  the  trustees,  and  those  which 
in  eonseqnenoe  of  running  against  were  assumed  at  the  hearing 
ft  hoige  mass  of  ice,  wmch  was  before  their  lord^ps  in  January, 
aground  at  some  distance  from  the  1823,  and  having  maturely  con- 
shore,  and  both  were  drowned,  sidered  the  arguments  severally 
The  wheny  in  which  the  unfbr-  stated  by  the  counsel,  and  also  the 
tunate  men  were,  had  run  safely  whole  (^  the  documents  upon  the 
thrOQgh  one  of  the  side  arches  of  subject  of  this  booty  now  before 
the  brid£»,  at  the  time  the  tide  the  board,  are  of  opinion'^-^ 
was  rapidly  going  out ;  but  they  1.  That  with  respect  to  all  that 
had  no  sooner  escaped  this  danger,  portion  of  the  booty  now  at  the 
than  another  presented  itself.  A  diqxisal  of  the  crown,  which  is 
large  piece  of  floating  ice,  driven  described  as  having  been  "  taken 
along  with  great  impetuosity  by  in  the  daily  operations  of  the 
the  current,  gained  upon  the  troops,"  the  distribution  thereof 
wherry,  and  drove  it  with  such  should  be  made  to  the  actual  cap- 
violence  against  the  maM  aground,  ixx%  according  to  the  terms  and 
that  the  boat  was  turned  com-  conditions  of  the  minute  of  this 
pletely  keel  upwards,  and  both  the  board  of  the  5th  of  February, 
men  fell  into  the  water,  and  in-  1823,  and  ci  the  warrant  of  his 
stantly  disappeared.  The  follow-  majesty  of  the  22nd  March  fol- 
ing  day  the  body  of  one  of  them  lowing. 

was  picked  up  near  Battle-bridge-  2.  That  with  req>eot  to    that 

stairs,  Tooley-street.  p^rt  of  the  booty  which  omsists  of 

16.  Deccan  Phizk-Monby. —  the  produce  of  arrears  of  tribute. 

After  much  consideration  the  lords  rent,  or  money,  due  to  the  Peish^ 

of  the  Treasury  have  issued  their  wah,  it  appears  to  my  lords  to  have 

decision  upon  the  case  of  the  Dec-  been  accjuired  by  the  general  result 

can  prixe-money,  by  the  following  of  the  war,  and  not  by  the  opera* 

minute :  tions  of  any  particular  army  or 

Treawty  Minute,  l6th  Jan.  1826.  division ;  and  they  are  of  opinion, 

Piresent— The  earl  of  Liverpool,  that  it  ought,  therefore,  to  be  dis- 

the  chaneellcn:  of  the  Exchequer,  tributed  m  conformity  with  the 


8 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


Cifift 


alternatiye  stated  in  tHeir  minute 
of  the  5th  of  February,  1823,  as 
being  '*  the  only  correct  or  equit- 
able rule,  if  the  principle  of  actual 
capture  cannot  be  adopted,  viz. 
amongst  the  forces  of  all  the  pre- 
sidencies engaged  in  the  combmed 
operations  of  me  campaign." 

S.  With  respect  to  the  property 
captured  at  Nassuck,  my  lords  are 
of  opinion  that  the  booty  recovered 
at  that  place  cannot  be  distributed 
upon  the  principle  of  actual  cap- 
ture, and  ought,  therefore,  to  be 
divided  amongst  the  forces  of  all 
the  presidencies  engaged  in  the 
comUned  operationfl^  of  the  cam- 
paign. 

4.  With  respect  to  the  booty  re- 
covered at  Poonah,  alleged  to  have 
been  removed  thither  from  Rai 
Ghur,  my  lords  are  of  opinion  that 
this  booty  cannot  be  distributed 
upon  the  principle  of  actual  cap- 
ture to  the  forces  by  which  R^ 
Ghur  was  taken,  under  the  orders 
of  the  government  of  Bombay,  un- 
less it  can  be  proved  by  the  captors 
of  Rai  Ghur  that  the  proper^  in 
question  was  actually  in  that  fort 
at  the  time  when  it  was  taken ;  in 
defiiult  of  which  proof,  my  lords 
are  of  opinion  that  this  booty  also 
ought  to  be  distributed  among  the 
forces  of  all  the  presidencies  en- 
gaged in  the  combined  operations 
of  the  campaign. 

5.  With  respect  to  that  portion 
of  the  booty  which  is  stated  to 
consist  of  money  recovered  on  ac- 
count of  deposits  made  by  the 
Peishwah,  my  lords  are  of  opinion 
that  any  part  of  the  property  which 
can  be  proved  to  have  been*in  Poonah 
at  the  time  when  thatplace  was  cap- 
tured, viz.  on  the  17th  of  Novem- 
ber, 1817,  ought  to  be  distributed 
to  the  captors  of  Poonah,  accord- 
ing to  the  terms  of  the  minute 


of  the  5th  of  Februiaiy,  im, 
upon  the  principle  of  actaal  cap- 
ture; but  that  with  reqpect  to 
those  parts  of  the  above  propertj 
as  to  whidi  such  proof  cannot  lie 
established,  such  monies  or  eftds 
•must  be  oonddered  as  having  been 
acquired  by  the  general  reailt  of 
the  war,  and,  as  such,  oudit  to  Ic 
distributed  amongst  Uie  nirces  d 
all  the  presidenaes  engaged  in  tb 
combinel  operations  of  the  casi- 
paien. 

6.  With  respect  to  the  dtare  of 
the  commander-in-diief  in  the  dis* 
tribution,  under  the  several  heads 
above  enumerated,  my  lords  are 
of  opinion  that  die  marqutf  of 
Hastings  ought  to  aiiareas  oon- 
mander-in-chief  in  all  those  cases 
in  which  sir  Thomas  Hidqp  is  not 
entitled  to  share  as  such,  under 
the  terms  of  the  minute  of  tk 
5  th  of  February,  1823,  wham 
it  is  declared,  ''that  sir  Thoeus 
Hislop,  as  oommander-in-diiefof 
the  Deccan  army,  and  all  the 
officers  of  the  general  staiT  of 
that  army,  are  entitled  to  parti- 
cipate in  the  booty  whidi  msj 
arise  from  any  capture  by  aay  of 
the  divisions  of  uie  army  of  the 
Deccan,  until  the  said  army  of  the 
Deccan  was  broken  up  on  the  Slst 
of  March,  1818." 

My  loids  are  further  of  opiiiion 
that  the  general  rules  of  divinan 
hitherto  adopted  in  distributii^ 
booty  to  the  forces  in  India,  among 
the  several  classes  and  ranks  of  the 
army,  should  be  adhered  to  on  Uie 
present  occasion. 

17.  Wbatubb.  —  The  cold  in 
the  night  between  Sunday  and 
Monday  was  more  intense  than  it 
has  hitherto  been  this  season.  To- 
wards the  upper  parts  of  the  metro- 
polis, the  mercury  in  Fahrenheil's 
thermometer  fell    to  SO  deg;rees 


JAN.] 


CHRONICLE. 


9 


belour  the  freeang  point.  At  the 
aeTeral  bridges  the  river  was  nearly 
ducked  up  by  large  masses  of  ice, 
8o  as  to  obstruct  the  navigation. 
In  the  streets  the  plugs  were  kept 
open^  to  affinrd  the  inhabitants 
water^  as  most  of  the  pipes  were 
ccMoipletely  firosen.  The  Ser- 
pentine in  Hyde-park  on  Sunday, 
resembled  a  fair— upwards  of 
lOO^OOO  persons  were  supposed  to 
be  present;  the  Canal  in  St. 
James's-park  was,  if  possible,  still 
more  thronged  with  visitors. 

£>KATu  FROM  Frost. — Yester- 
day   evening  an  inquisition    was 
taken  before  Thomas  Higgs,  esq. 
coroner  for  Westminster,  on  the 
body   of  a  man  who  was  found 
frozen  to  death  on  Saturday  morn- 
ing  last  in   Park-lane.      Robert 
Read,  a  watchman  of  St.  George's 
pariflli,  deposed  that  he  was  on 
duty    in  Park-lane    on  Saturday 
morning  last ;    he  was  crying  the 
hour  of  one  o'clock.     On  arriving 
near  Pitt's  Head  Mews,  he  saw 
the  deceased,  who  was  lying  in 
the  lane,  on  the  park  side.     He 
was  quite  stiff,  and,  on  examination 
prov^  to  be  dead.     The  deceased 
appeared  to  be  a  respectable  me- 
dianic,  and  about  35  years  of  age. 
Witness,  in  the  course  of  the  night, 
had  before  passed  the  spot  where 
he  found  the  deceased,  but  it  was 
then  very  foggy,   and  he    could 
not  see  many  yards  before  him ; 
the  deceased  smelt  very  strongly 
of  spirituous  liquors  ;     but  there 
were  no  marks  of  violence  on  him. 
On  his  person  were  found  some 
rilver  and  papers.     The  jury  re- 
turned a  verdict,  "That  the  de- 
ceased was  found  dead,  but  whether 
from  the  effects  of  the  weather,  or 
any  other  cause,  they  had  no  evi- 
dence to  prove  ;  but  the  presump- 
tion W9S,  he  was  frozen  to  death." 
18.  LoNo^viTY.— ^The  last  an- 


nual obituary  of  the  Russian  em* 
pire,  published  at  St.  Petersbuigh^ 
records  the  death  of  a  man  at  the 
very  advanced  age  of  l68,  near  to 
Polosk  on  the  frontier  of  Lfivonia. 
He  had  seen  seven  sovereigns  on 
the  throne  of  Russia,  and  remem- 
bered the  death  of  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus ;  he  had  been  a  soldier  in  the 
thirty  years'  war,  and  was  at  the 
battle  of  Pultowa,  in  1709,  when 
he  was  51  years  of  age.  At  ike  age 
of  93  he  married  his  third  wife, 
with  whom  he  lived  fifty  years; 
the  two  youngest  sons  of  this  mar- 
riage were  8o  and  62  respectively 
in  the  year  1 796 ;  the  oldest  of  his 
other  sons  in  the  same  year  were 
95  and  92  respectively.  The  en- 
tire family  of  this  patriarch  com- 
prehends 138  descendants,  who  all 
lived  together  in  the  village  of 
PoUatzka,  which  the  empress  Ca- 
tharine the  2nd  caused  to  be  built 
for  them,  granting  at  the  same 
time,  a  considerable  track  of  land 
for  their  support.  In  the  1 63rd 
year  of  his  age,  this  modem  Nes- 
tor was  in  the  enjoyment  of  the 
most  robust  health. 

23.  Attack  by  a  Leopard. 
— On  Monday  week,  a  collection 
of  wild  animals  was  opened  for  ex- 
hibition at  Mold,  near  Chester, 
when,  owing  to  the  carelessness  of 
the  keepers,  or  the  inadequacy 
of  the  cages,  a  large  leopard 
escaped  from  the  caravan,  and 
dashed  across  the  street,  throueh 
a  great  concourse  of  people,  wno 
readily  made  way  for  so  unwel- 
come a  visitor.  A  short  way  from 
the  exhibition  the  leopard  fcuitened 
upon  a  youth  about  15  years  of 
age,  seized  him  with  his  claws  by 
the  breast  and  back,  which  were 
much  torn,  and  then  fastened  on 
his  face,  one  side  of  which  the 
furious  animal  actually  tore  off  and 
devoured,  before  the  lad  could  be 


10 


ANNUAL   REGISTER.         [tasfi. 


velea^ftottibisfiEmgs!  This  was 
at  leun  efibcted  by  the  keeper^  hut 
the  snSertT  was  left  hi  such  a  state 
iB  to  leave  no  hope  of  his  somying. 
The  magistnktes  have  ecnmnitted 
the  hdeper  to  prison,  and  serred 
the  concern  with  a  Welsh  dject- 
Bient* 

Rio4>.«-^A  serious  riot  has  taken 
^ace  at  Norwidi,  the  origin  of 
which  appears  to  have  been  the 
lealoQsy  felt  at  the  employment  of 
iotmtrr  weavers  by  t&e  ^afac 
tnxen  of  the  town.  On  Tuesday 
morning  last^  about  eight  o'clock^ 
ftom  600  to  800  men  followed  a 
cart  containing  goods  manufactured 
in  the  country^  attacked  it,  seized 
its  contents^  strewed  them  about, 
and  threw  the  cart  into  the  river. 
Th^  then  returned  to  the  ware- 
house to  which  the  cart  had  been 
proceeding)  and  broke  every  pane 
of  glass,  threatening  similar  de- 
struction to  every  warehouse.  They 
next  directed  their  attention  to 
public-houses^  and  other  places 
where  they  suspected  goods  manu- 
factured in  the  country  to  beplaced. 
This  caused  great  alarm.  A  body  of 
men,  armed  with  pickaices,  shovels, 
bludgeons,  stones,  and  other  wea- 
pons, threatened  vengeance  to  every 
manufacturer  in  the  town.  Their 
next  attack  was  at  Mr.  Willett's, 
where  they  broke  every  window, 
forced  an  entrance  into  the  count- 
ing-house, and  destroyed  almost 
•every  thing  it  contained.  The 
civil  and  military  powers  came  up, 
the  Riot  Act  was  read ;  and  every 
means  was  used  to  prevent  a  repe^ 
titionof  theoutrage.— f^iScep.  2SJ. 

S5.  Rome.-— »anconi,  a  youth 
SO  years  of  age,  the  mtutlerer  of 
the  Prelate  Tnigetti,  was  executed 
in  the  Piazaa  di  Popolo,  in  pre- 
sence of  an  immense  multitude  of 
spectators,  who  filled  the  square, 
and  the  tenaces  c(  Monte  Kndo. 


Wh^  the  sentence  of  iealii  wai 
read  to  him  on  the  S^th,  in  tke 
evening,  he  pendaled^  in  spile  of 
the  dearest  evidence,  in  denjixic 
the  fact ;  bat  at  kngth  he  eonfesM 
St    This  prompt  alnimatnitioaof 
justice  met  with  gensnd  appraiift- 
tion,   which,    however,   was  not 
extended  to  the  nuuiner  in  wkieh 
it  was  executed.    There  exists  mt 
andent  law  by  whidi  ^le  murderer 
of  an  ecdeiiastie  is  to  be  knocJced 
down  with  a  hammer,  then  his 
throat  cut,  and  Ins  arms  and  feet 
si^antted  from  his  body.      This 
kind  of  capital  punishment,  whidi 
arose  finxn  the  notioiis  of  the  middle 
ages  reelecting  tke  digni^  of  a 
priest,  had  not  been  practised  anee 
the  reign  ci  Pius ,  VI.-— Chi  tfak 
ooeaaon  it  was  revived.     Imme* 
diately  on  recdving  the  blow  with 
the  hammer,  the  criminal  fell  to 
the  groimd,  apparently  lifblesai,  on 
whidi  the  executioners  proceeded 
to  fulfil  llie  other  parts  of  the  sen- 
tence with  a  dexterity  and  jro- 
mi^  that  were  really  r^naikahle. 
The  detached  members  were  ex- 
posed for  an  hour,  then  put  into  a 
coffin  and  buried.    It  is  said,  that 
five  other  criminals  sentoiced  to 
death  were  to  have  been  executed 
before  the  Carnival,  because  it  was 
thought  that  the   people  would 
thereby  be  deterred  from  ^e  com" 
mission  of  similar  crimes ;  but  htf 
holiness  considered  this  mixture  of 
the  horrible  with  the  comic  more 
likely  to  weaken  the  impression  of 
die  former,  than  to  ins|^  a  per- 
manent and  salutary  terroi^. 

26.  Barbarity  op  Poachbbs. 
— ^WiUiam  Thomas,  iUms  Jdhn 
Emery,  aUas  William  Barnes,  and 
Robert  Wood,  two  young  athletic 
men,  were  indicted  at  the  StafKnd- 
shire  sessions,  under  an  act  passed 
in  the  57th  year  of  his  late  ma- 
jesty, for  entering  a  wood,  in  the 


JASf.-} 


CHRONICLE. 


II 


of  WolTexbaaipton^  belong* 
ing  to  IjOfrA  Anaoa,  between  me 
liouTB  of  six  in  the  evening  and 
fleyen  in  the  morning  of  the  2gth 
of  November  last,  armed^  with 
wteat  to  kill  game. 

The  aingnlar  ciicumstance  of  an 
aged  f ettnak  f<»rming  one  oi  a  small 
party  on  a  night-watch  for  poachers 
*— ber  intrepidity  on  the  occasion— 
the  brutal  conduct  of  the  poachers 
— and  the  rcry  narrow  escape  erf 
one  of  their  victims,  gave  to  this 
case  a  degree  of  greater  importance 
and  deeper  intevest  than  usually 
belong  to  such  transactions. 

Mary  Pinpett,    a  woman  ad^i 
Tanced  in  years,  deposed  aS  follows : 
«— J  remember  going  with  my  hus- 
band, Nicholas  Pinnett,  who  is  a 
wood-ranger  at  Bentley,  and  my 
son-in<»law,    James    Boulton,    to 
watch  for  poachers,  an  the  evening 
of  Monday,  the  28th  of  November 
last.     We  went  out  about  ten,  and 
returned  at  eleven ;  after  waiting 
about  ten  minutes  we  started  again, 
and  went  round  the  covers  belong- 
ing to  Lord  Anson.     Soon  after- 
wards, we  heard  the  report  of  a 
gun  in  Herbert's  Coppice,  and  on 
proceeding  in  the  direction  from 
whence  the  sound  came,  we  met 
a  man  in  a    field    adjoining  the 
coppice.      I     collared    him— and 
asked  what  he  was  doing  at  that 
time  of  night.     He  said  he  was 
"going;"    he   then  said,  "loose 
me,  woman,  are  you  going  to  rob 
me  ?"   I  said,   **  no,  man ;"   and 
asked  him  for  his  name,  which  he 
said  was  Emery ;  this  was  about 
two  ocbck.     I  kept  the  man  col« 
lar'd,  and  sent  my  son-in-law  to 
the  constable's.     Soon  after,  the 
man  whom  I  held  called  out,  as  if 
to  K>me  companions,  *'  D— >n  and 
b— t  your  eyes,  if  you  don't  come 
over   111  confess;"    upon   which 
Robert  Wood  and  another  man 


jumped  over  the  hedge  out  of  ih$ 
coppice,  and  knocked  my  hudiand 
down ;  they  then  beat  my  husband 
with  Robert  Wood's  gun  until  they 
bifoke  it,  and  afterwards  with  his 
own  gun  tiU  they  broke  thai  too; 
thejr  Uien  jumped  upon  liim ;  upon 
which  I  went  to  his  assistancob 
They  then  tumed&om  him  to  me^ 
and  knocked  me  down  with  a 
hedge-stake.  I  got  up,  and  was 
beaten  and  kno^ed  down  again 
several  times. — ^Befcnre  going  away> 
they  gave  my  husband  a  heavy 
blow  (m  the  head  with  the  brok^ 
gun.  They  took  my  husband's 
broken  gun  with  them,  and  lefb 
their  own  behind.  Directly  after 
they  ran  away,  I  went  up  to  my 
husband,  and  found  he  ^as  not 
quite  dead,  but  covi^red  all  over 
with  blood.  My  husband  has  been 
compelled  ever  since  diat  time^ 
until  last  Sunday,  to  keep  his  bed  ; 
he  is  quite  incdpadtated  tat  att^id-* 
ing  here,  in  consequence  of  the 
severe  wounds  he  received  that 
night.  I  know  the  prisoners  at 
the  bar  to  be  two  of  the  three  men 
who  committed  the  offence.  (Wit- 
ness's husband  had  sevend  of  his 
ribs  lnx>ken,  and  was  otherwise 
much  injured.)  This  statement, 
and  the  identi^  of  the  prisoners, 
being  established  by  three  other 
witnesses,  they  were  found  guilty, 
and  sentenced  to  tran^rtation  for 
seven  years. 

ASTOBGA         LiBBABT.  ^-  The 

Astorga  Library,  recently  pur- 
chased for  the  Faculty  of  Advo- 
cates at  Edinburgh,  is  supposed 
to  be  the  most  curious  coUectioH 
of  Spanish  books  existing  any- 
where out  at  Spain*  It  consists 
of  about  8000  vols,  and  was  sold 
for  3000/.  The  Bodleian  also  had 
an  agent  in  town  to  treat  with  Mr. 
Thorpe's  creditors.  The  collection 
is  unrivalled  (in  so  far  as  England 


12 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


[182& 


is  concerned)  as  to  Romance^ 
Chronicles,  and  Law.  There  is 
also  a  great  deal  of  the  old  poetry 
—volumes  that  would  have  fetched 
their  weight  in  gold  when  the 
Roxhurgh  mania  was  in  its  vigour. 
A  coniemporary  prose  hisUny  of 
the  Crusades  is  considered  unique. 
Certainly  no  mention  of  .the  work 
is  to  be  found  in  any  catalc^e  that 
has  reached  this  country.  The 
Marquis  Astor^  who  founded  the 
library,  was  viceroy  of  Portugal, 
under  the  administration  of  Oli- 
varez.  He  married  that  great 
statesman's  daughter;  and  many 
volumes  in  this  collection  have  the 
leaves  between  the  clasps  bla^^oned 
with  the  arms  of  the  Count-Duke. 
The  possession  of  this  collection 
will,  of  course,  confer  new  dis- 
tinction on  the  magnificent  and 
truly  liberal  establishment  of  which 
it  is  about  to  form  a  part.  The 
same  body  purchased  only  last  year 
a  very  fine  Danish  library  entire, 
at  Copenhagen. 

27.  Court  op  Common  Pleas. 
>-— 7W/i,  demandant  v.  Bagwell, 
tenant.  This  was  a  writ  of  right 
to  try  the  right  to  certain  lands 
which  had  been  nearly  sixty  years 
in  the  possession  of  the  tenant. 
The  proceeding  is  one  of  extremely 
rare  occurrence,  and  has  nearly 
fallen  into  desuetude.  The  present 
action  was  to  have  been  tried  last 
term  before  the  four  judges  and  a 

fraud  assize,  consisting  of  foiu: 
nights  and  twelve  freeliolders 
chosen  by  them.  It  was  then  put 
off  for  default  of  appearance  of 
some  of  the  knights,  and  after 
several  adjournments,  came  on  for 
trial  this  day.  Thirteen  only  of 
the  knights  and  freeholders  of  the 
grand  assize  made  their  appearance. 
Of  the  knights,  sir  Geoi^  Aider- 
son  could  not  attend.  His  physi- 
cian was  examined^  and  deposed^ 


that  not  only  was  ar  George 
unable  at  present,  but  in  all  pro- 
bability never  would  be  able,  to 
attend.  The  sherifiT  had  also  made 
a  return  to  the  same  effect. 

Serjeants  Bosanquet  and  Taddy, 
sugff^ted  to  the  court,  either  to 
disdbarge  the  present  grand  asase, 
and  commence  the  proceedings  de 
notH),  or  summon  another  Inight 
in  the  room  of  sir  George  Alder- 
son,  and  so  proceed  to  trial. 

Serjeants  Vaughan  and  Wilde, 
for  the  tenant,  opposed  both  of 
these,  contending  that  the  court 
had  no  power  to  adopt  either  of 
them ;  there  was  only  one  case  on 
record,  in  which  a  kni^^bt  had 
been  added  to  complete  the  grand 
assize,  and  that  was  a  case  not  of 
the  illness,  but  of  Ihe  death  of  the 
knight  originally  summoned.  The 
present,  they  said,  was  a  most 
vexatious  proceeding,  aHer  the 
tenant  had  been  so  long  in  posses- 
sion, and  they  would,  therefore 
seize  every  obstacle  which  they 
could  to  throw  in  the  way  of  it. 

The  court  said,  that  in  a  case 
where  they  had  no  precedent,  they 
must  resort  to  general  principles 
and  common  *sense,  in  order  that 
no  injustice  might  be  done.  Here 
was  no  laches  on  the  part  of  the  de- 
mandant, audit  would  be  hard  there- 
fore to  deprive  him  of  his  ri^t  to 
take  the  benefit  of  this  proceedin^r. 
They  should  therefore  order  a  rule 
to  summon  anoUier  knight  in  the 
room  of  sir  George  Alderson,  and 
they  did  this  the  more  readily,  be- 
cause if  there  was  any  error  it 
could  be  remedied  by  an  appeal  to 
the  highest  court  in  the  country. 

The     Vatican    Mss The 

most  valuable  of  all  Monsignor 
Mai's  discoveries  are  unpubli^ed. 
They  consist  of  ample  extracts 
from  Polybius,  Diodorus,  Dio  Cas- 
sius,  £nniuS|  Menander  the  his- 


JAN.]                 CHRONICLE.  13 

tdriao,  and  Perslus^  preserved  in  ExcavatioKs  tH  DalmATiA.— 
those    hitherto    lost    volumes  of  Since  the  year   1818,  when  the 
the  eclogue  of  Constantinus  Por-  emperor  of  Austria    visited   this 
pbjrogenitus,  of  which  the  fortu*  province,  the  search  for  antiquities 
natelSnarian  found  large  remnants  has  heen  carried    on  here   with 
in  the  Vatican.    These  fraffments  great  activity.     Those  on  the  ate 
are  said  to  be  invaluable  tor  an-  of  Salona  have  proved  very  pro- 
doit  hiiJtory,   as  much  so  as,  or  ductive ;  the  columns  of  the  palabe 
more   than,    those    published    by  of  Diocletian  ^e  yet  standing,  and 
Folvius    Ursinus,   and   Henricus  the  workmen  employed  under  Dr. 
Valedus.     The  extracts  from  Po-  Lanza,  have  discovered  various  in- 
lybius  contain   the  detaOs  of  the  teresting  antiquities.     The  exca- 
destruction  of  the  Achsans,  and  vations    at  Pola  have    been  still 
Corinth ;  those  from  Diodorus  ap-  more  successful:  two  of  the  arches 
pear  to  give  a  circumstantial  nar«  of  the  amphitheatre,  which  were 
ration  of  the  beginning,  at  least,  in  danger  of  falling,  have  been  re- 
uf  the  sddal  war;  the  contents  of  paired,  and  the  two  beautiful  tern- 
tlie  latter  historians  are  quite  new.  pies,  and  triumphal  arch,  are  now 
It  should  appear  that  whoever  is  entirely  exposed,  the  mean  build- 
possessed  of  such  a  literary  trea-  ings  that  disfigured  them  having 
sure  would  be  easer  to  give  it  to  been  taken  down, 
the  world;  but  it  happens,  most  28.  CHAM0is.«-Fotur  live  spe- 
unfortunately,    that    the    Roman  cimens  of  the  beautiful  Antdope 
government    requires    that    Mai  rupicapra,  or  the  Chamois  from 
should  publish  at  Rome;  and  print-  the  Alps  of   Switzerland,    were 
iDg  at  Rome  at  his  own  expense,  shipped    at  Leith,  for  the  king, 
without  extraordinary  assistance.  They  were  sent  from  Switzerland 
eiposes  him  to  a  certain  loss,  as  to   ihe    earl    of  Fife,    who  has 
nobody  out  (^  Italy  would  purchase  presented  them   to    his    majesty, 
an  edition  extravagantly  dear  and  and    they    will    be     naturalized 
very  incorrectly    executed,    if   a  in  Windsor  Park.     They  are  the 
cheaper  and  more  correct  edition  first  of  these  beautiful  animals,  it 
might  be  had,  as  would  be  the  case,  is  believed,   which  have    reached 
wiUiin  a  few  weeks  after  a  copy  this    country    alive.      There  are 
had  reached  Germany.     Thus  M,  two  females,  a  buck,  and  a  kid. 
Mai  may  either  allow  or  refuse  They  are  nearly  of  the  size  of  the 
125  the  enjo3rment  of  these  precious  fallow  deer,  or  conunon  coat,  but 
rclics.  elegantly    formed,     wim    horns 
The  celebrated  Niebuhr  has  ver]^  slightly  bent  back,  and  curved  at 
warmly  interested  himself  to  ob-  the  apex.     The  extreme  shyness, 
tam  subscriptions  for  the  ingenious  and  amazing  agility  of  the  Chamois 
Italian.     Hitherto  his  success  has  render  this  anunal  very  difficult  to 
been  limited  to  a  subscription  for  a  be   procured    alive;    though    the 
number  of  fifty  ccmies  from  the  Chamois  hunters  of  the  Alps  are 
Dutch  Institute  of  Letters  and  the  most  adventurous  of  men. 
Sciences.    The  work  is  actually  30.  Opening  of  the   Menai 
ready  for  the  press,  and  any  sub-  Suspension  Bridge. — This  stu* 
scT^ons  will  be  publicly  ad^now-  pendous  structure  was  opaied  for 
ledged  by  the  learned  conservator  general  intercourse  at   half  past 
9f  the  Vatican  MSS*  one  in  the  monuog. 


14            ANNUAL  HEGISTER.  tisas. 

Mr.  W.  A.  Provis,  llie  resident  Aiqpending  pier^  where  tbedntiis 
cugineer^  was  despatdied  to  meet  rest.  The  vertical  rods,  an  wA 
the  Lcmdon  (via  Shrewsbury)  square,  suspended  from  the  chaiiiSy 
mail,  and  take  diarge  of  it  across  support  the  slippers  to  ^le  fioor- 
the  bridge.  He  having  mounted  ing  of  the  road-way,  the  rods  beii^ 
the  box  with  the  coadiman,  ihe  placed  five  feet  froni  eadi  other, 
mail  proceeded,  and  on  its  way  to  The  chains,  sixteen  in  number, 
die  bridge  took  up  as  many  as  contain  five  bars  eadi ;  the  length 
could  rimer  be  crammed  in,  or  of  eadi  bar  is  9  f^  9  iHche^  the 
find  a  place  to  hang  by.  Thus  width  3  inches  by  i  inch  square, 
loaded,  amidst  the  blase  of  lamps,  with  six  connecting  lengths  at  eadi 
the  cheers  of  those  assembled,  and  joint,  1  foot  6  indies,  l^  10  indies, 
the  roaring  of  a  heaVy  gale  of  and  1  inch  square,  secured  by  two 
wind,  the  gates  were  thrown  open,  bcdts  at  each  Joint,  each  bolt  wei^ 
and  the  mail  passed  triumphantly  ing  about  65  pounds :  the  totd 
Across,  number  d  ban,  in  the  eross  see- 
About  nine  o'clock,  sir  H.  Par-  tion  of  the  chains,  is  eighty, 
neil,  and  the  diirf  engineer,  Mr.  The  Whole  is  suspended  fimn 
Telford,  passed  over  in  the  carriage  four  linai  of  iron  cables  by  per- 
of  the  btter.  Throughout  the  pendicular  iron  rods,  placed  five 
remainder  of  the  day  the  number  feet  apart,  and  these  rods  support 
of  carriages,  as  well  as  horses  and  the  road-way  framing.  The  sos- 
persons  that  passed  over,  was  im-  pending  power  is  cilcnlated  at 
mense.  2016  tons,  and  the  wei|^t  to  be 
The  extreme  length  of  the  suspended,  exdusive  of  ^e  cables^ 
chains  ftom  the  fast^iings  in  the  is  342  tons,  leaving  a  di^osabfe 
rocks,  is  about  l600  feet.  The  power  df  1674  tons.  The  we^ibt 
height  of  the  road-way  from  high-  of  the  whole  bridge  between  die 
water  line,  is  100  feet.  Each  of  points  of  suspension  is  489  tons, 
the  seven  small  piers^  from  high-  It  is  calculated  that  the  oontractioa 
water  line  to  the  spring  of  the  and  expansion  of  the  iron  cables 
ardies,  is  65  feet  The  span  of  may  occasion  a  rise  or  fidl  to  the 
each  arch  is  50  feet.  Each  of  the  extent  of  4  or  5  indies;  but  the 
two  suspending  piers  is  52  feet  variations  of  the  temperature  of 
above  the  road.  The  road  on  the  the  atmosphere  will  not  derange 
bridge  consists  of  two  carriage-  the  bridge, 
ways  (one  way  for  going,  and  the  The  abutments  oonast  of  mar 
other  for  returning)  of  12  feet  sonry-work;  four  additional  ardies 
each,  with  a  foot-path  of  4  feet  are  on  the  Anglesea  side;  each  of 
between  tl^ese  two  carriage-ways,  the  two  piers  is  60  feet,  by  42f 
The  carria^roads  pass  through  wide  at  high-water  mark,  havii^ 
two  arches,  m  the  suspending  piers,  a  foundation  of  rock.  These  pien 
of  the  width  of  9  feet,  by  15  feet  are  connected  with  the  whole  of 
in  height  to  the  spring  of  the  the  remainder  of  the  masonry,  and 
arches.  To  counteract  the  con-  form  a  mass  constructed  with  hiods 
tractidn  and  expansion  of  the  iron,  of  hard  lime-stone,  of  mudi  greater 
from  the  efifect  of  the  change  of  weight  than  is  necessaiy  for  sop- 
the  atmo^here  in  winter  and  sum-  porting  a  bridge  of  this  kind.  This 
xner,  rollers  are  placed  under  cast-  bridge  is,  perliaps,  (with  the  siiirie 
iron  saddles,  on  d«  UfpB  c/t  the  exception  of  tiMSinqdoiiroai)$w 


FER]               CHRONICLE.  15 

most  stupeh Joug  monmneDt  of  ho*  tive  places;    the  officer  of  the 

man  art  in  the  world.    The  sea  order  signified  his  majest/s  com-* 

rud^  in  a  dark  and  turbulent  mand  m  filling  ^eTttcant  stall, 

confusion  of  currents  between  the  His  grace  the  duloe  of  Dorset^ 

predptous  shores  of  Anglesea  and  the  king's  master  of  iJie  horB^, 

the  main  land ;  manj  smaQ  rocks,  was  introduced  into  the  presence 

partlj  hidden,  except  at  low  water,  of  the  chapter,  and  received  the 

augment  die  perplexity  and  dangm:  honotn:  of  knighthood  from  the 

of  tlie  passage ;  the  winds  bbw  king,  and  his  grace  then  retired, 

funoosly  down  the  ravine,   and  The  suffiages  were  then  ooU 

piodnoe,  even  when  the  weather  lected  from  the  di£fetent  koi^ts 

15  moderate  elsewhere,  a  perfect  filming  the  chapter.    ICs  grace 

tempest  of  spray.     Altogether,  ex-  the  duke  of  Dorset  was  demred 

cept  in  the  very  finest  season  of  duly  elected.    His  grace  was  then 

the  year,  the  Menai  feny  was  a  received  at  the  door  of  the  diapter 

sufficient  trial  for  not  the  weakest  room  by  the  two  lunior  knights 

of  nerves.     The  narrowest  part  of  present,  attended    by  the  garter 

the  stndt  is  500  feet  in  vddth,  and  principal  king  of  arms,  beating  the 

here  it  is  now  crossed  by  a  conve-  ensigns  of  the  order,  and  his  grace 

meot  bridge  30  feet  in  breadth,  being  introduced  to  the  king,  he 

su^ended  100  feet  above  the  sur-  was  graciously  pleased  to  invest 

face  of  the  water  from  enormous  the  duke  therewith.    The  officers 

^tone  buttresses,  152  feet  in  he^t.  of  the  order  pronounced  the  usual 

This  magnificent  bridge,  Mr.  Tel-  admonition  to  the  newly-elected 

ford's  r^   across  Anglesea,  and  member  of  the  order,  who  received 

the  estabHshment  of  steam-packets  the  congratulations  of  all  the  nfem'« 

at  Holyhead,  have  perfected  the  hers  present 

communication  between  this  coun-  The  chapter  being  ended,  gar^ 

try  and  Dublin ;   and,   taking  it  ter  king  of  arms  cSled  over  the 

nierely  in  a  political  point  of  view,  knight's  companions,  and  the  pro* 

the  completion  of  this  great  plan  is  cession  returned  in  the  order  in 

2  matter  of  high  importance.  which  it  had  been  made  in  the 

31.  Chaptbr  of  the  Garteb.  chapter  room. 

—  Yesterday   his    majesty    com-  _^__-_,.«-*...,....,.-« 

manded  a  court  for  various  public  ut^wutt    nv 

procedures,    to    be    held  at    his  FEBRUARY. 

Koyal  Castle  at  Windsor.  Steam  Navigation. — A  few 

Airangements  having  been  made  days  ago,  the  steam-boat  Liberator 

for  holding  a  chapter  of  the  order  left  Liverpool,    destined  for  ihe 

of  the  garter,  a  procession  was  river  Orinoco,  (in    th^  Republic 

fonaed  in  the  private  room  of  the.  of  Colombia^  where  she  is  to  be 

iDost  noble  order  of  the  garter,  in  employed.    She  will  not  use  her 

order  to  confer  the  ribband  vacant  engine  on  crossing  the  Atlantic, 

hy  the  death  of  the  late  earl  of  but  will  stop  at  Grenada  to  set  it 

^lisle,  knight  companion  of  the  up,  whence  ihe  will  proceedand  get 

^^^'  into  the  Orinoco  in  perhaps  twenty- 

The  knights    companions  and  four  hours    after  her    departure 

officers  having  proceeded  from  the  from  Grenada.  In  about  six  months 

pnnte  apartment  into  the  chapter  another  steam-boat  will  leave  him 

^ootti,   and  taken   their    respec-  verpool  for  the  same  destkation. 


16  ANNUAL   REGISTER.         [lajt 

Earthquarb.-^A  shock  of  an  associated  for  a  voyage  to  tbe  cottb 

earthquake  was  felt  in  the  province  of  Natal  and  Fumosy  with  a  view 

of  Basilicata^  in  the  kingdom  of  of  forming  an  establishment  there. 

Najdes.  Sixty  houses  in  the  district  The  Sali^uiy  was  fitted  out  fm 

of  Tito  were  thrown  down ;  all  the  this  purpose^  fireishted  at  a  verr 

buildings  in  the  populous   town  great  expense,  and  accompanied  1^ 

4}{  Potenza  suffered  more  or  less,  Heutenant  Farewell,   of  his  no- 

and  in  both  places  many  persons  jesty's  navy,  one  of  the  proprieton. 

were  buried  imder  the  ruins.  The  vessel  being  provided  mHn  in- 

PoifPETl.«»A  fresco  painting  terpreters,  passed  up  the  Natal 
has  been  discovered  at  Fompeu,  coast,  tried  several  rivers,  and  at 
representing  an  eruption  of  Vesu-  length  entered  the  port  of  Natal, 
vius,  and  several  processions  at  the  which  had  not  been  entered  hf 
foot  of  the  mountain;  Cape  Mise-  any  vessel  for,  perhaps,  half  aceii- 
num  and  the  dty  of  Naples  are  in  tury  before.  The  voyage  was  on- 
the  back-ground.  This  picture  successful  in  a  commercial  point  d 
indicates  that  Vesuvius  was  for-  view,  not  more  than  half  a  ton  of 
merly  of  prodigious  height,  and  ivory  being  collected  ;  but  lieu- 
that  the  frequent  eruptions  have  tenant  Farewell  having  attempted 
lowered  it  considerably ;  it  also  to  land  in  a  boat  at  St.  Lucia,  vis 
shews  that  the  Somma  did  not  upset  in  the  surf,  and  Jacob,  one 
exist,  or  rather  that  it  formed  a  of  the  interpreters  who  was  witb 
part  of  Vesuvius,  and  has  been  him,  thinking  that  by  beins  shi^ 
separated  from  it  by  a  volcanic  wrecked  he  was  freed  from  his  en- 
eruption,  gagement,  made  his   way  to  the 

New  Colony  at  NATAL.-~In  court  of  Chaka,  king  of  the  Zoolos, 

consequence  of  the  spirit  of  enter-  or,    as     the     natives     d  D^ 

prise  which   the  examination  of  goa    Bay  call   them,   Olontontes, 

Delagoa  Bay,  in  J82S,  and  the  where  he  speedily  bei^mie  a  faTOoi^ 

early  part  of  1824,  excited,  several  ite,  and  by  his  means  lieutenant 

voyages  were  performed  to    that  Farewell  opened  a  communication 

part  of  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  with  that  monarch.     The  resolt 

by  the  merchants  of  the  Cape  of  was  an  invitation   to    lieutenant 

Good  Hope.    Among  others  Mr.  Farewell  to  make  a  settlement  at 

Henry  Nourse  fitted  out  a  vessel.  Natal,  and,  in  July  1824,  he  left 

and,  as  part  of  her  return-cargo,  the  Cape  in  a  schooner  of  thirty 

she  brought  a  quantity  of  the  tusks  tons,  with  about  twenty  penons. 

of  the  hippopotami,  which  had  for-  -^himself,    and    two    other  gen- 

merly  been  regarded  by  the  For-  tlemen,  a  Mr.  Fynn,  two  or  wee 

tuguese  and   natives    as  of  very  Hottentots,  and  the  rest  Dutdi  or 

trming  value.     The  sale  of  Mr.  English  from  the  Cape.    On  tk 

Nourse's  cargo,  however,  discovered  8th  of  August  following,  Qab 

that  sea-horse  ivoiy  was    worth  executed  a  grant  of  land  to  Ken- 

half  as  much  again  as  the  tusks  of  tenant  Farewell,  including  thirtr- 

the  elephant,  and  since  that  time  five  or  forty  miles  of  coast,  snd 

it  has  be*!  in  ereat  demand,  and  about  onehundred  milesin  bieidllw 

better    estimat^  by    the  Portu-  inland.     For  this  grant  licuteasBt 

gucse.  Farewell  appears  to  have  paid  «■« 

This  trade  being  now  a  little  consideration  in  beads,  brm^  gj 

better  understood^  the  merchants  doth.    The  vessel  wUcb  c«sW 


FEB/j                 CHRONICLE.  17 

the  party  to  Natal  was  intended  to  His  majesty's  ship  Lever,  capt. 
be    constantly  employed  between  Owen,  was  the  next  that  touched 
the  Cape  and  the  colony  at  Natal,  at  lieutenant   Farewell's    colony. 
but  on  her  return  she  was  burnt  She  arrived  there  on  the  15th  of 
at  6ea,  and  all  on  board  perished.  September  last.      An  officer    on 
Notliiiig  was  heard  of  the  little  board  says,  "  It  docs  not  appear 
party  of  adventurers  till  nearly  a  that  Mr.  Farewell  is  sufficiently 
year    afterwards,  when,  in  May,  provided  to  carry  on  his  commerce 
1825,  tlie  York,  lieutenant  Hawes,  to  any  great   extent.      He    has, 
visited  them,  andbrought  some  news  however,  collected  about  four  tons 
of  lieutenant  Farewell's  proceed-,  of  ivory,  much  of  it  from  the  south- 
ings. That  officer's  first  care  had  been  em  parts.     He  had  a  quantity  col- 
to  form  an  establishment,  and  this  lected  near  Ants  River,  to  which 
was  done  to  the  northward  of  the  place  Mr.  Fynn  was  gone,  to  con- 
barbour,  close  to   the    watering-  vey  it  to  Natal.     As  every  tooth 
place.      The  buildings  consisted  of  had  thus  to  be  transported  by  land 
three  small  houses  and  a  few  huts  a  distance  of  80  miles,  his  traffic 
made  of  clay  and  bushes,  and  sur-  must  be  laborious.     The  interven- 
roundcd  by  a  wall  of  five  or  six  tion  of  hostile  tribes  likewise  pre- 
fect high,  to  defend  them  from  the  vents  lieutenant    Farewell    from 
tigers  and  wolves,  which  were  seen  attempting  a  direct  communication 
every  evening  in  great  numbers,  with  our  old  colony.     But  Chaka, 
Mr.  Farewell  was  occupied  in  tfec  understanding  this,  and  affecting  a 
construction  of  a  large  house,  to  be  great  regard  for  the  English,  has 
secured  by  a  wall  six  feet  high,  determined     on      an     expedition 
and  three  in  thickness,  with  plat-  against  all  the  Kaffrcs  of  the  fron- 
forms  on  which  to  place  artillery,  tier,  of  whom  this  extraordinary 
The  party  were  healthy,  and  the  savage  says,  he  will  not  leave  one 
soil  was  abundantly  productive  in  man  alive." 
grain    and  vegetables, ;   but  ow-  Mr.  Fynn  and  the  English  of 
ing  to  their  small   number,  they  the  party  have  adopted  the  Kaffre 
had  not  entered  upon  agricultural  costume  (a  skin,  merely,  round  the 
pursuits.       They  had   plenty   of  waist),  but  lieutenant    Farewell 
game  and  cattle,  but  were  in  want  retained  his  English  dress, 
of  bread  and  flopr*     They  were  on  2.  Singapore. — By  an  esti- 
the  best  terms  with  the  natives,  mated  value' kept  in  the  master- 
and  had  the  protection  of  their  king  attendant's  office,  the  trade  of  Sin- 
(Chaka),  who  seemed  to  have  great  gapore  has  increased  as  follows : — 
respect    for    Europeans.       Three  Doiian. 

•  *^                        r   xt  ^         .r 1.1^  InlStS,  vahieofexporttandiinportg  8,568,172 

nvers,   none  of  them  navigable,  j^jj;  .      .'Xtio,    -      .    13,268,397 

cross  the  settlement.     The  inha-  I824,  .      .  ditto,    -      -    15,000,000 

bitants  upon  it  were  estimated  at  I825,  estimated  at  not  las  than    20,000,000 

250,  of  whom  100  were  sent  by  Large  junks  from  different  part< 
Chaka  to  protect  the  establishment  of  China  not  only  bring  annually 
Chaka  having  conquered  this  tract  a  multitude  of  settlers,  but  also  im- 
only  two  years  before,  had  de-  port  and  export  valuable  cargoes ; 
stroyed  the  greater  number  of  the  vessels  of  smaller  sizes,  from  Siain 
inhabitants.  The  harbour  is  well  and  Cochin-China,  are  yearly  in- 
adapted  for  vessels  not  drawing  creasing ;  a  considerable  trade  also 
more  than  nine  feet  water.  is  opening  with    Manilla,     The 

Voii,  LXVIII,  C 


1§  ANNUAL    REQISTER.         |:i8a6. 

number  of  square-rigged  vessels    flames^  wluch  prqceeded  firom  th^ 
that  arrived  in  the  year  1823,  from    upper  part  of  the  building,  we^^ 
India  and  Europe,   amounted  to    subdue^,  and  a  person  went  up  to 
216,  of  native  oriental  craft  1,550,    Mr.  f.'$  warehouse  to  ascertain  the 
importing  nearly  80,000  tons  of    extent  of  ^e  inju'17,  Wli^n  He  dis- 
merciiancu^e.     An^  all  this  un-    covered  the  body  of  Mr*  Price  near 
precedented  increase  of  population,    the  door,  beode  a  pile  of  velyete«i% 
trade,   and  prosperity,  has  arisen,    one  of  \he  pieces  of  which   was 
not  so  much  from  the  favourable    placed  upon  him.    He  was  Ufeless, 
locaUty  of  this  eastern  emporium,    with  a  desperate  wound  abpye  lii3 
and  the  safety  and  convenience  of    left  ear :  his  brains  were  scattered 
its  port  (both  of  which  are  ex-    on  several  of  the  pieces  around  him. 
ceUent),  as  from  the  establishment    The  skuU  appesured  to  have  been 
in  good  faith  of  the  principle  of    cut  through,  but  there  wa9  no  imple- 
free  trade;   a  simple  provisional    ment  found  upon   the  spo^  with 
administration  of  justice,  dispensed    which  the  murder  could  be   sup- 
without  delay;  a  strict  and  efficient    posed  to  have  been  perpetrated. 
police ;  and  a  judicious  system  of    Mr.  G;bson,  of  the  Savings'  Sanlj 
granting  and  registering  lands  ;  to    had  left  two  of  his  clerks  in  the 
which  may  be  added,  as  most  im-    lower  story,  when  he  yfesxt  liome 
portant,  a  large  and  liberal  institu-    to.  dinner.     Abput  l^lf-past  on^ 
tion  for  the  education  of  youths  of   one  of  them,  ^n^elling  nre;,   went 
whatever  country  or  religion.    The    np    stairs    to    ascertain    whence 
Chinese,  some  millions  of  whom    it  prpceede4^      On  entering   the 
are  spread  over  the  islands  of  the    back-room    of   the   second  story^ 
great  Asiatic  Archipelago,  are  every    which  Mr*  Price  used  as  a  count- 
where  ready  to  receive  instruction,    ing-house,  he  observed  his  hat  upon 
At  the  college  of  Malacca,  Chinese    the  desk  ;  he  then  went  up  the 
boys  are  not  only  taught  to  read    next  flight  of  stairs*,  in  expectation 
their  own  and  the  English  Ian-    of  meeting  Mr-  Price,  fmd  found 
guage,  but  allowed  cheerfully  by    the  door  of  ^he  upper  room  open^ 
their  parents  to  be  instructed  in    but  the  smoke  was  so  dense  he 
the  pnnciples  of  the  Christian  re-    could  see  nothing,  and  was  com- 
ligion.       The    college    that    was    pelled  ^  retire.     A  man  and  wo- 
established   there  has    now  been    man,  in  the  service  of  Mr.  Pxic^ 
removed  to  Singapore,  and  united    have  been  taken  inn  on  suspidcm. 
to  the  Mals^  college  founded  by    The  man  states*  that  he  and  the 
sir  Stamford  Rafflesl  woman  lefl  theur  master  about  a 

3.  Murder.—- In  Manchester  quarter  past  one,  Mr.  Price  having 
a  murder  was  <»mniitted,  under  informed  them  that  he  would  shut 
extraordinary  circumstances,  on  the  up  the  warehouse  himself.  The 
body  of  Mr.  T.  Price,  a  respectable  fire  was  discovered  in  about  a 
fustian-manufacturer.  About  two  quarter  of  an  hour  after,  and  the 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  an  alarm  body  was  found  in  a  lifeless  state 
of  fire  having  been  given,  the  en-  immediately  upon  the  extinction  of 
gines  were  brought  to  Marsden-    the  flames.     Mr.  Price,  who  was 

5uare,  to  a  house,  the  lower  part;  about  55  years  of  agei^  left  a 
which  is  occupied  by  the  Savings'  widow  and  five  children.  Thei? 
Bank^  and  the  two  upper  stories  by  seems  to  be  little  dpi\bt  h^t  that 
Mr.  Price.    Sooi^  after  tilwcee,  thQ    the   wretch^    wfeo    jjSfTgS^^XMi 


Fi^3               CHRONICLE.  10 

lik  did  intended  ihut  the  body  silver  oquu  of  the  aaciei^  )JBgi  of 

imA  be  »  f«r  dis&gurad  by  the  this  reabn.    In  June  last^  as  wonk*- 

fo  II  to  render  ito  Identification  men  were  pulling  down  a  bouie 

{■yrtWf.^^-Tbg    Coroner's  jury  adjoining  the  Ea^^  Inn,  they  di». 

n^iMda  verdicl  of  wilful  murder  covered,  on  digging  up  the  bottom 

^piitft.ijiEvann^  and  a  man  in  the  of  the  cellar,  a  quantity  of  silver 

Krficeof  Mr.  Ftice.    ^See  tn/ra].  coins,  and,  after  a  further  seaioh, 

Cflmi949i0N. — The    Cumber-  a  jug  containing  flold  coins.    A 

W  Pidel  aay%  on  Monday  last,  considerable  scramble  took  place 

AuBmnenof  the  port  of  White-  amone   the  workmen;    but    Mr. 

imm  turned  out,  as  the  phvase  is,  How3l,    the    contractor   of    the 

fcria  aiMitiasi  to  their  wages,  of  building  for Coi^s Christi  coll^, 

Ufa  guinea  per  vc^age;  with  secured  the  tieasuxe.    Thequestion 

vkidi  oemand  the    owners    and  now  arose  to  whom  it  beloaged. 

Meters  do  not  feel  themselves  in  a  The  Bursar  of  ^e  college  took 

Mfition  to  comply ;  and  the  con-  possession  of  part  of  it,  and  Mr. 

ap^^iiceis,  aiuspensionof  nautic^l  Balls,  fox  Mr.  Howell,  of  another 

vfivi^i  with  the  ezoeption  of  a  part ;  and  eventually  the  whole 

farvDaQ  tcadere,  navigated  by  the  was  deposited  ia  the  names  of  the 

nnenaiid  a|q[irentioe&    Theses-  Bursar  and  Mr.  Ballsi,  in  the  bank 

MD,  Hke  the  shipwrights  (whoare  of  Messrs.  Mortlocks,  tin  it  could 

til  without  wudc),  £ive  foolishly  be  decided  to  whom  it  c^  ri^t  b^ 

mected  themselves  with  dubs,  l<>i^^ 

tbfciu  worthless   characters   in  The  lords  of  the  Treasury,  a  few 

flBMral  hold  sway,  and  thus,  as  a  days  ago,  iqf^lied  to  the  conmer, 

m$t  they  are  led  to  do  many  to  hold  an  inquest;  and  after  going 

AiB§m  whidi,  as  individuals,  they  through  all  the  evidence,  the  jury 

i^nuuvli  of.    The  present  period,  without  hesitatuni  found  their  ver- 

hnmer,  is  a  very  unfortunate  one  diet  upon  the  points  directed  to 

iviheir  pvq|ect.    A  diminution  of  their  consideratioa  by  the  coroner, 

WS0BI»  under  existing  commercial  who  desired  them  to  leave  out  of 

is  a  mudi  more  likely  ^eir  minds  any  question  of  right 

than  so  great  an  ^  as  to  whcnn  the  treasure  belong, 

as  that  would  be  £09:  the  decision 

BaoBBXiA  ^-  We    learn    fixmi  of  a  superior  courts-"  that  on  the 

tetiult  the  rives  Merwede  ftrd  of  June  last,  195  pieces  of  gold 

from  that  place  to  Bois  le  eoin  of  the  value  of  l$OL  3#. ;  and 

&M^  and  even  beyond,  which  has  3,510  pieces  of  silver  coin  of  the 

*^  hnyened  since  1784.     Last  value  of  70^  Oi.  5^  were  found 

Ani^F  84V  4,000  pevsoBs  were  by  William  Smith  and  Stephen 

MWed  on  the  ice.    The  river  Woodcock,  labourers  in  the  em- 

Uk^ffyvered  with  ice,  which  is  pki3rment  of  James  Howell,  brkk- 

H  4Mii§  that  even  waggons  pass  layer,  hidden  in  the  ground  under 

VNVtib  the  site  of  an  ancient  house  or 

4  tklAacBB  Tmovx.-v«An  in-  buildhiff  situate  in  Bene't-street  in 

Vh^if  Ik  novel  nature  was  held  the  stfid  town,  whidb  were  of  an- 

^jb  Bi^fk   Inn,   Cambridge,  cient  time  hidden  as  aforesaid,  and 

jy  Ifab  ClMmll,  (me  of  Uie  the    owners    thereof   cannot    be 

^JpfMtftf  thia  towB,  on  view  knewi)." 

«  i  Ihp  fonlky  of  gold  and  As  seoA  «»  the  ?eidist  ^i«»  m« 

C2 


20 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


tl82& 


turned,  the  coroner,  by  virtue  of 
his  office,  seized  the  treasure  in  the 
name  of  his  majesty.  The  town- 
derk  attended  wad  served  a  notice 
upon  the  coroner,  on  behalf  of  the 
corporation,  who  claimed  it  as 
grantees  of  the  crown;  and  the 
solicitor  to  the  Treasury  also  made 
a  demand  for  it,  but  the  coroner 
refused  to  part  with  it  till  it  was 
ascertained  who  is  legally  entitled 
to  it,  and  it  was  accordingly  re- 
deposited  in  Messrs*  Mortlock's 
bank,  to  await  this  decision.— The 
coroner  has  been  served  with  a  writ 
of  certiorari  by  the  lords  of  the 
Treasury,  to  return  his  inquisition 
to  the  Court  of  King's-bench. 

6.  Robbery  of  a  Deaf  and 
Dumb  Boy. — Lately  came  on,  be- 
fore the  recorder  of  Dublin,  a  trial, 
in  which  a  deaf  and  dumb  boy  was 
prosecutor.  Doctor  C.  Orpen,  Se- 
cretary to  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
Institution,  was  sworn  to  inter- 
pret; and  communicated  the  ques- 
tions of  the  court,  of  the  jury,  and 
of  the  prisoner,  partly  by  spelling 
the  words  on  his  fingers,  and  partly 
by  writing,  to  which  the  boy  an- 
swered, both  by  speaking  articu- 
lately and  by  signs.  It  was  given 
in  evid^ce,  that  the  boy's  name 
was  Thomas  Collins ;  that  he  was, 
until  lately,  a  pupil  of  Mr.  Hum- 
phrey's of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
School  at  Qaremont,  and  is  now 
an  apprentice  to  Mr.  Goodwin,  a 
respectable  printer  in  Dublin,  and 
that  he  is  totally  deaf;  and  until 
taught  to  speak  in  that  school,  had 
been  totally  dumb.  His  evidence 
was  confirmed  by  the  watchmen^ 
who  apprehended  the  woman,  and 
found  die  watch  in  her  possession, 
and  by  the  interpreter,  who  proved 
that  the  watch  had  been  given  by 
his  brother  to  the  boy  some  years 
since.  Doctor  C.Ozpen  also  proved, 
•$hat  be  had  known  the  boy  ever 


since  1815;  that  he  was  detained 
at  the  printing-office  till  late  every 
evening;  that  his  principles  and 
conduct  were  excellent;  and  tliat 
he  perfectly  understood  the  natoze 
of  an  oath,  and  the  con8eq[ueiioe6 
of  a  lie. 

The  prisoner  attempted  an  ex- 
cuse, by  stating  that  she  was  drunk, 
and  that  she  had  taken  the  -waUk 
in  her  room,  and  not  in  the  street ; 
but  these  were  distinctly  contra- 
dicted on  oath  by  the  boy. 

The  jury  did  not  hesitate  a 
moment  in  finding  her  guilty  ;  and 
the  judge  sentenced  her  to  aeren 
years'  transportation. 

The  following  letter,  which  was 
handed  by  the  boy  to  the  recorder, 
after  his  examination  (not 
voce)  was  over,  explains  the 
cimistances  of  the  robbery.  It 
was  similar  to  the  account  ^whick 
he  wrote  on  his  slate  to  the  grand 
jury  :— 

*'  Tomy  Judge :— I  was  standing, 
looking  at  a  shop  window  and 
things,  last  Monday  week  night, 
it  was  nine  of  the  dock  in  the 
evening,  a  wicked  woman  met  me, 

and    she     asked    me .      I 

said  '*  1  am  deaf  and  dumb,*'  hf 
my  signs,  until  she  took  awaj 
my  watch  and  my  fob  pocket,  and 
tore  it  ofP.— She  ran  away  into 
another  street^  into  a  house;  I 
followed  her  with  my  ^es,  imme- 
diately, and  ran  after  her.  She 
ran  into  a  low  house  down  stairs 
into  a  low  back  kitchen— cellar — 
low.  She  threw  a  candle  down, 
out  with  her  hand,  to  make  me 
dark  nighty  and  she  pudied  me. 
I  fell  down  on  my  back  to  the  ug^ 
ground ;  my  elbow  and  back  were 
painful  and  blue.  I  got  up  dir^ 
and  caught  her ;  she  is  very  strong  ; 
I  caUed  a  watchman;  I  said, "  come, 
come/'  to  take  her  to  prison.  She 
pushed  ^7  w^tcfa  m^  fi  bed  and 


FER] 


CHRONICLE. 


21 


liid  it«>-«itti]ig  on  the  bed;  the 
two  watchmen  found  it  by  their 
Ksrch.  It  is  very  true— -I  swear 
true.  I  hope  the  judge  will  not 
hog  her.  Will  he  give  me  my 
iQra:  watch  and  my  fob>  and  send 
ber  to  lock  up  in  prison^  or  send 
ber  to  ship  to  Botany  Bay.  I  am 
Thomas  Collins,  a  deaf  and  dumb 
orphan  boy.  Perhaps  if  a  good 
mimster  will  speak  to  her  some 
tiungs  about  God  and  Jesus  Christy 
she  -wHl  be  repentant,  and  will 
become  a  good  woman,  and  a 
mimster  will  be  better  than  a 
judge;  but  if  she  will  not  be  re- 
pentant, that  the  judge  will  send 
ber  to  hard  work  in  the  Botany 
Bay.- 

Convicts.— Extracts  from  the 
report  of  John  Henry  Capper, 
esq.  snperintendant  of  ships  and 
vwds  employed  for  the  conRne- 
aent  of  ofienders  under  sentence 
of  transportation,  dated  Jan.  21, 
1826:— 

"The  convict  boys,  consisting 
of  350,  under  l6  years  of  age, 
bare  recently  been  transferred 
from  the  Bellerophen  at  Sheemess, 
to  the  Euryalus  at  Chatham,  the 
^  especially  fitted  for  them. 
They  have,  during  the  last  year, 
beea  fhlly  occupied  in  the  several 
bnnches  of  trade  which  they  are 
tao^it,  and  have  made  for  the 
wavict  service  upwards  of  6,000 
piin  of  shoes,  15,500  garments, 
<nd  various  articles  of  cooperage 
Boi  bedding.  Making  allowance 
£v.ihe  youth  of  these  prisoners, 
tttf  the  vicious]  course  of  life  in 
*i4k  they  have  been  trained,  they 
knn&  behaved  as  orderly  as  might 
ifttfmhij  be  expected. 

•On  the  1  St  of  January,  1825, 
]^1t  were  3,230  prisoners  on 
npl  flU  the  convict  hulks  in 
gj^iaJL  nnee  which  period  there 

Ptlkm  .zcedved  2^184;  1,10$ 


have  been  transported  to  New 
South  Wales  and  Van  Dieman's 
Land  (being  Id^  less  than  the 
preceding  year) ;  400  have  been 
sent  to  Bermuda ;  633  have  been 
discharged  by  pardon  or  otherwise; 
7  have  escaped  ;  2  were  drowned ; 
108  have  died;  and  5,159  remain- 
ed in  the  hulks  on  the  1st  of  Janu- 
ary instant.'* 

7*  NoBTHBBN  Expedition.-** 
The  vessels  which  have  been  des- 
patched by  government  to  carry 
assistance  to  captain  Franklin,  and 
which  are  under  the  command  of 
captain  Beechey,  were  met  with  oflf 
Chili  by  the  Blond^  lord  Byron, 
and  consort,   who  were  on  their 
return  from  the  Sandwich  Islands^ 
having  there  left  the  bodies  of  the 
king    and    queen.     From    letters 
which  lord   Byron    has    brought 
home    it    appears,   that    captain 
Beechey 's  ships  are  at  present  in 
eood  condition,  though,  in  doub- 
fing  Cape  Horn,   they  had   en- 
countered some  severe  storms  and 
dangerous   seas.       Upon    leaving 
Chin  these  vessels  will  touch  at 
the    Sandwich    Isles,    and  there 
leave,  for  the  principal  inhabitants, 
some   magnificent    presents   from 
our  government.    After  this  they 
will  proceed  immediately  to  Beh- 
ring's    Straits     to    join    cmptain 
Franklin,    who^    it   is  imagined^ 
will,  by  that  time,  have  arrived 
there.     It  was  their  intention  to 
wait,  until  captain  Parry  should 
have  effected    his    passage.     Of 
the    failure    of    captain    Parry's 
expedition    they    are    at   present 
ignorant,  but  a  vessel  has  been 
despatched  by  government  to  in- 
form them   of  it,  when  captain 
Franklin  will  immediately  return 
to  Cape  Horn.    Captain  Beechey 
has  orders    to   make    what    dis- 
coveries he    can    in    the  Pacific 
Qceon,  and  to  take  drawings  and 


22             ANNUAL  It£OISt£R.         1^6. 

chartd  of  parts  that  are  bnportant.  Satitipord,  Where  ^Brahifiiiilidifee 
but  little  Known^  and  to  collect  all    wive^,  one  d  the  age  of  27,  a&o- 

information  that  ift  likely  to  be  thet  21,  and  a  thirci  ]5>  were  saf- 

yaluable.     Captain  Beechey,  and  ftred  to  bum  thetnaelTes,  before 

captain  Hopner,  th,e  unfortunate  the  permission  of  the  magistiate 

accident  to  ^hose  ship  caused  the  had  arrived, 

imtimely  return  of  captain  Parry's  A  fifth  took  pbc6  nealr  Chitta- 

expedition,  are  the  sons  of  eminent  pore  i  the  widow  was  ^. 

arusts.  A  sixthooeutred  at  Seretnpore: 

8.  Nuns-— The  Cork  Chronicle  the  widow  was  70,  and  poined 
of  Wednesday  last  says,  yesterday  property.  Her  son  appeared  in 
the  daughter  of  Alex.  McCarthy,  hi^  spirits  at  the  pile ! 
esq.  and  another  fbmale^  were  re-  Pat  of  Mshbsiis  qP  Con- 
ceived into  the  Order  of  St.  Ursula,  onsss. — From  the  1st  congress  in 
at  the  New  Convent,  Black  Rock.  1780,  inclusive,  until  the  4db  of 
The  rev.  Mr.  Hushes  preached  a  Mareh,  179^>  senators  and  reprt^ 
sermon  suited  to  the  occasion.  sentatives  received  six  dollars  per 

10.   BimNi!<70     OP     Hindoo  diem,  and  six  doUais  fw  every 

Widows. — The  late  Calcutta  pa-  twen^  miles  traveL    From   the 

pers  contain  accounts  of  numerous  4th  of  Mareh,  1795,  to  the  4tfa  of 

suttees  or  sacrifices,  where  widows  March,    1796,    senators   reoetved 

bum  themselves  with  the  bodied  seven  dollars  per  diem^  and  seven 

of  their  deceased  husbands.    Of  dollars   for   every  twenty    miles 

these    one   instance    occurred  at  travel;   r^resentatives,  onlv  six 

Cuttack.    The  widow  of  a  Brah-  dollars.    From  the  4th  of  Mareh, 

min,    a^  ^  about    S4,    burned  1796,  until  the  4th  of  Deconber, 

herself  m  spite  of  argument  and  1815,  the  allowance  per  ^em  was 

entreaty,  as  well  as  the  offer  of  six  dollars,  and  the  miles^  six 

a  pension  of  four  rupees  a  month  dollars  to  senators  and  represen- 

for  life.  tatives.    From  the  4th  of  Deoem* 

Another  instance  took  place  at  ber,  1815,  until  the  4th  of  March* 

Pooree,  where  the  victim  was  also  181 7>  each  senator  and  represen- 

a  Brahmin's  widow,  about  the  same  tative  received  1,500  dollars  per 

age ;  and  her  son,  aged  l6,  set  fire  annum,  with  a  proportionable  do- 

to  the  pile.    Arguments  and  ofiers  duction  for  absence,  firom  any  cause 

of  money  were  m  this  case  equally  but    sickness.    The  preadent    of 

unsucce^fiiL  the  senate  pro  tempore,  and  the 

A  third  instance  was  one  at  speaker  of  tne  house,  5000  doOan 

Unoomirta,  where  the  widow  does  per  annum  each.    From  the  4th 

not  bum  herself  vnth  the  body  of  of  Mareh,  1817,  the  compenaattoti 

her  deceased  husband,  but  with  the  to  members  of  both  broodies  of 

wooden  shoes  and  stick  belonging  congress  has  been  eight  doltsn  per 

to  him.     The  husband  had  been  diem  and  eight  dolutfs  for  every 

attached  to  the  court  of  Jeypore.  twenty  miles  of  travcding. 

The  public  officers  endeavoured  to  Steam  Navigation  in  IiimtA. 

prevent  the^  act,  but  the  deluded  — ^^r.   Burgess,    an  enterprtang 

woman  petitioned  the  court,  and  British  meiQiant  of  Batavia,  has 

was  at  length  suffered  to  burn  on  the  Stocks,  and  nearly  ready  to 

hewelf :  she  was  abput  17.  launch,  a  steam-boat  cff  130  feet 

A  fourth  instance  occurred  at  koel,  with  two  engines  of  40Jione 


in.]              CHRONICLE.  i3 

ffuf/t  tiilch.     Ulis  vessel  is  et-  neous.— I  attended  the  otlier  Sttf« 

peeted  ^  Singapore  in  the  course  fbrers,  two  of  whom  are  in  immi- 

i  the  eosuing  month.     This  is  nent  danger, 

tie  oommencement  of  steam  na«  Mr.      Hodgson^    the    coroner, 

ritttkin  in  the  seas  of  this  Archi*  having  read  the  depositions,  the 

pMgD,  in  which  it  is,  perhaps^  jury  returned  a  verdict,  that  the 

vpM^ewhdcf,  more  easily,  safely,  deceased    persons,  Josiah  Purvis, 

wi  ettensirely  practicable,  than  and  Edwara  Manning,  were  killed 

in  tny  other  part  of  the  world,  by  the  accidental  ex|3osion  of  one 

"Bi^fore  Cnronicle,  June  9.  of  the  suna  on  the  battery*    Deo- 

11.  CATAfiTSDPHfi  At*  GRAVEd-  dand  5/.  on  the  artill^. 

IND— An  Inquisition  was  taken  RATriNoiNAScoTGHTHBATRB. 

st  the  Three  Falcons,  at  Graves-  —A  curious  drcumstanoe  occurred 

aid,   befbre    Mr.    Hodgson,  the  in    the    theatre-royal    Glasgow, 

etfroiiet,  on  tiew  of  the  bodies  of  About  ten  o'clock^  a  youna  gen- 

JofiBk  Purvis,  and  Edward  Man-  tleman  came  into  the  pit,  foSowed 

flingy  who  came  by  their  deaths  by  a  little  white  terrier  dog.    All 

Bnder  the  following  drcumstances:  was  tolerably  quiet  at  the  begin- 

Mr.  Michael  £ves  sworn. — I  ning  of  the  afterpieee,  but,  in  a  few 

an  injector  of  the  batteries  erected  minutes  a  rat' took  the  liberty  of 

on  the  ramparts  on  the  north  side  popping  up  his  head  throu^  one 

of  this  town.     On   Wednesday  of  the  many  holes  in  the  floor ;  the 

laK,  a  salute  from  the  guns  was  dog  notified  it,  seized  it,  and  des- 

find,  it  consequence  of  the  em-  patched  it  with  very  little  noise ; 

Ittbtkm  of  part  of  the  suite  of  another  was  served  in  the  same  way 

^  grace  the  diike  of  Wellington,  shortly  after  the  first,  and  in  a 

^  Saint  Petersburgh,  in  the  prin-  little   time   a  third  was  caueht, 

COB  Augusta  packet,  for  Dover,  which,  after  a  wyod  deal  of  resist- 

tnd  the  deceased  men  with  others,  ance,  was  also  nnished  to  the  great 

voe  deployed  on  the  occasion  to  amusement  of  the  greater  portion 

^^tAarg^  the  pieces.    About  three  of  the  audience, 

o'dodm  the  afternoon,  I  Was  pre-  13.  Norwich. — This  city  has 

Knt  when  one  of  the  guns  burst,  [see  page       3  been  in  a  state  of 

>sd  the  deceased  were  blown  to  riot  since  eleven  o'clock  this  mom- 

[tett.    I  am  of  opinion  that  the  ing,  owing  to  one  of  the  manufacr 

*ttStoit  could  not  be  foreseen  or  turers  bemg  detected  in  sending 

pKveated.      It    was    purely    ac-  work  out  of  the  city,  to  be  executed 

dlaotaL  in  the  country.    Three  men  were 

Jnor.^— Can  you  rive  any  rea-  all    day  cooped  up    at    a  public 

^yAj  the  cannon  burst.  house,  called  the  Sun  and  Anchor, 

Witness.  <  I  canndt,  unless  that  in  the  parish  of  St.  Clement,  on 

itmsdrerchaiged.  whose  persons  several  canes  of  sUk 

beii^ser  Mashell,  aboat builder,  were  found ;  and  such  is  the  state 

^OifeElied  iiie  evidence  of  the  last  of  popular  feeling,  that  anv  at- 

i^Im»  tempt  to  escape  from  the  house 

4^A}fied  Morkan,    surgeon,  would   be  the    signal    for    their 

■*■»*— I  mm  the  bodies  rf  the  destruction  —  the    order    of    the 

*«**8a  penoos  soon  after    the  day  bang  to  "break  heads,  not 

«iNti|b     lu^ppaied.       Their  windowsT'      The    mayor,    and 

•ft  viisi  have  been  instanta^  •  deputy-mayor,  with  several  sia« 


24  ANNUAL   REGISTER.  limsl 

gistrates^  and  the  posse  comitatus  sided,  when  it  was  renewed  by 

went  down  to  the  scene  of  riot,  at  the  following  circumstance : 

twelve  o'clock,  and  continued  at  *  The  same  witness  was  recalled 

their  post.     Nearly  12,000  persons  by  chief  justice  Best  (who^  he  it 

are  at  this  time  unemployed,  and  recollcctea,  had  tried   the  actios 

almost  every  kind  of  business  at  for  false  arrest),  and  asked  by  his 

a  stand.  lordship  what  had  taken  place  at 

State  of  Newgate.  an    interview   between   Goodwin 

Prittmen  under  lentenoe  of  death  .    .     38         the    younger     and   Mr.    WllliaiDS, 
Piiaonen  under  sentence  of  transporta-  witnCSS,  Goodwin   askcd  Mr.  Wil- 

tiou  for  14  yews 5        liams  if  he  ought  not  to  move,  to 

Pii^onmmider«»teneeoftxansport«.  ^       j^^  ^^     nonsuit.      Mr.  Wit 

tionforTyeftrs 22  .•!»  _t^ 

Priionefs  under  sentence  of  imprison-  liams  saitt,   certamly  he  OUgOt,  as 

ment  for  fdony  and  misdemeanours     12  he  had  gOod  grOUnds  foT  SO  doing; 

Pri^  for  trial  at  the  approving  ^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  «  ^^^  ^^^^  ^  ^ 

Prisoners  insane!    .!*.!!*..       1         d d  old   fool,   or    he   WOuld 

Prisoners  committed  under  the  bank-  have  let  the  caSe  gO  tO  the  JUIJ** 

pZ:^"!«^»iui,ii.-c<;»no^    '  Lord  Chief  Justice  Best  jobad 

King's  Bench 1       most    heartily    in    the    loor  ot 

Prisoners  whose  Judgments  have  beon  laughter    which    this    reply   drew 

Pr^*^r;n;ndedV«;m'lasts;.d;m;      \         t'?"' ,)J??v  "^^^^^   auditOlJ,   except 

Prisoners  for  uiai  at  the  assiaes.  .  .     1  Mr.  Williams,  Who,  being  seated 

—  immediately    facing    the    learned 

Total     319  judge,  seemed  quite  overwhehncd 

Of  the  above  number  there  arc  with  consternation  at  being  tbus 

246  males  and  73  females.  suddenly  brought,  as  it  were,  to 

15.  Bar  Merriment. — In  the  pay  his  compmnents  vis-a-vis  to 

course  of  a  trial  in  the  court  of  his  lordship;  and,  fearing  he  should 

Common    Pleas    on    Wednesday,  be  considered  less  courteous  than 

one  of  the  witnesses  stated  to  Mr.  candid   in  the  expressum  of  \os 

Serjeant  Vaughan,  who  was  cross-  opinion,  he  most  energetically  dis- 

examining  him,  that  he  (the  wit-  claimed  the  language  imputed  to 

ness)  was  a  twine-spinner  and  mat-  him. 

manufacturer,  and  dealt  in  flax  and  The  Lord  Chief  Justice-— These 

hemp.  things  will  happen,  Mr.  Wiffiams- 

Mr.  Serjeant  Vaughan. — I  am  Mr.   Williams,    with  infcreased 

sorry  to  hear,  sir,  that  you  deal  in  vehemence,  denied  having  used  aoy 

hemp  (a  laugh).  such  expressions ;  and  seemed  to 

Witness. — I  dare  say  you  are,  grow  very  warm  on  the  occasion ; 

sir,  for   I  make    ropes    to  hang  on  which  his  lordship  said,  Mr. 

lawyers  (great  laughter).  Williams,  for  once  learn  temper  of 

Mr.  Serjeant  Vaughan. — I  hope,  me.     He  then  related  an  anecdote 

sir,  you  will  keep  a  little  for  your  of  lord  Kenyon,  to  whom,  iftcr 

own  use,  for  you  are  very  likely  to  trying  an  action  one  day,  one  rf 

want  it.  the     parties    came    to    mab  > 

Witness. — I  shall  save  enough  complaint  of  the  other^  who  h>d 

for  you,  sir,  at  all  events.  been  defeated.      "  What  ii  >t'^' 

The  merriment  excited  by  this  said  his  lordship.     "  Why,*!^^ 

little  dialogue  had  not  long  sub*  the  party,  '*  he  said  your  teWp 


MAR.3 


CHRONICLE. 


as 


was  a  roguCi  and  the  jury  were 
fools."— "Well,"  said  lord  Kenyon, 
*^  I  forgive-him,  and  I  Hope  so  do 
the  jury/' 


MARCH. 

1.  Death  of  the  Elephant 
AT  Exeter  Change. — This  stu- 
pendous animal,  which  has  been  for 
sometime  in  a  restive  state,  became 
at  four  o'clock  this  afternoon,  un- 
manageable.    The  strong  den  in 
which  he  was  confined,  was  a  com- 
partment of  the  grand  hall,  in  which 
the  superior  animals  of  Mr.  Cross's 
valuable  collection  are  kept;    so 
that,  if  he  had  succeeded  in  getting 
loose,  the  destruction  of  property 
would  have  been  considerable,  and 
some  lives  would  probably  have 
been  lost,  before  he  could  have  been 
killed.     At  half-past  four  o'clock, 
the  violent  exertions  he  made  to 
break  the  door  and  bars  of  his  den, 
in  which  be  partly  succeeded,  de- 
termined Mr.   Cross   to  send   to 
Somerset-house  for  the  assistance 
of  some  of  the  guards  stationed 
there.  They  soon  arrived,  and  con- 
tinued firing  at  the  animal  for  one 
hour  before  he  fell.     There  were 
one  hundred  and  eighty  musket 
halls  fired  at  him,  during  which 
time  the  exasperated  animal  made 
furious  but  unsuccessful  efforts  to 
get  at  his  assailants.     The  ball,  by 
which  he  fell,  entered  under  the 
ear.     One  of   the   keepers    then 
fastened  a  sword  to  the  end  of  a 
pole,  and  thrust  it  several  times  up 
to  the  hilt  in  his    body.      The 
animal  stood  tliirteen  feet  high ; 
the  body  as  it  lay  on  the  floor,  was 
of  the  height  of  six  feet.     The 
attack  upon  his  late  keeper,  which 
proved  fatal,  is  not  the  only  act  of 
violence  which  this   animal  had 
committed.     Some  years  ago  he 


was  in  the  habit  of  rubbing  his 
head  against  the  side  of  his  aparti> 
ment,  to  allay  an  itching  on  his 
forehead.  From  his  great  weight 
and  strength,  this  operation  shook 
the  whole  building,*and  the  keeper, 
with  a  view  to  prevent  its  con- 
tinuance, took  an  opportunity  of 
driving  some  short  nails  nearly  to 
the  h^,  upon  the  favourite  spot 
on  the  side  of  the  cell.  The  event 
justified  the  expectation.  The 
first  time  the  elephant  resumed 
his  amusement,  his  head  was 
scratched  by  the  projecting  nails, 
and  he  soon  discontinued  the 
practice.  The  unfortunate  keeper, 
however,  paid  dearly  for  his  device. 
On  his  approaching  the  cell,  the 
elephant,  who  knew  to  whom  he 
was  indebted  for  his  scratched 
forehead,  immediately  attacked 
him,  and,  but  for  the  immediate 
interference  of  the  servants  of 
the  place,  would  have  killed  him 
on  the  spot. 

Some  years  ago,  he  had  a  female 
companion  in  an  adjoining  apart- 
ment in  the  Change.     Upon  .one 
occasion,    on   his  return  from  a 
provincial  tour,  the  doors  of  Exeter 
Change  were  shut,  and  it  was  too 
late  to  re-place  him  in  his  old  birth. 
A  temporary  lodging  was  accord- 
ingly prepared  for  him  in  a  waste 
house  at  the  rear  of  that  building. 
A  strong  post  to  which  he  was 
chained,  was  fixed  in  the  floor, 
and  the  door  was  locked :  thus  plac- 
ing him,  as  was  thought,  in  a  state 
of  perfect  security.     In  the  course 
of  the  night  he  felt  a  desire  for  the 
society  of  his  old  companion ;  and 
the  wish  was  no  sooner  conceived 
than  it  was  executed.     With  the 
first  movement  up  came  the  re- 
doubtable post  from  its  five  feet 
bed  in  the  floor ;  and  the  double- 
locked  door    yielded  to  the    first 
touch  of  his  probo^is.     Enterbg 


20  ANNUAL  RBGIStER.         {ma. 

ih^    ioot   in    the    teat   cH    ihe  fievetal  hours,  c^md  up  widi  them 

'Change  with  idniost  eqUal  faci-  as  they  were  in  the  act  of  fordUf 

Uty,  he  proceeded  Up  stairs,  and  carrying  otf  the  daughter  of  t 

With  one  thrust,  in  flew  two  pan*  farmer  residing  in  Glenroe.    The 

nels  of  the  docnr  at  the  top  of  them,  police  challenged,  and  wtn  fired 

Opening  to  the  grand  room,  at  the  on  hy  the  oountiy  fellows;  they 

eiid  of  which  was  his  ph)per  home,  instantly  returned  the  fire,  whkh 

The  craditoused  the  keepers  firom  put  them  to  flight:  th^alleicqKd 

their  sle^,  Whb^  on  hastening  to  in  consequence  of  hong  mounted, 

the  imot  nom  which  it  proceeded,  hut  the  police  succeeded  in  rescuing 

fbuna  the  elephant  at  the  top  of  the  the  girl,  and  bringing  her  safe  into 

stairs  with  his  head  stuck  through  Killinan,    together    with    three 

the  door..  As  it  was  not  considered  horses,  one  of  which  had  agun- 

practicable  or  prudent  to  resist  his  shot  wound  in  the  breast, 
humour,  dieanswere  immediately        4.  Lately  was  shot,  by  Mr.  JoIiq 

adopted  to  facilitate  his  entrance,  Parsons,  of  Aston,  near  Wallinff- 

and  he  was  safely  lodged  in  his  old  ford,  Berks,  a  male  and  femue 

apartment  ilear  his  companion,  who  Pied  Oyster  Catcher  fHttmaiofm 

died  shortly  after.  Mttalqgeus,  Lin,  J      These  brds 

Abductions    in    IftstAKn. —  are  the  constant  inhabitants  of  the 

On  Friday  night  last,  the  house  of  sea  shores,  and  though  no  when 

Thomas  O'Donnell,  of  Camas,  in  numerous,  yet  are  widely  di^ened 

the  county  of  Limerick,  was  en-  over  the  globe,  being  met  with  in 

tered  by  a  party  of  ruffians,  who  almost  every  country  from  New 

forcibly  took  away  his  daughter,  a  York  to  the  Bahama  islands,  ilsff 

child  about  13  yeans  of  age.  Early  in  New  Holland,  New  Zeaknd, 

the  fbllowbg  morning,  the  offend-  and    Japan.    As    th^    leed  on 

ers  were  closely  pursued  by  the  con-  oysters  and  other  shell  fish,  it  is 

stable,  T.  Butler,  and  sub-consta-  very  rarely  that  they  are  foimdfar 

ble,  Michael  Thomell,  of  captain  inland;  they  appeared^  when  fiist 

Bourke's  party  of  police,  stationed  seen,  to  be  much  fatigued  hj  t 

at  Bruff,  who,  after  a  diligent  long  flight  Also  was  taken,inSDt- 

search  and  actdve  pursuit,  succeeded  ton  Courteny  Fields,  near  Abing- 

in  rescuing  the  victim  from  the  don,  Berks,  in  December  last,  a 

hands  of  those  marauders,  and  re-  very  rare  bird,  the  male  Scoter 

storing  her  to  her  parents.  Black  Duck,  or  Black  Diver.  These 

On  the  night  of  Wednesday,  the  birds  are  only  sparingly  scattered  on 

82nd  ult..  a  report  was  made  to  the  coast  of  England,  where  the; 

Serjeant  Cranwell,  of  the  police  feed  on  smaU  shell-fish,  df  wUch 

stationed  in  Kilflnan,  under  the  they  are  very  fbnd.  In  Prance,  tBejr 

command  of   Benjamin  Jackson,  are  often  sold  to  the  Roman  Ctf 

esq.,  that  a  body  of  about  twenty  tliolics,  who  eat  than  on  fast  dsjs» 

fellows  had  passed  close  to  the  and  in  Lent,  when  thdr  rditfion 

town,  after  breaking  the  door  of  a  has  forbidden  them  ihe  use  of  i^ 

poor  man  in  that  neighbourhood,  animal  food,   except   fish.    It  ii 

with  stones,  and  had  proceeded  to  very  uncommon  for  either  of  these 

the    mountains    of   Ballintubber.  birds  to  be  found  so  far  away  fron 

Serjeant  Cranwell,  with  his  party,  their  food.  They  have  been  ituW 

immediately  went  in  pursuit,  and  dndplai^  in  the  private  musenn  of 

titUft  traterslng^the  mountains  for  Mr.  J.  King,  of"  Aj^eford,  Beits. 


n 


28 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


Oa* 


this  day>  at  the  City  of  London 
tavern^  the  chairman  stated  that 
on  the  2nd  of  March  last,  was  laid 
the  foundation  of  a  circular  brick 
tower,  of  50  feet  diameter,  40  feet 
in  height,  and  3  feet  in  thickness. 
This  tower  was  gradually  under« 
mined  and  sunk  until  it  rested  on 
day ;  a  well  was  then  built  from 
beneath  to  meet  the  kirb  on  which 
it  stood,  tiU,  from  the  depth  of  64 
feet,  the  shaft  was  completed,  and 
a  well  formed,  17  feet  deep,  and 
25  feet  diameter  in  the  centre  of 
the  area,  to  serve  as  a  receptacle* 
for  any  water  that  might  at  any 
time  casually  collect  in  the  works, 
and  which  always  brings  it  under 
the  command  of  the  steam-engine 
pumps.  The  breaking  through  the 
shaft,  and  commencing  the  tunnel, 
were  always  looked  forward  to  as 
one  of  the  ereatest  difficulties  to  be 
encountered.  Such  have,  in  fact, 
arisen,  but  by  skill  and  industry 
they  have  been  surmounted  as  they 
arose :  the  tunnel  has  been  safely 
carried  throueh,  and  closely  and 
effectually  umted  with  the  wall  of 
the  shaft ;  the  arches  and  foot  and 
carriage  ways  have  been  commenced, 
and  the  iron  machine  invented  by 
Mr.  Brunei,  that  the  workmen 
might  have  a  security  and  con- 
fidence while  at  work,  is  already 
33j^  feet  in  advance  from  its  first 
position  in  the  shaft,  and  it  is  closely 
followed  up  by  strong  brick«work 
in  Roman  cement. 

9-  Narbow  Escape  from 
Drowning.— This  morning,  soon 
after  two  o'clock,  the  driver  of 
a  liackney-ooaoh  proceeded  to  the 
horse-ferry,  at  Millbank,  to  wash 
and  water  the  horses.  Lee,  a 
watchman,  seeing  the*  tide  run- 
ning up  fast,  cautioned  the  driver 
of  the  danger  he  ran,  but  the  latter 
treated  the  watchman's  warning 


with  contempt.  He  tlien  pro* 
ceeded  into  die  river,  when  tlie 
coach  and  horses  were  borne 
away  by  the  current ;  but  his  CEiei 
soon  brought  the  watchman  to  tbe 
spot^  who,  assisted  by  a  baigeonu, 
succeeded  in  rescuing  him.  The 
carriage  and  horses  were,  bowero^ 
carried  by  the  stream  up  to  Vaux« 
hall-bridse,  where  at  length  the 
coach  fiUed  with  water.  Dngi 
were  procured,  and  after  an  dSii 
of  two  hours  the  horses  were  fimni 
drowned  under  the  coach. 

Death  of  the  Kikq  of  Por- 
tugal.— ^On  the  4th  instant  his 
majesty  was  attacked  with  an  apo- 
plectic fit,  together  with  eplmr. 
On  the  5th  and  6th  his  maladj 
increased  to  such  a  d^;ree  as  to 
create  the  greatest  alarm  for  Iiis 
life. 

After  the  crisis  of  the  6th,  Ik 
majesty  experienced  no  new  attad 
till  the  9th,  when  his  nudady  re- 
turned with  alimented  violemt. 
He  expired  on  the  10th,  at  six  in 
the  evening. 

In  the  absence  of  the  hdr  of  t)te 
crown,  the  princess  Isabella  Mam. 
eldest  daughter  of  the  king,  acted 
as  regent. 

John  VI.  king  of  Portugal,  em- 
peror of  Brazil  was  boni  May 
13th,  1767.  From  1792  be  g*- 
vemed  in  the  character  oi  regent, 
in  the  name  of  the  queen,  his  mo- 
ther, who  was  afiectal  with  mental 
alienation.  He  succeeded  her  in 
1817>  and  was  crowned  at  Bio 
Janeiro,  to  which  "place  he  hid  re- 
tired on  the  invasion  of  Portugal 
by  Buonaparte  who,  lost  no  time 
in  proclaiming  that  the  House  cf 
Braganza  had  ceased  to  re^ 
John  VI.,  while  still  but  prince  of 
Bnusil,  married,  in  1790,  thein£uita 
Charlotte  Joachima,  daughter  c( 
Charles  IV.  of  Spain. 


MAi]  CHRONICLE.  29 

The  infanta  Isabella  Maria^  who  rope^  and  fastened  to  the  cross  bar 
now  acts  as  regent,  is  the  fourth  of  a  tablc*-a  piece  of  wood  about 
daughter  of  J^m  VI.     She  was  fifteen    inches    long,    and  three- 
bom  July  4,  1801.  quarters  of  an  inch  thick— -which 
12.   This  morning  the  duke  of  he  had  laid  across  the  ventilator  of 
Yock,  attended  by  die  officers  of  his  cell,  a  small  circle  of  eighteen 
his  stafi,   arrived  in  St.  James's  inches  diameter,  formed  in  the  wall 
Paik,  where  the  seijeants  and  cor-  which  separates  the  apartment  from 
porals  of  the  raiments  of  the  line  the  passage.     The  height  of  this 
hxvt  beai  practising,  for  two  or  ventilator  is  only  six  feet  four,  or 
three  months  past,  a  new  and  im«  thereabouts,  from  the  floor  of  the 
proved  exercise,  introduced  by  sir  cell.    But  between  it  and  the  floor 
Henry  Torrens,  with  the  sanction  is  the  bed— -a  thick  oak  plank— on 
of  his  royal  highness,  the  great  ^  which  the  unhappy  man  lay-— and 
object  of  which  is,  to  effect  speed  *  likewise  the  gaud  or  iron  bar  and 
in  their  evolutions.    The  men  went  the  ring  to  which  he  was  fastened, 
through  the  new  exercise  which  He  had  so  adjusted  his  bed-clothes, 
has  been  taught  them  by  the  drill  however,  as  to  entangle  his  feet, 
Serjeants  of  the  Guards,  highly  to  and    prevent  them  reaching  the 
the  satisfaction  of  the  royal  duke,  ground  when  he  threw  himsdf  off. 
and  the  r^ments  of  the  line  will  He  had  also  drawn  a  rug  between 
in  future  be  trained  in  the  same  the  gaud  and  the  ring  of  his  fetters, 
way.    The  exercise  occupied  about  to  prevent    noise.      Indeed,    the 
an  hour  and  a  half.   The  seijeants  whole  circumstances  evince  a  de- 
and  corporals  of  the  line  wiU  now  grec  of  determination  and  delibera- 
hesent  to  their  different  regiments,  tion  that  is  surprising.     Pollock 
to  teach  the  privates  in  their  dif-  left  three  letters,  and  a  scrap  of 
ieteat  companies  the  new  exercise,  paper,  containing  an  inventory  of 
which  they  have  been  taught,  and  his  effects  in  the  gaol ;  these  he 
perfected  in.  wished  to  be  given  to  his  son.   The 
13.  Suicide.— In  the  caol   of  letters  were  sul  of  nearly  the  same 
Edinburgh,  William  Pollo3:,  who  tenor ;  in  them  he  admits  the  guilt 
was  under  sentence  of  death  for  of  suicide,  but  states  that  he  could 
the  murder  of  his  wife,  and  who  not  endure  the  thought  of  suffering 
was   to   have    suffered    the    last  on  the  scaffold  for    a   crime  he 
punishment  of  the  law  on  Wed-  "  could  not  bring  his  mind  to  be- 
nesday,  strangled  himself  in  his  lieve  he  was  guuty  of."     To  Mr. 
cdl  with  a'  portion   of  his  own  Young,  the  governor,  he  writes— 
shirt    At  ei^t  o'clock,  the  upper  "  Excuse  this  rash  act ;  when  you 
tafnkey  visited  Pollock,  and  clean-  consider  all,  you  will  see  there  are 
ed  his  cell.     The  prisoner  then  good  intentions,  though  not  towards 
said  he  felt  more  easy,  and   in  myself."     Pollock  had,  throughout 
better  spirits.    When  breakfast  was    the  whole  course  of  his  confinement, 
taken  to  him,  about  half-past  nine,  conducted  himself  very  quietly ; 
he  was  found  dead,  but  not  quite  but  always  denied  the  murder,  and 
oM.    He  had  torn  out  the  back  appeared    rather    irritated    when 
of  his  shirt,  and  a  strip  from  the    taxed  with  it. 
^  of  a  blanket,  and  these  he        14.  Coroner's  Inquest.*— To 
twisted  into  the  form  of  a  small    day  zH  Inquisition  was  held  at  the 


30 


ANNUAL   RECJISTER.         im 


Fm  mi  Bull  ZmAiMi(p3 
Isfoxo  Mr*  Tbpmas  Higgs,  tko 
deputy  corcmer  for  We^tmii^ter, 

gn4  ^.jp^i  for  4&e  purpose  of 
ascertaimng  t)ie  <9use  cf  th^  4^th 
of  a  xBffJi  nwmed  James  Qardiiiff. 
There  was  a  krge  gi:een  w^ucL 
or  ^cie^  in  the  nit  of  d^e  stomachy 
and  01:1  the  sI^uU  there  w«^  also  ^ 
wovmi,  wHch  appeared  to  have 
Wflij  heaW.  |}e  seemed  to  hav^ 
peen  a  very  rohust  x^axu  and  wa« 
apparently  about  35  years  of  age. 

James  ^lUght  8WQm.fT<-4  Hve  i^ 
£;(ete^-plaice,  Exeter-str^li  Chdr 
se^  Ch;  Monday  evening  Ua^ 
about  8  o'clockj,  J  ^as  oomiug 
from  Hyde^parfc-corufo:  towards 
Knightsbidge,  apd  bbiorved  a  p^ 
dr^^ni  by  two  horses,  in  wbJk^ 
wer^  three  men^  proceeding  with 
considerable  ^peed  towards  Piooa- 
dilly.  The  dnver  aud  the  deceased 
were  ou  the  shafts,  aud  the  wheel 
horse  giving  a  plunge,  they  were 
thrown  into  the  roacC  ^4  the  pear 
wheel  of  the  cart  passed  over  both 
of  them.  The  hones  k^t  oni^t  a 
furious  rate,  with  th?  c^hec  man 
in  the  cart  L  went  to  the  qnit 
where  the  two  men  were  lying,  and 
found  the  deceased  quite  senseless. 
If  with  assistance,  mayed  the  pof^ 
fellow  on  ^)  the  footpathi  aud  the 
other  man  was  taken  away  iq  a 
haclm^  cos^^  A  shutter  was 
procured,  on  which  the  deceased 
was  placed^  and  we  were  takiqg 
him  along,  when  the  shutter  broke, 
and  the  poor  fellow  fell  to  the 
ipsound*  However,  we  sucoeeded 
in  removing  him  into  a  public- 
house.  The  deceased  said,  ^^Oh 
nyr  loius."— We  had  scarcely  ler 
moved  him  hero,  whm  two  men, 
dressed  in  great  coaM,  pame  in  and 
said  that  the  deceasjed  was  aa 
iucQrrigihie  impostog^  that  they 
weis^  pSUoe  offic^  tmd  h^l  knQV9 


th^tiickq  mi  ilOpoflUioQi  of  ike 
fellow  for  years  past.  I  said  \kv 
were  nustalfien  m  ib^  nan,  aod 
related  the  accident.  Hii^  Aej 
did  not  believfi,  but  said  they  would 
^e  the  drui^ea  beast  oat  of  die 
housct,  whidi  they  aptupUy  <P4 
by  dragging  him  iu  the  i^gfmisi  fi 
death  fdong  the  paseagew  Tbef 
placed  him  against  th^  wall  bf  the 
foo^th,  where  they  pointed  liim 
out  to  tho  mob  as  a  |?ogue  apd  % 
Yagabc^idf  I  remained  some  tips^ 
but  the  fellows  alluded  to  dedarrf 
themselvei  to  be  cemstaMflfc  wi 
«ud  that  if  I  did  out,  as  well  ss 
the  others  go  abmit  toy  husbesir 
they  would  take  us  into  custody.  I 
then  w^t  awaj»  and  did  ast 
again  see  the  dec^pwed  iffl  he  mi 
dead« 

The  coroner  di«w  up  Aeti^ 
lowiug  ipecial  finding,  which  iset 
the  approval  of  the  juioii  h^ 

'<  That  the  said  James  Hai% 
wat  aoddentally  run  over  hy  a  isit 
he  was  in ;  that  he  was  aiVeiwids 
taken  up  and  lodged  iu  KnigMf 
bridge  watch-house  as  an  infvt- 
cated  person ;  that  he  died  ia  die 
9aid  watch«-hQUse;  thai  tkeiewis 
a  green  wound  or  hole  in  the  p^ 
of  the  stomaab,  aa  also  m  d^ 
wound  on  the  Imd  \  but,  ai  to  the 
cause  of  his  death  no  evidsooe  h» 
appeared  before  us  juTQcs,  abfcflu^ 
we  have  a^i^Huned  twice  far  ik 
purpose  of  obtainiug  the  adm '^ 
a  medical  oentleman,  for  nUA 
the  parish  offioers  of  St.  MsiftfC<y 
Westminster,  were  applied  Uh  ^ 
refused  to  furnish  on^** 

16.  SuFTOBIVa    OF    A    CliV 

His  nuyesty's  ship  Blonde,  whU 
arrived  yeiierday  at  PortsmoiiAp 
fell  in  with,  on  the  Tth  xM^^ 
hkt.  44ideg.,  43  sun.,  noith,  Ifff 
2\  deg.  VI  ouot  vast,  the  FiM* 


MAIL]  CHRONICLE.  81 

Marfj  of  398  torn,  Kendal  roaster,  in  co^ipany  twenty-ibur  bpursj  h^% 
of  aii4  &0|m  New  Brunswick,  received  no  assistance,  the.  Aropriop 
tiound  to  Liverpool,  timber  laden  mal^ng  aa  excuse  that  the  sea  was 
(beine  her  fifst  voyage),  water-  numing  too  high.  Madeatenlaf 
Iqgg^j,  apd  a  perfect  wrecL  The  roare  canvas  on  the  forecas^e^-<pi|t 
master,  his  wife,  three  seamen,  and  the  people  on  a  short  allowwiP^  ^ 
cme  female  passenger,  were  all  who  a  quarter  of  9^  biscMit  a  di^«^->P^^ 
remaiii^  outof  a  crew  of  seventeen.  8  i  Saw  a  br^  to  leewg^ :  strong 
Tlie  ibUoiiriiig  is  the  history  of  this  gide& — Feb.  9>  IQ  4'H.  :  Ol^eerved 
unfortunate  vessel  the  same  vessel  to  windwa^rd^nnad^ 

*'  Sailed  ftom  St.  John's,  Jan.    the  si^^of  distress  j  ^^ningerlwrv 
18.^ — Feb.  1 :  Strong  gales  from    1:^  and  showed  American  ocilQurs^ 
the  W.  ^.  W. :  earned  away  the    — ^Feb.  10 :  He  spoke  to  u^  adding 
ms^-top  T  mast   and   mizen-mast    ho^  long  we  had  been  fn  that 
head :  hove^to ;  got  boats'  sails  in    situation,  and  what  we  intended  to 
th^  x(iain-r^^ing,  to  keep  the  ship    do — if  we  intended  leaving  the 
to  the  winqT  At  1]  ^ol  shipped    ship ?— answer^^  yef:    he  ihea 
a  heavy  se^t,  which  washed  away    asked,  if  we  had  any  filling? — 
toe  cabouse,  jolly-boat,  and  disabled    answered  yes;  night  oeniing  gm, 
five  mexLr-rFeb.  2  :  Reared  away    and  blowing  hard— saw  noawnteof 
the  wreck,  and  made  sail  before  the    the  stranger.    SulfeDed  lauch  ftom 
wind :  strong  breezes.— Feb.  fx^^    hung^  and  thirst.«<— On  abpittt  ^ 
▲.v. :  Stropg  gales,  virith  a  h^vy    Feb.  11 :  saw  a  laige  ship  to  the 
sea— clewed  the  sails  up,  and  hpve-    northward — did  not   qpeak   her: 
to — ^ead  \o  the  southyirard:  sh^p-    wore  head  to  the  lunrthwa^^    At 
lied  a  ^ea,  which  carried  away  tibe    this  time  all  pur  provisions  were 
Icmg-boat,  conipanion>  tiller,  un-    out— suffered  mtuck  from  hungeiv 
shipped  the  rudder^  the  best-bower   haying  received  no  nounAhment  ior 
chain,  and  washed  a  n^an   over*    nine  days ! — Feb.  91 :   Departed 
board,  who  was  ^aftei^wards  saved,    this  life,  J^xae^  Clarke  (seaman) : 
At  11.  la  another  heavy  sea  strudc    read  prayers,  and  conanitted  ms 
u^,  which  stQve  our  stem  in.  Cut    body  to  the  deep.  We  were  at  this 
away  our  fpreo^ast,  and  both  bower    time  on  half  a  gUl  of  water  ardi^ 
anchm,  to  keep  the  ship  to  the    and  sulfenng  much  from  hunger : 
v{xs^i :  employed  in  getting  what    during  the  whole  period  of  being 
provision^  we  could— Vy  knocking    on  the  wrecks  we  were  wet  from 
the  bow  port  oii^t^  saved  iQlbs.  ef   top  to  toe.rT-Feh*  22 :  John  Wilson 
bread  and  5lhs.  of  cheese,  which  we    (seaman)  died,  at  10  AJi^;  pre- 
stowed  in  the  main-top :  got  ^e    served  Uie  body  of  the  deceased : 
master's  wife  and  female  passi^nger    cut  htm  up  in  quarter^  washed 
up^  whilst  we  were  cleanng  away    them  overboard*  and  hui^  them^  up 
below,  lightening  ^e  ship :  most    on  pin3«-*Feb.  23 :  J.  Moore  died, 
o(  the  people  slept  in  the  top :  at    and  was  thrown  overboard,  having 
daylight    found    Patrick    Cooney    eaten  part  of  him,  such  as  the  Uyer 
hanging  by  his  lees  to  the  cathcu:-    and   heart — From   this  date   to 
pins,  4ead  frpm  fatigue :  committed    Saturday,  the  5th  of  March>  the 
lus  bo^  tp  the  d^Gg. — Feb.  6,  at   following  number  perished  frpm 
8  i^Kc.:  S«iw  astrange  sail  standing    hunger ;    Henry  Davis  (%,  Welsh 
tow9;tdft  v# :  made  signal  of  distress   boy ) ;  Ateiandpr  KeUy  (seaman)  ; 
-T::i0rs9\geD(  qpoke  wb  99^  r^in^^  JohaJontf^q^parattUfii&bojuo^Vk^*^ 


32        -      ANNUAL   REGISTER.  [1826. 

of  the  owner;  James  Frier,  cook;  ship's  cutter,  to  bring  us  from  Ae 
Daniel  Jones,  seaman ;  John  wreck — he  observed  -to  us,  '  you 
Hutchinson,  seaman ;  and  John  have  yet,  I  perceive,  fresh  meat,*  to 
Jones,  ahoy :  threw  the  last-named  which  we  were  compelled  to  reply 
overboard,  his  blood  being  bitter ;  — '  No  Sir ;  it  is  part  of  a  man,  one 
also  James  Frier,  who  was  working  of  our  unfortunate  crew ! — it  was 
his  passage  home  under  a  promise  our  intention  to  put  ourselves  on  an 
of  marriage  to  Ann  Saunders,  the  allowance  even  of  this  food,  this 
female  passenger,  who  attended  on  evening,  had  not  you  come  to  our 
the  master's  wife ;  and  who,  when  relief.'  The  master's  wife,  who 
she  heard  of  Frier's  death,  shrieked  underwent  all  the  most  horrid  suf- 
a  loud  yell,  then  snatching  a  cup  from  ferings  which  can  be  imagined, 
Clark  (mate),  cut  her  kte  intend-  bore  them  much  better  than  could 
ed  husband's  throat,  and  drank  his  possibly  have  been  expected.  She 
blood,  insisting  that  she  had  the  is,  though  greatly  emaciated,  a 
greatest  right  to  it— a  scuffle  en-  respectable,  good-looking  woman, 
sued,  and  the  heroine  (the  words  about  twenty-five  years  of  age,  and 
of  the  narrator)  got  the  better  of  the  mother  of  a  boy  seven  years  of 
her  adversary,  and  then  allowed  age.  What  must  have  been  the 
him  to  drink  one  cup  to  her  two  !  extremity  of  want  to  which  she 
^— Feb.  26 :  On  or  about  this  day  was  driven,  when  she  ate  the 
an  English  brig  hove  in  sight —  brains  of  one  of  the  apprentices, 
hcnstcd  the  ensign  downward —  saying  it  was  the  most  delicioas 
stranger  hauled  his  wind  toward  tlung  she  ever  tasted  ?  It  is 
us,  and  hauled  his  foresail  up  melancholy  to  add,  that  the  per« 
when  abreast  of  us,  kept  his  course,  son  whose  brains  she  thus  was 
about  one  mile  distance,  set  his  forced  by  hunger  to  eat,  had  been 
foresail,  and  we  soon  lost  sight  of  three  times  wrecked  before,  but 
him ;  fresh  breeze,  with  a  little  was  providentially  picked  up  by  a 
rain — the  sea  quite  smooth,  but  vessel  af^er  being  two-and-twenty 
he  went  ofi^  having  shewn  English  days  on  the  wreck  water-logged, 
colours ;  had  he  at  this  time  taken  In  the  present  instance,  he 
-us  off  the  wreck,  much  of  the  sub-  perished,  having  survived  similar 
sequent  dreadful  suffering  would  sufferings  for  a  space  of  twenty- 
have  been  spared  us.— March  7 :  nine  days,  and  then  became  food 
His  Majesty's  ship  Blonde  came  in  for  his  remaining  shipmates !  Ann 
sight,  and  to  our  relief,  in  lat.  44.  Saunders,  the  other  female.  Had 
4fS.  N.  long.  21.  57.  W, — Words  more  strength  in  her  calamity  than 
are  quite  inadequate  to  express  our  most  of  the  men :  she  performed 
feelings,  as  well  as  those  which  lord  the  duty  of  cutting  up  and  deaning 
B3rron  and  our  deliverers  most  the  dead  bodies,  keeping  two  knives 
evidently  possessed,  when  they  in  her  monkey  jacket.  WTien  the 
found  they  had  come  to  rescue  six  death  of  any  of  the  company  was 
of  their  fellow  creatures  (two  of  announced,  she  would  shaipen 
them  females)  from  a  most  awful,  her  knives,  bleed  the  deceased  in 
lingering,  but  certain  death.  It  the  neck,  drink  his  blood,  and 
came  on  to  blow,  during  the  night,  cut  him  up.  From  want  of  water, 
a  fresh  gale,  which  would,  no  those  who  perished  drank  their  own 
doubt,  have  swept  us  all  overboard,  urine  and  salt  water  ;  they  became 
i»»l4^t«.  Oambier   came  in  the  foolish,  crawling  upon  their  hand^ 


MAR.^ 


CHRONICLE. 


33 


itrand  tlie  deck  (wben  tHey  could) 
and  died  generally  raving  mad." 

17*  Lancaster  Assizes.— 
James  Evans,  aged  21,  was  in« 
dieted  for  the  wilful  murder  of 
Thos.  Price^  at  Manchester^  on  the 
3rd  of  February  last.  [^Seep.18.2 

Mr.  Scarlett,  Mr.  Ashworth, 
and  Mr.  Starkie  conducted  the 
prosecution,  and  Mr.  Sergeant 
Cross,  Mr.  Williams,  and  Mr. 
Jones  the  defence.  The  trial 
lasted  from  eight  o'clock  in  the 
morning  till  nearly  ten  at  night, 
and  upwards  of  fifty  witnesses 
were  examined.  The  deceased, 
Mr.  Price,  was  a  calico-merchant, 
resident  in  Manchester,  and  he 
occupied^  for  the  purposes  of  trade, 
two  floors  of  a  building  in  Man- 
chester-square. The  prisoner,  who 
was  a  derk  or  warehouseman,  and 
a  woman  of  the  name  of  Mary 
Price,  who  was  a  cutter,  were 
employed  on  the  premises.  It 
was  the  custom  for  these  two  in- 
dividuals, as  weU  as  the  deceased, 
to  go  to  dinner  each  day  at  one 
o'clock,  and  on  that  occasion  the 
doors  of  the  two  warehouses  were 
locked,  and  the  keys  deposited  in 
the  counting-house,  which  was 
also  locked,  and  the  key  of  the 
counting-house  was  kept  by  either 
the  prisoner  or  the  deceased,  just 
as  it  might  happen.  A  room 
which  led  to  the  counting-house, 
and  in  which  Mary  Price  worked, 
was  also  locked,  and  the  key  of 
the  last-mentioned  room  was 
always  left  at  an  office  on  the 
ground-floor,  which  was  occupied 
by  a  Mr.  Gibson,  who  was  the 
secretary  of  a  savings  bank.  On 
tbe  3rd  of  February  last,  this  key 
was  not  left  at  Mr.  Gibson's,  and 
at  about  a  quarter  past  one  on  that 
day  a  fire  was  observed  in  the 
highest  of  the  rooms  occupied  by 
the  deceased.    It   was  supposed 

Vol,  LXVIII. 


that  all  the  parties  belonging  to 
the  warehouse  were  at  dinner,  and 
a  number  of  the  neighbours  assem- 
bled sent  for  the  fire-engine,  and, 
with  some  difficulty,  broke  open 
the  door.  When  the  smoke  had 
cleared  away,  it  was  discovered 
that  the  room  had  been  on  fire  in 
two  places ;  l^at  a  great  quantity 
of  pieces  were  piled  up  in  the 
middle  of  the  floor ;  and  that  the 
obstruction,  which  had  been  oflered 
to  the  opening  of  the  door,  had 
been  occasioned  by  a  number  of 
pieces  so  placed  as  to  form  an  ef- 
fectual bcuricade.  It  was  at  first 
a  matter  of  surprise  how  the  per- 
son, who  had  placed  the  pieces 
against  the  door,  had  contrived  to 
get  out  of  the  room ;  but  it  was 
afterwards  explained,  that  that 
end  might  have  been  effected  by 
placing  the  pile  of  pieces  at  a 
small  distance  from  the  door, 
in  such  a  position  as  to  recline 
against  it,  by  which  means  the 
door  might  have  been  opened  suf- 
ficiently wide  to  allow  a  person  to 
pass,  and  then,  upon  being  closed 
on  the  outside,  the  pieces  would 
fall  down  against  it,  and  thus 
form  a  barricade.  As  soon,  how« 
ever,  as  it  was  safe  to  do  so,  the 
party  assembled,  which  had  then 
been  joined  by  the  prisoner,  pro- 
ceeded to  search  the  room,  and 
upon  lifting  up  the  pieces  in  the 
middle  of  the  room,  the  body  of 
the  deceased  was  found  quite  dead. 
There  was  a  quantity  of  coagu- 
lated blood  on  the  floor,  and  the 
head  of  the  deceased  displayed' 
several  wounds,  the  principal  of 
which  was  a  fracture  of  the  skull 
behind  the  left  ear,  through  which 
a  quantity  of  brain  had  protruded. 
The  body  was  carried  to  the  in- 
firmary, and  at  first,  some  of  the 
medical  men  were  inclined  to 
think  that  the  deceased  had  died 
D 


34 


ANNUAL  REGISTER.         ci88& 


of  miffoeaticRiy  and  reoeiVed  the 
wounds  on  the  head  afterwaids. 
On  dissection,  however,  from  the 
quantity  of  Uood  which  was  found 
between  the  scalp  and  the  skull, 
and  alflo  ^m  thq  quantity  of  blood 
which  had  evidently  flowed  from 
the  wounds  of  the  deceased,  the 
surgeons  were  unanimously  of 
opinion,  that  the  wounds  must 
have  been  inflicted  on  the  deceased 
wh^  he  was  alive.  The  situa- 
tion in  which  the  deceased  had 
been  founi  having  be^n  detailed, 
a  train  ot  evidence,  purely  circum* 
stantial,  was  shown,  to  connect 
the  prisoner  with  the  murder. 
The  prisoner,  as  before  stated,  was 
a  den:  in  the  warehouse  gS  the 
deceased,  and  a  witness  proved 
that  the  night  before  the  murder, 
the  deoeasS  had  complained,  in 
the  presence  of  the  prisoner,  of  the 
manner  in  which  the  prisoner 
had  kept  the  books.  Mary  Price, 
the  woman  who  worked  on  the  pre- 
mises, then  swore^  that  the  priscmer 
had  been  on  the  premises  during  al- 
most the  whole  of  the  forenoon  of 
the  3rd  of  February,  soing  up  and 
down  stairs  frequently,  and  that 
she  had^iot  observed  the  deceased 
ffo  out,  though  she  thought  that, 
if  he  had  gone  down  in  the  usual 
manner,  she  must  have  observed 
him.  She  said  that,  about  one 
o'clock,  the  prisoner  locked  up 
the  doors,  and  she  went  to  din- 
ner. It  was  then  proved,  by  a 
friend  of  the  prisoner,  that  he 
had  met  him  on  his  way  to  dinner, 
at  about  five  minutes  past  <me, 
and  had  observed  that  diere  was 
some  blood  on  his  shirt  collar. 
Lavender,  the  police  officer,  proved 
that  he  apprehended  the  prisoner, 
on  the  premises,  at  about  four 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  the  3rd 
of  February,  and  that  the  prisoner 
wore  then  a  deui  collar  and  a 


dean  crav^ty  q^read  in  sndi  • 
numner  as  to  oqnoeal  ^e  shirt. 
Lavender  lifted  up  ^  cmvat,  and 
then  observed  some  stains  of  Uood 
on  th^  breasf  of  the  shirt* 
was  ad^ed  hpw  the  blood  bad 
there,  and  at  first  said  that  he  did 
not  loiow  how ;  but  afterwards  mA 
that  he  had  got  it  in  asristing  to 
remove  the  greased  to  the  infir- 
mary. It  was  proved  that  the 
prisoner  had  not'  assisted  in  the 
removaL  Lavender  then  seardied 
the  lodfpng  c^  the  priaoner,  and 
found,  xn  a  clothes  oagy  a  ooDar 
slightly  stained  with  blopd,  and  a 
cravat,  which  on  beipg  ^^«^i^A^^ 
also  displayed  some  roota  ofbloo^ 
It  was  also  sworn,  that  wliilst  in 
custody,  he  had  said,  ''  If  I  had 
known  of  this  yesterday*  X  would 
have  been  in  a  different  county 
to-day :"  and  afterwards^  "  After 
all,  it  is  but  suq[iicion^  and  they 
can  prove  nothing  againat  SBbe." 
A  hammer  which  had  been  k^ 
in  the  warehouse  was  proved  to 
have  disappeared  about  tbe  tiae 
of  the  miuider* 

The  prisoner,  in  his  defeaoG^  pot 
in  awritten  ptqper,  which  v?asdrawa 
up  extremdy  weU,  and  which  coqp 
taified  some  very  ingenious  ar- 
guments in  his  &vour.  It  urged 
that  no  sufficient  motive  had  been 
shown  thsit  could  have  induced  the 
prisoner  to  commit  sudi  a  csine, 
and  that,  in  point  of  fact,  be  had 
been  a  great  loser  by  the  death  cf 
the  deceeu^ed.  He  suggested  that» 
as  it  would  be  proved  that  the 
firemen  had  used  their  axes;,  it  was 
probable  that  Mr.  Price  had  first 
been  sufibcated  by  the  smoke;^  and 
then  received  the  wound  on  his 
head  from  the  axe  of  one  of  the 
firemen.  He  would  call  eYidenoe 
to  show  that  the  deceased  had  been 
seen  on  his  own  premises  a  litde 
before  mef  and  tnesy  if  they 


MAR.3              CHRONICLE.  86 

meoBbeied  iht  evidense  of  Maty  it  m  immesnTe ai  poiiiUe:  nil  tiie 

Prioiv  ^^  ^  ^  person  who  had  streets  tniough  whick  tlie  pioeei* 

si^om  that  he  had  met  him  at  five  sioii  had  to  pass,  horn  the  bonier 

adnotes    after  one^    they  would  to  the  Kason  church,  displayed  the 

leel  certain  that  he  could  not,  by  jraal  of  the  inhabitants  to  pay  every 

poasibiliw,   have  be^  the  muiv  tribute  of  respect  to  the  memory 

derar.  Witnesses  were  called,  who  6f  their  late  soTO!eign,  nearly  each 

pcoviad  that  Mr.  Price  had  been  house  having  black  draperies  and 


al  difSarent  times  on   that  festoons  sumnded  in  firbnt«    The 

wmcBiTifr  between  twelve  and  one  Ckwtinnoi  Dvor,  and  other  pnb- 

p'dock*    One  witness    swore   to  Uc  edifices,  were  profusely  adonied 

iiaviii^  seen  him  at  a  qmurter  or  with  sable  deoomtions,  on  which 

ten  mmutes  before  one.    None  of  ware  displayed  the  Emperor's  ey« 

ihe  ^teesses^  excq>t  the  father  of  pher  in  silver.  In  the  Newsky  Per- 

the  priaoner,   were  known  to  or  speetive  the  front  of  general  Sabir's 

eonnieeled    with    the    prisoner's  residence  was  hunff  with  black; 

fiuBily.    They  were,  fbr  the  most  and  the  portico  of  we  Bomaa  €»• 

part,  clerks  in  mercantile  houses  thdic  churdi  in  the  same  ttreet 

at  Manehesttf,   who  had  called  distinguished  itself  by  iha  sim^de, 

xxjfoa  the  deceased  on  busmess*    It  but  tastefal,  s^le^  in  which  it  was 

was  proved  also  that  the  fireman  fitted  up  en  this  aolemn  oeeaakm. 

who  fiiet  enteied  the  warehouse  Upon  its  being  annoimeed  by  the 

wrhieh  was  on  fire>  had  returned  gtmsatthebanierthattiiefinKral 

to   the   engine,   and    taken    his  prooessian    was   approadmig  the 

hnlchet,   a^  egain  entered   the  dt^,  the  heralds  imd  the  masters 

soem.    It  had  been  before  proved  of  the  ceremonies  begin  to  arrange 

that  the  wounda  on  the  head  of  in  due  array  all  those  vrko  were  to 

die  deceased  might  have  been  pro*  join  the  cortdga.    Various  regi- 

dueed  l^  tha  ase  of  a  fireman.  ments  of  troops  Hned  tha  stocks 

Mr.  Justice  Bayley  sumnMd  up  the  whc^  way;  and,  firom  a  very 

the  case  with  great  care,  and  the  early  hour,  sdl  tiie  windows  and 

Jury  almost  immediately  dedared  scaffoldings    (whidi    latter   were 

the  prisoner  Noi  Gmliy-  erected  wherever   there  was  an 

la.  Tkb  FunbaaXi  OBBBQimaM  qpen  space)   were  crowded  vnth 

ep  ram  EujmBgm  Ai.BXANnn&.  ^ectatora.    At  half  past  ten  the 

{TroMslaied  Jram  the  Russian.  J  Emperor^aocumpamedlrf  the  grand 

v^This  b^ig  the  dav  a^^inted  tm  duke  Mid^el,  themincesof  Orn^ 

the  arrival*  pf  the  ninnal  ecmvoy  and  Prussia,  the  duke  of  WeUinfp- 

witii  the  remains  of  the  kte  em»  ton»  and  a  numerous  sait^  reached 

peror,  from  Zarskoe^Selo,  at  seven  the  barrier,  and  diortly  afterwards 

o'^lodE  in  the  mormng,  three  dis-  arrived  a  carriage  dnram  by  e%^ 

sharges  of  guns,  fi»m  the  fortress  hones,  in  whtdt  were  the  two 

0i  Su  Petersburg,  announced  to  eatresses  Alexandra  and  Mari^ 

those  wh6  had  any  official  part  to  the  princew  Maria  of  Wirtemburg, 

soslaitt  inthe  sokran  ceremony,  to  and  the  voong  heii^pparent,  the 

Care  to  assemble  at  the  Moscow  gmnd  duke  Alexander:  on  one  side 

ler*   For  some  days  precedinff,  rode  prince  Dolgoruki,  on  the  otiier 

every  aiianflement  had  been  maSe  count  Medin,    and,  behind,  ike 

in  the  capitd  tohaSghten  the  effect  master  of  the  home.   Thiscamage 

rf  Iha  nwi  wrfttt  ff^ffji  and  reader  was  fidkwed  by  saverat  othen^ 


36 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


tl«6L 


each  drawn  by  six  horses^  in  which 
were  the  ladies  of  honour^  and 
other  persons  of  the  imperial  suite. 
On  the  approach  of  the  funeral 
caTakade^  they  all  advanced  to 
meet  it. 

At  half  past  eleven,  the  signal 
was  given  by  a  triple  discharge  of 
artillery  for  marshalling  the  pro- 
cession to  the  Kasen  cathedral; 
upon  which  the  bells  of  all  the 
churches  b^an  to  toll,  and  mi- 
nute guns  to  be  fired«  The  pro- 
cession having  been  properly  ar- 
ranged, the  mournful  p^eant  com- 
menced its  march.  The  fimeral 
car,  which  consisted  of  several  tiers 
rising  one  above  the  other,  was 
covered  with  black  velvet,  decorated 
with  silver  eagles,  and  several 
other  devices :  the  wheels,  likewise, 
which  were  adorned  with  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  carved  work, 
were  richly  plated  with  silver. 
Above  the  car  itself  was  a  mag- 
nificent canopy,  supported  on  gut 
pillars  or  rods ;  the  cornice,  wmch 
was  of  silver,  supported  gilt  hel- 
mets, with  plumes  of  ostrich  fea- 
thers, and  the  summit  terminated 
in  an  imperial  crown.  Within  the 
canopy  itself  was  the  emperor's 
cypher  embroidered  in  gold,  and 
surrounded  with  golden  rays.  The 
coffin  was  covered  with  gold  stufi^ 
and  enriched  with  gilt  ornaments, 
representing  the  double -crested 
eagle,  &c ;  the  pall  likewise  was 
of  doth  of  gold.  On  the  steps  of 
the  car  were  four  major-centrals ; 
and  the  tassels  and  cords  of  the 
canopy  were  supported  by  ei^t 
officers  of  the  same  rank.  On 
each  dde  of  the  car,  rode  the  ad- 
jutants and  aids-de-camp  of  the 
late  emperor,  and  each  of  the 
horses  of^the  car  itself,  was  led  by 
an  attendant.  Next  followed  at- 
tendants leading  the  late  emperor's 
9wn  charger  and  puade  horses,  all 


of  which  were  splendidly  capa- 
risoned, and  ornamented  with  a 
profusion  of  white  plumes. 

Afler  them  came  the  eniperw 
Nicholas  as  chief  mourner,  with 
the  duke  of  WeUington,  ooont 
Tolstoi,  &c  as  his  supporters  ;  then 
the  srand  duke  Michael,  the  princes 
of  Orange  and  Prussia,  the  duke 
of  Wirtemburg  and  his  sons,  with 
a  train  of  military  officers  and 
others ;  and  lastly,  the  carriages  of 
the  imperial  cortege* 

The  effect  of  this  magmfiocBt 
spectacle  was  greatly  enhanced  by 
the  long  train  of  distingoiihed 
persons  and  their  assistants  beanitf 
the  regalia,  and  various  orders  a 
the  late  Emperor,  on  cushions  cf 
cloth  of  gold.  The  former  con- 
sisted of  the  imperial  crown,  and 
four  others,  yiz :  those  of  Taoiida, 
Siberia,  Astrakhan,  and  Kasui, 
with  the  sceptre  and  orb  imperiaL 
Of  the  latter  there  were  twenty 
seven  foreign,  and  eight  ttiwMn 
orders.  A  solemn  march^  oompt^ 
sed  expressly  for  the  occasion  by 
Derfeldt,  was  played  by  the  kettle- 
drums, trumpets,  &c  which  pre- 
ceded the  procession* 

As  the  car  proceeded  along,  tbe 
military  presented  arms;  and  at 
intervals  this  salute  was  accompa- 
nied with  music  from  the  difierent 
bands.  At  the  portals  of  ^ 
various  churches  which  the  pio- 
cession  passed  on  its  roate»  stood 
the  ecclesiastics  habited  in  their 
richest  vestments* 

Beneath  the  portiooof  the  Kaaan 
cathedral,  the  foreign  ministen 
and  other  individuals  of  rank,  were 
waiting  the  arrival  of  the  proGcs- 
aon,  \niich  reached  the  churdli  al 
about  half-past  one  o'clock.  The 
coffin  was  then  taken  from  Uie  car 
and  borne  into  the  churdi,  when 
it  was  depoidted  within  the  sump- 
tuous cawalcoi  where  it  was  to 


MAB.] 


CHRONICLE. 


37 


Ee  in  itste  for  six  days,  until  it 
ibdd  be  finaDj  removed  for  in« 
tenncDt  in  the  cathedral  of  St. 
PdorandStPaul.  Nothing  could 
oeecd  the  magnificence  with 
«lich  the  church  was  fitted  up  on 
ttis  occasion.  The  walls  were 
otirdj  hung  with  black  drapery, 
^Noratcd  with  diver  crosses  of 
viossal  dimensions ;  the  granite 
Bolanmswere likewise  covered  with 
die  ame,  and  edged  with  silver ; 
viole  the  friexe  was  decorated 
with  the  arms  of  all  the  pnv 
noces  and  governments  of  the 
haan  empire.  In  various' parts 
»ere  erected  trophies  consisting 
tf  standards  taken  by  the  Rus- 
■n  anns,  and  placed  upon  pe- 
fattls  decorated  with  wreaths  of 
brel,  and  the  medal  of  1812; 
-^Qent  and  affecting  memorial  s 
of  bim  who  had  been  the  liberator 
tfRoisia,  and  the  pacificator  of 
ill  Europe!  In  the  midst  of 
Ais  Uiguhrious  pomp  stood  the 
stafflko:  this  splendid  structure, 
^U  was  erected  after  the  de« 
■Sns  <^  the  architect  Rossi,*  was 
btended  to  represent  the  temple  of 
pHr;  and  Uaaing  with  almost 
°>cooceifahle  splendour,  being 
G^ited  up  by  no  fewer  than  1700 
t^^ets,  fom^  a  strong  contrast 
w^b  the  surrounding  gloom  and 
'oQeital  array.  The  ascent  to  this 
f^^sUco  was  by  fifteen  steps,  on 
^  of  the  odes;  at  the  foot 
^  which,  on  eadi  ude  were 
^^^^  of  angels  in  a  mourning 
^tode,  resting  upon  shields  bear- 
u%tbe  imperisd  arms.  The  six  up- 
P^steps^  and  the  platform  to  which 
^^  fed,  were  covered  with  red 
t^li;  the  others  with  black.  Six- 
^  columns  painted  in  imitation 
^  verde  antique,    and  decorated 

'The  architect  of  the  magnificent 
Bfv  I«Uce  of  the  grand  duke  Michael 
**H  Petersburg, 


with  silver  escutcheons,  supported 
the  cupola  of  this  shrine;  upon 
which  were  four  weeping  eenii:  on 
its  summit  was  a  colossal  golden 
eagle,  bearing  in  its  talons  a 
thunderbolt,  and  standing  upon  a 
splendid  diadem,  from  wmch  was 
suspended  a  ridi  crimson  drapery, 
embroidered  with  golden  eagles, 
trimmed  with  gold  frinee,  and 
lined  with  white.  Upon  me  sides 
of  the  catafalco  were  suspended 
the  keys  of  the  various  cities 
taken  by  the  deceased  emperor; 
and  around  were  placed  42  taboum 
rds,  on  which  were  deposited  the 
cushions  with  the  regalia  and  or- 
ders. The  lights  were  arranged 
in  28  candelabras,  32  lustres,  16 
vases,  12  tripods,  32  girandoles,  and 
8  standards,  each  bes^ng  28  tapers. 

Throughout  the  whole  of  the 
period  during  which  the  body  lay 
in  state,  a  funeral  service  was  cele- 
brated every  day  at  eleven  in  the 
morning,  and  eight  in  the  evening, 
in  the  presence  of  the  imperial 
family,  and  such  persons  as  were 
admitted  by  tickets  :  at  other  times 
admission  was  freely  ^ven  to  all 
classes,  who  crowded  to  pay  the 
last  tribute  of  respect  to  the  ashes 
of  their  sovereign. 

At  an  early  hour  on  the  25th, 
preparations  were  made  for  the 
final  ceremony  that  was  to  take 
place  that  day.  By  nine  o^dock  the 
military  had  taken  their  stations 
along  the  streets  leading  from  the 
Kasan  cathedral  to  that  of  St  Peter 
and  St.  Paul:  the  scaffoldings  which 
wereerected  along  the  Sadovoi  (ear- 
den  )  street,  and  the  palisadingof  the 
summer  garden  were  occupied  with 
spectators;  but  orders  had  been 
given  to  the  police  not  to  suffer 
the  people  to  assemble  upon  the 
Neva,  as  it  was  apprehended  that 
the  ice  was  not  sufficiently  strong, 
and  some  accident  might  ensue. 


38 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


D8S6. 


At  eleven  o'clock  the  impenal 
family  and  court  proceeded  to  the 
Easan  churchy  where  a  solemn  ser- 
vice having  been  performed^  the 
funeral  procession  set  out  for  the  » 
church  of  St  Peter  and  St  Paul, 
in  the  same  order  as  on  the  18th, 
the  only  alteration  being  that  the 
same  individuals  did  not  in  every 
instance  take  a  share  in  the  cere- 
monial. Between  one  and  two 
o'clock,  they  reached  the  cathe- 
dral—when the  coffin  having  been 
borne  into  the  choir,  and  placed 
on  a  catafiedco,  the  funeral  service 
according  to  the  rites  of  the  Greco- 
Russian  church,  commenced;  and 
solemn  dirges  were  chaunted.  The 
metropolitans  of  St  Petersburg, 
Novogorod  and  Kiev;  the  arch- 
bishop of  Yaroslav  and  Tversk,  and 
several  other  distinguished  ecclesi- 
astics, officiated  on  this  mournful 
occasion. 

The  affecting  solemnity  of  these 
obsequies  was  rendered  more  im- 
pressive by  the  deep  grief  depicted 
m  the  countenances  of  all  the 
members  of  the  imperial  family, 
and  every  individual  admitted  to 
witness  the  ceremony.  At  length 
a  discharge  of  the  artillery  and 
musketry  announced  to  the  in- 
habitants of  the  capita],  that  the 
mortal  remains  of  tneir  late  sove- 
reign were  deposited  in  their  final 
abrae,^  on  the  ri^t  ade  of  the 
altar,  in  a  line  with  the  tomb  of 
his  father,  the  Emperor  PauL  On 
the  same  day  the  vault  was  closed 
up,  and  a  marble  sarcophagus 
piaoed  upon  it,  similar  to  those 
over  the  graves  of  other  individuals 
of  the  imperial  family. 

The  ceremony  being  ended,  the 
Emperor,  the  Empress,  the  grand 
duke,  the  princes  of  Oran^  and 
Prussii^  the  duke  of  Wellincton, 
and  a  numerous  suite  immediately 
retired  to  the  Winter  Palace. 


Thus  terminated  one  of  die 
most  imposiiu^  funereal  pageants 
ever  witnessec^  as  remarkftUe  fior 
the  ui^fei^ned  expresaon  of  aonow 
and  atta(£ment  on  the  part  of  the 
'people,  as  for  the  magnificence 
with  whidi  it  was  celdicated. 
The  funeral  convoy  aet  out  finn 
Taganroff  on  the  ^ik  of  Jannazr, 
accompanied  for  a  considenhle 
distance  by  a  countless  multitode 
of  all  ranks ;  and  not  only  all  die 
principal  towns  and  dties  tbrou^ 
which  it  passed  in  its  way  to  wt 
capital,  but  even  the  smallest  vil- 
lages endeavoured  to  show  evay 
indication  of  resoect  to  the  memoiy 
of  the  deoeasea  Emperor.  The 
procession  reached  Moscow  on  the 
15th  Februaryji^when  tlielxidy  was 
placed  in  a  magnificent  funeral  csr 
provided  for  that  purpose,  and  con- 
veyed in  solemn  prooesson  to  the 
cathedral,  where  it  was  laid  in  state 
on  a  cataf alco,  amid  the  demonstra- 
tions of  the  most  sincere  and  lively 
ffrief  on  the  part  of  the  inha- 
bitants. 

20.  John  Digues  was  executed 
at  Lancaster,  Iot  the  murder  of 
Beiyamin  and  Alice  Case.  On 
Sunday  afWnoon  he  acknowledged 
that  the  murder  was  perpetrated 
by  himself  only ;  that  his  sole  d>- 
iect  was  plunder,  and,  beins  well 
known  to  both  Uie  old  pemole,  be 
murdered  them,  in  order  that  no 
testimony  might  rise  against  him 
from  them;  that  he  searched  as 
much  as  he  could  for  money,  but 
the  appearance  of  die  old  people 
after  meir  murder  so  terrified  hmiy 
that  he  seized  die  first  artide  that 
came  to  hand,  and  dien  fled^  that 
he  was  determined  to  deny  his 
guilt,  till  legally  convicted,  and 
that  now,  having  disburdened  his 
mind  from  the  load,  he  felt  waon 
tranquiL 

FiBfi    AT    LiysRPOOL.--»This 


MAB.3 


CHRONICLE. 


39 


morning  a  fiie  was  discoyered  in 
the  w^arehoiue  of  Mr.  Price>  ship- 
cliandler  and  roper,  Duke's-place, 
opposite  to  the  Duke's  Dock.    The 
fire  conunenced  in  the  cellar,  and 
burnt     60  ra^dly,    that  by    two 
o*cIock    the  warehouse,  which  is 
aix  stories  hi^  was  on  fire  in 
erety    part.    The  wind  blowing 
stronff  from  the  north-*we8twara, 
fannM.  the  element  into  destruc- 
tiYe  fiiry.    Soon  after  two  o'clock, 
the  front  of  the  warehouse  was 
one     complete    sheet   of    flame. 
Great  alarm  was  excited  in  the 
nd^bourhood  on   the  falling  of 
the    roof,  by  the  burning  brands 
and  feagments  blown  by  me  wiad, 
which  hterally  covered  the  adjoin- 
ingyards  and  houses.     The  West 
of  jBngland  Fire-office  engine  was 
first  on  the  spot,  followed,  in  about 
ten  minutes,  bv  that  of  the  Nor- 
wich Union-office,  and  they  began 
to  play  withgreat  effect  upon  the 
buudii^.     T^e  flames,  however, 
after  destroying    the  warehouse, 
cau^t  the  shop  of  Mr.  Steele,  op« 
tidan,  the  interior  of  which  was 
entirely  destroyed,  as  well  as  the 
valuaUe  stock  of  that  gentleman. 
The   two    engines  continued    to 
play  upon  die  burning  pile  and 
the    aajoining   premises.      From 
the  want  of  a  supply  of  water, 
four  or  five  other  engines,  which 
were  upon  the  spot,  were  totally 
useless. 

Cession  of  Luxbuburo.—- 
Hagfve.— -The  federal  fortress  of 
Luxemburg  was  given  up  on  the 
13th  to  the  German  confederation. 
The  following  are  the  particu- 
lars which  preceded  and  accom- 
panied the  ceremony  :— 

Since  the  10th  die  Netherland 
Authorities  kept  more  tooethcr,  in 
spite  of  the  endeavours  oi  the  other 
party.  Neither  the  civil  sovemor, 
nor  the  major-general  Van  Coe« 


decke,  in  his  character  of  military 

fo  vemor,  and  of  commissioner  of  the 
ing  of  the  Netherlands,  accepted 
the  repeated  invitations  of  the 
military  government,  which  daily 
ffive  dl  sorts  of  entertainments. 
His  excellency  the  civil  governor, 
M.  Willmar,  gave,  on  the  11th,  a 
grand  entertainment,  at  which 
none  but  Netherland  functionaries' 
were  present.  The  commissioners 
of  the  German  confederation 
several  times  waited  on  general 
Van  Goedecke,  who  firmly  abided 
by  his  instructions.  On  the  13th 
his  highness  the  prince  of  Hesse 
Homburg,  governor  of  the  fortress, 
acquainted  general  Van  Goedecke, 
that  thesolemnitvof  dving  up  the 
fortress  would  taJce  phtce  at  eleven 
o'clocL  Every  thmg  was  pre- 
pared for  this  purpose ;  the  three 
regiments  of  the  line,  viz,  the 
30th,  39th,  and  40th,  composing 
the  Prussian  garrison,  made  them- 
selves ready  for  the  parade,  when 
an  aide-de-camp  of  the  general 
presented  to  the  prince  governor,  a 
protest  on  the  part  of  the  king  of 
the  Netherlands,  to  which  the 
prince  replied,  "It  is  now  too 
late."  The  ceremony  now  began; 
the  keys  of  the  fortress  were  pre- 
sented by  the  major  do  place  to 
the  commandant ;  the  latter  gave 
them  to  the  prince  governor,  who 
delivered  them  into  the  hands  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  German 
confederation ;  and  an  oath  in  the 
name  of  the  confederation  having 
been  administered  to  the  command- 
ant, the  keys  were  returned  to 
him.  AH  this  took  place  on  the 
parade,  whence  his  highness,  ao> 
companied  by  the  generals  and 
many  inferior  officers,  proceeded  to 
his  hotel,  before  which  the  three 
regiments  above  mentioned  twice 
defiled  in  grand  parade. 
New  Combt.— M.   Gambwrt 


40 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


£18S6L 


discovered  a  comet  on  the  9tli  of 
Marclij  &om  the  observatory  at 
MarseUles.  He  has  calculated  its 
orbit  from  observations  which 
comprise  a  heliocentric  arc  of 
seventeen  degrees,  and  has  found 
the  following  results:  passage 
in  the  periheUum,  1.627^  March 
18th,  3  his,  2min.  47  sec.  after- 
noon ;  longitude  of  the  penhelium, 
102  deg.  41  min.  30  sec.;  longitude 
of  the  node,  247  deg.  31  min.  20 
sec  inclusive  of  the  orbit,  15  deg. 
1  min.  20  sec;  periheUum  dis- 
tance ;  0,976  (that  from  the  earth 
to  the  sun  being  taken  for  unity) ; 
motion  direct 

M.  Gambart  marked  a  striking 
resemblance  between  this  comet, 
and  two  comets  which  appeared, 
on^  in  1772,  and  the  other  m  1805. 
If  the  identity  were  proved,  we 
should  have  another  period  of  a 
comet  ascertained,  which  would 
seem  to  be  about  6f  years. 

21.  Case  of  Murder. — Thomas 
Lovett,  and  Johanna  Lovett,  his 
wife,  were  indicted  for  the  wilful 
murder  of  Thomas  Creane,  the 
late  husband  of  the  prisoner 
Johanna,  at  Gallerus,  in  the  county 
of  Kerry. 

John  Creane  examined — Be- 
lieves he  is  about  ten  or  twelve 
years  old.— Is  son  to  Thomas 
Creane,  who  was  murdered.  Re-* 
collects  to  have  seen  the  prisoner, 
Thomas  Lovett,  frequently  at  his 
father's  house  during  his  life  time, 
when  his  father,  who  was  a  car- 
penter, used  to  be  in  the  country 
at  work.  Witness  saw  the  prisoner, 
Thomas,  in  bed  with  his  mother 
two  or  three  times  before  his 
father  was  killed.  Witness  re- 
collects the  night  on  which  his 
father  was  murdered.  In  the 
evening  of  that  day  the  prisoner 
came  to  their  house.  His  father 
flesired  J-ovett  to  go  hoipe,  sayjmg, 


it  was  too  late  for  him  to  be  in 
the  house,  as  he  wanted  to  go  to 
bed.  The  deceased  at  the  aune 
time  desired  the  prisoner  Jolianna 
to  prepare  for  bed.  She  answered 
that  t£ere  was  time  enough.  The 
deceased  went  to  bed,  leaving  die 
prisoners  together.  Befoie  die 
deceased  went  to  bed,  Thonus 
Lovett  said,  in  answer  to  the  de- 
ceased, who  wanted  him  to  go 
home,  that  he  would  not — that  he 
would  rcmsin  there  as  long  as  he 
liked.  The  deceased,  after  he  wrat 
to  bed,  finding  that  the  priaooer 
Johanna  was  not  disposed  to  oone 
to  bed,  and  that  the  other  prisoner 
was  still  in  the  house,  came  ham 
the  bed-room  into  thekitchen,  where 
they  were,  and  threatened  to  go  to 
the  brother  of  his  wife,  and  inmtm 
him  of  her  conduct.  He  went 
out  accordingly,  but  he  soon  re- 
turned back.  The  deceased  was 
angry^and  uneasy,  and  he  attempt- 
ed to  go  out  a  second  time,  hot 
was  prevented  by  the  'prisaoa, 
Thomas  Lovett  The  deceased 
again  asked  Lovett,  whether  1^ 
would  leave  his  house.  Lovett 
refused,  saying,  that  he  would  re- 
main there  as  long  as  he  thoo^t 
proper.  The  deceased  then  left 
the  house.  Before  the  deceased 
went  out,  he  came  to  witness  in 
the  bed,  and  desired  him  to  go 
into  his  bed  until  the  deceased  re- 
turned. When  the  deceased  left 
the  house  the  prisoners  sat  down 
together  at  the  kitchen  fire.  Wit- 
ness could  see  them  from  the  bed. 
The  candle  remained  lighted  in 
the  kitchen  for  some  time.  They 
conversed  with  each  other  in  so 
low  a  tone,  that  witness  could  not 
hear.  In  some  time  after,  the 
deceased  came  into  a  bed-room 
where  the  witness  lay,  through  a 
window    from    the   outside,    and 

stood  conpealed  at  the  roon)  door, 


1IAR.3  CHRONICLE,  41 

"where  he  remained  for  some  time  the  body  and  raised   the  Jiead, 
fistening   to  what    the  prisoners  and  discovered  some  marks  on  his 
were  sajing.     At  this  tmie  the  neck.     He  asked  what  scraped  the 
candle    was    extinguished.      He  neck  of  the  deceased;   to  which 
desired  witaess  not  to  speak>  that  he  one  of  the  prisoners  answered^  that 
mig^t  hear  them.    He  remained  a  the  deceased  had  fallen  during  the 
considenible  time  there,  and  desired  night,  and  received  the  scratches, 
prisoner  to    go    home  instantly.  James  Lovett  made  no  further  ob« 
Lovett  reftise£     Ailer  this,  while  servation.    The  prisoner,  Thomas 
tbe  deceased  was  standing  in  the  Lovett,  shaved  the  deceased  pre- 
kitchen  near  to  where  the  prisoners  paratory  to  their  laying  him  out  as 
were  sitting,  Lovett  got  up  and  laid  a  corpse.    At  this  time  day  was 
hold  of  the  deceased  and  tripped  approachine.    The  witness  would 
Inm,  by  which  the  deceased  fell  have  told  T.  Lovett's  brother  of 
with  Lovett  over  him.    The  de-  what  had  occurred,  but  he  was  in 
ceased  repeatedly  called  out  to  the  dread  to  do  so,   Johanna  having 
{Risoner  to  let  him  go,  and  not  to  cautioned  him  not  to  tell  any  one 
kill  him.     At  this  time  witness  what  he  had  seen,     ^tness  is  the 
came  from  the  bed  to  the  door  of  second  eldest  child  of  the  deceased, 
the  bed*room,  and  cried  out.     He  There  were  four   children :    the 
called  to  the  prisoner  to  let  go  his  eldest   is  rather  an  idiot.      The 
father.    Lovett  said  that  his  father  child    next  in  point    of   age    to 
bad  got  a  cholic,  and  that  he  was  witness  was  about  four  years;  ana- 
taking  him  off  the  ground.     The  ther  was  still  younger*     In  about 
other  prisoner  desired  witness  to  a  week  after  the  deceased  was  in- 
00  to  bed,  and  not  to  remain  in  the  terred,   the  prisoner  Lovett,  and 
kitdien.     As  the  deceased  lay  on  the  prisoner  Johanna,  told  witness, 
the  ground,  with  Lovett  over  him,  and  Michael,  the  idiot,  that  they 
in  the  act  of  choking  him,  she  went  could  not  remain  with  them ;  that 
to  tbe  other  side  of  the  body,  and  they  should  go  and  live^  with  their 
squeezed  his  throat  under  the  ear.  uncle,  Thomas  Moriarty,  but  that 
Lovett  was  lying  upon  the  body,  the  two  youngest  might  remain 
with  his  knees  pressed  upon  the  with  them.     Witness  accordingly 
^mach.    The  outward  door  was  did  go  to  Moriarty.     Moriarty,  in 
fastened.    Witness  became  fright-  a  few  days  afterwards,  asked  wit- 
ened,  and  did  not  endeavour  to  ness  if  he  knew  whether  his  fa- 
go  out  to  give  the  alarm.     After  ther    died    a  natural    death,    or 
tbey  had    so    killed    his    father,  otherwise  ?    Witness  then  detailed 
Lovett  Tsascd  the  body  and  placed  to  Moriarty  the  circumstances  of 
it  in   a   comer  of  the   kitchen,  the  murder  — who  said  that  his 
having  desired  Johanna  to  go  and  mother  was  a  bad  woman,   but 
call  in  the  brother  of  Lovett,  who  cautioned  witness  not  to  tell  the 
lived  the  next  door  to  them.     The  matter   to    any   person    but    his 
bead  of  the  deceased,  when  Lovett  uncle,  as  she  might  be  hanged  if 
nised  him,  was  down  on  his  chest,  he  did  so  ! 

The  woman  accordingly  went  out        Catherine    Fitzgerald*  i^-  When 

of  the  house,  and  in  a  few  minutes  witness  went  to  the  wake,  she  was 

returned  with  James  Lovett,  the  asked  by  a  woman,  who  was  a  near 

prisoner's  brother.     They  lighted  relative,  whether  she  had  observed 

8  candle.    Jan^es  Lovett  caipe  tp  marks  which  were  on  the  neck  of 


42  ANNUAL  REGISTER.         Iiks. 

the  deceased :  witness^  at  the  re-  and  was  In  pursuance  of  that  tote 

Suest  of  that  woman,  went  over  made  a  liveiyman  of  the  oompaiiy 

lie  body,  and  removed  the  cravat  of  grocers,  and  sworn  in  a  nee- 

firom  the  neck :  witness  discovered  man.    Sir  Francis  Drake  toA  the 

upon  the  throat  of  the  deceased  a  several  oaths  which  are  required  to 

red  drde^  and  there  was  a  marl  be  taken  by  all  persons  who  are 

upon  the  ohin,  as  if  the  deceased  honoured  with  the  freedom  of  the 

had  been  sli^tly  cut;  at  that  time  ci^— -he  was  not  fine  by  birth,  nor 

the  witness  made  no  observation,  servitude,  nor  purchafla,  nor  other- 

not  having  had  any  suspicion  of  wise  than  as  afoa^udd.  He  married 

^e  cause  of  the  deadi.  Pooley  Onslow   sometune  after- 

Midiael  Creane^- Witness  was  wardst,  and  settled  upon  her  tlie 

brother  to  the  decttu!ed.    He  died  sum  dT  ISflOOL  in  the  5  per  cent 

four  weeks  before  last  Christmas  consolidated  bank  annuities,  in  hea 

was  a  twelvemonth.    The  deceased  of  dower.    In  the  year  1789>  ^ 

was  married  about  fourteen  years  died  intestate,  and  without  issue, 

before.     He  was  married  to  Jo-  and  the  rev.  George  WalootOmlow 

hanna  Moriarty,  the  prisoner,  now  was  constituted  executor  to  the 

the  wife  of  the  prisoner  Thomas  estate.    His  relict  some  time  after 

Lovett    Witness  recollects  having  married   Mr.    Sergeant    Onslow, 

been  sent  for  to  go  to  his  brothers  She  had  received  under  the  statote 

wake;  it  was  the  first  intimation  of  distribution  the  share  of  the 

witness  had  of  his  death.    Witness,  property  to  which  she  was  entitled 

when  he  was|  at  the  wake,  saw  as  Uie  widow^  and  for  some  yean 

some  woman  looking  at  the  body,  it  was  supposed  that  there  was  no 

on  the  neck.    Witness  looked  at  further  claim  upon  the  part  of  the 

the  neck  also,  and  he  observed  a  learned  serseant    It  however  oo- 

black    stroke    under    the    neck,  curred  to  hnn,  that  the  privileges 

Witness    slept  with  his   brother  of  a  citizen  of  London,  which  he 

ihree  nights  oefore  his  d^tth.    The  believed  extended  to  his  wife  as  the 

deceasea  was  not  in  bad  health,  widow  dT  a  fireeman,   mi^t  be 

He  did  not  complain  of  being  ill,  made  available  in  obtdning  an  ia- 

when  the  witness  and  he  slept  to-  creased  share  in  the  propertjr,  sod 

gether.    They  slept  in  the  nouse  he  accordingly  claimed,  in  oppofi- 

of  witness.  tion  to  Mrs.  Fuller,  who  was  anesr 

The  Jury  retired  for  a  short  relative  of  sir  Francis  Drake. 
time,  and  returned  a  verdict  of       The  case  came  before  the  vice* 

Guilty.  chancellor,  who,  after  having  heaxd 

SI.  Pbivilbosb  of  Fbbemsn  counsel,  ordered  that  the  lord  major 

OP  THB  CiTY«— A  curious  ques-  and  aldiermen  should  be  iqi^diedttv 

tion  came  on  before  the  court  of  to  certify  the  custom  of  the  dty  of 

aldermen.  London  on  these  points  :— 

In  the  year  1782,  sir  Francis        First,  whether  sir  FrandsDrskey 

Drake^  admiral  of  the  Red,  was,  havingbeenpresentedwith  thefioe- 

in  consequence  of  a  victory  oained  dom  of  the  city  imder  the  abof^* 

over  the  enemy  in  the  West  Indies,  mentioned   circumstances,  was  s 

with  other  officers  under  lord  Rod-  freeman  of  the  dty  of  Landoo  !n 

ney,  presented  with  the  fi^eedom  the  sense,  meaning,  and  ooeration 

of  the  City  of  London,  by  a  vote  of  the  custom  of  the  said  ci^<if 

of  the  court  of  common  councili  London^  relating  to  the  distniMH 


HAB.]  CHRONICLE.  43 

tkm  Q^  the  eSects  of  freemen  who  to  impose  upon  a  man^  upon  whom 

die  intestate,  and  in  case  the  cus**  the  freedom  had  heen  bestowed  as 

torn  of  the  city  of  London^  as  to  a  mark  of  honour,  and  testimony 

the  distribution  of  personal  estate,  of  ^;reat  merit,  the  performance  of 

^plies  to  such  a  freeman  as  dr  duties  incompatible  With  his  situa« 

Prascis  Drake  was  then.  tion.    If  an  equal  portion  of  the 

Secondly,  Whether  there  is  any  duties  were  expected  to  be  taken 

custom  of  the  dty  of  London,  by  by  the  first  of  the  nobility  of  thc^ 

Tirtoe  whereof  the  widow  of  a  land,  to  whom  the  freedom  of  the 

freeman,  having  the  benefit  and  city  had  been  voted,  there  would 

pnmsion  of  such  settlement  as  the  be  but  ftw  who  wtnild  consent  to 

settlement  in  the  pleadings  in  this  the  honour.    Besides,  what  condi« 

ttae,  is  debarred  from  the   cus*  tion  was  the  liability  of  honorary 

toottry  share  of  his  personal  estate,  freemen  likely  to  place  them  in  f 

Those  questions  were  first  pro-  The  custom  ch  the  city  of , London 

poBed  to  we  recorder  of  the  city  took  away  from  parents  the  right 

of  London,  but  were  submitted  at  to  leave  their  cmldren  under  the 

his  su^estion  to  the  court  of  alder«  guardianship  of  those  whom  they 

men  ^  their  certificate.  might  approve,  and  placed  them 

Mr.  Shadwell,   as  counsel  for  under  the  control  of  whom  ?  why, 

Mr.  Sergeant  Onslow,  contended,  of  the  chamberlain  of  London. 

that  &r  Prancis  Drake  had  been  a  That  regulation  might  be  a  wise 

freeman  of  the  city  of  London  in  one,  so  f&  as  related  to  the  orphans 

die  most  complete  sense  of  the  of  tiiose  who  were  freemen  fay  pur* 

word,  smd  had  been  entitled  to  all  chase,  servitude,  orldrth:  but  now 

the  privileges  of  one  of  that  body,  must  the  duke  of  Wellington  be 

The  conferring  of  the  freedom  of  surprised  at  being  told  that  one  of 

the  city  upon  meritorious  indivi*  the  rewards  to  i^ch  his  military 

duals,  comprehended,  of  course,  all  exertions  entitled  him  was,  that 

the  advantages  to  which  persons  his  daughters  must,  at  his  death, 

who  obtained  the  freedom  m  any  be  plac^  imder  the  care  of  the 

other  wav  were  entitled,  otherwise  chamberlain  of  the  city  of  London, 

it  woulfl  be  a  mere  mockery  to  and  that  all  attempts  to  interfere 

propose  such  a  mode  of  conveying  with  that   regulation  would   be 

the  sense  the  corporation  enter«  vain?    But  the  chamberUdn  was 

tained  of  the  jgreat  efforts  of  the  to  have  a  stiU  greater  authority 

naval  and  mihtary  heroes  of  the  over  those  who  happened  to  meet 

country.    Mr.  Shadwell  cited  some  with  the  approbation  of  the  lord 

authorities  in  support  of  his  posi*  mayor  and  common  council  of  the 

tion.    After  which,  city,  if  the  question  were  decided 

Mr.  Spankie  addressed  the  Court  in  favour  of  the  argument  of  his 

for  the  other  claimant  to  the  pro-  learned  friend.    The  duke  of  Wel« 

perty.    He  argued,  that  the  nee-  lington  in  that  case  must  resign 

ma  ci  the  dty,  conferred,  as  it  his  authority,  with  regard  to  the 

had  been,  upon  car  Francis  Drake,  marriage  of  bis  daughters,  into  the 

wai  not  butdened  with  the  incon-  hands  of  the  chamberlain,  who,  in 

▼eniendes  which    necessarily  at«  the  event  of  his  grace's  death,  could 

tended  those  who  became  freemen  exercise  paternal  authority  ovet 

under  different  circumstances;  and  them,  until  the  age  of  maturity 

Alt  it  never  could  have  been  meant  recognised  by  the  to  w» 


44             ANNUAL    REGISTER.  pssa 

Mr.  Shadwell  replied.    He  con-  all  the  powers  and  privileges  wiUi 

tended  that  a  person  could  not  regard  to  graduation^  whidi  other 

become  a  member  of  a  society  with-  members  of  the  fjEiculty  possess, 

out  submitting  to  its  obligations  ;  contained  the  following  wmU,  or 

some  rules  might   be  beneficial,  words  to  the  following  effect,  vis. : 

and  others  not ;  but  the  freeman,  — -''  While  the  memorialist  (pur« 

if  benefitted  hy  some;,  must  run  his  suer)  can  prove  that  the  present 

chance  of  the  inconveniences  at-  professor  en    chemistry  does  not 

tending    the    other    regulations,  teach  the  processes  of  idiannacy, 

What  Tie  understood  by  honorary  nor  the  making  of  chemical  prepa- 

fireedom  was,  the  possession  of  the  rations  for  the  apothecaries'  Aaps, 

privileges  without  bein^  subject  to  he  is  ready  to  bear  testimony,  in 

the  burdens,  which  might  be  in-  common  with  the  public  at  large, 

compatible  with  the  situation  of  to  the  great  value  of  Dr.  Hope's 

the  person  on  whom  the  honour  services  as  a  professor  in  the  colleee 

was  conferred.  of  Edinburffh,  and  to  express  his 

The  Court,  when  the  arguments  conviction  that  his  admirable  and 

were    concluded,    submitted    the  scientific  course  must  be  of  tbe 

questions  to  the  city  law  officers.  higher  interest  to  every  physidsD. 

22.     LiBBL.     Jury    Court,  It  is  well  known  that  this  has 

Edinburgh*— Dr.  /.  Hamilton,  never  been  attempted,  and  thst 

Jun.   v.  Dr.  Hope.— The  Court  the  professor  of  die  practice  of 

met  on  Monday,  to  try  an  action  physic  for  the  last  half  century  has 

of  damages  at  ike  instance  of  Dr.  confined  himself  to  a  descriptum  of 

Hamilton,  professor  of  Midwifery  the  diseases  most  commonly  met 

in  tha  University  of  Edinburgh,  with,  such  as  fever,  general  io- 

aeainst    Dr.  Hope,    professor  of  flammatoiy  affections,  &c ;  at  any 

Chemistry  in  the  same  University,  rate,    the   memorialist   podtivdy 

for    defamation.      The    damages  asserts,  that,  within  his  reodk^ 

were  laid  at  5,000/.  tion,  die  professor  of  the  practice 

The  substance  of  the  first  issue  of  physic  has  not  entered  into  any 
was,  whether,  in  the  month  of  details  respecting  the  diseases  of 
April  1825,  at  a  meeting  of  the  women  and  children,  and  for  the 
Senatus  of  the  University,  in  the  plain  reason,  that  the  other  sub- 
presence  and  hearing  of  the  pro-  jects  of  his  lecture  filled  up  all  the 
fessors,  the  defender  did  impute  time  of  his  course.  Thai  he  (the 
intended  falsehood  to  the  pursuer,  pursuer)  was  induced  to  make  this 

The  substance  of  the  second  and  improvement  on  the  plan  (^  los 

third  issues  was,  whether  a  me-  predecessors,  because  he  found  that 

morial  and  petition,  presented  by  neither  the  professor  of  the  pne- 

the  pursuer  to  the  magistrates  of  tice  of  physic,  nor  any  of  tbeodier 

Edinburgh,    the   patrons  of   the  professors  constituting  the  medual 

University,    in    /anuary,     1824,  raculty,   treated  of  such  disoases. 

craving  that  the  graduates  of  the  If  the  honourable  patrons  feel  aoj 

collese  of   Edinburgh  should   be  difficulty  in  assenting  to  this  latter 

required  to  learn  the  treatment  of  proposition,   they  are  referred  to 

the  diseases  of  women  and  children,  the  bills  of  mortality  of  London* 

and  that  the  professor  of  midwifery  Thus,  in  the  year  1820  (the Jai^ 

diould  be  admitted  a  member  of  account  to  which  the  memorialdt 

the  medical  faculty,  and  exercise  has  had  accc8s}i  of  19,349  destks 


MAIL]               CHRONICLE.  45 

during  tliatyeflr^  8^350  were  under  sion  of  remt  had  been  made  by 

ten  years  of  age,  and  of  that  num«  the  defender  for  the  isiputation» 

bar  7^5  were  still-bom.     Of  the  who,  on  the  contrary,  now  stood 

remander,  viz.  7>€25,  3,577  are  tip  before  a  jury  of  his  country, 

aDeged  to  have  died  of  convulsions  and  justified  the  expressions  he  had 

and  teething.     Hence  it  must  be  made,  with  the  view  of  extinguish- 

erident,  that  nearly  one-half  of  the  ias  the  pursuer,  and  rendering  him 

dnldren  under  teni  years  of  age,  infamous  for  ever.    In  condunon, 

who  died  in  the  year  1820,  in  he  observed,  that  the  question  for 

London,  were  afflicted  with  dis-  the  jury  was  not  as  to  the  amount 

eases,  on  which  no  information  is  of  damages,  but  that  by  their  ver- 

gtren  to  the  medical  students  of  diet  they  should  mark  their  disap- 

Edinburgh,  by  those  professors  whd  probation  of  the  conduct  of  the 

stjlethemsel ves  the  medical  faculty,  defender. 

Bethereasonsof  the  medical  faculty  A  number  of  witnesses  were 
whattheymay,  the  members  of  the  then  examined  by  the  pursuer, 
faculty  cannot  deny  that  the  dis-  among  whom  were  professors  Bell, 
eases  oi  women  and  children  form  Napier,  sir  W.  Hamilton,  hart., 
a  necessary  part  of  the  education  Coventry,  and  Russell,  who  sue- 
of  every  medical  man.  It  is,  more-  cessively  proved  that  the  expression 
Ofer,  impossible  for  them  to  allege,  imputed  to  the  defender  was  uttered 
tittt  any  one  of  their  number  does  by  him  at  the  time  and  place  set 
teach  those  subjects,  and  it  would  forth  in  the  issues ;  the  above- 
not  be  a  little  extraordinary,  if,  mentioned  gentlemen  also  gave  it 
after  their  former  attempt,  they  as  their  opmion,  that  the  facts 
dKmld  pretend  to  be  unwilline  to  stated  in  the  pursuer's  memorial 
burden  the  students  with  an  audi-  to  the  patrons  of  the  University, 
tional  expense.  No  man  can  now  did  not  call  for  the  epithets  tlwt 
practise  physic  with  safety  to  the  had  been  applied  to  him.  Mr. 
public,  without  a  knowledge  of  the  Wm.  Wood,  surgeon,  who  had 
diseases  of  women  and  children,  examined  the  MSS.  of  the  me- 
and  none  of  the  members  of  morial,  and  marked  some  altera- 
fthe  medical  faculty,  as  at  present  tions,  also  expressed  a  similar  opi- 
oonstituted,  do  t^uih  that  know-  nion. 

ledge."    And  whether  the  whole  The  Solicitor  General  opened 
or  any  part  of  the  above  averments  the  case  for  the  defender.     He 
were  biown  to  the  pursuer  to  be  stated  that  his  client  could  not 
fidse  at  the  time  he  presented  the  have  been  actuated  by  malice,  but 
memorial  to  the  magistrates.  was  repelling  an  injurious  attack 
Mr.  H.  G)ckbum  opened  the  made  on  his  character  by  the  pur- 
case  for  the  pursuer  in  a  speech  of  suer,  in  a  memorial  to  the  patrons 
great  length,  in  which  he  strongly  of  the  University,  of  which  he 
pointed  out  to  the  jury  the  deep  admitted  having  printed  200  copies, 
injury  likely  to  be  sustained  by  his  and  that  its  circulation  was  not 
client  from  having  been  stigmatized  confined  to  the  patrons  and  pro- 
by  the  defender  at  a  meeting  of  fessors  of  the  Umversity. 
the  Senatus  of  the  University  of   '     Principal  Baird,  professor  Dun« 
E&boigh  as  an  utterer  of  wilful  bar.  Dr.  Alison,  Dr.  Fyfe,  Dr. 
fiihdiood,  an  assertion  made  in  the  Anderson,  rev.  Dr«  William  Ritchie, 
alienee  (^  the  pursuer  S'uo  express    Dr*  Home,  Dr.  Mackintosh,  Dr« 


46            ANNUAL  REGISI^ER.  Qaaa 

CuIIen^  and  Mr<  Dickson^  were  tlie  gums  chaatmdi  tor  ftdmiwi<m  to 

thean  csJled  for  the  defender,  whoie  view  the  *  Piuilic  Monumei^*  m 

evidence  went  to  prove  that  Dr*  the  Abbey.    But  no  charge  liat 

Hope  exhibited  the  different  pio«  ever  been  nude  for  viewing  tlie 

ces0e8  of  chemical  pharmacy  in  his  '  PaUic  Monumentfy'  aa  di8ti&« 

dass^aocordingtothethreedifiereat  Swished  firom    the  piivBte  ooei^ 
Fharmaoopoeiasof  Edinburgh,  Ixm*  '  The  whole  are  viewed  together  iat 

don,  and  Dublin,  taking  that  of  a   fixed   sum;   and  by  fiur   Ae 

Edinburgh  for  his  text*book,  and  greatest  part  of  the  mannnieats 

that  1^  of  his  oourse  formed  a  are  those  of  private  parsons;  lor 

most  important  branch  of  medical  viewing  whic^,  the  gieaiest  port 

study,    beveral  of  the  witnesses  ct  the  charge  is^  incurred.     The 

also  proved  that  the  late  Dr.  Gre*  Dean  and  c£i^ter,  however,  bavu 

gory  and  Dr.  Home  treated  of  the  ing  not  the  smallest  wish  that  my 

most  important  of  the  diseases  in«  part  of  the  sulject  should  be  cqap 

cidental  to  women  and  children,  cealed,  will  funush  such  iafomai- 

the  native  of  whidi  had  been  tion  as  they  possess  cooQeming  ^ 

asserted  by  ^e  pursuer  in  his  me-  though  b^rond  the  terms  of  the 

morial ;  one  of  the  witnesses  (Dr.  order  of  your  hononrable  Hause." 

Mackintosh),  who  had  attended  Dr.  .    ''1st.  As  tothesumscbaigBdfer 

Hamilton's  class  for  three  Qourse%  the  admission  of  each  visitor  €oww 

and  was  not  sure  but  he  had  at*  the  moaiunenfai^  private  a^  wcH  as 

tended  a  fourth  course,  said  he  had  public,  for  the  la«t  five  years: 

received  more  information   &am  ''Before  his  m^esty's  coronation^ 

Dr.  Gregory  on  the  subject  of  in  1821,  the  whole  sum  penni^led 

those  dis^ues  than  he  had  from  to  be  charge^  was  !«.  11^    Bui 

Dr.  Hamilton.  Mr.  Jeffi:ey  replied  the  guides  nad  obtained  addUiooal 

for  the  pursuer.  g^uities  &om  the  vitttoo,  and 

The   lord   chief   commissioner  comphints  were  made  against  tbost 

having  summed  up  uie  evid^ice,  eanriions.    When  the  chardi  vras 

the  jury,  after  an  hour's  ooasulta-  re-q>ened,  after  his  majesty's  eoio- 

tion,  returned  a  ver^et  for  tibe  nation,  a  new  order  was  therefore 

pursuerwDamages  BOOL  made,  and  the  utmost  sum  to  he 

23.  Westminster  Abbw^^  received   was   2#.  all  conigsfma» 

The  return  of  the  Dean  and  Chap-  tkm  to  the  guides  being  inchnJfld 

ter,  to  the  order  of  the  House  of  in  this  sum. 

Commons,  dated  l6th  c^  March,  "  This  regulation,  undo:  a^uck 

I8S6,  for  an  account  of  the  sums  less  was  paid  by  ike  public  than 

charged  for  the  admissicm  of  each  before,   was  continued  till  Jua% 

visitor  to  view  the  public  menu-  1825,  when  the  sum  was  lowered 

ments  in  that  Abb^,   the  total  to  !«.  3c{. 

amount  received  ftomthat  source  "Snd.  The  total  amount  received 

in  each  year,  for  the  last  five  years,  fieom  the  above  souroa  ineadi.  yeBr> 

and  how  the  same  has  been  appvo-  6x  the  last  five  yeaa : 

pnated.  £«  «    dL 

"The    Dean  and    Chapter  rf  18^1  •*••.»••     6»  U  11 

Westminster  are  unable  to  make  1822  *..••*••  2,517    9    ^ 

the  precise  return  described  in  the        1823 1,664  13    9 

order  of  your  honoumble  House.  1824  •••*•••«.  1,529    9    B 

The  order  i;eq[uires  an  aooonnt  of  18d5.  <••»«#••  IjfiSS   }    ^ 


MAB.] 


CHRONICLE. 


47 


'^  Sid.  How  tiie  99anfi  bas  been 


the  above  sums  bave  been 
received  by  the  minor  canons,  and 
tbe  gentlemen  of  tbe  choir ;  and 
divided  among  themselvef,  after 
partums  allowed  to  the  officers  of 
the  choir;  the  Dean  and  Chapter 
neither  interfering^  nor  knowing 
when  the  division  was  made. 

''This  aamt  was  made  to  the 
choir  in  Ime  year  IpQl,  on  the 
conditym  that,  receiving  the  bene- 
fits from  the  exhibition  of  the  mo« 
nument«(y  thev  should  keep  the 
monuments  always  clean.  This, 
however,  had  not  been  done ;  and 
when  die  ])ean  and  Chapter 
vriidied^  after  his  majesty's  coro- 
natiOD»  to  i^ve  to  the  Abbey  as 
much  beauty  as  possibk^  they 
cleaned  all  the  monuments  at  ^heir 
own  private  expense,  with  the  sole 
exception  of  the  royal  moniuaents, 
whidi  were  subsequently  rqpi^red 
and  cleaned,  without  any  agency 
of  the  Dean  and  Chapter,  who 
only  knew  the  amount  of  the 
chsirge  for  that  work  fi^om  the  list 
of  contingencies  lately  submitted 
to  parliament 

"  The  Dean  and  Chapter  have 
made  the  above  statement,  in  ord^ 
to  meet  the  wishes  of  your  honour- 
able House.  They  will  now  beg 
leave  to  say  a  (bw  words  on  behalf 
of  themselves. 

**  They  would  humbly  represent, 
that  theif  church  is  entitled  to  its 
share  of  the  general  favour  and 
protection  given  by  law  and  usage 
to  the  church  of  England  at  large, 
and  that  it  has  its  common  righ^ 
which  it  must  always  be  anxious 
to  preserve. 

"  It  is  their  duty  and  their  pide 
to  represent  f m^her  to  your  honour- 
able House,  that  they  have  the 
honour  to  hold  their  church 
Vf^  a  special  charter^  granted 


by  the  beoerolenee  of  the  crown. 
In  this  charter,  queen  Elizabeth 
has,  of  her  free  bounty,  conftarred 
the  churph  on  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  for  ever#  and  has  subjected 
it  to  their  sole  and  lawful  manage- 
ment 

"  And  further,  thdr  founder  has 
not  only  empowered,  but  reqiured 
them  to  defend  the  nrivileges  and 
immunities  which  die  has  thus 
bestowed  upon  them,  against  all 
aggression  or  encroachment 

''By  order  (^  the  Dean  andChiq^ 
ter,  Gbokgb  Gi<.B8  Vi|(- 
GBNT,  Chapter-Qerk." 

24.  MAUionr  THun8nAT--*-At 
the  King's-chapel  Royaly  St  Jamei^s 
Palace,  about  one  hundred  of  the 
juvenile  branches  q£  the  nobility 
and  gentry  were  confirmed  W  the 
bish(m  of  London,  as  dean  of  this 
chapel,  assisted  by  the  sub-dean, 
and  the  rev,  Mr*  Oakley,  his  lord- 
ship's chaplain. 

At  his  majesty's  chapel^  MThite* 
hall,  the  usual  annual  royal  dona- 
tkms  were  distributed  to  as  many 
poor  men  and  women  as  the  king 
IS  years  old,  viz.  64  of  each* 

A  temporary  building  had  been 
constructed  at  the  back  of  White- 
hall chapel  for  the  occasion,  which 
was  divided  into  two  compavt- 
ments,  the  larger  for  the  reception 
of  the  Maon^  men  and  women. 
Ai  the  ends^  seats  were  prepared 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  visir 
tors,  who  were  admitted  by  tickets ; 
the  smaller  room  was  $tted  up 
with  shelves,  as  a  store  larder,  on 
which  were  anan^ed  the  salt  fish, 
loaves  of  bread,  &c  to  be  distri- 
buted. 

Abouteleven  o'clock  the  Maundy 
peqple  arrived,  and  were  arranged 
by  the  attendants,  the  men  at  one 
table,  and  the  women  at  the  other. 

Morning  &mcc.-^The  Msmiv- 
dy  people  being  seaited^  Mr«  HaplgTi 


48             ANNUAL  REGISTER.  cisas. 

secietary  to  the  lord  high  almoner^  the  health  of  King  Geoige  4di, 

and  Mr.    James,    groom  of   the  which  was  also  drank  by  the  le- 

almonry,  attended  by  the  Yeomen  cipients^   who  shortly  afterwards 

guards^  with  an  usher>  ordered  the  departed  with  their  load  of  pro* 

tables  to  be  covered  with  damask  visions.    At  two   o'clock  the  re- 

doths,  and  supplied  every  man  and  cipients  re-assembled  in  the   in- 

woman  with  a  loaf  weighing  one  terior  of  the  chapel,  to  receive  tb^ 

pound  and  a  half.    The  attendants  remainder  of  the  king's  Maundy. 

then  placed  on  both  tables  a  num-  Afternoon   Service.  —  At  three 

ber  m  wooden  dishes,  on  which  o'clock  the  Yeoman  usher,  followed 

were  pieces  of  fine  beef,  weighing  by  eleven  Yeomen  in  their  state 

three  and   three  quarter  pounds  dresses,  and  one  bearing  a  large 

a-piece.     At  twelve  o'clock,   the  gold  dish,  on  which  were  one  hun- 

sub-almoner,  the  rev.  Dr.  Grood-  dred  and  twenty-eight  purses,  each 

enough,  entered  the  room  in  his  purse  containing  a  soverdgn,  and 

robes,  attended  by  the  secretary,  small  silver  pennies,  as  many  as 

and  having  inspected  the  tickets  the  king  is  years  old ;  Mr.  House, 

of  admittance  of  the  Maundy  peo«  the  king's  Serjeant  of  the  vestries ; 

ple>    pronounced    the    following  the  sub-almoner,  followed  by  two 

Grace  before  Meat  :*m  ^Is  and  two  bo3rs  horn  the  West- 

"  Bless,    O  Lord,    this  Royal  minster  National  School,  selected 

Maundy  to  the  use  of  these  thy  for  their  good  conduct ;  the  secre- 

servants,  and  dispose  their  hearts  tary,  and  the  groom  of  the  almonry, 

to  the  praise  of  thy  Holy  Name,  &c.  &c  formed  in  procession,  aU 

with  gratitude  to  their  Royal  bene-  wearing  white  scarfs,  and  carrying 

factor,  through  Jesus  Clurist,  our  nosegays.— *Mr.  Co(^er  played  a 

Lord.    Amen."  solemn  piece,  on    the  processioD 

The  Doctor  then  inspected  the  entering  the  chapeL — ^The  prooes* 

quality  of  the  meat,  and  having  sion  advanced  up  the  ai^;  the 

seen  that  all  were  supplied  with  a  sub-almoner  and  two  Yeomen  took 

|nece  of  beef,  said  the  Grace  afler  their  station  within  the  altar,  the 

Meat:-^  officers  and  children  on  seats  in 

**  Grant,  O  Lord,  in  the  hearts  front  of  the  organ,  and  others  along 

of  these  people  grateful  obedience  the  aisle,   &c— The  appropriate 

to  the  Royal  dispenser  of  these  thy  church-service  for  the  day  was  then 

blessings,  and  cause  them  to  look  read  by  the  rev.  Dr.  Vivian,  the 

up  to  thee  as  the  Supreme  Author  rev.  Messrs.  Knapp,  Barham,  and 

of  every  good,  through  Jesus  Christ  Pack.— The  gentlemen  of  the  cha- 

Qur  Lord."  pel  royal  were  Messrs.  Gore,  Goul- 

The  cloths  were  then  removed, .  den,  Molyneux,  and  the  3roung 
and  a  wooden  platter,  on  which  gentlemen  of  the  chapel  royaL 
ivere  four  loaves,  two  salt  salmon,  29*  Balloon  Asgknt. — ^To- 
two  salt  cod,  eighteen  salt  herrings,  day,  Mr.  Green  made  his  forty- 
and  eighteen  red  ditto,  was  placed  eighth  ascent  from  the  bowling* 
before  each  person,  which  the  sub-  green  of  the  Eagle  tavern.  City- 
almoner  inspected.  The  distribu-  road.  He  was  accompanied  by 
tors  then  produced  several  leather  his  brother,  Mr.  Geoi^  Green, 
ilagons  filled  with  ale,  and  a  quan-  who  has  already  made  three  atrial 
tity  of  wooden  ale-cups,  out  of  voyages  with  success.  Notwidi- 
^wbich  the  sub-almoner  drank  to  istan£ng  the  frequent  din^point^ 


«AIL] 


CHRONICLE. 


49 


Bcnts  which  oocur  in  matters  of 
bis  sort,  an  immense  quantity  of 
be  holiday   folks    had   collected 
uund  the  house,  and  the  area  of 
be  theatre  of  action  was  tolerably 
rdl  filled  with  respectable  com- 
any.     At  nine  o'ciodc  the   pro- 
css      c^     inflation     commenced, 
ut  owing  to  the  coldness  of  the 
tmo^phere,    it  proceeded  slowly 
rir  the  first  two  or  three  hours. 
Vben  the  sun  shone  forth  at  noon, 
be  efilect  of  its  rays  was  speedily 
lercetTed  in  the  rapid  expansion  of 
be  machine,  which  was  now  full 
leariy  to  the  zone.     An  increased 
veKure     being    applied    to    the 
^aaameter,  the  gas  rushed  forcibly 
n,  and  at  a  quarter  past  three  a 
afficient  quantity  had   been  ob- 
aaned  to  answer  Hie  purpose.     In 
he  early  part  of  the  day,  a  pilot 
lailoon  was  sent  up  to  ascertain 
^  bearing  of  the  wind,  which 
^28  then  about  N.N.E.     A  short 
^mc  afto:  the  car  was  affixed,  a 
teoal  pilot  was  despatched,  when 
it  was  found  that  the  wind  had 
veered  about  one  point  eastward, 
^t  four  o'clock,    every  requisite 
prepacation  being  completed,  a  few 
Emnutes  afterwaras,  me  aeronauts 
took  their  seats,  and  Mr.  Green, 
iAcT    returning    thanks    to    his 
friends  for  the  liberal  patronasc 
^  bad  received,  intimatCKi  that,  m 
com^iance  with  the  wishes  of  se- 
veral respectable  families  in  the 
Dei^ibourhood,  he  should*  have  the 
\msmr  of  making  another  ascent 
(•n  the  following  Thursday.     The 
^tay.lines  being  slipped,  the  bal- 
i'^m    rose    majestiouly    from    its 
nioorings  to  the  height  of  two  or 
tHree  hundred  feet,  when  it  bore 
away  directly  N.E.     The  atmos- 
i^ere  being  uncommonly  dense,  it 
Was   soon  lost  to    the  eye,    and 
the    company     dispersed    highly 
gratified  with  the  spcctade*     The 

Vol.  LXVIIL 


balloon  was  called  ''The  Ghto- 
nation,"  but  was  not  the  same  in 
which  Mr.  G.  ascended  from  the 
Green  park  on  that  memorable  oc- 
casion. The  ffas  was  supplied 
from  the  establishment  in  Brick- 
lane.  The  City-road  and  its  vi- 
cinity were  excessively  crowded, 
and  a  feeling  of  satisfaction  was 
general.  Mr.  Sadler,  the  veteran 
aeronaut,  was  on  the  ground,  and 
seemed  to  regret  that  his  usual 
pursuits  were  at  an  end. 

Shbbp-stealino.— Two  hun- 
dred and  eighty-eight  persons  have 
been  convicted  of  this  offence  in 
England,  in  the  years  1823,  1824, 
1825;  of  whom  only  two  were  left 
for  execution.  The  persons  re- 
prieved were  sentenced  to  various 
punishments,  extending  from  six 
.weeks'  imprisonment  to  transporta- 
tion for  ILfe. 

PHENOMBNON.-^This  ui^ht,  a 
beautiful  phenomenon  made  its  ap- 
pearance in  the  heavens  a  little  be- 
fore eight  o'clock,  and  continued 
visible  for  the  space  of  fully  two 
hours.  Its  form  was  that  of  a 
rainbow,  but  much  broader,  and  its 
direction  was  almost  due  east  and 
west.  At  the  western  extremity  it 
dilated  considerably,  much  in  the 
form  of  a  fan,  and  from  thence  to 
beyond  the  middle  of  its  arch  pre- 
served a  pretty  regular  breadth, 
when  it  gradually  became  more 
dense  and  brilliant,  until  it  at  last 
terminated  in  a  sharp  point,  a  few 
degrees  above  the  eastern  horizon. 
It  inclined  from  the  zenith  a  few 
degrees  towards  the  south,  and  lat- 
terly so  much  so,  as  nearly  to  repre- 
sent a  bow  half  brought  to  a  level. 
The  outline  continued,  from  the 
first,  well  and  boldly  defined,  and 
the  body  extremely  luminous  and 
beautiful.  Its  density  varied  at 
short  intervals,  particularly  in  the 
western  section^  sometime?  almost 

£ 


60             ANNUAL   REGISTER.  qia 

o^bscoring  the  sUnfSy  and  agiin  be^*  lighted^    and   the    door   of  ik 

coming  fo  tian^arent  as  visibly  shop    was   opea*     Having   mob 

to  transmit  their    rays.    In  one  who  was  in  the  shop,  I  xetamed 

part  of  the  aroh^  several  deffrees  into  the  kitchen,  and  was  imm^ 

abdve  the  western  pointy  a  £ght  diately  followed  by  my  aunt,  wlio 

beading  f^Nxn  the  direct  line  was  went  into  the  oeUar  for  a  bottle  of 

visible^  and,  as  it  were,  a  splitting  beer ;  I  then  heard  some  choppiag 

ofthe body  into  separate  lines^  as  upon  the  blod:  in  the  shop;  tkt 

in  some  measure  to  resemble  a  €»-  sound  was  like  the  chopping  of 

taract ;  after  which  they  again  colt-  meat,  and  having  long  been 


lapsed)  and  ran  on  united  to  nearly  tomed  to  that  kind  ofiioise,  I  took 

its  termibation.    At  half^past  nine  no  notice  of  it.    About  two  nd- 

it  began  to  assume  a  more  trans-  nutes  after,  1  heard  the  mon^ 

parent  appearance,  and  mdually  drawer  in  the  shop  fall,  and  tk 

diminished  in  lustre,  unul  it  altoo-  money  roUins  on  the  floor.    I  im- 

gether  vanished  aboot  ten  o^dock  stantly  rose  ftom  my  seat  and  «ai 

SO.  WXAwvax.  AasiBfi8.-^7Wa/  gmng  towards  the  door  of  the  sbof^ 
of  Michael  Ford  f&t  Murder.^^  when  I  met  the  prisoner  in  the  all- 
Mr.  Justice  Littledak  having  en-^  tins^room  with  his  anna  inliftai 
tercd  the  court,  liGchad  Feed  was  andadeaverinhishttidB.  Hem 
placed  al  the  bar.  making  towards  the  kifeeiien  wka 

Mary  R^ryd^eeed  as  fellows:  ladwmoed,  and  I  toldhimthatk 

— The   deceased,   Richard  Penry,  had    killed   my  uncle,      i   An 

was  myunde,  and  kept  a  hudcster's  wrenched  the  deaver  fium  !>■> 

£^p,   in  Maty-Ann-street,   Bir-  and  in   endeavouring  to  pan  hf 

nungfaam.     I  had  biown  the  pri«  him,  I  pu^ied  him  down  mn  ^ 

soner  perfectly  well  bydght,  £ot  floor,  ran  dirough  the  shop  into  tk 

five  weeks  previous  to  the  murder,  street,  and  cave  an  alann,  Ivf  oy* 

He  was  in  the  habtt  of  coming  to  ingout  '^  Mmder  f    The  prisoner 

the  shop  for  goods,  forwhkh  my  immediatdy   followed    me^    sad 

unele  gave  him  eredit  from  week  to  made  his  escape  before  I  coeid  get 

week.    On  the  n^t  ^^e  6th of  any  body  to  my  assistance.    At  f 

December,  soon  after  ten  o'dodc,  nm  through  the  shop  I  saw  mf 

being  in  the  kitdien  ci  my  uncle's  unde  lying  behind  die  oou^cTf 

house,  I  overheard  a  conversation  and  Uood  issuing  ftt>m  his  htt> 


between  him  aTid  some  perscm  in    Wyie  I  was  screaming,  my  aoat 
idle  shop,  end,  on  going  into  a  sit-    came  out  of  the  cdkr. 


dag-)roomb^;ween  t^kitdieufltid  the  shop  when  I  returned  ints  it 

the  shop,  I  locdfied  through  a  win-  We  then  went  to  my  unck,  and 

dcrw,   and  observed  the  prisoner  tried  to  lift  him  d^,  but  could  not, 

talking  with  my  unde  and  aunt.    I  till  some  persons  came  to  ov  si- 


heard  him  say  he  would  have  a  sistanoe.    On  examiniag 

hough  of  pork,  whidi  he  would  found  that  he  had  received 

pay  for,  that  his  bill  misht  not  be  wounds  on  the  head ;  weatkagck 

so  large  on  the  Satunuy  ni^t.  sucoeeded  in  removing  hnn  into  the 

The   prisoner  vras  at    this  tone  kitdien.     My  unde  had  a  black 

standing  about  the  middle  of  the  straw  hat  on  while  he  wn  taDdag 

eonnter,  «nd  my  unde  on  the  op-  to  the  prisoner,  which  was  gives* 

uos&te  dde,  where  he  usually  served  together  with  the  deaver,  toMr* 

Ua^wtcoMn.    The  xmdles  wope  Adkins,    the   pdke-ofieer.    [A 


MAR.1  CHRONICLE.  61 

dearer  WM  here  pt)dooed  by  Mr.  steam-packet,  whioli  was  bound  for 
Adkins,  who  stated  that  it  was  a  Ireland.  On  seeing  him,  he  asked, 
sharp  instrumenty  and  that  it  had  him  to  take  his  Im  hand  out  of 
somo  blood  on  Uie  edge  when  It  his  pocket ;  he  did  so,  and  witness 
first  came  into  his  possession.  On  then  perceived  the  first  joint  of  the 
its  being  shown  to  the  witness,  she  third  finger  missing,  and  the  little 
was  so  much  afiected  that  she  could  finger  crooked  j  he  dbsenred  also 
not  proceed  in  her  testimony  for  the  hole  in  his  cheek.  Oninquir« 
some  minutes.^  This  deayer  is  ins  what  his  name  was,  he  said 
tl»  same  I  wrenched  firem  the  pri-  Jcmn  Hanbuiy.  He  took  him  to 
sonex^s  hands.  The  drawer  now  Bridewell,  and  read  over  the  hand* 
prodaoed  is  the  same  I  found  on  bill  to  hhn,  whioh  chained  him 
the  flcxnr  of  the  shop,  and  it  Is  with  the  murder  of  Mr.  Peny. 
m>tted  with  blood.  My  uncle's  Witness  then  adked  if  he  had  eome 
bla^  hat,  which  is  also  produced,  fiom  Birmingham^  to  which  he  re- 
is  now  full  of  holes,  and  is  my  own  plied,  that  he  had  never  been  th^e 
make,  and  was  delivered  by  me  to  in  his  life. 
Adkins.  My  uncle  died  on  the  The  case  being  closed  on  the 
7Ui ;  he  never  spoke  from  the  time  part  of  die  prosemition,  and  the 
he  was  found  ofn  the  floor  to  the  prisoner  being  called  upon  for  his 
time  of  his  death.  defence,  he  said  he  was  innocent 
Hannah  Perry,  the  widow  of  the  of  the  crime  imputed  to  him,  and 
deceased,  deposed  tonearly  the  same  diathe  ^neverhad  anything  to 
drcumstances.  do  vrith  him." 

Francis  Elkington,  surgeon,  was       The  jury,   after  five  minutes 

called  to  the  deceased,  and  exa-  consultation,   found  the  prisoner 

mined  the  wounds  on  his  head.  Guilty.      Sentence  of  death  was 

There  was  one  in  the  fordbead,  then  passed  upon  him,  and  ordered 

nx  inches  in  extent,  which  had  cut  to  be  carried  into  executbm   on 

through  the  bone  and  severed  the  Monday  following. 

membranes  of  the  brain,  about  an        81.    St.    PE'rBR^tmGH«-«->Hi8 

inch  deep.     The   other  wound,  majesty,  the  emperor  of  Russia,  has 

which  was  on  the  back  part  of  the  addressed  the  following  letter  to 

head,  five  inches  and  a  half  in  ex-  the  duke  of  Wellington. 

tent,  had  penetrated  into  the  sub*        "  To  our  Field-Marshal  Gene* 

stance  of  thelurain,  apart  of  which  ral  the  Dukeof  Wellington. 

lay  on  the  surface  m  the  wound.        ''  In  order  to  testify  to  you  my 

Death  vras  a  neoessaiy  consequence  particular  esteem  for  your  great 

€i  either  of  these  wounds.    The  qualities,  and  for  the  distinguished 

cleaver  produced  was  a  very  likely  services  which  you  have  rendered 

instrument  to  cause  such  incisions,  to  all  Europe,  it  will  be  highly 

Robert  Boughey,  a  police-officer  agreeable  to  me  if  one  regiment  ci 

of  Liverpool,  in  consequence  of  my  army  bears  your  name.    On 

tome  hand-bills  he  received,  went  this  day  the  igth'CSlstj  of  March, 

in  search  of  the  prisoner,  and  met  on  which  Paris  was  taxen  twelve 

him  on  Friday,  die  9th  of  Decern-  years  ago,  and  an  ever  memorable 

her,  about  eleven  o'clock  in  the  contest,  in  which  the  good  cause, 

day,  on  the  Pier  head,  in  Liver-  indebted  to  you  for  such  splendid 

pool,  and  afterwards  apprehended  triumphs^  was  terminated,  I  have 

mm  on  board  the  City  rf  London  given  ^dsrs  Unit  the  (Smoknsko 

E2 


52  ANNUAL   REGISTER.  cisaft 

regiment  of  infantry,  formed  by  felony  and  misdemeanors,   13  ;  in- 

Peter  the  Great,  and  one  of  the  sane,    1 ;    committed    under    the 

most   distinguished  of  my  army,  bankrupt  laws,  2;  committed  Ij 

which  was  formerly  under  your  the  court  of  King's-bench>  1  ;  for 

command  in  France,  shall  hence-  trial  for  a  misdemeanor  in  the  court 

forward   be  called  the   Duke   of  of    King's-bench,  2 :    judgments 

Wellington's  Begiment,  as  I  wish  respited,  2 ;   remanded  from  last 

hereby  to  give  you  a  proof  of  my  session,  S ;  for  trial  at  the  ensuiiig 

constant  and  sincere  regard."  sessions,  366:  total  453. 

(Signed)        "  Nicholas."  Of  the  above  number  there  are 

___.__._____^__  339  males  and  11 6  females. 

ADi>TT  *•     Atrocious    Assault. — 

A^^llj.  Samuel  Gilbert  was  found  guihy 

1.  Accident. —-  The  Dorking  at  the  Taunton  assizes,  of  robbing 

coach  left  the  Elephant  and  Castle  Charlotte  Smith.    The  conduct  of 

at  nine  o'clock,  full  inside  and  out*  the  prisoner  towards  the  proiocu- 

side,  and  arrived  safe  at  Ewell,  trix  surpassed  in  atrocity  that  of 

when  Joseph  'Walker,  the  driver  almost  any  person  who  had  ever 

and  proprietor,  alighted  for  the  appeared   at  the  bar  of  justice, 

purpose  of  delivering  a  parcel  from  Having  enticed  her  to  vralk  with 

the  back  part  of  the  coach,  and  him    to  his    aunt's*    he    on    the 

gave  the  reins  to  a  boy  who  sat  on  road  attempted  to  violate  her.   She 

the  box.    While  he  was  delivering  resisted ;    he    threw    her    down, 

the  parcel  to  a  person  who  stood  near  stamped  upon  her,  and  tore  hei 

theafterwhedof  the  coach,  the  boy  clothes  into  strips:  he  then  took 

cracked  the  whip,  and  the  horses  set  her  in  his  arms,  and  carried  her 

off  at  full  speed.     Several  attempts  to  the  river,  threatening  to  throw 

were  madetostopthem,  but  in  vain;  her  in  if  she  would  not  complj 

they,  passed  Ewell  church,  and  tore  with  his  desires:  she  begged  for 

away  about  twelve  yards  of  strong  mercy ;  he  then  dragged  her  into 

paling,  when,  the  wheels  mount-  a  lane,  threw  her  over  a  gate,  and 

mg  a  small  eminence,  the  coach  cast  her  into  a  muddy  ditch ;  still 

was  overturned,  and  the  whole  of  he  could  not  accomplish  his  pur- 

the  passengers  were  thrown  from  pose,  owing  to  her  determined  rc- 

the  roof.     Some  of  them  were  in  sistance.     He  af^rwards  pressed 

a  state  of  insensibility,  showing  no  her  head  into  the  mud,  and  nearly 

symptoms  of  life.  One  female,  who  suffocated  her,  and  would  probahlj 

was  thrown  upon    some    spikes,  have  done  so,  if  he  had  not  heard 

which  entered  her  breast  and  neck,  the  barking  of  a  dog;  she  then, 

was  dreadfully  mutilated,  none  of  hoping  to  get  rid  of  him,  fe^y 

her  features  being  distinguishable ;  said,  '^  The  lord  be  praised,  here's 

she  lingered   until  the  following  my   father !"  when  the  prisonar 

day,    when    she    expired  in  the  tore  off  her  pocket,  forcibly  pulled 

greatest  agony.  out  her  ear-rings,  and  ran  away. 

3.  State  op  Newgate. — Pri-  6.  Encounter  with  a  Map 

soners  imder  sentence  of  death,  14 ;  Dog.  —  Mr.  Lloyd,  hatter,  near 

transportation  for  Hfe,  12 ;  transpor-  the  Adelphi,  had  a  very  fine  New- 

tation  for  14  years,  7 ;  ditto  for  7  foundland  dog,  of  enormous  sue, 

years,  32 ;  under  senten^  of  im-  which    he    had    reared    from  i 

prisQAO^^t  fQj^  Yari9U9  periods^  for   whelp,  $9  docile  and  (Uod  W99tb« 


APR.3               CHRONICLE.  53 

animal^  that  it  was  the  constant  &c  was  procured.  The  dog-fancier, 
play-fellow  of  Mr.  Lloyd's  seven  however,  determined  to  have  an 
young  children,  and  his  first  visit,  interview  first  with  the  dog,  who 
on  quitting  his  kennel  every  mom-  now,  ratherexhaustedfrom  me  vio- 
ing,  was  to  the  apartment  which  lentrage  and  exertions  of  more  than 
the  children  occupied.     On  Mon-  an  hour,  laid  himself  down  in  his 
day  morning  Mr.  Lloyd  heard  the  kenneL    The  man  approached  him, 
dog  making  an  unusual  noise  at  but  the  dog  heeded  him  not ;  the 
the  door  oi   the  yard  where  the  man  then   very  dexterously  con- 
kennel  was,  and  which  commu-  trived  to  slip  the  noose  of  the  rope 
nicates  directly  with  the  house,  over  the  anunal's  head,  which  was 
Most  providentially  on  this  occa-  out  of  the  kennel,  while  the  fire 
aion,  contrary  to  the  usual  custom,  flashed  from  his  eyes.    Still  the 
this  door  did  not  happen  to  be  then  animal  did  not  attend  to  him,  until 
open,  90  as  to  allow  the  dog  to  enter  the  man  dragged  him  by  the  rope 
the  house.     On  hearing  this  noise  out  of  the  kennel.     Now  began  a 
irom  the  dog,  Mr.  Lloyd  looked  out  frightful  contest,  the  dog  sprang  in- 
at  a  bock  wmdow,  and  saw  the  ani-  stantly  at  the  roan's  throat ;  but  the 
mal  attempting  to  force  the  ^oor,  latter  presented  the  broom-handle 
howling  in  the  wildest  manner,  and  horizontally  to  him,    which   the 
his  mouth  covered  with  foam  and  animal  seized,  and  tore  with  his 
slime.     Mr.  Lloyd  suspecting  that  teeth  until  he  forced  it  from  the 
something  must  be  wrong,  pro-  man's  grasp ;  still  the  man  held  the 
cured  a  pail  of  water  and  dashed  rope,  and  he  now  too  laid  hold  of 
it  over  the  animal,  which  now  be-  a  chain  which  hung  from  the  dog's 
came  ten  times  more  furious,  with  neck  with  the  other  hand.     The 
the  fire  darting  firom  his  eyes,  so  dog  repeatedly  flew   at  the  man's 
that  no  doubt  remained  of  its  mad-  throat,  and  when  on  his  hind  legs 
ness.     Mr.  Lloyd  sent  for  a  man  stood  as  high  as  the  man  himself, 
who  had  wormed  the  dog  when  a  but    the    latter,    by    dexterously 
whelp,  to  have  his  opinion  as  to  checking  him  to  the  left  with  one 
his  state.     On  the  arrival  of  this  hand,  and  to  the  right  with  the 
man,  he  entered  the  yard  where  otlier,  each  time  he  flew  at  him, 
the  furious  animal  was,    in  the  turned  him  from  the  direction  of 
most  undaunted  manner,  with  a  his  own  throat.    At  length,  how- 
broom-handle  in  one  hand  and  a  ever,  the  man  became  exhausted 
rope,  with  a  noose  to  it,  in  the  from  the  force  and  fury  of  the 
other.     At  this  time  a  vast  crowd  dog's  attacks,  and  called  out  to  the 
of  persons  had  collected  at  the  dif-  spectators  for  assistance.      There 
ferent  windows  that  overlook  the  was  a  general  cry  to  shoot  the  in- 
yard ;  and  a  court  which  adjoins  furiated  animal,  and  in  an  instant 
it,    leading  to  the  Strand,    was  some  dozen  gun  barrels  were  di- 
choeked  with  spectators,  who  from  rected  to  the  spot.     The  man,  no 
that  spot  could  see  the  whole  pro-  doubt,  preferring  to  take  his  chance 
ceeding.     Mr.  Lloyd  endeavoured  with  even  the  dog  to  the  chance  of 
to  persuade  the  man  not  to  enter  adischarge  of  musketry,  roared  out, 
the  yard,   but  proposed  at  once  for  mercy  not  to  fire,  and  then  for 
shooting  the  dog.     Several  neigh-  the  first  time  the    armed  gentry 
hours  made  the  same  proposal,  and  recollected  that  the  shooting  of  the 
asupply  of  blunderbusses,  muskets,  dog  would  be  attended  with  the 


M 


ANNUAL  REGISTER.         ^m 


like  ftte  to  the  man.  Thedoghod 
now  nearl J  got  the  complete  mas- 
tery of  his  opponent,  when  the  lat- 
ter called^ "  for  God's  sake,  let  some 
men  come  down,  and  knock  the 
dog  on  the  head."  This  was  no 
sooner  said  than  done ;  several  men 
sprang  into  the  yard,  armed,  with 
iron  haiTB,  sticks,  &&  and  in  an  in* 
stant  the  dog^s  head  was  beaten  to 
pieces  nearly  in  the  arms  of  the 
man ;  and  thus  ended  this  fright- 
ful contest,  without  the  man  having 
received  even  a  scratch* 

8.  SHBBtFPs'  Court. — Messrs. 
W.  and  R.  F.  Bell,  of  Iron  Gate, 
Wharfingeri  and  Warehouse^ 
keepers,  v.  St  Kaikerine  Dock 
Company^-^ 

Amount  of  Claim. , 

Claim  for  Compeiuation  for      £. 
OoodirUl ,. 29,106 

Claim  for  the  Value  of  Claim- 
ants* Interest  in  unexpired 
term  of  Lease 7,000 

Claim  for  Fixtures,  Utensils, 
and  Improvements 1,000 

Claim  for  expense  of  the  re- 
moval of  the  Merchandise 
noir  in  the  Warehouses  of 
the  Claimants 880 

Total  Demand j^«37,986 

The  Attorney  General  opened 
the  case  on  the  part  of  the  claim- 
ants.  Messrs.  Bell,  it  appeared  from 
his  statement,  were  wharfingers 
and  warehousekeepers,  carr^g  on 
extensive  husiness  at  Iron  Gate 
wharf  and  Tower-hill ;  they  occu-* 
pied  warehouses  of  great  size,  and 
had  a  very  considerable  share  of  the 
Baltic  business,  their  warehouses 
being  occupied  principally  with 
hemp,  flax,  tallow,  ashes,  and  iron ; 
the  whole  of  which  business,  he  was 
instructed  to  state,  would  be  an- 
nihilated by  the  constructicm  of  the 
St.  Katharine  docks. 

Evidence  was  examined  at  great 
length  in  support  of  several  of  the 
items  of  claim. 


The  ease  of  Messrs.  Bcfl  biviitf 
been  doaed,  Mr.  Adam  addmn 
the  jury  on  the  part  of  the  Dock 
Company,  who  had  unsuoeesMI^ 
used  every  possible  effort  to  nego* 
date  witii  Messrs.  Bell ;  and  bsd 
proposed  a  reference  to  arfaitixtaii^ 
which  had  been  dedined*  Mean. 
Bell  had  also  reAised  to  AnniA  sqr 
particulars,  or  evoi  explanadoDydf 
their  demands ;  they  resisted  lb 
inspection  of  their  books  and  ^ 
counts,  and  had  declined  a  p» 
posal  on  the  part  of  tiie  Dock 
Company,  to  appmnt  aocountiati 
on  both  sides,  upon  oath,  by  whoft 
examination  of  those  Ix^ks  and  lo- 
coutits,  the  Company  were  eonteat 
to  abide.  Messrs.  BeU  having  thus 
refused  every  overture  at  anussUe 
arrangement,  the  Dodc  Con^uij 
were  reluctantly  compdled  to  meet 
them  before  a  jury ;  and,  in  the 
absence  of  every  inKmnation,  weie 
prevented  from  making  any  ofe. 
Under  these  ciroumstonces,  a  n^- 
minal  tender  of  five  ahiUiogs  bai 
been  resorted  to,  so  as  to  brmg  the 
question  fairly  to  issue.  MnAdsa 
proceeded  to  state  that  this  was  die 
only  case  which  the  Dodc  Com- 
pany had  not  hitherto  been  ahle  to 
adjust  without  having  reoooneto 
a  jury.  Purchases  exceeding 
200,000/.  had  already  been  made 
by  them  in  f  urtheranoe  of  the  pin^ 
poses  of  the  act. 

The  Under  Sheriff  summed  np^ 
and,  after  the  Jury  had  redied  far 
a  considerable  time,  ihey  tetumed 
a  verdict  of  280/.  as  the  value  d 
the  daimants*  interest  in  the  kss^ 
and  8,720/.  for  the  good-will,  fix- 
tures, utensils,  improvements,  sad 
expense  of  removal  of  the  meidtin- 
dice  from  the  warehouses-^in  tU* 
9,000/. ;  the  fixtures  and  utendf 
to  be  the  property  of  the  Dock 
Company.  This  cause  oceopied 
the  Court  from  ten  o*dock  b  die 


APB.3               CHRONICLB,  US 

aiondiig  until  «  o'doek  in  tlie  launch  their  pfmt»  fbr  the  porpeie 

cvaniiiff.  of  going  on  hoard  the  hoatj  Uien 

9.     iXaNGBBOus    FiRB.— Thia  lying  in  the  lake.    Soon  id^  one 

Wfom&tkg,  hetween  one  and  two  o'diKk,  anxious  to  eet  on  board  tso 

eVloek^  the  inhabitants  of  St  Mary  do  th«ir  dutj,  they  roroed  their  way 

Azewtatealarmedbycriesof^'Fire/'  through  the  surf,  and#  notwith-* 

wliieb  liad  suddenly  brolcea  out  in  standuig  the  swells  succeeded  in 

the  hooiD  Na  21^  oooupicd  by  a  reaching  the  side  of  the  boat.    J. 

leqpeetaUe   widow   lady,    named  Hughes  had  the  oommand  of  Ae 

Game,    It  wesfiistdisooyeredby  tiller^   and  being  aware   of  the 

ikib  waldunaB,  and  a|qpeared  to  oritiod  state  in  which  diey  would 

have    oommenoed  on   the  second  be  placed  in  nearing  the  boat>  ad« 

floor.  The  lives  of  four  youngmen^  vised  his  companions  to  sit  stiU  and 

who  slept  in  the  attics,  were  ex-  be  steady ;  this  caution  was  also 

pond  to  imminent  xisk.  Some  of  the  lepeated  by  capu  Parry,  the  second 

wntdiBien  rushed  up  through  clouds  master,  who  was  then  on  board  Uie 

of  amoke,  in  order  to  arouse  them ;  pilot-boat.    Upon  the  approach  of 

but  on  gaining  the  second  landing,  the  punt,  a  sli^  caUiaimi  against 

It  was  ascertained  that  the  staircase  the  side  of   uie  pilot-boat    took 

leading  to  their  apartments  had  place,  which  was  not  to  be  avoided; 

ftdlen  in,  and  considerable  appro*  the  punt  heeled,  and  several  of  the 

hensions  were  entertained  for  ^eir  men  rising,  h)st  their  equipoise,  and, 

safetj.      They    were    at    length  the  punt  turning  keel  upwards,  the 

anmsed  by  the  shouting  of  the  whole    crew  were  dadied  under 

people  in  the  streets,  and  they  soon  water.  At  this  trying  and  perilous 

after  attempted  to  effect  th^  re»  moment,  the  commander  of  the 

treat  downwards,  but  the  attempt  pilot-boat,  and  four  men,  who  were 

was  hopeless,  for  the  stairs  were  then    on  board,    with   admirable 

now  wnolly  oonsumed,   and  the  presence  of  mind,  threw  the  scuttle, 

flames  were  rapidly  ckudng  around  roughtrees,  oars,  and  other  thiii^ 

them.     In  this  dilemma,  they  be-  overboard,  to  enable  the  poor  foU 

thought  them  of  getting  out  on  lows  to  \eep  above  water ;   in  ad« 

the  roof,  and  after  some  exertions  dition  to  this,  they  also  succeeded 

they  forced  the  attic  window,  which  in  righting  the  punt,  and  saving 

was  fastened,  and  escaped  to  the  one  man  who  had  seised  the  scuttle; 

leads,  but  not  without  having  been  two  others,  one  of  whom  had  dung 

seriously  burned  on  the  han&  and  to  the  cable,  were  saved  fttnn  the 

arms.  The  upper  part  of  the  house,  deck  of  the  pilot-boat,  by  means 

however,  was   totaUy  oonsumed,  of  ropes.    The  unfortunate  situa- 

and  the  rear  of  the  next  partially  tion  of  the  boat's  ^crew  had  also 

injured*  been  observed  ftom  the  shore,  and 

10.  Six  Pilots  Dbownbd.—  the  Custom-house  boat  pushed  off 

{From  ike  Lherpool  Courier  J, —  with  the  greatest  promptness  to 

On  Monday  last,  in  the  forenoon,  the  relief  of  the  sufferers.    By  this 

the  twelve  men  belonginff  to  No.  8,  means  three  more  of  the  crew  were, 

pQot-boat,  crossed,  by  Sind,  from  happily,  picked  up,  after  they  had 

Seaoomb  to  Hoylake.     Upon  their  been  struggling  for  near  half  an 

arrival,  they  found  a  heavy  surf  hour,  partially  supporting  them- 

upon  the  beaeb,  whidi  baflled  se-  selves  by  the  oars,  &c.,  which  they 

veral  efforts  which  the^  mad^  to  |^t  hold  of;   and|   during  that 


56  ANNUAL  REGISTER.        im. 

period,  they  bid  each  other  "  good  which  ate  contknioas  to  the  sttjge, 

bye,"  judgmg  that  their  final  hour  was  at  work  at  mt  furnace,  nuikug 

was  come.    Five  of  the  six  men,  sufficient  gas  for  the  use  of  die 

thus  providentially  snatched  from  house  for  Tuesday  nisht;  wheo, 

a  pr^nature  grave,  were  imme-  on  looking  to  the  stage,  he  disoover^i 

diately  taken  on  shore,  and  experi-  ed  one  or  two  of  the  set  pieces  to 

enced  the  most  marked  and  humane  be  on  fire.  He  immediately  aiouied 

attention  from  Mr.  Evans,  at  his  an  old  man,  named  Barney,  md 

hotel.     The  other  was  taken  to  a  his  family,  who  have  resided  mmj 

neighbouring  public-house.     The  years  in  the  theatre,  and  they,  with 

bodies  of  the  six  unfortunate  suf-  the  utmost  difficulty,  efiected  thai 

ferers  have  not  yet  been  found,  escape  into  the  street, 
although  every  exertion  has  been        The  fiames  soon  burst  throoj^ 

made  to  find  them.     Their  names  the  staee-door ;  and  such  was  that 

are,  William  Jones,  Thomas  Jones,  fury,  that  they  reached  completi^ 

Owen  Thomas,  Henry  Priestnell,  across  Well-street.     It  being  ibh 

Thomas     Bennett,     and     Angus  possibly  for  the  fire-men  to  stand 

Clarke,  four  of  them  joume3n[nen,  facing  the  burning  building ;  thej 

and  two  apprentices,   all   strong,  took  their  stations  at  either  end  of 

active,  and  efficient  youne  men.  the  Theatre,  and  threw  the  water 

If  there  be  any  cause  tor  blame  upon  the  flames  as  well  as  the 
in  this  melancholy  affair,  it  wiU,  situation  would  allow, 
we  believe,  be  found  in  the  ardent  The  utmost  fears  prevailed  for 
2eal  manifested  by  the  entire  boat's  the  safety  of  the  whole  nddlibour* 
crew  to  get  on  board  as  early  as  hood,  as,  at  the  rear  of  the  Theatre, 
possible,  and  to  accomplish  at  one  were  the  spacious  sugar-houses  of 
trip  that  which  they  ought  to  have  Messrs.  Croucher  and  Bishop,  and 
done  at  two,  and  thus  crowding  a  Messrs.  Clinker,  and  if  they  had 
small  boat  with  a  greater  number  caught  fire,  the  whole  of  Dock- 
of  men  than  she  ought,  in  such  street,  which  is  inhabited  by  poor 
weather,  to  have  had  on  board.  families,  must  have  fallen  asacr^ce. 
•  11.  Royalty  Theatre  Burn-  At  three  o'clock  the  roof  of  the 
BD. — Monday  night,  after  the  play  theatre  fell  in.  This  circumstance 
of  Richard  the  Third,  a  new  Melo-*  somewhat  damped  or  smothered  the 
drame,  called  Kenrick  the  Accursed,  flames,  and  the  firemen  were  en- 
was  produced  for  the  first  time ;  in  abled  to  approach  the  front  of  the 
the  last  scene  of  the  second  act  of  building,  and  play  upon  the  ruins 
-which  was  a  representation  of  with  more  effect.  About  half  past 
Mount  £tna,  in  a  state  of  eruption ;  four  o'clock,  the  conflagration  was 
and,  in  order  better  to  represent  so  far  subdued,  that  there  was  no 
the  burning  fluid  from  the  crater,  danger  of  further  mischief, 
a  quantity  of  composition  was  The  cause  of  the  fire  is  beUered 
employed  to  represent  the  red  fire,  to  be  owing  to  the  gas  used  oa  the 
In  this  performance  only  about  half  stage  as  side  lights  not  having  been 
a  pound  of  the  powder  was  used,  properly  turned  off*  at  the  dose  of 
which  in  itself  is  perfectly  harmless,  the  performance,  and  having  cooh 

About  one,  or  a  little  after,  the  municated  to  the  set  pieces  of  scenes 

whole  of  the    performers  had  left  near  them, 
the  theatre.  Evans,  a  man  employ-        The  loss  is  estimated  at  about 

ed  in  the  gas-works  of  the  theatre,  18,000/. 


APR3  CHRONICLE.  57 

12.  Thx  Nbw  CoVBT.—- ^ffg^  deceased,  can^   to  lodge  at  my 

Imrgk. — The  new  comet  passed^  master's  on  Tuesday^  and  towards 

ance  the  1st.  instant,  from  star  d  morning    became    very    restliess. 

of  the  Bull,  from  the  right  fore-  About  twelve  o'clock  on  Wednes^ 

foot,    into    the    constellation    of  day  morning,  I  went  up  stairs,  to 

Otion,   where  it  passed  between  put  the  room  in  order,  and  to  make 

^  star  n  and  o ;  and  on  the  8th  the  beds ;  when  he  unfiistened  the 

was  near  the  star  k  in  the  Lion-s  door,  by  removing  a  chain  from  it. 

ddn,  which  Orion  weais  in  the  On  my  goins  into  his  j^»rtment, 

left^om.     On  the  8th  of  April,  at  he  held  up  his  throat,  in  which 

8  L  40  min.  S5  see.  5.  mean  time  there  was  a  wound,  and  desired 

in  the  evening,  its  north  inclina-  me  to  look  at  it ;  I  ^d  so ;  and  he 

tion  was  10  deg.  11  min.  35  sec.  then  told  me  "  that  the  devil  had 

Notwithstanding  the  goodness  of  been  with  him  all  night,  and  had 

the  telescope,  the  comet  appeared  cut  it ;"  there  was,  at  the  same 

▼ery  faint,   and  its  nucleus   was  time,    some  broken   glass  in  his 

haidly  risible.     Its  cour^  is  now  hand.     He  afterwards  came  down 

towards  the  head  of  Orion.  stairs ;  before  he  did  so,  he  pushed 

The  spot  in  the  sun,  which  en-  the  bed  from  the  fire-place ;  I  saw 

tcitd  the  disc  on  the  28th  of  March,  a    piece    of    handkerchief.      My 

passed  out  of  it  on  the  10th  of  master  asked  him  what  he  had 

April,  in   the   afternoon.     It  in-  been  doing  to  me;  but  he  made 

creased  in  magnitude  to  such  a  no  answer:   he  afterwards,  how- 

degree,  that  on  the  4th  instant  it  ever,  told  him  that  the  devil  had 

was  above  thrice  the  size  of  our  cut  his  throat.     He  had  a  nail  in 

earth.     On  the  8th,  at  a  quarter  his  hand  when  he  came  down ;  and 

past  three  in  the  afternoon,  Reau-  in  his  bed-room  I  saw  a  pair  of 

miur's  thermometer  was  at  31  deg.  snuffers,  covered  with  blood.     He 

^  min.  in  the  sun,  and  l6  deg.  was  removed  into  the  tap-room, 

3  min.  in  the  shade,  when  Saus-  and  a  doctor  was  sent  for ;  after 

surc's    hydrometer    indicated     a  which  he  was  sent  to  the  hospital. 

drTn^s  ot  only   1  deg.     On  the  I  never  heard  him  say  any  more 

10th,  fme  weather  changed,  and  than    what    I     have    mentioned, 

the  nights  were  gloopiy.     Yester-  He  slept  by  himself,  and  I  have 

day  only  one  smaH  spot  in  the  sun  no  doubt  that  he  committed  the 

was  seen,  which  had  just  entered  fatal  act  himself,  and  that  he  was 

the  disc.  insane  at  the  time.    The  deceased 

Fanaticism. — Yesterday  even-  was  advanced  in  years,  and  was,  I 

iog  an  inquisition  was  taken  at  the  believe,  a  dog-fancier. 
London  hospital,  on  the  body  of        Joseph  Eiisom  examined.— I  am 

Joseph  Dunldns,    an  aged  man,  proprietor  of  the  Swan;  the  de- 

wbo  put  an  end  to  his  existence  ceased  was  a  stranger  to  me,  but 

while  labouring  under  the  influ-  was,  I  understood,  a  weaver  out  of 

ence  of  strong  fanatical  feelings.  emplo3rment.     The  servant  called 

The  evidence  given  on  the  occa-  me  as  he  was  coming  down  stairs ; 

BOn  was  as  follows :— •  I  saw  some  blood  and  glass  in  his 

Elhsa  Harris  examined. — I  am  room.     I  asked  him  what  he  had 

a  servant    at  the   Swan   public-  been  about;  and  he  said  that  the 

bouse,  Swan-yard,  Shoreditch ;  the  devil  had  been  busy  with  him. 


88  ANNUAL   REGISTER.         [im& 

A  terdiet  was  reooided^  <<  That  effuKih  aonMof  thepltuider,  per* 

the   deoaM0d   camaitted    suioido  severed  in  his  endearonn  to  eia»pe» 

while  in  a  state  of  derangement."  until  a  pistol  was  fired  \j  thoae 

14*  LuNAViGi.--*Offioial  state«  whopunaedhimjwfaenhednipped 

ment  rf  ^  number  of  Lunatics,  his  prey, 
dislinguishina  nudes  and  femalesi        17-  MunnsB  and  SmvuMMi 

whioh  hare  been  zetumed  to  the  An  inquest  was  beld»  before  Mr. 

commissioners  for  licensing  mad«  Stirling,  the  cofoner,  on  the  bodies 

hoossi^  sad  enteced  into  thQ  fe«  of  Mr.  William  Gocmer,  a  lespacu 

msfccrs,  frovs  1815  to  1824^  both  able  brush-maker,  m  Hi^iiUet.t, 

Sidurivet  «^  Ifalesy    4>46l  ««  fe«  Mary^Ie^bone,  and  of  James  Vtl* 

malm,  3,443.  lard,  who  met  their  deaths  in  tlie 

15*  PLUMDBBmo  Sripwrbcks.  manner  desooribed  in  the  feDowing 

»«J)uring  a  heavy  gale  the  French  evidence :«« 
ship  Ocean,  £tom  Campeachy  to       William    Chapman,     Na     57, 

Havre  de  C^aoe,  parted  from  her  High*etreet,  surgeon,  was  called, 

andiors  and  dnnre   on  shore    at  about    a    quarter    before    ei^it 

Hayle  Bar.    The  pilots  and  sea«  o'clock,  on  Friday  i^fl^t,  to  attend 

men  of  St  Ives,  at  the  imminent  the    deceased,    Wiffiam    Gioper. 

haaard  of  their  lives,  rescued  the  Witness  went  directly  and  ftmnd 

crew,  and  got  on  shore  a  consider*  the  deceased  lying  on  the  floor, 

able  part  of  her  cargo.    On  the  quite  dead;  his  aothes  were  oo» 

first  intimation  of  die  disaster,  a  vered  with  blood,  but  no  wound 

number  of  persons  firom  the  ad«  was  visible ;  witness  cut  his  clothes 

jacent  viUafles  crowded  down  with  down  in  front,  and  there  disooveved 

the  view  en  plundering  the  stores :  a  wound  on  l:ds  left  breast ;  it  was 

the  greater  part  of  these  miscreants  an  incised  wound,  of  little  more 

Were    women,    who    carried    off  than  an  inch  in  length ;  it  passed 

whatever    they    could   lay    their  obliquely  for  a  short  distance  under 

hands  on,  and  were  very  dexterous  the  skin,  and  then  through  the 

in  oonceeding  bottles  of  wine  and  cartilaginous  terminations  of  the 

other  things,    so  as  to   elude   a  ribs,  and  he  had  reason  to  imagine, 

seardi.    Some  of  the  men  knocked  from  the  instantaneous  death  that 

in  ^e  heads  of  three  or  four  casks  followed,  that  it  had  reached  the 

of  wine,  into  which  they  dipped  heart 

their  hats,  and  drank  what  they        George  Jepp.— I  am  porter  to 

took  up  in  them.    As  the  day  ad«  Mr.  E^emore,    and   was  in  the 

vaaced,  the  plunderers,  male  and  kitchen  of  Mr.  £lsemore*s  house, 

female,  became  intoxicated,  and  a  when  Mrs.  £.  called  me  up  to 


variety  of  contests,  some  of  them  what    was    the   matter    at    Mr. 

of  the  most  ludicrous  description.  Cooper's  house.    The  first  thins  I 

took  place.     Every  exertion  vros  saw  was  Mr.  Gxiper  lying  outside 

made  by  the  respectable  inhabit-  his  own  shop-door,  partly  in  his  own 

ants    to    check    this    disgraceful  shop  and  partly  in  his  area  rails, 

scene  of  rapine,  but  the  pressure  of  I  hastened  into  the  shop,  and  saw 

the  multitude  and  the  want  of  a  a  man,  who,  they  said,  had  oommiu 

military    guard,    rendered    their  ted  the  deed ;  and  who,  I  was  in- 

eflbrts,  in  a  great  degree,  unavail-  formed,  was  James   PoUard.      1 

ing.    Onefmovr,  who  was  making  went  yp  to  him  and  took  hold  of 


APS.] 


CHRONIOLE. 


69 


Ae  bidr  of  Ui  ne^  by  the 
htod,  and  hy  his  arm  with  my 
n^i  hand;  I  bnmght  him  Out, 
ana  the  watchmen  wanted  to  tdke 
him  into  their  custody.  He  ^en 
had  not  the  knife  in  hia  hand.  I 
mid,  ^'Yoa  ai!e  the  man^**  He 
i^tied,  ^M  «m,-^  and  he  added, 
'' I  am  the  man;  hut  I  ihall  be  a 
ted  man  shortly ;"  c»->  ''  I  am  a 
dead  man.*'  m*.  Cooper  wito 
woimded,  and  the  blood  was  flow* 
ing  fitutt  him  as  he  lay  on  the 
ground.  I  did  not  obserye  any 
wound  on  the  person  of  Pollard  untU 
he  came  into  Oiotto-passage ;  and, 
on  ascending  l^e  first  step  leading 
tothifoflkey  he  fell  on  the  stone 
slep,  and  would  have  fidlen  to  the 
mund,  if  I  had  not  held  hinu 
Then  I  discofered  he  was  wounded, 
and  he  was  immediately  taken  to 
the  Infirmary.  He  aead  nothing 
more  to  me,  than  that  he  was  a 
dead  man,  or  that  he  should  soon 
be  a  dead  man.  I  saw  neither 
Mrs.  Cooper,  nor  Mrs.  Cooper's 
aster.  He  was  in  the  dark  part 
of  die  shop  when  I  went  in.  He 
had  not  a  knife  in  his  hand  when 
I  laid  hold  of  him. 

Mary  Jones,  the  mother  of  Mrs. 
Cooper.— Mr.  Cooper's  sister  came 
to  see  him  on  account  of  his  being 
unwell )  Pollard  came  to  see  after 
her.  I  told  him  she  was  not  there, 
sad  he  would  hardly  belieye  it. 
He  said  he  would  return  at  seven 
o'dock.  At  that  hour  he  came, 
but  Mr.  Cooper  said  he  should  not 
oome  into  his  house,  and  Mr. 
Coopei^s  sister  went  into  the  pas- 
nge  to  speak  to  him— ^What 
pttsed  between  them  I  do  not 
know,  but  the  sister  returned  into 
tbs  parlour,  followed  by  PoUard, 
who  then  stabbed  Mr.  Cooper. 
Seeing  me,  he  said,  "  I  shan't  hurt 
you/*  and  he  then  stabbed  him- 
1^  in  the  tide  0009  or  twioe^  and 


said,  ''Win  no  one  taktt  Oii 
rascal  r  The  deceawd  (Mr. 
Cooper)  turned  round  and  said> 
*'  Lend  have  meaccy  on  me."  He 
8ta§g;ered  to  the  shoi^doar,  and 
there  he  fell ;  his  nose  was  much 
cut  by  fidlinff  on  the  stone  steps 
ot  raiHne.  i  did  not  hear  die 
conversation  at  the  ahop^door, 
but  a  little  girl  who  overhctfd 
them,  said  they  were  quaneUing^ 
Mr.  Cooper*s  sister  must  have  beim 
in  the  passage  when  the  wound 
was  inflicted.  Mrs.  Cooper  vras  in 
the  parlour,  and  was  stabbed  iti 
the  sSioulder  and  in  the  breast.  I 
saw  Pollard  with  the  knife  in  his 
hand,  which  was  bloody  up  to  the 
hilt.  Mrs.  Cooper  hastened  to  the 
door  to  her  husbandi  when  she 
fell  down  exhausted. 

William  Thomas  Cooper,  the 
deceased's  son,  was  then  examined. 
•^He  said,  I  was  sitting  betide 
the  fire,  in  the  parlour,  in  the 
company  of  my  fewer  and  mother, 
who  were  taUang  together,  when 
Pollard,  who  is  acquainted  with 
my  aunt,  came  to  my  father^s 
house  on  Friday  evening,  ebout 
half-past  seven  o'clock.  PoUard 
came  through  the  shop  to  the 
parlour-door,  and  said  he  wanted 
to  see  my  aunt.  My  father  said 
he  should  not  oome  into  the  shop ; 
my  aunt  got  up,  and  went  into  the 
passage,  and  spoke  to  PoUard. 
After  some  time  I  heard  the  street 
door  shut,  and  PoUard  come  to  the 
parlour  door.  My  father  got  up, 
and  told  Pollard  that  he  vranted  to 
ffo  out  and  bring  some  of  his  things 
from  his  door,  where  they  were 
exhibited  for  sale.  PoUard  said  he 
should  not  go  out  unless  he  allow- 
ed him  to  come  in.  My  £ither 
said  he  should  not  oome  in,  and 
Pbllard  then  stabbed  him  in  the 
side  with  a  large  knife.    Pollard 

then  nm  at  mo  with  tbo  kaif<if 


60 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


C1826. 


with  an  intention  to  stab  me  also ; 
but  I  took  up  the  poker^  and 
knocked  the  knife  out  of  his  hand. 
1  think  I  also  knocked  his  hat  off^ 
for  I  saw  it  lying  on  the  ground. 
I  then  ran  past  Pollard^  and  al- 
though he  placed  hisfbot  against  the 
door  to'prevent'fme  &om  going  out, 
I  squeezed  past  him,  got  into  the 
street,  and  went  over  to  Mr. 
Chadwick,  and  requested  him  to 
come  to  my  father's  assistance. 
When  I  retiuned  to  the  house,  I 
found  my  father  lying  at  the  door 
dead.  I  did  not  hear  any  more 
words  pass  between  Pollard  and 
my  father,  further  tban  my  father 
sa3ring  he  should  not  come  into  the 
house,  and  Pollard  saying  he 
should  not  go  out  unless  he  aUow- 
ed  him  to  come  in.  I  am  now 
between  15  and  14  years  of  age. 
I  did  not  see  Pollard  strike  my 
mother  or  my  aunt,  although  I 
have  heard  they  were  wounded.  . 
,  The  jury  consulted  together, 
and  the  foreman  said,  '^  Our  ver- 
dict is,  that  James  Pollard  did  go 
with  a  malignant  intention  to 
murder  William  Cooper.*'  A  ver- 
dict of  Wilful  Murder  against 
James  Pollard  was  then  recorded. 
,  On  the  following  day,  the  co- 
roner, and  the  same  gentlemen 
who  sat  on  the  body  of  Mr.  Cooper, 
assembled  to  inquire  into  the  state 
of  mind  James  Pollard  was  in  at 
the  time  he  committed  the  deed, 
and  the  violent  act  upon  himself.  . 
Mr.  Goodyer,  apoUiecary  to  the 
infirmary  of  the  parish  of  6t  Mary- 
le-bone,  attended  Pollard  when 
brought  in.  He  examined  the 
two  wounds  in  his  left  side,  and 
dressed  them,  and  had  two  men  to 
sit  up  with  him  during  the  night ; 
he  saw  him  afterwards  several 
times,  when  he  appeared  to  be 
very  materially  worse,  and  he  died 
about  a  quarter  before  three  next 


morning  (Saturday) ;  he  Ured 
eight  hours.  Witness,  when  he 
fint  saw  him,  considered  that  all 
the  surgical  a^  in  the  world  would 
be  of  no  avail. 

Several  witnesses  having  been 
examined,  the  brother-in-mmr  of 
Mr.  Cooper  requested  that  Mrs. 
Bicknell  his  sister  might  be  ex-* 
amined,  in  order  that  the  purpott 
of  the  conversation  between  her 
and  Pollard  in  the  passage  mig^t 
be  known.  The  coroner  and  Jury 
proceeded  to  the  infirmary  fcff  that 
purpose. 

She  deposed,  that  she  knew  the 
deceased,    James    Pcdlard.       On 
Friday  she  had    written   him    m 
note,  telling  him  that  she  would 
not  live  with  him  again,  and  re* 
quested  him    to   send   home  her 
clothes.     In  the  evening  he  came^ 
and  she  went  into  the  passage  to 
bin).     He  asked  her,  why  she  had 
left  him?     She  said,  she  would 
leave  him;   upon  which  he  said, 
putting  his  hand  to  his  heart,  "  If 
you  do,   you'll  repent  it."     She, 
fearing  he  meant   to  injure  him-> 
self,  said,  she  would  return  and 
live  with  him ;  and  she  left  him 
for  the  purpose  of  going  into  the 
parlour  to  put  on  her  bonnet  and 
shawl :  heJTollowed  her,  and  stab- 
bed her  in  the  left  arm;    when 
she  raised  her  arm,  and  he  inflicted 
two  other  wounds.    She  then  ran 
out,  Ai^d  what  followed  she  knew 
not. 

The  jury  returned  a  verdict  of 
Felo-de-^e  on  Pollard. 

18.  Casb  of  Salvaob. — In 
this  cause,  lord  Stowell  was  as- 
sisted by  two  of  the  Trinity  Mas- 
ters, there  being  two  questions 
that  more  particularly  required  to 
be  decided  by  the  nautical  expe- 
rience and  judgment  of  those  gen- 
tlemen ;  first,  as  to  the  degree  of 
danger  and  difficulty  incurred  by 


APR.:  CHRONICLE.  61 

the  salvors ;  secondly^  as  to  the  ceived  by  the  captain  in  the  same 
necessity  of  the  interference  of  one  manner  as  then:  colleagues  had 
of  the  boats  by  wliich  the  salvage  been.  It  was  now  stated,  how- 
was  stated  to  have  been  effected ;  ever,  in  the  evidence,  that  the 
and,  consequently,  as  to  the  valid-  captain  had  desired  them  to  be 
ity  of  the  daim  set  up  by  that  gone,  and  had  no  occasion  for 
boat's  crew.  Uiem ;  yet  the  order  to  retain  and 
Dr.  Dodson  stated,  on  behalf  of  employ  them,  given  by  the  ctqitain 
the  salvors,  that,  on  the  19th  of  himself,  had  been  distinctly  spoken 
September  last,  an  action  was  en-  to  by  one  of  his  own  crew,  who 
tered  against  this  ship,  cargo,  and  was  at  the  wheel  at  the  time, 
freight,  in  a  cause  of  salvage,  on  The  vessel  was  finally  brought  in 
behalf  of  three  masters  of  as  many  safety,  into  the  harbour  of  Har- 
pilot  boats.  The  value  of  the  careo  wich.  The  learned  counsel  con- 
and  freight  was  5,300L ;  and  the  eluded  by  reminding  the  Court 
facts  of  the  case  were  brieflv  these :  that  this  had  been  a  service  of 
On  the  night  of  the  14th  of  Sep-  considerable  danger  *  and  great  im- 
tember,  the  Wilhelmine  Auguste,  portanoe,  and  tpat,  in  his  judg- 
bound  from  the  port  of  Stettin  to  ment,  all  three  boats  were  entitled 
Ixmdon,  and  laden  with  a  cargo  to  a  quantum  of  salvage  such  as 
of  timber,  pipe  staves,  and  72  tons  his  lordship  might  deem  fitting  in 
of  zinc,  off  the  coast  of  Suffolk,  amount. 

andnotfar  from  Orfbrd  Lights,  took        Lord  Stowell  said,  that  the  Tri- 

thc  ground  in  very  hazy  weather,  nity  Masters,  by  whom  he   was 

£ar^  on  the  morning  of  the  15  th  assisted,    concurred  with  him  in 

the  weather  cleared,  and  the  pilot  thinking,  that,  though  the  salvage 

discx>vered  that  they  were  on  the  rendered  was  a  valuable  service, 

edge  of  a  large  sand  called  the  yet,  owing  to  the  state  of  the 

Nathaniel  Lowe,    on   which  the  weather,  and  other  considerations, 

vessel  had  struck  so  violently  as  it  was  one  not  attended  with  any 

to  sustain    very  considerable  da-  especial  degree  of  danger.      The 

mage ;  at  this  juncture  two  pilot  gentlemen  in  question  considered 

bouts  came  up  and  tendered  their  that  there  was  no  necessity  for 

assistance,    which    was  accepted ;  the  assistance  of  the  third  boat ; 

the  crew  of  the  Wilhelmine,   at  and,  as  the  crew  seemed  to  have 

that  time,  being  in  the  act  of  put-  been     certainly    desired    by    the 

ting  up  their  linen,  &c.,  in  Uieir    master  of  the  Wilhelmine  Auguste 

pillow-cases,  with  the  view,  if  pos-    to  return,    the   court   disallowed 

sible,  of  effecting  their  escape  with    their    claim    entirely.       To    the 

it  to  shore.    The  t)de  having  risen,    crews  of  the  two  other  boats,  his 

however,  tlie  vessel  (which  was  a  lordship  decreed  the  sum  of  150L 

foreigner  of  about  250  tons  bur-    as  salvage  allowance. 

then)  floated  off  into  deep  water,        18.    Novkl    Aerostation*—- 

and,  by  reason  of  the  injury  she    Mr.  Green    having    proposed    to 

had  sustained,  was  considered  to    ascend  from  the  bowline-green  of 

be  in  a  perilous  condition.     The    the    Golden    Eagle,    Mile    End, 

crew  of  a  third  boat  which  had    arrangements    were  made  for  a 

bore  down  upon  her,  insisted  on    supply  of  gas  for  the  balloon  from 

taking  part  in  the  exertions  made    the  works  of  the  British  Gas  com- 

by  the  other  salvors^  and  yre^  x^   panjr's  esUbli^boieat  in  Jlatdiff^ 


62             ANNUAL   REGISTER.  lim. 

Higliwfty.    Condocton  were  hid  like  msigma,  veiled  wi^  enpe, 

down  tody  on  Monday  mormngy  and  on  either  side  appealed  ^ 

and  at  elmn  o'dook  die  madime  following  inscription :«-« 

WBB    tWD-thiids    inflated.  —  Mr.  johanhbs  iri.  BEA2ttLt£ 

Green's  olject  fbr  par^y  tiling  impxhator  poetuoalllb  tr 

the  balloon  on  tlie  day  previoui  ALGARVioituM  rkx. 

to  his  proposed  ascent  was  two«  Plumes  of  black  feathers  sal 

fi>Ldi*«»to  prevsenl  the  ohanee  €i  lighted  wax  tapen  eontpleted  tk 

disappointment^  and  to  afford  peiv  decorations  of  the  bierj  which  wu 

eons  anopportunity of  takingashort  attoided  by  mutes^  bearing  wtadi 

~  esmision.    This  permission  ci  ebony>  tipped  i^th  mhnt^ 


was  no  sooner  made  known,  than  The  ride  galleries  were  (SIM 

several  persons,  amongst   whom  with  ladies,  ^e  greater  ptrt  of 

were  some  ladles  of  respectability,  iSkeci  in  mourning  dresses.    TItt 

availed   themselves   of  the  oflbr,  centre  gallery  was  appropoated  to 

und  ropes  having  been  affixed  to  the  p^mnen,  vocal  aod  iastn- 

dM  car,  the  baUbon  made  a  num«  mental ;  and  ia,  the  space  on  tbe 

bar  of  ascents  to  a  given  altitude,  right*  opposite  the  tribune,  were 

with  two,   and  sometimes  thre^  seated  most  of  the  fbragn  sm- 

voyagers.     The  aerostatic  mmiia  bassadors,  en  mfe,  and  die  diii 

became  eotttagum^  and  the  utmost  dnguished  visitors  invited'  by  tk 

impatience    was    manifested   by  Portuguese  ambassador, 

those  below  who  stood  next  on  Soon  after  eleven  o'dodc  the 

the  list  of  candidates  for  this  e»m  ceremony  was  eommenoed  by  the 

aliaikm,   but  sufficient  time  was  rev.  Dr.  Fryer,  who,  assisted  hy 

allowed  in  every  instance,  for  a  Messrs.  Morris  and  Jaoquip,  resi 

full  indulgence  c^  die  cuiiority  the  ^service  for  the  detbd."    The 

of   die  a£onaut8      During   die  musical  part  of  the  perfommee 

greater  part  <^  Monday>  these  ex-  was  exqi^tely  given  by  the  tefj 

cundons  were  confined  to  a  height  excellent  choir  usually  attached  to 

of  150  oi  SOO  feet,  owing  to  the  the  chape^    aided  by  Marinoni, 

roughness  of  the  wind ;  but,  on  Begrex,  Giubilei,    and   Pearasn. 

Tuesday    morning,    the  weath^  Mr.    Ouichard   presided   at  the 

bdng  more  propitious,  many  ladies  organ,  and  Spagnoletd  led  on  the 

and  gentlemen  ascended  to  the  violin. 

height  of  600  feet  To  die  performance  of  Jomdli'i 

8S.  FfTNEBALSsRViCBVonTHE  '^  Kyrle  Eleison"  succeeded  Mo- 

LATB    Kino  of  Portuoal.«^A  sart's  grand  Requiem,  and  seldom 

solemn    high  mass  and  requiem  has  that  sublime  oomposidoii  been 

were  perfcmned  fen:  the  late  king  heard  to  greater  advantage.    The 

«f  Portugal,  at  the  chapd  <^  the  Ofiertorium  (die  music  hy  Cht' 

Portuguese  Embassy,  South-street  rubini)  was  also  delightfully  es^ 

The  interior  of  the  chapel  was  hung  cuted,    as    were    die    ^Saaftos 

with  black,   and  decorated  with  Benedictus**    from    Mosart,  sod 

escutdieons,  bearine  the  royal  arms  Jomelli's  "  Agne  Dei.'* 

of  Portugal.    In  the  centre  of  the  The  chapd  was  crowded  long 

buildinff  was  placed  die  bier,  sur-  before    the   commencement,  sad 

mount^  by  a  canopy,  over  which  continued  so  till  the  ocndosiim  of 

weredirolayedacrownand  cushion,  die  service.    Among    die  xaaDT 

Tho  paU  of  black  velvet  bcm  die  wUeanddistisigoidiediBdinduib 


APB.]               CHaONICLE.  6g 

presene  were  Mr.  Caniiiiig,  prince  about  20   looou;  thefle  Bkeviae 

PolifinaCy     baron     Citto,     count  they  destXDjed.    They  then  went 

lyAlgie,  prince  Paul  Esta'hasy,  to  Mr.  B.  Wahndey'i,  at  Eough 

count  ViUa  Real,  marquis   Pal-  Hey,  ^iHiere  alflo  thef  brdoa  80 

mella,  Mr.  Rush,  sir  John  Doyle,  looms,  and  did  oonaideKabLe  othm* 

marchioness   of    Palmella,     lady  damage ;  they  did  not  however  do 

Hampden,    the   dowager  march-  any  wilful  injury  to  the  spinning 

ioncsB  Londondexvy,    Mrs.    Can-  part  of  the   machinery.      From 

ning,  countess  de  Front,  &c  Rough  Hey  Atf  proc^ded  to  Mr. 

24.    DisTtmBAMOBs  IN   Lah-  J.Bwy8,atWhite  Adi,  wherotiiey 

CA8HIBB.—- On  Monday  forenoon,  destroyed  60  or  80  kioms.     Such 

a  large  assembly  of  weavers  took  was  the  rapidity  of  their  operations, 

place  on  a  hill  at  Henfield,  a  place  that  it  was  not  until  they  had  gone 

where  the  four  roads  leading  to  to  this  place  that  the  ftrat  aeoonnt 

Blackburn,  Burnley,  Whalley,  and  of  the  rioters  having  actually  pa>« 

Haalingden  meet.    After  remain*  ceeded  to  violence,  reached  Black- 

inff  aome  time  in  discussion,  they  bum.     A  party  of  the  Quean's 

Im  the  ground,  and  a  very  large  ^ysimmedrntely  set  out  for  White 

body  of  them  proceeded  to  Ac-  Am,  but  Uie  work  of  destruction 

crington,  where  some  indicatums  had  been  completed  before  their 

of  riot  occurred  a  wedc  befoie,  arrival.    A  second  demand  for  m^ 

and  where  considerable  alarm  had  litary  aid  had  been  sent  fi»m  Ao< 

been  exdted  in  the  morning  by  crington.    At  length  18  of  the  dr»< 

about  an  hundred  armed  men  pas»-  goons  wero  deq^tdied,  and  on  their 

ing  throu^  the  village  on  their  way  to  Accrington  they  met  and 

wav  to  i^nfidd.     Amonsst  the  paffied  through  a  large  body  of  five 

nMH>  there  assembled,  no  fewer,  it  or  six  thouswd  of  t£  rioters,  who 

is  asserted,  than  500  were  armed  were  then  proceeding  to  Blackburn, 

with  knives  and  pieces  <^  iron  after  having  bidcen  all  the  looms 

ground  diarp  fastened  to  the  end  at  White  Ash.    When  this  body 

of  atjtks ;  some  carried  scythes ;  reached  Blackburn,  a  large  number 

others  had  laree  dedfle-hammers ;  enteredthe  Bay  Horse  Inn,  amarket 

and  a  few  hm  pistob  and  guns,  house,  demanding  bread  and  beer. 

Themessei^er,  who  had  been  des-  The  landlady,  with  some  difficulty, 

patched  to  BladLbum  for  military  cot  her  doors  closed,  and  having 

aid,  had  not  returned,  when,  about  mstributed  a  considerable  quantity 

IS  o'clock,  the  mob  proceeded  to  of  liquor,  and  all  the  bread  she  had 

Mesffs.  Sykes's  new  mill,  which  in  the  house,  amongst  those  vfho 

they  immediately  broke  open.     In  had  come  in,  they  rejoined  their 

the  course  of  15  or  20  minutes  they  companions  in  the  street,  and  pro- 

ccnnpletely  demdished  the  power-  ceeded  onwards  without  doing  any 

looms,    60  in  number,  with  the  further  injury.      The  next  place 

whdei^iparatiis,  and  the  warps  and  which  the  mob  visited,  was  the 

cloths  in  the  looms;  besides  doing  extensive  power-loom  factory  of 

much  injury  to  ^  throstles  and  Messrs.  Bannister,  Ecdes,  and  Co. 

the  steam-engine.    The  shops  of  in  Darwin-street  Blackburn,  where 

the  provision  dealers  were  almost  they  arrived  shortlv  af^  three 

cleared  of  their  contents.     They  o'clock.     A  party  of  dragoona  ar^ 

next  proceeded  to  a  place  called  rived  diere  as  soon  as  tlm  rioters; 

Weed  Nook,  where  diese  were  but  could  not  preveot  tfaeaftooi 


64 


ANNUAL   REGISTER- 


Cisse. 


entering  the  faifAory,  It  was  there, 
however, .  that  the  soldiers  and  the 
'  mob  first  came  into  collision.  The 
former  were  violently'  stoned  by 
the  latter,  who  were  themselves 
screened  from  attack,  and  one  sol- 
dier was  considerably  hurt.  Some 
fire-arms  also  were  discharged  by 
the  mob.  In  consequence  g£  this 
the  riot  act  was  read  about  half- 
past  three  o'clock.  The  whole  of 
Mr.  £ccles's  power-looms  and 
dn^ssing  machines  were  reduced  to 
a  wreck ;  the  warps  and  doth  on 
the  beams  were  also  destroyed,  but 
no  injury  was  done  to  the  spinning 
machinery.  During  the  time  the 
rioters  were  in  Mr.  E^cdes's  mill,  the 
military  had  so  ranged  themselves 
about  Uie  ^entrance,  and  on  three 
sides  of  the  building,  that  the  es- 
cape of  the  former  was  rendered  a 
matter  of  difficulty.  Finding  they 
could  not  effect  their  retreat  by 
the  door,  many  of  them  actually 
jumped  out  of  a  window  two 
stones  high,  and  escaped  by  cross- 
ing a  stream  on  a  side  where  no 
soldiers  were  posted.  From  Messrs. 
Ecdes  and  Co.'s,  the  rioters  pro- 
ceeded to  the  mill  belonging  to 
Messrs.  Fielden,ThropandTownly, 
in  King-street,  which  was  erected 
for  power-looms,  but  as  none  had 
yet  been  set  up,  they  departed 
without  committing  any  violence. 
A  party,  however,  proceeded  to 
Mr.  Hougihton's,  at  Grimshaw- 
park  (whither,  also,  some  of  the 
dragoons  were  detached),  where 
there  were  about  25  looms.  Not- 
withstanding the  presence  of  the 
soldiers,  they  effected  an  entrance 
into  the  building,  entirely  de- 
stroyed the  looms,  and  threw  the 
twist,  the  warps,  and  the  beams  on 
whidi  they  were  wound,  into  the 
canal.  At  this  place,  the  sol- 
diers being  severely  pdted  with 
Btone^  and  in  soii|e  instances  fired 


on,  several  a£  them,  in  retam, 
discharged  their  fire-arms.  One 
rioter  m  the  building  was  shot 
'dead;  tuid  another  man  was  dhot 
through  the  ear,  the  ball  coming 
out  at  his  mouth,  and  another  was 
desperately  wounded  in  the  back. 
Altogether,  two  or  three  lives  ^rere 
lost,  and  four  or  five  of  the  rioters 
were  seriously  or  dangeioualy 
wounded. 

The  devastation  at  Mr.  Hough- 
ton^ terminated  the  lawless  pro- 
ceedings of  the  rioters  on  Moadaj ; 
not,  however,  until  not  a  single 

S}wer-loom  was  left  standing  in 
lackbum,  or  within  six  mSes  of 
it  A  very  large  number  of  peo- 
ple, not  fewer  than  10,000,  kept 
parading  the  streets  of  Blackburn 
in  the  eveninff,  and  displayed  ao 
:much  excitation,  that  it  was 
deemed  necessary  to  read  the  not 
act  twice.  Abbut  eight  o'clock 
the  dragoons  were  ordered  to  dear 
the  streets,  which  they  did  by 
striking  with  the  flat  edges  of  their 
swords,  but,  in  no  instance,  in- 
flicting personal  injury. 

On  Wednesday  morning,  the 
rioters,  having  assembled  in  oonsi- 
^erable  numbers  at  Rawtenstall^ 
attacked  the  mill  of  Messrs. 
Thomas  Whitehead  and  Brothers, 
of  that  place.  -  The  mill  contained 
about  100  looms,  the  whole  of 
which  were  utterly  destroyed. 
They  then  proceeded  to  the  fiurtory 
of  Mr.*  Thomas  Kay,  at  Long 
Holme,  and  destroyed  the  whole 
of  his  power-looms  (about  40) ;  and 
afterwards  proceeded  to  the  attack 
of  the  newly-erected  mill  of  Messrs. 
Laurance  and  John  Rostron,  at 
Dearden  Clough,  near  Edenfield, 
and  destroyed  all  the  power-looms 
it  contained,  being  216.  They 
then  directed  their  course  towards 
Chadderton,  and  proceeded  in  a 
Jbody  to  the  .mill  of:  Mr,  Aikeo, 


liTt.J  CHRONICLE.  66 

wTininifig  about  ninety  looms,  various  degrees  of  Bereti^,  and 
wlui  they  were  in  the  act  of  de-  fifteen  prisoners  were  taken. 
soojiag  when  the  milllaiy  came  Nottritbstanding  the  discom- 
isp.  On  their  approach,  the  in-  fiture  of  this  bodj  of  rioters,  the 
Hirgenta  retired,  and  made  gome  work  of  destruction  was  hy  no 
Ami  of  being  about  to  di^)erse.  means  terminated.  About  half- 
TUs,  however,  was  merely  a  feint,  past  two  on  the  same  day,  a  mob 
Ak'  no  sooner  bad  the  soldiers  of  persons  come  over  Holrame-hill, 
ibandoned  their  post,  than  the  in  the  direction  of  Durween.  They 
riMers  unexpectedly  returned,  and  entered  almost  every  respectable 
before  the  military  could  again  dwelling-house  in  their  way,  and 
come  to  the  resctie  of  the  property,  seised  whatever  they  could  find  in 
itie  work  of  destrucrion  had  been  the  shape  of  provisions.  They  pro- 
Dtarly  completed.  When  the  mi-  ceeded  to  Summerseat,  near  Bury, 
litaiy  aj^Toached,  that  part  of  the  and  destroyed  36  looms  in  the  fao 
fflobwbo  remained  outside  began  toryof  Messrs.  R.  Hamer  and  Sons, 
to  pelt  the  soldiers  with  stones,  an  without  meetii^with  any  attempt 
ample  supply  of  which  they  readily  at  resistance.  They  nest  directed 
oUained  from  a  heap  of  about  two  their  course  to  the  mill  at  Wood- 
art-loads,  which  had  been  laid  hiIl,belongingtoMr.JaniesHutch- 
iown  near  the  mill  for  the  pur-  inson.  The  gates  of  this  factory 
poaes  of  paving.  A  number  of  were  barrioadoed,  but  the  rioters 
mldiers  were  seriously  hurt,  and  forced  them  open,  and,  entering  by 
major  Eckersley  recdved  a  heavy  the  windows,  commenced  opera- 
Uow  upon  the  body.  As  the  tions.  They  had  not  been  engaged, 
riirtera  now  resolutely  kept  their  however,  above  five  or  six  minutes, 
gtound,  without  any  appearance  when  the  military  made  their  ap- 
of  an  intention  to  disperse,  and  pearance ;  and  the  insurgents  hast- 
ponred  upon  the  soldiers  an  inces-  enedtoescapethrough  thewindons 
Mnt  dtower  of  miseilei,  the  latter  at  the  back  of  the  building,  and 
were  at  length  reluctantly  com-  fled  across  the  fields.  They  were 
pelled  to  fire  upon  them.  Even  pur8uedbythesoIdiers,andtenwere 
this  last  resource  failed  for  a  time  taken  prisoners.  Two  of  the  mob 
to  produce  the  desired  effect.  They  were  armed  with  guns,  one  of 
received  the  first  discharge  of  mu&.  which  was  left  behind,  and,  upon 
ketry  withoutflinchingintheleast,  examination,  it  was  found  to  con- 
and  it  was  not  until  an  indiscrimi-  tain  three  marbles,  besides  being 
□ating  fire  had  been  kept  up  for  he&vilycharsed  with  powder.  Mr. 
above  ten  minutes,  that  tb^  were  Hutchinson  s  factory  contained 
driven  from  their  post  During  about  400  looms,  50  of  which 
the  afiray,  the  men  within  the  min  were  destroyed;  and  doth  and 
I  yarn,  in  the  act  of  being  woven, 

were  cut  from  ten  other  looms, 
and  rendered  useless. 

Only  three  establishme'nta  uiiue 
power  looms  escaped  the  fury  M 
the  mob;  and  a  competent  military 
force  was  stationed  in  each  of  them 
in  case  of  any  attempt  at  fiutbec 
F 


66  ANNUAL   REGISTER.  iims. 

outrage.    There  is  tio  doubt  but  the  windbiWBy  pmoeeded  ouwMih 

the  check  experienced  by  the  rioters  to  that  of  Clegg,  Norris^  ami  Co^ 

at  Mh  Aiken's  miir  proved  the  but  as  these  gen^men  had  atfttkmod 

safety  of  that  of  Messrs.  Ashton>  armed  men  within  theil:  premises, 

whidi  is  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  who  now  annoimced  tbeir  pieKoa 

On     the    Thursday    folbwing  by  firing  their  muAe«t  aiad  f^ 

these  lawless  proceedings,  similar  toll,  the  riotars  retreated^  afler  £s< 

excess^  eommenoed  in  Manches^  charging  a  volley  of  mlttiles.  Tliey 

teh     Oh  the  evening  of  that  day^  had  just  decamued,  wheai  LavcD- 

a  tAoh  of  between  6,000  and7>000  der>  the  head  officer  of  police,  fli> 

pfei-sons   hi&ving  assemUed  in  St  rived  on  the  spot,  aocompanied  1^ 

OeorgeVfields,  were  addressed  by  a  strong  body  of  xmiLir  and  ipe- 

speakers,    who  exhorted  them  to  cial    constaUes.     As    tba»    w« 

disstroy  the  steam-looms,  and  Urged,  here  no  longer  any  xrowd  ordis^ 

as  a  sti-ohg  motive  to  instant  ac-  turbance,  the  polm  ptooaeded  tq 

tion,  the  abseiice  of  any  military  the  premises  of  Mr.  Banner,   iq 

foitse  sufficient  to  restrain  them.  Jersey-street^  which,  bm  has  lieea 

Part  of  this  multitude  departed  stated  above,  were  alreadjin 

quietly,  under  the  influence  of  more  But,  unable  to  penetrate  or 

nioderate  6t  more  prudent  orators ;  peite  ^be  iucb,   tke  *>"T"ltitiif  ol 

but  the  remaind^  went  on  with  die  military  was  at  last  odled  in ; 

the  execV^tion  of  the  design  reoom-  on  tJie  appearancie  of  wbidi,  acw 

mended  by  theb  leaders,  and.  by  oompanied  by  seva^  iiiit|i8txttftc8» 

the  example  of  therioten  atBlack-  whoimmediatdy  i^eftdUie  Rj^Mct, 

buiti.   'They  first  proiceeded  to  the  fiirther  violence  cea«ed.     Bitt»  ai- 

poweir-looni  fhcU^y  at  Ancoats,  be-  though  fire-engines  hud  taem  ar- 

longing  to  Messrs.  Ckike  and  Har*  rived,  Ifow  of  Ske  cflrowd  wcmid  a»>; 

bottle ;  but,  as  these  gentlemen  iiad  sist  in  woiking  tkeem;  and  even 

taken  the  precaution  of  garrisoning  men  who  were  cairying  wnter  iwii 

their  factory  with  aimed  men,  the  their  bm&ets  violently  V§kea  §Nm 

mob  effected  no  other  ndsehief  than  them  by  ^  ral^e. 
breakif^g  the  windows.    They  next        On   llie  mondng  of   th^  61- 

aittacked  thepower4oommanufa6-  lowing  day,  a  crowd  of  idktsaB- 

tory  cC   Mr.  Beaver  in  Jersey-  semliled   about   ^e   Mew  Onm- 

sti«et.    Having  ti^rested  the  iron  Their  nnmben  oontinued  to  in*; 

stancheons  from  the  windows  in  drease  during  the  day,  tail  afl  the ; 

the  lower  part  of  the  building,  streets  in  that  aeighboutlMod  wert ! 

some  of  their  number  entered,  and  comply tdy  blockra  up.    TntHraJ 

set  fire  to  the  premises  in  six  dif-  however,  c€  attempdng  to  dUhuy 

fenent  places.     They  then  forced  mills   and  machinery,   th^  eon- 

their  way  intd  the  store  room,  in  tented  theroseiveswi^tiitmagdbe 

a  building  detached  fixmi  the  fac-  du^  oif  baken,  bntciier^  &&  ami 

tory  itself ;  and,  having  set  it  on  carrying  dff  provlA«iS>      £f«iy 

fire,  about  2,000  pieces  of  mateu-  well-diiisBed  individoid,  vmMow* 

ftctnred  calico  were  consumed.  who  was  so  unfortunate  as  to  "fiA 

In  the  me*n  tame,  a  detachment  in  their  way,  was  attadked  mi 

ef  the  mob  had  narched  to  the  at-  {^ndered;  and  the  nmnber  <f 

tack  of  Mr.  Motta'hefid's  fisictory,  ^rtreetrobberiesoeDMnittedwaswdi, 

lnMiUer<«tr9et^aadhaviiigbKokai  as,  in  1n<dad  day,  and  ia  te 


AWL5 


CRRONIdLK 


e» 


cf"  tL  gfttt  town,  KM  nerer  befotie 

Althbuffh^  in  the  obune  of  tbe 
day,  SOO  m  tlieCbeshire  Yeomanry, 
iui^  ^  company  of  tke  Rocket  bli- 
l^ade,  had  entered  Mti^nohbster  (the 
Bkkttt,  ilbet  bdng  feieverely  pelted 
widi  Mones),  yet  the  mohj  towards 
eTening,  h&d  indreased  to  mich  li 
degree,  tlUitthe  magistrates  thought 
themselves  hound  to  interfere ;  for 
all  the  streets  hetween  Piccadilly 
and  the  NeW  Cross  wete  now  fiUed 
with  an  nnhroken  mass  of  idle  and 
riotous  people.  They  proceeded 
to  tite  spot,  aecompanied  hy  ca- 
valry, and  the  Riot-aet  was  read. 
Ptot  of  the  mob  then  dispersed; 
but  those  Who  had  taken  tt^  sta- 
tion about  the  New  Cttnis  pei^isted 
in  remaining,  tod  the  military 
were  compelkd  to  fke*  A  eonsi- 
derable  number  were  wounded, 
for  the  street  Was  afterwiffdsfotmd 
to  be  much  stained  with  blodd.  No 
acts  of  i^lenije  toelk  place  during 
Ute  night,  or  in  the  course  df  the 
next  &f ;  and,  on  the  succeeding 
Moiiday,  in  eonsequence  ijt  &e 
trodps  Whidi.  Were  now  pour- 
ing, frctm  every  qiAnrter,  into  the 
disturbed  ffisfricts,  the  riotous 
asnembk^  were  ttt  an  end.  Fif- 
teen of  the  rkfUiH  were  eonttaitted 
for  trial,  seven  of  whom  were  well 
known  to  the  pbMce  as  common 
ihieves. 

Shnilar  dlspMtioyis  Were  mani- 
fested in  f^er  places  of  th^  same 
districts;  but,  as  they  appeared 
after  the  magistracy  and  the  raUi- 
tmty  had  been  put  upon  their  ^uard, 
thef  were  queHed  without  any  se- 
rious mischief  having  been  inflicted. 

In  consequence  of  a  numerous 
assemblage  of  persons  in  Wigan  (m 
Sunday  30^,  apprehensions  were 
entertained  that  some  disturbance 
ni^hf  take  place,  and  an  express 
Wtts  tmA  off  to  MMdiMer  tor  a 


troop  t^  horse.  Aeetttdingly,  it 
ttoop  of  the  Ist  Dragoon  uuards 
ii^ved  at  ^^Igan  about  hatf-past 
(teven  Ob  Monday  morning.  About 
nine  o'clock  tm  that  night,  a  mob, 
consisting  of  iftom  fiVe  to  six  dion- 
sand  persons,  assembled  near  the 
extendve  factory  of  Mh  William 
Woods,  containing  ISO  power- 
lomns.  Mr.  Woodsi  however,  had 
previously  been  on  his  guard,  and 
put  his  premises  into  a  complete 
state  of  defence.  Six  pieces  of  can- 
non were  planted  round  the  factolr, 
and  nearly  100  loaded  mn^'ts 
wete  kk  reatdiness  to  be  presented 
through  the  windows^  Mr.  Woods 
having  procured  die  assistance  o£ 
all  the  pensioners  about  the  town 
and  naghbourhood.  A  troop  of 
the  Wi^tn  cavalry,  strengthened 
by  a  detachment  of  the  Dragoon 
Guards,  were  also  jAaoed  in  an  ad- 
vanti^eous  position ;  and  the  fbr- 
midame  array  so  nnich  intimidated 
^e  mob,  ihiat,  on  the  reading  d£ 
the  Riot-act,  theyrapid^  dispened, 
having  committed  no  oUi^  dann^ 
than  the  breaking  of  a  few  win- 
dows. At  a  quarter  past  ten  tran- 
quillity was  perfectly  restored. 

The  following  is  the  number 
of  pow^-looms  destroyed  during 
the  past  week : — In  the  factories 
of  Messrs.  Sykes  ahd  Co.  Hen- 
field,  60;  Mr.  Wahnedeyy  Roi^h 
Hey,  20 ;  Mr.  Bury,  White  Arfi, 
SO;  Messrs.  W.  and  R.  Titmer, 
Hehnshore,  100;  Mr.  White- 
head, Ramtonstall,  100 ;  Mr.  Kaye, 
Longholm,  20 ;  Boston  and  Sons, 
Kdenfield,  100 ;  Bannister,  Ecdes, 
and  Co.  Bladcbum,  170;  Messrs. 
Hamer  and  Son,  Summerseat,  48 ; 
Mr.  Whitehead,  Woodhm,  67; 
Messrst  Ash  worth.  Holt  Mffl,  6 ; 
Messrs.  Hargreaves,  Bacnp,  28; 
Mr.  Munn,  Baeup,  51 ;  Messrs* 
Mason,  Oco^ve,  25;  865;  ex- 
elnsive  <tf  ^o6e  destniyed  at  the 

F2 


68 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


[1W6. 


milb  of  Messrs  Aiken  and  Lord> 
Chatterton^  and  Mr.  Haughton^ 
Grimshaw  Park^  the  number  of 
which  is  not  stated.  The  total 
number  of  looms  destroyed  is  esti- 
mated at  1000^  and  their  value  at 
30,000^ 

SO.  Bursting  op  the  Pad- 
DiNOTON  Canal. — Thenew  sewer 
nowexecuting  at  Paddington^  hav- 
ing been  left  m  an  insecure  state  on 
Sunday  nighty  the  water  from  the 
canal  foro^  a  passage  into  it^  and 
blew  it  up  in  every  direction^  forcing 
the  earth  along  for  seversd  y  ardsinto 
a  brick-field,  sweeping  down  thou- 
sands of  new  bricks ;  thence  taking 
its  course  along  the  fields  towards 
Bayswater,  it  fell  into  the  West- 
boume^  which  it  swelled  into  a 
rapid  river.  The  fields  over  which 
the  current  passed  presented  a  cu- 
rious spectacle  in  the  morning, 
being  literally  covered  with  people 
catching  eels  and  other  fish  which 
had  escaped,  and  which  they  were 
hunting  for  among  the  high  grass. 
One  man  is  said,  in  the  early  part 
of  the  morning,  to  have  taken  away 
two  or  three  hundred  weight  of 
fine  eels,  and  sold  them  at  the 
market. 

Natural  History.— In  1820, 
Mr.  Bogie,  -having  procured  three 
gulls  of  the  black-cap  or  pewit  spe- 
cies, cut  their  wings,  and  endea- 
voured to  domesticate  them  in  the 
pond  at  Terraughtie  garden,  Scot- 
land. But  their  curtailed  pinions 
soon  began  to  shoot  again;  and  while 
one  of  Uiem  fiew  away  and  never  re- 
turned, a  second  was  unfortunately 
found  frozen  to  death  one  cold  De- 
cember morning.  The  third  pewit 
was  thus  left  quite  solitary;  but,  as 
he  had  plenty  to  eat,  he  seemed  to 
like  his  quarters  passing  well,  and 
gradually  became  more  and  more 
tame ;  until  his  naturalinstincts,  and 
^e  eKimple  of  the  wild  guUs  flying 


about  in  the  spring,  induced  him  to 
resort  to  the  marshy  grounds,  where 
the  species  are  known  to  breed  and 
rear  their  young,  previous  to  re- 
turning to  the  sea-coast  in  winter. 
Mr.  Bogie  soon  forgot  his  tniant 
ffuUs ;  but  the  last  of  them,  so  hr 
mm  forgetting  him,  re-qipeaied 
in  April  1 822,  and  after  screamisg 
repeatedly  to  announce  his  ap- 
proach, was  seen  swimming  in  the 
pond,  and  hopping  about  the  gar- 
den with  the  famiSar  air  of  an  old 
acquaintance.  From  this  time  for- 
ward the  bird  became  a  great  pet, 
and  for  five  yean  in  sucoesamihas 
not  only  come  with  the  cuckoo,  and 
gone  away  with  the  swallow,  but 
has  varied  so  little  in  point  of  time, 
that  the  cardeuer  can  ahnost  teH 
the  day  of  the  month  from  the  de- 
parture or  re-appearance  of  bis 
lavourite  gull;  and,  asheunifonnlf 
flies  away  in  the  same  directian,  it 
isbeHeved  that  he  bivouacks  among 
some  of  the  marshes  beyond  the 
estate  of  Castle-hill.  Though  his 
first  approach  is  always  announced 
by  the  loudest  screaming,  be  be- 
comes perfectly  quiet  afterwaris, 
and  is  so  tame  that  the  gardener 
can  call  him  down  on  the  public 
road,  or  at  any  other  spot  where 
he  may  happen  to  see  him  fljing 
over-head.  In  1824,  this  sagacious 
bird  actually  brought  his  mate  and 
family  with  him  ;  but,  for  want  of 
proper  training  in  their  youth, 
they  were  afraid  to  alight  and  par- 
take of  his  food ;  and  he  never  tried 
the  experiment  again. 

Steam-boat  Voyagb  to  India. 
p— The  Enterprise  steam-vessel  has 
at  last  reached  Bengal.  She  sail* 
ed  fix)m  Falmouth  on  the  l6th 
August,  reached  the  Cape  on  Uie 
1 3th  of  October,  and  arrived  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Hoogly  on  the 
9th  of  December,  after  a  pssnge 
q{  47  ^ays  ftom  th«  Cape,  haying 


MAY]                CHRONICLE.  69 

expended  all  her  coals.     The  whole'  which  she  retained  a  firm  hold; 

time  spent  in  the  voyage  has  been  one  of  the  reins  being  entangled 

16  weeks  jmd  three  days^  which  is  round  her  arm^  she  was  a  second 

Tary  nearly  the  average  length  of  time  in  danger  of  being  torn  away, 

the  voyage  in  sailing  vessels.  Thus  •  but  having  a  knife  open  in  her 

nothing  has  been  gamed  by  the  use  hand,  she  severed  the  rein,  and  the 

of  steam ;    but,  were    dep6ts   of  horse  plunging  backward,  was  im- 

coals  established  at    the  Canary  mediately  drowned.    Whilst  the 

isks^  St.  Helena,  the  Mauritius,  young  woman  was  in  this  perilous 

and    Ceylon,   the    steam   voyage  situation,  she  saw  Mrs.  Gower  rise 

ndght  probably  be  made  in  one  to  the  surface,  clasp  her  hands,  and 

month  less  time.    Captain  John-  immediately  sink.     Having  a  little 

ston,  by  canning  the  Enterprise  to  recovered  herself,  Jarrett  crawled 

India,    has  earned  the    prize  of  up  the  bank,  and  made  her  way  to 

lOyOOOL  subscribed  at  Calcutta  as  an    adjoining    cottage,    but    Mr. 

a  reward  to  the  first  person  who  Gower  was  seen  no  more, 

should  make  a  steam  voyage  from  2.  Affray  with  Smuoolers. 

England  to  India.  — On   Thursday  last  the  guard- 

^ ^_^  ^^*  ^^  *^®  J^ght,  at  the  mouth  of 

'  Rye-harbour,    observed   a  smug- 

^^Y,  g^g  galley  a  short  distance  <m, 

and  immediately  chased  her;  the 

1.  Mr.  Richard  Gower,  of  Pem-  smugglers,  finding  the  guard-boat 

hmy,   accompanied  by  his  wife,  neanng  them,  puUed  for  the  beach, 

and  a  young  woman  named  Han-  and,  at  the  moment  of  grounding, 

IU&  Jarrett,  had  set  out  in  the  when  the  guard-boat  hadgotalong* 

morning  from  Pembury,  in  a  small  side,  opened  a  fire  from  small  arms 

€SHrt,  to  attend  the  anniversary  of  on  the  crew,  which  the  blockade- 

the  Baptist  ch^>el  at  Hadlow,  and  men  returned,  boarded,  and  drove 

on  attempting  to  cross  the  Medway  the  smugglers  out  of  her.     The 

by  the  wooden  bridge  at  the  Hart-  firing  from  the  boats  brought  the 

lake,  the  horse  took  fright  and  be-  blockade-men,   who  were  looking 

came  restive ;  and  unhappily  the  out  near  the  Camber  watch-house, 

Wse  immediately  backing  the  cart  to  the  spot  nearly  as  soon  as  they 

against  the  bank,  they  were  all  had  landed,  when  a  petty  officer 

precipitated  into  deep  water,  the  seized  one  of  the  smugglers,  and 

cart  turning  over,  and  overwhelm-  placed  him  in  the  custody  of  the 

ing  the  whole  party.     After  sink-  men.     At  this  instant  a  body  of 

ing  and  rising  two  or  three  times,  armed  smugglers,  not  less  than  two 

Hannah  .Tarrett  found  herself  en-  hundred,  rushed  from  behind  the 

tangled  with  the  horse,   clingine  Sand  hills  to  rescue  their  people, 

round  his  neck ;  the  poor  animal  and  they  also  commenced  a  heavy 

at  the  same  time  plimging,  and  fire  upon  the  blockade   sentinels, 

endeavouring  to  rejzain  the  land,  killed   one    man   and    dreadfully 

which  he  so  far  efi^ed  as  to  en-  wounded  another.     The  blockade, 

aHetheyouug  woman  to  catch  hold  however,  captured  the  galley,  42 

of  a  small  willow  twig,  from  which  feet  in  length,  rowing  ten  oars, 

she  was,    however,    immediately  with  some  tubs  of  spirits  in  her, 

torn  by  the  struggles  of  the  horse,  and  drove  oflf  the  smugglers,  who 

She  soon  seized  another  twig,  by  carried  ofi*  their  wound^. 


70  ANNUAL  REGISTER.         p89& 

RjBTnHK  OP  TOS  CoKET  COP  with  die  stars  j:«Bdfia  the  WoICr 
1825.— <^p»r€«. — The  great  conked  Mean  tuae»  11  |u  $  bu  17  f> 
of  last  yeair>  which  was  expeeted  Rl^t  asceoaon^  2St4t  deg.  27  i>> 
to  appear  a^^  this  i^jnng,  was  21  a.  South  deeUnatioi^  919  ^^ 
obser^  last  night  in  the  southern  35  m.  26  s, 
horizoQ*  pictcisely  at  the  i^aee  A€on>JBNT.-**X)n  Tneadaj  aftev- 
where  the  preceding  ealculatioiis  noon  Mr«  Grea*  ascended  in  hh 
led  us  to  look  for  ic  As  the,  tail  baUoon>  from  the  £a^  Tavcni* 
is  now  turned  fr^m  m,  iixe  eomtt  City-road-  At  the  iNick  of  thra 
seems  to  be  only  suxrounded  with  ta¥em>  a  seafibld  was  ejected  upim 
a  nehufa^  which»  howeyer>  is  a  ahed^  whidi  being  let  out  sn 
bright  enough  to' be  visible  to  the  o^i^iosition  to  another^  the  price  of 
naked  eye>  were  it  not  so  near  the  admission  was  reduced  to  one  pemj 
horiwrn  that  the  density  of  the  and  two  pence.  Owing  to  the  low- 
atmosphere  pvevents  it.  It  crosses  ness  of  the  charge>  the  aeaffiild  in  a 
the  meridian  at  midnight^  at  the  short  time  was  crowded  to  eoLoett, 
elevation  of  S  deneea,  and  hemf  slif^tly  put  together, 

MaHk&tn.-^Th^  lovers  of  as«    a  few  mmutes  before  the  asomt* 
tronomy  remember  that  the  comet>    the  centre  pole  broke^  and  instancy 
which  was  discovered  last  July>  in    the  whole  of  the  platform  feU  in 
the  ccHiateUation  of  Taurus,  and    towards  the  middle>  people  and 
was  visible  in  Europe  till  the  mid-    planksinterminglingtogether,  with 
die  of  October,  after  which  it  ap-    a  tremendous  ora£j    which  was 
peared  in  great  splendor  to  the    succeeded  by  piercing  dirieks  firom 
inhabitants  of  the*SQUthem  hemi-    the  unfortunate  persons  and  the 
spheire,  ought  to  appear  again  this    by-standers.    Immediate  aasiatanee 
^ing  above  our  horivon^  suffi-    was  rendered,  and  in  the  coum  of 
aen^  luminous  to  be  again  ob«    half  an  hour  the  whole  of  the  un* 
served  in  Europe  before  it  finally    fortunate  beings  were    got   oat, 
takes  leave  of  us.    This  expecta-    when  it  was  m^xivered  that  be- 
tion  has  been  fulfilled*    The  comet    tween  50  and  60  were  mote  or 
was  discovered  last  niffht  in  the    less  wounded   1^    irartuies  and 
constellation  of  the  WoSt  from  the    bruises,  and  three  or  four  killed, 
observatory.    It  can  only  be  seen       Distubbances     in     Laiioa-. 
with  a  good  telescope,  is  very  pale,    sainE^-^Manchester,   During^  the 
and  resembles  a  second  nebulous    day  many  meetings  of  the  workmg- 
sspoi,  3  or  4  minutes  in  diameter-^    people  were  held  in  St.  Geoige'a- 
We  saw  ndither  taU  nor  nucleus,    fields  and  their  vicinity.    Some  of 
The  observed  position  is.  May  1,    these  assembli^es  were  very  nume- 
12  h.  33  m.  mean  time>  at  Man-    reus,  estimated  as  hifchas  15,000  o^ 
hiijflk ;  right  ascension,  228  deg*  4    20,000.     The  meetmgs  wereiroBi 
mm. ;  south  dedinatiouj  33  deg,    time  to  time  harangued,  by  those 
3  min.  who  appeared  to  be  theb  leaders: 

3.  Augsbure.  —  Biela*s  comet  and  the  theme  of  the  speakers  was, 
was  observed  htst  night  in  its  ex««  invariably,  '*  destructmn  to  the 
pected  return  from  the  northern  power-lo(mis,andthefaotQrifiaoan« 
hemisphere.  It  is  by  no  means  so  taining  them." 
brilliant  as  the  comet  we  saw  in  Affairs  remained  in  thia  state 
April,  but  resembles  a  faint  nebun  during  the  greater  partof  the  aftei^ 
lous  spotf    It  %med  a  trianj^  noon  j  the  mob  dispersing  at  the 


MATTJ               CHRONICLE.  71 

appooadh  of  tlie  mifitarj^  and  re-  tory    cyf    Messrs.    Jolmflon    and 

aaieinbliiaff    on    tbeir    dmirture.  Broo1ces>  which  is  situated  at  New 

About  ha&past  four  a  connderable  Islington^    and  contains  between 

akunp  ivat  excited  by  a  statemeot  sixty    and    seventy  power-looms. 

diat  the  xaot^rs  were  assembled  in  Having  reached  the  mill,  they  pro- 

immenae  force  in  St  George's-  oeeded  to  attack  it  on  both  sides, 

fieldft.     A  hum  body  of  constables,  in  order  more  readily  to  effect  an 

accompanied  hy  a  detaehmeat  of  entrance.      Every  pane  of  glass 

I>ragopitf|  repaired  to  the  spot ;  within  the  readi  of  their  mi^es 

bat    the  meeting  had  broken  up  was  instantly  broken :  they  pulled 

befove     their     arrival.      Shortly  down  part  of  a  wall,  and  had  just 

afterwards,  papers  were  stuck  up  effected  a  broach  in  a  postern  door 

in  the  peighbourhoed  of  the  New  leading  into  the  factory  yard,  when- 

Cros8»  inviting  the  people  tp  as-  Messrs.  Johnson  and  Brookes'  fore- 

aemble  at  the  old  place  of  rendez-  man,  and  a  few  watchmen  who 

vous.     In    compliance    with    the  had  been  lef^  to  protect  the  pre- 

invitation,  the  mob  again  collected,  mises,  saw  that  resistance  on  their 

and  'were  again  addressed  in  a  most  part  was  now  necessary.    At  this 

inflammatory  strain  by  their  orators,  moment  there  were  not  fewer  than 

One  of  these  was  in  the  act  of  3,000  men  crowding  through  the 

earnestly  recommending  the  de-  narrow  passages  that  surround  the 

stniction  of  the  power-looms,  when  building,  who,  perceiving  a  breach 

part  of  a  heap  of  bricks  on  which  made  on  one  side,  rushed  towards 

he  was  elevated  fell  with  a  loud  it  amid  loud  shouts  of,  "  Come  on, 

crasih.     The  momentary  confusion  come  on !"     The  men  stationed 

created  by  the  accident  induced  a  within   the  mill  now  fired   twq 

belief  that  the  cavalry  were  ap-  shots    from  the    front    windows, 

ptroaching,  which  was  confirmed  both  of  which  took  efiect.     The 

by    some    individuals    exdaiiping  mob  fell  back  for  a  moment;— 

*'  They    are    coming  !    they    are  three  of  their  party  appeared  to  be 

coming  1"  The  crowd  instandy  fled  wounded,  and  one  feU.     He  was 

in  all  directions,  the  orator  being  picked  up  by  his  companions  and 

amongst  the  foremost  of  the  fu-  carried   to  a  neighbouring  shop, 

gitives.  where  it  was  suggested  he  should 

Having    recovered    from  their  be  taken  to  the  mflrmary.     Hav- 

panic,    they  reassembled  for  the  ing    carried    the    wounded   man 

last  time.     A  person  of  the  name  a  short  distance,  they  stopped,  and 

of  Johnson,  formerly  employed  in  appeared    uncertain    whether    to 

the  Manchester  Police-office,  but  proceed  to  the  infirmary  with  their 

who,  some  time  since,  was  dis*  companion  or  return  and  again  at- 

diai^^edfromhis  situation,  was  now  tack  the  factory.     For  a  moment 

observed  in  the  crowd,  and  recog-  the  advisers  of  the  latter  proce^- 

nised  by  some  of  the  mob.     In*-  ing  seemed  to  prevail.  The  wounds 

stantly  a  cry  was  raised  of  *' A  spy,  ed  man  was  laid  on  the  ground— 

a  ^y  r*  and  an  a,ttack  was  made  on  some  of  the  party  cried  out,  *'  He 

the  unfortunate  man,    who  was  is  dead "  and  others  exclaiming 

abused  and  beaten  in  a  diocking  "Back,  back,"  and  "When,  when!* 

manner.  (this  latter  is  their  watchword  and 

About  half-past  seven  the  mob  signal  of  attack.)      i^inally,  the 

determined  op  attacking  the  fac*  rioters  retired,  carrying  their  com- 


72  ANNUAL   REGISTER.         C1826L 

rade  with  them  to  the  infirmary,  hustings  erected^  or  other  pio^ 
The  two  others  who  were  wounded^  parations  made;  and  bem^  wifth- 
were  not  seriously  injured.  out  leader  or  spokesman  of  any 

Soon  after  these  occurrences^  the  description^  they  appeared  quiie 
military^  headed  by  Mr.  Foster^  undecided  as  to  the  object  of  thdr 
the  mi^istrate^  arrived  at  the  spot^  meetings  except  what  was  contain- 
but  the  rioters  had  disappeared^  and  ed  in  the  general  terms  expreflsed 
a  few  stragglers  who  remained^  in  the  hand-lnlls.  Nor  could  it  be 
quietly  dispersed  on  the  Riot-act  ascertained,  althou^  inquiry  was 
being  read.  made  on  the  spot>  who  it  was  that 

Johnson  and  Brookes'  factory  called  them  together.  There  aeem- 
having  been  attacked  the  same  ed,  however,  to  be  an  understands 
night  that  Mr.  Beaver's  mill  was  ing  amongst  them,  that  th^  vrere 
set  on  fire,  the  proprietors  had  pro-  going  to  march  to  the  mill  of 
cured  a  supply  of  ammunition  and  Messrs.  Horsfall,  as  they  did  on 
fire-arms,  and  stationed  watchmen  Monday.  After  forming  in  sereKal 
to  protect  their  premises;  and  to  groups,  they  again  mov^  in  a 
this  timely  precaution  their  escape  body  to  Messrs.  Horafall's  mill^ 
last  night  is  to  be  attributed.  where  they  arrived  a  little  be&ne 

During  the  remaining  part  of  four  o'clock,  and  began  throwing 
the  night  all  remained  quiet.  stones  at  the  windows  as  before. 

3.  Affray  at  Bradford.—  The  squares,  whichhadbeenbroken 
Every  thing  here  remained  quiet  on  Monday,  about  240  in  number, 
till  this  day,  when  a  meeting  was  had  been  since  glazed.  They  ooo- 
held  upon  Fairweather-green,  in  tinned  at  this  work  for  about  half 
pursuance  of  the  following  notice :  an  hour,  till  they  had  completdy 
*'  Public  Meeting  on  Fair-  driven  in  three  of  the  windows, 
weather-Green.  stancheons^     frames,     and   ererj 

"  At  the  suggestion  of  some  of  thing  connected  wiih  them.  On 
our  employers,  we,  the  Wool-  Tu^^y  workmen  had  been  em- 
combers  and  Stuff-weavers  of  Brad-  ployed  in  fixing  iron  bars  in  froot 
ford  and  its  vicinity,  hereby  con-  of  the  KKwer  windows ;  and,  as  the 
vene  a  meeting  on  Fairweather-  doors  were  secured  by  strong  tbree- 
ereen,  on  Wednesday,  the  3rd  of  inch -deals,  it  \vas  almost  imposn- 
May,  1826,  at  one  o'clock,  to  take  ble  to  force  an  entrance.  At  balf- 
into  consideration  the  present  un-  vast  four  o'clock,  colonel  Plumbe 
paralleled  distress  and  famishing  Tempest,  accompanied  by  a  num- 
state  of  the  operatives,  and  if  pos-  ber  of  special  constables,  stood  oa 
sible,  to  devise  some  prompt  and  the  ground  adjoiningthe  mill,  and 
effectual  means  to  affoi^  them  re-  read  the  Riot-act.  The  mob  still 
lief.  showed  no  disposition  to  disperse, 

-•"  A  numerous  attendance  is  par-    but  continued  throwing  stones  at 
ticularly  requested."  the    windows    for     some     time 

(No  signatures.)  afterwards.  All  other  eflKnts 
At  one  o'clock  not  more  than  a  hitherto  adopted  proving  unavmil- 
dozen  people  were  on  theground,  but  ing,  the  persons  who  were  in  the 
they  continued  to  increase  till  near  mfll,  amounting  to  about  100, 
three,  when  there  were  perhaps  fired  upon  the  mob.  wounded 
1000.  Thfij  seemed  quite  at  a  several,  and  made  the  others  leave 
loss  what  to  do.     There  were  no    that  part  of  the  ground,  and  go  to 


may:i 


CHRONICLE. 


73 


the  other  side  of  the  mill.  Several 
peraoins  were  now  engaged  in  car- 
lying  the  wounded  to  the  dis- 
pensary which  was  not  far  from 
the  spot.  One  of  the  euards  in 
the  mill  then  appeared  at  the 
opening  of  a  window  in  the  upper 
story,  on  the  south  ojSie,  when  Uiere 
was  a  tremendous  rush  along  the 
opening  from  the  mill  to  the  street, 
in  whiidh  several  females  and  others 
were  thrown  down,  hut  without 
any  serious  accident. 

The  civil  power  heing  newfound 
insaffident  to  restore  order,  two 
troops  of  the  Yorkshire  Hussars 
were  immediately  ordered  out,  and 
proceeded,  with  lord  Grantham  and 
colonel  Yorke  at  their  head,  to  the 
scene  of  action,  when  part  of  the 
mob  dispersed.  Others  remained 
on  a  piece  of  ground  eastward  of 
the  null,  ahout  a  yard  higher  than 
that  which  the  yeomanry  occupied. 
Taking  advantage  of  their  situa- 
tion, Siey  threw  some  stones  at 
the  officers,  when  a  few  of  the 
Hussars  leaped  the  walls,  and 
drove  them  off  in  all  directions. 
The  neighhourhood  of  the  mill 
now  hecame  clear,  hut  the  streets 
adjoining  continued  to  he  crowded; 
the  moh  offered  no  violence,  hut 
often  manifested  symptoms  of  dis- 
approhation  hy  hissing  and  shout- 
ing. 

4.  Coronbr's  Inquest. — ^An 
Inquest  was  held  on  Jonas  Barstow, 
who  died  the  preceding  night,  in 
consequence  of  the  wounds  he  had 
received. 

Mr.  John  Walker. — "  I  am  the 
apothecary  of  the  dispensary  at 
Bradford.  On  Wedn^ay  lilter- 
noon,  ahout  twenty  minutes  past 
four  o'clock,  Jonas  Barstow  was 
hnniffht,  in  a  wounded  state,  to 
the  dispensary;  on  examining  him, 
I  found  a  contused  wound  on  the 
hack,    and    another  wound    cor- 


responding to  it  under  the  right 
hr^st.  He  died  ahout  twenty 
minutes  before  ten  o'clock  of 
hemorrhage  (bleeding)  occasioned 
hy  the  wound.  He  continued  sensi- 
ble until  hedied  :  a  short  time  before 
his  death,  he  stated,  that  he  came 
with  the  mob  from  Fairweather- 
green,  and  assisted  in  the  attack 
upon  Messrs.  Horsfall  s  mill,  and 
that,  as  he  was  breaking  the  win- 
dows with  a  pole,  he  saw  a  person 
fire  at  him :  he  tried  to  escape,  and 
received  a  wound  in  the  back.  I 
have  no  doubt  that  the  death  of 
the  deceased  was  occasioned  by  the 
wound  he  had  received. 

Mr.  Thomas  Horsfall,  the  mana- 
ger of  the  mill,  stated,  that  it  be- 
hmged  to  Messrs.  John   Gamett 
Horsfall  and  Co.;  and  that  he  had 
been  upon   the  alert  for  several 
days  past  in  consequence  of  in- 
formation he  had    received   that 
there  was  an  intention  to  attack 
the  mill.     Witness  applied  to  the 
magistrates  to  know  i£  they  could 
give  him  effectual  assistance,  which 
they  promised  to  do ;  and  he  him- 
self procured  what  arms  he  could. 
The  result  of  their  joint  exertions 
was  a  force  of  about  forty  persons, 
about  thirty  of  whom  were  mili- 
tary, and  were  provided  with  fire- 
arms; his  own    people,  amount- 
ing to  about    ten,    were  chiefly 
armed    with    pikes;    ten  of  the 
military  were  dragoons,  and  the 
rest  consisted  of  a  detachment  from 
the recruitinestaff  at  Leeds.  About 
four  o'clock  the  preceding  afWnoon 
they  saw  a  considerable  body  of 
people  coming  furiously  towards 
the    mill,    and    the    witness  im- 
mediately ordered  every  man  to 
the  station  which  had  been  pre- 
viously assigned  to  him.     The  mob 
advanced  in  a  menacing  manner, 
but  he  did  not  see  arms  or  sticks. 
They  immediately  commenced  an 


74  ANNUAL   REQISTER.         ziaaM. 

9Mt$iolt  upon  ihe  ttSl  hy  vollief  dF  he  liad  scarotlf  time  to  mt  ihe 

atoaeiy  and  broke  almost  all  the  outer  gate«  dosed  befbie  uatf  a^. 

windows:  some  few  of  the  men  rived;  and  before  he  could  get  to 

were  hit  by  the  aton^,  ^t  were  the  lower  gate>  ihej  had  beyan  tQ 

not  hurt.    Witness  was  occupied  throw  stones.    Witness  lan  inta 

in    floing   from    one    station   to  the  mill  to  sea  fhat  all  the  men 

anffi^Ver-  The  mob  continued  about  we^  at  their  proper  statipoa;  be 

the  premises  for  about  three  quar^  then  remained  in  the  lower 

tert  of  an  hour.    Witness  being  whicl^  was  the  place  of  the 

asked  if  he  was  not  ^nid  of  his  danger.      The   attack  first 

life^  said  h^  was  not,  but  it  wad  menced  on  the  east  side,  but 

beoauqe  he  thought  they  would  be  scon  the  windows  on  the  noi^ 

aUe  tp  vepel  the  attack.     If  the  side,    were   driven  in   hj^    laise 

mob  had  suooeeded  in  obtaining  stones.      He  observed  two   sen 

admittance,  it  was  his  cminion  that  particularly  activt  and  vkdeai;  cane 

they  would  have  been  all  destroyed,  of  whom  wrenched  an  iron   etaa- 

The  mob  made  no  demand  for  ad?  cheon  of  one  of  the  lower  windows 

mittanoe,  s^nd  nothing  was  said  to  from  its  fieistening,  the  removal  of 

them  by  the  penons  within;  the  whidi  would  have  rendered  adv 

assault  was  too  &rious  to  admit  mittance  in^  the  mill  verjr  ae^. 

of  any  parley,  a^id  witness  could  Witness  said  the  deceased  vras  oub 

not  have  spoke  to  them  without  of  these  men.    Witness  oonadcred 

endangering  his  life.      The  orders  both  the  property  of  the  mill,  and 

that  he  gave  to  his  people  and  the  theqr  live^  to  be  in  the  gseatest 

military  were,  that  no  man  should  danger,  and  the  soldiera  sud  thej 

fire,  whatever  windows  might  be  would  not  stand  still  to  be  muidcg* 


broken,  or  provocation    received,  ed.    Witness  was  asked  tiie 

until  there  was  an  actual  attempt  of  the  person  who  fired,  bat  he 

made  to  enter  the  mill,  and  till  then  said  he  would  rather  not  meatioBi 

there  was  not  a  shot  fired.    Wit«  it,  and  the  question  was  not 


ness  heard  a  cry  that  they  weie  sisted  in.  Mr.  Horsfidl  gave  them 
breaking  in.  There  might  be  strict  orders  that  not  a  stone 
about  thirty  shots  fired.  The  guns  should  be  thrown,  nor  a  shot  fired, 
were  loaded  with  ball ;  witness  unless  the  assailants  attempted  to 
does  not  know  whether  any  can-  make  an  actual  entry  into  the  nuU, 
ister  shot  was  used;  there  wes  whatever  windows  mig^t  be  brakea. 
some  in  the  mill.  The  stones  Several  other  witnesses  were  ex- 
were  thrpwn  with  such  violence,  amined,  and  the  evidence  besnc 
that  some  of  them  passed  through  gone  through,  the  Coroner  said 
the  opposite  window.  The  Riot-  Uiere  were  two  questions  for  ihe 
act  had  not  been  read  when  the  consideration  of  the  Jury ;  firat, 
firing  commenced,  and  there  was  was  the  death  €£  the  deceased  oe- 
no  magistrate  present  It  was  a  casioned  by  the  firixig  from  the  mill? 
power-loom  mill.  and,  secondly,  was  itunder  such  cip- 
Mr.  John  Ingham  is  a  special  cumstances  as  justified  it.  Six  of  the 
constable;  was  in  the  mill  during  jury  said  they  were  entirely  8ati%- 
the  attack  upon  it,  and  assisted  in  fied  that  the  firing  froin  the  mill 
the  defence.  He  was  in  the  yard  had  not  ccmunenc^  until  it  was 
when  he  first  saw  the  mob  coming,  necessary  fi)r  the  saiRsty  of  the  pro- 
pud  they  advance  so  rapidly,  that  petty  of  the  miU,  and  the  Uvea  of 


HAT3 


CHRONICLE. 


75 


he 

DO 

B 


if 


tftttdefencM  U;  ethen  of 
thought  tlMtt  tliefomff 
too  mdiacriiAiiiate^  aad 
oontiniied^  but  they  ulti* 
agreed  in    the  foHowiBg 
:— '^  That  the  deceased  hal 
Aot  hy  some  personft  to  the 
mlmiowD^    in   the  mill  of 
John  Omett  HofflAdl  and 
the  preoervation  of  the  lives 
persons  and  property  there- 


A  similar  verdict^  on  similar 
evidence,  was  returned  in  the  case 
^  Edwaid  Fesrnky,  who  was 
that  upcrn  the  same  occasion. 

DiBTSBss  IN   Dublin.  — The 
laag^itrates  of  Airan-Ouay  Police- 
Diflioe  bvins  received  mf^mation 
at  ma  earhr  noor  yest^day,  that  a 
Bomber  of  the  inhabitants  of  that 
wretched  quarts  had  assembled 
f  Of  the  purpose  of  soing  in  proces- 
mm  thiou^  ^e  city,  with  their 
wivi»  and  families^  to  exhiHt  to 
their  fellow-oitizens  the  misery  of 
their    deplorable    situation,    Mr. 
Hobert  and  Mr.  Studd^t,  accom- 
panied by  a  party  of  the  Police, 
rcpaiied  to  the  Hberty,  wh^re  they 
^ound  a  vast  concourse  of  persons 
about  to  proceed  towards  the  in- 
terior of  the  city.     These  unhappy 
beingps  did  not  manifest  the  slightest 
desre  to  disturb  the  public  peace, 
aood,  on  the  remonstrances  of  the 
magistrates,  they  consented  toaban- 
te  their  original  intention.  They, 
however,  sta^,  through  the  me- 
dtmn  of  some  of  their  body,  that 
they  feared  the  subscription,  which 
had  been  generously  set  on  foot  for 
their  reliei,  could  not  have  the  ef- 
fect of  permanently  removing  the 
distress    ouder  which    they  were 
nfl&fing:     that     although    they 
ndght  be  relieved  irom  their  pre- 
leat  starvation  for  a  moment,  the 
dktress  would  again  return ;  and 
tliat  thojr  merely  wished  to  gel 


employment,  by  which  they  mUht 
maintain  their  starving  ftmiSesi. 
They  suggested,  themselves^  tW 
the  sum  collected  might  be  best 
supplied  in  purchaabg  the  stock  of 
goods  at  present  on  hand,  which 
vropid  enable  the  manufacturers  to 
give  eniployment  to  multitudes  of 
workmen,  who  are  now  totally 
without  the  means  of  procuring  a 
morsel  of  bread. 

SiNociiAB  Importation.—- A 
package  of  a  angular  description 
was  impmrted  at  the  Custom-house, 
Dublin,  firom  Leghorn,  and  con- 
signed to  the  rev.  T.  Muiphy,  of 
Kilkenny.  The  declared  value  by 
the  owner  is  1^  which  subjects  it 
only  to  a  duty  of  two-pence,  and 
the  package  is  entered  on  the  books, 
**  One  box  of  bones  of  Martyrs." 

6.  State-Paper  Oppicb.— 
By  the  industry  and  research  of 
Mr.  Lemcm,  scmie  interesting  dis- 
coveries have  recently  been  made 
in  this  office.  Amonest  other  valu- 
able papers  is  an  enture  translation 
of  Boethius,  by  Queen  Elijeabeth  ; 
the  prose  in  the  hand-writing  (^ 
her  majesty's  secretary;  and  the 
whole  of  the  poetry  in  the  Queen's 
own  autograph.  Rarts  of  a  poetical 
translation  of  Horace,  written  by 
the  Queen,  have  likewise  been 
fbund*  What  is  far  more  im- 
pOTtant,  as  it  relates  to  the  history 
of  that  period,  nearly  all  the  docu- 
ments connected  with  the  events 
that  occurred  during  the  reign  of 
Henry  VHI,  especially  the  kinff^s 
various  divorces,  have  likewise 
been  brought  to  light ;  particularly 
the  whole  case  of  Catherine 
How^.  It  is  intended  to  submit, 
these  literary  and  historical  relics 
to  his  majesty. 

8.   LlABILITT   OP  CaRRIBRS.— 

Mofsh  v.  Honttf.— The  Chief  jus- 
tice delivered  the  judgment  of  the 
court  in  tUs  case,  which  came 


76             ANNUAL  REGISTER.         [iwd 

before  the  court  originally  on  a  cliers^  fearing  a  BUxular  atta<^  re- 
special  verdict     It  was  an  action  moved  their  meat,  and^  by  twelve, 
against  the  proprietor  of  a  st^ge  only  the  town-butchers'  standii^ 
coach,  for  the  loss  of  two  boxes  were  left.     At  that  time  the  mar- 
sent  by  his  coach  to  Bath.    The  ket-place  was  filled  with  a  nbhb 
declaration  was  in  the  usual  form  of  the  lowest  description.     Hie 
of  assumpsit.     The  special  verdict  magistrates  (who  are  fen:  theisort 
found,  that  the  defendant,  being  part  manufiacturers)  assesUM  st 
the  proprietor  of  a  Bath  coach,  the  Woolpacks  Inn  at  three  o*dock, 
published  an  advertisement,  giving  and  drew  up  an  address  to  thta 
notice  to  the  public,  that  he  would  misguided  work-people,    pobtbg 
not  hold  himself  liable  for  the  loss  out  the  folly  of  their  conidnct  in 
of  any  parcel  or  package  of  more  thus  driving  away  those  pemos 
than  51.  value,  unless  the  same  was  who  were  in  the  habit  of  attasd- 
entered    and  paid    for    as    such,  ing  the  market  with  provifflBS— 
Plaintiff  knew  of  such  advertise-  eimorting  them  to  patience  and 
ment  when  he  delivered  these  two  good  conduct — and  threateaiag  to 
boxes  to  go  to  Bath,  and  defendant  discharge  from  their  empbf  all 
was  aware  they  were  worth  more  who  should  be  found  joiniiiff  in 
than  5/. ;  and  yet  no  insurance  was  such    riotous  proceedings.     This 
,tenderedbytheoneparty,orrequir-  address  was  widely  distributed  Ob 
ed  by  the  other.     The  Court  was  of  a  printed  form),  and  a  number  d 
opinion  that  that  fact  was  not  suffi-  special  constables  were  sworn  in. 
dent  to  take  the  defendant  out  of  ,      About  nine  o'clock,  howevcTi  a 
the  ranse  of  the  protection  which  violent  outrage  commenced;  the 
the  notice    he  had    given    threw  mob  attempting  to  break  into  die 
round  him :    and,  therefore,  that  shop  of  Thomas  Marsh,  baker,  in 
judgment  must  be  entered  for  the  the  market-place.     Foiled  in  this 
defendant.  attempt,  they  then  drew  off  totiie 
Riot  at  Tbowbridoe.  —  On  courts  in  a  large  body,  and  heem 
Saturday  last,  the  town  of  Trow-  to  pelt  the  constables,  who  nuoed 
bridge  was  the  scene  of  much  con-  upon  one  or  two  individuals  thathad 
fusion  and  outrage.  Some  hucksters  rendered   themselves  conspicuoos. 
had  been  suspected  of  either  fore-  One  of  them  they  succeeded  mtf- 
stalling  or  monopolizing  potatoes,  prehending,  and  committed  him  to 
the  price  of  which  commodity  ad-  the    guard-house ;     although    in 
vanced  considerably  in  the  market  going  thither,    they  were  neadf 
on  that  day  beyond  that  of  the  overpowered  by  the  mob,  many  rf 
previous  week,  and  these  circum-  whom  had  large  sticks  and  stones, 
stances   were   considered   by    the  This  outrage  was  succeeded  by  fre- 
mob  as  ample  reason  for  making  quent    skirmishes  with  the  mob, 
an  attack  upon  the  eardeners  in-  who  were  evidently  bent  on  erery 
discriminatdy.       This    they    ac-  species  of  mischief;    and  one  of 
cordingly  did ;    and  the  work  of  their  first  attempts  was,  to  liberate 
plunder  and   destruction   wa^  so  the  prisoner.     Mr.  WaldroD;  the 
effectively  performed,  that  by  11  magistrate,  assisted  by  some  of  the 
o'clock  not  a  vegetable  of  any  de-  mos*  respectable  inhabitanta^  sti- 
scription  was  to  be  seen  in  this  mar-  tioned  hmiself  at  the  door  of  the 
ket ;  and  at  that  hour  every  shop  prison,  and  told  the  crowd  that  k 
was   closed.     The   country  but-  was  determined  to  remain  at  his 


MAY3  CHRONICLE.  77 

post :  but  an  increase  of  force  from  usual  to  keep  gunpowder  for  tHe 
tlie  besiegers    rendered  a  retreat  purposes  of  the  colliery^  a  quantity 
necessary,  in  which  several  of  the  of  about  half  a  hundred  weight 
cxmstables  received  broken    heads  was  deposited  in   a  barreL      At 
and  severe  contusions.     The  rabble  nine  o'dock  in  the  morning,  some 
then  proceeded  to  unroof  the  pri-  persons   at    work   at  the  colliery 
son^  and  to  liberate  the  prisoner ;  were  alarmed  by  hearing  a  rumb- 
aoid  in  this  they  fully  succeeded.  ling  noise  proceed  from  the  house. 
Further     attempts    to    restore  and  instantly  afterwards  an  explo- 
tranquillity  appearing  to  be  vain,  sion  took  place,  by  which  the  roof 
the  greater  part  of  the  constables  and  two  sides  of  the  dwelling  were 
thought  it  proper  to  endeavour  to  blown  down.   Several  of  the  work- 
protect  their   own   personal  pro-  men  immediately  hastened  to  the 
perty  ;  a  measure  which  was  high-  spot,  where  they  discovered  Mary 
I7  necessary ;  for  about  half-past  Beldier,  the  wife  of  the  occuper 
twelve  the  mob   began  parading  of  the   House,   lying   under  the 
the  Hi^h-stireet,  brei^ing  the  win-  rafters,    which    had  fallen  upon 
dows  01  the  inluibitants,  although  her,  with  her  clothes  on  fire.    She 
very  many  of  them  could  not  be  had  her  infant,  about  two  months 
considered    as    having    rendered  old,  in  her  arms;   her  son,  Wil- 
themselves  obnoxious.       In  some  liam,  about  three  years  old,  was 
instances  the  windows  were   de-  also  Ipng  under  the  rafters,  by  her 
molished  tn  toto;  and  the  street  side,   both  the  children's  clothes 
lamps  were  also  destroyed.     These  being  on  fire ;  and  at  a  little  dis- 
violent  proceedings  continued  till  tance,  a  girl  of  the  name  of  Maria 
about  two  o'clock.  Jackson,  about  nine  years  of  age. 
An  exwcesa  had  been  sent   to  who    assisted     Mrs.    Belcher    in 
Devizes  ^  the  yeomanry  cavalry,  nursing,  was  seen  running  from 
who  arrived  about  one  o'clock  on  the  house  with  her  clothes  nearly 
Sunday ;  and  between  five  and  six  burnt  from  her  body.'   So  dreadful 
o'clock  the  constables,  guarded  by  was  the  injury  which  these  unfor- 
the  military,  proceeded  to  appre-  tunate    creatures    had   sustained, 
head  some   individuals  who   had  that  they  all  died  in  a  few  hours, 
been  marked  out  as  particularly        20.   Librl.— >jPifAer  v.  Stock" 
active  in  the  riot  on  the  previous  Ja2e.-*-This  was  an  action  to  re- 
evening  ;  two  of  whom  were  im-  cover   compensation  in   damages, 
mediately  sent  off  in  a  chaise  to  for   the  injury    received   by  the 
Salisbury  for  trial  at  the  ensuing  plaintiff,  in  consequence  of  a  libel, 
assizes.  which  had   appeared  in  the  9th 
By  the  judicious  management  number  of  a  work  entitled  "  The 
of  the  magistrates,  quietness  was  Memoirs    of   Harriette   Wilson." 
restored  by  ten  o'clock  at  night ;        Mr.  Serjeant  Vaughan  addressed 
when  not  an  individual  was  to  be  the  jury  for   the  plaintiff.     Mr. 
seen  in  the  streets.  Fisher  was  a.  very  respectable  at- 
17.  Accident. — ^A  melancholy  tomey,   residing  at  L3rme-R^is, 
oocurrence  took  place  on  Saturday,  had  been   married    for   the    last 
at  a  house  near  Ebenezer  Colliery,  thirty  years,  and  had  now  a  large 
in  the  parish  of  Westbromwich,  family.     Thenumberof  the  "Me- 
by  which  four  persons   perished,  moirs  of  Harriette"  to  which  he 
At  a  house  wbere  it  ba^  ^w^  allud^i  $aiA  which  fp^aed  the 


n  ANNUAL   REGISTER.  fiMi 

flubjeot  of  Uie  puftsent  action^  ifii«  opportunity  wtwJd  tlitts  be  gtv«i 
puted>  in  the  deatiest  terms,  to  the  of  pioving  tiie  truth  of  vitet  ht 
l^aintifi;  that  he  wad  a  man  of  the  had  said.    But  no  ptoc€  iif  the 
most  impure  and  cross  conduct^  as  truth  of  ^  present  libd  htA  ben 
m  married  man.    ft  described  hun  prodikc^.     It  must^  therelbf^  be 
as  a  '^  hidy  killer^  and  as  poasessN  oonduded,  tiiat  tlie  statement  itw 
ing blaek  eyes  and  a  tall  person;  false.    There  eould  be  no  donbt 
il  also  mentioned  him  as  practising  that  inference  was  made  by  k  la 
in  Uie  piofba^on  of  an  attorney,  the  plaintiff)  there  waft  no  ddier 
Now  these  facts  would  show  the  Mr.  Fisher   practising   at  Lym^- 
meaningof  the  libel,  and  would  R^is.    What   right,    ^en»    bad 
identify  the   Mr.  Fisher  of  the  this  prostitute,  or  this  pander  sop- 
**  Memoirs^  as  tiiie  present  plain-  porting  this  prostitute    tins  Is 
tiff.    What  answer  the  defendant  make  these  false  and  HbelloQs  pdb- 
would  be  able  to  give  to  the  case  Ucations  andnst  respectable  gea- 
he  knew  not>  but  he  was  quite  con*  tlemen  ?    It  had  be^  tonteaM, 
tinoed  none  could  be  introduced  that    tbafe   was    no    (^soge   «f 
which  would  deprire  the  plaintiff  immorality  in   the   lAeL      Bat, 
trf'his  chdm  to  huge  damages.  was  it  not  an  imputatioa  of  itt- 
The  libel  was  put  in  and  read,  morality,  when  thai  was  aasertei 
A  witness  was  then  called,  who  of  the  plaintiff,   whicb  had  ftp- 
proved  that  tbe  plaintiff  was  a  merly  been  ifematked  of  a  wonaa, 
mactied  man.    He  had  been  mai^  that  she  was  UuHAa  ikNS  mikU 
ried  thiny  years,  and  had  a  large  t»*m  f   What  the  ^tention  of  the 
family.    He  practised  as  an  atUns  part    was,     in    publisbing     Hk 
nay,  and  no  other  person  of  that  present  work,  appeared  ftam.  tfe 
name  and   profession   resided  in  back  leaf  of  it     It  b^  out  a 
Lyme-Regis.  tiireat  to  all  that  waa  great,  to 
Ibe  Lord  Chief  .Justice  in  sum-  all  that  was  noUe,  to  iJl  fSbmt  wv 
ming  up  said,  he  was  bound  to  tdl  amiable,   in  this  oountoy,    mtei 
the  iury,  that  in  point  of  law,  the  they  would  paysnflkient  to  asskly 
puWciiion,    which    fbrmed    the  this  prostitute,  who,  hnving  sop- 
ground  of  the  present  action,  was  ported  hersetf  in  kmg  as  ber  pov 
B  libel;  because  any  publiofttion  sonal  appearance  would   pennt, 
whatever,  having  a  tendency  to  now  sou^t  to  eke  out  ihe  wretch 
represent   anodier  person  in   an  ed  remamder  of  her  We  by  pob- 
odioos  or  ridiculous  light,    is   a  lishing  these  false  and   bilnmotts 
libel;  still  more  so  when  it  im-  libels.     Allusion  hsd  beea  made 
puted  to  any  one  tbe  crime  of  for-  to  the  profession  of  the  j^mtf 
getting  his  duty  as  a  husband  and  Now,  attomies,  f^K«n  tbdr  oonfi- 
a  father.    That  it  was  false,  must  dential  situation,  were  peetdiaxly 
be  taken  fbr  gnmted;  and  he  would  liaUe  to  sucb  attads  as  die  pva- 
tell  them  wny.    Mr.  Fidier  had  sent   Taking  all  the 
taken  the  best  possible  course  in  a  of  the  case  into  ^eir 
ease  of  this  sort.     He  had  brought  tion,  it  was  fbr  the  jury  Id  ssy 
a  civil  action.    If  ever  it  happened  what  was  tbe  amount  of  daisagai 
to  him  to  have  his  character  at-  to  which  the  ]^ntiff  wnaeotitkd. 
tadLed  by  a  libel,  he  ^ouM  un-  The  jury  immediatdy  reftimied  a 
doubtedly    brine    a    dvil    action  verdict  for  the  pbimUf; 
against  ttxe  puUisher  of  it.    An  700^t  eost^  Mn. 


MAY] 


CHRONICLE. 


^9 


2£.   MtrnDSR  KIIAK  CABHfiL.-*- 

A  most  daring  and  atrocious  mur- 
der was  perpetrated^  last  Sunda^f 
nighty  on  the  person  of  Edmund 
Miirphy>  esq.  of  Granffe^  while  on 
a  visit  at  the  house  ofhts  hrother^ 
W.  Murphy^  esq.  at  Ballynamonay 
within  a  mile  of  CasheL '  A  hot«e 
and  car>  bearing  a  mah  whom  Mr. 
Murphy  eicpected^  having  ^Mrrived 
nbout  half-flfter  nine  o'cK)ck ;  on 
the  door  being  opened  for  the  admis- 
sion ^  the  expected  penon,  seven 
er  debt  Allows,  armed^  and  not 
jUt^gttised^  rodied  into  the  haU> 
sb^ng  the  person  that  arrived 
and  the  man  that  attended  die  ear^ 
in  bdbre  them.  After  statkning 
twid  ^sUows  «t  the  hall^door  as 
sentiftdS)  four  of  tbekn  enterei  the 
parlour  where  Mr.  WilSam  Murphy 
ivtts  ntting>  Mr.  Edmund  having  a 
few  Minutes  h^oft  retired  to  bed> 
as  lie  had  to  «et  out  for  ClooBidl 
ait  nu  eas'ly  hour.  They  at  first 
demanded  what  arms  wore  in  the 
liouse,  and  v^>eatedly  strudc  Mr. 
Murphy^  once  knocking  him  down^ 
and  punched  him  m  the  back  with 
ablttnderbuss,  m  order  to  drive  him 
up  stairs  before  tham.  Mn  £d- 
nnuid>  hearing  the  noise  in  the 
hall,  ran  down  stairs  in  his  nights 
shirt,  and  was  unmediately  urged 
m  again  along  with  his  brother. 
Having  ascen&d  to  Mr.  William's 
bed-room>  they  received  the  arms 
t^ey  demanded  (a  gun  and  bfalh- 
dcifboss)  and,  when  they  were  ob* 
taaned,  th^  demanded  ''  travelling 
chvges,"  and  immediately  Intike 
open  some  of  Mr.  Murphy's  trunks, 
^Ma,  and  a  ehest  of  drawers, 
which  they  mmmaged,  and  rifled 
the  desk  of  a  note-case,  with  some 
(meamranda)  ps^sers,  a  one  pound 
note,  and  a  check  on  the  Provincial 
BaakforSS^  On  recdving  tiie 
BDt&>^3a8e,  one  of  the  fellows  (a 
jrooDg  xirfkn)  «aid  it  cpctainri 


toothing  but  powder,  ahd  demanAsd 
more  money,  whidi  Mr.  Murphy 
denied  having,  and  then  <»dared 
his  servant  to  bring  them  some 
drink,  when  another  oi  the  villains 
said  they  would  have  none  of  his 
whiskey,  as  it  wat  (^bled  only  Wi<Ji 
a  view  of  delaying  them  there. 
While  diey  were  continuiog  their 
examination,  and  breaking  the 
furniture,  Mr.  W.  Murphy  opened 
the  window,  making  as  mudb 
noise  as  he  could,  by  forciUy 
driving  down  th^  saah,  and  by 
claiming  his  hands,  ofied  <mt 
"  Now  my  lads !  here  are  the 
police  and  ye  will  be  m^bed," 
when  the  ruffians  ran  down  stmnsi 
to  die  hall-door,  and  leamii^ 
f^rom  thecenlindb  there  that  it 
was  <miy  a  fiedse  alarm,  they  up- 
turned up  stairs  again,  and  forcing 
the  Messrs.  Murphy  dovm  to  the 
hail,  cttdered  Mr.  William  to  kneel, 
whidi  he  refused  tb  4b,  saying, 
he  nev^  kn^  to  any  person,  and 
owing  to  bodily  infiimit]^,  touid 
not.  Mr.  Edmund,  in  order 
that  ^e  ruffians  might  not  in- 
jure his  brother  in  rorc^ig  him 
to  kneel  down,  said,  that,  if  it 
were  an  amusement  to  them  he 
would  kneel;  and,  he  having 
done  so,  one  of  the  murderers 
discharged  his  Idunderbuss  at  the 
distance  of  about  a  yard  Arom  hiqs, 
and  shbt  him  in  the  neck,  fie 
expired  almost  immediately;  two 
bails  and  four  slugs  havii^  entered 
that  part  of  the  body :  one  of  them 
passed  through  the  carotid  artery, 
and  another,  from  the  repulsion  it 
met  at  the  vertebne  of  die  neck, 
was  turned  <kmn  into  the  stomaeh. 
Mr.  Edmund  was  all  the  time  in 
his  night  shirt,  and,  while  he 
was  on  his  knees,  Mr.  William 
incessantly  b^ged  of  the  villains, 
if  they  were  determined  on  mur- 
der;  ta  take  his  U^  as  be  was 


80             ANNUAL    REGISTER.  Ciwe. 

old  and  infirm^  and  without  vant  to  the  deceased,  and  hare  beea 
children  to  suffer  from  his  loss;  so  for  five  years.  The  ctefgased 
rather  than  deprive  a  young  and  was  a  clerg3rman,  but  lias  never 
hel]^e8S  family  of  its  only  pro-  performed  clerical  duties  to  my 
tector.  After  accomplishing  this  knowledge ;  he  had  a  counUy-fleat 
work  of  destruction,  the  gang  de-  in  Lancashire,  and  in  the  last  year 
camped,  carrying  off  the  plunder  he  was  six  months  there.  About 
they  had  made  in  money,  and  seven  three  years  ago  I  was  told  by  his 
or  eight  bottles  of  wine  which  they  then  cook  that  the  deceased  gen- 
had  taken  from  the  cellar.  tleman  was  a  married  man  ;  but  I 

Natural  History.  —  A  re-  have  never  heard  it  mentioiied 
versed  specimen  of  the  common  since,  and  I  never  saw  bis  wife,  or 
brown  snail,  C Helix  aspersaj  has  knew  where  she  resided.  The  de- 
lately  been  found  in  the  parish  of  ceased  had  only  one  son^  about 
Shropham in Norfolk.<—We believe  twenty  years  a£  age,  who  lived 
this  to  be  the  only  genuine  British  constantly  with  him ;  he  was  of  no 
individual  ever  noticed  of  this  very  precession,  but  was  supported  fay 
rare  variety,  except  one,  formerly  my  master.  On  Monday,  soon  after 
in  the  possession  of  the  late  Dr.  one  o'clock,  my  young  master  came 
Hunter.— In  the  month  of  No-  to  breakfast  in  the  dining-roon, 
vember  last,  the  Hoopoe  was  shot  and  he  desired  me  to  go  .to  ha 
in  the  same  parish,  and  several  father,  who  was  then  in  an  adjoin- 
other  very  rare  birds.  Some  ing  room,  and  ask  him  if  he  would 
scarce  British  plants  have  been  have  a  cup  of  tea ;  I  went  acoodU 
observed  about  the  same  spot.  iugly  to  his  bed-room  door^  and 

23.  Coroner's  Inquest. — An  found  it  locked ;  I  told  my  young 

Inquest  was  held  on  the  body  of  master  of  it,  who  said — then  he 

the  rev.  F.  Lee,  aged  63  years.  would  wait  a  little  longer  for  his 

Mr.  Robert  Wake  of  No.  179,  breakfast.     In  about  a  quarter  of 

Piccadilly,  Surgeon,  sworn :  "  On  an  hour  after,  I  was  desired  to 

Monday  lant  about  one  o'clock  in  try  the  door  again,  and  still  found 

the  afternoon,   I    was  called   to  it  locked ;  I  was  then  requested  to 

attend  the    deceased,   and    went  try  two  other  doors  which    lead 

immediately;  I  found  him  l3ring  into  my    master's    chamber^    and 

on  the  floor  of  his  bed-chamber,  found  them  not  locked ;  I    thai 

No.  11,  in  the  Albany  ;  his  shoul-  proceeded  into  my  master^s  i^iart- 

der    was    supported    by   a  small  ment;  he  was  not  in  bed;  this 

trunk ;  he  was  quite  dead ;  and  I  frightened  me ;  and,  on  leaving  the 

supposed,  from  his  appearance,  he  room,  I  observed  him  lying  ofn  the 

had  been  so  above  an  hour.     In  groimd.     I  instantly  informed  my 

the    deceased    gentleman's    right  younff  master  of  the  circumstance ; 

hand  was  a  barrel  of  a  gun ;  it  was  at  this  time  there  was  with    him 

a  double-barrelled  piece ;  one  of  the  Mr.  Davis,  a  clergyman,  residing 

barrels  had  been  discharged  in  his  near    Greenwich,    who    was    an 

mouth,  by  which  the  whole  of  his  acquaintance    of     the    deceased ; 

(the  deceased's)  skull  was  blown  I  begged  of  Mr.  D.  to  come  out  of 

off.     From  his  position,  my  opi-  the  room  alone,  and  he  went  to 

nion  is,  that  he  discharged  the  gun  look  for  a  medical  person  ;  at  this 

himself.  moment,  I  was  unconscious  of  what 

Apn  Jon^j  9woni«^  was  8er«  had  happened  tQ  91;  xoasteip.  Dux^ 


MAY] 


CHRONICLE. 


81 


iDg  tbe  absence  of  Mr.  D.  my 
joong  master  came  out  of  the 
dining-room  and  I  endeavoured  to 
prerail  on  him  not  to  go  to  his 
taUier's  room^  upon  which  he 
seemed  very  much  affected^  and 
aaid^  ''  I  must  see  my  father ;" 
he  then  looked  into  the  room, 
stepped  back,  and  fell  to  the 
ground  on  his  face,  being  quite 
overcome  with  the  melancholy 
spectacle.  By  this  time  Mr.  Davis 
returned  accompanied  by  the  medi- 
cal gentleman.  The  deceased  went 
out  out  seldom  ;  he  also  kept  very 
little  company.  My  young  master 
generally  dined  with  the  deceased ; 
they  lived  very  happily  together, 
and  I  never  heard  him  reproach 
hia  son. 

George  Pritchard,  esq.  of  Lin- 
coln's-inn-fields,  solicitor,  sworn. 
—I  was  concerned  for  the  de- 
ceased in  a  matter  respecting  a 
partnership  undertaking,  which 
had  proved  very  disastrous,  and 
which  subjected  him  to  pecu- 
niary responsibility  to  the  extent 
of  between  two  and  three  hundred 
pounds,  which  he  was  fearful  he 
should  not  be  able  to  provide  for ; 
this,  and  other  matters  connected 
with  it,  were  evidently  more  than 
his  mind  could  bear. 

The  coroner  and  jury,  returned 
a  verdict  that  the  deceaised  gentle- 
man shot  himself  in  a  state  of 
lunacy. 

26.  Murder  near  Manches- 
ter.— ^A  murder  was  perpetrated 
last  night,  between  Patricroft  and 
Worsley.  About  ten  o'clock,  two 
men  entered  the  public-house, 
the  Jolly  Carter,  kept  by  Joseph 
Blears,  and  cfdled  for  liquor. 
They  had  not  sat  long,  before 
they  urged  the  landlord  to  join 
them,  upon  whom  they  pressed 
glass  after  glass,  till  he  became  in- 
toxicated.   They  inquired  whether 

Vol.  LXVIU, 


they  oould  be  accommodated  with 
a  bed,  and  an  answer  was  re- 
tiuned  in  the  affirmative.  About 
twelve  o'clock  they  signiiied  their 
intention  to  retire,  and  were  shown 
to  an  upper  chamber  by  the  servant 
girl.  Immediately  on  reaching 
the  door  of  the  room,  one  of  them 
turned  upon  the  female,  and  aimed 
a  blow  at  her  with  a  knife.  Im 
the  struggle,  and  with  a  view  to 
defend  herself,  she.  held  up  her 
hands,  and  the  Rngers  of  one 
hand  were  n^riy  cut  off.  They 
next  made  a  stroke  at  her  throat, 
and  nearly  severed  her  head  from 
her  body.  A  boy  in  an  adjoining 
room,  who  was  in  such  a  situa- 
tion as  to  see  what  was  going 
forward,  leaped  out  of  bed,  and  in 
his  terror  threw  himself  over  the 
rails  of  the  staircase,  and  flew  out 
at  the  door.  The  men  instantly 
followed,  and,  in  running  down 
stairs,  met  the  mistress  of  the 
house,  who  had  heard  the  noise, 
and  was  on  her  way  to  inquire 
into  the  cause.  The  man  who 
held  the  knife,  which  was  still 
reeking  with  blood,  struck  at  her 
with  all  his  strength  on  his  rapid 
descent  down  the  stairs.  The  m- 
strument  entered  her  cheek,  and 
penetrated  the  bone,  where  it 
was  left  by  the  villain,  who, 
with  his  com*panion,  pursued  the 
boy  who  had  escaped.  The  poor 
lad  fortunately  succeeded  in  con- 
cealing himself  in  a  sough  near 
the  ]9ace;  and  the  murderers, 
probably  fearing  that  he  had  given 
the  alann,  f  led.  The  landlord  was 
unable  to  render  any  assistance ; 
and  there  }s  little  doubt,  from  the 
circumstaoice  of  their  having  re- 
duced him.  to  a  state  of  helpless- 
ness, that  they  had  contemplated 
the  murder  of  the  whole  family. 
The  servattt  girl  was  murdered  on 
the  spot ;  «ind  the  landlady,  though 


82  ANNUAL   REGISTER.         ci« 

Uvingy  was  left  in  avery  dangwous  o'dock.    I  had  been  m  hA 

itate,  the  kpife  having  been  itrud^  threw  up  cone  earth  acuMl  i 

with  such  Tiolenoe  into  the  baiie>  window ;    after    he    had  thiv 

that    the   faiade    was    comidetdiy  seveial  timet,  1  got  iqp,  <9fnBd 

curved,  and  it  took  a  coosideraUe  window,  and  spoke  to  hm^  i 

time  to  extract  it*  wished  him  to  oo  awaj  iw  madia 

TuM  Jswsw— The  following  is,  ly*    He  was  wen  atanding  iq 

so  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  die  ledoe  of  the  parlour  wmdi 

present  distiibutioa  of  the  Jews  and  had  fdaced  his  hands  opss  i 

diroughout  the  world.  bottom  of  the  chaniber  wiadi 

luBavaria   53,402  and  I  th«l  put  down  the  awi,  • 

'6«zooy    1,300  left  him  in  that  position.     In  t 

HanoFer ••»•      6,100  or  three  seccmds  after  I  aaw  I 

Wurtcmbcrg  ;..      9'?^  jump  down,  and  nerar  aaw  I 

B«J«"  ••••I- i^'^^o  ;^        I  did  not  he»  him  I 

Electorate  of  Hesse   5,170  ^*r     t  i.     _i  •  -w  ««•  i 

GresidDucby  of  Hesse....     14,082  wt     1  heard  a  noise  m  the  89 

Rest  of  the  allied  Oerman  below,  which  was  a  padour  ^ 

suiei •    18,248  did  not  make  ttse  (£.    The  vw 

Franklbrton  the  Maine.,..      5,200  heard  was  the  laealdna  of  a  wi 

Ji^^^gh•::::::::::::::  bS  dow.  ididnotbKrw^th.- 

Aiistrian Slates 453^  who  it  was  that  did  it,  boia 

Pnueia.4 «...  134,^80  informed  in  the  raarning  thai 

Kustia..^ 426,908  was  my  j&ther.    I  saw  n^isll 

G^x^^BriiinV.v;.:::::::  "SSSS  ^*^  ^^  ^  "«'  ^  "< 


LowCountrJ«i"."!!!!."..\\'    SO^OOO    %ht  wth  him,  bttt  th«a  aja 


Fiance 6e»000    candle  in  his  lodf^n^ 

Sweden    ...^ ,«.«•        450    enabled  me  to  see  huo.     I  hadi 

Denmark,. 6,000    a  distinct  view  of  the  €Oinit€aai 


^r:!!^'::::::v.v.::::  S  «f  the d«««d, « he w-m 

Ionian  lilaada«« 7,000  ™®»  and  it  was  partJ^  oovcaiAf 

CiBfiov ^ 7,300  hishat    I  do  not  think  that  di 

Turkey  in  Eucoj^e  ..« 321,000  was  sufficient  light  to ha^f^ snl| 

Asia.  ,.  138,000  me  to  distinguiA  his fcatuw,  I 

^S^l^V^^'o^^^^WoOO  iV^-^^     ^-^ 

America. S,700  had  two    or  three  tmci   W^ 

W«ftt  ladies   ..,.•«..•..••         fiO  thrown  earth  at  my  wJndawah 

the  same  time  in  the  erauK  ^ 

Tota,'  ....  3,166,603  j  ^^^^  ^^  ^^  .  upon  oncallf 

ocragjons  I  had  some  comi 

27.      Unfqrtun.  ITK       Man-  with  him;  on  the  other,  I 

aiiAUGUTEB.  —  An     inquest    was  desired    him  to    go   awqik 

held  at  Pontefiact  on    the  body  of  Blackburn  never  visited  Bail 

Mr.  Blackburn,  who    (vas  stabbed  day*time  at  my  iathec^s  haai 

on  the  night  of  the  2^  4th  by  Mr.  wished  him  to  come  ia  tli 

Carlile.  time,  and  speak  to  n^  ftd^L 

Miss    Rebecca    Carlile    having  this  he  did  not  do.     Xhwl 

been  sworn,  said^— Th>e»  decease^  been  no  quarrel  or  dispotaj 

Joseph  Blaekburn,    c&fjae    to  ray  my  father  and  die  deo 

father's  house  on  Tue^iday  night  father  told  me  that  he  i 

last  about  a  quarter  p^  ^t^  eleven  of  the  visits  of  tina 


1IAY3 


CHRONICLE. 


S3 


had  not  pvtB  anj  eneouiAgement 
to  bit  a&wing,  ginoe  my  £iither 
tpdke  to  me  on  the  subject.  I 
fbrbftd  him  to  Tisit  me  again,  and 
I  nftver  admitted  him  into  the 
housety  nor  have  I  kept  hit  com« 
paaj  in  any  other  manner  than  I 
have  now  stated,  except  speakina 
to  him  once  or  twice  at  my  fkther  s 
door.  My  father's  lodging*roam 
is  on  tbe  other  side  of  the  house. 
I  did  not  give  any  alarm;  my 
aster  Sophia  got  up  and  went  out 
of  the  room,  as  soon  as  the  deceased 
come  to  the  window.  I  do  not 
believe  she  knew  who  it  was.  I 
first  became  acquainted  with  Mr. 
Blackbom  at  Hamburg* 

Mr.  Benjamin  'Carlue,  die  bro- 
ther of  the  last  witness,  said, 
*^  About  half-past  eleven  o'clock 
on  Tuesday  night  last,  my  sister 
Sophia  came  into  my  room,  and 
said  that  there  was  somebody  break* 
iag  into  the  bouse;  I  pat  my 
tiowsets  on,  and  found  my  £itber 
(who  bad  also  been  called  by  my 
■ster)  a  Saw  steps  before  me ;  he 
always  keeps  a  sword  in  bis  room, 
and  had  it  then  in  bis  hand ;  we 
went  into  the  parlour,  and  I  saw 
a  man  standing  at  the  window; 
my  fitther  put  the  swocd  through 
one  of  tbe  top  panes,  but  not  as  I 
believe  with  great  force :  nor  did 
be  tp&k  to  the  man:  we  both 
thought  that  he  was  staining  on 
the  ground  at  some  distance  from 
the  window,  but  I  could  not  judge 
of  the  distance,  as  it  was  very  danc, 
and  it  was  not  until  he  had  leaped 
down  that  I  discovered  that  he  had 
been  standing  on  the  ledge  of  the 
midQw ;  he.  jumped  down  immei- 
diately  after  my  father  put  the 
sword  through  the  pane.  My 
&ther  had  no  idea  that  he  had 
hurt  the  man.  We  then  went 
into  the  kitchen ;  my  father  said 
bekad  put  the  swoxd  orer  hk  head 


to  fri^ten  him :  but  when  I  told 
my  mher  the  position  in  wbkh 
the  man  was  standing,  he  said  he 
was  afraid  that  he  mid  hurt  him. 
The  moon  had  not  then  risen.  I 
went  down  stairs  under  an  impres- 
sion that  tbe  person  was  brewng 
into  tbe  house ;  and  from  what  my 
father  said  at  the  time,  I  bdieve 
that  he  had  the  same  impression 
upon  his  mind  ;  we  found  the  par- 
lour window  a  little  open ;  I  did 
not  know  whether  it  was  left  so 
when  the  £unily  went  to  bed ;  we 
made  no  attempt  to  pursue  the 
supposed  robber;  we  wined  the 
sword  with  a  white  hanakcrchief 
to  ascertain  if  there  was  any  blood 
upon  it;  we  found  it  rather  stained^ 
but  we  thought  it  was  with  the 
mst  and  grease ;  webadnofiirtiMr 
amversatum  about  the  robber ;  niy 
£sther  was  somewhat  agitated,  but 
I  was  not  at  an  so ;  the  deceased 
and  my  father  had  necver  bad  any 
quarreL'* 

Miss  Sophia  GarHle,  who  seemed 
about  sixteen  years  of  age,  said^ 
^^  I  heard  a  noise  at  my  sisler^s 
chamber  window,  on  Tuesdaynkdit, 
about  eleven  o'clock ;  it  seoaed  to 
be  oceasioned  by  something  thro«m 
at  tbe  window ;  I  was  awoke  by 
the  noise,  but  I  did  not  speak  to 
my  sister  abonit  it:  I  did  not  know 
that  Joseph  Blaekbnm  threw  it. 
She  did  aot  get  up  whilst  I  was 
in  the  room;  I  Uumgbt  it  was 
thrown  by  some  person  that  was 
going  to  break  into  ^  bouse ;  I 
went  to  my  &ther's  reem,  and  toU 
him  that  some  person  was  breaking 
into  the  house,  and  he  immediately 
got  up ;  I  went  to  tell  my  brother, 
and  thtn  retired  into  mj^  own 
room ;  I  found  ssy  sister  sitting  in 
a  dudr  undressed;  I  heard  the 
noise  of  tbe  breaking  of  the  win- 
dow ;  but  I  did  not  see  or  hear  of 
my  father  aflormidi^    I  did  not 

G2 


84  ANNUAL    REGISTER.         cisafi 

tell  my  father  that  Blackburn  was  or  hear  him  speek ;  he  hardly  kneii 

throwing  at  the  window;  I  remem««  he  was  woimded  until  be  got  \ 

her   dirt    being    thrown    at    the  few  yards  from  Mr.  Carlfle's  house 

window  once  before^  and  my  sister  and  he  thought  he  should  neve 

told  me  that  it  was  Bkekbum  who  have  lieen  able  to  have  0Ot  to  hi 

threw  it ;  I  am  not  certain  whether  brother's  house ;  in  a  sobaofiien 

my  sister  had  got  out  of  bed  before  part  of  his  examinatum^  he  ststa 

i  went  to  alarm  my  father  or  not ;  that  he  never  said  that  he  knew  i 

I  did  not  hear  my  sister  speak  to  was  Mr.  Thomas  Carlile  who  k« 

Blackburn."  stabbed  him,  as  he  had  neither  sea 

Mr.  Joseph  Waiblinger  said,  *'  I  him  nor  hem!d  him  epesk ;  had  no 

am  a  surgeon  at  PucSey.     I  was  lately  had  any  q.uaml  with  W 

called  on  Tuesday  nig^t,  about  Garble,  nor  had  Mr.  Caziile  at  aiij 

eleven  o'clock,  to  visit  the  deceased,  time  threatened  to  do  him  asj 

I  found  a  neat  quantity  of  blood  injury ;  witness  about  a  year  ana 

in  his  smafi-dothes ;  there  was  a  had  a  quarrel  with  Mr.  Catlde 

wound  in  the  abdomen,  five  inches  it  was  about  Sophia,  who  toU  hd 

below  the.  navel,  a  little  to  the  father  that  he  was  paying  atteq* 

right ;  there  was  a  portion  of  the  tions  to  her  sister  Rd»oca ;  Mr 

omentum  protruded  through  the  Carlile  spoke  to  him  out  of  tb 

wound,   wnich  I  was  obliged  to  window;  he  seemed  vexed,  but  di^ 

remove.     I  told  the  deceased  that  not  threaten  him. 

the  wound  had  more  the  appearance        The  jury  returned  a  verdkt  d 

of  having  been  inflicted  hy  a  sharp  Mamlaughier, 

cutting  instrument  than  a  ball ;        Fobtunatb  Escapb  fxo«  Sa^ 

the  deceased  said  he  could  not  say  vaoeb.— In  1824,  the  Comitas  oi 

whether  the  noise  he  heard  was  Morley  being  off  the  Marqooi^ 

the  discharge  of  a  pistol  or  the  Jeffery,   the  chief  mate,  with  t 

breaking  of  a  window.     I  saw  the  boat's  crew,   was  despatched  on 

deceased    six  or  seven  times  on  shore  to  procure  fiedi  piovisiaoi 

Wednesday  (25th),  and  again  on  in  exchange  for  articles  of  bsiter* 

Thursday  morninff,  when  I  con-  In  prosecuting  this  object,  he  w« 

tinned  with  him  tm  he  died,  which  induced  to  enter  one  of  ^  hou, 

was  at  nine  o'clock.  where  he  was  detained  asaprinaer* 

Mr.  Hutchinson  was  called  to  It  is  conjectured  that  the  nttiYes 

prove  the  examination  of  the  de-  in  resorting  to  this  measure,  hid  00 

ceased,  which  had  been  taken  by  intention  m  injuring  him ;  hut  tf 

the  rev.  J.  A.  Rhodes,  and  was  to  he  appeared  to  be  the  piiiidinl  d 

the  following  effect :— That  the  the  party,  they  widied  to  hare  • 

deceased  went    to    Mr.   Carlile's  musket    ofiered    for  his  nnaoiB' 

house,  between  eleven  and  twelve  They  had  before  expreaged  a  WKt/i 

o'clock  on  Tuesday  night,  to  visit  desire  for  fire-arms,  and  deaDB^ 

his  daughter,  as  he  had  done  many  exchanging  their  hog8»  fruit,  fbwh« 

times  before:  he  got  up  to  the  &c  for  any  thing  else.    Thosei^ 

window  to  speak  to  her ;  she  burst  accompanied  the  mate,  wemg  no- 

into  tears,  and  her  mother  asked  thing  was  to  be  done  asiiiiitiack 

her  why  she  cried,  but  he  did  not  a  force  as  had  been  cofiectci>  1^ 

hear   any    answer ;    Mr.    Carlile  turned  to  their  boats,'  and  Mk 

tabbed  him  immediately,  but  the  good  their  passage   to  the  ^ 

4«cwQd  s«ud  be  did  not  see  him  The  next  da^  GzmtbsTolwrtiRt' 


HAT] 


CHRONICLE. 


85 


his  aonrices^  and  with  two  boats' 
crews,  well.armed^  proceeded  to 
the  shore  in  quest  of  Jefiery.  Soon 
after  tbej  had  landed,  he  was  led 
ilown  to  the  beach,  between  two 
of  the  natives,  backed  by  a  nume- 
roos  host ;  and  having  told  his  ship- 
mates that  he  was  atraid  of  falling 
a  victim  to  the  treachery  of  the 
islsn&rs,  an  attack  was  instantly 
commenced,  and  in  the  skirmish 
Jefeiy  got  free.  By  this  time  the 
force  of  their  adversaries  so  aug- 
mented, that  they  were  obliged  to 
give  way,  and  retreat  to  their  boats, 
under  lowers  of  stones,  one  of 
which  struck  Griffiths  on  the  back 
of  his  head,  and  knocked  him  sense- 
less into  the  water.  When  the 
boats  were  at  some  distance  from 
the  shore,  the  lifeless  body  of  Grif- 
fiths was  held  up  by  the  heels  in 
view  of  his  shipmates,  who  looked 
npon  him  as  dead.  So,  indeed, 
Uuni^t  the  islanders,  for  each 
daimed  a  part  as  his  share,  and 
Uit  for  the  interference  of  their 
chief,  these  cannibals  would  have 
nude  a  sure  end  of  him.  This 
chief,  whom  Griffiths  represents 
to  be  a  venerable  old  roan,  nearly 
ninety-years  of  age,  with  a  flow- 
ing beard,  had  him  conveyed  to 
his  hut,  and  seeing  that  life  was 
not  extinct,  advis^  their  using 
erenr  means  in  their  power  to  re- 
cover him,  as  he  might  be  useful 
in  teaching  them  how  to  mend  and 
clean  the  muskets  they  were  in 
poaession  of;  this  reasoning  seems 
to  have  had  the  desired  effect,  and 
hemg  adopted  by  the  old  chief  as 
his  Mm,  he  was  thenceforth  treated 
with  much  kindness.  His  time 
was  mostly  occupied  in  helping 
them  tomidce  and  mend  their  fish- 
ing-nets,  which  were  formed  of  the 
nwer  bturk  of  a  tree.  He  also  ac- 
anB^anied  them  in  their  canoes 
when  fiahing,  h^t  ww  ^ever  wif? 


fered  to  go  by  himself;  and,  on 
the  appearance  of  any  vessel  in  the 
offing,  he  was  forced  to  keep  at  a 
distance  from  the  beach.  The 
clothes  which  he  had  on  when 
made  prisoner  were  taken  from 
him,  and  distributed  among  the  na- 
tives. Thus  Griffiths  was  obliged 
to  wander  over  the  island  in  the 
same  state  of  nudity  with  his  com- 
panions. The  hope  of  eventually 
escaping  kept  up  his  spirits,  but 
the  diJrorence  of  diet,  having  no- 
thing but  fruits  and  water  to  sub- 
sist on,  materially  impaired  his 
health.  A  man  of  colour,  named 
Exeter  Dick,  who  belonged  also 
to  the  Countess  of  Morley,  was 
taken  at  the  same  time  with  Grif- 
fiths, but  being  conveyed  to  an- 
other part  of  the  island,  he  con- 
trived to  make  his  escape;  An- 
other man,  called  Michael  Dale, 
had  been  detained  there  some  years, 
but  the  fear  of  being  retaken  pre- 
vented his  endeavouring  to  escape. 
Griffiths  describes  the  imnd,  which 
is  situated  in  lat.  9.  S.  long.  139. 
27.  W.  and  called  by  the  natives 
Rooahoogah,  as  very  mountainous, 
and  well  wooded.  It  is  totally 
uncultivated,  but  produces  the 
bread-fruit,  cocoa-nuts,  plantains, 
bananas,  &c.  in  abundiance.  The 
only  animals  are  hogs,  which  are 
killed  and  eaten  on  particular  oc- 
casions, such  as  the  death  of  a 
priest  or  chief,  when  the  number 
devoured  is  in  proportion  to  the 
consequence  of  the  party.  Their 
arms  consist  of  clubs  and  lances, 
and  the  persons  IdUed  and  taken  in 
war  are  devoured.  They  appeared 
to  set  great  value  on  a  few  old 
muskets,  which  Griffiths  cleaned 
and  repaired  as  well  as  he  was 
able ;  and  this  circtunstance  alone 
caused  him  to  be  held  in  much  es« 
timation.  — Af^  residing  there 


M             ANNUAL   REGISTER.  p««« 

quainted  with  their  langua^,  and  SI.  To-day,  paxliament  wtspm- 
latterly  spent  much  time  in  con-  rogued  by  comminion.     The  eom- 
vendng  with  the  old  chief  with  missioners  were,  the    lord   chsn- 
whom  he  lived,  and  to  whose  in-  cellor,  the  ardibishop  of  Canter- 
terferenoe  he  owed  his  preservation,  bury,  the  marquis  Conyneham,  the 
The  old  man  was  very  inquisitive  earl  of  Harrowby,  and  toe  eul  ti 
M  to  the  extent  and  power  of  Eng-  Shaftesbury. 
laQd>  and  often  said  that,  but  for 
BIS  great  age,  ne  should  have  en- 
deavoured to  vifflt  it.    The  natives  JUNE# 
are  all  idolaters,   and  the   taboo 

forms  an  essential  part  of  their  sys-  2.  Medwat  CasaIj  CoxPAinr. 
tern  of  worship.      The  antiquity  — -On  Friday  and  Saturday  last, 
of  the  taboo  is  equal  to  the  other  an  important  inquiry  was  had  si 
branches  of  that  superstition  of  the  Court  Hall  at  Rochester,  be* 
whieh  it  forms  so  component  a  part,  fore  the  coraniittee  of  the  company 
The  idols,  temples,  persons  of  the  of  proprietors  of  the  Thames  asid 
priests,  chiefs,  ourying  places,  &c.  Medway  Canal,  to  ascertain  the 
are  always  taboo,  or  sacred.     The  compensation  to  be  paid  by  the 
prohibitions  and  requisitions  of  the  Canal  company  to  Mr.  €runniii& 
taboo  are  strictly  enforced,    and  Mr.  De  La  Cour,  and  Mr.  Hasted 
every  breach  of  them  punished  with  for  expenses  incurred  by  them,  and 
death.    After  living  with  the  fa-  damage  done  to  their  estates  si 
mily  oi  the  old  chi^  about  twelve  Frindsbury  and  Strood  :  the  worb 
months,  Griffiths  succeeded  in  es-  of  the  canal  having  abstracted  die 
capinff  to  an  enemy's  tribe  on  the  water  from  Mr.  Gunning's  pond, 
opponte  side  of   the   island,    by  and  having  introduced  s^t  water 
whom  he  was  fkvourably  received,  into  the  wells  of  Mr.  De  La  Cour 
Here    he    remained    some    time,  and  Mr.  Hasted,  so  as  to  rendo* 
when,  by  promising  to  send  them  them  brackish.     The  inquiry  ei- 
^  supply  of  powder,  they  suffered  cited  great  interest,  and  continued 
him  to  d^Ntft  in  a  canoe  to  St.  on  the  first  day,  from  ten  in  the 
Chri8tina>    another    island   about  morning  until  seven  in  the  evfB- 
fifty  miles  ftirther  to  the  southward,  ing.     The  claims  of  the   sevml 
where  Briti^  and  American  ships  parties  amounted  to  l,5^6L  17s.  6d» 
often  send  \heir  boats  to  procure  but  w^ie  reduced,  by  the  verdicts 
refteshmants.       He    reached    St.  of  the  jury,  to  97SL  ISs^ 
Christina  in  safety,  and  after  being  3.  Murder  at  Bshalk. — Mr. 
there  three  weeks,  an  English  ship  Nicholas  Carter,  of  Crake   HaD, 
hove  in  si^ht ;  on  her  nearing  the  near  Bedale,  about  55  years  of  age;, 
place.  Girths  plunged  into  the  was  returning  from  L^hum  mar- 
sea,   and  swam   alongride  a  boat  ket  on  horeeback.    Mr.  Plewiy  a 
which  had  been  de^tched  item  neighbour,    accompanied  hint    ts 
the  ^p  for  provisions,  and  after  a  Constable  Burton,  where   he  re- 
little  explanation  was  taken    on  mained  a  short  time,  and  Mr.  Car- 
board.     The  vessel  was  the  Elisa  ter  proeeeded  onwards.    Mr.  Plews 
Frmces,  of  London,  Stephenson  found    him,    about    ten  miaiHes 


mMStw.      Grriffiths    renudned    on  after  the  attack  had  been 

board  |p  work  his  passage  home,  upon  him,  welteiaof  in  bia  Ijnaii, 

and  awived  ki  Aa  Downs  about  and  ^eadiless,  at  a  ^mall  ynOa§t 
"Hree  weeks  since. 


JUNE]  CHRONICLE.  87 

called  Aikber,  with  three  stiwere   Baence  depr«datimi8  near  Mallow^ 

blows  upon  his  head^  and  near  him    and  that  Eaatiy-house  wa»  to  he 

a  rail  which  had  heen  hroken  Ax>m    the  first  ohject  of  plunder ;  that 

the  severity  of  the  hlows.     He  was    officer  oonsmted  with  Mr.  Crossley^ 

taken  to  his  house,  where  surgical    ehief  constable  of  the  harony,  on 

^Ol  y^na  obtained,  but  he  died  at    the  most  eligible  mode  of  luocess- 

ten  o'clock  the  same  evening.     The    fuUy  resisting  them ;  and  it  was 

bon.  and  rev.  Thos.  Monson,  H.  P.    thought  proper  to  communicate  to 

Polleineyesq.,  MarmadukeWyvill,    James    L.    Cotter,    esq.   who    is 

esq.,    the  rev.  J.  J.  T.  Monson,    nearly  related  to  that  fiimily,  the 

and   the  rev.  £,   Wyvill,  magis-^    intention  of  robbery.'-^It  was  on 

tratea,  immediately  commenced  an    Wednesday  last   ascertained  that 

invesdgation  into  the  affair,  and,    that  night  was  detecmined  on  for 

from  evidence  which  they  obtained,    its    completion  ;    when    arrange^ 

strooff  suspicion  was  entertained    ments  were  made,  and  a  jiarty  of 

that  Leonard  Wilkinson,  a  native    police  in  disguise,  with   Messrs. 

of  Finghall,  was  the  perpetrator    Crossly  and  Keily,  were  seoretly 

0^  the  act  i  he  was  therefore  taken    introduced  into  the  house  at  inter- 

into  custody.     On  the  day  when    vols,  during  the  evening,  where 

he     was    first     apjm^hended,    he    they  were    received   by   Mr.  L. 

laughed  at  the  accusation,  and  set    Cotter,    who  had  previously  ar- 

at  defiance  every  suspicion  of  his-   rived  there.     Between    the  hours 

guilt.     But  when  he  had  to  meet    of  ten  and  elevean  o'clock  a  loud 

tbe   coroner's  jury,    he  betrayed    rap  was  heard  at  the  hall  door; 

strong  symptoms  of  inward  agita^    a  female    servant   inquired   who 

tionl     His    tongue    faltered,    his    was  there,    when  a  person    an^ 

step  was  no  longer  firm,  at  length    swered  ^^  he  wanted  to  deliver  a 

he  fainted  away,  and  fell  appa-    note  to  the  lady  of  the  House." 

rently  lifeless  on  the  fioor.     After    The  servant  was  told  (in  a  whis- 

some  time,  the  prisoner  made  a  con«    per  by  the  party  inside)  to  open 

fession  to  the  following  purport :    the  door,  when  two  of  the  robbers. 

That  he  did  not  murder  the  de-    well  armed,  rushed  into  the  room 

ceased ;  but  that  the  murderer  was    where  the  ladies  were  sitting,  and 

an  Irishman  whom  he  had  met  with    in  the  most  terrific  manner  ordered 

at  Leybum  market,  and  who  had    the  candles  to  be  put  out.    Though 

given    him    some    things    which    it  had  heen  the  intention  to  allow 

the  deceased  had  been  possessed    the  entire  party  of  robbers  to  enter, 

of,  but  had  kept  the  remainder  of    with  the  hope  of  effectually  break- 

the  property  himself.  ing  up  this  noted  gang,  yet  from 

An  inquest  was  held  on  the    the    savage   manner  of  the  per« 

body ;    and  the  jury  returned  a    sons  who  first  came  in,  and  firum 

verdict  of  wilful  murder  against    apprehensions    for     the    personal 

Leonard  Wilkinson.  safety  of  the  family,  the  officers  of 

Irish    Robbers.  — ^  It  having    police,  and  Mr.  Cotter,  who  were 

heen  discovered,  by  private  inform-    nearest  the  spot,  rushed  forward, 

ation,    received  by  Mr.  Keily,   a    when  the  ruffians,   on  observing 

poUce  officer,  that  certain  persons    them,,  fired,  and  slightly  wounded 

who  had   lately   committed  rob-    Mr.  Crossley.     Immediately  a  des- 

heries  in   the    neighbourhood    of  perate    struggle    commenced,    in 

Mitchelstown  were  about  to  com-    which  the  partiei^  reached  the  hall. 


88             ANNUAL   REGISTER.  iim. 

when  the  other  three  police  offi«  sistance  wasiininediately  pfoeored, 
cers,  who  had  been  stationed  at  and  drags  used^   but  it   waa  not 
remote  parts  of  the  house^  joined  until  after  the  lapse  of  tiiree  quar- 
them.     By  this  time  tlie  Hghts  in  ters  of  an  hour  that  the  body  was 
the  hall  had  been  extinguished^  and  found;  medical  aasirtawtft  was  at 
the  scene  became  dreadful  in  the  hand^  and  all  means  were  resorted 
extoeme,  both  from  the  darkness  to  for  restoring  animatiora^  but  in 
that  prevailed^  and  the  smoke  of  vain.     The  body  was  thai  taken 
the  several  shots  that  had  been  ex-  to  the  chapel  at  Ashton,  and  oft 
changed^  and  the  contending  par-  the  following  day  an  inquest  waa 
ties  not  beins  able  to  distinguish  held,  when  the  jury   returned  a 
each  other.    One  of  the  robbers,  verdict,     ''  That    the     decc—rf 
who  was  severely  wounded,  availed  drowned  himself  in  a  fit  of  tempo- 
himself  of   this  opportunity  and  rary  derangement" 
escaped,  dragging  Mr.  Keily  with  Earthquake    at     Shiras.— 
him  out  into  the  lawn ;  traces  of  The  following  letter  communicalei 
bloo4  were  found  for  a  considerable  the  particulars  of  this  calamity  :«- 
distance.     The  other  died  in  a  few  '^Bushire,  Nov.  10,  18S5. — I  am 
moments  from  his  wounds.  sorry  to  inform  you,  that  a  shock 
Suicide. — A  melancholy  case  of  an  earthquake  was  U^t  at  Shiraz 
of    self-destruction    occurred    at  at  the  end  of  last  mouthy  almott 
Oundle  on  Friday  last.     William  equal  to  that  of  last  year.      A 
Spencerj^   of  Warmington  (whose  great  number  of  buildings  have 
wife  lately  eloped  from  him  with  been    thrown  down,    ana    nnich 
another  man,  but  since  returned  property  destroyed;  I  am^  how- 
home  again),  had  been  at  Oundle  ever,  happy  to  say,  that  few  hare 
the  greater  part  of  Friday,  and  lost  their  lives  on  this  dreadful  oc- 
was  observed  to  be  unusually  de-  casion.     If  you  should  ever  revisit 
jected  and  low-spirited,  as  if  some-  Shiraz,    the    changes  thai    these 
thing  heavy  was  preying  upon  his  dreadful  visitations  have  made  in 
mind;  he  even  told  one  person  it   will   fill  you  with  grief  and 
that  he  would    either    hang    or  astonishment.  The  tombs  of  Hafix 
drownhimself  that  evening.  About  and  Saadi,  the  boast  and  gloiy  of 
a  quarter  past  eight  o'clodc  he  left  Shiraz,  are  now  heaps  of  ruins, 
the  town,  in  company  with  a  man  If  these  great  men  were  now  to 
named  Norman,  and,  on  going  over  rise  from  their  graves,  they  would 
the  North  bridge,  Spencer  once  or  find  ample  subject  for  the  employ- 
twice  lingered  behind,  but  his  com-  ment  of  their  pens  in  the  spe^ade 
panion  each  time  stopped  for  him  ;  of  the  almost  entire  ruin  of  that 
at  length,  when  they  got  opposite  city   whose    former   magnifioeiioe 
the  d^p  pit  of  water  on  the  north  they  have  sung  in  numbers  des- 
side  of  the  river,  Spencer  suddenly  tined  never  to  be  forgotten." 
jumped  over  the  rails  of  the  bridge.  Destructive  fires  in  Hano- 
and,  *•  exclaiming    "now    for  it,"  vbr.— According  to  the  accounis 
threw  himself  into  the  pit,  where,  hitherto  received  of  the  destructive 
after    struggling  for    about    two  fire  at  Eimbeck,  in  the  end  of  last 
minutes  he  sunk   to  the  bottom,  month     (besides    a    far    greater 
Norman  immediately   went    into  number  of  bams,  stables,  and  out* 
the  water,  but  could  not  reach  him  hous^),  170  dwelling  houses  and 


JUNE]               CHRONICLE.  89 

aanong  these  are  the  school^  the  the  top  of  the  Vineyard  in  AUng^ 

post-hoiue^  and  the  church.     The  don^   were   sinking  a  cellar    im- 

ktter  being  a  solid  buildings  and  mediately  behind  the  old  entrencb- 

nearly   insulated^  the  unfortunate  ment  in   Rudley-lane^   they    dis- 

inhabitants  had  placed    in    it    a  covered  not  less  than  four  human 

great  part  of  the  furniture^   &c.  skeletons,  at  the  depth  of  five  feet 

aved   from  the  burning   houses,  below  the  surface.     The  ground 

bat  the  steeple  having  caught  fire  appears  to  have  been,  at  some  time 

the  flames  spread  to  the  roof,  and  or  other,  raised,  at  least  two  feet, 

ail  the   wood  work  was    burnt,  whether  subsequently  to  the  bodies 

together  with  the  furniture  and  being  there  deposited,  or  not,  is 

b^s,   only  the  four  walls  being,  hard  to  say ;  but  it  seems  evident, 

now  left     Unhappily  there  have  that,  whenever  the  inhumation  took 

ako  been  fires  within  these  few  place,  the  subjects  were  buried  in 

days  at  Wachendorff,   Haresfeld,  their  garments,   as  with  one    of 

and  Hockelheim.  them,  pronounced  to  be  a  female, 

4.  Earthquake  at  Potonza.  a  large  and  curious  key  was  found, 
—At  forty-five  minutes  past  seven  suppoised  to  have  been  in  her 
in  the  evening  a  slight  shock  of  an  pocket,  as  the  skeletop  was  found 
earthquake,  which  lasted  twelve  in  a  horizontal  position,  and  the 
leconds,  was  felt  at  Potonia,  the  key  by  her  side.  Another  was  dis- 
chief  town  of  the  province  of  covered  without  a  skull,  and  in 
Basilicata.  The  motion  was  un-  such  a  position  that  it  may  reason- 
dulatory,  and  from  north  to  south,  bly  be  inferred,  that  the  grave  was 

On  the  same  day,  and  at  the  same  too  short  to  admit  the  body  longi- 

hour,  similar  shocks  were  felt  at  tudinally ;  and  beneath   the  con- 

^H^emo,  the  capital  of  the  province  fused  bones  was  found  a  knife.     It 

Citerior,  and  still  more  strongly  at  is  most  probable  that  the  persons 

Campana,  in  the   same   province,  here  interred  lost  their  lives  in 

Happily   the  inhabitants  did  not  one  of  the  battles  or  skirmishes 

suffer ;    no   person   was    injured,  between  Charles  the  first  and  the 

nor  was  any  damage  done  to  the  parliament, 

boildings.  7.    Southwark   Election.*— 

5.  Death  op  Weber.  —  M.  The  election  for  Southwark  having 
Carl  Von  Weber,  the  celebrated  commenced  to  day,  by  seven  o'clock 
CcHnposer,  expired  at  six  o'clock  in  the  committees  of  the  several  can- 
the  morning,  at  the  residence  of  didates proceeded  to  theu*  respective 
sir  George  Smart,  Great  Portland-  head  quarters.  Athalf  pastmne,  C. 
street.  He  was  found  with  his  Calvert,  esq.,  sir  R.  Wilson,  and  E. 
bead  reclining  on  his  hand,  his  Polhill,  esq.  (the  new  candidate), 
features  as  calm  as  if  in  sleep.  His  made  their  appearance,  and  drove 
lUsorder  was  occasioned  by  a  severe  through  the  principal  streets  of 
cold,  which  he  caught  soon  after  the  Borough,  and,  shortly  after  ten, 
bis  arrival  in  England,  and  which  arrived  at  the  temporary  hustings 
baffled  the  skill  of  his  physicians,  erected  in  front  of  the  'Town-hall, 
On  Saturday  his  medical  attend-  around  which  a  large  multitude  of 
anU  despaired  of  his  recovery.  electors  and  others  had  been  for 

Sksletonb.-^Iu  the  course  of  some  time  collected, 

last  week,  as  some  workmen,  in  Sir  Robert  Wilaon  first  came  up, 

tb^  employ  pf  Mr«  Hu^nsi  at  m  m  open  baroucbef  fgllow^d  ^ 


90             ANNUAL  REGISTER.  iipoG, 

numerous  c&rrii^esy  and   aceom-  The    usual   prdiminary  ferm 

panied  in  his  own  by  several  of  his  havingbeen  gone  through^  Mr.  Cal- 

friendsy    among  whom  were    his  vert  was  proposed  by  Mr.  Davks, 

two  daughters  and  M.  Lavalette^  and  seconded  by  Mr.   Ellis ;  mr 

the  latter   of    whom    afterwards  Robert  Wilson  was  proposed  liy 

S laced  themselves  at  a  window  at  Mr.  Blackett^  and  seconded  by  Mr. 
f r.  Fanner's,  -whence  they  could  Artowsmith ;  Mr.  HoUoway  then 
overlook  the  proceedings.  Sir  Ro-  put  Mr-  Polhill  in  nomination, 
bert's  carriage  was  drawn  by  the  who  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Bishop, 
crowd,  the  horseshaving  been  taken  The  his)i-beiliff  (Mr.  Holmes) 
out  near  the  Asylum,  where  he  had  then  callea  for  the  show  of  hands, 
met  his  friends.  Before  the  carriage  For  sir  Robert  Wilson  and  Mr. 
were  exhibited  a  number  of  ban-  Calvert  the  numbers  were  nearly 
ners,  displaying  various  devices  and  equal,  and  comprised  almost  the 
sentiments ;  among  which  were  whole  assemblags  in  front  of  the 
*' Wilson,  and  Purity  of  Election!"  hustings.  For  Mr.  PolhiU  about 
— .'*  Wilson,  and  Trial  by  Jury !  "  half  a  aoxen  hands  were  held  up. 
—^  Wilson,  and  PubUc  Liberty ! "  The  high  bailiff  then  dechired  die 
— •'*  Wilson,  the  friend  of  the  Peo*  show  of  hands  was  in  fkvoor  of 
pie ! "  Sec  Charles  Calvert,  esq.  and  sir  Ro- 
Mr#  Calvert  followed  shortly  bert  Wilson.  This  announoement 
after,  and  was  also  received  with  a  was  received  with  loud  cheering, 
strong  expression  of  approbation.  Mr.  fiishop  then,  on  the  not  oi 
His  colours,  like  sir  Robn't's,  were  Mr.  Polhill,  demanded  a  poll. 
blue,  and  the  inscriptions  on  the  The  polling  continued  till  the 
banners  were — '^Independence  and  14th,  when  at  nine  o'clock  the 
Trade,"— '<  The  1,932  Electors,"  high-baUiff  addressed  the  meeting, 
"  Parliamentary  Reform,"  &c.  stating  that  he  had  received  a 
Mr.  Polhill  next  drove  up  in  a  letter  from  the  agent  of  Mr.  Pol- 
plain  carriage;  his  colours  were  hill,  announcing  that  gentleman's 
orange  and  purple.  The  inscrip-  intention  to  continue  the  ocmtcat 
tions  on  the  banners  borne  by  his  no  longw. 

followers    were— '*  No     Popery,"  Prooamation    was   then    made 

*^  Our  Trade    and    Commerce,  '*  in  the  usual  form,  with  the  in- 

'^  The    Protestant    Constitution, "  tendon  of  closing  the  poll  at  ten 

&e.     His  reception  was  of  a  much  o'clock ;  but  twp  electors  insisted 

less  cordial  character  than  that  of  on  giving  their  votes  to  Mr.  Pol- 

his  two  rivals,   and  a  long  and  hill,    and  they  were  aooordingly 

violent  stru^le  ensued  between  the  registered,  which  made  it  neceanry 

cheers  and  hisses  of  the  opposing  to  make  the  proclamation  anew  at 

parties.     The  most  splendid  piece  ten  o'clock.     Shcntly  after   that, 

of  pageantry  which  was  exhilnted,  other    electors    appeared    on   Uie 

was  a  noble  banner,  suspended  at  part  of  sir    Robert  Wilson,    bnt 

a  great  elevation,    and  reaching  th^  were  dissuaded  fkom  giving 

across   the  street  in  fk)nt  of  the  their    votes,    which   would    only 

hustings.      The  ground,  a  mixture  have  tended  uselessly  to  protr^t 

of  orange  and  blue,  the  colours  of  a   contest    of   which    all    parties 

Mr.  Polhill,   was  inscribed  with  seemed  to  have  become  tired ;  ai^ 

*'  Polhill,  our    Trade  and  Com-  at  eleven  o'clock  (no  one  haviM 

m^cei,''  in  letters  of  gohl.  polled  within  the  hour)  th^  bigk- 


JUNE] 


CHRONICLE. 


01 


baili£r  annomiced  tlie  numbers  to 


Mr,  Calvert    •     .    ,    .    1807 
Sir  R.  Wilson    .    .    .    1712 
Mr.  Polliill    ....    1S42 
He  then  declared  Mr.  Calvert  and 
sir     Robert    Wilson    to  be    duly 
elected  for  the  Borough  of  Soutb- 
i^ark. 

7.  EjfECunoN. — ^This  morning 
frere  executed  Joseph  Taylor, 
aged  SI,  for  horse-stealing;  James 
Joknson,  Q3,  for  robbing  his  mas- 
ter, Mr.  Munns>  an  auctioneer^  in 
Oxford-street,  of  276/.  in  cash  and 
bills  of  exchange;  and  William 
Benfield  and  Robert  Savage,  for 
stealing  in  a  dwelling-house  to 
the  amount  of  40^.  and  upwards. 

The  conduct  of  Savage   from 
the  moment  of  his  conviction  till 
vrithin  the  last    two  days,    was 
outrageous  in  the  ^ctreme,   and 
he  treated  the  humane  attempts 
of  bis  spiritual  advisers  to  bring 
him    to    a   proper   sense    of   his 
aw^il  situation,  with  the  greatest 
efiVontery^    and  indulged  in   the 
most   profkne    language.      How- 
ever,   by  the  strenuous  exertions 
of  Mr.  Cotton,  the  rev.  ordinary, 
and  the  rev.  Mr.  Baker,  the  mis- 
guided man  on  Monday  evening 
became  more  decorous,   and  pail 
attention  to  the  religious  discourses 
of  the  above  two  gentlemen,  and 
yesterday  he  w^  engaged  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  day  m  writing 
letters  to  his  friends.     About  two 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  his  wife, 
and  the  wife  of  Benfield,  who  is 
the  sister  of  Savage,   arrived  at 
Newgate,  and  were  permitted  to 
take  a  last  fkrewell  of  their  un- 
fortunate partners.     The  meeting 
on  the  part  of  the  men  was  very 
calm  and  indifferent ;  the  women 
wei«  very  much  affected,  but  ap- 
peared at  length  more  composed, 
on  being  told  by  the  unfortunate 


men  that  they  felt  every  inward 
happiness,  and  trusted  in  their 
Redeemer  for  forgiveness.  Tay- 
lor and  Johnson  were  also  visited 
hy  their  friends  and  relatives ;  the 
wife  of  the  former  was  dreadfully 
affected  at  beholding  her  unhappy 
husband,  and  they  embraced  eaich 
other  repeatedly,  their  tears  flow- 
ing in  torrents.  Johnson's  father, 
an  aged  man,  could  scarcely  stand 
the  melancholy  task  of  taking 
his  last  farewell 

At  a  few  minutes  before  eight 
o'clock,  Mr.  Sheriff*  Kelly  and  the 
two  under-sherxflfe  arrived,  and 
proceeded  to  the  press-room,  where 
they  waited  with  the  oficers  cff 
justice  the  approach  of  those  who 
were  to  suffer.  Taylor,  a  very 
gentlemanly-looking  man,  dressed 
in  a  black  coat  and  waistcoat,  drab 
breeches,  and  top-boots,  first  en- 
tered. He  walked  along  the  room 
with  a  firm  st^,  and  ms  counte- 
nance portrayed  great  composure 
and  fortitude.  In  «iswer  to  a 
question  from  Mr.  Sheriff  Kelly, 
he  said,  '^  he  hoped  he  should  be 
for^ven  by  the  Almighty;  and 
he  was  glad  to  say  that  he  fdt 
very  comfortable  through  the  di^ 
vine  assistance  he  had  received." 
His  arms  and  wrists  having  been 
made  fast  by  the  cords,  he  was 
seated  on  the  condemned  seat. 
The  next  that  entered  was  John^ 
son.  He  appeared  very  weak  in* 
deed,  and  hardly  able  to  walk. 
He  seemed  very  penitent;  and, 
during  the  operation  of  pinioning, 
he  clasped  hb  hands,  and  raised 
his  eyes  fervently  to  heaven. 
The  next  that  entered  was  Ben- 
field,  who  underwent  the  same 
operation  with  a  becoming  forti- 
tude. Savage  came  into  the  room 
with  a  hurried  step,  and  under- 
went the  pinicming  with  great 
^miness.      Taylor   mounted    the 


92 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


C182& 


scaffold  firsts  then  Johnson,  next 
Benfield>  and  lastly,  his  brother- 
in-law.  Savage,  who  ascended  the 
steps  very  quickly.  The  execu- 
tioners having  adjusted  the  ropes, 
the  rev.  ordinary  remained  a  few 
short  moments  in  prayer,  and,  the 
signal  having  been  given,  th^  four 
criminals  were  launched  into  eter- 
nity. Before  the  hour  arrived  for 
the  execution,  carts  and  waggons 
were  allowed  very  injudiciously 
to  pass  and  repass:  the  conse- 
quence WB8x  that  a  poor  man  was 
crushed  between  the  gallows  and 
a  coal- waggon  in  such  a  dreadful 
manner,  that  he  was  cairied  to 
the  hospital  with  little  hopes  of 
recovery. 

8.  Explosion  in  a  Coal-fit. 
—This  week  there  occurred  an- 
other of  those  destructive  acci- 
dents which  are  so  frequent  in 
the  mining  districts.  On  the 
morning  of  Tuesday  last,  between 
three  and  four  o'clock,  an  explo- 
sion of  hydrogen  ^  took  place 
in  the  Staw  Pit,  Townley  main 
colliery,  Stella,  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  by  which  upwards  of 
forty  men  and  boys  were  instan- 
taneously deprived  of  life.  The 
heads,  arms,  and  bodies  of  men,  a 
moment  before  vigorous  and 
healthy,  were  suddenly  thrown 
inanimate  into  the  air.  The  very 
horses  were  ejected  with  violence, 
and  the  whole  elements  of  destruc- 
tion appeared  to  have  been  fear- 
fully set  in  motion.  An  inquest 
was  held  on  one  of  the  sufferers, 
Thomas  Liddell,  before  M.  Hall, 
esq.,  one  of  the  coroners  for  the 
county.  One  of  the  witnesses, 
Wm.  Waugh,  a  pitman,  said,  he 
was  down  the  pit  on  Friday,  ai^d 
it  was  then  in  a  good  working 
state.  They  knew  that  seam  had 
fire  in  it.      They  worked   with 

cftndl«8  QU  the  Friday.  Davy's  lamp 


had  been  used  in  the  seam,  bat 
not  lately.  Mr.  James  Hall,  the 
viewer,  said,  he  had  not  been  down 
the  pit  within  a  fortnight,  but  1^ 
had  a  daily  account  of  its  state 
from  the  under-viewers.  It  was 
in  an  excellent  condition.  The 
jury  returned  a  verdict  of  Acd' 
denial  Death. 

Mr.  Green's  ABCBNT.-»Mr. 
Green  ascended  from  the  gas- 
works at  Boston  this  aftemooii. 
Between  20,000  and  30,000  peo- 
pie  were  assembled  in  the  town 
to  witness  it,  of  whom  about  600 
persons  purchased  admission  to 
the  gas-yard.  Mr.  Grreen  was 
not  accompanied  by  any  perscm  in 
the  car  of  the  balloon.  The  de- 
scent took  place  at  Allington,  near 
Grantham,  as  appears  by  the  fc^ 
lowing  statement  supplied  by  the 
aeronaut  himself :  "  On  first  leav- 
ing the  6arth,  the  car  of  the  bal- 
loon was  W.  by  S.,  but'  in  about 
five  minutes,  it  changed  to  neaziy 
due  W.,  passing  between  Swines- 
head  and  Heckington,  and  pro- 
ceeding in  a  direct  line  for  Grant- 
ham, until  nearly  over  sir  J.  Tho- 
rold's  park.  Boston  then  resem- 
bled a  mass  of  rubbish  covering 
about  an  acre  of  land,  and  know- 
ing that  its  inhabitants  must  have 
lost  sight  of  the  balloon,  I  com- 
menced descending,  whidi  I  cal- 
culated on  effecting  a  little  to  the 
east  of  Grantham,  but  when  about 
4,000  feet  from  the  earth,  the  bal- 
loon fell  into  a  current  of  air  fron 
the  south-east,  which  conveyed  it 
in  the  direction  of  Newark.  The 
country  still  being  favourable  for 
the  purpose,  I  continued  descend- 
ing, and  landed  at  five  minutes 
past  five  o'clock  in  the  pari^  of 
Allington,  near  Bottesford,  at  the 
seat  of  T.  E.  Welby,  esq.,  eight 
miles  from  Newark,  and  six  froin 

Grantham*    About  b$ilf  an  bow 


JUNE] 


CHRONICLE. 


93 


after  the  descent^  several  gentle- 
men arrived  from  Grantham^  one 
of  whom  lent  me  his  horse^  and 
the  balloon  being  packed  on  ano- 
tber  bekmging  to  Mr.  J.  B.  Tun- 
TooA,  of  the  Euue  Lion  Inn^  Grant- 
ham, it  was  conveyed  by  that 
gentleman  to  the  George  Inn> 
where  I  received  the  congratula- 
tions ai  a  large  party  of  gentlemen. 
My  view  €£  the  earth  was  grand 
in  the  extreme,  having  on  no 
f«mer  occasion  had  a  more  exten- 
sive one.  My  greatest  elevation 
indicBted  by  the  barometer  Was 
nearly  two  miles  and  a  quarter, 
the  mercury  having  fiEdlen  from 
30  to  520^." 

9-  City  Elkotion.  —  To-day 
being  the  commencement  of  the 
dedion  for  the  city  of  London, 
before   eleven  o'clock  the  crowd 
had  collected  about  Guildhall,  and 
the  gentlemen  of  the  livery  passed 
through   the    temporary    wooden 
erection  placed  there  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  took  their  places  in  the 
spacious  porch^  in  readiness  for  the 
opening  of  the  great  gates  oi  the 
HaU.     As  the  clock  struck  twelve, 
the  large^oaken  portals  of  the  Hall 
roQed  hack,  and  in  rushed  a  dense 
masi^  by  whom  the  space  below 
the  hustings   was    nearly    filled. 
Although  unusual  precautions  had 
beoi  resorted  to^  from  the  experi- 
ence of  inefficiency  in  the  arrange- 
ments on  form^  elections,  they 
were  scarcely  adequate  to  the  oc- 
casion, so  unusually  numerous  was 
the  attendance^  and  so  great  the 
pressure  on  the  barrier  put  up  to 
seep  off  the  crowd  from  the  places 
Kt  apart  for  the  candidates,  the 
poQ-derks,    and    other    necessary 
officers.     In  spite  of  the  earnest 
resistance    ofio^     by    the     city 
tnarshal,  and  his  corps  of  consta- 
bles, many  of  those  places  were 
«ct^y  earned  by  storm. 


At  one  o'clock,  every  effort  hav- 
ing been  made  to  obtain  a  dear 
passage  by  the  side  of  the  wall 
up  to  the  hustings,  the  lord  mayor, 
attended  by  the  dty  officers  and 
the  candidates,  entered  the  HalL 
In  their  progress  up  to  the  hustings 
they  were  loudly  cheered,  but 
they  were  also  hard  pressed  upon 
from  all  sides,  and  especially  at  the 
ste^  of  the  platform. 

On  reaching  the  centre  of  the 
hustings,  the  lord  mayor  advanced 
to  the  front,  and  bowed  frequently 
in  acknowledgment  of  the  loud 
plaudits  with  which  he  was  re- 
cdved.  He  then  retired  to  his 
chair.  Mr.  Alderman  Wood  who 
next  presented  himself,  was  re- 
ceived with  mingled  hisses  and 
applause.  Mr.  Alderman  Thomp- 
son's appearance  was  marked  with 
loud  and  protracted  applause.  Mr. 
Ward  was  attired  in  a  full  Court 
dress :  he  possesses  a  manly  figure 
and  countenance,  and  became  the 
dress  he  wore;  and  his  reception 
was  very  fiattering.  Mr.  Alderman 
Waithman  obtained  general  ap- 
plause. The  aldermen  wore  their 
collars  and  civic  robes.  The  crier 
having  made  proclamation  of  si- 
lence, the  king's  writ  was  read  by  the 
Secondary;  and  the  sheriffs  took 
the  usual  oaths  to  return  without 
fear  or  favour  the  members  on  whom 
the  voice  of  the  electors  should  fall ; 
after  the  show  of  hands  had  been 
taken,  the  sherds  declared  that  in 
their  opinion  the  election  had  fallen 
on  William  Thompson,  alderman 
and  ironmonger;  Robert  Waith- 
man, alderman  and  frame-work- 
knitter;  Matthew  Wood,  alder- 
man and  fishmonger ;  and  on 
Wm.  Ward,  esq.  dtu^en  and  musi* 
dan. 

A  poll  was  then  demanded  by 
Mr.  Alderman  Brown,  on  behalf  of 

Mr.  Aldermau  Corr^Ui  mi  the 


84 


ANNUAL   REGISTER.        cisM 


meeting  was  adjourned  to  half-past 
three  o'dooL  The  polling  was 
dosed  on  the  18th^  when  the 
nundnrs  wexe  announced  as  fol- 
low:— 

Alderman  Thompson  •  •  6,48$ 
Alderman  Waithman  ^  •   •  5^042 

Mr.  Waid 4,991 

Aldcmum  Wood  ....  4,880 
The  Lard  Mayor ....  4,514 

Westminstsb  EhEOTios.*^  A 
few  minutes  before  12  oVlock, 
the  high-faailiff>  the  deputy-lMoliff, 
Mr.'Smedley,  T.  Halls,  esq.  (the 
magistrate),  sir  Francis  Burdett, 
John  Cam  Hobhouse,  esq.  Messrs. 
Richardson,  sen*  and  jun.,  Mr. 
de  Vere,  Mr.  Purse,  Mr.  Wilson, 
Mr.  Adams,  Mr.  Lyndon,  and  a 
number  of  other  electors,  came  on 
the  hustings.  The  two  late  mem* 
bers  on  their  appearance  were  re* 
eeived  vrith  kud  cheers. 

Mr.  Smedley  then  came  forward 
and  read  the  writ* 

T.  Halls,  es^  administered  the 
oath  to  the  high  bsOiff,  that  be 
would  make  an  ismartial  return 
without  favour  or  affection,  or  fee, 
or  reward.    - 

The  Act  of  Gea  IL  oommonly 
called  the  Bribery  Act,  being 
read^^«* 

Mr.  L3mdon,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Purse,  proposed  sir  Francis  Bur* 
dett ;  wad.  Mr.  de  Vore,  seconded 
by  Mr.  Wilson,  proposed  John 
Cam  Hobhouse,  esq. 

Mr,  Smedley  m%de  |MMclamation 
three  times^  that  iJf  any  one  had 
any  other  person  to  propose,  they 
must  then  c(Hnc  forward,  or  sur 
Fnmcis  Burdett,  bart.  aod  John 
Cam  Hobhouse,  esq.,  who  had  been 
proposed,  would  be  returned  as 
citisens  to  serve  in  Parliament  for 
the  city  and  liberties  of  West- 
minster. 

No  person  qipearing,  Arthur 
Moici^  esq.  the  bi«^baili0;  then 


dedaifd  sir  Fraaeis  Burdett^  mai 
John  Cam  Hobhouse,  ess.,  doll 
elected  representatives  of  uie  ciev 
and  liberties  of  Westaninster. 

IS.    Riot  at  Caelulbw-— Sii 
P.  Musgrave,  one  of  the  candiHlieB 
for  this  city,  was  induced,  in  the 
course  of  his  canvass,  with  a  party 
of  his  firiends,  to  go  to  the  reoiotiest 
part  of  Shaddongate,  called  **  Mil- 
bum's  Buildings."   Having  entexed 
a  yard  for  the  purpose  of  soliqting 
a  freeman  for  his  vote,  he  was 
surrounded    by  a  large  body  ei 
weavers,  veho  leprosented  to  him 
thebr  miserable  situatioBu     TlMy 
complained  of  air  PhSiprs  vote  eo 
the  question  of  the  Cort^hetn,  sad 
on  Mr.  Abevcrombie's  motk»  re<- 
tptctlng  a  refionn  of  the  lepteseo- 
tation  of  Edinburgh,  and  wished 
him  to  pledge  himaolf  to  vete  in 
favour  of  a  radical  reform  of  patlia- 
mentf  whenever  die  suUeet  shodd 
come  before  theHonse  of  Coauaont. 
After  a  considerable  time  speot  ia 
conversation  of   this  nature  ar 
Philip  and  his  friends  made  their 
way  out  of  the  yard,  but  weie  ssea 
afW  assailed  with  stones,  brici- 
bats,  and  other  arissiles.   SrPhSip. 
with  one  or  two  gentlemen,  took 
shelter  in  a  house  near  Mobb- 
Cookbum's  pipe  manafactay,  sad 
there   remamed,    wi^  the  door 
fastened  inside,  two  or  three  hooi^ 
while  the  crowd  continued  dGhstiil 
without.    At  length  a  ksge  body 
of  sentlemen,  wi&  the  nayvsi 
theur  head,  approached  ibe  ham 
in  which  sir  Fibilip  waa  caaBnA 
but  were  so  vkdently  issnulffd  Vf 
heavy  volleys  of  large  atones,  tkt 
they  at  last  retired*  and  wwepn^ 
sued  and  pdted  out  of  Shsdasj 
gate.  Although  eneotuaged  by  Cb 
victory,  the  populace  frit  wmad 
that  some  otW  decisive  attca^ 
would  be  made  to  rescue  sir  Py9> 
and  they  awaited  to  xqpel  iL  » 


Ji;nE3               C  H  R  O  N  I'C  L  E.  96 

aboat  half  an  hour>  a  numerous  them  to  have  ceaaed.    That  the 

fiarty  of  the  55th  r^;iment  of  foot>  deaths  were^    in   other    respects, 

preceded  bj  a  few  artUlery^men,  Accidental, 

and  accompanied  by  the  mayor  and  Arctic    Expedition.  —  De- 

others^  inarched  towards  Shaddon-  spatches  have  been  receired  from 

gate.     As  soon  as  they  reached  the  captain   Franklin^   of  the  Arctic 

new  brewery,  they  were  saluted  land-expedition,  dated  at  winter- 

by  tremendous  showers  of  stcmes,  quarters.  Fort  Franklin^  on  the 

which  put  them  into  some  confii-  &^^  ^^  Lake,  September  6th. 

sion.     Havinff  formed  against  a  During;  the  summer,  three  expoi- 

wall,  and  loaded  with  hSl,  they  ditions,    under  captain  FrankHn, 

were  ordered  to  march  forward,  lieutenant  Back,  and  Dr.  Richard 

after  the  Riot-act  had  been  read,  son,  were  made,  preparatory  to  the 

The  mob,  howey^,  continued  to  great  objects  to  be  undertaken  next 

assail  them  with  terrible  volleys  of  year.    The  expedition  under  o^ 

stones ;    and  when  the    military  tain  Franklin  went  to  the  mouth 

came  to  the  end  of  the  new  street  of  Macken^e  rivor,  which  he  found 

called    Queen«street,    they    were  to  discharge  itself  into  an  open  sea; 

ordered  to  fire,  which  they  did.  there  is  one  island  near  its  mouth. 

One  woman  standing  at  her  own  called  by  captain  FranUiD*  Garry's 

door,  at  the  head  of  Queen-street,  Island.    From  the  summit  of  tUs 

with  a  key  in  her  hand,  was  shot  island  the  captain  saw  the  sea  to 

through  the  bead,  and  died,  after  the   northward,    dear  of   ice  or 

heaving  a  single  groon ;  an  orphan  islanda ;  to  the  westward  he  saw 

la^^  named  SUnnar,  luid  a  ball  shot  the  coast  to  a  great  distance,  his 

tluKRighhisancle;  and  aUtlle  ffirl  view  terminating    at    very  lofty 

of  the  name  of  Pattinson,  was  Miot  mountains,    whiob    he   calculates 

through  the  head.    In  the  midst  were  in  the  longitude  of  139  d^. 

of  the  uproar,  sir  Philip  Musgrave  west.    The  expedition  would  pro^ 

was  conveyed  away  safely  hj  his  ceed  early  in  the  spri^  on  its 

friends.   An  inquest  was  held  upon  ulterior  objects.    The  oflSsert  and 

the  bodies  of  the  two  females,  and  men  were  all  well,  and  in  hi^ 

the  jury  returned  as  their  verdict,  qiirits,  at  the  favourable  drcum* 

'^  That  the  deaths  o£  the  deceased,  stances  which  hod  hitherto  attended 

Isabella  Pattinson  and  Mary  Biirell,  their  proceedings, 

were  occasioned  by  balls  discharged  1 8.  Bj:#uchjib'8  Monumbnt«<<«-<- 

from  muskeits,  by  some  soldier  or  The  colossal  statue  of  field*marshal 

8(ddi«:s    beloiu|ing   to    the    fi5th  Kucher>    prince    of    Wahlsladt, 

Regiment  of  Foot    That  in  con-  erected    at   Betlin,    between  the 

sequence  of  the  Riot-act  having  Palace  and  the  Opera-house,  was 

been  read,  and  the  mob  not  dis-  this  day  opened  to  public  view, 

persing,  the  soldiers  were  in  the  The  here  is  represented    in  his 

first  instance  justified    in  firing  field-marshal's  uniform,  andmantle, 

their  muskets ;  but  the  jurors  can-  holding  his  sword  in  his  right  hand, 

not    refrain  from  expressing,    as  Both  the  figure  itself,  and  the  lofty 

their  c^nnion,  that  they  eonimued  pedestal  on  which  it  stands,  are  of 

to  fire  in  a  very  indiiscreet  and  bronze:    the  latter,    which  rests 

inconsiderate  manner,  and  particu-  upon  a  granite  socle,  is  adorned  in 

larly  at  private  houses,  when  the  front  with  4n  inscription,  and  on 

necessity  for  so  doing  seems  to  the  other  three  aides  with  baa« 


96  ANNUAL   REGISTER.  hmS. 

reliefs.    The  inscription  (in  Ger-  tempest  on  Saturday  last.     At  die 

man)  is,  village  of  Alphington,  near  Exeter, 

FREDERICK  WILLIAM  111.  *  thunderbolt  struck  the  tower  of 

TO  the  church,  which  was  unprovided 

FilLD-MARSHAL  PRINCE  BLUCHER,  ^th  a  conductor,  whilc  four  men 

OP  WAHL8TAOT.  ^^^  ^^  \^y^  ^ji^  jj^  jugfc  been  ring- 

•  ing  a  merry  peal  in  honour  of  the 
This  noble  work  of  art  Was  cast  election,  were  standing  within  the 
from  the  model  of  professor  Ranch ;  portal  of  the  church,  beneath  the 
and  the  architectural  decorations  of  tower,  lliey  were  all  prostrated 
the  pedestal  designed  by  M.  Schin-  to  the  earth ;  the  boy,  named  John 
kel,  an  architect  to  whom  Berlin  Coles,  having  an  iron  hammer  in 
is  indebted  for  many  of  its  most  his  hand,  was  kiQed  on  the  q^ ; 
magnificent  structures  ;  particu-  one  of  the  men  was  hurled  many 
larly  the  new  Theatre,  and  the  yards  into  the  church.  It  is  re- 
Museum,  which  latter,  when  com-  markable  that  the  shoes  of  three, 
pleted,  will  be  one  of  the  noblest  and  the  coat  of  one  man,  were 
and  most  classical  buildings  in  severed  into  entire  shreds.  The . 
Europe.  vane  of  the  tower  was  much  dis- 
Thunder  Storm. — ^A  thunder  torted  by  the  power  of  the  electric 
storm  was  felt  with  great  violence  fluid,  which,  m  its  pn^ress  to  the 
at  Ashton-under-Line,  where  the  ground,  tore  up  the  stairs  of  the 
thunder  was  extremely  loud  and  tower,  and  removed  several  stones 
frequent,  and  accompanied  by  a  of  great  weight  It  then  bunt 
heavy  fall  of  hail  and  rain.  About  into  the  body  of  the  church,  and 
three  o'clock,  a  poor  woman,  the  af^r  having  dashed  the  commmiion 
wife  of  John  Adamson,  a  joiner,  table  to  pieces,  rebounded  from  the 
standing  at  the  window  inside  her  east  wall,  and  terriUy  blattered 
house,  was  killed  on  the  spot  by  the  whole  of  the  edifice.  The 
the  lightning.  Another  person,  upper  part  of  the  tower,  an^  the 
a  lodger  in  the  house,  was  lying  whole  of  the  eastern  side  of  the 
upon  a  bed  close  to  the  window  in  church,  must  be  rebuilt.  The 
the  room  above ;  and,  one  of  the  storm  passed  over  the  city  of  Exeter 
bed-posts  being  split  by  the  li^ht-  about  two  o'clock  in  the  aflemooo, 
ning,  a  part  of  It  struck  him,  which  in^the  midst  of  the  cerenioay  of 
caused  him  tobleed  rather profiisely,  chairing  the  newly-elected  mem- 
but  he  soon  recovered.  The  light-  hers,  who,  with  their  splendid 
ning  first  struck  the  frame  of  the  silken  cars,  and  gallant  cavalcade, 
window  in  the  chamber,  which  it  were  wofuUy  bedrenched  by  the 
completely  split,  then  split  the  heavy  torrents  of  rain, 
bed-post,  and  from  thence  passed  20.  M.  Bibla's  Combt. — ^The 
through  the  chamber-floor  to  the  comet  discovered  by  M.  Biela  on 
room  underneath,  at  the  window  the  27th  of  February  is  remarkaUe 
of  which  the  poor  woman  was  for  the  very  near  approximation  of 
standing  at  the  time  she  was  killed,  its  course,  in  the  descending  node. 
The  storm  was  very  violent  for  the  to  the  orbit  of  the  earth.  Accord- 
space  of  nearly  an  hour.  ine  to  Clausen's  Ellipse,  Dr.  Olbers 
Thunder  Storh  at  Exeter,  calcmlates  the  Stance  of  that  pcnnt 
•—The  city  and  neighbourhood  of  of  the  orbit  of  the  earth  which  is* 
£xeWrwerevisitQd  by  a  tremendous  the  nearest  to  the  ortut  q(  the 


JDNE3              CHRONICLE.  9^ 

comet  at  153  l-3rd  semidiameters  of  May^  at  half-past  nine  in  the 

of  the  earth.     He  then  proceeds :  evening,  one  of  die  gaders  of  the 

<— "  This  time,  therefore^  the  comet  prison  of  Lugano,  going  his  usual 

was  only  a  little  more  than  twice  rounds,  went  mto  a  dungeon  where 

as  fiir  frtHn  the  orhit  of  the  earth  two  prisoners  were  confined.    As 

as  the  greatest  distance  of  the  moon  he  was  going  out>  one  of  them, 

torn  the  earth.     Of  all  the  comets  named  Pmeretti,  accused  of  mur« 

whose  orbits  have  been  calculated^  der^  attacked  him  from  behind^  put 

none,  except  that  of  1680,  have  out  the  light,  and  plunged  a  dagger 

come  so  near  to  the  earth's  orbit,  into  his  breast;  the  victim  stru^mg 

The  perturbations  which  the  orbit  and  calling  for  help,  the  assassm  re- 

of  the  comet  experiences  from  the  peated  his  blows.     The  wife  of  the 

pow^ul  influence  of  Jupiter,  must  wounded  man  called  the  other  gaoler 

alter  this  distance  at  every  revolu-  to  the  assistance  of  her  husband.   An 

tioa  of  the  comet,  but  may  as  well  officer  coming  up  had  the  prison 

diminish  as  increase  it;  and  thus  opened,  and  summoned  the  mur- 

it  is  not  quite  impossible  that  this  derer  to  surrender.     Meantime  the 

cDmet  may  once  pass  very  near  to  town  was  alarmed,  the  drums  were 

as,  nay,  even  touch  the  earth  with  beat,  and  many  persons  assembled 

its  atmosphere.     Extremely,  nay,  round  the  prison.  The  assassin,  how- 

infinitely  small  as  the  probability  ever,  threatened  the  officer  and  the 

yi  sacb.  an  event  is,  for  each  par-  persons  present,  whose  numbers  in- 

dcular  revolution  of  the  comet,  yet  creased  every  moment     A  mus- 

this  possibility  gives  a  double  in-  ket,  loaded  with  small  shot,  which 

terest  to  the  accurate  calculation  was  discharged  full  at  his  head, 

^  the  orbit  on  every  revolution  of  only  rendered  him  more  furious, 

the  comet,  and  to  the  precise  de-  and  he  renewed  his  attempts  to 

tennination  of  the  perturbations  to  escape.     The  smoke  of  the  gun- 

vhich  it  is  liable.     The  extent  of  powder  diminishing  the  light  mdch 

lie  atmosphere  of  this  comet,  as  a  candle  threw  on  the  scene,  he 

ieen   on   the  8th  of   December,  was  on  the  point  of  effecting  his 

1805,  is  very  great:  how  great  object,   when  Duroni,  the  second 

cannot  be  ascertained,  till  we  know  gaoler,  aimed  a  blow  at  him  hom 

3ioie  accurately  the  course  which  behind,    which   Pififeretti    so    far 

t  then  described.    That  which  has  avoided   that  it  only  injured  his 

some  appearance  of  a  solid  nucleus,  hand.     The    officer,    M.    Lecini, 

}ut,  for  the  most  part,  is  surely  then  fired  his   musket   a  second 

^  solid,  was  found  at  that  time  time  at  him,  but  the  villain,  never- 

i'ery  smalL     It  is  also  conceivable  theless,  made  a  desperate  rush  at 

hat  an  eclipse  of  tliis  com^t,  by  the  door ;    M.    Sinlinee  ran  him 

he  shadow  of  the  earth,  may  be  through  the  body  with  his  bayonet, 

mc  day   observed,    which  would  but  he  did  not  even  totter.      A 

icdde  the   question  whether  the  wound  given  him  with  a  sword, 

'omets  have  any  light  of  their  own.  and  heavy  blows  with  a  club,  did 

It  mar  be  hoped  that,  as  this  comet  not  hinder  him  from  brandishing 

itmetunes  comes  so  near  us,  we  his  dagger  with  incredible  agility. 

iliall  be  enabled  to  ascertain  more  At  length  a  young  man,  named 

iccnrately    the    nature    of   those  D.  Bertoli,  seized  Inm  in  his  arms, 

Todies."  threw  him  down,  and  after  a  Strugs 

SwiTZBBLANBi^Ou  the  20th  gle  on  the  ground,  wrenched  hi^ 

Vwh  lxviii,  h 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


l\U6 


dagger  from  him,  and  despatched 
Lim  with  it.  Bertoli  was  twice 
wounded  with  the  dagger^  but  it 
is  hoped  that  he  is  out  of  danger. 
The  first  gaoler  who  had  received 
the  wounds  died  soon  after. 

21.  Suicide. — An  inquisition 
was  taken  at  the  King's  Head 
tavern^  in  the  village  of  Loughton^ 
on  view  of  the  remainfi  of  a  foreign 
gentleman,  supposed  to  be  Mons. 
Henri  Soliere,  a  French  artist  of 
some  celebrity,  and  lately  resident 
in  London. 

Th'^  body  was  discovered  in  a 
most  secluded  part  of  Epping 
Forest,  and  exhibited  marks  indi- 
cative of  a  stubborn  determination 
to  commit  suicide.  One  ball  had 
penetrated  the  roof  of  the  mouth, 
and,  taking  its  course  through  the 
brain,  had  come  out  above  the  ear, 
while  another  had  lodged  under- 
neath the  breast-bone.  Circum- 
stances led  to  the  belief  that  the 
act  was  committed  so  far  back 
as  on  the  12th  instant ;  for,  on  that 
day,  a  letter  was  received  by  a 
&iend  of  M.  Soliere  in  town,  bear- 
ing the  Loughton  post-mark,  of 
which  the  following  is  an  extract: — 
**  I  left  my  home  about  six  o'clock 
thh  morning,"  supposed  to  be  the 
12tn ;  **  I  have  been  walkine 
through  the  city,  and  onwards  i 
scarcely  know  where,  but  actually 
find  myself,  now  about  noon,  on 
the  Cambridge  road ;  I  have  passed 
the  village  of  Woodford,  and  have 
touched  nearly  on  ihat  of  Round- 
ings :  the  country  is  covered  with 
wood  ;  the  place  peases  me  much, 
it  completely  accords  with  my  pur- 
pose ;"  it  is  thought  he  meant 
suicide.  The  body  was  in  so  ad- 
vanced a  stage  of  decomposition, 
that  the  scalp  and  hair  were  quite 
detadied  from  the  skulL  At  a 
short  distance  from  where  it  lay, 
two  new  pocket  pistols  were  dis- 


covered, one  of  whidi  was  loaded, 
and  a  lock  of  hair  of  a  browm  co- 
lour, apparently  cut  offprevioas  to 
the  fatal  act;  there  was  also  a 
pocket-book,  in  which  were  in- 
scribed the  following  eztractt  fiom 
Rousseau,  which  scarce  leave  any 
doubtofthegloomyintentionsoftlie 
deceased: — ^''When  life  beoonei 
an  evil  to  ourselves,  and  ceases  tD 
be  a  benefit  to  others,  we  are  at 
liberty  to  deliver  ounelves  fivn 
the  burthen."  *^  As  Icmg  as  it  is 
good  for  us  to  live,  we 
desire  it,  and  it  is  only  the 
of  e^^mal  01  whicli  can  change 
dur  wishes,  for  we  all  have  receiv- 
ed from  nature  a  great  Honar  of 
death.- 

When  the  jury  had  it'tmued 
from  the  Forest,  whither  they  had 
gone  to  view  the  body,  the  follow- 
ing was  the  evidence  laid  befbce 
them : — 

Robert  Grant  evaminedd-^I  fite 
at  Loughton;  on  Tuesday  last, 
about  eleven  o'clock  in  the  fbra- 
noon,  as  I  was  looking  fat  any 
geese  throush  the  forest,  I  oil- 
served  the  deceased  lying  an  the 
ground ;  I  at  first  imagined  he  was 
asleep,  but,  on  my  a|^roaching  hzm, 
I  perceived  a  most  disagrecAle 
stench.  I,  in  consequence,  went  to 
a  brickfield  in  the  neigfiboiiiiiood  to 
procure  assistance  with  which  tore- 
move  the  body ;  on  examining  ^ 
place  where  it  lay  I  found  two  pis- 
tols, an  umbrella,  a  pocket-hook, 
eight  pistol-balls,  and  some  pan- 
der. 

Mr.  Davis  examined. — I  am 
landlord  of  the  King's  Head, 
Loughton ;  on  Sunday,  the  1  Itli 
inst.  between  three  and  fimr 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  a  for^a 
gentleman,  bearing  a  strong^  xesem- 
blance  to  the  deceased,  came  to  my 
house  and  had  a  ^ass  of  Aarf 
and  a  glass  of  port,  and  sosne  \b* 


JUN£3 


CHRONICLE. 


^9 


date;  after  paying  for  tliem  he 
d^parted^  and  proceeded  along  the 
road  towards  the  wood  where  he 
^praa  found  ;  I  saw  nothing  particu-* 
lar  in  his  manners  while  he  re* 
mained;  he  merely  obsenred  that 
the  weather  was   extremely  hot 
Some  further  questions  were  now 
put  to  Mr.  Davis^  but  nothing  ma- 
terial was  elicited ;  and^  after  the 
examination  of  two  more  witnesses, 
ivho  spoke  only  in  corroboration  of 
finding  the  boay,  the  iury  returned 
m.  verdict  of  ''Suicide  committed 
ivrhile  labouring  under  insanity." 

FUKSBAL  OF   C.  VoN  WsBEB. 

-—This  morning,  the  last  rites 
were  performed  over  the  remains 
of  this  distinguished  composer,  in 
the  diapel,  in  Moorfields,  with  all 
the  grandeur  which  marks  the  ce« 
xemonies  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
church.  The  grand  altar  was  hunff 
with  black  cloth,  and  the  branch 
timers  were  also  black.  On  the 
altar  was  placed  the  crucifix,  and 
other  insignia  of  the  church,  *  but 
the  lights  were  not  so  numerous  as 
upon  Uie  celebration  of  the  ordinary 
mass.  This  beins  merely  the  ser* 
Tice  or  recital  of  the  prayers  for 
the  dead,  the  formula  was  some- 
what changed,  and  of  a  much  more 
measured  and  solemn  character. 

On  the  right  of  the  altar  the 
officiating  priest  took  his  position, 
attended  by  a  eroup  of  boys,  dressed 
in  sable  habfliments;  and  some 
other  clergymen  also  attended  to 
assist  in  the  service,  and  stood  to 
the  right  of  the  altar. 

The  fbllowinff  was  the  order  of 
the  procession  ot  the  iiineral : 
Conductors  on  Horseback. 
Mutes 
in  Silk  >  "TiS"  *  t"T  >  Mutes. 


?St 


} 


The  Hsarse, 
Drawn  by  six  horsey  decorated 
with  immense  plumes  of  Ostrich 


Feathers;    a  Velvet  PaU  was 
thrown  over  the  Hearse,  upon 
which  the  Armorial  gearings  of 
the  deceased  were  placed. 
C  Mourning  Coach  1 
Pages.  <        and  tour        >  Pages* 

^         Horses.         3 

Containing    as    Chief    Mourner* 

Sir  George  Smart,  and  Dt. 

Fushenheu,  Dr.  Kinde,  Dr. 

Gaschien,  the  friends  of 

the  deceased. 

The  procession  was  closed  by 

thirteen  mourning  coaches,  and  toe 

private   carriages  of  sir    George 

Smart,  captain  Forbes,  and   wr. 

Young. 

The  procession  proceeded  at  a 
slow  pace  through  the  New  Road^ 
City  Road,  &c*  to  Moorfields. 

The  other  moumins  coaches 
contained  Charles  Kemble,  capt. 
Forbes,  Messrs.  Willett,  Fawcett« 
Robinson,  Oliveri,  Planche,  Mos* 
cheles,  Liverati,  Braham,  Forbes, 
CoUard,  Dalmaine,  Chapman,  WiU 
lis,  Preston,  Power,  Lindley, 
Burke,  Clemen  ti,  Hawsley,  Bishop, 
Cramer,  Shield,  Burrows,  Payne, 
Shellinffsor,  Walmsley,  Major^ 
Horn,  T.  Cooke,  Robson,  Rod  well. 
Woods,  Robinson,  Potter,  Wood- 
wdl,  Duruset,  esqrs.  Dr.  Forbes, 
sir  F.  Stephenson,  together  with 
the  Prussian  consul,  and  a  number 
of  other  persons  distinguished  in 
the  musical  world.  On  the  coffin 
was  the  foOowing  inscription : 

HlC  JACET 

CABOLUS  MARIA  FRETBERK 

VON  WBSBR. 

NUPER 

PRfFECTOS  MI78ICORUM  SACEUi  aBOfl 

AFUD  RBOEM  SAXOlfUII. 

NATUS  URBB  UTTIN*  OiTBR  SAXONBS 

DIE  XVI,  DECEMBRIS,  MDCCLXXXVI, 

MORTUTO  LOHDINI 

DIB  V  JUNII,  BfDCCCXXVt 

ANNO  IQUAORIGEIBniO, 

STATISSUA. 

24.  Conflagration  in  thb 
Highlands. — Brechin*  —  About 
twelve  days  ago  a  fire  broke  out  in 

H2 


100 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


[1826 


the  hills  in  the  parish  of  Strachan^ 
which  assumed  an  alarming  aspect. 
It  is  supposed  to  have  originated 
on  the  east  side  of  Mount  Battock^ 
one  of  the  Grampians^  from  a 
burning  turf  left  on  the  bank  by 
some  people  who  had  been  casting 
peats^  for  the  purpose  of  lighting 
their  pipes,  on  the  previous  day— 
a  frequent,  though  a  foolish  and 
dangerous  practice.  The  surface 
of  me  ^ound  is  principally  com- 
posed 01  moss,  covered  with  heath ; 
and  this  being  completely  parched 
by  the  recent  drought,  the  fire 
spread  rapidly  and  widely  to  the 
adjoining  estates  belon^ng  to  the 
earl  of  Aboyne  and  sir  James  Car- 
negie. On  Sunday  last,  it  had 
extended  to  a  depth  of  from  five  to 
seven  feet  over  a  surface  nearly 
seven  miles  in  length  and  five  in 
breadth,  comprehending  Mount 
Battock,  CamlehiU,  the  head  of  the 
Water  of  Ant,  Petershill,  and  the 
Valley,  down  to  the  Stone  of 
Clochnabean,  which  was  that  day 
enveloped  in  flame.  The  exces- 
sive heat  from  such  a  mass  of 
burning  matter,  by  preventing  aU 
approach,  rendered  it  impossible  to 
adopt  any  efficient  measures  for 
extinguishing  the  fire,  which  in- 
creased every  hour.  The  inhabit- 
ants of  the  parishes  of  Strachan, 
Birse,  and  Aboyne,  and  the  over- 
seers of  the  respective  proprietors, 
made  every  effort  in  their  power 
without  effect.  Serious  apprehen- 
sions were  entertained  for  the  ex- 
tensive forest  of  Glentanner,  to- 
wards which  the  flames  were  ap- 
proaching, particularly  if  the  wind 
nad  veered  to  the  south-south- 
east. 

A  part  of  Mabie  moss  had  been 
on  fire  for  several  days  past,  and 
amidst  all  the  exertions  that  were 
used  by  Mr.  Howat  and  his 
people,  the  progress  of  the  d^vour^ 


ing  element  was  not  arrested  foi 
some  days.  How  the  fire  origiii^ 
ated  nobody  can  tell,  but  aliouij 
half  an  acre  of  meadow  and  se* 
veral  roods  of  hedges  wctc  totallj 
destroyed. 

26.  Funeral  of  the  Emfess^ 
Elizabeth  op  Russia. — At  page 
35  an  account  has  been  given  d 
the  splendid    ceremonial   of  the 
funeral  of  the  emperor  Alexander, 
and    now,    three    months    afkr^ 
wards,    the  Russian  capital  int^ 
nessed  a  similar  display  of  mouin^ 
ful  pomp,  as  exhibited  at  the  ob^ 
sequies    of   his   imperial   widow^ 
Elizabeth  Alexievna,  who  died  at 
Bielev,  on  her  route  from  Tagan- 
rog to  Moscow,   on  the  ISdi  oC 
May,    in   her   forty-eighth  year, 
having  never  recovered  from  the 
deep  affliction  she  experienced  at 
the  loss  of  her  august  consort.  At 
five  o'clock  in  the  aflemoon  rftk 
26th,  the  funeral  procesdon  entered 
St.  Petersburgh,  where  it  was  re- 
ceived with  every  honour  due  to  tk 
rank  of  the  deceased,  and  with  every 
demonstration  of  sincere  sorrow,  hf 
the  immense  throngs  assemUed  to 
behold  the  grand,  but  melancboijt 
spectacle.    As  soon  as  the  proces- 
sion arrived  at  the  city  barrier,  it 
was  met  by  the  imperial  family, 
the  members  of  the  holy  syuod* 
the  high  cler^,  the  clergy  of  tk 
court,  and  the  ladies  of  the  orto 
of   St.    Catherine,    appointed  to 
attend  the  funeral  car,  the  mili- 
tary  governor-general,    the  com- 
mandant, and  their  aides-de-camp 
and  officers  under  their  orders.  His 
imperial  majesty,  accompanied  hj 
a  numerous  staff,  all  on  horsebai* 
had    also  arrived   to   receiro  i^ 
After  the  prayers   for  the  da^ 
were  recited,   the  solemn  marw 
commenced;   all  the  bells  toDed 
the  funeral  knell,  and  minute  g^ 
were  fired  ftorxK  the  fortress  «* 


JUNE] 


chronicle: 


from  some  cannon  whicb  were 
placed  on  the  Aboukhofi*  bridge. 
The  procession  was  divided  into 
sixteen  sections^  each  preceded  by 
a  master  of  the  ceremonies  on 
horseback^  wearing  a  crape  scarf^ 
T^hite  and  black.  The  general  ar- 
rangements were  the  same  as  those 
at  the  emperor's  funeral :  the  same 
car  was  employed  as  on  that  occa- 
sion, without  any  other  alteration, 
than  adding  the  empress's  cypher 
to  that  of  her  consort.  The  re- 
collections awakened  in  the  minds 
of  all  present  by  the  sight  of  this 
vehicle  of  mortality,  were  height- 
ened by  the  affecting  spectacle  of  a 
long  train  of  the  eBves  of  the 
Pemale  Patriotic  Institution,  and 
other  female  public  schools,  who, 
arranged  in  deep  mourning,  and 
forming  four  ranks,  followed  the 
military  part  of  the  procession. 
Imme£ately  behind  the  car,  was 
the  late  empresses  own  state  car- 
riage, adorned  with  a  crown,  and 
drawn  by  eight  horses,  in  most 
splendid  gUt  trappings.  By  eight 
o'clock  the  procession  reached  the 
cathedral  of  St.  Peter  and  Paul, 
and  at  the  same  instant  a  black 
standard  was  hoisted  at  the  fortress. 
It  was  here,  and  not  in  the  Kasan 
church,  that  the  body  was  to  lie 
in  state.  A  sumptuous  catafalco 
had  been  constructed  under  the 
direction  of  M.  Monferand,  com- 
bining simplicity  with  magnifi- 
cence :  where,  beneath  a  purple 
canopy  emblazoned  with  silver  stars 
upon  a  gold  ground,  were  deposited 
her  imperial  majesty's  remams,  for 
the  space  of  a  week,  during  which 
period  service  was  performed  twice 
every  day,  and  a  guard  of  honour, 
composed  of  ladies  of  high  rank, 
stationed  around  the  body  day  and 
niffht.  On  the  morning  of  the 
Srd  of  July,  the  final  ceremonies 
jook  |)lace ;  at  a  little  after  eight, 


the  emperor  and  emptess  arrived 
at  the  cathedral,  accompanied  by 
his  imperial  highness  the  here- 
ditary grand  duke,  his  royal  high- 
ness prince  Charles  of  Prussia, 
duke  and  duchess  of  Wurtemberg, 
and  the  princes  their  sons.  When 
their  majesties  had  taken  their 
places  on  the  top  of  the  catafalco, 
the  usual  prayers  for  the  dead,  ac- 
cording to  the  ritual  of  the  Eastern 
Greco-Kussian  church,  were  read 
over  the  corpse;  after  which  the 
members  of  the  imperial  family 
paid  their  last  tribute  to  the  mortid 
remains  of*  her  late  majesty :  then 
the  great  officers  of  the  court  ap- 
pointed for  that  duty  mounted  the 
catafalco,  removed  the  coffin, 
and,  preceded  by  the  metropolitan 
and  the  clergy,  carried  it  towards 
the  tomb,  into  which  it  was  let 
down  with  the  usual  formalities  : 
and  a  discharge  of  artillery  an- 
nounced to  the  inhabitants  that 
the  mortal  remains  of  their  em- 
press were  consigned  to  the  tomb. 

28.  Election  of  an  Alder^ 
MAN. — The  lord  mayor  proceeded 
in  state  to  St.  Botolph,  Aldersgate, 
where  he  held  a  wardmote,  for  the 
purpose  of  electing  an  alderman  in 
the  room  of  the  late  alderman  Cox, 
when  sir  Peter  Laurie,  who  lately 
served  the  office  of  sheriff  for 
London,  was  unanimously  elected. 

30.  Thunder  Storm.  —  A 
thunder  storm  passed  over  the 
northern  suburbs  of  tjie  metropolis, 
and  did  considerable  damage. 
Judging  from  its  effects,  the  storm 
extended  about  two  miles  and 
a  half  in  breadth,  reaching  at  one 
time  from  the  New  Road  to  the 
crest  of  Hampstead  HUl.  At  a 
quarter  to  three,  the  tempest  was 
at  its  height.  Two  dense  clouds 
were  seen  approaching  each  other, 
and  midway  between  Primrose 
HiU  and  Highgate,  they  came  m 


102 


ANNUAL   REGISTER.         Zis96. 


contact.    The  efiedts  of  the  col- 
lision were  awful — vivid  lightning, 
peals  of  thunder^  and  the  neaviest 
shower  of  hail^  ever  witnessed  in 
that  neiffhhourhood^  immediately 
succeeded.    The  hail-stones  were 
as  large  as  pigeons*  eggs.    At  the 
two  imle  stone  on  the  Hampstead 
Road^  the  storm  was  at  its  height 
In  the  gardens  of  Mr.   Money, 
nearly  opposite  Chalk  Farm,  up- 
wards of  200^  worth  of  glass  was 
broken :  in  Mr.  Brown's  garden,  a 
short  distance  higher  up  thehill,  the 
destruction  was  more  complete,  al- 
most every  square  of  glass,  many 
thousands  in  number,  in  his  ex- 
tensive green-house,  was  destroyed, 
together  with  most  of  the  valuable 
plants.      The     extent     of    Mr. 
brown's  loss  is  said  to  be  at  least 
two  thousand  pounds.    The  storm 
continued  its  course  in  a  north- 
easterly direction,  Git)8sing  High- 
gate,  and  could  be  trac^  in  its 
progiiess  from  Hampstead  Heath 
for  several  hours.    At  St.  John's 
Wood,     Mary-le-bone,    it    raged 
with  the  utmost  violence,  and  in  a 
short  time  all  the  extensive  gardens 
and    nursery    grounds    in    that 
vicinity  presented  a  scene  of  fiight- 
ful    devastation.  —  Every    green- 
house, hot-house,  and  all  the  glass 
used  in  the  gardens,  were  in  an 
instant  broken  to  atoms.     A  gen- 
tleman residing  at  the  comer  of 
Hall  Place,  Circus  Road,  had  2,000 
squares  of  glass  broken ;  Mr.  An- 
derson, florist.  Pine  Apple  Place, 
50,000  squares ;  Mr.  Bdl,  Grove 
End   Road*   2,000  squares;   Mr. 
Atkinson,     Grove     End  ,  Road* 
10,000    squares ;     Mn    Jenkins, 
Portman    Nursery,    upwards    of 
50,000     squares;     Mrs.     Hogg, 
Grove    End    Road,    3    or    4000 
squares.    The  ereen-house  of  Mr. 
Faithful,  which  was  fined  with 
the   choicest    plants,   had.  every 


square  broken,  and  the  plantt 
beaten  to  pieces.  Many  private 
houses  also  were  much  injured,  the 
windows  being  brokoi,  and  the 
fruit  in  the  gardens  completely 
destroyed. 


JULY. 

1.  DETBBanNEDSinCIDS.^*AB 

Inquest  was  held  at  Wjhakm 
Roads,  before  C.  Mastin,  Coraicr, 
on  the  body  of  John  DirlrinOTfi, 
who  was  found  in  a  silt-pit  with 
his  throat  cut,  the  day  precedix^ 

The  body  presented  a  shoffa^ 
spectacle,  hemg  entirely  diendiel 
with  blood.  On  comparmg  one  of 
the  deceased^s  shoes  vnth  ue  foou 
marks  visible  in  the  pit,  no  other 
footstep  but  his  own  could  he 
traced.  It  appeared  by  the  tzid 
of  blood,  that  the  deemed,  ate 
stabbing  himself  with  a  kxak, 
thrust  the  instrument  into  iSbt 
sand ;  he  then  walked  round  Ihe 
bottom  of  the  pit,  and,  on  kia  reton 
to  t2ie  entrance,  drew  the  knife  oot 
of  the  earth,  and^  seating  bimxlf 
on  the  opposite  dde  of  the  pit,  he 
then  inflicted  the  wound  whicb 
terminated  fatally,  and  again  thrait 
the  knife  into  the  earth,  where  it 
was  found. 

The  body  was  aoeidentaHy  & 
covered  in  a  kneeUng  posture  ;  and* 
from  the  great  quantity  of  blood 
on  the  spot,  it  was  evident  thst 
the  deceased  had  bled  very  pRK 
fusely. 

The  knife  was  identified  to  he 
the  prmerty  of  the  deceased,  whi^ 
he  nad  purchased  about  a-  week 
previously. 

The  cause  of  his  suicide  was  it- 
tnbuted  to  the  deceased  havinf 
entered  upon  a  &nn  at  FishloA  tt 
Lady-day  last;  since  wbich  dot 


JULY] 


CHRONICLE 


103 


ibe  aeason  had  operated  very  pre* 
I  Ja£cially  to  His  exertions,  and  some 
teaouB  losses   liad   befallen  ^ith^ 
Verdict— /iMom^^. 

£l£ctionbebing  Duel. — In 
consequence  of  some  words  which 
had  passed  on  the  hustings  at  Ahi- 
wick,  between  Mr.  Beaumont,  one 
of  the  candidates  for  the  county, 
and  Mr.  Lambton,  a  friend  of  an« 
odier  of  the  candidates,  lordHowick, 
these  gentlemen  met  at  four  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon,  on  the  sands  at 
Bamborough.  Twelve  paces  were 
measured  off  as  the  distsmce,  when 
the  principals  took  the  ground,  and 
fixed  almost  at  the  same  moment. 
Captain  Flunkett  was  proceeding 
to  leJoad  Mr.  Beaumont's  pisto^ 
when  genera]  Grey  stepped  up  to 
him  and  said  that  enough  had  been 
done  for  the  honour  of  the  parties, 
and  that  Mr.  Lambton  had  never 
thoQ^t  of  requiring  an  apology. 
Captain  Plunkett  replied  that  ms 
friend  was  there  for  the  purpose  of 
^nng  satisfaction,  but  that,  if 
general  Grey  thought  proper  to 
withdraw  Mr.  Lambton,  he  (capt. 
P.)  must  necessarily  withdraw  Mr. 
Bommont.  Mr.  Lambton  was 
then  withdrawn,  and  here  the 
matter  terminated.  The  following 
is  the  official  statement,  signed  by 
ral  Grey  and  captain  Plun« 


tt:— 


^In  consequence  d  some  lan- 
guage which  occurred  on  the  hus- 
tings at  Alnwick,  yesterday,  a 
meeting  took  place  this  afternoon, 
at  BambOrough,  between  John 
George  Lambton,  esq.  M.P.  and 
Thomas  Wentworth  Beaumont, 
esq.,  when,  after  an  exchange  of 
Aots,  the  affair  terminated  to  the 
aatis&ction  of  the  seconds. 
"  IH  July,  1 826.'' 

The  Dbouoht.  —  Stockholm. 
The  heat  and  drought  have  lasted 
here  for  at  least  seven  weeks  with 


extreme  intensity.  All  hope  of 
a  crop  has  vanished  (  the  trees  in 
our  gardens  are  without  fruit, 
almost  without  foliage— the  fields 
show  no  trace  of  verdure,  and  the 
ears  of  com,  parched  by  the  sun, 
visibly  waste  away.  Conflagratiems 
have  burst  out  in  two  ufferent 
forests— the  one  within  two,  the 
other  within  three,  miles  of  the 
capital. 

From  Copenhagen,  also,  there 
are  great  complaints  of  excessive 
heat. 

Sea  Sjbrpent.— '' Ship  Silas 
Richards,  June  17>  1 826.  Lat.  41, 
03,  hmg.  67»  32.  While  standing 
on  the  starboard  bow,  looking  at 
the  unruffied  surface  of  the  ocean, 
about  seven  o'clock  p.  m.,  I  ner- 
ceived  a  sudden  perturbation  ot  the 
water,  and  immediately  an  object 
presented  itself  with  its  head  about 
four  feet  above  the  level,  which 
position  it  retained  for  nearly  a 
minute,  when  he  returned  to  the 
surface,  and  kept  approaching 
abreast  of  the  vessel  at  a  distance 
of  about  fifty  yards.  I  immediately 
called  to  the  passengers  en  deck, 
several  of  whom  observed  it  for 
the  space  of  eight  minutes  as  it 
glided  along  slowly,  and  undaunt- 
edly passed  the  ship  at  the  rate  of 
about  three  miles  an  hour.  Its 
colour  was  a  dark  dingy  black, 
with  protuberances;  its  visible 
length  appeared  about  sixty  feet, 
and  its  circumference  ten  feet. 
With  former  accounts  which  have 
been  given  of  such  a  monster,  and 
which  have  never  been  credited 
this  exactly  correspodds,  and  I  have 
no  doubt  but  it  is  one  of  those 
species  called  Sea  Serpents;  it 
made  a  considerable  wake  in  the 
water  in  its  progress. 

I  remain  your  obedient  Servant, 
HsNBY  Hou>]isoB,  capt." 

The  foregoing  is  attested  by  the 


104 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


C1826. 


following  gentlemen,  passengers: 
— W.  Warburton,  of  Pentonville, 
England ;  Duncan  Kennedy, 
Thomas  Austin,  of  Clifton,  Eng- 
land; Lovell  Purdy,  Thomas  Si- 
veter,  and  James  Magee,  of  New 
York. 

2.  Singular  Suicide.  —  On 
Wednesday  last,  William  Hyde, 
of  Hasfidd,  Gloucestershire,  a 
poor  man,  who  had  for  some  time 
been  subject  to  fits  of  insanity, 
climbed  up  into  a  pear-tree,  and 
making  his  way  along  a  limb  ex- 
tending in  a  lateral  direction,  fixed 
his  neck  firmly  in  a  forked  branch, 
and  then  threw  his  body  over,  in 
which  position  he  was  discovered 
quite  dead.  An  inquest  was  held 
before  John  Cooke,  esq.  Coroner, 
when  a  verdict  of  Insanity  was  re- 
turned. 

3.  Death  by  Lightning.-— 
On  Monday,  a  party  of  friends, 
among  whom  were  the  eldest  son 
and  three  daughters  of  Joseph  Hill, 
esq.  of  Lindridge,  on  the  borders 
of  Gloucestershire,  and  several 
other  young  ladies  who  were  on  a 
visit  to  them,  had  agreed  to  form 
a  gipsey  party,  to  perambulate  the 
beautiful  range  of  Malvern  hills, 
which  commence  about  two  miles 
from  Mr.  Hill's  residence.  They 
were  accompanied  by  a  servant- 
man,  with  a  light  cart,  furnished 
with  provisions,  &c.  for  their  ex- 
cursion. About  three  o'clock  they 
had  reached  the  Worcestershire 
beacon,  on  which  is  a  building 
erected  by  lady  Harcourt,  for  the 
accommodation  of  persons  walking 
on  the  hills.  A  storm  came  on 
suddenly,  and  the  young  ladies 
were  much  alarmed  at  the  vivid 
flashes  of  lightning  which  rapidly 
succeeded  each  other,  and  peals  of 
thunder  which  seemed  to  shake  the 
rocks  on  which  they  stood.  The 
building  is  of  stone,  j^nd  the  rqof 


covered  with  iron ;  there  was  a 
stone  table  in  the  middle  of  the 
room,  and  seats  on  each  side,  with 
a  window  opposite  the  doar-way. 
The  party  were  inside ;  MissEIiza 
Hill,  her  sister  Johannah,  and  a 
Miss  Woodward,  from  Heref(nd» 
were  seated  at  the  table ;  the  othos 
walking  about.  Miss  Margaret 
Hill,  a  young  lady  about  fifteen 
years  of  age,  being  much  alarmed^ 
was  looking  out  at  the  door-way 
to  see  if  the  storm  had  pased, 
when  she  observed  the  electric  fluid 
(which  no  doubt  was  attracted  hy 
the  iron  roof)  appearing  as  a  mass 
of  fire  rolling  along  the  hill  and 
approaching  their  retreat ;  she  at- 
tempted  to  run  out,  but  was  in« 
stantly  thrown  with  violence  to 
the  sroimd ;  her  shoes  and  part  of 
her  dress  much  burnt;  her  brother, 
who  was  near,  shared  much  the 
same  fortune. 

The  electric  fluid  entered  at  the 
door,  shivered  the  stone  taMe  to 
atoms,  and  many  large  stones  in 
the  wall,  and  passed  through  the 
wmdow,    removing    the   window 
frame  and  stone-work    about  it. 
Two  of  the  youn^  ladies.    Miss 
Eliza  Hill  and  Miss  Woodward, 
were  struck  dead.     Miss  Johanna 
appeared  in  the  same  state;  medical 
aid  being  procured,  and,  some  signs 
of  life  appearing,  she  was  bled,  and 
removed  to  the  Unicom  Inn,  at 
Malvern.       The    three  were  all 
burnt  on  the  face,  neck,  and  breast, 
their  hair  burnt  ofl*  one  side  of  the 
head,  and  part  of  their  clothes  des- 
troyed.   All  the  other  ladies  were 
in  a  slight  degree  injured  by  the 
electric  fluid.     A  labouring  maa 
at  work  a  short  distance  from  the 
place  was  attracted  to  the  spot  by 
the  screams  of  the  man-servant; 
and    he   rendered  what    aid   he 
could,    till   other    assistance   ar« 
rivqd* 


JULY] 


CHRONICLE. 


105 


LmEX  m  AMKUiCA.i'^Rooi  v. 
JGng-  and  Verplanck. — At  the 
Dekwaie  circuity  lately  held  by 
judge  Betts,  came  on  a  long 
pauing  libel  suit  commenced  by 
Erastus  Root  against  Messrs.  King 
and  Verplanck,  the  editors  of  the 
Xew  York  American,  who  charged 
him  with  being  drunk  when  l£u- 
taiant-goyemoTy  and  while  pre- 
siding as  president  of  the  Senate, 
on  the  5th  of  August,  1824,  in 
the  afternoon  session.  The  pub- 
licadon  was  admitted  by  the  de- 
fendants, and  they  gave  notice  that 
they  would  justify  by  proving  the 
^-ts  charged.  The  publi^tion 
having  been  admitted,  Mr.  Blunt, 
as  counsel  for  defendants,  open- 
ed their  case^  by  stating  that 
it  would  be  proved  that  the  plain- 
tiff was  drunk  at  the  time  specified, 
and  that  testimony  would  be  pro- 
duced to  show  that  he  was  habitu- 
ally intemperate.  What  followed 
was  something  like  the  trial  of  a 
horse  cause  in  England :  eight  wit- 
nesses swore  the  jud^e  was  drunk  at 
the  time  stated  m  the  publication, 
and  ten  witnesses  swore  he  was  sober. 
In  the  course  of  the  trial  much  di- 
versity of  opinion  was  expressed  as  to 
what  state  of  excitement  amounted 
technically  to  intoxication,  varpng 
in  d^ree  from  that  of  unsteadi- 
ness of  gait,  impediment  of  utter- 
ance, &c  up  to  that  of  being  speech- 
less and  unable  to  walk,  sit,  or 
stand.  The  learned  judges  appear- 
ed to  be  of  opinion,  that,  so  long 
as  a  man  was  possessed  of  his  men- 
tal faculties,  he  could  not  be  con- 
udered  as  drunk.  The  jury  were 
out  aU  night ;  and  at  seven  o'clock 
on  Thur^iay  morning  sent  for  the 
judge  to  explain  more  distinctly 
his  chaise.  The  judge  in  the  pre- 
►ence  of  the  parties,  and  a  great 
number  of  spectators,  then  reitera- 
te the  doctrine  laid  down  in  his 


charge  the  preceding  evening, 
when  the  jury  were  again  left  to 
themselves,  and  at  nine  o'clock 
came  into  the  court  with  a  verdict 
of  1,500  dollars  for  the  plaintiff. 

Irish  Election  Riots.  Riot 
AT  TRALEE.<i-*During  the  con- 
tested election  for  the  county  of 
Kerry,  Tralee  wfts  kept  in  per- 
petual uproar  by  unceasmg  contests 
between  the  adherents  of  the  op- 
posing parties.  But  on  Sunday 
evening,  a  number  of  lord  Ventry's 
friends  having  beea  attacked  with 
stones,  and  other  missiles,  by  a  mob 
who  supported  by  iheir  clamours 
a  candidate  of  a  difiPerent  party, 
the  riflemen  who  had  been  called 
out  were  ordered  to  firei. 

Daniel  Sullivan,  aged  56;  Eu- 
gene Sullivan  (sou  of  the  above), 
aged  17;  James  Breen  aged  15; 
Owen  Coumane,  aged  19;  and 
Richard  Williams,  aged  34 ;  were 
killed,  and  thirteen  persons  were 
wounded, threeof  them  dangerously. 
An  inquest  having  been  held  on 
the  bodies  of  the  two  SuUivans, 
the  jury  found  that  the  order  to 
fire  had  been  "unnecessary  and 
unjustifiable.*' 

The  contest  for  the  county  of 
Gal  way  likewise  occasioned  blood- 
shed. Wlule  a  party  of  gentlemen 
on  the  side  of  Mr.  Lambert  were 
dining  at  a  hotel,  they  were  inform- 
ed that  a  body  of  freeholders  in 
that  interest  had  been  attacked  by 
a  mob  of  the  partisans  of  Mr.  Mar- 
tin, the  opposing  candidate.  In 
consequence  of  this  they  sallied 
forth  to  the  street;  and,  in  tlie 
scuffle  which  followed,  one  of  them 
discharged  a  pistol,  by  which  a 
man  of  the  name  of  Sullivan  was 
killed  upcm  the  spot.  The  coroner's 
jury  brought  in  a  verdict  of  mur- 
der against  Thomas  D.  Lambert  as 
principal,  and  against  James  W. 
Browne,  David  Wilson,  the  hou^ 


106 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


tittft 


Denis  Bingham,  and  two  Mr. 
O'Connors,  as  accessaries. 

4.  MONUMBNT  TO  GbANVILLB 

Sharp.— *  Mr.  Granville  Sharp's 
bust  was  placed  by  Mr.  Chantry 
in  the  Council  room  at  Guildhall. 
The  right  honourable,  the  lord 
mayor  and  sherifib  were  present, 
attended  by  the  city  marshals,  Mr. 
Prince  Hoare,  Mr.  Tooke,  Mr, 
Hick,  deputy  Routh,  Mr.  Jones, 
Mr.  Favell,  deputy  Daw,  and  se- 
veral  of  the  city  officers.  The  fol- 
lowing inscription  is  engrared  on 
the^b  below  the  bust  :— 

GRANVILLE  SHARP: 

To  whom 

Bngland  owes  the  glorious  verdtet  of  her 

Highest  Coart  of  Lav, 

that 

The  Slave  who  sets  his  foot  on 

British  Ground 

Becomes  at  that  instant 


Dbouoht.— At  present.  Loch 
Tay  discharges  no  water  by  the 
bed  of  the  river  Tay.  It  is  not  re- 
membered by  the  oldest  inhabitant 
in  that  quarter,  that  they  have  at 
any  prior  period  seen  a  less  body  of 
water  than  three  feet  deep  issuing 
from  the  Loch  by  the  Tay,  in  any 
season— thus  the  evaporation  from 
the  Loch  has  this  year  exceeded 
that  of  any  known  season,  by  about 
180,124,560  cubic  feet. 

10.  Conflagrations  on  thb 
Moors  op  Yorkshire. —  From 
causes  which  have  not  been  as- 
certained, but  to  which  the  unex- 
ampled long  continuance  of  un-i 
precedented  drought  supplies  con- 
stant fuel,  the  moors  have  taken 
fire,  and  without  abundant  rain, 
are  not  likely  to  be  speedily  ex- 
tinguished. Large  tracts  of  she^ 
waSu  have  been  entirely  destroyed. 
The  fires  have  not  only  i^rc»d  over 
a  wide  extent  of  surface,  but  have 
burned  to  a  great  depth,  consuming 
not  Piily  t&  moss,  but  the  peat 


underneath.  In  some  places,  wheoe 
they  reach  a  soft  sub^ratum,  tbej 
run  to  a  great  length  under  gnnmd, 
and  break  out  at  the  somoe  at 
other  spots.  The  flames  and  snub 
together  present  a  most  formyaliie 
aim  imposing  appearance  firom  ut 
of  the  high  grounds  team  wmk 
a  view  of  them  can  be  obtamei 
Hawkesworth  Moor  is  entirdj  de- 
stroyed. On  Ilkley  Moor,  500 
acres  are  burnt  There  is  no  hope 
of  any  part  oTBingley  Moor  being 
saved.  Builey  Moor  is  on  fire, 
and  is  partly  consumed.  Thorntoo 
Moor  is  entirely  destroyed,  tnd 
with  it  all  the  young  plantttum, 
which  cost  upwards  ox  2,0002.  b 
planting.  Oakswortli  Moor  n 
entirely  burnt  Ovendon  Moai, 
Holme  Moss,  Bomsall  Fd],Heb- 
den  and  Grassington  Mooi^  m 
on  fire. 

Conflagrations  in  Abxi- 
DEENBHiRE.— The  fire  commeneed 
more  than  a  fortnight  since,  npoo 
the  lands  of  the  bon.  Wilbsm 
Maule ;  and  no  great  apprebeo- 
sions  from  it  were  entertained  at 
Aboyne  until  about  Friday  week, 
when  it  began  to  assume  a  wxt 
alarmine  appearance,  while  tiie 
approach  oi  it  to  the  northward 
from  Gleneflk,  &c.  became  n 
rapid,  that,  on  the  Saturday  and 
Sunday  following,  it  was  deemed 
necessary  to  endeavour  to  sitest 
its  progress :  and  this,  at  the  timet 
appeared  to  have  been  efl&cted. 
A  breeze  of  wind,  howevo",  qmng- 
ing  up  on  Tuesday,  the  fire  brob 
out  with  greater  violence  tins 
before,  and  was  seen  coming  orer 
the  Cock  Cairn,  and  making  in  t 
straight  line  for  the  forest  of  Gkn- 
tanner,  at  the  rate  of  nearly  dine 
miles  an  hour.  It  was  now  ooo- 
sidered  absolutely  neoesssij  to 
call  out  the  people  of  the  whok 
of  the  adjoiiung  conntrjr.    He 


JULY]  CHRONICLE.  107 

mnstar  booh  liecame  general*   to  endine  the  5lih  July*  1S25*  and 

the  number  of  about  three  hun-  the  5m  Julj*  1826. 
dred  men,  and  with  the  sreatest  iTit^^SSJ'VL^^iT^ 

persevOTHice  mid  labour,  the  flames  jt„^,r«a»B.Mac.^.u^  SS^ 

weie   luqnnJT   got    under    wben  TmnuD,  M(abiiiir,»ii<Co.sn,r«6  2ii,szi 

Trithin  only  a  few  hundred  yards  JTiplCh :::-T  ^^  I^ 

Off  the  straddine  trees  m  Glen-  ComM.DeUfleid^andCo..  i4«,t49  i99,w5 

tanner.     Ine  most  enectuai  mode  oaiy«t,«»dCo. ...,  iw*2o«  ioo,i2« 

of  stopping  the  fire  was  found  to  rSr*^lmkCo  wiS    Iwt 

be  by  using  boughs  of  trees,  and,  vSiok^nd  Co!  V.V.V.V.V.  6i*,905    594W 

as  it  were,  smothering  the  flames ;  Campbell,  «d  Co ist^sto    ii,m 

and  this  course  was  pursued  over        13.   Explosion  at  Cowxs.— 

a  line   of   several   miles   in   ex-  Forty-five  casks,  containing  gun^ 

tent,  the  principle  inconvenience  powder,  and  many  of  them  baH- 

felt    being    the    great    heat  and  cartridges,    were  being   removed 

denseness  of  the    smoke,    whibh  firom  ^bany  barracks  on  a  truck 

obliged  the  men   to  relieve  each  to  Dodnor-hard,  for  the  purpose  of 

other  almost  every  minute.    Lord  being  shipped  on  boi^  the  Pitt 

Aboyne's   tenants,    his   lordship's  ordnance  vessel,  for  Portsmouth; 

officers  at  the  castle,  the  workmen  when  an  explosion  took  place,  sup- 

at  the  saw-null  in  Glentanner,  as  posed  to  have  proceeded  from  one  of 

well  as  many  others  from  Kincar-  thehorse's  shoesstrikingfireon  some 

dinc^  who  readily  volunteered  their  loose  powder   which   fell  on  the 

services,  by  their  united  exertions  ground,    owing  to  the  casks  not 

not  only  saved  the  forest  of  Glen-  being  properly  coopered,  and  kiHed 

tanner,    and  the  other   valuable  George  Mundell  (who  has  left  a 

plantations     belonging     to     lord  wife,  expecting  daily  her  confine^ 

Aboyne  upon,  the   south  side  of  ment),  owner  of  the  truck,  and 

the   Dee,    the   whole    of   which  James  Purvis,  one  of  the  crew  of 

must    have    inevitably    perished,  the  Pitt,  who  has  also  left  a  wife 

if    their    exertions    had    proved  in  a  state  of  pregnancy,  and  five 

unsuccessfuL    A    strong  force  is  young    children.      The  drayman 

placed   upon   the  hills,   day  and  and  two  soldiers  were  carried  to 

night,  in  order  to  watch  the  heat-  the  hospital  in  a  very  dangerous 

ed  embers.      Fires  still  continue  state.     Both   horses  were  HQed; 

to    rage    upon    the    surrounding  part  of  the  thill  horse  was  actually 

'  hills,  particularly  towards  Mount  blown   across  the   Medina  river, 

Ke^i,  Glenmuick,  and  the  Cock  leading  from  Cowes  to  Newport. 

Cairn.     This  calamity  will  prove  The  beautiful  mansion  of  Didcens 

most    destructive    to    the    game.  Buckell,  esq.,  of  Dodnor,  was  al- 

Many  of  the  old  birds  were  ob-  most  blown  to  atoms ;  the  doors 

serv^  fidline  down  in  the  midst  and  windows,  the  ceilings  and  the 

of  the  smoke,    while  the  young  roof  of  the  house  destroyed;   the 

ones  were  heard  chirping  amongst  family  were  at  dinner,    and  all 

the  burning  heather,  quite  unable  were  slightly  injured,  but  none 

to  escape.  seriously.     Other  houses  at  Dod- 

PoBTEB  Breweries. — A  state-  nor  were  injured,  and  some  boats 

ment  of  the  quantity  of  porter  which  were   lying  in  the  river 

brewed  in  London,  by  the  eleven  were  pierced  witn    balls.     The 

first  houses,  for  the  last  two  years,  shock  was  heard  at  Cowes,  Byde, 


108 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


D826. 


Shanldin^  asd  other  parts  of  the 
island.  The  coroner's  inquest  re- 
turned the  following  verdict: 
*'  Accidental  Death,  owing  to  the 
ammunition  being  conveydl  on  an 
improper  truck." 

Election  op  Scots  Pebrs. — 
Thursday  the  election  of  sixteen 
peers,    to   represent   the  Scottish 
nobility  in  the  ensuing  session  of 
parliament,    took  place  at  Holy- 
rood-house.     Their  lordships  were 
attended    by    Hector   Macdonald 
Buchanan,  and  Colin  Mackenzie, 
esqrs.,  two  of  the  principal  clerks 
of  session,  in  virtue  of  a  commis- 
sion firom  the  lord  clerk  register 
of   Scotland;    by    the    rev.    Dr. 
Grant,  of  St.   Andrew's  church, 
one  of  the  deans  of  the  chapel 
royal ;     and    the    rev.    Principal 
Macfarlan,  of  Glasgow,  one  of  his 
majesty's  chaplains  for  Scotland; 
and  by  other  official  gentlemen. 
The  lord  provost  and  magistrates 
were    also    present.      The    votes 
having  been  counted,  the  follow- 
ing sixteen  noblemen   were    de- 
clared duly  elected,  viz. : — 

Votef. 
Charles,  marquess  of  Queensbuty  5S 
George,  marquess  of  Tweed  dale  •  •  56 

WHliaro,  earl  of  Errol 55 

Alexander,  earl  of  Home 53 

Thomas,  earl  of  Kellie 50 

Thomas,  earl  of  Elgin 54 

Archibald,  earl  of  Rosebery    ,..,56 

John,  viscount  Arbuthnot  49 

James,  viscount  Stratballan    ....  55 

James,  lord  Forbes 51 

Alexander,  lord  Saltoun 57 

Francis,  lord  Gray    56 

Charles,  lord  Sinclair 49 

John,  lord  Colville  of  Culross ....  45 

William,  lord  Napier  54 

Robert,  lord  Belhaven    43 

Votes  were  also  given  for — 

William,  earl  of  Northesk  37 

Robert,  lord  Blantyre l 

Eric,  lord  Reay    17 

John,  lord  RoUo 25 

Lord  Blantyre  was  not  a  candidate. 

The  clerks  having  certified  the 
return  of  the  noble  lords  to  Chan-t 


eery,  in  presence  of  their  lordshiiis, 
the  business  was  closed  with  prayer 
by  the  rev.  Dr.  Grant. 

At  the  election  in  1818,  ihere 
were  58  voters,  viz. :  27  present, 
S  proxies,  and  28  signed  lists. 
Thursday  there  were  exactly  the 
same  number  of  voters,  58;  of 
whom  25  were  present,  6  proxies, 
and  27  simed  lists. 

The  dection  took  place,  as 
usual,  in  the  Picture  Grauery,  and 
was  numerously  attended. 

15.  Cambridge  Riot  and 
Assault.— -John  Simpson  Red- 
head, Charles  WUlimott,  Samuel 
Bowman,  James  How,  William 
Glover,  Robert  Burrows,  Charles 
Edwards,  and  James  Raby,  were 
indicted,  at  the  instance  of  the 
University,  for  -having  riotously 
assembled,  in  company  with  others, 
on  the  5th  of  November  last,  and 
with  having  violently  assaulted 
the  proctors,  the  moderator,  and 
others,  in  the  discharge  of  their 
duty. 

The  Rev.  Henry  Venn,  M.A., 
Fellow  of  Queen's-coU^e,  and 
junior  proctor  of  the  University, 
deposed,  that,  on  the  5th  of  No- 
vember last,  at  about  half-past 
nine,  he  left  his  college,  in  conse- 
quence of  hearing  that  there  was 
a  riot  near  the  senate-house  ;  upon 
reaching  the  spot,  he  found  two 
or  three  hundred  persons  assem- 
bled, many  of  them  gownsmen ; 
squibs  were  thrown  at  him  &am 
the  part  where  the  townsmen 
stood ;  shortly  afterwards,  he  heard 
a  loiid  shouting  on  the  Market- 
hill;  he  was  proceeding  in  that 
direction,  and  had  arrived  as  far 
as  the  posts  in  St.  Mary's-passage 
(in  company  with  Mr.  King,  the 
moderator^,  when  he  heard  a  per- 
son exclaim,  ''Here  they  come, 
now  for  it."  Two  men  immedi^ 
ately  rushed  from  the  crowd  in  a 


JULY] 


GHRONIGLE. 


109 


fighting  attitude ;  and  one  of  them 
^rack  him  a  hard  blow  upon  the 
ten^le,  which  obliged  him  to  re- 
cede a  few  paces.     Witness  said  to 
those  near  him,  that  he  was  the 
proctor,  and  he  hoped  they  would 
not  insult  an  officer  of  the  Uni« 
versity;    witness   then  perceived 
that   Mr.   King    was    struggling 
with  a  townsman,    who   was  se- 
cured and  identified ;  witness  re- 
monstrated with   the  gownsmen, 
and  they  began  to  disperse  imme- 
diately ;  he  advised  the  townsmen 
to  go  home,  but  they  would  not 
attend   to   him;    he   went  down 
Trinity-street,  and  found  that  se- 
veral gownsmen  had  taken  refuge 
in  a  door-way  near  the  Sun  Inn, 
surrounded  by  a  large  mob  ;    the 
gownsmen  appeared   much  terri- 
fied.   After  he  had  succeeded  in 
getting  them  away,  he  found  that 
some  others  had  gone  into    the 
Sun  yard,  and  that  the  gates  had 
been  shut;    the   mob  forced   the 
gates,    and  rushed  into  the  yard 
with  great  violence ;  he  was  soon 
afterwards  surrounded  by  a  mob 
of  townsmen,  and  struck  and  kick- 
ed several  times.     Mr.  King  and 
witness  then  addressed  the  crowd, 
and  assured  them,  that  there  was 
not  a   single  undergraduate  left, 
and  advised  the  townsmen  to  dis- 
perse ;  the  mob  rushed  upon  them, 
and  used  very  insulting  lemguage ; 
they  asked  them  if  they  had  "  put 
aD  their  babies  to  bed ;"  and  used 
other  expressions  of  an  ofiensive 
description.  Witness  and  Mr.  King 
proce^ed    towards    the    Market- 
place, and  the  mob  followed,  hiss- 
ing and  hooting,  and  pelting  them 
with  mud  and  dirt;  some  stones 
were  thrown  at    them.     Witness 
went  towards  his  college;    when 
they  reached  Trumpington-street, 
he  foand  that  the  fury  of  the  mob 

was  directed  tpwatds  on^  of  the 


proctor's  men,  named  Cockerell, 
whom  witness  advised  to  go  home 
privately  as  soon  as  he  could  es- 
cape ;  the  man  did  so>  but  the  mob 
ran  after  him ;  witness  was  in  the 
crowd  for  three  hours;  cannot 
say  how  many  were  assembled  at 
any  one  time,  but  the  crowd  was 
very  dense. 

Joshua  King,  esq.  the  moderator, 
and  the  rev.  N.  J.  Temple,  the 
senior  proctor,  corroborated  the 
testimony  of  Mr.  Venn ;  and 
several  witnesses  were  called  to 
identify  the  prisoners. 

The  learned  judge  summed  up 
the  evidence,  and  uie  jury  imme- 
diately returned  then:  verdict, 
acquitting  Willimott,  and  finding 
all  the  other  defendants  guilty. 

The  lord  chief  justice,  after 
commenting  upon  the  shades  of 
difierence  in  the  guilt  of  the  pri- 
soners, and  making  some  severe 
remarks  upon  their  cowardly  and 
dastardly  conduct,  in  selecting  the 
proctors,  who  were  alone  and  un- 
protected, as  the  objects  of  their 
spite  and  malevolence,  proceeded 
to  pass  sentence  upon  the  prisoners, 
as  follows:  Redhead  to  be  im- 
prisoned twelve  months;  Raby, 
six  months;  Bowman  and  How, 
three  months  each;  and  Glover, 
Edwards,  and  Burrows,  one  month 
each;  and,  at  the  expiration  of 
their  various  periods  of  imprison- 
ment, all  the  prisoners  were  re- 
spectively to  enter  into  recogni- 
zances to  keep  the  peace  for  three 
years,  themselves  in  50/.  and  two 
sureties  in  10/.  each. 

15.  Meetings  in  Manches- 
ter.—On  Wednesday  evening, 
between  seven  and  eight  o'clock, 
upwards  of  1,000  people  collected 
in  the  vacant  ground,  near  St« 
George's-road,  and  remained  assem- 
bled about  an  hour,  during  which 

timQ  some  ver^  inflawmAtory  &d<^ 


110           ANNUAL  REGISTER.  qw6. 

dvessei  were  made  to  them  b^  two  in  one  or  two  intrtnnff^j  throvinf 

inen^  one  a  delegate  from  Leigh^  stones  at  them,  bat  withofut  "* 

and  the  other  a  resident  in  Man-  them  anj  imuiy- 

Chester.    The   former    told    the  Last    mffkt,    a   mach         »-- 

people  that  fhej  had  home  their  number   of    person^   amiinnting 

sufierings  long  enough,  and  must  probably    altogether    to   betifeett 

now  do  sometning  to  put  an  end  four  and  five  ^oosand,  aaemfaledy 

to  them.     He  urged  them  to  meet  about  eight   o'clock,  not   in   St. 

in  greater  numbers ;  that  all  who  George's-road,   but  on   a  Ta 

comd  find  arms  should  bring  them ;  piece  of  ground  opposite  Mr.  Ji 

that  the  others  should  arm  them-  Kennedy's    factory.  -  After    t 

selves  at  the  gunsmiths'  shops ;  and  time  spent  in  maldng  a  rxo^  an 

that  they  should  then  help  them-  Irishman,  dressed  in  a  short  raxi, 

selves  at  the  provision  shops  and  was  appointed  chairmant  and  ad* 

the   banks.     The    other  speaker  dressed  the  people  for  about  half 

addressed  the   people  to    nearly  an  hour.     In  the  first  plaee  he 

the  same  effect,  and  they  separated  called  upon  the  del^ates»  who  bad 

soon  after   eight  o'clock,  with  an  cone  to  Blackburn  on  the  preceding 

understanding  that  they  were  to  day,  to  step  forward  into  the  ring, 

meet  again  on  the  following  niffht.  and  state  the  result  of  th^  migitTn 

They,  consequently,  assembled  in  No  delegates,  however,  made  their 

greater    numbers    on     Thursday  appearance;    and,    after  a   short 

evening,    about  the   same  hour,  pause,  he  called  for  the  man  who, 

when  speeches  of  a  similar  charac-  he  said,  had  accompanied  him  to 

ter  to  those  uttered  on  Wednesday  Ashton-under-Lyne ;   but,  as  he 

were  s^n  addressed  to  them,  but  also    was   not    forthcoming,    the 

by  different    persons.    One  man  chairman  proceeded  iSf  addresa  the 

wasparticularly  violent.  He  strong-  meeting    with    a    good     deal  of 

ly  eidiorted  the  people  to  come  the  vehemence,  telling  them  that  the 

next  night  armed.     A    man  in  weavers    of  Ashton   were  brave 

the     crowd    lifted    up    a    large  fellows,  who  were  detennined  to 

bludgeon,  and  asked  if  they  were  have  their  rights,  and  would  not 

to  arm  themselves  in  that  manner,  run  away  like  the  weavers  of  Man- 

The  speaker  replied,  that  would  Chester,  whom  he  stigmatiaed  as 

do  for  those  who  could  not  get  cowards.     After  a  long  harai^;ue, 

better  weapons ;  but  thev  must  get  he  told  the  people  that  he  expeci- 

possession  of  the  gunsmiths'  shops  ed  they  would  have   come  with 

and  the  barracks ;  they  would  then  something  like  this  (bidding  up  a 

be  masters  of  every  thing,   and  stick)  in  their  hands  ;  but  they  had 

could  help  themselves  to  what  they  disappointed  him,  and  therefore  he 

wanted.    The  meeting^broke  up  would  conclude  his  npeech.  Another 

about  half-past  eisht.  The  greater  person  then  stepped  forward,  and 

part  of  the  people  turned  along  said,  he  was  unfortunately  under 

Cropper-street,  into  Oldham-road,  sureties  to  keep  the  peace,  or  he 

where  it  happened  that   colonel  would   have  addreraed   them   as 

Kearney,    of   the    2nd  dragoon-  boldly  as  any  man ;  but  if  he  were 

guards,  and  major  Eckersley,  were  to  say  any  thing,  it  might  cost  him 

riding,  attended  by  a  sin^e  dra-  a  great  deal  of  money.     He  would, 

coon.  As  soon  as  the  mob  perceived  however,  observe,  that  they,  no 

tnose  officers,  they  pursued  them  doubt,    thought     themselves    op- 

towaxds  New  Cross,  hooting,  and,  pressed,  and  men  who  wcxe  op« 


JfULT] 


CHRONICLE. 


Ill 


Tressed  had  always  aright  to  stand 
up  for  themselves.  The  incessant 
efforts  of  so  large  a  body  of  people 
to  hear  what  passed  caused  the 
ring  to  he  broken  in^  and  the  people 
then  separated. 

A  posting-bill,  of  which  the 
following  is  a  copy^  was  circu« 
lated: — 

TXTBLIC  NOTICE. 

We^  the  undersigned  magistrates 
for  the  county  of  Lancaster,  have 
observed,  with  ereat  regret,  that 
certain  evil-disposed  persons, 
strangers  in  Manchester,  have, 
within  the  last  few  days,  been 
endeavouring  to  excite  the  peace* 
able  and  weU-disposed  inhabitants, 
by  inflammatoiy  language  and  ad- 
^esses,  to  acts  of  outrage  and  in« 
subordination ;  and,  in  furtherance 
of  their  wicked  object,  have  given 
notices  of  public  meetings  to  be 
held  in  the  evenings  of  several 
days  in  the  present  week,  at  which 
such  stranffers  have  been  the  prin- 
cipal speaEers,  and  the  meetings 
have  b^n  protracted  to  late  hours 
of  the  night ; 

Now,  we  do  hereby  declare  our 
Ojpinion,  that  all  such  meetings  are 
Illegal,  as  having  a  manifest  and 
direct  tendency  to  a  breach  of  the 
peace,  which  it  is  our  duty  to  pro- 
tect. 

We,  therefore,  caution  all  per- 
sons not  to  attend  any  such  meet- 
inffs,  nor  in  any  respect  to  be 
induced,  by  the  wicked  and  mis- 
chievous, to  engage  in  proceedings, 
which  must  bring  upon  them  all 
the  consequences  attending  such 
illegal  conduct. 

Given  under  our  hands  this  15th 
July,  1826, 

New  Bailey/  Court-House, 

J.  NORRIS, 

J.  SiLVBSTEB, 

Jahes  Brieblst, 

J.  HiBBERT, 
J.  F06TBB. 


LniBEBO.-— Yesterday  the  neat 
tower,  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Town-hall  Tower,  built  in  1491, 
fell  down.  Only  a  few  persons 
were  killed,  among 'whom  were 
the  daughter  of  the  keeper  of  the 
tower,  a  gbrl  of  16,  and  two  grena- 
diers of  the  garrison,  whom  curi^ 
osity  had  attracted  to  the  spot. 
Litde  other  mischief  was  done, 
because  the  indication  of  the  danger, 
which  appeared  in  the  course, of 
the  day,  had  attracted  the  attention 
of  persons  in  the  neighbourhood, 
who  were  all  prepared  for  flight. 
The  tower  fell  m  the  manner  least 
calculated  to  do  injury.  The 
tower  walls  save  way,  and  the 
upper  part  of  the  building  sanl 
down  in  the  centre,  filling  up  the 
space,  and  what  there  was  not 
room  for  fell  into  the  square,  on  the 
w^t  side,  where  the  hackney 
coaches  usually  stand;  but  they 
had  been  removed  on  account  of 
the  building  of  the  Town-halL 
For  a  short  time,  however,  the 
citizens  were  in  great  anxiety, 
because  the  vast  doud  of  dust 
made  it  impossible  to  see  what 
damage  had  been  done.  The  ereat 
bell  nas  been  found  uninjured 
among  the  rubbish. 

Riots  in  Lancashibe.— -ilft(f- 
dleion  I6  July. — About  twelve 
o'clock  last  night  the  inhabitants 
of  this  place  were  surprised  by  the 
sudden  appearance  of  250  or  260 
men  armed  with  sticks  and  blud- 
geons. At  the  time  of  their  arri- 
val every  thing  was  going  on  as 
usual ;  shops  and  public  houses  were 
open,  ana  people  were  looking 
afler  their  ordinary  concerns.  But 
the  unexpected  intrusion  of  these 
strangers  caused  an  instant  change 
in  the  appearance  of  things— every 
body  was  filled  with  amazement 
or  alarm.  The  rioters  came  from 
towards  Manchester,  and  halted  in 


112 


ANNUAL   REGISTER.         tisaa 


the  Market-place.  Some  of  tliem 
were  heard  to  say,  "Here  are 
shops,  we  can  help  ourselves  to 
provisions ;  and  here  are  shoes,  let 
us  each  get  a  pair."  They  came 
in  military  array,  and  halted  in 
their  ranks,  at  the  word  of  com- 
mand.  By  their  speech,  their  lea- 
ders were  known  to  be  Irish.  One 
man  spoke  aloud,  and  said,  **  If 
any  honest  man  is  prepared  with 
arms,  and  disposed  to  join  us,  he 
will  be  made  welcome"— but  no- 
body came  out— not  one  inhabitant 
of  Middleton  joined  them.  Pre- 
sently a  noise  was  heard,  and  a 
cry  that  the  soldiers  were  coming. 
Some  then  left  their  ranks,  but  the 
main  body  passed  up  Wood-street, 
and  retreated  across  a  place  called 
Archer-park,  and  the  Great-Park, 
into  the  old  road  to  Manchester,  by 
which  rout  they  escaped.  A  party  of 
the  Queen's  bays,  now  made  their 
appearance,  accompanied  by  two 
magistrates,  the  Boroughreeve  of 
Manchester,  and  several  constables. 
Nothing,  however,  was  now  left 
for  them  to  do,  but  to  look  after 
odd  stragglers,  two  of  whom  were 
taken  and  conveyed  to  Manchester, 
having  confessed  they  came  with 
the  mob.  Three  others  were  taken 
by  a  watchman.  After  the  retreat 
of  the  rioters,  the  soldiers  paraded 
the  streets  and  lanes,  and  were  re-  • 
ceived  at  several  places  with  hoot- 
ing and  shouting,  and  other  ex- 
pressions of  disapprobation,  but  no 
stones  were  thrown,  nor  any  vio- 
lence offered. 

18.  Drouoht. — "  Wdrsaw.  We 
have  not  experienced,  in  the 
memory  of  the  oldest  inhabitant, 
such  excessive  heat  as  we  have  had 
this  year.  In  1821,  the  heat  was 
of  longer  continuance,  but  did  not 
rise  to  27  (95).  The  Sardinian 
ambassador  to  the  Russian  court, 
when  he  passed  through  thiscity^ 


declared  that  he  had  never  fidt  sadk 
heat,  even  in  Italy.  The  staue  cf 
the  atmosphere  does  not  alarm  as, 
as  we  have  rain  &om  time  to  time  ; 
but  the  rivers  are  so  low,  that  all 
communication  by  water  is  ais- 
pended." 

SupsRSTiTioN. — TraUe,     JmIj^ 
24. — ^Ann  Roche,  a  woman  of  yerf 
advanced  age,  was  indicted  for  the 
murder  of  Michael  Leahy,  a  jom^ 
child,   by  drowning  him   in    the 
Flesk.     The  case  turned  oat  to  be 
a  homicide  committed  under  a  de- 
lusion of  the  grossest  superstitioa. 
The  child,  though  four  years  dd, 
could   neither    stand,    walk^    nor 
speak  (it  was  thought  to  be  faiiy 
struck),  and  the  grandmother  or- 
dered the  prisoner  and  one  of  the 
witnesses  to  bathe  the  child  evcfy 
morning  in  that  pool  of  the  liver 
Flesk    where    the   boundaries  of 
three    farms  met;   they    had   » 
bathed  it  for  three  mornings  run- 
ning ;  and,  on  the  last  morning  the 
prisoner  kept  the  child  longer  un- 
der water  than  usual,  when  her 
companion  (the  witness)    said  to 
the  prisoner,  ''  How  can  you  hope 
ever  to  see  God  after  this?^  to 
which  the  prisoner  replied,  ''  that 
the  sin  was  on  the  grandmother, 
and  not  on  her." 

Upon  cross-examination,  the 
witness  said  it  was  not  done  with 
intent  to  kill  the  child,  but  to  cure 
it — to  put  the  fairy  out  of  it.  To 
the  policeman  who  apprehended 
her,  on  charging  her  with  drown- 
ing the  child,  she  said  it  was  no 
matter  if  it  had  died  four  yean 
ago.     Verdict — Not  GuiUy. 

Aerostation  by  mcHT.— 
"  About  seventeen  minutes  past  ten 
o'clock,"  says  Mr.  Green,  *'  I  ascend- 
ed from  the  gardens  in  VauxhalL 
On  quitting  ^e  gardens  we  kept 
nearly  in  a  line  over  the  Thames 
for  about  two  miles*    We  cnwnd 


ULY3               CHRONICLE.  113 

le  river  thr^  times.    Notwitli-  rection  E.  by  S.  but  wben  at  tbe 

anding  tbe  clouded  state  of  tbe  elevation  of  balf  a  mile^  it  came 

nnospbere^  and  being  deprived  of  into  anotber  current  of  air^  wbicb 

le  ligbt  of  tbe  moon,  we  could  carried    it  W.   by  N.     At  nine 

Lstinctly  see  tbe  eartb,  but  we  de-  o'clock  in  tbe  evening,  tbree  more 

^rminednottobazardadescent,un«  pilot  balloons  were  launcbed,  two 

1  we  bad  cleared  tbe  windings  of  of  tbese  went  in  tbe  direction  W. 

le  river,  because,  if  tbere  bad  been  by  N.,  sbewine  tbat  tbe  current  of 

wind,  we  sbould  bave  been  air  wbicb  tbe  first  pilot  balloon  fell 

into    tbe    stream.     We  into  was  cmerating  on  tbe  eartb  s 

easily  discern  tbe  cultivated  surface. — Our  direction  was  W. 

-cm  tbe  uncultivated  land.     In  by  N.    We  effected  an  easy  land- 

»attersea  and  Wandswortb,  wbere  ing  in  a  jplougbed  'field,  on  king 

ie  wbeat  was  ready  for  cutting,  George's  Farm,  Marsb-gate,  Ricb« 

appeared  like  sbeets  spread  on  mond.     A  borse-patrole  was  tbe 

be  ground.  Tbe plougbed land  was  only  person  on  tbe  spot,  but  on  ac- 

arker.    Tbe  trees  appeared  per-  count  of  tbe  dead  calm  wbicb  pre- 

;ctly  black,  and  tbe  buildinffs  were  vailed,  we  required  no  assistance." 

ftbe  same  colour.    Of  tbe  bridges  26.   Extbaordinart  Cask.— 

re  could  command  a  good  view ;  An  inquest  was  beld  at  Maidstone 

lose  wbicb  were  ornamented  witb  on  tbe  body  of  Samuel  Luttal,  a 

as  or  otber  ligbts,  appeared  like  soldier  in  tbe  6tb  Drasoon  Guards, 

row   of   lamps  resting  on    tbe  wbo  bad  been  committed  to  gaol 

iver.       Battersea    and    Putney-  for  deserting  from  tbat  regiment, 

ridges,  wbicb  are  not  ligbted,  ap«  \^  Mr.  Jobn  Taunton — Is  assistant 

eared  like  dark  planks  stretcbing  to  Mr.  Wbatman,  tbe  surgeon  to 

ver  tbe  water.  Before  I  quitted  tbe  tbe  gaol.     Saw  tbe  deceased  in  bis 

artb,  I  bad  provided  myself  witb  ward  on  Saturday  about  noon ;  be 

ne  of  sir  Humpbry  Davy's  safety  was  tben  in  a  state  of  locked  jaw, 

imps,  to  enable  me  to  make  any  arising  from  a  wound  in  bis  finger 

xperiment  in  tbe  air.     Supposing  inflicted  by  Peter  Meily.     Meily 

;as  to  escape,  it  would  mix  witb  was  a  soldier  wbo  bad  marcbed 

be  atmospbere  around  tbe  car,  and  on  Tuesday,  tbe  25tb,  to  join  tbe 

brm  a  compound  air  bigbly  ex-  depot  of  lus  regiment  in  tbe  Isle 

(losive.    For  tbis  reason  I  took  of  Wi^bt.      He  immediately  or« 

be  safety  lamp,  because  tbere  is  dered  bim  to  be  removed  to  tbe 

lo  danger  of  combustion  wben  tbe  bospital,  and  attended  bim  tbere 

amp  is  in  use.    On  quitting  tbe  and  bled  bim.     During  tbe  latter 

^rtib,  tbe  barometer  stood  at  29  operation,  be  perceived  tbat  one 

t-lOUis,  and  wben  we  bad  arrived  of  tbe  deceased's  fiiigers  was  in- 

it  our  greatest  altitude,  wbicb  was  jured ;    and,    on    examining  tbe 

bree  quarters  of  a  mile,  it  sub-  rigbt  band,  found  tbat  tbe  tbird 

;ided  to  25   2-lOtbs.     We  were  finger    bad    received     a     severe 

lot  anxious  to  attain  a  great  ele-  wound.   Deceased,  said  be  bad  re« 

ration,  but  were  desirous  to  avail  ceived  it  from  a  block  in  Cbatbam 

)ur8elve8  of   tbe  first  favourable  Dock-yard.     It  was  erident,  tbat 

place  for  landing,  and  to  return  im-  tbe  finger  bad  been  cut,  and  tbe 

mediately  to  tbe  gardens.    In  tbe  incision  extended  to  tbe  bone  in  a 

svenin^  wben  tbe  first  pilot  bal-  transverse  direction,  separating  tbe 

loon  was  launcbed;  it  took  a  di">  tendons,  and  by  some  means  tb^ 

Vol.  LXVIIL  I 


114 


ANNUAI^    REGISTER.         pm 


aw 


}(ttpt  was  displac^.  Witpess  told 
tlie  deceased,  that  this  wound  was 
the  c^use  of  the  locked  jaw.  Saw 
)iim  ag^n  in  the  evening,  about 
eight  o'clock,  when  he  was  evi- 
dently worse.  Deceased  asked 
witness,  if  he  were  put  of  dan| 
who  told  hin^  he  was  not. 
|iii^  again  in  the  morning,  v/hen 
he  was  sti|l  worse^  and  he  died  in 
an  hour  and  a  fialf  afterwards. 
Death  was  occasioned  by  the  locked 
ia\jf.  prodi^ced'l^  the  wound  in  tho 
hand. 

Thoma^  Walker  is  ^  prisoner  in 
th^  gapl^  i|nd  wi^  appointed  to 
take  charge  of  the  deceased  ^hen 
he  came  into  th^  hospital.  Abo^it 
one  o*clpck  op  Sunday  momipg  he 
became  much  lyorse,  and  was  evi- 
deptlyalgnped.  Hetoldthewitpess 
t^at  he  would  tell  him  all  abou^ 
it.  He  then  said  that  Meily,  of 
the  69th  regiment^  had  cut  his 
finger  with  a  razor  on  Monday, 
that  he  had  cut  another  man  of 
the  39th  regiment  before,  and 
procured  his  discharg^^  and  that 
he  had  let  him  cut  his  finger. 
About  fbur  hours  after,  he  asked 
fcff  the  minister  to  cpme  and  pray 
isrith  him.  He  died  about  ten 
o'clock,  and  was  sensible  till  within 
a  minute  and  a  half  of  his  de^th. 

The  jury  returned  the  fo]lowii\g 
verdicl-r-"  We  are  of  opinion  thaf 
the  death  of  the  deceased  w^s  oc- 
casioned by  lock-jaw,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  cut  in  his  finger,  in- 
flicted by  Peter  Meily,  not  with  a 
m^dous  intent,  but  only  with  a 
view  to  procure  the  deceased's  dis- 
charge from  the  6th  re^ment  of 
Dr^oon  Guards,  and  with  his  own 
consent." 

CaYEBN   in    Y0BK8HIRE.r-A 

cavern  of  very  extensive  area  was 
discovered  a  fbw  days  ago  at 
B^mley,  a  village  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Leeds.   Mr.  Wm.J^- 


rar,  a  doth  miller  of  tl^  pba^ 
liad  detennined  upon  sinkuig  t 
well  at  the  rear  01  his  pr^noK^ 
called  New  York^  aod  empkijil 
some  labour^  for  that  puipoK. 
The  workmen^  about  ni|ie  jf|ds 
below  the  surface,  while  pufsui^g 
their  object^  came  to  sopie  i^^gstone, 
which  required  blasting.  Tbe 
ragstone  forms  ^  solid  rock,  tpi 
was  blasted  for  ^bout  five  yaid«  ia 
df  pth,  whe^  pne  day  }9st  wee|^  t 
workman  haying  lodged  a  Am 
of  gunpowder,  and  set  fire  to  m 
traip,  retired  {^  usual  |p  th^  siff- 
face.  While  l^e  was  alo5  t^ 
charge  exploded,  )?ut^  pn  lp(4na 
dovvnwardi  after  th^  smcile  m 
clear^  aw^y,  he  thought  he  » 
ceived  that  the  stony  fxs^ipent^ 
whicl)  he  eiroected  im)ujq  him 
risen  8omewhift)iigher  than  hefeit, 
had  fallen  Ip^er.  On  obs^rnof 
this  siqgular  result,  he  desccadil 
in  the  scoop,  and  having  foond  tk 
stores  actually  fallen,  as  he  a^ 
posed^  he  theu  called  to  anodier 
workpian,  l^is  partner^  and  t9 
Mn  Fanar  himself,  to  come  ti 
him.  They  accordingly  descendf^ 
and  all  three  began  to  seiid 
about,  and  to  end^your  \o  asocr- 
tain  the  nature  of  th^  hpOov, 
which  they  had  now  unene^ 
edly  come  ii^to,  though  Umj 
were  afraid  of  entering  too  fir, 
until  they  s)^puld  be  better  aissr- 
e4  of  t^e  safety  of  so  daM§ 
They  at  length  disoovered  dii 
tii^  were  in  a  part  of  a  laife  o- 
vem,  but  more  ^ttrac^  by  solid 
utility  than  airy  speculatkm,  tbej 
pursued  their  labours,  and  pii^ 
little  regard  for  the  present,  to  tbe 
novel  and  curious  situatioD  is 
which  accident  had  placed  tben* 
They  got  the  blasted  itBmafii 
disposed  of,  and  tontinued  blsstiiif 
for  some  two  yards  bdow  tl^  bo^ 
torn  of  thp  caveni;,  till  they  touai 


JUIY2  CHKONICLE.  IXn 


pa^  body  of  iron  ston^j  whop  they  ed  (q  Add^eai  \\k&pf\  qo  tb^  i^pnvt 

dodated  in  toto  firom  thii  under-  piety  of  tbeir  eotidue^  but  wea 

iiUdng.    But>  in  ^be  mean  tim^  answi^red  by  a  q^mufeBtation  cxf 

the  repon  of  tbe  diaoovery  of  tbe  defiance.    MisaUes  were   thrown^ 

cavern  baving  been  vpni^  pejN^  and  it  wai  found  eiLpedient  U>  read 

aow  e^camined  i(  wiib  lamps  and  ibe   Rio^act.      Tbia   was   donn 

candles,  wbo  foimd  i^  tp  be  a  sort  amidst  booting  and  a  sbower  of 

of  labyrintb  witbin.      Xbe  sidea  qtonei^  &o,     Seareely  five  minutea 

of  it  oonsis^i  in  some  case^  of  a  1^  elapsed  vrh&a.  captain  Hawkea 

roogb  masan^^work  sort  of  wall^  by  received  a  severe  eu|  in  tbe  cbin 

-vbicb  tbe  rocky  rqof  is  upbeld.  from  abludge<m>  f^pebUe-stonet 

£laewbere^  the  roof  is  upheld  by  a  were  nnremittingly.  hurled  by  tbe 

great  numW  of  pillars.    No  day  mob,    £ight  c^  tbe  yeom^mry  were 

or  water  baa  been  found  at  the  either  mofe  09  lesfs  hurl  by  tl|6n» 

bottom  of  tbe  caveruj  but  there  and  one  o^mstaUd  was   severdiy 

ia  on  the  floor    a    quantity    of  ij^fured  <nA  the  I^EDples.    Notwit^ 

I^QUfs.    The  cavern  ia  supposed^  by  standing  their  violence,  tb^  cavalry 

apme  of  those  on  tbe  qmt,  to  have  behaved  with  the  greatest  forbeaiv 

l)eeo  ooly  a  sort  of  subterraneous  ance  1  and  it  was  not  tall  tbe  «i^ 

delf  or  stone  quarry^  and  the  boaea  piration  of  the  boi^  that  means 

in  it  ^  bones  of  the  bqrses  that  v^ere  taken  to  clear  the  gfound. 

were  employed  in  drawing  out  the  Some  few  sbo^i  were  9re4  but 

s^eoe.    Mention  is  made  in  the  merely  to  intimidate,  as  not  one 

Tieighbonrboodj^thati wjUunseventy  of  the  rioters  was  hurt.    Twelve 

years,  stone  baa  been  gotten  at  tbe  prisoners  were  takeB,  but  Ihe  nuwt 

place.    Tbe  depths  from  the  sur-  violent  espaped  for  the  tkoe.    All 

faoe  above  to  tbo  floor  of  the  ca^  is  at  this  time  quiet,  though  qq 

▼orn  ia  mostly  about  17  yards.  colliers  are  at  work. 

29.  Dmruii^NCBeiNTHKCoiif-  30.  St.  £TiBN]a:.fr«^  sbockjitf 

T..tpimga.-^-Last  week  the  colliers  murder  was  pommitled  in  a  village 

in  the  neighbourhood  of  Dudley  near  this  place ;  the  circumatancea 

stiryck,  in  consequence  of  the  wmn  ,  of  wbicb  wer«  pevealed  by  IWQ 

ters  ^uciog  their  wages.    They  diildr^i,  who,  having  apausedtbm^ 

bnve  fflnce  proceeded  to  acts  ^  selvea  in  elknlang  vp  a  tree,  witn 

violence,  an4  it  has  he&n  found  nessedtbewbotQoftbatronsactiQR. 

^•fiessary  ^  Qr4er  out  the  yeo-  Three  young  m^n,  nam^  Pkton, 

mapry.     Tbe  men  whose  wages  TcyrtoD,  and  Coste,  wb9  had  been 

were  reduced  bad,  for  some  days,  employed  fot  some  time  in  a  neidlk- 

committed  many  acts  of  violence,  bouring  manufactory,    were  oiBr 

ami  held  such  menacing  language  missed  a  few  days  since  for  ba4 

tpwairda  their  eniployers,  that  it  ocmduet*    They  were  strengly  9US- 

waa  deemed  an  act  df  neoes^ty  to  pected  of  having  committed  a  rape 

call  out  the  Himley  tsoqp.     On  at  Terrenoire,  and  altboudh,  at  4l^ 

Thursday,  a  body  of  some  hun^  time,  their  persons  were  qi^ilM^ 

dreds,  alter  scouring  tbe  country,  the  unhappy  female,  who  was  utw 

and  ftc^ping  a  nuim)er  of  pitmen  acquainted  with    tbem,    thought 

fixnnworkiag,  were  overtaken  near  she  could  recognise  their  voices. 

HiQ  Top  by  the  troop,  and    a  Her  fath^,  nasa^  Grange  wbp 

nmnber  pf^pedal constables.   Cap^  ^eeps  a  sm&  inPf  ps^yeito  pro.* 

12 


116 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


[1826. 


secute  these  wretches^  and  it  was 
generally  thought  that  gendannes 
would  be  sent  to  arrest  them.  On 
Friday  afternoon  they  arrived  se- 
parately at  the  house  of  Grange^ 
and  called  for  refreshment.  The 
wretched  victim  of  their  barbarous 
assault  was  confined  to  her  bed^ 
and  only  a  female  servant  remained 
with  Grange  in  the  house.  She 
was  occupied  in  the  bed-room  of 
her  mistress^  and  neither  of  the 
females  knew  of  the  arrival  of 
these  men.  What  passed  between 
the  murderers  and  the  unfortunate 
man  till  the  completion  of  the 
dreadful  dced^  cannot  be  learnt. 
To  prevent  his  cries  from  being 
heard^  they  tied  a  towel  over  his 
mouthy  and  then  dragged  him  out 
of  the  house  into  an  orchard. 
Here  they  deliberately  stripped  off 
his  coat  and  neckerchief.  Ploton 
seized  him  by  the  arms,  and  Coste 
held  him  by  his  legs ;  Torton,  ob« 
serving  a  pail  which  had  been  used 
for  the  purpose  of  milking,  exclaim- 
ed, "This  will  do  to  receive  his 
blood;"  he  the<n  grasped  the 
wretched  man  by  the  hair ;  bend- 
ing back  the  head  with  extreme 
violence,  he  placed  it  upon  the 
edge  of  the  pail,  put  his  knees 
upon  the  face,  and  cut  the  carotid 
artery.  After  the  blood  had  flowed 
for  some  minutes,  Torton  separated 
the  bead  from  the  body,  and,  hav- 
ing wrapped  it  up  in  the  towel, 
threw  it  over  the  orchard  wall  into 
the  court-yard.  They  then  fled,  but 
were  arrested  on  the  following  day. 
Affrbhension  of  a  Band  of 
Thieves. — ^A  numerous  gang  of 
robbers,  with  the  necessary  appur- 
tenance of  romance,  a  cave,  has 
existed  at  Wickwar,  in  Gloucester- 
shire, for  more  than  seven  years ; 
during  which  period,  although  they 
have  been  the  terror  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood; and  have  extended  th^ 


depredations  over  an  extenaie 
tract  of  country,  they  have  oon- 
trived  to  elude  justice.  List 
week,  in  consequence  of  some  sus- 
picious circumstances,  the  polks 
were  induced  to  viat  Yate  Com- 
mon, where  they  took  into  custodjr 
an  old  man,  of  the  name  of  MiSs, 
his  wife,  and  their  four  sodi 
Immediately  after  their  apprdieD- 
sion,  these  persons  disclosed  tk 
history  of  the  commimity  witk 
which  they  were  connected.  The 
whole  gang  is  supposed  to  faarc 
amounted  to  forty  or  fifty,  of  wLidi 
number  thirty-one  men  and  wodkd 
have  been  apprehended.  It  q^ 
pears  that,  connected  with  a  kh- 
chen  in  old  Mills's  house,  on  Ytte 
Common,  these  bandits  had  ooo< 
structed  a  subterraneous  cave,  or 
storehouse,  the  entrance  to  whidi 
was  behind  the  fire-place,  whoe 
the  soot  and  a  large  pot  efiectual^ 
prevented  the  sli^test  su^nckn; 
and,  in  this  cave,  the  officers  found 
twenty  sides  of  bacon,  quantities 
of  cloth,  wheat,  barl^,  oats,  xmh, 
cheese,  two  bedsteads,  and  501, 
chiefly  in  half-crown  pieces.  It 
has  been  no  uncommon  thing  for 
a  farmer  to  rise  in  the  moimQe, 
and  find  the  greater  part  of  bis 
furniture,  fat  pigs,  poultry,  dieese, 
&c.  swept  away ;  and  the  cave,  or 
depository  for  the  stolen  goods, 
was  so  well  contrived,  that  all 
search  for  the  property  was  is* 
variably  made  in  vain. 

Shifwreck.  —  The  Jem,  of 
Peterhead,  captain  Minto,  ^Mek 
sailed  from  that  port  the  19^ 
March,  bound  for  Greenland,  ou 
the  12th  April  arrived  at  the  Wot 
Ice,  where,  in  the  course  cff  sx 
days,  3,070  seals  were  killed.  On 
the  18th  of  the  same  month  i( 
began  to  blow  very  hard,  vA 
about  ten  o'clock  at  night,  tbe 
tempest  became  tremendau&   ^ 


AUG.] 


CHRONICLE. 


117 


it  was  then  dark  they  could  not 
discern  the  exact  tdtuation  of  the 
ship  ;  and^  in  consequence^  after 
stowing  all  her  sails^  they  were 
obliged  to  let  her  drive  before  the 
wind.    She  was>  at  this  time^  in 
lat.  70. 20.  N.,  and  in  long.  10.  VV. 
About   half-past    twelve    o*clock 
the  crew  were  obliged  to  cut  away 
one  of  the  masts ;  and  the  vessel^ 
having  driven  against  one  of  those 
floating  streams  of  ice  which  are 
so  numerous  at  the  seal-^und, 
was    upset.      Another    of  these 
streams  coming  up,  beat  forcibly 
against    the  vessel.      The  masts, 
that  were  still  standing,  got  en- 
tangled, and  were  cut  away.    The 
vessel    then    nearly    fill^    with 
water,   and  soon  became   a  total 
wreck,  the  quarter-deck  only  being 
visible.      After  remaining  at  the 
wreck  till  the  27th,    the   crew, 
seeing  no  hope  of  speedy  relief, 
determined  to  put  to  sea  with  the 
two  boats  thev  had  still  left  them. 
Dut  of  fifty-one  men,  forty-seven 
(vere  still  alive ;  but  many  of  them 
vo  much  injured  by  the  intensity 
>f    the   cold,   as  to  be  rendered 
tlmost  helpless.     Without  charts, 
>r  any  other  guide,  they  were  at 
I  loss  in  what  direction  to  steer ; 
»ut,  fortunately,  when  they  had 
lot  been  above  thirty  hours  at  sea 
hey  reached  Grimsay,  an  island 
bout  35  miles  from  the  coast  of 
ccland.      Here  they  landed,  and 
btained    the    assistance    of    two 
oats  to  convey  their  sick  to  Icc- 
md;  but  rowed  about  150  miles 
efore  reaching  it.    They  remained 
iiere    until  the   18th   July,  and 
;^ere    very  kindly  treated.     The 
rhole  of  the  clothes  belonging  to 
le  unfortunate  crew  were  lost, 
nd  many  of  them  were  supplied 
t  Iceland  with  such  as  could  be 
rocured.     Two  more  of  the  crew 
iecl  there.    Besi^les  these,  several 


of  the  rest  are  still  severely  in- 
jured in  their  feet,  and  disabled 
for  working.  The  survivors  at 
last,  on  the  18th  July,  left  Iceland, 
on  board  a  Danish  brig,  from  which 
they  were  landed  at  Shetland. 


AUGUST. 

4.  Removal  OF  THE  Stocks.-^ 
That  ancient  instrument  of  punish- 
ment, "  the  Stocks,"  belonging  to 
St.  Clement's  Danes,  in  Portugal- 
street,  was  removed  from  its  situa- 
tion and  destroyed,  for  the  purpose 
of  local  improvements.  These 
were  the  last  remaining  stocks 
in  the  streets  of  London. 

Tu UNDER  Storm.— >The  metro- 
polis was  visited  by  a  tremendous 
thunder  storm,  accompanied  by  in- 
cessant flashes  of  the  most  vivid 
lightning,  and  torrents  of  rain.  It 
commenced  about  ten  o'clock,  and 
lasted  three  or  four  hours.  The 
day  had  previously  been  oppres- 
sively sultry. — The  neighbourhood 
of  New  Bndee-street,  at  midnight, 
afforded  a  smeular  spectacle,  the 
whole  road,  for  more  than  100 
yards  in  length,  between  Water- 
street  and  Bnde-lane,  being  flooded 
up  to  the  top  of  the  pavement  on 
both  sides  of  the  way,  so  as  to  pre- 
sent the  aspect  of  a  considenible 
•river.  About  the  deeper  parts, 
towards  the  channels,  common 
wherries  might  have  floated  with- 
out difficulty ;  and  the  front  wheels 
of  hackney-coaches  were  in  water 
up  to  the  axles  in  passing  through 
them. 

Superstition.  —  A  singular 
case  of  robbery  has  come  before 
the  court  at  Met2.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1824,  Julie  Keilbroner,  or 
Tarisson,  the  widow  of  a  retired 
officer,  residing  at  Volmerange, 
oflered  tq  Anne  Soritag,  a  widoW| 


118 


ANNUAL   RBOifetER.        titA 


of  w^iAtellect^  totHstover  to  bet 
ft  treasure  eonci^ed  in  the  balii  hj 
ber  deceased  husband.  Th^  cou- 
ditiond  Were,  that  ttrotiey  should 
be  given  to  het  to  have  masses  said 
for  th^g  r^pbte  of  his  SOul ;  that  dut- 
ing  the  nine  nights  on  which  they 
were  to  dig  for  the  money,  a  crown 
should  be  daily  deposited  in  the 
trench;  and  that  all  the  windows, 
doord,  tod  clos^tA,  should  remain 
open.  The  ^^cutloh  of  this  ptd- 
lect  commenced;  On  the  fourth 
day,  however,  its  ptogress  Wa^ 
arrested.  The  Woman  Tarisson 
had  taken  cate  to  be  attended  by 
two  faithfVd  disciples.  On  the 
night  of  the  l6th  of  September, 
she  declared  to  her  dupe,  that  th& 
oil  of  the  lamp  Would  not  ansWer ; 
and  they  weut  out  together  to  look 
for  othet  oil  in  the  neighbourhood. 
Having  obtaiUed  this,  the  impostor 
took  Soritag  to  a  bridge  at  the  end 
of  the  village.  Do  yOu  see,  said 
she,  the  flames  WHch  glide  along 
the  Water?  No;  where  are  they? 
-^Why,  there,  all  blue.  How  ap- 
pearing, hnd  now  vailishing.  Nd, 
I  see  nothing — absolutely  nothing! 
—Alas,  my  dear,  that  is  the  soul 
of  your  husbahd,  which  is  tor- 
mented in  purgatory,  and  the 
masses  must  be  said  quickly. 

Howevef,  Anne  Soritag  wished 
to  retUrti  to  het  house;  on  her 
atrival  theite  she  saw  light  in  the 
bam;  her  neighbours  had  s^en 
all  the  contents  of  her  opeh  closets 
itiake  their  exit,  through  the 
o|)cn  windows.  The  alam  was 
given,  and  the  fraud  of  Taiisscfn 
and  her  disciples  was  discovered. 
The  lattet  were  tried  and  con- 
demned to  seven  yearfe'  confltie- 
flient,  and  their  principal  was  con- 
demned par  contumace,  to  te  con- 
fliied  for  ten  yea«»,  but  the  court 
of  Assise  redu^  tt^  sentence  to 


GLbtrcBBtfiB  Absizi^w— Aitiidt 
Britoh,  Samuel  CroW,  and  WHBia 
Crow,  were  indicted  for  Mwdtifig 
Aniie  Hicks  on  the  highwi^,  seat 
Bristol,  and  takihg  frau  her  two 
hundred  guineas  in  gold,  aqusi- 
tity  of  doUalrs  and  6hDliiigi»  a 
leather  bag,  and  stiitte  triba 
tH&big  articles,  on  tiie  $A  ' 
Aprillast. 

The  prosecutrix  said,  tBst,  m 
the  night  in  question,  or  WinA 
Dhe  o^clock  in  the  mohimg,  sb 
Was  returning  soberly  and  stofij. 
with  Wm.  Brain,  a  young  ooi 
ftoiti  Bristol  MY,  whefe  t%  W 
been  fbr  the  evehing,  wh^  ^ 
Were  attacked  on  the  hi^  tosdinr 
the  prisonets  at  the  bar,  two  woffia 
named  Barret,  ab-eady  acqiM 
aud  a  man  liamed  Pibbk,  td 
beaten  most  severely,  and  irhhoot 
the  least  cause  or  provocation ;  tbt 
all  the  parties — ^the  prosecatoii, 
Brain,  and  prisoners,  weit  ireO 
known  to  eacn  other ;  that  trlnle 
she  was  doWn,  her  packet  wu 
forced  off  by  the  prisoner,  Wa. 
Crow,  And  cdtried  awa^;  td 
that  it  bontained  ten  score  of  gui- 
neas, eight  score  of  which  woe 
Wrapped  up  in  a  piece  of  cottmi 
the  rest  ih  papet,  together  wid 
several  dollats,  and  other  aim 
coin.  Which  she  had  in  a  tin-tet 
She  swdre  both  to  the  Idss  of  ber 
t)h)perty  in  thiii  nianner,  ^  ^ 
the  identity  of  the  priaottew  e 
assailants. 

In  her  crbss-examinatiDti,  ^ 
kdniitted,  that,  though  this  sosk^ 
thoriey  had  been  left  to  her  bf  Iw 
mothet  foUr  years  ago,  no  hmm 
tein^  had  tJeen  pertdtted  bca^e 
herself  to  know  the  secret  ^^ 
liam  Brain,  to  whom  she  ladaag 
feeen  married,  was  never  ififtirtirf 
of  hef  wealth  utitil  lAerttew^ 
bety.  TherfewaftnoinentHmrf* 
tuoney'in  her  fi«rther'i  *ill,  ^ 


AU6.J  CfiRONICLE.  ild 

Iiad  left  SL  to  ^acli  o^  1i6r  brothers.   Arteries ;  and  in  the  right  hand  o^ 
aiid  sifters ;  tod  the  teasdn  for  dis-    the  dec^ised  wiis  a  razor.    There 
-tinguishing  her  in  this  njpiner  was^    were  several  quarts  o^  blood  on  the 
lieclittlie  she  needed  it  mbst  *  she    bed  and  clothes.     Hie  wounds  had 
admitted  that  these  brbthers  and    been  inflicted  sbme  time^  as  the 
nsters  were  all  labotiririg  peo|)le.    deceased  had  ceased  to  bleed,    t 
Fof  above  a  year  she  had  kept  thiik    also  observed  a  ^rt  oi  convulsive 
lArge  sutn  dt  nioney>  Arst  at  het    motion^  ^s  if  the  deceased  was  oU 
mother's  hduse^  and  aft^rwatdd  at    temptihg  to  speak,  but  could  not ; 
liet-  sister*^,  in  a  hole  in  the  Htclii^n,    his  li^  were  black.    These  were 
titider  a  stone,  wha*e  every  body    four  phials,   three  of  which,  and 
had  acdess  j   latterly  it  was  in  a    part  at  the  fourth,  were  empty ; 
txnc,  from  which  she  had  removed    they  had  each  contained  a  quantity 
it  tb  her  side-pocket  as  th^  safer    of  ikudanuin. 
place,  to  take  it  for  the  night  among        Mr.  George  Gregory,  rf  No.  61, 
the  crowd  in  Bristol  rair.      She    Rupeirt-street,    sworn.       On   the 
n^er  took  it  out  before,  and  might    night  before  last,  the  deceased  came 
have  wanted  something,  though    and  inquired   whether   he  could 
she  had  not  asked  the  ptice  of  any    have  a  bed ;   I  aSked  him  if  he 
thing  at  the  fair.  Wanted  it  for  one  or  itibre  mights. 

Brain  confirmed  her  Btoi^  as  to  her  he  replied,  for  one  night,  t  told 
having  told  him  of  the  robbery,  him  he  could ;  he  then  went  into' 
liftet  they  were  attacked  by  the  the  coflee-rooih,  called  for  boots, 
prisoners;  but  they  went  home  aiid  sooti  after  retired.  On  the 
togethe):,  notwithstanding,  without  following  afternoon,  the  servant 
calling  up  any  body  in  the  road  informed  me  that  the  gentleman 
about  it.  was  not  tnoving,  it  being  then  four 

Mi^.  Baft)h  Garrow  asked  the  o'dock.  I  instantly  went  up  stairs, 
jni*y,  whethel*  they  wished  him  to  and  knbcked  at  the  ddor ;  but 
put  the  prisoners  updn  their  defence,  nbt  receiving  atty  answer,  J  got 
against  a  chai^  so  heinous,  upon  upon  the  bannisters,  put  my  hand 
evidence  so  unsafe.  through    the    ventilator,    pushed 

The  Ju^  concurred  in  his  lord-  the  ^It  back,  and  opened  the 
ship's  douots,  and  acqvutted  the  shutter ;  when,  seeing  the  dreadful 
prisonets.  spectacle,    I  instantly  rail  down 

5i  StrtciDB.— s-This  evening  an  stairs,  and  gav6  the  luarm.  Upon 
Inquest  was  held  on  the  body  of  re-entering  the  rOom,  the  deceased 
Thotiias  B^  Smart,  esq.  brother  to  attempted  to  speak,  and  appeared 
rir  Geijrge  Sttiart.  to  be  sensible ;    the  wounds  liad 

Samuel  Faxon,  surgeon,  sworn.  ceaSed  to  bleed,  and  he  died  in  a 
—  On  Thursday  evening,  about  few  minutes  after, 
half.ptet  Ave  o^dock,  I  Was  called  Mr.  C.  M.  Elllar  sworn. — I  have 
to  the  deceased,  whom  I  found  been  intimate  with  the  deceased 
lying  on  the  bed;  I  observed  a  for  some  time.  AboUt  thfee  Weeks 
large  and  deep  wound  in  the  throat,  since  he  niarried  a  lady  of  considei-- 
about  five  inches  in  length,  artd  &ble  iwjcomplishments,  with  th* 
one  in  the  chest,  about  two  inches  entire  Approbation  of  his  friends, 
in  depth,  between  the  6th  and  7th  On  his  marriage  taking  place,  he 
ribs  i  there  was  also  iel  deep  wound  insisted  on  myself  and  family  ac- 
Vpon  the  left  wri^,  dividing  th^   companyinghimdowntoWorthinj;, 


120  ANNUAL  REGISTER.         [lajt 

wbicli  I  did.    On  our  arrival  there^  this  authority^  however,  tlie  ta^ 

he  exhibited  the  greatest  flow  of  tence  of  the  inferior  court  was  ooiw 

spirits  that  I  ever  witnessed ;  in-  firmed. 

deed,  the  excess  was  such,  as  occa-        LiverfOol. — This  afternoon,  it 

sioned  me  to  observe  that  I  should  about  a  quarter  before  erne,  the 

be  happy  to  possess  a  portion  of  bonded  warehouse  of  Mr.  Poole, 

them ;  deceased  in  reply  said,  "  I  Suflblk-street,  fell,  and  buried  in 

am  so  happy  in  every  way  ?"    On  its  ruins  a  small  dweUing-boose, 

his  return  to  town,  this  extraordi-  and  several  worlanen.      By  the 

nary  flow  of  spirits  began  to  leave  immediate  assistance  of  a  number 

him.     His  medical  attendant,  in  a  of  people,  four  or  five  persons  were 

conversation  with  me,  stated,  as  his  extricated  alive,  but  some  of  tliem 

opinion,  that  tbe  deceased's  extra-  were  so  dreadfully  bruised  as  to 

ordinary  excitement  of  spirits  had,  leave  little  hopes  of  their  recovery; 

on  leaving  him,  occasioned  the  de-  two  were  found  dead,   and  two 

pression  that  succeeded.     The  de-  children  were  missing.   The  waxe- 

ceased  left  his  home  last  Wednesday  house  was  full  of  cotton,  linseed, 

morning,  about  half-past  ten  o'clock,  madders,  &c,  and  the  two  vaultf 

with  the  intention  of  dining  with  underneath  contained  a  great  dal 

his  brother,  sir  G.  Smart,  but  he  of  wine.      Various    reports  are 

had  never  called. '  abroad  as  to  the  cause  of  tbe  ac- 

The  Jury,  after  a  few  minutes'  cident;  but  it  is  generally  supposed, 

consultation,  found  a  verdict — That  that  the  buildmg  had  not  bees 

the  deceased  had  committed  Suicide  erected  so  substantially  as  to  bear 

whilst  labouring  under  temporary  the  weight  of  the  goods  stored 

derangement.  in  it. 

6.  Brussels. — A  dreadful  hur-  8.  Maidstone.  —  Threatenm 
ricane,  with  hailstones  larger  than  Letter. — Joseph  Finn  was  indicia 
a  hen's  egg,  ravaged,  the  day  before  for  feloniously  sending  threaten- 
yesterday,  the  whole  territory  of  ing  letters  to  George  Gregory, 
the  vill^es  of  Spiennes,  Harrengt,  esq.,  at  Willesborough,  demanding 
Rouveroy,  &c.  A  waggon,  loaded  twenty  sovereigns,  and  threateniog 
with  com,  was  upset ;  a  bam  le-  to  murder  him  unless  he  complied, 
veiled  with  the  ground ;  trees  torn  It  appeared  in  evidence  that  the 
up  by  the  roots ;  and  all  the  stand-  prosecutor,  a  gentleman  of  fortune, 
ing  crops  destroyed.  received,  on  tbe  8th  of  June,  by 

7.  Witchcraft. —  A  Catholic  the  General  Post,  the  following 
priest  named  Huatincx,  has  been  anonymous  letter,  which,  for  or- 
condemned  by  the  tribunal  of  thography,  presents  a  singular 
Maestricht,  to  five  years  Imprison-  specimen  of  epistolary  compoa- 
ment,  and  a  fine  of  3,000  francs,  tion : — 

for  obtaining   money  for  curing        "i  have  wrote  a  few  lines  to  yoo, 

persons  suffering  under  the  effects  and  i  im  in  great  destress  all  tbrou 

of  witchcraft.     He  appealed  to  the  you,  for  you  have  a  time  back 

court  at  Brussels ;  and  his  advocate  ensercd  me  of  all  my  property; 

pleaded,  tbat  his  belief  in  witch-  and  now,  if  not  by  good  will,  i 

craft  was  genuine,  and  borne  out  must  by  bad  bave  20  sufl*erens  of 

by  the  ritual  of  the  church,   of  you,  and  you  must  put  them  at  a 

which    exorcism     for    witchcraft  privet  place  forme,  for  if  you  dwit, 

fpnns  a  part.      Notwithstanding  i  wijl  be  the  deatl^  of  you  in  tfom 


AUG.]              CHRONICLE.  121 

way  or  oAer,  if  I  cant  do  it  slyly  i  outward  gate  to  be  searehed^  and 

wiU  do  it  in  the  middle  of  the  day,  in  a  hole  was  found  a  snxaJH  bag, 

or  in  the  night,  or  the  first  uper-  resembling  a  watch-fob.— ->A  few 

tunety ;  &  if  you  say  anney  thing  halfpence  were  then  put  into  the 

about  this  i  will  murder  you  the  bag,  and  it  was  replaced  in  its 

same  as  if  you  dont  put  it  there ;  former  situation,  and  covered  with 

look  down  aside  your  frunt  wall  earth,  as  before.     He  then  gave 

door  post,  and  move  the  durt,  you  directions  to  his  servant  to  watch 

win  find  a  small  purse,  put  the  the  spot,  and  apprehend  any  person 

soflferens  in  it,  secure  it  again  at  who  came  for  the  bag.    Between 

tbe  same  place ;    if  you  wish  to  nine  and  ten  o'clock  the  same  ^ven- 

Ii?e,  do  it ;  for  if  you  dont,  pre-  ing,  the  servant  perceived  a  man 

pare  for  death ;  for  your  time  will  approaching  the  gate,  who  stooped 

be  short ;  for  hear  is  four  of  us,  down ;    and,   after  removing  the 

and  if  you  put  it  there  and  say  earth,  took  the  bag  out  of  the  hole* 

nothing   about  it,  fear  not.    As*  The  servant  immediately  rushed 

soon  as  you  receive  the  letter  put  out  and  seized  him.     The  prisoner 

it  there,  and  dont  let  me  hear  of  b^ged  to  be  allowed  to  go,  and 

it  again,  for  if  i  do  i  will  not  go  ofiSred  to  give  the  servant  a  guinea, 

bock  of  my  word,  so  do  it,  and  When  brought  into  the  presence 

then  i  will  never  interfear  with  of  the  prosecutor,  he  said  he  did 

you,  but  if  you  dont  you  may  de«  not  write  the  letters,  but  that  he 

pend  on  it  i  wiU  be  the  death  of  knew  who  did,  and  offered  to  con- 

you  now.     Dont  you  disappoint  duct  him  to  the  writer,  though  he 

me,  for  i  dam  if  you  wont  rue."  did  not  know  his  name ;    this  was 

The  prosecutor  took  no  steps  to  declined.     Before  the  magistrates 

comply  with  this  demand,  and  on  he  gave  a  different  account  of  the 

tbe  1 1th  of  June  he  received  the  matter,  saying,  that  in  passing  the 

following  communication,    in  the  prosecutor's  gate,  he  saw  the  servant 

same   hand-writing,   and  through  hiding  the  bag  near  the  gate,  and 

tbe  same  channel : —  tempted  by   the  supposition  that 

"  I  have  wrote  to  you  and  more  money  was  contained  in  it,  he  had 

for  20  sufierens,    and   you  may  gone  in  the  evening  and  taken  it 

defend  on  it  that  i  wIU  murder  in    the  manner  described,  being 

you  if  you  dont  put  it  there,  so  wholly  ignorant  of  the  contents  of 

dont  flatter  your  self,  for  i  meen  to  the  letter  which  had  been  sent  to 

do  it.     i  wrote  to  you  once  before,  the  prosecutor.      He  then    gave 

&  told  you  that  to  look  down  aside  directions  to  the  constable  to  search 

your  new  wall  door  post  at  the  his  box  at  his  father's  house,  about 

fnmt  of  your  house,  and  take  the  half  a  mile  from  WiUesborough. 

dart  away  there  you  will  find  a  The  constable  obtained  the   key 

small  purse,  put  the  sufferens  in  it  from  the  prisoner's  mother,  and,  on 

and  secure  it  again  at  the  same  searching  the  box,  found  half  a 

place,  &  if  you  dont  I  am  be  damb  sheet  of  paper,  corresponding  with 

if  i  dont  murder  you,  &  if  i  hear  of  the  half-sheet  on  which  the  letter 

it  again   i  will  murder  you   the  first  sent   to  the  prosecutor  was 

same,    excuse  my  writing.  written.      It  was  proved  that  this 

Upon  receiving  this  communi-  paper  had  been  purchased  by  the 

cation,  the  prosecutor  caused  the  prisoner,   at  a    shop    in    Wiliest 

^arth  near  one  of  the  posts  of  his  borough,  about  the  time  th^  lett^ 


\^i           ANSfUAL   REGISTER.  iM 

WM  dited.     Ill  IHe  {HJadner^d  bbi  deceived  Mb  money^  ^  g^Tdi  i 

ill^aftfeiilid  il  dopj^t)ook>  with  hid  receipt,  iil  the  manner  d^ctibei 

ttAOie  Written  in  it  in  sevetal  places,  Dtlrinc;  th^  last  three  ttionUts  ^ 

ftskd  the  secMid  lettet  sijipea^  to  hsid,  at  times^  evineed  s^ptonlsof 

kAve  been  WHtteti  on  one  bf  the  despbtideiicy,  and  occaaonal  al#> 

kii¥es  tiEdtetl  fbm  th^  saine  book.  raiiolis  of  int^ect,  ^kdcompaniedbf 

The  Jiirf,  ikfW  tL  ^brt  delibei^  ft  pettbhness,  and  firequent  indhii- 

tikni,  found  the  priMhet  Ouilt^.  tion  to  find  &ult  With  he^  aster. 

9^  BifldiDlii'^Thifl  ikftem»mi,  an  On  Monday  morning,  her  bed-idom 

ihqii^  was  held  to  ihdUii^  ihto  door  w^  fbubd  secured,  a  ifaOn 

the  circutistanccis  which  led  to  the  unusual  practice,  which,  togeto 

deMh  of  Mtn.  Susannah  Hurst,  of  with  her  long  absence  fnmi  tk 

Heiii^f »^reet)  Pentonville«  breiJdast  table,  excited  the  sofi- 

The  deceit  was  the  daughter  cions  of  her  sister,  whodetctmioed 

^  an  eminent  medical  practitioner  on  baring  the  door  fbroed  open. 
in  Bi&th }  aiid,  eatly  in  life,  was  *  F^dr    this   purpose    she  phmed 

uuited  to  a  gentleman,  in  every  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Churdi,  tad 

inspect  her  equal:    SWtly  iafter  another  gentleman,  residing  in  the 

the  marriage,  however,  symptoms  neighbourhood,  who,  on  entenif 

of  mutual  dissatisfaction  began  to  the  aplEirtment,  ^ound  the  nohtipff 

show  themselves ;  atid  at  last  rose  woman  suspended  by  a  fSJk  boid- 

to  such  a  height,  that  a  separation  kerchief  fh)m  the  bed-ndL    lite 

was  the  result.-«-In  the  course  of  a  body  was  then  stiff  and  odd,  vA 

few  months  after,  she  became  the  she  must  have  be^  dead  iODK 

ehire  anUe  of  a  military  officer,  hours. 

with  whom  she  resided  some  years  Mr.  Aldrich,  surgebU,  stated, 
in  London,  apparently  in  a  state  of  that  he  had  attended  tlie  dteetsed 
happiness;  until  circumstances  of  professionally,  for  a  consi^^nUe 
a  private  nature  occurred,  which  time,  and  had  Witnessed  of  late  a 
again  caused  her  tb  be  left  without  material  depression  of  spiritsiuher; 
a  prdtectot.  She  next  formed  a  and,  though  he  had  made  freqiKot 
cohne^on  with  an  elderly  gentle-  attempts  to  ascertain  the  cause,  she 
mati,  resident  in  the  city,  with  had  invariably  declined  toudm^ 
whom  she  continued  to  live  untQ  on  the  subject,  which  violent 
his  death,  about  five  years  ago,  oVerweighed  her  mental  powen. 
when  he  left  her  an  tmnuity  of  There  was,  at  all  times,  a  ningied 
150/.  Her  husband  had  died  some  air  of  mystery  and  melanelM^f  io 
time  previous.  From  that  period  het  conversation  and  deportment, 
she  had  resided  with  her  sister,  in  though  she  was,  evidently,  a womas 
Henry-street,  and  their  recluse  of  superior  attainments, 
mode  of  life  had  attracted  the  ge«  The  Jury  returned  a  vetdict  d 
neral  Utteiition  of  their  neighbours ;  Insanity, 
no  person  being  admitted  into  the  )  ] .  Chinese  WrrNEai>-lAi- 
house  but  the  immediate  occu-  caster, — John  Stott  and  Thoms 
pants,  and  their  medical  attendant.  Barnes  were  indicted  for  corn- 
All  busiuess,  of  whatever  nature  mitting  a  highway  robbeiy  on  the 
was  gfenerally  transacted  through  person  of  Tonsong,  a  Chinese  TW- 
the  railings  of  the  area.  So  lately  tar.  The  prosecutor,  who  obtvBS 
as  the  day  before  her  death,  the  his  living  by  exhilritiiig  as  si)  b- 
cbUector  of  the  KingVtaxes  had  dian  juggler,  being  put  itrto  ^ 


AU&j 


6Hll6*riOLE. 


1S3 


tvitneSB  hoa,  iir^  d^led  what  reli-^ 
gkn  lie  prof)&ssed  f  The  prosecu- 
tor^  wbd  spoke  Enslith  very  im- 
perfectly, replied,  "  All  sattie  Eng- 
M."  Mr'Joiied.-i-i-^  Were  you  evet 
bptJaed?*'— ''dli,ye8;''  "When?" 
—''Oh,  mto^  tiihe,  dl  toWn  I 
come  to  I  baptized.'' 

Mr.  Justice  Park.  "Really  I 
don't  htow  what  td  do  withldin. 
It  is  dear  he  does  not  understand.** 
An  inierpi«tet  was  then  sworn, 
who  said  h^  was  a  Swiss,  and  the 
brother-in-l&w  of  the  prosecutor. 
Mr.  Justice  Part-^^^'  Now  ask  hi^ 
whether  he  has  been  baptised.*' 
The  interpreter  piit  the  ouestion, 
and  accompanied  it  by  making  the 
!^  t^  the  Cross  on  his  fbrehead. 
Tmong,  who  iniitated  the  ae- 
tidii,  answered  at  once,  "  Oh,  yes.** 
Mr.  Justice  Part  "Oh,  he  seems 
to  tmdbrstand  it;  he  makes  the 
sign  of  the  Cross.  Pray,  where 
ivere  you  baptized  ?"-^*'Oh^  every 

51ac6  go  throtich  England.'^  Mr. 
urtice  Park.  "  Really  this  is  very 
distresdng ;  I  cannot  tell  what  to 
make  of  him.  If  he  were  a  Pagan, 
I  should  have  no  difficulty  in 
swearing  him  accordiiig  to  the  cus- 
tom of  liiA  country,  mit  here  the 
diffitultjr  is,  he  tells  us  he  is  a 
Christian.  Vttif  ask  him  if  he 
his  ever  been  at  church  ?  "  Have 
you  ever  been  with  him  at  church  ?" 
"  No,  nly  lord."  "  Have  you  ever 
heard  him  say,  how  people  are 
sworn  in  his  country  ?" — "  No,  my 
lort."  ''  Well,  ask  him  whether  he 
ctn  tell  how  it  is  dbtie  ?"  The  in- 
terpreter and  Tonsoiig  having  had 
some  conversation,  the  former  said, 
that  Tonsong  only  assured  him 
that  the  religion  of  England  Vras 
^(&  same  as  that  of  his  country. 
Mr.  Justice   Park.      "Really, 

Ktlemen,  What  can  I  do  with 
i?  It  is  cleat  he  knows  nothing 
•bout  iU^ 


Mr.Coltman.  *I  thiiik,  tty  l(Jrt, 
he  must  be  con^dered  as  profes«* 
sine  the  religion  of  his  foteftthetll, 
and  he  must  be  sWorii  as  J^eople 
are  sworn  in  Chihai" 

Mr.  Justice  PAtk;  *'  I  Affi  be 
glad  to  do  86."  "Where do  ydU  tt& 
when  y(m  die  ?*-*-"!  gb  in  grouhd.'* 

Mr.Coltnian.  "AUotrmetotfy, 
my  lord.  Pray,  where  are  fttat 
father  andmother  r-^"They  dedd." 

"Aye,  but  Whete  tee  they  gone?** 
— "  I  ho  know." 

Mr.  Coltman.  ^l  ^it  a£raid,  mv 
lord,  I  can  make  ndthing  of^  him. 

Tonsong  Was  then  £i'ected  io 
leave  the  witness  box.  Itappearihg 
from  other  evidence  Iheii  ^veti 
that  the  transaction  was  mubh 
more  like  a  brutal  frolic  than  a 
highway  robbery,  the  prisoners 
were  acquitted. 

TbiAl  bt  Jury  in  Fbakc^.— ^ 
The  following  drcumstance  is  de- 
lated as  having  taken  place  at  the 
court  of  assizes  of  Versailles.  A 
girl,  named  Buisson,  was  cited  be- 
fore the  court  on  the  8th,  charged 
with  having  stolen  a  watch  froin 

the  son  of  a  Mr.   O ,  with 

whom  she  lived  as  servant.  It 
appeared  in  the  cout^  of  the  pro- 
ceedings, that  a  certain  degree  of 
intimacy  existed  between  the  girl 
and  the  young  man,  who  had  given 
her  the  watch,  either  as  an  oma- 
nient,  or  to  sell*  The  latter,  how- 
ever, denied  hiiving  given  it  to  her, 
and  asserted  he  had  only  lent  it  to 
her,  and  that  when  she  left  his 
father's  house,  she  ought  to  have 
returned  it.  The  girl,  in  her 
defbnce,  said,  that  she  had  per- 
suaded the  family  that  she  Was 
entitled  to  some  property,  and,  the 
young  mail  having  proposed  a 
secret  marri^,  she  left  the  hotlse, 
knowing  that  inquiries  would  soon 
be  set  on  foot  which  would  invdi** 

ddie  het  stoty ;  mi  that  when  sb^ 


124           ANNUAL   REGISTER.  psst 

went  away>  she  had  never  tliought  up.     They  were  openedy  and  in 

of  the  watch  which  was  suspended  one  of  them  was  found  a  oolosal 

round  her  necL  winced  Victoria  of  bronze^  and  of 

The  Jury  acquitted  her. — The  adnurable  workmanship.     In   an- 

President  of  the  assizes^  in  pro-  other,  six  hirge  busts,  one  of  them 

nouncing  the  acquittal,  said  to  the  representing  Faustina,  the  consinrt 

prisoner :— "  You  will   be   prose-  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  and  a  higblj 

cuted  for  another  act  before  the  ornamented  breast-plate  of  a  horse. 

Correctional  Tribunal ;  there  you  In  at  bird  and  fourth,  a  richly-gilt 

will  not  escape  justice,  and  you  statue,  4-1  feet  high,  of  a  dpdre 

will  not  find  so  great  an  indulgence  king,  and  a  colossal  arm  ;  all  these 

in  judges  as  in  juries."     M.  C.  de  are  likewise  of  bronze,    and  of 

Lameth,  one  of  the  jury — "Sir,  fine  workmanship.     There  are  also 

the  jury  desire  me  to  teU  you  that  several  inscriptions  in  the  building, 

they  have    decided  according  to  one  of  which  mentions  the  Brixia 

their  consciences ;  this  is  the  third  Roinana,     The  eyes  of  the  king 

time  you  censure  us '^     The  and  of  the  Victoiia  are  of  onjx. 

President  warmly — "  You  have  no  They  are  all  in  perfect  preserva- 

business  to  speak,  sir ;  you  are  not  tion,  and,  from    the   situation  in 

the  foreman  of  the  jury."     The  which  they  were  found,  it  is  evident 

foreman— ''Well,  we   are." — The  that  they  were  concealed  and  walled 

President — "You  have  no  business  up  for  security,  for  both  the  wings 

to  speak."-(  Murmuring  in  the  jury  and  arms  of  the  Victoria  were  taken 

box.)    Several  jurymen— "  We  de-  off  and  laid  at  her  feet 

cide  on  our  consciences,  it  is  a  " 14.  Sedition —  Ckesler. — ^Jo- 

ThePresident— r" Silence,  it  is  possi-  seph  Whitelegg  was  indicted  fw 
ble  to  decide  conscientiously,  and  having  used  certain  inflammatory 
yet  commit  an  error ;  it  would  not  and  seditious  language  at  a  meet- 
require  many  similar  examples  to  ing  of  the  working  msses,  held  at 
compromise  the  existence  of  juries,  Longshut-lane  Stockport,  on  the 
it  is  an  encouragement."  evening  of  the  ipth  of  July  last 

Antiquities. — On  a  hill  near  The  following  facts  were  proved — 
Brescia  there^has  stood  from  time  Between  eight  and  nine  o'clock  on 
immemoriali  a  large  marble  co-  that  evening,  a  considerable  num- 
lumn,  supposed  to  have  belonged  ber  of  persons  assembled  at  Long- 
to  a  temple  of  Hercules.  For  shut-Lme.  A  ring  was  formed,  ami 
these  two  years  past  the  magis-  the  defendant  read  to  them  an 
trates  have  caused  excavations  to  a  extract  from  Sherwin's  Political 
great  extent  to  be  made  on  the  Register,  of  November  14,  1818. 
spot,  the  result  of  which  confirmed  He  made  use  of  the  expressions, 
the  truth  of  the  tradition.  From  "  Arm  yourselves,  and  that  imme- 
time  to  time  important  monuments  diatcly ;"  and  just  at  that  moment 
of  ancient  architecture  and  Roman  a  pistol  was  fired  off  by  some  one  in 
inscriptions  were  brought  to  light,  the  crowd.  He  then  read  from  tbe 
At  length  the  foundations  of  an  bookadescriptionof  thebestsortof 
immense  temple  were  uncovered,  weapon,  which,  he  said,  was  a  t^e, 
with  entrances  to  several  passages,  or  carving,  knife,  of  1 1  ^  inches  long 
These  were  examined,  and  on  the  by  1  \  inches  wide  at  the  broad  end, 
21stof  July  last  the  workmen  found  with  a  socket  (handle)  of  four 
in  one  of  them  several  niches,  walled  inches  long  and  one  inch  diameter ; 


AUG.] 


CHRONICLE. 


125 


this  was  to  be  fixed  to  a  pole  of 
eight  feet  long.  A  body  of  men 
so  armed,  or  with  musket  and 
bajonet,  would  be  infinitely  supe« 
nor  to  one  armed  with  musket  and 
baU  cartridge.  Some  one  from  the 
crowd  asked,  bow  they  were  to  be 
nsed;  the  defendant  replied  "  Sup- 
pose you  were  so  armed,  and  met 
a  mad  doe  running  towards  you, 
what  womd  you  do  ?  Why  run  it 
down  his  throat  to  be  sure ;  and 
you  should  do  the  same  to  all  those 
who  wrong  us,  oppose  us  (or  op- 
press us),  and  deprive  us  of  suste- 
nance, or  deprive  us  of  bread."  The 
prisoner,  who  had  no  counsel,  cross- 
examined  the  several  witnesses 
with  great  self-possession,  and  with 
con&derable  tact  He  pressed  one 
witness,  the  parish-clerk,  very  hard, 
to  know  if  he  was  not  asleep  while 
he  was  at  the  meeting.  "My  reason 
for  asking  this  question,  my  lords," 
Slid  the  defendant,  is,  "that  I  have 
seen  this  man  fall  asleep,  while  on 
daty,  in  the  church,  for  which  his 
master,  the  parson,  reproved  him 
severely."  He  addressed  the  jury, 
at  some  length,  with  considerable 
fluency,  and  called  two  witnesses 
to  shew  that  he  had  received  the 
book  from  another  person  (one  of 
the  witnesses),  and  that  he  made 
no  comment,  but  merely  read  the 
extract,  and  that  the  meeting  was 
perfectly  peaceable.  The  jury,  after 
a  &hort  consultation,  found  the  pri- 
soner Guilty,  '  The  chief  justice, 
under  the  impression  that  the 
ddendant  had  only  been  the 
thoughtless  instrument  of  others, 
sentenced  him  to  be  imprisoned  six 
months,  and  to  enter  into  his  own 
recognizances  in  50^  for  his  good 
behaviour  for  three  years. 

18.  Bow  Steeple. — A  few 
mornings  ago,  the  family  of  Mr. 
Aughtie  were  awaked  by  a  trc- 

nKodpus  aash,  93  if  Uie  upper  part 


of  the  house  had  fallen  in.  They 
found  that  a  stone  of  nearly  lOOlbs. 
weight  had  fallen  from  the  upper 
cornice  of  the  tower  of  Bow 
Church,  and  broken  in  the  roof. 
It  had  hit  some  of  the  projecting 
cornices  of  the  tower,  by  which  its 
force  was  broken,  and  had  fallen 
lengthways;  otherwise  it  is  pro« 
bable  that  it  would  have  gone 
through  the  two  floors  below  the 
attic,  where  it  stuck,  and  might 
have  occasioned  the  loss  of  lives. 
Mr.  Gwilt,  the  architect,  was  sent 
for  by  the  parish  officers,  to  ex- 
amine and  report  as  to  the  cause 
of  the  accident.  This  gentleman 
has  reported  that  the  stone  has 
most  probably  been  detached  by 
the  vibration  of  the  tower,  caused 
by  the  ringing  of  the  beUs,  and 
that  the  enects  of  this  practice 
are  manifested  by  large  crocks  in 
the  plastering  of  the  belfry  walls, 
which  were  plastered  over  in  1822. 

When,  in  I8I6,  the  spire  was 
found  to  have  lost  its  perpendicu- 
larity, it  was  conceived  that  the 
mischief  was  caused  by  the  ring- 
ing. Mr.  Gwilt,  however,  ascer- 
tamed  that,  although  the  splitting 
of  the  tower  might  be  attributed 
to  that  cause,  yet  the  deviation  of 
the  spire  proceeded  from  the  inju- 
dicious use  of  wrought  iron  in  its 
construction.  The  effect  of  a  peal 
of  ten  bells  upon  such  a  steeple, 
may  be  conceived  from  the  fact, 
which  this  gentleman  ascertained 
from  actual  experiment,  that  the 
smallest  bell,  which  weighs  eight 
hundred  weight,  shakes  it  from 
the  top  to  the  very  foundation. 
The  largest  of  the  ten  bells  is  up- 
wards of  two  tons  and  a  half  in 
weight. 

19.  Fire. —« About  a  quarter 
before  twelve  o'clock,  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  WHmington-square, 
Clerkenwell;  were  alamed  by  the 


m  ANNUAL  REGISTER.  pi9& 

sudAen  bre^Jdog   out   of   a  ibe  not  before  tbe  child  bad  siuUuanl 
in  Na  20,  in    tbe   aqufiure,    oc-  injury  from  the  flwaes;  a  jojftd 
cupied  by  Mr*  Parker^  aud  kuowu  shout  of  gr^tefid  feeVna  adofeed 
by  the  name  of  WUiniiigton-hou8p>  the  delivers  m  his  sale  retozn 
being  ^  seininary  for  young  ladies,  froin  the  buUdingf  to  the  gromid. 
The    intimation    wa^   given    by  The  rpof  of  the  building  fell  in 
several  persons  passing,  whose  at-  about  one  q'qIocI^a  carrjii^g  emy 
tention  wa^  f^ttractea  by  a^  dense  thing  under  it  dovn  tQ  thf  bttCi 
cloud  ^  smoke  issuing  from   the  ment  story,  and  living  QoJy  tb^ 
chin^ney.    The  watchman,  acpom-  bure  walls, 
pcg[)ied  by  several  persons,  imn^e"       ^6.   RoioiBitiKa    at     Pltmor 
diately  proceeded  to  the  front  doQr>  Fair. — This  fair«  which  is  held 
and  knocked  with  great  violence,  annually  in  a  vale  sunounded  bj 
to  warn  the  inhabitants  of  their  the  Mendip-hiUss  has  alwi^rt  bosn 
danger;  when  they  discovered  that  held  in  the  highest  estimation,  and 
the  fire  was  in  the  kitchen,  and  in  ha#  been  invariably  looked  up  ta 
less  than  ten  niinutes  the  flames  as  a  criterion  for  the  re^^ulntion  of 
bursty  forth  with  great  fury  from  the  prices  of  ^tock  of  all  denomiiift- 
th^  kitchen  and  parlour  windows,  tions ;   but»  unless  si>ch  QUtr^o^ 
It  was  with  considerable  difficulty  as  those  which  took   place  iifxt 
that  the  family  could  be  made  on  Monday  last^  be  prevented  ia 
senaibt§  of  their  danger;  the  in^  fbture^  they  must  inevitably  lead  ta 
mates  consisted  of  fourteen  indi-  a  total  annihilation  of  every  tf^ 
viduals— -namely,   Mr.   and  Mrs.  cies  of  business.    Gang^  oonsistng 
Parker,  tkeir  three  children,  eight  of  as  many  asfromS.O  to  30»  of  what 
young  Ifidies,  boarders  in  the  house,  are  commonly  called  gipaies,  lestvt 
and  a  female  servant*     The  fire  hither ;  accompanied»  in  aaoie  ia- 
was  rapidly  spreading  towards  the  stances,  by  their  women,  wbq  oqb» 
second  floor  deqiing-rooqis,  when  duct  £.  O.  tables  oi  other  knr 
the  whole  of  ^e  above  persons  specif  of  gambling.   These  woonem 
presented  themselves  at  the  front  attract  the  attention  of  the  unwaiy 
windows  imploring  assistance,  ^x^  to  their  unlawful  games,  while  ^ 
uttering  the  most  piercing  cries,  men  croud  around  the  table,  and. 
No  time    was    lost,  or  exertion  appearing  to  take  a  lively  interest  is 
wanting,  in  dragging  the  ladders  the  progress  of  the  game,  l>y  bet- 
fVom  the  surraunmng  new  buUd-  ting  small  sums,  emp^  the  pockets 
inss,  and  in  procuring  the  safety  of  me  by-standers<     As  night  «^ 
laadier  fipom  the  church,  by  whi(^  proached,  respectable  perscm^  woo 
in  a  short  time,  it  was  su]^>osed  at  had  been  dining  in  the   booths 
the  moment,  that  all  the  inmates  were  called  from  theqn  1^  some  (a 
had  been  saved.    But  it  was  soon  the  gane,  upon  pretence  of  beiag 
discovered    that    one    little    girl  wanted  by  a  friend*  and,  aft  soon  as 
was  left  behind,   and  to    rescue  they  got  outside,    were  knocked 
her  had  now  become   a   perilous  down  and  robbed  of  every  thiag 
undertaking.        One     individual,  they  possessed.    This  was  repeat- 
prompted  by  humanity,  and    as-  edly  done  in  the  presence  of  oUieti; 
sisted  by  a  safety-Jiood,  boldly  as-  but  so  formidable  were  the  gangs 
cended  the  ladder,  went  through  that  they  overawed    the    bpneit 
the  flames,  entered  the  building,  part    of   the    populace.      Aboot 
and  sucqeeded  in  his  atten^pt^  but  fivQ  o'(49ck  in  tl^  eVQ^iog^  W^ 


AUG.] 


CHRONICtE. 


lar 


Geam  Hare2[«  tbe  landlord  of 
the  Mipors*- Arms  =  inn,  ^t  SJwp- 
hai^  W9S  ]p)odked  off  )us  hors^, 
204  rob1)e4  of  six  ^yereigos  anq 
^MDe  silvep.  Pomplaint  w^  vain, 
as  there  ¥ras  nq  legal  autjio- 
lities  to  rediesQ  the  grievance* 
At  eight  p'clocl?:.  My,  Tozei^^  a 
biglOj  i^ssp^taUe  currier>  residing; 
4t  AdsFidge,  ws^  t^jdngbis  gloves 
firom  Ids  pocket  prep^ratpnr  to 
mountiiig  Kis  horse  and  nding 
home;  m  the  act,  however,  of 
mounting,  a  fellow  struek  h^  a 
vioknt  dIqw  on  the  foiehead, 
which  had  the  efiect  of  stunning 
hiqi,  and  he  was  immediately  sur* 
rounded,  hy  ftt  least  a  dozen  pick- 
pockets,  w^obeat,  pinioned,  and 
rolled  him  of  a  pod^et-book,  22L 
in  notes,  two  sovereigns,  about  a 
pomxi's  wofth  of  silver,  a  snuff* 
hox,  two  silk  handkerchiefs,  and 
other  articles  of  less  v^lue.  Not 
contented  with  this,  they  out  the 
^rtks  of  his  saddle,  which,  toge^ 
ther  with  a  new  pair  of  plated 
stbrupiEf,  thef  conveyed  away  in 
tnuBi^  I  A  vast  number  of  per- 
sons wttnested  thia  barbarous  scene, 
hut  were  literally  afraid  to  render 
assistance,  fearful  they  should  have 
been  siibject  to  the  same  fate.  At 
a  later  period  of  the  ey^ning,  the 
hoQths  were  besieged  by  the  assail- 
^ts;  3p  that  several  respectable 
people  preferred  sittins  up  the 
whple  of  t^e  night  in  uie  booths, 
rather  than  run  the  risk  of  going 
out  and  being  rpbbed ;  and  many 
of  those  who  encountered  the  risk, 
came  off  without  money>  and  in 
several  instances,  had  their  clothes 
t<nn  fxom  their  backs. 

^  AifTiQUiTis4.T-rIn  addition 
to  a  shield  which  WAS  lately  dis- 
colored in  tfie  h§d  of  the  Witham, 
a  number  of  swords  and  other 
antique  remains  have  come  to 
%tt.     A  ^ort  stabbix^g  swprd. 


evidently  Roomn,  has  an  &4crbff 
tion  upon  the  blade  whic}^  will 
afford  a  subject  for  the  iniPnuity 
of  thp  imtiqvwy.  This  weapon 
has  a  straight  two^ed^  bla4^ 
with  ^  long  tapering  pomt  i  ^ong 
the  rib  or  centre  line  of  the  Uad^ 
on  a  surface  soniewhat  platted^  fure 
th^  letter^  (reading  ftom  the  jiil| 
tq    the  point)— ^  n  k  Q  k  c  ^  H 

resemble  the  ordippy  Bom^ui  ca-i 
pitals  in  present  use,  except  the 
eighth,  which  is  our  capital  M 
reversed  thus,  j^. 

Less  OP  THB  VA]:<i.BTTA.««-By 
the  accident  of  the  Antelope,  East 
India  packet,  captain  Wilsmi,  being 
wrecked  in  178^^  the  Pellew 
Islands,  thirteen  in  number,  were 
disoovottd.  By  a  similar,  and  late 
event,  the  loss  of  the  Valletta,  900 
tons  burden,  a  private  Indiaman, 
commanded  hy  John  William 
PhiUips,  an  island  and  reef  of  ooial 
rock,  in  latitude  91  deg.  S.,  lon- 
^tude  143  deg.  £.,  hitherto  un- 
known, have  been  disooveied.  The 
Valetta  sailed  from  Port  Jackson, 
New  South  Wales,  on  the  13th  of 
June,  in  ballast ;  had  a  prosperous 
voyage  till  the  10th  of  July ;  but 
on  the  evening  of  that  day^  the 
wind  suddenly  shifted,  and  blew 
very  strong  from  the  north. 
Breakers  and  a  reef  b^ing  descried^ 
every  exei^n  tp  work. the  ship 
off  was  made,  but  a  tremendouii 
swell  baffled  the  most  skilful 
efforts,  and  she  struck  so  forcibly 
on  the  reef,  as  to  occasion  the  loss 
of  her  rudder*  With  much  hazard, 
an  anchor  was  got  out,  and  many 
articles  thrown  overboard,  whifh 
so  floated  the  vessel,  that  she  was 
brought  into  a  safe  cove>s  with 
eifiht  feet  water  in  her  hold*.  It 
being  found  pn  examination,  that 
any  attempt  to  repair  her  wou}4 
be  nugatoxy^  she  waf  reluctantly 


128  ANNUAL    REGISTER.         £iss^ 

abandoned;    a    ship^s   boat   was  breaking  power-looms,  durinethe 

equipped    in    the    best    manner  disturbances  in  the  month  of  April 

their  fdtuation  would  allow ;   and  last,  were  twenty-three  in  num- 

after  a  sojourn  of  ninety-two  days  ber ;  two  of  which  stand  orer  to 

on  the  i^and,  they  proceeded  to  the  next  assizes.     Of  the  reniab- 

Calcutta,  where   they  safely  ar«  ing  twenty-four  actions,  the  great 

rived.  majority  were    undefended,   and 

Power-looms  destroyed  in  verdicts  were  taken  by  consent  in 

LANOASHiRE.—Theactionsbrought  the  Sheriff's  court.     The  fcdknr* 

against  the  different  hundreds  of  ing  is  a  summary  of  the  difierent 

this  county,  to  recover  compensa-  amounts  recovered  ra- 
tion for  the  damages  sustained  by 

Against  the  Hundred  of  Blackburn. 

Na  of  Looms.          ^.     s,  4. 

Messrs*  Sykes,  Acrington   ••  60  ••..  1039  ^7  6 

Mr.  Marquis,        da  •••••••••  • •  •  •  4  •  •  •  •       44  13  9 

Mr.  James  Bury,  do • •  •  •  •  94  •  •  •  •   1889    ^  ^ 

Messrs.  Eccles,  Blackburn  • •  9,12  ..••  8178  15  10 

Mr.  John  Haughton,  do 25  ••••     284  11  9 

Mr.  James  Garsden,  Darwen ••••••  86  .•••     418    8  2 

Messrs.  Carrs,                do ••••...  16..*.     I96  18  0 

Messrs.  Turners,  Musbury •  IO6  ••••  1651     8  8 

Messrs.  Whiteheads,  Lower  Booths    ••••••  96.  •••1049    6  1 

Mr.  Kay,  Coup  Lench    • •  > 20  •  •  •  •     278  16  6 

Messrs.  Ormrods,  Newchurch    •••.••••••  20  ••••     96S     1  11 

Messrs.  Hargreaves  and  Co.  do 28  •  •  •  •     848    9  ^ 

Messrs.  Munn                      do 51  ••••     860  19  7 


Total  ••..  768      £J  1,598  I6  U 

Against  the  Hundred  qf  Salford. 

No.  of  Looms.  X,     «.    i 

Messrs.  Rostron,  Tottington  Higher  End  •  •     58 
Messrs.  Aitkin  and  Lord  do.    ••••••     46 

Messrs.  Hamer  and  Sons,  Elton •  •  •  •  •     88 

Mr.  Hutchinson,  Bury    •  • 49 

Mr.  John  Clegg,  Crompton     ••••••     28 

Mr.  Hugh  Beaver,  Manchester  (no  looms)  .    — - 


•  • 

•  • 

•  • 


1500    0  0 

5GS    0  0 

253    7  0 

248  12  0 

418     1  0 

1474    0  0 


Total  ••••  219        £4,457    0   0 

Against  the  Hundred  ofLeyland. 

No.  of  Looms.  S.     #•    ^ 

Mr.  Sudell,  Chorley    100  •...     488    0   0 

The  total  sum  recovered,  as  above,  is  £l6i5SS  17s.  5d.,  and  the  c* 
of  the  several  actions  will  amount  to  about  8,000^  in  addition.  bAe 
two  actions  yet  to  be  tried,  the  damages  are  estimated  at  £258  9'*'^ 

25.  Murder  at  Brtohton. —  some  time,  a  dispute  arose  bct^w 
About  a  twelvemonth  ago  a  shoe-  him  and  his  wife,  occasioaed*  »* 
maker  named  Burt  married.   Mter    said^  by  berrefiisingtodiowW 


AVeri             CHRONICLE.  Ii9 

tike  contents  of  a  letter  she  was  secured*    There  is  no  doabt  but 

wridng.    This  so  exasperated  him  he  would  also  have  stabbed  the 

that  he  took  up  a  polrer  and  beat  man  who  first  came  to  the  assist* 

her  severely  with   it      For  this  ance  of  his  wife,  had  not  the  ban- 

offence  he  was  committed  to  take  die  of  the  knife  come  off  from  the 

his  trial ;  but  through  the  effects  blade,  which  remained  sticking  in 

of  the  wound  his  wife  could  not  the  murdered  infant.     The  wo- 

appear  against  him,  and  he  was  man,    wounded  and  lacerated  as 

therefore  liberated.     She  had,  in  she  was,   fled  into  an  adjoining 

the  interim,  resided  with  her  mo-  house  with  her  child.     The  infant 

ther ;  having  resolutely  refused  to  died  in  a  short  time^  afterwards, 

live  with,  or  have  any  connexion  The  woman  was  conveyed  to  her 

with  him  whatever.    About  three  mother's    house    with    but   faint 

months  aso  she  was  delivered  of  hopes  of  recovery : — she  received  a 

a  male  child.     On  Tuesday  after-  severe  stab  in  the  thigh,  another 

noon    she    was    at    her  mother's  in  the  right  arm  near  an  arteij, 

hous^,  'and  seeing  her    husband  another  under  the    eye,    and    a 

coming,  was  apprehensive  of  vio-  fourth  in  the  temple ;  her  front 

lence.     There  being  no  other  per-  teeth  (at  least    six  or  seven  of 

son  besides  herself  in  the  house,  them)  were  dashed  out,  and  she 

she   snatched   up  her  infant  and  also  received  a  kick  in  the  side, 

ran  into  a  nei^bour's  house  for  from  which  more,  danger  was  ap« 

protection ;  but  was  instantly  fol-  prehended   than    even   from    the 

lowed  by  Burt,  who  pursued  her  wounds. 

to  a  room  on  the  first  floor;  where  French  Patents. — ^The  Mo- 
the  infuriated  wretch  began  his  niteur  has  given  a  list  of  patents 
attack  on  the  helpless  woman  and  taken  out  for  new  inventions  or 
child.  He  was  armed  with  a  improvements  upon  existing  ma- 
shoemaker's  knife,  the  blade  of  chinery  in  France,  from  the  com- 
which  was  worn  away  at  the  mencement  of  the  Revolution 
point,  so  as  to  make  it  very  sharp ;  down  to  the  present  time,  showing 
this  instrument  he  instantly  the  comparative  inactivity  of  in« 
plunged  indiscriminately  into  the  ventive  eenius  and  industrious  en« 
infant  and  the  woman ;  the  wo-  terprise  during  the  reign  of  terror 
man  screamed  dreadfully,  and  im-  or  the  oppressions  of  despotism, 
plored  mercy  in  the  most  piteous  and  their  sudden  revival  on  the 
terms.  Nothing,  however,  appal-  return  of  internal  peace  and  social 
led  the  assassin,  and  he  continued  security.  In  1 791  there  were  taken 
his  murderous  work,  till  the  woman  out  34 ;  in  1792>  ^9  i  in  i79^>  4  ; 
fell,  exhausted  by  loss  of  blood  and  in  the  year  2  of  the  republic,  4;  in 
the  exertions  she  had  made  to  the  year  3,  5 ;  in  the  year  4,  8  ;  in 
screen  herself  and  her  infant  from  the  year  5,  4 ;  in  the  year  6,  10; 
the  effects  of  his  rage.  Some  per-  in  the  year  7,  22  ;  in  the  year  8, 
son9  had  by  this  time  assembled  l6;  in  the  year  9,  34;  in  the 
at  the  door  below,  and  one,  with  year  10,  29;  in  the  year  11,  45; 
more  courage  than  the  rest,  rushed  in  the  year  12,  44;  in  the  year 
up  stairs,  and  after  a  desperate  13,  63;  in  the  year  14,  17;  in 
struggle,  threw  Burt  on  the  1806,  74  >  in  1807,  66;  in  1808, 
ground,  by  which  time  more  as-  63;  in  IS09,  52;  in  1810,  93; 
fistancQ  had  arrived,  and  be  was  in  1811,  66;  in  1819»  96*  u| 
Vox,.  hXVllh  K 


180 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


D«^ 


ISlSi  98;  in  1614,  53;  in  1815, 
77;  in  1816,  115;  in  1817i  l62; 
in  1818t  158;  in  1819>  188;  in 
1880,  151;  in  1801,  170;  in 
1883|  175;  in  1838,  187;  in 
1884>  fil7;  and  in  the  first  ax 
mentligiof  18£5«  i6l* 

28.  HYJDRDPHOtoiA. -— A  dis- 
tressing case  of  hytirophobia  (x>* 
f  urted  last  w^ek  in  Salfocd*  A 
Mr»  VaughsHi  Was  bitten,  about 
two  mobtns  ago»  hj  a  stnmge  cat, 
which  exhibited  no  sjtnptoms  of 
disease*  The  day  after  receiving 
the  Ute,  he  Went  to  Mr.  Spencer, 
a  surgecm  in  the  neighbourhood, 
who  applied  a  cotnmon  dressing  to 
tiie  wound:  it  healed  in  a  very 
few  days,  and  nothing  more  was 
thought  of  it  Until  Monday  week, 
when  Mr.  &  Was  once  more  called 
to  visit  his  patient,  whotb  hie  found 
^chibittng  symptoms  df  a  peculiar 
nature,  which,  after  a  little  in- 
vestigatioti,  he  discovered  to  be 
those  usually  ascribed  to  hydro- 
phobia. The  patient  manifested 
the  usual  symptoms  at  the  sight 
of  a  looking-^ass,  or  of  fluids :  he 
wa6>  however,  several  times  pi^ 
Tailed  on  to  tiJce  a  litde  water, 
but  SwaUow^  it  with  great  diffi- 
culty, and  eomjrfaiiied  that  it  hurt 
hum.  He  remained  in  a  state  of 
great  sufieritig  from  Monday  noon 
till  midni^t  on  Wednesday,  when 
he  expired;  having  been  in  pos- 
session of  his  faculties  until  With- 
in half  an  hour  of  his  death; 
though,  when  suSbring  under  the 
paroxysms  of  the  disorder,  he  was 
occasionally  so  violent,  as  to  re» 
quire  considerable  restraint.  No- 
thobg  is  known  of  the  fate  of  the 
anknal  -whii^  inflicted  the  wounds 
as  nobody  eould  tdl  to  whom  it 
belong ;  but,  as  it  eichibited  no 
ayn^oms  of  diseaae,  it  is  not  im- 
pnAable  thait  this  is  another  of 
those  casa^  of  which  there  have 


been  several  m  the  amiala  of  su^ 
gery,  wherein  the  bite  of  an  o^ 
raged  animal,  not  labotfriag  ood^ 
hydropholna,  has  produced  th^ 
disease  in  human  bmngs. 

29.    Roman   AmtQvwoB^ 
About  a  quarter  of  an  hour's  wa^ 
fnmi  the  small  town  of  St.  Rem^ 
in  Provenee;,  a.  shady  and  flewoj 
path  conducts  to  two  reaaiblA 
monuments,  indosed  by  a  sbh| 
stone  fence,  which,  without 
historical  grounds,  are  calkd 
Triumj^ial  arch  of  Ausmsttts, 
the  Mausdeum  of  Jams  Qns« 
They  stand  upon  a  little  eamcBoJ 
hardly    twelve   or   fourteen  &fl| 
separate ;  and  of  itsdf,  this  fidai^ 
of  the  two  monuments  vppeua 
indicate     a    connection 
them,    and    to     show   that 
conqueror,    in   honour  of 
the  Triumphal  arob  wus 
lies  oovered   by   the 
The  areh  b  so   anich 
that  the  whole  of  the  UMsr 
is  wanting.     By  means  ot  a 
whidi  gives  shelter  from  tbe 
and  snow,  its  total  destiuctiso  hd 
been  prevented.  Two  Doqc  piQaa 
support  the  «di;  on  cadi -i^ 
rise  two  fluted  pillan^  wUsb  kasc 
loBjt  their  capitale^  and  ths  offar 
part  of  th^  sbafta.    Tbe  oa* 
ments  of  the  oomiee  ooasbt  d  iff 
and  olive   twigs,   interwa^B  ia 
small  fillets.     Betwixt  tlie  fSkm 
are  figures  in  baaso-celiefe  ;<■«■' 
ttde,  a  mtle  and  female  baimitBa 
tree,  as  the  Romaas  uiauLiirf 
conquered  cities  and  pmnaen;* 
the  oppoeke,  a  woman  nscuy^^ 
hand  upefn  the  arm  af  a  ^^i^f" 
Mrarrior.     The  MousoleiiM  ii  i^ 
good  preservation,  aial«aa  d^ 
raisst  works  of  that  pcris4»  M 
in  height  about  fif^-fife^M^V 
cests  Aipon  a   squase  pedflid  d 
large  hewn  atones,  whvh  k^W*^ 
iBM^ttri  oa^adi  aide  widiMM" 


«SPT/l  CHRONICLE.  m 

£garet  ia  bano-relieTO.  Thefoun*     sexi  uiylieqi  pa&xktibvs  sviu, 
dadon  it  firmly  laid  with  stones    According  to  the  explanations  of 
of  the  same  sort     The  monument    antiquaries,  this  monument  must 
consists  of  three  stories :  the  first    have  been  erected  to  their  parents 
and  seoQnd  are  square^  like  the    hy  the  sons   of  Caius   Juliu*-* 
pedestal^  only  that  the  latter  is    Sextus,  l4icius^  and  Marcus. 
much  laiger;   but  the  third  is        Nsw  Method  of  Liohti^O 
ZDundy  and  terminates  in  a  small    Theatrbs* — M«    Locatelli>    me* 
cupola.  A  pillar,  without  pedestal,    chani^t,  at  Venice,  has  oontrived  a 
supports  each  angle  of  the  first    new  apparatus  for  lighting  theatres, 
square,  which  is  ornamented  with    which  has  been   adopted  at  La 
a  heavy  crown  of  festoons  of  fruits    Fenice,  in  that  city.     By  the  aid 
and  flowers.  Each  of  the  four  sides    of  parabolic  mirrors,  the  light  of  a 
of  this  story  has  bas-reliefs.     On    number  of  lamps  is  concentrated 
the  one  side   appears  a  compact    over    an   opening    made   in   the 
body  of  Roman  mfantry,   in  the    middle  of  the  ceiling  of  the  theatre. 
act  of  assault ;  on  another,  are  seen    and  reflected  down  on  a  system  of 
the  dead  and  the  wounded  lying    plano-concave  lenses,  of  a  foot  in 
on  the  field  of  battle ;  on  the  thir^    diameter,  which  occupy  the  apeiw 
is  a  combat  of  cavaliy,  but  which,    ture,  and  convey  into  the  theatre 
as    well    as    the    preceding,    has    the  rays  of  light,  which  surive  a| 
sufiered  much  from   time.     The    them  parallel,  and  depart  from  them 
fourth    side    is    in  much    better    div^^rgent.     From  the    pit  alon^ 
proswvation,  and  upon  it  a  prooes*    the  lenses  are  perceived,  resembling 
•ion  is  represented,  probably  the    a  glowing  furnace ;  and,  although 
triumph  of  a  conqueror,  as  the    the  luminous  focus  is  sufficient  to 
hands  bound  behind  the  backs  of   light  the  whole  of  the  theatre,  is 
the  captives  which  appear  in  it,    does  not  dazzle,  and  may  be  viewed 
and  the  priests  with  animals  for    without  fatiguing  the  eyes.    Ba- 
saciifice^  seem  to  intimate.     The    sides  the  advantage  of  being  more 
second  story  is,  as  has  been  already    equable  and  mild,  being  a  single 
mentioned^  also  square,  and   has    luminous  body,  the  light  is  more 
four  open  arches.    At  each  angle    intense  than  that  of  the  common 
is  a  fluted  Co^nthian  pillar  with  a    lustre ;  and  there  is  no  part  of  tha 
frieae,  ornamented  with  vine  leaves    theatre  in  which  a  person  cannot 
and  sea  hprses*^    This  story  sup-    read  with    the  ^reateat   finality* 
ports  the  thicd  and  uroermost ;  a    The  apparatus  being  entirely  eon- 
small  rotunda  Ibrmed  oi  ten  Corin-    oealed,  accommodates  itself  readily 
thian    fnllars,  in    the  middle  of    to  all  the4:hanges  which  the  repre- 
which,  through  the  spaces  between    sentadon  can  require.     It  likewise 
tke   piUais^    ace    peroeived    twa    occasions  neither  smoke  nor  bad 
statues,  one  of  which  is  larger    odours,  and  has  none  of  the  iacon-* 
than  the  other,  but  both  vrithout    veniences  of  the  ancient  system* 

heads.    A  cupola,  bound    roimd     ......... 

with  a  very  fip®  crown  of  leaves,  .       " 

terminates  the  whole.    Of  an  in-  SEPTEMBEfi. 

scxiption  which  runs  round  about 

the  aildle  of  the  mausoleum,  the  1.  Opsxino  op  the  Paftn 
ibUowiflg  letters  only  can  be  de-  v<m  .  the  AmuaszoN  of  Oats!^ 
riphfWBod   ■  &c^- 

K2 


i^^ 


ANNUAL  REGISTER. 


i\m 


At  the  Court  at  Windsor,  Sept.  1, 
1826,  present,  the  King's  most 
excellent  Majesty. 
Whereas  by  the  laws  now  in 
force  for  r^ulating  the  importa- 
tion of  com,  oats  and  oatmeal, 
may  he  imported  into  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  into  the  Ide  of 
Man,  for  home  consumption,  un- 
der and  subject  to  the  regulations 
of  the  several  statutes  in  that  case 
made  and  provided,  whenever  the 
aven^  price  of  oats  (to  be  ascer- 
tained in  the  manner  therein  pre- 
scribed) shall  be  at  or  above  the 
price  of  twenty-seven  shillings  per 
quarter,  and  pease  may,  in  like 
manner,  be  imported,  whenever 
the  price  shall  be  at  or  above 
fifty-three  shillings  per  quarter: 
And  whereas  by  a  certain  act 
of  parliament,  made  and  passed 
in  the  third  year  of  his  pre- 
sent majesty's  reign,  intituled 
'^  An  Act  to  amend  the  Laws  re- 
lating to  the  Importation  of  Com," 
it  is  enacted,  ih&t  whenever  fo^ 
reign  com,  meal,  or  flour,  shall  be 
admissible  under  the  provisions  of 
an  act,  passed  in  the  fiffy-fifth  year  of 
the  reign  of  his  late  majesty,  king 
George  the  third,  intituled  "  An 
Act  to  amend  the  Law  now  in 
force  for  regulating  the  Importa- 
tion of  Com,"  or  under  the  provi- 
sions of  the  said  act,  passed  in  the 
third  year  of  the  reign  of  his  pre- 
sent majesty,  there  shall  be  levied 
and  paid  certain  duties  therein 
specified  upon  all  such  foreign 
com,  meal,  or  flour,  when  admit- 
ted for  home  consumption;  and 
whereas,  by  the  weekly  returns  of 
purchases  and  sales  of  com,  made 
by  the  several  inspectors  of  com 
returns  in  the  cities  and  towns  of 
England  and  Wales,  to  the  receiver 
of  com  returns,  it  appears  that  the 
average  price  of  oats,  and  also  the 
{average  price  of  pease  at  ih^  pre^ 


sent  time  exceed  the  before-meD- 
tioned  prices  of  twenty-seven  Aa^ 
lings  and  fifty-three  shillingips 
quarter;  and  whereas,  from  in- 
formation which  hath  this  dtj 
been  hud  before  his  majesty,  it 
appears  that  the  price  of  oatt,  s 
wdl  as  that  of  pease,  is  stiU  lisng, 
and  that  the  crop  of  oats,  and  auo 
the  crops  of  pease  and  beans,  of 
the  present  year  have  failed  tot 
considerable  extent,  and  that  s  de- 
ficiency in  the  crop  of  poCatoesis 
also  apprehended  in  aome  parti  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  and  wkexe- 
as,  if  the  importation,  for  bone 
consumption,  of  oats  and  oatmetl, 
and  of  rye,  pease,  and  beans,  be 
not  immediately  permitted,  that 
is  great  cause  to  fear  that  nmd 
distress  may  ensue  to  all  dasses  of 
his  mmesty's  subjects : 

And  whereas,  under  the  acts 
aforesaid,  no  foreign  grain  of  tbe 
above  description,  whatever  vaj 
be  the  respective  average  prices  d 
the  same,  can  be  admitted  toentij, 
for  home  consumption,  till  after 
the  fifteenth  day  of  November,  in 
the  present  year,  when  the  next 
quarterly  average,  by  which  the 
admission  of  such  grain  is  reco- 
lated,  will  be  made  up,  according 
to  the  provisions  of  the  said  acts: 
His  majesty,  with  the  advice  of 
his  privy  council,  doth  order,  an^ 
it  is  hereby  accordingly  ordered, 
that  foreign  oats  and  oatmeal,  rjt, 
pease,  and  beans,  whether  ware^ 
housed  or  otherwise,  shall,  oi 
may,  from  the  date  hereof,  be  per* 
mitted  to  be  entered  in  the  ports 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  ani  of 
the  Isle  of  Man,  for  home  cod- 
sumption,  provided  the  paitiei 
making  entry  of  any  sudi  foreign 
oats,  oatmeal,  rye,  pease,  or  beans, 
do  give  bond,  with  sufficient  sore- 
ties,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  oooh 
missionersof  his  majesty's  cqiMb^ 


SEPT.] 


CHRONICLE. 


133 


for  the  pajmeni  of  any  duties^  not 
fTw^M^g  in  amount  the  duties 
hereinafter  mentioned^  in  case  par- 
liament shall  authorise  the  levy 
sad  receipt  thereof;  that  is  to 
say:— 

Oats,  per  auarter,  2s.  Oat- 
meal, per  boll,  2».  2d.  Rye, 
pesse,  and  beans,  per  quarter, 
Ss,6d. 

And  his  majesty,  by  and  with 
tbeadyioe  aforesaid,  doth  hereby 
farther  order,  and  it  is  accordingly 
ordered,  that  such  permission  to 
enter  oats  and  oatmeal,  rye,  pease, 
sod  beans,  for  home  consumption, 
on  Uie  conditions  aforesaid,  shall 
continue  in  force  from  the  date 
Hereof,  until  the  expiration  of  forty 
days,  to  be  reckoned  from  the  day 
of  the  next  meeting  of  parliament, 
unless  the  parliament  shall  pre- 
viously to  the  expiration  of  the 
said  fiyrty  days  make  provision  to 
the  contrary: 

And  the  right  honourable  the 
lords  commissioners  of  his  majesty's 
treasury  are  to  give  the  necessary 
directions  herein  accordingly. 

C.  C.  Gbeville. 

2.  The  Bells  op  Yobk  Min- 

STSB  AND  OF  BoW-ChURCH,  LON- 
DON.— Owing  to  the  fears  which 
are  entertained  for  the  steeple  of 
Bow-church,  the  famous  peal  of 
**Bow  bells"  is,  for  the  present, 
olenced.  It  has  been  asserted  that 
those  bells  "  contain  individually  a 
greater  weight  of  metal  than  any 
peal  in  En^and."  This  is  not  the 
fact;  for  the  peal  at  York  Min- 
ster is  heavier,  as  will  be  seen 
&Qm  the  following  statement  :^- 

York  Mioster.  Bovr-Chorch. 

Cwi.  cr9,tt>*.  Cwi.qrt.lbt, 

TreUe  8  3    7. .••••..  8  3    7 

3....    9  1    5 9  0    2 

3....  10  1  22 10  1  14 

4-..    12  2  21 12  0    7 

5....  13  2    2 13  0  23 

6....   16  0    4 17  0  11 

7.,..  iX  0^93m.«^«.«^  9  99 


8....  26    0  13.. 24    8    6 

9....  33    2  16 34    2    6 

Tenor  53    0  25 53    0  22 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  whilst 
the  trebles  weigh  the  same  in  both 
peals,  and  in  Nos.  6  and  9  Bow 
bells  are  the  heaviest,  all  the  others 
in  York  Minster  contain  more 
metal.  The  tenors  of  both  are  in 
the  key  of  C. ;  and  both  peals  were 
cast  at  the  same  foimdry  in  Lon- 
don ;  Bow  bells,  in  1762,  and  those 
of  York  Minster,  in  1765. 

3.   COBONATION  OF  THE  EliPE- 

ROR  Nicholas. — The  ceremony 
of  the  imperial  coronation  took 
place  in  Moscow,  this  day.  The 
time  originally  fixed  was  last 
June,  but  the  death  of  the  late 
empress  caused  it  to  be  postponed  ; 
and,  subsequently,  it  was  further 
postponed;  first,  on  account  of  a 
long  fast,  observed  in  the  Greek 
church,  which  did  not  end  till  the 
15th  Au^st,  and,  secondly,  in 
consideration  of  the  delicate  state 
of  health  of  the  young  empress. 
The  latter  circumstance  was  also 
the  cause  of  the  ceremony  being 
considerably  shortened ;  for  it  com- 
menced at  ten  in  the  morning,  and 
was  finished  by  half-past  twelve. 
That  part  of  Uie  Kremlin  where 
the  procession  passed  was  entirely 
closed,  and  a  scaffolding  erected, 
the  seats  on  which  were  let  out  at 
from  twenty-five  to  seventy-five 
rubles.  The  ancient  cathedral, 
which  is  very  small,  could  not 
contain,  at  the  utmost,  above  five 
hundred  spectators,  and  of  these 
scarcely  one-foiurth  were  accom- 
modated  with  seats.  On  a  raised 
platform,  in  the  centre  of  the 
church,  were  three  thrones,  one  of 
which  was  placed  at  some  distance 
from  the  other  two,  and  was  occu- 
pied by  the  emnress^mother,  who 
arrived  first.     The  emperor  and 

f mpw8  9«m^  ibQut  ^t  q'qIoA. 


Id4 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


Dtt& 


in  the  morninff,  in  a  Drocesaon 
composed  of  the  generau  of  the 
army,  the  representatives  of  the 
Bobuity  fhnn  the  di^rent  ffovem- 
mcaU,  and  the  merchants  m  Mos* 
cow*  The  grand  duke  Midiael 
aansted  in  i^utting  on  the  empe- 
iw't  robes,  whk3i  mi  ihb  eom* 
meno6iaent  oi  the  (seMnony ;  and 
the  grand  dubs  GmbtEmtiiie  held 
his  sword,  whilst  he  tdok  the  sa- 
crament. When  the  emperor' had 
placed  the  crown  upon  nis  head, 
he  embraced  the  empreM-niother 
and  the  grand  duke  Constantine, 
in  die  most  affbctionate  nttnner. 
The  empress  wore  a  smaller  crown, 
after  the  eniperer  liad  for  a  mo- 
ment placed'  his  on  her  head.  The 
ceremony  was  over  by  half-past 
twelve  o'clock;  when  discharges 
of  artillery  announced  the  comple- 
taon  of  the  ceremony  to  the  multi- 
tudes, who  were  assembled  with- 
out, and,  on  their  return,  the  em- 
peror and  empress  were  greeted 
with  loud  and  enthusiastic  accla- 
mations. At  two  o'clock  the  great 
banqueting-room  was  thrown  open, 
where  a  table  with  three  covers 
was  prepared,  under  a  canopy,  for 
the  emperor  and  the  two  em- 
I^^sses.  A  long  table  was  occu* 
pied  by  the  lames  of  the  court. 
The  grand  dukes  Constantine  and 
Michael  remained  standing.  The 
grand  duchess  Helena,  the  empe- 
ror's three  eldest  children,  and  the 
prince  of  Prussia,  viewed  the  ban- 
quet from  a  bslcony  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  room ;  the  clergy  aione 
partaking  of  a  repast  during  the 
iiiipetid  dhiner.  By  much  the 
most  striking  J>att  of  the  whole 
seene  was  the  presence  of  the 
Mchduke  Constantihe,  the  elder 
brother,  who  hsis  renounced  his 
Wrth-right,  and  acted  as  an  at- 
tendant, bestowing,  instead  of  re- 
«Wag,  liom^e.    He  ^^Ikcdon 


the  ridit  hand  of  die  empetw; 
the  other  brother,  the  ansdoke 
Michael,  beinff  on  his  left,  and 
both  of  tliem  oeing  a  few  feet  in 
advance  of  the  canopy,  wliidi  wia 
borne  over  the  empmr^s  head  hf 
his  chamberlains.  The  crown  was 
entirely  composed  of  ^awwi^ 
None  of  the  ambassadors  jou]^  hi 
the  procession,  but  all  of  ibem 
were  present  in  the  diurdu  The 
duke  of  Devonshire  was  there,  ac- 
companied by  lord  Morpeth^  lord 
W.  Russell,  Mr.  Grosvencn',  Mr. 
Cavendish,  Mr.  Townshend^  and 
sir  Alexander  Mallet.  Several 
other  English  gentlemen  were  out- 
side the  church  as  spectators.  Tlie 
day  was  exceediogly  fine,  and 
thing  whatever  occurred  to  lei 
in  the  slightest  degree,  the  genesil 
joy.  In  the  evening  a  genenl 
iUumination  took  pb^,  and  the 
towers  and  walls  of  the  Kraoifin 
were  wholly  covered  with  lamps, 
so  that  all  their  fbnns  and  an^es 
were  distinctly  seen  at  an  immense 
distance,  and  the  prodigious  Uaae 
of  light  which  played  aroand  the 
domes  tind  minarets,  seemed  to  be 
a  realisation  of  the  deHghtAd 
imaginihgs,  the  Visionary  deso^ 
tions,  of  thb  tales  in  the  Arabisi 
Nights. 

5.     TtTMtJLTS     IN     DtJBI-TK.— 

Thomas  Doyle,  GeOrge  Saunden^ 
John  Diggan,  William  Moore,  and 
Lawrence  Lawlor,  were  hrooAx 
before  major  Sirr,  charged  xnA. 
assembling  in  a  riotous  manner  oa 
the  preceding  evening,  and  felo- 
niously carrying  off  a  qmntiiy 
of  bacon  and  bread  from  aeveni 
huckster's  shops.  By  the  state- 
ments made  before  the  >Bii^ 
trate,  it  appeared,  that,  Shout  me 
o'clock  in  the  evening,  a  bo^  of 
upwards  of  100  weavers  sssemWd 
in  Kevin-street,  and  from  Ihcttce 
proceeded   io   K^vinVpatti    sd 


rEFT.2  CHRONICLE.  13^ 

;beir   wjblj  through   Eevin-«treet^  the  house  of  Mr.  Dentpsey>  a  W 
;bey    stoj^ied  at  the  Aop   of  a  ker,  where  they  demanded  hread^ 
luckster  of  the  name  of  Kelly^  whidi  was  j^yen  to  them ;  thcf 
Prom  inrbich  they  took  ahout  ten  then  went  on  to  the  shop  of  Mr. 
shillings^  worth   of  hread ;   they  Manders^  w^re  th^  made  a  slmi- 
tben    went  to  the   ^op  of  Mr.  lar  demand,  which  was  conq)1ied 
Moore^      huckster,     Kevin's-port.  with.     The  par^  next  proceeded 
Moore  "was  ahsent  at  the  time,  hut  in  the  direction  of  Bow-bridge,  and 
his  'wife^  who  was  in  a  had  state  of  on  their  way  they  met  a  bsJrer^s 
healthy  armed  herself  with  a  large  boy  with  a  bisket  of  bread,  whidi 
kzufe^    for    the    defence    of    her  they    seized    upon    and    divided 
busband'a  property,  and  she  was  among  them ;  but,  on  the  appear- 
able,  for  a  short  time,  to  prevent  anee  of  a  party  of  poUce,  fVon^ 
the   assailants  from  entering  the  Airan-quay division, they  di^ersed, 
shop,     Thev  at  last  succeeded  in  without  committing  liuther  out- 
forcing  the  knife  from  her,  when  rage.     About  the   same   time  a 
the  poor  woman  was  dragged  out  small  party,  fifteen  or  twenty  in 
into  the  street^  and  knocked  down,  number,  stopped  a  basket  of  bread 
The  mob  then  carried  off  a  quantity  in  Kevin's-port,  which  they  knock- 
of  bacon  and  hams  irom  the  shop,  ed  off  the   head  of  the  man  who 
to  the  amount  of  lOZ.  or  12/.^  and  carried  it,  and  seized  some  small 
"went  on  to  Charlotte-street,  whi-  loaves.     The  man,  with  the  as- 
ther  they  were  followed  by  Mr.  sistance  of  Mr.  Meade,  of  Cu&- 
Sanford^  a  grocer,  and  some  other  street,  took  two  of  the  ps^rty  into 
of  the  householders  of  the  neighs  .  custody ;  their  names  are  Thomas 
bourhood.      In    Charlotte-street^  Mahon,  and  Brian  Kieman,  wea- 
tliey  entered  the  shop  of  Mr.  Law-  vers ;  they  were  brought  up  be- 
lor,   huckstei^   from  which   they  fore  alderman  Flemming,  at  CoU 
took  a  side  of  bacon ;  other  shops  lege-street  office,  when  they  were 
in  the  neighbouihood  were  next  both  committed  for  trial.     Th^ 
visited  in  their  progress  towards  denied    the   offence   with  » which 
the  canal  basin,  from  which  spot  they  were  charged,  and  said  they 
ihey  went  off  in  the  direction  of  were  on  their  way  to  their  work 
IJew-street.     In  the  mean  time,  at  Leeson-street,  when  they  saw 
Mr.  Bell,  commanding  the  luM'se.  the  mob  coming^  up  Kevin-street, 
police  in   Kevin-street   barracks,  but  they  never  joined  it*  Through- 
had  pron^tly  assembled  his  men,  out  the  day  a  number  of  weavers 
and  sending  them  out  in  different  were  assembled  in  front  of  the 
directions,      they     succeeded     in  Exchange,  and  in  different  part# 
making  the  fore-mentioned  prison-  of  the  Liberty ;  in  the  afternoon 
ers  in  New-£-:reet.     Some  of  the  some  of  them  attempted  to  seize 
bacon,  which  Doyle  and  Lawlor  a  basket  of  bread  from  a  baker's 
were  aeen  to  throw  from  them,  man,  in  Camden-street;  but  wero 
was  found.     It    was    stated    by  prevented, 
several  witnesses,  that  Doyle  head-  9-  Explosion    op    Gab.  —  A 
ed  the  party,  and  seemed  to  direct  coroner's  inquest  was  held  befbce 
all  th^ir   proceedings.     Between  T.  Shelton,  esq.  on  the  body  of  Jf 
seven  and  eight  o'clock  this  mom-  Harrison,  who  was  killed  V^^? 
tag,  a  number  of  men  assembled  in  exjdoaon  that  took  place  at  ttj 
JimesWrcct,  and  jpro^eded  to  CpWg  theaixe  cn^  Fridt^v  ^ 


136 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


[lfi»6. 


G.  B.  Davidge^  the  proprietor^ 
deposed,  that,  on  Friday  morning, 
about  twelve  o'clock,  he  was  on 
the  stage,  when  he  heard  a  noise 
at  the  back  of  the  theatre.  He 
immediately  ran  under  the  stage 
to  the  gasometer,  when  he  was 
compelled  to  return,  in  consequence 
of  the  gas  which  had  escaped.  He 
afterwards  went  back,  and  found 
the  deceased  lying  on  the  top  of 
the  gasometer;  the  deceased  and 
two  other  men  had  been  employed 
in  pumping  the  water  from  the 
tank,  which  was  then  about  eigih- 
teen  inches  deep.  The  gasometer, 
which  was  in  the  centre  of  the 
tank,  appeared  to  have  been  blown 
up  to  the  ceiling,  and  the  deceased 
to  have  been  jammed  between  that 
and  the  gasometer,  which  after* 
wards  rebounded  nearly  to  its  for- 
mer position,  falling  on  one  of  the 
other  men.  The  gasometer  had 
not  been  used  for  upwards  of  two 
years,  and  the  water  had  been  suf- 
fered to  remain  in  the  tank  ever 
since,  which  caused  a  quantity  of 
foul  air  to  accumulate.  The  acci- 
dent was  occasioned  by  one  of  the 
men  incautiously  approaching  the 
tank  with  a  lighted  candle  in  his 
hand,  by  which  the  foul  air  ignited, 
and  the  explosion  took  place  in- 
stantaneously. 

William  Webb  expired,  in  con- 
sequence of  injuries  sustained  on 
the  same  occasion. 

The  jury  returned  a  verdict  of 
Accidental  Death. 

9.  Murder.  — •  Carlisle. — Yes- 
terday afternoon  a  woman  named 
Mary  Brown,  was  murdered  in  a 
field  at  St.  Nicholas,  outside  the 
southern  suburb  of  the  city. 

Brown  was  a  woman  of  ]oo8e 
character,  who  for  some  time  past 
lived  separate  from  her  husband, 
and  had  indulffed  in  an  improper 
i^tnfQWp  ^^ifi^  Qn^   Tinnetef ^ 


On  Wednesday,  Tixmtlsf 
duced  her  to  accompany  liim  into 
the  field  spoken  of,  where  he  in- 
flicted several  mortal  wounds  upca 
her  head  with  a  hammer.  The 
poor  woman  fell  under  ^e  Uowi^ 
apparently  dead;  and  Tinxieky 
stood  over  her,  with  an  intentioa 
of  biuying  the  body ;  but  she  at 
this  moment  opened  her  ejeif 
and  looked  upon  him  so  v^irDacb- 
ingly,  that  he  shrunk  fi:am  hk 
purpose,  and  quitted  the  field, 
lie  then  went  fourteen  or  fifteea 
miles  into  Scotland ;  but,  stung  by 
conscience,  retiuned,  and,  on  Tbms- 
day  afternoon,  repaired  to  the  spot 
where  he  had  left  his  victim,  and 
was  horror-struck  at  fintliTig  her 
still  living.  He  hastily  retired, 
and  went  to  the  houses  at  scone  cf 
his  acquaintances,  to  whom  he 
confessed  the  deed  that  he  had 
done.  The  woman  was  removed 
to  her  former  lod^ng,  where  Ae 
died'  the  next  mommg  at  three 
o'clock.  Tinneley  was  taken  into 
custody.  Before  the  inquest  Mn. 
Irving,  at  whose  house  it  was 
held,  stated  as  follows. 

Ann  Irving. — ^The  man  mho  is 
now  in  custody,  came  into  m  jhoase 
about  four  o'clock  yesterday  after- 
noon, and  asked  me,  if  I  had  heard 
of  the  woman  that  was  murdeied 
in  Botchergate.  I  said  no.  He 
then  said,  there  was  one  murdered, 
and  he  was  the  man  who  did  it; 
adding  he  had  been  fourteen  miles 
into  Scotland,  and  had  oome  back 
to  give  himself  up.  I  inquired 
who  the  murdered  woman  was» 
where  she  lived,  and  what  was  her 
name;  he  said,  they  called  ha 
Brown,  and  that  she  was  a  bad 
woman.  The  man  then  said  no- 
thing more,  but  got  up  and  went 
out  towards  the  old  workhooie. 
I  thought  he  was  deranged*  thovgh 

tin  was  ^uita  wlffi^m  im$ff^ 


SEPT.] 


CHRONICLE. 


137 


peanmce.     He  took  out  a  hand- 
kerchief and  began  to  cry. 

Ruth  Williamson — I  live  under 
the  lodfings  of  the  deceased.  I 
heard  that  the  prisoner  and  the 
deceased  had  gone  off  together ; 
and  when  I  saw  him  on  Thursday^ 
I  asked  him>  if  he  had  returned. 
He  said,  "  Returned  !  Where 
have  I  been  ?"  The  prisoner  had 
▼inted  the  deceased  for  six  or  eight 
weeks  occasionally.  I  saw  the 
prisoner  when  he  came  in  yester- 
day, about  ten  minutes  past  four  : 
he  said  "where's  Mary  Brown; 
have  you  heard  any  thing  of  her  ?" 
I  said,  ''  I  have  heard  nothing : 
where  is  she?"  He  then  said, 
"  I've  killed  her ;  I've  hammered 
her  brains  out."  I  fainted  from 
fear;  but  as  soon  as  I  recovered 
my  strength,  I  left  the  house  and 
hijn  sitting  in  it.  When  I  was 
running  out  of  the  room,  he  order- 
ed me  to  stop,  and  said  he  would 
take  me  to  the  place  where  the 
deceased  was.  I  ran  into  a  house, 
in  which  there  was  a  young  man, 
named  Story,  whom  I  requested  to 
go  into  my  room,  as  there  was  a 
man  there,  who  had  murdered  Mary 
Brown.  I  then  gave  information 
to  other  persons  in  a  weaving  shop, 
when  one  of  them,  named  Edward 
M'Bride,  went  to  our  house,  lock- 
ed the  door,  and  found  the  prisoner 
in  Richard  Story's  house.  I  ac- 
companied the  prisoner  and  a 
crowd  of  people  to  the  spot  where 
the  deceased  was  lying,  which  was 
in  a  field  near  Botchergate.  I 
knew  the  deceased;  she  was  not 
entirely  dead,  but  in  a  dying  state: 
she  was  breathing. 

Other  witnesses  corroborated 
this  testimony ;  and  the  jury  re- 
turned a  verdict  of  Wilful  Murder 
Against  Tinneley. 

12.  SOIBNTIPIC  DiscorBRT.— 

Pr«  Fu^  i^t  M(uivi<^4  of  tl^^ 


Academy  of  Sciences,  has  just  dis« 
covered  a  method  of  rendering 
wood  incombustible,  and  has  prov^ 
the  efficaciousness  of  it  by  experi- 
ment. He  has  combined  caustic 
alcali  in  solution  with  a  certain 
earthy  substance,  washed  and  sift- 
ed, and  applied  on  the  wood,  which 
it  renders  imperviable  to  water, 
and  to  all  kinds  of  humidity.  The 
Architectural  Committee,  of  the 
theatre  royal,  at  Munich,  has  made 
trial  of  this  method  on  two  small 
buildings,  one  of  which  was  pre- 
pared according  to  Dr.  Fuchs' 
plan,  the  other  not.  Fire  having 
been  lighted  in  both  these  build- 
ings, the  one  was  burnt,  the  other 
received  no  injury.  The  expense 
of  the  application  is  only  two 
francs  for  100  feet,  or  two  cen- 
times per  foot. 

The  Jury  System  in  France. 
-^It  is  known  that  unanimity  is  not 
essential  to  a  legal  verdict  in 
France :  the  following  verdict  and 
sentence  lately  delivered  at  the 
Assize  court  of  Paris,  will  shew 
the  weight  of  authority  which  at- 
taches to  the  majority  of  the  jury : 
— ^Verdict—"  Guilty,  by  a  ma- 
jority of  seven  voices  over  five,  of 
having,  on  the  30th  November 
last,  as  ^ent  of  police,  committed 
an  act  ofarbitrary  power  and  im- 
prisonment against  the  accuser 
Comille."  Sentence— "  The  court, 
adopting  the  opinion  of  the  min- 
ority of  the  jury,,  acquitted  the 
accused,  and  condemned  the  pro- 
secutor, M.  Comille,  to  pay  the 
costs  of  the  suit  to  the  state,  mak- 
ing his  person  liable  for  the  same" ! 

13.  Funeral  OP  Lord  GipPORD. 
— The  remains  of  this  nobleman 
were  yesterday  deposited  in  a  vault 
in  the  Rolls  chapel.  Chancery-lane. 
The  great  gates  leading  from 
Chancery-lane  into  the  RolJs-court| 
w^  do^  eady  lA  ih^  mprop^ 


138  ANNUAL   REGISTER.  Qn^ 

and  a  p^ty  cyf  the  polioe  stationed  Terrible^  of  74  guns,  Ijinz  date  tt 

there  to  present  any  annoyance  the  Dock-yaH  walL     iSs  father, 

from  the  crowds  collected  outside.  Gibson  by  name,  on  seeing  the  ao- 

Soon  after  eteren  o'clock  the  judges  cident,  jumped    overhaard    after 

of  the  di£fereht  law  courta  began  him ;   and,  placing  the  child  on 

to  arrive,  and  at  one  o'clock,  the  his  bad;;,  was  swimmiyig  towards 

door  of  the  official  residence  of  the  a  boat,  within  a  few  yar£  of  tbem, 

deceased    nobleman    was  thrown  the  boy's  arms  being   round  his 

open,  and  the  procession  began  to  father's  neck ;  but  by  some  imfbr- 

move   forward  in  the  following  tunate  circumstance,  the  boy  ^ 

order :— *  .  from  off  the  father's  back,  and  his 

Two  Mute8.-^A  plume  of  feathers,  body  came  round  to  the  parent*! 

The  rev.  Mr.  £rskine,  with  m,  front,  the  child  still  dinnng  round 

open  prayer-book  in  his  hand.  the  feither's  neck,  by  i^c^  poB* 

THE  COFFIN,  tion  it  is  supposed  the  m^n  could 

which  was  of  black  cloth,    and  not  use  his  arms  to  support  hiai!* 

studded  with  nails  of  the  same  self  and  his  child  in  the  wava^ 

colour.    The  pall  covering  it  was  when  they  went  to  the  bottom  to> 

supported  by  the  following  distin-  gether,  and  never  rose  ^ain.    This 

guished  law  officers.     On  the  one  was  the  third  time  Cnbson    had 

ade^the  lord  Chancellor,  the  lord  jumped  overboard  to  save  this  reij 

chief  baron  of  Scotland,  and  sir  child. 

William  Grant.  On  the  other  14.  Sthcide. — SttUgard, — On 
-«-the  chief  j  ustices  of  the  Bench  the  9th,  a  young  man  and  ^romaa 
and  Pleas,  Mr.  lustice  Park,  and  arrived  here  by  a  coach  from  Carls- 
Mr.  justice  Grazeiee.  ruhe,  and  alighted  at  an  inn.  Thef 

The  chief  mourners  were  Mr.  passed  the  whole  of  the  next  daj 

Wm,  Giffbrd,  and  Mr.  Chas.  Gif-  here  and  at  Canstadt,  and  ordered 

ford    (his    lordship's     brothers),  the  coachman  to  be  ready  on  die 

Messrs.  Drew,  Wedgwood,  Bur-  afternoon  of  the  11th.    Thecoach* 

ford,  and  Hine.  man  having  waited  more  than  an 

Behind  these  followed,  side  by  hour,  went  up  stairs  to  ask  instruct 

side,  the  attorney-general  and  so->  tions.     To  the  questions  that  he 

licitor-general,  and  the  procession  put,  the  young  man  answered  that 

was    cu>sed    by    Messrs.    Harris,  he  might  come  in.      Ths   door, 

Murray,  Farr,  and  Haynes,  the  however,  was  bolted  on  the  inside 

clerks  of  the  Rolls.  and  barricadoed  also  with  a  chest 

On  entering  the    chapel,    the  of  drawers.     After  he  had  got  in 

coffin  was  placed  in  the  centre  of  through  another  room,  the  young 

the  middle  aisle,  and  the  ser  vice  hav-  woman  was  found  Ijring  insensihie 

ing  been  read,  it  was  deposited  in  a  on  the  bed,  bathed  in  her  Idodd — 

vault,  on  the  north-east  side  of  the  and  the  young  man  was  leaning 

altar,  immediately  above  the  cpffin  against  the  wm  of  the  apartm^ 

of  sir  William  Fortescue,  and  op-  with   blood    streaming   nom    his 

posite  to  that  of  sir  Thomas  Plu-  mouth. — They  had  attempted   (ii 

mer,  after  which  the  mourners  re-  would  appear]  to  commit  snidd^ 

turned  in  the  same  order.  and  had  put  a  number  of  hsSl  riiot 

Accident,   Shebbnbss.  —  A  into  two  small  pocket-pistols  ^iir 

Kttle  boy,  about  five  or  six  years  that  purpose. ;  but  the  chaise  was 

of  age,  fell  overboard  from  ^e  so  weak,  that  most  of  the^ot  I^- 


CHRONICLE.  139 

ained  in  the  barreL  The  vn-  ticms^  ihst  his  dijBcuIty  increased, 
itunate  pair  were  carried  to  Ae  He^  howerer,  jrained  nre  minutes 
>spital.  —  The  youn^  woman  in  die  seren  mues,  and  then^  har- 
as 80  sererely  wounded  as  haidly  ing  the  last  mile  to  eo  forward,  he 
»  be  aUe  to  ntter  'Borne  unlntel-  performed  it  in  aood  style  in  about 
zible  words,  and  she  was  con-  ten  minutes  ana  a  half;  thus  ao* 
lered  to  be  in  a  Very  dangerous  complishing  the  arduous  task  with 
ate.  The  condition  <k  the  young  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  hour  to 
an  was  more  favourable.     He    spare.^- 

as  able  to  roeak  distinctly.  The  19*  Dxath  paoH  Starva- 
eime  of  the  latter  is  M— -•    He    tioic.  —  An    inquest    was    held 

twenty-four  years  of  age ;  was  contiguous  to  the  King^s-bendi 
3m  at  L-— ,  in  the  Grand  prison,  on  John  Fitch,  a  prisoner. 
>uchy  of  Baden,  and  acted  as  Sur-  Maiy  Fitch,  his  widow,  deposed, 
son  at  the  Hospital  of  Carlsruhe.  that  the  deceased  had  formerly 
*he  young  woman*8  name  is  Caro-  been  a  master  coach-builder  in 
ne  n  ■  ■■.  The  motives  which  Apollo-buOdines,  East-lane,  Wal- 
iduced  them  to  attempt  suicide  worth ;  but,  within  the  last  eigh- 
re  not  known.  Thev  leiV  Carls-  teen  months,  had  fallen  into  dm- 
uhe  on  the  8th,  and  when  here  culties,  and,  about  twelve  months 
bey  did  not  live  in  an  economical  ago,  had  been  arrested,  and  con- 
lanner,  although,  they  had  not  fined  in  the  Kings'-bench  prison. 
lOney  sufficient  to  pay  their  bill.       The  deceased,  in  consequence  of 

Pkbestrianish.  —  Yesterday  being  "  Chum'd  out,"  was  obliged 
ireek,  Townsend,  the  pedestrian,  to  sleep  on  the  seats  in  the  diapel 
tarted  from  the  Swan,  Islington,  for  upwards  of  two  months  with 
£dgbaston,  at  twenty  minutes  past  his  clothes  on;  this  was  during  the 
ive  in  the  afternoon,  to  go  ninety  winter ;  and  after  he  got  into  a 
niles  in  twenty-fbur  successive  room,  he  was  compelled  to  sleep 
kours^  and  half  of  them  to  be  on  the  floor  for  want  of  a  bed- 
valked  backwards.  The  distance  stead.  The  deceased  was  shortly 
aeasured  was  half  a  mile  through  after  taken  ill ;  and,  by  the  advice 
he  toU  gate,  and  along  Calthorpe-  of  some  of  ihe  inmates  of  the 
treet,  on  which  he  went  to  and  King's-bench,  his  wife  got  a  peti- 
"ro.  The  weather  was  very  fa-  tion  drawn  up,  and  signed  by  se- 
rourable,  with  the  exception  of  a  veral  respectable  persons,  addre^ed 
ittle  rain  on  the  following  mom-  totheduchess  of  Bucdeugh,  having 
ng ;  and  he  kept  moving  at  the  often  heard  of  that  noble  ladyi 
iteady  pace  of  about  four  miles  an  benevolence ;  she  called  in  about 
lOur,  which,  if  continued  through-  three  weeks  aftewards,  but  her 
mt,  would  allow  him  an  hour  and  grace  was  out  of  town ;  witness 
I  half  for  rest  and  refreshment.  For  and  her  husband  were  then  without 
:helast ei^t  miles  he  had  about  two  common  necessaries.  Owing  to  the 
[lours  and  five  minutes  left ;  but  deceased's  having  caught  ODld  from 
icven  out  of  the  eight  were  to  be  want  of  a  proper  bed  to  lie  on,  he 
pei^bnned  backwaras.  His  spirits  became  so  unwell,  that  he  was 
weie  good  to  the  last.  He  never  scarcely  able  to  assist  himself, 
ftlackentd  his  pace ;  but  towards  Witness  applied  to  the  marshal, 
the  kttcr  part  of  his  task  It  was  for  the  rules,  gratis,  whidi  was  at 
rridettt,  mm  hk  apparent  exer«   fint  refused,  but,  upon  a  surgeon's 


140 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


C182& 


certificate  hems  produced,  the 
marshal  humandy  granted  them. 
When  the  deceased  obtained  the 
rules,  he  applied  to  St.  Mary's. 
Newington,  for  parodual  relief. 
The  parish  at  first  eave  half-a- 
crowh,  which  exacdy  paid  for 
their  lodging,  and  findmg  this 
sum  inadequate  to  their  support, 
the  wife  subsequentlj  applied  for 
further  relief,  when  they  granted 
an  extra  sixpence  weekly,  and  this, 
with  the  exception  of  trifles  given 
to  them,  was  all  they  had  for  their 
support.  For  upwards  of  three 
months,  she  had  not  even  tasted 
tea,  and  frequently  she  and  her 
husband  existed  upon  a  penny  loaf 
and  milk  and  water,  day  after  day, 
excepting  that  now  and  then  one 
of  the  lodgers  gave  her  a  bit  of 
meat.  Beef  had  lately  beenr  dis- 
tributed at  the  Bench,  but  the 
deceased  had  not  been  so  fortunate 
as  to  get  any.  During  the  whole 
time  witness  and  deceased  had  oc- 
cupied their  present  lodgine,  they 
had  slept  upon  the  floor,  with  only 
a  portion  of  two  old  blankets  to 
cover  them.  Witness  had  since 
received  a  shilling  per  week  from 
the  Lambeth  Chapel  Society  fund, 
in  Che3me-terrace.— Robert  King, 
landlord  of  the  house  occupied  by 
the  deceased,  deposed,  that  the 
deceased  came  to  live  with  him  on 
the  1 2  th  of  January  last,  since  which 
period  he  and  his  wife  had  been  in 
a  state  of  comparative  starvation ; 
indeed,  such  had  been  their  dis- 
tress, that^  although  the  witness 
was  only  a  journeyman  bird-cage- 
maker,  with  a  wife  and  three  chil- 
dren to  support,  he  could  not  find 
it  in  his  heart  to  press  for  payment 
of  his  rent ;  deceased  and  his  wife 
lay  upon  the  floor.  Witness  now 
and  then,  when  he  could  aflbrd  it, 

Sve  deceased  a  drop  of  broth ; 
»7  QWidhUa  ^4  w^'  x^nt  at  %i^ 


6d.  per  weeL  The  jury  returned  a 
Verdict—''  That  the  deceased  Jokn 
Fitch,  died  through  starvation*" 

Riots  and  Oui  bagbs  in  Bxtb- 
NAii  Grbbn.—  The  two  church- 
wardens of  St.  Matthew,  Bethnal- 
green,  and  the  vestry  derk,  waited 
upon  the  Secretary  oi  State  at  the 
Home-office,  where  they  were  met 
by  two  of  the  magistrates  of  Wor- 
ship-street Police-office.  The  object 
of  the  meeting  was,  to  devise  tont 
measures  to  repress  the  dreadful 
outrages  of  a  lawless  gang  of 
thieves,  consisting  of  5  or  600, 
who  have  caused  such  alarm  in  the 
minds  pf  the  inhabitants,  that  they 
have  found  it  necessary  to  sliut  up 
their  shops  at  an  early  hour,  to 
protect  their  pn^perty  from  the 
ruffians.  The  gang  rendervous  in 
a  brick  field  at  the  top  of  Spicer- 
street,  Spitalfields,  and  outposts 
are  stationed  to  give  an  ahum, 
should  any  of  the  civil  power  ap- 
proach, and  their  cry  is,  *'  War- 
hawk,"  as  a  signal  for  zetzeat 
On  the  brick-kuns  in  this  field, 
they  cook  whatever  meat  and  po- 
tatoes they  plunder  firom  the 
various  shops  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, in  the  open  day  and  in  the 
face  of  the  shopkeeper.  On  Mon- 
days, Wednesdays,  and  Fridays, 
being  market  days  (Mondaj  and 
Friday  at  Smithfield,  and  Wed- 
nesday at  Bamet),  they  sally  out 
into  the  suburbs,  and  wait  in  ais- 
bush  till  a  drove  of  beasts  passes ; 
they  then  attack  the  drovers,  and 
take  a  beast  from  the  drove  and 
convey  it  into  the  marshes  till  night ; 
when  they  hunt  it  through  the 
metropolis,  and  whilst  the  passen- 
gers and  inhabitants  are  in  the 
utmost  state  of  alarm,  they  plunder, 
and  in  many  instances  nearly  mur- 
der, every  person  whom  they  meet ; 
there  are  now  no  fewer  than  fiva 

iadlTi^uila  lying  vk  th« 


SEPT.] 


CHRONICIE. 


141 


Infinmuy,   without  hopes  of  re- 
cofaj,  that  have  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  gang.     Within  the 
kst  fortnifi^t,  upwards  of  50  per- 
sons have  been  sohbed,  and  cruelly 
beaten,  and  one  of  the  gang  was 
seen  one  day  last  week  to  produce, 
amongst  some    of   his  associates, 
nearly  half-a-hat-fuU  of  watches. 
In  consequence  of  these  outrages, 
the   right    hon.    Secretary    gave 
orders,    that   a   reinforcemeut  of 
forty  men,  most  of  them  mounted, 
should   be   stationed  in   different 
pBTts  of  the  parish,  and  that  they 
should    be    relieved   every   three 
hours,  with  instructions,  to  patrole 
the  disturbed  parts  day  and  night, 
which  is  now  the  case.  In  addition 
to  these    measures,  a  magistrate 
was  in  attendance  yesterday  (Sun- 
day) at  the  Police-office,  in  order 
to  hear  cases  against  any  of  the 
marauders,  should  they  be  brought 
before  him,  and  the  hon.  Secretary 
has  further  ordered,  that  for  the 
future    the  magistrates  shall  sit 
erery  morning  at  ten  instead  of 
eleven  o'clock.     The  Secretary  of 
State  on  Saturday  last  had  an  in- 
teniew   with  the  magistrates  of 
the  district,  respecting  the  state  of 
that  part  of  the  metropolis,  and 
anxiously  inquired  if  the  robbers 
were    dlstre^ed    weavers?       An 
answer  was  given  in  the  negative ; 
hat  that  they  were  a  set  of  idle 
and  disorderly  fellows,  who  have 
been  long  known  to  the  police  as 
leputed  uiieves. 

Explosion  at  Ostend.  — 
The  new  magazine  at  Ostend 
whidi  contained  upwards  of  1,400 
barrels  of  powder,  exploded  at  ten 
o'clock  in  the  morning.  About 
forty  persons,  chiefly  soldiers,  were 
filled ;  the  wounded  were  almost 
innumerable.  Stones  and  bricks 
^^tte  thrown  to  a  distance  of  three 
voles ;  one  Dum  in  a  boat  had  his 


head  completely  taken  oflP;  and 
another  his  arm,  at  a  mile  distant. 
A  woman,  who  was  making  her 
bed,  had  her  chamber  door  driven 
from  the  hinges  and  thrown  across 
the  bed;  the  ceilings  fell  down, 
and  the  windows  were  broken,  but 
she  escaped  without  injury,  except 
a  few  sl^ht  bruises.  A  priest  per- 
forming mass  was  knocked  down  in 
the  church,  the  windows  of  which 
were  broken,  but  no  lives  were  lost. 
Several  poor  men  fishing  near  the 
magazine  were  killed  instantly; 
and  the  captain  of  one  of  the 
barges  coming  up  with  passengers, 
was  so  alarmed  at  the  explorion, 
that  he  jumped  overboard.  Every 
house  was  partiaUy  or  altc^ther 
unroofed — locks,  bolts,  and  bars, 
literally  flew  asunder — the  win- 
dow frames  and  the  glass  were  scat- 
tered to  the  winds—the  ceilings  of 
the  Houses  in  and  near  the  quay, 
were  as  if  strained  from  the  joists 
—the  walls  yawned  from  their 
perpendiculars,  and  the  very  foun- 
dations were  shaken  to  their  centre. 
Nor  was  this  the  case  merely  at 
the  quay;  the  whole  line  of  street, 
on  the  road  to  Bruges,  exhibited 
a  still  more  melancholy  spectacle, 
inasmuch  as  the  houses  presented 
not  only  an  equally  desolate  appear- 
ance, but  their  owners  also  were 
involved  in  instantaneous  ruin. 
The  houses  on  the  quay,  some  of 
the  best  built  and  most  substantial 
in  Ostend,  were  shaken  to  their 
foundation.     In  the  house  of  Mr. 

R ,  an  eminent  banker,  the 

joists  were  wrenched  from  the 
walls  of  the  building — ^the  main 
side  wall  of  the  hall  door  entrance 
quite  removed  from  its  perpen- 
dicular— and  the  drawing-room 
tables  studded  over  with  pieces  of 
broken  window-glass,  driven  into 
the  tables  by  the  force  of  the  con- 
cussion.  Another  individual,  look«i 


Ue           ANNUAL  REGISTER.  ttm 

iof  o?er  a  tulkj  Udgar,  Imd  il    liis   travdliag   pkcub.     Ob   Us 

w&rled  from  him  into  the  street,  toilet  was  found  the   toOemmg, 

wldle  lie  hinMolf,  with  diffioult;3r,  written  on  the  beck  of  a  lettv 

kepH  on  hisleg9.    The  force  of  the  reoeived  from  hii  betrotliad  wife : 

coacuision  is  illustrated  hy  this  — '  I  cannot  surrive  tbis  dieadfol 

single  ftu^t-i-thiit  two  fishing  boetil,  event;  I  go  to  meet  my  Pneahnnr 

lying  in  fieyeral   feet   water   at  in  the  realms  of  bUiOt      Adies, 

^e  qua7i  were  absolutely  driven  adieu,  my  friends !  I  eazmoi  live 

into,  and  are  now  bedded  in,  the  without  my  adored.'    Rumour  has 

muddy  bottom.    The  wife  of  the  ascribed  this  eTcut,  first  %o  a 


idie^ralier  de  Bossay>  aooompanied  having  walked  into  the 

by  her  two  dau^ten,  were  driv-  with  nails  in  his  shoesi  imd  thet^ 

ing  in  their  cabriolet,  witMin  half  by   igniting    the   powder  «-*tli«a 

ft  mileof  thearsenal  at  the  moment  again,  to  a  man  being  allowed  la 

ol  the  expksion,  when  madame  de  smoke  a  pipe  ia  the  anetisl«  and 

Bossay  was  violently  struck  on  the  the  fire  being  communicated  is 

fight  temple  with  a  large  ^eoe  ci  that    manner**while    there   ut 

timber,  supposed  to  be  part  of  the  others  who  attribute  it  to 


ruins  of  the  powder  magasine,  and  malicious  incendiary. 
kUkdinstantaneouily.  Thenoiseof        SO.   Thb  Frsnoh 

theexplosion  set  off  the  horse,  a  fine  person  of  the  name  of  TcmqBet  hss 

^irit^  animal,  at  full  speed  down  been  condemned  by  the  Court  ef 

the  hill  of  Fermois.     Dnjupng  Correctional  Police  at   Fmaa^    is 

the  vehicle  against  a  heap  ofrul^  nine  mcmths'  imprisonment,  end  a 

bish  by  the  road  side,  the  two  fine  of  100  francs,  for  heving  peh- 

young   ladies    were    dashed    out  lished  what  he  called  the  hisiarM 

with  considerable  violence,  and  the  and  moral  portiim  of  the  Gospdi^ 

footman,  who  was  riding  behind,  without  the  miradea  or  aupenie- 

was  thrown  under  the  wheels  of  tural  occurrences  which  aficed  the 

a  diligence  passing  at  the  time,  by  evidence  of  the  Saviour's  divine 

which  he  had  both  his  legs  broken,  mission*     No  chargo  of  pervemoe 

and   was   otherwise  considerably  or  bla^emy  was  nmif^ht  agsinsf 

injured*      On  the  mademoiselles  him.      He  was  accused  only  of 

Bossay  being  taken  up,  in    the  mutilating  the  sacred  volumet,  en 

youngest  life  was  found  entirely  which  the  rdigion  <^  the  state  is 

extinct,  and  the  arm  of  the  other  grounded,  by  sapiMnessing  thet  part 

was  broken  in  two  places,  besides  of  it  which  relates  to  the  anpee- 

beingdreadfullybruised,pBrticular*  natural   events  which    fagnalfefd 

ly  about  the  head,  so  as  to  render  the  birth,  the  life,  the  death,  and 

her  recovery  extremely  doubtfuL  resurrection  of  the  author  of  Chiia* 

On  the  news  of  this  dreadful  oe-  ti^ity,  and  thus,  by  iinpliflatiiw, 

eorrenoe  reaching  the  ears  <^  a  denying  his  divine  mission.    That 

young  student,  who  had  arrived  at  the  facts  alleged  were  not  of  ^hat 

Ostend  the  evening  before,  from  negative  kind  of  which  the  peaal 

Frankfort,  and  who  was  just  oe  laws  refjase  to  take  notice,  was 

the  eve  of  leading  to  the  altat  the  proved,  it  was  said,  by  the  oiieaD* 

3rounge8t  daughter  of  this  ilirfated  stance  that  the  def<Nidisnt  publisiied 

^Buly,  he  immediately  rushedinto  his  Ixxric  as  the  complete  Gospa^ 

his  i^Martment  at  his  hotel,  and  while  it  really  omiUed  its  most 

blew  out  his  bndns  with  mw  of  important  do^nHfla  end  aernilt««^ 


SEPT.]              CHRONICLE.  148 

SI.  Wrbstliko.— ^An  intezeBt*  and  is  father  of  ten  duUren.    71i# 

ang  match  has  been  played  between  Cornish  committee^   in  token  of 

the  Cornish  and  Devonshire  men  their  approbation  of  his  conduct, 

in    London,    which  was  decided  have  made  up  his  priM  equal  to 

At  the  Eagle  tavern.  City-road,  that  won  by  Cann. 

The  Devoni^iire  men  won  the  first  22.  Stonb  PuLPiT.<^The  Bev* 

pMe,^hY  brin^g  up  Abraham  P.  Proudfoot,  minister  of  Airochar, 

Cann,  their  champion;  the  Cornish^  has  occasionally,  in  the  summer 

men  won  the  second,  third,  and  season,  preached  at  the  head  of  his 

fourth  prises,  and  made  a  ^od  parish,  for  the  benefit  of  those 

druggie     against    Cann.       The  whose  great  distance  from  churx^ 

vn^iers  on  the  Cornish  side  were  rendered  ^eir  attendance  very  he* 


living  in  London ;  and,  regular.     On  the.  days,  boweverv 

but  for  the  bringpuig  up  of  Cann,  fixed  for  this  purpose,  the  weather 

tlie  very  best  man  to  be  found  in  often  proved  unfavourable ;  and 

Devonshire,  they  must  have  won  though  no  complaint  was,  tm  this 

th/^  three  first  jHrises.     Warren,  account,  ever  made  by  the  preacb- 

llie  Comishman,  who  ccmtended  er,  he  being  uniformly  willing, 

-mith  Cann  for  the  first  prixe,  is  a  along  with  his  pec^Ie,  to  suit  Mm* 

soiner,  and  was  a  passenger  bound  self  to  circumstances,  the  parish«i 

for  South  America,  on  board  the  ioners  chieflv  concerned  were  eveiy 

brig  which  saved  so  many  of  the  now  and  tnen  speculating  about 

4srew  and  passengers  of  the  Kent  the    possibility    of  converting  a 

Indiaman,  when  oa  fire  in  the  Bay  large  rock,  in  the  neighbourhood 

of  Biscay.    When  the  sailors,  who  of  which  they  were  wont  to  as^ 

arrived  in  the  ^t  boat  from  the  semble,  into  a  land  of  tent  or  pul« 

Kent,  refused  to  return  on  account  pit,  under  the  covering  of  which 

tji  the  weedier,  he  seized  the  prin^-  the  minister  would  be  able  to  ad« 

cipal  of  diem  witb  a  lion's  erasp,  dreas  them  with  increased  comfort, 

andtoid  him  either  to  go  Imu£  into  A  subscription  was  aoeordingly  set 

tbe  boat  ot  into  the  sea ;  the  sailor  on  foot,  in  which  most,  if  not  all, 

finding  resistance  vain,  pr^erred  of  the  parishioo^:s  cordially  came 

tbe  fonyier,  and  re-entered  the  boat  forward,  according  to  their  ability, 

wkk  the  whole  of  its  crew,  by  The  work,  thou^  attended  with 

which  means  upwards  of  150  souls  ccmsidecable  trouble  and  ejcpense, 

were  saved.     Nor  was  this  all ;  he  has  at   last   been    finished,   and, 

aft^wards  placed  himself  in  the  on  Sunday   last,    Mr.   Proudfoot 

main  diains,  at  the  imminent  peril  was  requested  to  preach,  for  the 

of  his  li&^  and  by  the  muscular  first  time,  from  Clach  au  TauUi, 

atiength  of  his  arm,  when  tackle  or  the  Bull  Rock,  converted  into  a 

eould  not  be  used,  lifted  into  the  pulpit.     The  rock  is  situated  on 

brig  children    and    women,   half  the  west  side  of  Loch  Lomond, 

dead  with  fear,  and  incapable  of  any  about  7^  miles  above  Tarbet,  and 

exertion,  one  cd  whom  was  major  about  9  niiles  distant  from  Ar- 

M'Gregor^s  wife,  for  which  he  re-  rochar.     Towards  the  back  of  it, 

oeived  the  thanks  a£  the  £Eunily,  westward,  rocks  are  piled  above 

stfid  a  present  of  1501.     He  is  a  rocks,  ''like  fragments  of  a  former 

v^ryprmainent-featuredman,  about  world"  for  nearly  a  mile  upward, 

five  feet  nine  or  ten  inches  high.  On  the  north,  tbe  beautiful  green 

v«rypewerfQljand40yeiisarage,  hills  of  Gienfiillodi  teiaBinate  the 


144 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


tifttf. 


view*  Looking  to  tbe  east>  the 
front  of  the  pulpit^  there  is  a  small 
plot  of  green;  then  the  public 
road;  a  few  yards  further^  Loch 
Lomond^  about  a  mile  broad^  with 
a  fine  rocky  and  wooded  bank;  and 
on  the  cmposite  side^  a  splendid 
green  hill^  rising  almost  a  mile 
perpendicular  from  the  Loch. 

23.  A  Modern  Robinson 
Crusoe.— -The  Thetis  transport, 
which  arrived  a  few  days  ago  from 
the  Pacific  Ocean^  had  occasion  to 
touch  at  the  island  of  Mocho,  for 
water,  the  only  inhabitant  on  which 
was  an  English  seaman,  of  the 
name  of  Joseph  Richardson,  a  na- 
tive of  Aldington,  near  Ashford, 
in  Kent,  who  had  made  choice  of 
that  solitary  houseless  spot,  up- 
wards of  tluree  years  ago,  for  a  re- 
adence,  when  he  was  landed,  at 
his  own  urgent  desire,  from  the 
Patriot  ship  of  war,  commanded  by 
captain  Robertson.  The  island  is 
about  sixty  miles  in  circumference, 
and  about  sixty  miles  from  the  coast 
of  Chili,  in  lat  39*  S.  It  is  very 
keldom  vimted  by  ships,  as  it  does 
not  afford  suppHes  of  wood.  It  is 
remarkably  fertile,  and  abounds 
with  hogs  and  horses.  Richardson 
has  cultivated  two  gardens,  on  the 
vegetable  produce  of  which,  with 
pork,  young  horse-flesh,  and  wild 
pigeons,  he  lives.  He  hunts  the 
former  animals  with  dogs,  a  fine 
breed  of  which  he  has  broken  in  ; 
the  pigeons  are  so  numerous,  that 
he  has  little  difficulty  in  obtaining 
them,  as  well  as  oljier  kinds  of 
birds,  though  the  only  fire-arms  he 
possesses  is  an  old  musket,  with  a 
broken  lock,  which  he  discharges 
by  means  of  a  matclt ;  but  by  patient 
watching  under  the  trees,  he  con- 
trives, with  such  defective  means, 
to  vary  his  diet  as  often  as  he 
wishes.  About  nine  months  since, 
the  Indians,  hearing  of  his  desolate 


situation,  though  not  at  all  di^pond 
to  join  in  community,  landed  two 
of  their  native  giris  on  the  idani 
Richardson  instantly  made  diaioe 
of  one  of  them  as  his  consort,  mi 
proclaimed  her  queen  of  the  idand, 
and  the  other  he  caUs  Ins  oook. 
The  distinction  between  these  tvo 
individuals  was  quite  perceptible 
on  the  present  visit.  Riduudson 
having  no  means  of  amusement 
beside  the  necessary  employment 
of  obtaining  subsistence,  at  bis  own 
request,  lieutenant  Hof^ins  sup- 
plied him  with  a  Bible  and  pnjer 
book.  Lieutenant  H.  ofioed  to 
take  him  off  the  island,  but  he  n* 
fused  to  leave  it,  declaring  his  d^ 
termination  of  passing  his  fife  in 
his  own  government.  He  bid 
commenced  erecting  a  fort,  to  piD- 
tect  himself  from  the  Induoi. 
There  was  no  present  appeannoe 
of  any  increase  of  his  subjects. 

St.  Petersburgh.— The  em- 
peror Nicolas  has  bestowed  a 
additional  annual  grant  of  5,000 
rubles  to  the  Society  for  the  Es- 
couracement  of  Artists,  tboi 
doublmg  the  funds  assigned  it  bj 
his  predecessor.  This  mstitutkiD. 
which  has  now  existed  some  yeiii> 
sends  pupils  to  Italy  at  its  own 
expense;  and  facilitates  to  artisti 
the  means  of  dispoang  of  tbdr 
productions.  It  has  lately  apead 
a  gallery  for  the  exhibitioa  of 
works  of  art,  which  has  attnded 
the  attention  of  the  public  yerj 
considerably;  and  nearly  all  die 
principal  paintings  have  found  pa> 
chasers. 

Steam-Navigation  in  Isdu* 
—A  society  has  been  fonned  Jt 
Singapore  for  the  establishment  of 
a  direct  intercourse  between  tbe 
various  ports  of  the  Indian  «m, 
by  means  of  steam-vessels.  For 
this  purpose,  one  is  to  be  buiit  lod 
fitted  out  in  England,  wUdi  wiQ 


OCT.] 


CHRONICLE. 


145 


mH  to  BateTia,  Malacca^  Penang, 
flidCaleatta;  and^  in  ^e  course 
of  time,  this  communication  will 
extend  to  Rangoon  and  Madras. 
It  it  expected  that  the  passage  from 
Sngapore  to  Calcutta,  which  at 
present  occupies  about  five  weeks^ 
may  be  accomplished  in  eight  days. 
The  author  of  the  project  is  Mr. 
Morris,  who  has  already  procured 
to  be  constructed  for  the  Dutch 
gofemment,  a  steam-boat  intended 
to  make  crui^  against  the  pirates 
on  the  coast  of  Java. 


OCTOBER. 

1.  Royal  Librabt,  British 
MuBBUic — The  building,  lately 
elected  in  the  garden  of  the  Bri« 
t^i  Museum,  for  the  reception 
of  the  library  presented  by  his 
majesty,  is  nearly  in  a  fimshed 
state.  The  west  front  is  faced  with 
stone,  and  is  ornamented  in  the 
centre  with  four  half  columns  of 
the  Ionic  order,  fluted,  and  two 
vatm,  which  support  a  pediment. 
The  entablature  of  the  order  is 
continued  along  the  whole  front. 
The  entrance  is  at  the  end  of  Mon- 
tagac-place.  The  first  apartment 
on  the  rig^t  is  of  very  great  length, 
otending  to  the  projection  in  the 
centre  of  the  building  into  which 
it  leads.  That  part  of  the  room, 
which  is  the  centre  division  of  the 
exterior  of  the  building,  is  orna- 
mented on  each  side  with  two  su- 
perb Corinthian  columns  of  mar- 
ble, very  highly  polished.  The 
adjoLning  room  is  nearly  equal  in 
dimensions  to  the  first,  beyond 
which  there  are  two  other  rooms. 
The  whole  of  this  noble  suite  of 
apartments,  which  are  very  lofty, 
are  of  an  equal  height,  and  deco- 
rated with  an  enriched  cornice, 
Bne,  &c    The  ceilisgs  fure  of  a 

VoIhLXVIII- 


magnificent  description^  and  richly 
ornamented.  The  frame  work, 
which  supports  the  ceiling,  is  en«< 
tirely  of  iron,  which  renders  the 
building  fire-proof;  very  strong 
iron  girders  are  placed  at  intervals 
across  the  walls  to  support  the 
work.  The  rooms  are  lighted  by 
a  row  of  windows  on  both  sides, 
of  equal  dimensions,  and  extend 
the  whole  length  of  the  building. 
The  party  wa&,  which  divide  the 
apartments,  are  decorated  at  the 
angles  with  double-faced  pilasters 
of  highly  polished  marble.  Abroad 
stone  staircase  in  the  entrance-hall, 
leads  to  a  corresponding  suite  of 
rooms  above  of  the  same  extent  as 
those  beneath,  though  much  lower ; 
the  ceilings  are  ornamented  in  a 
very  chaste  style,  and  light  is  ad- 
mitted into  these  rooms  by  sky« 
lights  in  the  roof,  llie  roof, 
which  is  principally  of  cast  iron,  is 
covered  with  copper,  and  has  so 
slight  a  rise,  that  it  is  not  seen 
from  the  ground. 

Navigable  Communication 
betwbbn  thb  atlantic  and 
Pacific  Oceans. — ^A  contract  was 
concluded,  on>the  17th  June  last, 
between  the  Federal  Republic  of 
central  America,  and  a  company, 
formed  in  New  York,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  effecting  a  navigable  com- 
munication between  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  oceans,  through  Nica- 
ragua, one  of  the  States  of  <^tral 
America.  The  contemplated  route 
is  by  the  river  St.  John,  into  the 
lake  of  Nicaragua,  whence,  from 
its  western  extremity,  a  canal  will 
be  cut  for  about  seventeen  miles  to 
ihe  Pacific  The  company  with 
whom  the  contract  is  now  made 
are  to  have  the  right  of  toll,  and 
certain  exclusive  privileges. 

2.  New  Mode  of  Wobkino 
Boat  Guns.— AU  the  naval  cap- 
tains of  the  ships  at  the  por^ 


Ut           ANNUAL   REGISTER.  cmi 

aMihbkd  on  bdard  his  ntttjeaty'i  oruel^.    Piem  Arnold  J^bmiltii 

^p  Grakted^  at  Spithead^  to  in-  and  his  three  sons,  Piacre  Joae^ 

spect  the  working  of  her  hoat  guns  Lambert,    and  Alexander,    stood 

(carronades),    which    had    been  charged  with  having,  on  the  lOl^ 

fitted  bj  lieutenant  Halahan,  R.N.  of  April,  in  their  own  hoaae,  ib- 

on  his  new  plan,   with  springs^  flicted  various  blows  and  wouadi 

to  do  awaj  the  neoessity  of  tackles,  upon  the  widow  Jean  RigueQe,  a 

and  consequently  the    labour   €(  labouring  woman,  residingatMc^ 

running  the  guns  out.     The  pin-  the  result  of  which  was  a  mahdj 

naoes  of  the  Galatea  and  Pyramus  that  incapacitated  her  from  woc^ 

had  their  guns  mounted,  Uie  for*  inff  itxr  the  space  of  twenty  dayt 

mer  accormng  to  the  present  in-  After  the  indictment  was  dcawa 

▼eatkm,  the  latter  on  the  usual  up,  she  died.     The  following  ii 

plan.      At  a  signal  given,  both  the  account  given  of  what  took 

Doats  commenced  firing  together,  place  on  the  {3x)ve-menticmed  day, 

and    continued    to  do    so  about  by  the  widow  Riguelle,  on  her  cx- 

four  nunutes  and  a  half,  during  amination  by  the  burgomaster: — 

which  time^  the  Pynunus's  pinnace  She  went  about  three  o'clock  oo 

fired  ei^t  rounds,  to  do  which  the  the  lOUi  oi  A[^  to  Jehookt's 

men  wane  oUiged  to  lay  in  the  house  with  some  flax,  which  he 

three  fbi^most  oan  on  each  side,  had  given  her  to  spin*     Jehoclst, 

whilst    the    Gralatea's  boat   fired  after  taking  the  thread  firam  ho^ 

thirteen  roimds,  and  the  men  had  said,  that  he  was  very  unhappy; 

BO  occasion  to  lay  ia  more  than  that  within  a  short  time  he  hmk 

one  oar  en  each  ade.    The  advan-  lost  two  of  his  children,  that  hs 

tages  of  lieatenant  Hahdum's  plan,  was  overwhelmed  with  otber  sis* 

therefore,    were    most    evidaitly  fortunes  which  he  could  attrihuts 

proved,  especially  as  ihe  boat  can  only    to    ihe   influence    of   £00 

pull  at  the  same  time  that  the  witdies,  who  were  in  the  viDs^; 

gims  are  worked.      Besides,  the  that  die  was  one  of  them,  and  tha^ 

recoil  is  00  slight,  that,  during  the  if  she  did  not  immediately  teQ  the 

'^lirteen  rounds  that  were  fired,  names  of  her  sister  witGhea,  he 

the  gun  did  not  onoe  come  bade  te  would  roast  her  over  ^le  &e.    U 

the  breeching.     Thus  any  boat  ca-  was  in  vain  that  ^  declared  bar 

fMe  of  bemnng  ^e  weight  of  a  ianooeace    of  this    extEBflndinaiy 

^a,  may  have  one  mounted,  and  charge ;  Jehoulet  went  to  the  yasd, 

nre  it  as  often  as  may  be  wished,  and  brought  in  a  bundle  of  fira* 

without  the  least  i^  of  either  wood,hajF  of  whkh  he  threw  upon 

[orstrainingtheboat  More-  the  fire,  and  when  it  mus  ^*f^tri^ 

over,  the  machinery  is  so  very  am-  Lambert  and  Alexander  Jehoukt 

pie,  that  it  ean  be  taken  off,  and  seised  her,  and,  after  pallia^  her 

leplaoed  in  two  minutes,  and,  when  clothes  ova:  her  head,   held  her 

on,  the  gun  is  the  sameas  vay  other,  over  the  fire,  one  by  the  ieet  nd 

iThe  injecting  officers  were  nnani-  the  other  by  the  head,  uatil  ^ 

mousinaj^rovingof  thisimportant  fiftther  told  them  to  remove  fao^ 

improvement  in  naval  gunnery.  iBJ^ing,  that, die  had  now  ffuflhiTd 

SupBBSTiTiON.  —  A   tri^    has  enough  to  make  her  avow  Iterea- 

taken  phice  at  Liege,  which  dis-  ohantments.     Jehoulet  not  he^ 

closed  circumstances  of  the  meet  1^^  however,  to  get  an  awmd 

stupid  SMpaiBtitiea  and   inhuaan  from  ^er,  thseW'Oitt  the  imauag 


OGTO  CHRONICLE.  147 


emlieiB  upon  the  liearth-ttone^  and  were  carried  awfty,  and  ihe  ceiling 

placed  heron  them.    She  imme-  of  the  kitchen  was  alao  raifad  frodi 

diatelj  fainted  away.     On  recover-  its  rafters^  a  man,  named  Asher,  who 

in^  her  senses,  J^oulet  put  the  lodged  in  the  house,  wasohterved 

same  questions  to  her,  and  not  re-  lowering  his  wife  and  child  into 

ceiving  the  desired  answers,  he  said  the  street  hy  means  of  ropes,  from 

to  cme  of  his  sons, ''  We  must  make  one  of  the  windows,  and  he  hinii- 

an  end  of  her,  and  she  will  not  be  self  leaped  from  the  leads  without 

ihe  last  that  should  be  served  in  receiving  any  injury.    The  house 

the  same  manner ;  we  must  bum  was  then  discovered  to  be  on  fire  ia 

her  alive."  Joseph  ^en  threw  the  several  places;  engines  soon  arrived^ 

remainder  of  the    faggots    upon  and,  on  themen  entering  the  house, 

the    fire,  and  when  they  biased  theyfounditinsuchastateofconfu- 

up,    the  woman  was   held  over  sion,  that  it  was  utterly  impossible 

them.  This  fresh  torture  not  draw-  to  tell  where  the  explosion  origin- 

ing  the  required  confession  from  ated,   or  what  caused  it,  as  the 

her,  Joseph  became  furious,  and  landlord  was  perfectly  ignorant  of 

swore  that  he  would  force  her  to  there  being  any  thing  in  the  house 

confess  that  she  was  a  witch,  and  to  produce  it.     However,  from  the 

that  she  was  in  compact  with  the  circumstance  of  Asher  not  beinc 

devil,  or  he  would  kill  her.     He  to  be  found  in  the  neighbourhoo<£ 

then  took  a  foil  in  one  hand,  and  a  it  was  immediately  suspected  that 

chwi  in  ^e  other,  with  the  lat-  hehad  been  carryingon  some  illegal 

ter  of  which  he  threatened  to  hang  practice  in  the  apartments  he  occu- 

her  up  the  chimney;  and,  as  she  stiS  pied,  vis.,  the  kitchen  and  second 

persistedindedaring  her  innocence^  fioor.     When  the  fire  and  alarm 

he  wounded  her  in  the  breast  with  had  in  some  degree  ceased,  the  fire- 

the  foiL    Jehoulet  then  asked  her  men   proceeded  into  the  kitchen, 

if    she  would  undo    her  spells  ?  which,  to  their  astomshment,  they 

And  upon  her  saying  (hat  she  had  found  fitted  up  in  a  very  conveni- 

none  to  undo,  he  asked  her  if  she  ent  manner  as  a  private  distiUery, 

would  renounce  the  devU?      To  which  had   been  at  work,   witt 

which  die  replied,  that  she  would  about  184  |;allons  of  wad),  and 

raoounce  any  thing  he  wished  h^  other  ingredients  for  the  distillation 

to  renounce.    He  then  told  her  to  of  spirits.    There  were  wadi-backs 

quit  the  house,  at  the  same  time  vats,  and  every  thing  proper  for 

giving  her  a  kick.     When  she  got  use ;  and,  from  the  appearance  of 

to  the  door,  he  ran  after  bsr,  pulted  thmgs,  it  would  anpear  that  Asher, 

up  ho:  clothes,  and  tore  away  the  who  had  not  lived  there  long,  had 

burned  skin  and  flesh  from  her  beenworkingof  spirito,  when,frain 

back.  the  bod  construction  of  the  still 

S.£xFL0eiON<»'ADi8TiLLBBY.  and  brick-wwrk,    the  whole    esc- 

-*-The  neighbouriiood  of  Leonardo  jdoded. 

street,  Shoreditch,  was  thrown  into  Antiquitibs.— An  antiquarian 
a  state  of  confusion  and  alarm,  in  discovery  of  some  interest  has  been 
ponsequence  of  a  violent  explosion  made  during  the  recent  improve- 
at  No.  92,  in  that  street.  In  a  ments  this  year  in  the  Thames  na- 
few  seconds  after  the  cradi,  when  -vigation.  The  tradition  rtf  the  pie- 
all  the  windows,  and  the  bulk-head  dse  station  of  the  Cowig  stakes, 
U  the  hous^  wheze  it  originated,  supposed  to  be  set  down  where 


148  ANNUAL   tlEGISTER.  iisas. 


Cssar  crossed  the  Thames  had  been  tainly    discovered,   whether 
for  some  time  lost^  though  it  was  disaster  is  to  be  ascribed  to  aod- 
Imown  to  be  between  Weybridge  dent   or   malice ;    manj    circum- 
and  Walton.  In  deepening  the  river  stances  indicate^  that^  if  the  origin 
about  200   yards    above  Walton  was  accidental^  it  was  propagated 
bridge,  a  line  of  old  broken  piles  by  the  discontented,  for  it  is  cser- 
was  discovered,  some  five  feet  be-  tain  that  the  fire  broke  out  all  at 
low  the  previous  bed  of  the  river,  once    in    very    distant    quaitenr 
They  were  about  as   thick  as  a  where  neither  the  directum  nor 
man's   thigh.     Many  have  been  the  force  of  the  wind  could  have 
drawn,  and  are  in  possession  of  the  carried  it.     The  measures  adopted 
gentlemen  in  the  neighbourhood.  by  the  grand   vizier,    in    concot 
Fire  at  Constantinople.—  with  the  seraskier,  wane  as  enep- 
*^  Constantinople   Sept,    7*  — -  The  getic    as    rapid.      About     8,000 
taking  down  of  the  standard  of  troops  and  four  brigades  of  fidd 
the  Prophet,  which  was  to  have  artillery,    were  stationed    in  the 
taken  place  on  the  Slst  August,  interior  of  the  seraglio,  in  order 
was  necessarily  delayed  to  the  2nd  of  battle ;   all   the   streets   were 
of  September,  on  account  of  the  occupied  by  soldiers,  and  no  rioters 
dreadful  fire  which  broke  out  at  ventured  any  where  to  show  them- 
Constantinople   just    before    the  selves.    The  sultan  has  opened  all 
.hour  when  the  several  officers  of  the  gates  of  his  palace  to  receive 
state   were  to   assemble  for  this  the  unfortunate  fitmilies  that  ae^ 
ceremony.     This  fire,  which  has  an  asylum ;  several  thousand  wo> 
destroyed  nearly  an  eiehth  'part  of  men  and  children  are  lodged  ia 
this  immense  capital  (about  6,000  palaces  belongmg  to  the  govem- 
houses),    continued  for  thirty-six  ment ;  others  have  received  ample 
hours.     The  violence  of  the  wind,  pecuniary  relief.    A  part  of  the 
the  want  of  water,  and  the  extra-  magazines  will  be  rebuilt  at  the 
ordinary    drought,    lessened    the  expense  of  the  government,  and 
efficacy  of  the  succour  which  the  the  building  of  Uie  new  barrads 
public  authorities  directed,   with  i8deferred,till  after  the  erection  of 
indefatigable  zeal,  to  the  various  the    public   buildings    whidi   are 
parts  to  which  the  flames  extend-  indispensable  to  commerce.     The 
ed.      The    immense    magazines,  seraskier  mingled  with   the  fire- 
known  by  the   name   of  khans,  men,    to    encourage    them^     and 
besestins,     and    tscharschis,     the  worked  with  all  his  streng;th  fir 
liotels  of  almost  all  the  ministers  two  hours ;  and  the  chiefs  of  die 
and  great  officeirs  of  the  empire,  several  corps   vied   with    him  in 
the  palace  of   the   grand   vizier,  activity  and  exertion  to  preaenrt 
called  the  Sublime  Porte,  the  pa-  order.     The  great  majority  of  the 
lace  of  the  Armenian   patriarch,  people  ascribe  this  misfortune  to 
with  the  patriarchal  church,  and  the  cruel  vengeance  of  the  janb* 
many  other  public  buildings,  are  saries,  who  are  become  objects  of 
reduced  to  ashes.    The  loss  of  the  imiversal  execration.     The  sultan, 
government  is  estimated  at  above  to  stop  one  source  of  discontent, 
six  millions  of  piastres ;    that  of  which  might  lead  to  a  re-acdon, 
the  Turkish  and  Armenian  mer-  has  resolved  to  revoke  the  firmaa 
chants  and  tradesmen,  at  above  50  which  abolished,  without  disdno- 

fttiUionst    It  h99  not  been  oer«  tion;  all  tbQ  essames  issued  after 


OCT.] 


CHRONICLE. 


149 


tLe  war  in  Egypt.  Partial  pay- 
Dents  have  already  been  made  to 
sereral  tkousand  individuals,  whose 
demands  were  rejected  a  few  days 
befoie.  The  standard  of  Mahomet 
WBi  replaced  on  the  2nd,  xdth  the 
nsoal  ceremoniesy  in  the  apart- 
ment allotted  for  the  preservation 
of  the  relics  of  the  prophet.  At 
the  tame  time  the  camp  in  the 
ioterior  of  the  seraglio  was  broken 
op,  and  the  grand  vizier,  accompa- 
med  by  all  tne  ministers,  went  to 
the  former  palace  of  the  aga  of  the 
janisBaries,  which,  after  the  events 
of  the  15Ui  June,  was  assigned  to 
the  chief  muftL  Another  resi- 
dence will  be  assigned  to  the 
latter,  which  the  sultan  will  select 
for  him." 

9.  FiRB  AT  Shsbrness. — On 
Friday  morning,  about  half-past 
four  o'clock,  me  inhabitants  of 
Blue  Town  were  alarmed  by  a 
fire  Ineaking  out  in  the  stables  be- 
loDgmg  to  Mr.  Clarkson,  of  the 
Fountain  Inn.  Assistance  was 
promptly  rendered,  but  the  flames 
had  acquired  such  power,  that,  be- 
fore they  could  be  subdued,  no 
fewer  than  ten  dwelling-houses 
became  the  prey  of  the  devouring 
element,  together  with  the  whole 
of  the  stabling  and  coach-houses, 
including  five  horses,  a  coach, 
heane,  post-chaiHe,  gig,  &c.  which 
were  entirely  consumed.  The 
officers  and  men  of  his  majesty's 
ship  Brunei  and  Gloucester,  as 
wdl  as  those  from  the  Dock-yard, 
exerted  themselves  in  the  most 
praiseworthy  manner ;  and  happily 
succeeded,  with  the  engine  be- 
longing to  the  naval  establish- 
ments,  in  arresting  the  progress 
of  the  calamity. 

HORBID     OCCURBENCB.  —  On 

Friday  afternoon,  a  man  named 
VVilEam  Timpson,  residing  in 
Park-street  Birmingham;  presen^4 


himself  ftt  the  prison,  and  stated 
that  he  had  murdered  his  wife* 
From  his  decisive  manner,  and 
upon  further  inquiries,  the  officers 
were  induced  to  proceed  to  his 
residence,  where,  upon  openings 
the  door,  they  found  the  report 
but  too  strictly  verified,  as  the 
poor  woman  ky  in  the  kitchen 
with  her  head  nearly  severed  from 
her  body.  A  large  dasp  knife 
with  which  Timpson  stated  he 
had  committed  the  act,  lay  in  the 
room.  Upon  beinff  questioned  on 
the  subject,  he  said  that  he  had 
no  enmity  towards  his  wife,  and 
could  not  account  for  his  having 
been  actuated  to  commit  so  dread-i 
ful  a  crime. 

Riots  at  Tii»d£sley.  — -  No 
fewer  than  twenty-three  men  and 
women  were  brought  up  this 
morning,  charsed  with  rioting  at 
the  cotton-mifls  of  John  Jones, 
esq.  of  Tildesley,  on  Wednesday 
last,  where  about  two  hundr^ 
persons  assembled ;  and  with  vio« 
lently  assaulting  him  and  several 
others,  as  well  as  the  constable,  in 
the  execution  of  his  duty,  in  the 
apprehending  of  Henry  Pendle- 
bury^  charged  with  rioting  at  the 
same  mills  on  the  23rd  of  Septem« 
her.  There  were  twelve  deposi- 
tions read  of  the  ill-treatment  re- 
ceived on  that  day.  The  solicitor 
on  the  part  of  the  prisoners  offer- 
ing no  evidence ;  they  were  bound 
in  recognizances  to  keep  the  peace, 
and  to  answer  for  the  riot  and 
assault  at  the  next  Kirkdale  ses-i 
sions;  and  the  parties  were  bound 
over  to  prosecute.  Three  hundr^ 
weavers  entered  the  town  this 
morning,  but  every  thing  remain* 
ed  quiet. 

10.  Hydrophobia. — This  week 
occurred  a  fatal  case  of  hydropho- 
bia in  Sdford,  arising  from  the 
Wte  of  a  cftt,    The  sufferer  ww 


150 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


[1826 


Ana  Baldwin,  a  widow,  aged  about 
5$  jeaie,   living  in  Gravel-lane, 
SalfoFd>    and   was  generally  em- 
ployed as  a  washerwoman.    About 
three  months  ago,  she  was  wash- 
ing at  Mrs.  Worrall's,  in  Brough- 
ton-street  (not  100  yards  from  the 
place  where   Mr.   Vaughan   was 
l^tten),  when  a  Strang  cat  enter* 
ed  the  wash-house,  and  was  at- 
tacked by  two  dogs  belon^g  to 
Mrs.  WorralL     Mrs.  Baldwin  en- 
deavoured to  extricate  the  cat  from 
the  dogs,  when  it  fixed  its  teeth 
upon  the  fore  finger  of  her  right 
hand,  and  caused  a  severe  wound, 
and  though  the  wound  was  pain- 
ful, she  continued  in  her  employ- 
ment during  the  remainder  of  the 
day,  but  it  increased  in  soreness, 
and  an    inflammation   succeeded, 
extending  up  the  fore  arm.    It  was 
treated  by  fomentation  and  leeches, 
but    without   the    advice  of  any 
medical  gentleman,  and  the  wound 
Mdually  healed.     At   intervals, 
however,  she  complained  of  pains 
in  her  hand  and  arm,   and  fre- 
quently referred  to  the  bite  she 
nad  had  from  the  cat.     On  Thurs- 
day and  Friday  last,  she  complain- 
ed of  having  more  than  usual  pain 
in  her  hand  and  arm.     Until  Fri- 
day  morning    she    continued    to 
fouow  her  employment;   on  that 
day  the  pain  extended  to  her  back 
and  shoulders,  and  was  accompa- 
nied by  frequent  shiverings.     She 
passed  a  very  restless  night,  and 
the  symptoms  of  the  very  dreadful 
disorder  became  apparent,  and  in- 
creased in   violence   every   hour. 
Early  on  Saturday  morning  Mr. 
Piml^  visited  her,  and  found  her 
labounng  under  an  evident  spas- 
modic affection  of  the  muscles  and 
throat.      In    the    afternoon,    the 
paroxysms  were  of  the  most  dis- 
tressinff  kind,  but  she  seemed  sen- 
riWe  of  her  situation,  end  referred 


frequently  to  the  cat  baring  bitten 
her,  but  sometimes  calling  it  t 
dog ;  during  the  time  the  Unme 
and  fauces  were  dry^  and  of  t 
brown  colour.  It  was  with  modi 
difficulty  she  could  show  her 
tongue;  and  when  she  had  done 
so,  she  invariably  seemed  ashamed 
and  hid  her  face.  In  this  state 
she  continued  till  a  late  hour  on 
Saturday  night,  when  death  pot 
an  end  to  her  sufferings.  She  was 
attended  during  the  last  stage  cf 
her  illness  by  a  number  of  mcsdicil 
gentlemen,  who  tried  neariy  aD 
the  remedies  which  had  been  re- 
commended, but  apweatly  wi^ 
out  the  slightest  etiect,  even  m 
alleviating  the  symptoms  under 
^hich  she  laboured.  Amongst 
other  things,  an  injection  of  the 
acetate  of  morphine  into  circok* 
tion  was  seversd  times  tried,  but 
no  benefit  was  experienced  from  it 

10.  Narrow  EfscAPB. — ^Qn  Fri- 
day a  little  boy,  whilst  playing  on 
the  cliff  at  Dover,  approadied  too 
near  the  edge,  and  fell  down  a 
height  of  nearly  100  feet.  He 
was  carried  to  the  shop  of  Mr. 
Mitchell,  chemist,  in  Snargate- 
street,  when  it  was  found  that  be 
had  only  received  a  sUffht  injury.  . 

11.  At  a  night  review  of  the 
miners  of  Schemnits,  by  two  of 
the  archdukes  of  Austria,  the 
whole  appeared  dad  in  their  work- 
ing dresses,  bearing  all  their  im* 
plements,  and  each  person  having 
in  his  hand  the  lamp  with  which 
he  descends  intQ  the  mine.  By  an 
ingenious  and  well-contrived  move- 
ment of  the  corps,  when  the 
archdukes  came  to  view  them  from 
the  balcony  of  the  director's  house, 
they  were  so  arranged  that  their 
lamps,  as  they  stood,  exhibited  die 
initiab  A.  and  R.  in  illuminated 
letters,  covering,  in  an  instant,  Uie 
whole  square. 


ocr.3              CHRONICLE.  151 

12.  Riot  jit  OLiH9AM.-«»There  in  danger^  drew  a  pistol  frdtn  \&i 
bas  been  for  several  weeks  a  dis-  pocket;  this  the  people endeavotured 
igreement  between  the  masters  to  wrest  from  him,  but  fortunately 
md  die  operative  sivbmers  of  Oid*  without  success.  He  finally  es- 
ham>  in  consequence  of  a  reduction  caped  very  severely  bruised.  In 
9f  wi^es.  Those  who  were  wilHng  thie  afternoon  of  Satuiday  ^ere 
to  contimie  their  em^fejment,  were  was  an  assembly  of  the  turn-outs 
forced  from  it  by  the  turn-outs,  and  in  the  fields  and  lanes  near  to 
the  eonsequence  was,  a  complete  Messrs.  Lees  and  Sons*  premises  ; 
cesaation  A  kbonr  in  those  mills  few  persons  passed  them  without 
m  whidi  the  new  prices  had  been  being  very  closely  questicmed  as  to 
intsoduoed.  Thus  utuated,  some  their  business ;  not  a  few  weie 
of  tiie  masters  engaged  spinners  severely  beaten  on  suspicion  of 
from  a  distance.  Tnese  new-com-  being  related  to  the  newly-arrived 
en  were  of  course  extremely  ob-  spinners.  One  man  a  weaver  was 
nozioas  to  the  turn-outs,  and  the  accused  of  being  ^  a  knobstick 
whole  neighbourhood  has  been  in  a  spinner,"  and  so  dreadfully  mal« 
state  cf  turmoil  ever  smce  their  treated  as  to  have  been  under  the 
arrival,«nd  numerous  outrageshave  necessity  of  keeping  his  bedfor  some 
been  committed.  The  new  spin-  time.  —  About  seven  o'clock,  the 
ners  were  lodged  in  plai^  of  te-  lanes  and  fields  were  so  completely 
curity  near  the  miUs.  On  Satur-  taken  possession  of  by  the  disar* 
day  morning  last,  one  of  the  new  fected,  that  no  person  dared  to 
haiidsih  the  employmentof  Messrs.  venture  out  of  his  house,  every 
Lees  and  Sons,  received  informa-  one  being  threatened  with  deaUi 
tion  that  his  sister  who  resides  in  who  stirred  out.  A  man  in^  thi^ 
Oldham,  about  a  mile  from  the  employment  of  Messrs.  CoUmge 
factaary,  was  dangerously  iH,  and  and  Lancashire  was  recognized 
wished  to  see  him.  As  he  durst  and  pursued  by  about  eighty  men. 
not  go  so  far  alone,  he  prevailed  He  fortunately  obtained  shelter  in 
upon  Mr.  John  Lees  to  accompany  a  house,  and  made  his  escape  by  a 
him.  They  were  soon  surrounded  back  door.  The  watchmen  of 
by  some  hundreds  of  persons,  who  Messrs.  C.  and  Co.  were^  assailed 
used  such  menacing  language,  that  with  stones  while  on  their  duty : 
they  deemed  it  prudent  to  take  this  they  bore  patiently  for  some 
shelter  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Chad-  hours ;  at  length  one  of  them  fired 
wick,  the  deputy  constable.  They  his  blunderbuss  about  three  o'clock 
stayed  there  about  an  hour,  during  on  Sunday  morning.  This  was 
wHch  time  the  mob  diq>ersea.  the  signal  for  a  genial  attack,  and 
They  then  made  their  way  for-  immense  Volleys  of  stones,  some 
ward,  but  had  not  proceeded  many  of  them  seven  or  eight  pounds 
yards,  when  they  were  again  im-  weight,  were  thrown  by  the  mw). 
pededj  by  the  mob.  They  next  One  party  destroved  nearly  all  the 
attempted  to  return  home.  The  windows  in  the  house  and  ware- 
mob  assailed  them  with  stones,  and  house  of  Messrs.  CoUinge  and  Lan- 
whentheyreached  Mount  Pleasant,  cashire;  while  another  party  de- 
they  closed  and  began  to  kick  and  molished  most  of  the  windows  of 
trample  upon  Mr.  Lees  and  the  Mr.  Lees*  house  at  Mount  Pl^ 
workman.   Mr.  L.  finding  his  life  sanfr»  —  The  mob  was  prevented 


152  ANNUAL   REGISTER.         Qsaa 

6oin  committing  further  depreda-    floor,  there  bdng  little  room  at  the 
tions  by  the  vigorous  preparations    Bull  and  Mouth  Inn.     The  hase- 
which  had  been  made  for  receiving    ment  was  fitted  up  as  stables  foe 
them.  Sunday  passed  over  without    about  fifty  or  sixty  horses,  and  the 
any  remarkable  breach  of  thepeace.    three  upper  stories  were  used  m 
In  the  evenine,  however,  the  roads    granaries  for  the  preservatiflBi  rf 
were  again  infested  with  numerous    com,  an  immense  stock  of  which 
small  gangs  of  turn-outs,  who  de-    was  at  all  times  necessary  for  the 
manddl   of   every  passenger   his    support  of  the  very  great  number 
buaness.  One  woman  was  accused    of  horses   on    the    establishment, 
of  being  the  wife  of  "  a  knobstick    About  half-past  two,  the  floor  of 
spinner,    and  upon  her  denying  it,    the  fourth  story  gave  way,  makii^ 
a  bundle  which  she  had  with  her    a  tremendous  noise,  carrying  havoc 
was   searched,  and  a  soiled  shirt    and  devastation  in  its  course.   The 
being  found  therein,  it  was  con-    lower  floors  went  with  the  force  of 
side^  an  incontestible  proof.  The    the  concussion,  and  the  bearings  of 
bundle  was  accordingly  taken  from    the    ground-floor    instantly   gave 
her,  together  with  what  money    way  with  the  united  w^i^t  rf 
she  had  about  her,  and  she  was    three  stories,  each  heavily  laden 
beaten  so  severely  as  to  be  pre-    with  grain.    Thus  were  buried  in 
vented  reaching  home  that  night,    confusion  several  horses,  and  one 
Another  woman  was  accused  of   waggon,  two  men,  and  all  the  grain, 
being  related  to  one  of  the  ^in-    The  most  prompt  assistance  was 
ners   employed    by  Messrs.   Lees    immediately  rendered  by  the  whole 
and  Sons,  and  was  knocked  down    strength  of  the   united  establish- 
by  a  fellow,  who  seized  her  by  the    ments ;  and,  after  about  four  haai% 
throat,  and  kneeled  upon  her  until    incessant  labour,  during  wbidi  the 
the  blood  gushed  out  of  her  mouth;    persons  occupied  in  clearing  the 
he  then  left  her  in  a  state  of  insen-    ruins,  in   order    to  extricate  the 
ability.     There  appears  at  present    horses  and  men,  had  first  to  get  oat 
not  the  least  hopes  of  a  reconcilia-    most  of  the  coaches  and  waffizona» 
tion  between  the  masters  and  their    they  succeeded  in  rescuing  2!  the 
old  workmen  who  express  them-    horses    except    three,    vaJued    at 
selves  detemuned  to  have  the  new    about  sixty  pounds  each.     One  ci 
spinners  out  of  the  town,  and  to    these,  at   first,    showed  signs  of 
have  the  prices  which  they  have    life,  but  ultimately  expired.     Hie 
demanded.  two  men  escaped  without  broken 

14.  Serious  Accibent.  —  A  bones — one  of^  them,  by  a  miia- 
part  of  the  extensive  premises,  culous  intervention  of  Providence, 
situated  in  Bartholomew-close,  in  scarcely  hurt ;  the  other  most  se- 
the  possession  of  Mr.  Edward  verely  bruised  in  every  part  of  his 
Sherman,  proprietor  of  the  exten-  limbs  and  body ;  so  much  so,  that 
sive  coach  and  waggon  offices,  he  was  obliged  to  be  carried  to 
known  as  the  Bull  ana  Mouth  and  Saint  Bartholomew's  Hospital 
Oxford  Arms  Inns  were  reduced  15.  Pedestrianism.  —  Mr.  G. 
to  ruins,  by  the  falling-in  of  the  West  started  on  Saturday  to  ac* 
upper  story.  The  premises  were  complish  forty-eight  miles  in  nine 
occupied  as  a  depository  for  wac-  hours,  the  start  to  take  jdace  ban 
|oo8  an^  co^^  on  the  gropnd*   $he  tqp  q{  S16ane-9treeti  to  xk 


ocr.i  CHRONICLE.  153 

Bfu^mghamshire  foot  of  Maiden-    the  purpose  of  commencmg  Iiis 
bead  Briilge>  and  to  return  to  half*    daily  work  on  the  old  man's  pre« 
i-mile  beyond  Hammersmith^  on    mises.    When  he  came  near  the 
the  London  side.     It  was  for  a  bet    cottage,  he  called  out  the  name  of 
€i  100  sovereigns,  and  twenty  more    Elizabeth  Haines,  and  not  receiy- 
if  it  was  done  in  twenty  minutes    ing  an  answer,  as  he  was  accuse 
under  the  given  time.     The  pe-    tomed,  from  the  old  woman,  he 
destnan  reached  Slough  (twenty    approached  nearer  the  house,  and 
miles)  mthree  hours,  and  completed    was  astonished  on  observing  the 
half  the  distance  in  four  hours  and    door,  as  well  as  one  of  the  windows 
ten  minutes.     He  returned  back  to    on  the    ground-floor,  wide  open, 
the  Half-way  house  on  the  Mai-    He  at  once  suspected  ^at  some- 
denhead  side  of  Colnbrook,  ate  a    thing  dreadful  had  happened,  and 
hearty  breakfast,  and  left  himself    repeatedly  called  the  mmates  by 
something  less  than  eighteen  miles    their  names,  but  received  no  an- 
to  be  done  in  four  hours.  He  won  his    swer.     The  man  then  hurried  off 
matdi  with  eleven  minutes  to  spare,    with  all  the  speed  he  could,   to 
and  of  course  lost  the  second  bet.       inform  his  parents  of  the  circum-^ 
16.  MuRDBBS  neabFbtcham    Stance.   His  mother,  Mrs.  Bennet, 
Co]f]CON.-^*On   Friday    morning,    accompanied  him  back  to  the  cot- 
the  neighbourhood  of  Leatherhead    tage,  and  proceeded  up  stairs,  and 
was  thrown  into  a  state  of  excita-    beholding,  when  at  the  head  of  the 
ti(m,  in  consequence  of  the  bar-    staircase,  the  corpse  of  Elizabeth 
barous  murder  of  two  aged  indi-    Haines,  she  was  so  much  terrified 
Tiduals,  who  resided  on  the  borders    ^t  she  ran  down  stairs,  and  im- 
of  Fetcham  Common.-*John  Ake-    mediately  sent  off  to  Mr.  Gibbs,  a 
hurst,  a  helpless  old  man,  aged  9^,    gentleman  in  whose  employment 
and    his    housekeeper,    Elizabeth    her  husband  worked.     Air.  Gibbs 
Haines,  aged  7^     It  was  gener-    lost  no  time  in  visiting  the  scene 
aDy  rumoured  in  the  neighbour-    of  murder,  and  immediately  des- 
hood,  that  the  old  man  was  pos-    patched  messengers  to  the  different 
tessed  of  some  property,   as  the    county  magistrates  resident  in  the 
house    and  some    acres  of   land    immediate    neighbourhood.       In- 
adjoininff  it  were    in  his  posses-    formation  was  also  deroatched(to 
sion,  and  it  is  supposed  that  the    Union    Hall    Police-office,    from 
miscreants  were  prompted  to  the    whence  Mr.  Hall,  the  chief  con- 
commission  of  the  murder,  in  the    stable,     together    with     Richard 
expectation  of  finding  money,  the    Pople,  an  officer  of  the  establish- 
produce  of  the  fruit,  which   had    ment,  proceeded  in  a  post-chaise 
been  extremely  plentiful  this  sea-    and  four,  and  soon  arrived  at  the 
son,  in  the  grounds  belonging  to    cottage    whero   the  miurder  was 
the  old  man.     The  murder,  which    committed.      Several   magistrates 
was  perpetrated  either  on  Thurs-    were  in  waiting  for  the  officers, 
day   night,    or   early  on    Friday    and  had  given  previous  directicms 
morning,  was  first  discovered  by    that  neither  of  the  bodies  of  the 
a  man  named  Brown,    who  had    murdered  persons  should  be  moved 
been   recently   employed   by    the    from  the  positions  in  which  they 
dfctfttsed  to  gather  in  his  crop  of   first    appeared  on   the  discovery, 
mdes J  and  who  left  his  home  on    The  officers  accordingly  proceeded 

Fmigr  momiogi  at  six  o'docVi  for   to  examine  the  pi^misesj  and  al 


154  ANNUAL   REGISTER.  imt 


once  difleorered  that  the  houBe  had  niUe  Ught  on  die  diioofcr^  of  (kt 

been  entered  by  taking  a  small  perpetcatois.     The  chests  in  te 

pane  of  glass  out  of  the  window  upper  coomi,  occnpied  br  the  d»» 

that  led  mto  the  washhouse,  and  eeased  pezaons,  were  found  to  hai« 

bj  removing  a  very  slight  iron  bar.  been  rummaged;  but  none  of  the 

None  of  the  prc^ierty  below  stairs  property   w&ah    they    lYmtainrdj 

mpeared  to  have  been  touched,  consisting  of  dothes,  together  with 

The  officers  then  ascended  into  the  the  will  of  the  old  man,  beyicath 

rooms  up  stairs,  in  one  of  those  at  ing  his  littie  cottage  and  gjpot  of 

the  head    of   the  stai&«ase    the  ground  to  his  daug^ter^  was  taksn 

female  slept^  at  the  extreme  end  away.    On  questioning  sevend  of 

o£  whidi  was  a  door,  leading  into  the    persons  who    reside   m  (ks 

that  occufned  by  the  old  man.    On  neighbourhood,  and  who,  it  m^ 

entering  this  room,  the  woman  was  pears,  were  well  acquainted  with 

observ^  lying  on  her  back,  with  the  deceased,  it  did  not  seeaa  ^at 

her  feet  towaj^  the  door.     There  a  vestige  of  proper^  belonging  ts 

was  a  pool  of  blood  surrounding  the  old  people  had  been  taken  off 

her  head,  the  back  part  of  which  the  premises.     Indeed  there  was 

was     fractured    in    a    shocking  noUiing  of  any  value  in  the  pXaoe. 

withstai 


manner,    apparently   by  a    blow  Notwithstanding  the  ▼igilaare  of 

from  a  heavy  bludgeon,  or  some  the  magistrates,  nothing  tnnspind 

Uunt    instrument.    There    were  to  throw  any  light  on  uie  hoRibk 

Uack  marks  on  her  neck,  as  if  an  afikir. 

attempt  had  been  made  to  strangle  17*  Mjelanoholy  Fatautt.^-^ 
her;  and  one  of  her  hands  was  Lisbon. — On  Saturday  last,  a 
bruised,  apparently  in  consequence  private  soldier,  belonging  to  the 
of  holding  it  up  to  avert  the  blows  oth  regiment  cf  the  line,  and  sta* 
of  her  murderer.  To  the  right  of  tioned  in  the  barracks  in  this  ci^, 
the  door  the  body  of  the  old  man  was  condemned  to  be  shot  far  d»- 
lay  extended  on  the  bed,  both  the  sertion,  and  for  uttering  Tariona 
hands  were  raised  over  the  head,  disloyal  and  seditious  woida,  with 
as  if  defending  it  ^m  the  blows  intent  to  seduce  others  of  his  eorpa 
of  the  assassin.  The  knuckles  from  their  sworn  allegianoe.  The 
and  back  part  of  the  hands  wei^  prisoner,  after  receiving  thelaBtoffi- 
dreadfuUy  lacerated,  and  on  the  oes  of  religion,  was  brousht  fortk» 
right  side  of  his  head,  a  little  accompanied  by  twoCathcuicpriesfes; 
above  the  ear,  appeared  the  wound  and  escorted  by  forty  adwean  of 
that  had  caused  his  death.  The  his  own  regiment  to  the  plaee  of 
bed-clothes  were  streaming  with  execution,  which  was  on  the 
core,  and  his  night-cap,  which  was  Campo  Grande,  a  short  diatanee 
^ing  dose  alongside  the  pillow^  from  the  dty.  His  ooffin  was 
was  saturated  with  blood.  As  carried  before  him,  whidi  tend- 
soon  as  the  officers  had  minutely  ed  considerably  to  heighten  the 
examined  each  of  the  bodies,  they  solemnity  of  the  scene.  He 
proceeded  to  search  the  room,  to  kneeled  and  prayed  frequentlj  o» 
discover  whether  the  murderers  the  way,  which,  in  conBequeaceiy 
had  left  behind  them  any  clue  by  prolonged  the  time  <^  gotag. 
which  it  would  be  possible  to  trace  About  ten  o'clock  he  arrived  at 


them.     Nothing,    however,    was    the  Bital  spot.    At  elevoi  he 
JMindj  to  throw  the  slightest  pos-    ord^^  to  march  mud  Ae  traops 


OCT.]               CHRONICLE.  156 

10  admonish  them^  the  two  priests  at  a  point  of  eighteen  or  twenty 
£etatxBg  what  he  said  to  his  com-  feet  from  the  ground^  like  a  tri- 
ndes ;    after  which,  he  returned  angle  used  for  weighing.     At  the 
to  his    former  place,  where    he  top  is  an  iron  ring  moving  ver- 
feD.  a  victim  to  an    overacting  ticallj  on  a  joint     The  mast  is 
OB  the  part  of  the  commanding  placed    nearly   horizontally,    and 
officer.     There  were  nine  picked  pushed  through  the  ring  eighteen 
mai  ordered  to  shoot  him.     He  or  twenty  feet.    It  is  then  brought 
kneeled,  and  was  desired  by  the  to  a   peipendicular  position ;  its 
officer  to  pull  the  cap  over  his  face,  foot  is  placed  in  a  socket  beIow> 
which    he  did ;    and   whilst  the  while  the  ring  confining  it  above, 
officer  turned  round  (to  take  a  it  is  thus  kept  steady  in  its  ujHight 
rmiere  from  his  pocket)  the  poor  situation.     The  nozle  of  the  pipe 
feOow  dropped  his  handkerchief  is  then  made  fast  to  a  small  appa« 
femi  his  hand,  which  being  under*  ratus,  that  slides  on  the  mast,  and 
stood  by  the  men  who  were  to  has  a  joint  turning  vertically.     A 
shoot  bun  as  a  signal  to  fire,  they  pulley  and  rope,  passing  over  the 
d^   so,  and    six    bullets   taking  top  of  the  mast,  pulls  the  nozle 
efiect    in  different    parts  of   his  up    to    any    height.     A    second 
Iwdy,  he  fell  a  corpse.     The  officer  pulley  levels  or  points  the  nozle, 
had  received  the  reprieve  only  that  so  as  to  send  the  water  either  up- 
Biomingy  privately,  but  in  endea-  wards  or  downwards,  and  a  lever 
▼ouring  to  convey  a  salutary  dread  at  the  bottom,   which  turns  the 
of  the  crime  (which  in  the  existing  mast  round,  enables  the  firemen  to 
state  of  affairs  in  Lisbon  was  con-  change  the  direction  of  the  pipe 
sidered  necessary),  and  to  heighten  horizontally.     The  command  over 
the  terror  of  th^  scene,  ere  he  pro-  the  height,  position,  and  direction 
doced  the  pardon,  he  over-acted  of  the  pipe,  at  any  altitude  not 
his  part,  and  the  poor  Mlow  lost  exceeding  fifty  feet,  is  thus  com- 
his  life.  plete.     It  is  another  advantage  of 
FiBB  Apparatus.— Last  week,  the    apparatus,    that    it    can   be 
&  trial  was  made  of  a  very  ingeni-  erected  within  the  narrowest  lane, 
ous  apparatus  for  aiding  the  action  The  trial  made,    on   Wednesday 
of  fire-engines.      The  great  dls-  morning,    was    very  satisfactory, 
advantage   of  these  machines  at  The     mventor    is    Mr.     Robert 
present  is,  that  they   cannot  be  Brown,  architect, 
employed  with  much  effect  against  Mysterious  Afpaib.— About 
a  foe  in  any  apartment  more  than  two  years  and  a  half  ago,  a  fine 
twenty   or  thirty  feet  from   the  male  infant,   about   four  or  five 
gnmnd.     The  apparatus  which  is  months  old,  was  placed  at  nurse  by 
mtended  to  remedy  this   defect,  a  lady  and  gentleman  of  apparent- 
consists   of   two    parts — a  frame  ly  great  respectability.     The  gen- 
which  folds  together,  and  can  be  tleman   first    called  to  view  the 
carried  on  the  shoulders  of  four  situation,  and,  after  making  many 
men,  and  a  lender  mast  fifty  feet  inquiries,    said  he   was    satisfied, 
high,  which  can  be  carried  by  three  This  assurance  he  afterwards  re- 
men.    The  frame,  when  put  into  peated  by  a  letter  to  the  nurse, 
its  positicm,  consists  chiefly  of  three  mentioning  the  day  on  which  the 
legs,  two  of  them  slender  poles,  child  might  be  expected.    A  day 
m  the  third  a  ladder,  which  meet  or  two  afterwards,  a  well-dressed 


156           ANNUAL   REGISTER.  iiis6. 

female  brouglit  the  child,  which  brought  it  up,  and  maintaiDed  it, 

she  said  was  the  infant  the  gentle-  as  a  child  of  his  own,  at  his  ptivste 

man  had  previously  called  about,  cost.. 

and  that  it  was  four  months  old ;  I9.  Highland  Socibtt.— The 
remarking  at  the  same  time,  that  sports  of  the  week  at  Perth  cooi- 
the  child  was  not  her  own,  but  menced  on  Tuesday  with  tke 
that  of  a  friend  who  was  ill,  and  Highland  Society  games.  At  11 
then  at  Brighton.  She  then  in-  o'clock,  the  president  and  membos 
quired  whether  the  nurse  had  re-  proceeded  to  the  top  of  the  North 
ceived  a  letter  from  the  gentleman  Inch,  where  a  large  area  was  in- 
who  had  called,  and  whether  the  closed  with  stakes  and  ropes,  wilh 
postage  had  been  paid ;  observing  a  platform  in  the  centre  for  the  ex» 
that  it  was  a  frequent  practice  hibition  of  the  pipers  and  danoets. 
among  servants,  mer  receiving  A  party  of  the  93rd  Hig^iLuiden 
money  for  the  purpose  of  paying  had  been  appointed  to  keep  iht 
postage,  to  pocket  it,  and  let  the  ground  and  preserve  order,  hot 
letter  go  unpaid.  The  nurse  said,  they;  for  some  unaccountable  iea> 
she  certainly  had  received  the  let-  son,  had  been  ordered  out  to  take 
ter,  of  which,  however,  the  postage  their  station  at  12  o'clock,  an  hour 
had  not  been  paid.  She  thereupon  after  the  time  of  meeting.  B^ore 
gave  the  letter  into  the  hands  of  their  arrival,  a  crowd  of  spectators^ 
the  lady,  who  immediately  put  it  estimated  at  not  less  than  10,000, 
in  her  pocket,  for  the  supposed  had  assembled;  and,  as  a  rather 
purpose  of  charging  the  servants  promiscuous,  and  by  far  too  no- 
with  the  fraud.  Auer  presenting  merous  admission,  to  an  inner 
the  nurse  with  a  sovereign,  and  a  circle,  within  the  lists  was  per- 
card  of  address  (where  the  nurse  mitted,  the  view  of  the  crowd 
might  apply,  should  any  thing  be  being  completely  obstructed,  they 
wanting),  she  took  her  leave,  as-  became  turbulent,  tore  up  the  stakes 
suring  the  nurse,  that  she  should  and  ropes,  and  pressed  forward  to 
frequently  call  and  see  the  child,  the  circle  within.  The  handful  of 
The  very  respectable  appearance  the  QSrd  completely  failed  in  re- 
of  the  parties  banished  all  suspicion  storing  order;  and  even  when  a 
from  the  mind  of  the  nurse ;  but  party  of  the  7th  Hussars  arrived, 
no  one  having  called,  and  the  the  mob  was  in  too  much  cob- 
child  being  in  want  of  necessaries,  fusion  to  be  arranged  in  their 
she  appliea  according  to  the  direc-  former  station  by  any  means  which 
tion  on  the  card,  when  she  dis-  could  have  been  advisabib  on  the 
covered,  to  her  utter  astonishment,  occasion.  The  sports  were,  coo- 
that  the  card  was  a  deception ;  in  sequently,  much  obstructed,  and  it 
consequence  of  which,  being  a  was  impossible  to  witness  them 
woman  in  humble  life,  and  unable  with  any  degree  of  comfort.  The 
to  maintain  the  child,  she  was  pro-  musical  competitors  displayed  mudi 
ceeding  with  it  to  a  workhouse,  skill,  and  the  dancers  great  agOity 
when  the  circumstance  came  under  and  spirit.  Great  strength  and 
the  observation  of  Mr.  Bishop,  the  dexterity  were  exhibited  in  the 
principal  officer  of  his  m^esiy's  other  gymnastic  exercises,  parti- 
gaol  of  Newgate.  He  immediately  cularly  by  Peter  M'Dougal,  firaa 
took  the  deserted  infant  under  his  the  Bnies  of  Fess,  who  far  out- 
protection,   and   h^s   ev^r   since  shone  any  of  his  athletic  craipe* 


OCT.]               CHRONICLE.  1^7 

titon.       The    sporti^    upon    the  championship  of  Devon  and  Gnm- 

ivliole^   were  calculated  to  afford  wall  took  place  this  day^  on  a  lam 

mucli    amusement^  had   the  con-  green  at  Devonport,  surrounded  07 

fusion  in  the  ground  not  marred  high  walls^  wherein  seats  had  been 

it    in   a  great  degree.     The  fol-  erected  for  1 0^000  persons,  and  so 

lowing  was  the  result  of  the  com-  great  was  the  interest  excited^  that 

petition— -First: —-To    the    best  some  thousands    more  than   this 

plajer  of  ancient  Highland  pio-  number  were    present.     The  re- 

brachs,    on   the  grand  Highl^d  ceipts  at  the  gates  were  full  JOOL 

bagpipe  -*  A    handsome     ivory-  Polkinghome^  the  Cornish  cham- 

xnounted    bagpipe^     awarded    to  pion^  entered  the  ring  at  twelve 

Angus  Munro,  piper  to  the  93rd  o'doclr^    and   was    received  with 

foot. — Second:  A  handsome  silver-  great  applause.     In  half  an  hour 

mounted  snuff  ,mull^  with  Cairn-  after^  Cann  made  his  appearance^ 

gonim  stone ;  gained  by  Roderick  and  was    also  welcomdl    by  his 

M*Kay,   piper  to  James  Moray,  friends  with  reiterated  cheers.  The 

esq.  of  Abercaimey,  as  second  beist  match  was  for  200  sovereigns,  the 

^ayer  on  the  bagpipe*  —  Third :  best  of  three  back  falls,  fifteen 

To  the  best  dancer  of  a  Highland  minutes  time  between  each  fall. 

Teel— -A  handsome  silver-mounted  Cann  had  this  year  borne  away 

dirk,  awarded  to  Angus  Cameron,  the  prize  wherever  he  appeared, 

Bannoch.— Fourth  :   To  the  best  and,  in  fact,  had  never  been  thrown 

thrower  of  the  Putting-stone— A  in  a  wrestlhig  ring.    Polkinghome 

handsome     silver-mounted     snuff  was  but  little  known  as  a  wrestler. 

mull,  gained  by  Peter  M'Dougal,  He  merely  came  forward  to  accept 

Braes  of   Fess. — Fifth:    To  the  Cann's  challenge.    Cornwall   bias 

best  thrower  of  the  hammer  and  many  better  men,  though  Polking* 

tosser  of  the  bar — ^A  silver-mounted  home  was,  nevertheless,  considered 

powder-horn,  gained  by  the  said  a  fair  match  for  the  Devonshire 

Peter  M'Dougai.— Sixth :  To  the  hero.— After    a    severe    struggle, 

best  leaper— A   sporan    mollach,  during  which'^  Polkinghorne  was 

gained  by  James  Robertson,  Aber-  much  kicked,  and  each  man  was 

caimey.— Seventh :   To  the    best  several  times  thrown  to  the  ground, 

dressed    Highlander— -A    Tartan  the  Comishman  hugged  his  anta- 

plaid,  to  Angus  Cameron,   Ran-  gonist,  and  succeeded  in  hurling 

noch.  him  over  his  head,  dashing  him 

Russian  Gold   Mines. — The  with  great  force  to  the  earth.  This 

quantity  of  gold  and  platina  ob-  was  decided  a  fair  back  fall,  amidst 

tained  from  the  mines  in  the  first  astounding  uproar.    Cann  had  thus 

six  months  of  this  year,  is  as  fol-  met  his  match  for  the  first  time, 

lows: — 1st.    From  the  mines  of  and    though    he    is   undoubtedly 

the  Crown— ^Id,  37  poods  14  lbs.;  game  to  the  bone,  the  effect  of  hi 

platina,  2  poods  5|  lbs.    2nd.  From  humiliation   was    apparent.     He, 

the   mines  belonging   to   private  however,   appeared  again  on  the 

persons — ^gold,  82  poods  S3|  lbs. ;  field    after   the  lapse    of   fifteen 

platina,  7  poods  17  lbs.     A  pood  is  minutes,     and    showed    beautifril 

40  Russian  pounds,  equal  to  86  lbs.  play.     His  friends  mustered  cou- 

English.  rage,  and  two  to  one  was  offered, 

23.  Wrestling  Match— 2>e-  that  he  threw  his  man  the  next 

twifor/r-The  grand  match  for  the  faU.   Polkinghome  was,  neyertbe^ 


m  ANNUAI.  REGISTER.         ixm 

leaSf  on  the  ftlert,  and  seemed  bent  him  afterwaids.    She  repHed^  diat 

on  maintaining  the  high  character  so  far  from  returning  aboot  tbe 

of  his  county.    Severn  falls  on  infant,  she  was  wOling  also  to  nil 

either  side  foUowed,  some  of  them  him  her  son,  thirteen  jears  of  Bg$f 

showing  capital  science,  and  much  whom  he  miffht  kill,  and  boil,  or 

energy  was  displayed  by  both  men.  do  what  he  Uked  widi  him.     Sbe 

Cann's  kicks  began  to  tell,  and  it  then  stipuhtted  to  retain  the  in- 

yras  evident    that    PoUdnghome,  fant's  dothes ,-  and  actually  ~ 


who  played  after  the  manner  of  to  strip  them  off  the  intended 

his  county  (without  shoes),  suffered  tim.    In  doing  this  her  eyes  SHei 

much  from  the  Devonshire  practice  with  tears.  The  surgeon  remarked, 

of  kicking  with  heel  and  toe,  which  that  she  had  an  a&cticm  for  the 

Cann    administered    with    much  child,  and  had  better  keep  iU     Sk 

good- will,  though  the  Comishman  replied  no,  she  would  part  with  it; 

taught  him  to  be  cautious.    The  and  dried  her  tears.    The  suigeoo 

triers  were  divided  on  one  of  the  sent  her  to  the  police  office,  and  • 

falls,  two  of  them  considering  that  warrant  was  also  issued  against  tha 

Cann  had  thrown  the  Comishman  husband ;  but  he  had  been 


a  fair  back  fall,  while  the  other  time  separatedfrom  the  woman,  mi 
two  as  strenuoudy  maintained  that  declared  his  ignorance  of  the  a&ii; 
it  was  not  a  fair  fall.  It  was  de«  24.  OpBNiifG  a  Gravs  90g 
dded  by  a  toss  in  favour  of  Pol-*  Teeth. — On  Wednesday,  Jobm 
kinghome,  as  not  being  a  fair  back  Foxley  was  charged  with  having 
falL  The  men  set  to  again,  and  at  Birmingham,  on  the  SOih  df 
after  nearly  two  hours  arduous  July  last,  violated  and  distuibsd 
play,  lyhich  exhibited  the  different  the  remains  of  Jonathan  Bedford, 
science  of  the  two  counties  to  the  who  had  been  buried  in  St.  Bar- 
best  advants^,  Polkinghome  threw  tholomew's  chapel-yard.  Thebo^, 
Cann  a  violent  fall,  on  the  fairness  which  was  that  of  a  young  man, 
of  which  the  triers  were  again  di«  19  years  of  age,  had  been  inteived 
vided;  but  the  Coniishman's  com**  on  the  19th  July-  The  priatnoc^ 
mittee  considering  it  a  fair  back  who  was  a  grave-di^;er,  was  aeea 
fallj  refused  to  suffer  Polkinghome  at  the  gnve,  at  eiMt  o'clock  dis 
again  to  enter  the  ring,  and  in  this  next  morning,  by  a  Httle  gixl,  wfaa 
state  the  match  remained,  as,  by  one  thought  the  grave  had  been  <^pened. 
of  the  articles  of  agreement,  it  was  In  consequence,  the  chapel- wai^deas 
stipulated  that  the  triers  should  be  were  ap^died  to,  and  they  penmtted 
unanimous  in  their  decision.  the  grave  to  be  opened.  The  ooffia 
WAKTOFNATunALFsBl^iNO.— •  lid  was  broken,  the  head  of  At 
An  Irish  woman,  apparently  about  deceased  was  abocUngly  cat  and 
forty  years  of  age,  went  into  the  mangled,  and  the  teeth  had  bata 
shop  of  a  respectable  surgeon,  in  taken  from  the  jaws.  On  th» 
Glasgow,  and  offered  to  sell  him,  prisoner  being  asked  what  be  had 
for  dissection,  a  6ne  living  healthy  been  digging  at  the  grave  for,  hs 
child  of  her  own,  about  two  months  said  he  Imd  lost  a  rope  in  filling  af 
old.      The    price  demanded  was  the  grave,  and  had  taken  out 


seven  pounds.    The  surgeon,  wish-    of  the  earth  to  look  for  it.     He 
ing  to  see  how  fur  the  wretch's    was  found  guilty,  and 


inhumanity  would  go,  said,  he  was    to  be  imprisoned  duee  cakiidar 
a&tid  she  would  return  aad  trouble   ni(mths  in  gi^ 


OCTj  CHEONICLP.  }^^ 

Sx2i«cn.AB  AcciBBNT-^About  and,  in  fact,  it  was  not  known  to 
wetea  o*clock  on  Sunday  monuBff,  be  in  existence.  The  family,  who 
as  one  George  Byers  was  proceed-  slept  in  the  back  part  of  the  house, 
ing  through  John-street,  Oxford-  would  hav^  beea  unconscious  of 
Bireety  to  his  stables,  he  was  alarmed  the  fate  of  the  poor  girl,  had  npt 
by  the  cries  of  a  female  issuing  from  her  cries  been  providentially  hea^d 
a  cellar ;  on  listeninff,  he  heard  her  in  the  street.  Excepting  some 
supplicating  for  he^,  and  calling  bruises  on  her  back,  she  sust{dne4 
out  murder.    Alarmed  at  the  cries,    no  injury. 

he  instantly  knocked  at  the  house       25,  Funerax^  of  Talma. — ^Ac« 
door^  but  x^  person  answered ;  in    cording  to  his  last  desire,  the  r^ 
the   mean  time  the  cries  of  the    mains  of  Talma  were  carried  direct 
female  became  much  weaker.    At    from  bis  house,  to  thp  cemetery  of 
length  two  other  persons  came  up,    Pere  la  Chaise,    At  ten  o'clock,  the 
to  whom  Byers  told  the  matter,    funeral  procession  set  out-     It  coi^-> 
and  tbey  proceeded  to  fcnrce  open    sistedofa  magnificent  hearse  draw|i 
one  cyf  die  shutters,  when  at  that    by  four  horses,  fifteen  mourning 
instant  ibc  door  was  opened,  and    coaches.    Talma's  carriage,    with 
they  instantly  rushed  in  and  pro«    those  of   Mile.   Mars  and  Mile. 
ceeded  down  stairs  to  the  kitchen  ;    Duchesnois,  and  two  or  three  other 
a  £unt  cry  issued  from  a  vault    empty  ones,  having  their  curtains 
under  die  street,  to  which  they    lowered.     In  an  open  -carriage  was 
proceeded,  and  there  on  examining    Madame  Roustan  (MUe.  Volnais) 
i^ey  made  the  following  singular    in    mourning,    and  in  a  second 
discovery  :•— the  vault,  which  was    which  immeuately  followed,  were 
paved  with  flag  stones,  contsuned  a    M.  Ancelot  and  M,  Soumet,  and 
well ;   the  stone  that  covered  the    in  a  third  were  M.  Casimir  Perrier 
numtJi  of  it  had  fallen  in  during    and  his  two  sons.      In  the  first 
the  night,  and  a  young  woman,  a    mourning  coach  were  seated   M* 
semuit   in  the  house,    in  going    Arhault,  sen.  and  M.  de  Jouy, 
thzouAh  the  vault,  was  precipitated    habited  in  the  costume  of  the  In*- 
into  the  water. — ^The  aperture  was    stitute.  All  the  others  were  empty, 
80  smfiU  as  to  prevent  any  person    the  fineness  of  the  weather  having 
from  descending  to  her  assistance,    allowed  Talma's  friends,  who  were 
and   the  only  mode  of  delivering    to  have  gone  in  them,  to  follow  the 
her  from  her  perilous  situation  was   procession  on  foot,  which  they  pre- 
by  ft  ladder,  which  after  some  time    ferred.     The  number  of  persons 
waa   procured,  and  to  the  lower    composing  it  may  be'  estimated  at 
ead   of  which  was  fixed,  a  jack-p    three  or  four  thousand,  almost  all 
towel ;  it  was  then  lowered  down,    young  persons,  at  the  head  of  whom 
and    she   was    thus    drawn    up.    walked   several  distinguished    by 
She   stated  that    she  was  going    decoratbns;  among  the  rest,  M. 
for  some  shavings  when  she  feU    Mechin,  in  his  costume  as  a  deputy, 
downwards,  not  knowing  where  she    and  the  performers  of  the  Theatres 
was   going;  she  caught  hold  of   Royal,  all  barci-headed,  marching 
the  bricks  on  each  siae,  and  thus    in  the  greatest  order  and  silence. 
remained  suspended.    Ou  exami-    The  place  of  sepulture  was  on  one 
natioiit  it  appeared  that  the  well    of  the  heights  to  the  right,  not  far 
was  about  So  feel  deep,  and  about   from  the  monument  of  marshal 
half  filled  with  water;  it  had  been   Massena,  apd  bordering  unon  that 
closed  up  ibr  a  considerable  time;   of  the  Despaux  family,    midway 


160  ANNUAL   REGIStER.        [i8s6l 


up  the  Steep  leading  to  it,  the  hearse  31 .  Slave  TBADE.'^Theie 

stopped ;  twelve  young  men  then  26,583  slaves  emhorked  on  bond 

carried  the  coffin  to  the  borders  of  Brazilian  vessels,  on  the  African 

the  grave  destined  to  receive  it.  coast,  between  the  first  of  Jnlr, 

From  an  early  hour  in  the  mom-  1825,  and  the  first  of  July  181^ 

ing,  a  condderable  crowd,  amount-  for  the  Rio  de  Janeiro  maiket.     Of 

ing,  perhap,   to  20,000  persons,  these  poor  creatures,  1,540  died  en 

had  filled  the  cemetery,  and  when  the   passage ;    and    24,728 


the  coffin  was  brought  into  it,  they  landed  at  the   Brazilian   coital, 

assembled  round  the  tomb.    It  was  The  traffic    in  human  fiedi  and 

not  without  difficulty  that  the  per-  blood  must  be  uncommonly  active, 

sons  carrying  the  coffin,  with  the  when  nearly  25,000  anfortiiiiale 

fdends,  and  even  the  orators  them-  Africans  are    annually  imported 

selves,  (for  several  silly  harangues  into  Rio  alone, 

were  pronounced    at  tlie  grave)  Rats' Tails  and  Birds' HxASi. 

were  able  to  get  within  the  circle.  -«A  whimsical  return  appean  in 

30.  Poisoning.  «—  Jacob  Evans  the    Mauritius    Gazette.      It  it 

was  indicted  for  administering  to  printed  by  order  of  govenunent, 

one  Camp  Collins,  a  certain  quan-  in  pursuance  of  a  proclamarion, 

tity  of  decoction  of  foxglove,  and  made  in  February,  1825,  £n  the 

thereby  causing  his  death.     Thq  destruction  of  rats  and  birds,  whicb 

prisoner  was  one  of  those  empirics,  form  the  plague  of  the  island.   Tbe 

by  whose  ignorance  health,    and  rats'    tails     from    eight    distridi 

not  unfrequently,  as  in  this  case,  amount   to  the  almobt  incrediUe 

life  is  sacrificed.      The  deceased  number  of  830,473,  and  the  InA' 

was  an  apprentice    to  a  cabinet  heads  to  238,549  in  one  Iwdre- 

maker,  in  ClerkenweU,    and  was  month.     The  document  is  umnsA 

troubled  with  a  giddiness  in  his  G.  A.  Barry,  chief  secretaiy  of  tk 

head.      Evans,  who  had  written  government, 

a  book  upon  the  use  of  herbs,  was  Board  of  Tradb,  &c.  Dowv- 

requested  by  the   mother  of  the  ino-Strest.  — •  This  magnifieent 

youth  to  do  something  to  relieve  range  of  building  has  been  Istdy 

him ;   to  efiect  this,  he  adminis-  opened  to  public  view.     Althoogk 

tered  a-dose,  which  Mr.  Whitmore,  merely  a  portion  of  the  prqjectal 

a  surgeon,  of  Cold-Bath-fields,  de-  design — ^the  present  fa^nde  foDn* 

scribed  as  being  one  hundred  and  ing  only  the  centre  and  south  etit 

forty-four  times  stronger  than  the  pavilion  of  the  north  wing^— this 

usual  extreme  dose  used  by  the  is,  even  in  its  present  state,  one 

faculty.     The  symptoms  described  of  the  most  splendid  edifices  intk 

by  the  surgeon  were  such  as  Would  metropolis.     The  front  is  e&tir^ 

attend  death  by  vegetable  narcotic  of  stone,  and  consists  of  a  Corintli- 

poison.     The    prisoner    admitted  ian  order,  raised  a  few  feet  akfvc 

the  facts,  and  pleaded  i^orance.  the  level  of  the  street,  one  vih 

A  verdict  of  Not  Gruilty  being  re-  basement,  before  the  area  to  ndaft 

corded,  the  Court  addressed  the  is  a  massy  stone  ballustrade.    Tea 

prisoner  as  follows : — ''  For  God's  three-quarter  columns,  with  ftttod 

sake,    prisoner,  never  let  me  see  shaf^,  and  highly-wrought  cifitdi 

you  here  a^ain ;  go  and  repent  of  and  entablature,  occiqiy  die  catiti 

the  mischief  you  have  done,  and  the  end  pavilion  has  six  ooliiiBMflf 

pever  administer  piedidne  fi^aiiu''  the  tsmfi  Q^er  ^dHj  mhitfd 


NOV.] 


CHRONICLE. 


161 


fmm  the  wall,  and  a  similar  pavi- 
lion win  be  erected  at  the  other 
ejtnsmtj.  Within  this  order  is  a 
I^meipal  floor  and  mezzanine^ 
and  handsome  doors  of  entrance. 
The  smmnit  is  surmounted  by  a 
IjaDnstrade,  above  which,  at  some 
little  distance  beyond  it,  rises  a 
^cond  ballustrade^  which  is  not 
only  a  novels  but  agreeable^  fea* 
tare,  as  it  produces  a  highly  pic- 
turesque eflfect,  and  variety  of  sur- 
faa,  without  disturbing  the  repose 
of  the  composition.  It  is  intended 
to  erect  a  corresponding  wing  or 
fo9ade  to  the  south  and  to  convert 
Downing-street  into  an  avenue, 
b  the  same  style  of  architecture, 
conducting  into  the  Park,  through 
a  triumphal  archway.  These  two 
splendid  palaces,  separated  by  a 
street  of  equal  magnificence,  will 
fonn  a  scene  surpassing  in  archi- 
tectural splendor  any  other  in  the 
raetropolis,  with  the  exception  of 
tlie  new  fa^e  of  the.  Bank.  Like 
the  latter  edifice,  this  structure  is 
erected  fiom  the  dc^ns  of  Mr. 
Soane;  and  it  is  difincult  to  say 
whidi  of  the  two  will  be  the 
noblest  monument  of  his  talents. 
Here  the  order  it^lf  is  of  a  more 
elegant  and  highly  decorated  cha- 
racter; yet  the  Bank  must  certainly 
^  flowed  to  display  greater  ori- 
ginality of  design,  more  picturesque 
(innbination,  and  more  novel  and 
varied  accessories. 


NOVEMBER. 

I.  Oi*D  Bailey.  —  Frederick 
Justice  Latham  was  indicted  for 
stealing  from  his  employers,  Messrs. 
^^^arren  and  Co.,  of  Kood-laney  sun- 
flry  Bank  of  England  notes  and 
^veneigns,  their  property;  and 
Charies  Singleton,  a  young  gentle- 
loan  of  good  connexions,  was  also 

V0L.LXVIIL 


indicted  for  receiving  the "  same, 
knowing  them  to  be  stolen. 

The  case  proved  was  the  follow- 
irig:— The  prosecutors  are  emi- 
nent grocers  m  the  city  of  London, 
and  Latham  was  their  confidential 
clerk,  and  used  to  pay  the  duties 
on  sugar.  In  the  prosecutors' 
business  there  was  a  cash  drawer, 
in  which  the  receipts  of  the  day 
were  placed,  and  when  any  money 
was  required  for  duties,  or  other 
matters,  it  was  customary  to  take 
it  from  this  drawer.  On  the  15th 
of  September  the  prisoner,  as  was 
usual,  wrote,  in  a  waste  book,  an 
entry,  signifying  that  740/.  and  a 
fraction  was  required  for  duty  on 
sugar ;  he  then  took  from  the  cash 
drawer  416/1,  and  150/.,  but  in 
the  cash  book  he  entered  416/. 
only.  He  then  applied  to  a 
partner  of  the  house  for  a  draft 
for  the  difference,  to  make  up  the 
740/.  entered  in  the  waste  book  as 
the  sum  required  for  the  duties : 
he  accordingly  received  a  draft  at 
11  o'clock  on  the  morning  of 
the  15th.  This  draft  he  changed 
at  the  Bank  of  England  for  five 
SO/,  notes,  seven  10/.  notes,  and 
the  remainder  in  cash.  The  charge 
was  for  stealing  or  embezzling  the 
notes  and  ca^  received  at  the 
Bank  for  this  cheque.  After  La- 
tham had  been  to  the  Bank,  he  did 
not  return.  The  firm  then  adopted 
the  most  prudent  means  of  pre- 
venting his  escape;  they  des- 
patched messengers  or  letters  to 
the  out-ports,  and  sent  to  Dover 
a  clerk  who  knew  Latham.  This 
person  arrived  at  Dover,  and,  on 
the  qnay,  whence  the  steam  packet 
was  about  to  start  for  France,  saw 
Latham  on  the  point  of  embarking, 
and  stopped  him.  Singleton,  who 
was  a  clerk  in  the  Ordnance  office, 
and  hadbeenintimate  with  the  other 
prisoner^  came    to  Messrs,  Wai> 

M 


m 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


itm. 


ten  and  Co.  on  tlie  ITtb— *lie  had 
seen  a  partner  of  the  firm>  0 
wbom  he  bad  delivered  a  letter  in 
explanation  oi  his  knowledge  pf 
the  tnmsaction^  and  had  expressed 
his  desiro  to  giv^  any  further  in* 
formation  in  his  power*  The  suh« 
stance  of  this  letter  was,  that  Sin<- 
ffhston  had  aoreed  to  go  with 
Latham  to  Boiuosne^^that,  as  the 
prisoner  Latbam  had  not  obtained 
leave  of  absence^  it  had  been  deemed 
neceasarj,  in  ^tin^  passports,  to 
ta^e  Latham's  out  m  a  fictitious 
name,  but  that  Sipgleton  had  pro- 
cured his  in  his  own  naine-t^that 
he  had  boen  totally  ignorant  of  th^ 
manner  in  whidi  the  money  was 
pocuredji  a^d  of  its  amount,  until 
ne  had  arrived  at  Dover^^tbat  the 
moment  he  found  that  Latham  had 
come  by  it  improperly^  he  had  tried 
0  per»iade  him  to  return  imme» 
di»tely  to  town,  and  that,  having 
found  his  entreaties  useless,  he  had 
retmned.lo  give  up  70L,  and  to 
explain,  as  far  as  he  was  able»  all 
he  knew  of  the  transaction.  The 
pzifioners  had  been  aeen  together 
between  twelve  and  one  o'clock  on 
the  day  of  the  robbery,  in  Picea* 
diUy*— they  had  bought  hosiery  at 
one  shop-*<lothes  at  a  second-^ 
two  portmanteaus  at  a  third-^they 
had  dined  at  the  Hyd&^)ark  hotel, 
where  the  waiter's  suyicions  had 
heen  excited  by  the  fact  of  the 
pcnrtmanteaus  being  empty — ^had 
changedsome  of  the  notes  received  at 
the  Bank  for  their  various  purchases 
r-xp^and  had  taken  a  post-chaise,  and 
goi^  away  in  company.  There 
was  no  proof  of  Singleton  having 
been  at  Dover^  except  his  own  Ict^ 
ter ;  but  he  had  paid  for  some  of 
the  gpods  seven  or  eight  pounds  in 
.gold-rhe  had  paid  for  the  dinner 
at  the  hotdi  with  one  of  the  ten 
pound  nute^  and  he  had  at  I>a;ct- 
fiai  paid  w^$j  another. 


The  case  for  the 
being  dosed^  Latham  declined  of- 
fering any  defence,  but  tSinglrtw 
addressed  the  Jury  aftarlj  as  fal- 
lows ;<nr>'  Gentlemen  of  the  Juiy ; 
I  may  have  a^^ted  incaatiouily  sod 
imprudently,  but  I  mm  tote%  in^ 
nocent  of  the  charge  Sat  whidi  I 
am  now  unfortunatdj  wtandiRg  ia 
this  awful  situation.  I  was  !•• 
vited  by  the  prisoner  to  ga  tp 
France ;  I  had  some  of  mj  dmovt 
relations  reaidinff  at  Boulogne,  wmk 
the  prisoner  tola  me  he  had  had  t 
legacy  left  him,  and  that  he  vqbU 
j)ay  all  the  exp«Bj<es ;  he  waa  thn 
in  mourning,  as  if  he  had  lost  a 
friend.  We  had  no  time  to  gst 
our  dpth/BSi  and  he  said  he  hal 
plenty  of  money  to  buy  what  we 
might  want  ^  he  odd  that  as  he 
had  not  obtained  leave  of  his 
ployers^  he  would  have  his 

grt  taken  out  in  another 
ad  I  been  ^wltjr^  or  ao^naiatwd 
with  the  gimt  of  the  priaooei^  I 
should  have  availed  myself  ot  the 
same  njieans  of  concealment  ^  hut  I 
obtained  my  passport  in  raj  en 
nam)^  We  purdiased  the  thiiy 
we  required,  and  went  toDoiw; 
here  I  began  to  swspect  that  La- 
tham had  not  cope  bgr  the 
honestly,  and  I  urged  him  to 
turn  to  London  with  what  »- 
mained;  and  having  endeaweuwil 
in  vain,  I  resolved  qn  retunai| 
myself,  for  which  purpose  I  caae 
away  in  the  van  to  Canterbonr, 
leaving  every  thing  *M4int^  mt; 
took  a  post-chaise  fiom  thence, 
and  arrived  in  London  on  Saturn 
day  night,  too  late  to  ape  to  the 
employers  of  TiHtham.  1  fccgot  to 
mention,  that  cm  mj  azzisal  it 
Dover,  I  wrote  to  v^  und^  «f- 
ing  I  was  going  to  Boukgae,  and 
should  retiun  in  three  dajra  ;  and, 
also,  excusing  myself  foe 
sent  without  leav^    The 


K>VO  C  H  R  O  N  I  C  L  B.  m 

iMumcd  to  London,  I  wrote  to   toii)wM< 


7<»Bgfiirad,  rsqUMting  to  kittiw  of    the   } 

be  Boaw  and  aildrau  of  lethMd'a  themsclrc 

nployen  ]  ho  came  to  me  on  Suii>  Several  r 

aj  tovnun^  and  walked  with  me  then  calif 

nvardt  tluur  nudence-     I  wrote  thamhad 

he  btteir  which   has  been    pro«  a  lemcy, 

ocod ;  I  wrote  it  in  great  ocita^  v/axS»  set 

ion,   and  vaij  hutily ;    I    have  the  loss  c 

lado  errors  in  it,    perbapi,    and  had  invib 

iniwion*  ;  I  called  with  it  myself,  to  France 

)  ^ve  up  the  moira;  which  I  had  nesics  we 

e«eired  of  Ijuham,  sad  to  afibrd  the  honou 

vaj  information  in  my  power  ro-  ton  ;  and 

ttive  to  the  trannctiom.     Two  his  friend 

ersons  whom  I  saw  behaved  like  est  rcspet 

antlement  hut  the  other  would  wmits.    ' 

ear  nothing  I  had  to  aaj,  oiderod  o'clock,  ■ 

oe  of  his  meo  to  atand  between  out  of  G 

le  and  the  door ;  sent  for  an  oiG-  Mr.  AH^ 

et,  bad  me  aj^rehended,  and  de-  tion.  to  tl 

ired  the  officer  not  to  allow  me  verdict  sh 

)  Doramunicate  with  any  bod/,  it  should 

0  strict  was  this  ii^junclion  car-  been  pre^ 
led,  into  efiect,  that  a  letter  which  the  prisoi 

had  written  to  my  father,  to  in-  whidi  wa 

inn  him  of  my  situation,  was  ia-  that  then 

^rcepted,  and  returned  to  me  no-  Mr.  C 

pened  the  day  after  my  examin-  hendcd, 

tioa  ;  there  was  I,  deprived  of  a  there  wai 

rofeisional  man,  and  the  means  of  of  Jat^^ 

lewinfi  my  innocence  preveuted.  in  dcUber 

low  far  Mr.  Wanwt  can  reconcile  o'clodi,  i 

lis  unfeeling  and  unjust  conduct  in  conseq 

>  one  jilac^  like  myself  in  this  made  to  ) 

tuatient  and  denied  the  means  of  of  l^iba 

cfeno^  t  know  not,  but  I  am  in-  diat  tlt^ 

DCCBt  of  the  charge,   and  have  an  unami 

eon  throughout  anxious  to  stand  totheothi 

>rwatd,  and  to  clear  myself.     The  Seraeant 

liatBter  JAtham  had  invited  others  gulfi  of  i 

1  go  to  Fiance,  but  they  had  re-  out  to  th 
iscd.  These  facts  I  ^udl  be  aUe  to  acquit 
)  prove  hy  the  witnesses  which  th^  wou 
ly  counsel  will  call  for  my  d&-  to  state  t! 
!Bce.'  evidence 

Ur.  Atity  had  been  amuous,  he-  Jury  thq 

ire  the  trial  proceeded,  to  object  of  the  t; 

I  the  indictment,  which  was  hud  brought  j 

Ton^«Dlaraitiiejiiiipaet(Sin|il^  GuOty,ai 


164 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


{19A 


after  they  had  been  confined  all 
nieht>  they  were  next  day  dist 
mused  without  a  verdict. 

SwiHDLBB.— A  woman^  calling 
herself  Countess  of  Jersey,  has  been 
condemned  by  the  correctional  tri« 
bunal  of  Ghent«  to  a  year's  impri- 
sonment, and  a  fine  of  25  florms, 
as  a  swindler.  She  lodged,  in  the 
month  of  March  last,  at  the  hotel 
of  M.  de  Vos,  at  Ostend.  Beine 
without  means  to  support  herself, 
she  sent  for  M.  Herwyn,  of  that 
town,  to  whom  she  told  in  confix 
denoe,  the  secret  connection  which 
she  had  had,  as  she  said,  with  Buo« 
naparte  in  the  island  of  Elba,  with 
captain  Maitland  at  Malta,  her 
travels  in  all  parts  of  the  world, 
and  the  large  sums  which  she  was 
to  receive  in  England  by  virtue  of 
the  will  of  the  ex-emperor.  She 
assured  him,  that,  among  other 
things,  she  wanted  the  certificate 
of  her  daughter's  death,  and  some 
other  papers,  which  were  in  the 
hands  of  the  said  captain,  at  Liver* 
pool,  and  that,  on  producing  these 
papers,  she  would  receive  the 
enormous  sums  that  were  bequeath-- 
ed  to  her.  On  the  credit  of  this 
statement,  accompanied  by  tears, 
M.  Herwyn  advanced  the  lady  a 
sum  of  money,  and  even  cave  her 
a  letter  of  recommendation  to  a 
house  in  Liverpool,  in  order  to  go 
and  fetch  the  papers  which  were 
to  secure  to  her  the  enjo3nnent  of  a 
considerable  fortune.  But,  after  a 
residenbe  of  some  weeks  at  Liver* 
pool,  she  returned  without  papers 
and  without  money,  having  even 
borrowed  of  the  persons  to  whom 
she  was  recommended,  some  pounds 
sterling,  for  which  she  had  been 
obliged  to  leave  her  papers  in  pawn. 
On  her  returning  to  Ostend,  M. 
Herwyn  perceived  that  he  had  been 
duped,  but  he  by  no  means  sus« 

p«oted  anoUier  trick  which  the  lady 


intended  to  play  him.  He  had  m 
his  hands  reoe^^ts  for  the  moa^ 
which  he  had  leskt  her,  and  mder 
the  pretext  of  procorixig  him,  ia« 
stead  of  the  recdpts,  a  regokr 
deed,  she  got  them  into  her  haak 
again ;  but,  instead  of  giving  hni 
anoUier  deed  in  exchange,  me  de- 
camped finom  Ostend  withont  pi^ 
ing  either  her  landlord,  or  liercoB- 
plaasant  lender.  In  this  state  of 
things,  she  arrived  at  Ghent  in  ikt 
month  of  July,  and  took  np  her 
lodgings  in  the  hotel  of  the  Goliiei 
Lion.  In  order  to  obtain  mone^r, 
she  put  in  practice  the  same  meaB 
that  she  had  employed  to  captivite 
the  confidence  of  M.  Herwyn :  Ae 
had  announced  heraelf  as  ^ 
Countess  of  Jersqr,  poaseasing  n 
immense  fortune,  pretending  to  be 
connected  with  the  highest  pema- 
affes,and  the  first  houses  in  Europe. 
She  gave  out  that  she  was  in  ex« 

S fetation  of  the  arrival  of  Jeacfk 
uonaparte,  and  even  went  to 
Mooregem  to  purchase  the  chaten 
which  she  intended  for  hxm ;  Ac 
desired  to  hire  and  to  f umidi  ii 
the  most  el^mt  manner,  a  hoBK 
in  that  city,  sayii^  that  as  she  hai 
no  children  living,  she  promised  to 
leave  all  her  fortune  to  him  who 
would  have  the  complaisance  to 
advance  her  a  sum  of  money  in  At 
temporary  embarrassment  in  whSdb 
she  found  herself.  All  this  wsi 
supported  by  the  charms  of  ^ 
quence,  and  a  seducing  coquetiv; 
numerous  papers,  written  ftn-  At 
most  part  in  a  language  which  few 
people  understand  were  also  pn- 
auced  to  give  credit  to  the  part  At 
played.  By  means  of  lul  the* 
manoeuvres  she  succeeded  ia  o^ 
taining  from  some  gentlemen  ia 
the  city,  not  only  money,  but  i 
house  fumishedinthe  most  spkaisi 
style.    At  length,  people 

conYia9ed  that  Ais  woman 


NOV.]  CHRONICLE.  165 

lothing  but  a  swindler,  who  spe-    March  last,  and  came  to  Ostend, 
nilated  on  the  good  faith  of  simple    where  she  became  acquainted  with 
)ersons  to  cheat  them  of  money,  &C.    M.   Herwyn,   who   supplied    her 
5he  was  proceeded  against  by  the    with  2,500  francs  in  money  and 
>ublic  prosecutor.  Never  was  there    goods,    and   gave   her    a    letter 
I  more  select  or  more  numerous    of  recommendation  to   Liverpool* 
luditory  seen  in  the  court.    In-    Not  meeting  at  that  town  with 
ieed,  the  pleadings  and  the  sen«    the  person  whom  she  seemed  to 
ence  merited  the  attention  of  the    expect,   she  returned  to  Ostend, 
public      The  Countess  defended    and    afterwards    went  to  Ghent 
lerself  with  much  sangfroid,  and    towards  the  latter  end  of  July, 
ler  counsel  shewed,  in  an  eloquent    She  alighted  at  the    Lion  d'Or 
efence,  that  a  man  may  have  great    hotel,    where   she    sent    for  the 
alent  and  lose  his  cause.    The    banker  Tricot;   but  that  senUe* 
idges  retired  for  a  long  time,  and    man  being  dead,  his  son-in-law, 
n    returning    into    Court,    pro-    M.  Roelands  Tricot,  went  to  her. 
ounced  the  sentence  of  the  lady.    She  succeeded  in  inspiring   him 
rho  seemed,  while  she  listened  to    with'sufficient  confidenoeto  advance 
:,  maUresse  de  ses  sens  et  commt    a  considerable  sum.    She  procured 
ccouiumee  d  de  tels  jugemens,  money   &om    other   persons,    by 

This  adventurer  was  bom  at  Pa-  means  of  seducing  promises,  and 
is,  but  it  appears  she  was  married  theexhibitionofnumerouswritings, 
)  the  Count  Meniac  Rohan  de  Jer-  sevenl  of  which  bore  the  signature 
*y,  in  England.  She  resided  for  of  some  of  the  most  distinguished 
>me  years,  (during  part  of  which  names  of  the  French  revolution, 
me  Napoleon  was  there)  in  the  She  then  hired  a  house,  which  she 
landofElba.  The  Italian  Journals  furnished,  and  went  to  Mooregem 
ive,  as  the  object  of  her  voyage  to  to  buy  the  mansion  destined,  as  she 
lat  island,  the  escape  of  Buona-  said,  for  Josq)h  Buonaparte,  whom 
ute.  They  even  say,  that  the  she  expected.  Suspicions,  how- 
onntess  made  the  English  officer  ever,  besan  to  be  entertained  of 
lere  a  present  of  a  diamond  ring,    her—- Awkward  reports  respecting 

100,000  francs  in  value ;    and    her  were  generally  spread;   and, 
at,  being  acquainted  with  that    finally,  the  public  minister  insti- 
Bcer,  and  with  captain  Campbell,    tuted  a  prosecution  against  her, 
mmander  of  the  English  frigate,    the  result  of  which  was  the  above 
e  Bellerophon,  stationed  at  Elba,    mentioned  judgment 
e  by  that  means  facilitated  the        Sir  Humphrsy  Daw's  Pro- 
cape.    After  the  hundred  days,    tectors. — The    Dartmouth    firi- 
e  went  to  Italy,  where  she  spent    gate,  captain  Henry  Dundas,  was 
uchjmoney.     Having  returned  to    brought  into  dock  this  week,  to 
ranee  in  1816,  she  was  wrecked    have  her  bottom  examined,  after 
I  the  Rhone,  and  had  her  life    having  the  copper  protected  on  the 
ved  by  her  son.     She  afterwards    plan    of   sir    rlumphrey  Davy ; 
snt  and  resided  in  Turkey  several    when  it  was  found  uat  the  influ- 
ars,  principally  at  Constantinople,    ence  produced  by  these  protectors, 
le  also  made  different  voyages  in    in  preserving  the  copper  had  pro- 
e    Mediterranean,   and    to    the    duced  a  most  extraorainary  e£(ect : 
nian  islands.    She  then  returned    for,  by  reducing  the  oxidation  which 
England^  which  she  quitted  in   before  took  |>laoe  on  the  copper,  an4 


\m  ANk^AL  "REGISTER.         ottS. 

•  ^  ^    \  _  _ 

which  sqwffated  from  it  most  of  Wortham ;  worted  witli  O.  HalL 

the  suhstanoes  that  adhered  to  it>  who  is  a  shunning  manufacturer  ;  I 

the  bottom  had  become  extremely  am  pregnant  by  nim ;  he  tdd  me 

foul,  so  that  within  ten  or  twelve  to  lav  it  on  a  man  of  the  name  of 

feet  of  the  protectors^  it  was  en<^  £lwm>  who  is  sone  to  Ameiicii» 

tirely  covered,  in  thick  patches,  and  then  the  child  would  come  to 

with     serpula,    oysters,    musdes,  the  parish,  and  no  cliarge  wooU 

and  other  shell  fish.     So  firmly  come  to  him ;  I  said  I  could  mA 

had  they  adhered  to  the  copper,  do  it ;  he  said  I  must^  for  he  lad 

that  it  ^as  found  impossible  in  enough  without  mine^  and  if  Ilni 

many  parts  to  detach  them* — The  it  to  him  he  would  make  awmy 

oyster  and  muscle  were  foreign*  with  himself.     He  then  told  n^  to 

inter^iersed  with  foreign  weeds,  go  to  Gathercde,  and  he  would  go 

Some  of  the  other  roedes  of  shell-  with  me ;  he  took  me  in  his  cut 

fish  werenatives,  ana  had,  nodoubt,  within  mght  of  Gatheroole*s  honae, 

from  their  &ze,  been  collected  on  and  set  me  down ;  he  gave  me  1^ 

the  bottom  before  she  left  England,  and  told  me  to  give  it  to  Gather* 

The  bottom  had  placed  uix)n  it  cole;    I   went  to  the  house  wai 

three  cast-iron  protectors,    about  rapped,  and  a  man  came  who  sod 

seven  feet  long  and  five  or  ^  his  name  was  Gathercole ;  he  took 

inches  wide,  one  on  each  bow  and  me  into  an  unfurnished  room,  and 

quarter,  about  three  feet  below  the  brought  in  a  stool  and  made  me  nt 

surface  of  the  water,  and  one  on  down ;  he  said  to  me*  you  are  in 

each  side  amidships  on  the  keeL  the  family- way  by  a  maoried  man ; 

The  protectors  were  removed,  and  he  told  me,  1  must  lay  the  child  to 

the  oxide  caused  by  the  iron  cleaned  Thomas  lloward ;  I  said,  Howazd 

as  much  as  possible,  previous  to  the  was  not  the  father  of  the  child ; 

ship  being  taken  out  o^  dock.     It  Gathercole  said,  if  I  did  not  laj  it 

is  now  fully  established  that  sir  to  Howard,  he  would  torment  mt 

Humphrey  Davy's  experiment  for  and  wrap  me  up  in  coals  of  fire  far 

preserving  the   copper  on  ships*  everlasting ;  he  said,  if  I  got  hbi 

bottoms  has  failed;    that  is,  tne  2/.  I  should  be  married  to  Thoous 

cast-iron  protectors  doubtless  pre-  Howard ;  1  said  I  was  apoor  gpii 

serves  the  copper,  but  they  operate  and  could  not  get  2/. ;  Gathertok 

at  the  same  time  so  much  to  in-  said.  Hall  was  a  likely  msm  to  di* 

crease  the  foulness  of  it,  that  the  it,  for  he  liked  to  get  Into  scrapes 

remedy  is  worse  than  the  disease,  and  liked  to  get  out  of  them.    I 

The  protectors  are,  therefore,  or-  went  home,  it  was  Saturday,  and 

dered  to  be  removed  from  all  sea-  worked  at  Hall's  the  Monday  afier; 

gobg  ships,  and  be  continued  only  Hall  asked  what  Gathercole  taad 

on  such  as  are  in  a  quiescent  state,  to  me ;  I  told  him  what  took  place ; 

5.  Case  of  Alleged  Pebjuby*  Hall  said  ha  would  s^id  2L  oo 

—At  Ipswich  Sessions,  Frederick  Wednesday.     I  said  it  was  a  kt  o/ 

George  HaQ  aad  William  Gather-  money  to  fool  away  about  saci 

cdle  were  indicted  for  a  conspiracy  nonsense ;  he  said,  he  did  not  care 

to  persuade  Amy  Studd,  of  Wort-  what  he  did  to  gei  otf  ihe  cfctt 

ham,  to  affiliate  a  child,  with  which  Hall  afterwards  told  me  he  seot 

she    was  pregnant,    on    Thomas  the  2/.     I  went    fo    Gatheccale 

Howard.    The  girl  gave  the  fol-  again,  and  he  told  me  he  Bad  ie< 

lowing    evidence :  --•'  I   Kvq    at  ceived  the  2L  safe  and  sound,  ra 


Joy.3               CHRONIOLK  Wt 

IFednesiir.    He  said,  «  Now  I  chUd  to  Howard  ;  He  said  I  must. 

Are  got  the  money  I  can  begin  the  and  should  meet  him  at  the  Sun .  at 

^i^ess."      Gathercole  appointed  Diss,  on  the  Monday,  and  to  bnng 

lie  day  to    swear  the  child   to  a  piece  of  each  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 

foward;  it  was  Friday.     I  told  Howard's   clothes  with    me;     I 

(fan  I  could  not  do  it.    Gathercole  asked  him  if  a  piece  of  their  chil- 

lid,  if  I  did  not,  he  would  drain  dren's  would  do ;  he  said  no,  he  did 

^way  my  life  an  inch  at  a  time,  not  wish  to  torment  them,  and  that 

nd  that  he  would  lose  his  arm  if  I  must  wrap  the  pieces  of  clothes 

was  not  ruled  l^  him.    He  said,  separately,  in  three  sheets  of  far* 

ioward's  wife's  life  should  co  he-  thmg  writing  paper,  and  put  one 

ore  mine,  if  I  would  be  rukd  by  in  my  pocket,  and  the  other  in  my 

tim.    He  then  opened  a  book  and  bosom.    He  showed  me  the  shape 

bowed  me  a  picture  of  two  hands,  of  two  hearts,  and  told  me  to  run 

nd  told  me  to  lay  my  hand  across  a  hot  tobacco  pipe  through  them ; 

hem  and  say  some  words  after  I  did  so ;  and  he  then  stuck  four 

ktm.  I  don't  know  what  the  words  pins  in  the  bearts,  and  said,  if  I 

vere.    He  showed  me  the  shape  was  not  ruled  by  him,  my  heart 

f  a  spirit,  and  said  it  would  take  would  be  served  so  too ;  he  after- 

iway  Howard's  wife's  life,  and  if  I  wards  put  them  into  a  book.    On 

vaa  not  ruled  l^  him,  it  would  take  the  Monday,  I  met  Gathercole  and 

way  mine.    He  said,  I  should  be  Hall  at  the  Sun ;  we  drank  toge* 

uled  by  him ;  I  could  not  with-  ther.    Gathercole  went  out,  and 

tandit;     I  went  to  the  Ship,  at  said  the  coastwas  dear,  tod  I  might 

^isB,  and  saw  Gathercole  and  Hall  go  and  swear  the  child,  and  Mr* 

here.    Hall  asked  me  to  drink,  Clarke  should  go  with  me  to  the 

nd  told  me  to  pluck  up  my  spirits.  Magistrate's  room.  Gathercole  told 

]rathercole  was  not  there  when  I  Clarke,  if  any  thing  should  happen 

irst  went  ih ;  he  came  in  after-  there,  to  come  out  and  tell  him.    I 

vturds,  and  said,  I  must  swear  the  went  with  Clarke,  and  falsely  swore 

hild  that  Friday  to  the  married  the  child  to  Howard,  on  Hall  and 

lan.    Gathercole  told  me  to  sit  Gathercole's    account*      When  I 

till,  and  he  would  see  if  the  coast  came  out  I  saw  Hall  and  Gather^ 

rsB  clear ;  that  he  would  go  with  cole  in  the  church-yard ;  I  went 

le^  and  I  should  take  no  hurt,  to  them,  and  said,  I  had  sworn  the 

Tiithercole  went,  out,  and  came  child  to  Howard.     Hall  and  Ga- 

ack  in  ten  minutes,  and  said,  he  thevcole  both  said,  ''We  will  eo  to 

ad  seen  Vince,  and  told  him  he  the  Saracen's  Head ;"    but  Hall 

ad  a   cousin  to  swear  a  child,  afterwards  said,  ''No,  there  is  a 

fall  heard  him  say  this.     Gath^-  servant  there  who  would  know  me, 

nle  went  out  again,  and  said,  he  we  will  go  to  the  Sun  and  spend 

*w    Cullingford,    the   Wortham  5*.  I  don't  care  what  I  spend,  so 

versecr,  and  he  must  put  it  off  tUl  long  as  I  have  got  the  child  off." 

ext  Justice  Sitting,  as  Cullingford  I  went  and   drank  with   them; 

new   him.     I    went    home  and  Gathercole  said,  he  must  charge 

nmk  with  Hall  and  Gathercole.  lOs.  for  his  two  days'  work,   he 

rathercole  told  me  to  go  to  his  could  not  lose  his  time  fbr  nothing; 

ouse  again,  and  he  would  tell  me  Hall  gave  him  lOs.  and  me  li  and 

rhere  he  would  meet  me ;  I  went  said,  he  would  give  m6  15#.  after 

Dl  lay  the  ^e  next  Juitioe  Sitting,  if  I  di4 


o  Mm,  and  said>  I  dare  not 


168  ANNUAL   REGISTER.         iu)A 

not  discover^  and  4^.  a  week  till  it  was  blowing  a  vicdent  gale  ham 

Gatbercole  had  taken  away  How-  tbe  S.  E.^  and  consequently  tiist 

ard's  wife's  life.  I  have  no  criminal  the    vessels    in     the     bay    wetc 

acquaintance  with  Howard;    the  in    great   danger,   as   it   is    oolj 

charge  against  him  is  false.     1  saw  sheltered  by  mountsuns  frnn  the 

Hammond  on  the  road  when  I  north    and    west      It    increased 

first  went  to  Gathercole's ;  Ham-  progressively    all     day, 

mond  was  in  the  cart ;  he  was  set  panied    by    rain ;     three 

down  in  the  street. — Thomas  How-  were  wrecked,  but  only  two  Jmg 

ard  swore  that  he  had  a  wife  and  were  lost ;  and  at  night  it  blew 

four  children,  and  had  had  no  con-  tremendously     until    about    cm 

nexior  with  Studd.  o'clock,  when  the  wind  dianged  to 

Several  witnesses  were  examined  the  north,  and  the  hurricane  corn- 
on  the  part  of  the  defendant.  menced.     The  noise  caused  by  the 

The    Jury,    having    consulted  wind  and  rain,  which  fell  in  tor- 

about  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  said  rents,  was  awful :  the  water  in  the 

they  were  all  agreed  but  one  as  to  street  rushed  like  a  river  to  the 

who  was  the  father  of  the  child,  sea,  and  we    were    occupied   aH 

The  chairman  told  them  that  was  night  in  baling  the    water  froa 

not  the  question,  and  they   had'  the  house,  which  is  large,  but  not 

better    renre.    After    two  hours  a  single  room  escaped.  The  foUov- 

they  returned,    and  the  foreman  ing  day  and  night  it  oontinued, 

said    they    found    the     prisoners  but  with  decreasing  violence,  and 

Guilty ;  but  one  juror  said  he  was  on  the  morning  of  the  9th  it  abated, 

not   agreed.     The    foreman  said,  and  I  was  able  to  go  out.    I  found 

they  were  all  agreed  but  one  ;  and  that  the  change  of  wind  had  enab- 

it  was  hard  they  should  be  kept  led  the  remaining  vessels  to  get 

on  account  of  him.     The  juryman  under  weigh,  and  they  were  out 

said,  he  did  not  believe  the  girl:  of  sight.     The  damage  done  to  the 

she  had  forsworn  herself  before.-—  town    consisted    in  a  few  small 

The  cliairman  observed  that  her  houses  havingbeen  blown  down,  the 

evidence  had  been  corroborated  in  rest  injured  more  or  less,  gardens 

part  by  fther  witnesses.     The  jury  destroyed,   the   pavement  in   the 

were  then  sent  back,  and  after  an  streets  in  part  torn  up,  and  strewed 

other  hour  (about  1 1  at  night)  they  with  stones,  tiles,  &c.,  the  bridge 

returned  a  verdict  of  Not  Guilty ;  washed  away,  and  two  24-pouDd- 

the  eleven  having  in  the  interval  ers  driven  from  one  of  the  castks 

yielded  to  the  opmion  of  the  one,  into  the  sea :  the  water  had  rodied 

and  appointed  him  their  foreman  !  through  the  post-office  a  yard  in 

7.  HuRBiCANE  AT  Santa  Cbuz.  depth,  carrying  away  some  lettcis, 

-—The  following  is  an  extract  from  and  destroying  others,  but,  forto- 

a  letter  dated  l^nta  Cruz,  Tene-  nately  no  lives  had  been  lost.  Af 

riffe,  giving  an  account  of  a  dread-  the   town  is  sheltered   from   tbe 

ful   hurricane    with    which    that  northerly  wind,  it  was  uaturaOy 

island  was  visited  on  that  and  the  imagined  that  the  other  parts  oi 

following  days  : — "  The  noise  pro-  the  island  had  suffered  most,  and 

duced  by  the  raging  sea  and  wind  the    greatest     anxiety    prevailei 

awoke  me  very  early  in  the  mom-  At  length  accounts  anivod  fraiB 

ing,  and,  upon  going  to  tbe  top  of  different  parts,  all    proving   thst 

the  hQuse  as  customary,  J  p^r<?ewd  Pur  fpvs  bad  been  justly  entcr^ 


N0V.3 


CHRONICLE. 


169 


tailed,  and  tliat  we  bad  been  com- 
psradvely  well  o£  It  is  easy  to 
imagine  that  water  rushing  from 
lofty  mountains,  increasing  in  its 
coane,  must  necessarily  carry  away 
eyery  thing  opposed  to  it.  Sucn 
was  the  force  of  the  water  from 
tbe  moontains,  that  the  stones, 
tieeSy  animals,  &c«  which  were 
l»Y)U|^t  by  it,  have  caused  the  sea 
at  Port  Orotava  to  retire  300 
jards,  so  that  you  can  now  walk 
on  land,  where  there  were  pre- 
viooaiy  ^ye  fathoms  of  water.  In 
Its  progress  it  carried  away  a 
battery  and  the  guard,  with  the 
exception  of  a  corporal  and  one 
soldier,  and  two  old  dismounted 
guns  remain  to  denote  where  it 
ooce  stood.  The  beautiful  valley 
of  Orotava  has  suffered,  perhaps, 
more  than  any  other  part,  and  the 
loss  of  lives  and  property  is  at 
present  incalculable.  Above  one 
hondied  dead  mutilated  bodies 
bare  already  been  found  there,  but 
these  must  be  few  in  comparison 
to  the  number  buried  in  the  rub- 
bish: in  one  district  alone,  112 
houses  had  been  carried  away,  with 
the  cultivated  land  near  them. 
Some  estates  have  been  entirely, 
and  others  partly,  destroyed ;  small 
viUages  partly  swept  away,  with 
their  inhabitants,  vineyards  de- 
stroyed, cattle  lost,  and,  in  fine, 
all  the  numerous  disasters  which  a 
catastniphe  of  this  kind  can  occa- 
aoD.  On  that  side  of  the  island 
where  Port  Orotava  stands,  two 
▼easels  were  lost,  one  near  that 
town,  a  French  vessel,  and  only 
four  seamen  miraculously  escaped ; 
the  rest,  consisting  of  the  captain, 
mate,  ten  seamen,  and  three  mer- 
chants, passengers,  perished ;  the 
other  was  a  Spanish  vessel  bound 
to  Uavannah,  from  which,  I  be- 
heve,  only  three  men  were  saved. 
From  parts  of  wreck  seen  near 


the  coast  it  is  presumed  much 
damage  must  have  been  done  at  sea. 
In  Candelaria,  the  convent  contain^ 
ing  the  Virgin,  so  much  celebrated 
for  her  miraculous  appeaitocehere 
at  the  time,  or  shortly  after  the 
conquest,  and  which  was  so  greatly 
venerated  by  all  the  inhabitants  i£ 
these  islands,  was  washed  away, 
and  also  a  castle  in  which  a  soldier 
and  his  fSEunily  had  sought  refuge. 
Not  only  has  this  island  sufieied 
from  the  hurricane,  but  also  some 
of  the  others ;  and  great  damage 
has  been  done  in  Canary,  where 
nine  vessels  were  lost^  with  part  of 
their  crews." 

Transparbncy  of  the  Ocban. 
—Experiments  were  made  during 
the  voyage  of  the  Coquille,  to  as- 
certain at  what  depth  in  the  sea 
an  apparatus  beoime  invisible, 
composed  of  a  plank  two  feet  in 
diameter,  painted  white,  and 
weighed,  so  that  on  descending  it 
should  always  remain  horizontaL 
The  results  varied  much.  At 
Offale,  in  the  island  of  Waigou^ 
on  the  13th  of  September,  the  disc 
disappeared  at  the  depth  of  59 
feet — the  weather  calm  and  cloudy ; 
on  the  14th,  the  sky  being  dear, 
it  disappeared  at  the  depth  of  75.3 
feet.  At  Port  Jackson,  on  the 
12th  and  13th  of  February,  it 
was  not  visible,  at  more  than  38..S 
feet  in  a  dead  calm ;  the  mean  at 
New  Zealand,  in  April,  was  32.8 
feet  less ;  at  the  isle  of  Ascension^ 
in  January  under  favourable  cir- 
cumstances, the  extreme  limits  in 
eleven  experiments  were  28  and 
36  feet. 

7.  Anniversary  op  Goethe. 
— The  anniversary  of  Goethe  was 
celebrated  at  Weimar,  on  the  7th 
of  November.  His  royal  highness 
the  grand  duke  presented,  on  the 
occasion,  to  the  poet,  the  gold 
medal  which  was  struck  last  year# 


tio 


ANI^^tJAL   RdaidTER.         tifis& 


atid  wUch  on  one  aide  presents 
the  head  of  OoSthe^  and  on  the 
leterse  the  heads  of  the  grand 
duke  and  grand  dudiess.  The 
l^end  is  in  German^  to  the  follow- 
ing effect  :-^' Charles  Augustus 
and  Louisa  to  GoHthe^  7th  No« 
veuiher  1825." 

Explosion  m  a  Stsam-'BoaI'. 
-«->The  United  Kingdom  Steam-* 
packet,  from  London  for  Edin*- 
bui^h^  haring  put  into  Grimsby- 
roads  for  shelter^  the  Graham 
Steam«paeket  with  passengers  for 
Hull)  went  alongside  ner  to 
take  out  those  persons  desirous  of 
proceeding  to  Hull,  and  thence 
to  Edinburgh^  by  land.  Shortly 
9£tet  the  engine  of  the  Graham 
was  stopped,  the  boiler  burst  with 
a  tremendous  aqdosion,  by  which 
a  respectable  Corn-dealer  of  Grims- 
by, is  said  to  have  been  literally 
bloWn  to  atoms,  as  no  part  of  him 
Was  erer  afterwards  seen;  he 
left  a  wife  and  ten  children  to 
deplore  his  loss.  John  Potton,  a 
labourer,  was  killed  on  the  spot 
A  gentleman  and  a  lady  w&re 
Uown  a  considerable  height,  and 
fell  into  the  water;  they  were 
immediately  picked  up,  and  did 
not  appear  to  be  much  injured. 
Sereral  other  persons  were  severely 
scalded.  One  gentleman,  \^ho  was 
looking  over  the  side  of  the 
United  Kingdom  packet,  was  killed 
on  the  spot,  his  head  being  literally 
shattered  to  pieces.  After  the 
accident,  the  Graham  was  towed 
tip  to  Hull  by  the  United  King- 
dom. When  the  consternation 
had  in  some  degree  subsided,  the 
Graham's  passengers  were  taken 
on  board  the  other  packet.  The 
cause  of  the  accident  was  explained 
by  the  evidence  given  by  the  en- 
gineer on  the  inquest  held  on  some 
of  the  bodies.  The  evidence  was 
to  the  following  effect  t-^^^ 


Jacob  Urwin,  engineer  of  the 
Graham,  was  upon  the  paddle- 
box  of  that  vessd  at  the  tmie  tiie 
accident  happened ;  had  been  en- 
gineer of  the  Gralmm  18  months ; 
has  had  accidents  a  little  befinely 
this  boiler,  which  has  given  wsj 
more  than  once.  From  the  fint 
he  never  considered  this  boikra 
good  one,  and  has  represented  to 
the  owners  that  it  was  defecti?eL 
The  first  day  he  Joined  the  rmA^ 
the  boiler  had  to  be  repaired;  and 
he  then  tdd  them,  that  it  was  not 
safe.  He  did  not  oonader  it  sife 
even  after  it  was  repurod.  He 
took  SOlbs.  of  weight  from  tiie 
safety  valve,  not  thinking  the 
boiler  strong  enoug^.  The  M 
weight,  when  he  came,  was  56n&, 
and  he  diminished  it  ftO,  and  it  hii 
remained  86  ever  since.  On* 
sidered  the  boiler  then  aafer^  bet 
always  had  a  dread  upon  hist 
86lbs.  is  a  very  lisht  pressure.  V 
it  had  been  a  good  boiler,  it  woold 
have  borne  the  561bs.  and  a  gieit 
deal  more.  He  always  thoo^ 
the  boiler  unsafe ;  and  in  cense^ 
quence  of  hh  representatkm  he 
had  reason  to  think  new  boQen 
were  ordered.  This  bailer  wb 
not  of  the  proper  thickness,  bat 
very  Hght  The  plates  Ttriecl 
from  an  eighth  to  a  sixteenth  m 
thickness. 

TATioi^.-^  The  marquis  de  Bcrfgi" 
da.  Comptroller-genial,  of  Madrid 
had  a  sudden  attack  of  apo^eiy, 
which  ended,  as  it  was  thou|^t,  is 
his  death.  He  was  dressed  in  ^ 
habit  of  a  monk,  as  is  the  constsat 
custom  of  the  country,  and  de- 
posited in  the  vault  of  the  Choith 
of  St.  Juste.  However,  at  abo«t 
eleven  o'clock  at  ni^t,  the  mtf- 
quis  awoke  from  his  lethaigy,  aa^ 
ed  himself  from  his  coffin  (for,  ia 
general,  Spanish  etfBhu  are  oot 


IfOV.j 


CHRONIdLE. 


171 


£utened)^  and  Bis  fear  ^ving  liini 
addidonal  strength,  he  made  his 
way  to  the  grating  of  the  vault 
opQuing  to  the  street,  and  called  to 
the  first  person  he  saw,  who, 
fni^tened  in  his  turn,  ran  away 
as  ULst  as  he  could,  calling  out  that 
ghosts  were  coming  forth  from  the 
vault  of  St.  Juste.  The  marquis, 
finding  himself  thus  treated,  re- 
coUeoted  the  name  of  a  carpenter 
blown  to  him,  and  who  lived 
oppo^te,  and  catted  on  him  so 
loudly,  that  he  succeeded  in  wak- 
ing hiin.  The  carpenter  went  out, 
ana  though  not  much  pleased  to 
hear  himself  called  upon  from  a 
place,  the  inhabitants  of  which  are 
generally  very  taciturn,  he  by  de- 
grees collected  his  thoughts,  un- 
derstood what  the  marquis  wished 
bim  to  do,  ana  went  immediately 
to  ^ve  the  Cure  of  the  parish  an 
account  of  what  had  taken  place. 
The  marquis  was  liberated  from 
tlie  vault,  and  taken  to  his  home, 
where  he  remained  ill  in  bed, 
and  on  the  point  of  really  dying, 
through  the  sum>osed  death  which 
he  lately  suffered. 

10.  Thb  Guards'  Club  Housb. 
—About  half-past  eight  o'clock, 
St  James's-street  was  rendered 
ahnost  impassable,  in  consequence 
of  the  sudden  fall  of  this  building. 
Otily  a  few  months  ago  the  house 
underwent  a  complete  repair,  and, 
in  order  to  make  it  more  roomy, 
tlie  party-wall  on  the  south  side 
1^  been  cut  in  half,  and  four 
inches  raised  against  it,  which  had 
njalerially  weakened  it;  in  ad- 
^tlon  to  this,  the  houses  adjoining 
it  had  been  pulled  down,  in  order 
to  he  rebuilt ;  so  that  the  wall  lost 
all  its  support.  For  two  or  three 
•^ys  heforCi  props  had  been  raised 
a^nst  it,  in  hopes  that  its  falling 
nug^t  be  prevented,  and  every 
precaution  adopted  by  the  survey- 


ors. About  one  o^ddck  in  the 
morning,  the  establishment  closed  ; 
all  the  members  departed,  and  the 
steward,  Mr.  Stone,  his  family  and 
domestics,  retired  to  rest.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Stone  and  their  little  girl, 
about  three  years  old,  slept  in  the 
back  attic,  upon  wldch  floor  the 
housemaids  also  slept,  and  on  (he 
second  floor,  in  the  back  rooms, 
slept  the  waiters  and  other  men 
en^ged  in  the  house.  About 
haff-past  six  o'clock,  the  two 
house-maids  and  thekitchen-ootund 
rose,  leaving  the  rest  of  the  family 
fast  asleep  in  their  beds.  At 
about  half-past  seven,  one  of  the 
master  -  buHders  observing  the 
party-wall  above  alluded  to  to  bulge 
out  very  much,  immediately  su»« 
pected  that  its  fall  would  90on 
take  place,  and  thereupon  ran  into 
the  house,  and  cried  out,  "  For 
God's  sake,  leave  the  premises,  if 
you  wish  to  save  your  lives,  for  the 
house  will  fall  almost  directly.'* 
The  servants  who  were  up,  in- 
stantly ran  up  stairs,  to  inform 
their  master  and  mistress  of  the 
danger  that  awaited  them,  and 
to  arouse  their  fellow  servants. 
No  time  was  lost  in  deserting 
the  house,  leaving  it  and  all  the 
property  to  its  late.  Not  two 
minutes  had  elapsed  after  the 
inmates  had  escaped,  before  the 
whole  of  the  party-wall  fell  down 
with  a  tremendous  crash  from  the 
roof  to  the  basement,  and  then  the 
roof,  having  no  support,  fell  in 
with  such  force,  that  the  materials 
carried  the  pottdm)uS  beams  and 
rafters  through  the  biUiard-room, 
drawing-room,  down  td  the  coffee- 
room  ;  out  such  was  the  extraordi- 
nary manner  in  which  the  mate^* 
rials  fell,  that  very  little  datnage 
was  done  to  the  furniture  in  the 
rooms  througli  which  they  passed. 
The  billiard  table  and  the  four  gaii 


172  ANNUAL   REGISTER.         [lasfc 

liuniers  surmoBnting  it^  remained  these  chOdren  aEve,  wliidi  they 

untouched.     Not  even  a  glass  of  instantly  tore  to  pieces,  and  it- 

the  lamp  was  broken ;  and  in  the  voured  in  the  presence  of  die  ^ec- 

drawing-room,  the  elegant  chan-  tators.     An    inquiry  took  p^Kc, 

deliers  which  this   establishment  and  these  disgusting  drcmustaiutt 

boasted  so  much  of>  were  scarcely  having    been    corroborated,    the 

injured/  and  could  be  seen  from  showman   was  sommoned  to  tfe 

the  street  Guildhall.    He    ^ve    bis   naae 

Goff's  Oak.— About  four  miles  James  Sanger^  oi  Tilbury,  Wihi  ; 
beyond  Enfield,    throueh    Bull's  said  he  received  the  duldren  fimm 
Cross,  and  beyond  the  old  palace  of    the  captain  of  a  vessd  at  liver- 
Oliver  CromwcJl,    stands   GoflTs  pool,  about    two  months  sinoe; 
Oak,  a  formidable  rival,  and  cer«  that  they  refused  every  kind  of 
tainly  a  survivor,  of  the  famous  food  but  raw  fleshi  and  rice  miaecl 
tree  of  Fairlop,  which  not  long  with  it ;  had  never  been  heard  to 
ance  paid  the  debt  of  nature  in  speak  in    any  known    language; 
the  forest  of  Hainault     A  public  and  that  this  was  all  he  knew  ci 
house  stands  within  a  few  yards  them.      The    mayor,    not   bdiig 
of  Goff's  Oak.     The  old  house  satisfied  with  this  story,  ordeitd 
was  burned  down  in  1814,  and  the  the  poor  creatures  to  be  taken  to 
present  building  is  but  small.   The  the    workhouse,     and      properly 
story  which  is  recorded   under  a  treated*    The    man    was    on  no 
rude  drawing  of  the  tree,  is,  that  account   permitted   to    see   them, 
the  oak  "  was  planted  in  the  year  Every  persuasion  was  used  to  in- 
1066,  by  sir  Theodore  Godfrey,  or  duce  them  to  speak,  and  they  woe 
Gcff  by,  who  came  over  with  Wil-  visited  by  a  number  of  ladies  of 
liam  the  Conqueror,"  and  the  oak  respectability,  who  expressed  mucli 
itself  is  a  curiosity.     The  dimen-  interest  in  their  fate.     On  Than- 
sions  are  enormous,  and  the  trunk  day  evening,  while  the  nurse  was 
is  hpUow ;  nor  is  it  the  least  of  its  endeavouring  to  compose  them  in 
claims  to  the  attention  of  the  visi-  bed^  the  girl  spoke  for  the  fint 
tor,   that    half  a    dozen  persons  time  in  good  English,  and  appeared 
could  sit  comfortably  round  a  table  all  at  once  to  be  very  communio- 
in    the    cavity   which    time    has  tive.     The  account  ^e  gives  of 
formed.    The  tree  is  not  generally  the  circumstances  is  as  fo£>ws:— 
known;  but  there  are  ^w  who  Her  father  was  a  half  blac^  (a 
would  regret  a  drive  to  the  spot,  mulatto),  her  mother  an  Englidt 
or   who  would    think  the    time  woman.     They  were  placed  imder 
which  would  be  occupied  in  its  the  care  of  their  aunt,  who  re- 
examination lost.  sided  in  the  parish  of  WhitechapeJ, 

14.    Imposition.  —  At    Ply-  in  London,  where  they  were  bora, 

mouth,   two    children    were    ex-  This  aimt  had  sold  them  to  Sanger 

hibited,  in  the  fair,  as  Esquimaux  for    35s,,   about    Christmas  Isst, 

Indians.     They  were   clothed  in  since    which  they  had   not  seen 

seal  skins,  ate  raw  flesh,  drank  oil,  either  their  unnattural  parents  or 

and  displayed  in  their  gestures  and  aunt.     Sanger  had  used  them  with 

actions  a  degree  of  savage  ferocity  great  cruelty,  frequently  bcatxi^ 

altogether   unnatural.    A    report  them  over  the  neck  with  a  htgt 

was  conveyed  to  the  mayor  that  stick;  they  had  not  been  m  bed 

a  young  rabbit  had  been  given  to  since  they  were  in  the  man's  pos- 


NOVO  CHRONICLE.  173 


being  kept  in  an  upright  horrified  when   a  further  search 

pofltme   niffht   and    day.     They  disclosed  its  coiitents.    His  inquiry 

weie  k^  mm  every  kind  of  food  respecting  it  of  this  man  produced 

except  raw  meat^   and  taught  to  such  immediate  and  equivocating 

map   at  and   devour  what    was  agitation^  as  led  to  the  apprehen* 

ofeed  to  them  with  avidity.    The  sion  of  all  the  parties^  and  their 

man  had  tdd  them,  that,  if  they  committal,  after  a  coroner's  ver- 

ottered  a  word,  they  should  be  diet  of "  Wilful  Murder"  had  been 

mnrdered ;  and  if  any  one  touched  pronounced,  to  Monmouth  gaol, 

them,  they  were  to  bite  and  appear  15.    Convocation    op     oub 

angry.     She  said  her  name  was  Clebgy.— .-The  General  Assembly 

Ewa,  Thompson,  and  her  brother  of  the  Clergy  in  Convocation  took 

was  called  Edward ;  that  she  was  place,  as  is  usual  on  the  summon- 

ten  years  old,  her  brother  seven,  ing  of  a  new  parliament,  for  the 

The  chiM  appeared  very  intelligent  purpose  of  choosing  delegates,  &c. 

for  her  years.  His     grace    the     archbishop    of 

Cbii<i>     Morbbb.  -—  In    the  Canterbury,  the  bishop  of  London 

Deighbourhood  of  Newport,  at  the  (attended  by  their  respective  secre- 

riDage  of  Bassilig,  a  young  woman,  taries  and  officers),  sir  John  Nicol, 

about  a  fortnight  ago,  was  delivered  sir  C.  Robinson,  with  the  other 

of  a  child  at  the  cottage  of  her  judges,  doctors,  and  proctors  he* 

parents,  with  whom  she  resided,  lon^j^  to  the  ecclesiastical  courts. 

They,  in  concert  with  her,  imme-  all  m  full  costume,  walked  in  pro- 

diatety    destroyed  the   child,    by  cession  from  the  Chapter  House  in 

various  lacerations  of  the  throat,  St.  Paul's  Church*yard  to  the  Ca- 

and  kept  its  mangled  remains  three  thedral.    The  service,  commencing 

cbys  in  the  house,  tied  up  in  a  with  the  Litany,  was  read  in  Latin, 

biuidle,  till  an  opportunity  occurred  by  the  dean,  after  which  the  Gloria 

of  passing  it  out  of  window  to  the  in  excelsis  was  chanted,  previous 

paxamour   of   the  ^1— ^a   young  to  the  sermon,  which  was  preached 

married  man,  with  two  chiliiren  ^  also  in  Latin,  by  Dr.  Monk,  dean 

Ins  own,  who  was  employed  as  an  of  Peterborough, 

mider-keeper  on   the   contiguous  The  following  was    the  Pr(h 

estate  of  a  gentleman  of  rank  and  gramme  issued  on  the  occasion  of 

property  at  Trdd^ar.    This  man  "  the  order  of  procession  of  the 

was  to  have  buried  his  burthen;  Convocation,  on  Wednesday,  No- 

bttt,  palsied  with  horror,  and  op-  vember  15, 1826 :— L,  The  porter, 

pressed,  as  he  afterwards  averred,  with  his  black  rod ;  2.  The  proc« 

with  an  indecision  which  deprived  tors,  in  their  full-dressed   gowns 

him  of  aU  energy,  he  delayed  the  and  hoods,  the  juniors  going  first ; 

wretdied  task,  and  deposited  the  3.  The  registrars  of  the  province 

bundle  in  the  carrion  cart,  among  of  Canterbury ;    4.  The  registrar 

the  provision  there    collected  for  of  the  arches;    5.  The  advocates 

the  dogs,  under  a  shed  near  the  in  their  robes,  the  juniors  going 

kennel !     An  unusual  motive  hap-  first ;  6.  The  officers  of  the  vicar- 

pening  to  take  one  of  the  upper  general  of  the  province  and  of  the 

oaflifiS  into  this  shed  on  the  en-  chancellor  of   London ;    7-    The 

suing  morning,  he  was  struck  by  vicar-general    and    chancellor    of 

the  singularity  of  a  coloured  cotton  London;    8.   The  beadle  of  the 

appealing  asumg  tb^ carrion^  mi  arch^  with  his  mace;  9«  The 


m  ANNUAL  REGISTER.  ciM 

dean  of  the  ■iichc8.-«*Proo0ed  bam    stalls  <m  each  side  6f  ^  diair»  te 
Doctors'  Commons  to  tho  Chapter    dean  of  the  ai^dies. 


Houio«      When  they  enter   the  dmncRl1ftr»   and  advoeatn  uMtma 

Cha{yt0r  House  they  diyide,  aiul  next  them  t  prayen  are  tliea  losi 

let  the  dean  of  the  arches,   the  by  the  junior  Ushc^    After  this 

vicafe-^raenJ^  and  seniors,  go  up  follows  an  anthem^  O  ptmf  fiv  tibs 

staifs  first*    The  fonn  of  opening  peace  of  JerusaleiB,  ^  tad  tkm 

the  Contooatioai-^The  archbishop  the  sermon*     AfWr  sevmbo  te 

(or  his  oommisHtoOcrs^  if  his  graee  anthem  is  suns^  Gloria  m  €mC€Um 

should  be  hindered)  meet  at  the  After  this  antlem  the  aiehhiahim 

Chiwter  House,  the  north  side  of  or   his   first   cotnmiasianer,    psoK 

Stt  raul's  church,  about  eleTeo  in  notmces  the  Uessing^     Then  tie 

the  forenoon.    The  dean  of  the  ardibishop   or  his  oomndasionso 

arches,  vicar-g^neral/   diancellori  return  thtpui^  the  i^est  doer  ef 

adf  ocatesy  and  proctors,  in  their  ^e   Chapt^    Hquk^   tba   other 

proper  halttts,  attend  his  graces  or  bishops,    with  the  dean    of   the 

his  commissioneis,   from  Doctor/  aidlies,    TOar-ggparai^  chawerBnr, 

Commowi^  at  that  time  and  plaoe«  adroeatesj  and  jNEOCtors^  add  the 

The  bishops  about  the  same  time  elorgy  of  the  lower  honae  ftiUoa^ 

being  assembled  In  the  lord  mayor^s  Ing  f^kwn*   The  detff  of  the  lomr 

yestry  in  the  cathedral^  put  on  hcHise^  after  aome  tune,  Mtan  Is 

their  habits  and  eon  vocation  robes,  the  chapel  on  the  north  mde  of  the 

Notice  will  be  given  at  the  Chapter  cathedral^  where  the  early  ^i^ros 

House  when  the  bishops  are  ready,  wfe  usually  readj  to  ohooec  a  fg^ 

{od  then  the  archbishops  <nr  his  loeutor/* 

commissioners,   preceded    by    the        18.  ^NOHLAft  DuBirt-'i-A  dasl 

dvilionsy  the  juniors  walking  fiiBt^  between  tho  marquis  Livnm  and 

gD   hoa    the    Chapter    House,  M«  Du  Trone  took  plaoO  nt  twalve 

Uuou^  the  mnrth^west  gate«  into  o'olodcj  in  tho  forest  of  Senate 

tho  area  of  the  diurch-yurd,  and  veiy  near  the  chateau  of  Mudmrni 

going  up  the  steps  to  the  west  door  Du  Cayla»    The  whole  affidr  had 

of  the  cathedral,  will  there  be  met  tho  a^pearanee  of  an  act  of  bhA- 

bv  the  bishops  and  the  dean  and  men^  and  resembled  aoie  a  IM^ 

chapter,  who,  from  thence,  with  nament  than  a  modem  dud.    Da 

the  oentlemen  of  the  choir>  in  their  Trone^  the  you^  advocate*  was 

surpHces^  proceed  before  tho  arch«  habited  in  the  costume  of  a  Greek 

bishop,  or  his  commissioners,  the  chief  |  each  was  mounted  cm  hoipa- 

civilians  dividing  to  the  right  and  back,  and  had  three  seoonda^    The 

left  at  tho  west  door,  tolet  the  parties  were  armed  with  aabaca, 

archbishop  or   his   commissioners  and,  on  the  onset*   Livroa   W0 

nass  between  them,  and  then  fol-  dismounted  by  the  eonnnsrfnsi  ef 

lowing  the  archbishop  or  his  com-  the  horsea.      Both  were  sSgjbtIf 

misaioners  to  the  choir,  the  deaa  wounded,   and  the 


of  the  arches,  vkar*general»  chan-  thought  pcoper  to  imterfeia.  What 
cellor,  and  advocates,  ^ing  firsts  adds  to  the  mnanlarity  of  tim  dud 
and  ihe  proctors  followmg  accord-  is,  that  it  Uxmc  plaee  in  iha  pee- 
ing to  their  seniority.  The  arch«  sence  of  150  qpectators^ 
biSiop  or  his  first  commissioner  19«  Grsat  Foot  Raob«— *Tht 
gees  into  the  dean's  seat,  and  the  great  foot  race  from  Hyde  Fsrk 
other  bishops  into  the  fEebendaries  comei;  to  I^i^jng  aB^  batl^ 


mv.3               CHBONICLE,  175 

MBipteteA  tljjs  moniiiig.    It  look  speetatots,  09  veil  as  some  of  the 

place  between  captain  Bi^iii^  and  ahoj^  the  goods  for  sale  iM^iag 

Mr,  Welleslej,  the  celebrated  nm-  been    removed    to    acoomauidate 

near,  for   150  so^ereigps  a  side;  ibeiii*    Tbe  shc^  in  Ae  narrow. 

tbe  cue  going  by  way  of  Windsor  parts  were  abut  Dp.    Vehicles  of 

Park,  and  the  other  by  Maiden-  almost  every  description  look  st»- 

head.      This  distance    was    peis<  tions  9^  the  vride  parts  of   (Ims 

fonned    a   few    wee^   once    by  streets,    which  were  filled   with 

two  gentleioen  of  qsortin^  cele-  persona,  great  numbers  of  wiiom 

bii^,  the  winner  p^ormmg  the  paid  to  be  admitted:  evev^iF  ele- 

distance  in  18  hours*    The  dis-  vated  plaee  was  filled:  a  dense 

tanee  by  one  road  is  ^  miles,  and  body  of  pec^  were  wyiffDibled  in 

that  by  the  fewest  road  37  miles,  the  streets^     A  numerous  body  of 

The  captain  was  backed  at  6  and  the  life-guards  patrolled  ^  at«eets 

7  to  4  to  win  by  the  f<Hrest  road-  to  heep  the  centre  dearj  for  jlh^ 

The  start  took  plaoe  at  twelve  en  royal  peocessiQn  to  pass. 

Saturday  morning, and  botharrived  The  state  and  royal  (otpages 

at  Reeling  in  seven  hours  and  a  entered  the  King's  Palace-yai^^  of* 

half  from  the  time  of  starting.  James's^  at  one  o'dociia  at  which 

They  halted  one  hour,  and  the  time  the  n^al  attendants  aniv^ 

captain  made  a  f^eedy  leadj  and  The  field-officer  in   waiting  aD- 

repdhed  Staines  at  the  rate  of  sk  tended  and  presented  to  his  Mjesty 

miles  an  hour.    Those  interested  the  efiective  slaff  of  the  three  r<^ 

in  the  match,  on  whidi  heavy  bets  meats  of  foot  gaaid&    Ejuaetly  «t 

were  pending,  were  crossing  the  half-past  one    o'ekxjcj    tho   Ubig 

seeds  by  way  of  regulatine  their  entered  his  state-carriage,  wearitig 

betting  books.  On  entering  Houns-  Ins  cor^mataon  dressr  widi  his  UacE 

low,  ue  oq^aniy  at  the  jtmction  velvet  hat,  with  white  feathers; 

of  Uie  two  roads,  had  no  sight  of  the  guard  presented  arms,  and  the 

his  oHKment,  and  he  went  on  at  band  played  "  God  save  ika  kinoT 

an  ea^  rate.    The  captwn  entered  His   m^esty    looked  vemsrkaUy 

Bre^itford  fresh  and  well,  where  well.     The  proceasion  consisted  of 

ho  reeeiv€)d  notice  that  he  w<Mild  be  four  carriages  ee^h  drajwn  by  ax 

soon  overtaken^  as  his  coo^titor  horses^  which  preceded  the  state 

was  in  view,  npcm  winch  he  made  carriaae  drawn»  as  usual,  by  ei^ 

play,  and  readbed  his  destination  matctiess    crean»-C(4ou«ed  horses, 

at  six  o'ckx^k  in  the  morning,  leav^  their    harness    ornamented    with 

ing  Mr.  Wellesley  knocked  up  at  light-blue  ribands^      His  majesty 

Hammersmith.  was  attended  by  the  master  of  the 

21«  OpsNiNaop  Paruambnt.  horse,  and  lord  Graves  as  h^  in 

—This  day    being  appointed  for  waiti^.      As  soon  as  the  king 

tbe  kinff  going  in  state  toopen  the  entered  the  street,  he  was  receiven 

first  session  of  the  new  parliapaient,  with  acclamations  and  every  de- 

the  band,  with  the  king's  guard,  monstvatioa  of  dutiful  attaebment, 

mounted  guard  in  their  state  uni-  and  rejoicing,  which  was  continued 

forms.     The  novelty  of  beholding  during     the    whole   line    to   the 

hia  m^esty  in  public  attracted  an  House  c^  Peers.    The  king  entered 

incalculable    number   of   persons,  the  House  at  eight  minutes  before 

Tbe  balconies  and  windows  of  the  two  o'clock,  which  was  announced 

di^Ebicf  t  ?|ice^  WON  filled  wi^  by  the  waving  of  m  artillery  flag. 


176           ANNUAL   REGISTER.  D88t 

from   the  roof  of  the  House  of  in  a  bundle,  in  whidi  I  inclcMed  t 

Peers  to  the  Lambeth  shore,  where  a  letter  to  my  wife,  and  laid  the 

a  royal  salute  was  fired  frmn  small  bundle  on  the  parapet.     As,  unfo- 

•  cannon.  His  majesty  left  the  House  tunately,  I  am  a  swimmer,  I  tied 

at  20  minutes  past  two  o'clock,  a  stone  to  my  leg  widi  a  string, 

which  was  announced  by  the  firing  and  twice  I  threw  myself  into  the 

of  another  royal  salute  from  the  river.  And  twice  the  siring  broke, 

same  place.  I  therefore  allowed  myadf  to  eet 

The  princess  Carolina  of  Mei«  out  of  the  water,  and  went  to  me 

ningen  was  among  the  spectators  watch,  to  solicit  their  ho^tafitj.' 

in  the  House  of  Peers.     Prince  The  doctor's  case  was  next  called ; 

Esterhazy,    the  Austrian  ambas«  it  was  one  of  a  ladder  of  ropes,  a 

sador;  prince  Polignac,  the  French  forcible  entry,  and  the  fracliire  of 

ambassador ;   and  prince  Lieven,.  divers  locks.    The  doctor's  defeooe 

the  Russian  ambassador,  went  in  was  nearly  as  good.     He  staled 

state  carriages  each :  the  equipage  that  about  three  years   ago,  his 

of  prince  Esterhazy  was  very  su-  mother-in-law  came  to  Paris,  aai 

perb*  gave  him  in  diarge,  to  circulate 

'25.  Pabisian  ExPBniENT8.<«-  reports  on  Change,  f or  the  purpoe 

The  tribunal  of  Correctional  Po«  of   giving    value  to  the    maoef 

Hce,  at  its  opening  this  day,  was  which    she    had   placed    in   die 

occupied  with  some  cases,  to  which  French  funds.    '^  I  am^'*  said  be, 

the  numerous  reports  of  robberies,  **  a  father  of  a  family  ;  I  have  km 

in  the  capital  of  France,  had  given  extremely  interesting  d^uefaten ; 

extraordinary    importance.      Dr.  but,  alas !    I  have,  not  the  less  fir 

Demolle,  of  the  rue  dc  Menars;  that,  allowed  myself   to  be  led 

Francis  Menage,  a  mechanic ;  and  astray,  by  inhaling  the  dangerous 

Lapotere,  the  younger,  a  working  air  of  the   Exchange.     My  BrA 

jeweller,  were  accused  of  circulat-  speculations  were  suceessfiil,  but 

ing  false  reports  of  several  attacks,  were  balanced  by  the  losses  of  those 

by  robbers,  on  their  persons  and  that  followed ;    at  length,  the  ud- 

their  property,  and  thereby  easting  expected  rise    in  October    qoifee 

ridicule  on  the  functionaries  who  ruined  me.     I  found  I  must  have 

were  called  on  to  take  cognizance  recourse  to    my    mother-in-law's 

of  these  said  attacks.      Menage  funds,  and  to  prevail  on  her  to  sdl 

was  charged  with  presenting  him-  out,  I  made  use  of  the  eiqiedieot 

self  half-naked,  and  drenched  with  for    which    I    am  now  diarged. 

wet,  to  the  watch,  at  the  barrier  My  guilt  was  quite  unprraneditsfted. 

of  Passy,  and  pretending  that  he  I  set  about  it  with  the  utmost  hasle, 

had  been  stripped  by  bngands,  in  and  three  or  four  times  during  die 

the  Champs  Elysees,  and  thrown  night,  I  was  about  to  draw  in  the 

into  the   Seine.     The  following  rope-ladder  that  I  had  hung  to  nj 

was  Menage's  curious  defence :—  balcony.     I  informed  the  -pc^ce  of 

*^  Gentlemen,  I  shall  tell  you  the  this  imaginary  robbery,  but  I  soon 

real  truth  of  the  matter.     I  had  repented,  and  told  my  mother-iii- 

been  reduced  to  great  distress,  and  law  the  truth,  and  she  told  it  to 

I  resolved  to  end  my  life  by  throw-  the      commissioner."        Lapotere 

ing  myself  into  the  water.  I  went,  made  a  much  more   magnBkeot 

in  consequence,  to  the    quay  of  tale  than  the  would-be  suicide^  er 

Fassy^  where  I  tied  up  my  clothes  the  stock-jobbing  doctor^    ife  tvM 


^ov.3 


CHRONICLE. 


177 


tomed  in  the  evening,  on  the 
kmlevaid  Bourdon^  hy  two  rob- 
lers,  nx  feet  high,  who  attacked 
lim  with  bodkins  sharpened  like 
tileitoesy  and  would  have  slain 
lim  at  once,  had  it  not  been  for  a 
ortfeuille  that  turned  aside   the 
tloody  weapons.     Lapotere  wres-* 
led  like  a  hero  with  these  two 
;igantic    ruffians,    and,    drawing 
lis  knife,  killed  the  one,  and  mor- 
ally wounded  the  other.     He  then 
an   cff,  but  recollecting  that  he 
lad  lost  his  hat  in  the  engage- 
nent,  he  went  back  to  the  fi^d  of 
is  glory,  where   he  found    one 
obber  dead,  and  the  other  expir- 
ng.     The  blood  which  Lapotere 
lad  thus  valiantly  shed  was  aflker* 
vards  discovered  to  have  flowed 
rom  a  dray-horse  which  had  died 
*n  the  spot  and  been  bled  to  ren- 
ier  its  removal  easier.     He  con- 
essed,  at  flrst,  that  he  had  in- 
ented  the  story,  merely  to  render 
imself   interesting;     but    when 
irought     before    the    court,    he 
louuy  maintained  that  the  ori- 
ginal tale  was  the  true  one,  and 
bat  he  had  signed  his  recantation 
n  consequence  of  the  seductive  arts 
f  M.  Vidoc     "  He  came  to  me," 
aid  Lapotere,  **  and  says,  why  did 
'on   put    this    in    the    papers?" 
— **  Why,"  says  I,  "  I  gave  the  ac- 
ount  of  my  afiair  to  none  but  the 
Jonstitutionnel — the  commissioner 
limself  sent  it  to  the    Courier." 
— **  Ah,  well,"  says  Vidoc,  **  you 
aust  retract    this  story,  nobody 
vill  believe  it."     **Come,"  says 
le,    **  do  you    want  money  ?"•— 
^  Money,"  said  I,  "  I  despise  it  as 
do  the  dirt  among  my  feet." 
--"  I  give  you  my  honour,"  says 
lidoc,  *'  the  matter  shall  rest  be- 
ween  us  two— for  no  one  shall 
!ver  hear  of  it."   "  I  then  allowed 
Qy9^  to  be  prevailed  on,   and 
igned  a  writing,    in  whidl   hQ 

VoiH  LXVIIir 


made  me  say  whatever  he  liked ; 
for  I  did  not  even  read  it."  The 
magistrates,  after  considerable  dis^ 
cussion,  were  of  opinion,  that  the 
offences  were  not  punishable  un^ 
der  any  article  of  the  Criminal 
Code,  and  dismissed  the  charge. 

27.  The  two  Houses  op  Con- 
vocation.— The  two  houses  of 
Convocation,  having  come  in  pro* 
cession  from  the  Jerusalem  Cham* 
her,  were  received  by  his  majesty, 
seated  on  his  throne,  and  sur- 
rounded by  the  great  officers  of 
state.  The  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, with  the  dean  of  Peterbo- 
rough, prolocutor  of  the  lower 
house,  on  his  left  hand,  advanced 
to  the  foot  of  the  throne,  and  read 
the  address  voted  by  the  two  houses, 
which  was  received  by  his  majesty 
with  gracious  expressions  of  satis- 
faction. The  king's  reply  con- 
tained assurances  of  continued  fa- 
vour and  protection  to  the  church 
of  England.  The  members  of  the 
upper  house  present  were— -the 
ardibishop  of  Canterbury,  the  bi- 
shops of  London,  Exeter,  and 
LlandaflT:  of  the  lower  house, 
the  dean  of  Peterborough,'  arch- 
deacon Pott,  Sec.  Afterwards  the 
two  houses  met  at  the  Jerusalem 
Chamber,  where  the  king's  answer 
to  their  address  was  read  to  them 
by  the  archbishop,  and  the  session 
was  adjourned  to  the  4th  day  of 
June  next. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  the 
address,  aad  of  his  majesty's  an^ 
swer : — 

"We,  your  majesty's  dutiful 
subjects,  the  archbishop  and  bishops, 
and  clergy  of  the  province  of  Can« 
terbury,  in  convocation  assembled, 
humbly  offer  to  your  majesty  the 
assurances  of  our  attachment  and 
inviolable  fidelity  to  your  majesty's 
person  and  government.  The  pro* 

tection  whidi  your  loajesty  hai  at 


t78           ANNUAL   REGISTER.  Ci>X 

aU  tittwa  extcaided  to  the  United  The  renewed  uninncn  at  jmn 

Church  of  En^^and  and  Ireland,  afiectioBBh!  attnchmmt  to  mj  per 

demanda  our  amoereat  and  warm-  wn  and  govemnient  an  hbM  te- 

eat  acloiowledgements.     Grateful  eeptahle  to  me.     I  relj,  widi  tk 

for  the  past,  we  humbly  implore  utmost  confidence  upon  jroor  tai 

a  eontinnanoe  of  the  same  protect-  oua    exertioni  to    pvouote     torn 

ing  powei ;    for,   aaniredly,    Sir,  pietj  and  rirtuo    to  leidaim  thn 

there  nerer  waa  a  period  in  the  who  are  in  eirw  hf  tka  fivce  a 

hiatory   of  our    reformed  church,  divine  truth—and  Id  upkdd  n 

that  more  ureently  required  it ;  extend  among  mj  people  the  {» 

whether  we  urect  our  attention  ferenoe  whkh  ia  ao  Jiutlj  due  u 

to  the  avowed  eaemiea  of  Cl)ria<  the  pure  doctrine  and  aarin  h 

tianitj,  or  to  thoae  who,  professing  our  Eat4diliahed   Church.      Tte 

the  ituth  of  Chriat,  seduloualy  la-  Churdi  haa    every  claim  to  wj 

hoar  to  diaparage  and  degrade  the  conatani  atqipait   and  pcotectiDo 

Church,  of  which  your  majeaty,  I  will  watch  over  itaintoMi  will 

Huder  God,  i*  the  head,  and  whioh,  unwearied  adidtnde,    and  «■&' 

we  ooofideody  maintain,  ia  formed  deatly  truatthatlafaaQbeeBatW 

upon  the  iBodel  of  the  earliest  and  by  thie  hieHing  of  Diviaa  hat> 

puiegt  8gM  <£  Christianity.    It  ia  denoe,  to  mtdntain  it  in  the  fail 

wir  duty.  Sir,  to  vindicate  the  ea>  posKsaion  of  every  Ultimate  pr 

*nMMlimB«t  in  the  spiiit  by  which  vileee." 

it  iwofoKa  to  be  governed,  with  Murder  in  Frawoi  —  Oa  ^ 

temper,  moderati<m,  and  finnoesa,  7th   of  June,    in  the  tommm 

seelung   to  oonuliate   thoae   who  of  Baiasey,  intheairandiiKmnttl 

may  be  opposed  to  us,  not  to  exaa-  Langrei,  M.  Jacob,  a  viae-giOTB 

pemte  them ;     to    ccmvince,    not  and  his  wife,  hapfmed  to  pa«  i 

boaatfiiUy  to  triunqih  over  them,  part  at  the  day  with  their  Met 

But,  Sir,  with  thia  understanding  son  in  a  hcmp-Gdd  in  the  iid^ 

of  our  duty,  we  csunot  diaaemblo  bourhood  of  the  village     Tiirj 

to  your  majeaty  the  just  apprehea-  left  at  home  in  bed,  in  LUMimwwt 

Bona  we  entertain  of  the  efiivts  of  indt^oation,  their  yuuucslBa, 

that  are  now  making  to  arrive  at  aged  thirteen.    At  one  o'cmk.  lt< 

authority  and  power  in  the  state,  father  returned  to  sec  how  ha  ■« 

daugeroua  bo  the  eziatenca  of  the  and  remained    three  hocm  "i^ 

Protestant     Constitution    of    the  him.      He  then  returned  ta  ha 

oountry,  and  leading  directly  to  labours,  having  lodced  the  doack- 

religiouH  disturbance,  animosity,  hind  htm.  When  the  bmilr  n- 
and  ccmtentiw-  But,  Sir,  what- 
ever be  the  danger  to  wMch  the 
Established  Church  may  he  ex-* 
posed,  we  have  full  confidence  in 
your  mi^eaty's  protection,  and  in 
the  wisdom,  diametion,  and  finiu 
nesa,  of  your  parliament.  We 
pisy  God  to  bleai  and  protect  your 
majesty." 

"My  l«rdi,  and  the  rest  of  the 
Cle^.— I  receive  with  neat  Bati»- 
tfietioa  Uu>k7al«»ddutirula4dni» 


rov.]              CHRONICLE.  IW 

ither  next  mtered,  attracted  by  other^  ^'siiioeitiBdotiey  it  isdone." 
er  cries:  the  child  was  still  Several  other  exptessioiisiiidScatiitg 
reathing;  but  being  placed  on  guilt  were  overheard  by  various 
is  bed,  he  opened  his  eyes,  moved  persons.  As  soon  as  these  facts 
is  lips,  and  then  expired.  The  peached  the  ears  of  justioe,  Vallot 
lood  ^t  flowed  from  his  body,  was  arrested.  Inhmr  examinatiini 
nd  the  fxactoxes  in  his  skuU,  IdPt  she  adopted  a  S3rBt6m  of  denial  in 
o  doubt  of  the  cause  of  his  death,  which  she  steadily  persevered.  To 
le  had  received  six  blows  with  a  all  questions  her  constant  answer 
ammer  on  the  head,  which  had  was, '^  I  am  not  guilty,  gentlemen; 
rushed  in  the  bone.  The  instru-  you  may  do  what  you  please  with 
lent,  with  which  he  had  been  me."  The  prosecution  was  con- 
lurdered,  was  found  covered  with  ducted  by  M*  Royer,  the  kinc's 
lood  and  hair  near  the  kitchen  attorney.  The  counsel  for  me 
xe.  The  neck  of  the  child  bore  defence  employed  every  efibrt  to 
be  prints  df  nails,  evidently  show-  infuse  doubts  into  the  minds  of  the 
ig  that  the  murderer  had  held  jury,  principally  insisting  on  the 
is  victim  by  the  throat  with  one  hct  ^t  no  one  had  seen  the 
and,  while  he  struck  him  with  prisoner  enter  or  come  forth  from 
he  other.  From  the  state  of  the  the  house  of  Jacob.  After  a  lucid 
umiture,  it  was  evident  that  rob-  and  impartial  sununing  up,  the 
ery  had  been  the  motive  oi  this  following  .questions  were  |mt  to 
r^idful  crime.  Justice  was  for  the  jury  by  the  president  :-^'^  Is 
mne  time  at  fault  in  the  attempt  the  woman  Vallot  guilty  of  the 
0  discover  the  perpetrators.  At  wilful  murder  of  young  Jacob? 
sngth,  in  consequence  of  some  2.  Was  the  murder  committed 
iretended  discoveries  of  a  family  with  intent  to  steal?"  The 
tamed  VaUot,  two  inhabitants  of  answer  was  affirmative  upon  the 
be  commune  were  arrested,  who  first  question,  and  negative  upon 
vere  afterwards  found  to  be  inno-  the  second.  The  prisoner  was  in 
ent.  In  the  mean  time,  the  sin-  consequence  condemned  to  hard 
;ulareonduct  of  the  woman  Vallot,  labour  for  life. 
.nd  of  her  daughter  and  daughter-  29.  Eolipsk.— There  was  an 
n-law,  attracted  the  attention  of  eclipse  of  the  sun  this  morning, 
he  authorities.  It  had  been  re-  the  first  that  has  been  visiUe  in 
narked  that,  on  the  evening  of  England  since  September,  1820. 
he  7th  June,  she  did  not  wear  Th^  north-west  limb  of  the  sun 
he  same  clothes  as  she  had  done  was  obscured  by  the  interposition 
luring  the  day.  It  was  remarked,  of  the  south-east  limb  of  the  moon ; 
hat  the  plaits  which  she  had  or-  at  5  minutes  6  seconds  past  10  in 
linarily  upon  her  shoes,  had  been  1^  morning,  and  at  4  minutes  15 
paken  off.  Drops  of  blood  were  seconds  past  11,  the  obscuration 
teen  upon  her  feet,  and  throe  drc^  was  at  its  greatest,  when  about 
>f  Uood  were  noticed  upon  her  the  third  part  of  the  sun's  liace 
iproo,  which  she  alleged  to  be  was  hidden.  The  eclipse  ended 
Irc^  of  wine.  The  daughter-in-  at  30  minutes  past  11. 
aw  was  one  day  overheard  saying  Falmouth*— A  new  snite  of 
JO  her  sister-in-law,  *'  What  did  rooms,  with  a  Grecian  Doric  co- 
ny mother  mean  by  that  action  ?"  hmnade,  and  containing  every 
<  Whait  need  yoa  care,"  relied  the  necessary   apartment,    Im    been 


180 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


[ia2& 


built  by  BUbscription  at  Falmouth^ 
for  the  particular  convenience  of 
proprietors  and  subscribers,  and 
the  general  accommodation  of 
gentlemen  in  the  army  and  navy, 
and  other  strangers  who  visit  the 
town  and  neighbourhood.  It  was 
opened  last  week. 


DECEMBER. 

1.  Royal  Sooibty.— The  fol- 
lowing gentlemen  were  elected 
officers,  and  of  the  council,  of  the 
Rojral  Society,  for  the  ensuing 
year; — President,  sir  Humphrey 
Davy,  bart^-^Treasurer,  Davies 
Gilb^,  era.  M.  P.— Secretaries, 
J.  T.  W.  Herschel,  esq.  and  J.  G. 
Children,  esq.|'^-  Council :  •—  Old 
Members;  sir  Humphrey  Davy, 
P.,  John  Barrow,  esq.  lord 
bidhop  of  Carlisle,  Davis  Gilbert, 
esq.,  J.  T.  W.  Herschel,  esq.,  sir 
Everard  Home,  hart.,  ci^tam  H. 
Kater,  John  Pond,  esq.,  James 
South,  esq.,  W.  H.  WoUaston,  M. 
D.  Thomas  Young,  M.  D.— New 
Members,  John  Abemethy,  esq., 
Charles  Babbaffe,  esq.,  captain  F. 
Beaufort,  R.  N.,  Robert  Brown, 
esq.,  John  George  Children,  esq., 
Charles  Hatchett,  esq.,  A.  B. 
Lambert,  esq.,  George  Pearson, 
M.  D.,  Wmiam  Prout,  M.  D. 

EXTOAORDINART     SuiGIDB.  — 

An  inquest  was  held  at  the  Four 
Swans,  in  Bishopsgate-street,  on 
Mr.  William  Jockwrn,  aged  20, 
who  shot  himself  at  that  inn  on 
Wednesday  last 

Sarah  ColUns,  bar-maid  at  the 
Four  Swans  in  Bishop^gate-^treet, 
stated,  that,  on  Wednesday  mom* 
ing,  about  half-past  nine  o'clock, 
the  deceased  came  there,  and  asked, 
if  he  could  be  accommodated  with 
a  bed?  She  repeated  the  word 
/'bed|"  and  the  deoewd  i^died, 


''  Yes,  a  bed ;  I  am  aware  it  is  an 
unusual  time  to  ask  for  a  bed,  hot 
I  am  much  fiaitifued.''  The  wit- 
ness inquired,  if  he  had  come  by 
the  coach,  and  he  replied  in  ike 
negative,  but  said  he  had  bees 
rimng  a  great  distance.  The 
deceased  uterwards  went  into 
the  kitchen,  and  pulled  aflf  ha 
boots,  and  he  then  retired  to  his 
chamber. 

Henry  Pearse,  a  waiter,  deposed 
that  he  was  present  when  the  de- 
ceased inquired  for  a  bed,  and  he 
observed  Uiat  he  was  veiy  wet,  aad 
appeared  much  fatigued.  About 
six  o'clock  the  same  evening,  wit- 
ness went  to  the  chamber  of  the 
deceased,  thinking  that  he  nn^ 
wish  to  be  calle£  The  curtams 
were  drawn  closely  round  the  bed. 
Witness  called,  but,  receiving  do 
answer,  pulled  the  curtains  aside, 
and  discovered  the  deceased  stretch- 
ed on  his  back,  and  his  diirt  and  the 
bed-linen  steej^  in  blood.  ThcK 
was  a  wound  m  his  left  side,  and 
he  had  a  pistol  clenched  in  hii 
right  hand.  Witness  gave  an 
alarm,  and  Mr.  Parsons,  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  inn,  and  other  per- 
sons, came  up,  and  it  was  rooBd 
that  the  unfortunate  young  gen- 
tleman was  quite  dead.  (M  a 
table  in  the  room  were  two  nolc% 
in  each  of  which  was  written  ai 
follows  :<— 

Wednesday,  A  or.  29. 

**  On  earth,  though  in  one  weatt 
in  Heaven,  the  last  wish  of  W3- 
liam  Jackson,  late  of  Debenhsm, 
in  Suffolk,  who  was  sent  bam 
thence  to  London  to  prodaia  le- 
nentance,  for  the  fctng«l<—  of 
Heaven  is  at  hand.  I  was  mounled 
yesterday  on  the  finest  steed,  but 
did  not  make  the  haste  I  ought  to 
have  made,  for  my  father,  whs  ii 
in  Heaven,  said  to  me,  go  oa,  sl» 
not|  your  hoirse  shall  not  tire  vatu 


DEC.3 


CHRONICLE. 


181 


70a  haTe  completed  your  tasL  I 
delayed,  and  my  unde,  Isaac 
Jackson,  of  Stoke-by-Newland, 
rode  after  me,  which  I  little 
thought  would  he  the  case,  and  as 
I  arriTed  at  the  appointed  place 
he  overtook  me  and  regained  his 
horse,  but  not  me,  for  I  ^as 
determined  to  fulfil  my  task 
hdbre  I  drank  water  or  ate  meat, 
which  I  have  not  done  since  I  left 
Debenham.  Behold  the  day 
Cometh,  yea,  and  is  nigh  at 
hand,  when  all  of  us  shall  be 
summoned  before  the  throne  of 
God  to  give  an  account  of  our 
stns.  Think  not  oi  me,  mv  dear 
friends  and  brethren,  but  of  your- 
selves. My  God !  the  father  of 
all,  will  think  of  me,  I  have  no 
doobt,  and  of  you,  ^  you  only 
pniy  to  him  for  forgiveness ;  if  it 
is  only  now  you  b^,  and  pray 
fervently  —  (do  this  in  remem- 
brance of  me).  All  I  have  said 
has  had  one  effect— see  whether 
what  I  have  done  will— I  trust  it 
wilL  1  pray  to  my  father  that 
yoa  may  repent,  and  soon  be  with 
me  in  Heaven.  Let  this  be  in- 
serted in  every  London  and  coun- 
try paper,  ere  another  Sunday  ar- 
rives, if  possible,  that  the  world 
may  know  that  God  hath  sent  me. 
Repent,  repent,  for  the  kingdom  of 
Heaven  is  at  hand ;  for  he  cometh, 
for  he  cometh,  to  judge  the  world, 
and  the  people  with  equity.  If 
my  prayers  will  make  any  impres- 
non  upon  them,  let  them,  and  you 
shaU  have  ro^  fervent  prayers  for 
your  everlastmc  happiness. 

"  William  Jackson." 
"  As  soon  as  this  be  found,  let 
it  be  cried  in  the  streets,  for  there 
is  a  gentleman  in  search  of  me, 
and  you  shaU  be  amply  rewarded. 
Think  not  of  mc,  I  say  again,  but 
of  yourselves.  This  I  have  said, 
and  thus  done,  that  the  world  may 


know  that  God  hath  sent  me.  I 
have  not  done  this  because  I  have 
not  been  comfortable,  mark  ye— ■ 
but  comfortable  I  have  not  been 
quite,  because  I  did  not  make  the 
haste  I  ought  to  have  made.  Fare- 
well for  a  short  time.  Don't  defer 
till  too  late." 

These  notes  were  folded,  and  on 
the  outside  of  each  was  written, 
"  To  each  and  every  one." 

The  coroner  chuged  the  jury, 
and  they  returned  a  verdict  ''that 
the  deceased  had  shot  himself, 
being  at  the  time  in  a  state  of 
temporary  derangement.** 

4.  Gi^RNSB^The  crown 
officers  prosecuted  Mr.  C.  AUej, 
of  the  Forest  parish,  for  a  pen- 
alty of  200/.,  incurred  by  his 
having,  in  the  month  of  Scnptem« 
her  last,  destroyed  a  quantity  of 
prohibited  goods,  then  in  a  mill  at 
retit  Box,  with  a  view  of  prevent- 
ing their  being  seized  by  ihe  men 
b^onging  to  the  Custom-house 
boat.  The  question  before  the 
court  was,  whether  the  clause 
enacting  the  penalty  did  or  did  not 
apply  to  these  islands.  A  ma- 
jority of  the  court  were  of  opinion, 
that  it  did  not  apply  to  these 
islands;  but  only  to  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Isle  of  Man; 
and  therefore  non-suited  the 
plaintiffs; 

Shipwreck.^—  The  Sun,  of 
Calcutta,  was  totally  lost  on  her 
passage  from  Sydney,  and  is  a 
further  proof  of  the  dangers  aU 
tending  the  route  by  Torres 
Straits.  She  struck  upon  a  sunken 
reef  of  coral  while  steering  for  the 
entrance  of  the  passage,  and  went 
to  pieces  almost  immediately.  The 
crew  having  succeeded  in  getting 
the  long-boat  and  jolly-boat  afloat, 
embarked  in  them,  and  endea- 
voured to  reach  Murray's  Island, 
which  was  the  nearest  land,  and 


182 


ANNUAL   REGISTER.        paN. 


where  captain  Gillet  ebmected  that 
aome  oi  the  vessela  firom  New 
South  Wales  might  touch.  After 
two  days  exposure  to  the  weather, 
without  food  or  water,  thej  got 
oght  of  ^e  island,  but  the  lo^- 
hmt  wai  unfbrtnnatelj  driven 
upon  a  reef  of  rocks  and  swamped, 
llie  first  and  aeoond  officers;,  with 
twenty*two  laaoars,  were  on  board 
of  her,  abd  ibund  a  watery  grave. 
Tfaei  joUy-boat  reached  Murray's 
Island  in  vfety,  and  her  crew, 
consisting  (^captahi  Gillet,  a  pas* 
aenger,  and  ten  men  taken  on  boord, 
were  in  the  John  Munro,  which 
vessd  touched  at  ^  island  two  or 
three  days  after  their  arrival.  The 
inhabitants  of  Murray's  Island  are 
described  as  little  better  than 
savages,  many  of  them  gotng  about 
perfectly  naked. 

Dbbadful  Storms  in  Scot* 
UkM^"^  A  tremendous  storm  of 
wind  and  snow  devastated  the 
hightmds  of  Perth  and  Inverness 
slmes,  on  Friday  and  Saturday  last 
The  loss  of  human  life  already  as* 
eertained  is  depbrable;  and  the 
destruction  of  ^e^  and  cattle  in 
the  highland  districts  is  said  to  be 
immense.  A  letter  from  Inver* 
ness  states,  that  ''such  a  dread* 
ful  stoHn  had  never  been  known 
there  as  that  on  Friday,*-*<k  strong 
north-east  wind,  with  heavy  snow, 
so  thidc  and  daxk  dmt  one's  s^bt 
eoilld  not  penetrate  it  a  do»en 
yards.  This  continued  all  day. 
In  the  evening  less  snow  fdl,  but 
the  wind  continued  awful  during 
the  night."  It  further  sqppears 
that  the  roads  to  the  east  and  north* 
ward  of  Inverness,  were  so  much 
obstructed,  aa  to  prevent  the  ar^ 
rival  of  stace-coaches ;  and 
the  mails,  wim  great  difficulty 
and  exertion,  arrived  there  about 
twdve  hours  beyond  their  regular 
t{ii9.    The  sno^v  in  the  highlandsi 


was  drifted,  in  some  plaocs;,  to  iSbt 
depth  of  one  hundred  feet  Aaoag 
the  mountains  d  Perthduse  fSkt 
storm  was  no  less  dreadfuL  The 
Caledonian  stage^coadi,  betweea 
Perth  and  Inverness,  was  bond 
deep  in  the  snow  at  the  hSl  csM 
Drumuachder,  near  Dafamcaidoeb. 
Some  of  the  passengers  tnnrciled  s 
great  part  of  the  waf  oa  foot;  sal 
on  the  ke  side  of  some  cf  tke 
mountains  and  rodks,  the  saowvrv 
drifted  to  a  depth  &r  exceeding 
one  hundred  feet.  A  man  and  s 
woman  were  also  found  dai 
among  the  snow,  near  MoaHo. 
Two  commercial  travdkrs  kA 
Pitmain  after  dinner,  on  Fxidsf 
afternoon,  immediately  before  ^ 
^proach  of  the  storm  in  Uttt 
quarter,  with  the  expectation  of 
reaching  Dalwhinnie  (a  distance  of 
thirteen  miks)  that  eveni^,  but 
proceeded  only  a  few  miles,  vhes 
the  fury  of  the  storm,  and  the 
depth  of  the  snow,  rendered  it  i»- 
possiUe  to  proceed.  Endeavinm^ 
to  return,  they  found  the  ofastsda 
still  greater,  and  were  ultinatdT 
oUiged  to  leave  their  hones  ass 
eig,  and  attempt  to  get  forward  01 
loot.  After  a  dism^  night,  gn^ 
ing  in  the  dark,  Uiey  reached  Dtl- 
whinnie on  Satorday,  at  lOo'dock 
in  quite  an  exhausted  state.  The 
collars  of  their  great  coata^udtk 
handkerdiiefs  they  had  wnffcd 
about  their  throats,  were  fraa 
sohard,  that  they  had  to  be  leaso^ 
by  beinff  out  off  wiUi  knives.  Wko 
they  had  recovered  strengthaofm 
to  give  an  account  of  thetr  vu^Kf, 
thi^  mentioned  where  the  hone* 
had  been  left,  andas  soon  as  the  fair 
of  the  storm  had  abated,  son 
set  outonfbot,  andibnnd  the 
still  alive,  but  completely 
with  snow*  In  PerA,  and  tk^ 
low  country  a^^acenl,  there  wm 
comparatively  little  soow,  hat  Ite 


CHRONICLE. 


183 


aold  vnM  iotenae^  aud  the  wind 
blew  a  perfect  hurricane.  Trees 
n  Tanous  quarters  were  broken 
down*  Between  Crie£f  and  Mut- 
bili*  numbers  of  large  trees  were 
Uvn  m  by  the  roots,  and  many  of 
them  ijmg  across  ihe  road^  the 
BMol  ooach  item  Perth  to  Glasgow 
WM  detained  nearly  two  hours  be* 
Kve  llie  road  oould  be  deaiedsoaa 
to  enable  it  to  proceed.  The  de- 
ttmctioB  of  live  stock  in  the  high- 
lands wasgreatyandbeing  almost  the 
sole  firoperty  in  that  quarter,  must 
be  severely  felt  by  the  promietors. 
Oat  of  flocks  of  sheep  consisting  of 
1,000,  not  above  one  hundred  have, 
in  many  instances,  been  saved;  and 
those  which  still  survive  cannot 
find  sustenance,  nor  will  the  snow 
permit  of  their  being  removed  to 
the  low  country. 

Invtmets*  -^  On    Friday    last 
about  7  o'clock  in  the  morning,  the 
gale  burst  out  with  fury,  accom« 
panied  with    thick*falling    snow, 
aod  occasional  showers  of  sleet,  in 
a  manner  that  aiExrded  but  little 
Hopes  for  the  safety  of  any  living 
thing  that  might  have  been  ex- 
posed to  its  fury.     The  Martinmas 
mscket,  which  was  held  there  that 
day,  was  the  means,  however,  of 
kading  many  persons  from  home, 
and  the  town  was  more  crowded 
than  could  have    been   expected 
&om  the   state  of   the   weather. 
Duiinff  the  whole  of  that  day,  and 
tlie  fcmowing  night,    the    storm 
continoed  unabated,  and  even  in  the 
town,  it  became  a  matter  of  peril 
to  pass  irma  one  house  or  street 
to  another.     As  little  or  no  busi- 
ness could  be  done  in  the  streets, 
many  of  the  people  resorted  in 
groups  to  the  shelter  aiforded  by 
the  closes  in  town,  and  others  to 
the  public'housea— and  it  is  to  be 
fearad,  that  to  the  necessarily  pro* 
Iwipd  visits  of  the  j»eople  to  these 


places  of  mitertainment,  seferal  of 
the  accidents  of  that  night  must  be 
ascribed*  The  loss  of  Uvea  of  peo- 
ple venturing  home  from  the  town 
to  their  places  of  abode  in  the 
country  is  variously  estimated; 
it  b  certain,  however,  that  na 
fewer  than  eleven  or  twelve  pe-* 
rished  in  the  viciniQr  of  Inverness* 
A  man  and  a  woman  were  found 
dead  next  morning  near  Castle 
Stewart,  and  two  other  persons 
died  on  the  road  to  Nairn.  A 
woman  of  the  name  oi  Grant,  aU 
though  accompanied  by  her  sister, 
expired  at  the  Bridge  of  Moniack, 
within  a  short  distance  of  her  own 
house.  Two  young  men,  who  left 
town  for  Strathdeam  in  the  even« 
ing,  were  found  in  a  state  of  ex« 
haustion  by  the  way  side,  and  died 
shortly  after.  One  man  was  found 
dead  near  Cuidrash,  another  near 
Axderdrean;  a  woman andher son,  a 
boy  of  fifteen  years  of  age,  were 
likewise  found  dead  at  Duntemple, 
near  the  church  of  Boleskme^ 
within  200  yards  of  their  own 
door.  Several  persons  have  like- 
wise been  missing  since  Friday; 
and  it  is  feared  must  be  ad- 
ded to  this  melancholy  list  of 
deaths.  Many  were  found  on  the 
roads  in  an  exhausted  and  power- 
less condition ;  but,  by  the  aid  of 
passers-by  and  neighbours,  recover- 
ed. The  accounts  from  sea,  are 
equally  disastrous.  The  John  and 
Alexander,  belonging  to  this  port, 
as  well  as  two  new  schooners  built 
at  Spey,  and  belonging  to  Banff, 
have  become  complete  wrecks,  in 
the  very  harbour  of  Banff.  Two 
vessels  were  driven  on  shore  at 
Speymouth ;  and  a  vessel  was  lost 
off'Stotfield.  The  Aultaskiach, 
of  Aberdeen  was  driven  ashore  on 
the  old  bar  of  Findbf^m,  four  miles 
below  Nairn* 
DfBSTitycTXTB    FjaB%  -^  Tueth 


184  ANNTTAL    REGISTER.         [i«^ 

day  evening  last,  about  half-past  these  few  yean,  at  the  eqpenftof 

six  o'clock^  the  elegant  mansion  of  many  thousand  pounds. 

T.  Hicker,  esq.,  at  Burton  Park,        8.  Old  Bailey George  An- 

uear  Pet  worth,  was  discovered  to  cliffe  and  James  Hill  w&e  tned  far 
be  on  fire  by  a  person  accidentally  having    administered    to   Henzj 
passing  by  the  front  of  it,  who  ob-  Tyers,  aged  four  years,  a  qusatitf 
served  a  considerable  lig^it  in  one  of  gin,  which  cMiaed   his  dotL 
of    the    centre    bed-rooms.      An  In   one   count    the    ofienoe  mi 
alarm  being  given,  the  whole  room  charged  as  murder,  in  anodier  ii 
was  found  to  be  one  body  of  fire,  manslaughter.    Davis,  asemntto 
The    family    were    takuig    their  the  proprietor  of  the  Portlfliid-im 
dessert,  having  just  dined.    Shortly  public-house,    great    Maryldxne- 
after  seven    o'clock,    the  earl  of  street,  deposed,  that,  at  the  re^neil 
Egremont's  and  the  town  engines  of  the  prisoners,   he  brought  to 
arrived  on  the  spot,  and  soon  com-  them  to  the  stables,  three  quaitois 
menced  playing  on   the  bumins  of  gin,   at    short    intervals,  tk 
ruins.     In  the  mean  time,  seversu  greater  part  of  which  the  two  pii- 
persons  were  actively  employed  in  soners  drank ;  the  remaining  par- 
saving  the  furniture  and  property,  tion  of  each  quartern  (stMnrthing 
which  was  in  part  accomplished,  about  half  a  glass)  he  gave  to  tk 
but  the  fire  having  broke  out  in  child  to  drink,  by  the  onler  of  tk 
the  pentre,  raged  with  increased  prisoner  Hill.     Hill  paid  for  tk 
fury,  threatening  the  destruction  of  gin.    The  child  afterwards  cok 
the  whole  mansion.  It  was  got  un-  to  the  Portland  arms  for  a  foiotk 
der  about  eleven  o'clock,  after  having  quartern  of  gin,  to  take  to  the  pd- 
completely  destroyed  the  centre  and  soners  at  the  staUes;  he  did  sot 
west  wing  of  the  building,  together  then  appear  affected  by  the  qoii- 
withthegreaterpartof  thevsduaUe  tity  he  had  drank.     The  pnaner 
furniture   and    efiects,    including  Anclifie  was  cleaning  horses,  tnl 
those  of  the  elegant  Roman  Catho-  Hill  was  scouring  a  bit.     Thaaas 
lie  chapel,  which  formed  a  part  of  Garrat,    another  servant  at  tk 
the  west  end.     The  east  wing,  in  Portland-arms,  stated,  that  be  tool 
whieh  were  the  domestic  offices,  to  the  stables  the  quartern  of  ^ 
was  saved,  with  the  exception  of  ordered  by  the  child ;  the  d^ 
the  roof.     It  is  understood  that  no  went  with  him.     Hill  asked  tk 
part  of  the  property  was  insured,  child,  whether  he  would  hsTeKoe 
The  fire  broke  out  in  the  sleeping  gin ;  the  child  answered  yes.    Hi 
apartments.     A  servant  girl  went  filled  the  glass  and  gave  it  to  bia: 
up  stairs  to  turn  down  the  beds,  the    cliild  dnmk  it ;    HiU  fiU 
and  using  only  one  hand  for  that  another  glass  and  dnmk  part  of  it, 
purpose,  while  she  held  the  candle  witness  filled  it  again.  Hill  ffi^ 
in  the  other,  set  fire  to  the  bed-  the  full  glass  to  the  child,  wk 
curtains,  and  endeavoured  to  put  drank  it.      Hill  ordered  aaotbff 
it  out,  but  in  vain.     The  drawing-  quartern     (the     fifth),     witnas 
rooms,  chapel,  and  the  whole  suite  brought  it  to  him.     Hill  gare  tk 
of  rooms  in  the  body  of  the  house,  first  glass  of  it  to  the  diiW;  tk 
were  destroyed.     The  house  was    child  drank  it,  and  part  of  tbeJt- 
rendered  a  complete    wreck,   and  cond  glass.       Hill  paid  for  ktk 
many  articles   were   stolen.     I'he  quarterns.     The  child  fell  don 
mansion  has  been  rebuilt  within    and  appeared  in  pain;  neither^ 


DEC.3 


CHRONICLE. 


185 


the  prisoners  assisted  him;    An. 
cHffe    was    working:  the    child's 
mother  then  came  to  the  stables, 
and  asked  the  prisoners  what  they 
had  done  to  her  child ;  they  made 
no  answer ;  she  then  accused  them 
of  having  given  gin  to  the  child, 
and  threatened  to  complain  of  them 
to  Hill's  master ;  Hill  denied  that 
he  had  given  it  any  gin,  and  ad- 
ded, that  he  did  not  care  a  damn 
for  her  or  his  master,  or  her  hus- 
band's master;  the  mother  then 
took  ajiray  the  child.      Cross-ex- 
amined   by  Mr.    Phillips —'The 
prisoner.  Hill,  appeared  stupid  and 
confused,  as  if  he  had  been  drink- 
ing.    Anclifie  drank  no  part  of  the 
spirits,  nor  did  he  inteifere  in  the 
matter  ;  the  child's  father  proved, 
that  the  child  died  that  night.    Mr. 
Baton  Hullock  charged  the  jury, 
that  the  offence,  as  proved  in  evi- 
dence, did  not  amount  to  murder ; 
that   the  prisoner  Andiffe  could 
not  be  considered  to  have  taken  a 
goilty  part  in  the  transaction ;  but 
that   the  prisoner  Hill's  careless, 
imprudent,  and  wanton    conduct 
affiirded  legal  ground  for  a  verdict 
of  manslaughter.      Verdict — ^An- 
clifie "  Not  Guilty ;"  HiU  «  Guilty 
of    Manslaughter,"  recommended 
to  mercy. 

Society  op  Antiquaries. — 
The  earl  of  Aberdeen,  the  presi- 
dent, exhibited,  at  the  last  meet- 
ing, the  household  book  of  James 
V.  of  Scotland,  containing  the 
aeeoants  of  his  household,  from 
Sept.  14,  1538,  to  Sept.  13,  1539- 
This  book  is  a  folio  volume,  of  no 
inconsiderable  size,  and  is  legibly 
written,  though  in  a  contracted 
hand.  It  is  ^divided  into  four 
parts ;  the  first  giving  the  general 
consumption  and  expenditure  of 
the  household;  the  second,  that 
of  the  spices;  the  third,  the 
wines ;  and  the  fourth,  the  stables. 


Each  part  is  subdivided  into  four 
sections,  presenting,  respectively, 
the  accounts  of  ihe  pantry,  the 
buttery,  the  cellars,  and  the  kit- 
chen, ^he  whole  furnishes  the 
names,  as  well  as  the  uses  and 
prices,  of  a  great  variety  of  articles 
in  use  among  our  ancestors. 

11.  Deaf  and  Dumb.«— Dr. 
Newbourg,  of  Brussels,  has  ob- 
tained complete  success  in  his 
operations  on  five  individuals,  viz. 
Charles  Destree,  aged  11 ;  Louis 
Dalorge,  aged  15;  and  Barbe, 
Jane,  and  Henry  De  Laloy,  aged  ' 
18,  l6,  and  15  years  respectively. 
On  the  22nd  November  he  had 
the  honour  to  present  one  of  them 
to  his  majesty ;  and,  having  been 
since  invited  by  the  Provincial 
Medical  Commission  at  Brussels 
to  present  these  individuals  at  their 
meeting  on  Friday  last,  he  went 
there  with  the  young  people  on 
whom  he  had  bestowed  his  care. 
The  members  of  the  commission 
examined  them  all  respectively, 
and  were  convinced  of  the  suc- 
cess of  the  operation  performed 
by  Dr.  Newbourg;  and  the  exami- 
nation proved,  that  all  five  had 
acquired  hearing  and  speech,  of 
which  thev  had  been  destitute 
from  their  birth.  Dr.  Newbourg 
exhibited  the  instrument  with 
which  he  performed  his  operation, 
and  by  the  examination  of  the 
parts  operated  upon,  proved  that 
the  cure  would  be  durable.— 
Brussels  Paper. 

Slave  Trade. — On  the  6th 
of  September,  the  Hope  schooner, 
lieutenant  Tucker,  was  ordered  to 
scour  the  Bight  of  Benin,  and 
examine  more  particularly  Lago, 
Whydah,  and  Badagry.  At  Why- 
dab,  there  were  no  fewer  than 
twelve  vessels  waiting  for  slaves, 
and  for  the  yam  season,  to  take 
in  their  provisions;    and  one  of 


180 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


[1M& 


these,  a  laree  new  brig,  having  on 
board  586  uaves,  was  captured  by 
the  Hope^  after  a  gallant  action 
of  two  hours  and  a  half.  The 
following  is  an  account  of  this 
spirited  affair :«—'' One  of  those 
vessels  (a  fine  brig  of  278  tons) 
had  just  come  over  frmn  Bio 
Janeiro,  with  her  water  filled, 
slave-deck  laidj  and  farinha  and 
yams  on  board.  She  wa^  by  her 
papers,  allowed  to  take  701  slaves* 
After  examining  her  papers  and 
hddj  lieutenant  Tucker  was  sure 
she  would  be  off  in  the  course  of 
a  day  or  two ;  and,  running  out 
of  sight,  he  placed  himself  in  a 
atuation  likely  to  pick  her  up. 
As  he  suspected  so  it  turned  out ; 
for  the  schooner  was  no  sooner 
out  of  sight,  than  the  monster 
who  commanded  the  brig  took  on 
board,  in  the  course  of  three  hours, 
her  inhuman  cargo  of  these  poor 
wretches,  amounting,  in  men, 
women,  and  children,  to  587* 
The  next  morning  Tucker  saw 
her,  not  far  off,  and,  after  a  chaoe 
of  twenty-eight  hours,  began  an 
action  with  her,  which  was  ae- 
verely  contested  for  two  hours 
and  a  half,  when  the  Hope,  having 
two  of  her  guns  dismounted, 
Tucker  made  up  his  mind  to 
board  the  brig,  he  being  at  this 
time  slightly  wounded.  Under  a 
young  man,  a  Mr.  Pengelly,  who 
headed  the  boarders,  a  sharn  con- 
test took  place;  but  the  Portu- 
guese soon  called  for  quarter,  and 
hid  down  their  arms.  Penselly 
was  shot  in  the  side  in  boarmng, 
but  went  on.  The  brig  had  thir- 
teen killed,  and  twelve  wounded  ; 
whilst  our  schooner  lost  not  a  man, 
and  had  but  Mr.  Tucker,  Mr. 
Pengelly,  and  one  seaman  wound- 
ed. Five  hundred  and  eighty- 
seven  slaves  were  captured;    but 

three  of  these  victims  were  killed. 


and  eleven  wounded.     The  bag 
had  nine  heavy  guns,  with  a  com- 
plement of  seventy««ix  men;  whilst 
our  schooner  had  but  (offioen  md 
all)  twenty-dxmen,  and  five  guns.* 
12.  Opbninq  op  thb  Fwokh 
CHAMBBB&— This  day  the  ki^ 
qpened  the  session  of  the  Chan- 
bers,  at  the  Louvre.    At  a  qtmtsr 
before  one,  his  m^esly  wem  by 
the  gaUery  of  the  Museum  to  Ae 
royal  sitting.    Their  txoellfriw 
the  ministers,  and  the  gvaod  d^ 
nitaries,  their  highnewes  the  dsSt 
d'Orleans,  the  dwLe  de  la  Charlie^ 
and  the  Dauphin,  pieeeded  Uw 
king.    *A  salvo   of  actilkcy,  of 
twenty-one  guns,  announoed  his 
majesty's  departure.   A  deputtwm 
of  twelve  of  the  peers  of  Fiaace, 
having    the  chaneellor    at   their 
head,  and  a  depntatioo  of  twen^- 
five  of  the  deputies   of  ^^Bgrnt' 
ments,  conducted  by  the  ofieen 
of  the  ceremonies,  went  to  leoeive 
the  king,  in  the  hall  a^jaaung  -to 
the  mosaic  saloon.    His  maje^, 
after  stopping  and  oonveraing  wtmt 
minutes  with  the  memben  of  tlie 
deputations,  entered  the  Hall  of 
the  Sittings,  and  took  his  plaos  on 
the  tl^ne.     On  his  right  stood 
the  D  .uphin,  on  his  lett  the  duke 
d'Orleans,  and,  on  the  right  of  ^ 
Dauphin,  the  duke  de  ChaitRs. 
In  front,  and  on  the  left  of  tbe 
king,  was  placed  the  ohaneallnr  sf 
France ;  on  the  right  and  lefi  of 
the  steps  leading  to  the  thraw 
were  the  president  of  the  cjoanril 
of  his  majesty's  ministers,  the  «• 
cretaries  of  state,  the  ministgi* 
the  marshals  of  France,  the  bngMi 
of  the  orders  of  the  king,  th» 
knights  grand-crosses  of  the  wi^ 
tary  order  of  St.  Louis,  and  of  tk 
royal    order    of   the    Legion  of 
Honour,  tlie  commandars  of  St 
Louis,  and  the  grand  oflkns  d 
the  LegtoHi   noinmted  by  iki 


DEC3  CHRONICLE.  187 

• 

Idng  to  have  their  jilace  neat  liis  on  Wednesday,  from  Liibon,  will 
penon,  and  six  of  the  masters  of  sail  with  400  or  500  troops.  The 
requests.  The  peers  of  France  English  merchants,  who  have  large 
were  placed  on  benches  in  front,  properties  at  Oporto,  have  iqaplied 
and  on  the  riffht  ci  the  Idng ;  the  to  government  for  immediate  pro- 
deputies  of  the  departments  were  tection. 

plaeed  upon  benches  in  front,  and  DBLXBBiunni  Suioun.  *«  An 
on  the  left  of  the  king.  The  inquisition  was  taken  at  the  Sara- 
DauphinesB,  the  duchess  de  Bern,  cen's  Head,  Newport  Paend,  on 
the  dudiess  d'Orleans,  one  of  the  view  rf  the  body  of  Edward  Clarke, 
]nineesBes,  daughters  of  her  rojal  esq.  (formerly  a  West-India  mer- 
highness,  and  mademoiselle  d'Or^  chant),  who  shot  himself  in  a  bed- 
leans,  were  present  at  the  cere-  room  in  that  inn,  on  the  Tuesday 
many,  on  a  raised  seat.  night  preceding.  The  deoesfled 
1 4.  Abmajibnt  FOR  Portugal,  arrived  from  London  on  Tuesday 
— -About  dght  o'clock  this  morning  morning.  He  dined,  and  did  not 
the  ri^t  wing  of  the  Snfl  bat-  appear  depressed  in  spirits.  In  the 
talion  of  the  3rd  reeiment  of  Foot-  evening  he  took  coffee,  and  before 
guards,  left  the  Mews,  Charin£&-  retiring  to  his  bed-room,  had  a 
ccooB,  and  proceeded  to  the  Bira-  good  nre  made  in  the  room,  to 
caee  walk,  in  St.  James's  Park,  relieve,  as  was  supposed,  a  vio- 
where  they  weie  drawn  up,  and  lent  asthmatic  complaint,  with 
marched  off,  die  band  playing  an  which  he  was  affected.  On  the 
enlivening  air.  The  men  were  dressing-table  he  left  a  note,  writ- 
in  most  excellent  spirits  and  con-  ten  wiu  a  pencil,  and  fietftened  by 
dition.  The  crowd  presented*  his  shirt*pin  to  the  table  niq)kin  :-^ 
laurels  to  the  soldiers  as  they  "Dear  Nephew— ^ My  asthmatic 
passed  along,  and  exclaimed,  complaint  affects  my  mind;  my 
"  Bravo,  my  boys,  you  are  sure  sufierings  are  no  longer  to  be  en« 
of  success."  Several  of  the  spec-  dured.  Your  affectionate  uncle, 
tators  also  shook  hands  with  the  "  Edward  Clarks." 
officers,  who  appeared  delighted  ''To  Edward  Hyde  Clarke, 
with  the  good  feeling  and  affection  esq.  H.  Van  Hagen's,  esq* 
displayed  towards  them  *  and  the  Tickford  Park." 
soldiers.  The  first  battalion  of  ''  There  is  money  in  my  pocket 
the  Duke  of  York's  regiment  (the  to  pay  my  bill ;  5L  for  damage ; 
1st  Foot^guaids)  leave  Portman-  and  2/.  for  the  maid." 
barracks  this  day  at  one  o'clock.  It  was  ascertained  that,  imme- 
There  is  a  general  order  given  for  diately  after  the  unhappy  man's  ar- 
the  cavaliy  at  Knightsbridge  to  rival  at  Newport,  he  purchased  at 
hold  themselves  in  readiness.  The  a  gunsmith's  six  bullets.  He  had 
10th  (North  Lincoln)  regiment  xnreviously  provided  himself  with 
of  Foot,  now  stationed  at  Limerick,  a  pistol  and  powder.  The  jury 
and  the  1 1th  (North  Devon)  regi-  returned  a  verdict  of  ''  Insanity  " 
ment  of  Infantry,  at  present  sta^-  15.  Berlin. — This  morning  his 
tioned  at  Waterford,  have  received  majesty,  on  leaving  his  closet,  at 
orders  to  prepare  for  immediate  the  usual  hoiur,  had  the  misfortune 
embarkation  at  Cork  for  Portugal,  to  fall  in  such  a  manner,  that,  his 
The  George  the  Fourth,  steam-  right  leg  coming  under  the  left 
Ixwt,  vfUSi  arrived  in  the  river  leg,  the  result  wfui;  the  bone  was 


188           ANNUAL   REGISTER.  im 

broken  about  three  inches  above  the  of  the  faculty,  who  had  treated 

ande.     Shortly  after.   Dr.  Wieble  M.    Berbiguier    for    his  nental 

examined  the  fracture,  and  applied  malady,  are  pointed  out  as  baBg 

the  proper  remedies.  amongst  the  number  of  these  mtle- 

Paris.— The  following  singular  fioent  beings,  or,  in  other  wmdi, 

and  amusing  cause  was  neara  be-  are  stigmatized  as  *  devils  inor- 

fore  the  Tribunal  of  Correctional  nate.' "      M.    Berbiguier   duev 

Pdice  a  few  days  ago :— -In  1821,  aside,  for  a  moment,  his  hn&Oi 

M.  B^biguier  de  Terreneuve  du  pins,  sponges,  and  snuff,  and,  9»- 

Th3rm  published  a  wock  in  three  ing  his  pen,  drew  up  a  diarge  of 

huge  octavo  volumes,  with  plates,  defamation  against  the  editor  d 

entitled  "  The  Hol^oblins,  or  all  the    "  Biographie^"    and,  in  doe 

the  Demons  are  not  in  the  other  time,  the  action  came  on  for  tznl 

World,"  with  the  foUovidng  motto :  before  the  Tribunal  of  Gonectkml 

"  Jesus  Christ  was  sent  upon  earth  Police.      The  plaintiff's   caossd 

by  God,  the  Father,  to  wash  out  contended,   that   ike  article  wk 

the    sins    of   mankind.      I   have  evidently  libellous,  and  called  ftr 

reason  to  believe  that  I  am  destin-  3,000  francs  damages  against  the 

ed  to  destroy  the  enemies  of  the  editor  of  the  "  Biograjmie.''— M. 

Most  High.'      The  arms  which  Berbiguier,  interrupting  his  ooob- 

M.  Berbiguier  employs  in  destroy^  sel,   exclaimed,   **  Is  it  thus  joq 

ing  the  enemies  of  the  Most  High,  support    the    interest   of  jonr 

are  brushes,    pins,   sponges,    and  clients?     Three  thousand  fnnes 

snuff.    By  means  of  these  he  at-  for  a  work  which  has  cost  me  fiftj 

tacks  them  hand  to  hand,  conquers  years'  labour !      The  least  1  cm 

them,  and  claps  them  into  bottles,  insist  upon  is  6,000  francs;  and 

In  his  portrait  he  is  represented  then  gentlemen  will  soon  be  eon- 

with  his  hand  on  his  heart,   to  vinced  of  the  modesty  of  my  d^ 

show  that  he  has  said,  or  written,  mand ;  for  my  work,  which  efor 

nothing  but  what  he  has  himself  one  ouffhttoknow,  not  only  pnvB 

seen.      With   a  view    to  benefit  the  existence  of  hol^oUks,  bat 

mankind,  he  allowed  no  day  to  treats  of  the  means  to  be  emj^sjd 

pass  without  imprisoning  at  least  to  take  them  alive."-— The  Pres- 

thirty  hobgoblins  in  a  bottle,  until  dent :   "  We  have  nothing  to  ^ 

the  equanimity  of  his  soul  was  with  your  work,  or  the  existence 

disturbed  by  an   article  that  ap«  of  hobgoblins :  the  only  thii^  to 

peared  in   the    "  Biographic   des  be  ascertained  Ls,  if  the  aiti^  is 

Contemporains."     The  author  of  question  is  libellous  or  not" 

this  article,  having,  as  it  would  M.  B.— ^'  Ah,  you  see  the  author 

appear,  but  a  slender  faith  in  hob«  is  afraid  of  me ;  he  dares  not  ap> 

goblins,  thus  expressed  himself: —  pear ;  and  he  is  right,  for  I  ^vxiA 

"  Berb^ier    de   Terreneuve    du  soon  put  him  into  a  bottle."   M- 

Thym  has  published  his  '  Hobgob-  Berbiguier  then   approached  tk 

lins.'     This  work  is  the  production  bench,  his  work  under  his  ana, 

of  a  madman,  and  yet  a  writer  his  hand  upon  his  heart,  and  kis 

has  been  found  so  wanting  in  deli-  pockets  stuffed  out  with  oHects, 

cacy  as  to  arrange  for  publication  which  afterwards  came  to  u^ 

these  pretended  memoirs,  in  which  "  Gentlemen,"  sud  he,  "  I  ffli « 

the  existence  of  hobgoblins  is  main-  benefactor  of  mankind,  in  whw 

tained,  and  the  principal  members  name  I  demand  justice.    I  bs»e 


»EC]                CHRONICLE.  189 

ffihten  to  all  the  kings  of  the  of  Jesus  Christ.    I  trample  upon 

arth  to  inform  them  of  my  battles  the  demons.     The  wretches !  they 

igitnst  the  hobgoblins^  those  male-  hinder  me  from  selling  my  excel- 

kent  beings  who  are  the   cause  lent  work.     Last  nighty  Dr.  Finely 

)f  all  crimes,  misfortunes,  murders,  who  is  also  a  hobgoblin,  came  to 

ronflagrmtions,    inundations,    &c.  torment  me*    I  struck  him  with 

Fnnn  my  youth  I  have  been  em-  my  iron  bar.     I  ought  to  have 

pioyed  in  ^e  service  of  humanity,  taken  him."  |^The  gravity  of  the 

and  I  am  now  the  victim  of  defa-  President  himself  was  now  over- 

mation ;  my  devotion  towards  man-  come,  and  shouts  of  lau^iter  be- 

tind  will  no  doubt  entitle  me  to  came  general.]]     M.  B.— -''  Laugh, 

prompt  and  signal  justice."    The  laugh^-so  much  the  worse  for  you. 


amused   audience  were    listening    if  you  are  Satanists.    I  adore  God, 
with  the  most  profound  attention,    my  Saviour :    but  still  I  am  de- 


and  endeavourmg  to  restrain  an  sirous  to  convert  you.    To-morrow 

exploflion   of  laughter,  when  M.  I  shall  bring  you,  in  another  bottle, 

Bobignier,   feeling  the  necessity  the  damned  soul  of  Dr.  Pinel; 

of  convincing  them  of  the  truth  you  will  then  probably  Tecogrnze 

of  his  assertions,  drew  from  his  all  the  important  utility  of  my  dis- 

pocket  two  brushes,  the  hairs  turn-  coveries."-— The     Preodent    here 

ed  towards  each  other,  and  tied  ordered  M.  Berbiguier  to  be  silent, 

together  with  a  riband.     "  These  and  the  Court  deciding  that  there 

Wushes,  gentlemen,"  said  he, ''con-  was  no  ground  for  a  charge  of 

Uin  the  souls  of  the  hobgoblins  libel,   nonsuited  the  destroyer  of 

who  came  to  attack  me  last  night,  hobgoblins  with  costs.     M.  B.-— 


Look  at  this  bottle— well,  it  con-  *'  I  shall  appeal  from  this  decision ; 

tains  millions  of  hobgoblins.     Oh,  the  Cour  Koyale  has,  I  am  sure, 

Wgh  as  long  as  you  like,  but,  no  Satanists  amongst  its  members." 

were  it  not  for  me,  you  would  not  M.  Berbiguier  was  soon  surround- 

be  80  much  at  your  ease,  nor  even  ed  by  a  number  of  auditors,  to 

the  judges  upon  the  bench.     Mr.  whom  he  proceeded  very  method- 

I^i^eadent,  you  see  this  instrument;  icaUy    to    explain    the    measures 

weU,  if  there  be  in  this  assembly  necessary  to  be  employed  in  catch- 

a  single    damned    soul,    in    two  ing  hobgoblins,  and  bottlinc  them, 

nunutes  you  shall  see  it  in  this  It  was  not  without  some  difficulty 

^c" — The  President  told  him  that  he  could  be  persuaded  to  quit 

to  confine  himself  to  the  question  the  court. 

^  defamation,  and  not  indulge  in  18.    His   Majesty's  Lstteb 

^   incoherent    language.      M.  to  the  Abghbishops   of  Can- 

fi— "So  much  the  worse  for  you,  terbury  and  YoRK^^^WkUehall. 

^  3ron  see  the  matter  in  that  point  —My  lord  ;    I  have  the  honour, 

^f  new :  it  appeared  to  me  that  in  obedience  to  the  commands  of 

It  might  not  be  useless  to  you  to  his  majesty,  to  transmit  to  your 

karn  the  manner  of  catching  hob-  grace  a  letter  signed  by  the  king, 

8^^^^:  if  at  night,  for  instance-—"  authorizing  your  grace    to    take 

'^fesident— "  Let    your    counsel  proper  measures  for  promoting  sub- 

pkad  for  you." — M.  B.— «*'  I  am  scriptions  within  your  grace's  pro- 

^  a  Satanist ;  I  have  protected  vince  for  the  relief  of  the  manu- 

^  &ur  quarters  of  the  globe.     I  factuiing  classes  in  some  districts 

^n  always  foUowed  the  precepts  of  the  united  kingdom.    It  is  pn>< 


190 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


[IMS. 


posed  that  these  subscriptions  shall 
go  in  aid  of  those  which  have  been 
entered  into  in  the  metropolis  for 
the  same  benevolent  and  charitable 
purpose.  I  have  accordingly  to 
desire^  in  compliance  with  the 
terms  of  his  majesty's  letter^  your 
srace  will  take  immediate  steps 
lor  promoting  the  objects  therein 
set  forth.  I  have  the  honour  to 
be,  my  lord,  your  grace's  most 
obedient  humble  servant, 

Robert  Pebl. 
To  the  Archbishops  of  Can- 
terbury and  York,  &c.  &c. 

Gbobob  R, 
Most  reverend  father  in  God, 
our  right  trusty  and  right  entirely 
beloved  councillor,  we  greet  you 
well!  Whereas  the  manufactur- 
ing classes,  in  some  districts  of  the 
united  kingdom,  have  suffered,  and 
are  still  sunering,  severe  distress ; 
and  whereas  many  of  our  subjects 
have  entered  into  voluntary  sub- 
scriptions for  their  relief,  and 
have,  at  the  same  time,  most  hum- 
bly prayed  Us  to  issue  our  royal 
letters,  directed  to  the  lord  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  and  the  lord 
archlnshop  of  York,  authorising 
them  to  promote  contributions 
within  their  several  provinces  for 
the  same  benevolent  purpose.  We, 
taking  the  premises  into  our  royiJ 
consideration,  and  being  always 
ready  to  give  the  best  encourage- 
ment and  countenance  to  such 
humane  and  charitable  undertak- 
ings, are  graciously  pleased  to  con- 
descend to  their  request.  And  we 
do  hereby  direct,  that  these  our 
letters  be  communicated  by  you  to 
the  several  sufiragan  bi^ops  within 
your  province,  expressly  requiring 
them  to  take  care  that  puMication 
be  made  hereof,  on  sudi  Sunday, 
and  in  such  places  within  their 
re^eotive  dioceses,  as  the  said 
Ushops  shall  aiqpQiQt^    and    that 


upon  this  oocasioii  the  minisfcw  in 
each  parish  do  effsctoally  excite 
their  parishioners  to  a  libmi  con- 
tributioD,  which  duJl  be  ooUeeted 
the  week  following,  at  their  ce^eo- 
tive  dwellings,  by  the  duodn 
wardens  or  overseerB  of  the  poor 
in  each  parish,  and  the  miaisfeen 
of  several  parishes  are  to  canie 
the  sums  so  cdlected  to  be  pnd 
immediately  in|^  the  hands  cf 
Messrs.  Smith,  Payne^  and  Santk, 
bankers,  of  our  city  of  LondoB,  to 
be  aooonnted  far  bj  them,  sad 
applied  to  the  carrying  on  aid 
promoting  the  abovo»nieotiaMl 
gooddesigns.  And  ao  we  bid  jou 
very  heartily  favewelL-oGifca  it 
our  court  at  Windsor,  the  iMi 
day  of  December,  1896,  ia  ^ 
seventh  year  of  our  reign.  B^bk 
majesty's  command, 

ROBEKT  P!BIL< 

To  the  Archbishops  of  Canter- 
bury and  York,  for  a  col- 
lection in  aid  of  the  sub- 
scriptions entered  into  for 
the  relief  of  the  manufiic- 
turiog  classes  in  the  united 

19.  KiNOfiTON  AaaiZBSi— Tbo- 
mas  Jones  was  indicted  for  otter* 
ing  at  Thutdey,  on  the  9^  Sep 
tember,  a  bank  of  England  note 
for  104  knowing  the  saoM  to  be 
forged.  The  singiilarity  of  thn 
case  was,  that  ue  prisoner  wn 
perfectly  blind.  He  was  a  au- 
sidan  by  precession,  aad  was  in 
the  habit  of  attending  famihei  in 
the  neighbourhood  whero  he  Hfcd. 
Prior  to  the  month  of  September. 
he  had  lodged  with  hit  wife  sed  s 

man  servant,  in  the  boose  of  ■ 
Mrs.  Evans,  at  Thursl^.  lalbe 
beg^nin^  of  September,  hewcot » 
Ixmdon  Sxr  a  few  days,  and,  oa  b» 
retuni»  he  sent  his  laadUf  oa  ibt 
7th  to  get  a  KMl  note  ikiH 
XhewtewtB  dMmged  fay  alw 


DEC]                CHRONICLE.  191 

Knowks,  in  the  neighbourhood,  tainlydngular^Uiat,  if  thepriaonef 
and  the  monej  was  given  to  the  had  received  the  notes  in  different 
prisoner.  On  the  9th»  he  sent  her  places,  they  should  correspond  with 
aoain  with  another  lOL  note  to  a  each  other  in  every  particular.  The 
Mr.  Whitbomei  a  miller^  to  get  jury  found  the  prisoner  guilty, 
changed,  but  without  success.  On  Attack  on  thb  Dwlw  Mail. 
the  next  day,  the  prisoner  sent  -—A  very  daring  attack  was  made 
Mn.  Evans  to  Miss  Knowles  with  on  the  mail  coadi  between  Dublin 
the  change  of  the  first  note,  desir-  and  Cork,  by  a  very  numerous  and 
ing  the  note  to  be  given  back,  determined  banditti,  but  whidi  was 
Whilst  Mrs.  Brians  was  in  the  fortunately  unsucces^UL  On 
house,  Mr.  Whitbume  came  in  reaching  a  place  called  RookviUe, 
and  detained  the  note,  and  under-  about  t^ree  miles  on  this  side  of 
standing  whence  it  came  from,  he  Cashel,  on  the  road  to  Cahir,  about 
obtained  the  assistance  of  a  con-  a  quarter  post  one  o'clock  in  the 
staUe^  and  caused  the  prisoner  to  morning,  twoshots  were  fired  fnmi 
be  imrdiended.  On  his  person  behind  a  wall,  about  breast  hi^ ; 
were  found  six  or  seven  one-pound  the  coachman  immediately  en^ 
country  notes,  and  two  or  three  deavoured  to  push  forward,  but 
counterfeit  sovereigns.  He  was  the  way  was  completely  impeded 
asked  why  he  wanted  change  of  a  by  three  cars  heavily  laden  with 
10^  note,  when  he  had  smaller  stones,  fastened  together  with 
notes  and  other  money  in  his  pos«  strong  ropes,  and  plaml  across  the 
session  ?— He  said  he  wanted  more  nmd.  One  of  the  shots  had  struck 
change  to  make  good  his  pay-  one  of  the  leaders,  and  mortally 
meats.— He  said  he  had  received  wounded  him,  so  that  resistance 
one  of  the  10^  notes  on  the  sale  of  was  rendered  necessary.  The 
a  musical  instrument  at  Petworth,  guard,  who  had  fired,  imd  again 
and  the  other  at  a  public-house  at  loaded,  called  on  the  '^  cows^y 
Kingston.  Mr.  Christmas,  the  rascals  to  come  forward ;"  they  did 
bank-note  vagpoctot,  proved  that  not  accept  the  challenge,  but  again 
both  notes  were  forged  in  every  fired  a  volley  of  about  twelve  slu)ts, 
particular.  They  were  boih  print-  which  they  several  times  repeated, 
ed  from  the  same  plate,  bore  the  but  without  effect  on  either  the 
same  date  and  number,  and  were  coachman,  guard,  or  passengers. 
on  similar  paper.  The  prisoner,  Twoofthe^mssengers,  Messrs.  Con- 
in  his  defence,  said  he  had  received  nor  and  Wilmot,  courageously  de- 
the  notes  in  the  way  of  his  busi-  scended  from  the  coach,  and  extri- 
ness,  and  had  not  the  least  know-  cated  the  wounded  horse  from  the 
lodge  of  their  being  forged.  He  harness ;  in  doing  which  one  of 
cal^  no  witnesses.  Mr.  Justice  them  received  a  desperate  kick  from 
Bayley  left  the  case  to  the  jury,  him,  immediately  after  which  the 
and  said,  the  question  was,  whether  poor  horse  expired.  Before  their  ex- 
tbe  prisoner  had  uttered  the  note  ertions  were  able  to  remove'the cars, 
in  quest^m  with  a  guilty  know-  some  time  elapsed,  during  which 
ledge ;  he  called  their  attention  to  the  ruffians  continued  to  fire ;  but 
the  prisoner's  blindness,  and  the  finding  so  spirited  a  resistance,  they 
civciuuatanee  of  his  uttering  the  did  not  venture  from  their  lurking 
Bote  in  a  neighbourhood  in  which  place,  and  at  length  went  off.  The 
h»  was  well  knpwn*    It  wm  oer«  coach  then  proceeded^  and  ariiving 


192 


ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


tl8S6. 


at  a  police  station,  about  a  mile 
distant,  a  party  was  instantly 
despatdied  in  pursuit  of  them. 

Extraordinary  Murder. — 
An  extraordinary  trial  for  murder 
took  place  at  Duon.     A  game- 
keeper,   named    Carnarvon,    was 
found    on   the   l6th  of  August, 
wounded  in  the    most    shocking 
manner ;'  the  unfortunate  man  had 
received  eight  stabs  in  different 
parts  of  the  body,  and  a  violent 
blow  on  the  head,  which  had  frac- 
tured his  skull :  he  was  carried  to 
his  dwelling,  and,  in  the  presence 
of  his  wife  and  children,  made  the 
following    statement :  —  "  Two 
neighbours  called  upon  me,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  my  assistance 
in    preventing    a    miller    named 
Au£ran  from  turning  the  course 
of  a   stream  which  belonged  to 
them :  sftet  settling  this  business, 
I  returned  homewa^s,  when,  pass- 
ing near  a  narrow  road,  Audran 
sprung  from  behind  a  hedge,  and 
felled  me  to  the  earth  with    a 
bludgeon;  while  I  was  l3dng  sense- 
less upon  the  ground,  he  took  out 
hiskmfe,  and  stabbed  me  in  the 
bosom;   the  pain  caused  by  the 
second  blow  brought  me  to  a  sense 
of  my  dreadful  situation,  and  rising 
on  my  knees,  I  said  '  Audran,  take 
pity  on  my  poor  family,  and  do 
not  kill  me  !*     My  prayer  was  un- 
heeded ;  he  inflicted  several  stabs, 
and  1^  me  in  the  state  in  which 
I  was  found."      Audran  was  of 
course  arrested,  and  brought  into 
the  presence  of  the  dying  man, 
who    gave    the    above    evidence. 
"But  where  did   I   commit   the 
crime  ?"  said  Audran.    *'  Near  the 
wall  of  a  garden  belonging  to  Mr. 
Loijds,"  was  the  reply.     Immedi- 
ately after  uttering  these  words, 
the  wounded  man  expired.     The 
police  repaired  to  the  place  that 
was  mentioned ;  no  marks  or  the 


smallest  traces  of  Uood  weare  to  be 
found ;  but  the  statement  c^  Btr- 
narvon,  added  to  the  drcumstanoe 
of  a  coat  which  Audran  wore  on 
the  day  of  the  murder  not  betng 
discovered,  was  deemed  sufficient 
evidence ;  the  jury  found  the  pri- 
soner guilty,  and  he  was  sentenced 
to  death.    Although  the  prisoner 
had  denied  most  solemnly  knowmg 
any  thingabout  the  crimen  hestated, 
when  brought  back  to   the  con- 
demned cell,  that  he  killed  Bar- 
narvon,  not  on  the  spot  indicated 
by  the  latter,  but  in  his  ( Audnm'f) 
own  garden,  where  a  quantity  of 
blood  would  be  seen ;  diis  proved 
to  be  the  fact ;  he  added,  that  Bar- 
narvon  entered  the  garden  for  Uie 
purpose    of   committing  rohbeiT, 
that  a  stru^le  took  place  between 
them,  and  Bamarvon,  who  was  a 
powoful  man,  fought  in  so  deter- 
mined a  manner,  that,  notwitk- 
standing  the  difierent  stabs  inffict- 
ed,  had  not  the  blow  upon  the 
head    been  given  with  a  heavy 
piece  of  vrooa,  which  happened  to 
be  near  the  place  of  combat,  he, 
the    prisoner,   would    have   been 
murdered.     This  statement  readi- 
ed the  jury  on  the  following  day, 
and  they  requested  the  judge,  wfco 
had  pa^ed  the  sentence  oi  dea^, 
to  recall  several  witnesses;  they 
were  re-examined  by  the  jutt,  and 
the  accoimt  given  by  the  prisoner 
proved  to  be  a  fact-  However,  the 
trial  was  over,  and  the  unfcMrtonate 
man,  who  would  have  been  acquit- 
ted, still  remains  in  prison,  imder 
sentence  of  death;  he  is,  of  coni*^ 
recommended  to  the  king's  menr, 
and  there  can  be  but  little  dow 
that  in  a  few  days  he  will  be  Ubdt- 
ated  from'  confinement. 

York  House. — The  sc&flUt 
ing  being  now  removed,  Uie  d^ 
terior  of  this  noble  mansion  iitii# 

completely  displayed.    Tfac  lwBI» 


DEC] 


CHRONICLE. 


193 


i^  which  forms  a  square  of  about 
150  feet,  is  entirely  insulated; 
md  has  four  stone  fronts^  consbt- 
ng  of  a  Corinthian  order>  with  a 
ing^e  series  of  windows^  placed 
ipon  a  hasement^  with  horizontal 
ustacs.  £ach  of  Uiese  fronts  varies 
omewhat  in  dedgn.  That  towards 
he  east  has  merely  pilasters;  those 
n  the  south  and  west  have  each  a 
*ance  of  six  columns^  in  the  centre 
li^tly  advanced  £rom  the  wall^ 
u^  sormounted  by  a  pediment; 
vhile  the  north  front  has  a  portico 
^considerable  projection^  beneath 
wYadi  carriages  drive  up  to  the 
^nd  entrance^  which  is  on  this 
ide.  From  this  entrance^  an 
ooent  of  a  few  steps  leads  through 
I  vestibule  and  colonnade  into  the 
laU,  whidi  occupies  the  centre  of 
he  building:  it  is  80  feet  by  40> 
Lod  rises  to  the  summit  of  the 
poof.  This  hall  is  lighted  by  a 
^tluHm  ceiling,  and  contains  the 
;nuid  staircase^  which  ascends  on 
ach  side  in  two  flights  of  stone 
it^iSy  the  resting-spaces  of  which 
ire  supported  by  two  Atlantic 
iguzes.  On  a  level  with  the  hall, 
m  the  basement  floor,  is  a  suite  of 
rooms  in  the  south  front,  consist- 
ing of  a  dining->room,  three  draw* 
ing  rooms^  and  library.  In  the 
west  front,  on  the  same  floor,  is  a 
uiite  of  private  apartments.  The 
state  apartments  are  on  the  upper 
floor,  said  are  entered  through  a 
peristyle  of  the  Corinthian  order, 
mmx^ting  the  upper  part  of  the 
bJL  The  principal  rooms  are  a 
bonqueting-room  (in  the  north- 
front)  24  feet  by  40;  a  gallery, 
occopyiug  the  whole  length  of  the 
east  side,  and  measuring  132  feet 
by  24,  an^  in  some  parts  32  feet 
in  width.  This  apartment  is 
fonned  into  three  divisions,  by 
meaui  of  columns.  Adjoining  this 
is  a  »Ioon  (in  the  souta  front)  50 

Ynn  IXVUL 


feet  by  30,  communicating  with  a 
drawing-room,  with  a  very  large 
semi-circular  recess  43  feet  by  36 
and  25.  The  rooms  on  the  west 
side  are  destined  for  a  state  sleep- 
ing-apartment. As  a  piece  of 
architecture,  this  structure  ex- 
hibits externally  chasteness  and 
elegance  of  design^  with  a  consider- 
able degree  of  grandeur,  and  cer- 
tainly deserves  to  rank  very  high 
among  the  embellishments  of  the 
metropolis. 

Case  of  Hydrophobia.  —  A 
man  of  the  name  of  Eve,  residing 
near  the  Ship  public-house.  West 
Hanningfield,  was  bit,  at  the  latter 
end  of  June  last,  by  alittle  dog  which 
he  was  caressing  as  he  was  sitting 
on  the  ground  eating  his  breakfast, 
when  the  animal  suddenly  bit  him 
on  the  upper  lip,  and  immediately 
ran  ofl*;  its  next  object  of  attadc 
was  a  sow,  which  fell  a  sacrifice  to 
the  dreadful  malady,  at  the  end  of 
about  nine  weeks.  The  dog  was 
afterwards  pursued  and  destroyed. 
It  is  to  be  lamented,  that  no  local 
or  general  remedies  were  resorted 
to,  till  afler  the  lapse  of  three  or 
four  days  (his  apprehension  as  to 
the  nature  of  the  wound  not  being 
sooner  excited),  and  that,  when 
apprized  of  his  danger,  he  should 
have  resorted  for  cure  or  preven- 
tion to  one  of  those  delusive  anti- 
dotes held  out  by  ignorant  per- 
sons, who  pretend  to  be  furnished 
with  specific  remedies  for  warding 
ofiT  this  most  dreadful  of  human 
maladies.  Mr.  Mason,  of  Great 
Baddow,  in  whose  employ  Eve 
had  been  nearly  ten  years,  observed 
his  health  declining  for  several 
weeks  past,  which  he  attributed  to 
the  pernicious  remedies  he  was 
then  using:  still,  however.  Eve 
continued  active  so  late  as  last 
Saturday.  On  the  following  even- 
ingi  he  first  comjplaiiied  of  general 


194 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


[iM 


langoar  and  giddiness^  with  pain 
in  Uie  head  and  drowsiness,  from 
which  he  thought  he  was  relieved 
hy  ft  little  refreshment,  and  a  short 
sle^.  These  sjnnptoms  were  sue* 
ceeded>  ahout  the  middle  of  the 
following  Aaj,  hy  pain  in  the  chest, 
attended  hy  soreness  and  a  slight 
siricture  in  the  tliroat,  when  a 
medieal  gentleman  was  called  im 
who  bled  him,  aiid  admihistered 
medicine.  Pwm  this  period  iii^ 
sufierings  gradually  increased,  un- 
til the  more  dreadful  symptoms  ef 
hydropliohia  were  exhibited,  which 
happened  aboui  twelve  o'clock  the 
same  night,  wben  tobtber  medical 
gentleman  was  called  in,  at  which 
time  it  became  impossible  to  ad-* 
minister  any  remedies  by  the 
Inouth ;  the  convulsive  spasms,  and 
the  stricture  of  the  throat  and 
chest,  being  so  violentandfrequent, 
ihe  poor  man  declared  himself 
totally  unable  to  swallow,  and 
b^B^ged  that  xlo  forcible  means 
might  be  used  at  this  period  of  the 
disease ;  even  the  sight  of  liquids 
of  any  kind  appeared  to  excite 
spasmodic  convulsions ;  strong 
opiate  injections  were  resorted  to^ 
which  there  is  reason  to  believe 
afforded  him  temporary  relief.  As 
he  approached  towards  his  end,  the 
spasmodic  convulsions  became  less 
freauent,  and  less  severe :  and  he 
sauK  about  ten  o^clock  tiie  same 
evening,  into  a  state  of  complete 
exbausBont 

24.  j^iRB  lU  DaBLiN.*--A  fire 
was  discovered  in  the  extensive 
stores  of  sir  Abraham  Bradley 
Kin^y  stfttioner  to  his  maiestv^ 
whim  were  fuU  of  stationery  closely 
packed  up  in  piles.  The  Aames 
spread  with  tbe  utmost  rapidly : 
in  a  few  minutes  the  whole  of  tne 
stores  were  in  a  blaze,  and  all 
hopes  of  preserving  die  property 
were  ofut  ef  ihe  ^uestioii.     The 


fire  in  a  very  short  time* 

nicated  to  the  dwelling  hoiui  b 

Dame-6treetf     and     spread  itilk 

alarming  impetuosity.     Sir  Aki- 

ham^s  fanuly  did  not  reside  in  Hm 

house,  and  there  were  no  inmlo 

save  a  young  gentleuiBU  and  m 

elderly    woman-aenrant ;   but  t 

number  of  individui^  on  pencil 

inc  the  fire,  bur^  into  the  ham, 

a,wL  exerted  themselves  to  presem 

the    premiseB.      Notwithrtsnfog 

all  the  exertions  that  were  oa^ 

the  fire  increased,   and^  at  d^ 

o'clock,  the  roof  fell  in  with  t  b^ 

mendous  crashi  bearing  down  J 

the  floors  of  the  hcntte»  whidi  &fi 

with   accumulated    wdght  vfm 

the  unfortunate  individuak  mmk> 

lliese    persons     were     isslH^ 

buried  under  tbe  ruinlj  sero^ 

persons  were  soon  aiWwtttiftokffi 

out ;  two    of  them    quite  det4 

and  others  mangled  and  wooaU 

in  a  fi:ightfui  pannaiw  TheflflMS, 

in  tiie  mean  timei  qpreai  htmA 

wide>  and  seemed  to  thrsiieo  tk 

wkole  neighbourhood  with  dolnB* 

tion.     There  was  little  ame  up* 

ply  of  watetf  so  that  the  eagu^ 

for  some  time^  were  of  little  cfet 

Happily,  howeteri    by  the  aat 

extraordinary  ^ort8»  the  te  w« 

arrested  in  its  progress,  aad  £tde 

other  iiyury  to  property  wn  te 

bey<md  whi^  t^  premisel  of  sir 

Abraham  sustained*    Thepepaty 

on  these  premises  wasveiy  oooa^ 

able^andlitdeer  nothing  wia  mi9d 

Not  only  an   immciHie  slack  d 

paper,  but  raovi^j  ekpensivefiifii* 

ture,  and  an  entire  and  tahalik 

service  of  plate,  were  totaify  hit 

25.  IfexFiinmaN  to  Poaiwit 

—-The  Pyramu%  which  saikita 

Portsmouth  on  Uie  18th  in  coa* 

pany  with  ihe  RoiBney,  w»  ^ 

fiirst  vessel  with  titx^  •n  htd 

that  entered  the  Tagis:  lUitM^ 

pkoe  on  Chrittmif  diyi  lil  ^ 


ABC.]                CHRONICLE.  195 

dreonslKiee    was  hailed  hj  the  ctrengthtoreidsttiieattacky^todL. 

nectfttofn  as  an  auspidous  omen.  I7  gave  waj ;  and  altheu^  the 

The  aoene  waa  one  of  the  finest  outer  turnkey,  at  great  personal 

tkt  can  be  imaained.   The  Ti^us  ride  to  himself ,  resisted  their  at- 

wss  ooTered  ttritn  boats  filled  with  tempt  so  long  as  he  could  with  any 

^netadorsl  and  out  troops  in  full  ptospeei   o[  success,    they    very 

unifoRDy  with  anus  preaonted,  on  diertly  succeeded  in  gaining  the 

dedt}  pissed  up  the  river,  ainidst  open    ground    surrounding    the 

iht  aoehnnataoos  of  the  assembled  buildingi    The  alarm  havSig  by 

taulttlttdes*  The  troqps,  composing  this  time  reached  the  governor  and 


the  second    divisicm  of  the  4th  other  officers  of  the  prison,  who 

regiment  of   foot,    ismained    on  were  all  within  the  walis,  they, 

bmrd  00  tiie  following  day*  aided  by  the  prompt  assistance  of 

S5.  EeiuLFB  rami  Pazsoif « **•  governor  Rose  of  the  gaol,  and  a 

WiEsdatedaj      nidit    about    nine  ptu*ty  of  police  officers  from  the 

gi*dodk^  six  of  the  male  prisoners,  Caltim    Watdi-house,    tucoeeded, 

ontpbyedin  oneof  thediviflonsof  notwithstanding  tte  darkness  of 

the  tread*  w^ieds    in   Edinbuivh  the  night,  in  securing  five  of  the 

Bridewdli  suddenly  attacked  &e  fugitives,  but  the  ronainder,  nine 

inaer  tonikey,  when  in  the  act  of  in  niimbor,  owing  to  the  very  low 

Kuavmg  them  to  their  sleeping  and  insecure  state  of  port  of  the 

qartmentBi    stopped   his   mourn  boundary  wall,  unfmrtunately  e& 

with  a  ha&dherduef,  and  the  silme  feoted  thekt  escape.    It  is  M^sh/om 

intast  covered  his  head  wiUi  a  tc»y  to  know  that  all  the  officers 

iood  of  liood,  whidi  ^ey  had  pre*  of  Bridewell  Were  at  their  posts  ; 

noosfy  prqfiared  £rom  a  part  of  aiid  that,  so  farastheinvestigatioft 

their  heading,  aiidf  having  mraoed  now  in  piugiess  has  yet  gone> 

ium  ta  one  of  the  sbej^g  cells,  eVery  door  of  the  prison  vpp&&t8  to 

tttd  his  iMHida  and  feet,  and  while  have  been  duly  loeked,  and  se« 

nae  lay  i^ve  him  to  prevent  his  cured  ameably  to  geiteral  oiders. 

giving  aknn,  tl»  rest  possessed  26.    Duri..  —  JMiblitw^  Thk 

thfSQ^ves  of  his  keys,  and  pro«  morning,  at  ten  o'doek,  Mr.  Brie, 

needed  to  ttnldck  the  oeUs  where  accompanidd  by  Mr.  Fitagerald,  of 

nme  of  the  mast  daring  of  their  Tralee>  and  Mr.  Haves,  a  sc^idtor, 

ixmipinions    were  eonfinedi    AH  of  Cork,  attended  by  Mr,  Gregg, 

this  Was  done  in  perfbot  rilence ;  of  Coork,  went  to  some  fields  on 

^  having,  by  means  of  one  of  the  nort^  side  o[  Dublin,  to  settle 

the  heysi  taken  fenH  the  turnkey,  an  afiidr  of  honour,  which  unfiir* 

procured  a  hat^t,  used  for  cut«  tunalely  terminated  by  Mr.  Brio 

tiogcdnun  from  the  ]dace  where  being  shot  in  the  left  teeast,  and, 

it  bd  been,  as  usual,  secured  for  tlie  ball  having  passed  through  hii 

the  ni|^t,  they  lodced  the  turnkey  lungs,  he  died  in  a  quarter  of  an 

in  die  cdl,  and  pioee^ed  to  force  hour  afterwards.     The  cause  of 

the  oDter  vmB  gate  of  their  ward,  this  quarrel  was  as  fellows  :-^Mr« 

thxaogh  whid,  hf  the  prudent  Brie  and  some  oth^  gentlemen 


pretautioB  of  its  having  a  difibv  were  etmiding  at  the  Genetal  Fm 
cQtly  cQDstracted  lock,  th^  ooald  Office,  Sackville^street,  on  Sunday 
not  make  their  way  tritih  the  keys  last,  waitins  the  amival  of  the 
^^ehiagmg  to  die  iimer  tinrnk^*  Coark  ooadi,  to  know  the  latest  ai» 
TUi  ^aie  not  beittg  af  raffidesft   eonnt  of  te  eoottit  belwiei  Mdr« 

0  2 


196          ANNUAL  REGISTER.  zitu. 

Hutdunson  and  Mr.  Callagban.  inaUfele888tate,aiid^ii0twilliilnl- 

On  tlie  coach's  arriyal^  a  majority  ing  eveiy  exertion  on  the  part  d 

having  been  announced  in  favour  those  who  were  present^ 

of  Mr.  Hutchinson^  Mr.  Brie  ex-  could  not  be  restored. 

cLiimed^ ''  Devil  mend  that  ruffian  88.  Coubt   of 

Apostate  Calla^ian^  we  will  put  BfXHDU  v.  Peorce^— Kr. 

him  down  at  utst."    Mr.  Hayes>  a    respectable   Eeenfled-(victaall8» 

who  was  aeent  of^  and  a  relation  sought  to  recover  ^le  som  of  8& 

to^  Mr.  Cal&ghan,  rc^ed>  '^  He  is  due  to  him  hy  the  defendant.   Mc. 

a  ruffian  that  calls  Mr.  Callaghan  Pearce  appened  in  ^loyriia  ptf- 

80.''    On  whidx  Mr.  Brie  sent  a  sona,  to  answer  to  the  denni 

challenge  to  Mr.  Hajes.  Mr.  Brown  stated,  that  the  d^  ii 

27.  AooiDBNT.-— A  man  named  question  had  been  oontzaded  one 

Gecnrge  Marshall^  a  mate  on  board  years  Bgp,  and  produced  two  or 

a  Suroerland  trader,  lying  in  die  three  books;  but,    upon  looiEii^ 

river  off  Stepney,  was  drowned  on  into  them,  he  disoovcrad  that  Ik 

Thursday  morning.  Marshall,  who  debt  in  question  had  not  heen  ca- 

was  a  native  of  Stockton,  Durham,  tered  in  any  one  of  thenu    He 

was  some  time  since  engaged  as  was  about  therefore  to  ^pfy  Ar 

mate  on  board  the  Janet,  and  the  an  adjournment,  when  the  ddM- 

sihip  having  performed  her  voyage  ant  stood  forward,  and  said,  dai  it 

to  London,  MarshaQ  had  gone  on  was  of  no  use  to  pos^cne  the  emtf 

shore  on  Wednesday.   In  company  as  he  had  the  bc»t  defence  in  fit 

with  some  companions,  he  had  spent  world.      Chairman— '' What  it^ 

the  evening  merrily,  and  had  in«  fence  have  you  ?"     Defendant* 

dulged  rather  freely  in  the  bottle.  ''Why  I  have  been  aentenoed  tobe 

On  his  way  to  the  ship  he  met  hanged?**  Chairman — ^''Senteneed 

an  unfortunate  female,  whom  he  to    be  hanged?**       Defendant— 

invited  to  accompany  him  on  board,  (with  an  attempt  to  whimper)— 


This  was  about  half-past  two  in  ''  Yes^  five  years  ago,  I  was 

the  morning   of   Thursday.    As  tenced  to  be  hanged  at  the  Oil 

they  were  stepping  from  a  boat  Bmley."    A  Commissioner — ^^For 

mto  the  ship,  Marshall  fell  into  what  o£fence  ?"  Defendant — ^Fer 

the  water,  and  beinff  aheavyman,  burglariously  breaking    into  ni 

he  nearly  capsized  the  boat.    The  entering  a  dwelling  house  in  ^ 

woman  attempted  to  save  him,  and  night  time."   Chairman — ^yfhoK 

in  the  effort  was  drawn  into  the  house?"  Defendmit-»'<Mj&dio^6. 

water.    Drags  were  speedily  pro-  — Yes,  sir,  five  years  ago>»  I  wis 

cured,  and  after  some  time  spent  tried  aod  sentenced  to  be  haoced 

in  searching  for  the  bodiesi,  they  by  the  neck,  l^  the  late  waAf 

succeeded    m    getting    out    the  recorder,    who,     however,     tm 

woman,  but  the  sharp  part  of  the  doomed  to  go  out  of  the  woM  ke- 

instrument  used  as  a  drag  caught  fore  me.    The  court  dianged  m 

in  her  neck,  and  wounded  several  sentence  to  transportation,  and  I 

of  &a  blood-vessels,  particularly  was  confined  two  years  and  a  krif 

the  carotid   artexy,    so  severely,  in  the  House  of  Correction,  so  tktf 

that,    before    surffical   assistance  whatever  money  or  goods  I  hd 

could  be  procured,   she  bled  to  were  forfeited  to  the  king;  tak 

death.    The  body  of  Marshall  was  of  course  Mr.  Brown  has  no  dsia 

ppon  after  dragged  out  of  the  water  upon  me."  ChaiTmai»-.^Wdl»lfa 


DBC3               CHRONICLE.  197 

&DWD>  this  defence  is  a  verj  hor*  proprietors  of  newsp^efs.    The 

nhle  aoB,  to  be  sure ;  but  I  be-  following  is  an  accurate  list  of  the 

iieve  it  is  fatal  to  your  demand."  different  cases  as  they  occurred  in 

MuBDXB.-—  Two  females,  who  courts : — In  the  King's-bench  four 

iircd  in  a  village  near  Lodirea,  in  conditional  orders,  for  criminal  in- 

t]»  county  of  Galway>  having  a  fcmnations,  were  obtained  against 

email  fortune,    received    the  ad«  —Richards,  the  proprietor  of^^  the 

Ureases  of  two  men,  who  were  con*  Ase,"  at  the  suit  of  W.  Easthope, 

lidered  by  their  friends  as  below  M.F.,  the  earl  of  Oleiu^all,  lord 

them  in  rank.    They  made  an  ap-  W.  Lennox,  and  W.  Mol&y  West- 

pointment  with    their  lovers    to  macott;  a^ndnst  Shackell,  the  pro- 

bdng  them  all  the  money  they  prietor  of  ^  "  John  BttU,"  at  the 

»u]d  collect  on  a  certain  mght,  suit  ofMr.  Hartshorn;  ^;ainstChap« 

md  meet  them  at  an  appointed  man,  the  proprietor  ot  the  ^*  Sun^ 

p^,  for  the  purpose  of  doping,  day  Times,"  at  the  suit  of  W* 

doe  of   the  females  came  some  Wellesley  Pole ;  against  Fairman, 

ime  befiore  the  other,  and  also  be-  the  proprietor  of  "  the  PaUadium," 

Mthe  men;  she  concealed  her-  atthesuitoflordW. Lennox; against 

lelf  until  the  other  should  arrive,  the  proprietor  of  the  "  Cheltenham 

b  a  dunrt  time  the  men  came,  and  Journal,"  at  the  suit  of  the  rev.  Mr. 

tlien  the  other  female.    The  pre-  Campbedl ;  and  against  Mr.  Dun^ 

tended  lovers  seized  her  immedi^  combs,  the  puUisher,  at  the  suit  of 

udy,  took  firom  her  all  the  money  Madame    Vestris.      Actions     for 

ibe  bad,  and  threw  her  into  a  libel  were  tried  in  the  following 

doming  lime  kiln.     The  female,  instances:  —  Smith  v.  Brodie,  m 

ffbo  lud  been  a  concealed  specta-  "  the  Times/'  damages  51. ;  Fisher 

^>  fled  as  quickly  and  as  secretly  t;.    Clement    of    tl^    '*  Mormng 

ttihe  could-— overtook  a  carman.  Chronicle,"  30/.;  Wright  v.  Jer- 

vho  concealed  her  under  hay  on  dan,  of  the  "  Literary  Gazette," 

tus  car,  until  he  came  to  the  nearest  50L ;    Forster    t;.    Clement,    of 

police  station,  where  they  informed  ''Bcdl's  Life  in  London,"   30Lj 

^  police  of  the  transaction.  They  Harris  v.  Wheldon,  of  the  '^  Bri- 

instantly  went  to  the  spot^  where  tish  Traveller,"  100/. ;  Freeman  v. 

^  found  the  murderers,  and  got  Price,  of  the  '^  Leicester  Journal,'* 

the  money  in    their   possession;  10/.;  andlordArundellv. Shackell. 

Mag  secured    them,    they  ex-  of  the  '*  John  Bull,"  fine  to  the 

unined  the  limekiln.    There  they  kinp  of  150/.    The  editor  of  a 

found  the  remains  of  the  unfortu-  periodical  published  in    London, 

Bate  victim  of  credulity  burned  to  called,    "  The    Portuguese,"  was 

I  dnder,  her  two  hands  abne  ex-  brought  up   during  the  term,   to 

^"cpted,  with  which  she  had  dung  have  ju^ment  pronounced  for  a 

^  the  side  of  the  kiln,  above  the  libel  on  the  marquis  de  Palmella, 

Sanies,  so  that  they  were  not  con-  the   Portuguese  ambassador ;    he 

turned.    The  police  broudbt  with  was  only  required  to  enter  into  his 

^^  the  murderers,  and  lodged  own    recognizances.      The    only 

^^  in  the  county  gaoL  cases  in  which  the  defendants  were 

LuBLs.'^-The  late    term  was  successful,  were  those  of  Bourke 

^  than  usually  prolific  in  ac-  v.    "  the    Courier   and    Morning 

tions  of  libel,  and  motions  for  cri-  Chronicle ;"  which  terminated  in  « 

nmuA  infovmaUons    against  the  verdict  for  the  defepdfmts;  ancl 


198 


ANNUAL   REGISTER. 


[18I& 


tbftt  of  NeiU,  M.P.,  v.  Clement, 
for  m  alleged  libel  in  ''Bell's 
life  in  I^ondon,"  in  which  the 
court  vefuaed  to  grant  a  criminal 
infonnation.  . 

Cbuce.-— By  the  statement  ce^ 
turned  to  the  Secretary  of  State's 
office  on  the  let  inst  by  Marsden, 
the  gaoler  of  Madborough-street- 
ofl^,  it  appears,  that  tl^  number 
of  prisoners  committed  to  the  dif^ 
ferent  gaols,  from  that  office  alone, 
amounted,  up  to  the  31st  of  De« 
cember,  to  3103,  being  an  increase 
on  the  return  aiade  on  the  Ist  <^ 
January,  1826,  of  1676*  Com- 
paring this  statement  with  the  re- 
turn made  by  him  &r  the  year 
1813,  thaidvanoe  of  crime  s^^pears 
lamentably  out  of  all  proportion  to 
the  increase  of  pc^lation,  amount- 
ing within  a  fraction  to  a  quadru- 


ple number.  The  foUowingisaa 
extract  from  the  official  letimtfiK 
the  last  U  years: -^1813,  7^; 
1814,  90S;  1815,  919;  1816, 
1496;  1817>  161^1  1818,  1738; 
1819>  1823;  1820,  I4l6;  16S1, 
1268;  1822,  1503;  1823,2010; 
1824,  1903;  1825,  2405;  iM, 
3103. 

SwoBD  Fish  cauobt  nf  na 
FniTH  OP  FaBTH^*^Mr.  Siigk, 
one  of  the  assistant  engiaeea  iwier 
Robert  Stevensoii,  esq^  has  seatlp 
the  Colkffe  Muaeum  at  EdialiiMii 
a  gemarkdily  fine  qpecunenof  ne 
sword-fish,  whidi  was  fimail,  in 
the  month  of  September  hik,  Ifiag 
on  the  banks  A  the  Fordi,  be- 
tween Stirluig  and  Alka.  It  ii 
seven  (oat  m  length,  poftct  ■ 
all  its  parts,  and  mil  fixm  a 
Iditioli  to  tibe 


(   100  ) 
APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


SHEHIFFS  F0«  THE  YMR  IW6- 

BMnUMre    ..,»..,•    R.  EHiott,  Goldington, etq. 

Berktkire W.  Mount,  Wa8ing-plMe,«M. 

Aidtmgkmmthire  ....    Ororge  Morgan,  Biddle^den  Fwlf,  aiQ. 

GHMJIfv  «mI  MmiI:  I     xhofpas  Steels  Fryer,  ChattcnSi  etq. 

OeM^  y.WV.V.y...  W.  Turner,  Pott-Shrigley,  e«i. 

CmmnUi T,  Daniel,  Treliasick,  esq, 

OjB^AifM/ H.  Senhouw,  Nether  Hall,  e«q. 

JMMAm   Sir  R.  Greeley,  DiakeJow,  t»rt. 

tktnukire   L.  W.  Buek,  Daddon,  esq. 

HmmUkire  C.  Buxton,  Wyke  Regie,  oiq. 

Am»    F.  Na«»u,  St.  Osyth  Priory,  aeq. 

mmeuttnkbn    R.  H.  B.  Hale,  Alderley,  esq- 

BerefitrdtAire   F.  H.  Thomas,  Much  Cowarfl,  esq. 

BoH^tUtiM  Sir  G.  Duckett,  Roydon,  bart. 

KefU Sir  John  Fagg,  Myalol^bart. 

Umemkh^ J.  p. Mawhell,  Penny  Bndge, esq. 

LdmUnMin T.  W.  Oldham,  Frith  House,  ewj. 

lm»futkirf    O.  Manners,  Bloxham,  esq. 

Mb— iMffttiwMi B.  Hall,  Ahercam,  esq. 

^/oU^ Sir  E.  Bacon,  Rawmngbam,  M*t. 

Vvkknmimighirt   ....  G.  Payna, Sulby,  esq. 

NiMmMhfmihiM G.  SavUe  Foljambc,  ^^^^^'^^^K^m^i  aid 

S^Hkire W.  P.  W.  Freeman,  Henley-upon-Thames,  eaq. 

htiland    T.  Hill,  Uppingham,  esq. 

fSiiiimitoi     John  Cote«,  WoodcQte,  esq. 

Sttin^MAk^. W.  Helyar,  East  Cokcr,  esq. 

Si^ardshire    J.  B.  Philips,  Heath  House,  esq. 

CmU9  ^  SouikampUm  Sir  C.  H.  Rich,  Shiriey  House,  bart. 

wSr...  ..TTT...  J.  p.  Elfres,  stoke  next  Clare,  esq. 

jbrey H.  Drummond,  Albury  Park,  esq. 

Smtex J.  Hawkins,  Bignor  Park,  esq. 

9r0rwickMhire Lionel  PUce,  Weddiogton  Hal],  esq. 

fPHukire t.  Clutterbuck,  Hardenhulsh,  esq. 

Wweemi^MkiKB    1  J.  Taylor,  Moor  Qreen,  esq.  *t.v^ 

nSSS^!!!T./.. ...•  The  flonlMarmaduke  Langley,  Wykeham  Abbey. 

SOUTH  WALES. 

A«eMuA«v E.  W.  Seymour,  Porthraawr,  e«q. 

CofdiganMhire T.  Daries,  Cardi^,  esq. 

QUmm£anshire Thomas  fidward  Thoma#,  Swamea,  esq. 

?mhAe$hirt. .......    J- H.  Peel,  Cotts,  esq. 

I^^mnhhe Japies  Wat^  Old  Radnor, esq. 

WPBTP  VALES. 

ju^i,^^        '..    H.  D.  Griffith,  Caerhun,  esq. 

nS^^LLi}^  .    K^ffla  John  WUlkm  LentljalL  Maenan,  iH. 

, John  Price,  Hope  Hall,  esq- 

W.  Casaon,  CyAl,  etq. 

fe......    John  Hunter,  Glynhafren, eaq. 


200      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


BIRTHS. 


JANUARY. 


2.  At  Duffield,  near  Derby,  tlie  lady 
of  sir  Charles  Colville,  a  daughter. 

5,  Viscountess  Chetwynd,a  daughter. 

7«  At  her  house  in  Albeinarle-street, 
lady  Frances  Levison  Gower,  a  son. 

8.  At  Beverley,  the  lady  of  the  hon. 
Alexander  Macdenald,  son  of  lord  Mac- 
donald,  a  son. 

10.  At  the  Vicarage,  Bradford,  the 
lady  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Heap,  a  son. 

11.  At  Teddington,  the  ladv  of  the 
Rev.  John  Harcourt  Skrine,  a  daughter. 

—  At  South  Audley-st,  lady  Frances 
Bankes,  a  son. 

13.  The  lady  of  Robert  Sayer,  esq. 
of  Sibton  Park,  a  son  and  heir. 

18.  At  the  Vicarage,  Southwell,  Not- 
tinghamshire, the  lady  of  the  rev.  R.  H. 
Fowler,  a  daughter. 

22.  The  lady  of  Fi*anci3  Baring,  esq., 
a  son. 

27.  At  Fitzharris  House,  the  lady  of 
Wm.  Bowles,  esq.,  a  son. 

Lately,  at  the  Vicarage,  Bradford, 
M^lts,  the  lady  of  the  rev,  Howel  Jones, 
a  daughter. 

FEBRUARY. 

2.  At  Clifton,  the  lady  of  Richard 
Donovan,  of  Ballymore,  county  of  Wex- 
ford, esq.,  a  son. 

4.  In  Weymouth-street,  Portland- 
place,  the  lady  of  H.  S.  Montagu,  esq., 
a  son. 

—  The  lady  of  capt.  Edw.  Purvis,  of 
Reading,  a  son. 

8.  The  lady  of  B.  Pead.esq.  of  VVal- 
thamstow,  Essex,  a  daughter. 

11.  At  Buighwallis,  lady  Louisa,  tlie 
lady  of  Wm.  Duncombe,  esq.  a  son  and 
heir. 

12.  At  Basildon  P^rk,  Berks,  the 
lady  of  sir  Francis  Sykes,  hart,  of  a  son. 

—  At  Combhay  House,  the  Udyof 
W.  G.  Langton,  jun.  esq.  a  daughter. 

17.  At  Aldersey  Hall,  the  lady  of 
Sam.  Aldersey,  esq.  a  daughter. 

18.  At  the  Dowager  lady  Rivers, 
Winchester,  the  lady  of  the  rev.  Joseph 
Story,  a  son. 

20.  At  Sandhurst,  near  Gloucester, 
the  hidy  of  the  rev.  W.  Fred.  Mansel,  a 


BIRTHS. 

21.  At  lUmsgata,  the  UdyoTW.S^ 
Roe,  esq.  a  aoa. 

—  The  march,  of  Clanricude,  dtafik. 
of  the  rt.  hon.  Geo.  Canning,  a  dn^ 

26.  At  Houghton,  the  hoo.  Mis. 
C.  Stourton,  ason. 

Lately,  in  Fiark-laiie,  LoodoB,  hdf 
Caroline  Morant,  a  daughter. 


MARCH. 

3.  At  Gloucester,  the  ladv  ef  Br^ 
Hall,  master  of  Pembroke  college,  nA 
one  of  the  prebendaries  of  GkRwoter 
cathedral,  a  son. 

6.  The  lady  of  Christ.  SaltMnbe, 
esq*  a  daughter. 

—  AtDonhead  Rectory,  the  kid?  of 
the  rev.  W.  Dansey,  a  son. 

6.  The  lady  of  John  Okes,esq.ate 

—  In  Hereford-street,  Fuk-bne,  tbe 
lady  of  sir  Edward  Poore,  hart,  s  » 

and  heir. 

13.  AtWestoWftheladyoTairTUtoo 

Sykes,  hart,  a  son  and  hdr. 

14.  The  lady  of  Stephen  WiDdaioB, 
esq.  Holdemess-road,  a  son  and  heir. 

15.  At  the  Rectory  House,  Sobtfi. 
the  lady  of  the  rev.  W.  WUMn,adtfgk. 

18.  At  Tilness  Park,  Sanmni  UHl, 

Berks,  the  kdy  of.  the  right  boB-knl 

Gavagh,  a  son. 
20.  At  the  Rectory,  HargiBve,Nortli- 

amptonshire,  the  lady  of  the  rev.  W.  L 
Baker,  a  daughter. 

24.  At  Rhode  HUl,  Devooshtit,  tk 
lady  of  rear-adm.  sir  John  Talbot,KX*B* 

a  son  and  heir. 

28.  At  Holme,  n^ar  Bfaricet-Weifti- 
ton,  the  hon.  Mrs.  Ijuigdale,  assfr 

APRIL. 

2.  The  lady  of  Thomas  WUson,  «q- 
of  Dulwich,  a  soii. 

3.  At  Ringmere,  the  ladyofli»|6f 
Cator,  royal  artillery,  a  daughter. 

5.  The  lady  of  Dr.  Ogle,  Aiario* 
professor  of  medicine  in  the  outefstj 
of  Oxford,  a  son. 

5.  In  Windsor-castle.  Berks,  the  i»lr 
of  Wm.  Moosell,  esq.  of  a  soa. 

7.  The  lady  of  J.  Miles,  esq.  cf  Sartb- 
ampton-row,  Russell-aquare, « >«• 

8.  At  Aldborough  Lodge,  nesr  »• 
roughbridge,  th^  htdyof  AodsewU*- 
son,  esq.  a  son. 

9.  Mrs.  Neate,  of  W»nniiister,rf w« 
children— a  boy  and.  two  girls. 

18.  In  Grosvenor-atreet,  ibe  My  « 


daughter.  .^.  ... ^..^ ,  —     , 

—  At  Pinner,  Middlesex,  the  lady  of    Pftulet  St.  John  MUdmay,  esq.  !!.?•« 
iienry  John  Pye,  esq.  a  sqn*  a  toi^ 


H  fy^ 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


201 


BIRTHS. 


19.  At  Chichester,  the  lady  of  the 
and  rev.  Edvr.  John  Tumour,  a 
Km  and  heir. 

S9.  At  Hampstead,  the  lady  of  J.  B. 
Nichob,  of  Pu-Uament-street,  a  son. 

^  At  Holmpton,  Yorl^hire,  the 
Wy  of  R,  Uuj,  esq,  a  daughter. 

MAY. 

%  At  Hambrook-house,  near  Bristol, 
the  hdy  of  ool.  Brereton,  a  daughter. 

—  At  Abbot's  Leigh,  the  hidy  of  Ro- 
Wt  Bright,  esq.  a  son. 

S.  At  Haverfordwest,  Mrs.  Lloyd 
HuHps,  of  Dale  Castle,  Pembrokeshire, 
a  son. 

4.  In  Somerset-street,  Portman-sq- 
tbe  lady  of  Nicholas  Harris  Nicolas,  esq. 
barrister  at  law,  F.  a  A.  a  daughter. 

8.  At  the  Rectory  House,  Woodstock, 
thcbdyof  the  rev.  Dr.  Mavor,  a  dau. 

12.  The  lady  of  J.  T.  Justice,  esq.  of 
Spring.gardens,  a  son. 

16.  The  lady  of  T.  C.  Yates,  esq. 
Pembroke-house,  Clifton,  a  daughter. 

—  At  the  Rectory  house,  Laceby, 
near  Great  Grimsby,  the  htdy  of  the 
rev.  Thos.  Dixon,  three  fine  boys. 

17.  At  Brasted  Park,  Kent,  the  lady 
of  Edmund  Turton,  esq.  a  daughter. 

18.  At  Manor-place,  Edinburgh,  the 
Udy  of  Dr.  Hibbert,  a  son. 

19.  At  York,  the  lady  of  sir  William 
Foolis,  bart.  a  daughter. 

21.  At  Redboume  House,  Herts,  the 
lidy  of  Robert  Thornton  Heysham,  jun. 
etiq.  a  son  and  heir. 

35.  At  his  house  in  Charlotte-street, 
Berkeley-square,  the  lady  of  Charles 
Douglas  Halford,  esq.  a  daughter. 


9.  Hie  lady  of  Samuel  Page,  esq.  of 
Dulwich,  a  son. 

—  At  Astley  Castle,  Warwiekshire, 
lady  Barbara  Newdigate,  a  son. 

10.  At  the  Government  House,  Jer- 
sey, the  lady  of  his  excellency  major- 
gen,  sir  Colin  HalkeU,  K.  C.  B.  and 
G.  C.H.  a  son. 

13.  Hon.  Mrs.  Geo.-Iionel  Dawson, 
a  daughter. 

17.  At  Moor  Park,  the  lady  of  C.  F. 
Wise,  esq.  Holt  Lodge  Famham,  a  dau. 

—  At  the  Rectory,  Buriton,  Wiltsh. 
the  hidy  of  the  rev.  Brownlow  Foulter, 
a  son. 

19.  The  duchess  of  Bedford,  a  daugh. 

22.  In  Opper  Seymour-st.,  the  lady 
of  Donat  Henchv  O'Brien,  esq.  captain 
R.  N.  a  son  and  heir. 

—  At  Bath,  the  lady  of  W.  Ludlow, 
esq.  a  son. 

26.  In  Wimpole-street,  the  lady  of 
John  Mitchell,  esq.  a  daughter. 

24.  Lady  Radstock,  a  daughter. 

28.  The  hidy  of  the  hon.  and  rev 
Thomas  Monson,  a  daughter. 


JULY. 

I.  The  lady  of  Benj.  Rouse,  esq.  of 
New  Bridge-street,  London,  a  son. 

3.  The  lady  of  G.  Cave,  of  Cleve  Dale, 
Bristol,  a  daughter. 

8.  The  Marchioness  of  Ely.  a  daugh. 

—  At  the  Rectory  House,  Routli,  the 
lady  of  the  rev.  J.  L.  Hutchinson,  a  son. 

I I.  At  Thame,  the  lady  of  G.  Wake- 
man,  esq.  a  son. 

13.  The  lady  of  John  Crosse,  esq.  of 


At  Vale  Royal,  the  right  hon. 
lady  Delamere,  a  son.  "^ 

—  At  Rolleston-hall,  Staflbrd,  the 
lady  of  sir  Oswald  Mosley,  bart.  a  dau. 

88.  The  lady  of  lieuU-col.  Anwyl,  4th 
reg.  a  daughter. 

JUNE. 


0?  A%  p    •  r;  ^  V  Tri^ril  i«  nf    Hull,  a  daughter. 
D  ^tJ"^  Elvtngton,  York,  the  lady  of        _'^^  p^»  j^^  Court,  Wore,  the  lady 

*^r;*v'?°'5'^",^C      •  u*  K.       of  John  Somerset  Russell,  esq.  a  son 
27.  At  Vale  Royal,  the  right  hon.    ^^^  j^^.^^  ^ 

—  At  Athlone,  the  lady  of  mi^.  Tur- 
ner, R.  H.  A.  a  son. 

—  The  lady  of  the  hon.  Rob.-HeB- 
ley  Eden,  M.  P.  a  son. 

—  At  Hempstead  Court,  Glouce8tei^> 
shire,  lady  John  Somerset,  a  dauffhter. 


14.  In  Tavistock-place,  the  lady  of 
1.  Countess  of  Mount  Charles,  a  dau .  John  Davison,  esq.  or  East  India  House, 
6'jAX  Lilley  rectory,  Ihe  lady  of  the     a  daughter. 

16.  Lady  Blantyre,  a  son. 


KT.  Dr.  Bland,  a  son. 

—  In  London,  the  lady  of  the  hon. 
J.  Thornton- Leslie  Melville,  a  son. 

7.  The  lady  of  P.  Horrocks,  esq.  of 
FsBvortbam  Lodge,  a  daughter. 

— >  At  Ballinrobe,  the  lady  of  lieut.- 


17.  AtSteventon  Rectory,  Hants,  iJkfi 
lady  of  the  rev.  Wm.  Knight,  a  daugl). 

—  The  lady  of  the  rev.  Harry  Fair 
Yeatman,  of  Stock  House,  Dorset,  a  son. 

20.  At  Chale  Rectory,  Isle  of  WIffht, 


pL'  Thadcwell,  of  the  15th  or  King*8    the  Uidy  of  the  rev.  Craven  Ord,  a  &u. 
Rimars,  a  dangliter,  91 ,  At  KnowBley,  county  pf  Jijncattw, 


20a      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

BIRTHSb 
tbe  Indy  of  the  hm.  Edw.  G.  Stanley,  OCTOBBR. 

M.  P.  8  son  a»d  heir.  1    ^^  Gucmsey,  the  lady  «€ 

,ad»ii^ter. 
tbel^ofW. 

97.  At  Gwrych,  DenWghahire,  My    ^^"l™^**  •«»«»»«»• 
Em.  Bvn^rd  Hesketh,  a  pon  and  heir. 

AUGUST, 

4.  IP  Sevmoar-place,  la  ducheate  de 
Coigny,  a  dbughter. 

—  Tlie  hidy  of  Dr.  Holland,  of  Lower 
Brook-street,  a  daughter. 

—  At  Olynde-plaoe,  Sussex,  the  seat 
of  the  hon.  gen.  Trevor,  the  lady  of  air 
T.  H.  Farquhar,  hart,  a  son. 

n.-Z,tl  S'"*"**'  ^i'*''l!r'  **'**'y*'    ew'nte«MuSli*,T«^ 

7.  At  Woodhall  Park,  Herte,  the  hM.    ^^  ^^y  SmJth.  e*i. » ton. 

*•?•  ^-  k-  ■?**i''"'iu  ^i'"i'^i5  i-i     ^        22.  In  I^ower  Bwik-rtreet,  the  My 

8.  At  Belle  Vue,  the  lady  of  Edward    ^  ^^         g^  HiWjard,^  «<•  W!-^ 

'^'??'^i5:"12i'^'?';i^nr£"'"!I'r.n  Hf    »tead  Hall,  a  daughter.    ^ 

17.  At  Fawley,  near  Southampton, 
the  lady  of  the  rev,  Geo.  Downing 
Bowles,  a  son. 

22.  In  South  Audley-street,  her  ex- 
cellency the  march.  dePalmella,  a  dau. 

2J.  In  Leeson-street,  Duhlin,  the 
lady  of  W.  Haigb,  esq.  a  daughter. 

28.  At  High  Legh,  Cheshire,  thelady 
of  €reorge  John  Legh,  esq.  a  daughter. 


6.  At  Mrs.  Yea's,  PyrUukd  Hall, 
Taunton,  the  lady  of  Fnuids  Ki 
Hogera^  esq.  a  son. 

9.  At  the  VIcarwpe,  Himgerfbrd,  tibe 
lady  of  the  rev.  W.  Cookson,  a  son. 

15.  At  Ashling  House,  near  Cliidics- 
ter,  the  Udy  of  Geo.  Fraser,  esq.  a  am. 

16.  Mil.  W.  H.  Cooper,  of  So«h 
Villa,  in  the  Regent's  Park,  a  son. 

—  At  Rochester,  the  lady  of  tiie  i«v. 
D.  P.  Warner,  a  daughter, 
18.  At  Wentworui,  Yorkshire, 


lady  of  sir  TyrwhItI  Jones,  hart,  a 
27.  At  Pudlicott  House,  OxL  the 

lady  of  sir  Simeon  Stuart,  hart,  a  aosu 
Lately,  at  the  Rectory,  Huntmsfefd- 

hury,  the  hon.  Mrs.  Eden,  a  dai^ter. 
At  Exeter,  the  lady  of  Dr.  Oolendfe, 

bishop  of  Barbadoes,  a  son  and  heir. 

NOVEMBER. 


SEPTEMBER. 


4.  At  Tyringhain,  the  lady  of  T*  E 
Praed,  esq.  a  daughter. 

5.  At  Soho  House,  near  BSimiiiglMB, 
2.  At  Eaton  I/)dge,  the  lady  of  Joe^    the  lady  of  Matthew-Rohinaoo  Booltoi^ 

Walker,  esq.  a  son.  esq.  of  Tew  Park,  county  of  Oxl  a  taa. 

7.  At  Hursley  Park,  the  hon.  Udy        8.  At  Hill  House,  Tooting  Ciwn— a, 
Heathcote,  a  son.  Mrs.  Venablea,  the  lady  roayoraas,  a  as^ 

^-  At  Moor  Park,  Pamham,  the  lady    jt|st  one  hour  befiire  her  hushaad  re- 
of  Thos.  Naghten>  esq.  of  Crofton-house,    signed  the  Civic  Chair, 
Titchfield,  a  daughten  13.  At  Ranger's  Lodg^  Ox^Mdaidit, 

.^  The  lady  of  George  Fort,  esq.  Al-    lady  lAmbert,  a  son. 
derburv-house,  Wilts,  a  son.  ^  At  Tarrant  Hinton.  near  Bbid. 

12.  At  the' Vicarage,  Huddersfield,    ford,  the  lady  of  the  rev?  W.  Berry,  a 
the  lady  of  the  rev.  J«  C.  Franks,  a  son    daughter, 
and  heir.  14.  At  Roehamptona  the  right  hoa. 

19.  At  Radway,  Warwickshire,  the    lady  Gifford,  a  posthumous  son. 
lady  of  lieut.-col.  F.  8.  Miller,  C.  B.  a        llf.  The  lady  of  Geo.  Daahwood,  esq. 
son.  a  daughter. 


24.  At  East  Horsley,  8urreT«  the  hon. 
Mrs.  Arthur  Percival,  a  daughter. 

27.  At  BIstone,  in  Wilts,  ^e  lady  of 
Stephen  Mills,  esq.  a  son  and  heir. 

— r  At  GiUingham,  Dorset,  the  lady 
of  W.  R.  Bell,  esq.  a  son. 

SO.  In  York-street,  Portman-square, 


16.  At  Melksham  Spa,  tlie  Uy  cT 
capt.  John  Nicolas,  R.  N.  a  aon. 

19.  The  hon.  hirs.  Edward  Cost,  aft 
daughter. 

21.  At  Maddington,  Wilts,  Ifn.  B. 
L.  Tovey,  a  daughter, 

26.  At  Salisbury,  thf  lady  of  the 


the  lady  of  Stacey  Grlmaldi,  es<|.  a  son,    and  rev.  Fred.  Pleydell  Boorerie,  a 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


203 


97.  TIm  lady  of  Chat.  GrlmsUm,  esq. 
of  GriostOA  Oartfay  a  aoa  and  heir. 

ao.  At  8ydllDg  House,  Dorset,  the 
kdy  of  J.  w.  littldiiy  esq.  a  ilaag^ter. 


MARRIAGES. 


Chas.  Peanon,  R.  N.  of  St  James's* 
place,  Jjondon,  to  Maria,  dangbter  of 
the  late  John  Sayers,  esq. 

4*  At  St.  James's  ehurcb,  coL  sir 
Robert  Arbuthnol,  K.  C.  B.  Coldstream 
Guards,  to  Harriet,  daugtifeer  and  co- 


DECEMB9R. 

.   «    «»  .t   *     -.  ^v    1  :i      *    heiress  of  the  late  'thos*  Smith,  esq.  of 

k  ^  ^?????,*^_'^^  t^Llfi^.?^    Castieton  Hall,  Rochdale,  Lancashire.  = 

6.  At  9t  Geoi^'s,  Hanorer-sqimre, 


Bidi.  T*  Kindtnley,  esq.  barHattr-at- 
lav,  a  daiii^r. 

4.  At  CJay-hil),  Epsom,  My  Byroo, 
a  daughter. 

—  At  TerraU  I^ouse,  the  lady  of 
captain  W»  StwOiope  Badcocjr,  ^.  K.  a 
am. 

6,  At  Hak  House,  Surr^,  die  My 
of  Lee  Steere,  esq.  a  son  and  heir. 

&  At  BlaM  Hall,  the  hidy  of  Capel 
Caie,e8q.a8on. 

—  At  Great  Malfero,  the  hdy  of  E. 
H.  Laefaxnere,  enq.  a  son  and  heir. 

11.  At  RennUhaw,  the  lady  of  air  G. 
Sitwell,  bart.  a  daughter. 

—  At  his  house,  66,  Loirer  Grosveoor- 
Ftrcet,  Uic  lady  of  T.  D.  Alexander,  esq. 
BL  P.  a  SOB. 

—  At  Saranboome,  Bucks,  the  Udy 
of  Mr  Thos*  Fiaacis  Freemantle*  bart.  a 
daitthter. 

ll.  The  lady  of  Allan  Saodj^  esq.  a 
aoflu 

15.  Ill  Corxon-st^  fhe  lady  of  capt 
Bnnard  Yeoman,  R.  N.  a  son* 

16.  At  East  Sheen,  Surrey,  the  lady 
of  W«  Gilpin,  esq.  a  daughter 


Wm.  Henry,  son  of  the  late  John  Sean- 
dret  Harford,  esq.  of  Blaise  Castle; 
Gloucestershire,  to  Emily,  dauehter  of 
John  King,  esq,  of  Geosveaor-piace. 

10.  At  St.  Andrew's,  Holbom,  Geo. 
Fraser,  esq.  lieut.  R.  N.  youngMt  aon 
of  the  late  gen.  J.  H.  Fraser,  of  Ash- 
ling House,  near  Chichester,  to  Ecnme- 
line,  daughter  of  Mr.  Bedlard,  Bedford- 
vow,  London. 

<»  Hon.  and  rey.  W,  Tfaellusson,  of 
AJdenliam,  Herts  (brother  of  lord  Rend- 
lesham),  to  Lucy,  daughter  of  Edward 
R.  Pratl^  esq.  of  Ryston  House,  Norfolk. 

11:  At  St.  Mary's,  Bryanstona-sq., 
count  Edward  de  Mdfort,  of  Paris,  to 
Mary  Si^na,  daughter  of  the  late  Tbos. 
Nasmyth,  of  Jamaica. 

14.  At  Upwood,  Huntfagdonsfaire, 
Jos.  Hockley,  esq.  of  Guild^Md,  Surrey, 
to  Jane,  daughter  of  J.  Pooley,  esq.  of 
UpwDod-plaee. 

17.  Peter  Heywood,  esq.  of  the  Iimer 
Temple,  to  Sarah  Haiiette,  daughter  of 
Tho.  L.  LonguevHle,  esq.  of  Oswestry. 

At  Preston,  W.  St.  Clare,  esq.  M.  D. 


17.  The  lady  of  the  rejr.  Dr.  Buck-    to  Sarah,  dau.  of  S.  Horrocks,  esq.  M.  F^ 


land,  processor  of  mineralogy  and  Geo- 
lAgyt  9i  Oxford,  a  son. 

21.  At  Harrow,  the  lady  of  the  ren 
Dr.  Butler,  a  damditer. 

S&  At  Oakley  Hall,  Hants,  the  lady 


—  At  Aiderston,  major  Nonnan 
Pringle,  son  of  the  late  sir  James  Prin- 
gle,  of  Stitchell,  bart.  to  Anne,  daughter 
of  Robt  Steuart,  esq.  of  Aiderston. 

18.  At  Riehmond,  the  earl  of  Cia», 


of  UeuU*€o!l.  W.  Hicks  Beach,  a  son  and  ^o  the  hon.  EUz.  Julia  Georgiaaa  Bon^ll, 

^t              ,     ^  oidy  dau«^iter  of  the  late  lord  Gwydir 

98,  At  Neiher  Broughton^  Leicester-  ^i  the  baroness  WiUoughby  of  Eresby. 

Aire,  the  lady  of  Heut  Elliot  Morres,  19.  At  Bury,  county  of  Lancaster,  O. 

R.  N.  a  aoUf  O.  Walker,  esq.  to  Mary,  eldest  daugh. 

29.  At  ShriTenham,  Berics,  the  lady  of  t.  Ha^am,  esq.  of  Chesham  House. 


of  the  hon.  W.  K.  Barrington,  a  daugh. 


'  'I  '  ^  ■ 


MARRUGES. 

JANUARY. 


23.  At  Bedale,  county  of  York,  rev.' 
Tbos.  Rich.  Ryder,  vicar  of  Ecclea&eld, 
to  Anne,  daughter  of  H.  P.  Pulleine, 
esq.  of  Cr^cehall. 

24.  At  Ptetworth,  Sussex,  the  rev.  R. 
C.  WUlis,  only  son  of  admiral  Willis,  to 
Frances,  daoj^ter  of  W.  Hale,  esq. 

2fi.  At  Saling,  Essex,  capt.  Hamge, 
R.  N.  to  Caroline,  daughter  of  the  late 


^.  At  Doddington,  county  of  Glour 

caster,  the  hon.  Arthur  Thelluwont  bro-  B.  Goodrtefay  esq.  of  SalingGrove. 

ther  of  lord  R«ndleabam»  to  Caroline  27.  At  Garaston,  near  East-Retford^ 

Anna  Maria,  daughter  of  sir  C,Bethell  W.  Grant  Allison,  esq.  of  Louth,  to 

Codrtogton.*  Susanna  Cath.  daughter  flf  M>f  late  T. 

r^  At  Oiwt  Yarm«at|)|  I^QrfoUc;  capt*  ^alkner,  M*  Pt 


204      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

MARRIAGES. 

38.  At  Whitby,  Gto.  Merryweather,  the  hoiu  Min  Eliz.  Henniker,  fourth 

esq.  of  Socket  Grove,  near  Stokesley,  to  daughter  of  k>rd  and  lady  Hetwtffcer. 

Jane,  daughter  of  J.  G.  Loy,  M.  D,  16.  At  Caton-Brookhouae,  JanmSat- 

30.  At  Hessle,  Lee  Steere,  esq.  to  terthwaite,  esq.  of  Lancaster,  to  Mm 
Anne,  daughter  of  James  KieroWatson,  Hughes,  grand-daughter  of  Tbanas 
eso.  banker,  of  Hessle  Mount  Edmondson,  esq.  of  Gnvyard  Hall, 

31.  At  Greenwich,  lieut.  Wm.  Rey*  near  Lancaster. 

nolds  Foskett,  £.  I.  Company's  senrtoe,  —  At  Teddington,  Middleaex,  Ae 
to  Charlotte-Warren,  eldest  daughter  of  rey.  Thos.  Procter,  to  CharioOe,  thM 
Mr.  J.  F.  L.  Jeanneret,  of  Maue  Hill,    daughter  of  the  late  Alex. 


Greenwich.  esq.  of  Annick  Lodge,  Ayrahixe, 

to  the  earl  of  Eglintoo. 

FEBRUARY.  .  *^-  ^*  ^^   *^!jSf^'*^5^ 

London,   the  rev.  Chnst*   Nevill,  to 

1.  At  Salperton,   lieut.-col.   Hicks  Harriet  Catheiina,  eldest  daogliter  sf 

Beach,  R.N.  Gloucester  Militia,  to  Jane  T.  B.  Bower,  esq.  of  Iweme  House, 

Henrietta,  daughter  of  John  Browne,  Dorset 

esq*  of  Salperton  House.  27.  At.  Quidenham,  the  scAt  of  the 

3.  At  Canterbury,  Henry  Bedford,  earl  of  Albemarle,  Henry  F.StephcnuoB, 

esq.  to  Elisa,  widow  of  capt  Herbert  esq.  of  the  Middle  Temple,  barrister-at- 

Wm.  Hore,  R.  N.  of  Goulhore,  county  law,  to  the  lady  Mary  Keppel, 


We^rfbrd.  surviving  dau.  of  the  earl  or  Albeoarle. 

—  At  WalUngford,  Rob.  Hopkins^ 
jun.  esq.  of  Tidmarsh  House,  Berks,  to  MARCH. 

Caroline,  daughter  of  Chas.Morell,  esq. 

4.  At  St  James's  Church,  Henry  B.        1.  At  Walcot  Church,  Ba^  Keslou 


Trevanion,  esq.  to  Georgiana  Augusta,  J.  Fuller,  esq.  son  of  John  Fhller, 

dau^tcr  of  Geo.  Leigh,  esq.  and  niece  of  Neston  Park,  Wilts,  to  Anne  Marga- 

of  the  late  lord  Byron.  ret,  daughter  of  the  hen.  John  Browue. 

7*  At  St.  Mary-le-boue,  rev.  Alfred  2.  Samuel  Gregson,  esq.  of  Hariey- 

C.  Lawrence,  to  kmilv  Mary,  daughter  street,  to  Ellen,  daughter  of  the  hit 

of  the  late  Geo.  Finch  Hatton,  esq.  of  Matthew  Gregson,  esq.  of  liverpool. 

Eastwell  Park,  Kent.  7.  At  Woruen,  in  Shropshire,  John 

—  At  Winchester,  N.  Lipscombe  Bonne,  esq.  of  Oswestry,  to  Letitia, 
Kentish,  esq.  cousin  of  the  lord  bishop  only  child  of  John  Edwards^  esq.  of 
of  Jamaica,  to  Anna  Maria,  daughter  Hampton  Hall. 

of  Mr.  T.  Judd,  of  the  livery.  Winter*  —  At  Kiricham,  lAncashire,  the  rev. 

slow,  Wilts.  James  Radcliffe,  curate  of  Kirkfaam,  to 

—  Thomas,  son  of  W.  H.  Haggard,  Mary  Eliz.  daughter  of  the  late  Jobs 
esq.  of  Biadenham  Hall,  Norfolk,  to  King,  esq.  vice-dianoellor  of  the  dncby 
Maria,  daughter  of  the  late  W.  Tickell,  of  Lancaster,  and  mece  to  the  bishop  af 
esq.  of  Queen-square,  Bath.  Rochester. 

—  At  Yately,  Hants,  Fred.  Glover,  8.  At  St  George's,  Soatfawaik,  Ueatw- 
esq.  capt.  49th  regiment,  to  Maiy,  col.  Baumgardt,  to  Maria,  eldest  dai^ 
daughtor  of  J.  Broughton,  esq.  captain  of  G.  Persons,  esq.  of  West-squarew 

R.  N.  of  Blackwater.  —  At  Leskard,  lieut-col.  Fred.  H. 

9.  At  Cheltenham,  cant.  Chas.  Paget,  Philips,  to  Marg.  daughter  of  Mm 
to  Frances,  daughter  of  the  late  Wm,  Pallister,  esq.  of  Darr^odcan,  eonnty 
Edwards,  esq.  of  New  Broad-street  Tipperary. 

—  Hon.  Thomas  Lister,  only  son  of  In.  At  Burton-upon  Trent,  tlie  revw 
lord  Ribblesdale,  to  Adelaide,  daughter  C.  J.  Fynes  Clinton,  youngest  m  of 
of  T.  Lister,  esq.  of  Armitage  Park,  the  rev.  Ihr.  Fynes  Clinton,  prebendacy 
county  Stafford.  of  Westminster,  to  Oarc^ne,  daughter 

—  At  Walthamstow,  rev.  Geo.  Rob.  of  the  lace  Jo;teph  Clay,  esq.  of  Bnrlou. 
Gray,  to  Eliza,  daughter  of  Wm.  Tooke  ~  At  Blair  Vadock,  DumbartooAtce. 
Robinson,  esq.  W.  Tritton,  esq.  son  of  George  TMttoa, 

10.  At  Hayes,  co.  Kent,  lord  Dunally,  esq.  of  West  Hill,  Wandsworth,  to  Jbue 
to  hon.  Emily  Maud,  sister  of  visconnt  Dennistoun,  daughter  of  Mr.  mad.  Wy 
Hawarden.  Janet  Buehanan. 

14.  At  St.  Geoi^'s,  Hanover-square,  —  Colonel  de  la  Salle,  an  offieer  ia 

•ir  Augustus  Henniker,  -to  bis  cousinj  the  French  lervieei   to  Miic 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.        ^06 

MARRIAGES. 
Gtenn,  formerly  of  Taunton.    This  is        10.  Fred.Lwglcy,  esq.  to  Mrs.  Curtis, 
&t  yonofc  lady  who,  some  time  ago,    of  Park-lane,  Grosvenor-square,  widow 
tppeared  before  the  public  in  the  Bow-     of  the  late  John  Curtis,  esq.  M.P. 


ditch  abduction  case. 

18.  At  All  Souls'  Church,  St  Mary- 
le-hone,  sir  Montague  Cholmelev,  hart. 
M.  P.  fi  Easton  Hall,  Lincolnshire,  to 
Gfttherine,  daughter  of  Benj.  Way,  esq. 
of  Denbam  Park,  Bucks. 

90.  At  SL  Mark's  Church,  Dublin, 


—  At  St.  George's  Chuixh,  Blooms- 
bury,  the  hon.  and  rev.  Edw.  Pellew,  to 
Mary  Anne,  daughter  of  the  late  Dr. 
Winthorp. 

II.  At  St.  Peter's,  Colchester,  the 
lev.  Thos.  Newman,  jun.  rector  of  Aires- 
ford,  in  Essex,  to  Mary  Ann,  only  dau. 


captain  Reynolds,  d9th  n^ment,  to  Eliz.    of  the  late  R.  R.  Mills,je8q.  ^Col^ester. 
^oe,  daughter  of  the  late  G.  Treden-  --  -*  •  *^  --  « 

md^etq. 

SI.  At  Batheaston,  the  revk  George 
Sherer,  Ticar  of  Marsbfield,  Gloucester- 
shire, to  MaryiUine,  daughter  of  the 
late  J.  Arnold  Wallinger,  esq.  formerly 
of  Hare  Hall,  Essex. 

—  At  Stlvicball,  Fred.  Grove,  esq. 


cipt  Idth  Light  Dragoons,  to  Fmoces    justice  Burrou^. 
Sdhia,  eldest  daughter  of  F.  Gregory,        "*    .-rr..„-ii 
esq.  of  Stivichall,  Coventry. 

iMely,  the  rev.  Henry  Perceval, 
rector  oi  Charlton,  Kent,  and  Washing- 
too,  Durham,  second  son  of  tlie  late 
right  hon.  Spencer  Perceval,  to  Cathe. 
labella,  daughter  of  A.  B.  Drummond, 
eeq.  of  Cadland,  Hampshire. 

In  Piaris,  at  the  house  of  the  British 
ambasBador,  Edw.  Wakefield,  esq.  to 


—  At  Malvern,  M.  G.  Bcnscm,  esq. 
eldest  eon  of  Ralph  Benson,  esq.  of 
Lutwyche  Hall,  Salop,  to  Charl.  Riou 
Browne,  only  child  of  the  late  col.  Lyde 
Browne. 

—  The  rev.  S.  Best,  third  son  of  the 
lord  chief  justice  Best,  to  Chark>tte, 
youngest  daughter   of  the   hon.  Mr. 


13.  At  Tixall,  Staffordshire,  captain 
Chichester,  60th  regiment,  to  Miss  Con- 
stable, eldest  daughter  of  the  late  sir 
Thomas  Constable,  bart. 

17.  At  Paris,  le  marquis  du  Blaise!, 
chamberlain  to  the  emperor  of  Austria, 
to  Maria  Matilda,  second  daughter  of 
the  hon.  Wm.  Bingham,  of  the  United 
States  of  America. 

18.  At  lord  Ravensworth's,  in  Fwt- 


Frances,  only  daughter  of  the  rev.  D.  land-place,  sir  Hedworth  Williamson, 

Davies,  D.D.  bart.  to  the  hon.  Anne  Eliz.  Liddell. 

At  Exeter,  vaior  Northcote,  second  20.  At  St  Mary's,  Mary-le-bone,  the 

son  of  sir  S.  H.  Northcote,  bart;  of  rev.  John  Digby  Wingfield,  prebendary 

Pynes,    in   Devonshire,   to    Harriette  of  Kildare,  and  rector  of  Geeshill,  Ire- 

Cecley,  youngest  daughter  of  W.  C.  land,  to  Ann  Eliz.  eldest  daughter  of  sir 

TievUlian,  esq.  of  Midway,  co.  Somerset.  John  Wyldbore  Smith,  bart.  of  the  Down 

AtNorton,William  Wilton  Woodward,  House,  Dorset             ^.      ,     „ 

esq.  of   Pcrshorc,  Worcestershire,   to  —  At  St   Mary^s  Church,  Bryan- 

Laora,  youngest  daughter  of  J.  Hawkes,  stone-square,    Charles   Peers,   esq.  of 

esq.  of  Norton  Hall,  Siaflbrdshire,  and  Chislehampion  Lod^e,  Oxford,  to  Mary, 


grand-daughter  of  Wm.  Herrick,  esq. 
of  Beaumanor  Park,  co.  Leicester. 

APRIL. 

5.  AtWhitbv/the  rev.  Geo.  Young, 
antbor  of  the  History  of  Whitby,  &c.  to 
Margaret*  daughter  of  the  late  Mr. 
Robert  Hunter. 

6.  At  Munich,  C.  H.  Hall,  esq.  of  his 
iiMJesty's  legation  at  that  court,  and 
son  of  the  dean  of  Durham,  to  Maria 
Leopoldine,  baroness  de  Welchs  a  la 
C^on,  and  canoness  of  the  royal  order 
of  St.  Anne. 

10.  At  St  George's  Church,  Nicolson 
Rob.  Calvert,  esq.  third  son  of  Nicolson 
Cslvert,  esq.  M.  P.,  of  Hunsdon  House, 
Herts,  to  Eliz,  eldest  daughter  of  rev* 
Pt  Blacker,  ciq.  of  TyORDi  Ireland. 


eldest  daughter  of  the  late  rev.  Robert 
Lowth,  of  Grove  House,  Chiswick,  Mid- 
dlesex, and  grand-dau.  of  bishop  Lowth. 

—  At  St.  George's.  Hanover-square, 
J.  Macdonald,  esq.  M.  P.  (now  sir  Jas. 
Macdonald,  bart)  to  Anne  Charlotte, 
daughter  of  rev.  J.  S.  Ogle,  of  Kirkley 
Hall,  Northumberland. 

24.  In  Cariisle,  sir  Gerald  George 
Aylmer,  bart  of  Donodie  Castie,  co. 
Kildare,  to  Maria,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  l^te  col:  Jas.  Hodgson,  of  Cariisle. 

26.  In  Harcourt^strcet,  Dublin>  the 
hon.  William  Browne,  brother  to  the 
earl  of  Kenmare,  to  Anne  Prances, 
second  dau.  of  the  late  T.  Segrave,  esq. 

At  Edinburgh,  capt.  Hope  John« 

stone,  R.  N.  to  Ellen,  eldest  daughter 
of  sir  Thos.  Kilpatrick,  bart. 

27.  At  Reading,  Frw.  H,  Buckeridge, 


206      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

MARRIAGBS. 
et^.  son  of  the  late  lieut-eol,  Buekeridge,    John  Freemafi,  eeq.  oC  OtiBee,  HeicfiN^, 

of  Binfield  Grove^  to  Mary  Ann,  dangb.     ■    -      ■     -  

of  the  late  John  Bocketti  esq.  of  South- 
4:ot  Lodge» 

Lately,  at  Torringtoo,  capt.  Colby, 
R.  N.  to  Mary,  dai^ter  of  Jn.  Palmer^ 
esq.  and  niece  to  the  deftn  of  Cashel- 

The  rev.  G»  H.  Wybeif^hi  son  of  Thos. 
Wybeiigb,  esq.  of  Isell  HaU,  Cumber- 
land, to  Anna  Maria,  daughter  of  the 


to  Conalantla,  aecdnd  daqg^i^itf  ardid. 
Onslow* 

16.  At  Stoke-GiArd,  HcBry»  cUest 
sen  of  sir  H.  Etrery,  of  Eggb^taa 
House,  DetbvBbiro^  hart  to  MMiaC. 
Talbo^  daoghter  of  the  kte  dooi  «f 
Salisbuty,  aod  &lece  to  the  dslie  sf 
Beaufort 

17.  At  Penn,  ^titfMUliIre^  TbMMs 


lato  rev.  Francis  Minshullj   rector  of    MosS|  son  of  W.  PhilUpa^  •f  Cht««yii 
Nunney,  SometBetflhire,  and  grand-dau.     |IoMe,co.8alof>,e8a.toElleli~ 
of  the  bishop  0f  Carlisle.  '      •        —  -^ 


daughterof  W.  Tbacker>  esq. 
HaU,  CO.  Stafibrd. 
MAY.  ^-  At«9t  Mary's  Chnrab,  Msiy4e- 

bone,  Franois  A.  Morris^  esq.  lato  sf 

8.  Al  8t  Mary-le»bone  Char<ih,  Jas.    the  Royal  Lancers^  to  Bophia^  daa^rtv 

Pbillipps,  esq.  of  Bryigwyn,  Hereford,     of  John  J.  Halfbrd,  eoq.  of  Torlp-pk» 

to  Lucy  Mary  Ana,  eldest  daughter  of    mid  of  Kelgwii,  in  Oannttrtliensfcm. 

lieut-gen  Burr,  of  Portland-place.  30.  At  Snimbridgt,  the  re«»  J.  H 

*«  At   Homsey  Churchy   the   rev.    sell,  juo.  toPenekm,  dsaf^rter  of  titt 


Ute  adm.  Bnry,  of  DemiiiigtaB^  Dessn. 

-^  At  K^isIngUm  Cinircb,  J^ttss 
Henry  Clough,  esq.  to  Wm  Stone,  af 
Rollestcm  Piark,  StaObrdshire* 

^  At  St.  Panerae  New  Chmcifa,  Rsb 
Christopher  Plurlier,  esq.  of  OreoMvki^ 
to  Hanott  Maynard^  daodiftef  of  W. 
:kx>tt  Peckhanu  eeq*  of  Alonlbfiteiw 
crescent. 

—  At  Whttbj^  Durham,  W.  IUd«id# 
son,  esq.  of  York,  to  Anne,  Cblj  ehSi 

«««  Ml  ef 


ChAiuMsy  Hare  Townsend,  to  Elita 
Frames,  ekieet  daughter  of  eoL  Norcolt, 
K*  C  B. 

3.  At  St  Margaret's,  Westminster, 
Alex,  eldest  son  of  Alex.  Copland,  esq. 
of  Gunnersbury  P^rk,  Middlesex,  to 
Maria  Ursula^  daughter  of  the  late  Geo. 
Garland,  esq.  of  Stone,  Wimbom,  Dorset, 
and  sister  Of  B*  h.  Lester,  esq.  M»  P. 
A>r  Poole* 

4,  At  Kilmtetooi   Hants,  the  rev*    -  _, -, ,  , 

Francis  Norths  preb.  of  Winchester,  to    of  MannadulGe  NeLioo* 

Harden  daughter  of  sir  Henry  Warde^     Brantlngham. 

of  Dean  Hcaxse,  K.C.B.  governor  of       31.  AtBedale,  YoHct  John  W^kt, 

Baibodoea,  &e.  esq.  to  Henrie^  das«fater  of  Heacy 

9.  At  Watford  Churefa,  Herts,  Thos.    Percy  PuUeine^  esq«  of  CrmkefaftU,  Y«ih> 
Tniesdale  Clarke,  jun.  of  Swakele/e,    9hire* 

Middlesex,  esq.  to  Jane  Selina,  eldest        Utely,  at  St  Maiy>k,  Maiir-)»-baM^ 
daughter  of  the  hon.  and  revi  W.  Capel,     the  rev.  James  Heniy  Osttaa. 
vicar  of  Watford.  " '  r--rr» 

10. -At  St  Geoi«e'8,  Bjoomsbory,  the 
chevnlier  de  Pambour,  aidenle-cahip  to 
gen.  vtscDonnaditu,  to  Harriet,  daugh. 
of  John  Falconer  Atlee,  esq.  of  \fe&i 
Hill  Houae^  Wandswortli. 

—  AtStMarv4e-boneChnrch,Briee 
Pearse,  etq.  to  Harriet  Georgiana,  eldest    S.  B.  Bagshawo,  lector  of  l^num  «^ 
daughter  of  sir  R.  WiUiwns,  bart  M.  P.    byshire,  and  thW  son  of  airWrn.  G 


of  the  eathadti^  chatdi  of  Baftgor,  to 
Mary  Lawrens,  niece  of  the  Iste  right 
rev.  the  lord  bishop  of  SsUabniy. 

JUK& 
U  At  Walford,  CO*  HersfalC  tfie  lev. 


for  Carnarvonshire 

—  At  Blaenporth  capt  J.  Lewes, 
^  Mary  Anne  Jane,  daughter  of  John 
Vaughan,  esq.of  Tyllwyd,Cardiganshi*e. 

12.  At  Claines,  the  rev.  Wro.  Henry 
Gaifridus  Mann,  of  Bowden,  Cheshira. 

gi  Barbara,  eldest  daughter  <rf  Richard 
pooner,  esq.  of  Br kkfields,  near  Wor- 
cester. 


Bagshawe,  of  the  Oaks,  to  Jane, „„ 

of  the  hue  Wmtom  PaiMge,  asq.  of 
Monmouth. 

—  At  Warwkk,  the  »v.  Edv.  Willa, 
to  Lauia,  daughter  of  8.  StewMift,  «^. 
of  Myton. 

—  At  L«ammgton,  Nich.  Let  tWm 
esq.  son  of  the  hue  James  Ti 
of  Saydate  HaQ,  Yoricshiiv, 


13,  Lady  Kliz.  Grey,   daughter  of    eldest  daughter  of  R.  W.  EUktoJaM! 

""/a  1^'  5  •^'Ili^f^  "?•  ^  Sttatfo5.ph*e,  LoBdoJ^^  ^ 

Mb  Ak  Kowent,  JahB»  only  son  of       ^  M  Wifiiito,  riwiil 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         fiW 

MARRIAGJS8. 

bird  feoB  of  th€  late  John  d«  laChattibre  sisterof  col.  Chapman, C.B.  and  youngest 

(miih,  Mq.  of  Waterford,  to  Mary  Ann>  daughter  of  the  4ate  general  Chapman, 

duagest  daughter  of  the  rev.  Dr.  Fly,  of  Tainfield  House,  Somerset 

icar  of  the  former  place.  J  5.  At  St.  James's  Church,  Matthew, 

1.  At  St.  George  %  HanoVer-aeuare^  eldest  son  of  Matthew  Wilson,  est},  m 

Charles,  second  son  of  the  lat6  James  £shton  Hall,  York,  to  Sophia  Louisa 

lalfbuf,  M.  to  Maria  Caroline,  daugh.  EmersoU,   daughter  of  the   late   sir 

f  sir  John  Edward  Harlngton>  hart.  Wharton  Amcotts,  bart»  of  Kettietliorp 

—  At  St.  Mary's  Church.  Brytth*  Park,  Lincolnshire 

ton6^uare,  Ja^  Hamlltan  Story,  esq.  —   At  .Walton,   Burrer,  sir  John- 

>  Sarkh  Thorpe,  oiily  child  of  Henry  IWlett  Orde,  hart,  to  Efiia,  daughter 

^aymouth,  eM|«  of  Bryaflstone^uai^*  of  the  lat6   Peter  Camt>bdl,  esq.  Of 

—  At  Ne#  Church,  St  Mary.le-bone,  Kilmorey,  Argyle. 

apt.  Geo.  Pt^obyn,  to  Allt)ai  daughter  19.  At  Chiswlck,  brd  Brudenell,  to 

r  sir  Fmacis  Wtirkmati  Macnaghten,  of  Bliz.  Jane  Henrietta,  eldest  daughter 

loe  RiTk,  cOw  Derry.  of  admiral  and  lady  Elh:.  ToUemache. 

4.  At  Lord  Maedonkld'si  Wimpole-  20.   At  Speldhurst,  Rent,  the  rev. 

tneet,  the  right  bott.  the  earl  of  Hope*  Chas.  G.  Barton,  to  Emilia* Anhe^  eldest 

>un.  Id  tha  hoti.  Louisa  Bo^ilte  Mae«  daughter  of  tba  late  Hastings  Nath. 

oaald,  eldest  daughter  of  tnajor«gen.  Middleton,  esq. 

^e  riffht  hon.  lord  Maedonald.  —  Hie  rev.  John  Wliliahis,  vicar  of 

6k  At  Steventon,  HantSi  Edw.  Knight,  Probus,  co.  Cornwall,  to  Anne,  dau^tfer 

sq.  of  Cbawton  House,  HantS)  eldest  of  the  late  sir  W.  Bliaa  Taunttm,  of 

m  of  Bdww  Koieht,  teq.  of  Godmerdmm  Grand  Pont,  near  Oxon. 

'ark,  Kent,  to  Mary-Dorothea.  eldest  21.  At  Hemel  Hetnpsted,  Charles 

aughter  of  sir  Bdw.  Knatchbuil,  bart  Ormerod.  esq.  to  Sarah,  daughter  of 

—  Edward  Foxhall,  esq.  of  Baker^  E.  J.  Collett,  esq.  M.  P.  Of  Lockera 
irtetf  to  Mary,  dau^ter  of  the  late  House,  Herts. 

incent  Newton,  esq.  o€  Imhan,  LiQ-  —  At  Funtibgton,  in  Sussex,  major 

olnshire,  and  Peroy-tlf«et,  Bedibrd-  W.  Hewitt,  secohd  son  of  gen.  sir  (ko. 

]uare.  Hewitt,  bart  to  Sarah,  seootid  daughter 

— *  At  St  Margaret*s,  Westminster,  of  general  sir  James  Duff. 

be  itiv.  Hfetbert  Oakeley,  third  boa  of  ^-*  At  Berlin,  James  Atm^sley,  esq. 

ir  Charlaa  Oakeley,  bart  and  vidMr  of  consul  at  Barcelona,  to  the  baroness 

Uiling,  Middleset,  to  AthoU-^Keturah-  Clementine,  daughter  of  the  baroA  of 

f  urray,  aeooad  daughter  of  the  late  Brockhausen,  mmister  of  state,  and 

»rd  Glmrlea  AyuMey,  and  idece  of  the  formerly  Prussian  ambassador  at  Paris, 

ukc  f>f  Atboll.  22.  At  St.  George's,  Hanover-^uare, 

•^  At  Bathwiek,  George  Tito  Brice,  Sackville  Fox,  esq.  to  the  right  hon. 

sq.  late  of  3rd  Dfagoon  Guards,  to  hdy  Charlotte  Osborne,  daughter  of  tho 

Ueanor,  only  child  of  R.  A.  Salisbury,  duke  of  Leeds. 

tq.  late  of  Chapel  Allerlmi,  Yorkshire.  ^   The   rev.   Henry  Clissold,   cO. 

8.  AtChal^XNH  Northumberland,  Cha»  Gloucester,  to  Marianne,  eldest  daugh. 

Taah,  «8q.  of  Whitttesforcl,  to   Jane  of  the  hon.  Mr.  Justice  Barley. 

>arlinK,  niece  of  Matthew  CuUay,  eaq.  —  The  right  bon.  tora  Massy,   to 

f  FoiHlerry  Tower.  Matilda,   youngest  daughter  of  Lake 

•A  At  Dov^,  F^Klsr  Hesketfa,  esq.  <>f  White,  esq.  of  Woodlands,  co.  Dublin. 

Loaaall  HaU,  LMca^Ire^  to  Bltea  m^  24.  At  St.  George's,  Hanover-square,  * 

onnaire,  only  daughter  of  the  kite  sir  Mr.  Dutton,   to  lady  Eliz.   Howard, 

^heo.  John  Metcaln,  bart.  of  Fernhill,  daughter  of  the  eari  of  Su^lk. 

torka.  2y.  At  St  George's,  Hanover-square, 

—  At  St  GeOiige's,  Bloomsbury,  thehon.  Mr.Moreton,sonofIordDacie, 
Sd#.  S.  Hawktes,  esq.  of  tha  Bengal  to  Miss  Dutton,  dau.  of  lord  Sherborne, 
rmy,  eldest  son  tf  the  late  col.  Thos.  *—  At  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster, 
lawkins,  ao  Alteia  lsabelk^  third  dao.  Charies,  third  son  of  thela^e  J.  Marryat, 
f  Ae  kite  J*  Lameden,  esq.  esq.  M.  P.  to  Carolihe,  daugh.  of  Charles 

13.  At  St  Mary's,  Bath,  Hugo  M.  Short,   esq.   of   Great    George-atrcet, 

:badiHck,  esq.  of  Lefenthorpe  House,  Westminster. 

'^ortcahire,  only  too  of  Chas.  Cfaadwick,  30.  At  Glenlee,  N.  B.  the  chief  of 

sq.  wt  mdey^  Laueafthk^,  and  Red-  Clanromdd,  to  the  right  htin.  lady  Ash* 

rare,  Staffordshire^  to  Eliza  CaOmiMy  t«ftan« 


208      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    18J6. 

MARRIAGES. 

led  to  the  altar.    It  is  alw  the  fautk 

JULY.  ^'^^^  ^*^  M*"'  Feltham  has  mamed. 

18.  At  Jersey,  Heat.-col.  J.  Vkq^  £• 

4.  At  Newington,  lieut.  Classen,  of  I.  C.  to  Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  Chas. 

It  M,  to  Cecilia,  only  surviving  daugb.  Fixott,  esq. 

of  the  late  sir  J.  M.  Keith,  hart,  and  20.  At  St.  Mai^ret's  Weatnuastcr, 

sister  to  the  present  capt.  sir  G.  M.  C.  V.  Lightfoot,  to  Harriet,  finuth  dan. 

Keith,  hart.  R.  N.  of  C.  W.  Collins,  esq.  of  Broom  HaB, 

—  At  Cardiff,  Thos.  Congrcve  Robe,  Surrey. 

esq.  R.  A.  second  son  of  the  late  sir  W.  —   At  All  Souls,  Maiy-le-boae,  ar 

Robe,  to  Elisa,  only  daugb.  of  the  late  Charles  Smith,  hart,  of  Suttoos,  Esmz, 

Wm.  lUchards,  esq.  of  Cardiff.  to  Mary,  second  daughter  of  WiiliaB 

£.  At  St.  Mary^s,  Biyanstooe^square,  Gosling,  esq.  of  Fortland-placew 

col.  Austin,  of  Kippington,  Kent,  to  23.  At  Tottenham,  Robt  Bfiles,  esq. 

Caroline  Cath.  daughter  of  W.  Manning,  E.  L  C.  to  Jane,  younffest  dau^  of  E. 

esq.  M.  P.  of  Combe  Bank.  B.  Comey,  esq.  of  Old  Broad-street. 

6.  At  White  Parish,  Henry  William  24.  Capt.  W.  Ftoshawe  Martm»  R.  K. 

Mason,  esq.  of  Beel  House,  Amersham,  eldest  son  of  sir  Byam  Martin,  toAaae, 

to  Horatia,  fourth  daughter  of  George  daughter  of  lord  chief  juatke  Best. 

Matcham,  esq.  and  niece  to  lord  Nelson.  _  At  Crowland  Abbey,  Mr.  Richard 

8.  At  Stow  Bardolph,  Norfolk,  rev.  Morton,  of  Peakhill,  to  Saiah,  eldert 

Hen.  Creed,  of  Chedburgh,  near  Bury,  daughter  of  Chas.  Wyche,  esq.  of  Pwi- 

to  Anne,  youngest  daughter  of  the  rev.  land,  Uncc^nshire. 

Philip  Bell,  vicar  of  Stow  Bardolph.  _  At  St.  Neot's,  Huntingdooshlie, 

-^  At  Kensington,  lieut.-col.  James  Geo.  Lyche,  esq.  to  Catherine,  daughter 

George,  d7th  r^.  E.  I.  C.  to  Agnes  of  the  late  Owsley  Rowley,  esq.  of  the 

Charlotte,  dau.  of  the  rev.  B.  Kennett.  Priory,  near  St.  Neot^ 

—  John  Yorke,  esq.  of  Thrapston,  25.  At  St.  George's,  Bloomsbary,  Dc 
Northamp.  to  Ellinor  Lockwood,  onlv  '  Burton,  of  theR^ent's  Piark,  loMary 
dau.  of  the  rev.  W.  Lockwood  Maydwell.  £lii.  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Wv. 

—  At  St.  James's,  major-gen.  sir  Poulton,  esq.  of  Maidenhead. 

Henry  F.  Bouverie,  to  Mrs.  Wilbraham,  ^  The  rev.  John  Eveleigh,  vicar  of 

youngest  daughter  of  the  late  I^wis  Darenth,  Kent,  to  Mary,  eldest  daogh. 

Montolieu,  esq.  of  the  rev.  Rich.  Wetherell,  of  Pasbky 

—  At  Weymouth,  Bety.  Goad,  esq.  House,  Ticehurst,  Sussex. 

of  Wimpole^treet,  to  Anne  Eliz.  only  27.  At  St  Georae's,  Haoover-sqnaie, 

daughter  of  the  late  Robert  Hill,  esq.  the  rev.  Christ.  Benson,  rector  of  St. 

oommissary  general  at  the  Mauritius.  Giles's  in  the  Fields,  to  Bertha  Afaria, 

11.  At  Stamford  Baron,  rev.  John  eldest  daughter  of  John  Mitfi>rd,  oq. 
Russell  Christopherson,  rector  of  G rims-  of  Lincoln's-inn,  and  great  niece  of  locd 
by  Lincolnsh.  to  Caroline  Mary,  widow  Redesdale. 

of  J.  G.  Marshall,  esq.  of  Elm,  near  —  At  Topsham,  Rich.  Bright,  esq. 

Wisbeach,  and  daugh.  of  Hugh  Jackson,  M.  D.  of  Bloomsbury-square,  to  Elba, 

esq.  of  Duddington,  Northamptonshire,  youngest  daugh.  of  Benj.  Follett,  es^  cf 

12.  Abel  Smith,  esq.  M.P.  to  Frances  Topsham. 

Anne,  youngest  daughter  of  general  sir  29.  At  St.  Mary-le-bone  chorcli,  cast 

Harry  Calvert^  hart.  CSeo.  J.  Hope  Johnstone,  R.  N.  to  Mans, 

—  At  Shelford,  Cambridgesh.  rev.  daughter  of  Joseph  Ranldnjf^,  eaq.  sf 
Rich.  Wright,  to  Charlotte  Lewis,  eldest  Ulster-place. 

daugh.  of  the  late  M.  W.  Wilson,  esq.  —  At  Shiplake  church,  the  rev.  Uar. 

—  At  Felbrigg^  Norfolk,  Geo.  Thos.  R.  Pechell,  to  Caroline  Mary,  third  ^a. 
Wyndham,  esq.  of  Cromer  Hall , Norfolk,  of  the  right  hon.  lord  Mark  Kerr. 

to  Maria  Augusta,  second  daughter  of  31.  At  Petersham  church,  J.  CoQett, 

rear-adm.  Windham,  of  Felbrigg  Hall.  esq.  of  Locker's  House,  Hemel  Hemp- 

13.  At  Bradfield  Combust,  Suffolk,  stead,  to  Emma,  youngest  danffh.  of  ar 
Mr.  Arthur  Blencowe,  to  Sarab,  only  T.  Gage,  bt.  of  Hengrare  lull,  Saf* 
dau.  of  Thos.  Walton,  esq.  of  St.  Clare's  folk. 

Lodge,  Bradfield  St.  Clare,  near  Bury.  —  At  Durham,  the  rev.  T.  Haney, 

17.  At  Preston  church,  Mr.  Feltbam,  to  Marian,  only  child  and  8<^  heiieassf 

aged  70,  to  Mrs.  Beitb,  aged  50.    This  theUte  JohnFozsettyesq.cf 

if  the  lourth  time  the  bride  hi^i  beeq  SufibUu 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.  209 

MARRIAGES. 

AUGUST.  ^'   ^^  Richmond,   the  rev.   H.  B. 

Worthington,  vicar  of  Grintoo,  York,  to 

I.  At  Seaham,  Durham,  T.  Surtees  Mary,  onlydaugh.  of  Tho6.  Wilson,  esq. 

Riioe,  esq.  of  Crofk,  Yorkshire,  to  Mar-  of  Richmond. 

nret,  youngest  daugh.  of  the  rev.  Rich.  10.  At  Chetwynd,  Salop,  Wm.  Owen 

WtUis,  rector  of  Seaham.  Jackson,  barrister-at-lair,  to  Cath.  Ells. 

—  At  St.  Ibbs,  Herts,  And.  Amos,  Bishtoo,  eldest  daugh.  of  Wm.  Phillips, 
Mq.  of  Lincoln's  inn,  barrister,  to  Mar-  of  Chetwynd  House,  esq. 

nrct,  eldest  daughter  of  the  rev.  Wm.  —  At  Edinburgh,  Stair  Stewart,  esq. 

itx  Lowndes,  professor  of  astronomy,  of  Physgill  and  Glasserton,  to  Helen, 

Cambrid^.  daughter  of  right  hon.  sir  John  Sinclair, 

—  At  IVu-faam  Park,  Sussex,  George  of  Ulbster,  hart 

Rich.  PechelT,  esq.  capt.  R.  N.  to  hon.  15.  At  Hampden,  the  seat  of  the  earl 

Kath.  Annabella  Bishopp.  of  Buckinghamshire,  the  rev.  Augustus 

—  At  Mivart's  hotel.  Lower  Brook-  Hobart,  of  Walton,  county  of  Leicester, 
itreet,  sir  E.  Mostyn,  hart,  of  Talacre,  to  Maria  Isabella,  eldest  daugh.  of  the 
North  Wales,  to  Constantia  Slaughter,  rev.  Godfrey  Cgremont. 

of  Fune  Hall,  Essex,  third  daughter  of  17.  At  Worthing,  Heut.-gen.  sir  Rich. 

Uie  Ute  H.  Slaughter,  esq.  and  dowager  Church,  K.  G.  C.  Sec.  to  Mary  Anne, 

risooontefls  Montague.  eldest  daugh.  of  sir  Robert  Wilmot,  bt. 

—  At  St.  George's,  Hanover-square,  of  Osmaston,  Derby. 

lient-col.  Horton,  to  Frances  Esther,  —  At  St.  Nichohis,  Glamorganshire, 

secood  daugh.  of  the  rev.  W.  Gamier,  John  Augustus^,  only  son  of  the  rt.  hon. 

of  Rooksbury,  Hants.                             •  Jn.  Sullivan,  of  Richings  Lodge,  Bucks, 

2.  At  Mortlake,  John  Burton  Phillips,  to  Jane,  daugh.  of  adm.  sir  Ch.  Tyler, 
»q.  of  Heath  House,  Staffordshire,  high  K.  C.  B.  of  Cotterel,  Glamorganshire, 
ilif  riffof  that  county,  to  Joanna  Freeman  22.  At  Hatch  Beauchamp,  near  Taun- 
Cure,  daughter  of  the  late  Capel  Cure,  ton,  Edward  Jacob,  esq.  R.  N.  to  Sarah 
»q.  of  Blake  Hall,  Essex.  Anne,  only  daugh.  of  the  late  Edwin  Le 

—  At  Taunton,  lient.-col.  Harrison,  Grand,  esq.  of  Canterbury. 

C  B.  to  Mary,  eldest  daugh.  of  tbe  late  23.  At  Bath,  C.  Clarke,  esq.  of  Tip- 

'n.Nath.Alsop  Bliss,  rector  of  Colerne,  perary,  to  Sarah  Otway,  daugh.  of  the 

^ilts.  late  capt.  Loflus  Otway  Bhmd,  R.  N. 

3.  At  Croft,  county  of  York,  Edw.  26.  At  Antwerp,  John  J.  de  Hoch pied 
fhos.  Copley,  esq.  of  Nether  Hall,  near  Larpent.  esq.  Bntish  Consul,  to  Geor- 
^>OQaister,  to  Emily  Mary,  daughter  of  giaiia  Frances,  daugh.  of  Fred.  Reeves, 
if  John  Peniston  Mllbanke,  of  Halnaby  esq.  of  East  Sheen. 

^ail,  county  of  York,  hart.  28.  At  Cheriton,  near  Dover,  John 

—  At  Burslem,  Staffordshire,  Rich.  Hey  Puget,  esq.  of  Totteridge,  Herts, 
'ones,  esq.  of  Dunbren  Hall,  LUngollen,  to  Isabella,  eldest  daughter  of  Francis 
«'.  W.  to  Emma,  daughter  of  Enoch  Hawkins,  esq.  senior  judge  of  Bareliy, 
Vood,  esq.  of  the  former  place.  East  India  Company. 

—  At  orighton,  Chas.  Locock,  M.  D.  30.  At  Bath,  Henry,  eldest  son  of  sir 
(  Bemers-street,  to  Amelia,  daughter  Rd.  Bedingfeld,  of  Oxburgh  Hall,  Nor- 
(  John  Lewis,  esq.  of  Southampton-  folk,  bart  to  Margaret,  only  daughter 
lace,  Eoston-sqnare.  of  Edw.  Paston,  esq.  of  Appleton. 

7.  At  Bletchingdon,  county  of  Oxford,  —  At  All  Souls  church,  Mary-le-bone, 

be  rev.  John  Tyrwhitt  Drake,  rector  of  tbe  rev.  Eardley  Childers,  second  son  of 

iinersham,  Bucks,  to  Mary,  third  dau,  the  late  col.  Childers,  of  Cantley  Hall, 

f  Art.  Annesley,  esq.  of  Bletchingdon.  Yorkshire,  to  Maria  Charlotte,  eldest 

S.  At  All  Souls,  St.  Mary-le-bone,  daughter  of  sir  Culling  Smith,  bart.  of 

!dmund  Dawson  Legh,  esq.  to  Cath.  Bed  we  11  park,  Herts. 

Idest  daughter  of  sir  Christ  Robinson,  31  At  Edmonton,  Geo.  Savage  Curds« 

irocate-general.  esq.  of  Gloucester-place,  Portman-sq. 

—  At  Bathwick  church,  the  hon.  to  Emma,  second  daugh.  of  Wm.CurtiS| 
len.  Benedict  Arundel,  brother  of  lord  esq.  of  Portland-place. 

nmdel,  to  Lucy,  only  child  of  the  late  —  At  Buckden  church,  by  the  Bp.  of 

higb  Smvthe,  esq.  of  Woodland  Villa,  Lincoln,  the  rev.  Dr.  Maltby,  preacher 

lath,  and  grand-daugh.  of  the  late  sir  of  Lincoln's-inn,  to  Miss  Margaret  M. 

dw.  Smytbe,  bart*  of  Acton  Bumell,  Green,  youngest  daugh.  ofthe  late  major 

ik}n.  Green,  and  gi^eat  mece  to  hiflbop  Qreeoi 

voL^Lxvin.  p 


4]0      ANNUAL   REGISTER/  1826 


SEPT£MB£]t 


4.  At  Heston,  Geo.  Batllle,  esq.  of 
Hanwell  Park,  to  Eliza,  only  daugh.  of 
the  late  John  Jones^  ^q.  of  Norwood 
Hottse,  Middlesex. 

5.  At  Walthamstowy  Edvr.  Vaughan 
Williams,  esq.  barrister  at  lavr,  to  Jane 
MtLTg,  dangh.  of  the  late  rev.  Walter 
Bagot,  of  Blithfield,  Stafibrdshlre. 

— ^  At  POntefract,  Joseph  Booth,  esq. 


MARRIAGES* 

27*  At  SwanlKmroe,  Bodes,  tlheiat 
of  sir  Thos.  F.  Premantle,  but.  or  Jis. 
Fitcgerald,  hart,  to  Aiigwti 
eeootid  daogh.  of  the  bUa  vUe««dfl 
air  Thos.  T.  FremMtle,  G.  C.  B.,  h 

—  At  Dover,  Tfaonu  DaaieQ» 
eapt  89th  reg.  to  HartiH  Mary 
eldest  daugh.  of  H.  N.  WiatMO*  «aq.  tf 
Charlton  House,  Chaiitaa,  ttesr  Dohi; 

•—  At  Woolwich  ohurcby  ni^or  Tl» 
Aston  Brandreth,  Royal  Art.  to  iivy» 


of  Wra^y,  to  Ann,  voungest  daugh.  of    widow  of  the  li^  m^or  ^!^^  \^ 
Geo.  ^rker,  esq.  of  Piftrk  House,  near         -  -'       ^  *^     ••  ■-     "^  "•-»- 


Pontefract,  Yorkshire.' 

-«  Patrick  Bannertnan,  esq.  to  Anna 
Maria,  daugh.  of  sir  Wm.  Johnston,  bt. 
of  that  Ilk,  Aberdeenshire. 

7.  At  Liverpool,  John  Horatio  Lloyd, 
barrister-at-law,  to  Caroline,  daughter 
df  Holland  Watson,  esq. 

9.  At  Milton,  Northamptonshire,  the 
rev.  W.  C.  Col  ton,  to  Louisa- Poyntz, 
seeond  daugh.  of  John  Miller,  esq.  late 
receiver^jen.  for  the  county  of  Bedford, 
and  niece  of  general  Poyntz,  of  the  1st 
Life  Guards. 

If.  At  St.  George's,  Hanover-sq.  the 
rev.  J.  Hurt  Barber,  rector  of  A^ton 
Amdford,  Bucks,  to  the  lady  Millicent 
Acheson,  young^t  daughter  of  the  late 
eari  of  Qosford. 

^^  At  St.  Pancras  new  diurefa,  Bald- 
win Francis  Duppa,  esq.  of  Lincoln's- 
Inn,  to  CaAerine,  second  daughter  of 
Phillip  Darell,  esq.  of  Queen-square. 

*—  Capt.  C.  Hope,  R.  N.  to  Anne, 
daugh.  of  capt.  Parry,  R.N.C.B.G.C.S. 

—  At  St.  Georgefi  church,  lord  Suf- 
field,  to  Emilv  Harriet,  youngest  daugh. 
of  Evelyn  Bbiriey,  esq.  of  Eatington 
Park,  Warwidcshire. 

—  At  Shady  Camps,  eotmty  of  Cam- 
bridge, Fitzgerald  Wiutour,  esq.  to  Jane 
Eliz.  only  daugh.  of  the  late  Mannaduke 
Dayun,  esq.  of  %ady  Camps  iWk. 

14.  Capt.  Watson,  son  of  col.  Walson, 
of  Westwood  House,  Essex,  to  Frances, 
daugh.  and  sole  heiress  of  the  late  John 
Butts,  esq.  of  Kensington,  Middlesex. 

16.  At  Mary-le-lione  church,  the 
Corote  de  Chabannes,  to'  Antoinettei 
daugh.  of  John  Ellis,  esq. 

18.  At  St.  George's,  Camberwell, 
Robert  Barclay,  esq.  R.  N.  to  Mary, 
only  daus^.  of  the  late  T.  B.  Matthews, 
esq.  of  Rochester* 

10.  At  St.  Maiigaret*s  cliurcb,  West- 
tolnster,  the    rev.  Henry  Dashwood, 

voungest  son  of  sir  John  Dashwood  King,     „ ^ ^  « 

bart.  M.  P.  to  Amie.  third  daughter  of    the  late  Wm.  Wcet, 
W«a.lie»der)eBq.«f{VMB|g^hiU»  —  At  St- Geoigc'f, 


Latelv,  at  Dawlisfa,  Devon,  fid& 
Wakefield  Meade,  esq.  to  Hanict,  dn. 
of  iieut-col.  GnslBvus  RoclifiMt,  M.  P. 
for  Westmeath. 

OCTOBER. 

3.  AtNetherseal,Leieeater«liife,8ta. 
Hood  Wheeler  Richards,  esq.  6th  I>n|. 
Guards,  to  iaue-Aniie,  eMest  dao^Mv 
to  the  late  capt.  John  Whjtt^  R.  If . 

— >  At  Norwood-green,  Bfi^dlesci,  J. 
P.Reavma,  esq.  of  Cliflbrd-st.  toJssr, 
eldest  daugh.  of  the  tete  W.  A.  Th^ 
thwaite,  esq. 

—  At  Walton-on-the-Hlll,  F.  G.l^ 
ton,  esq.  to  Anne  BartoB,  only  4wt^Um 
of  Daniel  Russel,  esq.  and  niece  te  ^ 
late  sir  Wm.  Bartion  of  Liwupsst. 

I».  At  Hale,  Robert  Pfigot, 
son  of  sir  George  PigoU  bt.  of 
county  of  Stafford,  to  Mary, 
of  the  late  Wm.  Bamford,  esq,  of  Hb- 
ford,  Lancaster. 

7.  At  St.  George's,  HanovMuaq.  Kik 
Kirwan,  esq.  ca^  fifth  reg.  to  Clesaw 
daughter  of  tbe  faiu  Geo.  Boad,  eq. 
serjeant-at-law,  and  nieoe  t»  Kevt.-gs. 
fir  George,  and  col.  Henry  Cnofca. 

—  At  Florence,  fcdv.  lohn  fTnnir 
esq.  eldest  sen  of  sir  John  Slsadn;  '^ 
Alderly  Park,  Cheshire,  to  HeniMti- 
Maria,  daughter  of  viscoont  DiUsn. 

9.  At  Hanover,  by  the  rer.  Joa.  Msia 
Geo.  Forteseue  TurvHe,  esq,  tAdertM 
of  Fras.  Forteseue  Tarvile,  ««q«  ef  Il» 
band's«^osworth  Hall,  f  liinsiiiitii 
to  JiUiana  Henrietta,  second  dnagkd 
Adelpfaus  Fred.  Von  JHr  ?i*"T*rf*t  d 
Galenbeck  in  MecklenlMrg-Sdnpeds. 

10.  At  Wemyss  CastiA,  Bl.  a  *i 
right  hon.  lord  Loughboroii^l^  to  Ifia 
Wenyss,  of  Wemyss* 

'—  At  Aldenham  drarcli, 
Umort,  eldest  son  of  Rolton 
esq.  of  Kendalls,  ooimty  of 
Miss  West,  of  PorHand-ikL  ' 


M- 


n 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         411 

)lkni>etaHid4«^.€l4<efft8onofsirJJ>,  Whfcbeote.  bftrt  of  Aswai^^,  to  Elita, 

itt},barUto6eot^iana*<y«orgmtiBeatN  only  daughter  of  Robert  ^tet,  M.D. 

irkf  of  St*  LeofArd'0  Lodge,  Snsoex,  P.  R.  S.  of  Oeorge-st  Dattover-sqtin«« 

id  grwoA>-4au^bt6r  of  the  late  dtioheM  7.  The  rev.  Robert  DomiB,  vicar  of 

Leiiiaier.  Leaiii!iig;toii,  Wartrickshire,  to  Pbiladel- 

12.    At  WaUliaiinlofr;  Essex,  John  phia,  daughter  of  the  late  J.  t.  H. 

irqvJittr  Vtmet,  es^  nephetr  of  the  hite  Hbpper,  esq.  of  Wltton  Caxtle,  Durfaaui. 

ihii  Farmibar,  eaqk  of  FotithiU  Abbey,  -—  At  Heathfield,  Sussex,  the  rev. 

<m^  or  WHts^  to  Agnes,   yoongieet  Edward   Raynes,   of  Belmonte,   East 

iugfa.  of  the  late  rev.  Waltetr  Bagot,  of  Hoathly,  to  Mary,  only  dkoghter  of  the 

IM^eld.  Staflbr^Miire.  kite  Edward  Fuller,  esq.  and  nieee  to 

1 6.  At  doutii  Kivkby,  Yorkshire,  the  naior  Fuller,  of  Heatiifield,  Sussex. 

▼.  S»  Hodson,  of  Sharow  House,  reetor  8.  At  Parte,  the  hon.  Ferdinand  St. 

'  Tbrapston,  to  Margaret,  eldest  dan.  John,  to  Miss  Selhia  Charlotte  KeatStigfe, 

tho  ktte  Allen  Holford,  esq>  of  Daven-  niece  to  the  earl  of  Meath . 

un,  Cheshire,  the  authoress  of  *«Wal^  11.  At  Hainton  Hall,   Lincoloshitv, 

oe,"  mad  other  poems.  t3ie  seat  of  her  iSitiier,  Prances  Atane^ 

17.  At  Richmond,  ^e  hon.  and  rev.  eldest  daughter  of  Geo.  Rob.  Henage, 
aptiat  Noel,  to  Miss  Baillie,  eldest  esq.  to  Edward,  only  son  of  the  fate 
lughter  of  tiie  late  P^r  Baillie,  esq.  Edward  Howard,  esq;  nephew  of  his 
'  Dochfbac  graee  the  dnke  of  Noifoflt. 

—  At  St.  Mary-le-bone  church,  Fra»  — »  At  St.  George's,  Hanoter-square, 
)hn,  youngest  son  of  the  late  sir  Henry  the  rev.  Wm.  Skinner,  of  Ingotdsthorpe, 
ambert,  bart.  to  Catherine,  only  dau.  Norfolk,  second  son  of  sh*  w.  Skinner, 
r  the  late  major* general  Wheatley,  of  of  Dublin,  bart.  to  Ann  Margaret, 
esney,  in  Kent^  second  dmighter  of  the  late  col.  Lodt, 

—  At  Cheltenham,    Hurt  Sitwell,  £.  i.  C. 

iq»ofFerne;f,Sla]op,  to  Harriet,  second  18.  At  All  SouVs,' Lttngham-place, 

tmghterofnr  Joseph  and  lady  Harriet  FVancia  IHigd^le  Astley,  esq«  only  son 

loara.  of  sir  John  Dtigdale  ArtJ^,  barU  M.  P. 

18.  At  Chorley,  capt  Hay,  of  the  to  Emma  Dorothea,  fourth  daoghterof 
arablneers,  to  Elisabeth,  eldest  dauffh.  Sir  TBonftS  B.  Lethbridge,  bart  M.  P. 
rJohn  Powd^n  Hindle,  esq.  of  GUli-  21.  At  Oddington,  the  fev.  George 
rand  Hall,  Lancaahire.  B.  Raikken>  to  Harriet  Anne,  youngest 

—  At  Bolhwell  Castle,  major  Moray  daughter  of  the  late  Stephen  Gwrgt 
tiriing,  of  Ardoch,  to  the  hon.  Prances  Church,  esq.  R.  N. 
lizabeth,dhughter  of  lord  Douglas,  of  33.  At  tht  marquSt  of  AHesbnry's 
k>ug]as;  villa,  at  Sheen,   Thos.  Fred.  Vernon 

S3.  At  Alderiey,  Cheshire,  captWm.  Wentworth,  esq.  of  Wentworth  Castle, 

!dward  Parry,  R.  N.  to  IsabellaoLouisa,  eo.  Yoriss  to  lady  Augusta  Louisa  Brude- 

>urtli  daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Stanley,  nell  Bruoe>  the  eldest  unmarried  dau. 

f  Alderiey.  ef  the  marquis  of  Ailesbury. 

—  At  Sudbury,  Suflblk,  Chas*,  eldest  30.  At  Twickenham  Church,  John, 
on  of  Charles  Harris,  esq.  of  Coventry,  eldest  son  of  John  Fane,  esq.  M.  P.,  to 
oCaroline^  third  dttugh.  of  sir  Lachlan  QkAerine,  daughter  of  sir  Ber^Jamin 
ladoan,  M.  D.  Hobhouse,  bart»  of  Whitton  Pkd*k,  Mid- 
36.  Lieuu-col.  fidw.  Frederick,  of  the  dlesex. 

lombay  army,  to  Selina,  only  dauj^.  of  TWfviiMUvn 

Jeo.  cite,  eiq.of  Badgmoor,  Oxi?rdsh.  DECEMBER. 

38.  At  Troston,  Suflblk,  the  rev.  W.  2.  At  HMston,  co.  Salop,  l^ifi.  Henty, 

i  L.  Gasbome,  of  Pakenham,  to  Anne,  only  son   of  lieut.-gen.  Williams,   to 

laugh,  of  the  late  Capel  LofiVi  esq.  of  Maria,  Voungest  daughter  of  the  late 

Troston  Hall.  James  Dormer,  esq. 

6.  At  St.  Oiles's-inHhe-Plelds,   the 

NOVEMBER.  *^^*  ^m.  Start,  of  Tcffont-Evias,  Wilts, 

to^^Louisa,  third  daughter  of  Jn.  Gumey, 

1.  At  Tonbridge,  the  rev*  Rlohaird  esq.  king's  counsel. 

laoMtef  Wmrde,  to  Mary,  eldest  dwigh.  7-  AtBathwick  Church,  capt  Emery, 

)ftheiate  Aietas  Akers,esq.  to  Elis*  Mury,  only  daughter  of  the 

4.  At  St.  Goofge'ty  Hanov6i«>squire,  late  Robert  Belti  esq*  of  Bomd  Hottse^ 

the  rev.  Francis,  third  son  of  sir  Tbov.  ¥otMitrtti 

V  2 


212      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

MARRIAGES. 

7.  At  Tich6elcl>  Claud  Douglas,  esq.  esq.  to  be  his  majesty's  coosol  ia  tW 

£.  I.  C.   to  Mary-Madelina,   second  Duchy  of  Courland,  to  reside  at  Riga ; 

daughter  of  rear-admiral  sir  Arch.  Col-  Anthony  Lancaster  Molinenx,  es^.  to 

lingwood  Dickson,  bart  the  same  office  at  Georgia,  to  reside  at 

12.  At    Chichester,   Charles-Smith  Savannah ;  and  George  Salkeld,  es%  to 
Beckham,  esq.    to   Sybella-Jane-Carr,  a  similar  office  at  New  Orleans, 
second  daughter  of  the  lord  bishop  of  .31.  The  hon.  Robert  Gordoo  ta  be 
Chichester.  envoy  extraor.  and  minister  plsi.  to  tbe 

13.  Henry  Sachevei^l  Wilmot,  esq.  emperor  of  Brazil :   mad  Ar&or  Astoc 
eldest  son  of  sir  Robert  Wilmot,  bart.  esq.  to  be  secretary, 
of  Chaddesden,  to  Maria,  eldest  dau. ;  10.   fVar^ffice, — 18th   Foot:   i 
and  the  hon.  and  rev.  Frederick  Curzon,  Carmicbael  to  be  lieut.-ool.  of  1d£. 
son   of    lord    Scarsdale,   to   Augusta-  29.   30th  Foot:   lieut.-col.  Tl 
Marian,  second  daughter  of  Edw.  Miller  to  be  lieut-col. 
Mundy,  esq.  of  Shipley  Hall,  Derbysh.  31st  Foot:  lieut.-coI.  Baumgardt  ts 

14«  At  Chichester,  capt.  Edw.  Sabine,  be  lieut.-coL 

R.  A.  to  Eliz.  Juliana,  daugb.  of  major  64th  Foot:    lieut.-col.  Fcaraii,  Z\& 

Leeves.  Foot,  to  be  lieut.-ool . 

—  At  All  Souls'  Church,  Langham- 

place,  Robert,  eldestsonof  C.Chichester,  Ecclesiastical  PREraaMuris. 

esq.  of  Hall,  Devon,  to  Clarentia,  only  Rcv.  Dr.  Bull  to  the  arcbd.  of  C«- 

daughter  of  the  late  col.  Henry  Mason,  ^^n, 

lo.  At  Folkestone,  Wyndham  Knatch- 

bull,  D.D.  Laudian  professor  of  Arabic  FEBRUARY. 
in  the  University  of  Oxford,  and  rector 

of  Smeeth  with  Adlington,  in   Kent,  Gazette  Pbomotioiis. 

to  Anna  Maria  Eliz.  eldest  daughter  of        «     »«* ..  u  n     rr  d i 

Henry  Dawkins,  esq.                ^  ,.  \  ^»'^Aa/^- Henry    B«»d,  es^. 

18.^  At  St    MaJy.le-bone   Church,  l^e^J^-gojernor  ofthe  colony  of  Bert«. 

Henry,  third  son  of  Matthew  Montagu  r^?J??J?^^5.  ^^-  V  ^  *^1?* 

esq.  of  Montagu  House,Portman.sqiMrre  ««to«tof  the  pariiamenU,  mce  HeBty 

capt.  3rd  Guards,  to  Magdalen,  iridow  ^^"""ii^J^' Z^'^^^'  a  ^  ^  f^  ^ 

of  the  late  Fred.  Croft,  esq.  ^  ^^'  ^^-ofce.^nd  reg.  of  fort  to 

-  At  Walcot  Church,  Bath,  captain  ^i,*''i,'S?'.'*",?  S''^*P.P^"',^S^ 

Gonlon,  R.N.  to  Mrs.' John' Hel^r,  TI^^/lI^l^^u'^^^^ 

dau.  of  the  late  sir  J.  Wrottesley,  iTrt.  ^^^^  fhf  H  Sn^h' -J"  ^'^^^^^T; 

23.  At  St  Pancias  New  Church,  John  S    .      ^   ^"tinguishcd  services  in  tk 

Stratford  Rodney,  esq.  eldest  son  of  ,  i'^  «•  ^  «  •  v  *  ,  «  «»_ 
the  hon.  John  Ridney,  chief  secretary  ^  \V  f  "^  F«>t:.Iieut.co^.  R.  R»«  t. 
to  government,  Ceylon,  to  Eleano?,  be  lieut-col. ;  major  W.  R,  Qaytan  » 
third  daughter  of  Joseph  Hume,  esq.  t?!I?»^,!-  u^a  .  ^  u  •  ^w  i-  -^ 
of  Upper  Charlotte-street,  Fitzriy-sq.  w  r^""  .^^'i?•?^°*?*'"'^^??' 
26.    At   St    Mary-le-lSne  Chi-ch,  ^W.  F.Fowter,  97th  foot ;    captJ.VB- 

John  Kerrich,  esq.  of  Gcjldstone  HaU  '^^'IL^^^I^I^V.-   p  d                 •  ^^ 

Norfolk,  to  Mary-Eleanor,  eldest  daugh,  ,,  ^^'  ^^^"^  sir  P.  Rjw,  appointed  to 

of  John  Fitzgerald,  esq.  M.  P.  of  Wher-  ^^P^T  m*      Antigua, 

stead  Lodge,  Suffolk.  21 .  w.  T.  Money,  esq.  to  be  coosa}- 

28.  At  Studley  Priory,  Oxfordshire,  p^eral  at  Venice  and  m  the  Aostriai 

sir   Charles  WetherellV  his   majesty'S  '^T^^'^ZtL^^A^^'^''^^'      .*. 

attomey-general,   to  Jane-Sarah  Eliz.  ,  .^tv  n^     ♦  ^  f?*^?""  ^?^5^^ 

second  daughter  of  sir  Alex.  Croke.  ^'S\t  Drag,  to  be  lieut-col  of  Infl  bj 

*^                                 ^  purch. ;  capt.  lord  Bentinck,  75th  f^ 

'                             — ■  to  be  major  of  In£ 

PROMOTIONS.  EcciEsusncAL  Prefe«mek«. 

JANUARY.  Rev.  T.  Singleton,  archd«  of  N«tfc- 

Gazeite  Promotions.  uinberland.                          v      r  w^ 

--.,.,,,  .  Rev.  C.  A.  Moysey,  preb.  of  Wefii 

/r^ifeAfl//.— Charles  Bankhead,  esq.  cathedral. 

to  be  secretary  to  his  majesty's  legation  Rev.  H.  Pfepys,  preb,  of  WcDa  clA^ 

iotbeUniUdStatcst-ThomasTupperj  dr»L 


APPENDIX    TO    CHRONICLE.  213 

PROMOTIONS. 

[JMBEBS  BTTUBNED  TO  PARUiMlSNT.  ^^^^^   j.^^^    ^^^    ^p^    p     Da^ins  J 

B(ZM&«r^.^— Hon.  A.  Legge,  wee  hon.  major  W.  R.  Clayton,  major  R.  Arnold. 

Legge.  To  be  majors  of  Infantry :    capt.  W. 

Dorw/.— Henry  Banke«,  esq.  wee  W.  Beetham,    capt.  H.  H.   Farquharson^ 

»rton  Pitt,  esq.  capt.  hon.  G.  R.  Abercromby,  capt.  W. 

Ejceter.S,  T.  Kekcwick,  esq.  vice  Bush,  capt.  F.  Johnson, 

irtenay.  i82.  Lord  Forbes  to  be  high  commis. 

Vewport  (Cornwall).— Hon.  C.  Percy,  to  the  general  assembly  of  the  Church 

•  Northey.  of  Scotland. 

Vj^rone  co.— Hon.  H.  T.  L.  Corry.  Mr.  Manoel  Antonio de  Paiva,  consul- 

^fbrwick.-^J*  Tomes,  esq.  vice  Mills,  gen.   in    London  for  the  emperor  of 

Brazil. 

MARCH,  The  Duke  of  Devonshire  to  be  am- 
bassador extraordinary  to  the  emperor 

Gazette  Promotions.  of  Russia,  on  his  coronation. 

0.  Whitehall.— D&vid  Cathcart,  esq.  George  Earl  of  Pembroke  to  be  gover* 

be  a  lord  of  Justiciary  in  Scotland,  nor  of  the  island  of  Guernsey. 

*  George  Fergusson,  esq.  resigned. 

Uchard  Fountayne  Wilson,  of  Melton  Ecclesiastical  Peefermbnts. 

the  Hill,  county  of  York,  esq.  to  use  ^^^  ^.j  j^^  ^^^^  Pr.  W.  Van  Mildert, 

surname  and  bear  the  arms  of  Mon-  ^  ^^^  ^^^  ^^  Durham. 

u  only,  m  compliance  with  the  wiU  of  j^^  j.  q  ^  Beckwith,  to  a  minor 

right  hon.  F.  Montagu,    late   of  ^^onry  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

)plewick.  Rev.  C.H.Pulsford,  canon  residentiary 

_  of  Wells  cathedral. 

EccLEsiAOTicAL  PiiEFEittiENTs.  j^^^  l^  Bltoid  Xo  a  prcbcndal  stall  in 

Lev.  A.  P.  Perceval,  chap,  in  ord.  to  Wells  cathedral. 

j.;ng  Rev.  a  R.  Sumner,  D.D.  to  the  see 

Lev.  J.  Allen,  chap,  to  the  earl  of  of  Llandaffand  deanery  of  St.  Paul's, 

untn'orris.                       *  I^v.  J.  Sheepshanks,  archd.  of  Com- 

Lev.  A.  Foster,  chap,  to    duke  [of  waH.                       «  .^    ,        n     .  • 

abridge.  R«v.  Archdeacon  Pott,  chancellorship 

lev.  J.  b.  Helme,  chap,  to  earl  of  and  prebendal  stall  of  Exeter  cathedral. 

:fing.  Rev.  Dr.  F.  W.  Blombeig,  chap,  to 

lev.  H.  J.  B.  Nicholson,  chap,  to  the  king.     ^    ,,     ,         ^       .     ,    ^ 

e  of  Clarence.  Rev.  E.  P.  Henslow,  chap,  to  lord 

lev.  G.  Taylor,  chap,  to  dowager  .  Hood.                            u    i  .    ♦    i    j 

hess  of  Richmond.  Rev.  C.  S.  Hasscls,  chaplain  to  lord 

^v.  S.  S.  Wood,  chap,  to  duke  of  St.  Vincent. 

k. 

Members  returned  to  Paruament. 

[EMBEB8  retubmed  TO  PARLIAMENT.  i/orMflm.— The  hon.  F,  Fox,  vice  sir 

'or/e  Castic-^Geo,  Bankes,  esq.  J.  Aubrey,  hart  dec. 

)evize8.'^Geo,  Watson  Taylor,  esq.  Si,   Michael.^U*   Labouchere,  esq, 

:arlstoke  Park,  Wilts.  vice  W.  T.  Money,  esq.  who  has  accepted 

'^si  JLowf.— Lord  visct  Percival.  the  office  of  consul-gen.  at  Vemce. 

ix/ord   rjnivernty.'-rho.  Grimstone  Carlow.-^T.  Kavanagh,  esq.  vtce  sir 

knall  Estcourt,  esq.  U.  B.  Burgh,  now  Baron  Downes,  a  peer 

of  the  United  Kingdom. 

APRIL.  Rojeburgh'sh^-^Henry  Fran.Scott,esq. 

Gazette  Promotions.  MAY. 

.JFar^ffice.-^xd  Foot :  major  C.  ^^^^^  Promotions. 
Wall  to  be  licut.-col.  5  brevet,  lieut.- 

C.  Cameron  to  be  major.  27.  Charles  lord  Strathaven  to  be  one 

3th    Foot:    major  J.  Taylor  to  be  of  thelordsofhis  majesty's  bed-chamber. 

t.-coL  Righthon.  William  Harry  Freemantle 

3rd  Foot:  licut.-col.  D.  M'Grcgor  to  be  treasurer  of  hiu  majesty's  houses 

elieut.-col.  hold, 


214      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1^6. 

\$.    fFttt-^0he,^4Mk   regt  Foot,  catettobeoiieof  UttaixoKdiBirydaia 

brevet  Heut-col.  F.  S.  Tid  j  to  be  lieat.-  of  Session  in  Scotland  ;  Chas.  Ros,  esq. 

eot  ndyoate,  tobeeoeof  tfa^fawD— h> 

Breoei^-'-'AtttM  Wm.   Y^ung,   esq.  saries  of  Edinborgfa ;  Hugh  LaHto, 

bite  I}ent*<coi].  on  the  batf^pay  of  8rd  esq.  adtocate»  tobe  dierMTdf  gwiiii  rfthe 

Weflt4ndia  regt.  to  bave  tne  nuak  of  shire  of  Sutherland, 
lieut-col.  in  the  West-Indies  «dT.  Bd#ard  Ticbboi«e,  of  Tiiaihi^  M, 

Vnaiiaehed.'^yhiw  Jobn  SpM,  Mid  county  q^  Lincoln,  esq.  third, 

Fioot,  to  be  lieiit44!ol.  of  inf.  siirvii4ng,  son  of  sir  Henrf 

The  under-mentioned  ofBeert  baring  of  Tichbome,  county  of 

brevet  rank  sapertcM*  io  their  regimental  bart.  deceased,  ia  takt    t^  wamtd 


cenmiisskNis,  beve  acoepted  promotloB 
upon  balf'pay,  according  to  the  gencial 
order  of  the  S5th  of  April,  1696  ^— To 
be  Hent^cois.  of  in&atry «  Brevet  lf«itt. 
cols.  Colin  CampbeJ],  1st  fbot,  Adam 
Fsebtes,  9th,  and  Robert  B.  MH3regor> 
88th  to  be  Ifeut-oeis.  of  laC  ;  J.  Haver* 
field,  from  unattached  full  pay ;  J.  Hicks, 
32nd  loot ;  8.  King,  lOtb ;  i.  Austin, 
97th  \  R.  Parke,  a9th  \  J.  Macdoaald, 
(Mth  ;  J.  Dunn,  98th ;  W.  Dunbar,  37th ; 
J.  B.  Oleffg,  49th ;  G.  Miller,  Rifle 
brigade ;  M.  Clifford,  89th  foot ;  A* 
KeUey,  Mth  ;  J.  Maxwell,  15th ;  E.  K. 
Wniiams,4th;  W.  Balvalnd,  99th ;  J. 
R.  Colleton,  Royal  Staff  corps ;  D.  Mac- 
donald,  19th  foot. 


JUNE. 

Nbw  PaBas* 
The  King  has  granted  the  dignity  of 


Doughty  only,  instead  of  tlM*  of  Kb- 
borne,  and  also  bear  the  arms  of  Doagbty 
quarterly  with  tboae  of  Ticbberae 
(agreeably  to  the  will  of  Hat  kSe  3Gs 
Doughty,  of  Bedford-row). 

13.  The  eail  of  Briatol  to  be  eari  of 
Xarmyn  of  Hamingabcitb,  SvftJk,  md 
marqaifl  of  Bristol. 

9.  /For-q^.— Haraa  Quids,  o^ 
Haomer  to  be  laalar  aad  IIoiLi-oqL  If 
pttrchase. 

Itt,  or  Oreii.  FaoC  Gusirds:  lieia^ 
ool.  Ellis,  from  the  balf-p^y,  lo  baoft 
and  lieut.-ool. 

29th  Foot:  lietit-col.  Simpeoa  to  te 
lieat.«od« 

64th  Foot:  tobemsgor,  brevet  Beat- 
col.  lord  C.  Fitsroy,  mm  batf-pay  ^& 
foot 

07th  Foot:  brevet  col.  Biinlei%  MA 


foot,  to  be  lieut-col. 

„     -  84th Foot:  brevet  col.  Neyooe,  lA 

peers  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  to  foot,  to  be  Iieut*col. 

the  following  nersons :—  ^th  Foot  t  miyor  Mailea  to  be  a^. 

Marquis  of  Thomond,  to    be  baron  91  st  Foot :  capt  Drewe,  73rd  fin«, » 

Tadcaster ;  marquis  of  Clanricarde,  to  be  nuuor. 

oe  baron  SomerhiU  ;  earl  of  Balcarras,  94th  Foot :    to  be  Uent.-eola.  wiim 

to  be  baron  Wigan  j  vise,  Northland,  to  Crauford,  8th  Light  Drag,  and  Eett^ 


be  baron  Ranfuriy ;  right  hon.  sir 
Charles  Long,  to  be  baron  Famborough ; 
sir  J.  Fleming  Leicester,  to  be  baron  de 
Tabley ;  J.  A.  S.  Wortley  Mackenzie, 
esq.  to  ba  baron  Wharncliffe ;  Charies 
Duncombe,  esq.  to  be  baron  Feversham  \ 
Charles  Rose  Ellis,  esq.  to  be  baron 
Seaford. 

Gazcttb  Promotions. 

8.  fVhiUhalL^^tn.  Ward  to  be 
governor  of  Barbadoes ;  right  hon.  C. 
W.  W.  Wynn,  eari  Bathnrst,  the  right 
bon.  G.  Canning,  the  right  hon.  R.  Peel, 


col.  Paty. 

96th  Foot :  capt.  GBimcioa%  to  k 
major. 

Rojial  African  Colonial  corps,  aiaior- 
gen.  sir  N.'Campb^  to  be  col. 

^i-0fw/.~-Brevet  tiMgor  Jmlana,  cf 
the  6ih  Diag.  Guards,  to  be  licaL-csL 
in  the  army. 

Unai^teketL^JTo  be  Ueut-coto.  efa^ 
by  purchase,  brevet  lieQt.-cQl.  Isri 
Fitiroy,  64th  foot;  o^jor 
77th ;  rn^or  Mills,  2nd  Drag. ; 
Glover,  1st  foot ;  Qi^gor  Hay,  91st ; 
Mansel,  96th ;  major  Dobin,  19tb ; 


the  earl  of  Liverpool,  the  chancellor  of    capt.  Cuyler,  Coldstream  foot 


the  Excheouer,  the  duke  of  Wellington, 
the  marquis  of  Salisbury,  lord  Teign« 
moutfaf  the  right  hon.  J.  Sullivan,  the 
right  hon.  sir  G.  Warrender,  Dr.  Phil- 
linu>re,  and  W.  Y.  Peel,  esq.  to  ba  com- 
VMssioners  ibr  the  affiiirs  of  India. 


28.   Fortigft^JUtk^VimoiCim  Wen^ 
esq.  (late  consul  of  the  Levant 
at  Smyrna),  to  be  bis  nujesty'a 
Smvma. 

John  Barker,  esq.  (late  coosal  af  tk 
I^evant  company  at  Aleppo),  la  ba  kb 


^,  6,  J.  James  Fergusson,  esq.  adyOf    inajetty's  consul  at  Alexanma, 


APPENDIX  TO  OHROmCLE.  A15 

PROMOTIONS. 

.'  ntogy  Thoaam  Liddell^  esq.  (late  which  his  m^ttythfttbah  of  P»r^ihM 
iBistent  iecretary  to  the  Levant  com*    pleased  to  honour  hira  tor  his  lertices 

Mjr),  ID  be  hie  oMjesty^e  ooneul  at  Oot-  in  the  field. 
Jenhoigb. 

Win.WiltoiiBarker,e8q.(viceHX)n8ul  AUGUST* 

at  Metrina),  to  be  oonatd.  n ,     i>.«w«-«t..* 

Wm.  HamOtoD,  esq,  (dce^onsul  at  ,    ^  "T^  ^^?^,    .      , 

Boulofne),  to  be  consifl.  ,  *•  ^«r-q^--«3rd  Foot,  lientswl. 

Jboes  IWfefS   Harvey*   esq.  (vice-  A.  Anderson  to  be  major. 

.jiMlat8^ans),tebeG0Mid.  „30tk   Foots    bmat  Hailt*coL  W. 

(     Wniiaai  Ogflby,  esq.  (vlce-consul  at  ^^^*2S?A^  "fc  ^   m  «.  ,. 

On),  ta  be  ooasul  for  the  departments  ^  88nd  Foot :  lieut-eoL  T.  Valiant  to 

or  Cahados  La  Manche,  and  Isle  of    ^i^^\'^\       ^  ,    ,  ,  ^ 

tihi^,  Rogral  Afncan  Colonial  Corpse  m^r 

W.  Lamley f  Mth  Foot,  to  be  Ueut-ed.  f 

BniBBasncAb  PaonMiNis.  and  oapt  ft.  Greaj,  to  be  m^or. 

B^uTD^n-i           uj^rt  tTno/tocA^if.— Major  a  W.  HortOD, 

Rar.  W.  F.  Bayley,  prebend,  of  Can-  8]et  Foot ;  and  capt  J.  B.  Riddlesden! 

^^\    vj  »  11       t^  J    ^^    .  ^^P^  Horse  Guards,  to  be  lieut-cols. 

Rev.  Arphd.  Ball,  prebend,  of Cantei^  of  Infimtry. 

bngr ^^edfaJ- ,   ^       ^    .    ^^  Brevet  lieut-col.  F.  Dalmar,  «3rd 

Rev.  B.  a  Clerk,  prebend,  of  West-  Pbot,  to  be  lieut-col.  oflnfimtry. 

°T^    %M     u               *  «  1. 1.  ^-  SJr  Thos.  Le  Breton,  knt,  to  be 

Rev.  M.  Marrti,  canon  of  Salisbury  baUiffof  the  Island  of  Jeney,  vice  lord 

**^r*^«  ,r,       „.           , «  •  Carteret,  deceased. 
Rev.  S. B. Vlnet,  Ringwood  R.  Hants.  n.  Lord  F.  Montague  to  be  post- 
s'* ^  ^.^A*^  Mawford  R.  co.  master-general,  vice  the  carl  of  Chichcs^ 
Rev.  B.  Maddock,  chap,  to  duke  of  ter.  deceased. 

^^\  „  _^.        ^       ^        ^  ^  ,  20.  ^flr-<#<?e.-.Brevet:  CoU  hon. 

Rev.  J.  Pe^ns,  chap,  to  eari  GaU  M.  DUlon,  to  have  the  rank  of  mijor. 

**^y-   ^    ,     ,      .                     .     .  gen.j  A.PeeblesjandJ.M.A.Skerrett- 
Rcv.  D.  Lewis,  chap,  to  marquis  of  esqrs.  to  be  lieut-cols. ;  and  S.  Sanke^ 
Qoeensberry.  esq.  to  be  mi^or,  on  the  continent  of 

Guro|ieonly. 

•'ULY.  rnoitatfAfif.— MajorsBrander,Pearce, 

Gasvits  PaoMonoNs.  and  Leslie,  and  brevet  lieut-cols.  Prinsle 

7.  F.  Chatfield,  esq.  to  be  consul  at  *^  Anderwm,  to  be  lieutHsols.  of  Inf. 

1 1 .  Catherine,  wife  of  the  right  hon.  SEPTEMBER. 

James  Fitigerald,  to  bear  the  name,  GirarrB  PnoMonows. 

style,  and  title,  of  baroness  Fitzgerald  13.  fFhiieMi.—Sir  John  Singleton 

and  Veaey,  of  Clare  and  Inchicronaa,  Copley,  knt  to  be  master  or  keeper  of 

with  the  dignity  of  a  baron  to  descend  the  Rolls  and  Reoords  of  the  Court  of 

to  the  heirs  male  of  her  body  by  the  Chancerv,  vice  lord  Gi£R>rd,  dec. 

Slid  right  hon.  J.  Fltsgerald.  18.  fFar-offlce, — ^Lieut-gen.  hon.  sir 

14.  Hlkiiehan.'-^T  Thos.  Lawrence,  Alex.  Hope,  G.C3.  to  be  lieut.-govemor 

priadpal  painter  to  his  miyesty,  and  of  Chelsea-hospital, 

fie^ldcsiteiir  the  Royal  Academy,  to  wear  Lieut-gen.  James  Hay  to  be  lleut« 

ths  royal  order  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  governor  of  Edinburgh  dntle. 

thkb  bis  Most  Christian  M^esty  had  Lieut-gen.  Wm.  Thoma^  to  be  lieut.- 

eoafiirrsd  on  him*  governor  of  Tynemouth. 

16.  Col  sir  Henry  Pynn,knt  late  a  Coldstream  re^.  of  Foot  Guards,  lieot- 

bri^>gen.  in  the  Portuguese  army,  to  col.  Thos.  Chaplin,  to  be  lieut.-col. 

vtMr  tbe  insignia  of  a  knight  com.  m  the  Htb  Foot :  gen«  Thos.  lord  Lynedosh, 

cofil  Portaguese  military  order  of  tha  G,  C.  B.  from  58th  Foot,  to  be  col. 

IWar  and  8word»  conferred  on  him  by  86th  Foot :  lieut-col.  John  W.  Alallet, 

Us  lioat  Futbful  Mijesty  John  the  6tb«  from  89th  Foot,  to  be  lieut-ool. 

16.  M^  Henry  Willock,  £.  L  C,  89th  Foot:  lieut-col.  John  M'Cm^ 

late  charge  d^afUres  to  the  eourt  el  kill,  to  be  lieut.-col. 

npiiiA»  to  wear  the  Fenian  order  of  the  87th  Footj  oapt  HkmiAet  il«p9 

Vm  «iMi  8ua  of  thi  |rsl  ehii%  iritl^  Psttiion^to  N  nuy^r. 


216 


ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

PROMOTIONS. 


Vtutttaehed.—To  be  lieut-cols.  of 
JnL:  major  Rich.  Cruise,  84th  Foot; 
major  James  Fleming,  22nd  Foot ;  miyor 
RobertBarUett  Coles,  76th  Foot;  cw)t. 
£dv.  Clive,  Ist,  or  Gren.  Foot  Guards ; 
brevet  lieut.-coI.  Philip  Wodehouse, 
»7th  Foot. 

EoCtBBIASTXCAL  PREFERMENTS. 

.  Re?«  B,  ?take,  prebendary  of  £ly. 

OCTOBER. 
Gazette  Promotioks. 

9.  fFar'office.—7th  rcg.  of  Light 
Drag. :  m^jor  James  John  Fraser  to  be 
lieut.-col.-— Capt.  hon.  Geo.  Berkeley 
Molyneux,  to  be  m^or. 

Rifle  Brigade :  major  Jos.  Logan,  to 
be  major. 

Garrisons: — gen.  W,  KnoHys  to  be 
governor  of  Limerick. — Col.  sir  George 
£lder  to  be  lieut.-gov.  of  St  Jolin's, 
Newfoundland. 

Brevet: — lieut-col.  James  FuIIarton 
to  be  lieut.-€0l.  of  Infantry. 

12.  Ist,  or  Gren.  Guards,  lieut-col. 
Clive  to  be  lieut.-co]. 

69th  Foot :  major  sir  C.  Cuyler,  bart. 
to  be  lieut.-col. — Msyor  J.  Peel  to  be 
major.    ' 

72nd  Foot:  Ueut.-col.  C.  G.  J.  Ar- 
butbnot  to  be  1ieut.-coI. 

Unattached.^Brevet  lieut-col.  W. 
G.  Moore,  and  brevet  major  E.  P.  Buck- 
ley, 1st,  or  Gren.  Guards,  to  be  lieut.- 
cols.  of  Inf. 

16.  3dth  reg.  capt  G.  Teulon  to  be 
major. 

Brevet: — H.  Roberts,  esq.  to  have  the 
rank  of  colonel,  and  M.  M'Pherson,  esq. 
to  have  the  rank  of  nugor  on  the  con* 
tinent  of  Europe  only. 

Vnatiaffhed.-'Breyiet  lieut.-col.  H. 
T.  Shav,  36th  Foot,  to  be  lieut-col.  of 
Infantry. 

23  B^ar-oJice.'^l7ih  Light  Dra- 
goons, lieut-col.  Anth.  Rumpler  to  be 
rieut.-col. 

3rd  reg.  Foot  Guards,  capt.  and 
lieut.-col.  Edw.  Bo«trater  to  be  major, 
with  the  rank  of  colonel.  Lieut  ond 
capt.  W.  Stockdale  to  be  capt  and  lieut.- 
ool. 

'  97th  reg.  of  Foot  to  bear  on  its  colours 
and  appointments,  the  motto,  "  Quo  fas 
tt  glona  ducunt,"  in  addition  to  the  title 
Of  "  The  Eerl  of  Ulster's  Regiment" 

Ecclbsusticai.  Phefcrme2«ts« 

.  ^*7^f  •  Brlflkky,  D.D.  to  the  bishop- 


Rev.  J.  Bright,  preb.  of  Goodie  a&d 

Hambam,  Salisbury  cathedral. 

Rev.  C.  B.  Brace,  chaplain  to  ti^ 
duke  oi  York. 

NOVEMBER. 

GlZRTE  PROMOnOlfB. 

^  13.  fFar-offSce.'^Vrtattaeked^-'T^^ 
lient-cols.  of  Inf.  miyor  Dixon  Deuba, 
25th  Foot ;  major  John  MarsbaO,  14ck 
Foot;  capt  John  Elrington,  3rd  I^ 
Guards. 

14.  Gea  Cranston,  esq.  to  be  one  of 
the  lords  of  session  of  Scotland. 

Charles  Farebrother,  esq.  shenfTcf 
London,  to  be  alderman  of  Lime-etreet 
Ward,  vice  Bridges  res. 

27.  St.  James's  Palace. — Lieut-cQi. 
Edw.  Miles,  89th  Foot,  CB.and  knig^ 
of  the  royal  Portuguese  military  ord^ 
of  the  Tower  and  Svord,  knighted. 

Edw.  Ryan,  esq.  knighted,  on  his  ap- 
pointment of  judge  to  the  Supreme  court 
of  Calcutta. 

Nicolas  Conyngham  Tindal,  esq.  lus 
majesty's  solicitor-general,  knighted. 

Lieut-gen.  John  Fraser,  col.  of  the 
late  Royal  York  Rangers,  k-nighted. 

29.  /f%iVMa/A— The  right  hon.  G«k 
Granville  Leveson  Gower,  suromooed  by 
writ  to  the  House  of  Peers,  by  the  style 
and  title  of  baron  Gower,  of  Stittenhua, 
county  of  York. 

Ecclesiastical  PaBFEuccBm. 

Rev.  R.  H.  Law  to  the  aitJid.  s{ 
Wells. 

Rev.  J.  Davis,  chap,  to  the  doww^ 
lady  Boston. 

Rev.  T.  H.  White,  chap,  to  maro.  of 
Downshire. 

DECEMBER. 
Gazette  Prohotioxs. 

5.  fFhitehalL-^The  king  has  gnaled 
the  dignities  of  viscount  aod  «ari  of 
Great  Britain  and  Irehmd,  to  Wm.  PStt 
baron  Amherst,  gov.- gen.  of  India,  and 
his  heirs  male,  by  the  titles  of  mc 
Holmesdale,  county  of  Kent,  and  eart 
Amherst,  of  Arracan,  East-Indies.  AJtm^ 
the  dignity  of  viscount  of  Greai  Britn 
and  Ireland  to  Stapleton  baron  Oan- 
bermere,  general  and  commander  of  oar 
forces  in  the  East-Indies,  and  his  htm 
male,  by  the  title  of  vise.  Combemefr, 
of  Combermere,  Cheshire. 

Alex.  Irving,  esq.  to  bo  H  lotd  el 

908I1OQ  in  ScoUftad. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.  217 

PROMOnONS. 

S6.  Major-gen.  sir  A.  Campbelli  to  be  George  lord  Bingham  to  be  lieutenant- 

G.C.B.  colonel. 

M^.gen.Tho«.'ReynelI,nuyor-gen.  3rd  regt.    Foot   Guards:    lieut.>ooL 

Jasper  NicoUs,  major-gen.  sir  Sam.  Ford  John  Elrington  to  be  capt.  and  lieot.- 

Whittingham,  knt.  to  be  K.  C.  fi.  col.  aotb  regt  foot. 

The  nnderroentioned  officers  to  be  Staff:  Brevet  Iieat.-coI  Henry  Geo. 
K.  B.— Col.  John  M'Gombe,  14th  foot ;  Smith,  to  be  deputy  quarter-master*gen. 
ooi.  Wiliottgfaby  Cotton,  47th  foot;  lieut.«  to  the  forces  serving  in  Jamaica ;  major 
cdI.  Geo.  McGregor,  59th  foot;  lieut.-  Thos. Drake,  permanent assist.-quarter« 
ooI.  R.  George  Elrington,  47th  foot;  master-gen.,  to  be  deputy  quarter- 
lieat^-eoL  John  W.  Mallett,  86th  foot ;  roaster-gen.  to  the  forces  serving  in  the 
fieat-col.  Wm.  Smelt,  4l8t  foot ;  lieut-  Mediterranean,  with  the  rank  of  lieut.- 
cd.  Michael  Cbilders,  1 1  Drag. ;  lieut-  col.  in  the  army;  major  W.  Vincent, 
ed.  John  Wm.  O'Donaghue,  47th  foot ;  82nd  foot,  to  be  permanent  assistant 
iietit.€ol.  Henry  Godwin,  4l8t  foot;  quarter-master-gen. 
Beot^ori.  hon.  John  Finch  half-pay.  Unattached. — ^To  be  lieut«col.  of  Inf. 
Unattached ;  lieut-col.  Robt.  H.  Sale,  miyor  John  Hogg,  24th  foot ;  m^r 
13tb  foot ;  capt.  Henry  Ducie  Chads,  Holman  Custance,  50th ;  major  Edw. 
R*  N.;  capt.  Fred.  Marryatt,  R.  N. ;  Jackson,  20th;  brevet  lieut-coL  hon. 
lieut-col.  Wm.  Frith,  38th  foot ;  lieut.-  John .  Finch,  38th  ;  migor  H.  J.  Rich- 
col.  Francis  Fuller,  £9th  foot ;  lieut-  ardson,  9th  Light  Drag.  Royal  Art., 
eol.  Matthias  Everard,  14th  foot ;  lieut*  major  Robert  H.  Birch,  to  be  lieut-col. 
col.  Cecil  Bisbnpp,  I4th  foot ;  nugor  Jas.  Staff:  Migor  C.  Yorlie,  to  be  inspect- 
UBasden,  89th  fioot;  nugor  Peter  L.  ing  field  officer  of  Militia  in  Nova  Scotia 
Chambers,  41st  foot  ;miyor  Geo.  Thorn-  (with  the  rank  of  lieut-col.  in  the 
hill,  13th  foot ;  major  Wm.  H.  Dennie,  army). 

13th  foot  5  commander  XSeo.  F.  Ryves,  Unattached.-^To   be  lieut.-cols.    of 

lUN.  Inf.  msyor  J.  H.  Mair,  7th  foot ;  m^or 

The  undermentioned  officers  in  the  J.  T.  Morisset,  48th ;  major  A.  Stisted, 

E.I.C.  to  be  K.B. — lieut.-col.  Steven-  1st  Drag. ;  major  sir  J.  R.  Eustace,  14th 

wn;  lieut-col.  Wm.  Richards;  lieut-  foot. 

col.  James  Brodie ;    lieut.-col.    Thos.  23.  3rd  reg.  Foot  Guards,  lieut.  and 

Whitehead  ;    lieut-col.    Alex.     Fair  ;  capt.  hon.  Edward  Stopford  to  be  capt. 

rieot-ooL  Clements  Browne  ;  lieut-col.  and  lieut-col. 

Edir.  W.  Snow  ;   lieut..ool.  Christ  S.  27tli  Foot :  lieut.-gen.  hon.  sir  Gal- 

Fagsn;    lieut-col.    Alfred    Richards;  braith   Lowry  Cole,  G.C.B.    to    be 

lieut-rol.    Steph.    Nation;    lieut-col.  colonel,  tftV^  marquis  of  Hastings,  dec 

Brook  B.  Parlby ;  lieut.-col.  Chas.  Hop-  34th  Foot :  lieut-gen.  sir  Thos.  Mac- 

kinson;    lieut-col.    John    Delamain  ;  dougall  Brisbane,  K.C.B.  to  be  colonel, 

lieut-col.  Ilio.  Wilson  ;  lieut-coL  Geo.  16.  Si,  ./iEimet'f.— Joseph  FuUer,  esq. 

PoUock;  lient-col.  Henry  S.  Pepper;  lieut-gen.,  col.  96th  foot,  and  knight 

Heat-col.  Wm.C.  Baddeley;  lieut.-col.  grand  cross  of  the  royal  Hanoverian 

Jas.  Wahab,  lieut-col.  Jas.   Skinner;  Guelphic order, knighted, 

major  Cornelius  Bowyer ;  major  Richard  22.  Major-gen.  the  hon.  F.  C.  Caven- 

U  Evans;   major  Wm.   L.   Watson;  dish,  to  be  lieut-governor  of  Malta  and 

nn^  Geo.  Hunter.  its  dependencies.             , 

29.  The  duke  of  Wellington  to  be  Unattached, — Mi^or  hon.  Edw.  Cust, 

constable  of  the  Tower  of  London,  and  20th  foot,  to  be  lieut.-col.  of  Inf. 

lieutenant  and  custos  rotulorum  of  the  To  l^e   majors   of  Inf.  capt  Robert 

Tower  Hamlets,  vice  marquess  of  Hast-  Carlisle  Pollock,  90th  foot;  capt  Aubrey 

»ngs,  dec.  Wm.  Beauclerk,  99lh  Foot. 

^  Fof^'^-c^— Patrick  Campbell,  28.  84th  reg.  of  foot,  to  bear  on  its 

esq.  to  be  secretary  to  his  majesty's  colours   and   appointments   the    word 

legation  to  the  republic  of  Colombia.  ''India, ''in  commemoration  of  its  services 

Richard  Pakenham,  esq.  to  be  secre-  in  that  part  of  the  world  from  the  year 

tary  to  his  majesty's  legation  to  the  1796  to  1819. 

UAited  States  of  Mexico.  1st  reg.  foot,2nd  bat  13th  ditto,  38th, 

C.  Hall,  esq.  to  be  secretary  to  his  41st,  44th,  45th,  47th,  54th,  87th,  and 

majesty's  legation  to  the  Confederated  89th;  to  bear  the  word  "  Ava,"  in  com- 

Slates  of  the  Swiss  Cantons.  memoratk>n   of  their  services  during 

U.  ^<n%ifl^.^l7th  Drag,;  mf\jof  the  late  Burmese  war, 


tlB      ANNUAL   REGISTER^   1826. 

D£ATH8r-]>»a  1835. 

Uth  wf%.  Ugkt  T>n%^  16lh  dittOi  BeMetbk'^DMoMMbc,'' 
14th  reg.  of  foot,  fi9th  ditto,  to  bear  Um 
«wrd  ^Bhxattfon,"  in  commeinora- 
tittiflftiieiriennoM  ta  llie  MsaaUaad 
capture  of  the  fortified  tomi  Mul  oitadel 
<tf  Bhwrtym^  in  Jm.  IttS. 

Bnmiz  BMor JL  J« Snodgms^  ta ke 
Ikitt^coLlBthaarm]^ 

iLidi.  ByMWi  en-  te  be  aaoMlary  tp 
tk»  Beard  flC  Offdiuace,  ffce  W.  Giiftn^ 


catalogues,  M.  Barbier  pubUshed ' 
^la  Btbliolbeqiia  4>db  Hmmm  de 
Goat,"  i  wit.  g«o.  FMi^  18064flL 
"  Ezaiara  Critkae  etQimpliMil  te 
I>iolk>iUMane  HUteriq<ai»»*  (ho.  ia» ; 
naoy  bibliamphicai  artidaa  i»  the 
'•  DimiMmIre  UlMflrimie.''  He  likt- 
wiea  edited  a  wiety  of  «« 
etveral  nanuicriplik 

7.  BaMdatta  Dalbese, 
cialary  of  tka  Aeadaimr  of 
Moastunmt  PavwiBrrt.  ConaMroe,  and  Arm  Vi 

llev.WDavi8on,HartiiigdonDeanciy,     SfSS^thl^nS'S  dewlai  ifce 
eounty  «f  Derby.  ^,^1^  ^'l^  1^  ^^  ^  oidlratiea 

MmiiBBS  aannuoDTo  PAiiuiMBwr.  agrienltuw  mora  aarticidariy  aonvM 

Omhndg9  Vnh^^JBkv  h  S.  Copley  me  allemiaii,    Hia  Meaioir  idaidveli 

IcnUfcf.  a  new  proceea  of  maknig  vtee ; 

LothtUJUei,^.>JjnMt  lioii.  Edw.  Cust,  DigeertatioB  on  the  caHua  of 

•Me  rtr  Ales.  Ciay  Giant.  bart«  who  baa  planU,  which  he  propaaed  to  i 

made  hie  eleotion  (or  tha  borough  of  into  Italy,  obtained  for  baa  apriae 

Aldborongh.  the  Academy  of  Verona.    Tfaal»  lae» 

&i;e«A..-Maior.gen.  Colin  Macaoley,  of  the  «  Qeoroo&li,'*  at  Plarcaea,  pre- 

trice  Henry  Monteitb,  esq.  steward  of  sentad  him  wi»  a  fold  medal  fierhaviag 


BastHondred. 


DEATHS. 

DECEMBER,  1835. 

5.  Antoine  Alexandre  Barbiar,  cha* 
vftlier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and 
librarian  to  the  Coneeil  d'Etat.  This 
eminent  bibliographer  was  bom  at 
Coulommiers,  Jan.  Uth,  1765,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  oeminaire  St.  Firmin,  Psris, 
where  he  afterwards  taught  mathematics 
and  the  physical  sciences.  It  was  at 
this  latter  period  that  his  passion  for 
the  study  of  bibliography  and  literary 
history  developed  itMlf.  In  1799  he 
was  appointed  Conservateur  of  the  Li*    very  illiuTtrious  Russian 


discussed  tha  beet  method  of  prnria^i 
abundance  of  wood,  and  the  lama* 
veniences  resulting  to  agtiealtave  ftom 
its  exoess.  As  a  translatflr  ha  ia  kaoaa 
by  his  version  of  tha  GeoifieB,  ef  aosse 
of  Horace^  Epistles,  CaUmaa'  Nnptith 
of  PeleusandThetia,lDe.  Hallhiaist 
wrote  a  DissertatiSD  on  the  Osigia  «f 
the  AaH»bitbeatre  at  Veioaa.  In  ha 
private  efaareoler  Delbeae  was  bbmI 
exemplary ;  a  man  of  tha  strieteat  re- 
ligions prindplea*  the  paieat  laaNii^ 
and  universsl  pbihuilhca|)|u 

26.  At  8L  PetarsiHRv,  caool  If.  A. 
Miloradovitch*  This  dietii«^shai  sA. 
oer,  of  whose  death  soma  amoat  wii 
be  found  in  tha  History  oC  oar  hsl 
voluine,  p.  163,  was  descended  6am  a 

lathi 

of  Ui 

signalised  hims^  l^his 


bmry  of  the  Directory,  and  in  1800  of     reign  of  Peter  the  Great, 
that  of  the  Conseil  d'EUt,  of  which,     ancestors  sigmOised  himselr  i^  nn  pa- 
after  three  years'  labour,  he  published     triotism,  having  nosed  a  luea  of  W^Jm 
an  excellent  catalogue.    In  1806  ap- 
peared the  two  first  volumes  of  his  ^Dio- 
tionnaire  des   Ouvrages  Anonymes  at 
Pseudonymes.**  After  filling  for  twenty- 
seven  years  his  office  as  librarian,  and 
discbaiging  all  its  duties,  not  only  with 
devot^sMl.  but  with  enthusiasm,  he 
was  removed  from  that  post  in  Sept. 
1838,    Although  he  bore  this  misfor- 
tune  with   philosophy,  and  apparent 
tranquillity,  itwaa  a  shook  from  which 

he  never  recovered  i   and,  from  this     play  less  eneigy  in  tba  battle^ 

period,  his  health  (pradually  declincdr    tbaJi  so  nampnibli  for  tti  4dm  4  *• 


men  at  his  own  expense,  to 
monaroh  in  his  war  againat  the  Taihb 
The  count  was  bom  in  1770,  and,  at  the 
age  of  38,  held  a  command  under  Savamv 
during  the  campaign  in  Italy,  where  ha 
bravery  and  military  skill  aooo  chtsiasd 
for  him  the  admiration  and  lagaidif 
that  hero.  In  the  aotioas  at  Baas^^aai^ 
Lodi,  &c.  he  distinguished  hbaoetf  ly 
his  intrspidity,  and  was  alwavs  ~ 
to  lead  on  the  troopa;  nor  aid  he 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         «19 


D£ATHS.--JAsr. 
anas  ia  Svitaerlandy   under    be  mentioaed,  the  park  oC  ike  prinoen 
In]8p6,  in  the  war  against    Carignano*,    the    repairs    and  altera- 
tions o£  the  Theatre  la  Canobiana  at 
Milan;   most  of  the  scenery  for  the 
mythological   ballets    of  Vlfl;aiio  and 
Gioja;   the  restoration  of  tne  great 
Uravela,     and    obtataed     for    Theatre  at  Naples,  and  of  that  at  Monsa; 
iBflB  a  sirord  set  vith  brilliaatSy  as  a    besides  several  theati«s  and  (jpurdeos  in 
mark  of  the  emperor^  esteem.    Soon    Pitdmont 


tte  Tnrifls,  Bucharest  owed  its  safety 
t*  tbe  nakar  of  Milorado?itch»  and  the 
•plemiid  victory  sained  at  ObUesht!, 
over   the  Qraaa  Viaer,   gained   him 


afterwards,  he  retired  from  the  army, 
and,  in  1810,  was  apjpointed  Milita^ 
Qawmmat  at  Kiev.  The  events  of  the 
1812  again  called  him  to  the  de« 
af  his  coantrv.  At  Borodino  he 
ided  tbe  right  wing  of  the  Ros- 
anoy,  and  when  the  French  were 
advancing  with  the  utmost  precipitation 
towards  Moscow,  intercepted  and  de- 
tained them  by  a  combat  of  two  entire 
daym.  He  demanded  from  Marat  time 
fog  the  inhabitants  of  that  capital  to 
^itthedty,  threatenicu^,  in  case  of  a 
re&sal,  to  set  fire  to  it  himself  and  to 
%ht  befiMe  it  to  the  last  extremity. 
This  menace  had  its  desired  effect. 
At    Vazmy    he     obtained    successes 

X'nst  Ney,  Pavoust,  and  Murat, 
m  he  there  completely  routed.  On 
this  occasion,  15,000  of  the  French 
troops  fell  in  the  engagement,  and 
33,000  were  taken  prisoners.  When 
the  enemy  had  been  driven  beyond  tbe 
Rossian  frontier,  Miloradovitch  still 
Gootinned  to  display  his  talents  in  the 
whole  of  the  memorable  contests  be- 
tween the  allied  powers  and  France. 
Lataeett,  Dresden,  Bautzen,  Kulm,  and 
Leipag,  successively  witnessed  his 
successes,  till  at  length  the  victo- 
rious armies  entered  Paris.    From  this 


pniod  he  was  appointed  governor  of    Booth  of  Bristol 


JANUARY,  1836. 

1.  At  Glasgow,  aged  83;  Mr.  John 
Bell,  teacher  of  languages.  He  was 
acquainted  with  the  Latin,  Greek,  He- 
brew, French,  German,  Spsnish,  Italian, 
Dutch,  Saxon,  Teutonic,  Gothic,  Ice- 
landic, Portuguese,  Ambic,  Persic, 
Cbaldaic,  Sanscrit,  Hindostanee,  Ben« 
galee,  and  several  other  languages. 

—  At  his  residence,  Burton  Brad- 
stock,  Dorset*  Nicholas  Ingram,  eso. 
superannuated  rear-admiral  of  the  reoL 
He  was  made  a  lieut.  by  adm.  Byron,  in 
1778,  and  appointed  to  the  Roj/al  Oak, 
bearing  tbe  flag  of  rear-admiral  Hyde 
Parker,  who  promoted  him  to  the  rank 
of  commander  in  1780,  from  which  pe. 
riod,  until  the  peace  of  1783,  he  com- 
manded the  Star  brig.  His  next  ap. 
S ointment  wa&  in  Oct.  1790,  to  the 
hark  sloop  ot  war,  and  on  the  3rd  of 
the  following;  month  he  became  post 
captain.  From  1797  to  the  peace  of 
Amiens,  and  from  the  renewal  of  the 
war  in  1803  to  the  date  of  his  superan- 
nuation as  rear-admiral  (May  31,  1808), 
he  commanded  the  Weymouth  district 
of  Sea  Fencibles.  He  married  in  1811 
Elizabeth- Anne, ^daugh.  of  the  late  Mr. 


St.  Petersburg,  which  has  at  various 
times  experienced  his  zeal  and  services, 
especially  after  tbe  inundation.  He 
restored  and  embellished  Ekaterinhof, 
and  renovated  the  house  belonging  to 
Peter  the  Great.    He  was  abo  a  warm 


—  At  Marston  House,  aged  37>  Edm. 
Wm.  vise.  Dungarvon,  eldest  son  of 
Edmund,  8th  earl  of  Cork  and  Orrery, 
by  Isabella  Henrietta,  3rd  daugh.  of  the 
late  William  Poyntz,  esq.  of  Midgham 
House,  Berks.    His  last  surviving  bro- 


krver  of  the  fine  arts,  and  especially  of    ther,  Charles,  bom  in  1800,  is  now  heir 


die  theatre.  Miloradovitch  was  buried 
within  the  convent  of  St.  Alexander 
Kevsky,  on  the  3nd  of  Jan.  1826,  when 
bis  remains  were  followed  to  the  grave 
by  the  Emperor,  and  were  deposited 
near  those  oi  tbe  great  Suvarov,  with 
every  mark  of  honour. 

—  Aged  G8,  J.  Pregliasco,  an  artist 
of  great  celebrity  in  Itfuy  as  a  theatrical 
srdiitect,  scene-painter,  and  landscape 
oardener,  in  each  of  which  departments 
be  displayed  originalitv  and  correct 
tNtt.    Amonf  his  principal  works  may 


apparent  to  his  father's  titles. 

3.  The  hon.  Wm.  Bacheler  Coltman, 
late  chairman  of  the  board  of  audit  at 
Quebec,  and  a  member  of  the  executive 
and  legislative  councils  of  Lower  Canada, 

3.  At  Marseilles,  aged  £4,  Louis 
Gabriel  Suchet,  duke  of  Albufera.  Hav- 
ing received  a  good  education,  he  en* 
tered  the  army  in  1793.  At  Toulon,  he 
was  an  ofiicer  In  the  battalion  by  which 
general  O'Hara  was  taken  prisoner.  He 
was  in  nearly  all  the  battles  fought  111 
Italy  during  the  csaropaigos  of  1794, 


220      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.-^Air. 
1795,  and  1797>  and  was  thrice  wounded,    nouri  with   an  endowment  of  90g000 
once  dangerously.     In  the  last  of  these     francs ;  and  in  1808,  he  raised  him  to 
campaigns,  Buonaparte  made  him  chef    the  dignity  of  a  count  of  the  empire, 
de  bri^e  on  the  field  of  battle.    In     The  king  of  Saxony  also  nominated  him 
1798,  having  borne  a  distinguished  part    a  commander  of  l^e  military  order  cf 
in  the  campaign  against  the  Swiss,  he     St  Henry.    Suchet  was  then  sent  \a 
was  sent  to  Paris  with  twenty-three     Spain,  and  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
standards  taken  from  the  enemy,  and     army  of  Arragon.    In  1809,  he  defeated 
was  then  made  general  of  brigade.    He     Blake  at  Belchite ;  in  1810  he  reduced 
was  about  to  proceed  with  the  expedi'     Lerida,  Mequinensa,  Tortoza,  Fort  Saa 
tion  to  Egypt,  when  he  was  suddenly     Felipe,  Monserrat,  Tarragona,  and  Sa- 
ordered  to  join    the   army  of  Italy,     gunturo ;  routed  O'Donoel  at  Maz^akf, 
But  from  Italy,  in  consequence  of  a     and  Blake  before  Saguntnm,  and  fbrraed 
quarrel  with  the  commissioners  of  the     the  siege  of  Valencia.    The  fall  of  that 
Directory,  Suchet    was    compelled   to     fortress    finished  the    labours  of  this 
return  hastily  to  France  to  vindicate     campaign,  and  obtained  for  him  the 
his  conduct.    He  was  afterwards  sent  title  of  duke  of  Albufera,  and  the  estate 
to  the   army  of  the  Danube,  at   the     of  that   name.    He    had    previously, 
head  of  which  he  exerted  himself  in  at  the  capture  of  Tarragona,  received 
defending  the  country  of  the  Grisons.  a  marshars   staff.    In  1813,  th^  com- 
Joubert,  his  friend,  having  been   in-  mand  of  the  united  armies  of  Arra^oa 
trusted  with  the  command  of  the  army  and  Catalonia  having  been  confided  to 
of  Italy,  Suchet  joined  him  as  general  him,    he  compelled  sir  John  Murray 
of  division  and  chief  of  his  staff;  ap^  to     raise     the    siege    of    TarragoBa. 
pointments  which  he  continued  to  hold  In  November  he  was  named  c(£mtl' 
under  Moreau  and  Championnet,  after  general  of  the  Imperial  Guards,  in  the 
the  death  of  Joubert.    Massena,  who  room  of  the  duke  of  Istria.    Notwith- 
succeeded  Championnet,  made  him  se-  standing  the  progress  of  lord  Welling- 
cond  in  command.    At  the  head  of  a  ton  in  France,  Suchet  kept  his  grou^ 
feeble  division  of  not  7,000  men,  he  long  in  Catalonia,  for  the  purpose  of  collect- 
held  at  bay  five  times  the  number  of  ing  the  18,000  men  who  garrisoned  the 
Austrian  forces  under  Melas,  contested  fortresses,  and  also  for  retarding  the 
the  Genoese  territory  inch  by  inch,  re-  progress  of  the  Allies.    Receiving  in- 
tired  unbroken  behind  the  Var,  set  the  telligence  of  the  abdication  of  Bnooa- 
enemy  at  defiance,  saved  the  south  of  parte,  he  acknowledged  Louis  18th  as 
France  from  invasion,  and  facilitated  his  sovereign.  Several  honours,  among^ 
the  operations  of  the  army  of  reserve,  which  was  that  of  his  being  named  one 
which  was  advancing   from   Dijon  to  of  the  peers  of  France,  were  conferred 
cross  the  Alps.    When,  in  consequence  on  him  by  the  restored  monarch.    Oa 
of  the  march  of  Buonaparte,  the  A  us-  the  return  of  Buonaparte,  he  accepted 
trians  commenced  their  retreat,  he  fol-  a  command  under  his  old  master,  to 
lowed  in   their  track,    harassed  them  repel  the  Allies.    At  the  head  of  the 
incessantly,  took  15,000  prisoners,  and,  army  of  the  Alps,  consisting  only  of 
by   compelling   Mclas  to   weaken  his  10,000  men,  he  beat  the  Piednumtese, 
army,    to    oppose     him,    contributed  and  shortly  after  the  Austrians.    The 
powerfully  to  the  victory  of  Marengo,  advance  of  tlie  grand  Austrian  army. 
In  the    short  campaign   subsequently  however,  100,000  strong,  compelled  him 
to  the  armistice,    be  took  4,000  pri-  to  fall  back  on  Lyons,  but  be  saved  that 
soners  at  Pozzolo,  and  shared  in  the  city  from  plunder  by  capitulation,  and 
batUes  that  were  fought.    In  1803,  he  with  it  artillery  stores  to  the  value  of 
commanded  a  corps  at  the  camp  at  half  a  million  sterling.    On  the  same 
Boulogne.    He  was  made  a  member  of  day  that  the  capitulation  was  signed,  be 
the  Legion  of  Honour,  Dec.  11,  1803,  again  submitted  to  Louis   18th.     He 
grand  ofiicer  of  that  body  in  1804  ;  and  received  the  grand  cross  of  t^  Legion 
governor  of  the  imperial  palace  at  Lacken  of  Honour  in  1816,  and  in  1819  hit 
in  1805.  At  Ulm,  Hollabrun,  and  Aus-  name  was  replaced  on  the  list  of  peers, 
terlitz  in  1805 ;  at  Saalfield  and  Jena  in  For  some  time  previous  to  his  decease 
1806 ;  and  at  Pultusk  in  1807,  he  greatly  the  duke    of  Albufera  resided  priod- 
oontributed  to  the  success  of  the  French  pally   at    Marseilles.      He    l^ul   beeo 
arms.    In  1806,  Buonaparte  gave  him  afflicted  nearly  two  years  with  a  severe 
the  grand  cordon  of  the  Legion  of  Ho-  and  painful  cuBorder.    In  the  few 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


221 


DEATHS.— Jak. 

mento  daring  the  last  fimr  days  of  his  7.  At   Liverpool,  aged  70,  sir  Wm. 

hfe  in  which  he  was  sensible,  he  made  Barton,  knt.  one  of  the  oldest  merchants 

his  win,  in  full  posiiession  of  his  fecuN  of  that  port,  head  of  the  firm  of  Barton^ 

ties.    In  the  evening  of  the  2nd  of  Jan.  Irlam,  and  Htgginson.     He  had    the 

haying  recovered  from  a  state  of  de-  honour  of  knighthood  conferred  on  him 

[ifiPMy  he  confessed,  and  received  the  May  9, 1816,  on  presenting,  as  mayor 

extreme  unction.     The  remainder  of  of  Liverpool,  an  address  of  congratula- 

5^  night  he  was  calm  and  composed  ;  lion  to  the  regent,  on  the  marriage  of 


but,  after  seven  in  the  morning  of  the 
3rd,  be  did  not  again  become  sensible. 
The  dachess  left  Marseilles  for  Paris 
with  her  children  two  or  three  days 
after  his  decease. 

5,  At  Fariinghay  Hall,  near  Wood- 
bridge,  aged  80,  Mary,  relict  of  ma- 
jor William  Webb.  She  was  eldest 
<laiigfater  of  air  Atwell  Lake,  second 


the  princess  Charlotte  of  Wales. 

—  At  the  house  of  herl  son,  Dr. 
Davis,  in  the  Royal  Crescent,  Bath, 
aged  80,  the  relict  of  Robert  Davis, 
esq.  of  WooUey  Hill,  near  Bradford, 
Wilts. 

8.  In  Everett-street,  Russell-sqnare, 
aged  42,  capt.  Charles  Adams,  R.N. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  the  year  1796, 


baronet,  of  Edmonton,  Middlesex,  by     as  midshipman.    A  few  months  before 
Mary,  only  daughter  of  James  Winter,     he  had  completed  his  sixth  year  in  that 
esq.  of  Mile  End;  and  was  sister  to  the     capacity,  he  particularly  distinguished 
late,  and  aunt  to  the  present  baronets.       himself  in  the  Jalousie^  commanded  by 
6.  At  his  house  in  Howland-street,    capt.  Strachey,  by  whom  he  was  em- 
aged  60,  Mr.  John  Farey.      He  was     ployed  to  cut  out  some  vessels  in  Calais 
bom  at  Woburn,  in  1766,  and  received     Harbour,  in  achieving  which  he  receiv- 
a  common  village  education  there,  but     ed  a  ball  in  the  thigh,  which  lamed  him 
at  the  age  of  sixteen  wass  en  t  to  school  at     for  life.    His  conduct  was  reported  in 
Halifia,  Yorkshire,  where  he  so  pleased     such  strong  terms  of  approbation  to  the 
bis  master,  that  he  gratuitously  instruct-     Admiralty,    that   he    was   ordered   to 
ed  him  in  mathematics  and  philosophy,    attend  as  soon  as  possible  to  pass  for 
He  also  studied  drawing  and  survej^ng,     lieutenant.    The  admiralty  board  evinc* 
tad  was  recommended  to  the  notice  of    ed  their  confidence  in  him,  by  keeping 
the  celebrated  Mr.  Smeaton.   Mr.  Farey     him   constantly  employed  in    the  sea 
Ud  the  good  fortune  to  become  known 
U>  the  late  duke  of  Bedford,  and  to  ac- 
quire tbe  confidence  of  that  nobleman, 
vho   in    1792  appointed   him  to  the 
agen^   of   his   Bedfordshire    estates. 
Mr.  Farey,  in    consequence,    went  to 
reside  at  Woburn,  and  continued  there 
till  the  death  of  his  patron  in  1802.    In 
1809  and  1810  Mr.  Farey  made  a  survey 
of  Dcrbjrshire  for  the  board  of  agricul- 
tore;  and  his  report,  printed  in  two 
▼olames,  1811-1813,  contains  a  etate- 
JMnt  of  the  principles  which  he  follow- 
ed in  mineral  surveying.    He  availed 
himself  of  every  opportunity  of  aug- 
menting his  knowledge  of  the  strata 
throughout  Britain,  and  collected  innu- 
jnerable  specimens  to  establish   their 
identihr  in  different  places.     A  great 
prt  of  his  time  was  spent  in  collecting 
his  observations,  and  in  forming  maps 
Btu)  sections  from  them,  to  determine 
the  ordeir  and  position  of  the  strata  in 
«very  place  which  he  visited.    He  in- 
tended to  publish  the  results,  but  their 
^^wnpletion  was  prevented  by  the  attack 
of  apoplexy  which  terminated  his  use- 
^  life.    He  married  early,  and  bad  a 


fencibles,  signal  posts,  and  guard-ships. 
At  length,  after  being  18  years  a  lieu- 
tenant, and  24  in  his  majesty's  service, 
he  was  made  commander  in  Feb.  1824. 

—  At  Moscow,  count  Rostopchin.  He 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  Russian 
family.  Entering  tbe  army  very  young, 
he  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  imperial 
guards  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  when 
he  left  Russia  to  make  the  tour  of 
Europe.  At  Berlin  he  was  distin* 
guished  by  count  Michael  Romanzov, 
the  Russian  ambassador  at  the  Prussian 
court.  During  the  early  part  of  the 
reign  of  the  emperor  Paul,  his  advance- 
ment was  rapid  and  brilliant.  He  was 
decorated  with  the  grand  order  of 
Russia;  and,  with  his  &ther  (living  at 
the  age  of  eighty-one,  on  his  own  estate, 
at  the  time  of* the  memorable  campaign  of 
1812),  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  count. 
Soon  afterwards,  however,  from  some 
unknown  cause,  both  father  and  son  fell 
into  disgrace,  and  received  an  order  to 
retire  to  their  estates,  on  which  they 
lived,  as  cultivators  of  the  soil,  till  the 
death  of  Paul.  The  young  count  ob- 
tained the  favour  of  the  emperor 
Alexaixderi  and  was  appointed  to  the 


328      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


leiy;   ^  Eluibotk;  7.  Muigvti;  K 
R^.l  mmL  le.  fid««a^  «kft  dM  iA 

ofg«A.  Soiperby. 
—  At  lOs  houMv  RaliuMiits, 

JuMaAUea*  kte  of  Umj^  ~ 


DEATIi8.--JAX. 
govtrnaetU  of  Mosao«»  Oathie  14th  Ralph,4iedfMng;4.  Mur;r;4. 
of  Seytenibtr,  1812,  tbe  French  entered 
that  city;  and  oa  the  same  day  the 
Rittsiaii8|  aooordiog  to  the  20th  Preach 
httl|etifl  of  the  campaign,  aet  ire  io 
various  puhlic  edifices  of  that  ancieat 
ca^tdL  Buooaparte  accmsed  oouni 
RostffchiA  of  the  act.  Certain  it  is 
that  tne  count  had  set  fire  to  his  fine 
country  house  at  Vorosoao^  leaving  the 

following  placard  oonspicuoosiy  posted    formerly  port  snrv^for  of 
near   ths    milMi^n: — '^  Durin|(  eight     magistoateof  theeenn^ef  KiUve,! 
years  X  have  sought  to  emhellish  this    late  treasurer  of  the  ocdaaace.    He 
country  residence,  where  I  have  lived     tered  the  mililsiry  setrke  of  fats 
happily  with  my  ftonily.    The  inhabit-  ' 

ants  01  this  estate,  to  the  number  of 
172€k»  abandon  it  at  your  approach ;  and 
I  destroy  my  house  that  it  may  not  be 
sullied  by  your  presence.  Frenchmen  I 
I  abandon  to  you  mv  two  houses  at 
Moscow.  Here  you  shall  find  nothing 
but  ashes.''  The  count  remained  gover- 
nor of  Moscow  till  the  month  oi  Sep- 
tember 1814,  when  he  resigned  the 
command,  and  accompanied  his  sove- 
r^gn  to  '^^nna.  In  the  year  1817  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  during  his  stay  in 
that  capital  he  gave  the  hand  of  his 
daughter  to  the  grandson  of  thp.  count 
de  Segnr«  His  manners  and  conversa- 
tion were  as  polished  as  those  of  the 
most  accomplished  courtier  in  Europe. 

9*  InUfkner  Charlotte-«treet,  in  his 
64th  y^ar.  Ur.  Edward  Fryer.  Distin- 
guished ability,  various  mi  extensive 
knowledge,  strict  probity*  end  unsullied 
honour,  united  with  the  most  prompt, 
ardent*  independent,  and  generous  feel- 
ings, aaomed  by  the  most  engaging  and 
gentlemanly  manners,  combined  to  ren~ 
der  him  beloved  and  admired  by  all 
who  knew  htm. 

10.  In  her  79th  year,  Elisabeth,  relict 
of  the  rev.  Hugh  Laurents,  formerly  of    were  against  its  full  sncoess*    Its 
Kingston,  reclor  of  Grafion  Flymrd,     title  proved  injurioos:  it 
Worcestershirei 

*-  At  Richmond,  Surrey,  sir  David 
Dundas,  first  baronet,  of  Richmond,  and 
of  Llanelly,  county  of  Carmarthen,  and 
seijeant  surgeon  to  the  king.  Sir  David 
derived  his  descent  from  the  ancient 
fiunily  of  Dundas,  of  tluit  ilk.    He  was 

the  tnird  son  of  Raloh  Dundas,  of  lapse  of  years ;  even  up  to  a 
Manour,  by  Helen,  daughter  of  sir  Thoa.  nod,  Mrs.  Siddons,  who  hnd 
Burnetr  {mysidan  to  king  Charies  the  very  early  period  of  her  UBt< 
second,  king  William,  and  oueen  Anne,  ant  upon  lus  mothei^  was  » I  ^ 
He  married  Isabella,  daoghterofWil-  ever-weloome  guest  at  bit  scat  nt 
liam  Robertson,  of  Richaond,  esq.  by  Clifif.  Mr.  GrsaUMMid  had  «••  as% 
whom  he  had  issue^  1.  WUUam,  died  an  Bertie,  who  died  at  Yioenca,  ia  U^^l 
infant ;  2.  WUliam,  bom  Dec  10, 1777,  Oet.  8, 1804,  ^  23,  Mr.  6i  Batfiwi 
who  baa  succeeded  tp  the  titles  3.  Gee.-    jun.  possessed  ^'"*' — '-^-^  *■ 


at  so  eariy  an  age  as  to  ba«a  held  tfas 
rank  of  Uentenaat  in  17^. 

la.  At  Under^de  Pads,  Roata^ 
shire,  aged  70i|  Geow  WaMSev 
dersyde,  and  of  Forth  henso, 
upon-Tyne. 

16.  At  Gvef9  C^  Bcaf 
aged  66,  after  a  fnr 
Bertie  Greathead,  esq.  soa  of 
Greathead,  esq.  by  huly  Mhsir 
daughter  of  Peregrine^  aeoona 
AniMster.  Thi<gentfcemaii»froin  snemjy 
age,  was  distingniehed  ftr  has  taste  ■ 
literature.  At  Fleeence^  ki  iTtf,  he 
was  a  member  of  a  weU-knoivB  O0lcci% 
consisting  of  Mr*  Awooiib,  ifea.  Pioai^ 
the  chevalier  PindeMonta  (mmet  sbM 
«'the  Italian  Gray"),  hvly  MUat^  Mrw 
Merry,  &&,  who  jmntiy  pcodnoid  Iht 
Florence  MiseeUany,  and  isen  aofeae- 
quently  exposed  to  mneh  vortifioation 
by  foUing  under  the  lash  of  Mr.  GiSbeA 
powerful  and  unsparing  satire,  in  his 
"  Baviad  and  Mssviad."  In  1788^  MIl 
Greathead  produced  a  tmgedy,  entiDs^ 
^<  The  Regent.*'  It  «m  brought  0A  si 
Drury-laae  theatre^  supported  by  the 
powers  €i  John  Kemhle  and  Ma.  81^ 
dons;  but  the  cinmmelnnees  of  the  tisss 


the  illness  of  the  late  king,  when  pa«to 
politios  ran  high,  and  the  public  iBBa 
was  much  agitated  by  dii 
specting  the  regency.  The  piny, 
not  of  the  highest  order,  w« 
received.   Mr.  Greathead*s 
the  drama  was  not  evUngoislindbytfca 


afta 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         S83 


•  UlUiiMii  artht.  He  liad  married  in 
Fnnee,  and  be  left  one  daughter,  mar- 
ried an  tbe  SOdi  ifaroh,  1H23,  to  lord 
Gbaries  Perey,  eon  of  the  eari  of  Bever- 
le]r.  Mr.  Greatbead  was,  in  hk  politi- 
cal principles,  an  ardent  aad  oonaittent 
UimA  of  dvil  and  reKgious  freedom  ; 
but,  altfaflogfa  repeatedly  solicited  to  re- 
poBMt  bis  county  town  in  Parliament 
be  iBvariabiy  dedkied  the  honour.  In 
1919.  Mr.  Grealbead  derired  a  large 
aeccfsion  of  fortoaei  on  the  unexpected 
death  of  the  faon.  Brownlow-Charles  Col- 
year«  oidy  »n  of  the  viscount  MiUing- 
Um  (noweail  of  Portmore),  and  grancU 


BEATH8.— Jav. 


health  being  much  impaired,  he  was 
induced  in  tlie  year  1784,  by  the  advice 
of  his  physicians  and  friends,  to  remove 
Into  a  more  temperate  dimate«  He  ac* 
cordingly  came  to  this  country^  aoeoai« 
panied  by  his  wife ;  and  though  not  re- 
stored to  his  former  health  and  strength 
be  received  so  mudi  benefit  as  to  be  in- 
duced to  remain  in  England.  He  settled 
in  Yoricshire;  and  purchased  a  bouse 
pleasantly  situated  at  Hol<^te,  a  smaU 
village  about  a  mile  from  the  dty  of 
York,  where  he  eentinued  to  res&de. 
The  weakness  of  his  limbs  gradually  tOr 
ereased ;  so  that  he  soon  found  himself 


son  mi  aniy  desocodant  of  Brownlow,  inouiableofwallcingmorethanafewstepi 

Mb  and  last  duke  of  Ancestor.    This  in  the  course  of  t£e  day,  without  great 

ynawg  iioUema  died  at  Rome,  in  eon-  inconvenience.    He  wae,  howevei^  able 

seqoenee  of  wounds  reeeivcd  in  an  en-  to  ride  in  bis  carriage  an  hour  or  t«« 

coonter  with  banditti.  every  day.     In  summer  he  was  fte- 

16.  In  Ireland,  aged  96,  after  a  few  qoently  mvn  about  bis  garden  in  a 

days  severe  illness,  Rose-Lsmbart,  eldeet  chair  made  for  that  purpose.  For  many 

■on  of  sir  Rose  Price,  first  baronet  of  years  previous  to  bis  deoease,  he  was 

Treogwainton,  Cornwall,  by  EHsabetfa,  wholly  confined  to  his  bouse ;  for  be 


yu— gwt  daughter  of  Charies  Lambert, 
of  fiean  Bsrk,  county  of  Meath,  esq.  and 
sister  to  the  late  countess  Talbot.  Mr. 
Price  married' Jan.  S6, 1824,  Catherine, 
widow  of  the  late  eari  of  Dysart,  the 
eldeit  daogh.  of  MaUrice  N.  O'Connor, 
esq.  Mr.  Price  was  the  atttbor  of  a 
poem  entitled  "  Ireknd." 

-^  At  Ids  residence*  Holdgate,  near 
Yorkf  aged  80,  Lindley  Murray,  esq 


found  that  even  a  very  small  degree  of 
bodily  exertion  ioereased  the  debility  of 
his  frame ;  and  that  exposure  to  the  air 
occasioned  frequent  and  severe  colds, 
together  with  other  indisposition.  De- 
prived of  the  usual  occupations  and 
amusements  of  life,  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  compose  literary  works,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  rising  generation.  In  this 
occupation    he   found  great  satlsfiu;- 


the  BwtboroftheSnglish  Grammar,  and    tion,  and   met  with  uncommon  cuc- 


of  otiier  worlcs  on  emication.  Mr.  Mur- 
ray was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  in  N. 
AmaHca;  bnt  he  resided  for  a  great 
part  of  his  life  at  New  York,  where  his 
ntber  was  a  distinguished  merchant. 
He  was  carefully  and  regulariy  educated, 
and  made  a  lanid  progress  in  learning. 
At  the  age  ot  19  he  commenoed  the 


cess.  The  first  work  which  he  publisbedt 
was  «<  The  Power  of  Religion  on  the 
Mind.''  His  «<  English  Grammar,  with 
the  Exercises  and  the  Key;'*  bis 
^'French  and  English  Reader;"  hie 
**  Abridgment  of  his  Grammar;''  and  his 
"  Spelling-Book,'*  have  all  reeeive4 
very  high  encomiums.    Having  begun 


stndy  of  Isw,  under  the  auspices  of  a  his  literary  career  from  disinterested 
geimeman  eminent  in  the  profession ;  motives,  he  constantly  devoted  all  the 
and  he  bad  for  bis  fellow  student  the  profits  of  his  publications  to  charitable 
celebimtod  Mr.  Jay.  At  the  expiration  and  benevolent  purposes* 
aitomr  years  Mr.  Murray  was  admitted  17.  Miss  Frances  Clare  Bower,  form- 
to  the  bar,  and  received  a  licence  to  eriy  of  Stockport,  and  late  of  Buxton, 
Iiraetlse  both  as  counsel  and  attorney,  one  of  the  daughters  and  co-heiresses  of 
n  all  the  eourto  of  the  state  of  New  the  kite  Buckley  Bower,  ezq.  of  Aspin- 


York.  In  this  profession  he  continued 
with  inereasing  reputation  and  success, 
till  the  troubles  in  America  interrupted 
ail  bnainesB  of  this  nature.  He  then 
engaged  in  mercantile  a&irs,  in  which 


•haw,  in  the  county  of  I>erby. 

—  At  Campsall  Gmoge,  near  Don- 
caster,  in  his  dSth  year,  John  FoUambe, 
esq.  late  of  Wakefield. 

—  At  Worcester,  aged  70,  Richard 


by  bia  diligence,  abilities,  and  respec-  Jones,  esq.  father  of  Mr.  R  Jones,  of 

tiSble  connexions,  he  aeon  acquired  a  Covent-garden  Theatre.  Mr.  Jones  was 

hasidsome  competeaey.     Having  been  an  eminent  architect  and  surveyor,  and 

alBieted  with  a  fever,  which  left  a  great  the  author  of  that  useful  work>  ^*  The 

hi  Ma  lMi$9  and  bia  geaanl  Builders'  Vade^Mecum," 


224      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.-— Jan. 

19.  At  his  house  in  Bruton-street,    building  of  churches. .  He  was  proceed- 

Wm.  Northey,  esq.  of  Box-hall  in  Wilt-     ing  in  his  gig  with  his  wife  to  hts  own 

ehire,  for  nearly  2K)  years  M.  P.  for  New-    residence  on  Balham-hill,    when    the 

port  in  Cornwall.    He  was  son  of  Wm.     shafts  broke,  and  precipitated  him  on 


Northey,  esq.  of  Ivy-house,  Wilts,  a 
groom  of  his  majesty's  bedchamber,  and 
successively  member  for  Calne,  Maid- 
stone, and  Great  Bedwin .  The  deceased 
sat  for  Newport  in  six  parliaments,  hav- 
ing been  first  elected  in  1796.  He  voted 
generally  with  the  Opposition.  During 
the  war  be  commanded  the  Box  Volun- 
teer In£intry,  amounting  to  80  rank  and 
file. 

—  At  L3^ington,  in  his  76th  year, 
Charles  St.  Barbe,  esq.  universally 
respected  by  the  town  and  neighbour- 
hood. For  the  last  forty  years,  he  tikd 
been  the  principal  proprietor  of  the 
salt  works  there ;  and  in  1788  he  estab- 
lished the  first  banking  business  in  the 
town. 

23.  At  Woolwich,  Samuel  Rimming- 
ton,  esq.  lieut.-general  of  the  Koyil 
Artillery. 


the  ground ;  his  skull  was  severely  &ae- 
tured,  and  he  died  in  a  few  days. 

30.  The  venerable  Reynold  Gideon 
Bowyer,  archdeacon  of  Northumberland, 
prebendary  of  Durham,  rect.  of  Howick, 
and  vicar  of  North  AUerton,  with  the 
chapelries  of  Brompton  and  Dightoo, 
all  in  the  county  of  Durham.  He  was 
of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  LL.B. 
1769,  was  appointed  prebendary  of 
Durham  in  1791,  was  presented  to 
Allerton  by  the  dean  and  chapter,  in 
1814,  and  to  Howick  by  the  bishop. 
He  published  '^A  Sermon  preached 
before  the  Delivery  of  the  Cokrars  to 
the  Durham  Volunteer  Infantry,  1803," 
4to.  '<  Comparative  View  of  the  two 
new  Systems  of  Education  for  the 
Infant  Poor,  in  a  Charge  delivered  to 
the  Clergy  of  Durham,  1811,''  8vo. 

31.  At  Marseilles,  aged  80,  Lantier, 


25.  In  Portman-square,  the  countess     author  of  *'  Voyages  d'Antenor  dans  la 
dowager  of  Harcourt,  relict  of  the  late     Grece." 


George  Simon,  earl  of  Harcourt,  and 
sister  of  the  present  lord  Vernon.  Her 
remains  were  interred  at  Stanton  Har- 
court. 

26.  At  Shibden  Hall;  aged  77>  James 
Lister,  esq. 

27.  At  Haslewood  Hall,  Yorkshire, 
advanced  in  age,  sir  Thomas  Vavasor, 
seventh  baronet,  of  that  place.  He  was 
the  second  son  of  sir  Walter,  the  fifth 
baronet,  by  bis  second  wife,  Dorothy, 
eldest  daughter  of  Marmaduke,  fourth 
baron  Langdale  of  Holme.  Sir  Thomas 
succeeded  his  brother  sir  Walter,  the 
late  baronet,  Nov.  3,  1802. 

28.  At  Belle  Vue,  near  Dublin,  after 


Lately,  in  Russia,  of  the  infirmities 
of  age,  count  Nicholas  Romanaov,  chan- 
cellor of  the  empire,  and  a  great  patron 
of  the  sciences  and  of  literature  in 
that  countrv.  He  was  a  son  of  the 
field-marshal  Peter  Romaniov,  cele- 
brated for  his  important  victories  over 
the  Turks.  In  the  post  of  minister  of 
commerce,  he  actively  promoted  the 
success  of  the  emperor  Alexander's 
great  plans  for  the  improvement  of  the 
internal  and  foreign  trade  of  Russia,  and 
greaUy  contributed  to  the  raising  of 
Odessa  into  importance,  and  to  the  im- 
provement and  enriching  of  its  neigh- 
bouring coasts.    Under  him  theadnii- 


a  long  and  painful  iilness,  the  right  hon.  nistrations  of  the  public  concerns  of  that 

Bridget,  countess  of  Egmont    She  was  district  were  confided  to  the  duke  de 

the  only  daughter  of  lieut-col.  Glynn  Richelieu,  idfterwards  prime  minister  of 

Wynn,  M.  P.  for  Carnarvon,  and  uncle  France.    In  September  I807«^  he  was 

to  the  present  lord  Newborough,  by  made  minister  of  foreign  amirs  and 

Bridget,   eldest  daughter  of   Edward  minister  of  war.    After  repeated  and 

Philip  Pugh,  esq.  of  Penryn.    She  was  earnest  solicitations,  the  count  obtained 

married  to  John  Perceval,  present  and  leave,  in  the  month  of  August  1814, 

fourth  earl  of  Egmont,  March  10, 1792»  to  resign  his  ministerial  functions.    No 

and  had  issue  by  him,  John  James,  Russian  nobleman  ever  made  a  nobler 

lord  Perceval.  use  of  riches.    Patriotic  and  scientific 

—  In  Portland-place,  Marianne,  wife  undertakings  were  supported  by  him 

of  John    Vivian,'  esq.   of   Claverton,  with  princely  liberality*    It  was  at  his 

county  of  Somerset.  expense  that  Otto  Von  Kotiebue  per- 

29.  In  Manchester-square,  aged  71 1  formed  his  voyage  round  the  worid; 
Charies  Mills,  esq.  M.  P.  for  Warwick,  and  most  of  the  expeditions  and  voyi^ 

30.  Edward  Mawley,  esq.  surveyor  to  of  discovery,  undertaken  by  the  Russian 
the  commissioners  appointed  for  the  government,  originated  frith  him.  His* 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


225 


DEATH&— Fkb. 


UttT  i«  indebted  to  him  for  a  Russian 
Codex  Diplomaticus,  published  at  Mos- 
cow since  18ia  In  1817  and  1818  he 
nade  several  joumies  to  collect  manu- 
scripts and  other  documents  connected 
with  the  history  of  his  country,  which 
he  studied  with  extraordinary  zeal  and 
success  ;  and  during  his  residence  in  the 
Crimea,  he  collected  many  ancient 
medals  and  coins.  The  count's  estate 
at  Homel,  in  the  Ulcraine,  was  a  model 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  all  agricaltur- 
ist^  for  the  activity  and  judgment  with 
which  every  branch  of  rural  economy 
was  carried  on. 

PEBRUARY. 

].  At  Gosforth  House,  near  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne, Charles-John  Brand- 
ling, ^esq.  M.  P.  for  Northumberland. 
He  was  descended  from  an  ancient 
&mily  in  that  county,  and  was  the 
eldest  son  of  Charles  Brandling,  esq. 
an  eminent  banker  in  Newcastle,  and 
M.  P.  for  that  town  in  three  parliaments, 
fnm  1784  to  1797.  On  his  &ther 
accepting  the  Chiltem  Hundreds  in 
the  latter  year,  the  son  succeeded  in 
the  representation  of  Newcastle,  and 
was  returned  at  the  four  next  gene- 
ral   elections.      In   1812   he   retired, 

hot,  at  the  general  election  in  1830,  Alicia-Maria,  daughter  of  George,  second 
was  chosen  for  Northumberland.  He  lord  Carpenter,  and  sister  to  George, 
sddom  spoke  in  the  House.  Mr.  eari  of  Tyrconnel.  She  was  married 
Brandling  married  Frances-Elizabeth,  Julv  15, 1771,  and  had  issue  the  present 
daughter  of  William  Hawksworth,  of  earl  of  Carnanron,  five  other  sons,  and 
Hawksworth,  co.  York,  esq.  but  had  no     a  daughte^,  now  lady  Ducie. 


4.  Aged  71i  sir  Robert  Baker,  first 
baronet,  of  Upper  Dunstable  House, 
Surrey.  He  was  the  third  son  of  John 
Baker,  M.D.  of  Richmond,  Surrey, 
fourth  son  of  James  Baker,  esq.  of 
Buckland,  Somersetshire.  His  mother 
was  Sarah,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of 
Robert  If  ood,  LL.D.  and  hiece  of  Thos. 
Wood,  esq.  of  Littleton,  Middlesex.  Sir 
Robert  was  created  a  baronet  May  1), 
1796.  He  married,  in  1783,  Diana, 
daughter  and  sole  heiress  of  George 
Hayley,  esq.  aldennan  and  M.  P.  for 
London.  She  died  in  March,  1805, 
baring  borne  him  four  sons  and  four 
daughters. 

^  6.  At  his  house,  Hyde-park  comer, 
sir  Edmund  Antrobus,  bart.  He  was 
the  fourth  son  of  Wm.  Antrobus,  esq. 
and  was  created  a  baronet  on  the  32Dd 
of  May,  1815. 

7.  At  Gainford,  near  Darlington,  in 
her  77th  year,  Mra.  Credock,  wife  of 
Marmaduke  Cradock,  esq.  and  gprand- 
daughter  and  onlv  descendant  oi  the 
late  sir  John  Tjrrwhitt,  bart  of  Stanfield 
Hall,  Lincolnshire. 

10.  Aged  73,  Alicia  Maria,  countess 
dowager  of  Carnarvon.  She  was  Uie 
eldest  daughter  of  Charles,  second  earl 
of  Egremont,  and  sister  to  Geo.  O'Bryen, 
the  present  earl.     Her  mother  was 


children. 

3.  At  Paris,  De  Marchangy,  author 
of  *•  1«  Gaule  Po^tique,"  *'  Tristan," 
a  romance,  and  other  literary  and  his- 
toricalproductions,  in  his  42nd  year. 

-»  William  Scott,  esq.  late  lieut.-co1. 
of  tha  Royal  Artillery,  in  which  he 
became  first  lieutenant  Jan.  1,  1794; 
Gapt.-lieut  July  16,  1799;  captain, 
Sept  13,  1803 ;  brevet  major,  June  4, 
1811 ;  and  lieut-col.  Dec.  30, 1814. 

3,  At  Hampstead,  Mrs.  Marv  Belson, 
daoghter  of  the  late  Richard  Bebon, 


—  In  Wimpole-fitreet,  (the  relict  of 
W.  Shaw,  esq.  of  Inglewood  House, 
Berks. 

—  In  Doctors'  Commons,  aged  73, 
Maurice  Swabey,  esq.  D.C.L.  of  Langley 
Marsh,  Bucks. 

11.  At  Worcester,  the  celebrated 
English  vocalist,  Charles  Indedon.  He 
was  bom  in  Cornwall,  the  son  of  a 
respectable  medical  gentleman.  Display- 
ing an  early  taste  for  music,  be  was,  at 
the  age  of  eight  years,  placed  in  the  choir 
of  Exeter  cathedral,  under  the  care  of 


esq.  merchant,  .formerly  of  that  place,  Jackson,thecelebrated  composer.  There 

and  niece  of  the  late  John  Bindley,  esq.  he  remained  six  or  seven  years,  when  a 

M.  P.  for  Dover,  and  James  Bindley,  truant  disposition  induced  him,  in  1779, 

esq.  A.  M.  and  F.  S.  A.  fifty  years  com-  to  enter  on  board  the  Formidable,  man- 

missioner  of  the  Stamp  Office.  of-war,  of  98  guns,  under  the  command 

4.  At  Bath,  aged  63,  the  lady  of  sir  of  captain  (since  rear-admiral)  Cleland. 

Thomas  Whichcote,  bart  of  Aswarby,  On  the  West-India  station  he  changed 


CO.  Lincoln,  and  third  daughter  of  Edm. 
Tumor,  esq.  of  Ponton  House,  learing 
Ifme  five  6on»  and  three  daughteis, 

V^iii  LXVlft, 


his  ship,  and  served  on  board  the 
miwwVle,  of  04  gj^ns,  Ujen  commanded 
by  lord  Henrey,  where  lus  vocal  powen 


.  .-TER.    I,v^. 


tit  .ale  ■■eienniRi   jr.  ■ 


<  JuiT    >nac«Jl^i;si,0j).  if-Tfc  m 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.  227 

DEATHS.— FkB. 

was  the  high  character  he  sustained,  1811,   he  was  removed  to  bis  ibnner 

that  he  was  choeen  roathemalieal  lee-  regimenti  the  89th,  and  the  foUowing 

ttirer ;  and,  while  at  Cambridge,  he  was  year  embarked  with  the  second  battalion 

alw  engaged  in  editing  Newton's  ^<  Prin-  ror  Uali^.    In  the  Spring  of  1813,  the 

cipSa,"  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  Dr.  battalion  proceeded  to  Upper  Canada  ; 

John  Jebb  and  Mr.  Thorp.     He  was  and  in  Novk,  of  that  year,  coL  Morrison 

contemporary  in  the  University  with  was  entrusted  with  Uie  oommand  of  a 

Gray,  Twining,  and  Dr»  Farmer,  and  corps  of  observation  to  follow  the  move- 

with  Dr.  Mey.  bishopt'orcetis,  bishop  meats   of  .  the  American  army  under 

Halli&Zi  and  bishop  Watson,  with  aU  mig.-gen.  Wilkinson,  whO)  descending 

of  whom  he  wiis  intimate.    He  was  pre-  the  nv«r  St.   Lawreace,   and  having 

sented  to  the  rectory  of  Stratford,  Suf-  landed    on    the    Canadian    territory, 

folk,  in  1?^  and  to  the  rectory  of  below  fort  Wellington  a  division  under 

l>etigey>  In  Essex,  in  Dec.  1762.  On  his  brig.-gen.  Boyd,  amounting  to  between 

resignationof  the  living  of  Stratford,  he  3,000  and  4^000  men,  was  on  the  1 1th 

was  collated,  in  March,  1774,  by  the  defeated  by  the  corns  of  observation  at 

ardibishop  of  Canterbury,  to  the  rec-  Chrystler's  farm,  Williansburgh.  AfVer 

lory  of  St.  Mary  Aldermanr,  with  St.  the  action,   the  Americans  retired  to 

Thomas  the  AjKMtle,   in  Ihe  City  of  their  own  shores.      On  this  occa^on 

Loodoiik    And  it  would  be  injustice  to  col.  Morrison  was  honoured  with  amedal. 

his  memory  not  to  notice,  that  he  re-  He  likewise  received  a  vote  of  thanks 

signed  both  these  livings  several  years  from  the  House  oi  Assembly  of  Lower 

ago,  from  motives  the  most  benevolent  Canada,    and   was    presented   with   a 

and  disinterested.    Dr.  WoUaston  mar-  sword  by  the  merchants  of  liverpool. 

ried  Elizabeth,  the  eldest  daughter  of  In  July  1814,  during  the  en^^Aement 

CbarlesPslmer,  esq.  ofThumscoeHall,  at  Lundy's  Lane,   near   the  falU   of 

CO.  York,  by  whom  he  had  one  daughter,  Niagara,  he  was  sevejt^ly  wounded,  and 

married  to  the  rev.  James  Cowe,  M.A.  in  1815  he  returned  with  his  battalion 

incar  of  Sunbury,  Middlesex.  to  fin^land.    Being  unable,  from  the 

15.  Died  at  sea,  on  board  tiie  Cam  state  of  his  wounds,  in  18 111,  to  join  the 

Brea  Castle,  on  the  P&JMSgc  from  Cal-  first  battalion  of  the  regimfin|^  then  in 

cutta,  colonel  Joseph  Wanton  Morrison,  India,  he  was  placed  on  huFpay.    On 

C.d.  of  his   mijesty's   44th.  reg.  of  the  13th  of  Aug.,  1819,  he  received  the 

Inihotry,   late  Brigadier-general  com-  brevet  of  colon^.    It  was  not  until  the 

manding  the^  SDuth-easter9i  division  of  beginiung  of  the  ^ear  1821,  that  his 

the  army  actlnz  against  the  Burmese,  wounds  were  sufficiently  healed  to  per- 

Th»  distinguished  officer  was  bom  at  mit  his  return  to  the  duties  of  active 

New  Vorl^  May  4»  1783,  and  was  the  service,  when  he  was  immediately  ap- 

only  son  of  John  Morrison,  esq.  at  that  pointed  lieut-col.  of  the  44th  reg.,  at 

ttme   deputy   commissary   general    in  that  time  quartered   in  Ireland.     In 

America.     He  entered   the  army   in  June,    1822,   he   embarked    with    his 

1793  as  an  ensi^  in  the   83rd  reg.,  regiment  for  India,  and  arrived  at  Cal- 

and  was  promoted  to  a  lieutenancy  in  cutta  in  Nov.  following.    In  July,  1823, 

the  84th  reg.  in  1794.    In  1799,  being  the  regiment  was  sent  up  the  country  to 

appointed  to  the  17tb  reg.,  he  served  Dinapore,  from  whence  it  returned  to 

with  the  second  battalion  during  the  Calcutta  in  1824 ;  and,  in  July  of  that 

caxapiaign  in  Holland,  and  was  severely  year,  col.  Morrison  was  appointed^  to  the 

wounded  at  the  close  of  the  action  of  command  of  the  south-eastera  division 

the  9nd  October.    In  1800  he  obtained  of  the  army,  with  the  looal  rank  6f  Brl- 

ft  company  in  the  same  regiment,  with  gadier-general.    The  difficulties,  which 

v?hich  he  served  in  the  Mediterranean  the  army  had  to  encounter  on  its  tnarch 

till  the  peace  of  1803,  when,  having  towards  Arracan,  commenced  soon  after 

porchased  a  majority,  he  was  placed  on  quitting  Chittagoag,  and  were  of  a  na- 

half-pay.     In  1804  he  was  appointed  tare  to  be  surmounted  only  by  the  con- 

an  is^cting  field  officer  of  Yeomanry  summate  skill  ofthe  commander, and  the 

on  the  staff  m  Ireland  ;  and,  in  1805,  steadiness,  biaveir,  and  patience  of  the 

exchai^;ed  to  the  89th  reg.  and  served  troops  under  hardships  and  privations. 

wi&  the  second  battalion  tHl  1809,  when  At  length,    after    having    undergone 

lie  w^  promoted  to  a  lieut*colonelcy  in  severe  and  almost  incessant  fatigue  for 

iAre    1st   West*India   r^.,    which   he  several  months,  an  opportunity  occurred 

ifflflMdiftte^  ioiMi  at  TxiAidad,     In  to  bring  the  Burmese  to  aotion,  and 


228       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— Feb. 
after  three  days'  continiied  fighting,  the  his  reception,  that  it  quite  discon- 
British  army  entered  yictorious  into  certed  him ;  and,  unable  to  go  on  with 
Arracan.  No  sooner,  however,  was  the  character,  he  ran  off  the  stage,  and 
this  conquest  achieved,  than  the  rainy  it  was  performed  by  another.  His 
season  set  in;  and  it  was  necessary  ardour  was  for  some  time  checked  by 
to  make  immediate  provision  for  the  this  mishap,  and  he  resumed  the  pencil 
cantonment  of  the  troops.  This  was  no 
easy  task ;  for  the  city  being  situate  in 
a  marshy  surrounded  on  diree  sides 
with  stupendous  hills,  was  a  most  un- 
healthy spot  for  Europeans.  After  long 
contending  against  the  influence  of  the 
climate,  gen.  Morrison  found  his  consti- 
totion  so  much  impaired,  that  be  was 
compelled  to  resign  his  command,  and 
return  to  Calcutta,  where  he  soon 
after   embarked  for  England,   in   the 


for  another  year ;  but  the  ruling 
was  strong.  He  ventured  in  a  more 
obscure  place,  Raither,  in  North 
Wales,  again  played  Hob,  aad  was  suc- 
cessful. After  strolling  about  some 
time,  he  was  engaged  by  Mr.  Nunns,  of 
the  St^rd  company.  In  that  town  he 
married  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Clewes,  a 
wine-merchant.  His  next  step  to  fisine 
was  owing  merely  to  the  whim  of  soiDe 
merrily  disposed  wag,  who  was  willing 


hope  that  the  sea  voyage  might  contri-  to  raise  a  laugh  at  his  expense.    One 

bute  to  the  restoration  of  his  health,  night  at  Uttoxeter,  after  lutving  nved 

This  hope  was  ^sappointed;  and  he  through  the  parts  of  Amo,  Slvester 

expired,  soothed  by  the  attentions  of  Daggerwood,  and  Lingo,  he  was  agree- 

a  wife  and  sister,  to  whom  he  had  ever  ably  surprised  by  a  note  re<)uesting  his 


been  tenderly  attached. 

17.  At  his  seat  at  Kelham,  aged  73, 
John  Manners  Sutton,  esq.  eldest  surviv- 
ing son  of  the  late  lord  George  Manners 
Sutton,  and  grandson  of  John,  the  third 
duke  of  Rutiand,  K.G.  who,  while 
Master  of  the  Horse,  in  the  year  176fi, 
appointed  him  page  of  honour  to  his 


attendance  at  the  inn  adjoining  the 
theatre,  and  intimating  that  he  woold 
receive  information  for  the  improvement 
of  his  theatrical  pursuits.  Every  thing, 
of  course,  was  neglected  for  this  import- 
ant interview.  He  flew  to  the  inn  on 
the  wings  of  speed,  and  was  immediately 
shown  into  a  room,  where  he  was  very 


late  majeitty  king  George  the  3rd,  by  cordially  received  by  an  unknown,  but 

whom  he  was  presented  to  an  ensigncy  ^ve-looking  gentieman,  whose  inflex- 

In  Uie  Coldstream  reg,  of  Foot-guards,  ible  steadiness  of  &ce  could  not  give 

of  which  he  became  afterwards  a  lieut-  the  least  suspicion  o£a  jest.    After  the 

colonel.    He   was,    upon  his   father's  usual   compliments  of  that   day,    the 

demise,    on    Jan.    21,    1783,   elected  stranger  very  politely  assured  him  that 

M.  P.  for  Newark,  which  he  continued  he  had  received  much  pleasure  from  his 

to   represent   till   the    dissolution    in  performances,  and  was  determined  to 

1796.  put  him  into  a  situation  where  his  ta- 

18.  In  Upper  George-street,  Portroan-  lents  might  be  shown  lo  advantage, 
square,  Marv,  relict  of  John  Bulley,  Mr.  Knight  stammered  forth  his  gtati- 
esq.  of  Reaaing,  and  daughter  of  the  tude,  and  had  all  ears  open  for  the  re- 
late rear-adm.  Toll,  of  Farenam.  ception  of  this  important  benefit.    The 

—  In  Upper  Qrosvenor^street,  Mrs.  stranger  proceeded  to  inform  him,  that 

Iremonger,  sister  of  the  rev.  Lascelles  his  name  was  Phillips,  and  that  be  was 

Iremonger,  preb.  of  Winchester.  well  known  to  Mr.  Tate  WiUdnsoo,  the 

19.  At  Earl's-oourt,  Brompton,  aged  manager  of  the  York  Theatre.    "  Nov, 


S3,  George  Baldwin,  esq.  many  years 
Consul-general  in  Egypt. 

81.  At  his  house  in  Great  Queen- 
street,  Lincoln's-inn-fields,  after  a  se- 


Sir,"  he  added,  "  you  have  only  to  make 
use  of  my  name,  which  I  fully  authorise 
you  to  do,  and  you  may  rely  uoon  being 
well  received.     Say  that  I  have  seen 


vere  illness  of  several  months,  aged  52,  you  on  the  stage,  and  dedared  my  satis- 

Edward  Knight     This   clever  comic  faction   at   your  peiformance.*'      Mr. 

actor  was  bom  at  Birmingham,  in  1774,  Knight,  of  course,  expressed  in  the  most 

and  was  intended  by  his  friends  for  an  lively  terms  his  sense  of  this  important 

artist;  but  having,  at  an  carlv  period,  obligation.    The  next  morning  he  wrote 

a  penchant  for  the  stage,  on  the  death  a  very  polite  tetter  to  Mr.  Wilkinson, 

or  the  person  to  whom  he  was  articled,  making  tiie  tender  of  his  services,  md 

made  his  first  appearance  at  Newcastie-  not  in  the  least  doubting  their  acccpt- 

xmder-Llne,  as  Hob,  in  the  farce  of  Hob  ance,  for  th«  name  ot  hj^  XKW  tUy 

Iq  tt«  Well  f  but  to  astouQ4|Dg  was  fonoed  the  most  promloeot  fettoit  iq 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.  229 

DEATHS.— F«B. 

the  letter.     In  a  thort  time,  a  verv  ^'  The  Soldier^  Daughter,''  and  Robia 

laconic   epistle  came  horn  the    York  Rough-head  in  <<  Fortune's  Frolic."    He 

manager,  that  at  once  overthrew  hit  was  equally  successful  in  Jerry  Blosaoniy 

splendid  expectations.    It  was  to  this  Sim,  Spado,  Trip,  &c.,  and  continued  a 

eflect: — '^  Sir;  I  am  not  acquainted  with  favourite,  till  illness  compelled  hfm  to 

any  Mr.  Phillips,  except  a  rigid  Quaker,  retire.      His  powers  as  a  comic  actor 

and  he  is  the  last  man  in  the  world  to  were  considend>le.    There  was  a  certain 

recommend  an  actor  to  my  theatre.    I  droll  play  about  every  muscle  in  his 

don't  want  you.    Tatb  Wilkinson.'' —  face,  that  fully  prepared  the  audience 

This  was  a  mortifying  repulse.    In  the  for  the  jest  that  was  to  follow.     His 

bitterness  ofhis  anger  he  wrote  a  second  Sim,  in  ''Wild  Oats''  was  one  of  his 

letter  to  the  manager : — **  Sir;  I  should  best  performances.    On  the  evening  of 

as  soon  think  of  applying  to  a  methodist  Feb.  17,  1816,  when  performing  with 

parson  to  preach  for  my  benefit,  as  to  a  Miss  Kelly,  in  the  &roe  of  ^Modern 

Quaker  to  recommend  me  to  Mr.  Wil-  Antiques,"  a  maniac,  named  Bamett, 

Idnson.     I   don't  want  to  come.     £.  fired  a  pistol  at  the  lady,  which  nearly 

KmoHT." — ^This  letter  was  too  much  proved  mtal  to  the  gentleman.    In  pri- 

in  Mr.  Wilkinson's  own  peculiar  style  vate  life,  Mr.  Knight's  manners  were 

to  meet  with  an  unfavourable  recep-  domestic   and   regular.     He    disliked 

tion;  nothipg,  however,  resulted  from  convivial  parties;    but    he   po6s«tted 

it  at  the  time.     A  whole  year  rolled  much   kindness    and  benevolence    of 

on  with  the  Stafford  company,  at  the  heart 

end  of  which  Mr.  Knight  was  agree*  33.  At  Englefield'-green,  aged  60, 
ably  surprised  by  a  second  letter  Elis.  Harriet,  dow.  vise.  BuUceley.  She 
from  his  former  correspondent.  In  was  the  only  daughter  and  heir  of  the 
brevity  and  elegance  it  was  not  in-  late  sir  Geo.  Warren,  K.B. ;  was  mar- 
ferior  to  the  former  epistle,  but  the  ried,  April  26,  1777,  to  Tho.  Jas. 
matter  of  it  sounded  much  more  sweetly  Warren  Bulkeley,  seventh  viscount 
to  his  ears.  ^  Mr.  Methodist  Parson,  I  Bulkeley  in  Ireland,  and  first  baron 
have  a  living  that  produces  twenty-five  Bulkeley  in  England,  on  whose  death, 
shillings  per  week.  Will  you  hold  in  1823,  those  titles  bMame  extinct, 
forth  ?  'TikTE  Wilkinson." — ^This  sud-  they  never  having  had  any  issue, 
den  change  was  owing  to  the  secession  —  At  Knightsbridge,  lieut-col.  the 
of  Matthews,  who  had  been  engagedat  the  hon.  Arthur^ohn^Hill- Fitzgerald  de 
Hay-market ;  and  the  manager,  anxious  Roos,  Assist.  Mil.  Sec.  and  aide-de- 
tosupplvtbe  loss  of  so  useful  a  performer,  camp  to  the  duke  of  York,  commander- 
engaged  Knight  some  months  before  Mr.  in-chief.  He  was  the  second  son  of  lord 
Matthews  went  to  I»ndon.  At  this  Henry  Fitzgerald,  third  son  of  James, 
time,  however,  Mr.  Knight^s  happiness  first  duke  of  Leinster,  and  Charlotte 
received  a  severe  blow  from  the  loss  of  Fitzgerald  de  Roos.  He  entered  the 
a  beloved  jwife ,  who  died  at  the  early  army  as  ensign,  Ist  Foot-guards,  Dec. 
age  of  24;  and  left  him  burthened  20,1809,  was  promoted  lieut.  and  cant, 
with  the  care  of  a  family.  He  had  been  Oct.  21,  1813,  capt  1st  Drag.  June  37, 
married  five  years.  About  a  twelve-  1816;  brev.-major  May  8,  1817;  capt. 
month  after,  he  was  united  Cm  1807),  to  22nd  Drag.  Oct.  16,  1817  ;  and  lieut.- 
Miss  Susan  Smith,  sister  of  Mrs.  Bart^  col.  in  the  army,  in  1821. 
ley,  and  the  then  heroine  of  the  York  —  At  Paris,  aged  54,  Fabier  Fillet, 
stage.  At .  York  seven  years  passed  a  popular  dramatic  writer, 
away  without  any  other  material  occur-  25.  At  his  house  in  George-street, 
rence,  when  he  received  prc^sals  ^m  Hanover-square,  in  his  88th  year,  the 
Mr.  Wroughton,  at  tliat  time  stage-ma-  right  hon.  Hugh  Carleton,  first  viscount 
nager  of  Drury-lane,  which  were  eagerly  Carleton  of  Clare,  baron  Carleton  of 
accepted.  On  the  destruction  of  Drury-  Anner,  a  privy  counsellor  in  Ireland, 
lane  theatre  by  fire,  many  of  the  princi-  D.C.L.  His  lordship  having  left  no 
pal  performers  considered  themselves  issue,  his  titles  are  extmct.  This  is  the 
as  released  from  their  treaties,  and  em-  twenty-ninth  Irish  peerage  which  has 
barked  in  other  adventures.  Mr.  Knight  become  extinct  since  the  Union  in  1801 . 
was  one  of  the  few  that  had  abilities  to  Hugh  viscount  Carleton  was  the  eldest 
profit  by  this  opportunity.  On  October  son  of  Francis  Carleton,  esq.  of  Cork, 
14,  1809,  he  made  his  first  appearance  by  Rebecca,  daughter  of  John  Lanton, 
»t  the  Lyceum  as  Tiotothy  Quaint,  in  esq.    He  was  born  Sept.  II,  1739,  ap« 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1836. 

DEATHS— AbwH. 

1779i  lord  Anne,  diuthtw  of  the  UAof,  ni 

n  Plew  in  wbo  nMwwrdingly  btcomebimkiri 

I  in  Nov,  Dovoei. 

^arUlon  of  3.  At  Ketherton  mU  *t  Mt^- 

dignitvof  mol  PrideAUX,  bart.     HenmccfMlut 

luntrTip-  grwid&ther  iIt  John,  la  Aw-  \M, 

isfguedhlf  and  bM  left  iww  two  mu.  ntbnBi 

leoo,  (ind  is  of  great  wiiqaltf  fa  Derwiin  u) 

one  of  the  Cornwall,  tnd  the  fint  wcntot  tin 

pe«r>    of  came  to  England  was  g^Kd  gf  Fridaui 

nil;  i>ccurg  ciutta  io  Cointnll  at  tbe  Nmnu  at- 

ip  married  ijuett. 

,  oqlvdau.  4.   In  |^)^tlHtl-•qn«pellM  bcB.MiL 

I  Htd  Mar  BuskinJl. 

.Becondly,  5.    At  Wanaw,   Ahb<  Dabrwilr. 

:y,  Kcond  proferaor  of  Mstheniatict  in  tiat  lui- 

hew,   esi).  TCnilyi  and  author  of  wnnliorti- 

lu)  wlUiout  —  AtDaaglai,  aged  U,  licaLin. 
William  SUpleCon,  ItraUwr  rf  Hk  pn- 
Knt  lord  Le  P<fp«ncer,   Be  fuH' 

• ■■  aocond  im  qf  lii  Tbofim  S'"*'*^ 

second  Iiaraoet  of  Giaj'tCeort,  (MM; 
by  Mary,  danjthter  of  Henry  hat,  OH> 

Tboa,  Ridout,  of  \  01  k.  Upper  Canada,  of  Worowley,  la  ibat  caqoty ;  tni  mt- 

—  At  CarUcuhe,  whore  he  wae  boTO  ilod  in  Dublin,  in  I79CL  A«»-lhri«i 

Nov.  9lh,  1766,  Eradf  rick  Weinbr«naer,  eldest  daughter  of  the  hm.  twi  rifbi 

■rchitact  of  the  theatre  in  that  city,  and  rev.  Fredenck  Keppel,  tnaboptf  Guur. 

autharotaTreattsaontbeCgnjtructioi)  and  grand-dauehtei  of  ViiSik-iin, 

of  Theatres,  "ArchitectonischesLebt^  second  eail  of  AlbenaiH  bjTbcn  bt 

buch,"  Sec.  bad  two  nw }  captain  JoU-Ubw- 

3.  At  hin  teat,  Merrille,  near  Dublin,  ThoniM  Siapletcm,  iib*  narried,  Jdu 

in  hi!  7Sth  yaar,  the  right  boD.  William  «,    1814,    tbe   ban.   Geof|i«i»-II«" 

DoBTjes,  first  bartm  Ponne«,  of  Aghaa-  Fltvoy,  eldert  daughter  of  Gforp-*'''- 

vllle,  Kine'B  county,  a  privy  counjellor  dinand,  Mcond  lord  SmtbtnpW  i  ^^ 

in  Ireland,  vice-chancellor  of  Dublin  WiUinm-FmnciiinhadacdttHinctitT. 

university,  a  bencher  of  the  hon.  society  March  6,  1808. 

irf  King's  Inns,  and  LL.D.    His  lord.  6.   The  hon.  col.  John  li«4«s  "■ 

sbipwaasonof  Robert  Dmvnes,  esq.  of  Tenth  sob  of  James,  Bftb  evI*BA 

Donnybrpok,  by  Ellwbalh,  daughter  of  .carras,  by  Anne,  daughter  Of  «iiB«*m 

Tlwniai  T«iggc,  esq.  of  the  same  place ;  Dalrymple  ot  CasUelon,  sad  brtbtr  d 

Md  grandson  of  the  right  rev.  Dive     "'■-  ''-    -   *    -  '    ■   ■"■ '""' 

Doimes,  bjshop  of  Cork  and  Bos*.  il« 
was  educated  to  (he  study  ot  the  lav, 
and  wai  called  to  the  bar  in  June  1776 ; 
tni  raised  (o  the  bench  in  March  179J, 
nnd  ^ppointad  lonj  chief  justice  of  the 
KingVbench,   and  one  of  tbe   orivv 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.  231 

BEATirs.— Maech. 

Ml  of  wu,  wbick  Ui  lofdabip  took,  lasucoetftfiil  tttack  aade  npOQ  ?mio 

and  iMoMd  tkc  Fnncc  WiUiMii,  m  com-  Rico  by  Ihe  aame  oommaodex«.    On  bis 

pliment  to  tbe  duke  of  Clarence,  tben  a  arrival  ia  En^and  about  tbe  latler  end 

wbhunan  witb  admual  Digby,  under  of  1797,  be  was  again  orderod  to  join 

bs  iMddun'a  eomn»nd.    la  Jan.  1753,  tbe  Channel  fleet,  in  wbicb  itmce  he 

b»«OBa«iidadtbefiiiiydioeof28mi8,  oooiiiAied  until  bit  advanoemtnt  to  tbe 

attodieA  to  tbe  ayiadnm  under  air  8am,  aukk  of  rear-admiial,  Feb.  14»  1799. 

Hood,  wkm  tbat  officer  was  attacked  at  Tbe  datea  of  bia  aubaeouent  Moinotiona 

^  ^^'^y^.  •^  ®*^  '^^'^  '•*  ^«  *«»»  vice-admiml,  Anrir23,  1804;  and 
■ted  ol  8a.  Cbriatopber'a,  by  the  ooont  admiral,  Oct  35,  I80d.  He  married, 
*•  «"~-.  The  fiurydice  was  one  of  Aug.  3,  ISttl,  Catherine,  dangbter  of 
Iba  four  frnatea  tbat  cowered  the  huid.  John  Polkrd,  eaq.  of  Ewell,  Surrey, 
fag  of  tbe  Britiab  troofia  after  the  re-  6.  At  Paris,  C.  P.  Landon.  painter  to 
pnlaa  of  tbe  French  ieet,  and  waa  after-  the  duke  of  Berry,  and  aupenntendant 
WMda  praacnt  in  the  actions  of  April  9  of  tbe  picturea  of  the  Museum.  To  the 
ud  13,  when  the  count  de  Oraaae  vaa  hiboura  of  this  Indefatigable  artiat  we 
d^Md  rad  taken  priaoner  by  air  are  indebted  for  aeveral  graphic  worka 
Georga  Aodney.  Immediately  after  of  great  intereat  and  beauty,  forming 
tbal  event,  capt.  Wilaoo  waa  appointed  altogether,  outline  copiea  of  some  bun- 
ta  tba  command  of  tbe  Fame,  of  74  dreda  of  painiinga,  both  of  tbe  old  and 
g«n%  and  ordeted  to  oniixe  off  His-  modern  maatera ;  ria.  <*  Annalea  du 
paniola,  with  air  Samuel  Hood,  to  watch  Mns^e,"  (commenced  in  1801),  17  fola; 
tbe  beaten  enemy's  motk>ns.  He  con-  coatinuatioQ  to  ditto,  16  vols.  »<  Viea 
tfaaed  in  the  aame  abip  od  tbe  Leeward  et  CEuvres  dea  Peintrea,''  30  vols,  4to ; 
lalaod  atation  until  after  tbe  conclusion  '<  Amours  de  Psyche  et  Cupldon.  d'apr^s 
of  tbn  American  war.  During  tbe  Raphael,"  folio,  38  pUtea;  "^Galerie 
Spaniab  and  Ruarian  armamenta,  in  des  Hoomies  lea  plus  c^l^brea,'M3  vols. 
1790  and  1781,  captain  ITtlson  oom-  portraits;  <<Cboix  de  Biogimpble,"  3 
manded  tbe  Inconatant  of  36  guns,  and  vola.  144  portraita ;  ^  Atlaa  du  Mus^e/' 
ao  mncb  eateewied  waa  be  by  the  sailora,  He  likeidae  published  in  coi\|unctioa 
tbat  ha  manned  that  frigate  in  34  hours ;  with  Legrand,  **  Deacriptton  de  Paria  et 
but  in  oonaeqiMnoe  of  tbe  aettlement  of  sea  Edi6ces«"  3  vols,  8vo.  1806.  As  a 
the  dlapotea  with  tbe  Courts  of  Madrid  painter  Landon  posseaaed  considerable 
and  St.  Petersburgh,  it  was  put  out  of  talent,  and  many  of  bis  productions  have 
comaiaaion  in  the  autumn  of  the  Utter  attracted  much  notice.  He  baa  left  a 
year.  In  1793,  when  the  war  began  son,  who  ia  a  cleyer  architect,  and  who 
with  France,  oar  officer  was  appointed  waa  appointed  architectaral  draftamau 
to  tbe  Bellona  of  74  guns,  and  for  some  to  the  auc  d'Angoulftme. 
time  served  in  the  cSumnel  fleet  under  '  7.  At  Siena  Leone,  after  an  illness  of 
cart  Howe.  On  tbe  13tb  of  Oct.  1794,  four  days,  major-general  sir  Cbaries 
be  sailed  from  Plynnouth  for  the  West  Turner,  C.  B.  captain-general  and  go- 
ladiea,  in  company  with  vioe*admiral  vernor-in>cbief  of  tbat  colony,  and 
CaldwwU,  and  arrived  at  Martinique  colonel  of  tbe  Royal  African  Colonial 
Sept.  14.  Being  on  a  cruise  off  the  corpa.  He  had  been  making  a  visit  to 
ialaod  of  Deaeada,  in  company  with  the  the  Sherbro'  country  for  the  purpose  of 
AUm  irigate,  Jan.  6,  1795,  be  ivll  in  destroying  some  fresh  gemunatlona  of 
with  a  fleet  of  French  tiansports,  es-  the  slave-trade  ihe  returned  on  a  Friday, 
oorted  by  two  frigatea  and  three  armed  became  unwell,  and  died  on  tbe  Tuesday 
abipa,  one  of  which,  tbe  Duras,  of  30  following.  M^jor-general  Turner  en- 
guns  and  70  men,  baring  on  board  400  tered  the  army  an  ensign  in  the  3nd 
troops,  waa  taken.  In  the  course  of  the  Foot,  Oct.  81,  179^;  and  waa  made 
aane  month,  the  Bellona  captured  La  lieutenant  in  the  aame  corpa,  Oct.  18, 
Du4|uesne,  French  frigate  oi  44  guns.  1797.  While  serving  in  Ireland  in  tbat 
Several  of  tbe  enemy's  privateers  like-  oapacity>  be  took  the  notorioua  Napper 
viae  fell  into^  captain  Wilson's  hands  Tandy  prisoner,  and  refusing  to  accept 
during  hia  atay  on  that  oeeasion.  Pre-  tlie  reward  oflered  for  his  captore,  was 
viooafy  to  hia  return  to  Europe,  our  presented  by  government,  June  8, 1803, 
oftoer  assjaard  at  the  reduction  of  Tri-  with  a  company  in  tbe  Royal  African 
nidad  by  tbe  forces  under  rear-admiral  corpa.  He  obtained  a  mi^rity  ia  tbe 
Harvey,  and  lteot.-gen.  sir  Ralph  Aber-  Roval  West  India  Rangers,  April  18, 
promby;  and  was  alao  present  at  tbe  1804;  and  the  lieut-ei^ontl^y  of  that 


232       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.~Mabcb. 

i«giment,  May  S8,  1807.    In  181S  he  his  pereon,  lost  no  time  mpioduBi^ 

lost  an  ann  at  the  siege  of  Badajoz  ;  that  the  house  of  Biaf;aiaa  had  eeued 

and  he  retired  on  half-pay,  Dec.  25,  toreiga. 

1818.    He  attained  the  rank  of  colonel  10.  At  Paris,  aged  67, JohnfUkertoo, 

in  the  army,  June  4^  1814  ;  and  that  of  esq«  F.  S.  A.   Pfertfa.     Mr.  PiokertBn 

imyor-general,  July  19.  1821.    In  1824  claimed  descent  firoman  andoit&BBy 

he  was  again  tempted  into  service,  and  seated  at  Pinkeiton  near  Dunbtr.  Hi» 

was  appointed,  June  24,  to  succeed  sir  grand&ther  was  Walter,  a  wortiiTtDd 

Charles   MH^arthy  as  captain-general  honest  yeomau  at  Dalseif,  wbo  mi  i 

and  govemor-in-chicf  of  our   African  numerous  fiunily.    James  Pinlfiertaa,  a 

possessions ;  succeeding,  as  of  course,  son  of  Walter,  settled  in  SomenedURf 

to  the  colonelcy  of  the  Royal  African  where  having  acquired  a  moden^  |h«- 

Colomal  corps.  P^i^  ^  ^  da^er  in  hair  (an  artide, » 

10.   At  Ushon,  aged  60,  John  the  wigs  were  generally  worn,  Iben  mnA 

Fourth,  king  of  Uie  united  Idngdom  of  in  request),  he  returned  tohnostive 

Portugal,  Brazil,  and  Algarve,  knight  country  about  1755,  and  married  Mn. 

of  the  Garter.    His  majesty  had  been  Bowie,  the  widow  of  a  respectiWe  bkt- 

attacked  on  the  4th  with  an  apoplectic  chant  at  Edinburgh,  wbo  brooglit  Un 

fit,  together  with  epilepsy.    On  the  5th  an  increase  of  fortune,  and  three  dB- 

and  6th  his  malady  increased  to  such  a  dren.    James,    the  eldest,  joined  the 

degree,  as  to  create  the  greatest  alarm  army  as  a  volunteer,  and  vtt  liiin  ^ 

for  his  life.    After  the  crisis  of   the  the  battle  of  MInden.  HisbrotberRobert 

6tb,  his   majesty  experienced  no  new  succeeded  to  an  estate  in  Luadnlin*' 

attack  till  the  9th,  when  his  malady  left  by  their  fother.    John  PjokatBO, 

returned   with    augmented    violence,  the  youngest  son,  was  bom  in  E^ 

He   expired    on    the     10th,     at   six,  burgh.  Feb.  17,  1758.    Afterieqiimt 

p.  m.    His  majesty,  John  Maria  Jo-  the  rudiments  of  educatk»a»  ftt  s«iO 

eeph  I^wis,  was  bom  May  13,   1767,  school,  kept  by  an  old  woman  it  Goife- 

the    son   of   Maria    Frances   Isabella,  gate  Side,  near  that  city,  he  vu  i> 

reigning  queen  of  Portugal,    by   her  1764,  removed  to  the  giannsr  kM 

paternal  uncle,    don    Peoro    (brother  at  Lanark,  kept  by  Mr.  TheoiaoB,  vb 

of  her  fother  king  Joseph).    He  mar-  married  the  sister  of  the  poetof  tbit 

ried,  Jan.  9,  1790,  Charlotte  Joaquima,  name.    At  school,  he  was  gesenllj  the 

daughter  of  Charles  the  4th,  king  of  second  or  third  of  his  class ;  hot  nA^N 

Spain,  and  sister  to  Ferdinand  the  7th  remarkable  distinguished  this  period, 

the  present  king  of  that  country;  by  except  one  incident ;  Mr.  Tbomm^ 

whom  he  had  issue :   1.  Maria  Theresa,  day  ordered  the  boys  to  tranibieijait 

bom  April  29,  1793,  widow  of  the  infant  of  Livy  into  English ;  when  be  tsne  to 

don  Pedro  Carlos  of  Spain  ;    2.  a  son,  young  Pinkerton's  version,  he  Ri^  i^ 

styled  prince  of  Beira,  bom  1795 ;  3.  silently  to  himself,  then,  to  tbcgiet^ 

Isabella  Maria,    bom  May  19,    1797,  surpriseof  the  boys,  walked  qoidd^vt 

married  Sept.  ^,  1816,  to  her  maternal  of  the  school,  but  soon  retaned  «^.* 

uncle  Ferdinand,  the  present  kiug  of  volume  of  Hooke's  Roman  Hislorjf  i> 

Spain  ;  4.  Pedro  d* Alcantara,  bora  Oct.  which  the  same  part  of  Utv  «>f  ti>"* 

12,  1798,  proclaimed  in  1822  constitu-  lated.    He  read  both  aloud,  aod  gm 

tional  emperor  of  Brazil ;    5.  Maria^  his  decided  opinion  in  lifosr  d  v^ 

Francescina,  born  April  22, 1800,  mar-  scholar's  translaUon.    After  betog  o 

ried  Sept.  29,  1816,  to  her  cousin  don  years  at  school,  the  last  year  of  vbki 

Carlos   Isidor,    the   present   inlifint  of  only  was  dedicated  to  the  Gicek,  bt 

Spain ;  6.  Isabella-Maria,  bom  July  4,  returned  to  the  house  of  bit  ftnilT  v 

1801 ;  7.  Michael,  bom  Oct.  26,  1802 ;  Edinburgh.    Hisfiither  h&vingsaiiiif' 

8.  a  princess,  bom  Feb.  2S,  1803;  9.  to  university  education,  JoIibvis^ 

Maria-Anne,  bom  July  25, 1805.   From  in  a  kind  of  solitary  coofineneittt 

1792  his  majesty  governed  in  the  cha-  home;  and,  tliis  parent  being  of  a  levfi* 

racter  of  regent,  in  the  name  of  the  and   morose   dispositioii,  1^  'u^ 

queen  his  mother,  who  was  affected  with  tended  little  to  give  fimuMB  to  b0 

mental  alienation.    He  succeeded  her,  nerves.    An  hour  or  two  pMsedrie? 

March  20,  1816,  and  was  crowned  at  day  in  attending  a  French  tadktf;M 

Rio  Janeiro,  to  which  place  he  had  re-  in  his  eagerness  to  attain  this  Itffiif^ 

tired  on  the  invasion  of  Portugal  by  he  had  totally  lost  his  Greek,  anJ  v^ 

Buonaparte,  who,  in  the  hope  of  seising  his  Min  also :  but  toon  lAer,  a^ 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


233 


DEATHS. 

with  RoQin's  Ancient  History,  and  ob- 
Knring    references    to    the    original 
Mtbon,  he  bought  the  History  of  Jus- 
tioiU)  &e.  and  soon  recovered  his  Latin, 
soaitotrrite,  when  he  was  about  thir- 
teen jftn  of  age,  with  tolerable  accu- 
racy in  that  language.    He  afterwards 
studied  mathematicatwo  or  three  years, 
under  Mr.  Ewing,  an  able  teacher  at 
Edinbargfa,  and  proceeded  as  far  as  the 
doctrine  of  infinites.    Intended  for  the 
pmfettion  of  the  law,  young  Pinkerton 
w«  articled  to  Mr.  William  Aytoun,  an 
eminent  writer  to  the  signet*  with  whom 
be  served  a  clerkship  of  five  years.   He 
did  not,  however,  neglect  the  cultivation 
of  his  mind,  and  having  felt  the  witchery 
^  Terse  by  reading  ^attic's  Affinstrel, 
»d  other  poems,  he  wrote  an  elegy, 
called  *<  Craigmillar  Casae,"  which  he 
dedicated  to  Dr.  Beattie.    This  produc- 
tion, which  was  published  in  17/6,  was 
followed  by  the  composition  of  one  or 
tvo  tragedies,  which  were  never  printed. 
Iq  1780,  soon  after  the  expiration  of  his 
clerkship  (his  &ther  being  then  dead), 
be  mted  London,  where  the  sis^  and 
extent  of  the   booksellers'  catalogues 
Are  said  to  have  formed  his  sole  motive 
for  wishing  to  fix  his  residence.    This 
determination   was   confirmed   by  the 
bankruptcy  of  some  merchants  in  Glas- 
Kov,  who  held   about  1,000/:  of  his 
Other's  money,  all  which  was  lost    He 
accordingly  went    to  Scotland   in  the 
^ring  g£  1781,   took  up  the  remain- 
ing sums  lying   in  mercantile  hands, 
uid,  retoming  to  England,  settled  in 
tbe  neighbourhood  of  London  in  the 
winter  of  that  year.    In  1781,  Mr.  Pin- 
kerton published,  "  Rimes,^*  as  he  pe- 
culiarly chose  to  designate  some  minor 
poems;  and  "Hardyknute,  an  Heroic 
l^lad,  now  first  published  complete  [a 
i?econd  Part  being  added] ;  with  the 
other  more  approved  Scottisli  Ballads, 
«'uid  some  not  hitherto  made  public,  in 
the  Tragic  style.    To  which  are  pre- 
fixed, Two  Dissertations:    1.  On  the 
Oral  Tradition  of  Poetry.    2.  On  the 
Tragic  Ballad,  small  8vo."    From  his 
Wish  days,  Mr.  Pinkerton  had  been 
fond  of  ooUecting  medals,  minerals,  and 
other  curiosities ;  and  having  received 
from  a  lady  in  Scotland  a  rare  coin  of 
Coostantine,  on  his  Sarmatian  Victory, 
be  soon  laid  the  foundation  of  a  little 
cf>lloctSon,  and  used  to  read  Addison*8 
Diakgues  on  Medals  with  infinite  de- 
right.    lliese  pursuits  led  him  to  see 
the  defects  of  common  books  on  the 


— Mabcb, 

subject,  and  he  drew  up  a  mannal  and 
tables  for  his  own  use,  wluch  afterwards 
grew  to  the   excellent  and  complete 
^*  Essay  on  Medals,''  the  first  edition  of 
which  was  published  by  Dodsley,  in  two 
8vo.  volumes,  1784.    He  was  materially 
assisted  in  its  completion  by  the  late 
Mr.  Southgate  of  the  British  Museum, 
and  Mr.  Douce.    The  third  and  last 
edition  was  edited  by  Mr.  Harwood. 
In  1785  Mr.  Pinkerton  surprised  the 
literary  world  with  a  very  extraordinary 
performance,  entitled,  '*  Letters  of  Li- 
terature" under  the  assumed  name  of 
Robert  Heron.    In  this  work  he  depre- 
cated the  ancient  authors,  in  a  manner 
which  called  forth  the  indignation  of 
the  poet  Cowper  ;  and  criticised  the 
best  of  the  modems,  with  an  air  of  as- 
surance that  could  not  have  been  war- 
ranted even  by  the  most  confirmed  cha- 
racter for  taste,  learning,  and  judgment. 
He  had  also  the  vanity  to  recommend  a 
new  system  of  orthography,  more  fan- 
tastical and  absurd,  if  possible,  than 
that  which  his  countryman,  Mr.  Elphin- 
stone,  endeavoured  with  so  much  zeal 
to  introduce.    This  book  obtained  for 
Mr.  P.  an  introduction  to  Horace  Wal- 
pole,    through  whom  he   became  ac- 
quainted with  Gibbon  the  historian,  who 
recommended  him  to  the  booicsellers  as 
a  fit  person  to  translate  the  '^  English 
Monkish   Historians,"   a  work  which, 
had  the  proposal  met  with  encourage- 
ment, might  have  tended  to  a  more 
generally    diffiised   knowledge    of  the 
history  of  the  middle  ages.    On  the 
death  of  his  patron,,  ihe  earl  of  Orford, 
Mr.  Pinkerton  sold  a  collection  of  his 
lordship's    remarks,    witticisms,    and 
letters,  to  the  proprietors  of  the  Monthly 
Magazine,  in  which  miscellany  they  ap- 
peared periodically,  under  the  title  of 
Walpoliana.    They  were  afterwards  re- 
printed in  two  small  volumes,  with  a 
portrait  of  the  gifted  nobleman.      In 
17B6  he  published  two  8vo.  vols,  entitled, 
**  Ancient  Scottish  Poems,  never  before 
in  Print ;  but  now  published  from  the 
[pretended]  Manuscript  Collections  of 
Sir  Richard  Maitland,  of  Lethington, 
Knight,  Lord  Privy  Seal  of  Scotland, 
and  a  Senator  of  the  College  of  Jostice. 
Comprizing  Pieces  written  from  about 
1420  Ull  1586.    With  large  Notes,  and 
a  Glossary."     The  manuscripts  were 
feigned  to  have  been  discovered  in  the 
Pepysian  Library  at  Cambridge.     In 
1787  Mr.  Pinkerton  published  in  2  vols. 
12mo*,  under  the  feigned  name  of  H. 


234       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    18U. 

PBATHS.— HiMB. 

BwMt,BI.A.,*'TbcTKHiiiycfWlt|  nUnatianMUChM,  te'niHiUli 

UfaH  a  naUio^al  MsotloR  of  abml  HkUnr  of  EtulMd  to  te  KuiaWw,' 

Tw^Uu>«ied«fthabulA|Mlh«giM  4u.;  and  pabliibcd  ■'Aaliiibji* 

aad  JmM)  fi«K  booka  Ib  aeMTkl  Ua-  tha  HlrtWTaf  loatlaad,  annilig*! 

nUM.'Vrt  c(>»>U«A«  iinnioiinced  bi  nignaf  M«l«olmlll.arlOM;taM« 

ETSittck  wrartoT  10  nort  <tf  the  kiad.  tba  auAMth  HMwr^  ikat  hM.' 

Itwaa  iitMny"'"t  b*  «mui;  joal  and  >  vob.  Sni.  (fepobHaM  illWjvit 

pwtiMM  obMfvatkna,  in  «  ^muuiw  hwm  tdAtiMal  tttttnutaat^MM^ 

•«  wll  and  hanaour,  coaildarMl  undar  rapHea  to  tlw  wriana  ttnmh,  fe  k 

Uta  fcai  difbnnt  beadai— Sariout  Wit,  \m  ha  cdlWd  ikna  Datam *•>■*• ' 

Ca&iUW]t,8aria>iaHaiiiour,andCando  "SeoUith  RMna,  lartntodtaalMtt 

Humaur.    lit  aaiue  ;t*r  produoad  tn  adlHoM."      la    1718    Mr.    HdnH 

oBcraltUDa,  8n>.  kiaw^UkDovo  "Dia-  married    Ulw   Bnrpai,    rf   OAa. 

■arbtiwi  OD  Ibe  Origin  and  PngrcM  of  Hauli,  *i«Ur  to  tka  (uetant  bkk^  rf 

Ibe SoyAiant or Oatbi,  beinsan  Intra.  Saliaboryibut tkeuBtanwMBBtbMji 

dHMioa  to  Ok  AmUoi  aod    Moden  and  tka  partiei  aapwalHl.    Tht  W; 

History  <d  Burops."     He  Mrioualy  be-  baa  been  dead  ■»»  fMia.    Hb  m 

Ke*ed  (bat  lh«  iriih,  tbe  Seoteb  Hifb-  inpertant  llUnur  liboua  mn  ia  b» 

landari,  and  Aa  Wclih.  the  Bicbuw,  grapby,    be  ocmUlbQllait  Uw  li^  * 

md  the  ^Mwnb  Biacayani,  ars  tka  only  "  leoiM^pUa  SooUca,  or  Fiitnib  <> 

oinitiBK  daacea^nta  of  tka   oripnal  Illuitrtoai  Pemtm  of  HintlMd.  ^ 

p(nulati(io<^Eiiiopa,aDd  that  in  them,  blognpkkal  nolaa,''  t  vah-  Rfa-IW" 

-    ■   * i,theirhU-  ITMl  «ndtolb««fco»lUhGJtaT,« 

PoHNlti  or  EnlBeat  PeM«M<f  h*- 
land,  with  their  ChaiMtors-li^  >n*' 

.„,  the  Celt.    HeinaiDlaiDcdineTcry  Hi*  talaatt  vera  tbm  difecUd  K  P^ 

cenpany  that  he  wai  ready  to  drop  bit  gimpby,  and  tbay  pradaeed  a  Aun 

Uieo^  altogether  the  Diom«nt  any  one  work  in  thU  braneb  of  arieoK.   Tk 

oouU  point  oat  to  him  a  ^ngle  penon  "Modem  Ceogiaptay,    dlpMrf  n  > 

of  intolleeuial  aninence  (pmng  from  an  new  plaa,"  appeared  flret  in  OTtp* 

itaadulteratod  line  ti  Celtto  anceatn.  volumes,  la  IflM ;  ■  HioDd  tdldN  p^ 

If  you  nentioDad  Burke,  «  What,"  aaid  liibed  in  1I07.  noaaWi  of  Am;  ^ 

bC)  "  •  deaoendant  of  De  Bowrf  ?  elait  there   ii  an  AbrMRemcat  ii  >^ 

tbot  lilgb  Norman  chivalry  with   Ibe  octHvo.     In   1801    Mr.  FhtHM  * 

Jitf^nfi'of  O'aaitdMai'i?    Showraea  veiled  to  tbe  French  eapllal, tad" ^ 

grtM   O,    and  I  am  done."     He  df-  return  published  hia  abaewatiiei."*' 

liglited  to  prove  that  tiii  Scotch  High-  tbe  title  a(  »  HaoollcctloMiof  TUH*' 

ianden  tiul  nerer  had  but  a  few  great  vols.  8vo.    Bubae4)u<atij  be  ■*  (^ 

eaptalBB — inch  ai  Montroic,  Dundee,  ployed  In  edftlna  a  "  0«Mial  OBb)"' 

tbe  firaldukeofArgyle—ond  these  were  of  VoyageaaDdTTaveti,"*kicb^^ 

all  Goth*  ) — the  two  fint,  Lowlandtn;  tended  UninetNavolanaSiftoitii*' 

the  Iwt  a  Nornua,  a  dt  Qmfo  MIe  I  a  '■  New  Modem  Albn,"  h  r*A  M 

The  awnton  be    had    far  tbe  Celtic  irtiieb  wotkicnaanMKed  inlfOf.  Ik- 

nane  estanded  itself  to  every  person  Pinketton's  laM  original  wnksM"'^ 

and  every  thing  that  had  any  oonnec-  tralogy, 

tion   with    the    Celtic    countries.     In  Svo.  181 

1789  be  published  in  8vo.  a  coUecllon  hissttai 

of  aneicDt  Latin  Live*  of  Ibe  Scottish  In  two 

SniHIc,  a  work  which  ireatly  tended  to  into  tbe 

illuilnts  the  early  history  of  his  native  wllb  hi 

country.    This  tru  soon  after  followed  and  Pto 

?a  new  and  grealiy  enlarged  edition  Mr.  Pin 

bi4  "  Bauy  on  Medata,"  wbicb  bu  alnoat  i 

becOBC  the  sttndard  irork  for  iofonna-  anca  ■• 

tioB  04  that  inWresting  and  useful  lub-  thin  old 

int.    In  tbe  sko*  ftuilAil  year  he  pub-  yellow  i 

IWMd  u  edltkia  of  "The  Bnioe,  or  p<n,  ai 

the  Hisloryof  Robert  King  of  BcotliDd,  «peataol 

KrittMi  Id  Seoltisb  verse,  by  John  Bar-  eccentri 

"," 3  woU.  I^nh    la  1780  this  pmltAc  worknia 

-  «fain  put  forth  soma  of  U*  nu-  mus  in 


t/hi 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.        285 

commended  Noehden*  who  convered  Imp 
inelructiiQiis  first  in  Freacb,  4na  ti&mr 
•one  practice,  in  the  English  ton* 
yiuiffe.  WbUe  imtmotiog  tlie  «me 
of  Mr.  IjMrreaee  io  the  pnndplee  ef 
the  Otnnaa  laofUMe«  Noebden  die- 
coveredt  tliat  Wenaeborn'e  Gramner 
was  inavAcient  for  Ue  purpow;  be 
acoordingly  beno  to  eoinpoee  one  oi 
bifl  own*  oeing  vbe  outlmee  of  the  Ger* 
man  Gmmmar  for  the  u«e  of  Sogliftb- 
men,  which,  in  the  sequel,  he  improved 
to  such  a  defi^ree  as  to  raise  it  to  the 
nu)k  of  his  beat  literary  perfiumance. 
He  lived  to  see  a  fifth  edition  of  it 
published.  ConceiTiug  an  attachment 
to  Enn^lishmea,  and  English  manners, 
be    would    willingly   have    acoompa*- 

?led  Mr.  Liawrenc:e  on  a  tour  through 
talyi  but  for  bis  patron.  Heyne,  who 
wished  rather  to  see  bim  settled  in 
the  University.     Mr.   Lawrenoe  and 
bis  lady  returned  to  England,  leaving 
two  of  their  sons  under  Koehden's 
care,   who,  at  the   same   time*    had 
the  tuition  of  some  other  BngUsh  gentle- 
men.   Mr.  Uiwrence  happened  to  form 
an  acquaintance  at  Bognor  with  the  late 
sir  A^illiam  Milaer,  when  that  gentle* 
man  was  looking  out  for  a  private  tutor 
to  send  to  Etoui  with  bis  eldest  8on» 
the  present  baronet  of  the  name,  and 
Mr,  Lawrence  gladly  seised  this  oppor* 
tunity  of  recommending  Noebden  for 
this  situation,  upon  which  he  entered  in 
1793.    In  December  of  that  year,  be 
reached    Nun-Appieton>    sir   William 
MUner's  estate  in  Yorkshire.    In  17M 
he  attended  his  pupil  to  Eton  Cdlege. 
What  contributed  to  render  bis  resi- 
dence at  Eton  the  more  agreeable,  was 
the  introductioui  by  letter  from  Heyne, 
to  the  learned  Jacob  Bryant.    Noebden 
ever  after  cherished  the  highest  respect 
and  afTeotton  for  the  worth  and  profound 
erudition  of  Bryant,  delighted  to  speak 
of  him,  and  had  a  shade  of  the  eccentric 
sage,  drawn  with  his  cocked  bat  and 
walking  cane,  hanging  over  bis  mantle- 
piece*    Noehden  also  paid  saveral  visits 
to  his  distinguished  countryman   Dr. 
Herschel,  at  Slough.    At  Eton  he  spent 
with  hia  pupil  two  years  and  a  half,  and 
when  the  education  of  this  voung  gentle- 
man was  completed,  Noeodeo  aUuded 
to  his  hopes  of  some  permanent  pro- 
vision in  his  pative  towuj   but  lady 
Milner  pressed  him  to  undertake  like- 
wise the  education  of  her  second  8on« 
which  Nochden,  bound  as  he  was  in 
gmtitude  to  so  excellent  a  fiimily,  and 


DEATHS. 

jnensurate  with  undertakings  of  no  or- 
dinary rank  in  literature. 

10*  At  Shrewsbury,  in  his  61st  year, 
the  ray.  John  Brickdale  Blakeway,  M.  A. 
and  F.  SU  A,  minister  and  official  prin« 
dpal  of  the  pooiliar  jurisdiction  of  St 
Mary*8  in  that  town,  and  Vicar  of  Keen 
Savage  near  Bewdley.  He  was  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Joshua  Blakeway, 
esq,  of  Sbrewsbnrv,  by  Eliabeth,  sister 
of  Matthew  Briokdale,  esq.  M.P.  in 
aeveral  parliaments  fot  the  mty  of 
Bristol;  and  was  bom  in  June  176/L 
He  was  educated  at  Weetminster  school, 
whence  be  removed  in  1783  to  Oriel 
College,  OiSord ;  In  Lent  term,  1786, 
be  *took  the  degree  of  B.  A* ;  aod  in 
1789  he  was  called  to  the  Bar,  He 
vent  the  Oxfi>rd  drcuit  for  several 
ytaiw.  In  the  year  1793,  in  consequence 
of  an  unexpected  change  in  the  circum* 
stances  of  his  iamily,  he  was  induced  to 
take  orders. 

14r  At  bis  apartmenta  in  the  British 
Museum,  aged  o6,  George-Henry  Noeh- 
den  Ph.D.iLl4.I).;P.R.S.;F.A.S.; 
M.  A.8.;  F.L.S.;  H.  S.;  Cor,  Soc. 
Sclent*  Goettingen ',  Ijitin,  Jena ;  Mio, 
Jen,  Nat.  Lips.  Berol.  &c*»  assistant 
Iceeper  of  the  antiquities  and  coins  at 
the  British  Museum,  Dr.  Noebden 
vras  bom  at  Goettingen,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Hanover,  Jan.  23, 1770.  Mr.  Such- 
fiirt,  the  then  head  master  of  the  Gram* 
mar-school  of  that  town,  a  man  eminent 
for  classical  learning,  and  to  whom 
Micbaelis  and  Heyne  iotrusted  their 
sons,  instructed  him  in  the  classica,  and 

Srofessed  a  great  partiality  for  him. 
ot  contented  with  the  acquisition  of 
the  andent,  Noebden  cultivated  the 
modem  Unguages,  and  his  proficien- 
cy in  Italian*  French,  and  English, 
waa  rapid*  In  1788  be  entered  the 
University  of  his  native  ^laoe,  and  ap- 
plied particularly  to  classical  literature 
and  antiquities  under  Heyue,  who,  be- 
coming his  chief  master  and  patron, 
employed  him  in  collating  several  Greeic 
MSS.  particularly  that  of  the  Iliad,  in 
the  possession  of  the  late  Mr.  Townley, 
for  bis  edition  of  Homer.  In  1791  Mr, 
Hichard-James  Lawrence,  a  gentleman 
who  had  acquired  considerable  property 
!a  the  West  Indies,  repaired  witn  hia 
bidy.  and  two  of  his  sons,  to  Goettingen, 
for  tJie  education  of  the  latter,  Ha^ng 
himself  been  brought  up  at  Eton,  he 
had  a  high  value  for  classical  studies, 
i^pd  applied  to  Hevne  for  a  proper  tutor 
jrn  that  branch  of  learning.    Heyne  re- 


236       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


DEATHS 

enamoured  of  England,  could  not  decline. 
In  the  latter  end  of  1796  sir  William 
Milner  introduced  him  to  earl  Fitz- 
william.  In  October  of  that  vear,  he 
went  with  sir  William's  second  son  to 
Goettingen.  There,  still  under  the  idea 
of  one  day  becoming  a  member  of  some 
German  University,  he  wrote  a  disserta- 
tion (dedicated  to  his  venerable  friend 
Bryant)  "  De  Porphyrii  Scholiis  in  Ho- 
merum,"  and  publicly  defended  it  in  the 
University,  May  27, 1797,  to  qualify  him- 
self for  the  decree  of  A.M.  which  was 
thereafter  con^rred  upon  him.  As  his 
pupil  was  to  continue  on  the  continent 
only  one  year,  and  ^  spend  the  conclud- 
ing months  of  it  at  tome  German  court, 
Noehden  repaired  with  him  to  Bruns- 
wick, whence  they  departed  for  Berlin. 
In  1798,  he  accompanied  his  pupil  to 
Eton  for  the  usual  period,  during  which 
time  he  paid  and  received  visits  to  and 
from  his  friend  Bryant,  as  before.  In 
1800,  appeared  the  first  edition  of  his 
excellent  German  Grammar,  adapted  to 
the  use  of  Englishmen.  From  a  wish  to 
see  his  mother  and  brother,  and  to  visit 
some  portion  of  the  continent,  he  crossed 
over,  in  July,  1803,  and  after  spendins 
a  few  months  with  his  friends,  returned 
by  Paris.  Sir  William  and  lady  Milner 
were  so  satisfied  with  his  exertions,  that 
they  committed  to  his  care  also  their 
third  son.  In'  1804,  having  accompa- 
nied their  second  son,  Charles,  now  a 
major  in  the  army,  to  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  he  was  presented  to  the  earl 
of  Moira,  to  Dugald  Stewart,  Dalzel, 
Playfiiir,  Brewster,  sir  Walter  Scott, 
&c.  In  181 1,  the  late  sir  William  Milner 
died ;  when  the  present  baronet,  his 
eldest  pupil,  evinced  the  sense  he  enter- 
tained of  what  he  owed  to  his  tutor,  in- 
creasing by  one  third  the  annuity  settled 
on  him  by  the  late  sir  William,  as  well 
as  by  urging  him  to  take  up  his  resi- 
dence at  Nun-Appleton.  Noehden, 
now  desirous  of  being  master  of  his 
time  and  actions,  in  the  latter  end  of 
the  same  year  took  apartments  in  the 
Albany.  The  London  booksellers  ap- 
plied to  him  in  1812  for  a  pocket  dic- 
tionary of  the  German  language,  then 
a  great  desideratum.  He  compiled  one 
which  g^ew  into  repute,  and  of  which 
Mr.  H.  E.  Lloyd,  in  1822,  published  an 
improved  edition.  In  1814  and  1815 
he  made  an  extensive  tour  on  the  con- 
tinent, and  in  1818  accepted  an  invita- 
tion to  Weimar,  to  superintend  the  edu- 
cation of  the  children  of  the  hereditary 


.— MiBca. 

grand  duke  of  Saxe-Wetmat  At  tbt 
elegant  court,  justly  styled  the  Geinn 
Athens,  he  was  treated  with  distinctiQB, 
and  would  have  been  content  to  end  his 
days  there,  had  he  not  previoodyrt* 
sided  so  long  in  this  countiv ;  batsig' 
land  was  ever  uppermost  in  his  tfaoagbti, 
and  he  did  not  conceal  his  wish  to  retnn 
to  it  from  his  numerous  corrcspoodati 
in  this  country.  Accordingly,  t  atia- 
tion  in  the  British  Moseum  hmg 
become  vacant,  his  friends,  espedaflj 
general  Milner,  uncle  to  his  lite  mipils, 
and  lord  Milton,  exerted  ^msdws « 
strenuously  in  his  fiivour,  that  oot»itb- 
standing  a  competition  ol  nearly  thirtj 
aspirantsi  he  was  appointed  to  the  pbv* 
After  a  short  residence,  he  qmtttd 
Weimar  for  Italy,  and,  while  at  Rfloe, 
received  these  happy  tidings,  which 
made  an  immediate  return  to  Eng- 
land expedient.  Thus,  in  1890,  be 
at  last  round  himself  nominated  to  u 
employment  congenial  tajhis  taste.  F<r 
some  time  he  had  the  care  of  a  portioa 
of  the  library  in  that  natkmal  estahlklh 
ment ;  but  when,  in  182!,  he  puWiihei 
a  translation  of  Goethe's  ObservatkBi 
on  Leonardo  da  Vinci's  cdebiated  pic- 
ture of  the  Last  Supper,  with  an  Intro- 
duction and  Notes,  the  trustees  of  tk 
British  Museum  discerned,  that  he 
would  be  noore  suitably  placed  in  tb 
department  of  antiquities  andcoiiK,<tf 
which,  owing  to  the  malady  under  vfaich 
the  gentleman  holding  that  ritntidQ 
labours.  Dr.  Noehden  soon  ohtaiaed 
the  entire  superintendence.  That  to 
the  study  of  ancient  and  moden  vt 
and  more  especially  to  numisoialilofj, 
he  had  directed  his  particular  atteotini. 
was  satisfiu:torily  demonstrated  bj  tfar 
publication  of  his  "  Northwick  Om*»" 
which,  but  for  an  unfortunate  droM* 
stance  beyond  his  control,  would  hive 
extended  to  eight  or  twelve  Donbefi, 
but  was  concluded  about  a  fortlBffhtb^ 
fore  his  death,  with  the  fourth  muaber. 
In  1823,  when  the  AsUtie  Sodetjvis 
instituted,  they  chose  him  their  hoMWT 
secretary.  Beinff  a  martyr  to  the jw^ 
his  impatience  otthat unpleasant vw 
sometimes  led  him  to  make  ae  of  i 
strong  medicine :  a  dangerous  eipedkst 
which  may  perhaps  have  hastened  lis 
decay  of  a  nrame  not  originally  wfcsC 
The  first  symptom  of  his  fiual  tthdy 
was  mistaken  tor  diabetes,  whkh  h^ 
ever,  in  the  end,  appeared  to  have  bnt 
only  a  violent  dlbrt  of  the  spem  ftr 
ease.    He  al«o  complained  of  difiohy 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


237 


DEATHS, 
of  breftthing,  and  of  lethargy.  He  ex- 
pired without  any  signs  of  violent  pain. 
On  opening  the  body,  the  mucous  mem- 
brane was  found  tt  be  much  inflamed, 
and  the  cartilaginous  parts  of  the  ribs 
ossified.  The  head  contained  a  large 
quantity  of  water.  His  remains  were 
interrea  in  the  church  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist,  in  the  Savoy.  The  annuity  of 
30O/.  allowed  him  by  the  Milner  family, 
added  to  the  profits  arising  from  his 
pabHcations,  and  to  the  salary  annexed 
to  his  situation  at  the  British  Museum, 

Sire  him,  in  his  latter  years,  a  com- 
rtable  income  of  about  900/.  per 
annum.  He  left  about  1,000/.  in  the 
4  per  cents  and  300/.  in  the  French 
funds,  which,  together  with  the  value  of 
the  copyright  ol  his  publications,  and 
die  proceeds  of  his  library  and  furniture, 
devolve  on  his  two  sisters.  Among  his 
papers  no  complete  manuscripts  were 
found  ready  for  the  press,  but  only  frag- 
ments, consisting  of  1.  An  Introduction 
to  Numismatology ;  3.  a  Translation  of 
some  Chapters  Si  Winckelmann's  '<  His- 
tory of  Art,"  undertaken,  it  is  under- 
stood, at  the  instance  of  lord  Colches- 
ter;  3.  a  Translation  of  part  of  Lessing's 
Laocoon ;  4.  numerous  Journals  of  his 
Travels. 

16.  Near  Dublin,  aged  82,  John,  sixth 
visccmnt  Netterville,  one  of  the  Roman 
Cfttholie  peers  of  Ireland.  The  title  is 
extinct.  He  was  bom  March  1 744 ;  and 
succeeded  his  father,  Nicholas,  19th 
March,  1750. 

16.  At  Paris,  the  celebrated  traveller 
and  naturalist,  Leschenault  de  la  Touer ; 
In  his  55th  year. 

17*  At  Moscow,  professor  Dr.  George 
Frands  Hoffman,  loiown  to  the  scientific 
worid  by  his  writings  on  botanical  sub- 
jects. He  was  born  in  Bayreuth,  in 
J  766. 

18.  At  Maghera,  aged  133,  Mrs. 
Anne  Mulholland. 

33.  Aged  74,  William  Prowse,  esq., 
rear-admiral  of  the  Blue,  and  C.B. 
This  distinguished  officer  commenced 
bis  career  as  a  master's  mate  on  board 
the  Albion  of  74  guns,  commanded  by 
capt.  Georae  Bowyer,  in  the  action 
fought  off  Grenada,  between  vice-adm. 
Byron  and  the  count  d'Estaing,  July  6, 
1779 ;  and  in  Rodney's  battles  with  dc 
Guichen,  off  Martinique,  April  17,  and 
May  15  and  19,  1780.  The  Albion's 
loaS}  in  those  several  eJigagements, 
lOiKMiDted  to  37  killed  and  138  wounded  { 


—March. 

among  the  latter  of  whom  was  Mr. 
Prowse,  who  was  struck  by  a  large 
splinter  in  the  head. 

34.  At  Rome,  Francisco  Antonio 
Baldi,  keeper  of  the  Vatican  library. 

aged  77. 

35.  At  his  apartments  in  York-build- 
ings, Mary-le-bone,  after  a  long  and 
painful  illness,  borne  with  much  forti- 
tude, aged  58,  Dr.  John  Gray,  late  phy- 
sician to  Haslar  hospital.  During  the 
eventful  period  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tionary war,  he  held  various  responsible 
offices  connected  with  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  navv.  Lords  St  Vin- 
cent, Nelson,  and  Coilingwood,  were  his 
personal  friends.  It  was  at  the  personal 
request  of  the  Hero  of  the  Nile,  on  his 
retnm  from  the  pursuit  of  the  French 
to  the  West  Indies,  in  1805,  that  he  was 
made  physician  to  the  fleet  which  won 
the  battle  of  Trafalgar. 

—  At  one  o'clock  in  the  rooming,  at 
his  residence  in  Cavendish-square,  the 
very  reverend  the  lord  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham.    His  lordship  was  the  fifth  and 
youngest  son  of  the  firat  vise.  Barring- 
ton,  and  was  bom  the  36th  of  May,  1734. 
After  an  education  at  Eton  and  Oxford, 
where  he  was  for  some  years  fellow  of 
Merton  College,  he  entered  into  holy 
orders,  was  appointed  chaplain  to  king 
George  3nd,  and  afterwards  to  his  late 
mijesty.    In  1761  he  was  made  canon 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  a  few 
years   afterwards    residentiary   of   St. 
Paul's.  This  last-mentioned  preferment, 
the  inability  of  Mrs.  Barrington  to  bear 
the  confined  air  of  the  house  of  resi- 
dence, induced  him,  at  a  time  when  he 
could  ill  afford  such  a  sacrifice  of  in- 
come to   exchange   for  a  canonry  at 
Windsor.    In  1769  he  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Llandaff,  and  continued  in 
this  see  till  1783,  when  he  was  trans- 
lated to  Salisbury.    In   1791   he  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Thomas    Thurlow  in  the 
opulent  see  of  Durham.    His  learning 
was  various,  and  extended  through  the 
branches  of  knowledge  connected  with 
his  profession.    As  a  preacher,  he  was, 
in  his  day,  of  no  mean  order ;  and  as  a 
speaker  in  the  House  of  Lords  ho  was 
always  heard  with  attention  and  respect. 
Although  his  first  elevation  to  the  fa«nch 
was  owing  to  the  influence  of  his  brother, 
viscount  Barrington,  at  that  time  secre- 
tary at  war,  yet  his  subsequent  advance- 
ment waS|  in  each  instance,  the  act  of 
the  kin^  himself    His  tninslatioa  to 


239       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHSir-MiMK. 

Salisbury,  in  particular,  was  contrary  to  fldon  and  lord  Stowell,  sons  of  Mr. 

the  earnest  and  repeated  instances  of  Scott,  at  Mr.  Moise's  school  at  tbat 

the  ministierofthe  day,  the  earl  dfShel-  town.     He   resided  sereral  ycais  at 

burne,  who  was  anxious  to  obtain  that  Oxford  and  Bath;   was  ab«ut  twenty 

see  for  a  particular  friend  and  partisan  fears  in  the  employ  of  Messrs.  Pick- 

of  his  own,  Uie  late  bishop  Hinehlitfe.  ford's,  Castle  thn,  Wood-elreet,  wid 

{lis  ^ud  promotion  to  the  bishopriac  of  about  6ve  or  six  years  since  he  ietij«d 

purham   was   the  unsolicited   act    of  on  a  moderate  competency, 
the  kame  gracious  and  royal  pairon.        ^.  In  Lower  <^rosveaor-atreet|  in  U  s 

The  conduct   of  this  prelate  in   the  i4th  year,  a  son  of  the  rer.  lord  Ttsconnt 

gor^mment  of  three  dioceses  in  sue-  Barringloa,  nephew  of  the  late  biihep 

cession,  during  the  long  period  of  fifty-  of  Durham. 

seren  year8,^was  marked  by  the  most        —  At  Brockle-hill,   Wm.  Godfireyi 

exemplary   seal,    diligence,    kindnessu  esq. 

and  ^scretion.    As  a  patron,  he  stood        —  At  Psrii,  aged  56,  Daacottrt  de 

pre-eniinent.  Never,  perhaps,  have  the  St  Just,  a  well-known  oraoatic  writer, 

rich  dignities  and  benefices  in  the  gift  and  author  of  <<  Le  iCalife  de  Bagdad,** 

oJT  the  see  of  Durham  been  bestowed  and  '<  Jean  de  PSarif.*' 
with  so  much  attention  io  the  claims  of       ^.  John-Richard»  third  aoa  of  fieot- 

merit    It  repeatedly  happened  that  his  col.  sir  Hew  Roes,  K.CJi» 
most  opulent  preferments  weKb  conferred        —  At  Portis-green  CottaM,  MoMMI- 

on  persons  utterly  unlcnown  to  him,  ex-  hill,  Homsey,  Houlton  Smlui  &in^  es^ 

cept  by  their  characters,  and  by  their  a  oommissioner  of  customs, 
literary  labours.  Next  b  the  exemplary        •—  At  his  house  at  TilHnglwwarna, 

dischaige  of  the  duties  of  a  patron,  he  near  Dorkiaff,  colonel  DelaaceyBnrelayv 

was  conspicuous  in  the  eyes  of  the  world  C.B.  ef  the  Grenadier  guards,  and 


by  his  princely  munificence.    There  was  de-camp  to  the  king.    He  mrv^d  in 

no  scheme  of  useful  charity  which  had  Flandeiv,  was  at  the  battle  of  Watertoav 

not  his  name  among  the  foremost  con-  and.  was  for  some  years  aide-de-ciBi|»  l» 

tributors ;  and  there  were  even  few  in-  the  duke  of  York, 

stltutions  for  the  advancement  of  any  -.•  Aged  86,  sir  John  Aubi«w»   eC 

o^ect  of  public  utility,  paiticularly  for  Borstall,  Bucks,  sixth  bvrt.  ef  MMi- 

the  cultivation  of  the  fine  arts,  of  whitk  trithvd,  oo.  Glamorgan,  D.C.L^  li.  P« 

he  was  not  a  generous  supporter.    Large  for  Horsham,  and  iaSier  of  the  ~ 


as  were  his  acts  of  public  munificent    Commons,  having  sat,  wi^oot  interam- 
they  bore  but  a  small  proportion  to  the     sion,  in  twelve  suoo^ssdve  pariiaowwin. 


deeds  of  private  unobtrusive  charity,     Descendedfroml^t  Aubrey  of  the 

which  were  the  daily  occupation  of  bis    royal  of  Fiance,  who  case  to  fingtand 


life.    No  one,  perhaps,  ever  better  un-  with  the  conqueror;  ear  John 

derstood  the  imlue  of  money,  or  em-  eldest  son  of  sir  Thomas,  the  fiflfa 

ployed  it  more  judiciously  as  the  instru-  net,   bv   Martha,    eldest  daughter   of 

ment  of  virtue.    He  reached  the  great  Richard  Carter,  esq.  of  Chfttaa,  c«u 

age  of  ninety-two  with  rare  and  Tight  BuckinglMUB,  one  of  his  majesty'*  jwa- 

attacks  of  sickness  ;  and  when  at  length  tices  of  the  grand  sessions  for  the  oomh 

a  stroke  of  paralvsis  deprived  him  of  ties  of  Glamorgan,  Brecon,  and  Ratfwi. 

the  use.of  some  of  his  members,  he  made  He  was  educated  at  Westminsttr  aclwol, 

such  eflbrts  towards  recovery,  that  it  and  was  a  genUeman  commoner  efOmft 

appeared  probable  that  his  d»ith  might  Churchy  Ozfeird,  where  he  was  crented 

still  be  remote.    He  had  little  or  no  D.C.L.  July  a^  1768.    On  Kk  retain 

bodily  soaring  $  and  his  mind  was  un-  from  his  traveli^  he  was  fint  elected  ^ 

clouded  almost  to  the  la8t.  parliament  for  WaUiaglord  at  the  ynesii 

36.  At  Elmdon,  aged  88,  the  relict  of  election  in  1768,  next  Ibr  Ayksbvijwt 

Isaac  Spooner,  es^.  and  mother  of  Mrs.  that  of  1774^  again  for  WalUuford  at 

Wilberferce,  that  of  1 780,  for  the  connty  «f  Booldlig. 

27.    At   his  apartments.   Coleman-  ham  at  that  of  178^  for  Ctitheroe  m 

street,  agtd  76.  Mr.  Edward  Chariton ;  itiat  of  1790,  for  Aldebnn^  (Suffolk),  at 

on  the  30th  be  was  interred  M  the  vaalt  those  of  1796, 180S,  )806|  aid  180? :  Ar 

under  6t   Stef>hen'8|   Coleman*street.  Steyning  at  thpee  of  181S|  awd  1918, 

He  was  bom  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  and  lastLy^  for  Horsham  a\  tbat«f  IttO. 

and  WM  a  schoolfeltow  of  the  enri  9f  Sk  Jolui  tabray!,  ia  tdi  foiitM^  mm 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         239 


DBATHS.- 
a  Whig,  origiBftUjr  vottnff  with  Mr. 
Fox :  not  aj^rorifig  of  the  ooalitioD, 
he  witbdrew  hi«  support  and  joined 
Mr.  Pitt,  and  in  1789  was  appointed  a 
ton!  or  the  admimlty^  tod  in  1788  a 
Im^  of  Ao  ireasuiy  (  bat  the  qtiestion 
of  tftfe  regency  too*  occunini^,  air  John 
regigacd  hie  oflSoe  in  the  treasury  in 
178^  and  njomtid  hie  old  friends.  He 
was  twiee  married^  firtt  to  Mary,  eldest 
daoghtfcr  and  coheiress  of  sir  James 
Colebroolce,  first  barodet  of  BaUM  «n<^ 
oolys&iter  to  the  present  dowager  coun- 
tess of  Tankelrville ;  she  died  June  14, 
178j.  His  second  lady  was  Martha- 
Ofttharine^  daughter  of  Qeo.  Ridi.  Car- 
ter, esq. 

—  At  Heidelberg,  ih  his  T6th  year, 
tile  celebrated  Germah  poet  and  trans- 
latoiv  Johamn  Henrich  Vbes,  bom  at  Sim- 
Mender^  in  Bfeeklenb«rg,  Feb.  SOth, 
17SI.    Hie  was  in  early  yooth  inspired 
with  the  l6ve  of  leaning)  bat  he  had 
obftedcs  to  eohtend  with  in  th%  narrow- 
ness of  his  means ;  hie  (ather  w*s  in  h 
station  bordering  uponalwolnte  poverty. 
Tola  at  last  pioeared  the  means  neces- 
sary for  deroting  htmseff  to  academical 
Btodies.    la  1779  he  was  received  into 
the  imiferrity  Of  Qottiogen.     Young 
Vess  Was  not  long  in  distlngaishing  him- 
self among  the  ]^apils  of  this  excellent 
iostitutioiS    which   was    alteady   well 
known  tfarooghoat  Etah>pe.    He  made 
tafiid  progress  in  the  aticient  languages, 
and  coltiThted,  at  the  sftme  time>  his 
talent  for  boetry.    It  was  about  this 
time  that  theire  wm  formed  At  Oot- 
ta^ea  a  ebcieiy  of  yodne  men  whose 
namea  speedily  acquired  a  Just  celebrity. 
Vom  became  a  member  of  this  asnda- 
Hot^  in  which,  ^so,  ahene  Hoelty.    The 
two  CDoHtsde  8tDllbeit,and  Miiliier,  au- 
ihor  of  '<8iegwart,"  were  piatiefa  in  this 
aasoeiatioti.    Thests  young  fHends  met 
on  Satifidav,  And  In  line  ilkreather,  fre- 
qwently  in  the  Often  sir»  t^derthe  shade 
of  msmt  tnjestic  oaks.    In  the  summer, 
iwdeed,  thq^  assembled  in  a  gatilen,  and 
pralfDliged  their  Utetmry  meetings  even 
tin  sunrise.    Extenporaty  verses  Hrete 
produced  and  commanicated  with  entha- 
sinnn  as  they  were  spoken.    Burger,  so 
well  known  by  his  romances  and  ballads, 
and  Klopelock  himself  were  honorary 
membeia.  Vo6i,inlils*<Ufe«f  Hoelty/' 
preftxed  to  the  new  edition  of  the  poetns 
of  his  friend  (published  at  Hamburgh  ih 
1804),  tiices)  in  an  IntercsUhg  manner, 
tkett  reooUectioiks  of  hift  yOuth.    VOis 
tif«4  ^PM^  ttu  «t  IiMiM«h,  ksd  It 


-MABcn. 

was  there  that  he  published  a  POetioU 
Almanack  fok*  several  yeara^  which  was 
a  continuation  of  that  of  QottiBgen.    In 
1783,  he  was  named  bead-master  of  a 
schoolat  Entin,  in  1803  hesetttedaUenai 
and  finally,  in  1805,  upon  the  ne#  brgan- 
iation  of  the   University  of  Heidel- 
berg, the  grtnd  duke  of  liaden  invited 
Voss  thither  to  give  thfe  greater  cell&- 
brity  to  that  institution.    The  poetical 
productions  of  thiA  author  are  nimeroos. 
Voss  knew  all  the  rich^  of  the  Getnito 
language,  and  possessed  In  a  very  high 
degree  the  talent  of  ihanaging  and  ada(>t- 
ing  it  to  the  most  difficult  kinds  of  com- 
po9itk>n.    FoUowttkc  the  steps  of  Klop- 
stock,  he  succeeded  in  naturaliiiog  m 
German  literature  the  metrical  folrms 
of  Greek  and  Latin  prtnody*  and  at  thfe 
same  time  showed  how  easily  he  could 
overcome  the  difficultly  of  rhyme.    A 
collection  of  the  poems  of  Voss  appeared 
atKoenisberff  in  1803,  the  last  of  which 
contained  a  treatise  on  prosody.    The 
industry  of  Voss  was  surprising.    Gei^ 
man  literature  owes  to  him   A   great 
many  translations,  of  which  we  Inay 
mention  that  of  Virgil,  that  of  a  great 
part  of  the  Metamorphoses  of  Ovid, 
those  of  Horace,  Heftiod  and  Otpheus, 
Theocritos,  Aristophianes ;  but»  above 
all,  that  of  the  Iliad  ahd  Odyisey «  this 
chrf'd'wuvret  written  In  hexameters^  is 
BO  close  to  the  original,  that  it  may  be 
considered  as  in  ttuth  a  fiic«eimlle.  The 
unweancHl  VOes  undertook  also^  ih  con- 
junction with  his  two  sons  (Henrv  Vosk, 
professor  at  Heidelberg^  who  died  in 
1822,  and  Abraham  Voes))  a  thinslation 
of  Slmirapeare,  of  which  sevet^U  volumes 
have  appeared.    Thh  surprising  man, 
not   content  with  his   numeroos  suc- 
cesses as  a  poet  and  phUofagist,  devoted 
himself  also  to  profound  researches  Into 
the  geogra|)hy  And  mythology  of  the 
ancients.     He  thought  proper  to  IM- 
pugn  the  system  on  the  latter  sulijcct 
develo|>ed  in  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able works  of  the  day— the  Symbols  of 
the  learned  professor   Creutzcr;  atid 
published  his  Anti-Symbols.    VOss  ter- 
ihinated  his  honourable  career  on  the 
39th  of  March,  At  the  age  of  sevehty- 
fivc.    He  expired  while  cohversibg  with 
his  friend  and  phytidan,  M.  Tiede- 
mann. 

APRIL. 

1.  At  Mittau,  baron  Ulriek  OastAvus 
voD  SchlippeDbadi|boni«t  QcM«Wortt- 


240      ANNUAL    REGISTER^   1826. 

DEATHs.-*Apiul. 

sathen  in  Ck>urUuid,  May  6tfa,  1774.    In  9.  Sir  George  Alderton. 

1814hc  went  to  St.  Petersburgb,  where  •*    Marianne>    wife   of    mi^-gem 

he  was  appointed  one  of  a  committee  to  Mosheim. 

inquire  into  the  state  of  the  peasantry  11.  The  hon.  Mrs.  Boyd, 

of  Couriandyandthemeansofameliorat-  14.  In  Stanhope-street,  May-fiur,  in 

ing  their  condition.    The  emperor  be-  her  86th  year,  the  right  hoo.  Phila- 

stowed  upon  him  the  assignment  of  an  delphiii-Hannah,  relict  of  the  Ute  Thos. 

estate  for  twelve  years,  and  in  1821  the  viscount  Cremome,  and  baron  Dartiey 

Order  of  St.  Anne  of  the  second  class,  of  Ireland.  Herladyshipwasthegraiid- 

His  litemry  productions  are,  ^'Pictu-  daugbterofWm.Pentt,  founder  of  Penn- 

resque  Wanderings  through  Courland,''  sylvania,  N.  America,  and  was  bom  in 

1809 ;  '<  Poems,''  1812 ;  ''  Memoirs  for  its  eapital  of  PhUadelplua. 

a  Histoiy  of  the  Wai,"  1812  ;  «  Lebens-  16.  At  his  seat  of  NuthUl,  co.  Flfi^  in 

blUthe,'' 2  vols.,  1816; '<  Reminiscences  his  82nd  ;^ear,   John  Bruce,   esq.  of 

of  a  Journey  to  St.  Petersburgh   in  Grangehill   and   Falkland,    FJLS.   of 

1814,"  2  vols.,  1821.    From  1806  to  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Gottingen;  and 

1809,  he  edited  Cunonia  and  Wega.  formerly  M.P.  for  St.  Michael.     He 

1.  In  Geoige-street,  Portman-sqt]are»  was  the  heir-male  and  representatrve  of 

Frances   Constable,    relict   of  Francis  the  ancient  fiunlly  of  Bruoe  of  brPs 

Constable,  of  Burton  Constable.     She  Hall,  one  of  the  oldest  cadets  of  the 

was  daughter  of  Edmund  Plowden,  of  illustrious  house  of  Bruce ;  but  he  did 

Plowden,  co.  Salop,  esq.  and  was  mar-  not  succeed  to  the  estate  of  his  ances- 

ried  in  the  year  1792.  tors,  which  was  tnmsferred  by  marriage 

7.  At  Benacre  Hall,  Suffolk,  aged  80,  into  another  funily,  and  he  inherited 
sir  Thomas  Gooch,  fourth  baronet  of  from  his  fiither  only  the  small  property 
that  place.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  of  Grangehill,  near  Kinghom.  Mr.Bmce 
sir  Thomas  Gooch,  the  third  baronet,  by  received  a  liberal  education  at  the  Uni- 
Anne,  daughter  and  heiress  of  John  At-  versity  of  Edinburgh,  where  be  was 
wood,  esq.  and  widow  of  — —  Bates,  early  distinguished  mr  his  abilities  and 
esq.  He  succeeded  to  the  title  on  his  extensile  erudition ;  the  consequence  oC 
fiUher's  death,  Sept.  10,  1781;  and  which  was,  that,  at  an  early  age,  he  was 
served  sheriff  of  Sufiblk  in  1785.  He  appointed  professor  of  logic  in  that  urn- 
married  Anne-Maria,  daughter  of  Wm.  versity.  At  Uie  same  time,  during  the 
Hayward,  esq.  of  Surrey,  a  descendant  absence  of  Dr.  Adam  Feigusson,  he  was 
of  the  father  of  W.  Fatten,  commonly  prevailed  on  to  teach  his  class  of  inord 
styled  William  of  Waynflete,  the  foun-  philosophy.  Soon  after  this,  he  remg^ed 
der  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  By  his  chair  in  the  univenity :  havii^, 
this  lady  sir  Thomas  had  five  sons  and  through  the  interest  of  the  late  lord 
six  daughters.  Melville,  to  whose  fiimily  he  was  dia- 

—  In  Regent-street,  lieut-gen  Philip  tantly  related,  received  a  giant  of  the 

Kearney  Skinner.    This  officer  was  ap-  reversion,  along  with  the  late  sir  James 

pointed  second  lieutenant  in  the  23rd  Hunter  Blair,  of  the  patent  of  Idiig^s 

Foot,  Dec.  2U  1782,  and  served  with  his  printer  and  stationer  for  Scotland  ;  an 

regiment  in  America  until  that  country  office,  however,  which  did  not  &I1  oitD 

was  evacuated  bv  the  British  army.    In  theirpossessionforfifteenorsixteen years. 

1785  he  obtained  a  lieutenancy,  in  1793  Lord  Melville  procured  for  him,  alaoi, 

a  company,  and  Sept.  1,  1795,  a  ma-  the  office  of  keeper  of  the  State-pe|ier 

jority.    He  served  in  the  expedition  to  office,  and  historiographer  to  the  East 

Ostend,  and  was  taken  prisoner.     On  India  company.    Mr.  Bruce   was,  for 

Dec.  11,  1799,  he  received  a  lieut.-  a  short  time,  secretary  to  the  Board 

colonelcy  in  the  56tli  Foot.    From  Feb.  of  Control.    In  these  various  offices  be 

1800,  to  Jan.  1805,  he  served  in  Ireland  ;  was  not  idle.    The  place  of  keeper  of 

and  on  the  24th  of  April,  in  the  latter  the  State-paper  office  had  been  made 

year,  he  sailed  for  the  East  Indies.    He  by  his  predecessors  very  much  of  a 

obtained  the  rank  of  colonel,  Oct.  25,  sinecure:  the  consequence  of  whidi  was, 

1809 ;    major«gen.  Jan.  1,  1812,   and  that  the  valuable  papers  therein  depo- 

lieut-gen.  in  1825.    The  deceased  was  sited  were  in  the  greatest  confoaioQ ; 

a  member  of  the  consolidated  board  of  but,  by  his  inde&tigable  exertioiis  aad 

general  officers.  methodical   arrangements,   the   whole 

9.  Dayid  Jones,  esq.  of  Devonshire-  wei^  ^Qpn  It^lf^^ht  intQ  the  greatest  or- 

«treet|  PortJand^pUiQe,  itr,  so  m  to  be  Avidlable  to  tte  diifeftst 


AiPPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         241 


DEATHS 
depftrtments  of  the  government.  Mr. 
Bruce  was  the  author  of  several  valuable 
works,  some  of  which,  though  printed 
by  goveniment,  were  not  published  for 
sale,  and  therefore  are  not  so  extensively 
known  as  they  deserve;  and  it  is  be- 
lieved be  has  left  in  manuscript,  at  the 
State-paper  office,  several  memoirs  in 
relation  to  that  department.  Misprinted 
works  are :  **  Elements  of  the  Science 
ofFirstPrinciplesof  Philosophy,"  1780, 
8vo. ;  "  Ethics,'*  1786.  8vo. :  being  the 
beads  of  his  Lectures  on  Moral  Philoso- 
phy ;  **  Historical  View  of  Plans  for  the 
Government  of  British  India,  and  Regu- 
lation of  the  Trade  of  the  East  Indies," 
1793,  4to. ;  *' Report  on  the  Renewal  of 
the  East-India  Company^s  Exclusive 
Privileges,*'  1794;  •' Review  of  the 
Events  and  Treaties  which  Established 
the  Balance  of  Power  in  Europe,  and 
the  Balance  of  Trade  in  favour  of  Great 
Britain,"  1796;  "Report  on  Conjunct 
Expeditions  to  Frustrate  the  Designs  of 
the  Enemy,  by  Attacks  on  his  Forei;;(n 
Pcnsessions  or  European  Port^"  1798; 
''Report  on  the  Internal  Defence  of 
England  against  the  Spanish  Armada 
in  1588,  with  a  View  to  the  Defence  of 
Britain  in  1798,'*  on  which  Mr.  Pitt 
grounded  his  Measures  of  the  Provisional 
Cavalry  and  Army  of  Reserve ;  *'  Re- 
port on  the  Union  between  England  and 
Scotland,"  with  a  view  to  the  projected 
Union  with  Ireland,  1799  ;  '<  Annals  of 
the  E^t-India  Company,  from  their 
Establishment  in  1600  to  the  Union  of 
the  London  and  English  East  India  Com- 
panies, 1707-8."  1810,  3  vols.  4to.; 
**  Report  on  the  Negociation  between 
the  East-India  Company  and  the  Pub- 
lic, respecting  the  Renewal  of  the  Com- 
pany's Charter,"  1812,  4to.;  "Speech 
In  the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons on  India  Affiiirs,"  1813,  8vo. 
Paring  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he 
spent  several  months  at  his  seat  at 
Nuthtll,  on  which  estate,  and  his  exten- 
sive purchaiies  of  Falkland  and  Myers, 
he  was  carrying  on  improvements  on  a 
most  extended  scale,  giving  employ, 
ment  to  great  numbers  of  tradesmen 
and  labourers.  He  also  laid  out  a  large 
sum  in  repairing  what  remains  of  the 
palace  of  Falkland,  so  as  to  preserve,  for 
centuries  to  come,  that  relic  of  royalty 
in  Scotland. 

19.  At  his  residence  in  Wolverhamp- 
ton, dfter  a  protracted  and  painful 
illness,  aged  74,  the  rev.  John  Milner, 
P.D.   F.S.A.    the    Roipaa    O^tholic 

Vgxi.  LXVIII. 


. — April. 

bishop  of  Castabala,  and  vicar  apostolic 
of  the  midland  district  of  England.  Dr. 
Milner  was  bom  in  London  in  1752. 
Having  received  the  first  rudiments  of 
education  at  Sedgely  Park,  near  Wol- 
verhampton, and  Edgbaston,  near  Bir- 
mingham, he  completed  his  studies  at 
Douay,  and  was  ordained  priest  in  1777* 
He  was  sent  on  the  mission  in  England 
soon  after  receiving  holy  orders,  and 
was  placed  in  London,  from  whence  he 
was  sent  to  Winchester.  The  circum- 
stances which  first  called  forth  the  zeal 
and  energies  of  the  deceased  was  the 
spirit  of  resistance  to  ecclesiastical  au- 
thority, which  followed  the  first  relaxa. 
tion  of  the  penal  code  against  the  Catho- 
lics. This  event  took  place  in  1778, 
with  little  opposition  in  the  senate,  or 
dissension  among  the  Catholics ;  but  it 
was  accompanied  by  the  defection  of 
some  of  the  first  characters  of  the  Catho* 
lie  aristocracy  from  their  Church,  par- 
ticularly lords  Gage,  Falconberg,  Teyn- 
ham,  Montagu,  Nugent,  Kingsland, 
Dnnsany,  his  grace  of  Gordon,  the  earl 
of  Surrey  (afcerwurds  duke  of  Norfolk), 
&c.  the  baronets  Tancred,  Gascoii^n. 
Swinburn,  Blake,  &c.  the  priests  Bil- 
linge,  Warton,  Hawkins,  Lewis,  Dords, 
&c.  In  1782  five  persons  were  ap- 
pointed to  be  ^*a  committee  for  five 
years  to  promote  and  attend  to  the 
Rffnirs  of  the  Roman  Catholic  body  in 
England;"  and  the  time  for  its  exist- 
ence being  expired,  in  1787  another  was 
nominated.  Of  these  committees  Mr. 
Charles  Butler  was  secretary.  One  of 
their  measures  was  the  proposal  of  a  new 
oath,  which  gave  rise  to  a  strong  conten- 
tion, in  which  Dr.  Milner  took  a  very 
prominent  and  able  part  The  oath 
was  condemned  by  the  then  four  vicars 
apostolic,  who  issued  an  encyclical  let- 
ter, declaring  that  it  could  not  be  law- 
fully taken.  This  letter  gave  rise  to 
the  publication  of  the  **  Blue-books,"  so 
called  from  being  stitched  in  blue  paper, 
and  having  no  regular  title.  In  one  of 
these  the  committee  protested  against 
the  present  and  all  future  decisions  of 
the  bishops,  as  ^  encroaching  on  their 
natural,  civil,  and  religious  rights." 
Dr.  Milner's  first  publication  was  in 
8vo.  1789,  "  A  Sermon  preached  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  Chapel  at  Winchester. 
April  23,  1789,  being  the  General 
Thanksgiving  for  his  Majesty's  Happy 
Recovery.  By  the  Rev.  John  Milner, 
M.A.  With  Notes  Historical  and  Ex- 
planatory,'' (U)d|  it  most  b^  «dd^d|  |kh 

R 


242       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826- 


DEATHS 

lemical,  for  that  is  the  distinguishing 
feature  of  this  first,  and  of  most,  of  Dr. 
Milner's  productions.  Soon  after  the 
condemnation  of  the  oath  in  1789,  two 
of  the  vicars  apostolic  died,  and  were 
succeeded  in  the  latter  part  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  by  Dr.  William  Gibson  for 
the  Northern  district,  and  Dr.  John 
Douglas  for  the  London  district.  The 
consecration  of  the  former  prelate  was 
performed  on  the  5th  of  December, 
1790,  at  the  chapel  in  Lul worth  Castle, 
by  bishop  Walmealey  j[the  author  of 
"Pastorini's  History  of  the  Christian 
Church ")»  assisted  by  the  late  rev. 
Charles  Plowden,  and  Dr.  Milner,  who 
preached  the  consecration  sermon*  pub* 
lished  in  8vo.,  1791.  Bishop  Douglas 
was  consecrated  at  the  same  place  on 
the  19th  of  the  same  month.  Before 
the  prelates  left  Lulworth,  they  agreed 
to  a  second  encyclical  letter,  condemning 
the  appellation  of  Protesting  Catholic 
Dissenters,  assumed  by  the  above-men- 
tioned committee ;  and  Dr.  M.  was  ap- 
pointed to  act  as  agent  for  the  bishops 
of  the  Western  and  Northern  districts. 
In  this  capacity  he  became  personally 
acquainted  with  the  most  celebrated 
statesmen  of  the  day :  namely,  Mr.  Pitt, 
Mr.  Fox,  Mr.  Dundas,  and  Mr.  Wind- 
ham; and  was  likewise  introduced  to 
three  of  the  Protestant  bishops  (with 
one  of  whom,  Dr.  Horsley,  he  became 
united  in  friendship),  Mr.  Wilberforce, 
and  Mr.  Wm.  Smith.  He  exerted  him- 
self to  make  these  members  of  the  legis- 
lature sensible  of  the  obnoxious  parts  of 
the  oath  which  the  committee  had  intro- 
duced into  their  bill  for  the  relief  of  the 
Catholics,  and  which  was  presented  to 
the  House  of  Commons  on  the  1st  of 
March,  1791,  by  Mr.  Mitford.  On  his 
journey  from  Winchester  to  London,  he 
drew  up  a  document  relative  to  the  dis- 
pute between  the  prelates  and  the  com- 
mittee, consisting  of  questions  from  the 
first  Blue-book,  with  answers  to  the 
same,  and  entitled  "  Facts  relating  to 
the  Contest  among  the  Roman  Catho- 
lics," and  caused  copies  to  be  printed 
and  circulated  among  the  members. 
The  effect  produced  by  this  paper  may 
be  gathered  from  this  fact ;  After  Mr. 
Mitford  had  spoken  in  favour  of  the 
Protesting  Catholic  Dissenters,  and 
against  the  Papists,  alluding  to  those 
who  adhered  to  their  bishops  and 
the  name  of  Catholic,  and  Mr.  Fox 
and  Mr.  Fitt  had  delivered  their  sen-' 
timents  on  the  question,  the  late  sir 


. — April. 

Archibald  Macdonald,  then  Attorney 
general,  rose  and  said,  that,  as  he 
was  entering  the  House,  n  paper  (Dr. 
Milner's  "  Facts,")  had  been  put  into 
his  hands,  which  proved  that  one  of  the 
Catholic  parties  were  as  good  subjects 
and  as  much  entitled  to  iDavour  as  the 
other.  This  declaration  of  the  Attorney- 
general  surprised  the  House,  and  cansed 
the  contents  of  the  paper  to  be  more 
closely  examined.  After  Mr.  Pitt  bad 
minutely  read  it,  he  thus  expreised 
himself,  **We  have  been  deceived  in 
the  great  outlines  of  the  Bill,  and  either 
the  other  party  must  be  relieved,  orlbc 
Bill  not  pass."  A  passage  respecting 
our  English  St.  George,  in  Dr.  Milner*f 
sermon  on  the  king's  recovery,  having 
occasioned  a  controversy  in  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  to  which  Dr.  M.  was, 
at  that  time,  a  frequent  correspondent, 
it  produced  from  him,  in  1792,  an  oc- 
tavo pamphlet,  entitled, '' Aq  Historiol 
and  Critical  Inquiry  into  the  Existence 
and  Character  of  St.  George,  Patron  of 
England,  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter, 
and  of  the  Antiquarian  Society;  in 
which  the  Assertions  of  Edward  Gibbeo, 
esq.  (History  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of 
tlie  Roman  Empire,  chap,  xxiii)  and  of 
certain  other  Writers,  concerning  thw 
Saint,  are  discussed.  In  a  Letter  to  the 
Rt.  Hon.  George  Earl  of  Leicester,  Pre- 
sident of  the  Antiquarian  Society.^  At- 
tempts having  been  made,  to  persuade  die 
Romish  Clergy  and  people  that  they 
bad  a  right  to  choose  their  bishops, 
three  works  which  were  published  in 
support  of  this  pretension  by  a  leading 
member  of  the  committee,  were  answered 
in  detail  by  the  deceased  prelate  in 
three  separate  pamphlets,  bearing  the 
following  titles:  "The  Clergyman's 
Answer  to  the  Layman's  Letter,'*  •*  The 
Divine  Right  of  Episcopacy,"  and 
"  Ecclesiastical  Democracy  Detected, 
being  a  Review  of  the  Controversy  be- 
tween the  Clergyman  and  the  Layman, 
concerning  the  Election  of  Bishops  and 
of  other  matters  contained  in  the  Writ- 
ings of  sir  John  Throckmorton,  hart" 
On  the  execution  of  the  French  king, 
Dr.  Milner  composed  and  puUtshra 
<*  The  Funeral  Oration  of  his  lale  Most 
Christian  Majesty,  Louis  XVI.,  pro- 
nounced at  the  Funeral  Service  per- 
formed by  the  French  Clergy  of  the 
King's  House,  Winchester,  at  St.  Pcter^ 
Chapel  in  the  said  City,  April  1^ 
1793. "  The  circulation  of  Dr.  Mifner's 
forcible  and  Argumentative  ^ftelii*' 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE^         243 


DEATHS 

grettljr  ftimoyed  the  Cttholic  <H)minime. 

An  Attempt  was  made  to  invnlldate  his 

appointment,  but  U  totally  foiled.    The 

sefaeoM  was  detected^  and  exposed  by 

hihi,  in  A  pamphlet  called  **  A  Reply  to 

the  Retoort  of  the  Cisalpine  Club/'  pub* 

IMied  in  1795.    Finally,  the  committee 

w«re  compelled  by  the  ministry' to  drop 

the  obnoxioiis  title  Of  Protesting  Catho- 

lie  Dis9fenters$  and  in  the  House  of 

Lords  the  condemned  oatli  was  totally 

discatded,  the  Irish  oath  of  1778  being 

substituted  in  its  place.    The  intertals 

between  these  contfotersies  were  dedi- 

eited  to  the  study  of  antiquities^  parti- 

eularly  as  contMnrted  with  the  church. 

He  oontinaed  a  fVeqnent  cobtribntor  to 

the  pAgts  of  Syltanus  Urban»  and  in 

\19B  his  indiflrnatlon  haying  been  rodsed 

at  ^e  Unsparing  transformation  of  SaliS" 

bory  dilhedral,  he  nublished  "ADisw 

lertatlon  on  the  Modem  Style  of  alter* 

mg  Cathedrals,  as  Exemplified  in  the 

Cathedral  of  Salisburv.'*    Div  Milner>s 

next,  and,  Indeed,  his  principal  work, 

was  th«  •»  History.  Civil  and  £cclesi<* 

B«tical,  and  Survey  of  the  Antiquities  of 

WlOchester,'*  4to,  1799,  which  he  dedi* 

cated  to  the  countess  Chandos  Temple^ 

ivflbof  the  pnssent  duke  d  Buckings 

ham.    Thfswotk,  though  highly  lueri-^ 

tMkntt  !n  an  historical  and  antiquarian 

)K»{iit  of  view,  was  as  much  interianled 

with  polemics  as  the  author's  other  pn>- 

dnetions.      The   character   of  bishop 

Hoadiy  being  theated  in  it  with  some 

f^dom  rthe  author  observing,  *'  it  may 

with  truUi  be  said,  that  both  living  and 

dvias  he  undermined    the  church  of 

wMka  he  was  a  prelate '0,  the  rev.  Dr. 

Btnrges,  prebendary  and  chancellor  of 

Winchester,  the  firiend  of  Dr.  Hoadiy, 

pubHsfaed  in  answer,  <' Reflections  on 

Popery,  occasioned  by  the  Rev.  J.  Mil- 

uer's    History   of  Wihchester;"   and 

Dr.    Robert   Hoadiy   Ashe    issued    a 

"Letter"  on  the  same  subject.    This 

controvei'Sy  produced  his  ^*  Letters  to 

a   Prebendary.*'     So   much   admired 

tret«  l>t.  M\lner's  letters  by  his  own 

diofefa>  tiiat  they  have  been  printed  and 

reprinted  fu  England,  Ireland,  and  North 

America.    I  n  1 80 1 ,  the  princi^l  ground 

of  obfectiontaken  tothe  "emancipation** 

of  tire  CUtholies  being  that  it  would  be  a 

violation  dt  the  coronation  oath.  Dr. 

Metier  published  his  **Case  of  Con- 

■rieuce  Solved,  or  the  Ckttholic  Claims 

Pnyved    to   be   Compatible   with    the 

Corouatiou  Oath.*'    When  Buonaparte 

vcvaiuc  luvi  ioiuui  vi-  irraope)  oe  ^i* 


.-^Amuu 

tered  into  a  concordat  with  the  late 
Pope  Pius  Vn*  who  had  recently  been 
elected  to  the  Papal  chair,  by  which  a 
new  circumscription  of  dioceses  through- 
out that  kingdom  was  deemed  necessary. 
This  measure  met  with  some  opposition 
among  the  French  emigrant  clergy^  who 
had  sou^t  refuge  in  England  horn  the 
persecutions  of  the  revolutionary  infi- 
dels during  the  reiga  of  tenor.  M. 
Blanchard,  in  particular^  published 
several  worlts  of  a  nature  hXffkly  dero* 
gatory  to  the  supreme  head  oif  the  Ca* 
tholic  church.  At  this  crisis  Dr.  Mil- 
ner  produced  a  work  of  some  extent, 
entitled,  ^  An  Elucidation  of  the  Con- 
duct of  Pope  Pius  VU.  with  respect  to 
the  Bishops  and  Gcdestastical  Affiiirs 
of  Pmnce/'  8vow  180S.  Even  at  thia 
time,  the  oontioverey  about  the  Blue* 
book  doctrine  was  by  no  means  extin-i 
guished,  especially  in  tha  Midland  dis« 
trict,  where  the  Stafiiirdsbire  priests 
were  imbued  with  its  infloencc^  and  in 
a  kind  of  hostility  with  the  otlner  dis« 
tricts.  In  this  state  of  things,  Dn  Sta* 
pleton,  who  had  been  appointed  vicar 
apostolic  of  the  Midland  district  in  No«> 
vember,  1800,  died  in  May  180S.  The 
vacancy  occasioned  a  strong  contest  be* 
tween  the  senior  vicar  apoitolio  and 
*<che  diecomfited  paityof  !T9i,'*  who 
had  formed  themselves  into  a  **  Cisal- 
pine Club)*'  and  used  every  exertkin  to 
obtain  a  bishop  of  their  owa  choioe* 
By  the  united  infiuence,  however^  of 
the  senior  vicar  and  eardiaal  Erskine> 
Dr.  Milner  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Gastabala,  and  vicar  apostolic  Of  the  Mid- 
land district,  on  the  1  St  of  March,  1803. 
The  appointment  was  not  wholly  desir- 
able to  tne  unassuming  new*elect»  ^  He 
fbresaw  the  difficulties  be  should  have 
to  encounter  t^  ^ng  to  reside  in  the 
very  focus  of  Blue-bookism ;  he  con- 
sulted his  friends,  and  for  some  time 
remained  undecided  ;  but  wm  at  length 
induced  to  accept  the  arduous  dignity, 
lest  by  refusing  the  situation  some  one 
might  be  appointed  who  would  perpetu- 
ate .  tiie  dissensions  and  innovations  ; 
whereas,  by  accepting  the  appointment, 
he  might  reduce  the  rebellious  dispo- 
sition so  long  manifested,  and  bring  the 
clergy  to  a  state  of  obedience."  Dr. 
Milner  having  consented  to  receive  eon- 
seciation,  that  ceremony  was  performed 
in  St.  Peter's  Chapel,  Winchester,  May 
23,  1803,  by  bishop  Douglsis,  assisted 
by  bishops  CHbeon  and  Sfaanodc,  and  tyy 
Dr.  I^aynter>  bii%op  ctoet  of  HaHa,  mn 


244       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


DEATHS, 
sereial  other  priests  of  disttnction. 
The  rev.  T.  White*  the  tried  and  chosen 
friend  of  the  new  bishop,  preached  the 
oonseciation  sermon.  The  consecration 
of  Dr.  Poynter  took  place  the  foUovring 
week,  at  Old  Hall  College,  and  Dr. 
Milner  preached  his  consecration  ser- 
mon. Dr.  Milner  lost  no  time  iu  enter- 
ing upon  the  active  duties  of  his  exten- 
sive diocese,  which  comprised  fifteen 
counties.  He  immediately  came  to 
liOngbirch,  a  mansion  upon  the  Chilling- 
ton  estate,  the  ancient  and  usual  dwell- 
ing of  his  predecessors ;  but  in  Septem- 
ber, 1804,  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
the  town  of  Wolverhampton  as  a  more 
convenient  situation,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  reside  until  the  period  of  his 
dissolution.  In  1805  he  published  in 
8vo,  *«  A  Short  View  of  the  Chief  Argu- 
ments against  the  Catholic  PeUUon  now 
before  Parliament,  and  of  Answers  to 
them,  in  a  Letter  to  a  Member  of  the 
House  of  Commons."  Tliis  was  a  dis- 
sertation on  the  various  topics  of  objec- 
tion to  the  claims  of  the  Catholics.  It 
was  quoted  by  the  late  Mr.  Fox  in  the 
House  <^  Commons.  In  1806  he  issued 
^  A  ^toral  Address  to  the  Catholics 
of  the  Middle  District,*'  8vo.  and  «  Au- 
thentic Documents  relative  to  the  Mi- 
raculous Ciue  of  Winefred  White,  of 
Wolverhampton,  at  St  Winefred's  Well 
in  Flintshire,  with  Observations  there- 
on." In  1807  Dr.  Milner  published  a 
second  edition  of  his  '^Case  of  Con- 
science Solved,  and  an  Appendix  con- 
taining some  Observations  on  a  ^m- 
pblet  by  the  Rev.  T.  Mesurier.**  In 
the  summer  of  the  same  year,  Dr.  Mil- 
ner paid,  for  the  first  time,  a  visit  to 
Ireland.  The  result  of  the  venerable 
doctor's  personal  observation  was  given 
to  the  English  public  in  a  thick  octavo 
volume,  under  the  title  of  ^'An  Inquiry 
into  certain  Vulgar  Opinions  concerning 
the  Catholic  Inhabitants  and  Antiqui- 
ties of  Ireland,"  1808.  The  publica- 
tion of  this  work,  combined  with  the 
writer*s  apointment  as  agent  to  the  Ca- 
tholic hierarchy  of  Ireland,  produced 
three  separate  pamphlets  from  the 
pens  of  established  clergymen,  whose 
remarks  the  indefatigable  prelate  an- 
swered in  a  postcript  to  the  second 
edition  of  this  work.  On  the  25th  of 
May,  1808,  another  discussion  of  tbe 
question  of  emancipation  came  on, 
when,  in  the  coarse  of  the  debate,  Mr. 
PonsonbjT  stated  that,  if  the  prayer  of 
^h?  petitloo  were  granted,  tbe  Catholics 


— ^Apmu 

would  have  no  objection  to  make  tbe 
king  virtually  head  of  their  chorch; 
and,  on  being  asked  for  his  autboritj;, 
he  named  Dr.  Milner.    A  lew  days  only 
passed  before  the  publication  of  an  ex- 
planatory letter  from  Dr.  M.  whidi  was 
read  by  tbe  cleigy  to  their  coi^gregs^ 
tions  throughout  the  Midland  district. 
This  circular  was  dated  the  26th,  the 
day  after  the  debate,  and  shewed  the 
anxiety  of  the  prelate  to  stand  well  witk 
his  flock  and  the  public.    He  affinnea 
that  he  had  given  no  authority  to  Mr. 
Ponsonby  to  make  use  of  his  name  is 
this  way,  and  had  only  expressed  to  that 
genUeman,  in  an  unexpected  interriev, 
the  probability  that  some  arrangemeat 
might  be  made  to   grant  a  negativt 
power  to  the  government  in  the  cfaoice 
of  bishops  for  the  Catholic  sees  of  Ire- 
land.   The  adversaries  of  Dr.  Miloeri 
however,  took  every  advantage  of  this 
'  misunderstanding  on  the  part  of  Mr. 
Ponsonby,  to  heap  every  degree  of  ob- 
loquy on  the  doctor.    To  his  coostitn- 
ents,  the  Irish  Catholic  hierarchy,  the 
prelate's  explanation  was  satis&cfeny, 
and  in  September,   1808,  they  passed 
two  resolutions,  declaring  it  inexpedient 
to  make  luiy  alteration  in  the  cuunicsl 
mode  of  nominating  Catholic  bishops; 
and  pledging  themselves  to  oomiotte 
those  only  who  were  of  unimpeacfaiMe 
and  loyal  conduct      In   1808  be  sbo 
published    ^A    Serious  ExpostolatisB 
with  the  Rev.  Joseph  Berington*  on  his 
Theological    Errors  concerning  Mir>- 
cles,"  8vo. ;   **  An  Examination  of  u 
Article  in  the  Anti-Jacobin  Review,  oi 
sir  John  Coxe  Hippisley's  AdditMOBsl 
Observations,"  8vo.;  and  in  1809  tbe 
'*  Substance  of  a  Sermon  preached  at 
the  blessing  of  the  Catholic  Cbspel  of 
St  Chad,  Birmmgham,'*  8vo.    la  the 
latter  year  also  his  History  of  Wia- 
chester  appeared  in  a  second  editioo. 
The    transactions   arising   out  of  tbe 
question  of  the  Veto,  and  his  project  cf 
a  negative  power,  caused  Dr.  M.  to  be 
attacked  by  some  writere  in  the  Dubiis 
papers,  under  the  assumed  signatorei 
of  Sarsfield,  Laicus,  loiroicus  Veto,  ssi 
others.    To  these  he  ably  replied,  aid 
also  wrote  some  articles  in  the  Ststei> 
man  newspaper  in  defence  of  the  Cith»> 
lies,  which  were  afterwards  pubtished 
in  the  form  of  a  pamphlet — In  defieoee 
of  his  own  opinion,  Dr.  Milner  wrote 
a  pamphlet,  entiUed,  ^*  A  Letter  to  a 
Parish    Priest,"    which  wis  inteaied 

^i^du»yely  for  private  ^ircuUtioai  fif^ 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLK  245 

DEATHS.— Apbil. 
copies  only  being  printed  ;  but  one  of  the  Slst  of  that  month,  the  grand  diyf- 
tbeie  copies  falling  into  the  hands  of  his  ston  on  the  bill  being  fixed  for  the  34Uu 
•dvenaries,  it  was  printed  and  repre-  One  of  Dr.  Milner's  later  productions 
sented  as  a  serious  advocation  of  the  is  entitled  *^  SupplemenUry  Memoirs  of 
Veto,  whereas  it  was  meant  only  as  a  English    Catholics,"   addressed  to  C. 
vindication  against  a  Catholic  prelate  Butler,  esq.    Another,  which  appeared 
who  had  written  to  Dr.  M.  in  terms  too  in  1818,  after  having  lain  by  him  unpub- 
sharp  and  indignant  for  him  to  bear  in  lished  for  at  least  fifteen  years,  is  called, 
silence.   Though  mortified  by  this  tricic  "  The  End  of  ReliEious  Controversy.** 
of  his  enemies,  Dr.  Milner  refused  to  This  is  pronounced  by  Mr.  Butler,  in 
explain  the  drift  of  his  essay,  and  soon  his  Book  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
after,  in  deference  to  the  decision  of  to  be  *^  the  ablest  exposition  of  the  doo- 
his  episcopal  constituents,  he  publicly  trines  of  that  Church  on  the  articles 
retracted   and   condemned    his  woric !  contested  with  her  by  Protestants,  and 
The  Catholic  prelates  of  Ireland  were  the  ablest  statement  of  the  truths  by 
so  satisfied  with  his  conduct,  that  in  a  which  they  are  supported,  and  of  the 
synod  held  on  the  26th  of  February,  historical  fiicts  with  which  they  are  con- 
1810,  they  passed  a  resolution,  '^That  nected,  that  has  appeared  in  our  lan- 
the  thanks  of  this  Meeting  be  given  to  guage."    Be  this  as  it  may,  it  roused 
the  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Milner,  Bishop  of  the  ardour  of  the  late  eminent  Dr.  Farr 
Castabala,  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  in  defence  of  bishop  HalifiuE,  whom  Dr. 
his  duty,  as  agent  to  the  Roman  Catho-  Milner,  in  thi«e  places,  stated  to  have 
lie  Bishops  of  this  part  of  the  United  died  a  Roman  Catholic.      Dr.  Parr's 
Kingdom,  and  more  particularly  for  his  <*  Letter"  did  not  appear  till  after  his 
Apostoliod  firmness  in  dissenting  from  death,  when  it  was  rebutted  by  Dr. 
and  opposing  a  general,  vague,  and  in-  Milner,  in  no  very  satisfiu:tory  manner, 
definite  deciaiation  or  Resolution,  pledg-  in  <*  A  Parting  Word  to  the  Rev.  Rich, 
tng  the  Roman  Catholics  to  an  eventual  Grier,  D.D.  Vicar  of  Templehodane,  on 
acquiescence  in  arrangements,  possibly  the  End  of  Religious  Controversy ;  with 
prejudicial  to  the  integrity  and  safety  a  brief  notice  of  Dr.  S.  Parr's  Fosthu- 
of  our  Church  discipline.''    To  do  away  mous  Letter."    The  article  on  Gothic 
the  e£RM;t  of  a  work  which  the  deceased  Architecture  in  Rees's  Encydopsedia  is 
prelate  had  written,  entitled  ^'  An  Elu-  said  to  have  been  from  Dr.  Milner's 
cidationof  the  Veto,"  8vo.,  1810,  Mr.  pen.    To  the  Archseologia  of  the  So- 
Charles  Butler  took  up  his  pen,  and  ciety  of  Antiquaries  he  contributed,  in 
published  *'  A  Letter  to  an  Irish  Catho-  1794,  Observations  on  an  ancient  Cup 
lie  Gentleman,"  which  work  was  imme-  formerly  belonging  to   the   Abbey  of 
diately  followed  by  another  from  Dr.  Mil-  Glastonbury  ;  in  1 806,  an  Account  of  an 
ner,  called  "  Letters  to  a  Roman  Catho-  Ancient  Manuscript  of  St.  John's  Gps- 
lie  Prelate  of  Ireland,  in  refuution  of  pel ;  in  1809,  a  Description  of  a  Mitre 
Coonaelfor  Charles  Butler's  Letters  to  and  Crosier,  part  of  the  Pontificalia  of 
an  Irish  Catholic  Gentleman  ;  to  which  the  See  of  Limerick ;  in  1811,  an  Ac- 
is    added,    A   Postcript   containing    a  count  of  the  Monastery  of  Sion  in  Mid- 
Review  of  Dr.  O'Connor's  Works,  en-  dlesex  ;  and  in  1821,  Observations  on 
titled    Columbanus    ad    Hibemos    on  the  use  of  the   Pax  in   the  Romish 
tbe    Liberty    of   the    Irish    Church."  Church.     He  was  a  most  voluminous 
This  latter  work  appeared  in  1811,  and  contributor  of  essays  illustnitive  of  the 
was  published  in  Dublin.    In  the  same  admirable  etchings  of  his  friend,  Mr. 
yemr  also  appeared  from  his  prolific  pen,  John  Carter  in  **  Specimens  of  Ancient 
***  Instructions  addressed  to  the  Catho-  Sculpture  and  Painting."   The  following 
lies  f^  the  Midland  Counties  of  Eng-  subjects  were  elaborately  described  and 
land,"  8vo.;  and  a  ^^ Treatise  on  the  explained  by  him:  ^Paintings  in  St. 
Cedeaiastical  Architecture  of  England,"  Mary's  Chapel,    Winchester;"   "Ac 
Bwo.  In  1813,  disapproving^  the  bill  for  count  of  the  Murder  of  Thos.  Becket, 
reliefofthe  papists,  then  introduced  into  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ; ''  ^' Basso 
the  House  of  Commons,  Dr.  Milnercame  Relievos  on  the  Capitals   of  Columns 
to   town  from  Wolverhampton  on  tiie  supporting  the  Lantern  of  ElyCathe- 
J  Htfa,  the  day  previous  to  the  debate  in  dral ; "   *^  Sculptures,  &c.  from  Hyde 
the  committee  of  the  House,  and  imme-  Abbey ;  "  ^  Sculptures  from  the  Hos- 
diately  drew  up  a  brief  memorial,  which  pital  of  St  Cross  ; "  **  An  Ancient  Cba- 
k^e  had  printea  and  parUy  circulated  on  pel  near  the  Angel  Inn,  Grantham  ;'* 


246      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— AnuL. 

^An  Oftk  Chest  in  the  Treasury  of  couragement,  whiohhe,  incomiMmvilk 

York    Cathedral ; "    "  Statues   and   a  all  other  young  men  of  talents  and  AR- 

BassoJlelievo  In  the   High  Altar  of  genoe,  received  from  Dr.  CJackna,  he 

Christ  Church,    Hants.;*'   <* Brass  in  was  soon  distinguished  as  a  sound  sod 

the  Hospital  of  St.  Cross ;  '*  '<  Statues  good  scholar.   In  1797*  while  a  Bachelor 

on  the  Screen  entering  into  the  Choir  of  of  Arts,  he  gidned  the  UniveTtity  priie 

York  Cathedral ; "  '<  Painting  on  Glass  for  an  English  essay  on  ^  The  laiunee 

at  All  Souls  College,  Oxford;"    <*A  of  Climate  on  National  Manners  asd 

Brass  and  Sculptures  from  Wimhom  and  Chuacter/'  and,  for  some  veait  sfttr 

Sherbom Minsters, Dorsetshire;''^* The  be  had  taken  his  degree  or  Bil.A.,le 

Penance  of  Henry  II.  before  the  Shrine  officiated  as  one  of  the  pnhlio  totoisof 

of  Thomas  Becket,  archbishop  of  Can^  the  college.     He  married  afterswdi, 

terbory."    He  also  contributed  to  Mr.  Cecilia^  uie  youngest  dauthter  of  Dr. 

Schnebbdie's  **  Antiquaries'  Museum,"  William  Markham,  ardibisbop  of  York, 

'^  Account  of  Paintings  discovered  in  by  whom  he  has  Idft  a  numerous  fiuailj, 

Winchester  CathedraL"     The  funeral  of  whom  one  was  at  the  late  electisn  at 

obsequies  of  this  controversialist  were  Westminster  sdiool,  chosen  a  stndcst 

celebrated  at  the  Catholic  Chapel,  WoU  of  Christ  Church, 

verhampton,   on   the   27th   of  April.  93.  At  Conan-bouse,  count?  of  Rsn, 

Upwards  of  thirty  of  the  neighbouring  sir  Hector  Madcensie,  lord  liealeasBt 

priests  attended,  by  whom  the  office  for  of  Ross-shire, 

the   dead  was  repeated,   and  a  high  -.  In  his  63rd  year,  Btfr.  James  Csal- 

(reqidem)  mass  was  performed,  in  which  field.    He  was  bora  in  tfaeVlDe-yiii 

the  right  rev.  Dr.  Walsh  officiated,  as-  Clerkenwell,  Feb.  U,  1764.    His&ther 

sisted  by  the  rev.  Henry  Weedall  and  was  a  music-engraver,  and  he  inteadid 

the  rev.  T«  Green,  as  deacon  and  sub-  his  son  James  for  the  same  bminca, 

deacon,  with  others,  prindpally  from  but  in  consequence  of  a  scorbutic  s5ee- 

Oscott.  tion  in  his  eyes,  which  rendered  kk 

19.    At  the  fomily  seat,  Kilkenny,  sight  extremely  weak,  the  idea  «ss  le- 

aged  53,  hon.  Somerset-Richard  Butler,  linquisbed.     When  about  dgfat  yesii 

brother  of  the  earl  of  Kilkenny,  and  old,  his  father  went  with  bim  to  Csis- 

heir  presumptive  to  his  viscoimtcy  of  bridge  for  the  benefit  of  his  heshh; 

Mountgarret.    He  was  the  second  son  where  he  became  aoqumnted  with  Mr. 

of  Edmund,  eleventh,  and  late  viscount,  Christopher  Sharps,  the  celebrated  prist 

by  Henrietta-Butler,  second  daughter  of  collector,  and  turner.    This  geatlsMS 

Somerset-Hamilton,  first  earl  of  Carrick ;  was  so  delighted  with  the  enthosiBnB  d 

and  married  Mrs.  Kelly.  his  young  friend,  with  regard  to  esgiiT- 

SO.    At   Whaley-house,    Stephen's-  ings,  that  he  took  every  pains  to  mti^ 

green,  Dublin,   aged  nearly  S8,  lady  his  inquiries  as  to  the  diflbrent«oris«f 

Anne  Whaley,  aunt  of  Richard,  present  art ;  and  at  his  departure,  presented  Imb 

and  third  eari  of  Clanwilliam.    She  was  with  five  pounds,  and  a  coUectkn  «f 

bom  April  S4, 1768,  the  eldest  daughter  prints,  among  which  were  maoy  of  kb 

of  John,  the  first  eari,  by  Theodosia,  own  etchings.    This  laid  the  fiionds^ 

only  daughter  and  heiress  of  Robert-  of  young  Caulfield's  knowledge  and  lore 

Hawkins  Magill,  esq.  (grand-daughter  of  engravings  ;-p-he  empfoyed  all  fci» 

of  John,  first  earl  of  Darnley) ;  and  was  pocket-money  in  purchasing  portniti; 

married  at  Dublin,  April  7,  1788,  to  and  in  a  short  time  he  procured  a  lole^ 

William,  second  son  of  Richard-Chapel  able  collection,  principally  l^puithsisf 

Whaley,  esq.  of  Whaley  abbey,  county  of  low-priced  loto  at  Hutchins's  sak  mm 

Wicklow,  and  brother-in-law  to  John,  in    King-street,    Coveot-gardeik     At 

first  and  Ute  eari  of  CUre,  lord  high  length,  in  1780,  his  ihther  opened  t 

chanoeUor  of  Ireland.  small  shop  for  him  In  Old  Round-owt, 

—  In  his  filst  year,  the  rev.  Robert-  Strand ;  and  bore  he  was  hononred  vitk 

Philip  Goodenongh.  M,  A.  second  son  the  patronage  of  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.Ci^ 

of    Samuel,   lord   bishop   of  Cariisle.  way  the  royal  academician,  and  mm 

prebendary  of  Cariisle,  of  York,  of  Rip^  other  emineut  men.    About  this  perist 

pon,  and  ofSouthwell,  vicar  of  Carlton  in  the  elder  Mr.  Ashley  (firthcr  of  die 

I-yndrick,  NotUngbamihire,  and  rector  Messrs.  Ashleys,  the  leaders  at  On- 

of  Beasby,  Lineolnshire.    Mr.  O.  was  torio8),beingln  wantofagrMtqontitr 

brought  up  at  Westminster  school,  and  of  music  for  the  performers  at  1W- 

C^tst  Ckwh^  QxOvd.    Un^er  the  en.  minster  aUiey,  at   the  ceiebiatfsa  d 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         247 

DEATHS.— Afwu  . 

Budd,  vmmir  C«ulfieW,  toving  obtain,  gmphictl  Sketches  illMtiatiTe  of Bntirii 
K  CTedge  of  the  art  rf  music  History,'' of  wliich  only  Jh"*  "»»b^ 
ngOTiDC.  asusted  bis  flither  in  com-  were  published  but  he  hM  Wt  matter 
P^tb^  work  he  had  in  hand  for  Mr.    sufficient  to  make  three  volumes.    Mr. 

Z^to  enable  him  to  open  a  torger  he.wrote  the  Prmdpa^.P^^,^^*.: 

ZPin CMtle^street,  Leicester^quare.  scrip  .ons  to  the  ptot«s ^  J^'""°»»,°! 

JhL  he  published  the  first  Number  of  Wina   lUustrata ;    „«d't^J^  bIS. 

Mi  pomilar  work, "  The  y»e8  and  Por-  edition,  in  6  vols,  of  "  0?nS?' *  "'»- 

tti^nemarilable  P.r«,n.,"  which  l?»Ph; "»•,  H'-t-'y  ;'' »*  «'™;*'^  ^^^ 

it  intenals  be  completed  in  3  vo  umes.  lives,  to  the  recent  edition  of  the     Kit 

Hi, "BStowoTthe  0„^^^^       Plot ;■'  Kat  Club."    He  also  produced  for  Mr. 

"Sfe  rfW^r?*  vrith'n.tes  by  Van  Walker,  a  new  series  »  j"»  »^«*»^  • 

A««. ;  and  "  The' Aubrey  Papers,"  fol.  People,  down  to  the  «"(n!  "^  ^[8^  J^- 

lowd  nexu    Of  this  totter  work,  only  In  tJie  earher  J^f  *f  !>»  W*-  "r^^ 

tso  mmbets  appeared,  owing  to  a  dis-  ^^J^'^^'^'^J ?ff^^''^^.^J'!TZ 

pate  between  MrTc.  and  Mr.  Edmund  of  his  dress ;  but  in  »'» 'a"«J '^.  ?• 

Jute^hich  caused  Caulfield  to  pub-  be«me  slovenly.  a°d  yielded  tt  tobu* 

hTaiiwerB  letter  to  Mr.  M.    The  of  intemperance.    No  person  «*ourea 

lt'i»^i»  MO»pi«  wasbought  more  '"tensely  to  «immone^U««  he 

n  by  Malooe  in  one  day.    He  next  did,  and,  when  in  possession  of  ,^  no  tww 

lied  -A  Treatise  on  the  Dignity  of  Uvished  i*  "O  V^°"^''^t  S  huJ^ 

Tr5.  "  «n5   ft  series  of  «  Burton's  however,  the  chief  support  of  his  aged 

fW"    Ms  *(Wlm  of  British  Por-  parents ;  and  for  the  last  twelve  months 

3?;  .„^»,1  in  IR09  •  in  18^0  he  of  his  life,  out  of  a  scanty  pittance  of 

3^  ^•S^emaJL'?  'Ji  in^U.  «-  •billing,  a  day  which^e^ed^n 

ii  cnjonctioa  with  Mr.  Smeeton,  he  maliiDg    booksellers    ^"'^^j  "^^ 

pobliihed  a  quarto  edition,  with  plates  T^ie  oppressed  w^&mn«s  and  m 

SZS  W"e  p'utSler's  Chro.    "W^^ry  often  penny,e«.j^h*rth^^^ 

Sde^dColl^rtor's  Guide  to  the  know-    A^  «'>«"'f  .'^i"'-    ^L^^^hv^ 
ledge  and  value  of  engraved  British  Por-    Jadthe  misfortune,  by^^^^ 
tnSs."    The-oe  various  works,  together    b'\'P*tP'r^f«.^ent  brother. 
«thhisk«mledge  of  engraved  British  '  »» '^^  h  je  of  I^^  e«ceUe^^^^^^ 

portrtit*,  gained  him  the  patronage  of    Mr.  •''r/„„Xnd  six  wwks,  and,  on 
thlmestitSnentprint-collectorsiamong    There  he^^ma^cd'ixww^j'^^^ 

.horn  may  be  mentioned,  earl  Spencer,  l..s  ''"«^.i°*'Xice,  be  determined, 

Mr.  Towiley,  Mr.  Bindley,  the  rev.  »» ''„''«/"'-^"  ^^^^^  wish  of 

Mr.C»cbe^de,  Rene»l  DowdeswcU,  ?^*°"«^/ W Xs".  Bartholo^^^ 

rir  P.  Musgmve,  Mr.  Suther  and,  &c.  J^*  f*r\°hitSc  was  conveyed,  and 

It  was  generally  supposed   that  Mr.  H°'P'»»''  ''PV""  ^„e  ten   days,   he 

CanlBeld  was  the  author  of  a  satirical    ffW'   «""»  "."^t  ia  King  Henr^  the 
wk,called"ChaIcographiman»;"or    breathed  Ins  last  in  King  y 

St  list,  that  he  commanioited   the  E.^th's  '«rf.  ^^  ^„„^ 

private  partieutors  contained  in  it ;  but  „*3fjt  Edinburgh^  a^       ,    ^^^^ 

Ihi.  was  not  the  case.    The  late  Mr.  Fredewk  ^»'7„»;  ^^i™  venteenth  lorf 

Thomas  Coram  laid  the  foundation  of  Ochancar.  prese^  ano  s  ^      ^ter 

the  woric,  and  supplied  the  slander;  Forbes.  wdEU^brtn^e^ 

and   tbe   p^parer   of.  the    materials  J^ ^^^«' ""^tid   g^nd-da'aghter'of 

for  the  press  is  now  livmg.    Mr.  Caul-  ««■>'«*»   "1;.  ?"  m„Ue. 

field,  d  a  few  shillings,  while  m  Baneo  ^'^•^'l^^^^^H^^ent,  ag«l  74, 
W  did  certainly  read  over  the  work,        -  ^' ^T^htonSmerly  aiialder- 

•JaddedthenottWinp.171.   f»°;  '''^^i'^^if'^  HewWelecVed  tothat 

1814  to  1810,  be  principally  employed  "S"  ">' '^±'?:-_^^  J^rd   in  1799, 

himself  in  buying  and  selling  scaree  «f  <="  *^i, Ji''?f,^(«,  W  mayor  in 

priMs,  iUnstrating  various  works,  and  !«J^«\^«^^^,"SSd  during  bii  chief 

^S^'4^UnAu.^.^^l^^^^    •%f^',' Ira's,  *fr^.Ch«.^»y«' 
Md  tm  1823,  tbe  flret  number  of  **  pm>-        3"«  ^i  o»tu>  *** 


248      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— Apbil. 
inonCD*  I>.  rector  of  Narberth  snd  was  not  the  editor.   The  Life  of  Miltoo, 
Llampeter  Velfry,  and  prebendary  of  his  favourite  author,  was  written  ca« 
Clyday.  Pembrokeshire.     This  gentle-  amore.    In  1813  he  published  an  octavo 
man  was  the  younger  eon  of  John  Sym-  vol.  of  Poems,  partly  his  own,  but  partly 
mons,  M.  P.  for  the  town  of  Cardigan,  the  compositions  of  a  departed  dau^tcr, 
which  he  represented  in  three  successive  Caroline    Symmons,   a  young  ladj  of 
parliaments  from   1746  to  1761 ;  and  admirable  talents,  as  her  little  poems 
was  bom  in  the  year  1749.    He  was  show,  written  in  all  the  playfulneaa  of 
educated   at  Westminster   under  Dr.  childhood,  and  poured  out  almost  ejp- 
Smith,  and  distinguished  himself  much  tempore  when  walldng  out,  or  playing 
by  his  early  attachment  to  poetry.  From  and  some  at  a  time  when  she  could 
Westminster  he  was  sent  to  the  Univer-  hardly  write  them  herself,— eo  much  in 
sity  of  Glasgow,  where  he  contracted  a  her  had  nature  outrun  art  and  educa- 
great  friendship  with  the  celebrated  Mr,  tion.      Subsequently   he    amused    h» 
Windham,  who  was  much  attached  to  leisure  hours  with  writing  a  "  Rhyioed 
him,  and  to  whose  friendship  he  owed  Translation  of  the  .fineis,**  which  was 
the  living  of  Llampeter  at  a  subsequent  published    in  1817  ;    and  only  a    ficw 
period.    From  Glasgow  he  entered  at  months  before  his  death  he  composed  a 
Clare-ball,  Cambridge,  where  he  look  biographical  sketch  of  Shakspeare's  Uife, 
the  degree  of  B.  D.  in  1776,  and  was  of  which  he  made  a  present  to  Mr.  Whit- 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  Narberth  by  tingham,    his  neighbour   at  Chiswick, 
the  king  in  1778.    His  first  publication  who  has  recently  prefixed  it  tea  ISaio. 
was  in  1778,  an  octavo  volume  of  Ser-  edition  of  Sbakspeare's  Works.    In  his 
mons.    In  1?89  he  published  in  quarto,  habits,  he  was  remarkable  for  the  re- 
"A  Sermon  for  the  benefit  of  decayed  gularity  of  his  hours,  his  movements 
Clergymen  in  the  Diocese  of  St.  Da-  being   always   guided    by  a   &vonrite 
vid*8;'»and  in  1790,  "  The  Consequence  chronometer,  and  he  invariably  roae  at 
of  the  Character  of  the  Individual,  and  five  o'clock  in  the  morning,  winter  and 
the  Influence  of  Education  in  forming  summer.      He  had  enjoyed   from   his 
it."    Early  in  the  year  1794,  when  he  temperate    habits  (being  a  Rechabifee 
was  about  to  be  presented  to  the  rectory  with  regard  to  wine)  a  long  course  of 
of   Llampeter  by  the  interest  of   his  health,  and  maintained  a  hale  and  florid 
friend  Mr.  Windham,  he,  in  a  sermon  look  to  a  late  period  of  life.    He  nerer 
before    the  University  of  Cambridge,  had  the  appearance,  nor  gave  himself 
broached  some  sentiments,  which  at  the  the  indulgencies  of  an  old  man  ;    but 
present  day  might  have  been  preached  with  him,  old  age,  disease,  and  death, 
with  utter  impunity  before  all  the  mi-  came  on  in  the    short   space  of    two 
^  nisters,  being  sentiments  purely  theo-  months-.    In  the  year  1779,  he  married 
^  retic  and  of  the  old  Whig  school :  but  Elizabeth,   daughter  of  J.  Foley,   esq. 
at  that  time,  parties  running  high,  some  of  Ridgway,  county  of  Pembroke,  and 
designing   persons  were    strongly  8us«  sister  of   admiral    sir  Thoouis  Foley, 
pected  of  having  sent  up  garbled  ex-  G.C.  B.  by  whom  he  had  issue  John 
tracts  of  it  to  the  lord  chancellor  and  Symmons ;  Fannia,  married  to  lieut.-ool. 
others  in  administration.    This  occa-  Mallet  of  the  89th  regiment;  Charles, 
sioned   Mr.  W.  considerable  difficulty  Caroline,   and  Maria.      Only  the   two 
in  having  the  presentition  made  out,  eldest,  and  his  widow,  survive  to  lament 
which,  however,  he  at  last  accomplished,  his  loss. 

"  I  could  have  obtained,"  said  he,  **  for  28.  At  his  house,  in  North-row^  Park- 

another  a  deanery  with  less  difficulty  lane,  of  an  aneurism  of  the  heart,  aged 

than  I  have  had  to  get  this  Welch  living  46,  the  right  honourable  lord  Charles 

fpr  you."     Finding  from  th^  same  cause  -Bentinck,  treasurer  of  the  king's  bcmse* 

obstacles  thrown  in  his  way  in  obtaining  hold,  and  a  privy  counsellor.     His  lord- 

a  further  degree,  he  removed  to  Oxford,  ship  had  been  unwell  for  some  da^ia,  hot 

where,  on  the  24th  of  March,  1794.  he  retired  to  rest  at  his  accustomed  hour 

was  incorporated  B.  D.  of  .lesiis  College,  the  preceding  evening,  apparently  welL 

and   on  the  26th  proceeded  D.D.    In  Al>out  half-past  seven,  a.  m.  his  lotd- 

1797  he  produced  ^^Inez,'*  a  dramatic  ship's  footman  hearing  a  noise  in  his 

poem ;  and  in  1800  another,  called  dressing-room,  entered  the  apartment, 
"  Constantia,"  In  1806  appeared  his  when  he  discovered  bis  master  lying  aa 
*'*  Life  of  Milton,"  prefixed  to  an  edition  the  floor,  having  dropped  down  d«ad 
of  Milton's  l^rose  Works,  ef  which  he    whilst  in  the  act  of  di^siiiff  hias^ 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.  249 

DEATHS.— Mat. 

His  lordship  was  third  son  of  William-  and  sister  of  George-William,  the  te- 

Hemy-CaTeDdisb,  third  duke  of  Port-  cond  earl  of  Bristol,  and  lord  lieutenant 

land,  K.  G.  by  lady  Dorothy  Cavendish,  of  Ireland.    Mr.  Phipps  married,  Aug. 

only  daughter  of  William,  fourth  duke  14,   1792,    Maria,    eldest  daughter  of 

of  Deronshire,  and  was  brother  to  the  Peter  Thelluson,  esq.  of  Broadsworth 

present  duke  of  Portland.    He  was  for-  P&rk,  co.  York,  uncle  to  the  present 

merly  a  ]ieut.-col.  in  the  army,  and  had  lord  Rendlesham. 
a  company  in  the  first  foot  guiutls.    He 
received  the  appointment  of  treasurer 

lo  the  royal  household,  in  Aug.  1812.  MAY. 
Lord  Charles  Bentinck  married,  first. 

Sept  81,  1808,  Miss  Seymour,  and  by  1.  In  ChapeUstreet,  May-&ir,  aged 

her,  who  died  Dec  10,  1813,  had  no  90,  Elis.  dowager  viscountess  Sydney, 

issue ;   and  secondly,   July  23,  1816,  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  her  late 

Anne,   daughter  of   Rich2u*d,  marquis  majesty  Queen  Charlotte.    She  was  the 

Wellesley,  whose  former  marriage  with  eldest  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Rich, 

sir  William  Abdy,  hart,  had  been  dis*  Powys,  esq.  of  Hintlesham  Hall,  oo. 

solved  by  act  of  parliament  the  preced-  Suffolk,  by  lady  Mary  Brudenell,  sister 

log  25th  of  June.    By  this  lady  he  bad  of  the  last  duke  of  Montague,  and  of 

ft  son,  born  Nov.  8,  1817)  and  another,  the  late  earls  of  Cardigan  and  Ailesbury; 

May  6, 1819.  was  married,  May  19, 1760,  to  Thomas 

S^.  Aged  65,  John  Robinson  Foul  is,  Townshend,  esq.  afterwards  crpAted 
of  Buxton  and  Heslerton,  esq.  uncle  to  baron  and  viscount  Sydney ;  by  whom 
sir  William  Foulis,  present  and  eighth  she  was  the  mother  of  the  present 
baronet  of  Ingleby  Manor.  He  was  the  viscount,  the  late  countess  of  Chatham, 
youngest  of  the  two  sons  of  sir  William,  lady  Dynevor,  the  late  duchess  of  Buc- 
the  sixth  baronet,  by  Hannah,  only  dau.  cleugh,  &c.  On  the  9th  her  remains 
of  John  Robinson,  esq.  of  Buckton  ;  he  were  interred  near  those  of  the  late 
married,  Nov.  16, 1795,  Deci ma-Hester-  lord,  at  Chiselliurst,  in  Kent. 
Beatrix,  eldest  dau.  of  sir  Chris.  Sykes,  2.  In  York-place,  the  wife  of  H.  U. 
D.C.L.  second  baronet  of  Sled  mere,  Reay,  esq.  of  Killingworth  House, 
and  had  issue  two  sons  and  four  daus.  Northumberland. 
John-Robinson,  Hannah,  Elizabeth,  —  Mr.  James  Cundy,  sculptor.  He 
Mark  (named  after  his  uncle  the  late  was  riding  on  horseback  in  Regent- 
sir  Mark  M.  Sykes),  Beatrix,  and  Lucy,  street,  on  the  morning  of  the  24th  of 

Latelv,  At  Paris,  lady  Susan  Douglais,  April,  when  he  was  struck  by  the  shaft 
sister  of  the  present  earl  of  Dunmore.  of  a  butcher's  cart,  and  received  a  coro- 
Her  ladyship  was  the  third  dau.  of  John,  pound  fi:acture  of  the  leg. 
fourth  and  late  earl  of  Dunmore,  by  hidy  3.  Aged  75,  the  rev.  Dr.  Robert- 
Chftriotte  Stewart,  dau.  of  Alex,  seventh  Hoadly  Ashe,  for  fifty  years  perpetual 
earl  of  Galloway ;  and  was  thrice  mar-  curate  of  Crewkerne  cum  Misterton, 
ried,  firstly,  July  7,  1788,  to  Joseph  Somerset,  and  formerly  master  of  the 
Thorpe,  of  Chippenham,  Cambridge,  grammar-school  at  the  former  place. 
esq.  bv  whom  she  had  a  son,  who  in-  Dr.  Ashe  was  son  of  a  prebendary  of 
herited,  in  1804,  a  fortune  of  6,000/.  a  Winchester,  and  was  presented  to  Crew- 
year  left  by  his  grandfather,  John  kerne  in  1775  by  the  dean  and  chapter 
Thorpe,  esq.  of  Jamaica  ;  secondly,  to  of  that  cathedral.  He  compounded  for 
John  Drew,  esq  ;  and  thirdly,  Aug.  23,  the  degrees  of  M.A.  Dec.  11, 1793,  and 
1800,  to  the  rev.  Arch.  Edw.  Douglas,  of  B.  and  D.D.  July  17,  1794,  as  of 
rector  of  Camalway,  county  of  Kildare,  Pembroke  College,  Oxford.  He  pub- 
iind  Ougteragh,  county  of  Tipperary,  lisbed  in  4to,  1797>  for  the  benefit  of  an 
by  whom  she  has  left  an  only  daughter,  ingenious  pupil,  some  **  Poetical  Trans- 

In  Weymouth-street,  Portland -place,  lations  from  various  Authors,  by  Master 

Af^   63,    the  hen.  Augustus  Phipps,  John  Browne,  of  Crewkerne,  a  boy  of 

F.R.S.  a  commissioner  of  Excise,  and  twelve  years  old ;"  and,  in  1799,  **  A 

brother  to  the  earl  of  Mulgrave.    He  Letter  to  the  Rev.  John  Milner,  D.D. 

bom  Nov.  15,  1762,  tlie  fifth  and  F.S.A.  Author  of  the  Civil  and  Eccle- 


youngest  son  of  Constantine,  first  lord  siastical  History  of  Winchester ;  occa- 

Mulgreve,  by  Lepell,  eldest  daughter  sioncd  by  his  felse  and  illiberal  asper- 

of    John,    lord    Hervey,    of  Ickworth  siofts  on  the  memory  and  writings  of 

(eldest  ton  of  John,  first  earl  of  Bristol),  Dr.  Benjamin  Hoadiy,  formerly  Bishop 


260       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


TBgmng  to 


covered  (kom  the  thoek  which  the 
tiined  on  the  death  of  the  eatfever^ 
u^n  whom,  daring  his  hMt  iUneoe,  she 
attended  with  unremitting  and  demoted 
affection.  Her  mi^ty,  befere  bnr 
marriage^  was  the  ^inoess  Lnnisa- 
Maria*Augusta,  second  daughter  of 
Charles-L^s,    hereditary   prince    of 


I  DEATHS.~-Mat. 

of  Winchester."    Between  the  appear-     Trer,  on  her  way  £rem 
aaee  of  these  two   publicationsy   Dr.     Kaluga,  aged  45,  her  nu^iesty  the 
A^e  had  obtained  a  very  contidlerable     press   Elizabeth  Alezevna,   r^ci    of 
property,   and  assumed  the  name  of    Alexander^  emperor  of  all  the 
Iloadiy  before  that  of  Ashe,  on  the     Her  imp^ial  majesty  had  never 
death  of  his  aunt,  the  idict  of  Dr.  John 
Hoadly,  chancellor  of  Winchester  and 
son  of  the  bishop. 

5.  Aged  75,  the  hon.  Pierce-Butler 
Cooper,  uncle  to  Somerset^Richard,  third 
and  present  earl  of  Carrick.  He  was 
the  third  son  of  Somerset-Hamilton, 
eighth  Recount  Ikerrin,  and  first  earl, 

by  Joliana  Boyle,  eldest  daughter  of  Baden,  who  died  in  1801.  She  was 
Henry,  first  earl  of  Shannon }  and  was 
bom  Aug.  15, 1750,  a  twin  (>r(>ther  with 
his  sister  Margaret,  afterwards  countess 
of  Belmore.  He  married  Dec.  34, 
1774,  Catharine,  eldest  daughter  of 
Richard  Roth,  esq. 

12.  Aged  68,  John  Pearson,  es%F.R.S. 
of  Golden-tqttare,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
and  biographer  of  the  late  William  Hey, 
esq.  of  Lieeds. 

13.  At  Munich,  Dr.  Johann  B.  von 
Spfac.  This  celebrated  aoologist  was 
bom  at  Hocbstadt  on  the  Aiscb,  in 
Bavaria,  in  1781.  Having  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  natural  history, 
particularly  comparative  anatomy,  he 
was  sent  by  the  government  of  Bavaria 
to  Paris,  in  1808,  where  he  prosecuted 
his  researches  in  this  branch  of  physical 
science  under  Cuvier  He  afterwards 
travelled  through  the  south  of  France 
and  Italy.  On  his  return  to  Munich  he 
published,  in  1811,  his  ''History  of 
Zoology."  In  1817  he  was  sent,  together 
with  Dr.  Martins,  to  the  Brazils,  at  the 
expense  of  the  late  king  of  Bavaria. 
The  result  of  their  expedition  were 
several  interesting  publicatioas  relative 
to  the  natural  history  of  that  country ; 
among  which  is  a  4to  volume  of  ^'  Travels 
in  the  Brazils,"  with  a  folio  of  Plates. 
Dr.  Spix  bequeathed  45,000  florins  to 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Munich. 

15.  At  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  in  his  40th 
vear,  the  right  hon.  Ralph,  viscount 
Neville,  capt.  R.  N.  He  was  bom  Dec. 
21,  1786,  the  second  son  of  Henry, 
second  and  present  earl  of  Abergavenny, 
and  Mary,  only  child  of  John  Robinson, 
esq.  of  Wyke  House,  Middlesex,  score - 
ta^  to  the  Treasury.  The  deceased 
was  with  lord  Nelson  on  board  the 
Victory  in  the  battle  of  Trafalgar ;  and, 
in  1806,  was  a  lieutenant  on  board 
admiral  lord  Collingwood's  flag  ship. 
He  obtaiaed  post  rank  in  1811. 


bom  in  1779,  and  married  hi  1793.  She 
assumed  the  name  of  ]^isabeth-Alcx- 
evna  on  becoming  of  the  Greek  reli- 
gion. Her  life  was  short,  hot  it  was 
a  lile  filled  with  acts  of  benefieeiioe, 
adorned  with  all  the  virtues  that 
can  dignify  woman,  and  worthy  of 
the  thimM  on  which  desthiy  had  plnced 
her.  Her  nugesty's  eldest  sisler  Istlfee 
Queen  dowager  of  Bavaria ;  her  yoonger 
sisters  are  Frederica,  late  Qacen  of 
Sweden,  and  the  hereditary  |pn»d- 
duchess  of  Hesse  Darmstadt.  [F»r  an 
account  of  the  funeral,  see  Chroaicloy 
p.  100.] 

16.  At  Fsris,  lady  Sidney  Smith,  the 
hidyof  admiral  sir  William  Sidney  Saith, 
]v.S.C.  &  P. 

—  On  board  his  n^jesty^  riitp 
Pyramus,  on  his  return  from  BtenoOy 
aged  24,  Thomas  Le  Mesurier,  eaq.  ef 
the  Home  Department,  eldest  sb«  of 
the  late  rev.  T.  Le  Mesurier,  rector  ef 
Houghton-le-Skeme,  Durham. 

17.  Kiskanko,  the  celebrated  <aricf«f 
the  Chippewas,  was  found  dead^  In 
of  the  cells  of  the  prison  of  ~ 
in  Canada.  He  was  confined 
charge  of  being  accessory  to  the 
of  a  Saginaw  Indian,  in  that  plncev  in 
January.  An  inquest  was  held 
body  of  Kiskauko,  and  the  joiors 
turned  a  verdict  that  he  died  a  natural 
death,  iiittle  doubt,  however,  reznaiaoy 
from  what  has  since  been  asoertniiied, 
that  he  died  by  poison,  pioeuredy  sit  his 
own  request,  by  one  oi  his  wives.  On 
the  evening  previous  to  hia  death  he 
was  visited  by  this  woman,  who  handed 
him  a  small  cup»  and  then  leA  the  cett ; 
soon  after,  a  number  of  his  fiimilwy  aod 
the  band,  of  which  he  was  the  laiain 
diate  head,  called  opon  him,  held  a  loi^ 
conference,  and  took  leave  with  a  on- 
lemnity,  earnestness,  and  affi^ctka  aewr 
observed  in  their  previous  visits.    Kis- 


OQ  the 


om  the 


16.  At  Belefl;  in  the  government  of    Icanko  then  requested  the  gaoltr  to  irisit 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE* 


251 


DfiATH&— May. 

Urn,  with  wluNii  he  tbook  hands  affsc-  good  hninour,  vms  tmnewhat  exasperated 

temttly,  thaDked  him,  and  condnded  at  this  nngular  aecumutatton  of  re» 

bj  asking  te  aome  liqaor,  which  he  had  |Nnoach,  and  obtenred,  ^  that  the  attack 

never  teen  known  to  do  before.    In  the  was  the  more  extraordinary,  at  he  had 

meraiog,  at  an  early  hour,  a  number  of  been  hitherto  fiirofired  by  the  honour* 

his  fcaitly,  men  and  women,  appeared  able  gentleman's  support  since  hie  en- 


at  the  gaol,  and  requested  to  eee  Kis- 
kniko.  On  approaching  the  door  of  his 
ceil  they  calM  hie  name  two  or  three 
timeSf  and  finding  him  lifeless,  they 
expressed  exultation  rather  than  sur- 
prise. 

18.  At  his  house  in  Duke-street, 
Westminster,  in  his  80th  year,  the  right 
bon.  air  Archibald  Macdonald,  knt  first 
baronet,  of  East  Sheen,  Surrey,  and 
a  privy  councillor ;  a  younger  brother 
to  the  first,  and  uncle  to  the  late  and 
present  lords  Macdonald.  Sir  Archibald 
the  third  and  posthumous  son  of  sir 


teriog  into  parliameaf  This  quarrel 
was  soon  appeased ;  for,  \a  two  ^lys 
afteiwards.  Mr.  Macdonald  and  lord 
North  exchanged  mutual  apologies,  with 
professions  of  great  respect  for  each 
other,  Mr.  Macdonald  going  so  for  as  to 
say,  ^  that  his  hasty  expressions  on  the 
6th  were  directly  contimryto  his  real 
opinion,  never  having  had  any  reason 
for  entertaining  suoh  sentiments  to- 
wards the  noble  lord,  and  that  it  was  a 
natural  infirmity,  which  suddenly  bnr- 
ried  him  sometimes  to  gobeyoM  the 
limits  of  his  judgment.''  It  should  be 
Alexander  Macdonald,  seventh  baronet  observed,  in  explanation  of  this  strange 
of  Nova  Scotia,  by  Margaret,  fourth  scene,  that  lord  Oower  had  a  few  days 
and  youngest  daughter  of  Alexander,  before  decUred  against  ministers  in  the 
ninth  earl  of  Eglinton.  Archibald  was  House  of  Lords,  having  resigned  the 
bnmglit  up  at  Westminster  School.  He  presidency  of  the  conncil,  for  which  act 
waa  admitted  a  King's  scholar  in  1760,  of  hostility  he  had,  in  the  debate  on 
and,  in  1764,  was  elected  a  student  of  December  6,  received  some  compti- 
Christ   Church,    Oxford.     Mr.    Mac*     ments  from  Mr.  Fox.    The  difference, 


donald,  soon  after  his  admission  at  the 
University,  entered  himself  of  the  So* 
elety  of  Lincoln's  Inn ;  and  in  Michael* 
naa  Term,  1770,  was  called  to  the  bar. 
In  1777  he  was  elected  M.P.  for  Hindoo, 
Wilts,  and  in  the  same  year  be  had  the 
good  fortune  to  win  the  affections  of 
lady  Louisa  Levison,  the  eldest  daughter 
of  earl  Gower,  afterwards  created  marq. 
of  Stafibrd.'  His  marriage  with  this 
ladv,  whose  fother  was  not  only  ennobled 
bv  mgfa  rank,  but  distinguished  by  his 
high  connexions  and  political  power, 
laid  the  foundation  of  all  Mr.  Mac- 
donald's  future  success  in  life.  He  had 
hitherto  acquired  but  very  little  pnu> 
tice,  and  was  possessed  of  no  eminence 
in  bis  profession.    He  had  once  or  twice 


however,  between  lord  Oower  and  lord 
North  did  not  lead  to  any  permanent 
estmngement ;  and  lord  Gower,  though 
he  did  not  return  to  office,  supported 
generally  the  measures  of  administra- 
tion, and  with  him  his  son-iU'law,  Mr. 
Maodonald.  It  is  obvious,  howerer, 
that  an  eloquence  so  little  under  the 
control  of  judgment  was  not  likely  to  be 
very  serviceable  to  its  owner ;  and  the 
probability  is,  that,  if  Mr.  Macdonald 
had  not  become  a  member  of  the  power- 
ful family  of  earl  Gower,  he  would  hare 
passed  through  life  without  the  dis- 
tinction of  high  office  or  judicial  rank. 
But,  backed  by  this  high  alliance,  Mr. 
Macdonald,  before  the  wedding-cake 
was  consumed,  attained  the  first  high 
lyecl  bis  talents  in  pariiament,  but  step  in  his  professi<yn  by  beln^  honour- 
with  no  remaritable  success ;  and,  on  a  ed,  in  Hilary  Term,  177B,  with  a  silk- 
snbsequent  occasion,  be  betrayed  a  de-  gown,  and  the  rank  of  king's  counsel. 
pforable  want  of  temper  and  judgment.  At  the  general  election,  in  1780,  he  was 
In  the  debate,  Dec.  6,  1779,  on  lord  chosen,  with  Richard'  Vernon,  esq. 
Upper  Osaory's  motion  respecting  the  brother-in-law  to  earl  Gower,  to  serve 
state  af  Ireland,  Mr.  Macdonald  made  in  parliament  for  Newcastle-^iiideroLine, 
%  most  violent  attadc  on  lord  North,  a  borough  then  under  the  command  of 
He  accused  him  of  being  'Mazy,  indo-     the  Gower  influence ;  and,  in  the  same 


lent,  and  incapable,  evasive,  shuffling, 
cutting,  and  deceptious,  plausible,  art- 
fol,  mean,  insolent,  confident,  cowardly, 
and  a  poor,  pitiful,  sneakfaig,  snivelling, 
ti!bie0i  creature."     Lord  North,  not 


yedr,  be  received  the  appointment  of 
one  of  the  jud^ces  on  the  Carmarthen 
circuit.  On  the  dissolution  of  the 
coalition  administration  in  December, 
1783,  when  Mr.  Pitt,  at  the  age  of  3fi, 


withstanding   his   usual  patience  and    assumed  the  helm  of  government  as  first 


252      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— May. 
lord  of  the  Treasunr,  earl  Gower  re-        30.    At  bis  seat,  Shrovton  Hoqm, 
turned  to  his  old  office  of  president  of    Dorset,  aged  67,  George  Fred.  Ryves, 
the  couDciJ,  and  Mr.  Macdonald  was     esq.  rear-admiral  of  the  Blue, 
appointed    to  the    place   of  solicitor- 
general.    He  succeeded  to  tlie  attorney- 
generalship  in  1788,  when,  by  the  pro- 
motion of  sir  Richard  Pepper  Arden  to 
the  Mastership  <^  the  Rolls,  that  office 
became  vacant.    He  was  then  knighted, 
June  27>  and  re-elected  for  Newcastle- 
under- Line  on  a  new  writ ;  as  he  was 
again  at  the  general  election  of  1790. 


23.  At  Vienna,  aged  23,  Cbas.-Tho8. 
viscount  Ingestrie.  His  lordship,  who 
had  been  travelling  on  the  continent  for 
nearly  two  years,  was  taking  his  usoal 
ride  in  the  Prater  at  Vienna.  Pasaing 
under  a  tree,  his  hat  was  caoght  by  a 
bough,  and  falling  upon  the  spirited 
animal  which  carried  him,  terrified  the 
creature  so  much  as  to  cause  him  to 


During  the  period  that  Mr.  Macdonald  sUrt  off  at  full  speed ;  nor  did  he  stop 

held  the  responsible  situa^ons  of  solid-  until  he  had  plunged  himself  and  Ins 

tor  and  attorney  general,  the  times  were  rider    into    a    pit   or   quagmire,   in 

remarkably  quiet.     In  February  1793  which  they  were  both  suffocated.    His 

he  was-. promoted  to  the  place  of  chief  lordship  was  bom  July  II,  1803,  the 

baron  of  the  court  of  Exchequer,  and  eldest  son  of  Charles-Chetwynd,  second 


sworn  of  the  privy  oouncil.  It  did  not, 
therefore,  fell  to  his  lot,  as  chief  law 
officer  of  the  crown,  to  conduct  many 
state  prosecutions,  but  in  the  few  which 
the  necessities  of  the  times  obliged  him 
to  institute,  be  was  so  uniformly  suc- 


and  present  earl  Talbot,  by  Frmnoes- 
Thomasine,  eldest  daughter  of  Charles 
Lambart,  of  Bean  Park  in  Ireland,  esq. 
and  niece  of  James  first  lord  Sherburne. 
24.  At  his  seat  at  Marton,  near  Brid- 
lington, aged  80,  Ralph  Creyke,  esq.  a 


cessfiil,  that  he  is  said  never  to  have  lost  deputy-lieutenant  of  the  East  and  West 
a  verdict  Although,  from  the  high 
rank  he  held  at  the  bar,  his  name  was 
brought  forward  to  the  notice  of  the 
profession,  yet  sir  Archibald  never  was 
in  great  business.  He  presented  in  the 
court  of  Chancery  the  singular  spec- 
tacle of  an  attorney-general  generally 


Ridings  of  Yorkshire.  He  was  the 
oldest  magistrate  of  the  East  Riding,  to 
which  he  was  qualified  in  1778 ;  and 
many  years  chairman  of  the  East  Riding 
sessions. 

26.    At   the   Manor   Hooae,  Great 
Dnrnford,  Wilttj,  aged  72,  Mrs.  Looisa- 


briefless.    He  presided  in  the  court  of     Margaret  Harris,  daughter  of  the  late 


Exchequer  for  twenty  years;  and,  in 
1813,  from  a  sense  of  approaching  in- 
firmities, retired  into  the  bosom  of  pri- 
vate life  with  a  baronetcy.  In  private 
life  sir  Archibald  was  the  life  and  soul 
of  society.  With  an  inexhaustible  store 
of  anecdote  and  humour,  and  prodigious 
talent  for  conversation,  which  he  had 
improved  by  constant  exercise,  he  en- 
livened and  amused  wherever  he  went. 
His  ifurviving  family  are  one  son,  now 


celebrated  author  of  ^*  Hermes,''  rister 
to  the  late,  and  aunt  to  the  present  eari 
of  Malmesbury. 
—  At  St.  Petersburgh,  in  her  38th 

J  rear,  Ellen  viscountess  Stiangibrd,  the 
ady  of  H.  M.  ambassador  at  that  ooort. 
27.  At  Bath,  in  her  70th  year,  the 
right  hon.  Catherine'  countess  De  la 
Warr,  widow  of  John  Richard  fimrth 
and  late  earl  De  la  Warr,  and  daughter 
of  Henrjr  Lyell,  esq.  of  Bourn,  Cam- 


sir  James  Macdonald,  hart.  M.  P.  for     bridgeshire.     She  was  mother  of  the 


Calne,  and  two  daughters,  Caroline- 
Margaret,  and  Caroline,  wife  of  the  rev. 
Thomas  Randolph,  rector  of  Had  ham, 
Herts.  Two  other  sons  were  Francis, 
R.N.  who  died  June  28, 1804,  and  Levi- 
son,  who  died  in  Sept.  1792.  Lady 
Louisa  Macdonald  survives  her  husband. 
18.  At  Hammersmith,  aged  85,  J. 
Ramsden,  esq. 


present  earl,  and  of  two  daughters, 
one  of  whom  is  the  wife  of  lieat.-eolooel 
Darcy,  R.  A. ;  and  the  other  died  an 
infant. 

—  In  Manchester-square,  aged  42, 
the  right  hon.  lady  Charlotte-Anne, 
wife  of  sir  Charles  Lemon,  second  and 
present  baronet  of  Carclew,  ConivalL 
She  was  the  fourth  daughter  of  Henry 


19.  In  Piccadilly,  aged  14,  lady  Mary.  Thomas,  second  and  late  earl  of  Ilcbes- 

Anne  Primrose,  second  daughter  of  Ar-  ter,  by  Mary-Theresa,  daugh.  of  Stan- 

chibald-John,  present  apd  fourth  earl  dish  Grady,  esq.  of  CappercuUio,  county 

of  Rosebery.  of  IJmerick. 

—  At  Boologne-sur-Mer,  the  right  30.  Aged  19,  right  hon.  lady  Lonisa 

hon.  lord  viscount  Neville,  eldest  son  of  Boyle,  daughter  of  the  eari  of  Cork  and 

the  earl  of  Abei^venny.  Orrery. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


253 


DEATHS 
31.  At  the  house  of  David  Ker,  esq. 
M.  P.  at  Battenea,  aged  74,  lady  Eliz. 
Piatty  daughter  of  the  late  and  sister  to 
the  present  lord  Camden. 

JUNE. 

1.  Aged  17,  Frances,  youngest  daugh- 
ter of  Uie  late  sir  Wm.  Blackett,  bart. 
of  Matfen  Hall,  Northumberland. 

3.  J.  T.  Bland,  esq.  of  Huthwaite 
House,  near  Bamsley,  Yorkshire. 

—  At  the  Tauridan  palace,  St.  Peters- 
burgh,  in  the  midst  of  his  labours,  aged 
60,  Nicholas  Micbaelovitch  Karamsin, 
historiographer  of  the  Russian  empire, 
oonacillor  of  state,  grand  cordon  of  the 
order  <^  St  Anne,  knight  of  St.  Vladi- 
mir, member  of  the  Russian  academy, 
&c    He  was  bom  Dec.  13, 1765,  of  a 
noble  fiimily,  in  the  government  of  Sim- 
birsk, studied  with  success,  and  made 
his  debut  in  the  career  of  letters,  while 
itOl  a  young  man,  by  publishing  poems, 
which  indicated  a  lively  and  brilliant 
imagination.    At  the  age  of  24,  he  un- 
dertook a  voyage  to  Gmnany,  Switzer- 
land, France,  and  England.    He  was  in 
Flms  at  the  commencement  of  the  revo- 
lution, and  was  in  habits  of  intimacy 
with  the  principal  literary  men  of  that 
epoch.   Germany,  which  enjoyed  at  that 
tune  a  state  of  calm  and  tranquillity, 
oflfered  also  many  individuals,    whose 
sodety  was  of  advantage  to  him  in  add- 
ing to  his  information,  and  developing 
his  talents.    In  Switzerland  he  saw  fre- 
quently ^e  celebrated  Bonnet,  author 
of  <<  Palingenesie,"  ^*  La  Contemplation 
de  la  Nature,''  and  of  several  other 
works  in  philosophy  and  natural  history, 
which  Karamsin  purposed  tojtranslate. 
Upon  his  return  to  Russia,  he  published 
the  **  Letters  of  a  Russian  Traveller," 
in  four  volumes,  a  work  which  the  public 
received  with  great  enthusiasm.   These 
letters  went  through  several  editions, 
and  were  immediately  translated  into 
German  and  English.    His  *'  Historical 
Recollections  upon  the  Road  from  Mos- 
cow to  Tioitza^'  (an  ancient  monastery 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Moscow),  his 
**  Martha,  the  Possadnitza,*  or  the  Sur- 
render of  Novogorod,"   an  historical 
novel,  and  a  great  number  of  other  pro- 
duetions  of  the  first  rank,  prove  that  he 
had  perfected  Russian  prose,  and  given  it 
a  charm  not  to  be  found  in  any  preced- 

•  Poitadniixa  metaf,  wife  of  the  Pott^nUf 
Of  dikf  msftiitiitOh 


.— JUNB. 

ing  writer.      He   was  afterwards   Ae 
editor  of  several  journals — the  Courier 
of  Europe  (which  he  began,  and  which 
is  now  conducted  by  Katchenovsky),  the 
Aouides,  Aglaia,&c.  However,  he  soon 
renounced  works  of  imagination  for  a 
much  more  serious  task.    The  emperor 
Alexander  named  him  historiographer 
of  the  empire,  and  requested  him  to 
write  the  History  of  Russia.     After 
more  than  fourteen  years  of  research 
and  assiduousapplication,  Karamsin  pub- 
lished the  first  eight  volumes  of  his  ex- 
cellent  history,    which    produced    the 
most  lively  sensation,  not  only  in  Rus- 
sia, but  throughout  aU  Europe.    Three 
thousand   copies  of   the    first   ediUon 
were  sold    in   the    space  of    twenty- 
eight    days.      The    emperor   printed 
it  at  his   own   expense,   and   further 
granted  to  the  author  divers  honours, 
with  a  present  of  fifty  thousand  rubles. 
This  production,  distinguished  both  by 
elegant  simplicity  of  style,  and  a  lucid 
arrangement  of  the  materials,  which  it 
had  cost  the  author  so  many  years  of 
assiduous  labour  to  collect,  has  already 
been  translated  into  French  and  Ger- 
man.    The  first  of  these  translations 
is  said  to  be  miserably  incorrect;  the 
second  faithful,  but  ill-written.     This 
illustrious  writer  enjoyed  the  confidence 
of  Alexander,  and  had  access  at  all 
times  to   that  prince,    who  sometimes 
visited  the  historian  to  have  recourse  to 
his  information.      Wise  and  moderate 
in  so  illustrious  a  station,  Karamsin  con- 
stantly refused  all  the  places  offered  him 
by  the  emperor ;  even  that  of  minister 
of  public  instruction  did  not  allure  him ; 
his  intention  being  to  consecrate  his 
whole  life    to  the   completion  of  hi? 
important  work.     The  emperor  Nicho- 
las   also    loaded    him    with    favours; 
but  he  did  not  enjoy  them  long.    An 
abscess  had  formed  in  his  breast,  and  in 
the  hope  of  finding  relief  in  a  belter 
climate,  he  was  upon  the  point  of  em- 
barking, but  it  was  his  lot  to  die  in  his 
native  country.    It  was  on  the  22nd  of 
May  (of  the  Russian  calendar)  that  he 
expired,  and  on  the  13th  of  the  same 
month  he  had  received  from  Nicholas  a 
very  flattering  letter  accompanied  by 
an  Ukase,  in  which  his  migesty  granted 
to    Karamsin    an    annual    pension   of 
5,000  rubles  (1,120/.),   to  descend   to 
his  wife,  and  after  her  to  his  children. 

—  Mr.  William  Hamilton  Reid.    He 
was  the  son  of  persons  occupying  no 

bigl^r  etfition  tbnn  (hat  9^  domc9ti^  'm 


254      ANNUAL   RBQISTBtl,    18d6. 

D£ATH&--j0itK. 

the  duke  of  Matnltton's  fkmil^.    tn  his  leeted,  bnt  f^ere  hot  ptibllshett.     He 

early  childhood  he  lost  his  fiither,  tod  now  produced  his  first  prose  tohime, 

hts  mother;  after  struggling  a  few  yeard  entitled  <^  The  Itise  and  Dissoltitxm  of 

with  poverty,  sunk  to  £e  grave,  and  left  the  Infidel  Societies/'    Thfs  iroric,  and 

bet  only  child  an  unprotected  orphan,  aome  communications  which  he  made  to 

He  had  previously,  through  the  dUke  of  government,  when  shortly  after  engaged 

Hamilton's  interest,  been  placed  in  St.  as  editor  of  a  daily  paper,  procured  him 

James's  parochial  school,  where  he  re-  the  notice  of  Mr.  Canning,  and  of  the 

ceived  the  first  rudimeuts  of  education,  then  bishops  of  London  and  E^nitem. 

He  was  subsequently  apprenticed  to  a  From  the  former  gentleman  he  r«ee!ved 

sllver-buckie-maker  near  Soho,  and  from  a  present  of  five  pounds  t  til  that,  in  ^ 

that  period  he  commenced  his  Iltemry  form  of  patronage,  he  Over  leciftived* 

studied.    All  h\i  pocket-money  was  ex-  The  'bishop  of  Lofidoti  made  bim  an 

pended  tn  books,  and,  after  a  long  day  ofliir  of  ordifaation  in  the  cbutt^h,  which 

of  severe  labour,  half  the  short  period  his  objection  to  subscribe  to  tb^  artidet 

alkltted  for  hU  repose  was  frequently  of  fiUth,  Induced  him  to  tvftise.    He 

spent  In  reading,  particularly  history  now  turned  his  mind  to  the  study  of 

and  poetry.    Mr.  Law's  writings  fell  in  topography,  bkigraphy.  and  geileial  li- 

hls  Way,  and  he  was  long  bewildered  In  terature.     London  tad  ito  antlituiUes 

the   labyrinths   of    mystical    divinity,  afiforded  him  ample  scope  fin-  inves^ii* 

After  the  expiration  of^  his  apprentice*  tion.      A   great  mats  of  Inlbmiatmi 

ship  he  supported  himself  by  working  at  which  he  had  thus  collected  aaid  de« 

his  ttade,  occasionally  writing  various  signed  to  fbrm  a  volume,  remftiiia  in  the 

poetic  trifles,  which,  by  the  advice  of  hands  oftheptcsent  writer.    In  Uie  lat* 

some  friends,  he  sent  for  insertion  to  ter  end  of  1810,  al>out  a  year  and  a  hftlf 

the  papers  and  magazines  of  the  day,  after  his  marriage,  pecuniary  losaea  ta* 

receiving    praise,    and    in    some    in-  duced  him  to  apply  to  the  Literary 

stances  pecuniary  remuneration,  he  was  Fund,  and  he  then  recelrNl  ft  handsome 

encouraged  in  h\s  literary  career,  and  donation.      His  literary  labonra  were 

he  next  turned  hia  attention  to  the  ac-  afterwards  more  succetoful,  and^  tho«igh 

aulrement   of    the    French    language,  he  had  a  large   fiimily^   hfa   drcnm* 

Soon  afterwards  he  undertook  to  supply  stances  remaihed  comfbrtable  till  with* 

various  light  articles  to  a  dally  paper ;  in  the  last  year  or   two  of  faia   nfi^ 

and,  quitting  his  trade,  which,  from  the  when  he  again  applied  to  the  Lltentfy 

chan^  of  fashion,  was  no  longer  pro-  Fund,  and  was  again  relieved  fhMn  Us 

ductive,  he  supported  hims^f  respect-  difficulties. 

ably  by  the  labours  of  his  pen.    Having        3.  In  Lower  Brook-Street,  aged  ll^ 

procured   an    engagement  as    French  the  right  hon.  Arthup-Henry  CarlefOR, 

translator  to  a  daily  paper,  he  succes-  second  baron  Dorchester,   cow    Oxoiu 


except  from  books.    He  now  extended  Guy,  the  first  lord),  who  died  by 

his  engagement  to  the  translation  of  the  sination  In  1806,  at  the  age  of  30.    Hts 

whole  of  these  languages,  and  in  a  veiy  mother  was  Frlscilto-Martha,  daughter 

short  time  the  Portuguese  was  addea.  of    William    Belfind.    e^q.    who   was 

This  employment  necessarily  confined  drowned  with  her  only  daughter  (Ihea 

htm  at  home  to  await  the  arrival  of  the  aged  20),  when  the  sir  WlUiam  €itrlb 

dififerent  mails.    To  fill  up  these  inter-  packet  was  lost  at  Ostend  in  1610^    His 

vals  of  leisure  he  commenced  the  study  lordship   succeeded   his    grwidfiither, 

of  the  learned  languages ;   the  Greek  Nov.  18,   1808.    He  wa«  educated  at 

and  Hebrew  he  read  so  as  to  consult  any  the  school  of  the  rev.  Weeden  Butler  at 

author  he  wished  to  examine,  and  the  Chelsea,  and  tftcrwards  at  Wliirhesler. 

Latin  he  could  read  and  translate  with  He  died  unmarried,  and  is  aucieeedMl 

accuracy.    When  the  Post  oflSce  refused  I  ft  his  title  by  hts  first  cousin  Otiy  fmm 

to  supply  the  newspapers  with  the  fo-  In  his  fifteenth  year),  eon  of  the  Wtti. 

reign   journals,    except   in  their  own  lieut.-col.  George  Carteton,  sWn  tt  the 

translations,  he  was  deprived  of  his  em-  storming  of  Bergen-op-Zooin  hi  IW4. 

ployment.   He  soon  afterwards  proposed  5.  At  the  house  of  sir  Georf^  Smalt, 

to  nnblish  a  volume  of  poems  by  sub-  In  GfeAt  Fortland*rtreet.  !ft  Ml  40di 

scriptlon  *,  they  were  accordingly  col-  year,  the  celebrated  mUStSi  Wmfmo, 


a  Its  p«rform 
by  Haydn. 


.udr  til 


APPENDIX    to    CHRONICtE.         255 

DEATHS.— Joite. 
Cari  ftbria  Frej-heiT  Von  Weber.  He  tirelf  He*  style,  and  of  retlflng  the  km 
ma  bora  Dec.  16,  I7S6,  at  Eutln,  a  of  the  ancient  musical  Initnimenb. 
small  tam  in  Hotitein.  Hia  fatber  With  (hEs  view  be  campmed,  in  1RDI,  *t 
gave  him  a  most  liberal  education,  and  Salzburg,  tlie  opera  ^  Peter  Schmoll 
th«  Km  evinced  ao  early  predilection  and  his  Neighbours."  Althouj^b  it  met 
for  Ibe  fine  arts,  particularly  painting  with  little  auccess  on  Its  performance.  It 
and  muiic.    The  Rret  regular  iostruc^on     iraa  higlily  praised  ~  ~      ' 

he  received  on  the  piano-fotte,  the  in 
atrament  on  which  he  has  gained  « 
high  a  reputation  as  a  plnjcr,  wsa  fron 
HeuKbkel,  at  Hildburghausea,  in  1796 

and  it  la  to  thia  levere  and  learned  mas- _, 

ter  that  Weber  owed  his  energy,  dis-  ti?rtainiDgdaubtdas 
tinctness,  and  execution.  The  more  moat  at  them,  he  ct 
his  &tber  perceived  the  gradual  deve-  harmony  once  mare. 
topement  M  his  talenta,  the  mare  am-  menti,  with  a  view 
iooa  h«  was  to  sacrifice  every  thing  to  entire  new  ayatem  o 
their  cultivation.  He  therefore  took  lysis  of  Seb^tian  E 
his  SOB  to  the  bmons  Michael  Haydn,  at  Cboriile,"  is  a  worli 
Satibiirg.  Id  1798  he  published  his  and  much  utility. 
firat   work,    six   fugues  in   four   parts,  '  " 

which  are  remarkable  for  their  purity 
and  correctnesa,  and  received  the  praise 
of  the  Mtiaikali«chc  Zeilung.    At  the 
endof  that  year,  Weber  wci 
where  he  was  taught  singii 
aod  compoamon,  as  well  a 
forte,  bf  Ealcher.    To  bii 


big  &ther,  in   ]S02,  to  Leipsic, 
burgh,  and  Holstcin,  his  principal  o_ 
cupation  was,  to  collect  and  Btud^  all 
works  on  the  theory  of  music ; 


debted  br  afull  knowledgeof  the  theory  ing  a'll 
ofmueic,  and  for  a  skilful  and  ready  use  "  '' 
of  all  the  means  it  furnishes  to  the  com- 
poser. Webec  now  began  to  apply  him- 
self to  one  particular  branch  of  the  art, 
in  preference  to  the  rest — the  operatic 
mnsic.  Under  the  eyes  of  hts  master  he 
wrote  an  opera,  "  Die  Macbt  der  Liebe 
aad  dea  Weins"  (The  Power  of  love 
and  Wine),  a  mass,  and  aeveral  other 
pieces;  but  all  these  were  anbseqnentiy 
destroyed.  Soon  after  this,  Weber  en- 
tertained an  idea  of  rivalling  Senne- 
I'elder,  of  lithographic  celebrity ;  and  he 
went  BO  far  as  to  say  that  the  inTentiort 
was  his,  and  that  he  used  machines  more 
adapted  to  the  purpose.  In  order  to 
!.■_  _!__   __   J  g|.jind  scale,  h( 


removed  with  his  father  to   Freyberg     There  be  w 


was  le/l  entirely  to  1 
musical  world  of  Vie 

Haydn,  Vogler,  Sit-..., 

n  away  from  bis  art  by  the 
amusements  of  so  gay  a 
Hty,  he  was  for  a  considerable  period 
nvore  deeply  cnf^^ccd  than  ever  In 
studying  wilL  the  Abh^  Vogler.  Dur- 
ing all  Uiis  time,  only  two  of  his  works, 
if  they  merit  that  name,  Appeared  in 
print,  a  set  of  variatloni,  and  Votler's 
opera  ''Samori,"  arranged  for  the  piano- 
forte. Having  completed  bis  musical 
education  at  Vienna,  he  was  called  to 
Brestau  in  the  character  of  maeKro  di 
cnpella.  As  he  bad  to  form  here  an  en* 
tirely  new  orchestmand  corps  of  singers, 
he  was  furnished  with  a  very  faToitntble 
opportunity  to  improve  himself  in  the 
knowledge  of  eflfcct.  While  at  Breslau 
he  composed  the  opera  of  "  BUbehzahl, 
or  Number  Nip,'' of  which  the  filmed 
moimtain  spirit  furnished  the  xab- 
ject.  The  commencement  of  the  great 
Prussian  war  in  1R06  obliging  him  to 
lau,  he  removed  to  Carlsruhe. 


'0  ay tnphmiieSt  several 


...a.    Hp  alao  publiabed  at  thfs 
•diilon  oE  his  opera,  "  The  Maid 

jon  lired  ;     of  the  Wood,"  under  the  title  of  "  Sil- 

imed,  with     vana  ;  "  a  cantata,  ' 


I  Saiony,  where  tha  beat  materials 
were  most  conveniently  at  band.  With 
the  tedioosness  of  so  mechanical  a 
business,  however,  he  wi 

and  the  young  specnlator               .  -        . 

redoubled  vigour,  his  study  of  compo-  some  ovcrturea  for  a  grand  orcheatra, 

sitfon.    While  only  fourteen,  he  wrote  and  many  sola  pieces  Ibr  the  piwio-rorle. 

the  opera  "Das  Waldmadchen"  (The  In  IHIO  he  made  a  successful  tour  to 

Girl  of  the  Wood),  which  was  Rrat  per-  Frankfort,  Munich,  nnd  Berlin  ;  and  on 

formed  in  1800,  and  received  with  great  his  return,  once  more  assisted  by  the 

applause   at  Vienna,   Fiague,   and  St.  experience  and    knowledge  of   Vogler 

PetersbuT^h.     An  article  in  the  Mu-  (who  had  then  two  other  yoong  arilats 

sikalische  Zeitnng  excited  in  the  young  of  great  lalentwitb  him,  Meyerbeerand 

compater  (he  idea  of  mitiag  in  an  en-  Gailabacher},  be  eoiupiaea  ttie  t^ eis 


256      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— JuifE. 
**  Aban  Hassan"  at  Darmstadt    From  on  the  most  eminent  of  ancient  and  mo- 
1813  to  1816  Weber  was  the  director  of  dem  composers.    He  was  the  author  of 
the  opera  at  Prague»^rhicb  he  organized  many  articles  in  the  Leipsic  Musical 
anew;  and,  whUe  therci  he  wrote  his  Gazette,    and    also   in    the  Abendaei- 
greatcantate,<*KampfundSieg,"amo8t  tung,   an  evening  paper  of  Dresden. 
imposing   composition ;    and   a    melo-  He  has  left  a  widow  and  two  children, 
drama,   entitled   **  Preciosa,"   or   the        5,  In  Verulam-buildings,  Gray's-inn, 
Gipsy  Girl.     After  the  object  of  his  James  Bradby,  esq.      This  gentleman 
visit  to  Prague  was  fulfilled,  he  once  was  born  about  1774,  of  respectable  pa- 
more  travelled  without  any  permanent  rents.    His  father  was  a  grocer,  resident 
appointment.    Though  he  received  the  on  Snow-hill,  and  died  before  the  sub- 
roost  handsome  offers  from  all  parts  of  ject  of  this  sketch  was  bom.    His  ma- 
Germany,  he  did  not  accept  of  any  until  ternal  g^ndfather  held  the  situation  of 
he  was  called  to  Dresden,  for  the  pur-  registrar  to  the  society  for  the  encoa- 
pose  of  forming  a  German  opera.    This  ragement  of   arts,  manu&ctures,   and 
appointment  he  held  until  his  death,  commerce.   The  mother  of  Mr.  Biadby, 
His  celebrated  opera  of  <'Der  Frei-  a  sensible  but  rather  singular  woman, 
schutz''  was  produced  at  Berlin,  June  received  for  a  dmwing  of  flowers  one  of 
21,    1821 ;    and    in   November,    1823,  the  first  gold  medals  presented  by  this 
his    '^  Euryanthe ''   was    performed  at  institution.    She  paid  every  attention  to 
Vienna,  but  did  not  succeed.    Der  Frei-  the  education  of  her  only  son,  and  be 
schutz  first  appeared  in  an  English  dress  was  early  placed  at  an  academy  at  Bow, 
at  the  English  Opera  House,  in  the  sum-  kept  by  a  Mr.  French,  and  from  him  be 
mer  of  1824,  when  its  success  was  such  went  to  an  eminent  attorney,  to  whom 
as  to  induce  the  managers  of  Covent  he  was  articled ;  but  ''  too  proud/'  as 
Garden  and  Drury  Lane  theatres  to  he  has  often  expressed  himself,  ^*  to  be- 
bring  it  out  at  their  respective  houses  come  the  porter  between  the  counsel 
in    Uie    ensuing  winter.     With  some  and  the  client,"  he  remained  some  time 
slight  alterations  in  the  story,  and  aided  without  practising  the  law,  pasting  his 
by  the  most  magnificent  scenery,  the  time  chiefly  among  the  French  literati 
popularity  of  **  Der  Freiscbutz*'  was  un-  at  that  time  banished  by  the  Revolotioo ; 
equalled,  and  led  to  an  invitation  to  its  and  endeavouring  to  improve  his  miad 
author  to  visit  England,  and  to  compose  by  general  application.      During  this 
anoperaexpresslyforthe  English  stage  interregnum,  lounging  by  chance  in  a 
The  offer  was  accepted,  and  he  fulfilled  coffee-room,  he  met  with  a  friend  whom 
his  engagement  by  the  production  of  he  had  not  seen  for  twelve  years,  and 
"  Oberon,"  which  was  first  performed  who  was  about  to  sail  for  the  West- 
at  Covent  Garden  on  the  12th  of  May  in  Indies.      He  reproached    Biadby  tor 
the  present  year.    His  health  was  evi-  thus  wasting  his  fine  talents  in  idleness, 
denUy  much  impaired  previously  to  his  advised  him  to  study  for  the  bar,  and 
arrival  in  England ;    and,    during  his  gave  him  a  letter  to  a  friend  of  his,  Mr. 
residence  in  this  country,  it  became  gra-  Thompson,  a  special  pleader,  Biadby 
duallyworse,  until  the  3rd  of  June,  when  then    entered     himself  of    Lincoln't- 
his  disorder,  a  pulmonary  affection  of  Inn.    Mr.  Thompson  soon  after  retired 
long  standing,  received  so  sudden  and  from  the  profession  in  consequence  of 
violent  an  accession,  as  to  preclude  all  ill  health  and  an  accession  of  fortune ; 
hope  of  recovery.    On  the  morning  of  and  he  relinquished  his  chambers  and 
Monday,  June  o,  he  was  found  dead  his  business  to  Mr.  6.,  who  gave  up  the 
upon  his  pillow,  his  head  resting  upon  bar,  to  which  he  had  at  first  directed  his 
l^is  hand,  as  though  he  had  passed  from  attention,  and  became  a  special  pleader, 
life  without  a  struggle.    The  following  Mr.  Bradby  was  a  man  of  general  io- 
Wednesday,  June  7,  had  been  fixed  upon  formation,  and  high  intellectual  powers, 
for  an  attempt  to  re-visit  his  native  and  an  excellent  linguist.    He  was  the 
country.    Weber  is  understood  to  have  author  of  a  ^^  Treatise  on  the  Law  ^ 
left  but  one  work  in  manuscript  of  any  Distresses,''  1808,  Svo. 
importance,  a  production  ;^hich  was  to        6.    In  Jersey,    Andrew  Fitsherben 
be  entitied  ^^  Kuntsler  Leben,''   upon  Andrew  Evans,  esq.  rear-admiral  of  the 
which  he  had  been  employed  several  Blue.  Thisofficer  was  made  a  lieutenant, 
years.    It  consists  of  a  narrative  of  the  Dec.  1,   1789;  and  on  May  4,  17961, 
principal  events  of  his  life,  with  observ-  when  commanding  the  Spencer  sloop  of 

^tionsj  on  {freat  fnusical  workS|  «i4  war,  captured,  alter  »  brisk  i^oo  off 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.  257 

DEATHS.— June. 

Bennada,  la  VoXcAn,  a  French  corvette  adversary  ;  but  the  ostensible  prosecu- 

of  12  giiiu,  pierced  for  J  6,  and  95  men.  tor  was  William  Jones,  the  present  mar- 

Hia  post  commission  bears  date  April  shal  of  the  King*s-bench  prison,  at  that 

lo,  1796;  and  from  that  period  until  time  a  Welch  attorney.  The  prosecutor, 

the  peace  of  1801,  he  commanded  the  after  twice  bringing  the  cause  for  trial 

Porcapine  of  24  guns,  on  the  Halifax  into  the  Welch  court,  suddenly  removed 

and  Jamaica  stations.    We  subsequently  it  by  certiorari  to  Shrewsbury.    When 

find  him  in  the  iEoIus  frigate,  and  Van-  it  came  there  to  a  hearing  before  Mr. 

guard  74,  emploved  in  the  blockade  off  Justice  Buller,  the  jury  were  inclined 

St  Domingp,  and  various  other  services,  to  negative  the  charge  of  libel,  and  re- 

Towards  the  close  of  1810,  he  was  re-  fused  to  give  a  general  verdict  against 

moved  from  the  superintendence  of  the  the  dean.    In  this  celebrated  trial  the 

Stapleton  d^p6t  for  prisoners  of  war,  to  real  question  was,  whether  or  not  the 

be  a  resident  commissioner  of  the  navy  matter  was  libellous  ;  and  the  single 

at  Bermuda,  where  he  bad  a  broad  pen-  point  in  debate,  whether  or  not  the  jury 

dant  flying  on  board  the  Ruby  64,  in  were  to  decide  upon  it.    For  the  prose- 

1816  and  1817.  cution  it  was  contended  that  they  were 

6.  At  Richmond,  aged  46,  Louisa-  not;  and  the  judge,  in  summing  up,  in- 
Isabella,  wife  of  John  Payne,  esq.  and  culcated  the  same  doctrine,  which,  in- 
eldest  daughter  of  the  right  hon.  Hugh  deed,  at  that  period,  was  generally  air- 
Elliot.     ^  rent  in  the  courts.    The  jury,  however, 

7.  William-Davies  Shipley,  the  son  of  gave  a  verdict,  by  which  they  found 
Jonathan,  afterwardsbishop  of  St  Asaph,  the  publishing  only,  evidently  meaning 
and  Aona-Maria  Mordaunt,  a  niece  of  that  they  found  nothing  libellous  in  the 
the  earl  of  Peterborough.  He  was  born  matter ;  but  this  verdict  not  satisfying 
at  Midgham  in  Berkshire,  on  Saturday,  the  judge,  it  was  altered,  by  the  sug- 
the  5th  of  October,  1745,  O.  S.  At  an  gestion  of  the  prosecutor's  counsel  (Mr. 
early  age  he  was  sent  to  Westminster-  Bearcroft),  and  given  according  to  his 
school ;  but,  upon  the  appointment  of  his  dictation  in  these  words,  guilty  of  pub- 
£ither,  in  I7o0,  to  the  deanery  of  Win-  lishing,  but  whether  a  libel  or  not  we  do 
Chester,  he  was  removed  to  the  college  not  find.  The  case  was  then  brought 
there,  from  whence  he  went  to  Oxford  up  for  judgment  into  the  King*8-bench, 
in  1763,  and  was  admitted  a  student  of  when  that  court,  discovering  a  flaw  in 
Christ  Church,  of  which  society  his  &-  some  part  of  the  proceedings,  quashed 
ther  had  been  a  canon  some  few  years  the  whole.  Such  was  the  termination  of 
before.  Here  he  took  the  degree  of  that  long-protracted  case  :  but  it  led  to 
M.A.iQ)770,  and  soon  afterward,  viz.  that  alteration  which  was  made  somS 
in  1771,  was  collated  by  his  father  (then  years  afterwards  in  the  law  of  libel  ; 
bishop  of  St  Asaph)  to  the  vicarage  of  we  allude  to  the  statute,  which,  in 
Wrexham,  Denbighshire.  From  that  cases  of  libel,  authorises  the  jury  to 
time,  he  resided  in  Wales.  Upon  the  death  decide  upon  the  law  as  well  as  the 
of  Dr.  Herring,  in  1774,  he  succeeded  to  fact  The  statute  did  not  pass  with- 
the  deanery  of  8t.  Asaph,  and,  about  the  out  great  repugnance  on  the  part  of 
same  tiroe,  to  the  office  of  chancellor  of  the  lawyers.  Lords  Thurlow  and  Ken- 
the  diocese.  In  1777,  he  married  Penc-  yon  thought  fit  to  enter  their  protest 
lope,  the  eldest  daughter  and  co-heiress  against  it  Another  remarkable  circura- 
01  £llis  Yonj^e,  of  Brynyorken,  esq.  and  stance  that  attended  the  case  was  this : 
Penelope  his  wife,  daughter  of  col.  while  the  dean  was  under  prosecution 
James-Russell  Stapleton,  of  the  Guards,  for  a  publication  of  the  pretended  libel, 
and  of  Grey's  Court  in  Oxfordshire,  the  author  was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the 
Sir  William  Jones,  who  not  long  after-  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  at  Cal- 
ward,  viz.  in  1783,  became  the  dean's  cutta.  Sir  William  Jones,  who  was  too 
brother-in-law,  by  his  marriage  with  intrepid  and  open  an  assertcr  of  the 
Anna-Maria,  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  rights  of  Englishmen  to  wish  for  any 
bishop  of  St  Asaph,  published  about  the  concealment,  wrote  a  letter  to  lord  Ken- 
close  of  the  American  war  a  little  piece  yon,  at  that  time  chief-justice  of  Ches- 
on  the  subject  of  government,  entitled  ter,  avowing  himself  to  be  the  author 
^^  A  Dialogue  between  a  Gentleman  and  of  the  piece  in  question,  and  maintain- 
a  Fkrmer."  The  dean  of  St.  Asaph  re-  ing  that  every  position  in  it  was  strictly 
published  it  in  Wales,  upon  which  he  conformable  to  the  laws  and  constitu- 
WBS  indicted  for  a  libel  by  »  political  t'lon  of  Englandt    The  deaa  bad  eigh( 

VoihLXVIIL  S 


268       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826 


DEATHS.— JunE. 


children :  viz.,  five  sons  and  three 
daughters.  He  survived  four  of  his 
^ns,  who  died  in  the  prime  of  manhood. 
Of  tlicse  the  third  was  capt.  Conway 
Shipley,  R.N.  who  fell  in  a  gallant  but 
unsuccessful  attempt  to  cut  an  enemy's 
thip  out  of  the  Tagus ;  and  to  whom  a 
monument  was  erected  on  the  banlcs  of 
that  river  by  the  otlicers  of  sir  Charles 
Cotton's  fleet.  His  youngest  daughter 
was  married  to  the  right  rev.  Reginald 
Heber,  bishop  of  Calcutta. 

8.  Lady  Pretyman  Tomline,  lady  of 
the  bishop  of  Winchester. 

9.  Jobann  Gaspard  Friedrick  Manso, 
rector  and  first  professor  of  the  Gym- 
nasium at  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  at  Bres- 
]aw.  Manso  was  bora  at  Zelle,  in  the 
Duchy  of  Gotha,  26th  March,  1759: 
after  passing  some  time  at  the  Gymna- 
sium at  Gotha,  he  oroceeded  to  the 
university  of  Jena,  wnere,  during  five 
years,  he  applied  himself  to  theology, 
philology,  and  philosophy.  On  his 
return  to  Gotha,  ne  established  himself 
as  a  teacher,  and  (ifterwards  became 
professor  at  the  Gymnasium.  In  1790 
ne  was  invited  to  Brcslaw  as  procurator, 
and  three  years  afterwards  obtained  the 
appointment  he  held  till  his  death.    As 


ders.  He  early  comroenoed  Uie 
pilation  of  a  "System  oT  Divinity," 
which  he  published  in  IT^t  »*  "i* 
volumes.  This  was  spoketi  of  in  the  dif- 
ferent reviews  with  ronsidcrahle  pniK, 
but  failed  in  bringing  the  mntkor  iato 
the  notice  he  deserved,  as  he  still  re- 
mained curate  of  the  smalt  parish  of 
Lustleigb,  with  a  yearly  stipend  of  M.; 
and  although  the  work  wss  enoooAged 
by  a  long  list  of  subscribers^  natneti  the 
actual  receipts  were  fitr  less  tfaaa  the 
expenses.  His  active  and  penevciiM 
mind,  however,  could  ttot  be  detem 
by  small  obstades,  and  he  contSnoed  Is 
gather,  fVom  every  source  he  cobM  fay 
any  means  command,  f^esh  matter  Is 
extend  his  work,  which  in  1795  fasi  bh 
creased  to  36  volumes.  Anxfoos  Ihst 
his  labour  should  not  be  in  vein,  a^d 
unable  to  risk  a  second  km^  he  piooecd- 
ed  by  a  mode  the  most  singular  thtt 
was  ever  attempted.  He  ooostr^icCBd  a 
press  himself,  purchased  scMne  old  tfwn 
ata  cheap  rate,  and  in  five  moolhi,  1^  bb 
own  manual  lalHnir,  produced  40  eofio 
of  a  specimen,  conststitig  of  3S8  pages,  he- 
sides  prefiitory  matter;  twenty-aot  of  the 
copies  he  distHbuted  to  su^  pertoat  ac 
he  thought  the  most  likely  to  appreckle 


a  writer  Mansp  distinguished  himself  his  labours,  and  assist  him  in  the  pehll- 
by  classical  purity  of  taste,  and  has  -"-  -^^...^  ..^-t  --  •^  .  » 
given  to  the  world  many  esteemed  poeti- 
cal translations,  and  original  productions. 
Among  the  former  are  the  Georgics, 
Bion  and  Moschus,  the  Oedipus  of 
Sophocles,  and  the  Jerusalem  Delivered, 
which  last  was  never  completed.  Ills 
principal  prose  works  consist  of  Essays 
on  Subjects  of  Ancient  Mythology ; 
Sparta,  an  Essay  on  the  History  and 
Constitution  of  that  State  J  the  Life  of 
Constantine;  and  the  Ostrogoths  in 
Italv. 

l5.  In  F^rm-street,  Berkeley-sqiuirc, 
Annabclla,  widow  of  count  gen.  James 
Lockhart,  of  Lee  and  Camwartb,  Scot- 
land. 

—  In  his  83rd  vear,  the  rev.  William 
Davy,  vicar  of  Winkleigh,  Devon,  to 
which  benefice  he  had  lately  been  pre- 
ferred, as  a  reward  for  his  defence  of 
the  leading  doctrines  of  the  Church, 
in  a  work  lately  published,  being  an 
abridgment  compiled  from  26  volumes 
of  Divinity,  which  he  had  printed  with 
his  own  hands,  at  a  press  of  nis  own  con- 
structing.   Mr.  Davy  received  the  first 


cation  of  the  whole  work.     Not  lecdT- 
ing,  however,  the  encoiimgeaieat  he 
ought,  and  bavinff  14  copies  rettalvaf, 
he  recommenced  n!s  labours ;  and  kar- 
ing  taught  a  female  dome^ie  to  eompev 
the  types,  he  proceeded,  vith  her  a*- 
sistance,  to  print  14  copies  of  the  tt^ 
maining  25  volumes,  whicfa  tlercslfaa 
task  he  completed  in  1807.     Hie  htgai 
part  of  these  were  also  distrihulrd  mSar 
he  conceived  thev  might  be  liMy  tp 
excite  attention  ;  but  otill   his  lahoan. 
as  far  as  regarded  himself,  were  in  vsic. 
No   discouragement,    hotrever,    enHA 
check  his  perseverance,  and  he  b^gaa  i 
volume  of  extracts  liom  his  large  wwk. 
on  the   <•  Being  of  God,  Dl^lty  «f 
Christ,  the  Personalis  and  Divid^of 
the  Holy  Ghost,  and  on  the  9m 
Trinity,"  with  improveneota  asd 
ditions.    Of  this  he  also  primed  a 
copies,  which  he  pieseoted  to 
literary  characters.    Still  little  dto  hit 
praise  was  gained;  but  thoagh  muwIj 
in  his  HOth  vear,  he  made  soch  lAV- 
tions  to  this  latter  vohune,  that  k  IW 
he  found  it  tufficfent  Id  ml  two  ac»io 
rudiments  of  his  education  at  the  Exeter     volumes.    Being  then  in  his  BHi  |IV> 
Free  Grammar  School ;  and,  on  return-     he  resigned  the  taak  oC  nilntljg  lato 
ing  firom  CoU^,  obtained  Priest's  Or-    other  hands,  and  a  neat  edmi  wm  fih- 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


259 


DEATH&--^JuNB. 
Iklied,  which  pitwured  for  the  author     Mot;"  in  which  he  very  happily  com- 


ihe  living  of  Winkleigb.  But  this  re- 
vardy  though  highlv  gratifying  to  his 
feelings,  came  too  late  to  add  to  his 
oomforts,  lor  he  enjoyed  it  only  a  few 
mcRiths.  In  mechanics,  he  was  a  con- 
siderahle  proficient ;  aud  after  tiie  siok* 
lug  oi  the  Royal  George  in  Portsmouth 
Harbour,  he  proceeded  there  with  the 
plan  of  a  diving  bell,  to  recover  the  pro- 
perty sunk  in  her,  and  his  plan  was 
afterwards  acted  on  with  conaldeiable 


16.  At  Pftris»  aged  63,  M.  Pierre 
fdouard  Lemontev.  tie  was  bom  at 
Lyons,  Jan.  14,  1763,  and  was  educated 
Ibir  the  bar,  where,  notwithstanding  his 
want  of  a  sood  delivery,  he  dis^nguish- 
ed  himself  by  his  chamcter  and  tSents, 
and  the  zesl  with  which  he  devoted 
himself  to  questions  of  political  and  pub*> 
lie  Interest.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  revolution,  he  published  many 
pieces.  In  which  he  defended  the  rights 
of  the  Protestants  to  have  a  voice  in 
the  electMMi  of  members  to  the  ^tais- 
Genermut ;  and  also  called  upon  the 
goremment  to  direct  its  attention  to  the 
deplorable  and  neglected  state  of  agri- 
coJChire^  He  filled,  at  this  period,  seve- 
ral public  situationii,  in  which  he  mani- 
fested  the  excellence  of  his  intentions, 
but  incurred  great  personal  risks  from 
die  troubles  of  the  times;  and  after 
baring  seen  the  greater  part  of  his 
fiuDoily  perish  daring  the  siege  of  Lyons, 
be  was  obliged  to  go  to  Switzerland,  in 
order  to  eseApe  becoming  the  victim  of 
a  peace  more  bloody  than  the  war.  He 
did  not  venture  to  return  to  Lyons  until 
\79t.  Having  at  length  seen  the  re- 
volutionary storm  subside,  he  removed 


to  Plans,  &r  the  purpose  of  dedicating 

himself  to  literary  pursuits.    Under  the     academy,  Aug.  2^,  1825. 


bined  satire  with  philosophy.  Among 
his  various  minor  publications,  that 
entitled  "  Les  Trois  Visites  de  M. 
Bruno  au  Faubourg  St.  Antoinc,''  ex- 
cited much  attention.  His  two  little 
romances,  '^  Irons-nous  k  Paris?*'  and 
'^  Thibault,  ou  la  Naissance  d'un  Comte 
de  Champagne,"— the  former,  on  the 
occasion  of  Napoleon's  coronation,  and 
written  in  imitation  of  Sterne ;  the 
latter,  after  the  manner  of  Ariosto,  and 
relating  to  the  Inrth  of  the  king  of  Itome, 
-—have  survived  the  temporanr  interest 
of  the  events  that  gave  them  birth.  At 
length  he  abandoned  fictitious  compo- 
sition for  more  serious  studies,  applying 
his  pen  to  sulgects  of  historical  research, 
tn  tnis  new  career  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  <^  Essai  sur  rEtablissement 
Monarchiqoe  de  Louis  XIV.  Introduc- 
tion d'une  Htstoire  Critique  de  la 
France,  depnis  la  Mort  de  Loius  XlV." 
*-a  work  which  obtained  for  him  his 
reception  into  the  Academie  FraD^aise, 
where  he  was  admitted  on  the  17th 
June,  1819,  succeeding  to  the  Abb^ 
Morellet.  Among  the  minor  produc- 
tions of  Lemontey  are  several  bio- 
graphical articles  in  the  Galerie  Fran- 
(aise,  and  some  in  the  Revue  Encyclo- 
p^dique.  Those  on  l)e  Thou,  Rets, 
Colbert,  the  duchess  de  Longueville, 
Chautieu,  Helvetius,  Madame  Clairon, 
Lecouvrenr,  &cc.  are  remarkable  for  the 
ability  with  which  they  are  written. 
A  discourse,  '^  Sur  la  Fr^cisiou  consi- 
d^r^  dans  le  Style,  les  Langues,  les 
Pantomimes,"  was  read  by  him  at  the 
annual  reciting  of  the  four  academies, 
April  24th,  1824.  His  last  production 
was  an  Eloge  on  Vic<^  d'A2yr,  the  cele- 
brated physician,  which  he  read  at  the 


ooDsulship,  he  was  appointed  censor  of 
plays ;  and  in  1814,  obtained  the  ofiioe 
of  censor  royaL  which  he  held  ontil  his 
death,  althoi^h  the  emolument  arising 
from  it  was  of  no  importance  to  him,  as  his 
fortune  was  considezable,  and  his  habits 
even  parsimonious.  As  a  man  of  lettem, 
be  distinguished  himself  no  less  than  in 
bis  political  capacity.  In  1785  and 
17^,  he  obtained  two  prises  at  the 
academy  of  Marseilles,  for  his  Ehgu 
on  Fabry  de  Peyresc  and  captain  Cook. 
His  opera  of  nUma,  brought  out  at  the 
tbeatre  Feydeau,  in  1798,  obtained  con- 
siderable popularity.  He  produced  a 
eoAectioQ  of  tules,  luder  the  whiiiMioal 
title  of  ^'Aaison,  FoUe,   chacun  sop 


17*  At  Aldwick,  «r  Thomas  Brooke 
Pechell,  bart.  He  was  a  miyorgeneral 
in  tbe  army,  and  late  M.  P.  for  Downton. 
He  was  born  in  Jan.  1753,  and  succeeded 
his  father,  sir  Paul  l3th  Jan.  1800.  On 
tbe  death  of  his  mother,  in  the  same 
year,  he  obtained  his  mi^sty's  licence 
te  prefix  tbe  surname  of  Brooke  to  that 
of  Pechell,  agreeably  to  her  will.  He 
married,  April  1783,  the  daughter  of  sir 
John  Clavering,  and  had  issue  three 
sons  and  two  daughters. 

—  At  Hawnes,  in  Bedfordshire,  aged 
90,  the  right  boo.  Henry  Freaerick 
Thymie  Carteret,  baroa  Carteret  of 
Hawnes,  high  bailiff  ol  Jersey,  and 
P.  C.  U    £&  lordship  was  bora  Nor. 

S2 


260      ANNUAL    REGISTEIt,    1826. 


DEATHS.— June. 


17,  1735,  the  second  son  of  Thomas 
Thynne,  second  viscount  Weymouth,  by 
his  second  wife  Louis^  Carteret,  daugh- 
ter of  John  first  earl  Granville.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.A.  1763;  D.C.  L.  1769.  On  the 
death  of  his  uncle  Robert,  second  and 
last  earl  Granville  in  1776,  he  took  the 


ment  appears  to  have  ensued;  and  to 
avoid  the  opposition  of  the  lady's  pa- 
rents, the  lovers  took  a  trip  to  France, 
and  were  married.  The  union,  however, 
was  not  a  happy  one.  Still,  notwith- 
standing various  disagreements,  when 
Mr.  Mattocks,  some  years  aftuwards, 
became  manager  of  the  Liverpool  the* 
atre,  his  wife  performed  there  all  the 


name  and  arms  of  Carteret  by  act  of  principal  characters.  The  speculatioa 
pariiament ;  and  was  advanced  to  the  proving  unfortunate,  Mrs.  Mmttocks  re- 
dignity  of  baron,  Jan.  17,  1784,  with  engaged  herself  at  Covent  Gardeo, 
remainder  to  the  second,  third,  fourth,  where  she  held  an  unintermpted  en- 
and  every  other  son  of  his  elder  and  gagement  as  an  actress  of  first-rate 
only  brother  Thomas,  first  marquis  of  celebrity  in  her  walk,  until  her  final  re- 
Bath.    He  is  succeeded  by  his  nephew,  tirement  from  the  stage,  now  more  than 


lord  George  Thynne,  the  second  son, 
and  next  brother  to  the  present  marquis 
of  Bath. 

21.  In  Stratford-place,  migor-general 
Robert  Haldane,  C.  B.  in  the  service  of 
the  East  India  Company. 

—  Aged  27,  Cbarlotte-Frederica 
Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  sir  Robert 
Wilson,  M.  P. 

22.  AtBayswater,  in  his  46th  year. 
Wm.  Evans,  esq.  of  Baker-street, 
Fortman-square,  and  superintendant  of 
the  Baggage  department,  East  India- 
house. 

25.  At  Kensington  (where  she  had 
long  resided),  aged  81,  the  onoe-cele- 
brated  comedian,  Mrs.  Mattocks.  She 
was  born  about  1745.  Her  father,  Mr. 
Hallam,  was  manager  of  Goodman's 
Fields  theatre ;  her  mother  was  related 
to  Beard,  the  famous  singer ;  and  her 
brother  was  the  manager  of  a  theatrical 
company  in  America.  In  a  dispute  with 
Macklin,  the  celebrated  Shylock,  at  a 
rehearsal,  her  fether  received  so  severe 
a  wound  in  the  eye  from  a  walking-stick, 
that  he  died  on  the  spot.  Macklin  was 
tried  at  the  Old  Bailey,  but  acquitted, 
the  blow  being  deemed  the  effect  of 
sudden  passion.  Receiving  a  superior 
education,  Miss  Hallam  adopted  the 
stage  as  a  profession.  All  her  early 
appearances  were  in  singing  characters ; 
and  she  was  the  first  l^uisa  in  **  The 
Duenna."  She  occasionally  attempted 
tragedy,  but  with  little  success ;  study 
and  observation,  however,  induced  her 
to  attempt  the  sprightly  parts  of  low 
comedy,  &c. ;  and  in  these  she  succeeded, 
and  became  a  great  favourite.  Miss 
Hallam  stood  thus  high  in  the  estima- 
tion of  the  public,  when  Mr.  Mattocks, 
of  the  same  theatre,  paid  his  addresses 
to  her.  He  was  a  wal  performer,  and 
1^  respectAble  actor,    A  matual  attach- 


twentv  years  ago.  Mrs.  Mattocks  pos- 
sessed a  good  stage  face  and  figure; 
and  her  broad  stare,  her  formal  deport- 
ment, her  coarse  comic  voice,  and  her 
high  colouring,  enabled  her  to  give 
peculiar  effect  to  the  characters  in  wfaidi 
she  excelled.  In  the  delivery  of  the 
ludicrous  epilog^s  of  the  late  Miles 
Peter  Andrews,  which  always  required 
dashing  spirit  and  the  imitation  of 
vulgar  manners,  she  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful. She  is  understood  to  have 
been  a  great  fiivourite  of  her  late  ma- 
jesty, Queen  Charlotte.  She  left  one 
daughter,  the  widow  of  Mr,  Hewsoo,  a 
barrister. 

25.  At  Mitcham-grove,  the  oountets 
Minuzti. 

—  In  Upper  Gowcr-street,  aged  45, 
Samuel  March  Pbillipps,  esq.  seoood 
son  of  Thomas  March,  esq.  fiormeily  of 
More  Critchell,  county  of  Dorset ;  and 
who,  in  1796,  assumed  the  name  of 
March  Phillipps,  and  removed  to 
Garendon  Park,  Leicestershire.  Mr. 
Samuel  Phillipps  was  bom  July  14, 
1780 ;  and  was  bred  to  the  law,  in  which 
profession  he  eminently  distinguished 
ni  mself.  He  was  recorder  of  Grantham, 
and  author  of  '*  A  Treatise  on  the  Law 
of  Evidence,"  8vo,  1814. 

26.  At  Paris,  M.  Jean  Thomas  Thie- 
bault,  an  architect  of  conndemUe  talent 
and  reputation.  He  was  bom  in  the 
department  of  the  Upper  Mame,  Nov. 
20,  1757*  A  long  residence  at  Rome, 
where  he  sedulously  studied  the  retuaxu 
of  antiquity,  contributed  much  towards 
that  correct  taste  which,  combined  with 
simplicity  and  propriety,  he  displayed 
in  his  works.  The  palaces  of  Nemlly, 
Malmaison,  and  Bourbon  Ely^re,  are 
indebted  to  him  for  many  beaotifol  em- 
bellishments. He  was  invited  to  Hol- 
landi  where  he  wi«  tommtstsloncd  <b 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         261 


DEATHS.— June. 


repair  the  Stftdt-honse  of  Amsterdam, 
the  palace  of  the  HaguCi  and  other 
edifices.  M.  Thiebault  has  left  an  im- 
portant work  on  Perspective,  which  he 
was  preparing  for  publication  at  the 
time  of  his  death. 

27.  At  Wells,  aged  84,  John  Hollow^, 
esq.    admiral  of  the  Red.      Admiral 
Holloway  was  a  native  of  Wells.    He 
entered  the  navy  in  1760,  on  board  the 
Antelope,  of  50  guns,  capt.  Webb ;  and 
in  1761  sailed  in  her  to  Newfoundland, 
with  captain  (the  late   lord)  Graves, 
governor  of  the  island.    Mr.  Holloway 
then  served  for  two  years   under  sir 
Hugh  Palliser,  and  also,  with  a  view  of 
promotion,     embarked    with    admiral 
Durell ;   but,  that  officer  dying  soon 
after  his  arrival  in  America,  the  de- 
ceased was,  in  1768,  taken  under  tlie 
patronage    of    commodore    (afterwards 
viscoont)  Hood,  in  the  Romney.    Mr. 
Holloway  was  made  lieutenant  in  1771 ; 
and  appointed  to  the  Marlborough  of 
74  guns,  a  guard-ship  at  Portsmouth, 
rommanded  by  captain  Hood.    On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  American  war  he 
removed  into  the  Perseus  frigate,  capt. 
G.  K.  Elphinstone,  afterwards  viscount 
Keith.      The  Perseus  was   an   active 
ship,  and  lieut.  Holloway  remained  in 
her  one  year.      He  was  subsequently 
received  by  commodore  (afterwards  lord) 
Hotbam,  on  board  the  Preston  of  50 
guns,  and  was  first  lieutenant  of  that 
ship  in   1778,  when  attached  to  earl 
Howe^s  squadron  in  America.    Towards 
the  latter  end  of  the  same  year,  com- 
modore Hotham  was  sent  to  Barbadoes, 
with  a  reinforcement  for  rear-admiral 
Barrington's    squadron,     and    having 
under  his  escort  a  body  of  5,000  troops 
for  the  reduction  of  St.  Lucia.    A  short 
time  after  the  conquest  of  that  island, 
lieut  Holloway  removed  with  his  patron 
into  the  Vengeance,  of  74  guns;  but 
soon  left  that  ship  to  join  the  Princess 
Royal,  a  second  rate,  bearing  the  6ag 
of  admiral  Parker,  who  made  him  a 
commander.    H^  was  advanced  to  the 
rank  of  post  captain,  Jan.  23,  1780; 
and  on  that  occasion  returned  to  tlie 
Vengeance,    still   carrying    the    broad 
pendant  of  commodore    Ilotham  ;    in 
which  ship  he  was  present  at  the  differ- 
ent encounters  between  sir  G.  B.  Rod- 
ney and  M.  de  Guichen,  in  the  ensuing 
spring.    The  Vengeance  sailed  for  Eng- 
land iu  the  spring  of  1781  with  another 
line-of-battle  ship,  and  three  frigates, 
as  convoy  to  a  fleet  of  thirty-four  ships, 


richly  laden,  and  chiefly  Dutch,  which 
had  been  raptured  at  St.  Eustatia ;  and, 
on  the  2nd  of  Mav,  £adling  in  with  a 
French  squadron  of  six  sail  of  the  line, 
besides  frigates,  under  the  comnumd  of 
M.  de  la  Mothe  Piquet,  the  utmost  skill 
and  dexterity  were  necessary  to  effect 
an  escape.  Owing,  however*  to  the 
judicious  measures  which  commodore 
Hotham  immediately  adopted,  and  to 
the  able  assistance  of  captain  Holloway, 
he  preserved  his  own  squadron,  and 
saved  the  greater  part  of  the  merchant 
vessels ;  the  remainder,  of  considerable 
value,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 
On  the  29(h  of  June,  the  Vengeance 
arrived  at  Spithead,  and  was  put  out  oC 
commission.  After  a  short  relaxation 
from  the  fatigues  of  service,  captain 
Holloway  was  appointed  to  tiie  Cam- 
bridge, of  80  guns,  and  went  off  the 
Texel  with  lord  Howe.  He  was  next 
removed  into  the  Bu£blo,  of  60  guns, 
attached  to  the  fleet  under  the  same 
admiral,  which  on  the  llth  Sept.  1782, 
sailed  for  the  relief  of  Gibraltar.  On 
the  llth  Oct  the  convoy  entered  the 
Gut ;  but  the  wind  blowing  strong  from 
W.  N.  W.  only  four  of  the  transports, 
under  the  care  of  the  Latona  fngate, 
reached  their  destined  anchorage  that 
day ;  the  rest  passed  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean. The  combined  fleets  of  France 
and  Spain,  consisting  of  eighty  sail  of 
pendants,  standing  out  of  the  bay,  on 
the  13th  lord  Howe,  then  off  Marbella, 
ordered  captain  Holloway  to  take  the 
store  ships  under  his  protection,  and 
proceed  with  them  to  the  Zafiiirine  isles, 
or  L'Oriston,  in  Sardinia,  in  case  he 
should  be  driven  past  cape  Tres  Forcas, 
and  to  use  his  own  judgment  for  bring- 
ing them  back  to  relieve  the  besieged 
fortress.  Two  days  after  the  Bu&lo 
had  parted  from  the  British  fleet,  she 
fell  in  with  four  of  the  enemy's  ships, 
that  had  come  out  of  Mahiga  to  join  tne 
combined  fleets,  and  narrowly  escaped 
being  captured  by  them.  One  vessel 
was  taken  at  midnight,  not  a  mile  from 
the  Buflalo;  but  irom  the  darkness  of 
the  night,  and  being  close  to  the  Barbaiy 
coast,  the  rest  escaped.  Captain  Hollo- 
way then  resolvea  to  remain  in  that 
situation  until  the  wind  should  become 
fair.  On  the  fifth  or  sixth  day,  he  again 
came  in  sight  of  the  British  at  anchor. 
When  lord  Howe  was  informed  that  the 
Buflalo  and  her  charge  were  approach- 
ing, and  was  congratulated  by  captain 
lord  Gower  on  the  event,  he  replied^ 


263      ANNUAL    REOfSTER,    1826. 

DEATHS,— Jin[.T. 
^  TIm  captain  of  the  Buf&Io  has  done  on  that  station.  He  was 
his  duty.''  On  captain  Holloway's  re- 
turn to  England,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Vigilant;  but,  peace  taking  place 
soon  a&ri  that  vessel  was  paid  off,  and 
he  continued  without  any  other  com- 
mand  for   a  oonmderable   time.     At 


to  the 

rank  of  admiral  of  the  Blue,  Oct  i5, 
1809 ;  and  admiral  of  the  R^d  in  18. . . 
He  marriedi  prerioos  to  his  departme 
from  the  West  Indies,  in  1781,  a  bidy  of 
Antigua,  named  \f aldroo,  of  an  old 


English  rami  ly.    Of  his  ehfldren,  ooe,  a 
died  on  hoard  the  Nardssnsy  on  nli 


son 


length  he  was  appointed  to  the  fiolehay  «vm,  ».«<« »»»  ^^^o.^  ^^^  ^...^<,«,w,y.M»  — , 

frigate,  and  proceeded  to  the  Leeward  passage  from  Leghorn  to  Palemo.    He 

Islands,   whej«   he   served  under  the  was  only  thirteen  years  oC  age,  foar  v^ 

orders  of  lord  Nelson,   at  that  time  a  half  of  vrhich  he  had  actually  senred 

captain  of  the  Boreas,  between  ifhom  at  sea,  and  was  on  board  the  Venenlilc, 

amd  eaptain  Holloway  a  friendship  soon  of  74  guns,  captain  Samuel  Ifood,  in  sir 

commenced,  which  was  ever  afterwards  James  Saumarez's  actions,  July  6  and 


13,  1801.  The  admiral's  eldest  daach- 
t^r  is  the  lady  of  rear-admiral  R.  W. 
Otway.  A  good  portrait  of  admital 
Holloway  was  published  in  the  Navtl 
Chronicle  in  1808. 

28.  In  Bolton-street,  Piccadilly,  lady 
Oeorgina  Grenfell,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  earl  and  countess  of  Sefton. 

30.  At  her  boose,  Green  Par^-phcc, 
Bath,  aged  55,  Mary,  dowager  coantest 
of  Kintore,  8he  was  daughter  of  sir 
Alexander  Bannerman,  of  Kirkhill, 
hart. ;  was  married  to  W^iltlaiQ,  sixth 
and  late  earl  of  Kintore,  June  1!^  1793, 
and  had  issue,  Anthony-AdHan,  the 
present  earl,  two  other  sooi,  and  obs 
daughter. 

—  In  Bedford-square,  after  a  few 
days' illness,  aged  50,  Joseph  Butter- 
worth,  esq.  formerly  M.  P.  tor  Dover, 
and  an  unsuccessful  candidate  at  the 
late  election.  He  had  been  for  iimbj 
years  an  eminent  law-bookseller  In 
Fleet-sreet,  and  an  influential  member 
of  the  Methodist  connexion. 

Lately,  In  Pulteney-street,  Bath, 
Dominick  GeoflVy  Browne,  esq.  of 
Castle-Macgarret,  county  Mayo. 

JULY. 

1.  At  Chelsea,  aged  41,  sir  NorVne 
Thompsoi).  second  baronet  of  Vli^ees, 
Sussex,    lie  succeeded  his  fhthcr,  vice- 
admiral  sir  Cliarles  TbomjisoQ,  M.  f. 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,     for  Monmouth,  in  1803, 
and  it  was  not  long  before  he  hoisted        2.   At  Donnington,   near  Newftm, 
his   flag  as   assistant   port-admiral  at     aged  67,  lleut.-col,  Francis  ai^hertwJ 
Portsmouth,  where  he  continued  until     Stead, 
the  suspension  of  hostilities  in   IW)l.        4,  At  Ham-common,  ip.  P. 
He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  vice-    esq.ofCopboUPsrkiWUtSiUQd 
admiral,  April  23,  1804 ;  anc),  about  the     street,  Berkeley-square,  nephev  ef 
same  perio<1,  hoisted  his  flag  In  the     late  duke  of  Kingston. 
Downs,  under  the  orders  of  lord  Keith.        -^  John  A^ns,   eso,   |^«^4iifi  if 
In  1807,  he  was  constituted  governor  of    the  United  States,  wi^  boni  »t  mM^ 
Newtouiidhmd,  and  commander.infhlef    in  New  England,  In  178S.     pe  i»s 


maintained.  During  the  Spanish  and 
Russian  armaments,  in  1700  and  17919 
captain  Holloway  commanded  the  Prin- 
cess Royal  of  96  guns,  bearing  the  flag 
of  his  former  patron,  vicc-adminu 
Hotham  ;  and,  at  the  commencement  of 
the  war  with  France  in  1793,  when  that 
officer  went  to  the  Mediterr^inean  as 
second  in  command  under  lord  Hood, 
captain  Holloway  accompanied  him  in 
the  Britannia,  of  100  guns.  When  lord 
Hood  returned  to  England,  towards  the 
dose  of  1794,  admiral  Hotham  succeeded 
him  in  the  chief  command,  and  ap- 
pointed his  long-tried  friend  captain  of 
the  fleet.  Durmg  the  period  of  admiral 
Hotham's  command,  two  engagements 
took  place  with  the  French  fleet.  The 
first  was  on  Mardi  14, 1 795 ;  the  second, 
on  July  13  following.  For  these  services, 
admiral  Hotham  was  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  an  Irish  peer ;  and  at  the  end  of  the 
year  returned  to  England.  Subsequently 
to  this  latter  event,  captain  Holloway 
was  appointed  to  the  Duke,  a  second 
rate,  and  from  her  removed  Into  the 
St  George  of  98  gnns,  attached  to  tlie 
Channel  fleet  He  commanded  the 
former  ship  during  the  alarming  mutiny 
that  raged  among  the  crews  of  the  ships 
at  Spithead,  in  May  1797>  and  was  one 
of  the  ofllcers,  whcu  fW>m  their  strict 
adherence  to  discipline,  wero  turned  on 
shore  by  those  malcontents.  His  ser- 
vices as  a  captain  ended  in  the  St. 
George.    On  the  14th  Feb.  1799,  he  was 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE* 


263 


DEATHa-^uLT. 
educftted  at  Cambridge,  for  the  law  ; 
and  so  eminent  were  his  attainments, 
that  at  an  eariy  age  be  was  appointed 
cinef  jostice  of  the  state,  but  be  declined 
the  olBee.  When  the  seeond  attempt 
at  taxation  was  made  by  the  mother 
ooantry  tn  17^9  numerous  meetings  of 
the  Inhabitants  of  Boston  took  place ; 
at  which  Mr.  Adams,  with  Mr.  Hancock, 
and  Mr.  fism.  Adams,  was  Tery  aetire 
in  snppor^g  the  cause  of  independence. 
In  1770  Mr.  Adams  was  returned  as  a 
leprcaeutativc  for  Boston.  In  the 
oonrae  of  the  same  year  an  aflimy  took 
plaoe*  in  which  the  English  soldiers 
fired  upon  the  populace,  three  of  whom 
w«re  killed.  Mr.  Adams,  notwithstand- 
\ng  his  Iraown  political  attachments, 
was  retained  as  counsel  fbr  the  soldiers ; 
■ndy  In  ooijunction  with  Mr.  Quincy, 
be  conducted  the  defence  ably  and  suc- 
oeasfullj.  He  was  afterwards  equally 
sueoessnil   in   his   defence  of  captain 

Preston.     In  1774  be  was  elected   a 

nieml>er  of  the  Council ;  but  the  election 

was  negatived  by  governor  Oage,  from 

the  part  which  he  had  taken  in  politics. 

By  this  time  Mr.  Adams  had  sacrificed 

hit  prolleMionf  and  l>ecome  altogether  a 

public  character.    Prom  1770  till  1776, 

he  was  engaged  in  all  the  measures 

which  were  adopted  in  defiance  of  the 

English  parliament.     In  1774,   when 

the  colonies  determined  to  hold  a  con- 
gress at  Philadelphia,  he  was  elected, 

with  Mr.  Samuel  Adams,  Mr.  Cushing, 

and  Mr.  Treat  Paine,  to  represent  the 

province  of  Massachusetts  Bay.     He 

was  also  one  of  the  representatives  of 

this  province  in  the  second  congress. 

In  the  memorable  discussions  of  1 776, 

Mr.  Adams  and  Mr.  Dickenson  took 

distinguished  parts ;  the  former  for,  the 

latter  against,  the  declaration  of  inde. 

pendence.    The  oriffinal  motion,  by  a 

member  from  Virginia,  Is  said  to  have 

been  made  at  his  suggestion :  he  se- 
conded it,  and  supported  it  by  such 

afgnments,  as  greatly  contributed  to  its 

socoess.    By  the  committee  who  were 

appointed  to  consider  the  subject  of  a 

separation    from  the   mother  country, 

Mr.  Jefferson  and    Mr.  Adams,   (the 

former,  It  Is  understood,  through  the  In- 
fluence of  the  latter),  were  ap]>ointed  a 

siilHcommlttee  to  flrame  a  declaration  of    tisfied,   however,  were  those  who  had 


reus,  who  had  been  sent  at  ambatsidor 
to  Holland,  Mr.  Adams  was  despatched 
in  his  room,  and  was  admitted  as  minis- 
ter plenipotentiary  to  the  States.  He 
succeeded  also  In  procuring  a  loan,  and 
in  concluding  treaties  of  amity  and  com- 
merce. He  was  subsquently  nominated, 
in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Franklin,  Mr. 
Jay,  and  Mr.  Laurens,  commissioners 
fbr  n^fodating  a  peace  with  Great  Bri- 
tain. He  joined  his  colleagues  at  Paris, 
and  the  preliminaries  of  peace  were  soon 
adjusted.  He  had  the  credit  of  insist- 
ing on  an  acknowledgment  of  indepen- 
dence previous  to  treating,  and  of  secur- 
ing the  debt  due  to  British  subjects  be- 
fore the  war.  Soon  after  the  signature 
of  the  treaty,  Mr.  Adams  had  the 
honour  to  be  appointed  minister  pleni- 
potentiary from  the  United  States  to  the 
king  of  Great  Britain.  On  the  adop. 
tion  of  the  constitution,  in  1789,  he  was 
elected  first  vice-president  of  the  United 
States ;  during  the  whole  periodof  thepre- 
sldency  of  Washington  he  filled  the  ofBce 
of  vice-president,  and  he  was  uniformly 
consulted  by  the  president  en  all  Impor- 
tant questions.  On  the  death  of  Wash- 
ington, Mr.  Adams  was  elected  his  suc- 
cessor. He  may  be  considered  to  have 
been  then  at  the  head  of  the  fedeialists, 
but  at  a  subsequent  period  of  his  life  he 
joined  the  republican  ranks.  During 
the  administration  of  Mr.  Adams,  party 
spirit  raged  without  rei^traint.  As  pre- 
sident, he  had  at  least  too  much  of  the 
semblance  of  independence  to  be  warmly 
supported  by  either  party.  At  all 
events,  his  character  was  not  a  simple 
one.  The  countenance  of  the  American 
government  under  Wasliington,  through- 
out all  its  foreign  negociations  and  do- 
mestic administration,  was  erect,  and 
natural,  very  strong,  simple,  and  grave. 
But  under  Mr.  Adams,  although  It  ap- 
peared loftier  and  more  imposing,  and 
attracted  more  attention,  it  had  a  sort 
of  theatrical  look,  and  was.  In  reality, 
much  less  formidable.  At  the  expiration 
of  Mr.  Adams's  term,  Mr.  Jeflkreon, 
the  candidate  of  the  republican  party, 
received  four  votes  more  than  l^s  pre- 
decessor; and  Mr.  Adams  in  conse- 
quence retired  to  the  ei^joymentt  of  pri- 
vate lifo  at  his  seat  In  Quincy.    So 


Independence.  The  draft  of  the  report 
was  prepared  by  Mr.  Jeflferson.  From 
this  period  until  the  peace,  Mr^Adams 
was  employed  in  the  same  caAse.  On 
the  capture  by  the  English  of  Mr.  Lau* 


been  politically  opposed  to  him,  of  his 
merits  and  services,  that  he  was  se- 
lected by  the  republicans  of  Massachu- 
setts as  their  candidate  for  governor,  on 
the  d«ith  of  governor  Sullivan,  Imt  he 


264       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— July. 
declined  the  proffered  honour.    He  was     had  attained  his  25th 


ll€ 


distinguished  member  of  the  Virginia 
assembly,  taking  an  active  part  in  aD 
the  measures  adopted  in  oppositio*  to 
the  English  government.  In  1775,  he 
is  said  to  have  been  the  author  of  the 
Protest  against  the  Propositioiis  o£  lord 
North.  From  the  assembly  of  Vtrpna 
he  was  sent  to  the  old  congress.  Which 
brought  about  the  revdntioii,  and  was 
there  distinguished  by  the  wsrmth  of 
his  sentiments  and  the  eotrgy  of  his 
compositions.    He  was  afterwards 


one  of  the  electors,  and  president,  of  the 
electoral  college,  when  Mr.  Monroe  was 
elected  president  of  the  United  States. 
As  a  speaker,  Mr.  Adams  was  warm  and 
eloquent ;  and  as  a  writer,  he  possessed 
coni>iderable  power.  In  1787,  he  pub- 
lished, in  three  volumes,  8vo,  '*  A  De- 
fence of  the  Constitution  and  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,"  and  a  new 
edition  of  that  work  appeared  in  1794, 
under  the  title  of  "  History  of  the  Prin- 
cipal Republics  in  the  World."    Mr. 

Adams  had  been  some  time  in  a  state  of  ployed  from  1777  to  1779  with  Mr.  I^ea- 
declining  health.  On  the  morning  of  dleton  and  Mr.  Wythe  in  the 
his  death,  he  is  said  to  have  been 
aroused  by  the  sound  of  the  public 
rejoicings ;  he  inquired  the  cause  of 
the  salutes,  and  being  told  that  it  was 
the  4th  of  July,  he  answered,  ^<  It  is  a 
great  and  glorious  day."  These  are 
said  to  have  be^n  his  last  words. 
About  noon  he  became  very  ill,  grew 
gradually  worse,  and  at  six  p.  m.  ex- 
pired. His  remains  were  some  days 
afterwards  deposited  in  the  family  tomb 
at  Quincy,  with  every  token  of  venera- 
tion, respect,  and  affection. 

4.  Thomas  Jefferson,  esq.  ex-presi- 
dent of  the  United  States.  He  was  born 
April  2,  1743,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, in  the  county  of  Albemarle,  Vir- 
ginia, at  Shad  well,  a  country  seat  which 
now  belongs  to  bis  grandson,  within  a 
short  distance  of  Monticello,  and  within 
half  a  mile  of  his  Rivannah  mill.s;  but, 
according  to  others,  in  Chesterfield 
county.  His  family  were  amongst  the 
earliest  emigrants  of  Virginia ;  of  which 
colony  his  g^randfather,  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son, was  a  native.  His  father,  Peter 
Jefferson,  was  commissioned  with  col. 
Fry  to  determine  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  in 
the  year  1747*  Mr.  Jefferson  was  edu- 
cated in  America,  from  which  he  was 
never  absent  till  he  went  to  Paris  in  the 
capacity  of  envoy.  He  received  the 
highest  honours  at  the  college  of  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  ;  and  studied  law  under 
the  celebrated  George  W3rthe,  late 
chancellor  of  Virginia.  He  applied 
himself  closely  to  the  study  of  geometry, 
geography,  natural  history,  and  astro- 
nomy ;  and  he  was  devotedly  attached 
to  liierature  and  the  fine  arts.  When 
he  came  of  ftgei  in  1764,  be  was  put  into 
the  nomination  of  justices  of  the  county 
in  which  he  lived  ;  at  the  first  election 
following  he  became  one  of  its  represen- 
tatives in  the  legislature,  and  before  he 


and  reduction  to  a  single  code  of  the 
whole  body  of  the  English  statutes,  the 
acts  of  the  Virginia  assembly,  and  cer- 
tain parts  of  the  common  law.  In  178d 
(succeeding  Patrick  Henry,  the  soeccs- 
sor  of  lord  DunmoreX  he  was  elected 
governor  of  Virgima,  an  office  which  be 
held  during  the  whole  of  the  reio- 
lutionary  war.  Much  diflfereaee  of 
opinion  occurred  respecting  his  condsct 
as  governor,  at  the  time  of  the  invaskn 
of  Viiginia  by  ComwalHs  and  Amoid ; 
but,  as  he  received  the  thanks  of  bis 
fellow-citizens,  it  must  be  presomed  tfaat 
by  them,  at  least,  it  was  deemed  S8ti»- 
factory.  In  1783  he  was  employed  in 
drawing  up  a  constitution  for  Virgiin. 
He  was  nominated  ambassador  to  Spam, 
but  his  destination  was  subseqnenlly 
changed  to  France.  There,  obcainiig 
the  confidence  of  Vergennes  and  Cs^ 
lonnc,  he  obtained  many  ooncessioos  ia 
favour  of  American  commerce.  FiMi 
France  he  came  over  to  England,  wc^ 
back  to  Versailles,  and  returned  l» 
America  in  1789,  rendering  to  Mr.  Mf, 
the  minister  for  foreign  afibirs,  a 
factory  account  of  his 
Shortly  after  his  return,  be  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  state  to  the  new 
government.  Soon  after,  the  Haose  sf 
Representatives  directed  him  lo  ftm  t 
plan  for  reducing  the  currency,  weighti, 
and  measures,  to  one  stsnoard;  sad 
subsequently  he  was  also  emplowd  t» 
draw  up  a  report  respecting  the  mciies. 
Early  m  1794  he  resignea  his  oAm  ss 
secretary  of  state,  and  retired  to  fcai 
seat  at  Monticello.  From  that  perish 
he  was  regarded  as  the  cUef  of  tbt 
opposition.  After  remaini^oometiBe 
in  retirement,  he  was,  in  17^,  called  ca 
to  fill  the  vice-president's  t^Mir,  oader 
Mr.  Adams,  am],  on  the  ezpitatioa  d 
that  gentleman's  term,  in  1801,  eksKd 
his  successor.      Ii|  |805  he  «m  k* 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


265 


DEATHS*— Jolt. 
elected ;  and,  in  his  first  message  to  the  early  age 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives, 
he  developed  bis  project  of  improve- 
ment in  the  public  administration.  In 
1807,  in  consequence  of  the  differences 
which  arose  between  the  governments 
of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
he  called  a  meeting  extraordinary  of  the 
congress,  and  submitted  to  them  his 
plan  ibr  defending  the    country.    To 


Mr*  Jefierson  married  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Writi^bt,  an  eminent 
barrister  in  Virginia.  By  her,  who  has 
been  some  years  dead,  he  had  four 
daughters,  oidyone  of  whom,  we  believe, 
survives. 

4.  Thomas,  the  second  earl  of  Chi- 
chester, his  majesty's  post-master  gene- 
ral. He  was  bom  at  Spring  Gardens  on 
April  28,  1756,  was  about  seven  yean 


preserve  the  shipping  and  commerce  of    at  Westminster  School,  and  finished  his 


America  from  the  cruisers  of  France  and 
England,  he  laid  an  embargo  on  all  the 
porU  of  the  United  Sutes,  until  the 
danger  was  over.   When  his  second  term 
of  presidentship  had  nearly  expired,  he 
was  solicited  by  the  assembly  of  Penn- 
sylvania to  accept  the  office  a  third  time. 
This,  however,  he  resolutely  refused — 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Maddison — and, 
like  his  friend  Washington,  retired  to 
private  life.    ^  He  was,''  it  has  been 
said,  *'  undoubtedly  a  man  of  more  ge- 
nius than  either  of  his  predecessors. 
His  talent  was  finer,  but  not  so  strong. 
He  was  a  scholar  and  a  philosopher,  full 
of  theory  and  hypothesis.     And  what 
was  the  character  of  his  administra- 
tion? .Was  it  not  wholly gpven  up  to 
theory  and  hypothesis,  experiment  and 
trial  ?      He  turned   the  whole  of  the 
United    States    into   a   laboratory,    a 
workshop,  a  lecture-room ;    and  kept 
the  whole  country  in  alarm  with  bis  de- 
monstrations in  political  economy,  Ic- 
dslation,  mechanics,  and  government. 
Hence  it  is  that,  to  this  day,  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  determine  whether  his  adminis- 
tration, on  the  whole,  was  productive 
of  great  benefit  or  great  evil  to  the 
American  people.    The  most  extraor- 
dinary   changes,    transmutations,    and 
phenomena,    were   continually   taking 
place  before  their  eyes,  but  they  were 
generally  unintelligible;  so  that  be  left 
the  country  pretty  much  in  the  situa- 
tion that  his  fisrm  at  Monticello  is  at 
this   moment,    altogether    transformed 
from  its  natuml  state,  altogether  dif- 
fereut  from  what  it  was  when  he  took  it 
in  band,  a  puzzle  and  a  problem  to  the 
world.''    Mr.  Jefferson  first  appeared  in 
print  in  1774,  when  he  published  "A 
Summary  View  of  the  Rights  of  British 
America."  In  1 781  appeared  his  "  Notes 
on  Virginia.''      He    has    also  written 
*^  Memoirs  on  the  Fossil  Bones  found  in 
America."    As  an  agriculturist  he  was 
active,  and  fond  of  experiment.     He  in- 
vented a  new  plough,  or  rather  effected 
an  improvement  in  the  old  one.    At  an 


education  at  Clare  Hall,   Cambridge. 
His  entrance  on  public  life  was  as  com- 
mander of  the  Sussex  miliUa,  in  which 
situation  lieut.-col.  Pelham,  by  the  ur- 
banity of  his  manners,  and  his  strict 
attention  to  the  duties  and  discipline  of 
the  regiment,    attracted  and  retained 
the  regard  of  the  leading  fiimilies  of  the 
county.    He  was  in  17^  elected  to  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  continued  to 
be  a  representative  of  the  county  of  Sus- 
sex for  twenty-one  years.    He  generally 
voted  with  the  right  hon  Charles  James 
Fox.    In  1782  he  became  surveyor  of 
the  Ordnance,  and  in  1783  attended  the 
earl  of  Northington  to  Ireland  as  chief 
secretary;  and  held  the  same  import- 
ant office  under  the  marquis  Camden, 
during  a  period  of  peculiar  difficulty 
and  alarm,  throughout  the  whole  of  the 
rebellion  of  1798.    On  the  formation  of 
Mr.  Addington's  administration  in  1801, 
the  hon.  T.  Pelham  was  called  up  to  the 
House  of  Lords,  with  the  title  of  baron 
Pelham ;   was  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Home  Department,  and 
conducted  the  police  of  the  country  at 
that  critical  period  with  moderation, 
attention,  and  rectitude.    In  1803,  he 
exchanged  his  office  in  the  ministry  for 
the  less  fatiguing  charge  of  chancellor 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.      In  Jan. 
1805,  on  the  demise  of  bis  father,  he 
succeeded  to  the  earldom  of  Chichester, 
and  the  estates  appended  to  that  title. 
In  1807,  on  the  formation  of  the  duke  of 
Portland's  administration,  he  was  ap- 
pointed joint  post-master  general  with 
the  carl  of  Sandwich.     On  the  reduc- 
tion of  this  office,  the  earl  of  Chichester 
alone  held  the  appointment  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life. 

5.  Sir  T.  S.  Raffles.  He  was  born  on 
board  the  ship  Ann,  at  sea,  off  the  harbour 
of  port  Morant,  in  the  island  of  Jamaica^ 
on  the  6th  of  July,  1781.  His  father, 
Benjamin  Raffles,  was  one  of  the  oldest 
captains  in  the  West-India  trade,  from 
the  port  of  London.  Sir  S.  received 
his  education  principally  under   Dr. 


266      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1SS6. 


DEATH8.-JUI.T. 


Anderson,  wlio  pre«lded  over  a  respect- 
able academv  at  Hammersmitb.     He 
was  incited  to  the  study  of  the  Malay, 
and  otberlanguages  of  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago, by  the  late  lamented  Dr;  Leyden, 
with  whom  he  formed  a  friendship  which 
terminated   only   when   that   eminent 
scholar  expired  at  Batavia  in  the  arms 
of  his  friend,    flttr   S.    R.  was   twice 
married.    His  first  wi(e  proceeded  with 
him  to  India,  and  died  during  his  resi- 
dence In  Java.    His  second  matrimonial 
connection  was  with  Sophia,  the  daugh- 
ter of  J.  Watson  Hull>  esq.  late  of  Great 
Baddow,  In  Essex.    Of  four  children, 
the  fhiitii  of  these  two  unions,  he  had 
the  misfortune  to  lose  three  during  his 
residence  at  Sumatra,  who,  together 
with  many  of  his  personal  friends,  foil 
victims  to  the  climate.    When  he  came 
to  England  in  181$,  he  brought  with 
blm  the  R&den  RanarDip6ra,  a  Java- 
nese prince,  with  his  suite  ;  and  a  more 
splendid  and  extensive  collection  of  spe- 
cimens of  the  iproductions,  costume,  oec. 
of  the  Eiistem  Archipelago,  than  had 
ever  before  been  received  in  a  British 
port    The  reception  which  he  met  In 
England  must  have  been  highly  gratify- 
ing to  him.    He  had  the  pleasure  tb 
see  that  his  services  were  there  appre- 
ciated by  the  public,  while,  from  per- 
sons of  all  ranks  and  classes  of  society, 
he  received  the  most  flattering  marks 
of  kind  and  respectfol  attention.    While 
walking  in  St.  James^B^treet,  within  a 
few  months  after  his  return  to  England, 
he  had  a  slight  attack  of  apoplexy,  the 
effoct  of  which  made  an  evident  impres- 
sion on  hi^  constitution.    The  following 
Is  A  copy  of  the  report  made  to  the  ih- 
mily  of  the  late  sir  T.  8.  Raffles  by  sir 
Eyerard  Home  of  the  result  of  the  ex- 
amination as  to  the  immediate  cause  of 
his  death : — ^  On  inspecting  the  body 
of  the  late  Sir  Stamford  Raffles  in  the 
evening  of  the  5th  of  July,  1896,  the 
following  niorbid  appearances  were  ob- 
served :    Upon  removing  Uie  cranium, 
the  anterior  part  of  the  right  fVontal 
bone  was  twice  the  thickness  of  the  left ; 
this  must  be  Imputed  to  the  effects  of 
the  sun  in  India,  since  it  is  a  common 
occurrence  in  those  who  have  resided 
long  In  hot  climates.    The  outer  cover- 
ing of  the  brain  was  in  a  highly  Inflamed 
state,  which  had  been  of  long  continu- 
ance, from  the  thickness  of  the  coats  of 
the  vessels.    In  one  part,  immediately 
upon  the  sinciput,  this  vasculosity  ex- 
ceeded any  thing  1  had  ever  seen.    In 


the  right  ventricle  of  the  bvtlm  there 
was  a  coagulum  of  the  slie  of  a  puHetM 
egg,  and  a  quantity  of  bloody  seinm  es- 
caped, which  measured  six  om^ces.  This 
extravasion  of  blood,  which  bad  been 
almost  instantaneous,  was  iJbe  cause  of 
immediate  death,  so  for  as  thefocoltles 
of  the  brain  are  concerned.  In  the 
other  viscera  of  the  body  there  waa 
no  appeaianoe  eonoected  with  disease. 
^  (Siffned)       EvK|umi»  Hove*' 

$.  KarlFriedrick  Staudlin,  profeasor 
of  theology,  Oottingen  |  antfaor  of  a 
'*  History  of  Scepticism,'*  and  numenms 
other  works,  and  one  of  the  most  es- 
teemed theological  writers  !n  Oermany 
of  the  present  day.  He  was  bora  at 
Stuttgard,  Julv  95th,  1761. 

6.  At  his  house  in  the  New-road, 
opposite  the  Regent's-paik,  aged  75, 
John  Farquhar,  esq.  owner  of  FkmthiU 
Abbey.  He  had  taken  an  airing  in  hb 
carrim  on  the  preceding  day.  had  re- 
turned home  about  seven  In  utc  even- 
ing, and  retired  to  rest  between  ten  and 
eleven.  When  the  servant  took  break- 
fast to  him  in  his  bedroom,  at  elglit  in 
the  morning,  as  was  his  cnstom,  he  was 
found  a  lifeless  corpse.  His  death  (oc- 
casioned by  apoplexy)  had  taken  place 
some  hours  before,  and  apparently  with- 
out a  struggle,  the  eyes  and  inouth  being 
closed,  and  the  countenance  tnmqoil. 
He  was  bom  In  Aberdeen,  In  I7SI,  and 
went  early  to  India  as  a  cadet  in  the 
Bombay  establishment,  where  he  was  a 
chum  of  the  late  general  Kerr.  While 
at  Bombay  he  received  a  dangerous 
wound  In  the  hip,  which  caused  lame- 
ness, and  affected  hb  health  so  much, 
that  he  was  reconunended  to  remove  to 
Bengal.  He  left  the  military  service, 
and  became  a  free  niercbant.  His 
mind  was  ever  occupied  in  study,  and 
chemical  research  was  his  fovmirite  par- 
suit  :  from  its  practical  applioallon  the 
foundation  of  his  immense  fbrtnae  wns 
laid.  There  was  some  defect  in  tlie 
mode  of  manufacturing  gunpowder  in 
the  interior  at  Pultah,  and  Mr.  Farqu- 
har was  selected  by  lord  Oorawallis,  then 
governor-general,  to  give  his  assistance. 
By  degrees  he  got  the  management  of 
the  concern,  and  finally  became  the  sole 
contractor  with  the  government.  In  this 
way,  wealth  and  distinctioo  rapldlv 
poured  in  upon  him,  and  lie  attainei 
the  particular  fovour  and  confidence  «C 
the  late  Warren  Hastlnga.  In  Bengal 
he  was  remarkable  for  we  doaeness  of 
his  applicatfon,  unabadng 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.        267 


DEATHS 

and  extimordtnar^  mental  vigour,  and 
alio  ibr  the  habits  of  penurioasnev, 
which.  In  a  mat  deffree^  adhered  to 
hhn  to  the  ena  of  bis  life.  After  years 
of  labour,  be  came  home  from  fndia| 
with  a  fortune  estimated  at  half  a  mil- 
lioQ  of  money^  the  principal  part  of 
which  was  invested,  through  Mr.  Hoarei 
in  the  ftinds,  at  the  rate  of  551. 3  per 
cent  consols.  On  landing  at  Gravesendy 
Mr.  F.  got  on  the  outsioe  of  the  coach 
to  London,  and  his  first  visit  very  natu* 
rally  was  to  his  banker.  Covered  with 
dust  and  d|rt»  with  clothes  not  worth  a 
gniaea,  he  presented  himself  at  the 
coonteTi  and  asked  to  see  Mr.  Hoare. 
The  clerks  disregarded  his  application, 
and  be  waa  suflered  to  wait  in  the  cash- 
office  aa  a  peUtioner,  until  Mr.  Hoare, 
paming  through  it,  after  some  expla- 
nation, recognized  his  Indian  customer, 
the  man  whom  be  expected  to  see  with 
a  nabob's  pomp.  Mr.  Parquhar  re- 
qoested  SA/.  and  took  his  leave.  He 
settled  in  Upper  Baker-street,  where 
his  house  was  to  be  distinguished  by  Its 
dingy  appearance  and  uncleaned  win- 
^ows.  An  old  woman  was  his  sole  at- 
tendant, and  his  apartment,  to  which  a 
brush  or  broom  was  never  applied,  was 
kept  waettd  even  from  her  care.  Books 
and  papers  were  strewed  on  the  floor. 
He  became  a  partner  in  the  agency 
house  of  Basset,  Farquhar,  and  Co., 
and  also  purchased  the  late  Mr.  Whit- 
bread's  abare  in  the  brewery*.  Part  of 
his  wealth  was  devoted  to  the  purchase 
of  estates,  but  the  great  bulk  was  in- 
vested in  stock,  and  suffered  to  increase 
on  the  principle  of  compound  interest. 
Every  half  year  he  regularly  drew  his 
dividends,  his  mercantl^  profits  and  his 
rents,  and  purchased  in  the  funds.  In 
this  manner  his  wealth  accumulated.  In 
the  summer  of  1822,  when  the  public 
curiosity  was  highly  excited  by  the  offer 
of  Mr.  Beckford*s  seat  of  Fontbill 
Abbey,  Mr.  Farquhar  became  the  pur- 
chaser at  the  sum  of  330,000/.  Mr. 
Farquhar  occasionally  resided  in  the 
abbey,  sometimes  visited  by  his  rela- 
tions, tlU  the  fiill  of  the  tower  in  last 
December.  The  remaining  wing  of  the 
older  mansion  Mr.  Farquhar  converted 
into  a  woollen  manu&ctory.  Slovenly  in 
his  dreas,  and  disagreeable  at  his  meals, 
he  was  yet  courteous  and  affiible  in  his 
manners.  Ha  was  deeply  read  in  the 
datsics.  In  the  sciences,  as  a  mathe- 
matician, chemist,  and  mechanic,  he 
greatly  excelled*    He  was  dlipinutive  in 


,— JUMT, 

person,  and  by  no  means  prepossessing 
in  appearance ;  and  his  domestic  expen- 
diture, until  lately,  had  not  exceeded 
200/.  a«year.  Mr.  Farquhar  died  intes- 
tate, and  his  immense  property  will  be 
divided  between  seven  nephews  and 
nieces,  of  whom  are  Mr.  Fmser,  a  gen* 
tleman  well  knowQ  at  the  bar ;  his  sis- 
ter, the  wife  of  sir  William  Fole ;  Mr. 
George  Mortimer,  a  merchant  in  Loo- 
don  I  Mr.  John  Mortimer,  and  his  sis- 
ter residing  In  the  neighbourhood  of 
Aberdeen. 

7.  At  the  British  Museum,  after  a 
long  illness,  Taylor  Combe,  esq.  aged 
52,  director  of  the  Society  of  Antiqua- 
ries, and  keeper  of  the  antiquities  and 
coins  at  the  British  Museum.  He  was 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Charles  Combe, 
M.D.  F.R.S.  F.S.A.  who  was  long  dis- 
tinguished  as  a  collector  of  medals,  and 
died  In  1817.  Mr.  Taylor  Combe  was 
named  after  the  fomlly  of  hts  mother, 
who  was  the  only  daughter  of  Henry 
Taylor,  esq.  He  was  educated  at  Har- 
row school,  whence  he  was  removed  to 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.A.,  July  10,  1798. 
He  succeeded  to  an  appointment  In  the 
British  Museum,  In  1803,  upon  the 
death  of  the  rev.  Richard  Penneck,  when 
he  had  the  especial  charge  delivered  to 
him  of  the  cabinet  of  coins,  and,  in  1 807, 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  new  de- 
partment of  antiquities.  In  1808  he 
married  Elizabeth,  youngest  daughter 
of  the  late  Dr.  Edward  Whitaker  Gray. 
Mr.  Combe  was  elected  F.S.A.  in  1796 ; 
and  became  director  of  that  society  on 
the  resignation  of  Matthew  Raper,  esq. 
in  1813.  He  was  chosen  F.R.S.  in 
1806,  and  was  elected  secretary  to  that 
learned  body  In  1812;  he  filled  that 
office  twelve  years,  and  was  then  com- 
pelled to  resign  It  on  account  of  ill 
nealth.  Mr.  Combe  showed  an  early 
partial! Ur  for  the  investigation  of  dasslcal 
antiquides ;  and  has  not  left  behind  him 
his  equal  in  the  knowledge  of  the  Greek 
and  Roman  coins,  nor  his  superior  in 
British  and  Saxon  coins.  Thirty-three 
of  the  plates  of  Mr.  Ruding^  Annals  of 
Coinage,  containing  the  British  and 
Anglo-Saxon  coins,  were  enjg^raven  under 
Mr.  Combe's  direction,  and  wer^ origin- 
ally Intended  by  him  for  a  separate  pub- 
lication, a  purpose  which  he  afterwards 
gave  up.  Upon  the  completion  of  the 
building,  ana  final  arrangement  of  the 
Terra-Cottas  and  Marbles  of  the  Town- 
ley  Gallery,  the  trustees  of  the  British 


268      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— July. 

Museum  called  Mr.  Combe*«  valuable  cated  Original  Letters  Addressed  to  CoL 

services  in  aid  to^describe  the  stores  vnth  Hammond,  in  1648  ;  Account  of  an  Inn 

which  that  col  lection  had  enriched  them.  Axe  found  in  Lincolnshire  ;  exhibited  a 

Accordingly  in  1811  his  '^Description  gold  Ring  found  at  Eltham.    As  direc- 

of  Uie  Terra-Cottas,"  was  published,  tor  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  he  so- 

with  engravings  from  drawings  by  his  perintended  the  publicaUonof  the  Utter 

friend  and  brother-officer,  W.  Alexan-  portions  of  the  VetustaMonumaitm;  and 

der,  esq.  royal  4to.    In  1812,  Fart  I.  of  as  secretary  of  the  Roynl  Society,  edited 

his  ^'  Description  of  the  Collection  of  the  volumes  of  the  philoeophical 


Ancient  Marbles/'  containing  those  in  actions  from  1812  to  1824.    A  Descrip- 

the  second  room  of  the  Gallery  of  Anti-  tion  of  the  Cinerary  Urns  in  the  Mo- 

quities.    In  1815,  Part  II.     In  1818,  seum  is  preparing  under  the  orders  of 

Part  HI. ;  and  in  1820,  Part  IV.    The  the  trustees  for  publication  from  bis 

last  Part  was  confined  exclusively  to  the  manuscript.    He  has  also  left  behind 

Description  of  the    Sculptures  which  him  a  complete  catalogue  of  the  Angb- 

adomcd  the  Temple  of  Apollo  Epicu-  Saxon  coins  in  the  Museum,  with  some 

rius    ou    Mount    Cotylion,    near    the  other  catalogues  prepared  for  the  tras- 

ancient  City  of  Phigalia  in  Arcadia :  tees. 

and  in  consequence   of   the  death    of  7.  At  Berne,  in  Switzerland,  ai^ed  53, 

Mr.    Alexander,    the    drawings  for  it  lieut.-gen.  sir  Manley  Power,  K.C.B. 

were  prepared  by  Henry  Corbould,  esq.  and  K.  T.  S. 

In  the  interval  between  the  publication  8.  At  Mareham-le-Fen,  aged  74,  Mr. 

of  the  first  and  second  portions  of  the  James  Roberts.    In  1768,  and  the  three 


Description  of  the  Museum  Marbles,  following  years,  this  gentleman 

Mr.  Combe  made  and  carried  through  panied  sir  Joseph  Banks  in  the  first 

the  press  a  catalogue  of  the  Greek  coins  voyage  of  capt  Cook  round  the  wotid; 

in  the  Museum,  entitled  ^*  Veterum  Po-  and  in  1772  he  again  accompanied  sir 

pulorum  et  Rcgum  Nummi  qui  in  Museo-  Joseph  in  his  voyage  to  Iceland. 

Britannico  adservantur,"  4to,  London,  9.  In  his  48th  year,  count  Gregory 

1814.    It  was  prepared  upon  the  plan  Vladirairovich  Orlov.    This  nobleman, 

of  his  father's  Description  of  Dr.  Hun-  who  was  not  less  distinguished  for  his 

ter's  Coins,  the  manuscript  of  a  supple-  patronage  of,  and  attachment  to,  liten- 

mcnt  to  which,  by  Mr.  Combe,  was  de-  ture,  than  for  his  rank  and  birth,  bav- 

stroyed  in    1819  in  Bensley's  second  ing  been  obliged  to  exchange  his  native 

fire.    The  catalogue  of  the  Greek  coins  climate  for  a  milder  one,  resided  several 

in  the  Museum  was  accompanied    by  years  in  Italy,  during  which  period  be 

thirteen  plates  of  coins  most  accurately  composed  his  **  Memoires  Htstonqoes, 

and    exquisitely    engraved,    with    two  Politiques,  etLitt^rairessurle  Royaome 

plates  of  monograms.     Exclusively  of  de  Naples,"  1820;  a  work  comprehend- 

these  works  in  a  larger  form,  Mr.  Combe  ing  the  entire  history  of  Lower  Italy, 

contributed  the  following  short  memoirs  and  marked  by  its  liberal  tone,  and  the 


to  the  Ardiffiologia  of  the  Society  of  independence  of  its  opinions.    This 

Antiquaries  '.^-Observations  on  a  Greek  succeeded  in  1822  by  his  '^  Histoire  des 

Sepulchral  Monument  in  the  possession  Arts  en  Italic  ;"  of  which  the  two  first 

of  Dr.  Garthshore ;  Observations  on  an  volumes  relate  to  music,  and  the  two 

ancient  Sj^mbol  of  Macedon ;  communi-  latter  to  painting.     He  likewise  pn^ 

cated   a    copy  of   Indenture    between  lished  an  account  of  his  travels  through 

King  Edward  IV.  and  Lord  Hastings,  part  of  France,  3  vols.  1823.     It  is  to 

respecting  the  Coinage  in  the  Tower  of  him  too  that  the  literary  world  is  ia- 

London ;  Explanation  of  a  private  Seal  debted   for  a   translation    of    RriJov's 

of  Walter  de  Banham,   sacrist  of  St.  Fables    into    French   and    Itsdian,   by 

Edmund's  Bury,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  various  writers  ;    it    being    condiKted 

I. ;  Remarks  on  th^  Greek  Inscription  under  his  auspices.    Shortly  before  his 

at  the  British  Museum   brought  from  death  he  had  commenced  a  Frenc^fa 


Rosett^  Description  of  a  large  Collec-  lation  of  Karamsin's  History  of  j^mw 

tion  of  Pennies  of  Henry  f  I.,  discovered  —a  task  of  no  small  magnitude,  and 

at  Tealby,  in  Lincolnshire  ;  Account  of  one  of  which  the  accomplishment  woaM 

some  Saxon  Antiquities  found  near  Lan-  have  been  the  means  of  introducing  to 

caster ;  Remarks  on  a  Coin  of  Basilis,  a  the  notice  of  the  rest  of  Europe,  more 

City  in  Arcadia ;  Account  of  Anglo-Saxon  happily  than  has  hitherto  been  done,  that 

pennies  found  at  Dorking ;  communi-  noble  monument  of  Russian  literatace. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         269 

DEATHS.— July. 
9.  AtBaniby  Moor,  Catharine  lady     cent  observatory  at  Merino ;  of  whicb, 
'Saltouo.    She  was  a  natural  daughter  of    and  the  valuable  instruments  it  contains, 


lord  chancellor  Thurlonr;  was  married 
to  Alexander  Geoi^,  present  and  six- 
teenth lord  Saltoun,  March  6,  1815,  but 
had  no  issue. 

13.  At  Oakley,  lady  Henrietta,  wife 
uf  ^  John  Chetwode,  fourth  and  pre- 
sent baronet  of  that  place,  and  sister  to 
tfie  earl  of  Stamford  and  Warrington. 
She  was  the  eldest  daughter  of  George 
Harry,  fifth  and  late  earl,  by  Henrietta- 
Cavendish,  second  daughter  of  William, 
S4scood  duke  of  Portland,  K.G.;  was 
married  to  sir  John  Chetwode,  Oct.  24, 
i785»  and  had  issue  eight  sons  and  seven 
daughters. 

16.  At  Carmarthen,  on  his  route  to 
London,  Irom  his  seat  at  Curraghmore, 
CO.  Waterford,  the  most  noble  Henry 
De-la-Poer  Beresford,  marquis  of  Wa- 
teTfi>rd,  earl  of  Tyrone,  viscount  Tyrone, 
baron  De-la-Poer,  originally  by  tenure 
and  writ  of  sununons,  baron  ^resford 
in  Ireland,  baron  Tyrone  of  Haverford- 
west in  Great  Briuin,  a  knight  of  St. 
Patrick,  governor  of  the  county  of 
Waterford,  and  premier  marquis  of  Ire- 
land. The  marquis  was  bom  in  1772, 
and  in  1805  married  the  lady  Susan 
Httssey  Carpenter,  daughter  and  sole 
heiress  of  George,  second  earl  of  Tyr- 
connel,  who  survives  him,  and  by  whom 
be  has  left  seven  children.  He  is  suc- 
ceeded in  his  titles  and  estates  by  his 
eldest  son,  a  minor. 

—  At  Foxley,  aged  72,  lady  Caroline, 
wife  of  Uvedale  Price,  esq. 

18.  At  Westbourne,  Miss  Anguish, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Anguish,  esq.  mas- 
ter in  chancery,  and  sister  to  the  duchess 
dowager  of  Leeds. 

22.  Louisa,  wife  of  R.  Jennings,  esq. 
of  Portland*  place. 

—  William  Green,  esq.  of  Milbank- 
iw,  Westminster. 
^.  At   Naples,    aged    80,   Joseph 


he  published  a  description.  After  the 
completion  of  that  building,  his  time 
and  attention  were  unremittingly  en- 
gaged in  astronomical  researches.  It 
was  on  the  1st  of  January,  1801,  that  he 
discovered  the  planet  Ceres,  which  led 
to  the  discovery  of  Pallas,  Juno,  and 
Vesta.  In  1814,  he  printed  a  catalogue 
of  7,500  stars,  a  work  which  gained  for 
him  the  medal  founded  byLalande.  In 
1816  he  published  at  Milan  the  first 
volume  of  the  '*  History  of  Sicilian  As- 
tronomy," and  completed  his  **  Ele- 
ments of  Astnmomy."  He  had  much 
distinguished  himself  of  late  years  by  his 
numerous  observations,  particularly  of 
comets ;  and  amongst  his  labours  of  a 
different  character,  may  be  mentioned 
thatof  his  drawing  up  a  Code  of  Weights 
and  Measures  for  Sicily. 

23.  At  the  age  of  113  years,  Hugh 
Shaw.  Till  within  the  last  eighteen 
months  he  every  Saturday  walked  to 
Paisley  and  retamed,  walkinc:  altogether 
about  seven  miles.  While  he  was  able 
to  go  about,  he  had  no  other  means  of 
support  than  what  he  collected  by  beg- 
ging from  door  to  door. 

25.  At  North  Brixton,  aged  60,  of  a 
cancer  in  the  tongue,  Robert  Bell,  esq. 
for  many  years  principal  proprietor  and 
editor  of  the  "Weekly  Dispatch."  In 
1804  he  published,  in  8vo,  "  A  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Condition  and  Manners  of  the 
Peasantry  of  Ireland." 

—  At  Chatham,  aged  28,  capt.  Henry 
Robert  Moorsoro,  of  the  sloop  Jasper. 
He  was  son  of  vice-admiral  sir  Robert 
Moorsom,  K.C.B.  commander  in  chief  of 
his  Majesty's  ships  in  the  Medway,  and 
brother  of  capt.  Moorsom,  of  the  Prince 
Regent. 

—  Aged  66^  capt.  James  Moring,  an 
elder  brother  of  the  Trinity  House. 

—  At  Weston,  aged  72,  sir  George - 


Piazzt,  president  of  the  Royal  Society  of     Courtenay  Throckmorton,  sixth  hart,  of 


Sciences  in  that  city,  and  tne  discoverer 
of  the  planet  Ceres.  He  was  bom  in 
the  Valteline,  in  1746.  He  entered 
into  the  order  of  Theatines  in  1 764 ;  and, 
after  enjoying  the  Professorship  of  As- 
'tionomy  at  Malta,  he  was  made  Profes- 
sor at  P^ermo,  in  1781.  In  1787,  he 
made  several  observations  in  conjunction 
with  Lalande,  at  the  Parisian  observa- 
tory; and  afterwards  he  visited  England, 
to  purchase  instruments.  On  his  return 
to  Sicily,  in  the  winter  of  1789,  he  super- 

iatooded  ib^  comtruction  of  ft  nagQifi* 


Coughton,  Warw.  He  was  the  second 
surviving  son  of  George  Throckmorton, 
esq.  (eldest  married  son  of  sir  Robert 
the  fourth  hart.)  and  Anna-Maria, 
daughter  of  Wm.  Paston,  of  Horton, 
Glonc.  esq.  He  married,  June  29, 1792, 
Catharine,  only  daughter  of^ Thomas 
Stapleton,  esq.  of  Carlcton,  county  of 
York,  but  had  no  issue.  In  the  same 
year,  he  took  the  name  and  arms  of 
Courtenay,  having  inherited  from  his 
grandmother  the  estates  of  the  Courte- 
pays  of  MorUmdi  couot^  of  Devon,   Hq 


276       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


succeeded  his  biother  sir  John,  the 
seventh  bart.  in  the  title  and  estates,  in 
Jan.  1819;  and  is  succeeded  by  his 
brother  Charles* 

28.  In  Marsbam-street,  Westminster, 
aced  40,  iohn  Morris,  esq.  late  of  the 
Audit-office. 

—  Id  LincoIn's»Init|  aged  33,  Spencer 
It.  J.  Lewan,  esq.  eommiss.  of  Banlcrupts, 
eldest  son  dt  the  rev.  dptncer  J.  Lewio, 
of  Ifield,  Sussex. 

39.  At  his  house  in  Gougb-sqoare, 


DEATH&— Avo. 


cousin-germaBf  Geoi^ge-Winiafli«FiKh- 
Hatton,  esq.  eldest  son  at  the  hoo.  fiiv. 
Finch-Hatton. 

2.  In  his  68th  vear.  William-Ilenry 
George,  esq«  of  Jubilee  Cw^A,  near 
Gloncestet, 

—  At  Neir-HaU,  aged  ^  sir  W. 
Gerard,  bart.  He  miaseeded  hia  brother, 
air  Robert,  Aug.  26, 1791 ;  and  the  titic 
now  descends  to  hia  nepbewj  air  Joba 
Gerard. 

3.  At  Berry-hill,  near  Taj^oir,  «aft 


aged 37,  Mr^  Thos.  Byerley,  editor  of  Welis,  R.N.  of  Holme  Wood,  liiuits. 
the  Star  newspaper,  the  Literary  4.  At  the  Grosvenor  HoCal^  UeiiL-o 
Chronicle^  and  the  Mirror.  John  Otto  Beyer. 

31.  At    Bromley -lodge,    aged    IB,        5.  At  her  motber'a.  In  OiaaleHMd. 
Stewart  Crslcinei  esq.  street,  Mav-fair,  Hannah,  lady  of  dr 

Lately,  At  Ripley,  Derbyshtre.Robert  John-Saunders  Sebright,  aeventh  bait. 
evereux  Fancourt,  eaq.  admiral  of  U»e  of  Besford,  Wore,  and  M.P.  for  Hert- 
fordshire. She  was  the  only  daqrttsr 
and  heiress  of  Rich.  Cr«fta>  ofwcst 
Hariing,  Norfolk,  esq*;  was  mariiei 
Auff.  6;  1793 ;  and  had  iaaos  om  asi 
and  eight  daughters. 
6.  At  Belvidere,  in  Kent,  in  cfaiM- 


l>elrereux  Fancourt,  esq. 
blue. 

AtGUST. 

2.  At  his  house  in  South-street,  aged 
73,  the  right  hon.  Georse  Finch,  eighth 


earl  of  Winchelsea,  and  fourth  earl  of    ^^  H^a  31,  Maria-£ltaU»etb> 


Nottingham  of  his  family,  K.  G.  viscount 
Maidstone,  lord  lieutenant  of  Rutland, 
&c.  F.  R.  S.  and  F.  S.  A.  His  lordship 
was  bom  Nov.  4,  l7i»2,  and  was  the 
eldesl  son  of  the  right  hon.  William 
Finch,  formerly  envoy  to  Sweden,  Hol- 
land, &o.  by  his  second  wife,  lady  Char- 
lotte Fermoc,  second  daughter  of  Tboe. 
first  earl  of  Pomfret.  The  bite  earl 
stacceeded  to  the  fomily  honours  on  the 
decease  of  his  unele  Daniel^  August  S, 
1769<     He   was  educated   at   Christ- 


Gerador^  only  daughter  of  Gi^ory- 
WilKam,  present  and  tenth  baiva  Sif 
and  Seie,  and  Maria-Marrowt,  eldest 
daughter  and  cobeirest  of  Sampaan,  tale 
lord  £ardley. 

7.  At  the  London  Assunnee  II— si, 
Blrchin-lane,  aged  62,  John  Laaraae, 
esq.  brother  of  hia  gimce  tke  arehhadisf 
ofCasheU. 

—^  At  BrusaelSff  aged  67*  Tbaasi 
Wolleyi  esq.  viee-adnural  of  the  White. 

8.  At  Greenhill,  parish  of  Deskfoid, 
ia  his  104lh  year,  Geo.  Blaok*  He  w» 
bom  at  Glenbucket,  Feb.  I,  1723) 


was  educated   at    

Church,  Oxford,  where  he  was  created 

M.  A*  July  4,  1771 5  and  af^rwards  for — ,-.,»,-^^  ..„.  .,  .,«,  ^^ 

some  years  travelled  abroad.  In  Dec.  °^^  ^  gardener.  For  tho  taat  fQ  yaan 
1777i  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  lords  ^^  ^^  ^^  what,  in  the  laagnago  of  the 
of  the  bedchamber ;  and  in  1 804,  Groom  country,  is  called  <*  a  poniido,"  to  tbe 
of  the  Stole,  which  office  he  held  till  the  ^^  ^^  Findlater  and  his  fiunUr. 
decease  of  his  late  MajesUr,  the  duties  9*  ^^  Cloyne-palaoe,  aged  71»  the 
of  Comptroller  of  the  Windsor  establish-  ^?^^  ^^'  Charles  Mongan  WarbBitn, 
ment  being  involved  in  it.  He  was  I>*I>*  lord  bishop  of  Cloyne.  Dr.  War- 
honoured  with  the  Garter^  January  17,  burton's  paternal  name  «m  Tlnafii 
ISOo.  In  Parliament  his  lordship  He  was,  it  is  said,  the  aoa  of*  poor  rsad- 
generally   sided    with    ministers,    and  !?y..P*Pf^  >?  \  ^^^^  village  ia  the 

occasionally  delivered  his  sentiments.     *'    "     ' 

His  time,  which  was  passed  principally 
at  hisseatof  Burlcy-on-the-Hill,  in  Rut- 
landshire, was  in  great  measure  devoted     t /  —  — *-  —  — *  .—«*««■  w- 

to  agricultural  pursuits.  He  kept  a  very  ^owed   for   the  education  of   RoiaiA 

lai^e  farm  in  his  own  bands;   was  a  priests,  before  the  building  of  Mayaoslh 

member  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  College,  he  was  thrown  by  accideat  iaH 

and  was  the  author  of  a  humane  letter  ^^  society  of  the  Earl  of  Mmtb,  aai, 

''  On  the  Advantages  of  Cottagers  rent-  ^ving  won  his  fovour,  was  Sadnced  Is 

ing  Landk"    Having  never  been  laar-  change  his  destinatioa  to  the  ProtMiHt 

ried,  ha  la  fiMoatded  in  his  tittea  1^.  his  Church.    He  wMj  aftur  takfaif  oidtA 


North  of  Ireland*    He 

Catholic,  and  intended  for  that  Chofdk 
On  the  Continent,  whither  he  was  scat 
to  study  in  one  of  the  institaliaiis  m- 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


271 


appointed  chaplaia  to  a  regiment  m 
Aiaerica,  and  there  he  married  his  Irst 
wife,  a  lady  said  to  have  been  particu- 
larly recommended  by  lord  Moira.  That 
lady  soon  after  dying,  he  married  hit 
second  wife,  who  is  now  his  widow. 
With  her  ha  changed  his  name  to  Wai^ 
burton,  and  pursued  the  way  to  wealth 
and  fortune — ^became  dean  of  Ardagh, 
then  bUhop  of  Limerick  in  1806,  and 
ofCloynehilSSO. 

11.  Aged  41,  Harriet,  second  wife  of 
sir  Gerard  Noel  Noel.  barU  of  Exton- 
park,  Rutland  ;  and  daughter  of  the  rev. 
Jos.  Gill,  Ticar  of  Scraptofi,  Leioeiter- 
ebire. 

12.  At  Paris,  aged  76,  the  hon.  Basil 
Cochrane,  brother  of  the  earl  of  Dun- 
donald.  tie  was  bom  April  32,  1753, 
and  was  the  sixth  son  of  Thomas,  eighth 
earl,  by  his  second  wife  Jane,  eldest 
daughter  of  Archibald  Stuart,  of  To- 
vience^  county  Lanark,  esq.  At  the 
age  or  sixteen  he  was  placed  on  the 
Madras  Civil  establishment ;  and  he  re- 
mained in  the  service  of  the  East-India 
Company  nearly  fortv  years.  Having 
accumulated  a  splendid  fortune  in  India, 


DEATHS.— Ave. 

regiment  in  Napier,  and  great-uncleof William-John, 
the  present  and  eighth  lord.  She  was 
bom  Feb.  14, 1745,  the  seventh  daughter 
of  Charles,  second  duke  of  Lennox,  by 
Sarah,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  William, 
6rst  earl  Cadc^an ;  and  was  probably 
the  last  surviving  g^reat-grand-daughter 
of  king  Charles  Uie  2nd.  On  the  27th 
of  August,  1781,  she  became  the  wife  of 
colonel  Napier,  who  died  in  18#4. 

20.  In  Montague  -  street,  Pbrtmad- 
square,  aged  81,  Mrs*  Chambre,  only 
sister  of  the  late  sir  Alan  Chambre. 

26.  At^nlomond-house,  Downshire- 
hill,  Hamostead,  after  a  lingering  ill- 
ness^aged  o9,  the  hon.  Christopher  Hely  - 
Hutchinson,  M.P.  for  Cork^  and  brother 
to  the  late  and  present  earls  of  Donough- 
more.  He  was  bom  April  5, 1767»  the 
fifth  son  of  the  right  hon.  John  Hely- 
Hutchinsou,  Secretary  of  State  in  Ire- 
land, and  Christiana,  baroness  Donough- 
more.  Not  bred  to  any  profession,  but 
derotedly  attached  to  his  brother  the 
general,  now  earl  of  Donoughmore,  he, 
without  possessing  any  military  com- 
mand, or  the  remotest  prospect  of  any 
a^ppointmeut,  accompanied  him  during 


he  returned  to  England  in  May,  1807y  sir  Ralph  Abercrombie^s — or  rather  the 

and  soon  after  purchased  the  barony  of  Duke  o(  York's — short  but  memorable 

Auchterardcr,  county  of  Perth,and  other  campaign  in  Holland,  in  the  eari^  part 

eaUiiet.   At  his  lown-house  in  Portman-  of  the  Revolutionarv  war ;  and>  with  an 

square,  he  erected  vapour  baths  on  a  unabated  aeal  hishly  honourable  to  the 

new  plan  and  construction  *,  and,  in  the  affection  of  both  brotners,  he  afterwards. 


hope  that  similar  baths  might  be  adapt- 
ed to  medical  purposes,  he  published  in 
1809t|  a  tract  under  the  title  of  ^An 
Improvement  in  the  mode  of  Adminis- 
tering the  Vapour-bath,  and  in  the  Ap- 
paratus connected  with  W*  In  the 
succeeding  year  this  tract  was  followed 
by  an  Appendix.  It  was  highly  to  the 
honour  or  Mr*  Cochrane,  that,  almost 
immediately  after  his  arrival  in  England^ 
he  paid  numerous  outstanding  debts, 
mortgages,  annuides,  &c.  of  his  brother, 
the  earJ,  to  a  verv  huge  amount.  When 
in  India,  his  establishment  was  magnifi- 
cent, and  his  hospitality  unbounded. 
Mr.  Cochrane  was  accustomed  to  expend 
lai^  sums  in  acts  of  generosity  and 
benevolence* 

17.  At  Clifton,  in  her  84th  year,  Mrs. 
Inrioa  Maxwell,  sister  of  the  late  sir 
Pavid  Maxwell,  and  aunt  of  the  present 
sir  David,  of  Cardouess,  county  of  Gal- 
lotmy. 

20.  Aged  82^  the  right  hon.  lady 
Sarah,  relict  or  the  hon.  colonel  Geo. 
Napier,  comptroller  of  army  accounts  in 
Irekndy  sixth  son  of  Francii,  fifth  lord 


in  1801,  attended  gen.  Hutchinson  to 
Egypt.  From  his  serving  merely  aa  a 
Tolunteer  in  Holhind,  where  he  was  made 
a  supernumerary  aid-de-camp  to  sir  R. 
Abercrombie,  and  from  his  campaign  in 
Egypt,  Mr.  Hutchinson  haa  seen,  be- 
fore he  was  actually  in  the  army,  more 
real  service  than  many  of  our  generals. 
At  the  conclusion  of  hostilities,  he  was 
seat  witli  despatches  to  Constantinople, 
where  he  was  received  with  every  mark 
of  distinction.  At  length  he  entered 
into  the  array  regularlv,  and  having 
passed  thrpugb  the  various  gradations 
of  rank,  was  promoted  from  the  I  l2th 
regiment  of  foot  to  the  rank  of  lieut.- 
colouel  in  the  anny,  Jan.  1,  1801.  On 
the  elevation  of  lib  brother,  the  general, 
to  the  Peerage,  in  the  latter  part  of 
1801,  the  deceased  immediately  offered 
himself,  and  was  chosen  his  successor  in 
the  representation  of  the  city  of  Cork, 
where  their  father  had  acouired  con- 
siderable family  interest.  He  was  re- 
turned at  every  subsequent  election, 
and  had  accordingly  represented  Corlc 
in  eight    parllain«ot»-HUI  that   have 


272       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS— Aug. 
b€en  summoned  since  the  Union.    Only  Study  and  Practice  of  the  Lsw  coo- 
two  days  before  his  death,  he  wrote  or  sidered.''      He   also  published    fomc 
dictated  an  Address  to  the  Electors  of  pamphlets  upon  political  and  other  sub- 
that  city  in  favour  of  his  son.  jects. 

26.  Aged  about  66,  count  Giovanni  31.  AtEa8tMoul8ey,lieut.-col.Apch^- 
Peradi8i,  of  Reggio,  a  nobleman  as  dis-  bald  Ross,  K.  T.  S.      He  was  appointed 


tinguished  by  bis  taste  in  literature,  as 
his  profound  mathematical  knowledge. 
At  the  period  of  the  political  changes 
pn>duced  in  Italy  by  the  French  revolu- 
tion, lie  attached  himself  to  Buonaparte, 


lieut.  20th  foot,  Sept  3,  1808;  captain, 
Sept.  5,  1805 ;  of  17th  dragoons,  Dec. 
26th  following;  of  19th  dragoons,  Feb. 
18,  1808 ;  of  9]8t  foot,  Sept.  12,  1811 ; 
brevet-major,  June  20, 1813 ;  andlieut- 


whom  he  regarded  as  the  regenerator  of    col.  in  1817.    He  served  in  the  P^nin- 


his  country.  He  was  chosen  one  of  the 
members  of  the  Directory  of  the  Cisal- 
pine Republic,  senator  of  the  kingdom 
of  Ilalys  president  of  the  Senate,  8tc.  &c. 
The  power  he  thus  eiyoyed  he  exerted 
beneficially,  and  with  moderation. 

27.  At  the  rev.  Mr.  Norman's,  Due 
Athanase  Jean  L^ger  Jourdan,  advocate 
of  the  Cour  Royale,  Paris,  who  had  come 


sula,  and  in  1812  was  attached  to  the 
Portuguese  army,  of  which  he  commsod- 
ed  some  light  infantry  at  the  battle  of 
Vittoria.  He  received  a  medal  upoa 
that  occasion. 

Lat^y,  George  Augustus  Lee.  Initi- 
ated at  an  early  period  of  life  in  the  art 
of  cotton-spinning,  which  was  then 
beginning  to  feel  the  impulse  of  the  in- 


over  to  this  country  for  the  purpose  of  ventions  of  sir  Richard  Arkwright,  he 

studying  our  colonial  legislation.    M.  gave  to  them,  in  the  machiDery  con- 

Jourdan  was  most  devotedly  attached  to  structed  under  his  inspection,  all  the 

his  profession,  and  to  every  branch  of  advantages   of   correct   and    excelleot 

legal  studies,  and  kept  up  an  extensive  workmanship.    But  whatever  fnrtiality 


correspondence  with  many  learned 
jurists  in  Germany  and  Holland.  When 
he  learned  that  M.  Mai  had  discovered 
^me paiempsests,  containing  Anti-Jus- 
tinian texts,  he  entered  into  an  arrange- 
ment with  him  to  bring  out  an  edition 
of  these  **  Pragmcnta  Juris  Romani''  in 
France.  It  was  too,  under  his  auspices, 
that  the  celebrated  Humbold  published 
his  ^'  Tabulae  Chronologicae,"  one  of  the 
most  useful  works  of  that  distinguished 
jurisconsult.  M.  Jourdan  was  born  at 
St.  Aubin  des  Chaumes,  June  29th, 
1791.  He  was  author  of  **"  Relation  du 
Concours  ouvert  k  la  Faculty  de  Droit 
de  Paris,  pour  la  chaire  du  Droit  Ro- 
roain,"  2  vols.  8vo. ;  and  in  conjunction 
with  two  colleagues,  published  a  collec- 
tion of  the  Institutes  of  Gains  and 
Justinian,  with  the  Sentences  of  Paul, 
and  some  fragments  of  Ulpian,  under 
the  title  of  "  Juris  Civilis  Ecloga." 

30.  At  his  seat,  Kelham,  near  Newark, 
the  rev.    Frederick   Manners    Sutton, 


he  had  imbibed,  from  his  earliest  at- 
tempts, for  the  use  of  water  as  a  moving 
power,  he  became,  soon  after  the  im- 
provements of  Mr.  Watt,  fully  sensiMe 
of  the  advantages  of  the  steam-engine. 
The  steam-engines  of  Messrs.  Philips 
and  Lee  exhibited  the  finest  speciraeos 
of  perfect  mechanism,  conducted  nponi 
well-arranged  system,  and  combinio; 
the  essential  requisites  of  regularity  and 
constancy  of  motion  with  a  studied  and 
wisely-directed  economy.  Mr.  Lee  was 
the  first  to  improve  upon  the  fire-pnxif 
mills  of  Mr.  William  Strutt,  by  the  em- 
ployment of  cast-iron  beams ;  and  be 
was  also  among  the  first  to  render  the 
security  still  more  complete,  by  employ- 
ing steam  for  warming  the  mills  ia 
winter,  and  to  enforce  deanliness,  ven- 
tilation, and  good  order  in  the  reguIatHe 
of  them.  By  his  recommendation,  the 
workmen  raised  among  themselves  t 
fund  for  mutual  relief  during  nckness, 
and  so  great  was  the  benefit  derived 


nephew  to  his  grace  the  archbishop  of    from  it  as  to  make  it  appear,  in  evidence 


Canterbury,  and  head  of  that  distin- 
guished family.  He  was  the  third,  but 
eldest  surviving  son  of  the  late  John 
Manners  Sutton,  esq.  who  died  in  Feb. 
Iast,and  AnneManner8,natural  daughter 
of  the  martial  marquis  of  Granby. 

31.  At  the  Grove,  Highgatc,  aged  60, 
John  Raithby,  esq.  of  Lincoln's-ion, 
barrister-at-Iaw,  commissioner  of  bank- 
ruptsi  Ac,  He  published,  ia  1799|  '*  The 


given  before  the  House  of  Commoas, 
that  among  a  thousand  work-people, 
whom  the  establishment  comprised,  Mt 
more  than  five  pounds  had  been  distri- 
buted throughout  one  year  in  the  fbm 
of  poor-rates.  When  the  experimenti 
of  Mr.  Murdoch,  on  the  illuminatiB^ 
power  of  gas  from  coal,  were  made  known 
to  him  in  1802,  he  was  instantly  struck 

with  their  importance,  m4  ww  i« 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.  277 

DEATHS.— Sept. 

ooDsideration  of  the  /actR,  be  determined  for  the  siege  of  Charlestown  ;  he  served 

to  light    in  tliis  novel  mode,  at  the  during    that   siege    and    the    ensuing 

expense  of  seveml  thousand  pounds,  the  campaigns,  which  terminated  with  the 

Jai^  building  which  he  had  constructed  surrender  of  Charleatown,  and  was  pre- 

In  coojunctioD  with  his  partners.    The  sent  at  the  different  actions  which  oc- 

resultof  this  experiment^  all  the  details  curred,  with  the  exception  of  that  of 

of  which  may  be  found  in  the  Transac-  Camden.    He  obtained  a  company  in 

tions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  for  November  33,  1785,  but  exchanged  it 

1808,  decidedly  established  tJie  utility  for  a  lieutenantcy  in  the  Coldstream 

of  gas-lights,  and  led  to  their  almost  guards;  with  the  rank  of  captain,  Feb. 

nnirersal  adoption  in  large  manu&ctorics.  19,    1790.     In    1793   captain  Calvert 

Mr.  Lee  was  pre-eminently  distinguish-  embarked  with  the  brigade  of  guards 

ed  by  the  clearness,  the  sagacity,  and  for  Holland,  and  was  soon  after  ap- 

the  systematic  connexion  of  the  arrange-  pointed  aide-de-camp  to  H.  R.  H.  the 

nents  by  which  he  conducted  the  great  duke  of    York,  in  which  capacity  he 

manufiMturiog establishments  over  whidi  served  during  the  years  1793  and  1794. 

he  presided,  and  by  which  he  was  en-  He  received  the  brevet  of  major,  July  1, 

abled  at  any  moment,  to  concentrate  the  1793 ;    a  company,  with  the  rank  of 

results  of  all  the  operations,  as  well  as  to  lieut-colonel,  Dec.  25  ;  was  appointed 

take  a  distinct  view  of  any  individual  deputyadjutant-gcneral,  April  29, 1796; 

part.  In  his  mercantile  dealings,  he  was  colonel  by  brevet,  Jan.  26,  1797  ;  ad- 

inflnenced  by  coolness  and  solidity  of  jutant- general,  Jan.  9,  1799 ;  lieut.-col. 

judgment,  by  a  high  sense  of  honour  and  of  tlte  63rd  foot,  Jan;  17 ;  colonel  of  the 

probity^  and  by  enlarged  and  compre-  ^h  West-India  regiment,  Aug.  6,  1800; 

hensiveviewsofthe  general  principles  of  miyor-general,  Sent.  25,  1803;  colonel 

commercial  policy.    He    retired  from'  of  the  14th  foot,  Feb.  8,  1806 ;  lieut.- 

active  bnsineas,  at  a  period  of  life  when  gen.  July  25, 1810 ;  and  general  in  1821  • 

he  had  a  reasonable  prospect  of  enjoying  His  services  were  further  rewarded  by 

for  many  years  the  resources  of  a  well-  the  grand  cross  of  the  Bath,  and  his 

stored,  and  still  vigorous  mind ;  but  he  being  appointed  lieutenant>govemor  of 

was,  ere  long,  attacked  by  a  painful  and  Chelsea  Hospital.    He  was  created  a 

lingering    disease,     which    at   length  baronet  in  1818,  and  received  the  grand 

brooght  to  a  close  his  useful  and  honour-  cross  of  the  Guelphic  order  in  1825. 

able  career.    Mr.  Lee  was  bom  in  1761,  5.  At  her  villa,  near  Florence,  Anne, 

and  was  brother  to  Mrs.  Sophia  and  Mrs.  dowager   countess    Cowper.     Sbe  was 

Harriet  Lee,  two  ladies  well  known  to  daughter  of  Francia  Gpre,  of  South- 

the  pidilic  by  their  Canterbury  Tales,  amoton,  esq. 

and  oUier  literary  works.  .He  married,  o.    In  York-place,  Portman-square^ 

in  May.  1803,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Lyndon  Evelyn,  esq. 

thelatcrev.  JohnEw|irt,ofTraquhaire.  7.    Ann-Elizabeth,    wife   of  Henry 

Sbe  died  in  1812,  leaving  five  children,  Williams,  esq.  of  Tumham-green. 

three  of  whom  still  survive.  —  At  the  palace,  Lichfield,  aged  75, 

sir  Charies  Oakeley,  baronet,  D.  C.  L. 

Sir  Charles  was  bom  at  Forton,  in  Staf- 

8EPTEMBER.  fordshire,   Feb.  16,   1751,  the  second 

son  of  the  rev.  William  Oakeley,  M.  A. 

4.     At  the  house  of  Mrs.  Verney,  of   Baliol  College,   Oxford,    rector  of 

Middle  Claydon,    Bucks,   general    sir  Forton,  and  of  Holy  Cross,  Shrewsbury, 

HarryCalvert,  hart.  G.C.B.  and  O.CH.  by  Christian,  daughter  of  sir  Patrick 

lieutenant-governor  of  Chelsea  Hosnitel,  Strahan.    He  entered  the  civil  service 

and  colonel  of  the  14th  regiment  of  foot  at  Madras,  as  a  writer,  in  1766  ;  in  less 

Sir  Harry  was  eldest  son  of  the  late  than  six  years  after  that  period,  was 

Peter  Calvert,  esq.  by  Marv,  daughter  appointed  civil  secretary,  and,  in  the 

of  Thomas  Reeve,  M.D.    He  was  first  following   year,    military  and  political 

consin  of  John  Calvert,  esq.  of  Albury  secretary  to  the    government.     After 

ball,  Herts.    He  was  appointed  second  passing  through  these  and  other  ofTicea 

lieutenant  in  the  23rd  toot,  April  24,  of  high  responsibility,  Mr.  Oakeley  re- 

J  778;  and  in  March,  1779,  embarked  turned  to  England  with  the  full  intention 

to  join  that  corps  In  North  America,  of  retiring  altogether  from  public  life. 

He  was  appointed  lieutenant,  October  This  intention,  however,  he  was  induced 

S.  J770i  and  embarked  from  New  York  to  abandon,  at  the  earnest  solicitation 

Voi^  LXVIIL  T 


278      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— Sept.. 

of  Mr.Dtindfis,  afUrwards  lord  Melville,  ter  of  the  late  aid.  Haiky,  of  Shrews- 

by  whom  he  was  recomtneoded  to  the  bury. 

Court  of  Directors,  for  succession  to  the        IS.  At  his  seat,  Gledhow,  neat  Leeds, 

government  of  Madras,  with  which  ap-  aged  83,  sir  John  Beckett,  bari.    Sir 

pointtnent  he  returned  to  India  in  1790.  John  was  bom  April  30,  1749,  the  ftoe 

The  same  year  he  was  created  a  baronet  of  John  Bedcet^  of  Barnsley.  Yoric- 

by  patent  dated  en  the  £th  of  June.   Sir  shire,  etq.  by  hU  seoond  wife  Elittbeth, 

Charles   resigned    the   government  of  daughter  of^^Josenh  Wilaon,  esq.    He 

Madras  to  lord  Hobart,  in  17S4.    8ir  was  twice  mayor  of  Leeds,  and  was  crealed 

Charles  married,  in  1777)  Hdena,  only  a  baronet,  Nov.  2, 18111. 
daughter  of  Robert  Beatson,   esq.. of        19.    In  Gower-street,  dowager  tody 

Killeric,  Fifeshire,  by  whom  he  has  had  Riggs  Millet,  widow  of  sir  John  tlt|gs 

fourteen  children.   Ten  of  these  survive  Miller,  hart,  (fkther  of  the  late  baronet) 

him.  and  of  sir  Thomas  Davenport,  ode  of 

8.  At  Hampstead,  William  Francklin,  his  majesty^s  Serjeants  at  law. 
esq.  of  Lincoln's-inn.  38.  At  his  seat,  Gisbume  Parlr,  near 

10.    At  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  EUinor,  Skipton  in  Craven,  aged  7d,_tlie  n^t 


widow  of  Thomas  Powell,  esq.  of  Nantes, 
county  of  Cardigan,  and  only  daughter 
of  the  late  Edward  Corbett,  esq.  of 
Yngsymaengwyn,  county  of  Merioneth. 

15.  At  Cheltenham,  aged  64,  the 
hon.  Charlotte^  Ft-ances,  relict  of  An* 
tiiony-Burlton  Bennett,  esq.  sister  to  the 
two  late,  and  aunt  to  the  present,  vis* 
counts  Galway.  She  was  the  second 
daughter  of  William  the  second  viscount, 
by  Eliz.  only  daughter  of  Joseph  da 
Costa  Villa  Real,  esq.  $  and  was  married 
Feb.  15, 1785,  to  Mr.  Bennett,  who  died 
in  1800. 

-^  At  Lauftanne,  of  an  aneurism  of 
the  heart,  aged  45,  Frederica  Dorothea, 
ex -queen  of  Sweden.  She  was  daughter 
of  Charles  Louis,  grand  duke  ef  Baden, 
by  Amelia,  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  and 
was  consequently  sister  to  the  late,  and 
niece  to  the  present,  grand  duke.    She 


hon.  Thomas  Lister,  loril  Ribbleedale. 
D.  C.  L.  His  lordship  was  bom  Bfareh 
S2, 1752,«|Lnd  was  the  only  son  af  TbotoK 
Lister,  esq.  M.  P.  fbr  aithene,  by 
Beatrix,  daughter  of  Jesop  tlvltnn,  esq. 
of  Hulton  Park,  Lancashire.  Httviuf 
lost  his  flithef  in  1761,  when  only  Bine 
years  of  age,  he  received  hH  edncatioe 
at  Westminster  school,  and  H^u  creatol 
M.  A.  of  Brazen-tKMie  crile^e,  Oxfioifd, 
in  1778,  and  D.C.L.  in  1773.  Nt 
sooner  hftd  he  arrived  of  age,  tbaa  bis 
uncle  Nath.  Lister,  esq.  who  siM»  his  bn^ 
thefts  death  had  represented  tlie  Ikniily 
borough  of  Clitheroe,  accepted  Oie  ChR- 
temhundredsjtomake  roorolbriheyoa^ 
heir,  who  was  accordingly  retdmed  tB 
parliament  He  was  re-eleefed  at  Ifae 
three  next  general  elections  of  I77f 
1780,  and  1784.  At  that  of  1790  Ke 
retired,  having  supported  to  the  Haste 


was  married  to  Oustavus  IV,  king  of    of  Commons  the  coalition  admbilstntioe. 


Sweden,  wlio  was  dethroned  by  hid 
uncle  Charles  XIII,  in  1809,  and  sub^ 
sequently  repudiated  the  deceased  in 
1812.  ShewasB^t,  however,  deserted 
by  her  family;  for  her  son^  prince 
Gustavus,  her  t«'o  da\ighters,  the  prin- 
cesses Amelia  and  Cecilia,  atid  her 
sister  Caroline,  the  queen  dowager  of 
Bavaria,  attended  her  in  her  last  illness. 

16.  In  bis  68th  year,  shortly  after  his 
return  from  a  scientific  tour  he  had  been 
making  in  Germany,  Dr.  Lanth,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  physiology  at 
Strasburg,  memt>er  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  and  of  various  learned  societies ; 
and  author  of  many  esteemed  publica- 
tions^ 

—  At  her  mother's.  Great  Ormond- 
street,  Jane,  second  daughter  of  Richard 
Price,  esq.  formerly  of  Elstree. 


He  had  in  the  preceding  year,  iTVt 
married  Rebeeea,  daughter  of  Jose^ 
Fielding,  esq.  of  IftlaoA.  8be  died  is 
1816.  During  the  American  war,  Mr. 
Lister  raised,  at  his  own  expense,  • 
regiment  of  horse  for  the  ttse  of  goven- 
ment,  called  Lister's  light  diagoovw 
and  afterwards,  at  the  breaking  oof  ef 
the  French  Revolution,  becwne  colead 
of  the  Craven  legion  of  Ytoaaaaiy  Ca- 
valry^ which  commission  be  retuacd  it 
his  deaths  His  late  ms^^sty  raised  liiia 
to  the  peerage,  36th  October,  1797^  ^ 
the  title  of  baron  Ribblesdale. 

23.  At  his  dwelling  in  the  Rse  St. 
Victor,  Plaris,  the  notorious  Joainh  Sbb- 
son,  the  public  executioner  beme  aai 
during  the  French  RevolutioB.  It 
1790,  Joseph  instituted  leg»l  ptoceed- 
ings   against  the  famona  Go««a%  tk 


—  In  Portland-sqimre,  Ann,  wife  of    editor  of  a  newspaper,  for  a  iR>^  aad 
William  Busbell,  esq.  and  eldest  daugh* .  obtained  a  verdict  i  bQt  lus  qppsBNt 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         279 

DEATHS.— Oct. 

poaaeMiDg    great    poUtual    inflaenoe,        3.    In  Eunonth-tti^et,   the  wile  of 
found  mesnt  to  have  him  wtit  to  prison,     John  Caley^  e«q.  F.  R.  S.  and  S.  A. 
where  he  remained  a  considerable  time.        —    At  Hamburgh,   aged  62,  Jens 
He   recovered   his  liberty  in  Augost     Emmanuel  Baggesen,  one  of  the  most 
179S,   OntbeSlstof  JannaryfblloWmg)     celebrated  and  spirited  poets  of  Den- 
he  gainoCiited  Louis  XVI.,  and  exhibit*     mark.    He  was  bora  Feb.  15,  1764,  of 
ing  the  head  of  the  monarch  to  the     parents  by  no  means  wealthy ;  received 
tiiuneiMe  crowd   that   •orrooaded  the     the  firet  principlee  of  education  in  a 
acaffi>ld.  he  exdaimed--^  Behold  the     public  school;  and  in  1784  was  admitted 
head  of  a  traitor  t"    It  is  said  that  for     a  student  In  the  Univenity  of  Copen- 
the  last  twenty'five  years  he  had  enjoyed     hagen.    Two  years  afterwards  he  pub- 
a  pension  horn  government,  and  that  he     lished  a  volume  of  tales  in  verse.    This 
led,,  at  least  for  many  years,  an  exemplary     was  followed  in  1791  by  a  collection  of 
snd^  religious  life.    He  died  at  the  age     poems,  in  two  volumes,  entitled  '*  Works 
of  sixty*  of  my  Youth,"  which  met  with  very 

^.  Aged  68,  Mary-l^nnyroan,  wife  great  success.  He  afterwards  published 
of  Henry  Ellison,  esq.  and  grand-daugh-  many  other  fhgiiive  pieces,  both  in  prose 
ter  of  the  late  sir  Warton  Fennyman  and  verse,  but  none  are  said  to  have 
Wartoil,  bart.  surpassed  his  first  productions ;  and  un- 

27.  (O.  S.)  At  St.  Petersburgh,  of  fortunately,  he  very  early  neglected  bis 
the  typhus  fever,  Maria  Fedorovna  n^a  native  tongue.  He  enriched  the  lite* 
pHUcess  Bdieibatoff^  lady  of  sir  Robett  rature  of  Germany  with  several  worlcs, 
Kerr  Porter,  his  majesty's  consul  at  ▼!>•  "Poetical  VaiieUes,"  Hamburgh, 
QtraccSfl.  J803,    2    vols.}    "The    Parthenaid,'* 

29.  In  the  Canongate,  Edinbutgh,  Hamburgh  and  Mayence,  1806:  second 
aged  111,  John  Macdonald.  He  served  edition,  Amsterdam,  1807;  ^' Heath 
aa  a  private  In  the  15th  reg.  of  foot,  Flowers,"  Amsterdam,  1808.  The 
Ibr  14  years,  and  was  discharged,  on  a  '*Parthenald''  has  been  translated  into 
pension,  in  1749,  in  con^quence  of  French,  by  M.  Fauriel.  Baggesen  twice 
behig^  wounded  in  both  thighs.  He  filltd  the  profbtsor's  chair  in  the  Uni- 
wallocd  about  not  many  months  previous  versities  of  Copenhagen  and  of  Kiel,  and 
to  his  death.  was  permitted  to  enjoy  almost  entirely 

—  Aged  66,  Brownlow  Bertie  Ma«  the  emoluments  of  these  offices,  although 
tfaew,  esq.  only  son  of  the  late  general  he  did  not  perform  their  duties.  Several 
Matbew,  by  lady  Jane  Bertie,  third  persons  of  rank  and  fortune  were 
daughter  of  Peregrine,  second  duke  of  liberal  to  him,  and  the  wandering  poet 
Ancftster,  and  Jane,  daughter  and  co-  was  thus  enabled  to  pass  a. third  of  bis 
heit  of  sir  John  Brownlow,  bart  li^  abroad,  uncontrolled  by  the  painful 

necessity  of  seeking  a  subsistence.  Hav- 
/vrnncn  ^^  ^^^  aeveial  years  suffered  under  a 

OCTOBBH.  very  complicated  malady,  he  flattered 

himself  Uiat   the  waters  of  Bohemia 
I.  At  the  Government-house,  Do*    would  elfect  bis  cure.    To  that  country 
mitiica,  iiged  31,  lieutehant  John  Ker,     he  accordingly  repaired,  but  finding  his 
of  the  royal  engineers.  end  rapidly  approaching,  he  was  desir- 

^«  Otovanni  Castlnelli,  a  juris-consult  ous  of  breathing  his  last  in  his  native 
and  writer  on  subjects  of  Jurisprudence!  land,  after  an  absence  of  eight  years. 
He  was  a  native  of  Pisa,  where  he  was  This  resolution  was,  however,  formed 
bora  in  1788.  Besides  an  '^  Essay  on  the  too  late  :  Baggesen  could  onl^  reach 
Laws  of  the  Romans,  relative  to  Com-  Hamburgh,  where  he  die^*  His  latest 
meree,*'  and  some  cither  works  of  the  productions  were,  "  Adam  and  Eve,"  a 
same  kind,  he  wrote  an  "  Abridgment  comic  £pic»  in  twelve  books,  1826 ;  and 
ofthe  History  ofthe  Republic  of  Pisa,''  an  <<  Invocation  to  the  Greeks  in  the 
^  Memoir  on  the  Diama,"  several  articles  cause  of  Liberty."  A  complete  edition 
In  the  ^Antologia,'^&c.  of  his  works  will  be  published  by  his 

•—  At  Southampton,  aged  76,  major-    two  sons. 
general  William  Fawcett,  governor  of       7*   Mr.  Charies  Connor,  an  eminent 
Limerick,  ftnd  senior  major-general  in    comedian  of  Covent  Ganien  theatre* 
the  amy.  He  died  suddenly  of  aneurism  of  the 

3.  In  Baker*6tfeet,  William-Tower  heart,  as  he  was  crossing  St.  Jameses 
Sadtb>  of  tho  Bengal  dvilflervitfe.  Park,  onhbwayhometoFlmlico.  Mr. 

T  2 


280       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— Oct. 

Connor  wn5  a  native  of  Ireland.    At  a  dramatist,  and  author  of  the  tnunni; 

very  early  age  he  manifested  a  partiality  **  Reminiscences  ''   publislicd  .about  a 

fortlie  sta(^;  and»  wbenbutachild,  he  twelvemonth    ago.      He  was   bom    in 

personated  at  school  the  character  of  Dublin  about  1762.     HisfiUher,anemt- 

Euphrasia,  in  the  tragedy  of  the  Grecian  nent  wine*mercbant  in  that  city,  wasfor 

Daughter.      At  an  early  age  he  was  several  years  master  of  the  ceremoQiesat 

placed  under  the  tuition  of  a  Mr.  Farrel,  the  Castle.  At  the  age  of  seven,  Michael 

who  subsequently  became  a  wiiic-mer-  evinced  a  strong  passion  for  music ;  and, 

chant  in  Bristol.    On  bis  removal  from  as  his  father  was  enabled  to  procure  the 

that  preceptor,  he  entered  Trinity  Col-  best  roasters  for  him,  amongst  whoa 

lege,  Dublin.     About   nineteen  years  was  Michael  A  me,  the  son  of  Dr.  Ame, 

ago  he  commenced  actor,  entered  into  he  could,  before  he  had  reached  his 

an  engagement  with  the  Bath  theatre,  eleventh  year,  perform  some  of  the  most 

and  opened,  with  tolerable  success,  in  difficult  sonatas  then  in  fashion  oo  the 

the  cuaracter  of   Fitzharding,  in  the  piano-forte.     Rauzsini,  when  engaged 

Curfew.      He    was    also   the   oriE^innl  to  sing  at  the  Rotunda  at  Dublin,  give 

Lothair.      On  his  removal  from  Bath,  him  some  lessons  in  singing;  aul  it 

he  travelled  with  a  company  through  was  on  the  suggestion  of  that  gaitlemao, 

many  parts  of  England,  when  he  whs  that  his  father  was  induced  to  send  him 

offered  an  engagement  at  the  Dublin  to  Naples   for  the  cultivation   of  his 

theatre,    where  he  remained,  pkying  musicad  talents.    Accordingly,    at  the 

with  good  success,  until  about  eleven,  age  of  sixteen,  he  was  sent  Either,  with 

years  since;   when  Charles  Matthews,  strong  recommendations  from   aevecal 

then    at    Dublin,    took    friendly    no-  persons  in  Ireland,  to  sir  W.  Hjunihoo, 

tice  of  him,  and  recommended  him  to  then  British  minister  at  the  Neapohtan 

Covent  Garden  theatre,  where  he  came  court.    Sir  William  did  him  the  honour 

out  on  Sept.  18,  1S16,  as  sir  Patrick  of   introducing  him  to  the  king  and 

Macguire,  in  *'  The  Sleepwalker."    At  queen  of  Naples,  and  he  was  placed  in 

Covent  Garden,  Mr.  Connor  played  many  the    Conservatorio    la   Madonna   dejia 

other    characters     besides    Irishmen,  Loretto,  where  he  received  instractioA 

which,  however,  were,  in  every  point,  from  the  celebrated  composer  Fineroli ; 

the  best.    His  imitation  was  confined  afterwards  he  accompanied  Aprilli,  the 

to  no  description  of  Irishmen;  he  re-  first  singing-master  of  hit  day,  to  ft- 

presented  the  blundering  gentleman  and  lermo.    From  the  latter  Kelly  received 

the  blundering  servant  with  equal  tr^th  the  most  valuable  assistance,  and  «v 

and  humour ;    and   assumed  the    gay  sent  by  him  from  Palermo  to  Leghon, 

officer,  who  blunders  with  elegance,  and  with  high  recommendations  as  his  &• 

the  rustip  who  blunders  with  vulgarity,  vourite  pupil.    From  Leghorn  he  peo- 

with  the  same  ease  and  adaptation  of  ceedcd  to  Florence,  where  he  was  eo- 

manner.    His  performance  of  sir  Lucius  gaged  as  first  tenor  singer  at  the  Teatio 

O Trigger,  in  the  Rivals,  was  an  excel-  Nuovo.    He  next  per^rmed  at  Veake, 

lent  specimen  cf  the  delicacy  with  which  and  others  of  the  Italian  theatres,  and 

he  mingled  the  restraint  of  the  gentle-  subsequently  at  the  court  of  Viefua, 

man  with  this  honest  humour  of  the  where  he  was  honoured  with  the  pnh 

soldier,  and  of  his  skill  in  preserving  our  tcction  of  the  emperor  Joseph  U.   Rt 

respect  under  those  defects  of  dialect  had  also  the  good  fortune  to  become  the 

and  speech,  which  generally  give  the  intimate  friend  of  Mozart,  and  was  one 

actor  a  kind  of  familiar  inferiority  to  of  the  original  performers  in  his  Ncae 

his   audience.^     To  this  more  refined  di  Figaro.    In  1787  Kelly  r«tnnied  te 

humour   he    presented    an    inimitable  England,  where,  in  April  that  year,  he 

contrast  in  Dennis  Bulgruddcry,  and  made  his  first  appearance  at  J>niry-I^]ie 

liooney    Mactwolter,    -characters    un-  theatre  in  the  character  of  liood,  ia 

doubtedly  marked  with  the  strongest  tha-  opera  of  Lionel  and  Clarissa.    Id- 

drollery.  dependently  of  many  provincial 


8.  At  the  Terrace,  Kensington,  Mrs.  roents  in  which  he  was  often 
F.  Nicolls,  sister  of  the  late  E.  NicoUs,  panicd  by  Mrs.  Crouch,  he  remoiiiedi: 
esq.  of  Swithamley  Park,  Staffordshire.  Drury-Iane  as  first  singer  imtil  be  ir- 

9.  At  Burgatc  house,  Mrs.  Pocock,  tired  from  the  stage,  and  was  revenl 
daughter  of  the  late  hon.  T.  W.  Co-  years  musi<»l  director  of  t]»t  thfttrc 
Tcniry,  of  North  Cray  Place,  Kent.  He  was  accustomed  to  sing  at  the  kiiy^ 

•<-  At  Bfargate,  Michael  Kelly,  the  ancient  concerts,  at  WestmipsierAbbfyi 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.  281 

DEATHa— Oct. 

and  at  all  the  principal  theatres  and  office  and  turned  his  attention  to  hortii- 

momcal  festivals  in  Britain ;  he  was  for  cultural    and    farming    pursuits ;    but 

fi«veml  years  principal  tenor- singer  at  sometime  about  the  year  1793,  he  let 

the  King's  theatre  m  the  Haymarket,  his  farm,  aud  abruptly  withdrew  to  the 

where  he  waa  stage- manager,  a  situation  kingdom  of  Denmark,  where  he  resided 

which  he  held  nominally  till  the  period  for  many  years,  supporting  himself  by 

of  his  death,  and  musical  director  at  tuition,  without  drawing!;  his  rents,  or 

Colman's  Haymarket  theatre.    It  was  corresponding  with  his  Mends.    After 

oa  the  deatli  of  his  intimate  friend,  having  been  long  considered  dead,  he 

Stephen  Stonce,  in  1797)  that  Kelly  suddenly  made  his  appearance  about 

first  became  a  composer,  and,  subse;,-  1812,  and,  taking  possession  of  his  estate, 

quently  to  that  time,  he  composed  and  resumed  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.    He 

selected  the  music  for  nearly  sixty  dra-  had  neither  worn  the  dress  of  a  minister, 

matic  pieces.    He  also  composed  num-  nor  ^attended  any  place  of  worship  for 

hers  of  Italian  and  English  songs,  duetta,  several  years ;  his  rehgtooa  principles 

trios,  &c.  many  of  which  are  established  were  those  of  a  Freethinker. 

ia-vourites  in  the  musical  world.    The  9.  In  his  convent,  the  famous  monk 

following  is  a  list  of  his  compositions,  of  La  Trappc,  known  under  the  name 

&C.  with    their  respective  dates  : — A  of  the  Trappist,  a  Guerilla  chief,  who. 

Friend  in  Need,  1797;  Chimney-Corner,  during  the  campaign    of   1823,    com- 

i797  i  Castle  Spectre,  1797  >  Lust  of  the  manded  in  Catalonia  and  Castile  a  corps 

Family,  1797;  Blue  Beard,  1798;  Cap-  of  1,000  or  1,500  men.     Brother  An- 

Uve  of  Spilsberg,  the  comic  music,  the  thony,    which    was  the   name   of   the 

serious  being  hy  Dussek,  1 798 ;  Aurelio  Trappist,  died  as  he  had  lived,  a  bigotted 

and    ^fi^anda,    1798;    Feudal   Times,  enthusiast. 

1799  ;  Piaarrov  1799 ;  Of  Age  To-iiior-  —  At  Soutliampton,  aged 38,  Charies 
row,  1800;  De  Montford,  1800;  Re-  Mills,  esq.  author  of  some  historical 
morse,  1801  ;  Gipsy  Prince,  1801  j^  works.  He  was  bom  in  1788,  the 
Adelmorn,  1801;  Algomah,  1802;  youngest  son  of  the  late  Samuel  Gillham 
House  to  be  Sold,  1802  ;  Urania,  Mills,  a  surgeon  of  eminence  at  Green- 
1803;  Hero  of  the  North,  1803;  Mar-  wich.  lie  was  intended  by  his  &ther 
riage  Promise,  1803;  Love  Laughs  at  for  the  law,  aud  articled  to  an  attorney 
Locksmiths,  1804;  Cinderella,  1804;  in  Berner's-street,  but  quitted  that  pro- 
Counterfeits,  1804;  Deaf  and  Dumb,  fession  la  consequence  of  his  love  for 
1804  5  Hunter  of  the  Alps,  1804  ;  Land  literature.  His  first  work,  "  A  History 
we  live  in,  1804 ;  Honey-moon,  1805 ;  of  Muhammedanism,"  was  published 
Youth,  Love,  and  Folly,  180^;  Prior  about  ]817>  and  is  said  to  have  strongly 
Claim,  180i; ;  Forty  Thieves,  1806 ;  We  attracted  tlie  attention  of  sir  John  Mai- 
Fly  by  Night,  1806  ^  Royal  Oak,  1806  ;  colm.  A  second  edition  was  published 
Adrian  and  OrilJa,  1806;  Adelgitha,  in  the  following  year.  The  next  work 
1^7;  Town  and  Country,  1807;  Time's  of  Mr.  Mills,  was*' The  History  of  the 
a  Tell-tale,  1807;  Young  Hussar,  1807;  Crusades,  undertaken  for  the  recovery 
Wood-demon,  1807 ;  Something  to  do,  of  the  Holy  Land  ;  a  view  of  the  Latin 
1808  ;  Jew  of  Mcgador,  1808 ;  Africans,  States  in  Syria  and  Palestine  ;  the  Con- 
180S;  Venoni,  1808;  Foundling  of  the  stitutiou  and  Laws  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Forest,  1809;  Fall  of  the  Taranto,  1809;  Jerusalem;  the  militar>*  orders  which 
Britain's  Jubilee,  1809 ;  Gustavus  Vasa,  sprang  from  the  wars  between  the  Chris- 
1810;  Humpo,  1812;  Absent  A pothe-  tjans  and  Muselmen,  and  the  conse- 
cary,  1813;  Polly,  1813;  Russian,  1813;  quences  of  the  Crusades  upon  the 
Nouijaliad,  1813;  Peasant  Boy,  1814;  morals,  Ittci-ftture,  politics,  and  manners 
Unknown  Guest,  1815;  Bride  of  Abydgs,  of  Europe,"  2  vols.  8vo.  A  few  months 
1818;  Abudah,  1819;  Grand  Ballet,  after  its  appearance,  accident  led  Mr. 
1819.  Mills  to  the  study  of  Italian  literature  ; 
9.  At  Upper  Dunsforth,  near  Bo-  the  result  of  which  was  a  work  of  fiction, 
roughbridge,  Yorkshire,  at  a  very  ad-  in  two  vols,  entitled  '*  The  Travels  of 
vanced  age,  the  rev.  W.  Jackson,  for-  Theodore  Ducas  in  various  countries  of 
roerly  curate  of  Mylon  aud  Little  Ouse-  Europe,  on  the  revival  of  Letters  and 
bourn,  in  that  county,  and  a  native  of  Arts."  The  model  upon  which  this 
Kirby  Stephen.  About  35  years  ago  he  book  was  formed,  was  the  '*  Travels  of 
purchased  a  small  estate  in  the  first-  Anacharsis  ;"  but  the  public  seemed  to 
n^eniioned  yilbge,  laid  Nde  his  clerical  und^r^ito  Mr.  Wills  w  *  couunei^taMur 


Q82      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— Oct. 
on  Italian  literature,  and  aocordinglj,  mation, and,  shortly aflenrarda,ap«emd 
notwithetaading  tiie  splendor  of  parti-  in  Voltaire's  trageidy  oC  Mattoroety  Noiv. 
cular  passages,  such  as  the  criticism  on  S7|  1787,  in  the  charactor  of  Beide.  The 
Dante,  and  the  account  of  an  interview  commencement  of  his  Brofesrioii  ifms 
with  Ariosto,  the  work  was  compara-  thusspokenof:— **H6  hassocoeede^  In 
tively  unsuccessful.  For  a  yearsubse-  trageoy  ^d  comedy.  Besides  his  ^tiier 
quent  to  its  publication,  Mr.  Mills  lay  natural  endowmentS|  he  has  an  agree- 
quietly  on  his  oars,  till  invited  by  his  able  figure,  a  voice  at  once  sooDrona  and 
itublisbers  (Messrs.  Longman  and  Co.)  audible,  with  a  pure  and  dis^nci  fnao- 
io  undertake  a  History  of  Rome,  from  dation.  He  feels  die  harmony  of  vtt«- 
the  earliest  ages  down  to  the  reign  of  ficaUoo,  and  can  communicate  sncii  feel- 
Augustus,   at  which  _period  Gibbon's  ings  to  others.  His  deportment  is  staple. 


History  commences.  From  some  cause, 
however,  the  work  was  dropped ;  and 
Mr.  Mills  then  directed  his  attention  to 
his  last  an4  niost  popular  work,  the 
'^  History  of  Chivali7,  or  Knighthood 
and  its  Times." 


his  action  natural.  He  is  always  In  good 
taste :  and  has  no  mannerism,  being  aa 
imitator  of  no  actor,  but  nsing  his  own 
discretion  and  abilities."  Being  on  the 
most  intimate  terms  with  lifeiary  neii. 
and  the  most  celebrated  painter*  and 


13.  In  obscure  lodgings  in  Dublin,    sculptors  of  the  day,  be  resolfed,  in  the 


Edward  Hay,  esq.  late  secretary  to  the 
Gadiolicsof  Irelahd.  He  was  entitled 
to  considerable  property ;  but  an  unfor- 
tunate contest  between  film  and  his 
brother,  respecttog  the  possession  of  it, 
threw  the  business  into  Chaneery;  from 
the  delays  in  which  court  he  became 
considerably  embarrassed  for  many  years 
previous  to  his  death.  He  died  in  ab- 
solute want,  unable  even  to  procure 
medicines.  The  New  Catholic  Associa- 
tion gave  20/.  towards  defhiyiag  the  ex- 
penses of  his  funeral. 

14.  At  her  father's  house,  in  Park- 
street,  Grosvenor  -  square,  aged  21, 
Emma,  eldest  daughter  of  the  hon.  and 
rev.  Wm,  Beresfbrd,  brother  of  lord 
Deoles,  and  lady  Ann,  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Tankerville. 

—  At  vice-adm.  Donnelly's,  Queen 
Ann-street,  Portland-place,  aged  47, 
Mrs.  Donnelly. 

18.  At  Tours,  in  France,  lu^ed  16, 
Eliz.  Forbes,  eldest  remaining  aaughter 
of  colonel  K.  Young. 

19.  At  Paris,  aged  60,  Francis  Joseph 
Tftlma,  the  celebrated  tragedian.  He 
was  bom  in  that  city,  Jan.  15,  1766.  At 
ten  he  bad  to  represent  a  character  in 
tragedy  at  college,  and,  during  the  re- 
presentation; burst  into  a  flood  of  tears 
at  the  misfortunes  of  the  hero  he  repre- 
sented. Taken  to  London  by  his  father, 
an  eminent  dentist,  he  there  learned 
English,  and  spoke  the  language  so 
purely,  that  lord  Haroourt  and  other 
noblemen,  who  had  seen  him  perform 
Ihtle  eoraedies  in  society,  encouraged  his 
father  to  destine  hJm  for  the  English 
»lage.  Family  oircumstances,  however, 
taking  nhna  back  to  Paris  hf^  for  some 


▼ery  commencement  of  hit  career,  tp 
effect  a  revolution  in  the  coaUiroe  of 
the  stage,  which  had  betn  scarcely  com- 
menced by  I^kain  and  Madame  dairsa. 
In  despite  of  Gothic  usages^  Tklma^  vlto 
had  gained  soqie  con^ence  in  the  tra* 
gedy  of  Brutua,  had -the  courage  to  ap- 
pear in  a  veritable  Roman  toga.   At 
the  commencement  of  the  revoi ntioo,  he 
was  attadced  with  a  violent  afleetioa  of 
the  nerves,  which  brought  him  to  the 
edge  of  the  grave,  and  whiefa,  in  ^k- 
covering  bis  nervous   sensibility,  de- 
veloped his  fine  talent,  Tlie  asoendtacy 
which  this  talent  was  to  exercise  vsi 
not  yet  established,  when  his  brotkr 
performers,  differing  from  htm  in  poli- 
tics,  exposed   him  to  %  controvenj, 
which  he  sustained  with  courage:  las 
superiority  was  discovered,  and  chh  by 
a  man  not  less  superior  in  hb  nty, 
Larive,  who  undertook  to  defend  Tstoa. 
On  ahe  retirement  of  Larive,    Tihn 
found  himself  in  the  possession  of  tlu 
first  tragic  characters;    his    inAccocc 
with  the  public  Increased  every  day,  the 
dignity  and  the  grace  of  his  attitudn. 
his  measured  holdnesa,  the  manners 
conceiving  his  chaiactera,  his  freqofsi 
sqhlimity,  acquired  for  bim  the  just  titk 
of  the  first  tragediai^  of  his  affe.    Hit 
enemies  reproadied  him  with  baii^ 
broken  the  rhythm  of  verse,  and  faaiiiS 
pronounced  tragedy  as  prose.     He  p^ 
lished  in  1935  Reflections  upon  bis  irt, 
manifesting  die  profoundn«n  of  tkoK 
studies  wh?ch  conducted  him   to  be 
elevation  of  ^ent    The  charactcn  is 
which  Talma  was  most  powerlbl,  voe 
the  heroes  of  Shakspeare.    His  Conoli* 
nns  and  Hamlet  will  kNif  be 


\tmp  ntmM  tke  Royal  School  of  Owla.    bored  with  delight.     Tlw  pwt  of  «j«i, 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.  283 

DEATHS.— Oct. 

\n  ^Jomy^  tragedy  of  that  name,  was  eo  Chaise.    The  procession  was  headed  by 

admliably  performed  by  Talma,  that  the  hearse,  surrounded  by  his  fhmily, 

ror    ZDore  than  two  hundred  nights  the  bis  intimate  friends,  and  the  whole  of 

tlseAtre  was  crowded  to  witness  it.    Off  the  actors  of  the  Theltre  Fran9ai8,  after 

tlie  stige  Talma  was  as  attractive  as  upon  whom  came  a  great  number  of  meml^ers 

it lus  conversational  powers  were  of  no  of  the  Institute  in  full  dress.    There 

me&n  order.    Napoleon  entertained  a  were  eighteen  mourning  coaches,  and 

Hi c^b  respect  for  him.     In  his  doqiesttc  above    a    thousand    private   carriafres, 

k&lMts  Talma  was  remarkably  pkin,  and,  hackney  coaches,  and  cabriolets.    The 

except  when  with  friends,  rather  abste-  Boulevards  were  Hned  with  people  all 

mlous.    He  rose  early,  imd  wrote  or  the   way,  the  gendarmes  cleared   the 

remd  until  ten  or  twelve  o'clock  in  the  road,  and  it  is  supposed  that  the  pro- 

Morning,  at  which  time  he  received  the  cession,   before  It  arrived  at   Pere  la 

▼Isits  or  his  theatrical  colleagues,  the  lit*  Chaise,  amounted  to  at  least  one  hundred 

f^ina/rtfr«ofParls,  and  foreign  writers  who  thousand  persons.     The  place  of  se- 

^vere  (Jesirous,  during  their  stay  in  Paris,  pulchre  was  one  of  the  heights  to  the 

to  se«  the  "great  actor."    To  the  less  right,  not  fiip  from  the.  monument  of 

fortunate  In  the  career  which  he  had  marshal  Massena,  and  bordering  upon 

run  so  brilliantly,  be  was  ever  a  kind  that  of  the  Despaux  &mily.    Miadle 

friend  and  a  liberal  patron  ;  his  purse  way  up  the  steep  leading  to  it  the  hearse 

-wmB  as  open  as  his  heart     The  sums  stopped  ;  twelve  young  men  Uien  carried 

bestowed    by  Talma    upon    distressed  the  cofEn  to  the  borders  of  the  grave 

tmlent  would  have  formed   an   ample  destined  to  receive  it.     From  an  early 

fortune;   and,  if  he  died  rat|ier  poor  hour  In   the   morning,  a  considerable 

tlian  rich,    the  circumstance    is    thus  crowd,  amounting,   perhaps,  to  80,000 

easily  accounted  for.     His  regard  for  persons,  had  filled  thecemetery,and  when 

'the  English  character  was  with  him  at  the  coffin  was  brought  in  to  it,  they  assem- 

once  the  result  of  natural  feeling  aud  of  bled  round  the  tomb.  It  was  not  without 

a  sound  judgment    He  received  and  difficulty  that  tlie  persons  carrying  the 

spoke  of  Englishmen  with  delight,  and  coffin,  with  the  friends  of  the  deceased, 

he  has  been  known,  on  more  occasions  were  able  to  get  within  the  circle.      No 

than  one,  abruptly  to  quit  a  French  religious  rites  were  performed  over  the 

saloon  In  which  the  English  nation  was  body ;  but  speeches  were  made  over  his 

bein^  calumniated.    Talma,  to  the  last,  grave  by  his  colleague,  Lafoh,  and  by 

was  m  full  possession  of  his  faculties,  the    two     tragic    writers,    Jouy    and 

On  being  told  that  the  archbishop  of  Arnault.    The  death  of  Talma  excited 

Paris  bad  called  almost  daily,  and  had  great  scnsationthroughoutall  the  French 

been  regulariy  refused  admittance,  he  provinces.     At  Strasboiirg,  an  apotlieo- 

ohserved,  "  1  am  much  obliged  to  him  sis  of  Talma  took  place  at  the  theatre, 

for  his  kindness,  and  my  first  visit  shall  and   all   the   performers  appeared   in 

be   to   thank  htm  for   his    attentions,  mourning.    The  same  ceremony   took 

Sliould  I  get  worse,  pray  keep  the  priests  place  at  Lyons,  and  in  some  other  large 

from  me.  What  can  thev  want  with  mc  ?  towns.    At  Valenciennes,   the  inhabit- 

Do  they  want  me  to  abjure  a  profession  ants  claim  tlie  honour  of  being  fcllow- 

to  which  I  owe  all  my  fame,  an  art  which  town's-men  of  Talma,  as  they  fancy  he 

I  idolize,  and  retract  forty  of  the  proudest  was  born  at  Paix,  a  village   near  Va- 

years  of  my  life;    separate  ray  cause  lenciennes.    The  journal  of  that  city 

from  that  of  my  comrades,  and  "declare  states,  that  there  is  a  hamlet  in  the 

them  in&mous  ?    Never !   Never !"    A  neighbourhood  which  bears  the  name  of 

few  moments  before  his  death,  he  said.  Talma. 

in  a  low  voice,  "Voltaire!    Voltaire  !  20.  The  bon.'Mrs.  Green,  lady  of  John 

like  Voltaire  !"      He  expired  without  Green,  esq.  of  Greenmount,  and  aunt  to 

suffering  any  apparent  pain ;    he  only  lord  Massy. 

complained  that  there  appeared  a  cloud  —  At  Paris,  count  Franyois-Antoine 

before  his  eyes.     He  told  his  nephew  Boissy-d'Anglas,  a  peer  of  France,  and 

(Amadee  Talma,  M.  P.)  **  The  doctors  member  of  the  Institute.    He  was  born 

know  nothing  about  my  disorder;  let  Dec.  8th,    1756,   and    sustained  with 

roy  body  be  opened,  it  may,  perhup",  be  ctjual  firmness  and  moderation,  a  public 

of  some  use  to  my  fellow-ci-eatures."  part    in    the    perilous    times    of   the 

The  remainsof  Talma  were  carried  from  revolution.  Being  chosen  deputy  to  the 

))ii  bouse  to  the  cemetery  of  P^re  la  States  General  from  Annonay,  ho  oom- 


284      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— Oct. 

roenced  hi9  political  career  by  an  absurd  Von  Orclli,  an  eminent  philologist,  &nd 

declaration  which  be  ever  afterwards  writer  on  eiibjects  of  philosophy  and 

scrupulously  maintained — namely,  that  literary  history, 

the  Tiers  Ktat  alone  really  constituted  2ii.  At  Clin*-ville,  the   residence  of 

the  National  Assembly.    He  was  after-  John  Toralinsoni  esq.  Eliza,  dau^ter  of 

wards     appointed    Procureur    General  the  late  £dw.  Ombler,  e^q.ofCamertOD- 

Syndic  ot  tlie  department  of  Ordiche,  liall,  Yorkshire,  and  niece  to  Mis.  Tom- 

where  he  succeeded  in  preserving  the  linson. 

public  tranquillity  during  that  stormy  —  In  bis  82od  year,  M.  Philippe 

period.    On  every  occasion,  and  in  all  Pinei,  honorary  professor  of  Medidae, 

the  various  offices  to  which  he  was  snc-  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Iloaour,  &c 

cessively  called,  he  uniformly  showed  The  remains  of   this  illustrious 


himself  the  friend  of  the  weak,  the  ad-  were  followed  to  the  barial-giouiid  of 

versary  of  what  be  deemed  oppression,  Pere  la   Chaise   by  a  numeroos  titia 

tlie  advocate  of  the  liberty  of  the  press,  of  medical  men,  S&c.  and  discourses  ia 

of  liberty  of  conscience,  and  of  personal  honour  of  his  memory  were  delivered  by 

liberty.    The  energy  of  his  character  MM.  Pariset,   Rostan,  Andouard,  and 

equalled  the  rectitude  of  his  principles :  Geofirey  St.  Hilaire,  who  paid  a  jait 

of  this  he  gave  a  noble  proof  on  the  me-  tribute  to  the  services  he  bad  done  the 

morable  1st  of  Prairial,  1795.  M.  Boissy  profession,  and  to  his  zealous  labours  in 

d'AngkiS  vras  at  that  period  a  member  behalf  of  suflering  humanity.    His  two 

of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  :  tlie  principal  works    are,    '' Nososogiapbie 

hall  where  the  meetings  were  held  was  Pbilosopbiquc/'and^'Tnut^dePAh^- 

on  that  day  besieged  by  a  furious  mob,  ation  Men  tale." 

who  had  been  instigated  to  seditious  27.     At  Waresley-park,  the  seat  of 

conduct  by  the  leaders  of  the  opposite  her  uncle,  visct.  Mandcville,  Eliz.  eldest 

parties.  The  gates  were  at  length  burst  daughter  of  col.  and  lady  Eliz.  Steele. 

oped,  and  a  number  of  men  and  women,  —  At  Ufracombe,  Jess^  Foot.  esq.  a 

armed  with  muskets,  knives,  swords,  and  gentleman  long  known,  and  deservedly 

other   weapons,   eutered.    The  presi-  esteemed  in  the  medical    world.    He 

dent  Vernier,  and  Dumont,  had  succes-  had  reached  his  83rd  year,  and  retained 

sively  quitted  the  chair,  on  which  it  was  his  faculties  to  tbe  lasU    He  was  bora 

taken  by  Boi:!isy-d'AngIa8,  who  maintain-  at  Charlton,  in  Wiltshire.     On  his  first 

ed  the  situaU<m  undauntedly,  in  spite  of  coming  to  London  he  became  apprentice 

the  menaces  of  the  infuriated  multitude,  to  his  unrle,  a  respectable  apothecary  in 

and  tbe  firing  of  guns,  many  of  which  Hatton    Garden,    but    finding  himself 

were  aimed  at  himself.  A  party  of  these  superior  in  capacity  and  knowledge  to 

wretches  presented  to  him  on  a  pike  the  his  master,  he  entered  at  the  Londoo 

head  of  the  deputy,  Ferrand,  who  had  hospitals.    He  went  early  in  life  upoo  s 

been  murdered  by  them  in  one  of  the  particular  mission  to  the  island  of  Nevis, 

corridors.    On  beholding  thin  bleeding  and  afterwards  to  Russia,  where,  pa^siag 

fragment  of  his  massacred  colleague,  the  an  examination  in  tbe  Latin  tongae, 

president  rose  from  his  seat  and  bowed  under  professor  Pallas,  he  was  admitted 

to  it  with  respect.    At  length,  after  six  as  a  privileged  practitioner  at  tbe  college 

hours  of  dreadful  tumult  and  carnage,  an  of  St.  Petersburf^h,  where  the  Russiins 

armed  force  succeeded  in  expelling  the  wanted  good    English   surgeons.    Mr. 

mob,  and  M.  Boissy  retired  from  the  Foot    had    every   encouragement    lo 

hall  unhurt.  remain  In  Russia,  but  he  was  anxkms  to 

24.  At  Geneva,  tbe  hon.  and  rev.  return  to  his  own  country ;  and,  after 
Robert  Samuel  Leslie  Melville,  brother  undergoing  an  examination  at  Surgeons' 
to  the  earl  Of  Leven  and  Melville.  He  Hall,  under  the  celebrated  Perdvtl 
was  the  fourth  son  of  Alexander  the  lato  Pott,  whose  talents  he  held  in  the 
earl,  by  .lane,  daughter  of  John  Thorn-  highest  veneration,  he  became  boose- 
ton,  esq.  of  London  ;  was  of  Trinity  surgeon  to  the  Middlesex-hospital,  then 
College,  Cambridge,  M.A.  1812,  and  in  a  very  flourishing  state.  He  sooo 
was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Great  after  commenced  practice  for  himself  in 
Toy  cum  Pontisbright  in  Essex,  by  Salisbury-street,  Strand,  and  afterwards 
Samuel  Thornton,  esq.  in  1816.  in  Dean-street,  Soho,  where  he  resided 

—  At   his    seat,    Edlingtoa  -  grove,  for  many  years,  and  by  his  various  pro- 

Rirhanl  Samuel  Short,  esq,  fessional    publioaiions    and    succewfid 

25,  AtZuridJj^gcd56,dohfinnConrtjd  pr^cti^e^  (icquired  fi  |iand§OD}C  foft«»fi 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         285 

DEATHS^Nov. 
He  continued  in  practice  till  a  very  surviving  child  of  the  right  hon.  Fred, 
advanced  age,  when  he  purchased  an  Jolin  Robinson,  cliancellor  of  the  Ex- 
annoity  of  government,  and  about  four  chequer,  and  lady  Sarah,  only  child  of 
yemrs  ago  fixed  his  residence  at  Ilfra-  Robert,  fourth  and  late  earl  of  Bucking- 
combe.  Besides  his  numerous  profes-  hamshire.  Her  remains  were  interred  in 
sional  works,  Mr.  Foot  published: — A  the  family  vault  at  Norton,  in  Lancashire. 
Defence  of  the  Planters  in  the  West*  Lately,  At  her  house  in  Montagu-sq. 
Indies,  comprised  in  four  arguments :  Jane,  dowager  countess  of  Normanton. 
1.  On  comparative  Humanitv;  S.  Oh  She  was  the  eldest  daughter  of  Wm. 
comparative  Slavery ;  3.  On  the  African  Benson,  esq.  by  Frances,  daughter  of 
Slave-trade ;  and  4,  on  the  Condition  of  Geo.  Macartney  Powis,  esq.  and  was 
the  Negroes  in  the  West^Indies,  1792,  married  Nov.  ^,  1776,  to  the  right  rev. 
8vo.;  the  Life  of  John  Hunter,  1794,  Charges  Agar,  then  archhp.  of  Cashell, 
8vo. ;  Dialogues  between  a  Pupil  of  the  and  ^erwards  archbp.  of  Dublin  and 
late  John  Hunter  and  Jess^  Foot«  1795,  earl  of  Normanton.  By  his  Grace  she 
8vo.;  Observations  on  the  Speech  of  had  issue  :  the  right  hon.  Welbore-EUii, 
Mr.  WUberforce  in  Parliament,  May,  the  present  earl ;  the  hon.  Geo.  Charles 
1804,  for  the  Abolition  of  the  Slave-  Agar,  F.R.S.  *,  the  hon.  and  rev.  James 
trade,  1S05, 8vo. ;  The  Lives  of  A.  R.  -  Agar ;  Henry-William,  who  died  an 
Bowe;!,  esq.  and  the  Countess  of  Strath-  infant ;  and  Frances-Anne,  now  widow 
more  his  wife,  1810, 8vo. ;  Life  of  Arthur  of  the  late  viscount  Hawarden. 
Murphy,  esq.  bv  ^Jesa^  Foot,  esq.  his  In  Arlington-street,  aged  88,  William 
executor,  1811,  4to.  Prater,  esq. 

—  At  Langley  Farm,  Beckenham,  sir  In  Sloane-street,  Ann,  widow  of  rev. 

Wm.  Bellin^hani,  bart.  F.A.S.  a  director  Frogmore  Cumming,  vicar  of  Carding- 

of  Greenwich-hospital,    and   formerly  ton,  Bedfordshire. 

lec^ver-generalofAhe  land  and  assessea  At  Corbv,  near  Carlisle,  aged   102, 

taxes  for  the  dty  of  London.    He  was  Joseph  Liddle,  one  of  the  Society  of 

descended  from  a  younger  brother  of  sir  Friends.    He  retained  his  faculties  to 

Henry  Bellingham,  of  Helsingtun,  West-  the  last,  and  managed,  till  within  a  few 

moreiand,  who  was  created  a  baronet  in  years  of  his  death,  an  extensive  garden. 

1630,  but  died  s.  p,  in  1650 ;  and  was  He  was  a  shoemaker  by  trade,  aAd  was 

the  fourth  son  of  Alan  Bellingham,  of  working  at  a  shop  in  the  market-place 

Cattle  BellinghAm,  co.  Louth,  by  Alice,  at  Preston,  when  the  rebels  entered  that 

daughter  and  coheir  of  the  rev.  Hause  town  in  174^)1. 

Montgomery,  rector  of  Killinsliee.    He  At  Havre-de  Grace,  rear-adm.  John 

was  created  an  English  bart.  March  16,  Monkton. 

1796,  with  remainder  to  the  issue  male  At  Chelmsford,  aged  55,    Priscilla, 

of  bis  fother,  and  is  succeeded  by  one  wife  of  sir  James  G&daile,  knight, 
of  hi 8  nephews. 

38.  In  Upper  Se)nnour-fctreet,  aged  NOVEMBER. 
8d,  Anne,  widow  of  James  Whyte,  esq. 

and  great  aunt  to  sir  Henry  John  Lam-  1.  William  Barnes  Rhodes,  esq.   of 

bert,    bart.     She  was  daughter  of  sir  Bedford-street,    Bedford -square.      He 

John,  the  second  bart  by  Mary,  daughter  was  bom  on  Christmas-day,  1772,  and 

of  Tempest  Holmes,  esq.  one  of  the  was  the  second   son  of   lUchard  and 

commissioners  of  the  Victualling-office.  Mercy  Rhodes,  of  Leeds.  His  education 

^0.  At  Boutogne-sur-Mer,    on   her  is  said  to  have  been  on  rather  a  limited 

return  from  Switzerland,  the  lady  of  F.  scale,  he  being  intended  for  mercantile 

Thruston,  esq.  of  Weston  Hall,  Suffolk,  pursuits,  and  commencing  his  career  in 

—  At  Rolleston-hall,  Eliz.  Goodman,  the  humble  department  of  writer  in  an 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  sir  Edward,  attorney's  office.  Abput  tbe  year  1799, 
and  sister  of  the  prSscntsir  Henry  Every,  he  obtained  a  permanent  situation  as  a 
of  Egginton,  bart.                           *  clerk  in  the  Bank  of  Enghmd,  where  his 

31.  At  Ban7*s-hoteI,  Edinburgli,  sir  strict  attention,  assiduity,  and  integrity, 

Stephen  Shairp,of  RuBseIl-placc,Fitzroy-  induced  the  governors,  about  three  years 

square,    late  his    Britannic    majesty's  since,  to  promote  him  to  the  situation  of 

consul -general  at  St  Petersburgh.     He  a  chief  teller.    His  duty  at  the  Bank 

was  l:nighted  Sept.  17, 1806.  daily  atforded  a  very  few  hours  of  leisure, 

—  At  Blackheatli,  aged  11,  Eleanor  of  which  his  pci*severing  xeal  made  duo 
fle^riettn  Victoria,  ilaug^hter  ;^uU  Usf  advantage.    At  tho  Roxburgh  eale,  i^ 


S8» 


NUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


DEATHS.— Nov. 
June  1812^  he  Is  suppoeed  to  have  first  11.  Aged  80,  Thomas  Coltono,  esq. 
inaterially   enlarged   his  collection  of  of  Harnaby  Priory,  many  ywirs  chair- 
theatrical  pieces,  aQd  by  April  1825^  ft  man  of  the  quarter  sessions   fin*  the 
period  fiot  exceeding  thi|-teeii  yeare^  south  division  of  lindsey. 
whea  his   own   library  was  sold    by  —  fn  Kensington-square,  aged  88| 
Mr.  9otheb7>  he  had  accumulated  no  cplonel  Harnage.    He  waa  an  active 
less   than  3,918   lots  relative  to  (h^  patron  of  the  Philanthropic  Society,  and 
drama.    As  an  author,  his  &ncy  In-  a  truly  good  man. 
dulged  In  a  playftd  revelry  of  satire  )8.  AtChelteuhaniitnltfsSSQdyear, 
anaburiesoue  humour.    He  published|  sir  ^i^nes  B^on^c,  fonperiy  d^lef  justice 
with  bii  p^vme,   *' Epigrams,  |n   two  inCviada. 

books,*' in  1803,  and  some  ''ficcentric  ^  At  Bmssels,  |i|  hh  82iid  yesr, 

tales,  in  verse,  by  (Cornelius  Cr^mbp.*'  M^  pierre  P^neL    On  the  10th  A^. 

1808.    But  his  most  popular  and  well-  17^  wheu  the  unfbrtunate  Louli  XYu 

knoi^n  production   was   the  ludicrous  sought  an  asylum  in  the  Hall  of  Htntt- 

*'  Bi^lcsque  Tragic  Opera,  Bombastes  sentatives,  M .  Paganel,  th^i  one  ci  tl»e 

Furioso,''fir8tp«i^rm?^AttheTi>^tre  deputi^  of  the  I^fegislative  As*c^%f 

Royal.    Haymarket,    Aurust  7>  1810.  boldly  addressed  the  infuriated  popo- 

Affer  being  oiten  surreutiuouslv  printed  lace,  at  the  imminent  danger  of  bis  ova 

in  London.  Dublin,  and  New  York,  ^he  life,  and  declared  that  the  royal  penoo 

author,  in  1822,  was  induced  to  simction  was  inviolable.    His   energy  00  tltif 

a  publication  of  this  whimsical  trifle  occasion  awed  the  multitude,  and  n^ed 

witn  fkis  name.  his  sovereign.    Throughout  the  whole 

4.  At  fiast  Grove,  near  Cove,  oountv  of  his  poiiuod  career,  m.  Psgancl  ^ 

of  Cork,  aged  50,  the  right  hoi^  Wil^  Anguished  himself  ^y  li\s  love  of  jostice 


liaip  Bagwell,  of  Marme)d  House, 
coun^  Tippcrary,  a  privy  ooupciljqr 
in  Ireland,  colonel  of  the  Tipperary 
militia,  joint  muster-mastor-genem,  8bcp 
—  At  Barfaam,  at  the  advaqced  a^e 
of  9^,  John  Jennln^.  He  was  the 
rep^ular  postman  ftrom  Ipswich  to  N^ed- 
ham  and  Stowmarket,  for  the  long 
period  of  fif^-two  years.  After  tiiis  he 
was  employed  as  the  postman  to  Barham 
and  Coddenham  for  a  period  of  fifteen 


anq  humanity.  A^  ^  literary  niaiu  be 
has  obtained  deserved  celebrity  I7  his 
"  Essai  Historique  et  Critique  sor  it 
Revolution,''  $  torn.  8vo.  P^Hs,  1815. 
^e  also  published  an  excellent  Ufosla- 
tion  of  dssti'9  Animal!  Piarlanti*  3  torn. 
12mOr  liege,  |8i8 ;  and  various  disser^ 
tations,  all  distinguished  by  elegance  of 
style :  <*  L'Anciennet^  du  Globe  et  de 
)a  Terre ;"  "  Cause  de  la  Dur^  de  k 
Monaixhie  des  Cblnois,'*  Sec  &c   TIk 


yei^rs;  ^nd  for  the  last  nine  years  only  urbanity  of  l)is  manners  was  equalled 

of  his  life  be  had  relinquished  this  his  only  by  the  benevolence  of  his  heait; 

daily  occupation.  nor  did  even  extreme  age  diminish  the 

5.  In  Duke-st.,  Manchester-square,  liveliness  of  his  feelings.    *'  Mes  bpas 

aged  71,  sir  Richard  Hardinge,  bart.  amis,"  said  he.  a  short  time  previom 

survevor-general    of  the   Custom^   in  to  his  death,  <Me  le  sens,  moffcfsorDe 

Dublin.    He    was  the    eidith  son   of  vieillirajamais.'^'    M.  P^nel  was  bora 

Nicholas  Hardinge,  esq.  clerk  of  the  at  Filleneuve-sur-Lot,  ^uly  Slst,  17^* 


House  of  Commons,  by  Jane,  daughter 
of  the  right  hon.  sir  John  Pratt,  lord 
rhief  Justice  of  the  King's  Bench,  and 
sister  to  lord  cbancel|or  Camden, 

—  At  Higham,  a  hamlet  of  the 
j^rish  of  Qazeley,  aged  7$  Jfars. 
Thomas  Batiey^  commonly  called  Blind 
Tom,  who  had  been  deprived  of  sight 
horn  his  youth.  He  was  the  regular 
postman  for  the  conveyance  of  parcels 
and  letters  fh)m  Gazeley  to  Hi^am, 
and  this  he  did  without  the  guidance 
either  of  a  fellow-creature  or  a  dog. 

11,  In  Bdward-st.,  Portman-square, 
Bllzabeth,  relict  of  Edward  Horiock 
Mortimer,  esq,  of  Pc]|efie)d-bouse,  near 
Tr^frbridge, 


21.  At  East  Bamet,  aged  74|  Hefi0 
Warre,  esq.  rear-adin\ral,  R.  N. 

^.   At  Ashling,   near   Oilcbester, 
rcar-adm.  Stair  Douglas. 

23.  At  Berlin,  the  celebrated  astio- 
nomer,  Johann  Elert  Pode,  vbojnA 
born  at  Hamburgh,  Jan.  19th.  17^ 
His  first  work,  written  when  be  "ts 
quite  a  youth,  was  an  accouot  of  the 
eclipse  in  1766 ;  two  yean  altervarda, 
he  published  his  Astronomiaches  Lehr- 
bucli,  a  work  that  baa  since  pssird 
through  a  g^reat  many  editkas*  !■ 
1772,  he  was  appointed  astitvopMr  Is 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  BcA* 
Hii  Astroporalschen  Jahri>iiehflr|^iA 

commf  Ac#d  In  1774i  nnd  bli  Ron* 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         287 

DEATHS.-^Dbo. 
AUm,    hftva  obtalotd  for  him  great    He  made  beqnesis  to   various  public 
reputation  with  the   tdentifio   world.     iuBtitutions  at  Lausanne,  and  left  his 
*Jr*e    latt«r   contains   no   fewer    than     collection  of  minerals  to  the  govern- 
17,940  stars.  ment,  for  the   use  of  a  professor  of 

34.  At  the  Royal  »Clitary  College,     mineralogy,    and   his    library  to   the 


Sandhurst,  Edward  Jacobs  second  son 
of  H.  8.  Partridge,  esq.  of  Hockhara 
Hall,  Norfolk. 

SA.  In  Albemarle-street,  aged  79, 
lieuL-geB.  Alexander  Kyd. 

—  At  Maida-hill,  WlUiam  C^ur 
Royaiy  esq.  many  years  lieut-col.  of  the 
6l8t  regiment,  with  which  be  served  in 
the  West  faidies.  He  was  appointed 
adjutant  58th  foot,  Dec  81, 1799 ;  lieot. 
Oct.  89. 1794 ;  capUin,  April  25, 1799 ; 
major  6lst  foot.  Dec.  2d,  1U07 :  and 
li«ut.*ool.  July  23,  1818. 

86.  John  Nichols,  esq.  P.S.A.  for 
nearly  fifty  years  the  editor  c^  the  Gen- 
tleman's Magasine. 

—  In  ^ore-street,  Bedford-square, 
affed  70,  Anne,  sole  surviving  daughter 


academy  6i  that  city. 

Lately,  At  Petersfield,  Mr.  Thomas 
Bonhami  alderman  of  Bortsmouth. 

D£CEMbi:h. 

I.  At  CfoydoN,  aged  76,  Mr.  Fmneis 
Peltoe,  lats  chief  surveyor  of  his 
mi^sty's  exports. 

8.  At  Spring  Grove,  Mary  Anne, 
wife  of  sir  Charles  Prioe,  bart.  and 
daughter  of  William  King,  esq.  of  King- 
street,  Covent-garden. 

-*  At  the  Manor-house,  High  Beach, 
Charlotte,  relict  of  Rev.  T.  Howell,  of 
Cbarton. 

3.  At  his  fotfaer'e,  Brompton,  aged 


€tf  the    late  Joseph  Hlckey,    esq.   of    80,  Mr.  Clement!,  son  of  Musio  Cle- 


Twickenham. 

87.  In  CanonburjNplaoe,  aged  64, 
WiUiafn  Knight,  esq.  of  Ooswelnstreet. 

—  Bamh  Anne,  wife  of  Mr.  George 
Daranda,  surgeon,  of  Clareraont-terrace, 
FentonvUle,  and  youngest  daughter  of 
the  late  Mr.  Mardi|  stationer,  of  Jjud- 
gate-hlll. 

—  In  Upper  Seymour-street,  West, 


menti,  the  celebrated  musical  composer. 
This  unfortunate  voung  gentleman  owed 
his  death  to  the  accidental  explosion  of 
a  pistol,  ^e  contents  of  which  passed 
through  bis  heart. 

4.  At  the  Royal  Naval  Hospital, 
Stonehouse,  aged  80,  Richard  Creyke, 
esq.  governor  of  that  establishment^ 
resident  commissioner  of  the  victualling 


Frances,  seccmd  surviving  daughter  of    at  Plymouth,  and  a  post  captain,  R.  N. 
the  late  John  ^richonse,  esq.  of  West-         ^    -^^  *        ^     .. 

minster. 

^.  At  Walworth,  aged  86,  Thomas 
Preston,  esq, 

29.  Aged  61,  the  wife  of  Matthias 
March,  esq.  of  Gosport. 

—  In  Upper  Harley-street,  aged  72, 
Mrs.  Metnck,  of  Morden  House, 
Surrey^rclict  of  Owen  Putland  Meyrick, 
esq.  of  B6dorgan,  Anglesey. 

—  In  Wcymouth-strcet,  aged  53,  the 
wife  of  George  Dorrien,  esq.  a  Bank  di- 
rector, and  only  sister  of  William  Henry 
AshhurHt,  esq.  M.  P.  for  Oxfordshire. 

—  At  J^usanne,  Henri  Struve,  the 
celebrated  cben^ist  and  mineralogist. 
He  WHS  bom  in  1751,  and  after  having 
finjstied  his  studies  at  Tubingen,  on 
vetuming  to  his  natiye  country,  was 
appointed    professor  extraordinary   of 


6.  At  Laura-plaoe,  Southampton,  73, 
Matilda,  relict  of  Paul  Cobb  Methuen, 
esq.  of  Corsbam  House,  Wilts,  and  aunt 
of  sir  T,  8.  Gooch,  bart.  She  was  the 
eldest  daughter  of  sir  Thomas,  the  3rd 
bart.,  by  Anne,  daughter  and  heiress  of 
John  Atwood,  esq. ;  was  married  to 
Mr.  Methuen  in  1776,  and  was  mother 
of  the  present  Paul  Methuen,  esq.,  of 
the  present  lady  Walsingham,  the  hon. 
Mrs.  F.  J.  Noel,  three  other  sons,  and 
three  other  daughters. 

7.  At  Truro,  after  eleven  weeks  of 
extreme  suffering,  in  consequence  of  a 
blow  accidentally  received  from  his 
horse  whilst  hunting,  aged  76,  John 
Vivian,  esq.  vice-warden  of  the  Stan^ 
naries  of  Ooniwall,  and  for  many  years 
one  of  the  chairmen  of  the  quarter 
sessions  of  the  county.    He  was  a  man 


chemistry.    M.  Struve  is  the  author  of     of  the  highest  principles  of  honour  and 
the  following  works:    Methoije    Ana-     liberality,   and  extraordinary  strength 


lytiqqe  des  Fossilcs,  1797.  4io.;  Recueil 
des  M<$moires  sur  les  Salines,  )803; 
Pcscription  des  Salines  d'Aigle.  1804; 
Fra^ens  sur  |a  Theorie  des  Sources, 
)m}  AbHgtf  do  Geologic,  m%  A(o, 


and  activity  of  mind,  which  he  most 
effectually  employed  in  promoting  the 
oomraerce  of  Cornwall.  He  has  left 
two  ions,  major^gf  n.  sir  Hussey  Vivian, 

K.  0»  B»  tii^iwy  to  bit  rw^wtf >  w^ 


288   '  AJNNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— Dw. 

M.  P.  for  Windsor,  and  John  Henry  Jate  peer,  April  2,  1819;  and  itisbe- 

Vivian«  esq.  of  Marino,  near  Swansea.  lieved  that,   although  the  barony  has 

7.  John  Flaxman,  e&q.  R.  A.  Prof,  existed  for  above  Uro  centuries,  he  ms 
Sculpture  Royal  Acad.  This  celebrated  the  first  lord  Dormer  that  ever  sat  in 
arti&t,  who  was  born  in  17^4,  may  justly  the  House  of  Peers,  his  lordship  having 
be  said  to  have  excelled  all  his  country-  conscientiou^y  and  piously  rejected  the 
men  in  genius,  and  to  have  raised  tlie  errors  of  popery,  and  conformed  him- 
British  school  of  sculpture  to  a  pitch  it  self  to  the  Established  Church.  The 
had  never  before  attained.  His  compo-  J)arony  of  Dormer  has  devolved^on  col. 
sitions  from  Homer  and  Dante  are  ^Joseph  Dormer,  of  the  Himgarian  ser- 
fraught  with  the  richest  poetry,  and  vice,  a  cousin  of  the  deceased  peer. 
imbued  with  the  very  spirit  of  poetry ;  9.  At  Chalk,  aged  51,  Frances,  wHe 
while  his  Shield  of  Achilles ;  his  Monu-  of  William  Brown,  esq. 
ments  of  Reynolds,  Nelson,  Lord  Mans-  11.  At  Pimlico^  aged  83  the  widow 
field.  Sir  William  Joi^es,  the  Marquis  of  of  general  Burnet. 
Hastings,  &c. ;  his  colossal  statue  of  the  •  12.  In  Regency-square,  Brighton, 
Archangel  Michael,  &c.  equally  attest  aged  46,  the  right  hon.  Charles  Kin- 
iiis  powers  as  an  eminently  gifted  naird,  eighth  baron  Kinnaird  of  Inch- 
sculptor.  He  was  a  man  of  deep  reli-  ture,  Perthshire,  F.R.S.and  S.  A.  His 
gious  sentiment,  and  said  to  be  attached  lordship  was  born  April  7,  1780,  the 
to  the  doctrine^  of  Swedenborg.  second   but   eldest    surviving   son   of 

B.  Aged  25,  Graham,  5th  son  of  sir  George  the  late  peer.    At  the  geoeial 

Henry  Oxenden,  7th  hart,  of  Dean,  and  election  in  1802  he  was  returned,  alter 

Alary,  daughter  of  colonel  Graham,  of  a  contest  of  two  days,  M.P.  for  the 

St.  Lawrence,  near  Canterbury.  borough   of    Leominster, .  and    during 

9.  At  Winkton-house,  near  Christ-  three  sessions  he  showed  himself  a  very 

church,    in    her    19th    year,    Maria,  active  member  of  the  opposition,  fre* 

youngest  daughter    of   the   late  John  qucntly  speaking,  and  with  considerable 

]Barnes,   esq.    of   East   Finchley,   and  credit.    Having  succeeded  his  father, 

niece  of  James  Jopp,  esq.  of  Winkton-  Oct  21,  1805,  a  new  writ  was  ordered, 

bouse.  Jan.  21,  1806,  and  his  place  filled  by  the 

—  At  Abbots  Ripton,  Hunts,  aged  hon.  Charles  Lamb.  At  the  genend 
83,  John  Roper,  esq.  election  of  December,  1806,  be  vas 

.  —  Aged  65,  Harriet,  wife  of  Samuel  chosen  a  representative  peer  of  Scotland, 

Shord,  esq.  of  Norton  Hall.  but  this  he  continued  only  a  few  months, 

—  At  Broadstairs,  the  right  hon»  being  an  unsuccessful  candidate  at  the 
Bridget,  lady  Teynbam.  She  was  election  in  June,  1807*  He  nev« 
daughter  and  coheiress  of  Thomas  afterward  sat  in  either  bouse ;  tar, 
Hawkins,  of  Nash  Court,  Kent,  esq.  though  possessed  of  no  ordinary  tiilents, 
was  married  May  21,  1788,  to  Henry  his  ill  health  forbade  exertion.  The 
Francis  Roper  Curzon,  esq.  (now  lord  name  of  his  brother,  the  hon.  Douglas 
Teynham),  and  was  the  mother  of  Kinnaird,  is  well  known  in  the 
fifteen  children,  ten  sons  and  five  political  arena.  Lord  Kinnaird  nuu-- 
daughters,  five  of  whom  died  infants.  ried.  May  8,  1806,  lady  Olivia- Led tia- 

—  At  Terriers  House,  Bucks,  the  Catherine  Fitzgerald,  seventh  and  young* 
right  hon.  John  Evelyn  Pierrepoint  est  daughter  of  tlie  present  duke  of 
Dormer,  tenth  baron  Dormer,  and  tenth  Leinster.  By  tliis  lady,  who  survives 
baronet  of  Wing,  in  that  county,  and  a  him,  he  had  three  sons  and  two  daugb- 
eaptain  in  the  army*    His  lordship  was  ters. 

the  only  son  of  Charles,  8th  lord  Dor-  13.  At  Rathmines,  near  Dublin,  after 

mer,  by  his  second  wife,  the  relict  of  a  short  illness,  aged  46,  the  right  hofu 

general   Mordaunt,    and  was   a   twin-  Luke  Dillon,  second  baron  Clonbrock  of 

brother  of  Mrs.  Portman,  lady  of  the  Clonbtock,  co.  Gal  way.      His  lordship 

late    Henry    Bericeley   Portman,    esq.  was  bom  April  25,  1780;  succeeded  bis 

M.  P.  and  uncle  of  the  present  member  &ther  Robert,  July  22,  \lif3,  and  mar- 

for  Dorsetshire.    He  married,  Nov.  6,  ried  at  Ardfry,    co.  Galway,   Jan.  6, 

1795,    lady    Erusabeth    Kerr,     eldest  1803,   the  hon.  Anastatia  Blake,  only 

daughter  of  Will.  John,  iith  marquess  daughter  and  hcirciis  of  Joseph-Henry, 

of  Lothian^  K.  T.  but  by  her  ladyship,  first  lord  Wallscourt,  of  that  place,  by 

who  died  iu  18:^,  had  no  issue.    He  lady    Louisa-Catherine     BircpinglMm, 

4uec<?f de4  his  Imlf-biQtUer  CMe^  the  tbird dRusl)tc^a^d  qoheircsipf Ttoa»^ 


APPENDIX    TO  CHRONICLE.         289 

DEATHS.— Dec. 

Henry  carl  of  LouUi,  and  twenty-second  attack.   lie  has  left  behind  bim  a  "  Dic- 

and  last  lord  Atheniy.    By  this  lady,  tionnairc  Portatif  de  Geographie.**  and 

who  died, June  5,  1806,  he  bad  issue :  1.  materials  for  a  "  Dictionniire  G6ogTA* 

Louisa,  born  August  2,  1805  ;  2.  Robert,  phique.  Critique  et  Raisonne."*' 

now  lord  Clon brock,  born  March  29,  14.  At  his  house,  aged  71,  William 

1S07 ;  3.  Joseph,  who  died  an  infant ;  Twopenny,  esq.  of  Woodstock. 

4.  Letitia,  born  Sept.  1,  1809.  .  —  At  Hawkeshead  Vicarage,    Lan- 

14.  At  Parts,   Conrad  Maltc-Brun.  cashire,    Anne,'  wife  of   rev.    George 

This  distinguished  geographer  was  born  Park,  and  only  sister  of  sir  Robert  Peel, 

hi  Jutland,  in  Dec.  177^*  and  received  bart. 

hfs  education  in  tlie  University  of  Copen-  —  In  Charles-street,  Berkeley-square, 
hftgen,  where  he  distinguished  himself  Charles  Moore,  esq.  second  son  of  the 
by  his  attainments  in  philosophy  and  late  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
the  classic.  His  parents  intended  him  —  At  Brighton,  aged  28,  Mary-Annc- 
for  the  church,  but  he  preferred  dcdi-  Rachael,  sister  to  sir  Hugh  PaHiser, 
eating  himself  exclusively  to  literature  ;  bart.  Slie  was  the  eldest  daughter  of 
and  published  a  collection  of  poems,  dis-  sir  Hugh,  the  late  and  second  baronet, 
playing  considerable  talent.  Among  byi  Mary,  daughter  and  coheiress  of 
these  his  Niels  Ebbenson.  and  his^  Ode  John  Yates,  of  Dedham,  Essex,  esq. 
on  the  Sea-fight  off  Tripoli,  are  es-  15.  In  Gloucester-place,  Brighton, 
teemed  two  of  the  best  productions  of  aged  71)  Katherine,  relict  of  Richard 
the  Danish  muse.  The  interest  he  took  Molesworth,  esq.  and  mother  of  the 
io  the  French  Revolution,  however,  present  and  seventh  viscount  Moles- 
gave  a  very  different  direction  to  his  worth. 

studies :  he  commenced  political  writer,  —  In  the  Strand,  aged  85,  Joseph 

and,  in  consequence  of  the  freedom  of  Cradock,  esq.  F.S.A. 

hisopinioos,wasobligedtoquitDenmark,  16.     At    Henbury  -  hall,    Cheshire, 

and  seek  an  asylum  In  Paris,  where  he  aged  63,  Margaret,  relict  of  Thomas 

at  first  supported  himself  by  teaching  Brooke,  esq.  of  Minshull,  sister  of  sir 

languages.    But  still  desirous  of  distin-  Foster  Cunliffe,  bart.  and  aunt  to  sir 

guishing  himself,  he  soon  directed  all  his  Richard  Brooke,  bart. 

attention  to  geographical  pursuits,  to  —  At   Schleswig,   August  Wilhelm 

which  he  applied  himself  for  fifteen  years  Von  Schack-Staffeldt,  a  Danish  poet  of 

with  unremitted  assiduity ;  and  in  1804,  some  celebrity,  who  was  born  at  Copcn- 

commenced,  in  conjunction  with  Men-  hagen,  in  1770.    The  finest  collection 

talle,  his  great  work,  "  Geographic  Ma-  of  his  poems,  chiefly  lyrical,  appeared  in 

th^matique,  Physique,  et  Politique,''  of  1804  ;  another  was  published  at  Keil, 

which  sixteen  volumes  appeared  from  in  1808. 

that  period  to  1807.    In  1808  he  under-  17.  In  Arlington-street,  aged  22,  the 

took  with  Eyrids  the  "AnnalesdesVoy.  hon.    George    Duncorobe,    Grenadier 

ages,"  s  very  valuable  work.  His^Pr^-  guards,    third  remaining  son  of  lord 

cis  de  la  Geographic  Universelle,"  is  Feversham. 

also  il  roonuntent  of  research,  Indus-  18.  Charles  St.  Vincent,  youngest  son 

try,  and  profound  learning.    He  was,  of  Charles  Chamberlain,  esq.  his  mnjcs- 

likcwise,    during  twenty-two  years,   a  ty's  consul  at  Carthagena. 

constant  contributor  to  the  Journal  des  21.  Margaret,  youngest  daughter  of 

D^bftts.    In  1815  appeared  his  masterly  sir  Sandford  Graham,  bart 

and  eloquent  work,  "Traill  de  la  Legi-  22.  At  Tooting,  aged  81,  lady  Welch, 

timit^,"  which  may  be  considered  as  a  relict  of  sir  Richard  Welch,  of  Eltham. 

recantation  of  the  political  errors  of  his  23.  At  Danett's-hall,  near  Leicester, 

youth.     Some  years  after,  he  made  ap-  Ellen,    widow  of   Edward    Alexander, 

pikationfor  permission  to  return  to  his  M.D.  eldest  daughter  and  co-heiress  of 

native  country,  which  was  granted ;  and  the  late  Samuel  Waterhouse,  esq.  of 

he  was  anxious  to  quit  France  in  the  Sum-  Halifax,  onfe  of  the  justices  of  the  peace, 

merofl826,  but,  being  prevented  by  the  and  deputy  lieutenant   for   the    West 

pressure  of  his  literary  engagements.  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 

was  obliged  to  defer  his  journey,  which  —  Lucretia-Grace,  wife  of  Thomas 

he  intended  should  have  taken  place  Turner,  of  Curzon-street,    M.D.  and 

the  following  Spring.     Buthewasdcs-  halfsisterof  sir  Charles  Blois,  bart  She 

tined  never  more  to  behold  the  land  of  was  the  eldest  daughter  of  sir  John,  the 

bit  birtb|beiD^carr^d  off  by  a  nervous  fifth  and  late  baroneti  by  bis  second 


29a      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

DEATHS.— Dec. 

wife,  Lucretia,  daughter  of  — — >  Ottley,  traction :  and  berc  he  defoted  himelf 

of  Uie  Island  of  St  Christopher,  esq.  inth  enthusiasm  to  making  dnviogs, 

and  was  married  to  Dr.  Turner,  Ja&.  fi«quently  pasting  whole  wedcs  toget^ 

14, 180lf.  in  tnat  employment,  and  in  cdlretin; 

25.  At  Clapton,  aged  &I,  Mary,  relict  tnaterials  for   his  noble  work,  **  hes 

of  James  Vaston,  esq.  ^  Ruines  de  Rimpeii."     He  next  pr»- 

—  At  Babington,  in  his  80tb  year,  ceeded  to  Investigate  the  renains  of 


Charles  Knatchbull,  esq. 

^.  At  fiesan$on,  ^ed  53,  Pierre 
Francois  Bri6t,  prc^essor  of  pathology, 
clini^  surgery,  Sec.  This  able  sur- 
geon,  well  known  to  the  public  by  Many 
original  treatises^  and  by  hia  translation 
of  Stein's  Traits  d'AccouchemenS,  &c. 
was  one  of  the  chief  founders,  and  most 
active  members,  of  the  medical  society 
ofBraan^on. 

31.  At  t^rts,  of  apoplexv,  Francois 
Mazois,  a  distinguished  aronitect,  and 
writer  on  suljecto  of  archeology  and  the 
fine  arts.  Mazois  was  bom  at  Lorietitt 
in  the  department  of  Morblhan,  Oct. 
12,  1?83,  and  was  educated  at  the  cen- 


Poestum;  measuring  and  dimwing  all 
the  remains  of  that  celebrated  city  with 
the  utmost  txactne^s.  These  laboin 
occupied  aoout  twelve  years,  after whidt 
he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  wis  em- 
ployed in  many  public  and  otiitle 
works,  and  was  engaged  to  male  de- 
signs for  a  palace  for  the  deputiei  of 
the  departments.    As  an  architect  his 

Srindpal  works  are :  the  restontioa  of 
16  palace  at  l^rtid,  the  restorstiMi  of 
the  convent  and  church  ol  the  Trinity 
at  Rome ;  various  Improvements  tn  die 
French  amba&aadoHk  palace.  In  the  ssoe 
city.  At  Paris  he  boUt  toot  verye(e> 
private  houses  in  the  Chtaipi- 


— ,   _. — , .        put    j.-..^-^ __ -. — , 

tral  school  at  Bourdeaux,  where  he  flys^es.  at  Paris;  alteratloiis  la  m 
'  parUcularly  applied  himself  to  drawing    archiepiscopal  palace  at  RheliBi;  tW 

and  maUiematical  studies^  and  made     passage   Choiseiil,  &«•  at  nita,  ftc 

His  literarv  and jgniphli!  prodnctiaB 
consist  of  ''Les  Rulnee  de  PonptH," 
ot  which   twenty  parts  In  loHo  hsic 


great  progress  in  those  pursuits.  Alter 
being  examined  by  Monge,  he  Was  ad- 
mitted into  the  Polytechnic  school.  His 
wishes  led  him  to  select  the  army  as  hts 
future  profession*  but  being  afflicted  with 
an  incurable  deamess,at  the  age  of  fifteen, 
he  changed  his  views,  and  applied  him- 
self to  architecture,  aS  the  next  pursuit 
most  congenial  to  hla^ taste.  After  stu- 
dving  a  short  time  under  Percier,  among 
wnose  pupils  he  soon  distinguished  him- 
self, he  determined  to  ex|^lore  the 
clasdc  soil  of  Italy,  which  his  fortune 
enabled  him  to  do  at  his  own  etpense. 
At  Rome  he  applied  himselt  not  only  to 


appeared,  forming  two-Uilrdt  ef  the 
whole ;  ^Le  Iwis  de  Scaums,''  9fn. 
a  very  interesting  and  eru^te  dr- 
scription  of  a  Roman  mansion:  *Uf 
Ruines  de  Piestum,'^  hitended  ss  a 
sequel  to  his  work  on  Pompeii,  t^afcr* 
innately  this  is  not  completely  pie^ctd 
for  publication,  but  there  is  ressoa  ts 
hope  that  it  will  yet  be  given  to  tbe 
public,  as  most  Of  the  plates  are  exe- 
cuted.  Besides  these  woits,  Utaif 
contributed  a  great  number  ot  limif 


the  study  of  the  remains  of  ancient  architects,  sculptors,  and  other  artftts* 

buildings  as  an  architect,  but  to  arch»-  to  the  iToilt,  entitled  **  Galerfe  FMd* 

ology  generally.    Having  acquired  some  (oise,''  and  a   variety  of  papers  «s 

celebnty  in  thst  city,  he  was  invited  to  archeological  subjects  to  dlflb^ent  jesr- 

Naples  by  Murat,  at  that  time  sovereign  nals.    He  was  also  preparing  a  *'lf^- 

of  the  South  of  Italy,  to  assist  In  cm-  moire  sur  les  Embdufisemens  de  Ht^ 

bellishing  his  capital.    The  vicinity  of  depuis  ISOO,*' 
Pompeii  was  to  him  an  irresistible  at- 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.        1191 


A   LIST 


OF   THE 


KING'S  MINISTERS  in  1826. 


E4rl  of  Liverpool  Firsi  Lord  of  the  Treasuty . 

EtriaTBldoll.* Lord- Chancellor. 

EviofHArim^by President  qf  the  Council. 

EarlofWestmdrUmd Lord  Priv^- Seal. 

Right  hoo.  Robert  Peel c..^#«  %.  ^/  (  ffome  Department. 

Right  horn  George  Canning SH!    "^iForeign. 

EariBathdrst * *     ^"^        (  Colomee and  War. 

Right  boD.  Fred.  John  Rdblnmn.* .  •  < •  Chatteeihr  of  ihe  Etecheyner. 

riMOunt  MelviUe ^...i FhH  Lordofthe  AdttUtatt^. 

DtilreofWellinftlon   .•«.•...«..**..•  Mtteter- General f^the  OrAnmce. 

Right  hon.  Charles  W.  WilUama  Wynn  Preeident  of  the  Board  cf  Contrtfl. 

lx»rdBexley  ; Chancetlof  qf  the  Dmihi^  tf  LaHeaeter. 

Righthon.  WiiliftmHn^Wseon J  '^'^'m^o/1^ 

ViMountSidniottth.«.k »w« 

The  above  form  the  CAniHkr. 

Duke  of  Montrose Lord  Chamberlain. 

MarqoiaCon]mgham....t«» Lord  Steteard. 

Duke  of  Dorset Master  of  the  Horse. 

Viscount  F^merston « Secretary  at  fVm\ 

Right  bon.  Sir  Charles  Long    , .  Paymaster  of  the  Forces. 

Right  bon.  Thomas  Wallace Master  of  the  Mint. 

Right  hon.  Charles  Grant Vice  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 

Earl  of  Chichester Poetmrnter-Qeneral. 

Viscount  Beresford  ^ Lientenant^Oeneml  qf  the  Ordnance. 

Right  hon.  Charles  Arbuthnot •  First  Con^iisioner  ^  Land  Bevenue. 

Sir  John  Singleton  Copley,  knt.  ..•«••  Attorney-  General. 

Sir  Charles  Wctberell,  knt Solicitor-  General. 

IRELAND. 

Marquis  Wel]eBley...<».* *.•  L^rd-Lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

Lord  Manners... Lord- Chancellor. 

Lord  Combermere Commander  of  the  Forces. 

%ht  hon.  Henry  Goulbum    4 *  CMef  Secretary. 

Right  hon.  sir  G.  Fi tigerald  HilJ,  bU  Fice-  Treasurer. 

Right  boD.  WUiHun  C.  nnnlieU  Attorney -General. 

Henry  Joy,  Hq,  ,., ..,„^  SoUcitor^General. 


292      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


FINANCE  ACCOUNTS 


=& 


PUBLIC  INCOME  OF  THE  UNITED 

An  Account  of  the  Ordinary   Rbvbnubs  and  Extraoedinait 

Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 


HEADS  OF  REVENUE. 


OR086  RECEIFT. 


ORDINARY  REVENUESs 


Cutomi 
Exdse.. 


Stamps ,...• 

Taxes,  nader  dM  SdAoscemcot  of  the  CommiisioDers  of  Tsxcs .. 

PostOfDce,. •. , 

One  Shillif^  lu  the  Poond,  and  Sixpence  in  the  Po«nd  on  Pen- 
sions and  Salaries,  and  Four  Shiulnfs  in  the  Poond  on  Pen- 
sions •  ...•••••.••. •••.«• ....••••••••••••• 

HackncY  Coaches,  and  Hawkers  and  Pedlars  •••• 

Crown  Lands • ..••••••• 

Small  Branches  of  the  King's  Hereditary  Revenue 

I^ottny:  Snrplas  Prodoee  after  Payment  of  Prises •••.. 

Surplus  Fees  of  Regulated  Public  Offices    

Poundage  Fees,  Fells  Fees,  Casualties,  Treasmy  Fees,  and 
HospttalFces 


TOTALS  of  Ordinaiy  ReremNS. 


OTHER  RESOURCES. 

Money  hrongfat  fhnn  the  Civil  List  on  aocoont  of  the  Ckrk  of 
the  Uanaper  ...,. ••»••••.... ..•••.•••.•••• 

Money  received  Aom  the  East  India  Company,  on  aecounC  of 
Retired  Pay,  Pensions,  Ac.  of  Us  MiO<^*  Forces  ttn/img 
in  the  East  Indies,  per  Act  4  Geo.  4,  c  71. .•.•••••. •••••• 

From  the  Comrolisioocre  for  tlie  Issoe  of  Excb«iner  Bills,  per 
Act  57  Geo.  3,  c  S4,  for  the  Employment  of  the  Poor  .... 

Money  received  fk-om  the  lYustecs  of  Naval  and  Military  Pen- 


From  several  County  IVeasurers,  and  others  in  Ireland,  on 
account  of  Advance*  made  by  the  Treasury  fbr  Iniprovlnf 
Post  Hoads,  for  building  Gaols,  for  the  Police,  for  I'ubUc 
Worics,  employment  of  the  Poor,  Sec •..». 

Imprest  Monies,  repaid  by  sundry  Public  Accountants,  and 
other  Monies  paid  to  the  Public    .•«•••..'••• 


£.       #.    d 

90,367/52  14  10 

20,009,406  10    Oi 

7.881,150    1  1<4 

5,lfr1,0K  10    5 

iA^tSet  16    6 


57.958  10  5| 

69,998  10  7 

513J(K  10  4| 

9.0S6    J  5 

89^,390    o  o 

56/)91  14  7 

11,520    6  11| 


Fi^w««r 


£.     «.  ^ 


3,74S,3M    ' 
«57*«« 

6,%90  S   3 
g8,9«8   6  i 


n 


62,903,573    8    1 


TOTALS  of  ib«  Public  Income  of  th«  United  Kb^om*.  6e4U|06s  14   0| 


2,000    0   D 


eOflOO    0    O 

206,307    0    O 

4,507,500    0    0 


210,.tB8  14  IQ| 
220,283  11'  0| 


•  • 


*• 


5,927,595  2  6 


5,5n^  t  • 


'WUlcball.  Ttrmaj  Chmtkwn,i 
10^  Marcel  I8S6.         f 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.       289t 


FOR  THE  YEAR  1 826. 


KINGDOM,    FOR   THE    YEAR    1826. 

Rbsouecss,   constituting  the  PUBLIC  INCOME  of  the  United 
for  the  Year  ended  5th  January^  1826. 


NBTT  BBCEIFr 


npA 


IM. 


£. 


«. 


TOTAL  INCOME, 

BALANCES 

1815. 


£. 


d. 


94«6353  13    3} 
7,fiS3J742    0    6} 
M76J23    8  •  a 
S|SSB^19  10    0 


57^)58  10  ff| 

69^10  7 

513^766  10  4} 

9fi56    1  5 

S9M90    0  0 

56^  14  7 


11,5^    6  111 


57r5Tiiff7    5    6 


19>3 15,172  11  l( 

<S,75O,104    0    51 

8.049,765    S 

5,993,160    6    0 

3^74|626    8    1 


6l,S50    3  8| 

70/)l8  18  5 

6S5,6S6    2  8} 

13,111    9  8 

295,390   0  0 

SdfiSl  14  7 

11,520    6  Uf 


CkaifM  of 

CoUflCtlM^Bd  otbu 

l^qr■M■ta 
o«t  of  MM  Incoat, 

in  itt  Progte— 
to  Um  BscWqvtf. 


£.       «.    d. 


2,253^38    2 

1,580,934  15 

184,gi4    0 

310,069  13    9 

664,707 10   0 


St 


1,375  18    8 

10,149  17    1 

587,768  15 

3,313  2 


% 


60,115,897  10  91 


2fiO0    0    0 

60,000  0  0 

$08,307    0    0 
4,307,500    0    0 

210,388  14  lOf 
S90;i83  11    0) 
(!<,5B3,«56  11  5 


2,000    0    0 

OOfiOO    0    0 

208,307    0    0 

4,507,500    0    0 

210,388  14  10| 
220,283  11    0} 


65,324,376  16    9i 


5,597,431  16    2| 


PAYBCENTS 

iato  tW 

EXCHEQUER. 


£. 


*.    d. 


16,541^4    0    1 
21,004,467    6  II 
7.447,923  18  11 
44^1961    2    4| 
l,595|46l  10    91 


56,730  5  11| 

59357  0   0 

•  •  •  • 

5,442  9    7 

295,390  0   0 

56,091  14    7 

11,520  6  11| 


52,065,389' 16    2i 


BALANCES 

•■dBILUS 

OatsUadiof  on  tiM 

5U1  JuMiy  1896, 


£.        *,    d. 


520,110    8  llj 
1,164.742    4    2 
4164^27 
91.5.15 

214,397 


4     8 
3    64 


3,143  18    7 
6    14 
37.857    7    24 
4,355  17    5} 


Rat*  Mr 

Cant  Tor 

wluck  Um 

GroM 

Rccript 

WW  col* 

lect«4. 


2,453,075  18    5| 


•  • 


•  • 


•  •  at 


•  • 


•  •  •• 


5,597,431  16    2| 


2,000    0    0 

60,000  0  0 

208,307    0    0 
4,507,500    0    0 

210,388  14  10| 
220,283  11    Of 


57.273,869    2    2 


•  •  •• 


•  • 


•  t 


•  • 


•  • 


•  •  •• 


•  •  •• 


2,453,075  IB    a 


£.    s.d. 

779 

4  16    0 
2    6  11 

5  11  10 
25  11  10 


2  5    7 

14  9  11 

9  »    2 

14  9  11 


6    3  11 


•  • 


•  • 


•  • 


•  • 


•  • 


•  • 


J.  a  RERKIES. 

Vol..  LXVIII. 


u 


290t    ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


PUBLIC   EXPENDITURE. 


An  Account  of  the  PUBLIC  EXPENDITURE  of  the  United 
Kingdom^  exclusive  of  the  Sums  applied  to  the  Reduction  of  the 
National  Debt,  in  the  year  ended  5th  January,  1826. 


w*mm 


EXPENDITURE. 


mmi^ 


Payments  out  of  the  Income  in  its  Progress  to  the 

Exchequer, 


Charges  of  CoilecUott 
Other  Fiymeiitt  ..«< 


Total  Payments  oat  of  the  inooiae»  prior  to  ^m 
PaymentB  into  the  £xcheqa€r. ••«.«•••#•• 


Payments  omt  of  the  Esechepter* 

Dividends,  Interest,  and  Management  of  the  Public  Funded 
Debt,  toaf  Quartan  to  10th  October  18S5,  exdoslve  o( 
$,4d6,475iL  7«.  8tf.  Issned  to  the  Comnitoiooen  Ibr  the 
Redaction  of  the  National  Debt 

InfereAtob  Exchequer  Bills  ...•••... 


IfigtffiM  Id    61 


•1        •• 


Issued  to  the  Trustees  of  Military  and  Naval  Pensions,  &c.  per 

Act  3  Geo.  4,  c.  51...^. ..••..« ••• 

DiUo  •  •  Banic  of  England,  per  Act  4  Geo.  4,  c.  S2    


Civil  List  •  •  •  four  Quarters  to  5th  Jannaiy  182$ 

Pentlons  charged  by  Act  of  Parliament  oa  Consolidated  Fund, 

four  Quarters  to  10th  October  18S5 

Salarieaand  Allowances > 

Officers  of  Courts  of  Justice < 

Expcuses  of  Uie  Mint , 

Bounties....  ••..•....•... ,. •... ..•., 

^liscellaneoas..... * , 

Ditto    •    JreUnd , 


Repayment  of  Loan  from  Royal  Exchange  Assurance  Com 

fKiny  on  account  of  the  Kew  Street  ..••.. 

For  the  purchase  of  Silver  for  the  New  Coin^  in  Irelaud.... 
For  Bnilding  New  Churches  In  the  Islands  of  Scotland  ...., 


Army  •••••.« 

Navy  ....... 

Ordnance    . . , 
!MisceUineous 


^,230,78p  19    0| 
829,4gB    8    5 


iA^Mi 


£.      s.   d. 


5;^^l  16   t( 


9^14,260    0    0 
58S«740   0    0 


€,057»000    0  0 

366.028    8  ^ 

»7>64l    5  Oi 

gBfiAi    0  4 

14J4B  15  10 

2,960  13  8 

561,815  18  0 

301,084    S  9 


100,000    0    0 

500,000    0    0 

50fi00    0    0 


Honey  paid  to  the  Bank  of  England,  more  than  received  flnom 
them  on  accoant  of  Undaim«l  Divitlends  ................ 

By  the  Commissioners  for  issuing  Excheqiser  Bills,  per  Act 
3  Ge6. 4,  c.  86,  for  the  employment  of  the  Poor 

Advances  out  of  the  Consolidated  Fuud  in  Ireland,  for  Public 
Works « • 


7^79,631 
5,849,119 


4 
4 


3 


iRfiGOfiSS    1  111 


ifiO/^fiOQ    0    0 


1,567,087    T    7| 
2.216,061  15    4} 


49|464  11  6 
125,150  0  0 
533.258    7    2i 


TOTAL 

Surplus  of  Income  paid  into  the  Exchequer,  over  Expenifitnre  Isaned 
thereout    •*•.••• k. .••••.«».•* »»■•.•• fe»,*»»«»ik*»«*«»«««.t«i 


24a9<9<7   3  10 


650/too  0  « 


i7»sii^i9  u  t; 


707,8TS  »   81 

51^17,400  11   a] 

5,653341    6  4i 


6«AMB0IS  4i 


Whituball,  TVeasury  Chambers,! 
S8lliFcbnMr7l626.         ) 


J.CBXRBIEI. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.       291t 


DISPOSITION  OF  GRANTS. 

An  Accotoit  showing  how  the  Monies  given  for  the  SERVICE  of 
the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  for  the 
Year  1825*  have  been  disposed  of;  distinguished  under  their 
several  Heads ;  to  5th  January  1S26* 


services. 


Naty 


Oedkance. 


!••#•••••• 


FOBCXS 


For  de/raifing  the  Charge  of  the  Civii  E$ta 
bUskmenU  undermerUitmedj  /or  the  year 
1825;  mz. 


u 


orUMBahanuiIsluids 

Of  tbe  liland  of  Domiaioa. 

or  Upper  Cmnada  

Of  NoYa  Sootia 

Of  New  Bniotwick    .,•. •*••••... 

Of  Prince  Edward  Island • 

Of  Sierra  Leone • 

Of  Newfoaodland  ..» 

Of  New  South  Walei ,. 

To  defray  the  Charge  of  the  Civil  and  Mili- 
tary  Establiihments  of  the  African  Forti ... 

To  defray  the  Charge  of  Ciril  Contingenoiet 

To  defray  the  Chaq^e  of  the  Rojal  Militarj 
OoHege  •...•...•.•*.••.••••..•••••...•...••••«... 

To  defray  the  Charge  of  the  Military  Ai^Ioni 

To  pay  Interest  on  Exoheqaer  Bills 

To  defray  the  Salaries  and  Allowances  to  the 
Offioers  of  the  Uoases  of  Lords  and 
Commons   * 

To  defray  the  Expenses  of  the  Hoose  of  Lords 
and  Commons.. 

To  make  good  the  Deficiency  of  the  Fee  Fund 
in  tbe  Dqurtments  of  his  Majestj's  Trea- 
sury, Home  Secretary  of  Slate,  Foreign 
Secretary  of  State.  Secretary  of  State  for 
tbe  Colonies,  most  honourable  Privy  Goun- 
eil,  and  tbe  Comodttee  of  Priry  Coonoil  for 
IVade • 

Contiogeflt  Expenses  and  Messengers  Bills  in 
the  Departments  of  his  Migestj's  Treasury, 
Home  Secretary  of  Stale,  Foreign  Secretarj 
of  State,  SeoreUry  of  State  for  the  Colo- 
■leSy  most  bonoumble  Privy  Council,  and 

Ow  CoaraHto*  of  Priry  Council  for  Trade 

u2 


SUMS 
Tdttd  or  Oraated. 


JB.        s.    d. 

5,888,876  17  10 

1,470,891    0    0 
7,818,204  12    3 


3,477  0  0 

600  0  0 

8,229  0  0 

9.660  0  0 

5.194  0  0 

3.010  10  0 

16.513  0  0 

11,081  0  0 

23,934  0  0 

45,930  7  3 

260,000  0  0 

13.189  9  2 

24.834  14  2 

820,000  0  0 


$7,630    9     0 
16,572    0    0 


StTBIS 
Psld. 


MMM 


£,        9*  d* 

4,859,311    9  6 

913,516  10  9} 

6^053,112  17  81 


93,679    0    0 


68,634    0    0 


3,477    0    0 


4,114  10 
4,830  0 
9,500 
1.500 
10,000 
6,500 


0 
0 
0 
0 


12,000  0 


0 
0 

o 
o 

0 
0 
0 


23X>00  0  0 

360,000  0  0 

8,786  18  2 

12/X)0  0  0 

820,000  O  O 


24,770  0  3 
16,572  0  0 


71,265  7  5 


61;956  9  2 


292t     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


SERVICES. 


Sftlaries  to  certain  OflSoers,  tod  Expenies  of 

the  Court  and  Receipt  of  Exolieqaer | 

Salaries  or  Allowances  granted  to  certain  Pro>| 
fessors  in  Ihe  UniTersilies  of  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  for  reading  Courses  of  JLieotores 
Salaries  of  tbe  Commissioners  of  the  Insolrent 
Debtors  Court,  of  their  Clerks,  and  the 
Contingent  Expenses  of  their  Office;  and 
also  tbe  Expenses  attending  upon  the  Cir- 
cuits  .•.........* 

Salaries  of  the  Officers  and  the  Contingent 
Expenses  of  the  Office  for  the  Superinten- 
dence of  Aliens,  and  also  the  Superannua- 
tions or  retired  Allowances  to  Officers  for- 
merly employed  in  that  Serrioe...* ••• 

Allowances  to  Protestant  Dissenting  Minis- 
ters in  England,  poor  French  Protestant 
Refugee  Clergy,  poor  French  Protestant 
Refugee  Laity,  and  sundry  small  Charitable 
and  other  Allowanees  to  the  Poor  of  St 

MartinVin-the- Fields, and  others... 

Foreign  and  other  Secret  Serrioes 

Expense  of  Printing  Acts  of  Parliament,  and 
Bills,  Reports,  and  other  Papers,  for  the 

two  Houses  of  Parliament • 

Expenses  incurred  for  Printing,  by  order  of 
the  Commissioners  fbr  carrying  into  execu- 
tion the  Measures  recommended  by  the 
House  of  Commons  respecting  the  Records 

of  the  Kingdom 

Expense  of  Stationery,  Printing,  and  Bind- 
ing, for  the  several  Public  Departments  of 

GoTcmmenl 

Extraordinary  Expenses  of  the  Mint  in  the 

Gold  Coinage 

To  make  good  the  Loss  upon  the  Irish  Silver 

Tokens  alreadjr  recoined  and  to  be  re-coined 

Extraordinary  Expenses  that  may  be  incurred 

for  Prosecutions,  &c.  relating  to  the  Coin 

of  this  Kingdom.... 

Extraordinary  Expenses  in  the  Department  of 
the  Lord  Chamberlain  of  his  Majesty's 
Household,  for  Fittings  and  Furniture,  for 

the  two  Houses  of  Parliament  • 

Expense  of  Law  Charges  ,. 

Expense  attending  ^e  confining,  maintain- 
ing,  and  employing  Conriots  at  home  and 

at  Bermuda 

Bills  drawn  from  abroad  by  his  Majesty^s 
Governors  and  others,  for  Expenses  in- 
curred under  the  Act  for  the  Abolition  of 
the  Slare  Trade,  and  in  conformity  with 
the  Orders  in  Council  for  the  Support,  &c. 
of  Captured  Negroes,  Free  American  Set- 
tlers, ^Of    f*.vn****fM.., 


1.058    5    0 


16,140    0    0 


4,872    0    0 


6,312    7  10 
56,000    0    0 


99,169    0     0 


10,371  0  0 

96,240  0  0 

34,000  0  0 

52,000  0  0 

6,000  0  0 


4,800    0    0 
12,000    0    0 


78,147     0    0 


45,000    0    0 


1,058   5  9 


11,174   6  < 


\Jgii   0  0 


3,356   3  11 
46,73i   r   ? 


45,4^  11  * 


3,919  14  * 

48,930   0  • 

25,000   0  * 

51,000   0  * 


1,117    «" 
10,000   0  « 

78,147   0  fl 


30^)00  0  < 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


293 


MMrt^i*i 


SERVICES. 


To  6eSnj  the  Amoniit  of  Kn§  drawn  or  to 
be  dnwn  firom  New  South  Wales 

Expense  of  eertain  Colonial  Serrices,  for* 
merlj  paid  oat  of  the  Ettraordinaries  of 
the  Armj    •« 

Expenses  of  Works  and  Repairs  of  Poblic 
Boildings    .' 

Expense  of  Works  at  the  Rojal  Harboar  of 
CSeorge  the  Foarlh,  at  ILingstown  (formerljr 
DnnJearj) 


The  following  Sbbtices  are  directed  to  be 
paid,  without  any  Fee  or  oth^  Dednction 
whatsoever: 

British  Mosenm,  from  the  35ih  Deo.  1894,  to 
23lh  March  1826  ....; 

To  make  Compensation  to  the  Commissioners 
appointed  bj  sereral  Acts  for  inqoiring  inli> 
the  Collection  and  Management  of  the 
Revenue  in  Ireland,  and  the  scTcral  Esta- 
bliahments  connected  therewith,  and  into 
certain  other  Revenue  Departments  in 
Great  Britain,  for  their  assiduilj,  care«  and 
pains  in  the  execution  of  the  Trusts  reposed 
in  them  hy  Parliament  

Expense  of  the  Penilenliarj  House  at  Milbank 

Charge  of  the  Allowances  or  Compensations 
granted  or  allowed  as  Retired  Allowances 
or  Soperannualions,  to  Persons  employed  in 
Peblio  Offices  or  Departments,  or  in  the 
Pnblio  Service,  according  to  the  provisions 
of  two  Acts  of  his  late  and  present  Majesty 

To  enable  his  Majestj  to  grant  relief  lo  Too- 
loneae  and  Conuoan  Emigrants,  Dnloh  Naval 
Officers,  St.  Domingo  Sufferers,  and  others 
who  have  heretofore  received  Allowances 
from  his  Majesty,  and  who,  from  Services 
performed  or  Losses  sustained  in  the  Bri- 
tish Service,  have  special  Claims  upon  his 
Majesty's  justice  and  liberality 

National  Vaccine  Bslablishment    

Inslilutiou  called  **The  Refuge  for  the  Des- 
Ulule" .; 

For  the  Relief  of  the  American  Loyalists 

Expense  of  confining  and  maintaining  Crimi- 
nal Lunatics 

Salaries  and  Incidental  Expenses  of  the  Coni- 
misaoners  appointed  on  the  part  of  his 
Majesty,  under  the  Treaties  with  Spain, 
Portugal,  and  the  Netherlands,  for  prevent- 
ing the  illegal  Traffic  in  Slaves,  and  in  pur- 
snuice  of  the  Acts  for  carrying  the  said 
Tk«atie9  into  effect.^ •••>••».« 


srMS 

Voted  or  Graoted. 


120,000    O  0 

2,442  10  0 

40,000    0  0 

45,000    0  0 


15,416    0    0 


5,200     0    0 
20,000    0    0 


12,124  16     8 


16,120    0  0 

3,000     0  0 

5,000     0  0 

6,300    0  0 

3,306  10  0 


17,425    0    0 


SUMS 
Paid. 


£.         #.     d. 


2,442  10    0 
17,138  17     6 

25,000    0    0 


].%416    0    0 


5,200    0    0 
5,000     0     0 


1.120    7     2 


9,500  0  0 

3,000  0  0 

5,000  0  0 

4,000  0  0 

3,115  9  3 


294      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 


SERVICES. 


Expenses  of  the  Special   Commissioiers  to 

Spanish  America *•♦ 

Salaries  of  his  Majesty's  Consuls  Oeneral, 
Consuls  and  Vice-consuls  in  Spanish 
Aaeriea 

Charges  of  the  Society  for  the  Propagatlan  of 
the  Gospel,  in  the  Colonies  of  Upper  and 
liower  Canada,  Nora  Scotia,  New  Bmni- 
wick,  Newfoundland,  Prince  Edward  Ifland, 
and  tiM  Cape  of  Good  Hope ..• 

Expense  of  the  Works  at  the  College  of  Edin- 
burgh  • ••• 

Expense  of  the  Works  at  Port  Patrick 
Harbour. 

Expense  of  Works  at  Donaghadee  Harbour... 

Expense  of  Buildings  at  the  British  Museum 

For  rebuilding  the  Office  of  his  Majesty's 
Privy  CofiDcily'aad  for  completing  the  Office 
of  Committee  of  Priry  Council  for  Trade... 

Charge  and  Repairs  of  Works  to  be  executed 
at  Windsor  Castle ••• 

To  make  Compensation  in  the  year  1825,  to 
the  Commissioners  appoinlod  by  his 
Majesty,  for  inquiring  into  tlie  Nature  and 
Extent  of  the  Instruction  afforded  by  the 
several  Institutions  in  Ireland,  established 
for  the  purpose  of  Education,  for  their  assi- 
duity, eare,  and  pains  in  the  execution  of 
the  trust  reposed  in  them , 

Expenses  of  the  Roads  and  Harbours  of  Holy- 
head and  Howth 

For  facilitating  Emigration  from  the  South  of 
Ireland  to  tlie  Canadas .....»., 

For  the  Purchase  of  Mr.  Rich's  Collection  of 
Manuscripts,  Auliquities  and  Coins,  to  be 
placed  in  tlie  British  Museum,  for  the 
Benefit  of  the  Public , , 

To  enable  his  Majesty  to  remunerate  John 
Loudon  M^Adam,  for  the  Service  which  be 
has  rendered  by  the  Introduction  of  a 
Talnable  Improvfment  in  the  Method  of 
Coustruotiiig  tho  Public  Roads  of  this 
Country , 

To  defray  that  part  of  the  Expense  of  the  Re- 
pairs to  Iha  Cobb|  at  Lyme  Regis,  rendered 
necessary  in  conspqaenoe  of  the  destmctive 
Effects  of  tho  Storms  in  tho  Autumn  of 
18^4,  which  it  is  proposed  should  be  borne 
by  the  Public 

To  indemnify  certaii  Proprietors  of  Slaves  in 
the  United  States  of  America,  under  the 
Treaty  coucloded  at  GboDt,  on  tlie  i!4tli  day 
of  December  1814,  and  the  Convention 
signed  at  Su  Pelfrsburgh  pR  the  Uik  day 
of  July  1821  ..MM***,.,:. ..MMt.M.,    .  . 


S5,00Q    0    0 


15,558  «  0 

10,000  0  0 

15,990  0  0 

19,130  0  0 

40,000  0  0 

18,000  0  0 

80,000  0*  0 


8.000    0  0 

5T,8ri  14  9 

30,000    0  0 

7,500    0  0 


2,000    0    0 


13,000    0    0 


1$;S»5  6  I 


15,5«  0  0 

10,000  0  0 

15,990  »  0 

19,150  0  9 


r,ooo  0 « 

10,000  0  9 
30,000  0  « 


1,000  P  • 


900fOW>    0    0 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         295 


SERVICES. 


mmimmmmim 


To  paj  off  aod  ducWge  toch  of  the  PropH- 
etors  of  Anniiitiet  granled  bj  two  Aels  of 
Uie  37tb  and  43nd  years  of  the  rei^n  of  bis 
Ule  Majeatj,  as  shall  not  desire  to  re- 
ceive X.9  per  cent  Annnilies  in  lien  there' 
of,  according  to  the  Provisions  of  the  said 
AcU    


Fpr  dflfra^ring  the  Chabob  of  the  following 
Serrioes  in  Ireland ;  which  are  directed  to 
be  paid  Nett  in  Aitish  Corrancj. 

Kxpense  of  the  Board  of  Works  in  Ireland  . 

Expense  of  Printing,  Stationery,  and  other 
Disbnrsements  of  the  Chief  and  Under 
Seeretaries  Offices  and  Departments,  and 
other  Pnblie  Offices  in  Dablin  Castle,  &o. ; 
and  for  Riding  Charges  and  other  Expenses 
of  the  Deputy  Pirsuivants  and  Messengers 
attending  the  said  Offices;  also  Saperan- 
nnated  Allowances  an  the  Chief  Secretary's 
Office!.^ , 

Bxpeose  of  pablisbing  Proclamations  and  other 
matters  of  a  public  nature,  in  the  Dublin 
Casette  and  other  Newspapers  in  Ireland... 

Kapense  of  Printing  Slatotes  for  the  nac  of 
the  Magistrates  and  Pablia  OflScers  in 
Ireland   , 

HipoBse  ol  Criminal  Prosecutions  and  other 
Law  Bapensesin  Ireland 

BxpoBse  df  Non-conforming,  Seceding,  and 
Protestant  Dissenting  Ministers  in  Ireland 

Salaries  of  the  Lottery  Officers  in  Ireland...... 

Ciril  contingenoies  in  Ireland 

Kxpense  of  the  Establishment,  and  for  the 
Muntenanee  of  Inland  Navigations  in  Ire- 
land  

In  aid  of  Schools  established  by  Voluntary 
Contributions 

Salaries  and  Expenses  of  the  Commissioners 
for  inquiring  into  the  Duties  and  Fees  of  the 
Officers  of  Courts  of  Joslioe  in  Ireland...... 

Salaries  and  Espenaes  of  the  Commissioners 
of  lufviry  into  the  Land  Revenue  of  the 
Crown  in  Ireland 

Sslariea  and  Expenses  of  the  Record  Commis- 
doners  in  Ireland  •» • 

To  pay  Betired  or  Su|ierannuatiou  Allowances 
to  Pnblie  Offioers  in  Irdaad., 

Espease  «f  the  PoUoe  and  Watoh  Establish- 
nent  of  Dablin 

For  carnring  on  certain  Public  Works  in 
IrsUod f.f. 

Expense  of  the  Comaujuiown  of  Wide  Streets 


SUMS 
Voted  or  Qranted. 


of*         '•     df 


IftOflOO    0    0 


20,051     0     0 


iSfiBG    0  0 

6,500    0  0 

5,000    0  0 

30,185    0  0 

13,804  18  31 

1,072  12  4 

15,000    0  0 

4,681     0  0 

10,000     0  0 

7,324    0  0 

1^71     0  0 

3,500    0  0 

1,116  18  5 

26,000     0  0 

45,500    0  0 

^0,000    0  0 


SUMS 
Paid. 


£.        #.     d. 


10,000    0    0 


8,005     1     4 


11,660  11  OJ 

5,060  18  8} 

941    4  6i 

30,185     0  0 

10,599     4  7J 

849     4  7^ 

13,596  10  lOij 

4,681     0  0 


5,474    0  8j 

851  10  9i 

1,97«  18  5i 

837  13  lOJ 

26,000    0  0 

42^69    4  7J 

iQ,m    0  Q 


296       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


>mmm*a 


SERVICES. 


Expense  of  the  Royal  Iri«h  Academy    

Expense  of  the  Linen  Board  of  Ireland    

Expense  of  maintaining  and  duposing  of  Ihe 

Children    now  in  the  Protestant  Charter 

Schools  of  Ireland 

Expense  of  the  Society  for  disooonlenancing 

Vice 

Expense  of  the  Society  for  promoting  the 

Edocalion  of  the  Poor  of  Ireland .•• 

Expense  of  the  Foundling  Hospital  at  Dublin 
Expense  of  the  House  of  Industry,  Hoitpitals, 

and  Asylums  for  industrious  Children  in 

Dublin    

Expense  of  the  Richmond  Lunatic  Asylum  in 

Dublin    

Expense  of  the  Hibernian  Society  for  Soldiers 

Children.... • •• 

Expense  of  the  Hibernian  Marine  Society 

Expense  of  the  Female  Orphan  House    in 

Dublin    

Expense  of  the  Westmorland  Lock  Hospital 

in  Dublin   

Ex|)ense  of  the  Lying-in  Hospital  in  Dublin 

Expense  of  Dr.  Steerens's  Hospital 

Expense  of  the  Fever  Hospital  and  House  of 

Recovery    ..•••....•• 

Expense  of  the  Hospital  for  Incurables  at 

Dublin    

Expense  of  the  Establisliment  of  the  Roman 

Catliolio  Seminary  in  Ireland 

Ex|>enso  of  the  Cork  Institution    

Expense  of  the  Dublin  Society .« 

Expense  of  the  Fanning  Society  of  Ireland  ... 
Expense  of  tJie  Commissioners  of  Charitable 

Donations  and  Bequests 


To  pay  ofTand  discharge  Exchequer  Bills,  and 
that  the  same  be  issued  and  applied  towards 
paying  off  and  discharging  any  Exchequer 
Bills  charged  on  the  Aids  or  Supplies  of 
the  years  18<;4  and  1825,  remaining  unpaid 
or  unprovided  for 

To  fiay  off  and  dincharge  Exchequer  Bills 
issued  pursuant  to  several  Acts  for  carrying 
on  Public  Works  and  Fisheries,  and  for 
building  adHilional  Churches,  ouLstanding 
and  unprovided  for... ••... 


SUMS 
Voted  or  Graated. 


300  0  0 

19,938  9  ^ 

21,615  0  0 

7,106  0  0 

2%000  0  0 

34,478  0  0 

19,750  0  0 

5,640  0  0 

7,500  0  0 

1,600  0  0 

1.761  0  0 

*i,754  0  0 

2,885  0  0 

1,663  0  0 

3,692  0  0 

400  .0  0 

8,928  0  0 

1,900  0  0 

7.000  0  0 

2,500  0  0 

722  0  0 


18,533,254  12    7j 


30,000,000    0    0' 


£,       I.   I 

300    0   0 
19,938   9   !| 


15,615  0  0 

* 

7,106  0  0 

22,000  0  0 

34,478  0  0 

15,000  0  0 

5,640  0  0 

7^  0  0 

1,600  0  0 

1,761  0  0 

2,734  0  0 

2,885  0  0 

1,663  0  0 

3,692  0  0 

400  0  0 

8,928  0  0 

1,900  0  0 

7,000  0  0 

2,500  0  0 

722  0  0 


14,430,234  19   H 


^27,432,200   0  0 


413,800    0    0 


48,947,054  12    7| 


41,862,434  19   1i 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE. 


297 


PAYMENTS    FOR    OTHER    SERVICES, 

Not  being  part  of  the  Supplies  granted  for  the  Service  of  the  Year. 


GrosTcnor  Charles  Bedford,  Esq.  on  hu  Salary 
for  additional  trouble  in  preparing  Ex- 
chequer Bills,  per  Act  48  Geo.  5,  c.  1 

Sxpensei  in  the  Office  of  the  Commissioaeni 
for  ioqoiring  into  the  Collection  and  Man* 
afementoftheReTenue 

Expenses  in  the  OfRoe  of  the  Commissioners  for 
issuing  Exchequer  Bills^  pursuant  to  Acts 
57  Geo.  3,  c.  34  &  1 J4,  and  3  Geo.  4,  c.  86 

Expenses  in  the  Office  of  the  Commissioners 
for  issuing  Bxehequer  Bills  for  building  ad* 
ditional  Churches,  per  Act  58  Geo.  3,  c.  45 

Expenses  incurred  in  the  passing  of  the  Act 
5  Geo.  4,  a  90,  for  bnildbg  additional 
Churches  in  Scotland...... 

Expired  Bxehequer  Annuities  claimed 

Ptid  to  the  Bank  of  England,  more  than  re- 
cei?ed  from  tliem,  to  make  up  their  Balance 
on  account  of  unclaimed  Ditidends 


Soms  paid 
to  5th  January,  1896. 


Estlinated  flirther  Mls- 
celUmeoos  Pajrments. 


150  0  0 

4,000  0  0 

2,000  0  0 

3,000  0  0 


1,600    0    0 
52  10    0 


e£.  9.      d, 

50    0    0 


Total  Payments  for  Services  not  voted 
Amount  of  Sums  Toted ....•< 


44,t49 

0 

3 

.55.051 

10 

3 

Total  Suras  voted,  and  Payments  for  Serrices  not  voted 


1,795    a    8 


1,845    3     8 
55.051  10    3 


56,896  13  11 
48,947,054  1«    7^ 

49,003,051     6     6i 


WAYS  AND  MEANS 

for  answering  the  foregoing  Services. 

Doty  on  Sugar,  and  on  Pensions,  Offices,  &c 

Trustees  for  the  Payment  of  Naval  and  Miliiary  Pensions,  and 

Civil  Superannuations,  per  Act  3  Geo.  4,  c.  31 

East  India  Company,  per  Act  4  Geo.  4,  c.  71  .'......... 

Sum  to  be  brought  from  the  Consolidated  Fond,  per  Act  6  Geo 

4,  c.  14  ;• 

Surplus  Ways  and  Means,  per  Act  6  Geo.  4,  o.  134 

Interest  on  Liand  Tax  redeemed  by  Money 

Repayments  on  account  of  Exchequer  Bills  issued  pursuant  to  two 
AcU  of  the  57th  year  of  his  late  Majesty,  for  carrying  on 
Public  Works  and  Fisheries  in  the  United  Kingdom   


Exeheqoer  Bills  voted  in  Ways  and  Means;  vix. 

6G09.4,c2    X*.aO,000,000    0    0 

6  Geo.  4,0.  70 10,500,000    0    0 


Total  Ways  and  Means 

Total  Sums  voted,  and  Payments  for 
Services  not  voted 


Surplus  Ways  and  Means. 
Whitehall,  TreMorj  Chamben,  8th  February  1826. 


o£>  #.  d. 

3,000,000  0  0 

4,470,370  0  0 

60,000  0  0 

10,500,000  0  0 

439,166  9  10} 

55  17  SJ 


106,307    0    0 


18,575,899  7  7J 

30,500,000  0  0 

49,075,899  7  7J 

49,003,951  6  6J 

71,948  1  H 


J«  C.  HBaRIES. 


208      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


PUBUC 

An  Accotmt  rf  the  State  of  the  PtTBLic  FtmDBo  Dxim  of  CrnsAT 

Januaiy,  1826|  including  the  Debt 


DEBT. 


•«■»•• 


MPVMVWi^l^ 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Debt  dae  to  the  South  Sea?  _*  i?  -  __ 

Company  j-a^A.^pw 

Old  South  Sea  AnnuitieB Do. 

New  South  Sea  Annuities    Do. 

South  Sea  Annuities,  1751   Do. 

Debt  due  to  tbe  Bank  of  England  Do. 
Baitk  Annnitiee,  created  in  1196..  Do. 
Consolidated  Annuities.  .•..,....  Do. 
Reduced  Annuities. Do. 


cent 


•  • . . 
.  • . . 

•  • .  • 

•  a  .  • 


Totalat£.9p«4eftt..5M,6«9,fiM    0    8 


I* 
CAPfTAU. 


4^4,«T0  g  T 

I»l28;i»0  2  10 

rOT,600  0  0 

14|6««,000  e  0 

I,0Q0,QQO  0  0 

360,ITT,T46  1  .0 

112,71 1^3r  5  S 


Annuities    ••    ..    .«   at  j^.tiper  cent., 

Reduced  Aonuitiee do.  ..... 

N«w  £.4  per  ofot  Annuities , 


Great  Britain. ••• 

IN  IRRLANP. 

(In  British  Currency.) 

Iri»h  Consolidated  £.  8  per  cent  Annuities 
Irish  Reduced  £3  per  cent  Annuities  ••.». 
£,  3}  per  cent  Debentures  and  Stock  ...... 

Reduced  £ s^  per  cent  Annuities «, 

Debt  due  to  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  at  £.  4 

per  cent 

New  £.4  per  cent  Annuities    ^ 

Debt  due  to  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  at  £.5 

percent 


I5,1TT,6ST     9  10 

74,069,199    0  10 

145,756,608  18  11 


764,MS,tOt    B    • 


•^m^mim 


CsmpiMiw 


#.  d. 


434^000  0 

210,000  0 

46,500  0 

•                •  « 

4Br  10 

7,?79,9as  9 

3,255,499  17 


0 

0 
0 


ii,29«,no  ir  I 


380,338    0    0 
5,830,634  18    0 
73,917    4 


17,«I1,M»  !• 


Irelandff... 
Total  United  Kingdom, 


«,238,5t«  19  7 

]/)31,495  14  9 

13,919,558  13  9 

1,691,008    6  9 

1,615,384  12  4 

10,3t6,8M  10  10 

1,015,384  12  i 


CArmum 

DinUBPBEMIIX 


>,«6i^ 

«»J40i,«f« 

2,918,330 

661,100 

I4,«B6,800 


9.d. 
I    ( 

%    f 

0    0 
0   0 

f  I 

31361,897,791  U   I 
1  129,456,027    I   i 


6U^ii,icr  3  I 


14,737,296    8  19 

68,228,564    2  18 

145,682,t91  H    4 


»{r47,0ri,tn  f  i 


m^i^'m 


3M98,I73  10    4 


796,481,281  19     I 

II  II ^aeca 


474,794    8 
366y93i  M 


.. 


2,S38,328  19  7 

1,031,425  H  9 

13,444,758    i  8 

l,324,0e    7  C 

1,615,334  12  4 

IO,»6f,S9l  M  It 

1/>l5,Sft4  IS  4 


•41,793    7    4 


18,353,014     7 


31,OM,445    3    0 


0  778,12«,2«7  12    I 


KiZlh  ***2?  &'■""»»  A  "^  h  ^^"^  **»•  Totals  of  Debt  for  the  United 
Kingdom,  after  dwlueting  the  Stock  directed  to  be  cancelled  by  various  Acts 
01  rarljament,  and  by  redeDiption  of  Land  Tax,  amounting  to   


ffOCIF- 


£.        $.1 

484,458,(89  19    4 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE,         299 


FUNDED  DEBT. 

Britain  and  IsxuNi),  and  of  the  Chaboe  th«:eupon>  at  the  5th  of 
created  by  7,500fiOOL  raised  in  1824. 


C  H  A  R  G  E. 


Tbe  AmnMl  8am  of  £5>ooo,ooo, 
dirc9te4  to  be  Umed  per  4 
Geo.  i,  e.  19,  toirafds  the 
reductioo  of  tbe  NfttioMl 
Sinking  J  Debt  of  th«  Ualted  King- 
Fnod.    \     dom ••.•*...•• 

AniMial  Iiit«raet  on  Slock  vtand- 
in^  in  tbe  namee  of  the  Com- 
mtMionen  •• • 

Long  AniMiitiei  ••••••» 


IN 
GBEAT  BRITAIN. 


•• 


£* 


9.  d. 


Annual  Interest    on    Unr«- 
n^4^itu,\     ^leemedDebt   

I  Life  Aonuitiea  Mjible  at  tbe 

BxcbequtTr  EngUftb 

Do.    ..    Irish  


Public 
Creditor. 


4,840,000    0    0 


548^379  17  ll[ 
7,394  14    2| 


OKELAMIX 
(In  BrU.  Camacy). 


£.       «.  d. 


TOTAL 
AMHVAL  CHARGE 


160,000    0    0 
89,400  IS    4 


4,895,774  19     1 


199,460  18    4 


24,288,810  la  1 

1,333,257     4  61 

26,173  IS  10 

35,461     7  9 


25,678,708    9    8 


Annual  Interest  on  Stock  transferred  to  the 
Commlaaioners  for  the  Rednctioa  of  the 
National  Debt,  towards  the  Redemption 
of  Land  Tax,  under  Schedules  C.  and  D. 

53  Geo.  8,0. 123 

Mana^rment •  •  •  VV,  *  *  *  t '  «*  *  * 

The  Trustees  of  Military  ai^d  Naval  Pen- 
sions, and  CivU  Superannuations • 


1,145,867  19  3 


7,085  4  8 


1,152,903  8  11 


8,759  11 
276,058  15  8 

2,800,000  0  0 


T74  9  8 


34,159,284  8  4 


1,848,137  19  6 


£,        9.  d. 


85,502,422  7  11 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

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306      ANNUAL  RfiGlSTJBK,   ^6- 


LIST  OF  GENERAL  ACTS 

Passed  in  the  Sbtbnth  Session  of  the  Shventh  Parliament  of  ike 
limted  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland — 7  Geo.  IV.  1426. 


I.  AN  Actibr  gmntiDg  an4  applying 
ceirtain  suok  of  inoney  for  the  8erv><^® 
of  the  year  one  thoosand  eight  hun- 
dred and  twenty-six. 

II.  An  Act  for  falsing  the  tum  of  fei| 
millions  by  exchequer  bills,  for  |he 
service  of  the  yefirone  thousand  e^ht 
hundred  aB4  tirenty-sii;. 

II|.  An  Ac^  t9  indemnify  ^uck  per^ns 
in  the  United  Kingdom  as  hate  ojiit- 
te4  to  qualify  themselves  for  offices. 
an4  employment,  ai|d  for  exten4ing 
the  time  Umiteanr  those  purples 
respectively. 

IV.  An  Act  to  fimend  an  Act  of  the 
las^  session  of  parliament  ibr  making 
provision  for  the  salaries  of  certain 
bishopsy  and  other  ecclesiastical  dig- 
nitaries and  ministeni,  in  the  diocese 
of  Jamaica*  and  in  the  diocese  of 
Barbadoes  and  t(ie  Leeward  Islands^ 
ftnd  for  enal^ling  his  M<0^ty  to  gmnt 

'  annuities  to  such  bishops  upon  the 
resignation  of  their  offices* 

V.  An  Act  to  give  effect  to  treaties  of 
oommerce  with  ponntries  in  America 
not  at  present  provided  with  natiqnal 
merchant  shipping. 

VI.  An  Act  to  tisMt,  and  after  a  certfiin 
period  to  prohibK  thp  issuins  of  pro- 
missory notes  under  4  limUeu  sum  la 
England. 

VII.  An  Act  tp  facilitate  th<  advancing 
of  money  by  the  governor  and  compf^ny 
of  the  Bank  of  England  upon  fleposits 
or  pledges. 

VIII.  An  Act  to  amend  so  much  of  ai^ 
Act  of  tiie  last  sessbn  of  parliament, 
lor  Regulating  the  qualincatton  §nd 
the  manner  of  ennuling  jurors  in 
Scotland*  and  of  choosing  ji^rs  in 
criminal  trials  there,  iMid  to  unite 
counties  for  the  purposes  of  trial  in 
cases  of  high  treason  in  Scpdani^  as 
relates  to  the  qualification  of  spefiial 
juroEf. 

IX.  Ah  A<4  to  provide  for  ^  zdore 


effectual  puniaboient  of oertwofleiioes 
in  Irelfmd,  by  imprisannien|wlth  bard 
labour. 

X.  Aa  Act  for  punishing  mutiny  «|A 
desertion ;  and  for  the  better  pnyBMBt 

of  the  army  and  their  qnarlers. 

XI.  An  Act^for  the  fegulatiDgor  Us 
Majesty's  n^  marine  fopoet  wh3e 
on  shore. 

XII.  An  Ad  for  exoneiating  a  certib 
estatte  called  M^es  Uemyetm,  tttnsdi 
in  the  Mrish  of  Lhngiidfon  in  the 
county  gST  MontfomerT,  betoi^giii^  ts 
Charles  Dallas,  ^.,  mmi  tlie  cfauai 
of  the  crown-. 

Kill.  An  Act  to  alter  and  amend  »n  Act 
passed  in  the  fifty-fourth  year  of  tht 
reign  of  his  late  Msjes^  lung  6«ocfS 
the  Tbird^  for  vesting  m  his  nu^estfi 
his  heirs  and  suocessors,  for  ev«r»  pvt 
of  the  ground  and  buildings  npwbe- 
longing  to  the  society  of  Ko^g^  looi) 
Uuhlin,  fo^r  erecting  thereon  a  re- 
pository for  pubUc  records  in  I|«laBd. 

XIV.  An  Act  for  the  further  aaend- 
D^ent  oif  an  Act  qf  the  first  ftnd  aeco^ 
years  of  h^  present  Majesty,  for  the 
establishm^t  of  asylums  fiK*  tkc 
lunatic  poor  in  Ireland. 

XV.  An  Act  to  amend  an  Act  psswd  la 
the  seventh  and  eighth  y^i^rof  ^ 
reign  of  king  Williaip  the  thM,  for 
the  more  easy  recoveiy  of  sibbU  lams^ 

XVI.  An  Act  to  consolidate  and  vncnd 
several  acts  relating  to  tbs  ro^ 
hospitals  for  soldiers  at  CiinlsiBa  and 
Kilmainhara. 

XVII.  An  Act  for  remedyUig^  idboaie- 
niences  in  the  aqminiatiBlisn  cf 
justice,  arising  frojn  th«  pn.ji» 
vacancy  of  the  see  qf  Pnrfcafc,  sad 
for  preventing  the  lilie  iaftstnsa. 

XVIII.  An  Act  to  authorise  1^  da^ 
sal  of  unnecessary  prieons  in  Kn^lwHi 

XI}(.  An  Act  to  repeal  twaAi^of  tb« 
parli^ent  of  Scotland,  reiatire  ti 
ananlt  and  Iwtteiy  jifiMfailc  Iplik 


s 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICL1B.  WH 

XX.  Ai  AellocaMiiitteittA^of  the  XXXI.  AttAdtoaaiakdamAetpttied 
fintwMlMMBA  yMnof  hit  prMent  in  tbe  fifl^-iecond  yev  if  tiM  raka 
M^jtt^  for  guttling  far  tho  teitt  6f  of  hb  kte  Mi^jflfily  king  Gcorgft  tte 
li«ejrtai»a4dilk)iiAlttanipdati«i  (m  Third,  n  fiir  ai  tfM  naia  nkttt  to 
cerlun  pfoeoedb^  in  ttie  conrti  of  tiit  ntivtd  nUownntts  of  qnniter- 
laiv  in  Ireland.  masters  sf  esvnlry  and  iniurtiy. 

XXI.  AnAelfMT  thA  better  regnhning  XXXII.  An  Aot  to  amend  an  Act  for 
proceedings  eainils  of  nandanms,  in  aoppiessing  or  rumlating  carlsin 
Inlaad.  offices  therein  meotlaned^  so  for  as 

XXII.  An  Act  to  enable  persons  to  relates  to  tiM  board  of  trade, 
esntiana  tteir  compositions  for  asses-  XXXIII.   An  Aot  to  mako  fartfaer 
sed  taxes  In  forther  periods,  and  for  regulations  relating  Is  the  ilosnsing 
aDoTO^p  persons  who  liave  not  com-  of  stage  coaches. 

Bounded  to  enter  into  a  compesition  XXXIY.  An  Act  to  amend  an  Act 

for  a  tiraited  leiniu  the  fifth  war  of  his  prssent '  ~  ' 


XXni.  An  Aet  to  repeal  the  duties  finr  amending  tiie  ssVeral  Acts  for  the 

and  dranrbacka  d  excise  upon  tawed  encouragement  and  improvement  of 

kid  #Eins,  sheep  skins,  and  lana»  skins.  the  BrlOshand  Irish  fisheries. 

XXnr.  An  Aet  iir  fixing,  until  the  XXXT.  An  Act  to  enable  tneapadtated 

twentv-fifth  dayof  Marehone  Aousand  persons  to  convey  to  tiie  conmdirion- 

eiglit  turadred  and  twentj^^eteni  the  ers  and  governors  of  the  royal  hospital 

rates  efsobsistenee  ts  be  paid  Is  inn-  for  seamen  at  Creenwidii  in   the 

kaepsm  and  olhem  <m  qnarlsrlng  ooonty  of  Kent,  certain  premises 

aoWera.  sltnate  in  the  parish  of  Oreenwfeh  in 

XXV.  An  Act  to  eontfaitte  vrtll  the  the  said  coun^,  and  for  eth«  p^- 
fiMi  day  of  #iily  one  thosmmd  eight  peseerelating  theieto. 
h«ndredandtiventy*e]ghtan  Aetfor  XXXVI.  An  Aet  to  regulate  tfieserrice 
preventing  prkmtedlBiahrtieo  in  Scot-  of  the  prooemof  the  sevend  courts 
mod.  for  tAe  recovery  ef  small  debts  by 

XXVI.  An  Aet  for  eentinning  ^  his  dvU  bill  in  Ireland. 

■inliiut  j  far  one  year  certain  fctiwon  XXXVII.  An   Act  to  rct»)ate   fbe 

pniHiniai  eiiates> oftcesi  and  pensions  appointment  of  juries  M  tiie  Bhst 

ns  KunlaHd,  for  the  ser^rlce  ef  the  year  Inmes. 

eB#  ttonmnd  eight    hnndred  and  XXXVIII.  An  Act  to  enable  cemmis- 

twenty-eix.  sicners  for  trying  ofltoces  vpon  the 

XXVg.  An  Ael  la  dcfimy  the  Aaige  ef  sett)  andjusticesofthe  peace,  to  tiAe 

tiw  pay,  dolMng,  and  contingent  and  examinations  touching  stecfa  oflfences, 

other  expenses  of  the  dlecMnbedied  and  to  commit  to  safe  custody  persona 

mAite  In  Great  Britain  and  trehmd ;  charged  therewfA. 

a»d  to  MiantaHawaneesIn  Certrin  cases  XXXIX.   An  Act  for  fonAg  eight 

>n  snknitoin  eUsei  s,a^tnnte)yBirter^  millions  of  exchequer  bills, 

masters,  sotgeons^  asmtant  surgeons,  XL.  An  Act  to  authorize  the  lords 

unsgeans  mates,  md  seijeant-mejors  commissioners  of  hi9  Majesty's  tvea- 

nf  ataitli^  netH  the  twenty^fif^k  day  sury  to  advance  money  out  of  the 

afMsreh  one  thomandelglit  hundred  consolidated  fond  towards  ^  ex- 

asidtweMt|  .seven.  penses  of  rebulTding  London  Bridige. 

XXVra.  An  Actforexooera^  certain  XLI.  An  Act  to  amend  the  laws  for  the 

umalis  called  Corsica  nhll,  Jufriston,  recovery  of  smaH  debtBi,  and  ^e  pro- 

IMir  AlftiMon  otherwise  VbSt  AU  ceedings  for  that  punposei   in  the 

foysktsn,  and  Bean  Flace,  in  the  manor  courts  !n  IrelandL 

^ioa/tf&t  Sussex,  belonging  to  Joim  XLII.  An  Act  to  amend  Ae  laws  in 

NpyTllsoni,esq.foomtheclahnsof  fiirce  fa  Ireland  for  preventing  the 

crown,  vexatious  impounding  of  cattle  for 

Aft  Act  to  amend  the  law  of  trespass  or  damage  foiuant. 

pecthMrtheassignmentand  XLIII.  An  Act  to  amend  the  lawtf  in 

of  kmds  and  tenements.  force  in  Ireland  rela^g  to  convef- 

Atn  Ad  to  amend  tiie  several  ances  and  transfoia  of  estates  and 

^  for  attttoriiUng  advances  for  funds  vested  in  trostees. 

/ing  on  public  works,  and  fa  ex-  XZJV.  An  Act  to  alloisy  ontil  tSie  tenth 

the  wmUfm  Utemf  la  cettgi&  day  or  Oetober  oo6  thousand  ^ejjyht 

famidredMfttir^ 


308     ANNUAL   REGISTEE.   1826. 


of  certain  artidea  of  clerkship;  to 
prevent  attoniies  and  others  from 
being  prejudiced  in  certain  cases  by 
the  neglect  to  take  out  their  annual 

.  certificates ;  to  prohibit  the  stamping 
artides  of  clerkship  after  a  certain 
time ;  and  to  extend  the  period  for 
taking  out  certificates  after  matricula- 
tion at  the  mdi^rsities. 

XLV.  An  Act  for  repeaUng  an  Act 
passed  in  the  thirty-mnth  and  fortieth 
years  of  the  reign  of  his  late  Miyesty 
king  George  the  Third,  intituled  An 
Act  for  relief  of  persons  entitled  to 
entailed  estates  to  oe  purchased  irith 
trust  monies,  and  for  making  further 
provisions  in  lieu  thereof 

XLVI. .  An  Act  for  the  better  regulating 
copartnerships  of  certain  bankers  in 
England ;  and  for  amending  so  much 
of  an  Act  of  the  thirty*ninth  and 
fortieth  years  of  the  reign  of  his  late 
Mdjesty  king  George  the  Third,  In- 
titded  An  Act  for  establishing  an 
agreement  with  the  governor  and 
company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  for 
advandng  the  sum  of  three  millions 
towards  the  supply  for  the  service  of 
the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred, 
as  relates  to  the  same* 

XLVII.  An  Act  to  allow,  until  the  fifth 
day  of  April,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  thirty,  certain  bounties 
on  the  ezportatbn  from  Ireland  of 
salmon,  redherrings,  and  dried  sprats. 

XLVI II.  An  Act  to  alter  and  amend 

*  the  several  laws  relating  to  the  cus- 
toms. 

XLIX.  An  Act  to  amend  several  laws 
of  ezdse  relating  to  bonds  on  excise 
licences  in  Ireland,  tiles  and  brides 
for  draining,  oaths  on  exportation  of 
l^oods,  permits  for  the  removal  of  tea 
m  Ireland,  size  of  casks  in  which 
spirits  may  be  warehoused  in  Scotland 
and  Ireland,  the  allowance  of  duty  on 
starch  and  soap  used  in  certain  mann- 
ftctures,  and  the  repayment  of  money 
advanced  by  collectors  of -excise  for 
public  works  in  Ireland. 

L«  An  Act  for  raising  the  sum  of  thir- 
teen millions  two  hundred  thousand 
pounds  by  exchequer  bills,  for  the 
service  of  the  year  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  twen^-six. 

U.  An  Act  to  confirm  safes  made  by 
the  surveyor  general  and  the  com- 
missioners of  the  land  revenue  of  the 
crown,  under  an  Act  of  the  forty- 
eighth  year  of  his  late  majesty. 

^I«  Au  Act  for  defraying  the  expense 


of  any  addittoud  naval  fiscee  to  he 
employed  in  the  East  Indies. 

UII.  An  Act  to  regulate  tiie  in^vts- 
tion  of  silk  goods  until  the  tenth  iqr 
of  October  one  thousand  eicht  h»- 
dred  and  twenty-eight,  and  to  ea- 
oourage  thd  silk  manafoctnres  by  the 
repeal  of  certun  duties. 

UV.  An  Act  for  tiie  registisliaB  tf 
aliens. 

LV.  An  Act  to  regulate  the  maBMr  of 
taking  the  poll  at  electioos  of  knighti 
of  the  diire  to  serve  in  pnrijawfitig 
the  county  of  York. 

LVI.  An  Act  to  suspend  the  ^rovisnas 
of  an  Act  of  his  late  nBtfeBty,  le* 
specting  the  appointment  of  writBs 
in  the  service  of  the  East  India  co«- 
pany,  and  to  authorise  the  psfineBt 
of  the  allowances  of  the  civO 
litary  officers  ot  the  said 
dying  while  absent  from  India. 

LVII.  An  Act  to  amend  and  conasliHstP 
the  laws  for  the  relief  of  toaohat 
debtors  in  England. 

LVIII.  An  Act  to  amend  tiie  laws  re- 
lating to  corps  of  yeomanry,  caiaby* 
and  ^onteera  in  Great  Brttaia. 

LIX.  An  Act  to  continue  tat  sefo 
years,  and  from  thenee  to  the  cnisf 
the  then  nextseadon  of  psaliaBeat» 
an  Act  to  the  fifty-nindi  year  of  Ui 
late  majesty,  for  fadlitoting  Oe  re- 
covery of  the  wagee  of  seaiin  is 
the  merchant  service. 

LX.  An  Act  to  prevent  tlMwOfid  Ml 
malldous  desUmction  of  daiftig 
houses  in  Ireland. 

LXI.  An  Act  for  the  more 
administntion  of  hufiet 
towns  corporate,  andodierkMaljaii*- 
dictions  in  Ireland. 

LXn.  An  Act  to  make  provisisn  kt 
the  uniform  valoatioa  of  hadi  mi 
tenemento  in  the  aeveial  baroik^ 
parishes,  and  other  diviaiona  of  csia- 
ties  in  Ireland,  for  tiie  pavps«  d 
the  more  equally  levying  of  tte  alo 
and  charges  upon  aoch  baisaicii 
parishes,  and  divisioaa  lespeetivdy. 

LXIII.  An  Act  to  provide  tarnmt' 
ing,  improvinff,  and  reboildiBgikat 
halls,  counter  halls,  and  other  MM- 
ings  for  hdmn^  the  asaiaes  and  goal 
aessions,  and  also  jndgea  lod^ngi, 
throughout  England  and  Wales. 

LXIV.  An  Act  for  imnxoviiv  Aari- 
ministration  of  crinuaal  jurtko  ia 
England. 

LXV«  An  Act  to  oontiMC  sma  At 
fini  day  of  Jannaxy  1  Wi  iOd  M  lk| 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.        309 


end  of  the  next  fiession  of  parila* 
meo^  an  Act  of  the  third  year  of  his 
pment  mi^ty,  for  regulating  the 

'  maimer  of  Uoensing  aleh^ttsea  in  Eng* 
land. 

IXVI.  An  Act  to  render  more  effectnal 
the  tereral  Acts  now  in  force  to  pro- 
mote the  residence  of  the  parochial 
deigy,  b¥  maldng  proriaion  for  pur- 
cha^ng  nousea  and  other  necessary 
boildinga  for  the  use  of  their  bene- 
fices. 

^XVIh  An  Act  to  regulate  the  mode  in 
which  certain  societies  or  copartner- 
ships for  banking  in  Scotland  may 
soe  and  be  sued. 

LXVIII..  An  Act  to  amend  so  much  of 
SQ  Act  of  the  thirty-first  year  of  his 
late  mf^ty,  as  relates  to  the  elec- 
tion  of  members  to  serve  in  the  legis- 
Ittire  assembly  of  the  province  of 
Upper  Canada. 

UCCL  An  Act  to  amend  the  law  in  re- 
spect to  the  offence  of  stealing  from 
gardens  and  hothouses. 

LXX.  An  Act  to  permit  fordgn  com^ 
meal,  and  flour,  warehoused,  to  be 
taken  out  for  home  consumption,  until 
the  sixteenth  day  of  August  1826. 

LXXI.  An  Act  to  empower  his  majesty 
to  admit  foreign  com  for  home  con- 
somption,  under  certain  limitations, 
mitil  the  first  dav  of  January  1827, 
or  for  ax  weeks  after  the  commence- 
ment of  the  then  next  ensuing  session 
of  parliament,  if  parliament  shall  not 
then  be  sitting. 

I'XXU.  An  Act  to  consolidate  and 
amend  the  laws  which  reguhite  the 
leiy  and  application  of  church  rates 
and  parish  cesses,  and  the  election  of 
churchwardens,  and  the  maintenance 
ofparish  derks,  in  Ireland. 

LXXIIl,  An  Act  to  consolidate  the 
laws  in  force  in  Ireland  for  the  dis- 
appropriation of  benefices  annexed 
to  the  dignities,  and  for  the  appro- 
priation m  others  in  their  stead,  and 
for  uniting  benefices  with  dignities, 
and  to  m^  further  provisions  for 
the  like  purposes. 

I^WV.  An  Act  for  consolidating  and 
amending  the  laws  relating  to  prisons 

'  In  Ireland. 

LXXV.  An  Act  to  explain  an  Act  of 
the  fifty-third  year  of  the  reign  of  his 
hOe  m^esty,  respecting  the  enrolment 
pfmemoriala  of  grants  of  annuities. 

LXXVI.  An  Act  for  further  extending 
the  powers  of  an  Act  for  vesting  in 
canmltiioaerB  the  bridges  bttil&g 


over  the  Menai  Straits  and  the  river 
Conway,  and  the  harbours  of  Howth 
and  Holyhead,  and  the  road  from 
Dublin  to  Howth,  and  for  the  further 
improvement  of  the  road  from  Lon« 
don  to  Holyhead. 

LXXVII.  An  Act  to  extend  to  Charing 
Cross,  the  Strand,  and  places  a4jacen^ 
the  powers  of  an  Act  for  miUcing  a 
more  convenient  communication  ftom 
Mary-lcbone  Park ;  and  to  enable  the 
commissioners  of  his  mijesty's  woods, 
forests,  and  land  revenues  to  grant 
leases  of  the  site  of  Carlton  palace. 

LXXVIII*  An  Act  to  vest  in  the  com- 
missioners of  his  majesty's  woods, 
forests,  and  land  revenues,  the  powers 
of  several  Acts  for  the  improvement 
of  the  streets  near  Westminster  Hall 
and  the  houses  of  parliament ;  and  to 
authorise  the  conversion  of  the  pave- 
ments in  several  parts  of  the  metro- 
polis into  broken  stone  roads. 

LXXIX.  An  Act  for  applying  a  sum 
out  of  the  consolidated  fund,  and  the 
surplus  of  the  grants  of  the  year  1825, 
to  the  service  of  the  year  1826 ;  and 
for  further  appropriating  the  supplies 
granted  in  this  session  of  parliament. 


PUBLIC  ACTS 

Of  a  Local  and  Personal  Nature, 
to  be  noticed  by  the  Courts. 

i.  An  Act  to  repeal  two  Acts  relating 
to  the  employment  of  the  poor  within 
the  hundi^ds  of  Loes  and  l^^ord  in 
the  county  of  Suffolk,  and  to  distnp> 
corporate  the  said  hundreds. 

!i.  An  Act  for  enabling  the  companjr  of 
proprietors  of  the  Witham  navigation 
to  complete  tlie  drainage  and  naviga- 
tion by  the  river  Witham ;  and  to 
raise  a  further  sum  of  money  for  that 
purpose. 

iii.  An  Act  for  the  appropriation  of  two 
chapels  as  chapels  of  ease  to  the 
parish  church  of  Brighthelmston  in 
the  county  of  Sussex. 

iv.  An  Act  for  midntaining  and  repair- 
ing the  bridge  over  the  river  Avon, 
at  or  near  Stratford-upon-Avon,  in 
the  county  of  Warwick,  and  for 
indening  and  improving  the  ap- 
proaches thereto. 

V.  An  Act  for  enlarging  the  present 
market,  and  establishing  fish  markets, 
la  the  town  and  port  of  Dover  in  the 


810      ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1826. 


f^tttty  ot  K«il;  ft&d  fisr  vemofittf  the 
€lectioD8  o£  lumbers  and  of  tmyn 
ni  the  laid  town  from  Ihe  diur^  of 
8t  BImry  the  Vifgin  in  Dever. 

y/i.  An  Act  for  ligliting,  ««tclilBg» 
paving,  cleansing,  and  improving  Ihe 
atreetB,  highwaya,  and  ptacea  within 

,  the  town  and  borough  of  Newport  in 
the  oonnty  of  Monmonth. 

Tii.  An  Act  for  eidaiging  tiie  market 
bonse  and  regidatingtha  markets  with- 
in the  boRM^  of  Bridgwater  in  the 
ai«nt|r  of  flomeraet ;  for  paving,  deaas- 
ing»  lighthm:,  and  wateiung  the  itmats. 
laneai  and  other  pnblio  paemges  and 
plaoea  within  the  said  borough  or  ad- 
jaeeat  thereto,  and  for  the  improve- 
ment thereof. 

till.  An  Aot  for  Hgfatiag  with  gas  the 
several  townships  of  Macclesfield, 
Button,  and  Hnrdsfieid,  all  in  the 
parish  of  Presflmry  in  the  oounty 
nUatine  of  Chester. 

IK.  An  Act  for  making  and  maintaining 
a  tampilce  road  froiai  Cannock  in  the 
oounty  of  Slaflbrd  to  Fenkridge  in  the 
ouaeooun^. 

X.  An  Aot  for  maldng  and  maintain- 
ing a  turnpike  road  from  Worthing 
to  Lancing  in  the  county  of  Sussex, 
and  groynes,  embankments,  and  other 
sea  defences,  for  protecting  such 
road  and  tiie  lands  adjoining  from 
the  future  encroachments  of  the  sea, 

xi*  An  Aot  for  improving  the  road 
from  Collingfaam  in  the  west  Riding 
of  the  coun^  of  York  to  the  city  of 
York ;  aad  for  making  eertain  diver- 
sions from  such  road. 

xH.  An  Aot  for  more  effectoally  re- 
pairiag  and  maintaining  tlie  road  from 
Chippenham  Bridge  in  the  county  of 
Wilts  to  the  top  of  Togg-hlll  in  the 
county  of  Gloucester,  and  several  other 
roads  therein  meationed,  in  the  said 
counties  and  in  the  county  of  Somer- 
set, called  the  Marshfield  district. 

xiii.  An  Act  for  inakine  and  maintain- 
ing a  road  from  Oodalming,  through 
Hasoomb,  to  Pains-hill,  hi  the  oounty 
of  Surrey. 

xiv.  An  Act  for  improving  the  tum- 

pilce  road  from  Knaresborough  to  the 

potion  of  the  road  from  Ripon  to 

Ffttely  Bridge  in  the  West  Riding  of 

the  county  of  York. 

XV.  An  Act  for  maintaining  and  im- 
proving the  road  leading  from  Pen- 
gate  in  the  parish  of  Westbury  to  a 
Wace  formerly  called  Price's  Warren 
Pate,  1^  tinhead  In  the  parish  of 


Idhigtontn  tha  eaMAty  of  WUti,  nd 
other  roads  near  or  a4)ota^  ^^ 
said  roads,  in  the  coantiesof  Wilu 
andSoBMnet. 

XVI.  An  Act  for  more  efiectnally  repair- 
ing and  Improving  the  torn  from 
BAsncheater  in  the  eevnty  palatine  of 
Lancaster  to  Salters  Brook  in  Ibe 
county  palatina  of  Ciiasler»  and  for 
makii^  and  midntalninff  aeversl  ex- 
tensioiiB  or  divaraUms  of  road,  and  a 
new  brandi  of  road  to  conunuBlcatt 
therewith, 

^vii.  An  Aot  for  nsirfng  and  malalriB- 
iog  a  turnpike  road  frwoa  South 
Shields  to  White  Mere  Pool,  and  fran 
theaoe  to  join  the  Durhaaa  and  New* 
castle  ttttnplke  road  at  Vlgw-ls^ 
with  a  branoh  from  .laiTOw  SlaiM  lo 
Bast  Boldea,  all  tai  the  consty  ef 
Durham. 

xviii.  An  Act  for  amending  and  assla. 
taiaing  the  read  leading  frwa  the  taia- 
pike  road  on  Fanard's  Cownaen  m 
the  parish  ofBiadtord,  Ifcrongh  Holt 
and  Melksham,  to  Homan^  Stile  ia 
the  parish  of  I^yooek  In  the  oounty  of 
Wilts,  and  the  road  leading  there- 
from to  the  Bath  tnropike  nmd  upqa 
Kingsdown»hili  in  the  same  oonnty. 

xix.  An  Act  for  maktag  and  aoalntab- 
ing  a  turnpike  road,  oooimeiMlarst 
or  near  a  certain  houaa  called 
Shrewsbury  Arms,  situate  at  Hinder- 
ton  in  the  township  of  Little  KeslSB, 
by  way  of  Upton,  and  tertninating  in 
the  township  of  Hooee,  and  mm 
Upton  aforesaid  to  the  town^psf 
Birkenhead,  and  also  certain  bcaM- 
es  of  road  to  eommmdicaie  thei«- 
^th,  all  in  the  oounty  palntlae  of 
Chester. 

XX.  An  Act  for  amending  ai|  Act  of  hb 
present  mijesty,  for  repairing  the 
Road  from  Sandon  In  the  cmmtyof 
Stafibrd  to  BuUo<^  Smithy  in  the 
oounty  of  Chester,  and  from  HUder- 
stone  to  Drayoot  in  the  JMoora,  and 
tram  WetUey  Rooks  to  Tean,  In  the 
oounty  of  Staflbrd,  so  fkr  as  rentes  tft 
the  Macclesfield  district  of  mad  |  wfA 
for  making  a  diversion  of  read  a  the 
said  district 

xxi.  An  Act  for  making  and  m^nlala- 
ing  a  road  from  Ridghill  and  iaae% 
in  the  parish  of  A^ton-under-lyae  ia 
the  oounty  nakUlne  of  Laneaaler,  lo 
or  near  to  Holeliouse  in  SaddUwuith 
in  the  West  Riding  of  the  oonnty  if 
Yoric. 

Xxii.  An  Act  for  repairing  iktt  road 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.        311 


from  Bimlnglifim  to  Watford  Gap, 
in  the  parish  of  Sutton  Coldfield  in 
the  cfmnty  of  Warwick,  and  other 
roads  communcating  therewith. 

niil.  An  Act  for  making  and  main* 
tainiiig  a  turnpike  road  from  Arrow 
in  the  county  ot  Warwick  to  Pot  Hooks 
End  io  the  county  of  Worcester,  and 
from  Dannington  In  the  said  eounty 
of  Warwick  toCrah's  Cross  in  the  said 
county  of  Worcester. 

xxir.  An  Act  for  more  effectually  re- 
pairing the  roads  from  Littlegate  at 
the  top  of  Leadenham-hill  in  the 
county  of  Lincoln  to  Newark-upon- 
Tren^  and  from  Newark-upon*  Trent 
to  Mansfield,  and  from  Southwell  to 
the  south  end  of  the  town  of  Oxton, 
in  the  county  of  Nottingham. 

XZT.  An  Act  for  repairing,  widening, 
and  improving  the  seYeral  roads  lead- 
ing to  and  fiiom  the  city  of  Exeter, 
and  for  making  certain  new  lines  of 
*road  to  communicate  with  the  same ; 
and  for  keeping  in  repair  Exe  Bridge 
and  Countess  Wear  Bridge. 

ii?i.  An  Act  for  more  eroctually  re- 
pairing the  road  leading  from  the 
bounds  of  the  counties  of  Limerick 
and  Corkj  between  the  towns  of  Kil- 
mallock  and  Charlerille,  to  the  city 
of  Cork. 

xxrii.  An  Act  for  more  effectually  re- 
pairing, widening,  and  improving  the 
road  from  the  city  of  Norwich  to  Scole 
Bridge  in  the  county  of  Norfolk. 

xxriii.  An  Act  for  more  efiectually  re- 
pairing and  improving  the  road  from 
the  Brigbtbelmston  r(»d  at  Pyecombe 
to  Waminglid  Cross  in  the  parish  of 
Cuckfield,  and  from  Pyecombe  to  the 
Henfield  road  at  Poynings  Common, 
in  the  county  of  Sussex,  and  for  mak- 
ing a  new  road  from  Waminglid 
Cross  to  Hand  Cross  in  the  said 
county. 

xxbc  An  Act  for  making  and  main- 
taining a  turnpike  road  from  Wimpole 
in  the  county  of  Cambridge  to  Wrest- 
Ungworth  in  the  county  of  Bedford, 
and  from  Wrestlingworth  to  Potton, 
both  in  the  said  county  of  Bedford. 

xxz«  An  Act  for  making  and  maintain- 
ing a  navigable  canal  from  the  Peak 
Forest  canal,  in  the  township  of 
Marple,  in  the  county  palatine  of 
Chester,  to  join  the  canal  navigation 
from  the  Trent  to  the  Mersey  at  or 
near  Harding's  Wood  Lock  in  .the 
township  or  hamlet  of  Talk  or  Talk- 
pQ-the*HiU  in  the  county  of  Stafford  # 


zxxi.  An  Aet  to  amend  an  Aet  for 
separating  tiie  management  of  the 
harbour  of  Margate,  in  the  county  of 
Kent,  from  the  paving  and  lighting 
of  the  town  of  Margate,  and  for  vest- 
ing the  future  management  of  the 
said  harbour  in  a  joint-stodc  company 
of  proprietors. 

xxxii.  An  Act  to  enable  his  majesty 
to  license  a  playhouse  within  the 
town  and  port  of  Ramsgate  in  tiie 
Isle  of  Thanet  In  the  county  of  Kent. 

xxxiii.  An  Act  for  the  better  and  more 
effectually  supplying  with  water  the 
inhabitants  or  the  seversl  parishes  of 
St.  Mary,  St  Lawrence,  and  St.  Giles, 
Reading,  in  the  eounty  of  Berics. 

xxxiv.  An  Act  fbr  embanking,  drain- 
ing, and  otherwise  improving  lands 
In  the  parishes  of  Metheringliam  and 
Diinston  in  the  county  of  Lincoln. 

XXXV.  An  Act  for  lighting,  watohing, 
cleansing,  and  otherwise  improving 
the  Camberwell  New  Road,  the  Lam- 
beth Wyke  Estate,  and  other  places 
In  the  vicinity  thereoi^  in  the  parishes 
of  Lambeth,  Camberwell,  and  New- 
ington,  in  the  county  of  Surrey. 

xxxvi.  An  Act  fbr  Aghting  with  gas 
the  town  of  Burnley  cum  Habergham 
fiaves,  otherwise  the  townships  of 
Bamleyand  Habergham  Eaves,  with- 
in the  parish  of  WhaJley,  in  the  county 
palatine  of  Lancaster. 

xxxvi i.  An  Act  fbr  lighting  with  ras 
the  village  of  Heywrnid,  within  Uie 
parish  of  Bury,  in  the  county  pala- 
tine of  Lancaster. 

xxxviii.  An  Act  fbr  enabling  the  Glas- 

g>w  Gas-light  company  to  raise  a 
rther  sum  of  money  ror  the  use  of 
their  works,  and  for  other  purposes 
relating  thereto. 

xxxix.  An  Act  for  more  efibctually 
repairing  and  improving  the  roads 
leading  from  Pick's-hill,  near  the 
town  of  Langport  Eastover  in  the 
county  of  Somerset,  through  High 
Ham,  Ashcott,  and  other  places,  to 
Meare  in  the  said  county. 

xl.  An  Act  for  making  and  maintaining 
a  turnpike  road  from  the  Great  North 
Road,  at  Bamby  Moor  in  the  county 
of  NotUngbam,  to  the  tunipike  road 
leading  from  Bawtry  to  Tinsley  in 
the  county  of  York,  and  from  the  said 
Bawtry  and  Tinsley  turnpike  road,  at 
the  north-east  end  of  Blackhill  Lane, 
to  the  town  of  Rotherham  in  the  said 
county  of  York. 

xli.    An  Act  for  further  conth^uing, 


302      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1886. 


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APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         303 


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304       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


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APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.         305 


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316      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


employment  of  the  poor  of  the  ]pa- 
rish  of  Saint  Bridget,  otherwise 
Saint  Bride,  Fleet-street,  in  the  city 
of  London. 

cxT.  An  Act  to  explain  and  amend 
an  act  of  the  third  year  of  the  rdgn 
of  his  present  migesty,  intituled  An 
Act  for  watching,  cleansing,  and 
lighting  the  streets  of  the  city  of 
Edinburgh  and  adjoining  districts ; 
for  reguJating  the  police  thereof; 
and  for  other  purposes  relating  there- 
to. 

cxvi.  An  Act  for  extinguishing  tithes 
and  customary  payments  in  lieu  of 
tithes  within  that  part  of  the  parish 
of  Saint  Botolph  without,  Aldersgate, 
which  is  situate  in  the  city  of  Lon- 
don; and  for  making  compensation 
in  lieu  thereof;  and  for  increasing 
the  provision  for  the  incumbent  of 
the  same  parish. 

cxvii.  An  Act  for  pavinff,  watching, 
lighting,  cleansing,  and  improving 
the  township  of  Oldham  m  the 
county  of  Lancaster;  and  for  regulat- 
ing the  police  thereof. 

cxviii.  An  Act  for  lighting,  cleansing, 
watching,  and  otherwise  improving 
the  streets,  lanes,  and  other  public 
passages  and  places  within  the  town 
of  Stockport  in  the  county  Palatine 
of  Chester ;  and  for  regulating  the 
police  of  the  said  town. 

cxix.  An  Act  for  regulating  the  police 
of  the  burgh  of  Anderston  and  lands 
of  Lancefield  and  others  adjoining  the 
said  burgh,  in  the  county  of  Laiuirk ; 
paving,  cleansing,  and  lighting  the 
streets  and  passages  of  the  said  dis- 
trict ;  and  for  erecting  a  court  house 
and  gMd  therein. 

cxx.  An  Act  for  pavine,  lighting,  watch- 
ing, cleansing,  and  improving  the 
town  and  parish  of  Sunderland  near 
the  sea,  in  the  county  of  Durham  ; 
for  removing  the  market,  and  for 
otherwise  improving  the  said  town. 

exxL  An  Act  tor  better  paving,  light- 
ing, regulating,  and  improving  the 
parish  of  Saint  George  Hanover- 
square  within  the  liber^  of  the  city 
of  Westminster. 

cxxii.  An  Act  for  more  effisctually 
draining  and  preservin|;  certain  marsh 
lands  or  low  grounds  in  the  parishes 
of  Sandhurst,  Newenden,  Rofvenden, 
Tenterden,  Wittersham,  Ebony, 
Woodchurch,  Appledore,  and  Stone, 
In  the  county  of  Kent,  and  Ticehurst, 
Qalehurst,  Bodiam,  Ewhurtt,  Northi- 


am,  Beddy,  Peasmardi,  Ida,  md 
Playden,  in  the  ooonty  of  fiiasfi 

cxxiii.  An  Act  to  amend  and  dier  aa 
Act  passed  in  the  last  sessioB  of  par- 
liament, intituled  An  Act  for  csls- 
blislung  a  ioin  t-stoek-eompaay  for  the 
erection  of  buildings  and  estaUisyag 
machinery  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
moting and  encoarnguig  manofoctuet 
in  Irdiand. 

cxxiv.  An  Act  to  amend  an  Act  of  the 
last  aessloD  of  pariiament,  for  fiMifiti- 
ting  interooorse  by  steam  oavigstiaa 
between  the  United  Kingdom  andtlke 
continent  and  Islands  of  Aneria  mk 
the  West  Indies. 

cxxT.  An  Act  for  more  efibcmOy  re- 
pairing and  improving  oectaia  nsdi 
in  the  counties  of  K»t  and  Sorcj, 
commonly  oslled  the  New  C^ 
turnpike  roads. 

cxxvi.  An  Act  for  more  efiectaally  re- 
pairing the  road  from  Whiteerasi  ia 
the  parish  of  Leven,  in  Holdenes, 
in  the  east  riding  of  the  oooa^  of 
York,  to  the  town  o£Befeikyia«k 
said  county. 

cxxvii.  An  Act  for  mart  cflecfilly  re- 
pairing the  road  firom  Halifox  It 
Sheffield  in  the  west  riding  of  the 
coimty  of  York,  so  for  as  rrialH  li 
tiie  tiiird  dUtrict  of  the  said  nai,  sad 
for  diverting  and  alteHng  the  and 
district  of  road. 

GSLviii.  An  Act  for  malnng,  amepdiBg, 
widening,  repairing,  and  keepiac  is 
repair  certain  rom  inthecooatfof 
Forfor. 

cxzix.  An  Act  for  making  a  taiafike 
road  from  Shipley  to  Brmasl^  l<r- 
ffether  with  certain  branches  tkie- 
ntmi,  m  the  west  riding  of  the  coaly 
ofYoric 

czxx.  An  Act  for  moreeflednaOyiB- 
proviag  the  roads  from  Doncasler  ts 
Salter's  Brook  Bridge  and  for  fiwit- 
ing  and  altering  the  aaid  roads,  isd 
making  certain  branches  therdnvi 
all  in  the  county  of  York. 

cxxxi.  An  Act  for  more  eflectoally  i«- 
pairing  the  road  from  Sodbory  ia  ik 
county  of  Suflblk  to  Bury  Saiat  Ed- 
munds in  the  said  coun^. 

czxxii.  An  Act  for  more  efiedsiOr 
repairing,  widening,  and  impro^ 
the  roads  firom  Cranford  Bridge  is  Ik 
county  of  Middlesex  to  tiiat  ead  d 
Maidenhead  Bridge  which  lies  ia  Ik 
county  of  Bocks,  and  Irom  Stoogh  It 
Eton  Town  End,  and  from  Um 
9iPQm  to  Datchet Bridge  ia ^mm 


APPENDIX  TO  CHRONICLE.        317 


cotmtjf  of  Bocks;  and  for  watering 
the  odd  roads, 
cxxziii.  An  Act  for  making  a  road  from 
the  loot  of  the  Salt  Market  of  Glasgow 
to  the  Kilmamodc  or  Cathcart  turn- 

Stke  road,  and  for  building  a  bridge 
I  the  line  thereof  across  the  river 
Clyde  from  Glasgow  to  Hutchison- 
town. 

cxx3dv«  An  Act  for  more  eflfectoally  re- 
pairing the  road  from  Markfield  Turn- 
pike to  the  load  lea^ng  from  Lough- 
borough to  Ashby-de«la^ttch  in  the 
comity  of  Leicester. 

cxxzv.  An  Act  for  more  effectnally  re- 
»iiring  the  road  leading  from  the 
Willeiuev  turnpike  road  near  Burton 
to  Monluand  Mill,  and  other  roads 
therein  mentk>ned,  in  the  counties  of 
Herefinrd  and  Worcester. 

ezxzvi.  An  Act  for  making  a  tomplke 
road  from  Wells  next  the  Sea  to 
FMcenham,  with  a  branch  therefrom, 
all  in  the  counW  of  Norfolk. 

czzxvli.  An  Act  for  more  eflectually  re- 
pairing the  roadfrvm  the  turnpike 
road  at  or  near  the  town  of  Swindon 
to  the  north  end  of  the  town  of 
Marlborough  in  the  county  of  Wilts. 

cxzxTiii.  An  Act  for  more  effectually 
repairing  and  improring  several  roa£ 
leading  to  and  from  the  town  of  Sal- 
ford,  through  Pendleton,  and  other 
pbces  therein  mentioned,  in  the 
county  palatine  of  Lancaster,  and 
several  other  roads  therein  mention- 
ed ;  and  for  making  and  maintain- 
ing certain  diversions  or  new  lines  of 
road  to  communicate  therowith. 

cxsxU.  An  Act  for  making  and  main- 


tidning  a  railway  or  tramroad  from 
the  city  of  Limerick  to  the  town  of 
Carrick  in  the  county  of  Tipperary, 
with  several  branches  therdfrom  in 
the  coimtv  of  Tippeiary  aforesud, 
and  in  the  county  of  the  dty  of 
Wateifbrd. 

Gxl.  An  Act  to  amend  an  Act  of  his 
late  Mi^esty's  reign,  for  confirming 
certain  artides  of  agroement  between 
the  company  of  proprietors  of  the 
grand  junction  canal  and  certain 
persons  for  supplying  with  water  the 
Inhabitants  of  Paddington  and  places 
adjacent,  in  the  county  of  Middlesex ; 
and  also  an  Act  o£  his  sidd  late  ma- 
jesty's reign,  to  alter  certain  Acts 
reliving  to  the  g^rand  junction  canal, 
the  grand  junctfon  waterworks,  and 
the  Regent's  canal,  in  order  to  efiect 
an  exchange  of  water  for  the  better 
supply  of  the  Regent's  canal  naviga- 
tion and  grand  junction  waterworks  $ 
and  for  amending  ihe  powers  vested 
in  the  grand  junction  waterworks 
companv ;  and  for  other  purposes  re- 
lating thereto. 

exli*  An  Act  to  repeal  an  Act  of  the 
twenty-fourth  year  of  his  late  Ma- 
jesty king  George  the  Third,  for  the 
better  relief  and  employment  of  the 
poor  belonging  to  several  parishes 
within  the  town  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
the  liberties  thereof,  in  the  county  of 
Salop  ;  and  to  make  other  provisions 
in  lieu  thereof 

cxiii.  An  Act  for  consolidating  the 
trusts  of  the  several  turnpike  roads  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  metropolis, 
north  (» th«  river  Thames* 


318     ANNUAL   RBGI8TER,    1826. 


PRICE  OP  STOCKS  in  each  Month  in  1826, 

Highest  and  laweH* 


¥ 

W^ 


oo< 


I 


a.  ft* 

^2 


0«ft* 


ss 


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^4    I  01 


CO    • 


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sa 


sx 


s& 


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S8 


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MMpvi 


<DCO 


79   O. 


QDM 
0< 


2S 


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^ 


•  ■ 

Q.O. 

3S 


IQCt 


I! 


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9(9 


00 


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ii  fi  §f  if  US 


$3 

019 


as 


s 


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s 


3 


^sr 


ars* 


at« 


sss 


ss 


63 


33 


sa 


8  f  a  s 


ss 


S3 


&s 


ss 


g^S       $cb 


3 


COOD 


SIS 


00 


S" 


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fs 


s& 


s& 


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••■^••^ 


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00  00 


00 


s 


QPQO        oft  w 


^ 


CBX 


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SR 


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CO  00 


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r^oo 


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to  00 


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ss 


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90 


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8ii 


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2 


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4PPENDIX   TQ   CHRONICtE.        m 


AVERAGE  PRICES  OF  SUGAR  AND  HAY. 


January  

February 

Auurcii  •••••••»«••• 

April  ••• .« 

May 

June 


Smr, 

er  Cwt 


per 


36  11^ 
34  lOi 
32  \0i 
31  11 
31  11 
31  II 


Hay, 
per  Load. 


5    5  0 

5    5  0 

5    0  0 

4  15  0 

5  0  0 
5    0  0 


July 

August  .«• 
September 
October  ... 


November 
December 


Softr, 
per  Cwt. 


29  8} 

30  6| 
33    5 
30    1 
30  10| 

60«.  to  90f . 


per  Load. 


£.  M.  d. 

5  10  0 

6  6  0 
5  10  0 
5  12  0 
5  8  0 
5    8  0 


9= 


AVERAGE  OF  BRITISH  CORN. 


FROM   THE    RETURNS. 


Rye, 


ENplNO 


Jaaoary 


14 
11 


March 18 

AprU  15 

May 131 

Jane 10 

July 15 

Ai^^ust   12 

Septamber  ,..  15 

Oetobtr  ......  23 

ISoifeaher  ...  10 

Deconber  ..f  15 


Wheat. 


<^" 


«.  d, 

59  5 

60  8 

54  11 
59  4 
59  10 
57  5 

56  4 

57  2 

55  U 
54  6 
54  9 

58  X 


Barky. 


fisa 


«.  d» 

36  7 

»  7 

30  2 

88  6 

29  3 
28  1 

30  4 
32  1 

34  a 

35  5 

37  3 

36  6 

fiSE 


Oats. 


"*»f 


24  11 

98  11 

22  4 
93  6 

23  1 

23  7 

26  4 

27  a 

28  1 
27  7 
8  7 
31  4 


«.  d, 

45  6 

41  8 

43  2 

35  10 

37  9 

39  6 

41  4 
43  6 

.41  5 

37  4 

40  11 

42  6 


Beaos. 


I 


mrtm 


m 


9.      d. 

40  4 
39  10 

35  6 

36  11 
38^  e 
38  0 
42  4 
46    6 

46  5 

47  8 
49   7 

5S    8 

mStS 


Peaa. 


s,  d> 

44  8 

49  4 

39  4 

37  9 

39  t 

37  7 

45  6 
57  3 

52  2 

53  9 
5a  9 

54  9 


520      ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1826. 


PRICE  OF  BUTCHER'S  MEAT. 

Average  Prices  per  Stone  of  8lb.  of  BnrcEffia's  Meat  in  SmithiwM 

Market,  in  the  Year  1826. 


Matton. 

Vcd. 

Pon* 

U-. 

% 

S. 

d.     f •  d. 

#.    d*    «• 

d. 

s. 

cf.    «. 

d. 

#• 

d*    #• 

d. 

t.  d,  t»  d* 

Jan....  83 

6to5    0 

4    5U>5 

0 

4 

6to6 

0 

4 

4to6 

0 

0    OtoO  0 

Feb....30 

6to5    0 

3    4to5 

0 

5 

6to6 

4 

6 

8to6 

0 

0    OtoO  0 

March  13 

4to4  10 

4    4  to  5 

0 

5 

6to6 

6 

5 

0to6 

0 

6   6to7  4 

April  S4 

0to5    0 

4    0to5 

2 

S 

Oto6 

0 

5 

0to5 

6 

6   Oto7  4 

May...S6 

8to5    0 

4    0to4 

8 

4 

4to5 

8 

3 

8to5 

4 

S    8tol  4 

Jime...S3 

0to5    0 

3  10to4 

6 

4* 

4to5 

4 

3 

8to5 

4 

5    OtoS  6 

July...S4 

6to4  10 

3    0to4 

4 

4 

Oto5 

4 

8 

Otof 

0 

4    4to5  4 

Aug...Sl 

0to4  10 

3    8to4 

8 

5 

4to5 

4 

3 

8to4 

8 

4    4t»S  € 

Sept..Sl 

0to5    8 

4    0to5 

0 

3 

4to5 

4 

5 

0tD5 

8 

0    OtoO  0 

Oct«»«*83 

0  to  4  10 

3    0to4 

0 

4 

Oto5 

0 

4 

0to5 

4 

0    OtoO  0 

Not...  87 

4to5    0 

3  10  to  4 

4 

4 

0to5 

0 

4 

6to5 

6 

0    OtoO  0 

Dee...  85 

0to5    8 

3    6to4 

6 

4 

0to6 

0 

5 

0tD6 

0 

0    OtoO  0 

METEOROLOGICAL  TABLE  for  1826. 


»-*i 


AM 


T«r. 


»M0 
»M 

30,16 

S(^ao 
3o,aa 

3045 
30^ 
30^ 
3IM0 


3M0 


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(  1*  ) 


LAW  CASES  AND  NARRATIVES. 


High  Court  of  Adhiralty^ 
Jan.  31. 

Prize  Money. — Genoa  and  Us 
Dependencies. 

This  case  was  most  elaborately 
Argued  at  the  close  of  the  last  term 
ai^  the  commencement  of  the 
present  by  Dr>  Phillimore  and  Dr. 
LushiDgton^  on  behalf  of  his  ex- 
cellent count  Ludolf^  the  Sicilian 
amhasrador^  and  Dr.  Jenner^  on 
the  part  of  the  representatives  of 
sir  Robert  Hall>  deceased  (late  a 
post  captain  in  the  British  navy^ 
and  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Sici- 
lian service).  The  king's  advo- 
cate and  Dr.  Arnold^  appeared  for 
Chelsea  hospital;  against  which 
institution  the  Court  was  prayed  to 
enforce  monition. 

Lord  Stowell  gave  judgment  to 
day.  The  question^  which  the 
Court  was  called  on  to  decide,  arose 
from  the  capture  of  Genoa,  and 
its  two  dependencies,  Spezzia  a^d 
Savona,  then  in  the  possession  of 
the  French  government.  The 
capture  of  these  places  was  effected 
by  the  combined  armies  and  fleets 
of  the  king  of  Great  Britain  and 
the  king  of  Sicily;  and  a  very 
considerable  booty,  or  prize,  was 
distributed  among  the  captors  un- 
der the  grants  of  the  respective 
sovereigns.  The  immediate  ques- 
tion arising  out  of  these  transac- 
tions, related  to  the  particular  share 
of  sir  Robert  Hall,  a  person  de- 
scribed as  a  military  officer  in  the 
service  of  the  king  of  the  Two 
SiciUes,  and  who  was  likewise  a 

voii,  Lxvin, 


naval  officer,  a  post  captain,  in  the 
service  of  the  king  of  Great  Bri- 
tain. This  party,  who  had  been 
serving  as  a  British  naval  officer, 
was  transferred  to  the  military  ser- 
vice of  the  other  state,  the  con- 
federate state,  then  united  with 
Great  Britain  in  a  struggle  against 
the  common  oppressor  of  Europe. 
It  did  not  appear  how  this  transfer 
was  eflected.  The  court  did  not 
think  it  resulted  from  any  of  the 
papers  which  had  been  laid  before 
it,  that  sir  Robert  Hall,  previously 
to  these  captures,  had  had  any  con- 
nection with  the  Sicilian  army,  or 
with  Sicily  itself.  It  was  probable 
that  this  was  the  first  time  that  he 
had  been  connected  with  the  Sicilian 
service  by  the  joint  opinions  of 
the  Britbh  military  commander-in- 
chief  in  that  expedition  (lieute- 
nant-general lord  William  Ben- 
tinck),  and  the  British  admiral 
(now  lord  viscount  Exmouth).  It 
seemed  to  have  been  also  the  last 
time  that  he  served  in  his  military 
capacity;  so  that  his  connexion 
with  the  Sicilian  service  might  be 
considered  to  have  been  accidental 
and  temporary  only.  At  the 
same  time,  the  Court  was  bound 
to  consider  it  a  sufficiently  authen- 
ticated fact,  that  sir  Robert  had 
been  validly  transferred  to  the  Sici- 
lian army ;  for  he  was  certified  by 
the  British  commissioners  for  the 
distribution  of  the  Sicilian  prize- 
money  as  '^  a  lieutenant-general  in 
the  Sicilian  service."  The  claim 
now  made  on  his  prize-share,  was 
preferred  by  the  Sicilian  minister 
A* 


i*       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

resident  at  this  court.  No  ques-  or  other,  and  at  various  times, 
tion,  therefore^  could  be  raised  as  But  it  was  late  in  the  course  of  tbe 
to  the  validity  of  his  appointment,  last  war,  before  anyr^ulationsooD- 
for  however  long  or  short  a  period  ceming  the  distribution  of  prize 
it  might  have  lasted.  A  great  deal  to  the  forces  employed  in  such  coo- 
of  obscurity  had  been  introduced  joint  operations  v^as  made  by  par- 
into  this  question  by  various  events,  liamentary  authority.  Three  acts 
and  particularly  by  reason  of  the  of  that  nature  were  passed  in  tite 
death  of  sir  Robert  Hall.  The  reign  of  his  lAte  maiestj  ;  and  ooe 
c^ture  of  tke  booty  was  made  in  containing,  certainly,  very  peremp- 
the  early  part  ai  the  year  1814;  tory  enactments,  in  the  reign  of 
yet  the  first  tiine>  on  which  the  the  present  king,  and  appamidy 
present  question  had  been  intro-  with  reference  to  this  very  expe- 
duced  to  the  notice  of  the  courts  ditien  which  took  Genoa  and  its 
was  on  the  last  court-day  of  the  dependeUoi^ ;  and  an  otder  ia 
very  last  term  only ;  at  the  dose  council  had  also  been  made^  wkieb 
of  1825,  or  very  nearly  13  years  directed  that  the  priee  flbaie»  ar 
after  the  matter  hc^pened.  In  that  share  in  the  distribution  of  tbe 
that  interval,  many  things  had  booty  o^^tured  by  the  combund 
occurred  that  did  certainly  em«  forces  on  this  occasion,  that  mi^t 
barrass  the  question  very  much,  be  adjudged  to  Sicily,  should  be 
Sir  Robert  Hall,  who,  if  he  had  paid  over  to  the  minkter  Pknipo- 
been  livins,  would  kave  been  able  tentiary  ftom  the  court  of  the  tiro 
to  come  mto  omrt  himself  and  Sicilies,  residing  at  Uiis  court  Osi 
assert  his  own  daim,  was  dead,  of  this  gencraf  injunction  no  le- 
and  so  were  a  great  many  other  servations  were  made.  The  mon^ 
persons  who  could  have  thrown  so  distributed  was  to  be  remitted  to 
much  li^ht  upon  this  cause. — It  Sicily  £a€  the  purpose  ef  its  beiqg 
was  to  be  obs^nred,  that  a  very  paid  over  to  those  who  mig^t  be 
scanty  provision  had  been  made  entitled  thereto,  accoi^ing  ^  ^ 
by  law  relative  to  booty  or  prise  laws  and  constitutions  of  ^ 
captured  by  the  combined  opera-  oountryi  and  "  the  ^Urections  ef 
tions  of  a  British  force,  together  the  sovereign  therec^." 
with  foreign  forces.  There  seem-  Now  it  was  upon  this  state 
ed  to -have  occurred  scarcely  any  of  facts>  that  the  present  quo- 
instance  in  the  earlier  ages  o(  our  tion  came  before  the  court  Sir 
history,  wherein  any  permanent  re-  Robert  Hall's  character  as  a  Siciliis 
gulations,  at  least  in  T&spedt  of  officer  was  sufficiently  estahiisb- 
such  cases,  had  been  made.  It  ed;  and  being  so,  there  couU 
was  very  true>  that  Great  Britain  be  no  question  but  that  his  mu^ 
liad  very  often  had  to  mamtain  be  considered  as  a  ^'  SioHsn" 
contests  single-handed.  But  this  share.  This  share  was  paid  soaie- 
was  by  no  means  the  case  with  what  early  and  prematurely,  bn^ 
the  last  struggle  for  the  indepen-  by  no  means  imprudently^  hf  mj 
denco  of  Europe,  which  was  sus-  of  safe  custody,  into  the  treasouy 
tained  by  the  European  states  ge*  of  Chelsea  Hoqpital ;  thougb  st 
nendly,  against  the  common  op-  what  time  it  was  so  paid,  did 
pressor.  In  that  contest,  Crreat  not  apjiear  on  the  face  of  tb^ 
Britain  had  the  concurrence  of  proceedings*  This  pigment  «» 
most  of  such  stateii,  in  one  shape  m  itself  aomewbaticvegultf*  QkI* 


L  A  W    C  A  S  E  S,    &c.  3^ 

Hospital^  indeed,  was  the  com*-  of  the  same  dass,  that  other  share 
non  depontmy  of  all  unclaimed  was  held  to  be  diykible  as  among 
ifaares  of  British  military  officers ;  those  other  officers.  By  the  £n§- 
but  this  gentleman,  sir  Robert  lish  course  of  prize  propertyythere^ 
HalJ,  was  clearly  not  a  ''  British  fore,  an  offieer  thus  situated  had  a 
military  officer  i'  he  was  a  British  r^ht  to  take  the  higher  pit>portiun 
**  naval"  officer,  and  a  "  Sicilian  of  the  two  proportions  which  thfe 
military"  officer.  Though  it  had  commission  mignt  affinrd,  but  to 
remained  in  the  hospital  tot  sereral  that  superior  share  he  niust  con^ 
years,  this  ^ise  share  was  to  be  iiiie  himself.  By  a  conkmon  error, 
considered  as  not  having  been  paid  however,  in  this  case-^^^m  error 
in,  in  the  rtvular  way  mat  British  common  to  all  the  parties-^-this 
property  of  such  a  description  rule  was  not  observed.  In  that 
would  have  been,  in  the  usual  error  it  appeared  that  latterly  sir 
course ;  namely,  under  the  inten-  Robert  Hull  himself  had  beoome 
tion,  that,  being  unclaimed,  it  involved ;  fbr  he  himself  appeared 
would,  after  a  certain  lapse  of  time,  as  a  British  naval  officer,  and  took 
become  Tested  in  the  hospital.  For  the  booty  erroneously  assigned  to 
as  Sicilian  property,  thou^  un-  him  in  that  character.  He  never 
claimed,  it  would  not  have  become  came  forward  as  a  Sicilian  military 
so  vested ;  nor  could  any  provision  officer,  which  he  was  most  un- 
to the  contrary,  bearing  on  foreign  doubtedly  entitled  to  do.  At  least, 
price  shares,  be  nia&,  without  it  did  not  seem  thdt  any  applica^ 
being  in  some  degree  discoloured  tion  was  ever  made  by  him  In  that 
by  imtisrice.  It  appearedi  that  in  capacity,  and  he  actually  received 
the  Sicilian  prijre  list,  nrade  out  as  a  British  naval  offieer.  That 
with  perfect  aocuracy>  sir  Robert  shcu^e  he  decidedly  received  in 
HaU  was  described  as  a  Sicilian  error;  but  with  perfect  integrity 
brigadier  g^ierali  and  a  large  sum  on  his  part,  since  lie  never  clamied 
was  assigned  to  him!  in  that  cha-  the  higher  i^re  which  was  due  to 
racier  by  the  agents  for  the  distri-  him.  Whether  he  did  not  consider 
butkm.  Unfortunatdy,  it  hap-  himself  entitled  as  a  Sicilian  briga- 
pened  that  in  the  British  naval  dier-general,  or  acted  under  that 
prij^  list,  he  was  likewise  entered,  common  delusion  which  had  ofie^ 
and  described  as  a  naval  officer,  rated,  apparently,  on  idl  parties  in 
Now  the  usuid  course  observed,  in  this  matter,  he  had  never  adced  for 
respeet  of  English  prLse  or  booty,  his  military  proportion ;  md  by 
with  r^jpiid  to  pri2e>  to  "  coi\joint  that  means  had  come  off  minus 
expeditions"  of  the  British  and  about  500/.  (the  difference  between 
fbreign  forces^  was  this:  that  an  the  share  he  did  take,  and  that 
£i^U^  officer  holding  rank  also  in  which  he  should  have  taken).  His 
the  fore^  service  was  not  en-  share  as  a  British  naval  officer  was 
titled  to  share  in  both  capacities,  something  more  than  700^  The 
but  in  the  higher  and  more  profit-  share  he  ought  to  have  drawn  as  a 
M&  of  them.  The  pri^e  aue  to  Sicilian  major-general,  and  that 
the  other  office,  which  the  indi-  which  was  now  in  question^  Was 
vidual  should  appear  to  ^ave  eva-  1291^*  so  that,  in  truth,  he  had 
cuated^  and  pot  to  have  fulfilled,  acted  upon  an  erroneous  notion ;  a 
but  the  duties  oi  whidi  he  had  left  notion  m  which  all  parties  seemed 
lo  b9  perfimnod  by  other  officers  tohavebaeninyolTad,aadofwhidi 

'    A*a 


4*        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

the  fallaciousness  added  much  to  larger  sum  due  to  him  asaSiciliaii 
the  obscurity  that  brooded  over  the  miutary  officer^  on  account  (^  the 
whole  of  the  case.  But>  in  this>  capture  of  Genoa  ?  And  here  the 
sir  Robert  Hall  had  acted  in  Court  must  admit,  that  if  it  should 
honest  error;  not  meaning  to  take  turn  out  that  this  latter  wasagood 
more>  but  willing  to  take  much  daim,  the  Court  was  bound  by  the 
less,  than  what  properly  belonged  order  in  council,  and  the  acts  of 
to  him,  in  virtue  of  that  station  parliament  which  had  been  ie£ened 
to  which  he  had  been  called  by  to  in  argument,  to  order  the  money 
the  principal  authorities  in  the  to  be  paid  over  to  the  Sicilian  am- 
Sicilian  service.  These  facts  had  bassaoor.  As  to  the  claim  which 
opposed  great  difficulties  to  the  had  been  interposed  on  the  part  of 
possibility  of  the  Court  finding  its  the  British  representatives  of  m 
way  to  the  justice  of  this' case.  If  Robert  Hall,  it  was  very  difficult 
they  had  not  occurred,  the  course  for  his  lordship  to  meel  it,  under 
of  that  justice  would  have  been  the  present  state  of  the  case,  with 
very  obvious  and  easy.  It  would  all  that  attention  which  was  un- 
have  consisted  in  the  Court's  order-  doubtedly  due  to  those  by  whom 
ing  the  pa3rment  over  to  sir  Robert  it  had  been  so  advanced.  For,  if 
Hall,  of  the  sum  now  demanded  this  were  Sicilian  property,  it  was 
by  the  Sicilian  ambassador,  1,29]  i^;  to  be  paid  over  to  the  Sidlisn 
and  in  directing  sir  Robert  to  rquiy  plenipotentiary ;  and  the  Court  ws 
on  account  of  the  officers  who  had  disposed  to  think  with  counsel,  ^tut 
served  in  this  affidr  as  post-captain  by  his  excellency  it  was  to  be  re- 
in the  British  navy,  the  sum  which  mitted  to  Sicily,  there  to  be  deilt 
he  had  wrongfuUy  taken,  as  a  post-  with  according  to  the  rules  of  her 
captain  himself;  a  course  of  pro-  service,  and  the  general  puereea- 
ceeding  with  which,  had  he  been  lations  of  that  country,  rfaw  what 
living,  he  would  have  testified  a  those  regulations  were  with  respect 
ready  complianoe.  Whether  the  to  prii^e  property  which  had  been 
officers,  to  whom  such  post-captain's  unclaimed  during  the  life-time  of 
share  would  then  have  reverted,  the  party  entitled,  the  Court  could 
and  who  discharged  those  duties  not  state.  Probably  such  property 
which  he  must  have  so  evacuated  escheated  to  the  Crown ;  or  being 
on  the  occasion— whether  they  so  unclaimed  during  the  life-tine 
were  now  living  or  dead,  did  not  of  such  party,  was  forfeited  to  the 
appear,  and  it  was  not  perhaps  very  uses  of  some  naval  establishment  in 
material  for  the  Court  to  be  ap  Sicily,  or  some  charitable  institiH 
prixed,  seeing  that  the  Court  could  tion  in  that  country,  of  a  natme 
hardly  set  the  matter  right,  were  similar  to  that  of  some  charities  in 
they  even  to  appear.  For  it  could  this  kingdom.  The  Court  had, 
not  order  a  freak  distribution  of  perhaps,  the  less  reason  to  deplore 
such  share  at  this  time  of  day,  its  own  ignorance  on  this  point; 
seeing  that  that  account  was  seeing  that  the  Court,  at  aU  events, 
closed.  had  it  not  in  its  power  to  apply 
The  only  question  now  was,  how  the  money  claimed,  to  the  relief  in 
far  this  apportionment  of  naval  any  way  of  the  parties  representii^ 
prize,  which  had  most  incorrectly  sir  Robert  Hall  here,  on  the  prin- 
taken  place  as  to  sir  Robert  Hall,  ciple  of  British  representation.    It 

should  destroy  his  claim  to  Uie  wa?  specifically  diicectedhyihe  acts 


law:   CASES,   8fc.  6» 

cxf  pailkinent^  ^t  monies  of  this  stood,  or  a  paper  (the  British  list) 
land,  thus  drcumstanced,  should  be  which  was  obviously  incorrect,  even 
paid  over  to  the  minister  plenipo-  independently  of  the  proper  prin** 
tentiary  of  the  king  of  the  Two  ciple  adverted  to  by  the  Court,  on 
Sicilies;  and  the  lapse  of  time  which  sir  Robert  Hall's  greater 
which  had  intervened  in  this  in-  claim  on  account  of  these  transact 
stance,  made  no  sort  of  difference  tions  was  founded  ?  His  lordship 
as  to  the  efficiency  of  that  order,  proceeded  to  shew  that  he  must 
Neither  those  acts,  nor  the  order  look  upon  the  former  as  that  which 
in  council,  comprised  any  limitation  he  ought  to  keep  in  view ;  that  the 
as  to  time,  cmd  their  application  acts  of  parliament,  and  the  order  in 
was  just  the  same  as  if  the  case  council,  were  both  elear  in  their 
were  of  the  freshest  occurrence.  It  directions,  and  peremptory  as  to 
was  the  duty  of  the  Court  to  carry  their  enactments ;  and  that  his 
their  enactments  into  execution  as  jurisdiction  in  '  this  matter  com- 
imperatively  !and  peremptorily  at  menced  and  ended  with  them, 
this  day  and  hour,  as  it  would  have  Finally,  he  ordered  the  whole  sum 
been  at  the  earliest  opportunity  of  l,29lL  to  be  paid  out  of  the 
which  could  have  presented  itself  treasury  of  Chelsea  hospital,  to  the 
for  acting  on  such  statutes.  The  Sicilian  ambassador,  according  to 
jurisdiction  that  they  created  for  the  injunctions  of  the  statute ;  and 
this  Court  began  and  closed  with  adverting  to  some  charges  in- 
the  attainment  of  a  particular  ob-  sinuated  in  the  proceedings  against 
ject,  which  was  as  binding  now  as  the  conduct  of  the  officers  of  the 
it  could  have  been  at  any  former  hospital,  as  if  the  original  appUea- 
period.  tions  of  his  excellency  had  been 
If  lapse  of  time,  then,  would  treated  with  inattention  and  dis- 
not  ofiect  the  application  of  these  respect,  the  Court  said,  it  must 
acts;,  what  was  to  be  said  as  to  infer  from  the  entire  silence  of 
sir  Robert  Hall's  having  received  Counsel  on  the  subject,  that  such 
a  prize  share  as  a  naval  officer  ?  charges  had  been  entirely  abandon- 
Why,  the  Court  was  bound  to  con-  ed :  and  it  in  truth  saw  no  reason 
sider  that  the  payment  which  had  to'think,  that  the  officers  in  question 
been  so  made  to  him,  was  made  had  done  any  thing  but  thdbr  duty, 
alt<^ther  in  error.  He  was,  in  or  testified  the  slightest  disregard 
fact,  to  take  as  a  Sicilian  military  or  inattention  in  the  business,  to 
officer ;  and  that  share  was  subject  the  interests  of  any  of  the  parties 
to  be  conveyed  to  Sicily  for  distri-  concerned.  He  recommended  the 
bution,  or  to  be  dealt  with  there  representatives  of  sir  Robert  Hall> 
according  to  the  will  of  tliat  sove-  to  apply  to  the  sovereign  of  Sicily 
reign,  or  the  institutions  of  that  through  his  minister  here,  who 
country.  As  to  the  authority  to  be  received  these  monies,  in  order  to 
respected,  at  this  distance  of  time,  get  so  much  of  it  as  the  inclination 
was  the  Court  to  prefer  a  paper  (the  or  liberality  of  the  royal  mind  of 
Sicilian  list)  which,  though  neglect-  his  master  might  be  disposed  to 
ed  during  a  long  lapse  of  time  was  allow  them.  The  Court  could  only 
not  reprehensible  on  any  other  lament,  th  xt  it  had  no  power  to  do 
account,  and  which  was  perfectly  more  in  regard  to  themi  than  tq 
accurate  and  correct  as  it  now  suggest  this  advice* 


e*        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

pRXitooATiYB  OomiT,  ApRiL  12.  Mm  Dew,  Ttnoiuractsof  Ae 

r>          ,«    ,       »  ^.    I  violent  and  disgustii^    bmtafitsr 

Dm  ^.  Clark  and  Chrk.  were  pleaded  tolavebeen  n^«t. 

Sir  John  NicoU  gave  judgment  e^  committed  hf  the  deoeuBd  is 

in  this  extraordinary  case  to  day.  his  conduct  towards  her.    He  had 

The  deceased  in  the  cause  was  the  concdived^  it  was  said,  horn  her 

late  Mr.  Ely  Stott,  of  Hart-street,  eaziiest  infancy,  an  oneoniiiienUe 

Bloomshury,  a  surgeon  and  electri-  aversion  for  her  ;  he  destined  her, 

dan  of  some  eminence,  who  died  in  in  the  singular  jargon  in  whidi  he 

the  month  of  Novemher,    1891,  hahitually    expresKd    himself  on 

aged  72,  leavina  hehind  him  an  such  subjects,  as  a  child  ci  Satan, 

only  child,  by  a  former  wife,  Mrs.  and  given  over,  from  hor  liaA,  to 

Charlotte  Mary  Dew — ^his  widow,  eternal  reprobation.     He  aecased 

Mrs.   Mary   Stott — and  real  and  herc^  crimes— and  these  autaia 

personal  property  to  the  value  of  tions  he  was  constantly  sukiBg. 

40,000/.  and   upwards.      By  his  even  to  his  own  patioits — the  oom- 

will,  dated  26th  May,  1818,  after  misnon  of  which,  **  was  abnluteiy 

leaving  about  400/.  a-year  to  his  impessiUe  at  her  tender  age,*  in 

wife,  during  her  widowhood,  a  few  the  language  of  some  of  ti^  wk- 

legaoies  to  his  fHends,  and  altoge-  nesses — the  lord  bishq>  of  Dmhtfi, 

ther  100/.  per  annum  only  to  his  for  example.     He  required  of  her 

daughter,  hebequeathed  the  residue  a  daily  written  statement  and  cob- 

of  his  estate  to  Thomas  and  Valen-  fession  of  the  most  secret  thoughts 

tine  Clark,  his  two  nephews.  This  of  her  heart ;  and  with  a  capriei- 

wiU  was  (^iposed  on  behalf  of  Mrs.  ousnessof  feelingonlyto  beeytiM 

Dew,  the  daughter,  on  the  ground  by  the  barbarity  of  |he  trcatmcat 

of  the  deceasea's  ddusion  and  un«  to  which  he  subjected  her ;    he 

soundness  of  mind  in  respect  to  her,  would,   to-day,  shed  teaxa  at  the 

andof  general  unsoundness  of  mind  mention  of  her  name,  descnhiaf 

on  that  topic,  and  all  others  con-  himself  as  the  most  afficted  anS 

nected  with  it.    Although  the  evi«  uufortunate  of   parents,  and  to- 

denoe  adduced  in  support  of  the  morrow,  strip  and  flog  her  with  die 

will,  as  well  as  the  averments  of  most  savage  fuiy :  in  a  letter  Id 

the  allegations  given  in,  on  the  one  of  his  friends,  he  would  coId- 

part  of  the  nephews,  went  to  make  gife  her  talents  uid  great  oapdiffi- 

out  a  case  amounting  only  to  what  ties ;  in  another  commimination  he 

was  termed  extreme  eccentricity  fx£  woidd  impute  to  her  extieme  es- 

eonduct;    it    resulted    ftom    the  eesses  of  vice.     His  onfiirtuBtlB 

testimony  given  on  both  sides,  and  daughter  was  accused,  by  him,  of 

indeed  firom  the  admissians  of  the  such  offences  while    die  was  H 

counsel     of    the    Messrs.    Clark,  school ;  but  the  witnesses  wmchsit 

that  the  conduct  of  the  deceased  to  this  part  of  the  oaae,  ^  asc 

towards  his  daughter  had  been,  as  attempt  to  prove  any  thing  heyopi 

it  was  diarged  to  have  been,  severe  some  trivial  indiscretiaa  atwpeoA ; 

and  even  brutal ;  but  it  was  con-  and,  even  that  having  happvMd 

tended,  at  the  same  time,  that  these  foor-and*twenty  years  ngo^  iSbtf 

admissions  could  not    affect    the  could  not  of  course  d^oae  to  it, 

oeneral  question  of  the  sanity  of  with  any  degree  of  certainty,    it 

deceased's  mind.    On  the  part  of  a|^peared  tha^  tfao  sdwol-vnitsHi 


LAW   CASES,   &c. 


7* 


iband  tlie  interfbvence  of  the  de- 
ceased^ and  his  popetual  dissen- 
flions  ahout  the  ''  reprobate  state  " 
of  his  daughter  extremely  incon- 
▼eaient    and    trouUesome;    and 
^adly  ayailed  hendf  of  an  opper- 
tonity  of  gettb^  rid,  with  poor 
Miss  Stotty  ^  the  importunities  and 
viaonaiy  lamentations  of  herfather* 
The  singular  eooentricities  of  the 
decease^  the  strange  intermixture 
cf  religious  fervor  and  downright 
hh^fdiemy  in  his  conversation^  his 
severity  to  his  servants^  his  unoon« 
tFoUahle  hatred  to  draymen^drovers, 
and  butcher-boys,  his  diurnal  con- 
tests with  {Renders  in  these  classes, 
his  whimsical  notions  of  the  mira- 
culous   virtue  of   electricity,    by 
whidi  he  at  one  time  proposed  to 
dischaige  all  the  functions  of  an 
acetmcheur  !  his  inordinate  opinion 
of  himself,  amounting  to  a  belief  of 
his  ovm  infUlibility — and  the  per- 
se'veringhatred  with  which  through 
life  he  pursued  his  daughter,  were 
detaOed  at  great  length  in  the  evi« 
denoe.     Mr.  Stott  was  originally  a 
footnian ;  and  appears  to  have  been 
a  man  of  great  natural  endowments, 
and  to  have  proceeded,  vrith  sin- 
gular energy,  in  the  acquisition  of 
his  practice  and  his  fortune. 

The  learned  judge  stated  the 
qnestiofi  to  relate  to  the  validity  of 
&e  will.  Mr.  Stott  had  several 
nephews  and  nieces,  who,  as  such, 
would  of  course  not  be  entitled  in 
distribiitiim.  The  property  of  de- 
ceased at  his  death  amounted  in 
vahie  to  nearly  40,000/.  In  the 
month  of  February,  18S1,  his  wife 
af^lied  for  a  commission  of  lunacy 
against  him;  the  inquisition  was 
executed  accordingly,  and  thede- 
ceiwed  was  found  to  havebeen  of  un- 
aoimd  mind  ftt)m  thepreceding  1  st  of 
January.  The  will  propounded  in 
this  cause  was  dated  May,  1818  ; 
«nd  had  been  executed^  therefore> 


not  within  the  period  compce- 
hended  in  the  finding  of  the  jury, 
under  such  inquisition^  but  at  a 
date  about  three  years  prior  to  that 
period.  By  the  will,  he  left  to  his 
wife  all  his  houselmld  furniture, 
and  other  things  of  that  descrip- 
tion; to  his  nejdiew,  Thomaa 
Clark,  a  legacy  c^  100^;  to  his 
other  nephew,  Valentine  Clark, 
150/.;  and  various  other  legacies 
(including  some  small  annuities) 
of  no  very  great  amount,  to  difier- 
ent  individuals;  eqiedally  to  a 
Miss  Hey,  in  acknowledgment  of 
the  endeavours  she  had  exerted  in 
common  with  himself  ^'for  re- 
claiming his  daughter,  afW  the 
latter  had  thrice  revdtdl  from  him, 
and  flung  herself  from  his  care  and 
protection."  There  was  a  legacy 
in  pretty  nearly  similar  terms  to 
his  friend,  Mr.  Daniel  Qough; 
but  the  amount  was  lef^  in  blank. 
To  his  daughter  and  cmly  child  he 
bequeathed,  altc^ther,  about  100/. 
per  annum  onfy;  to  his  wife, 
Mary  Stott,  400/.  a-year  during 
the  term  of  her  natural  life  or 
widowhood;  to  his  three  execu- 
tors 50/.  eadi ;  and  the  whole  resi- 
due of  his  real  and  personal  estate, 
in  the  event  of  his,  the  testator^s 
liaving  no  other  children  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  to  his  nephews, 
Thomas  and  Valentine  Clark,  the 
parties  in  this  cause.  His  wife  he 
joined  in  the  executorship  of  this 
will  with  the  three  executors  be- 
fore sdluded  ta  Such  was  the  sub- 
stance of  the  will ;  and  undoubt- 
edly it  was  a  testament  very 
much  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
daughter  (the  other  party  in  the 
cause)  who  was  his  only  child, 
and  was  yet  assigned  so  small  a 
porticm  out  of  this  very  large  pro- 
perty. It  was  a  will,  however, 
very  formally  drawn  up,  and  at- 
te^  by  three  respectably  wiW 


8*        ANNUAL  HEGISTER,    1826. 

nesses.  Soon  after  the  death  of  ground  of  the  oppo^tion  was  this ; 
the  deceased^  all  the  executors  re-  that  though  it  was  the  will  of  the 
nounced  probate ;  and  administra-  mind  of  deceased^  that  mind  was 
tion,  wilii  the  will  annexed^  was  not  a  sane>  but  was  an  unsound, 
granted  in  December^  1821,  to  the  mind — ^'unsound/'  in  the  hgd 
residuary  legatees,  Thomas  and  sense  of  the  term,  that  is,  that  de- 
Valentine  Ckrk.  In  April,  1822,  ceased  was,  to  a  certain  extent,  de« 
that  administration  was  odled  in  ranged  in  mind  when  he  made  this 
by  the  daughter ;  the  residuary  will.  Now,  it  was  the  dear  rule 
legatees  were  put  on  the  proof  of  of  law,  that,  where  a  case  of  this 
the  will;  it  was  propounded  by  description  was  set  up,  the  onus 
them,  and  was  opposed  by  Mrs.  probandi  was  on  the  party  by  whim 
Dew,  the  daughter.  The  first  aU  it  was  so  advanced.  And  the  de- 
legation given  in,  on  behalf  of  neral  tendency  of  the  plea,  which 
Messrs.  Clark,  merely  propounded  had  been  offered  on  the  part  of  the 
the  paper  in  the  form  of  a  common  daughter,  might  be  thus  stated : 
condidit;  pleading  the  factum  of  that  the  conduct  of  the  deceased 
the  execution,  the  death  of  the  towards  his  first  wife,  upon  die 
deceased,  and  the  character  of  his  birth  of  this  daughter,  had  been 
hand-writing.  And  if  the  ques-  strongly  marked  with  derang&- 
tion  now  before  the  Court  rested  ment ;  that  he  subsequendy,  snd 
on  the  evidence  of  the  factum,  as  ever  fd'terwards,  manifested  strong 
proved  by  the  witnesses  on  the  indications  of  a  complete  hatred  and 
condidit,  there  could  be  no  doubt  antipathy  for  the  daughter  herself; 
whatever  respecting  the  validity  of  that  in  respect  of  her,  in  particu- 
this  will.  Their  evidence,  as  far  lar,  he  laboured  under  a  deluaoo 
as  it  went,  was  complete  and  sa-  of  mind,  imagining  her  to  have 
tisfactory.  The  grounds,  upon  been,  from  her  birth,  invested  by 
which  the  will  was  opposed,  were  nature  with  great  and  singokr 
not  a  denial  of  the  intention  depravity;  and  to  be  an  absn- 
of  the  testator ;  or  of  the  execu-  doned  profligate,  a  wild  and  ine- 
tion  of  this  paper ;  or  any  sug-  claimable  being ;  that  he  treated 
gestion  that  either  fraud  or  circum-  her  with  the  utmost  cruelty  and 
vention  was  practised  towards  him ;  violence,  notwithstanding  she  oo 
or  that  any  extrinsic  influence  had  all  occasions  behaved  to  him  mik 
been  made  use  of  in  order  to  in-  all  duty,  and  endeavoured  by  every 
duce  him  to  make  such  a  dispo-  means  to  conciliate  his  a£fectioos; 
sition  of  his  property.  Neither  that  she  had  always  conducted  her- 
was  it  suggested  that  this  will  had  self  as  a  modest,  virtuous, .  and 
not  originated  entirely  with  him-  amiable  person ;  but  that  in  these 
self,  and  had  not  been  prepared  and  prepossessions  against  her,  and  ia 
completed  by  and  under  his  own  other  matters  respecting  her,  the 
directions.  It  was  not  chained  deceased  had  shown  strong  symp- 
that  the  attesting  witnesses  had,  in  toms  of  insanity.  Now,  the  ad- 
any  degree,  falsely  represented  the  mission  of  this  plea,  which  neoes- 
facts  they  deposed  to ;  or  that  they  sarily  went  into  great  detail,  hsd 
had  not  given  an  honest  and  sin-  been  opposed  by  tne  propounder  of 
cere  opinion  in  respect  of  the  state  the  will ;  and  the  Court  oo  % 
of  the  deceased  at  the  time  this  in-  former  day  had  expressed  an  Ojiia- 

»tniment  was  «x9<?uted,    BMt  the  icw,  to  which  it  stiU  ^l^ered,  Ib^ 


LAW   CASES,   &c. 


9* 


Bocli  a  case^  as  that  suggested  by 
this  plea>  would  be  one  extremely 
difficult  of  proof;  but  that  i£ 
proved^  it  might  certainly  be  avail- 
aUe  to  render  the  wiU  invalid. 
On  the  part  of  the  residuary  1^- 
tees^  a  very  long  responsive  ]Mea 
also  had  been  given  in  support  of 
the  V9ill,  setting  forth  the  general 
sanity  of  the  testator  in  the  whole 
of  his  conduct  through  life:  and 
his  character,  temperament,  and 
religious  opinions,  as  sufficiently 
accounting  for  that  kind  of  irrita- 
tion under  which  he  had  at  times 
treated  his  daughter  with  perhaps 
extreme  severity ;  that  on  Uie  part 
of  the  daughter,  herself,  also,  there 
had  been  such  misconduct  as  had 
affiirded  the  deceased  some  rational 
grounds  for  the  testamentary  dis- 
positions he  had  made  to  her  pre- 
judice. In  supply  of  proof  of  this 
all^ation,  many  of  the  deceased's 
letters  were  exhibited ;  and  several, 
likewise,  of  the  daughter's;  and 
these  showed,  it  was  contended,  on 
theoneliand,  that  the  deceased  was  a 
rational  person,  acting  upon  rational 
grounds  ;  and,  on  the  other,  that 
die  daughter  under  her  own  hand 
admitted  her  past  misconduct,  and 
promised  future  amendment.  This 
outline  of  the  case,  on  either  side, 
would  suffice  to  demonstrate  the 
extreme  difficulty,  in  which,  as  the 
Court  had  observed,  this  cause  was 
involved.  It  had  been  truly  stated 
by  counsel  in  argument,  that  the 
validity  of  this  wOl  could  not  be  af- 
fected, unless  the  Court  should  be 
morally  convinced,  that  the  de- 
ceased, when  he  made  it,  was  a 
person  of  unsound  mind.  Eccen- 
tricity of  conduct,  if  it  were  no 
more  than  eccentricity,  would  be 
of  no  avail  to  take  away  from  a 
man  the  right  which  the  law  con- 
ferred upon  him,  of  disposing  of 
W  ipxof^riYf  ^ter  death,  ^s  h^ 


chose*  Severity  in  his  general 
conduct  to  his  daughter,  arising 
from  the  natural  infirmity  of  his 
temper,  or  accidental  excitements, 
would  not  prove  mental  derange- 
ment, even  though  it  should  seem 
to  have  been  excessive  severity. 
The  Court  itself  must  be  most 
careful  not  to  indulge  any  feelings 
of  compassion  for  the  person  who 
opposed  the  will  in  question,  al- 
though she  was  an  only  child  and 
prejudiced  by  that  will,  or  though  it 
might  be  shown  even  that  she  was 
the  most  amiable  and  unoffending 
of  her  sex.  The  Court  must  look 
only  at  the  legal  aspect  of  the  case, 
without  regarding  the  small  an- 
nuity with  which  the  deceased  had 
cut  this  daughter  off;  or  that  fact— • 
perhaps  more  distressing  to  herfeel- 
ings  as  a  mother — that  he  had  left 
without  any  provision  any  child 
or  children  of  her  own,  though 
these  cou^d,  by  no  possibility,  have 
offended  him  by  any  misconduct 
on  their  part.  The  deceased,  in 
the  exercise  of  his  legal  rights, 
might  give  the  bulk  of  his  pro- 
perty, if  he  thought  fit,  most  un- 
doubtedly, to  public  charities,  or 
to  these  nephews,  or  to  still  more 
distant  relatives,  in  preference  to 
his  own  daughter ;  and  any  mere 
personal  considerations,  such  as  the 
Court  had  just  adverted  to,  could 
have  no  legal  effect  whatever. 
This  sort  of  proceeding  might  be  an 
act  of  injustice,  or  an  act  of  ca- 
price; but  the  only  question  which 
the  Court  had  to  de«u  with,  wa»— 
was  it  an  act  of  insanity  ?  The 
true  point  now  to  be  decided  was, 
whether,  at  the  time  of  making 
this  will,  the  deceased  was  a  per- 
son of  sound  or  unsound  mind? 
To  the  decision  of  that  issue  it 
must  direct  and  confine  its  atten- 
tion. The  first  consideration  tq 
\^  determined   was,    the   fixiug 


10*      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

what  should  be  the  characteristics  of  all  their  actions ;  and  ret  after 

and  the  test  of  an  unsound  mind ;  gaining  the  point  fbr  whidi  thej 

and  the  determining  at  what  point  had  so  restrained  themselves  in  the 

eccentricity  and  caprice  might  be  presence  of  those  whom  they  knew 

said  to  end,  and  where  derange-  to  be  most  capable  of  detecdngthe 

ment  commenced.     Derangement  real  condition  of  their  minds,  uiose 

assumed  a  thousand  different  shapes,  very  individuals  had  been  (band  to 

as  various  as  the  shades  of  human  labour  under  the  infloenoe  of  un- 

character.      It   existed    in  every  diminished  insanity.     Other  peo- 

imaginablc  variety,  from  that  of  the  ple^  who   were  most  capable  of 

frantic  maniac  chained  to  the  floor,  delivering  themselves  with  erett 

to  that  of  the  person  who  was  ap-  propriety,  and  in  the  moat  raoona] 

parently  rational  in  all  his  acts^  manner,  upon  most  subjects. 


and  in  his  conversations  on  all  sub-  yet  the  victims  of  an  utter  ddn- 
jects,  excepting  one;  which  de-  sion  upon  others.  As  far  as  ike 
lusion  on  one  subject,  though  Court's  own  observation  and  ex- 
daily  present  to  his  mind,  would  perience  went,  guided  and 


not  be  elicited,  perhaps,  but  under  by  those    opinions    and    cntom- 

spedal  circumstances,  and  on  par-  stances  which  every  person  mint 

ticular  occasions.     Thus,  we  had  have  occasionaUy  encountered  in 

all  \Leaxd  of  persons  at  large  in  society,  and  fortified  also  by 


Bedlam  itself,  acting  as  servants  which  had  occurred  in  this  and  ia 

in    that  public  institution ;    and  other  courts  of  justice,  or  by  what 

even  showing  the  other  maniacs,  had  been  laid  down  on  theae  sub- 

and    describing    them    to    casual  jects  by  medical  and  other  writen; 

visitors ;    and  who,   although   at  the    learned  judge   declared    his 

large  and  competent  to  do  this,  opinion  to  be  this— where  theiv 

were  yet,  themselves,  essentially  existed  delusion  of   mind,  there 

mad  on  some  topic  or  other,  all  the  existed  that  which  was  conuiianly 

time.    We  had  also  heard  of  the  termed  insanity.     Where  personi 

individual  who  fancied  himself  to  believed    thlnes   to   exist,  whidi, 

be  the  duke  of  Hexham ;  and  yet  in  fact,  exist^  only,— or,  at  any 


acted  rationally  enough  as  the  ser-  rate,  in  the  degree  in  wludi  diej 
vant  of  his  own  committee  in  the  supposed  them  to  exist,— in  their 
management  of  his  own  property,  own  ima^nation,  and  of  the  non- 
It  was  further  observable,  that  per-  existence  of  which  neither  targ^ 
sons  labourinff  under  a  disorder  of  ment  nor  proof  could  satiffy  them; 
the  mind,  haa  of^n  a  temporary  such  persons  were  of  unaomii 
power  of  restriction  over  them-  minds.  Or,  as  one  of  the  learned 
selves,  either  from  the  respect  and  counsel  in  support  of  the  will  (Dr. 
awe  they  felt  in  the  presence  of  Lushington)  had  well  pot  it— "it 
others ;  or  from  a  consciousness  of  was  only  the  belief  of  racts  wiaA 
the  peculiar  relations  in  which  no  rational  person  woald  have  be^ 
others  stood  to  them.  Extra-  lleved,  that  constituted  insue 
ordinary  instances  of  this  faculty  delusion."  [Here  the  kamed 
had  occurred,  in  which  they  had  judge  entered  into  a  Imninoas  ud 
even  deceival  their  keepers  and  elaborate  examination  of  the  dot^ 
medical  attendants,  notwithstand-  racter  of  mental  delusion  mtawBf 
ing  the  constant  and  vi^lant  ob-  —its  excess  and  its  moSfieatioai 
perv^tion  of  the  latter,  m  respect  —its   exciting   causes— and,  ii 


LAW  cases;  &c. 


!!♦ 


short,  c^  the  principal  diagnoBlics  of 
this  maladj  of  mind.  Our  limits 
will  by  no  means  allow  us  to  do 
jusliee  to  this  acute  and  careful  in« 
vestigation ;  and  we  can  do  little 
mote  than  indicate  scnne  of  the 
authorities  dted  at  this  stage  of 
his  judgment.]]  In  consequence  of 
the  definition  and  opinions  which 
the  Court  had  thus  ventured  to  ex* 
prenupon  these  pdnts,  it  might 
not  he  impnipear  to  refer  to  some 
authorities^  medical  as  well  as 
legal,  on  the  same  suhject  The 
rarmer  had  defined  some  charac- 
tenstics  by  which  insanity  miffht 
he  known.  Dr.  Batty,  in  his 
eeldnrated  essay  or  treatise  on  Mad- 
ness, in  the  first  chapter,  wliere  the 
natuTB  of  madness  is  dcKfined,  after 
^ing  that  it  consbts  in  '^  too 
Hvely  or  tpo  languid  a  perception 
of  things,"  dedarod  "  that  a  dis- 
ordered imagination  was  not  only 
an  indispuitSile,  but  an  essential 
diaiactcristic  of  madness."  Mr. 
I^ke  (who,  though  more  dis- 
tinguished as  a  philosopher  than  a 
practising  physician,  had  yet  in 
his  earlier  years,  and  till  his  health 
caused  him  to  discontinue  the  pur- 
"oit,  acted  for  some  time  in  the 
latter  capacity)  had  given  a  chap-* 
ter  (chapter  2),  in  his  Essay  on 
the  Human  Lmderstanding,  upon 
idiots  and  lunatics;  in  which  he 
said  '<  Madmen,  having  joined  to- 
gether some  ideas  veiy  wrongly, 
nustake  them  for  truth;  and,  by 
the  violence  of  their  imagination, 
having  mistaken  their  fancies  for 
i^tie8,make  right  deductions  from 
them."  Then  followed  the  cele- 
Wated  definition  of  the  distinction 
hetween  fools,  or  idiots,  who  from 
ni^t  premises  draw  false  conclu- 
sions, and  madmen,  whose  condu- 
«Kmi  from  false  premises  are  cor- 
lect.  The  only  other  medical  au- 
tlumty  the  court  would  refVr  to, 


was  a  name  much  distinffoished 
in  the  history  of  those  who  had 
studied  these  particular  disorders 
of  the  mind.  He  meant  Dr. 
Francis  Willis,  who,  in  a  very  re- 
cent publication,  had  introduced 
some  passages  upon  the  sulject  of 
mentsd  delusion,  by  no  means  un- 
deserving of  attention.  The  pub- 
lication idluded  to  was  a  Treatise 
on  Mental  Derangement,  which 
had  formed  the  subject  of  the  Gas- 
ooynean  Lecture,  delivered  by  him 
before  the  college  of  Phjrsidans  in 
1822,  and  published  by  him  in 
March,  1823.  Dr.  Willis  seemed 
to  have  referred  to  almost  every 
writer  upon  those  matters,  both 
ancient  and  modem ;  and  besides 
having,  himself,  bad  very  great 
practice  in  respect  of  thispsurticular 
disorder,  he  had  had  the  advantage 
of  acquiring  the  most  valuable  in- 
formation mm  the  extensive  prac- 
tice and  experience  of  his  own 
family.  The  authority  of  Dr. 
Willis  was  precisely  to  the  same 
efiect.  Lord  Hale's  notion  of  the 
matter  was  much  the  same.  He,  in 
his  pleas  of  the  Crown,  had  said, 
'Hhere  is  a  partial  insanity  of  mind, 
and  a  total  insanity  of  mind ;  the 
former  is  either,  in  respect  to  par- 
ticular things  ^  qaoad  hoc  vel  Uhid 
tManire  ;'  or  in  respect  of  particu- 
lar persons.  Some  persons  who 
have  a  competent  reason  in  respect 
of  some  subjects  are  yet  under  a 
species  of  *  demetUia*  as  to  other 
matters."  Mr.  Erskine,  in  his 
i^cch  in  defence  of  Hatfield,  fol- 
lowed  the  like  doctrine ;  and  lord 
chief  justice  Coke,  in  his  Ist.  Inst, 
had  this  passage  ;-^''  Here  Little- 
ton explaincth  a  roan  of  no  sound 
memory  to  be  ^  uon  compos  mentU.* 
Many  times  (as  here  it  appeareth) 
the  latin  word  explaineth  the 
true  sense,  and  calleth  him  not 
mfuns,  demens,  furiosi,  hiwHcuu 


12*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

faiuuay  duliiu,  or  the  like,  for  non  vouched    to    estahlish    the    &cts 

compos  mentis  is  meet  sure  and  charged^expressly  disavowed  them, 

legall."      Lih.  iiL  sect  405.— Sir  As  for  the  letters  of  Mrs.  Dew  to 

John  NichoU  also  adverted  to  the  her  father,  nothing  in  the  woild 

well-known  case  of  Greenwood,  could  he  more  dear  than  that  they 

and  two  curious  instances  of  men-  were  written  admissions  of  geneni 

tal  delusion  which  had  heen  de-  misconduct,    of   which    she   had 

scrihed  by  the  late  lord  Mansfield;  never  been  guilty ;  and  written  as 

and  he  ^owed  that  in  those  in-  much  under  the  immediate  awe  of 

stances,  there  was  the  same  spe-  her  father  (the-  deceased),  and  as 

cies  oi  mental  delusion  on  particu-  much '  under  the  dread  of  punidi^ 

lar  topics,  and  those  only.  He  then  ment,  as  if  (to  use  the  expresdoos 

went  through    the   various   facts  of  counsel)  he  had  stood  over  her  all 

of  this  case,    dwelling  at    great  the  time  with  a  rod.    In  conclusiaii, 

length  on  the  history  of  deceased,  the  learned  judge  dedared  his  con- 

and  the  influence  which  the  ac-  viction,  that  at  the  time  d  making 

ddents  of  his  existence  had  exer-  this  will,  the  deceased  was  not  in 

ciscd  upon  his  character  and  opi-  his  sound  mind ;  and  he  therefore 

nions.     He  established  the  pre-  pronounced  against  it. 
existence  of  a  powerful  preposses-  ■ 

sion    in    the    mind    of   deceased  p^ao^.^^j.  Coubt  April  IQ. 

against  his  daughter,  from  a  very  *  ^^^ooative  cotot^  April  ly. 

early  period  down  to  the  making  Usttck  v.  Bauden. 

of  the  will ;  and  his  dedarations  to        This  cause  involved  an  in^port- 

friends  and  others,  as  to  the  com-  ant  question,  as  to  the  revival  of  a 

mission  of  acts  of  gross  misconduct  former  uncancelled  will,   by  the 

on  the  part  of  his  daughter,  which  cancellation  of  a  wiU  of  much  lata 

declarations  were  clearly  and  dis-  date,  executed  subsequently  toother 

tincdy  falsified  by  the  testimony  formally  prepared  wills,  puhlidied 

of  his  own  witnesses.     The  learn-  at  intervening  periods  between  the 

ed  judge  then  adverted  to  the  evi-  first  or  uncancelled  paper^  and  the 

dence  with  respect  to  the  charac-  last,  and  which  intermediate  is- 

ter  of  Mrs.  Dew.     He  stated  the  struments  had  all  been  cancelled, 
depositions  on  both  sides  of  the        Sir  John  NichoU  gave  judgment 

question ;  and  shewed  (f^m  her  The  question,  he  said,  arose  upoo 

own  witnesses,  and  those  produced  the  validity  of  a  will  executed  1^^ 

by  the  Messrs.   Clark\  that  her  the  late  Stephen  Ustick,  esq.  in 

conduct  had  been  at  all  times,  not  the  year  1807  ;  the  death  of  diat 

only  irreproachable,  but  entitled  gentleman  had  not  taken  placet 

to  thehighest  praise  for  her  modesty,  however,     until    the     month    c£ 

humility,  and  her  affectionate  en-  January,    1823.      This   will  vis 

deavours  to  gain  the  confidence  set  up  l^  Mrs.  Frances  y.li*ft^p*l» 

and'  love  of  her  father,  notwith-  Baudon,  the  sole  executrix  named 

standing  the  harshness  and  bru-  therein ;  and  was  o^xned  by  the 

tality  of  his  conduct  towards  her.  rev.  Robert   Ustick   (Clerk),  the 

The  misconduct  imputed  to  '  her,  only  brother  of  the  testator.    These 

in  one  case,  was  disproved  by  the  persons,  however,   were   not  the 

very  witness  (a  single  one)  who  only  individuals  who  were  into- 

was  brought  forward  to  prove  it;  ested  in  the  present  suit ;  for  the 

in  the  other  cases,  the  witnesses  deceased,  besides  hia  brother,  left 


LAW   CASES,    &c. 


13* 


bdund  bim  three  sisters  and  three 
sets  of  nephews  and  nieces,  who^ 
in  case  of  the  deceased's  being 
pronounced  to  have  died  intestate^ 
would  be  entitled  in  distribution 
to  his  personal  property.  There 
were,  likewise,  other  parties,  le- 
gatees  and  devisees  under  the  will, 
who  were,  of  course,  interested  in 
having  that  will  established.  The 
case  had  also  this  peculiar  feature 
about  it^  that  the  personal  property 
distributable  among  so  many  per- 
sons was  but  of  small  value,  while 
the  real  property  was  of  consider- 
able amount.  From  inquiries  which 
the  Court  had  caused  to  be  made 
into  the  state  of  the  property,  it 
had  been  given  to  understand  that 
the  realty  which  would  pass  under 
the  will  (if  established)  was  of 
the  value  of  about  78ol  a  year, 
exclusive  of  property  in  the 
Dutchy  of  Cornwall;  but  including 
that  Dutchy  property,  it  would 
be  about  980A  per  annum.  The 
personal  property,  without  making 
any  deductions  even  for  the  ex- 
penses of  this  suit,  other  law  pro- 
ceedings, and  so  forth,  was  esti- 
mated at  3,500^  only.  The  par- 
tiesy  although'  they  had  engaged 
in  a  long  and  extensive  litigation 
in  this  court,  had  not  in  any  court 
put  the  validity  of  the  will,  as  far 
as  the  learned  judge  was  aware, 
in  the  course  of  trid  at  law,  while 
the  decision  of  this  tribunal  would 
not  govern  the  devise  of  the  real 
estate.  Rules  and  principles,  in 
some  degree  different  from  those 
which  regulated  the  descent  of 
personalty,  governed  the  descent  of 
realty.  StiU  the  parties  in  the 
cause  had  a  clear  right  to  the  judg- 
ment of  this  Court  in  respect  of 
the  personal  property.  A  question, 
however,  was  first  to  be  deter- 
mined, not  only  as  to  the  due  exe- 
cution of  the  wiU  propounded,  but 


as  to  whether  that  will  was,  in 
point  of  law,  revoked?  Now  that 
will,  which  had  been  regularly 
prepared  by  a  solicitor,  was  exe- 
cuted by  the  deceased. in  the  most 
deliberate  and  formal  manner,  and 
attested  by  three  witnesses.  It 
was  executed,  indeed,  in  duplicate ; 
one  copy  being  deposited  vnth  the 
solicitor  employed,  a  Mr.  Hamilton, 
and  the  other  duplicate  being  de- 
livered  into  the  hands  of  Airs. 
Bauden,  who  was  herself  the  sole 
executrix  named  in  such  instru- 
ment; and  both  these  parts  re- 
mained perfect  and  uncancelled  at 
the  time  of  the  testator's  death. 
But  the  ground  upon  which  the 
revocation  of  that  will  was  con- 
tended for  by  the  party  opposing 
it,  was,  that  about  fourteen  years 
af^ierwards,  namely,  in  January, 
1821,  the  deceased  executed  a  new 
will,  which  other  will  was  also 
attested  by  three  witnesses.  The 
latter  will,  at  the  death  of  the 
testator,  was  found  in  a  cancelled 
state;  and  there  was  no  occasion 
to  doubt,  that  it  had  been  so  can- 
celled by  the  deceased  himself. 
Had  this  latter  will  remained  un- 
cancelled, there  could  be  no  doubt 
but  that  it  was  sufficient  in  point 
of  fact  to  have  revoked  the  former 
instrument  of  1807.  Two  ques- 
tions were  to  be  determined  in 
this  cause,  by  the  Court,  1st.— • 
whether  upon  the  cancellation  of 
the  latter  will,  the  former  did,  in 
point  of  law,  remain  in  force,  and 
unrevoked,  or  whether  it  remained 
revoked?  And,  2ndly — whether, 
if,  prima  facie,  the  first  will  was 
to  be  considered  as  revoked,  it  was 
not,  however,  revived  by  the  cir- 
cumstances which  were  pleaded  in 
the  evidence  before  the  •  Court  ? 
Tlic  dispositions  contained  in  these 
two  wills  materially  differed,  in 
some  respects,  both  as  to  the  real 


14»      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

And  peraonal  property.  By  tlie  charg^ble  with  tbeas  kgicies,  tad 
will  oi  1807>  the  real  estates  were  an  annuity  of  400^  m  jem  w» 
deviaed  in  trust  fot  the  benefit  of  given  to  Frances  Elimbeth  Baaden, 
Mrs.  F.  £.  Bauden  for  life ;  and  who  was  to  have  alao  the  Innitare, 
were  entailed,  after  that  life  es-  stocky  and  other  articles  of  that 
tate,  on  Mr.  Lewis  Charles  Peters  description ;  the  rosiduey  both  of 
(ne^iew  of  the  deceased)  and  his  the  real  and  the  personal  ptoMtty, 
issue)  remainder  on  failure  of  his  is-  was  given  to  lus  two  ne^iein> 
stiCytoanothernephewandhisissue;  Michael  Noel  Peters  and  CharieE 
but  on  failure  of  this  second  person  Peters ;  who  were  also  appointdl 
and  his  line>  the  estate  was  devised  ezecutorSi  By  a  codicil,  dalei 
to  tho  testator's  own  right  heirs.  .  about  a  fortmght  afterwards,  ca 
It  was  further  directed  that  upon  the  20th  January,  1821,  the  sa- 
the  death  of  the  said  Frances  Eli-  nuity  to  Mrs.  Bauden  was  stffl 
aabeth  Bauden,  900/.  should  be  further  reduced  fnnm  400iL  to  SOai 
ruised  in  order  to  pay  legacies  of  a  year.  What  the  value  mig^  be 
SOOL  each  to  his  three  nephews,  of  the  furniture^  stock,  and  <rppi> 
Mr.  W.  Peters,  Mr.  Noel  Peters,  which  she  was  to  take  in  addition, 
and  Mr.  Legrioe. — ^A  brewery,  did  not  quietly  appear  ;  so  that  tfe 
situated  at  Falmouth,  which  de-  Court  could  not  judge  at  the  fn> 
ceased  at  that  time  had,  was  also  portion  which  that  vilue  bore  Is 
given  to  Mrs.  Bauden  for  life,  and  the  3,5(M  at  which  the  penonaUy 
then  to  deceased's  nephews,  the  was  estimated.  The  brother,  tk 
Legrices.  The  residue  of  the  iHt>-  sister,  and  others  of  the  next  d 
pcrty  of  the  testator  was  bequeath-  kin,  were  equally  exduded,  the 
ed  to  Mrs.  Bauden,  who  was  ap-  iotmer  (wm.  the  realty,  and  Ik 
pointed  sde  executrix.  So  that  by  others  ham  any  distributite  ahsR 
this  paper,  the  brother  of  the  de«  in  the  personal  property.  Nov, 
ceased,  who  vrAs  also  his  heir  at  putting  all  the  cij^cumstanoes  of  tke 
law,  and  the  sister,  who,  with  Oase  together,  and  contraslii^  to- 
other parts  of  the  fkmily,  would  ^ther  the  dispositions  of  the  tws 
be  entitled  in  distribution  in  case  uistruments  of  1807  aad  1881, 
of  an  intestacy,-«>were  all  passed  there  seemed  nothing  very  revolt- 
over  ;  the  sistors,  as  much  as  the  ing  to  probability,  in  the  sup^oa- 
other  patties  ao  entitled  in  distri-  tion  tlutt  the  deceased  really  i^^ 
bution.  Such  were  the  contents  at  the  date  of  the  latter^  have  sl- 
ofthewillof  August,  1807.  Thiose  tered  his  testamentary  iuteBtkai^ 
of  the  will  of  January,  1821,  mani*  fiom  the  dfeet  to  which  they  tcndsi 
fested  different  testamentary  di»-  in  1807>  to  the  diq^taona  thai 
positions ;  but  certainly  not  more  apparently  oontonplated  by  hia  a 
favourable  to  the  brother.  Who  was  1821 .  Neither  was  there  ai^  tluaf 
the  heir  at  law,  nor  to  the  sisters;  exceedingly  improbalde  in  presua- 
but  to  the  other  next  of  kin  the  uig  that  after  January  1881,  tkc 
bequests  of  the  will  c^  1807  wa?e  deceased  might  have  again  reverted 
replaced  by  di£ferent  legacies  of  a  and  returned  to  the  will  of  1807* 
specific  nature,  and  among  the  as  that  which  best  exprened  kii 
legatees  were  introduced  other  intentions.  But  certainlj  the  i^ 
nieces  of  deceased -^  the  three  oond  will,  of  1831,  to  tluit  csteat 
Misses  Beauchamp.  The  real  and  in  those  partioulars  which  Am 
«tale    was    v^osted    in    trustees  Court  had  stated^  wm  amJloBtiai 


LAW    CASES,    &c.  U* 

aft  and  a  departure  from^  the  will  and  Helljcr  (Ditto  1751)»  Arnold 

of  1807 ;  d^erent  executors  and  v.    Hodges  (Ditto   1765),  —  the 

difierrat  residuary  legatees  were  former  will  was  held  to  be  revoked, 

appointed  by  iu    Now  several  cases  either  because  there  was  no  evi« 

had,  at  different  times,  occurred  in  dence  to  show  on  the  part  of  the 

this  Court,  in  which  the  point  had  testator  an  intention  to  revive  it, 

anaen  and  been  discussed,— -whe*  or  because  there  was  evidence  to 

ther,  upon  the  cancellation  of  a  show,  upon  his  part,  an  intention 

later  and  revocatcnry  will,  a  former  that  the  former  will  should  remain 

uncancelled  will  continues  in  fcnrce,  revoked.     On  the  other  hand,  in 

or  remains  revoked  ?  whether  such  Stacey  t;.   Dickens,  in   1724>  in 

cancellation  of  the  latter  paper  is  Barrier  and  Hew,  in  the  same  year, 

a  podtive  revival  of  the  former  f  in  Passey  and  Hennings,  in  the 

or  whether  the  former    requires  Prerogative  Court  in  1808,  and  in 

some  ac^  or  some  evidence  f»  in-  the  Court  of  Delegates,  in  1819. 

tcntaoa  in  mrder  to  be  so  revived  f  the  former  will   was  established 

Indeed,  this  point  had  long  been  upon  evidence  going  to  show  that 

considered  almost  a  vexaia  questio  it  was  the  intention  of  the  deceased 

in  these  Courts.    The  rule  upon  it  in  each  cose  that  the  former  will 

appeared  to  have  been  somewhat  should  operate.  The  learned  judse 

di&rent  in  the  Ecclesiastical  Courts,  then  went  into  a  statement  of  the 

where  the  cases  respected  peisonal  facts  and  principles  of  most  of  the 

property ;  and  in  the  Common  Law  cases  he  had  cited.     The  Court 

Courts^  where  the  cases  regarded  also  quoted  Glazier  and  Glazier, 

realty.     And  even  in  the  Ecdesi-  (4  Burroughs)  Mason  and  Meny- 

astical  Courts  the  rule  seemed  to  wood,     Harrowden     and     Rolfe, 

have  varied  in  some  degree.     In  (Cowper  87),  and  e^qtatiated  on 

these  Courts,  the  execution  of  a  the  various  principles  which  com- 

subsequent  will  had  been  held  to  mon  law,  equity  and  ecclesiastical 

he  a  jvrtiMayacte  revocation  of  the  judges  had  laid  down   upon   the 

farmer ;  at  least  t«  such  an  extent  doctrine  of  intention,  which  was 

as    to    require    evidence    of    the  always  considered  the  polar  star 

formear's  being  revived.     In   the  for  the  guidance  of  courts  in  tes- 

ComxBon  Law  Courts,  it  has  been  taments  of  personal  property.  Now, 

generally  held  that  a  former  un-  what  were  the  facts  of  the  present 

cancelled  will  is  prima  facte  re-  case  ?     In  the  early  part  of  this 

vivedy  or  rather  renewed  unrevoked^  history,  the  deceased  had  a  brew- 

upon  ^  cancellation  d  the  later  ery  at  Falmouth,  and  seemed  to 

one.    Most  of  the  cases,  from  which  have  lived  there.     He  had  formed 

die  learned  judge  deduced  those  an  attachment  for  Miss  Frances 

primdides,  had  b^  cited  and  vcnr  Elizabeth  Bauden,  who  was  the 

mnch  discussed  before  the  High  daughter  of  the  collector  of  the 

Court  of  Delegates,  in  the  recent  customs  at  that  port,  and  a  young 

case  of  Moore  and  Moore  v.  Met«  lady  of  very  respectable  connex- 

cal^which  was  in  the  first  volume  ions.     The  unde  of  the  deceased, 

of  Dr.  Phillimore's  Reports.     In  in   this  cause,  sir  Michael  Nod, 

these  several  cases— Whitehead  v.  much  disf^proved  of  the  proposed 

Jennings  (Court  of  Delegates,  in  match  between  them.     He  died  in 

the  year  1714),  Burt  and  Burt  1802,    having     made    his     will, 

(Precoigfttive  Courts  171S)>Hellyer  whereby  he  bequeathed  a  certaiji 


16*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

estate  to  the  deceased,  npon  con*  brmg  about  a  leconciBatioii  V- 
dition  that  he  should  not  marry  tween  the  two  brothers,  hot  they 
Miss  Bauden.     If  he  did,  then  the  were    little    succesrfuL     In   the 
estate  was  to  derolTe  orer  to  ano-  mean  time,  the  will  of  1807  wis 
ther  party.    After  the   death  of  made,  and  it  could  not  be  Uioudht 
sir  Michad  Noel,  Mr.  Ustick  and  quite  unaccountable,    that  mnBr 
MiM  Bauden  went  away,  for  a  Uie  impression  of  feelings  of  ini- 
short  time  from    Falmouth^   and  tation,  the  deceased  slftould  ban 
when  they  returned,  they  returned  excluded  his  brodier  from  that  £s- 
as  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ustick,  leaving  position  of  ^his  property  ;  or  thsA, 
the  world  to  suppose  that  in  the  strongly  sensible  of  what  heal  wajs 
mean  time  th^  nad  been  married,  termoi  his    great  obligations  to 
From  that  period  till  the  death  of  Miss  Bauden    for    the    sacrifioci 
the  testator  they  cohabited  toge-  she  had  made  on  his  account,  he 
ther   as   husband  and  wife,  and  should  have  giren  her  so  large  a 
treated  each  other  as  such  in  every  benefit  under  it.    The  Court  then 
respect ;  and  lady  Noel,  about  that  went  into  the  histoiy  of  the  con- 
time,  quitting  Fenwame  House,  tinned    connexion   between  Miss 
the  former  residence  of  sir  Michael,  Bauden  and  the  testator,  and  oh- 
Mr.  Ustick  and  the  lady,  the  party  served,  that  notwithstanding  the 
in  the  cause,  took  up  their  residence  testimony  of  one  or  two  witnesses 
there.     This  was  about  the  year  to  whom  the  Court  was  very  mudi 
1805.  The  rev.  Mr.  Robert  Ustick,  indisposed  to  give  ready  credence, 
the  brother  brought  an  ejectment  it  did  appear  that  iindl  the  last 
against  the  testator,  for  the  pur-  moments  of  his  life,  her  conduct 
pose  of  getting  possession  of  that  had  been  most  kind  and  afiectioo- 
property,  on  the  ground  that  he,  ate.     Just  before  the  making  of 
Stephen  Ustick,  had  violated  the  the    unfavourable   instrument  of 
conditions  of  his  devise  from  his  1821,  however,  a  circumstance  bad 
deceased  undc,  by  marrying  Miss  occurred  which  not  only  threat- 
Bauden.     Many  of  the  deceased's  encd  to  overthrow  her  place  in  his 
own  family,    and    others  of  the  regard  entirely,  but  dkl  appear  to 
neighbouring  gentry,  had  visited  have  actually  reduced  his  mind  to 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ustick,  but  many ,  a  condition  of  almost  morbid  sos- 
had  also  abstained  from    visiting  picion  and  sensitiveness.     Amos^ 
thcm,andamongthe  latter  persons,  the  guests  who  were  staying  at 
were  this  brother  and  some  of  the'  Penwame  House,  at  that  pom, 
sisters    of   the   deceased.     Now,  was  a  relation  of  Mrs.  Bauden'i,  a 


though  this  matter  of  the  eject-  Dr.  Parsons.     The  deceased 

mcnt  never  wcn^t  to  trial,  it  became  much  troubled  with  an   intemi 

pretty  well  understood  in  conse-  complaint  in  the  nature  of  diar- 

quencc  of  what    did   take    place  rhoea,  and   was  induced   to  take 

about  it,  that  Mr.  Ustick  had  never,  one  of  Dr.  Parsons's  prescr^tkaa, 

in  point  of  fact,  been  married  to  in    the    hope    of   getting  t^atC 

Miss  Bauden.     Naturally  enough.  At    first    the  medicine  presciB)- 

the  deceased  took  great  offence,  on  ed    agreed  well  with    hnn ;  ha^ 


these  accounts,  at  the  conduct  of  latterly  he  became  mudi 

his  brother  towards  him.  In  1809,  and  his   disease    more    poweifbl 

some  attempts  were  made  by  par-  While  under  this  conditian  ofhodf, 

ticular  friends  of^the  family  to  lus  mind  became  i«dieraflfa^h;r 


LAW  CASES,   &C. 


17* 


his  sofferings ;  he  took  a  most  ex- 
traordiiiary  antipathy  to  Dr.  Par- 
sons, and  at  last  almost  persuaded 
liimffftif  that  the  medicines  he  had 
taken  of  him^  had  killed  him ;  and 
that,  in  fact,  he  had  been  poisoned. 
There    were   about  the  deceased, 
occadonallj,    some    persons    who 
seemed    to   have  been  not  very 
backward  in  encouraging  the  anger 
he  had    conceived    against    Miss 
Bauden^  on  account  of  her  having 
recommended  him  to  avail  himself 
of  doctor  Parsons's  assistance.    Mr. 
Vigurs^    another  medical   gentle- 
man, stated  in  his  evidence,  that 
the  medicines  were  calculated  to 
have  a  good  effect  on  the  deceased's 
complaint;  but  had  not,  in  fact,  had 
a  fair  trial.   However,  under  some 
momentary  anger,   probably,  the 
will  of  January  1821  was  written, 
hut  it  was  discovered,  afterwards, 
cancelled  by  the  deceased.    That 
cancellation  was   quite  consistent 
with  the  affectionate  declarations 
he  on  several  subsequent  occasions 
made  of  his  unabated  attachment 
to  ''his  beloved  Miss  Bauden;" 
with  his  inquiries  of  her  at  other 
times,  whether  the  will  of  August 
1807   was  in  existence,   and  his 
sati^action  at  learning  that  it  was ; 
with  his  declarations  in  the  pre- 
sence of  servants  and  others,  of  his 
intending  to  leave  Miss  Bauden  as 
well  off  as  ever  she  had  been  with 
him;  with  various  acts  and  expres- 
sions,   clearly    proving    his   own 
reference  to,  and  cognizance  of  the 
existence  and  the  effect  of  that 
will,  to  the  latest  term,  almost  of 
his  own  life— with  the  cancellation 
of  other  subsequent  papers,  as  un- 
favourable to   Miss   Bauden,    as 
that  of  January  1821;  and  with 
hb  repeated  manifestations,  to  the 
last,  of  his  regard  for  her.     Such 
being  the  construction,  the  learned 
judge  added,  which  be  felt  lums^f 


bound  to  put  on  the  dxcumstances 
of  this  case,  and  on  the  intentions 
of  the  testator ;  he  pronounced  for 
the  validity  of  the  uncancelled 
will  of  1807i  which  had  been  pro- 
pounded by  Mrs*  Frances  Bauden, 
as  the  sole  executrix  named 
thereia. 


COUBT  OF  EXCHEQUEB,  MaY  16. 

The  Nero  Custcm^House. 

The  King  v.  Fdo. 

The  Attorney-general  addressed 
the  jury.     This  was  a  proceeding 
against  Mr.   Peto,  to  recover  the 
penalty  of  a  bond  which  he  exe- 
cuted to  secure  the  amount  to  the 
Crown,  on  behalf  of  the  public,  and 
which  would  become  forfeited,  pro- 
vided Mr.  Peto  failed  in  building 
the  new  Custom-house,  in  the  city 
of  London.    By  the  contract,  Mr. 
Peto  was  bound  to  complete  the 
work  for  the  sum  of  105,000/. ; 
exclusive  of  the  charge  of  12,000^ 
which  he  was  entiUed  to   make 
for   the  piling   of  the  building. 
The    building    was     commenced 
in   1813,  and  was  completed  in 
1817   or   1^18 — and  the    charge 
of  building,    including   that   for 
piling,  amounted  to  370,000/.,   a 
charge    more     than    double    the 
amount  that  Mr.  Peto  contracted 
to  execute  the  building  for;    and 
of  this,  24,000/.  was  apportioned 
for   piling.      The    commissioners 
were  extremely  dissatisfied    with 
these  charges ;   and  thought  they 
had  reason  to  complain  of   Mr. 
Laing,  their  surveyor ;   and,  after 
having  paid  upwards  of  300,000/. 
they  thought  they  could  not,  with 
justice  to  the  public,  pay  Mr.  Peto 
any  farther  sum  of  money.    Mr. 
Peto,  in  consequence,  commenced 
some  proceedings  against  the  com- 

joissionersi  but  ^vm^  th«8C  pro^ 


18»      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

henflioiw  w«re  entdrl«in«d  fof  th#  was   iaipOMth&ey    tltfimoM,   tUj 

wlety  of  thtbttilcliiig;    ike  ii^^  could  baYe  bMa  tlM  kvt  wnport 

cfticked  in  nerml  ^aces,  and  it  to  the  piw.    Upon  tiomkiatkii  it 

appeared  to  b«  in  a  tottering  itate^  was  aflo^taini^^  ^ait,  out  cf  mm 

and«t  kngth  the  givator  part  of  huadvod  y^lm,  not  me  MtMritd 

tht  bttildi^  faU.    The  site  waa  six  loet  in  laig^    It  waa  jmfo$* 

formerly  a  part  of  the  bed  el  tko  aUe^  tbarofoe^  thij  coold  liack 

river  Thames^  but  it  rested  upon  tbo  graTol^  and  the  coBaeywaa 

a  solid  stratum  of  hmd  grayel,  bad  been^  ^at  tbo  wkole  of  tbt 

wbicb  was  12  feet  deqp>  and  into  piling  bad  been  reoaovod,  aad  a 

which  it  was  necessary  that  piles  great  partol'  tbebuildiing  bad  baea 

should  be  driren  for  the  support  taken  down«  to  goflxd  appuMl  a 

of  a  building  of  sudb  wewht  and  similar  aeeident  to  that  wbkb  bad 

laagnitttde  as  tbe  now  Custom-  already  oecitrred.      Tbe  ciiiMJi' 

house.    From  tbo  qiecification  it  sioners  wefO  dissatisfied  witb  tbe 

appeared  that  the  luilder  was  to  cendoet  of  Mr*  Lain|^   aad  th^ 

provide  a  necessary    numb^    of  bod  tbou^t  proper  to  eesuneaoi 

engines  ion  tbe  purpose  of  boting  ptoeeeding^  aflaiast  bim.      Tbcy 

down  to  tbo  gravely  to  asc^rtam  also  dioi^^  uiM  hitf  eonduct,  iid 

tbo  finaness  of  tbo  foundation;  that  of  Mr«  Peto,  bad  been  m^k  as 

and  be  waa  ako  to  drive  the  piles  not  to  entitle  them  to  tbeir  eotA- 

into  two  feet  of  tbe  stratum  of  dense.      The  aecounta  were  afl 

gravel,  §09,  unless  those  piles  were  nuide  up  in  »  burcy ;  tbe 


driven   inta   this    stralumy    tbey    part  was  d^sianded,  and  paid  in  a 
would  not  flffi>rd  suppcnrt  to  tbe    hurry;  and  when    tbe   aoaoonls 


bnildiog*    These  piles  were  all  to  were  diluted,  tb^  were 

be    eut    tbe   lame    length,    and  to   remain    four   year»   witboat 

leveUed.      Instead,  however,    of  being    reetified    by    Mr.    Feto; 

these  plea  being  of  the  proper  and    tbeni    when     tbo   buiidiiig 

lengthy  to  reach  tbe  sleepers,  some  falls»  Mr.  Petoi  for  tbe  firs*  tiat, 

were    shorter    than    the    othersw  says,  it  wasamiafaben  ehaage,  mtk 

There  was  no  eeia|daint  auide  of  it  waa  also  by  wistAe  t£sft  lbs 

tbe  extcmol   appearanee  of   tbe  spaadrela  were  filled  np  with  rob- 

bttiJding.       An    immense    chaam  nsb  instead  of  briek*wo«k.     lie 

was^  however,  discovered  in  the  had  another    comj^nbrt  ta  bmIm 

King's  warehouses  and  tbe  Lon^<-  against  Mr.  Peto,  hnt  tbe  Jinipiufsi 

roomy  and  before  tbe  cause  could  mode  in  which  be  bad  laid  on  tbe 

be  ascertained,  one  pier  sunk  nine  roof  of  tbe  building.  The  mnH  11011 

feel;,  and  another  four  feet.    Tbe  for  the  roof  were  to  have  beea  of 

warehouses  then    sunk  into    tbe  tbe  best  quali^;  bat  it  seensad  as 

cellars,  and  this  circumstance^  be  if  Mr.  Peto  bad  collected  aU  tbe 

was  sorry  to  state^  would  put  tbe  old  boards  be  could  findia 

poUk  to  an  expense  of  one  bun-  Some  of  those  boacda  weva 

dred  thousand  pounds.  The  jnlnig  mented  with  play^biUs  and  otbtf 

was  then  examined,  and  it  was  papers,  and  aone  weio  pi  tec  i  W 

wonderful  how  the  piers  bad  stood  old  boards,  and  in  a  very  doo^ 

tin  tbe  work  was  completed ;    lot  state.    He  abio  begig^  to  call  the 

instead  of  the  piles  being  driven  attention  of  tbe  jury  to  the  ' 

two  feet  iato  thogin^rel^  tbeydid^  iflg  of  tbe  LeBg*rooB>  a»d 


LAW   CASES,   dso.  1»^ 

wgi  Attgai  M  w-incb  9^toa4*  1%  thiK  pier  fell^  one  of  the  pi}e«  ^n» 
was  cer^iil/  nx^meh  rotitid  Iba  removed  oul  of  Uf  place>  and  that 
Afating-'boaid,  where  it  6ould  hftTe  was  the  one  that  chieflj  supported 
bean  detected  if  the  boards  had  the  pier )  the  other  touched  part 
been  icmoved^  but  some  c^  the  of  the  footiiigs  which  projected 
flooring  was  bnlj  fire  inches  thick,  froa  the  jnler^  and  did  contribute 
sad  some  three  indkes.  This  a  little  to  the  support  of  the  pier* 
wonld  mflie  a  defidency  in  the  The  others  did  not  at  all  support 
chttrge  for  Uia  flooring  of  J^OO/^  it.  That  pile  which  was  under 
Tbeae  £scts  he  Aould  piwe  to  the  the  ]ner  did  not  reacb  the  graveL 
satisfiMtaoQ  of  the  jurj>  and  he  It  was  eleten  feet  long^  and  the 
trusted,  thati  when  the  case  was  gravel  is  invariably  twelve  feet 
ckiaed^  the  JU17  would  decide  upon  deep^  The  piles  were  not  twelve 
it  according  to  its  merits^  and  ac*  inches  square^  the  mean  diameter 
cov^g  to  the  evidence  which  was  seven  or  doht  inches,  and 
would  be  hal  before  them<  whicth  was  very  little  more  than 

The  bond  and  raeciications  havi    half  the  area  of  nine  inches  square, 
ins  boeti  produce^  Under  the  next  pier,  which  fell, 

Mr«  R«  Sniirlie  was  called,  md  there  were  cmly  four  piles  which 
exaaniied  by  the  attomey-generaL  contributed  to  its  support  The 
-^1  am  an  architect,  ai^  have  exact  pontion  of  them  1  could  not 
been  in  ihat  profession  for  many  speak  to,  as  oneof  them,infallingy 
yeus.  I  was  called  on,  in  the  removed  the  others  out  of  Uiedr 
latter  md  of  December,  1884,  to  places.  Not  one  of  the  piles  pene- 
etxaaine  the  Custom-house^  I  trated  two  feet  into  the  gravel; 
fodnd  several  of  the  piers  had  sunk  all  of  them  did  not  readi  the 
into  tiie  gravdl;  all  c^  them  had  graved;  the  piling  under  the  walls 
sunk  ikiore  or  less*  There  is  a  row  was  of  the  same  description,  not 
of  eellars^  over  which  is  a  row  of  reaching  to  the  gravel,  very  croaked, 
wardiooses,  and  ^en  the  Long^  and  in  several  instances  the  pUo 
ruom*  The  aifches  tji  the  tellar  did  not  reach  the  sleeper,  and  in 
and  watdxouse  rest  upon  piers.  I  that  case  a  piece  oi  wood  was  put 
bava  read  tiie  specification,  and  in  to  fill  up  the  deficiency.  Th»« 
my  atteatioli  has  been  called  to  were  seventy-eight  of  the  pies 
tkli  part  of  the  ^edfication  which  less  than  dx  feet  kmg,  and  it  is 
reiales  to  the  piling  and  to  the  surprising  hoW  they  supported  the 
sections*  It  describes  that  there  building  sp  long;  1,347  were  taken 
ahaU  be  nine  piles  under  cach]^,  up  from  under  the  Walls  and  pier^ 
uid  tha/t  they  shall  be  plaeed  three  seven  hundred  and  sixty-four  were 
feet  apart  lonffittbinally,  and  every  not  eleven  ieet  long;  78  were 
arddtect  woiud  draw  tiiat  condu-  under  nx  feet  long ;  and  some  of 
sion  from  the  drawings  which  have  them  were  only  three  and  four 
been  ma^.  Under  every  part  of  feet  long ;  only  one  pile  was  six- 
the  building  that  I  have  exraiined,  teen  feet  seven  inches  long,  and 
I  find  there  is  a  strntum  (^  hard  the  others  which  Were  under  that 
graveL  I  found  all  the  piers  a  aute,  did  not  go  into  the  graver 
Ufelk  sunki  and,  about  a  month  fmd  eonld  not  be  of  the  finaUest 
af^er  I  took  my  examination,  two  service^  I  ceoeeive,  that»  if  the 
of  Ihcm  feU  in.  Ui^er  one  of  the  (Erections  in  the  specification  had 
pm^Iftund  only  twe piles  ;wh0a  been  fallowed,  there  would  ear* 


20*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

taixdy  hsLVe  been  a  safe  and  solid  contributed  to  tbe  rapport  of  tLe 
foundation.  I  attribute  the  falling  pier.  The  one  under  ^  pier  ww 
of  the  buildinff  to  the  badness  of  broken.  I  examined  two  of  tiie 
the  piling,  and  the  bad  manner  in  other  piers,  and  the  piling  under 
-whidi  the  piles  were  driven.  When  them  was  not  proper.  Under  one 
this  examination  took  place,  Mr.  there  was  only  one  bearing  pSe, 
Peto's  foreman  attended,  and  some  and  the  other  two  piles  were 
people  employed  by  him  checked  placed  at  the  comer.  Under  the 
the  examination.  I  should  think  other  pier  there  were  four  pilo, 
that  the  charge  of  24,000/.  for  the  and  part  of  another.  That  number 
piling  is  more  than  sufficient.  1  of  piles  was  not  sufficient  to  sustaia 
exammed  the  spandrels  of  the  a  buildins  of  that  weight  and  ong- 
arches,  and,  instead  of  being  filled  nitude.  1  examined  the  sle^en, 
up  with  solid  brick  work,  they  and  found  some  of  them  in  a  de- 
were  filled  up  with  lime  rubbish,  cayed  state,  and  some  of  then 
grouted  in  and  covered,  sometimes  bent.  I  attributed  their  beis^ 
with  one  or  two  surfaces  of  bricks,  bent  to  the  tops  of  the  piles  not 
About  250/.  was  quite  sufficient  touching  the  sleepers,  so  Uiat  ^ 
for  that  work,  when  I  consider  pressure  was  not  equsl.  Some  did 
the  manner  in  which  they  were  not  touch  at  all«  and  some  did  not 
filled  in.  If  they  had  been  filled  touch  uniformly.  This  was  not  a 
up  with  brick*work,  the  charge  workman-like  way  of  doing  bus- 
would  have  been  1,600/.  I  ex-  ness.^— I  found  the  brick-work  in  a 
amined  the  boarding  under  the  crumbled  and  crudied  state.  I 
slating  on  tibe  roof  of  the  house ;  attribute  that  crumbling  and  cmsb- 
that  boarding  was  quite  otherwise  ing  to  the  pressure  occasioned  fay 
than  according  to  the  specification,  the  weight  of  bricks  whidi  oogbt 
The  greater  part  of  it  was  ma-  not  to  have  been  there.  Stone 
terials  that  had  been  used  before ;  ought  to  have  been  placed  theic^ 
some  quite  rotten — some  were  and  a  larger  bearing.  Several  of 
three  inches  long  and  tapering  the  piles  w^:e  bent,  therefore  not 
and  they  varied  from  twelve  to  fit  to  be  placed  in  a  situatioii  cf 
three  inches.  A  great  many  of  that  sort,  as  their  being  croaked 
them  were  decayed.  I  am  em-  detracts  from  their  str^gUi  and 
ployed  in  doing  that  which  is  ne-  solidity.  I  saw  some  of  the  piks 
cessary  for  putting  the  building  in  after  they  were  taken  up.  One 
a  proper  state ;  I  have  looked  at  Mras  only  three  feet  long,  and  they 
the  items  of  charge;  in  the  ac-  varied  up  to  five  feet.  Thepilinc 
count,  the  spandrds  of  the  arches  was  not  executed  in  a  prDpa-  an 
are  chaiged  as  solid  brick-work.  workman-like  manner.  I  attribute 
Mr.  George  Rennie,  examined  the  falling  of  the  pier  to  the  bid- 
by  Mr.  Solicitor-general.-— I  am  ness  of  the  piling, 
an  engineer,  and  attended  at  the  The  statements  of  Messrs.  Smirke 
Custom-house  to  examine  the  state  and  Rennie  were  confirmed  by  die 
of  it  after  the  pier  fell  in ;  I  ex-  testimony  of  Messrs.  Walker,  Mifaie, 
amined  the  piling  under  the  piers  Morrice,  Baker,  and  Austen,  sor- 
that  had  eiven  way.  Under  one  veyors,  and  Mr.  John  Atkiitt,  csr- 
which  had  given  way,  there  was  penter.    . 

one  whole  pile,  and  one  at  the        The  receipt  of  Mr.   Peto  fir 

porher,  whidi,  in  a  small  degree,  12,900/.  for  me  piling  having 


LAW   CASES,   &c.  21* 

produced  and  re$d,  the  case  for  the  Peto  several  times  speak  to  Mr. 

Crown  dosed.  Day  about  the  discovery  of  old 

Mr.  Scarlett  stated  the  case  for  walls ;  I  heard  him  say  it  was 

^edefence. — ^Mr.  Peto,  he  said,  got  better  to  take  them  all  away,  and 

dizections  in  writing,  followed  Uiem  place  York  landings.    Mr.    Day 

to  the  letter,  and,  in  the  opinion  said  he  would  take  away  the  walls 

of  the  inspector  at  the  time,  had  where  he  thought  fit ;  he  gave  such 

completely    done    his  duty.     In  directions  regiuarly.   The  first  pile 

every  thing  he  followed  the  direc-  was,  I  believe,  driven  about  the 

tions  of  the  Crown  agents.   It  was  beginning  of  July ;  it  was  of  oak. 

contended  that  the  spandrels  of  the  Mr.  Day  said  there  should  be  no 

arches  should  have  been  filled  up  more  oak  piles ;  the  timber  was  to 

"with  brick-work,    but  there  was  be  beech.— There  was  no  beech 

no  stipulation  to  that  effect  in  the  then  driven,  and  the  work  waited 

contract.    As  to  the  materials  em-  until  they  were  supplied.     I  saw 

ployed  on  the  roof  to  support  the  the  beech  timber  supplied ;  it  was 

slates,  they  were  approved  by  the  of  a  very  good  quality,  and   was 

government  architect  and  inspector,  driven  under  the  directions  of  Mr. 

They  consisted  of  boards  which  Day.      I    heard    Mr.    Peto    tell 

had  been  put  up  during  the  pro-  Mr.  Day,    when  the  pile-driving 

gress  of  die  building  for  the  con-  began,  that  he  wished  he  would 

Tenience  of  the  workmen  and  for  appoint  some  person  to  see  to  the 

holding  their  tools,  and  which  had  pile-driving,   as   he    (Mr.    Peto) 

been  used  as  planks  for  scaffolding,  could  not  attend  to  it.    A  person 

or  other  such  purposes.     Mr.  Peto  named  MuUins  was  appointed  by 

vroM    compelled     by    the    Crown  Mr.  Day;  who  came  about  two 

agents  topurchase  that  timber  from  days  after  the  beginning  of  the 

the  government  for  the  express  pur-  pile-driving.     The  pile-driving  for 

pose  of  applying  it   as   he  had  the  long  room  commenced  about 

actually  done.  three  months    after.      Mr.  Day 

Mr.  John  Cook  examined  by  gave  Mullins  orders  to  see  that  the 

Mr.  Common  Sergeant. — I  was  in  monkey  struck   the   pile-head    a 

the  employ  of  Mr.  Peto  in  1813,  certain  number  of  times.     In  the 

and   was    his    general    foreman,  first  instance,  we  cut  off  with  an 

Mr.  James  Day  was  derk  of  the  axe  the  projections  on  the  piles, 

vrorks  in   the  year  1815,  acting  and  did  so  for  several  days;  we 

under  the  orders  of  Mr.  Laing,  the  were  afterwards    ordered  not  to 

architect.    I  received  orders  from  hew  off  the  knots,  but  to  preserve 

Mr.  Day  with  regard  to  getting  the  bark,  and  only  to  sharpen  the 

the  level  of  the  old  vaults.     After  end  where  the  shoe  was  to  go  on. 

clearing  away  the  rubbish,  we  be-  It  was  a  very  laborious  operation, 

gan  to  dig  for  our  footings  under  and  the  works  were  suspended  for 

the  direction  of  Mr.  Day ;  4  feet  seven  weeks.     I  did  not  perceive 

6  was  the  depth  we  were  to  go ;  at  the  time  that  the  oaken  timber 

below  that  level  we  found  a  great  was   injured ;     but  it    was   not 

number  of  old  walls ;  some  were  used,  in  consequence  of  the  objec* 

of  brick  and  stone,  and  some  con-  tion  of  Mr.  Day,  and  new  timber 

structed    with    oak     and     chalk,  was  then  brought.     There  were 

When  they  resisted  the  piles,  we  from  120  to  ISO  loads  of  the  tim- 

applied  to  Mr.  Day.    I  heard  Mr.  ber  not  used.    Mr.  Day  was  at  the 


cat      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


worltf  eyturf  Hsif,  and  Mr*  MulUnn 
$i^ieniei  ^  iko  driving  of  %h^ 
^^ifis.  Tb£.  planlmg  comoKBiiped 
slmo^  directly,  wd  followed  thp 
piling  in  ea<^  place.  Mr.  Fetp 
Ql(jtt^  ta  ftba  landa  pf  planUng 
4ii«oudl)y  Mr*  Day ;  if  t&  tiiB)w 
i^uld  givp  w^,  it;  would  makfi  a 
flP^t  »yi^.  Mr,  Day  peraialed 
m  Ms  ord(er.  Mr*  P^to  fiai4  tP 
Mr.  Day,  tbat  wbesrp  ike  PQlumas 
wesiB  tQ  stand  at  tbe  wfM^  wiagi 
tba  weight  vould  be  «o  beavy^ 
^hat  he  wished  to  have  oak  pile?, 
tp  which  Mr-  Day  objected^  bnt 
■aid  he  would  consider  about  it, 
und  in  the  poqrse  of  three  fisLj^ 
there  was  an  order  to  driva  oak 
pil^s.  It  was  at  the  east  and  west 
wing,  and  not  at  the  main  body> 
th#y  wane  driven.  I  took  %h^ 
measurement  ftf  the  greatest  part 
pf  the  piles.  I  knpw  of  no  one 
instanpe  in  which  Mr.  Day's  orders 
wpre  not  strictly  coa^lied  with. 
I  was  employ^  by  the  commissionr 
ers  of  the  Customs  to  build  the 
new  wharf  waU^  I  know  not  of 
any  effeet  that  wall  would  produce^ 
e^pcept  that  it  would  prevent  the 
water  front  oetting  to  the  foun.* 
datipn.  I  mink  it  was  water? 
ti^t. 

George  I^yburne.  The  piles 
were  cut  to  the  length  that  Mr* 
Day  ordered*  They  were  then 
diod.  When  Mr.  Day  could  not 
get  down  the  pile  as  far  as  he 
wishpdt  he  had  it  cut  (^,  and  some- 
times had  another  driven  by  it-rr 
h^  9}^e;^  some  of  the  short  piles 
to  b^  cut  oW,  IP  as  to  range  with 
the  peepers;  sometimes  the  piles 
tQQk  neither  the  planks  nor  the 
sloep«:s.  All  the  pUes,  without 
any  ^xcpption^  were  chosen  by 
Pay.  The  piles  of  th*  part  that  has 
pom^  dpwn  are  aU  beec^h.  I  never 
dr^ye  ^y  b^eph  pijes  but  at  thp 

Cwt<w,Uouse,  and  that  wood  will 


decay  Bomiev  tiiaa  anfoibsr,  if  sat 
kept  under  water.     I  mentiniwl 
this  to  Mr*  Ihf  at  the  early  part 
of  ^  work ;  be  Mid  that  it  wv 
wood  cbosm  by  Mr^  Bennia.    He 
Imd  seen  the  ground  uadanMath ; 
in  his  opinion  it  was  not  fit  far 
piles  to  ba  driven  into.    A^  ike 
first  floor  of  the  buildim  was  vf, 
^10  groin  of  oaa  of  ne  aadus 
gave  way.    I  advised  Mr.  Tkf  to 
plear  the  foundation  all  aivay,  W 
support  the  column  upon  an  in- 
verted ardi«     Mr.  D^  and  it 
would  do  very  well  as  it  va^ 
When  they  first  b^m  the  pilin|, 
the  tide  flowed  in  aveiry  ti^e ;  i 
beedi  is  und^  water  it  wiU  last 
longer.     There  ware  oU  dtaiai 
under  the  foundation. 

Mr.  Scarlett  said,  that,  aa  it  was 
admitted  that  Mr.  Pet«  had  gim 
his  opinion  that  piling  was  an  i»- 
mrop^  mode,  he  need  noi  pDoae 
It. 

Several  other  vritn^ssea  wee 
then  examined,  who  deposed  to  l|ie 
same  effect 

The  Attomey-GoMNBl  replied 
at  considerable  length.  Hetottchsd 
upon  all  the  evidence  that  had 
been  produced,  and  claimed  a  vec- 
dict  for  the  Crown  upon  At  whole 
of  the  issues,  which  were  ten  in 
number* 

The  Ixud  CSiief  Baian,  with 
great  perspicuity,  summed  np  the 
evidence.-r'The  Jury  having  sa- 
tired  to  consider  th^  veodict,  le- 
turned  in  half  an  hour  for  Ae 
c^iinion  of  his  lordship,  wheaher 
the  vecdict  should  be  general,  or 
upon  the  ten  separate  issues-  i& 
Icocddiip  said,  Ae  considisrad  ^ 
justice  of  the  pasQ  would  be  better 
met  by  a  verdict  upqn  die  iamcs 
8q)atatply.  Uponwhiditbejanpn 
retired ;  and,  haying  oonsnlliar  to- 
gether fpr  two  bottxs,  x^faar^fii  a 
verdipt  foi^  thp  Plfon^  ppaa  dy 


liAV   CASES,  te. 


«8» 


gbftim^i  Tlyit  Am  wad  A  ftm^ 

Um  o£  hffli  gmvel  into,  which  foles 
caould  hay0  hisea  itivm;  nmi  for 
tie  Defapd^9l  vppR  »U  ih«  o^^n* 


■•-f- 


■•r*' 


In  Trimty  tefos,  tha  Attora^- 
CpB^mi  obloined  %  rul^  to  Aow 
€MJ0^  in  the  altenia|iy«,  either  why 
ju^neot  tbpttld  not  be  ^tmd 
up  fWtha  CrowOj  iMW  i^Hanie  verc^ 
iUeiOi  on  tho  ia0ue  whiiih  was  fsund 
ff«  iha  Cn>wQ«  or  why  a  new  tnal 
slioald  not  ha  ha4  on  that  part  of 
l^e  Tei4i(Dt  which  found  that  Mr. 
I^aing  |ia4  been  authoriaed  by  the 
coBWuiBticHieBS  to  direct  the  build- 
ings aa  there  wa«  no  evidence  of 
^ny  auch  authc^ty  having  been  in- 
Iju^ed  to  him*  Mr.  jSc^lett^  on 
babalf  of  the  defendant^  obtained 
a  ni]e>  (idling  on  the  Crown  to 
ahow  eaiiae  why  a  yerdiet  should 
00^  be  entered  for  the  defendant^ 
mom  iAMant€  veredicig,  or  why  a 
vfsw  trial  should  not  be  had^  on  the 
^ound  that  there  was  no  evidence 
to  auppprt  the  Ending  that  a  stra- 
tum of  graye}  could  he  found*  into 
which  piles  could  be  driven  ac- 
ooyding  to  the  specifications. 

In  Michaehoims  tenn>  Mr.  Scar- 
lett showed. cause  against  the  rule 
for  the  Crown  •  h^  read  that  part 
of  die  pontract  between  the  Cfom- 
ipissionars  of  the  Customs  and  the 
defendant!  whii^  $tated^  that  where 
any  doubt  aro3e  respecting  any  of  the 
particulars  mentioned  in  the  speci- 
6cations,  the  Comniissioners  oi  the 
Puston^s,  or  their  architect^  were 
IP  4ii^  what  pinght  or  what  might 
fipt  he  admitted;  and>  if  in  the 
pKPgress  of  tba  workj  the  architect 
al^oul4  thin]^  that  the  foundation 
Aopld  be  sunl^  deeper^  or  that  any 
additions  should  be  ipada>  or  any 
of  fte  p^iSi^qlftff  in  the  sjpmfif^^ 


tiims  omitted*  il  iftenld  be  doi|#^ 
and  tba  builder  ^uld  make  a  pnv 
portionatecharga.  Tbeiq[iedficatum 
plaeed  Mr,  Peto  genendly  under 
the  ari^n  of  the  archit^i  for 
ev^  partieular  was  followed  up 
with  tb^  words,  '^as  maybe  di- 
rected i"  ao  that^  in  faatj  it  was  no 
speaificatum,  for  it  only  specified 
that  some  other  qpeeificatum  may 
bi9  given.  It  was  in  the  power  of 
the  architect  to  alt^  ^very  particu- 
lar. 

If  he  had  ordered  that  thp  piles 
should  be  altogether  pmilted,  Mr. 
Peto  was  bound  to  do  so  i  and*  eon- 
sequently,  if  h^  had  direpteid  that 
the  pile9  should  ba  eut  shorter  than 
was  required  in  the  specification^ 
Mr*  Peto  was  bound  to  follow  his 
directions.  Thp  Jury  had  found 
that>  Mr.  Peto  had,  in  no  particu- 
lar, deviated  from  the  original  spa* 
cifications^  unless  by  the  directions 
of  Mr.  L^^ng  i  and  by  the  contract 
Mr.  Peto  was  liable  to  be  dis- 
charged if,  in  any  particular*  he 
acted  omitrary  to  Mr.  Laing's 
orders.  The  intention  of  the 
CommissionerSj  when  entering  into 
the  oontrapt*  was  evidently  mis— 
th^t  as  far  as  they  could  then  de- 
termine on  their  plan,  it  should  be 
according  to  the  specifications,  sub- 
ject to  such  alterations .  as  they 
might,  during  the  progress  of  the 
work,  deem  prudent  to  make.  Mr. 
Laing  was  the  organ  of  their 
wishes  respecting  such  alterations. 
Mr.  Peto's  judgment  was  entirely 
subservient  to  nis.  He  told  Mr. 
(raing,  that  the  piles  would  not  an- 
swer the  purpose,  and  he  recom- 
mended as  a  substitute  what  Mr. 
Smirke  had  since  adopted.  Mr. 
Peto  declined  to  abide  by  Mr. 
i«aitig*s  directions  in  thftt  particu- 
Is^r,  unless  he  had  his  writtcp  ad- 
ders ;  and  could  any  one  say,  that, 
if  th^  Cpnnnission^rs  had  given  to 


24t      ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1826. 


Mr.  Peto  written  orders  to  the 
same  effect^  a  compliance  therewith 
would  amount  to  a  forfeiture  of  his 
bond?  — Certainly  not— ergo,  a 
compliance  with  such  orders  from 
their  agent,  their  mouth-piece, 
could  not  operate  as  a  forfeiture. 

The  Common  Sergeant,  Mr. 
Rotch,  and  Mr.  Pattison,  followed 
on  the  same  side. 

The  Attorney-General,  in  sup- 
port of  the  rule,  said,  that,  admit- 
ting, for  the  sake  of  argument,  that 
Mr.  Laing  was  invested  with  all  that 
dispensing  power  which  the  other 
side  alleged  he  had,  still  no  defence 
had  been  made  out.  The  argu- 
ment is,  that,  according  to  the  con- 
tract, Mr.  Laing  had  power  to  de- 
termine in  matters  of  doubt,  and 
that  there  was  a  doubt  respecting 
these  piles,  which  warranted  Mr. 
Laing's  interference.  But,  Mr. 
Feto  says  himself,  that  he  knew  the 
piles  would  not  answer,  and  that  of 
this  point  he  entertained  no  doubt ; 
and  the  Jury  have  found  that 
there  was  a  stratum  of  gravel,  into 
which  the  piles  could  have  been 
driven,  according  to  the  specifica- 
tion. The  defendant  having  ad- 
mitted that  it  was  only  in  cases  of 
doubt  that  this  dispensing  power 
was  given,  and  it  having  appeared 
on  his  own  showing  that  no  such 
doubt  existed  on  the  occasion,  judg- 
ment should  be  entered  up  for  the 
Crown. 

Nov.  27.  The  Lord  Chief  Baron 
proceeded  to  give  judgment.  His 
lordship  said,  the  great  question 
in  this  case,  in  whatever  aspect  it 
should  be  viewed,  was  the  con- 
struction of  the  deed.  That  was 
an  instrument  under  seal,  and  by 
which  the  defendant  was  bound. 
The  defendant's  co.unsel  had,  there- 
fore, been  driven  to  argue  that,  by 
the  instrument,  their  client  had  a 
right  to  act  as  he  had  done— on 


that  alleged  right  the  pcnnt  in  the 
case    turned.     If   he   (the    chief 
baron)  had  entertained  a  doubt  at 
all,  he  should  have  been  unwilling 
to  give  any  opinion  upon  the  case, 
without    consulting    his    learned 
brethren,  who  were  more  ccmver- 
sant  wiUi  pleading  than  himytf. 
It  appeared  to  him,  however,  that 
the  learned  counsel  for  the  Crown 
were  in  the  right,  becanse  there 
was  one  of  the  issues  on  which 
the  Crown  had  been  declared  en- 
titled to  judgment    on  merits— 
those    merits    which    applied   to 
every  part  of  the  case,  and  which 
were,  consequently,  decisive  of  it 
The  question  was,  first,  should  t 
verdict  be  entered  up  on  the  issue 
found  for  his  majesty  by  the  iury, 
namely,    that    which    established 
that  there  was  a  stratum  of  gravd, 
into  which  the  piles  might  and 
ought,  by  the  terms  of  the  agree- 
ment, to  have  been  driven  ?    Tbe 
next     questions    were,     whether 
judgment    upon     the    remaining 
issues  ought  not  similarly  to  be 
entered  up  for  the  king  ?     Inde- 
pendent of  the  arguments  of  the 
learned  counsel  for  the  Crown,  he 
thought  it  might  be  collected  from 
those  of  the  other  side,  that,  un- 
less   they  could    prove   sufficirat 
power  in  the  8urveyor-(Mr.  Laing) 
to  order  the  variances  referred  to» 
their  case  could  not  be  supportecL 
It  seemed  to  him  to  be  sufficient 
for  the  general  purposes  of  the 
cause,  to  consider  what  ought  to 
be  done  respecting  the  first  issue. 
In  that  issue  the  Crown  said  thst 
Laing  (the  surveyor),  or  his  cledL 
of  the  works,  had  no  power  or 
authority,  by  the  deed,    to  give 
any  directions  varying   or   alter- 
ing the  piling  from  the  descrqptioa 
.  and  mode  pointed  out  in  the  sp^ 
cification.   The  defendant  affirmed, 
on  the  cbntrary,  that  Laing,  or  his 


LAW  CASES,   &c.  26* 

derky  bad  such  power,  and,  on  here  contended  for,  was  asserted 
that,  issue  was  joined.  The  Crown  on  mere  parole  authority,  or  by 
chaiged  that  the  work  was  not  any  other  less  formal  mode,  by 
done  according  to  the  specification,  which  the  whole  scheme  for  the 
The  defendant  says,  "  True ;  but  buildings  in  question  might  be 
the  variance  was  directed,  and  au-  altered.  It  wasmostmarvellousthat 
thorised,  by  your  surveyor,  Laine."  this  power  should  be  picked  out  by 
The  question  then  became  simply,  implication  instead  of  having  been 
was  Laing  authorised,  or  was  he  expressly  declaredin  the  instrument, 
not ;  and  that  led  directly  to  the  Could  diere  be  any  article  in  a 
construction  of  the  instrument,  contract  more  important  than  a 
If  that  instrument  should  (as  he  power  to  alter  all  the  other  stipu^ 
thought  it  ought)  be  looked  upon  ladons  of  it  ?  and  yet,  instead  of 
in  the  plain  straight-forward  way  its  being  set  forth  in  the  instru* 
in  which  all  such  documents  should  ment,  that  extraordinary  power 
be  received,  it  would  then  be  seen  was  only  picked  out  and  main- 
whether  it  gave  to  Laing  the  au-  tained  by  argument.  It  became 
thmity  relied  on  or  not  On  that  necessary  here  to  look  at  the  arti- 
poist,  he  confessed,  he  never  en-  cles.  (Here  his  lordship  read  the 
tertained  any  doubt  whatever.  In  contract,  and  commented  upon 
that  instrument,  Mr.  Peto  entered  that  passage  in  it  which  provided 
into  an  engagement  on  his  part,  in  for  the  addition  to,  or  the  reduc- 
considerationof  a  sum  of  165,000^  tion  of,  the  nimiber  of  works 
to  erect  certain  buildings,  and  to  specified  at  the  discretion  of  the 
complete  the  several  works  sped-  surveyor).  Was  it  possible,  there- 
fied  in  plans,  and  according  to  fore,  he  should  ask,  that  it  was 
scales  numbered  from  one  to  thirty-  intended  a  power  should  be  given 
one.— —These  were  the  obligations  to  the  surveyor  to  vary  the  whole 
into  which  the  defendant  entered :  scheme,  by  substituting  one  thing 
but  then  he  says,  ^^  It  is  true  I  for  another?  The  sound  construo- 
have,  by  the  deed,  undertaken  to  tion  of  the  passage  necessarily  was, 
do  these  things,  but  there  are  that  Laing  should  have  the  power 
other  provisos  in  it,  which  put  me  to  add  to  or  diminish,  but  not  to 
under  the  necessity  of  following  vary ;  and  most  particularly  with 
the  directions  of  the  surveyor,  respect  to  the  foundation,  on  which 
whatever  they  might  be.  I  was  the  security  of  the  whole  edifice 
bound  (as  the  learned  counsel  had  was  to  depend.  ( His  lordship 
ingeniously,  and  not  too  strongly,  here  referred  to  othfir  clauses  in 
put  it),  if  Mr.  Laing  had  thought  the  deed,  declaring,  as  his  opinion, 
fit  to  alter  the  plan  of  the  Custom-  that  even  by  the  most  violent  and 
house  to  a  plan  for  a  church,  I  forced  construction  of  the  instru- 
was  bound,  I  say,  to  obey  his  di-  ment,  it  gave  to  the  surveyor  no 
rections^  and  go  even  to  that  ex-  such  powers  as  would  justify  Mr. 
tent."  He  (the  lord  chief  baron)  Peto  in  substituting  other  works 
must  admit,  that,  in  thus  arguing,  for  those  expressly  stipulated  in 
the  learned  gentlemen  had  not  it;  and  that,  for  the  sum  men- 
gone  too  far:  but  how  stood  the  tioned — 1 65,000/.,  the  defendant 
foctf  ?  In  the  first  place,  it  was  was  bound  to  complete  the  works 
a  most  marvellous  circumstance  as  specified).  It  appeared,  there- 
that  ao  important  a  power  as  that  fore,  to  him,  that  upon  the  first 


Mf      ANNUAJ.  EEGISTEE.   1826. 

im^  uMmftUA  ^  ^  ^>*«^*  Wiii.^Ei|«jll  tk»  Mm  of  Ae 

the  Crowtt  WW  eDtitW  0  jute-  d^eaMed,lBal4,  Iie»wdi«4a»irf 

oeot  «  ill    He   fete   bwfVfilf  (»Uve«tl^«»wntou»iiit|»pfipp 

tfdled  upwto  a4J.  *a^  Mr.  Pflp  jyg  ftf  frii^,  7th  ifayt    ft  w 

fippea^  to  b»iFp  m^a&i  tbiEOugbaii^  ^en  i^^nuJ^  Md  m  gM«  fpm. 

j,jfltj^^  (p  piflicmg  the  akrwadoBg  iji^e  ^rapi  fri*  ioo «  1m9IW  W  (fe 

Mr.  Laing.     Ii#  f^gP^fid  ^  Monday  mojcvbigvdbQiitmM/clMk, 

undfaffitfit   c^Qnetueii^Bes   to   ^  b^  w^i  vmmi  from  his  de«p  lif 

a^odanl,  bit  f»uit  lELeplurp  ttol,  iomp  dirt  being  thjrpw^ftthii  w»- 

«f¥m  the  right  pfrtwCjowntptli^  dPWr    Up  ^up,  wi  ope»ea  *c 
jttdgDieiU; 


had  not,  from  the  pox^w^^emewt,  w^g  mtsi^»  wd  4ewed  hSm  to 

the  sjighteefc  douW.  <wwe  dpwn,  aod  lel  ber  i9>    Sfcp 

Mr.  Bsroa  HuUock  ^oapuned  said  t}^  Bei\j9miii,  Ipa  wm  ha4 

in  opanion  with  hU  ter4*i»,  t^Ht  4i»p>  down  in  §  fil^  or  «»••  deai 

die  Cnwn  w»»  pptided  tp  judffr  The  other  prLsoQer^  wbp  wwi  nh 

mentupoBi^  the  issues  fion  oj^*  ^edi^telyU^uDdher^wdlh^iiMe 

tUi9ie  veredietQ,  *ing,    Th^  tm^^    Ift    h¥f^ 

The  Ixnd  Chief  Bi^iw  said,  that  come  togpthcF,  and  wi^aed  WUniP 

Mr.  Bajon  Garrow  bad  authorispd  to  help  tQ  g^  Benjamin  ham 

him  to  say,  that  he  fully  concurred  Witness   dressed    Wflaself  i|«BW- 

in  ibe  jud^nent  of  his  learned  diatply,  ai^d  aecompm^  l^m 

hiediren.  ahput  three  miles  inia  the  paiiA 

Mr.  fiwlett  hpggpd  to  kjiow,  of  BrightUng,  and  hemy  broo^ 

whether,  even  had  theie  been  no  Wm  to  a  foot-path,   wh^n  thsy 

stntum  of  gravel   in  existence,  found  ^  deceased  lying  stietchfli 

their  loydships'  judgment  would  on  bis  hacl^.    Ho  was  tlie^  deai 

have  been  the  same  ?  pold,  and  stf  .    His  dotbaswir 

The  Court  replied  in  fte  ef-  cm,  and  tborp  was  a  handtfrhirf 

gsQU^ve.  tied  round  bis  body.    The  satf 

^ was  not  far  froB»  the  HaofB  m  % 

—  =  ■  Mr.  Holloway,   a  fanaa?,  ahspt 

Pbtit  ^nEAaov.'Trh^^»9,  sixty  or  sevi^i^  rods  frona  GW- 

J\jhY28.  dish  Wood.    The   deceased  wa> 


»^     »#    u        r'    t.  V^g  stretched  out  no  his  bi^ 

Befbre  ^T.  Baron  Graham,  ^^^y^^^  ^^  ^^^^  dna^  tn  tfc 

(fann^fiussoll  was  indicted  (if»^  body.    The  prisouor  Lmy  An 

m^ering  Benjamin  Russell,  her  said,  that  he  and  the  daoaased  bsi 

le^e  busl%nd,  hy  administering  to  been  stealing  aonie  coni  ^poia  Ifr- 

bun^quantity  (^arsenic,  at Brigbt-  Holloway's  bam,  and  hnd  divided 

ling,  qn  ^e  8th  May  last ;  and  D.  it   into  two  parcels.     Ths  sack 

l^ny  W^  indicted  as  an  accessary  which  tbe  de^paed  was  canTiaf. 

^  the  same  murder.  wa^  the  beayiesty    »^^  bf  «"■" 

The  female  prison^  appeared  plained  of  a  pain  in  bis  bpasi  st 

to  bp  about  4^  years  of  age,  bpt  the  tiine.  Tbe  pnsonef  |h«n  oflW 

was,  ip  ^ct,  only  31 ;  and  the  man,  to  take  ^  turn  d  his  hiad.    Ike 

who  fippeared  to  be  about  ^0,  was  deceased  declined,  an4  advnfioa^  ^ 

IffliylQ'  the  fi^d  wi0^  thf  Jpfi4  «!!  Wi  bii 


I- Air   CABES,   &e.  Vt* 

nAfanMemti,0acmmagn^tolam,  im  tliemorniagrf Att  8diaf  Mi^. 

fooad  fain  dead,  but  lie  did  net  lie  called  at  Russell's  houa^  snd 

isDeir  «rliedier  ke  had  dvopt  dowa  saw  his  wife ;  Leany  came  in  seen 

ia  a  fit,  er  diedaaatoral  death,  aftw ;  i&e  said  she  had  bem  pmttly 

It  was  than  to  dack  ^lat  viteess  alamied  that  mondng  by  a  noise 

could  aol  lae  the  dress  of  the  de-  up  stairs,    as   if   somebody    had 

eea^ed    miauteJ^.      Witness    and  jumped  out  of  the  bed.    Sheeonsi-i 

Leaay  then  moved  Ihe  bodv*  into  derdlitatdcen (^ somebody's  death^ 

Gleddiih  Wood,  and  placed  it  on  andhoped  noting  bad  happened  to 

iome  stuMe.  Witness's  nodve  lor  her  husband.  She  said  her  husband 

80  doing  was  to  hide  the  slMune  of  went  out,  between  four  and  five 

a  transaction  in  which  the  cha-  o'clock  in  the  moniing,    towards 

racter  of  his  fumly  mi^t  be  in-  Gleddish  Wood,  after  a  tub  of  spi- 

juzedy  by  its  being  diseovepad  diat  rits,  and  had  ordered  Leany  to  go 

a  son  of  his  had  oeen  guilty  of  a  after  him  in  alxHit  half  an  hour, 

robbery.    Witness  returned  home  The  pisoner  Leany  had  lodged  in 

between  four  Qnd  five  o'dodc,  leav-  Russell's  house  about  si^  weeks, 
iag  I^eany  to  follow  him  at  some        Elizabeth  Elliot  proved  having 

^tistance.     in  his  way  home,  he  been  at  Russell's  house  about  one 

Mv  a  person,  named  Thomas  Haw-  o'clock  on  the  8th  of  May ;  both 

Idas,  and  ^poke  to  him.    Witness  the  prison^w  were  present.    Mrs. 

did  not  know  the  cause  of  his  son's  Ru8se}l  said  her  husband  had  been 

death  until  the  fallowing  Wednes-  in  bed  with  her  till  between  five 

day,  when  the  coronas  inquest  and  six  o'clock  Uiat  morning, 
was  hdd.    ¥(lien  examined  before        — —  Hilder,  a  labours,  proved, 

the  inquest,  he  did  not  give  the  that  he  went  widi  the  femsde  pri- 

nme  account  of  the  transaction,  sonertosee  the  body  of  the  deceased 

because  he  understood  that  those  the  day  it  wtfs  found.     She  said  cm 

who  hdped    to    move   the  body  the  way,  she  su]gposed  she  would  be 

would  be  punidied.  forced  to  bury  him  on  Wednesday, 

JohnWoodsellp]»ved,that,about  as  she  expected  he  would  be  very 

eight  o'dod^,  on  the  morning  <^  mudi    swelled/   because    he   had 

the  Sth.  May,  he  was  goina  mto  eaten  so  hearty  a  dinner  and  sup- 

Gleddidi  Wood,  and  saw  Leany,  per  on  Sunday.     On  their  return 

who  told  him  he  had  found  a  dead  to  her  house,    witness  ask^d  her 

man  (Benjamin  Russell),  who  had  what  time  Leany  went  to  bed  on 

been  going  after  a  tub  of  gin,  and  Sunday  nis^t?     She  said,  why, 

be  (Leimy)  was  to  hf^ve  niet  him  Hilder^     Witness  said,  ^*  He  was 

at  eight    o'clock.     He    said,    he  not  in  bed  here— was  he.'^     She 

thought  the  deceased  had  made  replied,   *f  It  does  not  make  any 

away  wi^himsdf,  but  said  nothing  odds  to  you."    Witness  then  said, 

about    robbing    Mr.    HoUoway's  ''  Why,  Ben  (the  deceased)  was 

bam.  not  a-bed  here."    She  said, ''  Yes, 

John  Sheater  proved  his  having  that  he  was,  by  the  side  of  me." 

a  sbailnr  conversation  witji  Leany,  Witness  then  told  her  he  knew 

about  nine  o'clock,  the  same  mom-  that  Leany  "was  not  a-bed  then,  as 

ing.  Leany  told  him,  he  found  the  he  knew  a  man  who  had'teen  him. 

deceased  lying  on  his  bade.  She  said,  ''  I  know  who  tcdd  yovi 

Robert   Boules,    a    blacksmith,  that.     It  was  Hawkins,  cnicse  him, 

proved>  that  abcMit  seven  o'clock  he  may  as  well  keep  his  mou& 


28*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 


shut  and  look  at  home."  Witness 
liad  put  the  questions  in  conse- 
quence of  a  conversation  he  had  had 
with  Hawkins.  Witness  had  been 
at  Russell's  house  the  Sunday  be- 
fore. 

Francis  Russell^  unde  of  the  de-* 
ceased^  proved,  that  the  day  the 
body  was  found,  he  asked  Leany, 
whether  he  had  been  at  home  the 
night  before ;  to  which  he  replied, 
that  he  had,  and  did  not  get  up  till 
seven  o'clock  in  the  morning.  Wit- 
ness told  him  he  had  heard  that  he 
had  been  seen  at  half-past  four.  The 
prisoner  then  said,  that  he  got  up 
early  to  go  to  see  his  sister,  but 
afterwards  altered  his  mind,  and 
returned  and  went  to  bed  again. 
He  said  the  deceased  went  out -at 
six  o'clock  that  morning. 

Mr.  Evans,  a  surgeon,  proved 
that  he  examined  the  body  of  the 
deceased  on  the  1 0th  of  May.  The 
mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach 
was  in  many  places  quite  eroded. 
There  was  a  considerable  quantity 
of  gross  white  powder  adhering  to 
it,  which  he  analyzed,  and  ob- 
tained nearly  sixty  grains  of  white 
arsenic. 

Joseph  Oliver  was  at  the  de- 
ceased's house  about  three  weeks 
before  he  died.  Mrs.  Russell  was 
putting  some  poison,  or  white  pow- 
der, on  some  bread  and  butter,  and 
said  it  was  for  the  mice ;  Leany 
and  French  were  there,  and  saw 
her  do  it ;  does  not  know  what  she 
did  with  the  bread  and  butter ;  she 
made  no  secret  of  spreading  the 
powder  on  the  bread  and  butter. 

Ann  Hicks  said,  she  was  at  Ben- 
jamin Russell's  house  when  the 
prisoner  was  expecting  her  hus- 
band home,  and  said  she  would 
cut  his  throat,  break  his  head,  or 
poison  him. 

Thomas  Ree^  being  at  deceas- 
ed's house    about  fifteen  or  six- 


teen days  before  hk  dea^,  asked 
the  prisoner  where  her  husband 
Ben  was  ?  She  said  he  was  gone 
to  bed.  Witness  asked  her  what 
made  him  go  to  bed  so  soon.  Sie 
said,  they  had  been  falling  oat  and 
fighting,  and  added, ''  111  be  up  to 
him  for  this — I'll  be  the  death  of 
him  before  the  summer  is  oat" 
Leany  was  present  and  said,  ^Hoib 
that  up."  She  said,  "  111  be  coned 
if  I  don't/' 

Thomas  Luck  had  heard  Mn. 
Russell  say  several  times,  ''Khen 
speaking  of  her  husband,  ''  I  wiili 
he  would  drop  down  dead,  and 
never  come  back  anjrmore." 

James  French,  about  eight  or 
nine  days  before  the  death  of  the 
deceased,  heard  prisoner  say,  idien 
speaking  of  her  husband,  that  ihe 
would  kill  him,  or  in  some  way  or 
other  be  the  death  of  him.  Her 
husband  was  present  at  the  tune, 
and  on  hearing  her  use  those  ex« 
pressions,  he  went  out  of  the  room ; 
there  was  then  no  quarrelling  bc^ 
tween  tliem. 

Robert  Ellis,  headboroudi  of 
Hawkesborough,  said,  when  he  ap- 
prehended Leany,  he  found  him  aad 
Hannah  Russell  sitting  close  toge- 
ther ;  he  said,  nobody  could  sweir 
that  either  he  or  Hannah  poisooed 
the  deceased.  When  witness  was 
taking  the  prisoners  to  Horshsm, 
Leany  said  to  Mrs.  RusseU,  ^'  Don't 
you  say  any  thing  ;  if  you  don't, 
nobody  else  can."  Mrs.  RuskQ 
said,  "  I'll  try  and  clear  myself.*— 
This  was  the  case  for  the  prosecu- 
tion. 

The  prisoners  said,  they  had 
nothing  to  state  in  their  defence. 

The  jury,  after  a  few  minates 
deliberation,  found  die  priaoiKS 
Guilty :  and  they  were  ordered  fcr 
execution. 


LAW   CASES,   &c. 


29* 


Ljlkcastbr^  TniDAY,  Aug.  18. 

Alexander  M'Keand^  or  Keand^ 
and  Micliael  M'Keand^  were  charg- 
ed Trith  the  wilful  murder  of 
Elisabeth  Bates,  at  Winton,  near 
Manchester,  on  the  22nd  of  May. 
[[See  page  81,] 

Martha  Blears,— I  am  the  wife 
of  Joseph  Blears,  a  puhlican,  re^ 
nding  at  Winton,  near  Manches- 
ter ;  about  five  or  six  in  the  even- 
ing of  the  22nd  of  May,  that  man 
(pointing  to  Michael  M'Keand) 
came  to  our  house,  and  asked  for  a 
glass  of  beer;  in  about  half  an 
hour  that  other  man,  Alexander, 
came  in;  I  had  known  him  near 
twelve  months ;  I  had  never  seen 
Michael  before;  Alexander  sold 
tea,  and  stockings,  and  other 
things,  and  was  in  Sie  habit  of  call- 
ing in  his  travelling  rounds ;  when 
A&xander  came  in,  they  did  not 
seem  to  take  any  notice  of  each 
other  for  some  time ;  -Alexander 
asked  for  a  glass  of  ale,  and  some 
faxead  and  cheese,  and,  when  I 
bronght  it,  Michael  said  he  would 
thank- me  to  bring  him  a  knife,  and 
he  vrould  take  some  bread  and 
cheese  alone  with  the  other  gentle- 
nian,  meamng  Alexander ;  1  sup- 
plied both  with  more  drink;  I 
ivent  in  and  out  of  the  room  several 
times:  it  was  the  bar;  they  did 
not  appear  to  know  each  other  for 
some  time ;  there  was  a  sofa  in  the 
bar  ;  I  had  an  opportunity  of  look- 
ing into  the  bar  when  they  did  not 
see  nie,  and  I  saw  them  repeatedly 
whispering;  they  were  both  on 
chairs  at  this  time ;  Alexander 
asked  me,  if  my  husband  was  at 
home  ?  I  told  him  he  was  gone 
to  Manchester ;  they  had  then  been 
above  an  hour  in  the  house;  he 
asked  how  long  my  husband  would 
be  away  ?     I  said  I  could  not  tell, 

tmt  J  ho{>edbe  wpuld  cowq  b^  9S 


soon  as  possible ;  I  asked  him  if  he 
wanted  him  for  any  thing  particu- 
lar that  I  could  do?  he  said,  he 
only  wanted  to  treat  him  with  a 
glass  of  whisky;  my  husband  came 
home  about  eight  o'clock ;  Alex- 
ander shouted  to  him  to  come  into 
the  bar ;  he  went  in  and  sat  down 
with  them.  Alexander  called  for 
two  half  noggins  of  whisky  for 
each.  My  husband  did  not  leave 
the  room  for  many  minutes  that 
night,  but  he  did  leave  it  for  a 
short  time;  when  he  was  going 
out,  Alexander  said  he  should  par- 
take of  another  glass.  They  were 
served  with  two  more  noggins  of 
whisky;  while  the  others  were 
drinking  whisky,  Michael  had  two 
glasses  of  wine,  and  one  bottle  of 
cider.  Between  nine  and  ten,  I 
saw  my  husband  lie  on  the  sofa, 
seemiagly  very  ill,  intoxicated,  and 
I  saw  Alexander  pour  some  liquor 
into  his  mouth.  This  roused  my 
husband,  and  he  asked  me  for  a 
glass  of  water.  The  pouring  the 
£quor  into  his  mouth  made  him 
nearly  dead — he  had  no  sense :  he 
fell  asleep  again.  I  went  and  sat 
in  the  kitchen.  I  looked  into  the 
bar  and  observed  the  two  prisoners 
whispering  very  close  together. 
About  ten  o'clock,  Michael  said,  1 
must  let  them  have  a  bed,  as  they 
had  a  good  deal  of  money  on  them, 
and  did  not  like  to  walk  to  Man- 
chester at  night;  1  then  said,  if 
they  could  make  shift,  they  were 
welcome ;  about  a  quarter  of  an 
hour  before  they  went  up  stairs, 
both  went  out,  and  remained  out 
about  a  quarter  of  an  hour;  Michael 
asked  me  if  my  husband  went  to 
bed  when  he  was  drunk  ?  and  I  said 
sometimes  he  did,  and  sometimes 
he  did  not.  Michael  asked  me,  if 
I  stopped  along  with  him  ?  and  I 
said  sometimes  I  did,  and  some- 
times I  did  not.     He  ^^n  asked 


t^     ANNUAL   HEGISTEtt,   18^. 

tf  it^  M  WM  ietdf,  shd  I  by  the  tfaioat  so  thtt  I  could  aet 

tiM  Ami  H  n^dft.    My  fiui^y  toiM  ay  out.    When  I  rose  from  dj 

Misted  ^ittyselfdiidiiiyBuftlttAd^  a  knees  I  li^aid  ft  wUstte  ftl  Uw  Uck 

ferOsl^  stfVftnt  (Betty  Bates)  and  door)    I  fiui  to  tbe   eotegK  of 

ab^.    I  told  Betty  Bales  to  take  fecba^  AfidiMiirs^  who  Hnd  toft, 

a  Midld  afld  show  them  the  lied  and  who  k  matned  t«  my  ateSi 

tiey  w»!6  to  go  tdi  k  was  a  dou^  and  gdte  thdakmu 

MeKbedied  tooni,  Ofef  tbe  kitefaeft^  Joseph  Blears,  lanilDid  af  At 

Tke  boyi  WffliBjai  HisgiiMy  who  pubHo  hoosoy  eoolbiiied  flUMy  of 

lsbetwaetil4aiidld^8^iiithat  these  dteoiistaiioaia 

wm^,  ifi  the  oth^  bed.     The  hoy  Utiitoel  Hi^ina.'^^I  an  tbON 

htA  go&d  te  bed  about  mno  o*doek.  t^eti  yeairs  old /Tliirdd  with  Jeaefft 

It  \¥Bii  afu^  eletcto  Wheii  I  told  Blears  at  the  period  in  queetidii ;  I 

thli  DAald  to  light  the  ptitotett  to  went  to  sfeepi^  f^  dcmb]»teddBi 

b6d^    I  saw  het  brifig*  the  candki  to&iA  about  ^no  ^dodk ;  I  kai 

to  light  ^ni^ti}>stdjrs)  and  tho  bsea  bk  bed  about  tldte  hMN^ 

firisoiMtf  lefl  the  baf,  Alescatidef  whetl  I  was  awak^ied  by  a  tidiBi; 

g^g  ftpst    I  doDt  beliete  the  I  saw  a  ftati>  Akaotttder  M'Kemii 

(ttiSoMA  Midiael  etet  wejit  up  whom  I  had  known  bafisfte,  wMi 

stazM.     f Here   the  witness  ap^  his  lefl  hand  found  Betty  BMs^i 

peared  fiebiti  and  took  her  bon^  necki  and  doing  sgvaetldi^  that  I 

net  off/  she  had  dreadful  mcttks  of  could  not  see;  he  appealed  to  bi 

wonnde  acit>6S  the  f^bead^  and  making  hk  nonsense  witb.  her] 

undeif  the  left  eye«]    About  two  there  was  a  lighted  eandle  Is  ^ 

n^utes  after  t  heM  Betty  make  window  wMeh  id  batweeti  the  t«a 

a  ^^ttnal  cry ;  I  was  shting  in  the  be&  |  I  saw  t^  mmt  mad  As 

baf^  whetemj  husband  was  aslecm;  woman  struggling  at  the  eoA  d 

onhemrbigthis^  I  tooknpthe  candle^  the  drawers,  whi&  ate  at  tbe  tet 

and  was  gdng  out  c^  Uie  baf-4oof  of  my  bed;  mf  bed  had  ad  sm^ 

totun  np  stabS;  I  had  tiot  got  one  tmns;  t  was  uien  fykig  down  m 

foot  out  of  the  bar  into  tibe  lobby  bed ;  she  hept  saying  '^  Qi^m  ovsTi 

before  Miehaelput  his  hand  i^nst  and  be  quieii"  and  mta  I  aaw  the 

my  breast ;  he  had  something  in  blood   gusUbng   dewa   hmm   ksr 

his  hand  which  he  stuck  in  my  throat;  tiiis  was  after  I  bad  seat 

neck ;  he  dtBg^  me  upon  my  the  pri^on^s  left  aim  namd  her 

knees  opposite  the  bar ;  diqppedhis  nedk ;  his  light  arm  wo  aiiiaAaw 

hand  on  my  throat,  imd  gave  me  aofoss  the  wmnan's  nec& ;  bia  iueg 

^is  wound  m  the  fl»rehead<  [Here  her  down  upon  the  floor,  aftd  sit 

witness  showed  a  deep  wound  ov^  screamed  out  ''ttOrderr  I  saw 

her  nose.]     He  then  stabbed  the  them  straggMug  very  lanrd  npM 

knife  under  my  eye,  and  it  stuck  the  floor,  and  iSeM  the  woaaoa  grt 

there;  he  then  Went  out  at  the  upandeaughthdidof  hiik;gBaM 

back-doot,  leaving  me  with  a  knife  siAd,  "  I'll  mark  yiee»  maa."    Ifc 

fast  in  my  eye»  and  Heeding  very  flung  hei*  down  a  seeo^  tine,  aai 

much.    The  prisonar  tiied  to  get  ^  something  more  at  h&t  bal 

the  knife  out,  and,  in  doing  so.  What  it  WasI  tioulA  doc  soa, It  wai 

nulled  the  handle  M    I  heard  it  at  the  nde  of  hef  neek.    lie  hk 

drop  on  the  floor/  Itemainedquiet,  hef  then,  and  same  tame;  I  bal 

until  I  heard  ^e  baok-door  open,  not  sat  up  ^Mbie  be  eama  t^  mi^ 

Wbaahewaawithtte,heheldme  mti0  Ihmw  hm  1u  mm  umt 


LAW   GASES,   &c«  91* 

wkea  1m  cttie  to  ii»  I  rdM  up,       AlMtoiciMrM*K«ui^bftmg«itlhil 

and  be  f  ul  Ui  left  band  on  xtif  cm  Unr  his  defence^  prOiestod  kb 

notttkyttidtluriiatinedfff^affBki;  ixmoMUce;  be  had  trcsted  Btein^ 

bk  hand  left  bkiod  upon  my  face  ;  and  ibtj  had  botli  got  very  tqMf  } 

ha  Wpl  Ids  lilmd  upto  a^  bmoUi  ;  Bleafa  sHruek  Inm  seTeral  limei^ 

the wodMHualtbaathnafoitip, and  BKfing,  be  could  beat  thfeestieb 

Wat  gUBoa  mx%  of  tbe  ioasa^  aad  be  meii  aa  he^  iftet  wbidt  be  eOdld 

caCahid  in  tfl  tbe  door«    I  saw  giye  no  aeooant  of  may  Mag  tbel 

Una  afcraggfiog  witb  bar  at  tbe  bad  bappened^ 
daor  place ;  they  stood  apeii  itme        Michael  M'Keflad  aaidy  tbet»  oa 

feat.   I  |0C  out  of  bed>  And  finhed  thedi^  of  tbemtldBtvlBabiothcBri 

paal  bebiad  the  weown;  bo  nude  whom  be  bad  not  seen  £Dr  a  treeb^ 

a  grasp  at  me>  and  marbed  my  asked  bbn  to  assist  bim  sa  getting 

sbtff  wilb  bia  bloody  band,  bnt  be  in  some  defala  due  to  bim  in  m 

^notb^h^of  me;  IjiuBped  n^bboerbood^    He  sent bbti  fiir* 

ovea  tbd  baaadalar  and  eacaj^.  unm  to  BlettsTs  bouse»  tiling  bun 

Wbesl  I  passed  tbem .  be  (Alex*  to  have  a  glass  of  afo^  and  wait  bia 

tmder) fc^b^yed  me  down  stadia;  oomintf^     Tbe  pfisoner  then  de-> 

Inskont  thioug^  ibebaebbiteben^  scaribed  tbdr  all  diinbin|  together^ 

and  oot  at  tbe  badb  door  ;  I  ran  and  bia  brotbef  gettiw  Tery  t^pay^ 

rewad  tbe  baeb  of  tbe  boUse  to  tbe  add  ^arrelHag  with  the  kndkicdi 

ftont^  and  be  followed  me  to  tbe  be  conld  nve  nd  furtbetf  aooouat ; 

nShng  in  front  d  the  bouse ;   I  bnt  bis  Me  bmig  tipon  a  thready 

ran    down   by   the  jrailing,  and  and  be  called  ujkib  that  God  befcJaa 

tbiDi]|^  a  styie#  and  back  2xmg  a  whom  pesbapa  be  was  sbortfy  to 

bedoe  and  a  ditdb^  whete  I  eon<«  afipear,  to  witness  baa  innoeeiMa  of 

oaa£d  myself  baTiag  committed  the  mnider,  or 

Biabard  Farmday*  —  In  aoose*  oi  erer  barui^  been  aidii^  ia  aacb 

cpSBBce  of  a  baad-lnll  I  bad  seen^  a  crime. 

I  went  in  search  of  the  prisoners ;        The  jury  found  batb  prisoners 

I    overtook  and  passed  them  at  Ouil^. 

^jitling^  three  miles  ffom  Ap^by« 

I  went  to  the  public-bouse>  mid  ' 

gtyi  asaistanoe;  and  when  Ak»-  TitULd  ojf  RiolElW  in  Ycwit* 
ander  came  up,  I  asked  bim  to  sBtAM  AlfD  LANeieHiiA^ 

take  a  glass  of  ale,  wbidi  he  ic-  ^    w   j    -        t  i    a^ 

oaptedjT^ntoldbimbewaamy  York  Assizes,  July  n. 

pnaonefy  and  gaye  bim  into  cv»*  John  Holdswortb  and  \^^11mssi 

tody ;   I  was  gcnng  to  tf4e  tbe  Bolton  were  tried  upon  aarin^ct* 

oth^,  when  Alexander  was  makJttig  ment^  in  wbicb  they  were  capitally 

hia  escape,  and  I  seiaed  bim  by  cbttrgsd  witb  baviag^  on  the  8tb 

t]i0  ann,  and  gave  bim  to  Uie  two  of  May  last,  bi    tbe   parish    of 

rxKSk }  Idichad  was  then  comma  Bradford,  along  with  dirers  otber 

up  to  strike  mej  when  I  seiM  persons,   tiotewy    assembled    in 

bSsa,  and  secured  him.    Bdoretb^  dnturbence  of   tbe  puUie  peaoe, 

oMigiatfates,  Alexander  gaye   bis  and  witb  endealronrkig  to  destroy 

naaae  Matthew  Kirk>  and  tbe  other  tbe   factory  or    miU    of   Messrs. 

gave  bis  name  Carse.     I  looked  at  J(^  Gacnett  Hors&ll,  William 

Alaxander's  band,  and  found  ^e  Horsfofii    and    Timothy     Hcri^ 

marlai  oa  it  answering  the  dsflarig^  fiaU,   stlaato  at  firadferdi    Tba 
tion  in  tbe  haad*bUl« 


32*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

indictment  was  on  the  52nd  Geo.  The  windows  were  all  dnTeo  in, 

III.  cap.  SO,  sec  %  which  enacts  and   the  mill  sustained  so  mud 

that^'iif^afterthepassmgof  thisact,  injury,  that  it    became  naemzj 

any  person  or  persons,  unlawfully,  for  ihe  persons     within   to  fire. 

riotously,  or  tumultuously  assem*  In  doing  so,  they  killed  ooe  per- 

bled  together  in  disturbance  of  the  son.     Colonel  Tempest  and  otbc 

public  peace,  shall  unlawfully  and  magistrates  then  came  up  andiid 

with  force  demolish  or  puU  down,  the  Riot  act  The  prisoner,  Holdi' 

or  begin  to  demolish  or  pull  down,  worth,  said  to  colonel  Tensest, 

any  erection,  and  building  or  en-  "  What  are  we  to  do,  are  ire  to 

gine,  which  shall  be  used  or  em-  starve?"    The  other  prisoner Bol- 

ployed,  in  carrying  on  or  conduct-  ton  was  also  observed  to  be  acdve 

mg  any  trade  or  manufactory  of  in  throwing  stones, 

goods  whatsoever,  then  every  such  Mr.  Baron  Hullock  sommed  qt 

demolishing  or  pulling  down  shall  the  case,  and  the  jury  retired, 

be  adjudged  to  be  felony  without  At  half-past  twelve  oMki^ 

benefit  of  clergy."  morning  the  jury  came  into  Coort, 

A  great  number  of  witnesses  and   returned   a  verdict  findiig 

were  called;  and  from  their  testi-  Holdsworth  Guilty,  and  Bobon 

mony  it  appeared,  that,  some  days  Not  Guilty ;  at  the  same  time  re- 

pre  viously  to  the  3rd  of  May,  meet-  commending  Holdsworth  to  mercj. 

mgs  had  taken  place  amoni?  the  r        ^       ^        . ,  ^      m  t 

poSr  people  of  B^ord  who  were  Lanca^^Au^l^^Bkd^ 

out  of  employment.     On  the  2nd  ^^  KwUrs. 

of  May  a  hand-bill  was  published,  James  Chambers,  Simeon  Wri^ 

announcing  that  a  meeting  would  Thomas  Dickinson,  and  Bidiad 

take  place  on  tho  following  day,  Entwistle,  were  indicted  for  bong 

to  take  into  consideration  the  dis-  concerned  in  the  late  riots  and  de- 

tressed    state   of   the    operatives,  struction  of  machinay  at  Bsci- 

The    meeting     accordingly    took  bum. 

place,  on  the  5rd  of  May,  when  Mr.  John  Kay  the  constabk 
upwards  of  a  thousand  people,  and  Mr.  Eccles,  one  of  Ae  p»- 
armed  with  sticks  and  bludgeons,  prletors  of  the  mill,  pro?ed  ^ 
assembled  together.  After  some  general  riot  and  the  damage  done 
speeches  had  been  delivered,  the  to  the  machinery, 
crowd  fell  intd  a  line,  and  pro-  Mr.  John  Kay  the  canstaUe,  d^ 
ceeded  in  marching  order  to  posed  to  the  activity  of  Chanto 
Messrs.  Horsfall's  mifl.  The  mill  in  the  riot,  and  to  his  givinf  en- 
is  situated  at  pne  extremity  of  couragement  to  the  rest  o?Af 
Bradford,  and  it  employs  power-  mob. 

looms,  which  require  few  hands.  Mr.  Robins^,  derit  to  the  m- 

The    proprietors    had  been    em-  gistrates,  saw  Chambers  in  tie  ri« 

ployed  for  some  days  in  putting  waving  a  hammer  over  his  heal 

the  mill^  into  a  state  of  defence  ;  and  encouraging  the  mob  to  \xok 

and,  besides  arming  their  own  men,  the  looms,   and   never  mind  tk 

they  had   procur^   ten   of   brd  soldiers,  and  afierwaids  tool:  b» 

Grantham's  yeomanry.     The  mob  him  the  hammer,  whidi  was  p^ 

arrived  at   the   null    about    one  duced  in  court, 

o'clock,  and  poured  a  volley  of  The  rev.  Richazd  Noble,  a  »• 

stmes  at  the  doors  and  windows,  gistrate^  aaw  3w90q  Wi^  ^ 


LAW   CASES,  &c.  33^ 

tempting  to  make  his  escape  from  All  the  prisoners,  except  Cham- 

the  factory  yard  ;  the  prisoner  had  ley  and  E  Wbeth  Howard^  were 

a  sdck  with  which  he  aimed  a  found  Guilty. 

blow  at  the  head  of  witness,  and  .    ■ 

was  immediately  after  taken  into  JamesRiding,  William  Sutcliffe, 

custody  by  Mr.  Robinson.  Richard    Kay,     James    Latham, 

Mr.  Robinson  confirmed  the  tes-  James    Ormond,  James   Howard 

timony   of   the  previous  witness,  and  Thomas  Bolton,  were  indicted 

Thomas  Cain  saw  Richard  En-  for  having,  on  the  24th  of  April, 

twisde  striking  at  the  power  looms  1 826,  at  Blackburn,  with  force  and 

with  a  piece  of  iron  taken  from  a  arms,  feloniously  broken  open    a 

loom.     Eutwistle  came  up  to  the  cotton  mill  belonging  to  Bannister 

witness  and  said,  this  was  "  queer  Ecdes,  and  Co.,  and  destroyed  the 

work."                   ^  machinery  in  the  said  mill. 

JohnMorton,  assistant  to  Kay, the  John  Kay. — I  am  a  constable  of 

constable,  apprehended  Entwistle,  Blackburn ;   on  Monday  24th  of 

who  said,  it  was  unfair  to  take  him  April  last,    about    three  in    the 

without  the  other  two  men  whom  afternoon,  I  was  in  Darwin-street, 

he  named.  Blackburn,   where  I   saw  several 

James  Chambers  said,  that  he  hundred  persons,  who  were  com- 
went  to  see  what  was  doing,  and  ing  through  the  Market-place, 
called  as  a  witness  Henry  Hare  wood,  towaifls  Mr.  Ecdes's  factory ;  some 
a  cotton  weaver,  who  had  known  of  them  were  armed  with  pikes, 
the  prisoner  from  a  child,  and  al«  and  others  with  guns,  axes,  ham- 
ways  thought  him  an  honest  man.  mers,    dubs,    and    sticks.     They 

Simeon  Wright  said,  that  he  were  walking  tc^ether  as  a  mob 

was  amongst  the  mob  without  any  generally  goes ;  1  followed  them 

evil  intention,  and  that  as  soon  as  to  Mr.    Ecdes's    factory,    which 

he  saw  danger,  he  ran  away,  and  they  reached  before  me.     When  I 

in  his  fright  committed  the  assault,  got  to  the  factory  yard,  there  were 

Richard  Entwine  said,  that  he  many  hundred  persons  in  it ;  those 

wsB  at  his  own  work  untU  after  who  carried  the  pikes  and  guns, 

the  looms  were  destroyed.  stood  at  the  doors  and  windows ; 

The  judge  having  summed  up  some   of   them    had   their   pikes 

the  evidence,  the  jury  could  not  standing,  and  others    had    them 

agree  in  their  verdict,  and  retired,  shouldered.     The  mill  was  nearly 

Af^er  a  long  absence  they  returned  full  of  persons ;    I  went  into  the 

into  court,  and  gave  a  verdict  of  mill,  and  at  the  door  I  met  some 

Guilty  against  all  the  prisoners  men  coming  out;  I  stopped  the 

but  Dickinson,  whom  they  found  first  man,  but,  as  soon  as  he  saw 

Not  Guilty.  me,    he    got    back  again  to   the 

■  ■  ■  f  crowd ;  I  took  the  pikes,  hatdiets, 

William  Winder,  John  Howard,  and  hammers  now  produced,  from 
William  Chaml^,  and  Elizabeth  the  persons  in  the  factory  yard. 
Howard,  otherwise  Betty  Howard,  Whilst  I  was  there,  about  six- 
stood  indicted  for  offences  similar  teen  of  the  1st  dragoon  guards 
to  those  of  the  last  prisoners.  arrived,  and  they  assisted  me  in 

The   general  evidence   of  the  disarming  th^  mob;  several  men 

riot  was  of  the  same  nature  as  in  escaped  out  of  the  yard,  because 

the  other  case,  they  were  so  numerous  that  wq 

Voh.  Lxvin,  c* 


34*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

could  not  keep  them.    Whilst  I  minutea  afterwards.    I  wis  iB  tke 

was    in    the   yard,    I  heard   the  warehouse,   which   overlooka  the 

breaking  of  windows  at  the  back  yard,  and  I  saw  the  people  Ixeak 

part  of  the  mill,  and  the  people,  into  the  mill,  and  shortly  afterwwd 


who  were  watching  in  the  yard,  they  brought  out  the  twivt 

said,  that  their  companions  were  (part  of  the  power  Ioqbui),  and 

brefddng  tJurough  the  windows  at  several  pieces  of  cloth  whidi  had 

the  rear.     I  went  into  the  lower  been  in  the  looms.    Before  the 

room  of  the  factory,  and  I  there  mob  broke  into  the   mUi,   there 

saw  all  the  machinery  broken  and  were  about  two    hundred  {neeoi 

destroyed.     I  know  the  prisoner,  of  doth  in  the  looms.     The  clalh 

Sutdiffe.    I  met  him  at  the  door  was    tmm   in  the    yard   in    the 

of  the  mill>  and  asked  him  what  presepce  of  the  mob.     The  dooKt 

he  was  doing  there.     He  made  no  appeared    as    if   they    had   bees 

answer,  but  got  back  as  quickly  as  broken  by  lai^  hammers*    The 

he  could.     I  don't  know  any  thing  looms  in  the  lower  rooms  were  iO 

about  the  other  prisoners.  broken.    The  cast-iron  wbfids  and 

Mr.  Eccles  Shorrock.*'— I  had  a  the  drums  of  the   engine   were 

cotton-mill  hi  Blackburn,  in  April  broken.      It   would  require  eon* 

last,  for  spinning  and  weaving  by  sideraUe   force    to    hradc    tbenu 

power-looms.    My  partners  were.  The  shafts  were  thrown   dowm 

Bannister  Eccles,  Joseph  £^les,  but  they  being  made  of  wxou^ 

and  John  Ecdes.    On  the  24th  of  iron,  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter 

April  last,  about  three  o'dock  in  in  diameter,  could  not  be  broken- 

the   afternoon,  I  saw  a  mob   of  The  shafts  were  in  capa  or  g^ 

persons  coming  towards  my  mill,  lowses,  which  must   either   have 

The  outer  gat€s,  and  the   doors  b^en  Inoken  or  forced  befiofe  the 

of  the    lower  rooms,    containing  shafts  could  be  thronivn  down* 

two  hundred  and  twelve  power-  Rev.  Richard  NoUe.-— I  aw  a 

looms,    a   lathe    and  other   ma«  clergyman  and    a  magi^U^te  fog 


chinery,    were   locked.       In   the  this  county.    On  the  day  of  die 

upper    rooms   there   were  dress*  riot    I    was    in    Darwin-s^^eiy 

ing  machines.     The  looms  in  the  Blackburn,  which,  together  widt 

lower  ro(Hns  were  fastened  down  thefieldsadjoining,  was  filled  with 

to  the  stone  floor  by  a  hole  drilled  people.  I  had  sixteen  dragoons  and 

into  the  stone,  and  a  wooden  plug  a  small  party  of  infantry  with  mfi* 

driven    into  it.     The   power   ci  We  went  the  nearest  way  to  Ms. 

motion  is  communicated  to  those  Eccles's  foctory,  but  the  crowd  WM 

looms  by  a  steam^-ei^ne,  which  is  so  great  outside  the  yard,  that  I 

on  the  premises.     The  mob  con-  could  npt  get  in  until  the  militaiy 

sisted  of  several  hundred  persons,  made  way.     Numbers  of  pemn^ 

After  they  broke  open  the  gates,  who    were    making  thdr   escape 

one  party  formed  to  the  side  a£  the  from  the  factory  ym,  pasKd  dsse 

mill.    That  party,    consisting  of  by  where  I  stood   uid  sorae  na 

about  thirty  persons,  were  armed  against  me. 

with  pikes.     There  was  an  equal  Evidence  was  also  aA^^f^  to 

number  similarly  armedontheother  show  that  the  prisoi^rs  took  am 

side  of  the  mill.     O^ers  of  the  active  part  in  the  riot, 

party  broke  in  the  doors  of  the  mill.  The  Jury  having  retired  fa  a 

which  I  entered  inaboutthirty-fiye  few  minutes^  found  all  liie  pb 


LAW   CASES,   &c.  34* 

mevi»  with  Uic  ezeeptian  of  tlie  kvjii^K  of  Uia  distteig  upon 
BcAtaB,  Gwltj,  bat  recmnmeiided  the  plaintiff's  goods,  by  th»  im«* 
them  tommy,  thority  of  •  warrant  siffoedl^  the 

defendant^  addressed  the  jury  ffsr 
the  defenee-«p-The  only  question 


RiKG-fl  Bbnoh,  Octobhr  17.  i»  this  case  waa^Was  thavie's 

XT      J             »  i^    nr  'ML  Inn  eiftca-paroduai,  or  not?    An 

Mar^   r,    Eoberi    WaUhman,  extra^parochial  place  paid  tithes  to 

Esq.  M.  P.  an4  another.  ^^  j^^  ^^  ^^  ^^  3q^^  ^^^j^ 

This  was  an  action  of  trespass  of  an  act  of  parliament  nassed  in 

hrwght  hy  the  pUuntiff>  who  is  an  the  reign  of  king  William>  for 

inliahitaat  of  lliavie's  Inn,  Hol«  levjring  a  landptax,   it   was  po« 

bpm^  agtonst  the  defendants  aiders  vided,  that  two  separate  assessors 

man  Waithman  and  Ansley^  who  should   be   impointed    for    each 

are  magistrates  of  the  dty.    The  extra*parochial   place.     If  there 

declaration  stated,  that,    on    the  were  any  evidence  that  Thavie's 

3lst-   of  Jan.    1835,  die  defen«  Inn  had  either  paid  tithes  to  the 

d^ta  illegally  signed  a  warrant  of  king,  or  had  assessors  appointed 

digress  against  the  plaintiff's  goods  under   the    Act    of  WilUam,    it 

for  poor-rates,  all^^  to  be  due  to  would  be  proof,  that,  at  remote 

the  parish  of  St.  Andrew,  Holbom,  times,  the  commissionersconsidered 

and   that,  by  virtue  of  the  said  this  Inn  to  be  extr^-paiochiaU  but 

mnant,   certain  penons  entered  no    such  evidenee  had  been  or 

tlie  plaintiffs  house,  and  seised  his  could  be  offered.    Thavie's   Inn 

liiTiilture,   which    they    retained  was  originally  the  property  of  a 

fnwr^'M^  ctf  until  he  had  paid  citizen  of  London,  named  Thavie, 

tbem  the  sum  of  4A  7«>  Gd^-^  who,  in  his  will,  made  so  far  back 

Tlie  ddendantspleaded  Not  Guilty,  as  the  reign  of  king  Edward  III., 

Mr.  Gurney  stated  the  case  for  described    it    as   being    in    the 

tbe  phuntiff.    The  object  of  this  pariah  of  St.  Andrew,  Holbom, 

action  was  ta  try  the  validity  of  a  on  the  south  side.     In  a  lubse- 

poo^^-rata  ma^  by  the  parish  of  quent  conveyance  of  this  pnmerty 

SU  Andiew,  Holbom,  upon  the  from  R.  Etchman  to  G.  NichoUs, 

inhabitants'    of     Thavie*a     Inn.  the  place  was  described  in  a  similar 

f*ormerly  Thavie's  Inn  was  inha«  manner;  and,  in  a  oofiveyance  of 

Uted  by  students  at  law,  and,  al-  the  same  proqperty,   in  Uie  year 

aJiou^  loodly  situated  within  the  1551,  from    G.  Nicholls  to  W. 

parish  of  St.  Andrew,  Holbom,  Roper  and  otheoi^  the  bendbera  and 

it  had  been  always  considered  as  treasurer  of  Lincoln^  Inn,  it  wa. 

extra-parochial,  until  within  a  few  described    <^  situate,    lying,     auu 

years,  when  the  parish  of  St.  An«  being,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Andrew, 

drew,  Holboro,  asseoed  the  inha-  Holbom,  in  Uie  Waid  of  Farriag- 

14tMta  fox  thci  poor-orates*    That  don  Without."    Now,  could  it  fe 

assessment    was    resisted,    and  a  contended,    that    lawyers    would 

verdict  passed  against  the  parish ;  have  suffered  a  properly  which 

but,  notwithstanding  this,  the  de^  they  had  purchased  to  be  impr^* 

fendanU  had  sk;ned  a  warrant  for  perly  described  ?    No  such  tmag. 

a  simihir  rate^viedby  the  same  But,  taking  for  granted^  that  it  had 

^gaiahm  been    then  improperly  desczihed> 

lUx.  iearlett  having  adgiitted  was  it  i^ot  inq^baUe  that  mw 

C»2 


36»      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

centuries  afterwards,  in  the  year  to  all  parish  rates,  but  that  the 
1771,  when  the  benchers  of  Lin*  inhabitants  had  generally  reused 
coin's  Inn  (one  of  whom  was  lord  to  pay ;  that  the  seardicr  of  the 
Mansfield)  disposed  of  the  pro-  parish  of  St.  Andrew,  HolbtHii, 
perty,  they  would  have  continued  searched  the  bodies  of  the  persons 
in  their  deed  of  conveyance  an  im-  who  died  in  Thavie's  Inn;  and  the 
proper  description  ?  In  that  deed,  general  understanding  in  die  pansli 
the  place  was  described,  as  being  for  many  years  was,  that  the  Inn 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Andrew,  Hoi-  was  extra-parochial, 
bom;  and,  in  a  deed  of  1774,  Mr.  Gumey,  in  his  reply, con- 
upon  the  repurchase  of  the  place,  by  tended  that  his  learned  fxiend 
the  benchers  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  it  ( Mr.  Scarlett)  had  not  made  out 
was  similarly  described.  In  an  his  case.  With  respect  to  die  non- 
act  of  parliament  passed  in  the  payment  of  tithes  to  the  king,  he 
14th  Geo.  II.,  for  enlarging  the  would  merely  observe,  that  neither 
burying-ground  of  that  parish,  of  the  Societies  of  the  Temple  ptxl 
Thavie's  Inn  was  stated,  as  being  tithes  to  the  king ;   yet  they  were 

Srt  of  the  parish  of  St.  Andrew,  beyond  doubt  extra^parochiaL  The 

olbom.       He    should    produce  description  of  the  Inn,  in  the  wilb 

assessments  of  the  parish,  from  the  and  deeds,  was  perfectly  ooiroct, 

year  17^3  to  1774,  when  it  was  because   it    was,    beyond   doubt, 

regularly  assessed  for  poor,  church,  locally  situated  within  the  parish, 

and   watch-rates,    and  six  out  of  but  that  circumstance  did  not  ne- 

eight  persons  paid.  cessarily  make  it  part  and  paitd 

The  wUl,  deeds,  and  act  of  par-  of  the  parish.     There  were  difibr- 

liament  alluded  to  by  Mr.  Scarlett,  ent  extra-parochial  places  in  Eng- 

in  the  course  of  his  speech,  (were  land,    situated   in    the   midst  of 

produced  by  clerks,  from  difierent  parishes.      The    learned    counsel 

public  offices,and  extracts  from  them  concluded,  by  arguing,  that  hov- 

were  read.     There  were  several  ever  the  heading  "  Tnavie's  Inn," 

witnesses  called,  but  they  could  not  got  into  the  assessment-books  pn- 

swear  that  they  had  ever  known  duced  in   evidence,  it   was  qoite 

the  inhabitants  of  Thavie's  Inn  to  evident   the   entries    under  that 

pay  parish  rates ;  assessment  books  head,  were  entries  of  the  assesi- 

from  the  year  1728  to  1766  were  ments  upon  Holbom-hilL 
also  produced,  and  in  those  under        His  lordship  having  summed  op. 

the  head,  '*  Thavie's  Inn,"  there  the  jury  instantly  found  a  verdict 

were  names  of  persons  assessed  for  for    the  plaintiff —  Danuiges  ^ 

6s.  6d>  and   2^.   6d,,   &c.,  with  7^«  6d.     Thereby  deciding  thst 

crosses    opposite    some   of    their  the  Inn  is  extra-parochial. 

names,  signifying  that  those  sums     

had  been  paid ;  but  in  those  books  - 

there  did  not  appear  that  any  as-     Admikalty  Sessions,  Oct.  Si 
sessment  had  been  made  upon  the  ^.       _     .. 

houses  on  Holbom-hill.      It  was  Slave^Tradtng. 

also  proved  that  the  land-tax  and        The    grand  jury    presented  i 

the    church-rate    had,    in    some  true  bill  against  lliomasYooB^ 

instances,  been  paid  by  the  inha-  Master  of  the    brig    Malta,  « 

bitants  of  Thavie's  Inn ;  that  the  Liverpool,  for  having  feloinDB^ 

place  bad  been  frequently  assessed  and  piratically  takeu  «id  ctfoea 


LAW   CASES,   &c. 


37* 


away  -  four  females^  within  two 
miles  o£  the  main  land  of  Africa, 
and  sold  them  as  slaves. 

Xh.e  Attorney  and  Solicitor- 
general^  sir  C.  Robinson  (the 
king's  Advocate),  and  Mr.  Bamett, 
conducted  the  prosecution;  Mr. 
Curwood  appeared  as  counsel  for 
the  defence. 

Sir  Christopher  Robinson  stated 
the    case   for    the  Crown.    The 
prisoner,  who  was  master  of  the 
Malta,*  belonging  to  the   port  of 
Liverpool,  left   England    in    the 
^ning  of  1825,  on  a  trading  voy- 
age  to  the  African  coast,  taking 
out  'with  him  a  cargo  of  British 
manufactured  goods,  chiefly  cut- 
lery, which  he  was  to  barter  or 
exchange   with  the    natives,  for 
gum,  ivory  and  other  commodities. 
In  November  following,  he  arrived 
ofif  the  coast  near  the  island  of  St. 
Xbomas,  in  company  with  a  Spanish 
and  a  French  slave-ship ;  went  up 
the    country,    and    entered    into 
contracts  with  the  natives  for  sup- 
plies   of  gum    and    ivory.    The 
practice  of  the   trade  is,  to  take 
hostages  for  the  performance  of 
theae  contracts  on  the  part  of  the 
Africans,  and  accordingly  several  of 
the  natives  were  brought  on  board 
the  Malta,  all  of  whom  were  sub- 
sequently released,  with  the  ex- 
i^eption  of  the  four  women  referred 
to  in  the  indictment,  said  to  be  the 
"wives  or  sisters  of  some  of  the 
petty  princes,  whose  friends  hav- 
ing failed  to  make  good  the  con- 
tract, he  determined  to  sell  them 
as  slaves.    The.  natives  did,  how- 
ever, eventually  make  good  their 
engagements  with  him,  and  claimed 
the   release  of  the  women;    but 
the   prisoner,  instead  of  comply- 
ing with  that   demand,   replied, 
Uiat    he    would    not     let     the 
women  go,  unless  some  other  of 
^he  natives,  with  whom  they  had 


no  connexion  immediately  came 
forward  and  fulfilled  their  engage- 
ments. The  relatives  of  these 
unfortunate  women  remonstrated 
against  this  determination,  but 
were  compelled  to  leave  the  ship 
without  them.  Whilst  these 
things  were  going  forward,  the 
prisoner  had  contracted  an  ac- 
quaintance with  the  captain  of  the 
opanish  slave-ship,  and  eventu- 
ally the  four  African  women 
were  offered  for  sale  to  the  mate 
of  that  vessel,  who,  it  seems,  was 
very  ready  to  purchase  them. 
The  mate  of  the  slaver  was 
brought  on  board  the  Malta,  and 
the  women  were  exhibited  one  by 
one — at  length  the  seller  and  the 
purchaser  came  to  an  understand- 
ing— the  unhappy  Africans  were 
put  into  the  boat  that  lay  along- 
side, and  taken  on  board  the 
Spanish  vessel,  which  was  fitted 
up  as  a  regular  slave-ship,  with- 
out the  prospect  of  ever  again 
being  restored  to  their  country  or 
their  friends. 

Daniel  Clifford,  the  steward  of 
the  Malta,  was  examined  by  the 
Attorney-general.  —  After  stat- 
ing the  several  particulars  in  re- 
gard to  the  voyage  detailed  by 
counsel,  he  proceeded  to  say,  that 
the  names  of  the  four  women 
were  Nourah,  Pikinini,  Jumbo 
Jack,  and  Quarbel.  The  hitter 
was  called  princess  Quarbel,  as  a 
mark  of  distinction,  because  her 
husband  was  one  of  the  native 
princes.  Prisoner  told  the  hus- 
bands of  these  women  in  witness's 
hearing,  that  unless  king  Quarbel 
would  make  good  his  contract, 
he  should  sell  every  one  of  them 
as  slaves.  He  also  said,  that 
there  was  a  Spanish  vessel  lying 
off  St.  John's,  which  dealt  in 
slaves,  and  that  he  would  sell  them 
to  the  captain  of  that  ship.    The 


38*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

Spanish   scHdoner   was   then   in  and  tiimed  them  tound,  and  after 
sight.    The  mate  of  the  schooner  examining   them«  he  "ttrent  a-^fray 
came  on    hoard   the   Malta  soon  to  his  own  vessel ;  the  next  nKttH- 
after  the  conversation  1[)etween  the  ing,  he  tetiuiied>  and  after  con- 
prisoner  and  the  natives ;  he  spoke  versing  for  some  time  aboat  the 
good  English^  ahd  asked  prisoner^  small    gbods,  beads,  cutlfery.  &c. 
if  he  had  any  goods  to  sell  ?  the  the  prisoner  desired  Antonio  Tong 
prisoner's  reply  was^  that  he  had  to  tell  the  Spanish  teaptain  that 
some  Woollen  doth,  beads,  iron^  and  *^  he  wanted  to  eet  thfe  women  otf 
fbur  women.     The  Spaiiiard  ap-  his  handi   at   9j1   events.**    The 
pcared  to  catch  at  the  mention  of  communication  being    made>  die 
the  women,  and  asked  to  see  them ;  Spaniard  asked  Tong  what^  piee 
they    wfere  brought  out   of  the  was  set  upon  them,  and  prisoner 
steerage  by    witness,    tinder  the  replied,  '*  1  want  oflly  sixty  doUan 
prisoner's  direction.   The  Spaniard  for  each.**    The  Spanish  ct^itatn 
viewed  them  one  by  one  ;  he  said  said,  he  would  not  give  ao  mud, 
there  was  a  French  slaver  laying  and  placed  twenty*e%ht  dcdlars  on 
farther  Up  the  river,  and  as  the  the    table,    as  the  brice  of  one. 
Frenchman  had  no  small  articles.  The  prisoner  said,  "  No,  no,  I  will 
he  could  get  no  slaves ;  he  would,  not  take  that."    The  Spanktd  d&- 
therefbre,  be  likely    to    purchase  clared,  that  he  would  give^no  more, 
them,  especially  as  they  were  good^^  and  the  nrisoncr,  after  some  del^, 
looking  women ;  Nourah,  in  par-  said,  *'  Well,  let  him  have  them.** 
ticular,  seemed  to  please  him,  but  Soon  afterwards  a  boat  came  fiom 
the  prisoner  objected  to  parting  the  schodn^  with  money,  whidi 
with  her.    The    Spaniard    went  her  captain  sent  for ;  it  consisted  of 
nway  next  morning.     His  name  dollars,  and  when  counted  out,  tke 
was  Rotch.     On  the  I8th  of  No-  interpreter     told     the 


vembeT,  the  Spanish  mate  returned  **  This  is  the  money  for  the  wamen.** 

with  the  schooner,  and  was  re-  Prisoner  counted  it,  and  gave  it  to 

ceived  with  a  salute  of  four  gUns ;  witness    to  put  in  a  bag.    The 

her  captain  and  four  of  the  crew  Spanish  captain  then  went  aws^, 

came  on  board  the  Malta.    The  and  prisoner  said  to  witness,  ''As 

Spanish  captain,  the  prisoner,  and  for  Nourah,  I  do  not  want  to  put 

a  man  named  Antomo  Tong,  who  with  her,  on  account  of  het  frioids 

interpreted  between  them,  went  being  people  of  some  conaeqtoeue; 

down  into  the  cabin,  and  had  some-  besides,  she  is  an  old  acquaintance; 

thing    to  drink  there.    Witness  but  d — ^n  her  let  her  go— 111  idl 

heaitl  the  interpreter  tell  prisoner,  her,  for  it  is  not  likely  I  shall  ever 

that  the  Spanish  captain  came  to  come  to  this  coast  again.*"    Thej 

buy  the  goods  of  him,  and  the  Were  then  brought  t^xm  deck,  sal 

prisoner  then  said,  "  Tell  him,  that  as  they  were  gomg  over  the  gtm- 

the  fbur  women  whom  I  spoke  to  wale  into  the  boat  the  prisoner  siidl 

the  mate  about,  may  be  had  for  "  Well,  Noutah,  you  are  gtnog  fcr 

sale."    Witness  was  then  ordered  a    Spanish    man."    The    woatt 

bv  prisoner  to  bring  them  up  from  were  crying  bitterly  as  they  itm 

the  steerage,  in  order  that  they  lowered    down   the  dde   of  tk 

ttiitfhi  be  seen ;  they  were  stripped,  vessel,  and  the  prisoner  most  ksw 

and  the  Spanish  captain  took  them  perceived  their  fistress,  as  he  «ts 

W^  aftftr  anothier  1^  the  shoulders,  standing  on  ^c  ride.     On  An 


LAW  CASES,   &c.  S9* 

bcc&sicm,  presents  were  exclianged  was  the  wife  of  the  cdptain ;  the 
bett^een  the  prisoner  and  the  cap-  sixth,  belonged  to  a  trade  man-^- 
tain  of  the  Spanish  vessel ;  witness  they  were  aU  redeemed ;  but  the 
Was  sent  to  the  schooner  the  next  prisoner  said  he  should  keep  four 
3ay,  and  saw  there  the  four  of  them,  on  account  of  a  debt 
wcnnen;  they  cried  huttak,  and  which  the  Idng  of  Gamboon  had 
shook  him  by  the  hand,  with  hot  settlirf.  He  held  them  as 
ftymptom^  of  friendly  temem-  hostages,  and  would  sell  them  for 
feance.  There  were  about  sixty  slaves,  unless  it  i^iis  paid  within  a 
or  eighty  slaves  in  all  on  board  the  certain  time.  The  mate  of  a  Span- 
Scbooner;  the  males  were  manacled  ish  Schooner  came  on  board  the 
two  and  two;  the  females  were  Malta,  and  witness  heard  the  pri- 
hot  in  irons ;  a  few  of  the  slaves  soner  ask  him  to  buy  the  women ; 
were  on  deck,  the  others  in  the  in  order  to  enhance  their  value, 
hold,  but  the  former  were  to  go  the  prisoner  said,  that  they  be- 
below.  The  tide  ebbs  and  flows  longed  to  families  of  some  conse- 
in  the  river  Danjah,  where  the  quence  in  Gamboon,  and  if  taken 
Malta  was  then  moored.  there,  they  might  be  exchanged 

Cross-examined    by    Mr.  Cur-  very  advantageously,  as  their  hus- 

Wood.  —  Prisoner  had   quarrelled  bands  would  give  four  ^aves  for 

with  some  of  the  crew,  and  got  a  each  of  them.     Heard  the  prisoner 

2tx)d  drubbing  while  the  Malta  say,  that  he  was  a  native  of  Gal- 

my  in  the  river  Danjah ;  both  his  way  in  Ireland. 

tyes  were  blackened,  and  his  head  By  Mr.  Justice  Park.  —  Came 

cut )  there  was  not  a  mutiny  in  home  from  Africa  in  the  Edward, 

the  ship ;  did  not  consider  that  it  a  transport  ship.     The  Malta  was 

was  an  act  of  mutiny  in  a  sea-  condemned   for    slave-dealing   at 

inan  to  strike  the  captain,  when  Sierra  Leone.    Prisoner  had  charg- 

the  captain  first  struck  the  seaman,  cd  him  with  robbery,  but  without 

There  were  some  desertions,  four  any  grounds  for  so  doing. 

o£  the  crew  left  the  vessel ;  was  Laurence  Woods,  examined  by 

always  on  good    terms  with  the  Mr.  Solicitor-general. — Was  prc- 

prisoner,   though  the    latter  had  sent  at  the  sale  of  the  four  women 

accused  witness  of  stealing  cldth,  to   the  captain    of   the    Spanish 

after  he  had  been  made  prisoner  schooner;   they   seemed  very  re- 

on  board  the  Brazen ;  it  was  in  luctant  to  leave  the  vessel,  until 

that  ship  witness  first  made  the  assured  that   they   were  going  to 

charge  against  the  prisoner ;  did  be  sent  home  to  their  own  country, 

not  know  that  he  was  entitled  to  The  prisoner  had  frequent  quar- 

prize-money  on  account    of   the  rels  with  the  crew  owing  to  his 

ship  becoming  forfeited  for  traiBck-  own  want  of  firmness. 

ing  in  slaves ;  had  no  such  object  The  case  for   the   prosecution 

in   view  when  this  charge  was  closed  here, 

brouffht.  The  prisoner  then  handed  in  a 

John  Walker  examined  by  Mr.  written  defence,  which  was  read 

Solicitor-general.  —  Was  mate  of  by  the  clerk  of  the  Court.     He 

the  Malta  during  her  last  voyage  contended  that  the  women  never 

to   Africa.     When    lying    in  the  had  been  sold ;  but  that  thev  were 

iriverDanjah,there  were  six  women  only  transferred    to  the   Spanish 

id  pawn--one  of  the  other  tWQ  wboonef,  for  the  purpose  of  being 


40*      ANNUAL   REGISTEfl,-  1826. 

left  at  their  own  country,  when  the  cause  of  this  quaneU  iheve 
the  Malta  was  leaving  the  African  no  evidence  wluiever;  the  onlf 
coast;  and  that  the  charge  of  circumstance  which  oould  tixrow 
which  he  was  now  accused,  was  any  light  on  it,  was  an  olnervatkn 
got  up  amongst  some  of  the  crew,  made  shortly  after  the  fatal  oocur- 
who  had  good  reason  to  expect  rence,  hy  lieutenant  Kenny — **  It 
that  he  (the  captain^  would  pro-  is  all  through  a  d— d  womaD.** 
secute  them  for  mutmy  when  the  William  Metge,  lieotenant  «f 
vessel  returned  to  England*  the  45th  regiment  of  foot,  eraniined 
The  Jury  retired  at  half-past  by  Mr.  Maule^ — In  the  month  of 
four  o'clock,  and  in  about  twenty  April  last  I  wis  on  boazd  the 
minutes  they  returned  a  verdict  of  Bussotah.  We  sailed  torn  Madias 
*'  Not  Guilty."  on  the  3rd  of  March.  The  pri- 
soner was  on  board,  bdng  on  his 
'            ""^          *^  return  to  England,  on  account  of 

Admiralty  Sessions,  Oct.  25.  ^  health.    Mr.  Chariton  w  the 

__     „.            „  ship's  surgeon.     On  the  23ia  ot 

The  King  v.  Kennt/.  ^p^l,  we  were  off  the  Cape  of 

Edward   Kenny,  lieutenant  of  Good  Hope;  I  had  seen  lieutenant 

the   89th  regiment  of  foot,  was  Kenny  and    Mr.    Charhovi   thai 

next  put  on  his  trial,  charged  with  evening ;  they  were  occupying  the 

the  manslaughter  of  Mr.  Robert  same  cabin ;  and  were  on  terms  of 

Charlton,  surgeon  of  the  Bussorah^  the  strictest  friendship.     I  was  in 

on  her  voyaee  from   Madras  to  Mr.    Kenny's  cabin   with    them. 

England.     The  circumstances  of  We  were  drinking  rather  deeply ; 

the  case  were  shortly  these : — In  we  sang  several  songs— **.God  mfc 

March   last,  the  Bussorah  sailed  the  King,"  &c.    At  length,  I  pro- 

from  Madras  for  England,  having  posed  going  away  ;  Mr.  Chariton 

on  board  lieutenant  Kepny  and  got  up,  and  said  to  me,   diat  I 

Mr.  Robert  Charlton.     When  she  should   not  go  then.      He  tiM9 

arrived  off  the  Cape,  these  sentle*  went  out,  and  I  remained  for  about 

men  were  on  such  terms  of  mend^  a  minute  or  two  in  coDvenatkn 

ship,  that  Mr.  Charlton  was  in  the  with  lieutenant  Kenny.    On  goia^ 

habit  of  living  in  lieut.  Kenny's  away,  I  saw  Mr.  Charlton  comiBg 

cabin,   where  they  ato  and  slept  back  with  a  bottle  of  wine  in  h» 

together^     On  the  23rd  of  Apnl,  hand.     The  next  time  I  saw  ihea 

which  day  was  celebrated  as  the  was  about  twelve  o'clock,  on  deck; 

king's  birth-day,  a  great  deal  of  Mr.  Charlton  was  in  great  bodiij 

wine  was  drank  by  them.     About  pain ;  lieutenant  Kenny,  in  gretf 

12  o'clock  at  night  they  went  up  distress  of  mind,  quite  frantic,  aad 

to  the  poop  of  the  ship,  and  there  saying,  ''  Throw  me  overboard,  or 

a  flash  of  a  pistol  was  seen.     Mr.  do  what  you  will  with  me."*     Tim 

Oakes  and  the  captain  immediately  occurred  about  an  hour  afrer  I  lad 

examined  the  poop,  but  seeing  no«  left    the    prisoner's    cabin*       Os 

body»  they  went  below  again,  and,  reaching  the  spot  on  which  the 

shortly  after,  another  discharge  of  conflict  had  taken  place,  I  saw  the 

pistols   was    heard,    upon   which  body  of  the  deceased ;  examined  it, 

they  went  up  again,  and  saw  Mr.  and  found  what  I  considered  to  be 

Charlton^  who  had  been  shot,  in  a  bullet  wound  immediately  under 

the  arms  of  the  prisoner.    As  to  the  right  breast.     The  ball  ap- 


I^  A  W   CASES,   &c. 


41* 


^leaxed  to  have  gone  tlurough  the 
Dodj,  and  to  have  come  out  at  the 
opposite  side. 

Cross-examined  by  Mr.  Alley.—* 
There  had  been^  owing  to  a  certain 
iir^ularity  in  Dr.  Charlton's  con- 
dact,  a  difierence  between  him  and 
the  captain,  who  had,  in  conse- 
quence,  expelled  him  &om  his 
teUe,  deprived  him  of  his  cabin, 
and  of  his  allowance  of  firesh  pro- 
visions. The  deceased  would  have 
been  thus  without  a  bed  on  which 
to  rest,  and  reduced  to  the  neces^ty 
<sf  eating  salt  provisions  for  the 
remainder  of  the  voyi^,  but  for 
the  kindness  of  the  prisoner,  who 
shared  his  own  cabin  and  hisown  al- 
lowance of  fresh  provisions  with  him. 

Charles  Oakes  was  then  called, 
sworn,  and  examined  by  Mr.  Twiss. 
— I  was  an  officer  on  board  the 
Bossorah,  on  her  homeward  voyage, 
cm  the  23rd  of  April  last.  I  saw 
Mr.  Kenny  and  Dr.  Charlton  to- 
gether, at  about  twelve  o'clock  that 
ni^t,  near  the  poop.  It  was  a 
beautiful  moonlight  night ;  I  saw; 
a  flash  as  if  from  a  pistol  held  by 
Mr.  Kenny,  upon  which  I  imme* 
diately  went  below,  and  called  the 
captain,  who  came  out  directly  in 
his  shirt  and  slippers ;  we  went  to 
the  steerage,  but  did  not  find  the 
parties  there,  and,  on  our  return 
from  thence,  heard  the  report  of 
pistols;  five  minutes  had  elapsed 
between  the  time  at  which  I  saw 
the  first  fiash,  and  the  report  of 
which  I  now  speak.  Immediately 
on  hearing  the  report  of  the  pistols, 
I  ran  to  the  poop,  and  saw  a  sailor 
lifting  up  the  deceased,  who,  he 
said,  had  been  shot  dead.  Lieu- 
tenant Kenny  was  on  the  deck  at 
tbat  time,  and  said,  "  Oh,  God,  I 
have  shot  the  best  friend  I  ever 
had  in  my  life." 

Her^  the  case  for  the  prosecution 
dosed 


The  ^prisoner,  in  a  most  impres« 
sive  manner,  proceeded  to  read  an 
address,  which  contained  the  fol« 
lowing  statement :— > 
.  "  On  the  26th  of  January  last, 
I  embarked  for  England,  on  board 
the  Bussorah  merchant,  private 
trader,  having  obtained  leave  to 
return  to  Europe,  on  account  of  ill 
health.  My  disease  was  of  a  very 
painfiil  nature,  and  had  been  con- 
tracting during  service  with  my 
regiment,  the  89th  foot,  in  the 
Burmese  empire.  My  disorder 
affected  the  superior  and  inferior 
extremities,  and  even  extended  to 
some  part  of  my  body,  and  at  that 
time  I  had  suffered  acutely  under 
its  ravages,  for  a  period  of  more 
than  ten  months ;  and  although  I 
now  feel  a  material  improvement 
in  my  health,  my  disorder  was 
much  too  deeply  rooted  to  admit 
of  an  easy  or  a  speedy  cure,  and  I 
still  continue  to  suffer  severely  from 
its  effects.  On  the  12  th  or  ISth 
of  March,  circumstances  which  are 
not  necessary  to  be  repeated  in 
detail,  had  the  effect  of  depriving 
the  deceased  of  his  cabin,  of  his 
seat  at  the  cuddy-table,  and  of 
placing  him  on  salt  provisions. 
When  I  was  apprised  of  this  order, 
I  immediately  entreated  him  to 
share  my  meals  and  my  cabin  (to 
which  I  was  then  confined  by  in- 
disposition), and  he  accepted  my 
offer  with  apparent  gratitude. 
About  the  15th  of  AprS  the  de- 
ceased came  to  me  in  a  state  of 
great  agitation ;  he  told  me  he  had 
been  insulted,  and  desired  me  to 
call  for  an  immediate  explanation. 
On  inquiry,  I  found  he  had  con- 
ceived an  erroneous  idea,  and  that 
no  insult  was  intended,  and  he 
acquiesced  in  my  opinion  and  con« 
ciliatory  advice;  soon  after,  another 
affair,  but  of  a  more  delicate  nature, 
demand^  the  services  of  a  friend^ 


42*      ANNUAL   R£GIStER,    1826. 

tibd.  he  again  made  use  of  mine.  #entaWay.  Thedecea^ie^mirf 

This   afiair,    however,   was    also  soon  after  his  departure ;  and  fitom 

compromised  h]r  my  assistance  and  that  moment,  I  have  to  date  de 

friendly  attentioii.    Motive  of  d&i  c^giuofmjirrqnrahlemisfinttme. 

licaey  prevent  ine  froin  detailing  On  the  return  of  the  deceased,  I 

the  tircumstances,  but  they  are  was  fttandihg  1^  my  eabm-doar, 

Vrell  knowh  to  lieutenant  Metge.  whete  I  observed  sometiiing,  whkh 

In  this  state  we  cotitinued  until  nit)mpted  me  to  diaige  Imn  wi& 

the  S3rd  <^  ApriL    The  fbrmer  having  broken  his  promiae.    Hk 

^art  of  that  day  was  spent  like  the  answer  Was,  tb  a  gentleman,  ^ 

pteeedins  days-^we  h>se  early,  sat  most  insulting  expression  fHiich  Ae 

down  to  brecdcfast  at  eighty  and  to  Engli^  language  afibrda ;  to  ^ 

diiiner  about  three  o'clock^  in  my  insult,  I  rephed  with  equal  warmdi. 

oalnn.    Beins  still  indisposed,   I  An  immediate  challenge  was  Uie 

ate  but  sparmgly>  'Aadi,  to  avoid  consequence*— the  instruments  of 

temptation  after  dinner,  repaired  destruction  were  unfortunately  too 

to  the  steerage,  where  the  deceased  neat  at  hand,  and  in  a  few  mifiatB 

Bbon  after  joined  me,  and  entered  i  became  the  most  miserable  of 

into  conversation  with  a  lady  in  mankind;     The   offensive  woidi 

6ne  of  the  sterii  cabins.    In  the  Which  caused  so  sudden  on  tsppai 

evening,  as  usual,  we  aftended  the  to  arms,  were  spoken  outside  mj 

ladies  on  deck,  and,  shortly  after,  cabin-door,  and  that  in  a  crowded 

met  on  the  poop,  where  we  re*'  ship.     I  might  have  fmaginflJ  tkt 

mained  till    about  eight  o'clock,  botii  challenge  and  insult  wcndd 

atnusing  oursdves  with    general  have  been  overheard  by  many  fCr« 

conversation.    About  nine  the  de«  sons:  but  I  was  every  way  doomd 

ceased;  lieutenant  Metee,  and  my-  *  to  be  unfortunate,  and  the  voy  let 

self,  repaired  to  my  cabin,  to  pass  of  my  kindness  towards  the  ds 

a  convivial  hour,  it  being  the  an«  ceased*-the  &ct  of  our  living  to- 

niversary  of  his  majesty's  birth-  gether  in  the  same  small  space,  bb* 

day.     A  bottle  of  Madeint  was  came  the  cause  of  the  fetal  oocor- 

opened !  and,  after  drinking  the  rence,  and  of  dooming  me  to  pff- 

king's  health,  and  the  singing  of  petual  anguish  in  the  recoDectiott 

two  or  three  appropriate  songs,  I  of  the  event,    t'rom  the  fatd  dav, 

presented  the  deceased  with  a  silk  the  23rd  of  April,  to  the  9^  of 

handkerchief  in  lismembrance  of  July,  I  was  a  prisoner  on  bond, 

the  day,  which  he  accepted  with  and  for  a  great  part  of  ^lat  time, 

expressions  of  the  warmest  grati-  closely  confined,  with  centinds  it 

tude.     It  was  now  about  a  quarter  mv  catnn-door,  nor  was  I,  for  Ae 

or  half«-pa8t  ten  o'clock,  when  a  whole  of  thatperiod,  penaitted  to 

tx)ttle  of  claret  was  placed  on  the  go  on  deck,    ^om  the  9th  of  Julfi 

table,  of  which  thedeceased  and  my-  the  day  on  which  I  landed  in  Enf- 

flelf  only  partook,  lieuteilant  Metge  land,  up  to  the  19di  of  Aogoit, 

having  declined  to  do  so.     About  when  I  was  admitted  to  hau,  ^ 

eleven  the  deceased  went  out  for  the  kindness  of  the  lord  diirf  ja»- 

another  bottle  of  wine,  leaving  tice,  I  was  under  confinement,  lad 

lieutenant  Met^  and  myself  in  for  the  greater  part  cf  the  tiaie  in 

conversation.     In  this    state  we  the  gaol  of  Newgate ;  having  fkoi 

remained  for  about  ten  or  fifteen  suflfeied  an  imptiscnuiient  of  Av 

nlinutes;  when  lieutenant  Metge  months,  while  labouringinoetftt^ 


LAW   CASES,   &c. 


Under  seyere  bodily  indispositidti^ 
BggraTated  bjr  nietital  stifferings 
IxHdermg  on  despait/' 

Many  ^fitnesses  were  called^ 
wbo  spoke  of  the  prisoner's  cha^ 
racter  m  the  highest  termi^ 

The  Juty^  met  a  iiioment's  eoh- 
8tiltation>  returned  a  terdict  of 
Guilty,  bilt  recommended  the  pri- 
soner t6  the  most  lenient  considera- 
tion of  the  Court 

In  reply  to  the  usual  question  of 
ate  officer  of  the  Crown,  the  pri- 
wner  having  pleaded  the  benefit  of 
clergy. 

Lord  Stowell  addressed  him  in 
these  Words — "  Edward  Kenny, 
you  have  been  convicted  of  the 
oflfence  of  Manslaughter,  committed 
as  luis  appeftml,  u^n  a  lierson  with 
whom  3rou  had  been  in  particular 
liabits  of  friendship.  Tkis  fact 
most  have  often  occurred  to  your 
mind,  and  produced  the  most 
poignant  regret,  and  I  should  deem 
It  to  be  not  only  hig^y  improper, 
but  absolutely  unjust,  to  press  fur- 
ther upon  those  feelings  —  those 
feelings  which  honourable  testi- 
mony has  proved  you  to  possess, 
and  the  influence  of  which  will  I 
trast  prevent  the  occurrence  of  a 
nmilar  crime.  This  Court  having 
taken  into  consideration  the  whole 
of  the  drcutnstances  of  vour  case, 
adjudge,  by  way  of  punishment  for 
your  violation  of  the  law,  that  you 
pay  a  fine  of  10/.  to  his  mt^esty, 
and  that  you  be  imprisoned  until 
the  tame  be  paid." 


MM«M<krf 


Old  Bailet>  Oct.  SI. 
Arson, 

Charles  Thomas  White,  aged 
SS,  bookseller,  was  arraigned  for 
feloniously  setting  fire  to,  and 
burning  a  certiun  dwelling  house 

in  Ho&otn,  in  the  parish  of  St. 


Oiles-in-the-fields,  on  the  night  of 
the  4th  and  morning  ioff  ^e  5th  of 
August  last.  There  Were  two 
other  indictments  aflsinst  him  for 
similar  offences  at  dilrcrent  periods. 
He  pleaded  not  guilty. 

Michael  Shine,  a  wdtchmsm.*^ 
No.  5^65,  High  Holbom,  is  in  his 
beilt  i  on  the  morning  of  the  5th 
August,   he  heard  an  alarm  of 
fire  {torn  a  woman,  at  the  pri- 
soner's;    a   Mr.   Lazarus    lived 
there;  he  rang  the  bell,  ^d  Mr. 
Lazarus  opened  the  door;  there 
was  a  li^t  i^tmi  the  fire  on  the 
kitchen  stairs;  he  went  along  the 
passage    and    down   the  kitchen 
stairs;  the  stairs  were  quite  in  a 
flame;  he  got  v^ater  and  extin- 
guished the  flame ;  he  broke  up 
two  of  th&  stairs ;  he  broke  down 
the  lath  and  plaster  to  s^e   that 
there  was  no  fire  remaining.    The 
two  steps  of  tho  stairs  were  nearly 
burnt  through ;  the  flames  seemed 
as  if  han^g  down,  and  dropping 
like  burmng  gas.    About  hidf  an 
hour  afterwards,  Riley,  the  beadle, 
produced  two  pieces  of  link ;  afler 
that,  he  thought  that  the  flame  he 
saw  had  been  produced  by  links. 
He  looked,  but  he  saw  nothing 
like  a  gas-pipe.    Furzeman,  Riley, 
and  a  fireman,  named  Mills,  had 
come  before  he  left  the   place; 
there    Was  a   st^ladder  placed 
against  the  doiet-door,  under  the 
stairs.    He  saw  the  prisoner  when 
he  first  went  to  the  house;   he 
thought  he  wore  a  long  grey  coat. 
Samuel  Furzeman,  watch-house 
keeper  of  St.  Giles-in-the-fields.— 
On  ihe  5th  of  August  he  went  to 
the  house  of  the  prisoner,  fit  two 
o*dock  in  the  morning,  with  the 
engine.    When  he  got  there,  his 
brother  and  Riley  had  arrived  a 
little  before  him.    He  examined 
the  place,  and  observed  to  Mr. 
White  that  there  was  something 


44*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

wrong  about  the  fire.    He  looked  montlis  ago ;    he  said«   he  had 

under  the  staircase,  and  found  it  a    party .  of   friends,    who   were 

all  burnt  to  a  cinder.  He  then  sitting  in  the  yard,  when  the 
asked  White,  if  he  suspected  any  candle  had  been  blown  out,  and 
one  in  the  house,  for  there  was  they  then  had  links  to  light  them, 
something  wrong ;    it   had  been    Lazarus,    White,    Mr.  Davis,  a 

set  on  fire.      White  said,    that^  broker  in  Holbom,  myself,  and  the 

some  time  before,  the  table  in  the  prisoner's  wife,  went  together  to 

front  kitchen  had  been  set  on  fire.  Mr.  Bradford's.     Lazarus  said  to 

He  examined  thetable,  and  thought  Mr.  Bradford^  ^^  Am  I  the  peraoa 

that  some  liquid  had  been  on  the  who  bought  the  links  ?"  he  said, 

table;  it  was  oak.    White  said,  '**No,  you  are  not."     Bradfoid's 

none  but  Nf  r.  Lazarus's  family  and  boy  was  there.     The  prisoner  then 

the  servant  had  any  business  there,  said,  ''  I  can  prove,  by  two  wiu 

and  he  suspected  Lazarus*s  servant,  nesses,  that  I  was  in  bed  at  twelve 

Margaret  Drew.     She  was  called  o'clock    that  day"    (^e    4th   of 

down,    and    ^  altercation    took  August).      It  was   said  by  Mr. 

place  between  Lazarus  and  White,  Bradfoid,    that    the    links    woe 

who  should  make  the  charee  ;  the  bought  between  eleven  and  one  on 

prisoner  insisted,  that  as  sue  was  that  day>  but  he  could  tell  better 

Lazarus's     servant,     he     should,  if   he  saw  the   gentleman  (Mr. 

Riley  came  to  himj  and  wished  White)    in    his   momins    gown, 

him  to  search  the  premises ;  under  Witness  said  to  White,  "  i  ou  will 

the  plaster,  under  the  stairs,  he  have   no  objection^  to  go  home 

found  two  pieces  of  link,  about  and  put  on  your  morning  gown  ?'* 

nine  inches  long ;  and  on  a  ledge  Lazarus  said,  he  would  eo  home, 

under  the  stairs  there  was  some  and  put  on  every  dress  he  nad,  and 

pitch,    which    appeared    to  have  shew  himself.     White  said,   **I 

drc^ped  from  a  link ;  one  of  the  shall  do  nothing  of  the  kind.    I 

peces  of  link  fitted  the  place.    He  shall  not  make  a  puppet-shew  of 

then  went  to  White,  and  asked,  if  myself."    On  the  morning  of  the 

he  had  any  links  in  the  house ;  he  fire,  he  saw  the  prisoner  in  his 

said,  he  never  had  any  thing  of  the  morning  gown.      When  he  next 

sort ;  the  ^1  was  then  taken  into  saw  him  in  it,  the  sleeves  appeared 

custody ;   there  was  no  gas  con-  to  him  to  be  cut  shorter, 
ductor  where  the  fire  was.    On        Cross-examined  by  Mr.  PhiDipK. 

the  1 1th  of  August,  Lazarus  and  —It  is  a  quarter  of  a  mile  and  up- 

the  prisoner  caUed  upon  him,  in  wards    from    White's    house    to 

consequence   of  his   sending  for  Bradford's.     The  way  lies  through 

them ;    White  said,  that  he  had  a  crowded  neighbourhood.     BrMU 

been  dining  with  his  mother,  and  ford  and  his  boy  were  silent  re- 

that  ^e  had  told  him  there  were  specting  the  fac«  of  the  persoo 

some  links  in  the   house   six  or  who    bought    the    links.      They 

eight  months  before ;  he  wanted  spoke  more  of  the  coat, 
them  to  go  to    Mr.   Bradford's,        Philip     Riley     produced     the 

where  he  understood  some  links  two  pieces  of   link.     He    found 

had  been  bought ;   they  did  not  them  amongst  the  lath  and  plaster 

go  then,  but  went  the  next  day ;  that  had  been  pulled  down, 
he  asked  White   what  he  could        Thomas  Dodwell  is  shopman  to 

want    with   links    six    or    eight  Mr.  Bradford.     On  the  4th  rf 


LAW   CASES,   &c,  45* 

August  he  sold  two  links,  he  he-  know  what  you  mean  ;  yoa  first 
lieves^   to  the  prisoner ;    it    was  make  me  take  up  the  girl,  thinking 
from  eleven  to  one,  or  half-past  her  intentions  were  to  hum  nine 
one,   hut  cannot  he  positive :  the  or  ten  persons  in  their  heds,  and 
person   was    dressed    in    a    grey  now  you  teU  me  you  would  not 
morning-gown ;     the    links    had  prosecute  her."     White  gave  him 
more  pit(£  on  them  than  is  usual ;  no    answer.     He    afterwards  at- 
it  is  not  common  to  sell  them  in  tended  at  the  police-office,  and  the 
summer  time ;    the  links  hefore  charge  was  dismissed.    There  is  a 
him  are  like  those  he  sold ;  he  trap  door  over  the  garret.     On  the 
afterwards  saw  the  prisoner  in  his  night  of  the  1  st  of  Augusl>  the 
grey  morning  gown,  in  Octoher,  trap  door  was  open,  and  a  ladder 
in    St.   Giles's   watch-house;    he  placed    against    it.      He    called 
thought  it  was  the  same  gown  he  to  Catherine,  the  prisoner's  ser- 
had  seen  hefore,  hut  it  was  cut  vant,  to  know  what  it  meant.     He 
shorter  in  the  tail;  he  ohserved  then  moved  it  down  stairs.     He 
nothing    else.     The    links    were  could  not  shut  the  trap  door ;  he 
taken  away  in  a  hlue  hag.  had   never   seen  it  open  hefore. 
Mr.  Bradford  corroborated  the  The  usual  place   for  the  ladder 
evidence  of  Furzeman  and  Dod-  was  between  the  kitchen  and  the 
well.  cellar  wall.     He  had  never  seen 
Godfrfey  La^arus.^— Witness  is  a  it  near  the  trap  door  before ;  it  re- 
jeweller  and  general  dealer.     He  mained  down  stairs  till  the  fire, 
went  to  bed  on  the  4th  of  August         Margaret     Drew      was     Mr. 
about  twelve  o'clock.    He  awoke  Lazarus's  servant  on  the  5th  of 
about  an  hour  and  a  quarter  after,  August.    She  did  not  set  the  house 
and' found  his  room  full  of  smoke,  on  nre.     She  had  no  pitch  in  the 
He  unlocked  his  door,  and  eave  an  house,  nor  had  she  been  using  any. 
alarm  of  fire.    With  his  child  in  She  never  had  any  on  her  hsuids. 
)ns  arms  he  ran  down  to  the  street        William  Hopkmson,  the  owner 
door ;  as  he  was.  opening  the  street  of  the  house,  had  let  it  to  White's 
door,  the  watchman  rung  the  bell,  mother ;   his  interest  in  it  was 
There  was  a  middle  door  in  the  worth' something  more  than  700^* 
passage  to  cut  off  the  communica-        A  clerk   in   the  British  Fire- 
tion  with  the  shop.     He   went  office,  the  subscribing  witness  to 
with  his  family  to  Little  Turn-  the  policy,  said,  the  insurance  was 
stile.    When  he  returned  he  found  for  S,500/. — 350/.  upon  household 
Furzeman    questioning    the    girl  goods,  printed  books,  wearing  ap- 
about  the  fire.     They  asked  him  to  parel,  and  plate,  150L  upon  jewels, 
give  charge  of  the  ^1  as  she  was  trinkets,  &c.,  200L  for  fixtures, 
suspected.    Witness  took  her  ac-  &c.,  and  2,800/.   upon  stock  in 
coroingly  to  the  watch-house,  and,  trade. 

on  his  return,  found  the  prisoner        Mr.   Coxhead,  bookseller.— In 

laughing  in  the  passage.     Witness  August  he  had  an  opportunity  of 

said  to  mm,  "  Mr.  White,  I  really  looking  at  the  stock,  and  there  ap- 

see  nothing  to  laugh  at."    They  peared  to  be  in  value  about  600/. 

then  went  into  the  parlour,  and  or  700/.  j  he  saw  the  stock  a  short 

White  said  to  him,  "  If  I  was  you,  time  before  August,  and  did  not 

J,  would  not  prosecute  her."    He  notice  any  augmentation  in  it  of 

I09w^i  ^'Mxt  Wlute^  J  dQU't  c«iuiec[uencei  there  were  a  few 


4$*      ANNUAt   REGISTER,    1826. 

vovks  more  tban  before,  worth  White  anfiwesed,  he  ffip|pfU!^  H 

perhafM  loot  was  ten.    Witnasa  tcM  him  U  w^ 

Mr,  Wilaon,  bookaeller.^Thcre  twelve.     White  then  wc^  inta 

fi{qpeaxed  to  he  about  8001,  worth  the   padour   lo   breakfast,      ne 

cj^boob.  staid  there  till  half-past  one. 

This  was  the  case  for  ihe  pun  Crossi^zamined.  •-^  Cpn't  veool- 

seeution*  laet  what  hour  his  master  cavae 

The  prisoner  on  bebg  called  for  down  the  day  afier  the  fire.    His 

his  defence,  read  from  a  paper  he  master  sometimes  went  out  wirii  a 

held  in  his  hand  his  account  of  the  blue  bag. 

tran^iM^tion.  It  denied  all  knowledge  Ile-examined.*-The    blue   b^ 

of  the'manner  in  which  the  fire  had  ky  in  a  drawer  under  the  counter, 

taken  place.    He  also  denied  that  and  was  there  the  whole  of  die 

he  was  the  person  who  had  bought  day  in  question, 

the  links.  With  respect  to  his  stock,  Ann  Sladc  mended^  a  monuBg 

he  begged  to  say,  that  it  consider*  coat  of  the  prisonei^a  in  Septem* 

ably  exceeded   S,000&  in  value,  ber ;  she  mended  the  dee?es  and 

He  had  made  no  demand  upon  the  covered  the  buttons ;  she  made  ae 

fire  office,  nor  had  he  endeavoured  alteration  in  the  length  of  it. 

toconeeal  what  had  taken  place  Mr.  Justice  Park  summed  up 

from  any  body ;  on  the  contrary  the  evidence, 

he  had  written  to  the  British  Fiie  Wben  his  loiddiip  had  veached 

Insurance  Oompany  an  account  of  the  evidence  of  thQ  servant  maid, 

the  fire.    He  had  also  advertised  and  was  commenting  upon  the  al- 

f^first,  a  reward  of  two  guineas,  leged  alteration  in  me  appeanmes 

and  afterwards  of  five,  if  the  per*  of  the  morning  gown, 

son  who  bought  the  links  would  The  prisoner  said— '^  My  hud, 

come  forward.  the  tailor  who  made  and  lepaired 

The  followinff  witnesses  were  my  morning-gown,  is  in  court; 

then  caUed  for  the  defence-—  and  he  can  prove  tbat  no  alteiatiai 

Daniel  Longley  was  in  the  ser<K  has  been  made  in  its  length."* 

vice  of  Mr.  Wbite,  as  shop-lwy,  in  Mr.  Justice  Park.— This  jdacei 

August  last.    Remembers  taking  me  in  a  very  painfull  situatka. 

the  ladder  to  get  a  piece  of  petri<  The  prisoner  believes  the  evidence 

fied  wood  out  of  the  loft.    He  leh  of  tlus  person  to  be  necessary  ts 

the  ladder  where  it    was.    His  lus  defence,  and  yet  the  witnes 

master  told  bim,  when  asked,  that  has  been  in  court  all  the  time  that 

he  njight  do  as  he  liked  about  I  have  been  addressing  3rou,  an! 

canyiq^  it  away.     His  master  had  has,  of  course,  heard  the  ooraments 

a  pair  of  steps  and  ladder  in  the  that  I  have  felt  it  my  duty  to 

shop,  exclusive  of  the  one  he  had  xnake  upon  that   particular  pail 

used.    There  is  another  trap  door  of  this  case, 

from  the  loft.    He  left  the  lower  — —*  KinsiUee,    the    taikr.— | 

trap  door  open.     This  was  about  made  this  coat  for  the  prisoaov 

a  week  before  the  fire.     Witness  [Here  he   measured  the  dresL] 

did  not  sleep  in  the  house.     On  No  alteration  whatever  has  beea 

the  day  before  the  fire  his  master  made  in  it  since  it  was  first  d^ 

rose  fixun  bed  about  twelve  o'clock,  ve^ed  to  him,  except  these  Bttk 

When  he    came    down,    witness  repairs  done  to  the  ouffi:  aD  gowns 

asked  him  if  he  knew  the  hour,  of  thie  kind  are  of  ihesafnekagAi 


LAW  CASES,   &c.  47« 

Mr.  JuatioeP»L— Whatl  For  tt« 

loen  of  »U  £M»i—~YeBj  my  lord,  fori 

The  coat  waa  here  banded  to  foro 

the  j  ury,  who  appeared  to  examine  and 

it  with  great  attentiop.  th^ 

Tlie  leotned judge  tbeuMimned  diiei 

t)ie  funuuing  up  (U  tbe  evidence  unu 

Aft^  about  ten  niqutei  con-  win 

suluuion,  the  jury  sent  up  a  wiit-  sold 

ten    paper  to  Mr.  Juitico  Park,  paid 

w)w  t);ereupop  ordered  Margaret  aeaa 

Drew  to  Btand  forward.  the  i 

She  was  examined  bj  Mr.  Ju^-  pear 

tira  Park-  that  sum  and  5i-  St.,  \na  a  we. 

Had  yqu  tbo  cara  of  the  front  niiuin  on  the  purchase.    The  fact 

kitchen  occupied  by  your  nuBterj  of  the  purchaw.   at  the  market 

Mr-  hfjm^r  ip  the  houae  of  the  ^co  of  the  day,  wai  fiilly  proved, 

prisoner? — I  had-  But  on  tho  other  ade,  it   ^as- 

When  you  went  to  bed  on  th&  contended,  that  the  Ktle  '»«■  fw 

nigfat  in  question,  did  you  leave  illegal  tnuunction,  and  that,  the 

aqyifireinthekitijiengntte?— No.  bargain   boin^  void,  the   d^end- 

Kor  Cfndle-ligbting  ? -^  No  J  J  qat  ivai  juitihed  in  rousting  the 

never  leave  any  fure  in  the  grate,  demand  made  upon  hin)>     It  fur- 

I  aufier  tbe  fire  to  expire.    I  can-  ther  appeared  that  the  txunpany 

w4  my  at  what  time  the  fife  went  wqa  not  yet  legaliaed  by  any  act  a 

am  on  ^at  niglit-  parliament,  and  that  one  of  their 

Did  you  meet  the  piwmei  on  reiolutioni  forbade  the  traqifer  of 
t])e  itain  as  you  wefs  going  up  i  ehtttes  until  such  act  of  parliament 
»-f  did.  should  be  procured.     In  fact,  how- 
Hod  be  A  ligbt  in  bU  band?  ever,  tbe  act  never  was  ^pliedf™, 
—He  bad.  and  the   company  bad  been  for 

At  balf-paat  five  the  jury  r&-  some  time  dissolved.    For  tbe  de-- 

turned  into  court,  and  the  prisoner  fendant  generttUyi  it  was  contend- 

wiv  put  to  the  bar-     In  answer  to  ed,  that,  if  it  were  an  illegal  tnuiB- 

th«  uouol  4)uestion,  the  jury  re-  action  in  bim  to  sell,  it  was  also. 

tum^  a  verdict  of  Guilty.  illegal  in  the  plaintiff  to  purchase. 

He  wai  Bjficutid.  on  the  9nd  of  that  he  (plaintiS*)  knew  what  he 

JsDuary  following.  bought,  and  tbat  Uiereforebe  oouM 


^ not  be  entitled  to  recover. 

■~  '  The  lord  chief  justice  toM  the 

CoDaT  OF  CouKOK  Pl>A8,  j<"7.  **^'  *^  companynotintead- 

j^py^  j(j_  ing  to  do  any  thi^  without  the 

*      '     ,  previous  sanction  oi  an  act  of  par- 

unn  V.  Afiuiub>nr.  (■  .n     _   .     __    *__  •  v_ 


Kempvm  v.  Saundert,  fcl^ent.    could    not,  so   far,*^ 

Tbia  waa  an  action  tried  at  the  considered  illegal.     The  defendant 

laA  ntttngs,  in  London,  to  recover  sold  what  he  £d  not  possess,  and 

the  sum  of  one  hundred  guineas,  the  plaintifi'  was  dearly  intitled  to 

being  the  amount  of  certain  nul-  recover.     The  jury  under  his  lord- 

roitd  shares  sold  to  the  plaintifii  ship's  direction,  foOi^d  a  verdii^fQI 

wider  tbe  ioUowisg  ciicunultuw^  tboplaiutiff. 


48*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

Mr.  Sergeant  Vausban  now  oount  of  tbe  pliuntiffiu  The  de- 
moved  for  a  rule  to  mew  CAUse,  mand  in  question  arose  out  of  the 
why  the  verdict  should  not  l)e  set  insertion  m  the  newqnpen  of  son- 
aside^  and  a  new  trial  granted.  dry  advertisements  relating  to  oop- 

The  lord  chief  justice  (after  con-  tain   Joint-stock    Companies,    of 

suiting  with  the  court  for  some  which  the  defendant  was  a  director, 

time)  said,  I  am  clearly  of  opinion^  The  sum  claimed  was  about  330L 

that  my  direction  to  tbe  jury  was  The  present  plaintiffs  were  the  exe- 

correct,  and  all  my  learned  brothers  cutors  of  the  late  Mr.  Newton, 

fully  concur  with  me.     The  com-  who  bad  an  establishment  in  Lob* 

pany  could  not  be  brought  within  don  for  receiving  advertisements 

the  meaning  of  the  Bubble  act,  for  for  the  newspapers.    Mr.  Penini^ 

one  of  their  resolutions  expressly  the  defendant,  was  a  merdiant  of 

provided  that  no  transfer  or  sale  oi  the  dty  of  London,  well  known  tf 

shares  should  be  made,    untU  an  a  man  of  property  and  undoubted 

act  of  parliament  was  first  obtained,  respectability.  He  bad  been  sek^ed 

This  plaintiff  was  inclined  to  be-  as  a  defendant  in  the  present  case, 

come  a  speculator,  and  had  he  spe-  principally  on  account  of  the  le- 

culated  in  an  illegal  company,  he  spectability  of  bis  character.    The 

most  undoubtedly  could  not  have  defendant  was   one    of    die  di* 

recovered;  but  I  cannot  see  that  rectors  of  a  Joint-stock  company 

the  provisions  of  the  6th  of  Geo.  known  by  the  name  of  the  kor- 

1st  affect  this  company.    Nothing  folk,  Suffolk,  and  Essex  Raflwqr 

was  to  be  done,  no  shares  trans-  Company.     He  was  likewise  dL 

ferred,  till  the  sanction  of  the  legis-  rector  of  another  associafcioD,  de- 

lature  was  obtained.    While  things  nominated  tbe  Cornwall  and  Devon* 

were  in  this  state,  the  defendant  shire  Tin  and  Mining  Company, 

thinks  proper  to  effect  this  sale.  The  sum  due  £ro^l  the  Norfolk,  Sof- 

He  sold '' a  nothing,"  and  it  was  folk,  and  Essex  railway  company  fior 

no  justification  for  mm  to  say,  that  advertisements,  was  24S/L  Bs.lOi,; 

he    had    previously    bought  that  and    that    for  the  Cornwall  and 

**  nothing^'  of  another  party.     Let  Devonshire     mining    aasooatioii, 

him  then  seek  redress  of  that  party,  9^  9^*  6d. 
and  thus  go  on  till  we  get  at  the       -Mr.  John  Wood«  secretary  to  t^ 

original  sinners.     There  is  no  pre-  Cornwall  and  Devonsbire  tin  and 

tence  whatever  for  granting  the  mining  company,  was  then  caDed 

rule.  and  examined.     He  deposed,  thtt 

The  other  judges  concurred,  and  the  association  was  foniMsd  in  Apd 


the  rule  was  refused.  1825^  when  witness  was  a^ 

secretary.     He  knew  Mr.  FbiDip 

Perring,thepresent  defendant  ;^t 

LiABiLiTf    OP  DiRECi'ORs  OP  gentleman  was  one  of  ibe  directos 

JoiNT-STocK  Companies,  of  the  ccmipany.    I  was  vnaeai, 

Dec.  20.  (continued  the  witness)  at  tbe  fiiat 

TT      '        J       .f  n     '  meeting  of  the  company,  andmm 

Harns  and  another  v.  Pcrrtng.  ^^^  p^^  tbere.^C^  that  «y 

Mr.  Sergeant  Wilde  stated  the  casion  he  acted  as  a  director.  I  hate 

case  for  the  plaintiffs.     This  was  since  seen  bim  at  several  meedi^ 

an  action  for  work  and  labour  done,  of  the  directors  acting  in  tbe  sbm 

»nd  money  had  and  received  on.»Go  cvgAdtj.    He  opntiiiued  to  Mad 


LAW   CASES,   &c.  49* 

md  act  as  a  ^ireetor  up  toSeptem-  WiJks,  in  the  presence  of  the  di- 

)er  last.     I  know  that  advertise-  rectors*    This  is  a  copy  of  it ;  it 

nents  were  inserted  in  the  news-  was  printed  and  sent  round  to  the 

Mipem  relative  to  the  company,  and  proprietors.     I  saw  Newton  and 

liat  Messrs.  Newton  were  employ-  Co.'s  hills  for  advertisements  pre- 

id  for  that  purpose.     As  secretary,  sented.    There  were  three  or  four 

[  gave  orders  repeatedly  for  the  in-  hills  sent  in  while  I   was  there, 

lertion  of  advertisements.     I  was  There  is  an  account  in  the  halance 

lUthorlBed  to^do  so  hy  the  directors,  sheet  for  advertisements  amount- 

Vfy  authority  will  appear,  if  the  ing  to  49^1*  15s.  5d.    Newton  and 

ninute-book  of  the  society  is  ex-  Co.  were  the  only  personsemployed 

muned.      Those     advertisements  to    insert    advertisements.     492/. 

(vere  published  according  to  my  was  the'amount  of  their  bills,  and  a 

lirection,  and  the  Ulls  for  them  balance  of  292L  15s»  SfL  remained 

ivere  furnished  by  Messrs.  Newton,  due  to  them,  200L  having  been 

Fhe  accounts  will  be  found  among  paid. 

the  papers  of  the  company.    The  Mr.  Sergeant  Vaudbm,    with 

bills  (now  produced)  were  deliver-  whom  was  Mr.C^ampbe^,  addressed 

dL    There  are  two  or  three  of  the  jury  for  the  derence:  contend- 

them  ;  they  were  laid  on  the  di-  ing  that  his  client  had  nothing  to 

rectors'  table  once  or  twice.    Three  do  with  the  company  in  August 

payments  were  made  on  account  of  1825,  when  the  debt  was  inclined, 

tbenu     I  can't  precisely  say  how  Under  the  direction  of  the  lord 

much  was  paid.  chief  justice,  a  verdict  was  then 

The  bills  for  advertisements  for  entered  for  the  plaintiff,  for  99L 

the  Cornwall  and  Devon  company  Qs.  6d.,  the  amount  of  their  de- 

I  now  bold  in  my  hand.    The  first  mand  in  respect  to  the  Cornwall 

account  begins  on  the  4th  of  April,  and  Devonshire  Mining  Company, 

and  ends  June  7;  its  amount  is  In    another    action,    a   verdict 

37SL  12s.  6d.    The  next  is  from  was  taken  for   the  plaintifi,   in 

the  8th  of  June  to  the  1st  of  Au-  respect  to  the  Norfolk,    Suffolk, 

fist,  and  amounts  to  123/.  14«.  7d.  and  Essex  railway,  for  4^/.  9s.  7d. 

he  last  is  from  August  9  to  Sep-  (the  sum  claimed),  and  in  resard 

tendier  11,  and  is  for  57L  4eS.  8|a.,  to  the  Cornwall  and  Devon^ire 

making  a  total  of  559L  lis.  9|df.  Mining  Company,  for  5?/.  4is.  8d, 

Mr.  Gdorge  Sheldrake  examined  a  total  of  lOoL  lis.  Sd. 

—I  was  secretary  to  the  Norfolk,  ^^___________^^_____^___^__ 

Sussex,   and  Essex  railway  com-  ' 

pany.     I J  was  appointed    on  the  LiBBL.»-CoimT  OP  King's- 

28tU  SCTJtcmber,  1825,  and  acted  Benoh,  Guildhall, 

tin  last  March.    I  had  been  derk  Oct.  I9. 

before.      Mr.     Perring    attended  *^    ,.     ,           r^r  ^  »     f 

about  one  and  twenty  of  the  meet-  Buckingham  v. JF.  J.  Banks, 

ings.    Mr.  Perring  acted  as  a  di-  ^^^'  ^-  ^• 

rector.     He  did  not  belong  to  the  This  was  an  action  brought  by 

committee  of  accounts.    There  was  the  plaintiff,  who  is  the  proprietor 

acommitteeof  traffic;  he  acted  on  of  the   Oriental   Herald,  to  re- 

that.    A  balance  sheet  of  the  con-  cover  from   the    defendant  oom- 

cems  of  the  company  was  made  out.  pensation  in  damages,  for  loss  and 

It  was  prepared  by  a  pet90A  n(^cd  injury  sustmec^  by  the  plfui^^  in 

yx>u}Jkyiii:  *^  D* 


50»      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

consequence  of  the  defendant  hav-  will  be  better  perhaps  to  be  merci* 

ing  published  a  false  and  scanda-  ful  to  him. 

lous  libel  of  and  concerning  the  *'  ^^^13?  ^^ 

?huntiff.     The  defendant  pleaded  "  W.  J.  Bankbs." 

3^ot  Guilty,  and  also  put  upon  the  The  following  libel  was  then 

record  several  pleas  justifying  the  put  in  and  read : — 

"  tS  ad^^  SfJ^'tas  L.^EB^Mr.Buc^^a^ 

given  for  the  ph&tifF. :  ftom  Thebes,  June  li,  I8I9. 

H.  W.  Hobhouse. — 1  was  in  the  "  Mr.  Bucldngham — After  some 
civil  service  of  the  East-India  anecdotes  respecting  your  conduct 
company.  I  think,  because  my  which  you  cannot  but  suq>6ct  most 
writing  is  on  it,  that  1  received  have  come,  however  late,  to  my 
the  letter  now  produced.  I  re-  knowledge  before  this  time,  yon 
ceived  it  from  the  plaintiff  at  cannot  expect  that  I  should  addresi 
Trieste,  in  the  year  I8I9.  The  you  otherwise  than  I  should  the 
letter  was  unsealed  when  I  re-  lowest  of  mankind.  It  is  indeed 
ceived  it,  in  an  inclosure.  Be-  with  reluctance  that  I  stoop  to  ad- 
fore  I  received  it  I  had  some  con-  dress  you  at  all.  It  will  i^uiie, 
venation  with  the  defendant  about  however,  no  long  preface  to  ao- 
it,  but  I  do  not  remember  the  par-  quaint  you  with  the  object  of  tiis 
ticulars.  I  think  the  defendant  letter,  since  your  owit  ecmscience 
told  me,  that  he  had  seen  the  will  ^nt  it  out  to  ytni  from  the 
plaintiff  in  Syria,  that  the  plain-  mon^ent  that  you  ^m  recognise  t 
tiff  was  going  to  publish  a  work  hand  writing,  which  must  be 
—that  he,  the  defendant,  consider-  familiar  to  you,  since  you  hate 
ed  the  plaintiff's  conduct  unfair  copied  it,  and  are  about  to  turn 
towards  him,  that  he  had  written  a  the  transcript  to  account.  Yod 
letter  to  the  plaintiff  from  Thebes,  have  hoped  that  the  distance  of 
and  that  he  would  send  me  a  copy  place  would  befriend  you  — joa 
of  it.  He  did  send  me  the  copy  in  have  hoped  that  I  should  Amk 
a  few  days  inclosed  in  the  letter  from  proclaiming  that  I  have  been 
nowprbduced.  imposed    upon.     It    would    have 

The  letter  was  here  read,  it  was  been  far  more  politic  in  yoa  to 

dated  November  the  1 6th,  1 B 1 9,  and  Jiave  shrunk  from  being  prodahndi 

was  to  the  following  effect :-—  the  man  who  has  imposed. 

**  Dear  Sir — I  have  found  the  '*  In     that   advertisement,    If 

rough  draft  of  the  letter,  which  which  you  announce  as  ydor  own 

I  wrote  to  Buckingham,  Whto  I  the  works  of  another,  you  hate  at 

first  saw  his  advertisement  in  the  least  spared  me  the  hnmiliatio!!  of 

Calcutta  ncwspapen     I  send  it  to  being  named  in  the  list  of  year 

you'   inclosed.     There  may  be  a  friends.      Though  the  motive  rf 

few    verbal    (iterations,    since   I  this  is  sufBcientfy  obvious,  and  ft 

kept  no  duplicate.     I  wish  you  to  furnishes  in  itself  both  a  proof  and 

show  it  to  my  friend  Mr.—,  an  aggravation  of  your  cidpebOitf  , 

at  Aleppo,  and  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  yet  some  of  those  who  are  mA 

Rich,  at  Bagdad.     You  may  make  to    appear    in    that    list    wooU 

what  use  you  think  proper  of  it;  rather,  I  am  persuaded,  that  ym 

but  if,  on  your  arrival  in  India,  had  invaded  tnelr  ui-operty  as  yoo 

you  find  the  work  withdrawn^  it  have  mine,  tiian  have  auljectel 


LAW   CASES,    &c.  51» 

them  to  go  unmerited  a  stigma ;  afterwards)  that  you  were  in  any 

oneamongstthe  number  (whom  you  person's  employ ;  that  it  was  at  my 

wouldnothave  dared  even  to  allude  invitation  (l  bdng  always  under 

to  had  he  been  alive)  is  unhappily  the  supposition  that  you  Were  a 

unaUe  to  repel  the  imputation  in  free  agent)  that  you  went  with 

his  oWn  person^  I  mean  the  late  me,  having  previously  agreed  to 

Mr.  Burkhardt,  whom  you  so  im-  take    down    my   ndtes    and   the 

prudently    dte    as    your    bosom  Journal  when  I  should  wish  it; 

friend.    The   boast    is  rash  and  that  the  whole  expenses  of  that 

ill-timed.  journey  were  upon  me ;  that  the 

"  Are  you  not  aware  that  copies  notes  and  journal  were   in  great 

rf  a  letter  are  extant,  in  which  part  taken  down  from  my  mouth 

he  styles  you  a  villain ;  in  which  (especially  what  relates  to  Dger- 


be  savs  that    the  rogue  can  be  ask),  with  the  exception  of  that  of 

brought  to  a  sense  of  duty  only  by  the  tWo  or  three  last  days,  which 

a  kick  ?    Do  you  wish    then  to  were  written  with  my  own  hand, 

nuUish  jrour    own   disgrace,    bv  and  afterwards  copied  fair  by  you; 

letting  the  world  knoW  how  weU  but  above  all,  that  die  plan  of  the 

you  were  known  to  thut  excellent  ruins  at  Dgerask  was  constructed 

person,  who,  during  the  two  last  and  noted  with  my  own  hand^  and 

irears  of  his  life,  lost  no  oppor-  that  all  the  assistance  that  I  de- 

tunity  of  testifyitig  his  contempt  rived  from  you,  even  in  collecting 

md  a^^ersion  for  your  character.  the  materials  for  it,  was  in  your 

**T}o  not    imagine  that    these  ascertaining  for  me   the  relative 

xmtiments  were  confined  to  the  bearings  of  some  of  the  buildings 

[)age  of  a   single   letter.    Sheik  with  my  compass ;  that  as  to  the 

[brahim  was  too    open  and   too  plan  or  the  theatre,  you  did  not 

lonourable  to  wish  others  to  be  even  know  that  t  lutd  made  it 

leoeived,  as  he  had  been  for  a  time  till  you  saw  it  at  Na^fareth. 

limself.     Had  his  letters  to  me  ''It  is  hardly  necessary  to  re- 

-cachedme  sooner  than  they  did,  I  mind  you  that  you  Neither  copied 

(bould  have  had  timely  warning  a  single  inscription,  nor    made  a 

JO  beware  how  I  trusted  you,  and  single  sketch  on  the  spot,  since  you 

rou   would  never  have  had  that  are,  I  know,  incapable  of  the  one, 

>pportunity  which  you  have  seized  and  your  ignorance  of  Latin  and 

>f  abusing  my  kindness  and  con-  Greek  must,    I    should    suppose, 

idence.  unfit  you  for  the  other;  add  to 

''  It  is  Ibeneath  me  to  expostu-  which  you  had  not  a  single  sheet 

ate  with  you,  but  I  will  state  some  of  paper  on  which  you  could  have 

acts  to   yourself  which    I    have  done  either,  if  I  except  a  pocket- 

tlready  stated  to  others — that  the  book  about  four  inches  square, 

oumey  beyond  Jordan  to  Dgerask  **  The  great  ground  plan  was 

md  Omkais  was  arranged,  and  the  traced  at  a  window  of  the  convent 

\rsJ)6  under  engagement  to  con-  at  Nazareth  (as  both  my  servants 

luct  me  thither  before  I  ever  saw  can  testify),  and  you  have  copies 

ou  ;  that  you  introduced  yourself  from  my  drawings  at  the  tombs  at 

o  me  by  a  letter,  stating  that  you  Omkias,  taken  at  the  same  time, 

vere  intimate  with  some  of  my  These  last  are  probably  to  furnish 

test  friends,  and  studiously  con-  the  vignettes  and  appropriate  en- 

€dIiDg  tmh  me  (both  th6n  and  gravings  which  are  announced. 

D*2 


62*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

'^Surely  you  must  laugh  at  the  tenns  on  which  the  partks  were, 

simplicity  of  your  subscril^rs  when  and  the  favourahle  opuuoos  ex« 

you  are  alone^  with  whom  you  are  pressed  hy  the  defendant  ci  the 

to  pass  for  a  draughtsman,  heing  plaintiff.      The  advertisement  in 

ignorant  of  the  very  first  principles  the  Calcutta  Journal,  annooncing 

pf  design ;  for  an  accurate  copier  the  appearance  of  his  book,  w» 

of  inscriptions,  being  ignorant  of  also  put  in  and  read, 

all  the  ancient  languages ;  and  for  John  Mprray.-»I  am  a  pabEaiier 

an  explainer  of  antiquities,  being  in  Ixmdon.    The  manuscript  now 

incapable  of  even  distinguishing  produced  I  received  about  five  or 

between  the  urchitecture  of  the  six  years  ago ;  when  I  parted  with 

Turks  and  the  Romans.     I  have  it,  I  believe  it  was  given  by  Mr* 

said  enpugh.     It  is  in  vain  to  at-  Clerk  to  Dr.  Babingtan ;  thu  was 

tempt  to  make  a  man  sensible  of  some  months  after  Ireceived  it 

ingratitude  who  has  been  guilty  of  Cross-examined.— At  the  time  I 

fraud.  got  the  manuscript  back  from  Dr. 

**  What  I  demand  is,  the  im«  mbington,  I  had  not  seen  the 
mediate  restitution  of  those  copies  letter  Mr.  Bankes  sent  to  Mr. 
from  my  papers,  without  exception,  Hobhouse ;  Mr.  Buckin^iam  sent 
and  without  your  retaining  any  me  two  or  three  portfolios  of  draw- 
duplicates  of  them.  Let  them  be  ings  and  engravings ;  can't  say  how 
put  into  the  hands  of  sir  Evan  many  drawmes ;  there  were  man 
Nepean,  whom  I  have  begged  that  than  two ;  might  be  five  or  six ; 
he  will  do  me  the  favour  to  take  the  rest  consisted  oi  old  Frmch 
charjg;e  of  them ;  and  let  all  that  engravings.  Those  produced  tre 
portion  of  the  work  advertised  that  some  of  me  old  engravings, 
treats  of  a  journey  made  at  my  Dr.  Babington.— -I  am  ft  phy 
expense,  and  compiled  from  my  slcian;  have  travelled  in  the  ust; 
notes,  be  suppressed.  I  leave  you  I  became  acquainted  there  witk 
otherwise  to  take  the  consequence :  Mr.  Buckingham  in  April,  1815 ; 
should  you  persist,  the  matter  shall  we  travelled  U^gether  in  the  East ; 
be  notified  in  a  manner  that  shall  in  Uiat  year  Tsaw  Mr.  Bucking- 
make  your  character  as  notorious  ham  copy  inscriptions  in  India ;  I 
in  England  and  India  as  it  is  al-  have  never  seen  him  make  dnw- 
r^y  in  Egypt  and  Syria.  You  ings  or  sketches ;  I  saw  Mr.  Bock- 
will  find  that  you  have  not  duped  ingham  in  Madras,  in  April,  1818, 
an  obscure  individual,  who  is  where  I  have  seen  manuscript  notes 
obliged  to  bear  it  and  hold  his  of  his  travels;  I  believe  I  have 
tongue.           Wm.  J.  Bankes.  seen  those  now  produced,  but  I 

"  When  this  letter  was  written,  ^.'V'^y  positively ;  the  books  k 

I  did  not  know  that  the  person  to  which  the  notes  from  which  the 

whom  it  is  addressed  was  editor  of  account  of  Djerask  was  drawn  up 

the  paper  in  which  his  long-wmded  ^^  smaU  ones  l^e  those  now 

advertisement  appeared,  but  sup-  Fpduoed.    When   I   retorned  to 

posed  him  to  be  still  at  Bombay.  this  country,  I  went  to  Mr.  Mur- 
ray s,  m  order  to  look  after  Mr. 

Several    letters,    which  passed  Buckingham's  interest.    I  got  the 

between    the     plaintifi*  and   the  manuscript    now    produced    hum 

defendant,  in  1816,  were  put  in  Mr.  Murray  in  the  end  of  Janoaij 

mi  xwd,  in  yr^er  W  *ew  tl»p  pr  the  beginjung  of  jFebniaiy, 


LAW  CASES,  &c. 


63l» 


1820.  I  gave  the  manuscript  to 
Messrs.  Lcagman  and  Co,,  but  I 
don't  know  whether  the  book  was 
printed  from  this  manuscript.  I 
have  never  compared  the  manu- 
script with  the  printed  book.  Mr. 
Buckingham  introduced  me  to  Mr. 
Burldiardtj  at  Cairo^  and  to  colonel 
Misset,  at  Alexandria.  He  ap« 
peared  to  be  on  intimate  terms 
wi  A  them.  He  introduced  me  to 
the  one  in  November^  and  to  the 
other  in  December^  1815.  In  con« 
sequence  of  his  introduction  I  re« 
ceived  civilities  from  those  gentle- 
men.  When  Mr.  Murray  returned 
me  the  manuscripts^  he  gave  me  up 
a  number  of  drawings^  perhaps  be* 
tween  twenty  and  tmrty,  certainly 
sufficient  to  make  vignettes  for 
each  chapter.  I  think  I  have  seen 
Mr.  Buckingham  take  sketches  of 
head-lands^  when  we  were  tra« 
veiling  together  near  the  Red  Sea^ 
but  I  can  t  speak  positively  to  that 
fact. 

Mr.  Arrowsmith.— I  am  a  chart- 
engraver  ;  I  have  compared  the 
drawing  of  the  Ruins  of  Geraza  in 
the  published  book  with  the  draw- 
ing (Mr.  Buckingham's)  now  pro- 
duced, and  they  correspond.  I 
have  compared  the  smaller  one 
(the  copy  of  Mr.  Bankes's)  with 
the  one  in  the  books,  and  they 
difier  materially  in  the  bearings. 
In  one  place  they  differ  as  much 
as  seven  points.  There  are  eighteen 
places  in  the  whole  map.  I  mea- 
sured thirty  or  forty  besuines,  and 
I  found  that  in  eight  out  of  ten  of 
them,  there  was  a  difference  be- 
tween the  drawing  in  the  book  and 
the  smaller  map.  There  is  also  a 
difierence  in  ^e  shape  of  the 
figures  and  of  the  buildings.  There 
are  in  the  drawing  in  the  book  two 
rows  of  pillars  which  are  not  to  be 
found  in  the  smaller  map.  There 
are  many  other  variationsi 


This  was  the  case  for  the  plain-* 
tiff. 

Mr.  Gumey  addressed  the  jury 
for  the  defendant.  Mr.  Bankes, 
he  stated,  was  a  gentleman  of  great 
acquirements,  who,  instead  of  wast- 
ing his  youth  in  dissipation,  had 
devoted  it  to  the  advancement  of 
literature  and  science.  Whilst  he 
was  thus  employed,  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  fall  in  with  the 
plaintiff,  who  was  at  that  time,  in 
plain  English,  nothing  more  than 
a  messenger  for  a  company  of  mer« 
chants,  who  had  given  him  a  sum 
of  money  for  convejring  their  de- 
spatches ;  but  which  he  intrusted 
to  the  hands  of  a  stranger,  leaving 
the  despatches  to  shift  for  them- 
selves.  When  the  plaintiff  wrote 
the  letter  in  question,  he  was  con«« 
siderably  irritated,  and  it  was  na-* 
tural  that  he  should,  when  he  saw 
that  he  was,  by  a  person  under 
obligations  to  him,  aoout  to  be  de^ 
prived  of  the  fruits  of  years  of  toil 
and  labour— years  which  he  might 
have  spent  in  all  the  enjoyments 
of  his  native  land.  He  did  not 
mean  to  say,  that  those  feelings 
would  justify  the  defendant  in 
writing  that  which  was  not  true ; 
but  he  trusted  that  he  should  be 
able  to  show  that  every  statement 
was  perfectly  true,  and  then,  of 
course,  damages  would  be  out  of 
the  question. 

The  deposition  of  Mr.  Bi^gs,  of 
Bombay,  stating,  that  the  ^^tiff 
had,  upon  the  occasion  in  question, 
been  employed  to  convey  des- 
patches over-land  to  India,  and 
that  he  had  sent  them  by  another 
person,  havine  been  read,  the 
French  engravmgs  having,  in  the 
margin,  the  plaintiff's  manuscript 
instructions  for  the  necessary  iu« 
terations,  as  to  costume,  &c,  were 
put  in,  and  the  marginal  notei 
were  read  in  evidence.^ 


54«      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 


A«  Da  Coita,  cnganrinijfl  tbtm^li 
an  interpreter.— I  was  in  the  oe* 
fendant's  service  during  the  time 
bo  was  traveling  in  Syria.  I  was 
in  bis  service  for  seven  years ;  I 
entered  bis  service  in  1813 ;  I  wa» 
witb  Jam  in  ^gypt  and  in  Pales- 
tine ;  I  first  saw  Mr-  guctingbanv 
at  tbe  ponvcnt  in  Jerusalem ;  tbe 
defendant  was  then  on  the  Dead 
Sea ;  tbe  plaintiS*  asked  me  if  I 
would  be  good  enough  to  deliver  a 
letter  to  my  master;  he  said  that 
be  came  &om  Betblebemi  and  that 
be  bad  been  in  Egypt.  He  said, 
that  be  biew  Sbeik  Ibrahim  ( Mr. 
Burkhardt),  and  colonel  Missettj 
in  Egypt.  I  delivered  the  letter 
to  the  defendant,  who  read  it,  and 
then  tore  it  into  pieces.  At  that 
time  Mr.  Bankes  bad  an  Arab  with 
him,  to  make  an  ^[»pUcation  to  the 

Svemor  of  the  town,  to  release 
I  son  out  of  prison.  Tb^  son 
was  liberated^  and  I  then  went  to 
bring  another  Arab  to  accompany 
us  on  our  journey.  The  Arab's 
name  was  Mahomet  Mehedi.  Ma« 
hornet  Mehedi  was  witb  Mr. 
Bankes  before  I  saw  Mr.  Buckings 
bam.  The  pkintiff  afterwards 
made  an  apjpUcatiopi  to  Mr.  Bankes 
for  permission  to  Accompany  him 
to  Djerask...— The  defendant  re- 
fused, and  said  he  did  not  wish  to 
have  any  company.  The  plaintiff 
made  application  two  or  three  days 
before  Mr.  Bankes  gave  any  an- 
swer. After  some  time,  permis- 
sion was  given  to  the  plaintiff  to 
accompany  tbe  defendant,  upon 
the  plaintiff's  promise  that  he 
would  go  for  pleasure,  and  not 
either  write  or  make  any  drawings^ 
I  saw  the  party  set  out.  The 
party  consisted  of  Mahomet,  who 
came  from  Egypt,  Mahomet  Me- 
hedi, two  Arabs,  and  Mr.  Buck- 
ingham* The  servant,  Mahomet, 
carried   a   portfolio,    a   tin   case 


for  drawing*paper,  and  compasm. 
All  those  articles  bdang^  to  He. 
Bankes.  Mr.  Buckinriiam  bad  no 
portfolio.  I  kept  Mr.  Bankea's 
money  in  a  bag,  but  Mr.  Ba^ikes 
took  some  in  a  wdla  which  ba 
bad  about  bii  body.  Hx*  Buck- 
ingham left  bi9  servaiif  at  Jerma* 
lem-  I  paid  tbe  Ardn  250  naa* 
trp4«  I  took  tbe  money  wt  of  the 
bag;  Mr*  Buctingham  never  put 
any  mo^ey  into  tbe  bag*  On  ooa 
day  he  asbed  me  for  theloapoC  ten 
dollars,  but  I  said  I  oould  not  ^ve 
them  without  my  master's  ord^ 
I  afterwards  gave  him  the  moocf 
by  my  master's  orders.  I  saw  tha 
plaintiff  at  Naaaretib,  writing  a 
copy  of  my  master's  note-book.  I 
recollect  tbe  defendant  making 
tbe  produced  plan  at  Nametb, 
^ter  his  return  from  I>|erask.  I 
afterwards  «aw  the  pl^tiff  tr^ 
cing  the  plan  at  the  window  of  tbe 
Convent. 

Giovanni  Benatti  examined, 
through  an  interpreter.^— I  was  in 
Syria,  and  went  by  the  name  of 
Mahomet ;  I  acted  as  interpreter  to 
tbe  defendant,  whom  I  accompa- 
nied to  Djerask.  I  was  with 
the  defendant  when  he  weed 
witb  the  Arab9  to  guide  bun  to 
Djerask.  Mahomet  Mehedi,  ths 
Arab,  who  bad  aocompaniad  Mr. 
Bankes  from  tbe  Dead  Sea,  had 
a  son  in  prison,  in  Jerusalem; 
and,  to  procure  bis  release  finani 
prison,  the  defendant  made  tbe 
governor  a  present  of  a  tel^cope, 
some  silver,  and  pearls  for  a  lady'f 
necklace.  I  carried  the  defendai^s 
portfolio  to  Djerask.  The  plain* 
tiff  bad  no  paper;  tbe  day  wv 
raining,  and  Mr.  Bankes  was  in  a 

Sotto,  taking  a  drawin^of  Djeiafik ; 
r.  Bankes  was  speaking,  sind  Mr. 
Buckingham  was  writing.  The 
plaintiff  did  not  make  any  draw- 
ing.    During  the  journey  tbert 


LAW   CASES,   &€. 


65* 


DO  money  p$id>  except  a  trifle 
^rbich  I  gave  as  a  present  to  the 
Asab0*  I  know  the  Uttle  book 
now  produced ;  I  saw  Mr.  Bankes 
wzitingin  it.  Owe  day,  at  Na- 
xatetb,  I  saw  the  plamtifi;  who 
vraa  in  the  roomj  tak^  a  paper  out 
€jf€it,  and  copy  a  plan  at  tl^  win* 
dow. 

Mr.  Charle«  Barnr,-^!  yisitdd 
I>iera4^  in  1818.    I  was  acctmi- 
pcmied  by  Meisrs.  Godfrey,  Wise, 
aitd  Bayley.    I  made  a  jJan  of  Ae 
place    by  measurement.      I  was 
tbeire  two  days.    The  plan  now 
produced  is  my  plan,  and  it  is  cor- 
rect.   I  have  seen  the  publidied 
plan  of  that  place ;  it  appears  to 
be   a  copy  of  the  origmal  plan 
taken  by  the  defendant    The  de* 
£sa4»Qt's  plan  is  not  correct,  but  la 
more  correct  than  the  plaintiff's, 
because  it  has  not  so  many  errors 
in    it  as  the  plaintiff's.     In  the 
plamtiff's  and  Uie  defendant's  plans 
the    walls    are  waving  in    some 
places,  but  I  say,  that,  as  far  as 
my  observations  went,  the  walls 
are  angular.     In  the  printed  plan 
there  is  a  military  curtain  m  a 
part  of  the  walls,  but  the  place  so 
marked  is  merely  an  angle  of  the 
^wall.     In  the  printed  plan  there 
are  two  towers  marked  on  the  right 
hand,  but  there  are  no  such  things 
in   that  angle.     At  the  opposite 
comer  of  the  city  there  are  many 
towers,   which    are    not    in    the 
printed  plan.     There  are  also  two 
rows  of  pillars  in  the  printed  plan, 
but  there  are  no  such  things  in  the 
city.     The  bearing  of  the  theatre, 
and  the  drawing  of  it,  which  are 
in  the  printed  plan,  are  not  correct. 
The  remains  of  a  bath,  stated  in 
the  printed  plan,  do    not  exist. 
That  which  is  stated  in  the  printed 
plan  to  be  an  aqueduct,  is  the  re- 
mains of  a  brid^. — Many  of  those 
errors  are  common  to  both  plans-— 


Mr.  pankes's  plan  and  Mr.  Buok-^ 
ingham's.  I  am  an  architect  by 
profession. 

The  Hon.  Capt.  Irby.— I  am  an. 
officer  of  the  royal  navy.  In  the 
year  1818,  I  accompanied  capt. 
Mangles,  R.  N.|  and  Mr.  Bankes,* 
to  Djerask  twice,  and  remained 
seven  days  there  in  all,  and  took  a 

Slan  of  die  town  by  measurement, 
f y  plan  agrees  with  Mn  Barry's 
plan.  I  mean  that  I  only  assisted' 
Mr.  Bankes  in  making  the  plan 
now  produced.  I  did  not  make 
any  plan.  The  plan  which  I  have 
called  my  plan  is  the  second  plan 
taken  by  Mr.  Bankes.  I  was 
travelling  in  Egypt,  in  the  year 
1817;  and  in  Syria,  in  1818.  I 
travelled  in  Asia  Minor  after- 
wards. I  heard  of  Mr.  Buck- 
ingham, at  Aleppo  and  Cairo ;  and 
that,  instead  of  proceeding  on  his' 
mission  to  India,  he  was  travelling 
about  the  country. 

Capt.  Mangles.-->I  was  twice  at 
the  ruins  of  Djerask  in  the  year 
1818,  and  assisted  Mr.  Bankes  and 
the  last  witness  in  taking  a  plan  of 
the  place.  It  is  a  correct  plan.  I 
knew  Mr.  Burkhardt,  who  went 
by  the  name  of  Sheik  Ibrahim.  I 
heard  Sheik  Ibrahim  and  Mr. 
Barker,  the  consul  at  Aleppo, 
speak  of  Mr.  Buckingham. 

Mr.  Brougham  objected  to  any 
question  bemg  put  as  to  what 
either  of  those  persons  said  of  the 
defendant. 

The  Lord  Chief  Justice.— Then 
I  can't  allow  any  to  be  put.  In 
your  plea,  Mr.  Gumey,  you  state 
that  the  plaintiff  was  notorious  in 
those  countries;  but  what  one 
man  says  of  another  in  one  coun- 
try, and  what  another  person  says 
of  the  same  person  m  another 
country,  are  not  sufficient  evidence 
to  sustain  such  a  plea. 

Colonel  Leake.— I  am  secretary 


56«     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


to  tbe  Afirican  Society^  and  liave 
seen  letters  which  are  stated  to  he 
the  letters  of  Sheik  Ihrahim,  hut'  I 
did  not  know  him^  neither  did  I 
correspond  with  him.  I  was  not 
the  secretary  of  the  society  at  the 
time ;  I  have  seen  the  Greek  in- 
scriptions in  Mr.  Buckingham's 
booKy  and  there  are  errors  wldch  I 
should  not  expect  from  a  peraon 
haying  a  knowledge  of  Ureek. 
There  are  errors  in  the  Latin  in- 
scriptions. The  word  "  Pyroeum  '* 
was  inserted  for  the  word  "Fj" 
reus." 

Mr.  Beechy^— I  was  acquainted 
with  the  late  Mr.  Burkluurdt;  I 
know  his  hand-writing ;  the  letters 
now  produced  are  in  his  hand-writ-* 
ing. 

Extracts  of  letters  from  Mr* 
Burkhardti  expressing  a  very  un«« 


&vourable  opinion  of  the  pbafttily 
were  read. 

The  Lord  Chief  Jusdee  hsviag 
directed  the  attention  of  the  jury  t» 
sudi  parts  of  the  juitificatiaii  is 
had  been  proved^  ohaerred,  that  te 
pbuntiff  was  entitled  to  Uieir  fcr* 
diet.  The  first  lettor  written  tiy 
the  defendant  to  the  ptaintiff  ip 
peared  to  be  in  oonseqaenoe  of 
oonsiderahle  irritation,  twt  lor  tfas 
republication  of  it  to  Mr.  Hob* 
house,  no  such  excuse  could  be 
offered^  The  jury  would  there- 
fore find  for  the  pkintiffsiidi  rea- 
sonable damages  as  would  shew 
they  had  been  guided  by  sober  jd^ 
ment,  and  not  by  angry  feelmgp. 

The  Jury,  having  retirod  ftr 
twenty-five  minutes,  fouad  %  vcr* 
diet  for  the  plaintiff— I 
400/. 


(67"    ) 


PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS 


I.^D  O  M  E  S  T  I  C. 


Copt  ^  CORRBePOSDEKos  betfteen  the  Trbasurt  and  the  Bank 
DiRBCTOR^^  relative  to  an  Alteration  in  the  Exclusivb  PrivilROes 
^tke  Bank  o/*  England. 


Copied  of  Communications  be- 
tween the  First  Lord  of  the 
Treasury  and  the  Chancellor  of 
the  Excnequer^  and  the  Gover- 
nor and  Deputy  Governor  of 
the  Bank  of  England^  relating 
to  an  alteration  in  the  Exclusive 
privileges  enjoyed  by  the  Bank 
of  En^and« 

No.  L      Fife  House,  Jan.  18. 

Gentlemen.—- We  have  the  ho« 
nour  of  transmitting  to  you  here- 
with a  peper^  containing  our 
views  upon  the  present  state  of 
the  banking  system  of  this  coun- 
try^ with  our  suggestions  there- 
upoHj  which  we  request  you  will 
lay  before  the  court  of  directors  of 
the  Bank  of  England  for  their 
consideration.  We  have  the  ho* 
nour  to  be,  gentlemen,  &c. 

(Signed) 

LrVBRPOOL* 

Frederick  John  Robinson. 
7%^  Governor  and  Depnty^ 
Governor  qf  the  Bank  of 
England. 

The  panic  in  the  money-market 
having  subsided,  and  the  pecu- 
nkuy  transactions  of  the  country 
hiving  reverted  to  their  accus- 


tomed course,  it  becomes  important 
to  lose  no  time  in  considering 
whether  any  measures  can  be 
adopted  to  prevent  the  recurrence 
in  future,  of  such  evils  as  we  have 
recently  experienced. 

However  much  the  recent  dis^i 
tress  may  have  been  aggravated, 
in  the  judgment  of  some,  by  inci« 
dental  circumstances  and  particu- 
lar measures,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  principal  source  of  it  is  to 
be  found  in  the  rash  spirit  of  spe- 
culation which  has  pervaded  the 
country  for  some  time,  supported, 
fostered,  and  encouraged,  oy  the 
country  banks. 

The  remedy,  therefore,  for  this 
evil,  in  future,  must  be  found  in  an 
improvement  in  the  circulation  of 
country  paper  ;  and  the  first  mea« 
sure  which  has  suggested  itself,  to 
most  of  those  who  have  conridered 
the  subject,  is  a  recurrence  to  gold 
circulation  throughout  the  coun- 
try, as  well  as  in  the  metropolis 
and  its  neighbourhood,  by  a  repeal 
of  the  act  which  permits  country 
banks  to  issue  one  and  two  pound 
notes  until  the  year  1 833 ;  and  by 
the  immediate  enactment  of  a  pro- 
hibition of  jiny  such  issues  ftt  the 


58*      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

expiration  of  two  or  three  years  last  thirty-five  years,  though  Seoi^ 

from  the  present  period*  land  during  the  whole  of   that 

It  appears   to    us  to  be  quite  time  has  had  a  circulation  of  one- 

clear>  that  such  a  measure  would  pound  notes ;  and  the  small  pecu- 

be  piroductiye  of  much  good ;  that  niary  trai^sactions  of  that  part  •£ 

it  WOU14  operate,  as  some  check  iha  United  Kingdom  have  been 

upon  the  spirit  of  speculationj  and  carried  on  exclusively  by  Uie  mesas 

upon  the  issues  of  country  banks ;  of  such  notes, 
and  whilst,  on  the  one  hand,  it        The  issue  of  small  notes,  thoa^ 

would  diminish  the  pressure  upon  it  be  an  aggravation,  cannot  there- 

the  Bank  and  the  metropolis,  incbi  fofa  bp  the  sole  or  even  the  main 

dent  to  an  unfavourable  state  of  cause  of  the  evil  in  England, 
the  exchanges^  by  spreading  it  over        The  failures  which  have  oocnr- 

a  wider  surface ;    on    the  other  red  in  England,  unaccompanied  as 

hand|  it  would  cause  such  pressure  they  have  been  by  the  same  occur* 

tq  be  fearlier  felt,  and  thereby  m^  renoes  in  Scotland,  tend  to  prove 

sure  an  earlier  and  more  general  that  there  must  have  been  an  iin- 

adoption  of  precautionary  measures  solid  and  delusive  sjrstem  of  bank- 

necessary  for  counteracting  the  iuf  ing  in  one  part  of  Great  Britain, 

conveniences  incident  to  an  export  and  a  solid  and  substantial  one  in 

of  the  precious  metals.  But  though  the  other* 
a  recurre^pe  to  9  gold  circulation       It  would  be  entirely  at  vamnce 

in  the  country^  for  the  reasons  al^  with  our  deliberate  opinion,  xuit  (0 

ready  stated,  might  be  produc^ve  do  full  justice  to  the  Bank  of  Bng- 

of  some  ip)od^  it  would  bv  no  moans  land,  as  the  great  centre  of  ciiro- 

go  tp  the  root  of  the  evu.  lation  and  commercial  credit. 

We  have  abundant  proof  of  the        We  believe  that  much  of  the 

truth  of  tbi9  position,  m  the  events  prosperity  of  the  country  far  the 

which  took  place  in  the  spring  of  last  century  is  to  be  aaoibed  to 

179^9  when  a  convulsion  occurred  the  general  wisdom,  juBtioe;,  and 

in  the  money  transactions  and  cir-  fairness  of  the  decdingt   of   the 

culation  of  the  country  more  ex-  Bank ;  and  we  further  think  that, 

tensive  than  that  which  we  have  during  a  great  part  of  that  time, 

recently    experienced.      At    that  it  may  have  been,  in  itielf  and  bf 

period  nearly  a  hundred  country  itself,  iiilly  equal  to  all  the  impor- 

banks  were  obliged  to  stop  pay-  tant  duties  aiui  opetatioiis  eonfidoi 

ment,  and  parliament  was  induced  to  it.    But  the  progren  of  the 

to  grant  an  issue  of  Exchemier-  countiy  during  the  last  thirty  or 

bills  to  relieve  the  distress.    Yet,  forty  years,  in  every  Isaiidi  of  bh 

in  the  year  179^,  there  were  no  dustry,  in  a^pncuhiue,   maimfte- 

one  or  two  pound  notes  in  circula-  tures,  commerce,  and  navi^atian, 

tion  in  England,  either  by  country  has  been  so  rapid  and  extensivey 

banks  or  by  the  Bank  of  Eng-  as  to  make  it  no  reflee^on  upon 

land.  the  Bank  of  England  to  tmy,  thai 

We  have  a  further  proof  of  the  the  instrument,  which,  hf  ita^, 

truth  of  what  has  been  advanced,  was  fully  adequate  to  former  trans- 

in    the    experience    of   Scotland,  actions,    is    no    longer    suflkaent 

which  has  escaped  all  the  convul-  without  new  aids  to  meet  the  d^ 

sions  which  have  occurred  in  the  mands  of  the  present  times, 
money-market  of  England  for  the       We  have,  to  a  considerable  de- 


FUBHC  DOCUMENTS.         59» 


|^!Q^  ii^  pipof  of  this  poiitifm^ 
m  the  yery  estaWishroent  of  «o 
loanir  country  b^nlqk 

Within  the  memarj  of  many 
livings  and  evon  of  some  of  thpse 
now  eiigag^  in  public  ^^Burs^ 
there  w^re  np  country  bonksj  e)^^ 
cept  in  a  few  of  the  great  commer^ 
cii^  townA, 

Tbe  nioney  tpwii^ctionB  of  the 
country  were  carried  on  bjr  ium>lie4 
of  coin  mi  Bank  notea  ^m  Lon« 

don- 
T)^  extent  of  the  husiness  of 

th«  country^  and  the  improvement 
made  from  time  to  time  in  the 
mode  of  conducting  our  increased 
conuneroial  tranfiactioQS^  founded 
on  pecuniary  credit^  rendered  such 
a  syitem  iH>  longer  adequate^  ^nd 
countnr  haaks  must  havq  arisen^ 
as  in  met  they  did  arise^  from  thQ 
increased  wealth  and  new  wants  of 
the  country. 

The  matter  of  regret  i^  not  that 
country  ha^kj^  have  heen  liuffered  to 
exists  but  that  they  have  been  suf- 
fered so  long  to  exist  without  con** 
trol  o^  limitatiouj  or  without  the 
adoption  of  provisions  cakulated 
to  counteract  the  evils  resulting 
from  their  improvidence  or  excess. 

It  would  be  vain  to  suppose^ 
that  we  could  now,  by  any  act  of 
the  legislature,  extingui^  the 
existing  country  banks,  even  if  it 
werp  desirable;  but  it  may  be 
within  oiur  power,  gradually  at 
I^st,  to  establish  a  sound  system 
of  banking  throughout  the  cpun^ 
try  ;  and  if  such  a  system  can  be 
fonped,  there  can  be  little  doubt  , 
that  it  would  ultimately  extin* 
guish  and  absorb  all  that  is  objec- 
tionable and  dangerous  in  the  pre- 
sent banking  establishments. 

There  appear  to  be  two  modes 
of  attaining  this  object : 

First,  That  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land should  establish  branches  of 


its  own  bpdy  in  di^rei^  part^  of 
the  country. 

Secondly,  That  the  Bank  of 
England  dmuld  give  up  its  exclu- 
sive privil^e  as  to  ihe  number  of 
partners  engage  in  banking,  ex^ 
c^  within  a  certain  distmoefrnm 
the  metropolist 

Jt  has  always  appeared  to  us, 
that  it  wpuld  trnve  been  very  de- 
siraUe  tha|;  the  Bank  should  have 
tried  the  first  of  these  plans— that 
of  establishing  branch  banks  upon 
a  limited  scale*  But  we  are  not 
insensible  to  the  difficulties  which 
would  have  attended  such  an  ex- 
periment, and  we  are  quite  satis- 
ned  that  it  would  be  impossible  for 
thp  Bankj  under  present  drcum-* 
stances^  to  cany  into  execution  such 
a  q^8tem>  to  the  extent  necessary 
for  providing  for  the  wai^s  of  thie 
epuntry. 

There  venuuns,  ^refor^j  only 
the  other  plan-^he  surrender  by 
the  Bank  of  their  e^u4ve  privir 
lege,  88  to  the  number  of  partners, 
beyond  a  certain  distance  from  th^ 
metrppoHs. 

The  effect  of  such  a  measure 
would  be,  the  gradual  estfiblish-' 
ment  of  extensive  and  respectable 
ban)^  in  different  parts  of  the 
country  ;  some  perhaps  with  char- 
ters from  the  Crown,  under  cer- 
tain qualifications,  and  some  with- 
out. 

Here  we  have  again  the  advan- 
tage of  the  experience  of  Scot- 
land. 

In  England  there  ore  said  to  be 
between  800  and  900  country 
banks;  and  it  is  no  ^caggcration 
to  suppose  that  a  great  proportion 
of  them  have  not  been  conducted 
with  a  due  attention  to  those  pre- 
cautions which  are  necessary  for 
the  safety  of  all  banking  establish- 
ments, even  where  then:  property 
is  most  ample.    When  such  banks 


60*      AJJNUAL   register,    1826. 

Stop,    their   creditors   may   ulti-  The  Bank  of  England  may  paw 

mately  be  paid  the  whole  of  their  haps  propose^  as  tney  did  upoa  t 

demands^  but  the  delay  and  shock  former  occa^on^  the  extenskm  of 

to  credit  may,  in  the  mean  time>  the  term  of  their  exdiisive  priri- 

involve  them  in  the  same  diffi*  lese^  as  to  the  metropolis  and  its 

culty>  and  is  always  attended  with  neighbourhood,   beyond   the  ytar 

the  greatest  injury  and  suffering  1833,  as  the  price  of  this  conoei- 

in. the  districts  where  such  stop^  ^on. 

pages  occur.    If  this  be  the  case  It  would  be  very  much  to  be 

where  the  solidity  of  the  bank  is  r^retted  that  they  should  reqube 

unquestionable,  what  must  it  be  any  such  condition, 

when  (as  too  often  happens)  they  It  is  dear  that  in  point  of  ie« 

rest  on  no  solid  foundation.  curity  they  would  gain  by  the  can« 

In  Scotland  there  are  not  more  cession  proposed  to  them,  inasnuicii 
than  thirty  banks ;  and  these  banks  as  their  own  safety  is  now  neoes* 
have  stood  firm  amidst  all  the  con-  sarily  endangered  by  all  such  con- 
vulsions in  the  money-market  in  vulsums  in  the  countiy  drcula- 
England,  and  amidst  all  the  difr*  tion  as  we  have  lately  and  fonnerir 
tresses  to  which  the  manufacture*  witnessed, 
ing  and  agricultural  interests  in  In  point  of  profit,  would  they 
Scotland,  as  well  as  in  England,  lose  any  thing  by  it,  for  wliich 
have  occasionally  been  subject.  they  are  entitkd  to  demand  cauh 

Banks  of  this  description  must  pcnsation  P 

necesffirily  be  conducted  upon  the  It  is  notorious,  that  at  the  pR« 

general  understood  and  approved  sent  time  their  notes  circulate  in 

principles  of  banking.  no  part  of  Engjland  beyond  the 

Individuals  are,  from  the  nature  metropolis  and  its  neigfabouihood, 

of  the  institutions,  precluded  from  except  in  Lancashire ;  and  perhips 

speculating  in  the  manner  in  which  for  that  district  some  special  pro* 

persons  engaeed  in  coimtry,  and  vision  might  be  made, 

even  in  London  banks,  speculate  But  as  it  is  the  interest,  so  it 

in  England.  has  been,  and  ever  will  be,  the  es- 

If  the  concerns  of  the  country  deavour,  of  the  country  bmkea  to 

could   be  carried  on  without  any  keep  the  Bank  of  England  notes 

other  bank  than  the  Bank  of  Eng-  out  of  circulation  in  those  parts  of 

land,  there  might  be  some  reason  the  kingdom  where  their  own  dr- 

for  not  interfering  with  their  ex*  culation  prevails.      In  this  ther 

elusive  privilege ;  but  the  effect  of  must  always  be  successful,  whSst 

the  law  at  present  is,  to  permit  public  credit  continues  in  its  or£« 

every  description  of  banking,  ex-  nary  state,  and  the  exdianges  not 

cept  that  which  is  solid  and  se-  unfavourable  to  this  countiy.    The 

cure.  consequencesare,  that  in  such  tino 

Let  the  Bank  of  England  reflect  the  Bank  of  England  becomes  ii 

on  the  dangers  to  which  it  has  a  manner  the  me  depositoyfo 

been  recently  subject,  and  let  its  gold ;  and  iir  times  of  an  oppoate 

directors  and  proprietors  then  say,  tendency,  the  sole  resort  fir  oh> 

whether,  for  their  own  interests,  tainingit;  that  at  one  period  thdr 

such    an  improvement  as  is  sug-  legitimate  profit  is  curtailed  faj  ff 

gested  in  the  banking  system  is  accumulation  of  treasure  heyoad 

not  desirable  and  even  necessary.  what  would  be  required  by  •  4« 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS. 


61* 


attentioii  to  their  own  private 
safety  as  a  banking  establishment ; 
and  at  another  penod  they  are  ex- 
posed to  demands  which  endanger 
that  safety,  and  baffle  all  the  oidi- 
nary  caIciilation$  of  foresight  and 
prudence. 

If,  then,  the  Bank  of  England 
has  no  countiy  circulation,  except 
in  the  county  above  named,  the 
only  question  for  them  to  consider 
is,  whether,  on  the  ground  of  pro- 
fit, as  well  as  security  to  them- 
selves, the  existing  country  circu- 
lation shall  or  shall  not  be  improved* 

With  reject  to  the  extension  of 
tbe  term  of  their  exclusive  privi- 
leges in  the  metropolis  and  its 
neighbourhood,  it  is  obvious,  from 
what  passed  before,  that  parliament 
will  never  agree  to  it 

Snch  privil^es  are  out  of  fa« 
shion ;  and  what  expectations  can 
the  Bank,  under  present  circum- 
stances entertain,  that  theirs  will 
be  renewed  ?  But  there  is  no  rea- 
son why  the  Bank  of  England 
slioiild  look  at  this  consequence 
with  dismay.  They  will  remain 
a  chartered  corporation  for  carry- 
ing on  the  busine^  of  banking. 
In  that  character  they  will,  we 
trust,  always  continue  to  be  the 
sole  bankers  of  the  state,  and  with 
these  advantages,  so  lone  as  they 
conduct  their  affidrs  wisely  and 
prudently,  they  always  must  be 
the  sreat  centre  of  banking  and 
circulation. 

Theirs  is  the  only  establishment 
at  which  the  dividend  due  to  the 
public  creditor  can  by  law  be 
paid. 

It  is  to  be  hoped,  therefore,  that 
the  Bank  will  make  no  difficulty 
in  giving  up  their  exclusive  privi- 
leges, in  respect  to  the  number  of 
partners  engaged  in  banking,  as  to 
any  district  -^—  xniles  from  the 
jne^o^lis. 


Should  the  Bank  be  disposed  to 
consent  to  a  measure  of  this  nature 
in  time  to  enable  the  government 
to  announce  such  a  concession  at 
the  opening  of  parliament,  it 
would  afford  great  facilities  to  the 
arrangement  which  they  may  have 
to  propose  for  ensuring  the  stability 
of  private  credit,  in  which  the  sup- 
port of  public  credit  and  the  main- 
tenance of  public  prosperity  are 
so  materially  and  closely  involved. 

No.  II.— At  a  Court  of  Direc- 
tors at  the  Bank,  January  20 : 

This  Court  having  taken  into 
consideration  the  important  paper 
received  from  the  fint  lord  of  the 
Treasury  and  the  chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer,  have  resolved. 

That,  however  essentially  they 
may  differ  on  certain  views  and 
sentiments  therein  laid  down  and 
expressed,  it  is  not  for  the  court  at 
the  present  moment  to  offer  any 
opinions  of  their  own,  the  paper 
appearinff  to  be  intended  as  deda- 
ratory  of  the  grounds  on  which 
his  majesty's  ministers  have  come 
to  the  determination  to  require  the 
Bank  to  give  up  its  exclusive  pri- 
vilege as  to  the  number  of  partners 
engaged  in  banking,  except  with- 
in a  certain  dist^ce  from  the  me- 
trcmolis. 

It  cannot,  however,  be  consi- 
dered inconsistent  with  this  for- 
bearance, to  state  the  apprehen- 
sions of  the  court  of  Directors, 
that  confidence  is  not  so  fully  re- 
stored as  lord  Liverpool  and  the 
chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  seem 
to  imagine. 

Though  the  panic  has  subsided, 
credit,  loth  public  and  private,  re- 
mains in  a  very  uncertain  and  anx- 
ious state. 

That  the  country  circulation  is 
in  many  parts  extremely  defective, 
cannot  be  controverted;  and  the 
B&uk  would  very  ^uctantl^  op* 


62»      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

poee  iUelf  to  any  measures  tend-  cxcTudve  pmilegs  u  to  the  nU' 

ing  to  ameliorate  it,  but  would  be  ber  of  paitaen  engaged  in  l»ntiii<i 

gli^  to  promote  that  object,  either  at  a  certun  distance  from  the  B^ 

Djf  fresh  exertions  on  their  part,  tnroolis? 

should  such  be  found  practicable.  The  first  lord  of  the  Titasoij 

ur  hr  any  reasonable  sacrifice.  find  the  chanceUot  (4  the  Exde> 

Under  the  uncertainty  in  vUch  quer  are  ntisSed  that  the  poGts 

the  court  of  Directors  find  them-  M  the  Banl  woold  in  tio  iepte 

^dves  with  respect  to  the  details  be  aStcted  hy  their  canienttng  ts 

of  the  plans  of  covermnent,  and  such  a  propOs&L 

the  efiect  which  they  may  have  on  Convinced  df  this,  and  that  iti 

the    interests  of  the  Banli,    this  adoption  by  the    Bank  is  at  is- 

court  cannot  feel  tbcnisclvcs  justi-  portant  to  their  own  security  as  to 

fied  in  recommending  to  their  pro-  ihat  of  the  puUic,  it  dues  not  tm- 

prietors  to  give  up  the  privilt^  pear  that  the  Bank  can  be  eqnitaUy 

which  they  now  enjoy,  sanctioned  entitled  to  claim  itny  compenattini 

and  confirmed  as  it  is  by  the  siv  for  the  surrender  of  this  pirilcge 

lemn  acts  of  the  leejslature.  of  their  charter. 

No.  III.— The  first  lord  of  the  Against  any  propcidtion fcr  ach 

Treasury  and  the  chancellor  of  the  compensation  the  first  larA  etVte 

Exchequer    hare  duly  con^dcred  Treasury   arid   chancellor   tt  the 

the  answer  of  the  Bau  of  the  20th  Exchequer  fonnally  proieft;  bm 

instant.  if  the  Bank  should  be  of  (X^nlin 

They  cannot  but  regret  that  the  that  this  conceadon  shooUt  be  ic- 

court  of  Directors  should  have  do  companied  with  other  conditiaw, 

clincd  to  recommend  to  the  court  and  that  it  ought  not  to  be  mA 

of    Proprietors   the    condderation  without  them,  it  is  for  the  Bank  to 

of  the  paper  delivered  by  the  first  bring  forward  such  conditiaos. 

lord  of  tbc  Treasury  and  the  dian-  Ftfe-hotue,  Jan,  i3. 

cellorof  UieEiohoiuertollcgo.  No.  IV._At .  Court  of  Di«. 

CrLSlSn"  "«'  "  *«  B^-  •'-"-»  «! 

JJanL  on  the  IStti  instant.  r™,,   „.__„  i.:j  ■  ^.        ... 

The  statement  contained  in  that  J[?!hf,^S^^iLif^  £ 

paper  appears  to  the  first  lord  of  ^!^^3^^JT^^ 

tblTr^^  and  chancellor  of  the  *»«"«'tt«  «  Tiewuiy.  ti»^ 

JEiidiequer  so  full  and  explicit  on  CffMnutlee^TreatHTy,  Jam.  35- 

all  the  points  to  which  it  relatf^  The    Committee    of   Tieasary 

that  they  have  nothing  further  to  having  taken  into  i 
add,  although  they  would  have 
been,  as  they  still  are,  ready  to 
■  answer,  as  far  as  possble,  any  spe- 
cific questions  which  might  be  put, 
for  the  purpose  of  "  removing  the 
unccrtdnty  in  which  the  court  of 
Directors  state  themselves  to  be 
with  respect  to  the  details  of  the 
plail  suf^estcd  in  that  paper." 

After  all,  the  simple  question 
for  the  Bonk  to  consider  is,  whether 
they  are  willing  to  relinquish  their 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  63» 

would  not  consent  to  renew  the  row,  owe,  or  take  up,  in  England, 
privilege  at  the  expiration  of  the  or  in  Dublin,  or  within  fifty  miles 
period  of  their  present  charter;  thereof,  dny  sum  or  sums  of  money, 
finding,  also,  that  the  proposal  by  oranypromissorynote,  orlnllof  any 
the  Bank,  of  establishing  brandi  such  society  or  copartnership,  pay- 
banks,  is  deemed  by  his  majesty's  able  on  demand,  or  at  any  less  time 
ministers  inadequate  to  the  wants  than  six  months  from  the  txirrow* 
of  the  country,  are  of  opinion,  that  ing  thereof,  pr  to  make  or  issue 
it  would  be  desirable  for  this  cor-  any  bill  or  bills  of  exchange,  or 
poration  to  propose,  as  a  basis,  the  promissory  note  or  notes  of  sucti 
act  of  the  6th  Geo.  4th  c  42,  society  or  copartnership,  contrary 
which  states  the  conditions  on  to  the  provisions  of  the  said  recited 
which  the  Bank  of  Ireland  relin*  acts  of  the  21st  and  22nd  years  of 
quished  its  exclusive  privilege ;  this  king  George  the  3rd,  or  of  the  1st 
corporation  waving  the  question  and  2nd  of  his  present  majesty, 
of  a  prolongation  of  time,  although  save  as  provided  by  this  att  i&  that 
the  committee  cannot  agree  in  the  behalf. 

? minion  of  the  first  lord  of  the  '*  And  be  it  further  enacted,  that 
reasury  and  the  chancellor  of  execution  upon  any  judgment  in 
the  Exdiequer,  that  they  are  not  any  action  obtained  a^amst  any 
malting  a  considerable  sacrifice,  ad-^  public  officer,  for  the  tune  being, 
verting  especially  to  the  Bank  of  of  any  such  society  or  c^battner^ 
Ireland  remaining  in  possession  of  ship,  whether  as  plaintifif  dr  de- 
that  privilege  five  years  longer  Ibndani,  may  be  issued  against  any 
than  Uie  Bank  of  England.  member  or  members,  for  the  time 
The  act  above  alhided  to  con-  being,  of  such  society  or  co-patt- 
tains  the  following  clauses,  sections  nership,  and  that  in  case  anv  such 
4  and  18.  []See  the  annexed  execution  against  any  mcmoer  or 
paper,  marked  A.]  members,  for  the  time  being,  of 
(A)— ''Provided  always,  and  be  such  society  or  co-partnership, 
it  fUrther  enacted,  that  nothing  in  shall  be  ineffectual  fbr  obtaining 
this  act  contained  shall  extend,  or  payment  and  satisfhction  of  the 
be  construed  to  extend,  to  enable  amount  of  such  judgment,  it  shall 
or  authorise  any  sucli  society  ot  be  lawful  for  the  party  or  par- 
copartnership,  either  by  any  "mem-  ties  so  having  obtained  judgment 
ber  or  members  thereof,  or  by  their  against  such  public  officet  fcr  the 
agent,  or  any  other  person  on  be-  time  being,  to  issue  execution 
half  of  such  society  or  copartner-  agaiiist  any  person  or  persons  who 
ship,  to  pay,  issue,  or  re-issue,  at  was  or  were  a  member  or  members 
Dublin,  or  within  50  miles  there-  of  such  society  or  co-partnership,  at 
of,  any  Wl  or  note  of  such  society  the  time  when  the  contract  or  Con- 
or copartnership,  which  shaU  be  tracts,  or  engagement  or  engage- 
payable  to  tearer  on  demand,  or  ments,  on  which  such  judgment 
any  Bank  post-bill,  nor  to  draw  may  have  been  obtained,  was  or 
upon  any  partner  or  agent  who  were  entered  into.  Provided  al- 
tnay  be  resident  in  Dublin,  or  ways,  that  no  such  execution  as 
within  fifty  miles  thereof,  any  bill  last  mentioned  shall  be  issued 
of  exchange  which  shall  be  payable  without  leave  first  granted  on  mo- 
on demand,  or  which  shall  be  for  tion  in  open  court,  by  the  court  in 
JtM  amount  than  50/*i  nor  to  bor-  which  such  judgment  ehall  have 


64*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

been  obtained^  and  which  motion        The  first  lord  of  the  Treasozj 

shall  be  made  on  notice  to  the  per-  and  the  chancellor  of  the  Exche- 

son  or  persons  sought  to  be  charged;  quer  cannot  conclude  without  ad- 

nor  after  the  expiration  of  three  verting  to  that  part  of  the  paper 

years  next  after  any  such  person  or  of  the  Sank  which r^pectsbrandes 

persons  shall  have  ceased  to  be  a  of  the  Bank  of    England.     In 

member  or  members  of  such  society  their  paper  of  the  1 3th  oi  January, 

or  co-partnership."  the  first  lord  of  the  Treasury  and 

Resolved,— That  the  foregoing  the  chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 

recommendation  of  the  committee  have  stated  the  reasons  why  tbej 

of  Treasury  be  agreed  to ;  and  that  are  of  opinion  that»  under  all  the 

the  governor  and  deputy  governor  present  circumstances,  the  eatab- 

be  requested  to  lay  it  before  the  lishment  of  branches  of  the  Bank 

first  lord  of  the  Treasury  and  the  of  England  would  not  of  itself  be 

chancellor  of  the  Exchequer.  sufficient  to  meet  all  the  exigen- 

No,  v.— The  first  lord  of  the  cies  of  the  country  ;  but  they  are 

Treasury  and  the  chancellor  of  the  so  far  from  wishing  to  discxraiage 

Exch^uer  have  taken  into  con-  the  establishment  cffnichbEuicfae^ 

sideration  the  paper  delivered  to  that  they  are  decidedly  of  opinioa, 

them  by  the  governor  and  deputy  that  the  formation  of  them,  under 

^vemor  of  the  Bank^  on  the  27tii  proper  regulations,  would  be  hw|dj 

mstant,  advantageous  both  to  the   &alk 

They  think  it  right  to  lose  no  and  to  tibe  community, 
time  in  caressing  their  concur-       Fife^kouse,  Jan.  2Slk. 
rence  in  the  proposition  which  has       ^^    ™      / 
been  sanctioned  by  the  court  of    ,  ^2;  ^a— At  a  general  Court  cf 

Directors,  as  to  the  exclusive  pri-  ^^  P^^fS?""  f'^^^^J  of  Oic 

vUege  of  the  Bank  of  England,  ™"  of  England,    Friday,    Fc 

and  are  willing  to  a^ree  that  the  ^^^^  3rd  : 
two  clauses  inserted  in  the  Irish        Resolved,— -That  this  Count  do 

act  last  year,  and  referred  to  in  the  consent  to  the  terms  propuaol  to 

paper  communicated  by  the  gover-  the  Bank,  in  the  papers  now  read, 

nor  and  deputy  governor  on  the  and  do  request  the  court  of  Diiec- 

27th  instant,  shful  be  inserted  in  tors  to  carry  the  arrangement  iato 

the  bill,  which  will  be  necessary  to  efiect. 
give  efiect  to  the  new  arrangement 


RspoBT^ofit  the  Selbct  CcmMiTTBB  of  the  Houax  ^ 

on  PaoMissoRY  Notes  in  Scotland  and  Irbland. 


As  it  appears  to  your  committee 
to  be  advisable  to  consider  the  state 
of  circulation  in  Scotland,  sepa- 
rately from  that  in  Ireland,  they 
will,  in  the  first  instance,  report 
the  result  of  the  inquiries  which 
they  have  made  with  reference  to 


The  first  notice  of 
Scotland,  whidi  occurs  in  Uie 
tute-book,  is  an  act  of  king  VTil- 
liam  the  3rd,  passed  in  tlie  jtm 
1695,  under  which  the  bank  «f 
Scotland  was  estaUisfaed.  J^  tUi 
act  an  exclusive  privilege  of 
ing  ^ra§  cox^(B^e4  iiptm  UMt4 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS. 


65* 


it  being  provided^  "  that,  for  the 
period  of  twenty  one  years  £rom 
the  17th  July,  1695,  it  should  not 
be  lawful  for  any  oUier  persons  to 
set  up  a  distinct  company  or  bank 
withm  the  kingdom  of  Scotland, 
besides  those  persons  in  whose  fa- 
vour this  act  is  granted."  No  re- 
newal of  the  exclusive  privilege 
took  place  after  the  expiration  of 
the  twenty-one  years. 

The  bank  of  Scotland  first  issued 
notes  of  20^.  in  the  year  1704; 
but  the  amount  of  notes  in  drcu- 
ladon  previously  to  the  Union  was 
very  limited. 

The  bank  of  Scotland  continued 
the  only  bank  from  the  date  of  its 
egtabli^unent  in  I695  to  the  yeai; 
1727-  In  that  year  a  charter  of 
incorporation  was  granted  to  cer- 
tain individuals  named  therein,  for 
canying  on  the  business  of  bank- 
ing under  the  name  of  the  royal 
bonk ;  and  subsequent  charters 
were  granted  to  this  establishment, 
enlarging  its  capital  which  now 
amounts  to  one  million  and  a  half. 

An  act,  passed  in  the  year  176^9 
is  the  first  and  most  important  act 
of  the  l^islature,  whidi  regulates 
the  issue  of  promissory  notes  in 
Scotland. 

It  appears  from  its  preamble, 
that  a  practice  had  prevailed  in 
Scotland  of  issuing  notes  which 
circulated  as  specie,  and  which 
were  made  payable  to  the  bearer 
on  demand,  or  payable  at  the  op- 
tion of  the  issuer  at  the  end  of  six 
months,  with  a  sum  equal  to  the 
legal  interest  from  the  demand  to 
that  time. 

The  act  of  1765  prohibits  the 
issue  of  notes,  in  which  such  an 
option  as  that  before  mentioned 
is  reserved  to  the  issuer.  It  re- 
quires that  all  notes  of  the  nature 
ci  a  bonk  note,  and  circulating  like 
specie,  should  .be  paid  pn  jl^mand  i 

Voi^LXVIII. 


and  prohibits  the  issue  of  any  pro- 
missory note  of  a  sum  less  than 
20s. 

With  respect  to  the  issue  of  pro- 
missoiy  notes  in  England,  an  act 
was  passed  in  1775,  prohibiting 
the  issue  of  any  such  note  under 
the  sum  of  20«. ;  and,  in  the  year 
1777^  restraints  were  imposed  by 
law  on  the  issue  of  notes  between 
the  sum  of  20s.  and  five  pounds, 
which  were  equivalent  to  die  pro- 
hibition of  such  notes  circulating 
as  specie. 

In  the  year  1797,  when  the  re- 
striction as  to  payments  in  cash 
was  imposed  upon  the  Bank  of 
En^and,  the  provisions  of  the  act 
of  1777>  with  r^;ard  to  the  issue 
of  notes  between  20s.  and  5L,  were 
suspended.  By  an  act  passed  in 
the  third  year  of  his  present  ma- 
jesty, the  suspension  was  continued 
until  the  5  th  of  January,  1833, 
but  now  stands  limited  by  an  act 
of  the  present  session  to  the  5th 
April,  I829. 

The  general  result  of  the  laws 
regulating  the  paper  currency  in 
the  two  countries  respectively  is 
this: 

That,  in  Scotland,  the  issue  of 
promissory  notes,  payable  to  the 
bearer  on  demand,  for  a  sum  of 
not  less  than  20^.,  has  been  at  all 
times  permitted  by  law ;  nor  has 
any  act  been  passed,  limiting  the 
period  for  which  such  issue  shall 
continue  legal  in  that  country.  In 
England,  the  issue  of  promissory 
notes  for  a  less  sum  than  5L  was 
prohibited  bylaw,  from  the  year 
1772  to  the  period  of  the  Bank 
restriction  in  1797*  It  has  been 
permitted  since  1797>  and  the  per- 
mission will  cease,  as  the  law  at 
present  stands,  in  April,  1829- 

Your  committee  will  proceed  to 
give  a  general  view,  deduced  from 
^e  examination  of  witnessesii  and 

E* 


eS*      ANNUAl   REGiSTEh,    1886. 

fttim  the  doculnelits  called  fin-  hy  punjuua  of  sn  estate  la  Utit 
the  oommitteG  sf  the  lAWs  trhicfa  Muiltry  is  bccUH:  until  the  teHiK 
regulate  the  busiitcss  of  honking  (that  i^,  the  i&struincnt  cerbTrtsg 
in  Scotland,  «bi  df  the  mode  in  Ihttt  actiiai  delireiy  has  hen 
Miich  it  is  at  M'csetit  ^tmducted^       gi^^}  ^  P"'  ^  record,  nor  i>  mj 

The  geticnl  prOVisioiH  of  the  tartri^e^  effectual  until  tlieAscd 
law  (»f  Scotland  beahns  upon  tim 
suljaet  sre  calculated  to  promote 
the  nlidtty  ttf  banking  establish- 
ments,  by  affording  tn  the  (aed^tor 
great  fmiities  for  ascertaining  the 
peoitsfAry  circunlBtancos  cf  indivi- 
dual paTtncn>  and  by  mBldug  the 
private  fortunes  of  those  partners 
aviuldhle  for  the  disclHu:^  ^  the 
oUigation«  ttf  the  Bd&k  xnA  nhidi 
they  u^  oonnccted. 

There  k  no  Hnt^^on  upon  the 
number  of  partner  «f  which  a 
hanking  company  ki  Scodand  may 
eondn,  and,  erecting  in  the  tax 
of  the  Bank  ^  Scotland  and  the 
two  cheitered  Banks,  which  have 

very    consdertble     capitals,     the  i 

partuert  of  nU  Banking  Companies 

are  bound  jointly  and  sevaratly,  so  geneTHl  tendebCy  rf  WluA  'b  Ifc 
that  each  partner  is  litablc,  tn  the  same  #itli  those  attore  taaHttA 
trtiole  extent  of  fais  foiMnc,  for  "ttitn  arc  at  pt«a(M  ddrty>lM 
the  whole  debts  bf  the  coiftpatiy.  banks  in  Scotlar^,  iIuve  of  wlU 
A  Ji«ditor  in  ScolJand  is  cmpdw-  Hre  iiicorporatcd  by  Act  of  I^Mi> 
ercd  to  attach  the  real  and  herii^  ttent,  or  by  rayal  Axttet,  yrix. 
table,  is  weS  -  as  the  personal  The  Bank  of  ScotlAx4  Ac 
estate,  of  his  debtor,  fdi  payment  Royal  Bank  of  Scotland,  nd  b 
of  pergonal  debts,  antong  'whi<:%  b«ik  cdled  the  Briliah  Livs 
may  be  dossed  AAas  dne  hy  bBIs  Company.  The  K«^Am1  Bnk  d 
wd  pi '  ^     .  .  .  .  — 


and  pnftnitLsory  notes,  aMd  racenrse  Scothtnd  hM  IJtSS  iMutnen.    XSt 

may  ttehad,  fortiM^roeuringpay-  CemmeiviM  Bank  of  Scolfafld  fa 

ment,  to  eadi  deamption  of  pio<  Ml.     "Hie   Abexdetii  Tvwn  «d 

{forty  U  «he  same  time.  County  Bank  has  446.       Of  tk 

Execution  in  ikA  confined  to  the  remidning  brniU  there  aft  kiatt  h 

retd  property  (^  a  tiebtor  tnei^y  viiAA  the  fniMbn-  ef  nkHaatts- 

dnifng  hi«  Mc,  but'^nwieedii  with  ceeds  100;  t^  in  whiA  flke  mm- 

e^iuafl    effect    vpon  that  property  bcr  is  between  SO  und  MS;  mi 

aAier  Imb  deccaso.  ieVettteen  tn  Whitih    tbe  nUtha 

The  lair  n^atii^  t»  -the  esta-  Mb  Adrt  of  00. 
UiiffriAcnt  of  records  nvea  ready        The  greats  pttt  «(  the  SMA 

means  of  p^curing  Irfferinttini  Brinks  hate  farknlfcis  ij)  mhhi^ 

with  rcspeci  tb  the  real  and  heri-  wfth  the  prkidpal  ^UtaUSb^Ott 

UAAt  eatatc  of  whifrh  any  pcKmn  each  ^ttoini  iMfiag|e4  H*  M  iMil 

faiSoMbiKlEnybfrponesKd.    No  i«tis«gmto  4&MMffl^4^ 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  ^7* 

taons  of  his  employers,  and  giving  Aberdeen,  and  Glasgow,   stated, 

seeyri^  to  them  for  his  c<m&ct.  that  tnore  than  one-half  of  the 

Tke  Bank  of  Scotland  had.  at  deposits  in  the  banks  with  which 

the  date  erf  the  last  ^tum  received  he  had  been  connected,  were  in 

by  your  oomihittee,  sixteen  branch-  sums  from  ten  poands  tb  two  hun- 

€^  established  at  various  periods  dred  pounds, 

betwteen  the  years  1774  and  the  Being  asked  what  class  of  the 

prcfloit.    The  British  Linen  Com-  community  it  is  thiat  makes   the 

pany  had  twenty-seven  branches,  small  deposits,  he  gaVe  the  fblloW- 

The  Commercial    fiankitig  Com-  ing  answer,  from  which  it  appears 

pany   in    Edinburgh,  thitty-one.  that  the  mode  of  conducting  this 

"He  total  number  of  braiiches  es-  branch  of  the  banking  business  in 

tdUished  in  various  parts  of  Scot-  Scotland  kas   long  given  to  that 

land,  from  the  southern  border  to  countiy  many  of  the  benefits  de- 

Thurso,  the  most  northerly  point  rivable  from  Uio  establishment  of 

at  which  a  branch  bank  exists,  is  Saving  Banks. 

one  kundited  and  ^hiHy-three.  Q-— "  What  class  of  the  com- 

Spei^dng  generally,  the  business  munity  is  it  that  tnakes  the  small- 

of  a  Scotch  Bank  insists  chiefly  est  depoat6?" 

in  the  receipt  and  charge  of  *ums  A.-—**  ^ey  are  generally  the 

deposited  with  the  bank,  on  which  labouring  classes    in   towns    like 

*n  iftt^resft  is  allowed,  and  in  the  Glasgow.    In  country  places,  like 

iasue  of  promissory  notes  upon  the  Perth  and  Aberdeen,  it  is  from 

liiseount  of  bills,  and  upon  advan-  liervatits  and  Miermen,  aitd  just 

ces  of  money  made  by  the  "Bank  that  dass  of  the  community,  who 

upon  what  is  called  a  cai^  credit,  save  from  their  earnings,  in  mere 

X^e  interest  allowed  by  a  bank  trifles,  small  sums,  till  they  come 

Bpoh  deposits  varies  from  time  to  to  be  a  bank   deposit    There   is 

tfaae,  aceor^fihg  to  the  cunent  rate  now  a  facility  for  their  placing 

c4  iAtetest  whidi  money  genej^lly  money  in   the   provident   mnks, 

bearA.    At  present  the  interest  al-  which  receive  money  till  the  de- 

loii^  upon  deposits  is  four  per  cent,  posit    amounts    to     ten    pounds. 

It  his  been  calculated  ^at  the  When  it  comes  to  ten  pounds  it  is 

aggregate  amount  of  the  sums  de-  equal  to  the  minimum  of  a  bank 

posited    with    the  Scofdi    banks  deposit.    The  system  of  banking 

anountsto  about  twenty  or  twenty-  in  Scotland  is  just  an  extension  m 

one  mfflions.  The  precise  accuracy  the  provident  bank  sylstem.    ite^f* 

of   such  an  estimate    cannot    of  yearly  or  yearly  those  depositors 

etmUne  be  relied  on.    The  witness  come  to   the  bank  and   add  the 

by  whom  it  was  made,  thou^t  lavHigs  of  their  labour,  wifh  the 

^at  ^e  amount  of  dc^iosits  could  iilter^st  that  has  accrued  upon  the 

not  be  less  than  sixteen  millions,  deposits   fi^om  the   ^vious   half 

nor  exceed   twenty^ive  millioRS,  year  or  year,  to  the  principal ;  and 

ind  t»olr  an  intermediate  «um  as  in  thii  Way  it  goes  on  without 

file  frobable  amount  being  at  all  r^uced,  accumulating 

Ajiother  witness,  who  had  been  till  uie  depositor  is  able  efthci'  to 

ootmecled  for   many  years    with  buy  or  build   a  house,   when   it 

dAereat  banks  in  Scotland,  and  comes  to  be  one.  Or  two,  or  three 

hitf  had  esroerienee  of  their  eon«  hundred  pounds,  or  ttU  he  is  able 

MM^%MmgiE^6i/b^irgh,  Perth,  to  eomnieiiee  bimiess  as  a  tMUx 

E*2 


68*      ANNUAL  REGISTER,    18^6. 

in  the  line  in  which  he  has  hitherto        The  banks  were  informed  that 

been  a  servant.    A  great  part  of  this  communication  would  be  ooo- 

the  depositors  of  the  bank  are  of  sidered  by  the  chairman  as  one 

that  description^  and  a  great  part  entirely  o(  a  confidential  nature ; 

of  the  most  thriving  of  our  farmers  that  he  would  make  no  diaclnwnre 

and  manufacturers  have  arisen  from  of  the  amount  of  the  issues  of  any 

such  beginnings."  single  bank ;  but  collect  fimm  the 

On  sums  advanced  by  the  banks  returns  the  general  result,  and  pr6- 

on  the  discount  of  bills  of  exchange,  sent  that  result  to  the  committee, 
and  upon  cash  credits,  an  interest        An  answer  has  been  received  to 

of  five   per  cent   is  at  present  this  communicatiiOQ  firom  all  the 

charged.  "  banks  in  Scotland,  with  one  excep- 

A  cash  credit  is  an  undertaking  tion.  Some  of  the  banks  that  have 
on  the  part  of  the  Bank  to  advance  made  returns  have  not  been  able 
to  an  individual  such  sums  of  to  distinguish  the  notes  under  and 
money  as  he  may  from  time  to  above  five  pounds ;  wheie  that  dis- 
time  require,  not  exceeding,  in  the  tinction  has  not  been  made,  Ae 
whole,  a  certain  definite  amount,  proportions  have  been  estimated  bj 
the  individual  to  whom  the  credit  a  computation  firamed  upda  the 
is  given  entering  into  a  bond  with  proportions  that  appear  in  Uie  re- 
securities,  generally  two  in  num«  turns  of  those  banks  which  were 
ber,  for  the  repayment  on  demand  enabled  to  distinguish  their  notes 
of  the  sums  actually  advanced,  below  five  pounds  fimn  those 
with  interest  upon  each  issue  from  above  that  sum,  and  Uie  result  if 
the  day  on  which  it  is  made.  stated  in  red  ink. 

Cash  credits  are  rarely  given  Three  of  the  banks  from  whicb 
for  sums  below  one  hundred  returns  have  been  received  hive 
pounds;  they  generally  range  from  omitted  to  state  the  amount  of 
two  to  five  hundred  pounds,  some-  their  present  drculatum*  That  dr« 
times  reaching  one  thousand  culation  has  been  taken,  in  the  sob- 
pounds,  and  occasionally  a  larger  joined  general  estimate,  on  tn 
sum.  average  between  the  highest  and 

The  Bank  allows  the  party  hav-  the  lowest  amount  of  the  aggre- 

ing  the  cash  credit  to  liquidate  any  gate   circulation   of  those   banb 

portion  of  his  debt  to  the  Bank,  at  respectively  dining  1825. 
any  time  that  may  suit  his  conve-^        Subject  to  the  fcNnegoin^  eiqpk- 

nience,  and  reserves  to  itself  the  nation,  the  following  is  the  genenl 

power  of  cancelling,  whenever  it  account  deduced  from  the  return 

shall  think  fit,  the  credit  granted,  made  by  each  bank,  of  the  jspa 

With  the  view  of  ascertaining  circulation    of    Scotland    at    the 

the  total  amount  of  the  paper  cur-  different  periods  referred  to  in  Ait 

rency    of   Scotland    at    different  account:—* 

periods,  and  of  estimating  the  varia-  An  Account  of  the  Amotmt  of 
tions  in  its  amount,  a  letter  was  Bankers'  Notes  ciiculatinf  in 
addressed  by  the  chairman  of  the  Scotland,  showing  the  Hi^eit 
committee  to  each  bank  in  Scot-  and  Lowest  Amount  in  ^ 
land,  requesting  information  as  to  Years  1815,  1821,  182S,  1SS4^ 
the  amount  of  notes  issued  below  and  1825;  and  also  of  ike 
and  above  five  pounds,  and  out*  Amoimt  in  CirculatioD  at  the 
standing  at  certain  giyen  periods.         latent  Perig4  v\  lQg§  IQ  widdk 


PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS. 


69» 


the  Aeeotmtcfai  be  made  up: 

dirtinguiahiiig   the  anumnt  of 

Notes  under  51.  &om  those  of 

5L  and  upwards. 

1815.  —  Highest    ainount«--5^ 

and  lipwurds,  l,365j998L  ;  under 

5L  2AB5MSL ;  total,  3,55h4Q6L 

Lowest  amDunt"5Z.  and  upwaidsy 

90a^06/.;  under  5Z.  hB6S,$24L; 

total,  ^,776,630L 

1821.  — •  Hig^t  amount-^51. 
and  upwards,  1^Q9,535L;  under 
6L  1^35^241 ;  total,  3,244,75Ctf. 
Lowest  amount— 5/.  and  upwards, 
963,1431.;  under  5^  1,597,302^; 
total,  2,560,445i: 

1823.  —  Highest  amount— .5Z. 
and  upwards,  1,396,390/. ;  under 
5L  2,065,622/. ;  total,  3,462,012/1 
Lowest  amount— 5/.  and  upwards, 
1,006,605/.;  under  51. 1,700,631/.; 
total,  2,713,236/. 

1824.  —  Highest  amounti«-5/. 
and  upwards,  1,701,196/.;  under 
5L  2,296,492/. ;  total,  3,997,688/. 
Lowest  amount— 5/.  and  upwards, ' 
1,095,190/.;  under  51. 1,764,825/.; 
total,  2,860,01 5/. 

1825.— -  Highest  amount — 5L 
and  upwards,  1,946,721 /i;  under 
5L  2,736,491/. ;  total,  4,683,312/. 
Lowest  amount— 5/.  and  upwards, 
1,323,451/.;  under  51. 2,110,648/.; 

total,  3,434,099/- 

Amount  of  notes  at  present  in 
circulation.  ^^  Amount  of  banks 
i^hich  have  made  the  return— '5/. 
and  upwards,  1,125,743/.;  under 
51.  1,903,252/1;  total,  3,028,995/. 
Three  of  the  banks  who  have  made 
returns  have  omitted  to  state  the 
amount  of  their  present  circulation. 
The  amount  of  their  aggregate 
circulation  durinj?  1825  was,  at  the 
highest,  311,640/.,  at  the  lowest, 
248,441/.;  the  average  of  these  two 
sums  is  therefore  taken  as  the  prob- 
able amount  of  their  present 
circulation  —  5/.  and  upwards, 
104,095/.;  under   5/.  n5^992L; 


total,  280,087/.  ProbaUe  amount 
at  present  in  circulatiQn-«-5/.  and 
upwards,  1,229,838/.;  under  51. 
2,079,244/. ;  total,  3,309,082/. 

Two  of  the  banking  companies 
in  Scotland  have  made  no  return 
whatever. 

It  wiil  be  seen  &om  the  above 
return,  that  iSbe  present  amount  of 
the  paper  currency  of  Scotland, 
beinff  in  fact  (with  the  exception 
of  ^ver)  nearly  the  whole  cur« 
rency  of  that  country,  is  -computed 
to  be  3,309,000/.,  of  which 
2,079,000/.  are  in  notes  below 
5L 

It  has  been  calculated  by  Dr. 
Adam  Smith,  that  the  amount  of 
gold  and  silver  coin  ciurrent  in 
Scotland  before  the  Union,  and 
then  constituting  nearly  the  whole 
circulation  oi  the  countiy,  was 
about  one  million  sterling.  He 
observes  that  the  amount  of  silver 
coin  brought  iato  the  Bank  of 
Scotland  for  the  purpose  of  being 
recoined  immediately  after  the 
Union,  was  four  hundred  and 
eleven  thousand  pounds  sterling ; 
and  that  it  appears  from  the  ancient 
records  of  the  Mint  in  Scotland 
that  the  value  of  the  gold  annually 
coined  somewhat  exceeded  the 
annual  coinage  of  the  silver*  He 
calculates,  therefore,  the  total 
amount  of  gold  and  silver  in  cir« 
culation  about  the  year  1707,  at 
one  million. 

The  same  authority,  speaking  of 
the  year  1775,  estimates  the  whole 
circulation  of  Scotland  at  that  time 
to  be  about  two  millions — "of 
which,"  he  observes,  "that  part 
which  consists  in  gold  and  silver 
most  probably  does  not  amount  to 
half  a  million." 

Your  committee  trust  that  they 
have  not  improperly  outstepped  the 
limits  of  their  duty,  in  submitting 
to  the  House  this  brief  review  of 


W^      AJSTNTJAt  REtJlSTETl,   Y«2e. 


tbe  bmihy'mlncli  ^  budoiesfl  of  ivith  aaaal  jufdoe  to  tlbe  iaiiliH 
l)aiikmg  in  Scotland  is  ce|pikted,  tanUot  tketsro  nmmtyiw  iriir 
and  of  the  laode  i|i  which  it  is  at  thev  the  stability  of  the  yrwiit 
prescaiit  cooduiDt^d ;  it  is  a  ai^eet  system  of  paper  OKtcncf  a  Jioot- 
npt  adveartedto  in  the  imports  of  land  can  ha  enami^  if  em  be  not 
previous  amsmitteefl*  and  it  2p^  m  dfCQlatim  as  iu  T mmii  mht  ikm 
peared  therefore  to  your  committee,  that  ^stem  oaa  ^co-enst  iii^  a 
thafc  it  it)i|^  bei^mveiUent  to  pre-  sMrtaH^  oiiBMcy  m  Ragi— i, 
fix  a  sm^ral  acfif  unl:  of  thp  hanfe-  ^without  .delsBgaii^  the  cunecB^af 
fag  estaHishmeats  and  euyrgpcyof  this  country,  are  the  lu^wrtaa 
Sieptkttd  to  tbour  phservttdoi^  on  ^aOawdnrotais  ^<»ig<gh  oMist  heaa- 
^timpcH?tantquestuHi>?rhichwa6  tuidywrdgfaad  befoie  a  %bI4»> 
the  nhoaa  in^mediata  object  of  the  oijdon  can  he  satiAg/Umif  jm- 
tefeitence  made  to  your  comBiittee.    nouneod. 

They  consider  that  4ne8U9n  in        The  p^esumptieB,    om  ^cobhI 

substance  to  be,  whether  Scotland    principles,  aj^eaia  to  your  oa»- 

shall  b^  pennitted  to  reti^n  the    mittee  to  be  in  ftvour  ef  aaaxften- 

privil^;e  whkh  Ae  has  hidierto    ai<m  to  other  parts  of  tlit  UnM 

had,  (rf*  maintaining  a  paper  circular    .Kingdom  6f  the  nile  wlncli  it  \m 

turn  &r  sums    between    twenty    been  deteniMned  to  wp^  to  fin«- 

shiUings   and    f^ve   pounds';    or    Jaad.     Provisipa  wmild  dins  hs 

whether  she  shall  be  xequired  at    made    for   equatty    appot6tmSa% 

some  period,  to  be  now  ascertained    among  all  "parts  of  the  empiia  that 

by  law,  to  provide,  in  the  same    charge  whfch  is  insepaxaU^  in  dv 

manner  in   which    England  has    first  instance  fvom  tb  aabsHtatiw 

been  called  upon   to  provide,   a    of  a  metallic  in  the  sua  af  a  pilar 

met^iUe  currency  ?  currency.      Hie  wider  tibe  Ui 

Althou^  the  promissory  notes  is-    over  which  a  metallic  cyfawihtini 

sued  in  Scothindareconif^ertiUe  into    is  ^read,  the  greater  ^vill  he  the 

gold  at  the  will  of  the  hdder,  yet    aeourity    against    iti^  diet^—r 

it  appears  to  your  committee  to  be    from  the  operation  af  inteiaal  m 

proved  by  ejcperienoe,  that  the  pec-    external  causes,  and  the  li^lvai 

mission  to  issue  n(^;es(^  an  amount    any  particular  pait  -wSk  ha  the 

sufficiently  low    to  perform  the    pressure  incidental  to    a  suiioi 

office  of  coi^  will  practically  ex-    a)ntxaetian    of    enrrenof  •      The 

dude  that  coin  from  droilatioa,    business  of  baiddng,  and  yiuUHf 

notwithstanding  that  such  Jiotes   of  alloUiercnammenaalliaasMliflg 

may  be  payable  at  the  will  ot  the    connected  wilh  it,  wooM  be  oa- 

hold(3r  2  and  It  must  be  assumed,    ducted  on  a  more  eqnal  fbodn^B 

that  under  the  operation  c^the  law    reiqieet  to  profit,  under  a  syrtaisf 

now  applicable  to  the  two  couUf-    currency  common  to  all  parti  «f 

tries  respectively,  England,  will>    the  empire,  dmn  under  ooe^ 

after  the  year  1S39,  have  a  metal-    shmiU  confine  to  partieoiar 

lie  circulation  for  the  payment  of    tions  of  it  the  pfivuego  ci  h 

all  sums  below  five  pounds,  and    a  certain  descriptaon  of  pma.   K 

Scotland    a  circulatiim  of  paper    proportianaslheofilisDeearflliiiV 

alone,  for  all  paym^ts  of  not  less    shall  he  fimnd  to  he  mora  JMbA 

tha^  twenty  ^liiUiiigs.  of  ^^ecution,  and  to  ba  les  i»- 

Whether  this  state  of  things  can    l|uently  committed  than  cha 
be  allowed  %q  ewst,  consistently,    of  forgery,  in  diat 


.  PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  ?l'«f 

moral-coBtideraliond,  \iiH  a  net&fiie  The  witnesses  exaimiittl  hy  jmijp 
circH}ation  he  prefeisMe  to  one  6i  eonmiiuee^  with  refescnoe  to  die 
poper*  state  of  ^e  dreulatian  itt.Soot^ 
These  appear  to  your  epmndttee  land^  were  seven  gentlemen  stand** 
to  hp  the  fN^nd^  reasons  in  mm  in  vsiaxms  relations  to  some  of 
fimiDc  of  extendmg  to  Seotknd  ^  banks  in  Sootbrnd  :«*- 
a  sjstem  of  euiren^  whkh  the  Mr.  Kir]anan  Finl^,  a  mer- 
legisbCoBa  has  lesahie^  to  ro*etta-i  chant  at  Cttasggw;  Mr.  Gibson 
hSsk  in*  Bnj^Bnd,  ocasbns  wkdich.  Qoiig^  a  wriier  to  the  signet  in 
seen  dedarre  in  fiivaof  ci  such  an  £clhibur|^  ;  Mr«  Hadden,  a  nuU 
exienflBm>  vcaiam&ef  can  be eonh-  nu£u;turer  in  Abeideto ;  Lieut.« 
termled  by  tire  pcoof  «f  some  tck.  jCknipbeil^  &GtQr  to  the  didie 
peculiar  oiiconisteneea  in  the  oon«  of  Argyle;  Mr.  Gladstone,  a meni-< 
dition  of  Scotland,  justifying  a  her  of  the  house;  Mr.  Moss,  a 
spedal  eqpeqpthm  in  her  be^df^  l^anfcer  of,  Liverpool;  and  Mr. 
and  by  a  stcong  presumption  thai  Bxrldbeck,  a  banjur  in  the  West- 
such  an  exception  can  be  admitted  Riding  of  Yorkshize ;  weira  exa« 
without  prejudice  to  ^e  interests  mined  as  to  thk  manner  of  con«i 
of  odier  parts  of  die  empire.  ducting  the  boshiess  of  banking 

The  main  <|fb}eQt  of  the  witnesses  and  commctdal  jtcansactidns  con- 
dom Spotland^  idio  were  eaamined  nected  with  it,  in  Lancashire.  Mr. 
before  your  cdnunittee,  has  been  Gladstone  was  also  enabled  to  give 
to  poBOTe  the  daim  of  Scotland  to  endence  upon  some  pcnnts  relating 
this  exception.  Their  Ofanion,  with  io  the  circulation  and  oobuneice  of 
vfary  slMt  diades  of  dififeveace,  is  Scothmd. 

decsdedfy  adsexae  to  any  change  in  Three  of  tiie  directors  of  the 

^e  lows  whidi  haye  so  h^g  re^  Bank  of  £oslan4  flSFe  their  evi-« 

goiated  the  nsue  of  promissory  dence,   dueny  as  to  the  bearing 

notes  in  that  country.     In  estimat*  whidi  a  paper  drculation  in  Scot* 

ing,  however,  the  wei^  due  to  land  mi^^t  have  upon  the  interests 

their  cpinums  as  aulhenty,  it  ought  of  the  Bank-of  England,,  after  the 

to  be  borne  in  mind  that  a  great  re-establishment  of  a  metallic  cur« 

part  of  the  witnesses  fnm^  Scotland  rency  in  this  country, 

wexe  i^entlemen  rmmediately  con-  The  grounds  relied  upon  by  the 

nected  with  some  of  the  banks  in^  witnesses  firom  Scotland  to  prove 

that  country,  sub^t,  therefore,  to  that  it  is  neither  necesmy  nor 

the  prqpossessions  which  naturally  expedient  to  alter  the  hws  which 

spiing  from  a  long  connexion  with  permit  the  issue  of  smaU  notes  in 

existing  establishments^  and  from  that  country,  appear  to  be  the  fol- 

a  w^m  interest  in  the  continuance  lowing  -— 

of  thdr  prosperity.  That  these  laws,  so  fat  as  they 

It  is  not  improbable  that,  had  relate  to  notes  between  the  sum  of 
the  time  permitted  it,  your  com-  ^Os,  and  5L  payable  on  demand, 
mittee  would  have  extended  still  have  remained  unaltered  since  the 
further  their  inquiries ;  and  they  first  institution  of  banking  in  Scot- 
deem  it  on  that  account  the  more  land. 

incumbent  upon  them  to  state  the  That,  coincident  with  the  pre- 

gencral  nature  of  the  testimony  sent  ^stem  of  currency,  if  not  im- 

npon  wlpdi  thcgr  haye  come  to  mediately  owing    to    its    effects, 

their  present  contusions.  there  has  been  a  great  and  pro- 


72*      ANNUAL   RE GIS T ER,   1826. 

gresaive  increase  in  the  manufao-    exist,  would  be  desttoyed;  tnd 
tures,   the  agrieultuie,  the  com-    that  the  whcie  sjtUm  of  deposits 


merce,  the  population,  and  the  go-  and  cash  credits  would  be 

neral  wealth  of  the  country:  materially  affected,  if  the  banks 

That  during  the  dvil  conmu>-  were  oompelled  tofiicegoUiepcofit 
tions  of  the  last  century,  in  the  now  derived  from  the  issue  of  neiss 
rebeUiona  of  1715  and  1745,  the  below  fire  pounds, 
confidence  in  paper  securitieB  in  For  the  opinions  in  detail  of  the 
Scotland  was  not  shaken;  andiiiat  witnesses  &om  Scotiand^  on  dwse 
the  Sootdi  banks,  maintidned  Ijieir  and  other  points  connected  wii^ 
stability,  and  were  not  called  upon  the  smallHiote  droulatkn  ia  tint 
for  any  extraordinary  issue  of  gold  country*  your  ooounktee  mast 
in  exchange  for  their  notes,  during  refer  to  the  eridenee  annesed  to 
the  shocks  to  which  mercantile  diis  report.  So  fiir  as  the  iitfer- 
credit  was  exposed  in  this  country  ests  of  the  Bank  of  England  ue 
in  the  years  179S,  1797,  and  more  concerned,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
recently  in  1825.  That  it  cannot  directors  of  that  bank,  who  woe 
be  assumed,  therefore,  that  a  cir«  examined-  before  your  committee, 
eolation  of  specie  is  necessary  in  urge  no  objection  to  tiw  eontiiiii- 
Scotland  for  the  purpose  of  guard*  anoe  of  ^e  present  system  in  Seel- 
ing against  the  effects  of  sudden  land,  provided  that  the  paper  dr- 
panic  eolation  of  Scotland,  can  be  e&ol- 

That  while  Scotland  had  a  paper  ually  restrained  within  Uie  liants 

currency  for  the  discharge  of  all  of  that  country, 

sums  above  20^.,  England  had  at  Upon  a  review  of  die  evideoDe 

least,  for  twenty  years  previously  tendered  to  your  committee^  and, 

to  the  Bank  restriction,  a  currency  forming  their  judgment  upon  dot 

consisting  of  the  predous  metals,  evidence,  your  committee  caanot 

to  the  exclusion  by  law  of  notes  advise  thai  a  law  should  now  be 

below  five  pounds.     That  these  passed,  prohibiting,  from  a  period 

different  systems  co-existed,   and  to  be  thermn  determined,  the  fin- 

that  no  proof  can  be  adduced  that  ture  issue  in  Scotland  of  notes  be* 

the  paper  circulation  of  Scotland  low  five  pounds, 

displaced  or  interfered,  in  any  ma-  There  are,  in  the   opinion  cf 

tenal  degree,    with   the  metallic  your  committee,  sufficient  grooais 

currency  of  England.  in  the  experience  of  the  past,  for 

That  from  the  date  of  the  first  permitting  another  trial  to  bemaie 

establishment  of  a  bank  in  Scot-  of  the  compatUnlxty  of  a  paper  cir- 

land  to  the  present  time,  the  in-  culation  in  Scotland  with  a  diai- 

stances  of  the  actual  failure  of  a  lation  of  spede  in  this  comitiy. 

Scotch  bank  have  been  extremely  Looking  at  the  amount  of  nolo 

rare,  and  that  there  have  been  only  current    in    Scotland    below  die 

two  instances  in  which   the  ere-  value  of  five  pounds,  and  oompir* 

ditors  did  not  ukimatdy  receive  ing  it  with  the  total  amount  of  tbr 

the  whole  amount  of  the  principal  paper  currency  of  that  country,  it 


and  interest  of  their  debt.  is  very  difficult  to  foresee  the 

Lastly,  that  the  inducement  to    sequences  of  a  law  whidi  AaS 


the  Scotch  banks  to  continue  their    prohibit  the  future  issue  of 
branch  banks  in  many  remote  parts    constituting  so  large  a  ptwurtks 
of  the  country  in  which  they  now    of  the  whde  circulatioQ. 


PUBT.IC   DOCUMEIJTS.  W* 

Your  oonunittee  axe  oertainlj  intofoenoe  with  the^Bystem  esta- 
not  convinced  that  it  would  affect  bli«hed  for  Eng^d,  would  be  a 
the  cash  credits  to  the  extent  ap-  manifest  and  gross  injustice  to  the 
prehended  by  some  of  the  witness-  bankers  of  this  part  of  the  empire, 
es  ;  but  they  are  unwilling,  with-  If  it  should  take  place,  and  if  it 
oat  stronger  proof  of  necessity,  to  diould   be   found    impossible    to 
incur  the  risk  of  deranging,  from  fbone  a  Iaw  consistent  with  sound 
any  cause  whatever,  a  system  ad-  and  just  principles  of  legislatum^ 
mixably  calculated,   in  thebr  opi«  efibcUially  restricting  the  ctrcula- 
nioai,  to  economise  the  use  of  ca^  tion  of  Scotch  notes  within  the 
pital»  to  excite  and  chexii^  a  wpait  limits  of  Scotland,  there  will  be, 
of  useful  enterpriie,  and  even  to  in  the  opinion  of  your  committee, 
promote  the  moral  habits  of  the  no  alternative,  but  the  extensimi 
people,  by  the  direct  inducements  to  Scotland  of  the  principle  which 
wliich  it  holds  out  to  the  maint^  the  l^islature  has  determined  to 
nance  of  a  character  for  industry,  apply  to  this  country. 
inteffnty,  and  prudence.  The  other  circumstance  to  which 
At    the  same  time  that  your  your  committee  meant  to  refer,  as 
committee   recommend    that   the  bearing  materially  upon  their  pre- 
system  of  currency  which  has  for  Bent  ^dsion,    will  arise  in  the 
so  long  a  period  prevailed  in  Scot-  event  of  a  considerable  increase  in 
land^  should  not,  under  existing  the  crime  of  forgery, 
ciicumstances,  be  disturbed,  they  Your  committee  called  for  re- 
feel   it  to  be  their  duty  to  add,  turns  of'  the  number  of  prosecu- 
that  they  have  formed  their  judg-  tions  and  convictions  for  forgery, 
naent  upon  a  reference  to  the  past,  and  the  ofience  of  passing  forged 
and  upon  the  review  of  a  state  of  notes  during  the  last  twenty  years 
things  which    may  be   hereafter  in  Scotland,  which  rettffns  will  be 
materially  varied  by  the  increasing  found  in  the  Appendix, 
weahh  and  commerce  of  Scotland,  There  appear  to  hiave  been,  dur- 
by  the  rapid  extension  of  her  com-  ing  that  period,  no  prosecutions 
xnercial  intercourse  with  England,  for  the  crime  of  forgery ;  to  have 
and  by  the  new  circumstances  that  been  eighty-six  prosecutions    for 
may  a£fect  that  intercourse  after  the  offence  of  issuing  forged  pro- 
the  re-establishment  of  a  metallic  missory  notes,    fifty-two    convic- 
currency  in  this  country.  tions ;  and  eight  instances  in  which 
Apart  from  these  general  consi-  -the  capital  sentence  of  the  law  has 
derations,  bearing  upon  the  condu-  been  carried  into  effect. 
sion  at  which  they  have  arrived.  It  ought  not  to  escape  observa- 
there  are  two    circumstances    to  tion,  that  out  of  the  total  number 
which  your  committee  must  more  of  prosecutions  for  issuing  forged 
particularly  advert.  notes  in  the  last  twenty  years. 
It  is  evident,  that,  if  the  small  thirty-eight  have  been  instituted 
notes  issued  in  Scotland  should  be  in  the    years    1823,    1824,    and 
current  beyond  the  border,  they  1825 ;  a  fact  which  seems  to  war- 
would  have  the  effect,  in  proper-  rant  the    apprehension   that    the 
tion  as  their  circulation  should  ex-  crime  of  forgery  is  upon  the  in- 
tend itself,  of  displacing  the  specie,  crease    in    Scotland.      It    ought, 
and  even  in  some  decree  the  local  however,  to  be  observed^  that  the 
currency  of  England.     Such  an  return  does  not   specify  whether 


Uf     AKlftrilL  RBG'ISTEB;  1*6. 

dtofoB^  DOlfi$j  ihr  the  iaBu$.<^  iijhk  imdes   oeHals  tenu  vlth 

which    piMMeqatiixis    have    taken  which  Cbe  poorer  cbUMof  maaii- 

phoe^  wfifffe  in  fiU  ip&Uilioes  iMtw  faotiirera  uid  othecB  ««uiole«ii* 

of  tJift  Bank  of  Soodoiid.    It  i>  ply^  unless  hj  oubnutting  to  gtml 

|K)aBib]fi»  th£»e6>i«^  thai  aoins  of  ifftArtiffl  anA aboao*    hadbydiai 

the  {irosefi^tions  may  havQ  ban  Ih^  isnie  of  audi  iM^es  bat  tojt 

diimsled  agaiofit.  fi^cgariaa  qpimmtv  wwck  t^ii4ed  to  iacmise  ike  |0« 

lad  on  tM  B^ok  ^  Gpgta)!^,  (V  xofliottit  qrime  pf  fimsrj  x  a^di  tbe 

<ia  buaka  ather  than  the  bam  cf  act  pnaafieds  tp  app^  to  notci  be- 

ficothndt  tweto  tha  vakiefll  fiveiv)mi4saiii 

.  Yoiw  Qonmitlaa  mU  hof^  cJaw  twp^itjr  abilUng^  aiiMlar  rettdp- 

ikms  Qhaeivatim|i  with  fif^qieol  la  iioa»  to  those  whidi  bad  bee*  af- 

Idifi  gJTOHlntifln  m  Sqotlaa^cl    Thagr  |£ed  to  susb  notes  isaued  ib  £0^ 

aseweUjiwanet^f  th&graatiAdvBOr  laed^  l^tha  act  which  paMcdv 

tagft  that  wQultl  re^t  firoiii  being  the  year  IT77-    It  peraiits,  bo»- 

enabled^  in  a,  matter  «f  this  n^r  cmeHs  during  tfa«  suqifensonxif  cask 

Coie>  to  tt^raap  il  dew  and  dea-  pajrments  l^  the  Bfuik  (<  Iielandi 

aive opinion^  uiiemhAi:saa9ed  by  an;  th^isaue  of  bank  post  Wis,  Ub 

qn^lifiMtiqn  QV  resflrvie^;  b^it  tbej  «f  eifhang^  and  drafM»   udsr 

Mmsid^r  it  to  be  tl^eir  du^,  in  a  certain  v^uIaUous,  te  anj  m^ 

oomid^aaiAd  (itt^sijan  ^^  not  less  tMn  thiee  ^meas.    Thv 

many  importap^.$onsid9Vatinn^»  and  act  did.  not  eq^tebd  tp  ttie  Bank  d 

lipoid  yrWk^  t'h^  deciaion  mu^  be  Ireland- 

sul^iW'lt  to  future  qontingenciea»  tf  In  ]804f>  this  and  same  other 

peas^i^  thfi  whole  of  thoae  oon^  a^t«>  which  bad  passed  m  the  in- 

d^aratioHs  fais^  IP  the  IIpus^  and  terim^    relating   to  the  issue  of 

to  (|u^y  thejjT  present  ponc^u?  small  notes»  west  lepe^&d,  and 

«ipp3  by  ^l  reference  to  possible  notes  under  20«.  whidi  had  beea 

circumstance  by  th^  oqppnienoe  pieviouslf  permitted  unden  eertsia 

of  wlmh  they  might  be  materially  xc^^^ons  by  the  act  of  1799» 

aQected.  were  declared  void* 

Ireland.  fJt^  ^^  ^"'^^^t 

force  imposing  any  umxtatioo  fee 

.    With  r^speet  tQ  the  circvdatign  the  periods  for  wbLeb  notes  for  a 

of  irofaodi  the  inquiri^  of  your  sum  not  less  than  twenij  shillmgp 

c^^mittee  haye  ^eesfi  less  extensivie  may  be  iss^uod  in  Iceland. 

^hail  thos^^  ^hich  they  have  instil  A  titorat^y  eorre^  e$tmaxt  of 

tuted  with  refip^ct  tp  Soptl^nd*^  the  amount  of  promisvinr  wtcs 

The.  first  law  ip  Ireland  which  aboye  and  below  five  popinds,  cic- 

resumed  the  n^pooiation  of  prp-  culating  in  Ireland^  may  be  foroMd 

p^isac^i  notes,  was  an  act  passed  from  the  sutgoined  retwns  mate 

in  the  Irish  parliament  iii  the  year  by  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  and  kr 

17^  other  banks  at  present  fstaWiahri 

The  preamble  recites,  that  var  in  that  country, 

rip^s  not^,  hills  of  exphangp,  and  tt    t    ct   t    j  xr^ 

iM^  iST  money,  have  h^  for  ^^'^^  of  Ireland  NhUs. 

£om»  time  past  drculated  in  lieu  1.  An  Acpount  nf   the   %TeiagP 

of  oash,  to  the  great  prejudice  of  amount  of  the  Bank  of  Irebal 

tr^  ^d  publiic  credit ;  and  that  notes  of  Ave  pannda»  usd  np- 

piany  of  nich  notes  are  made  pay-  wards     (inchiding    bapk    post 


hOs),  tat  die  years  IMO,  181^1,        l6€5.  ~  Highest   miHmi^b^ 

ISS^  lidS,  18S44  imd  1825.  and  upwards,  106,605/. ;  yn^  5/1, 

Notes  attd  jjoost  bills  of  5/.  aad  l,559,054f. ;     total,     },46«;,^59^ 

upwaids  ^,6wjB60L  19#.  6dL  Irish  Lowest  amoont-^^  and  up^m^^ 

ouiremy.  65,987/.;    wiAer  5/.,    854, J2W,; 

S.    Att  »eoeu«t  of   tiie   average  total,  g%6,\l3L 

amount  ef  tJtiB  Bank  of  Iielmid        1826.— Amount  i)t  prc^en^  in 

Botes,  under  tbe  value  of  five  circulation-^/^     and     up^r^, 

pounds    (kMluding   bank   post  74,658/.;    under  5/L,   66^,960/.; 

bJUs),  fw  tlie  yea]P8  18£0|  18S1,  total,  788,618/. 

IBM,  18d8,  1894,  and  1885.  llie  amounts  stated  in  thi?  ac 

Notes  and  post  bills  under  the  count  are  maile  up  from  all  the 

▼titjoe  of  6L  l,6^d,8fi8/i  Os.  6d.  returns  that  have  been  yet  received 

Ivbii  cunency.  fcom  hankers  in  Iiehu>d,-4Mnem 

Am  AocofOHT  of  the  Amamit  of  nuiq})er>  of  which  W  only  issue 

Bankers'  Notes  oireulating   in  notes. 

I^jdand,  evdurive  of  those  of        The  amount  of  each  descripjtion 

the  Bank  of  Ireland,  showing  of  notes  in  circulation^  by  fpi\r  of 

the  Hi^est  and  Lowest  Amount  tiiese  banks,  is  calculated  according 

in  the  Years  1815,  18£1,  1808,  to  the  pi^pcnrtions^hich  are  stab^ 

island  18^;  and  alsoof  the  by  each  bank  to  be  usually  in  ci|*« 

Amount  in  circulation  at  the  culation;  two  banks  only  giving 

latest  period  in  18S6,  to  which  the  exact  amount  of  each  descrip- 

llie  Account  can  be  made  up ;  tion  of  notes. 

distingujAfaig    the  amount  (^       It  will  appear  firom  the  evidence. 

Notes  under  5/.  from  those  o£  that  a  practice  prevdls  in  Ireland 

BL  and  upwards :-—  of  issuing  notes  for  the  payment  of 

1815.—*  Highest    amount— -5/.  sums  between  one  and  two  pounds 

and  upwards,  44,65S/. ;  under  51.,  for  three  guineas,  apd  other  fVac- 

298,580/. ;  total,  343,183t    Low-  tional  sums. 

eat   amount  —  6L  and  upwards.        Your  committee  see  no  p^blic 

89,189/.;    under    6L,    198,433/.;  advantage  arising  out  of  this  prac« 

total,  331,615/.  tice,  and  they  are  of  opiniori  that 

1891.  i*— Highest    amount— 5/.  it  ought  to  be  discontinued,  as  it 

and  upwards,  58,749/* ;  under  5/.,  tends  to  dispense  with  the  i^eces- 

874,763/. ;  total,  933,516/.    Low-  sity  of  silver  com,  and  practically 

eat   amount  —  5L   and   upwards,  to  exclude  it  from  circulation. 

45,494/.  ;•  under   BL,    589,196/. ;        Your  committee  hesitate,  in  the 

total,  697,698/.  present  imj>erfiect  state  of  their 

1 893.  —  Highest  amount— 5/.  information,  to  pronounce  a  decirive 
and  upwards,  66,896L ;  under  5/.,  opinion  upon  the  general  measures 
1,093,901/.;  total,  1,079,597/.  which  it  maybe  fitljing  to  adppt 
Lowest  amount— >5/«  and  upwi^ds,  with  respect  to  the  paper  cutrei^cy 
44,910/.;   under   5/.,    688,410/.;  of  Ireland. 

total,  733,3^0/.  '    Although  they  are  inclined  to 

1894.  —  Highest  amount— 5/.  think  that  it  would  not  be  ad^ 
and  upwards,  75,947/. ;  under  5/f,  visaMe  to  take  any  immediate  step 
1,110,170/.;  total,  1,185,417^  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the 
Lowest  aroount^5/.  and  upwards,  issue  of  small  not^  in  Ireland, 
57,035/.;  under  5L,  718,084/.;  their  impression  undoubtedly  is, 
total,  775,119/.  that  a  metallic  currency  ought. 


76*      ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1826. 

ultimfttelj,  to  be  the  basis  of  the  which  the  committee  wUi,  in  the 

drcuhtiou  in  that  country.  first  plitoe^  to  call  the  attention  of 

It  willf  probably,  be  deemed  the  House,  it  is  to  be  Temuked, 
advisable  to  fix  a  definitive,  though  that  during  the  period  from  llQS 
not  an  early  period,  at  which  the  to  1797>  "wkea  no  small  notes  were 
circulation  in  Ireland  of  all  notes  by  law  issuable  in  England,  the 
below  five  pounds  shall  cease ;  and  portion  of  the  currency  of  Soot- 
it  is«  deserving  of  consideratictti,  land,  in  which  pevments  under  5L 
whethw  measures  might  not  be  were  made,  contmued  to  oooBst 
adopted  in  the  interim,  for  the  almost  entirely  of  notes  of  ]/.  and 
purpose  of  ensuring  such  a  final  IL  Is.,  and  that  no  inoonTemaoa 
resiut,  by  gradual^  though  cautious  is  known  to  have  resulted  finm 
advances  towards  it.  this  diSerence  in  the  currency  of 

.     -     ,.  the  two  countries.     This  ciromi* 

stance,  amongst  others^  tends  to 

LORDS'  REPORT  ON  THE   SAME  pj^ve  that  Uniformity,    however 

SUBJECT.  desirable,  is  not  indisp^uaUy  ne- 

That  the  committee  have  pro-  cessary.    It  is  also  proved,  by  the 

ceeded  to  the  consideration  of  the  evidence^  and  by  the  document^ 

subject  referred  to  them  by  the  that  the  banks  of  Scotland,  whether 

House,  and  have  collected  from  chartered  or  joint-4tockoompanies» 

the  examination  of  witnesses,  and  or  private  estaUishmmts,   have, 

of  the  accounts  laid  b^ore  them,  fat  more  than  a  centmry,  exhibitfd 

the  information    which   wiU    be  a  stability  which  the    committee 

found  in  the  minutes  of  evidence,  believe  to  be  unexampled  in  the 

and  in  the  Appendix.  history  of  banking ;  that  th^  sop* 

They  do  not  think  it  necessary  ported  themselves,  £rom  1797  to 

to  enter  into  a  detailed  analysis  of  1812,  without  any  ^notectionfriin 

this  mass  of  information,  because  the  restriction  by  which  the  Bank 

the  result  of  it  would  not  lead,  in  of  England  and  that  of  Irdand 

their  opinion,  to  the  proposal  to  were  relieved  from  cash  payments ; 

parliament,    during    the    present  that  there  was  little  demand  fir 

session,  of  any  measure  afiecting  gold  during  the  late  embarra*- 

the  circulating  medium  either  of  ments  in  the  circulation  ;  and  that, 

Scotland  or  of  Ireland.  in  the  whole  period  of  their 


They  oitertain  no  doubt  that,  blishment,  there  are  not  more  than 

upon  general  principles,  it  would  two  or  three  instances  of  baak- 

be  desirable  that  the  same  system  ruptcy.     As,  during  the  whole  of 

of  currency  should  prevail  through-  this  period,  a  large  portion  of  their 

out  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  At  issue  consisted  admost  entirdy  d 

the    same    time    they   are   fully  notes  not  exceeding  1^  or  IL  Is^ 

sensible,  that  to  such  an  uniformity  there  is  the  strongest  reason  fior 

of  system  there  may  be  obstacles  concluding  that,  as  far  as  respects 

which  may  render  the  attempt  to  the  banks  of  Scotland,  the  issue  of 

establish    it     at     any    particular  paper  of  that  description  has  been 

period,  if  not  impracticable,  yet  found  compatible  with  the  hi^iest 

liable    to    inconveniences    which  degree  of  solidity ;  and  that  then 

might  more  than  counterbalance  is  not,  therefore,  while  ^bej  se 

the    ultimate    advantage    to    be  conducted  upon  their  present  sy»- 


derived  from  it  tern,   sufficient  grounds  for 

With   respect  to  Scotland,  to    posing  any  alteration,   with'tk 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  77* 

Tiew  of  adding  to  a  solidity  which  The  advantage  to  the  hanks  who 

has  so  long  heen  sufficiently  esta«  give  these  cash  credits  arises  from 

blished.  the  call  which  they  continually 

This  solidity  appears  to  derive  a  produce  for  the  issue  of  their  paper, 
great  support  from  the  constant  and  from  the  (n)portunity  which 
exchange  of  notes  between  the  they  aSbrd  for  the  profitable  em- 
different  banks,  by  which  they  be*  ^pymenl  of  part  of  their  deposits, 
come  checks  upon  each  other,  and  llie  banks  are  indeed  so  sensible, 
by  which  any  over-issue  is  subject  that,  in  order  io  make  this  part  of 
to  immediate  observation  and'cor^  their  business  advantageous  and 
rection.  secure  it  is  necessary  that  their 

There  is  also  one  part  of  their  cash  credits  should  (as  they  express 
system,  which  is  stated  by  all  the  it)  be  frequently,  operated  imon, 
witnesses  (and  in  the  opinion  of  that  they  refuse  to  continue  mem 
the  committee,  very  justly  stated)  unless  this  implied  condition   be 
to  have  had  ^e  best  effects  upon  fulfilled.    The  total    amount   of 
the  people  of  Scotland,  and  partis  their  cash. credits  is  stated  by  one 
cularly   upon  the  middling    and  witness  to  be  five  millions,  of  which 
poorer  daisses  of  society,  in  pro-  the  average  amount  advanced  by 
dudne  and  encouraging  habits  of  the  banks  may  be  one-third, 
frogafity  and  industry.     The  prao-  The  manner  in  which  the  prac- 
tice referred  to,  is  that  of  cash  tice  of  deposits  on  receipt  is  con- 
credits.     Any  person  who  applies  ducted,  tends  to  produce  the  same 
to  a  bank  for  a  cash  credit  is  called  desirable  results.    Sums  to  as  low 
upon  to  produce  two  or  more  com-  an  Amount  as  lOJl  (and,  in  some 
petent  securities,  who  are  jointly  instances,  lower)  are  taken  by  the 
bound,   and  aflter  a  full  inquiry  banks  from  the  depositor,  who  may 
into  the  character  of  the  applicant,  claim  them  on  demand.    He  re- 
the  nature  of  his  business,  and  the  ceives  an  interest,  usually  about 
sufficiency  of  his  securities,  he  is  one  per  cent   below  the  market 
allowed  to  open  a  credit,  and  to  rate.     It  is  stated  that  these  depo- 
draw  upon  the  Bank  for  the  whole  sits  are,  to  a  great  extent,  lef^ 
of  its  amount,  or  for  such  part  as  uncalled  for  from  year  to  year,  and 
his  daily  transactions  may  require,  that  the  depositors  are  in  the  habit 
To  the  credit  of  this  account  he  of  adding,  at  the  end  of  each  year, 
pays  in  such  sums  as  he  may  not  to  the  interest  then  accrued,  the 
have  occasion  to  use ;  and  interest  amount  of  their  yearly  savings ; 
is  charged  or  credited  upon  the  thai  the  sums  thus  gradually  accu- 
daily  balance,  as  the  case  may  be.  mulated    belong    oiiefiy    to    the 
From  the  fadlity  which  these  cash  labouring  and  industrious  classes 
credits  give  to  all  the  small  trans-  of  the  community,  and  that  when 
actions  of  the  country,  and  from  such    accounts   are    closed,  it  is 
the  opportimities  which  they  afford  generally  for  the  purpose  of  ena- 
to  persons,  who  begin  business  with  bling  the  depositors  either  to  piu:- 
little  or  no  capital  but  their  cha-  chase  a  house  or  to  engage  in 
racter,  to  employ  profitably  the  business. 

minutest  products  of  their  indus-  It  is  contended  by  all  the  persons 

tiy,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  the  engaged  in  banking  in  Scotland, 

most  important  advantages  are  de-  that  the  issue  of  one-pound  notes 

pyei  \Q  the  whole  coounui^ty,  is  ^^senti^  tQ  the  contmuancQ  both 


78t      ANNUAL   REGISTEtl,   IBUB. 

df  iheir  oAsk  croditt,  a&d  of  Ike  fingland ;  and  unless  sock  me** 
bnmck  banks  estal^ked  in  th«  siues  dtouki  in  ^pne^cb  piove  in- 
poorest  amd  moA  remote  districts,  effectual^  or  unless  some  new  dr> 
WkjBtherdiediflDOBtniiiflnce  of  one«  eumstanoes  shonUi  arise  todenage 
pound  notes  would  necessarily  tke  opemdons  of  Ike  existing  anrs- 
operate  to  ^4  lull  extent  wkich  tem  in  Scotland  itsdf^  or  matottSr 
tk03r  ^pprekeadj  in  either  (^  tliese  to  af&et  the  rdatioi^  of  trade  am 
respeots>  ma^  peifaaps  admit  of  interooaise  betpween  Seoiknd  and 
doubt ;  but  the  iq^^rehensiona  England,  they  are  not  di^osed  te 
entertained  on  this  kead>  by  the  reooiamend  tkat  ^e  canting  w^ 
pertOns  most  immediately  oonoem«  tern  of  banking  and  currency  in 
ed>  i|dght>fer  a  tame  at  least,  have  Scotland  duHiM  be  disturbed. 
nfltti^ihefiBQieeffitotai  the  actual  Wltktespectto  Igeknd,  fliesiUtt' 
aeoessity,  and  there  is  strong  reason  tion  of  ihat  oountfyi  as  toils  cv»- 
to  bdlieve  tkat^  if  the  t>r£ibitton  culattoUi  and  las  to  its  system  «f 
of  one-Mmnd  notes  should  not  banking*  is  materially  ^fibeat 
ttltftnmtely  overturn  the  whole  sys-  horn  thkt  ot  Scotland  In  fiosl^ 
tem,  it  must  iot  a  eonsiderabte  hnd  there  are  tkr^  kenkiy  ef 
time  materially  flifl^  it.  ^ith  the   proprietovs    are   pi»* 

The  directors  of  the  Bank  of  tected  by  ai&t  of  poriittm^nt  or 
Bnglpind,  who  have  been  examined  chaiter  ftom  personal  loyowilgly 
before  the  eomn^ttee,  have  given  beyond  the  ambuni  kf  *  tkeir  re- 
it  as  their  opinloti>  that  a  drcula«  iQiective  riiaros ;  and  there  sie 
tftonof  notes  of  one  pound  in  SMt-  many  other  banks,  oonsiiiiBg  rf 
land  or  in  Inland,  would  not  f)ro«  a  laige  and  unlimited  nomber  tf 
dutfe  any  ^fec«8  injurious  to  the  partners,  personallv  respevdile  M 
metallic  dreulation  of  England,  the  whole  eictait  of  dieir  pt^eilyt 
provided  su(^  notes  be  respectively  dP  whidi  the  agHicgnie  ate  ' 
confined  wiUiin  the  boundary  oif  hi  very  conmderi^e.  Thtre 
dieir  own  ooimtty.  also  branches  or  i^enddi  of 

Nothwitfastan&ig  the  c^inbns  of  Uie  banks  very  widely  c 

which  have  been  here  detailed,  the  lished  tihrduriiout  the  boiti6&y. 

eonumttee  are»  on  the  whrie,  so  Ia  Ireland,  Uie  only  Rank  ^ 

deepfy  impreMBd  with    the   kn«  sessing  the  advantage  of  a  finula* 

portanee  of  a  metalMe  durtnadatioii  ^n  of  personal  rec^oiiaikffity  ■ 

btlow  5t  in  Bneland,  not  only  for  the  BAnk  of  Ireland^  wkidi,  flit 

tibe  benefit  of  Englatid,  but  like«  kte  alteration  in  the  ^w,  was  M 

wiseCw  thatofalltheotiierpartsof  m^y  establ^ment  wUckwanfO^ 

the  empire,  that  if  ti^  wete  re»  mkted  to  have  raoi^  limtt  *bc  iati* 

dnesd  to  m^e  an  option  jbetween  ners.  —  The  drcuktiBg  aAm 

^le  «8layi^raent  cSf  such  It  me-  oomdsts,  indc»i>  in  both  romilii<% 

tallk  dtcuhtion  in  ^Scotland,  or  to  a  great  extent,  of  noles  undtf 

the  abandonment  of  it  in  Engknd,  five  pounds ;  butthosysltAiefkaai* 

they  woidd  recommend  the  pro-  ing^fv^and,  instead  of  renttlakM 

ybitkm  of  simdl  notes  in  Scodand*  nn^aken  for  a  long  pekfad^  is  W 

But  they  entertain  a  reasonal^  of  SdoUand,   has  tfAyeifeuodi  W 

expectation  t^at  legSdmivx;  mea-i  many  shocks,  that  ila  baoidnges* 

siuea  may  be  derised,  whteh  will  labl^mcnts  ane  now  ttcariy'eas* 

be  cfieeiual  in  prevenUng  ^e  in«  fined  te^okarttikcd^Siidctf  lit* 

Uodu^ion  4i  «oM^  ^kaper  Into  knd  wd  its  Jotti  igiBki^  tb 


PUBLIC    DOCUMfiNTS.         79» 

branches  of  the  provincial  bank  on  account  of  the  araall  value  of 
which  is  establMed  in  London,  the  articles  whidi  compose  the 
one  jcdnt-atoct  company  in  Dub-     '  "  '  "   ' 

Mn  and  luiotbcr  at  Belfast,  the 
I»tt£r  of  whidi  has  local  agcndes, 
and  a  few  private  banks  in  Dub- 
lin and  BeUkst.  The  issue  of 
notes  under  St.  baS  been  at  dif- 
ferent periods  permitted  and  prtx 
hlbll^  in  Inland ;  thcic  Is,  tfacr&- 
fbrc,  no  prescription  to  plead  for 
tlieir  continuance,  and  there  Is  no 
exporience  of  atiT  such  sjstera  as 
tluit  of  cash  ctenitB  is  Scotlaod, 
which  is  stated  to  rest  laalnly  upon 
tliclc  Isiue.  There  is  not  at  pre- 
sent in  In^nd  Uie  Same  check 
upon  OTGT-issucs,  which  is  derived 
in  Scodand  fioin  the  continual  cx- 
c^ianges  of  notes  between  the  dif- 
ferent banks;  and  the  failures 
of  private  banHa  have  fVcqucntly 
spread  the  greatest  distress  Over 
large  portions  of  the  country, 
PtCTionaly  to  tlie  Bank  Uestrietion 
act,  there  appears,  by  the  evidence 
taken  before  tlie  committee  of  the 
House  of  Commons  in  1804,  to 
have  existed  in  Ireland  a  considcr- 
abb  metallic  ciitulatlou,  of  the  ex- 
istence of  which  in  Scotland  the 
comtnittee  arc  not  informed. 

Many  of  the  reasons,  therefore, 
upon  which  the  committee  have 
gronndcd  their  opinion  i^oinst 
any  present  provision  for  a  niture 
alteratJim  In  the  currency  of  Scot- 
land, do  not  apply  to  Ireland,  and 
the  introduction  of  a  larger  prtt- 
portimi  of  metallic  currency  into 
the  latter  country  appears  liatde 
to  less  difficulty  than  the  RpiiUra< 
tW  of  tlie  same  iirinclple  to  the 
former.  There  is,  however,  e  con- 
stdcralile  difference  in  the  opinions 
of  the  witnesses,  whom  the  com- 
mittee have  hitherto  had  tlie  op-  ' 
portunity  of  examining.  While  those  Uiwn  which  Ihcy  Could  at 
;  in  tile  necessity  of  allow  present  rest  it. 
issue  of  paper  below  St 


!1  agree 


80*       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

Order  of  Council  permiliing  the  Imm>rtation  of  Grain. 


At  the  Court  at  Windsor^  the  1st 
of  September^  1826>  present  the 
King's  Most  Excellent  Majesty 
in  CounciL 

Whereas,  by  the  laws  now  in 
force  for  regiQating  the  importa* 
tion  of  com— oats  and  oatmeal 
may  be  imported  into  the  united 
kingdom^  and  into  the  Isle  of 
Man^  for  home  consumption^  under 
and  subject  to  the  regulations  of 
the  several  statutes  in  that  case 
made  and  provided^  whenever  the 
average  price  of  oats  (to  be  as- 
certained in  the  manner  therein 
prescribed)  shall  be  at  or  above 
the  price  of  twenty-seven  shillings 
per  quarter^  and  peas  may  in  like 
manner  be  imported^  whenever 
the  price  shall  be  at  or  above  fifty- 
three  shillings  per  quarter;  and 
whereas  by  a  certain  act  of  parlia- 
ment^ made  and  passed  m  the 
third  year  of  his  present  majesty's 
reign,  intituled,  '^  An  act  to  amend 
the  laws  relating  to  the  importa- 
tion of  com/*  it  is  enacted,  that 
whenever  foreign  com,  meal,  or 
flour,  shall  be  admissible  under 
the  provisions  of  an  act,  passed  in 
the  fifty-fifth  year  of  the  reign  of 
his  late  majesty  king  George  ^rd, 
intituled,  ^'  An  act  to  amend  the 
law  now  in  force  for  regulating 
the  importation  of  com,"  or  under 
the  provisions  of  the  said  act, 
passed  in  the  third  year  of  the 
rei^  of  his  present  majesty,  there 
shall  be  levied  and  paid  certain 
duties  therein  specified  upon  all 
such  foreign  com,  meal,  or  flour, 
when  admitted  for  home  consump- 
tion :  and  whereas  by  the  weekly 
returns  of  purchases  and  sales  of 
com,  made  by  the  several  in- 
spectors of  com  returns  in  the 
aties  and  towns  of  England  and 


Wales,   to  the  receiver  of  oom 
returns,  it  appears  that  the  a?enge 
price  of  oats>  and  also  the  average 
price  of  peas,  at  the  present  dme, 
exceed  the  before-mentioned  pnoes 
of  twenty-seven  shillings  and  fifty- 
three  shillings  per  quarter:  aad 
whereas,  from  information  which 
hath  this  day  been  laid  before  his 
majesty,  it  appears  that  the  prioe 
of  oats,  as  well  as  that  of  peas,  is 
still  ridng,  and  that  the  crop  of 
oats,  and  also  the  crops  of  peasand 
beans,  of  the  present  year,  have 
failed  to  a  considerable  extent,  and 
that  a  deficiency  of  the  crop  of 
potatoes  is  also  apprehended  m 
some  parts  of  the  United  Kingfjom : 
and  whereas,  if  the  imnortatioB, 
for  home  consumption,  oi  oats  and 
oatmeal,   and  oi   rye,    peas,  md 
beans,  be  not  immediately  permit- 
ted, there  is  great  cause  to  fear 
that  much  distress  may  ensue  to 
all  classes  of  his  majesty'a  subjects: 
And    whereas,    under     the    acts 
aforesaid,  no  foreign  grain  of  the 
above  description,  whatever   maj 
be  the  respective  average  prices  of 
the  same,  can  be  admitted  to  entiy 
for  home  consumption   till  after 
the  fifteenth  day  df  November  m 
the  present  year,  when  the  next 
quarterly  average  by  which  die 
admission  of  such  grain  is  reco- 
lated  will  be  made  up»  aoootdu^ 
to  the  provisions  of  the  said  acts : 
His  majesty,  with  the  advice  of 
his  privy  council*  doth  order,  and 
it  is  hereby  accordingly  ordered, 
that  foreign  oats  and  oatmeal*  ry^ 
peas,  and  beans,  whether  wan- 
housed   or  otherwise,    shall  aql 
may,   from   the   date  hereof,  he 
permitted   to  be  entered   in  At 
ports  of  the  Urif  ted  Kingdom,  anl 

pf  the  IsIq  of  MaD«  for  aooiq  < 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS. 


81* 


sumption,?  pcovided  tlie  parties 
mdong  entry  of  any  such  rareign 
ouXs,  oatmeal,  rye,  peas,  or  beans, 
do  ^ve  bond,  with  sufficient 
sureties,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
commissioners  of  his  majesty's 
Customs,  for  the  payment  of  any 
duties  not  exceeding  in  amount 
the  duties  hereinafter  .mentioned, 
in  case  parliament  shall  authorise 
the  levy  and  receipt  thereof,  that 
is  to  say  r  oats,  per  quarter,  2s.; 
oatmeal,  per  boll,  2s.  2d.;  rye, 
peas,  and  beans,  per  quarter, 
3s.  6eL  And  his  majesty,  by  and 
with  the  advice  a&re^dd,  doth 
hereby  further  order,   and  it  is 


accordingly  ordered,  that  such 
permission  to  enter  oats  and  oat* 
meal,  rye,  peas,  and  beans  for  home 
consumption,  on  the  conditions 
aforesaid,  shall  continue  in  force 
from  the  date  hereof,  until  the 
expiration  of  forty  days,  to  be 
redkOned  from  the  day  o£  the  next 
meeting  of  parliament,  unless  the 
parliament  uiall,  previously  to  the 
expiration  of  the  said  forty  days, 
make  provision  to  the  contrary : 

And  the  right  hon.  the  lords 
commissioners    of    his    majesty's ' 
Treasury  are  to  give  the  necessary 
directions  herein  accordingly. 


LsTTBB  of  iNSTRuonoKs  io  the  Pbotbotob  qf  Slaws  at 

Dbmxraba. 


"  Donming'^tred,  April  12. 

*'  Sir,  —  Previously  to  your 
taking  possession  of  the  very 
arduous  and  important  situation 
to  which  you  have  been  appointed 
as  protector  of  slaves,  it  is  neces^ 
sary  that  I  should  convey  to  you 
some  special  instructions  for  the 
regolation  of  your  conduct  in  the 
exercise  of  its  various  duties. 

''It  will  be  your  particular 
duty  as  protector  of  slaves,  to 
watch  over  the  faithful  execution 
of  all  such  provisions  or  regula- 
tions with  respect  to  the  treatment 
of  slaves  as  are  at  present  in  force 
in  Demerara,  or  as  may  at  any 
future  time  be  established  there 
by  any  lawful  authority. 

*'  You  will,  if  necessary,  apply 
to  the  local  government  for  any 
facilities  which  may  give  you  a 
more  complete  opportunity  of  re- 
ceiving and  considering  complaints 
which  may  be  preferred  by  the 
slaves  agamst  their  owners,  or  any 
ptber  persons   exercising  a  dde« 

VWhWVIII,   ^ 


gated  authority  over  them;  and 
you  will  not  fail  to  make  a  report 
to  the  lieutenant-ffovemor,  which 
will  be  transmittS  to  me,  on  the 
subject  of  any  practical  impedi- 
ments which  may  be  found  in  the 
execution  of  any  part  of  your  duty. 

"  You  will  not  deem  it  necessary 
in  all  cases  to  wait  to  receive  com- 
plaints from  the  slaves  themselves ; 
but  if  you  shall  hear  of  any  un« 
warrantable  treatment  to  which 
any  slave,  or  any  gang  of  slaves 
are  exposed,  you  wm  repair  to  the 
estate,  and  there  institute  a  dili- 
gent inquiry  into  the  conduct  a£ 
those  persons  who  may  be  re^n*-- 
sible  on  the  occasion. 

"  You  will  not,  however,  for- 
get, in  the  execution  of  your  office, 
that  it  is  also  your  duty  to  secure 
all  the  legal  rights  of  the  pro- 
prietor as  well  as  of  the  slave,  as' 
mr  as  they  are  involved  in  any 
transaction  with  you  as  protector.  • 

*'  You  must  exercise  a  constimt 
discretion  in  iinpressing  U|pon  tli^ 


8t»      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1626. 


Hands  of  the  ofaites  in  tlie  moil 
foroiUe  inmiaer^  that  the  measures 
whkh  h»ve  been  provided  for  their 
protection  are  in  no  degree  to  in* 
terfere  with  the  untemitting  prao* 
tice  of  industry  and  obediencoi  to 
idiieb^  under  prescribed  vegula* 
tions>  their  owners  are  by  hw  en« 
titled ;  but>  on  the  contrary^  that 
those  duties  are  the  more  strictly 
to  be  observed  by  them  in  propor^ 
tion  as  the  law  and  regulation  int 
terpose  to  prevent  any  in^^roper 
exercise  of  the  authority  of  the 
Blaster. 

''You  lilust  eiidfun  to  them, 
that  although  they  may  always 
expect  to  find  in  you  a  vigilant 
friend  and  protector  ia  all  oa^m^ 
where  such  protection  can  be  pro- 
perly re^uiredi  they  will  nl  thd 


satefi  time  find  fott  entirely 
mined  to  diseounienanee  aaj  fiiv»i 
lous  mid  unfounded  mmpl^iiiis 
which  maybe  preferred  by  fibem, 
ageinit  their  masters* 

''  You  win  not  fml  to  make  it 
your  early  and  peculiar  stwiy  to 
fix  on  the  minds  of  the  liave%  I9 
such  ergiunents  alid  explamttii— 
as  are  suited  to  their  elate  of  iftt 
fiirmatimi  and  oompiehcoeioot  dm 
principles  which  are  ooatainfld  in 
this  letter,  and  which  perradeiD 
that  course  ot  legislation  which  Us 
majesty's  flovemmeni  have  esta* 
blidied  and  recommended  in  wr> 
suance  of  the  teeolutinne  of  Mh 
Houses  of  parliament.  I  have, 
&0.  (^SigMd)  Bathusst." 
^'  Lieulenani^Cohud  Young, 


tl^F  O  R  B  I  G  N. 

CoNTSNYioN  ^  CcnmsttoB  beiweiH  kU  Mumn  iind  tk^  Umf 
CanisTiAN  KiKOy  togeihet  wUh  iffH>  AidUkmtd  Ariklei  tkerrmM 
annexifd,  i^Hid  ai  Lmdtm,  Jannarif  86,  1800. 


In  the  Name  of  the  Most  Holy 
Xrinityt 

His  MiQesty  iha  King  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  on  the  one  part,  and 
his  Majesty  the  Kii^  of  France  ai^ 
Navan^  on  the  other  part,  being 
equally  animaled  by  tl^  deare  en 
facilitating  the  commercial  inter** 
coturse  between  their  remeotive  sulvi 
jects;  and  being  persuaded  that  m>« 
thilis  can  more  contribute  to  the 
fulfilment  of  their  mutual  wishes 
in  this  respect,  than  to  simplify  and 
equalise  the  regulations  whidi  are 
new  in  force  raative  to  the  navi* 
gatiott  of  both  kingdoms,  by  the 
rec^voeail  abrogation  of  aU  dis* 
criminating  duties  levied  npan  the 
vessda  <tf  cftthsr  of  the  two  nations 


in  the  ports  of  the  other,  whether 
under  the  heads  of  duties  a£  Ibb* 
nage,  harbour,  li^Uihous^  pilot* 
age,  and  o^rs  of  thn  autte  de^ 
ecription^  or  in  the  shape  of  m* 
creased  duties  upon  gooda  osi  m> 
count  of  their  being  importod  or 
eiporlcd  in  other  utais  imliiwi 
vessels ;  *^  Imve  named  aa  Am 
ploiipoteatisries,  to  eandndb  s 
convention  fiir  this  pnrpoae^  tial 
is  to  say  :-»^ 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Bdtam 
and  Ireland,  the  ri^i  hmu  GeoBp 
Canning,  &d.  and  the  ri^it  haa 
William  Huskiason,  Ace.  ^^  Aid 
his  Majesty  the  King  of  Fsanei^ 
and  Navarre,  the  priafle  JUa^ 
eount  de  Pdignac^  &€^^ 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS. 


83* 


Who,  after  having  communicated 
to  each  other  their  ren)ective  full 
poweiSy  found  to  he  m  due  and 
proper  form,  Lave  agreed  upon 
ana  conchided  the  following  ar« 
ticlea:-*- 

Axt.  t<«-«-From  and  after  the 
5ih  of  April  of  the  present  year, 
French  Tesseli  coming  from,  or  de* 
parting  for,  the  ports  of  France^  or, 
if  in  ballast,  coming  from,  or  de- 
parting £oTf  any  pkoe,  shall  not  he 
suhject  in  the  ports  of  the  United 
Ki^dom,  either  on  entering  into 
or  departing  from  the  same,  to  any 
higher  duties  of  tonnage,  harhour, 
li^t-house,  pilotage,  quarantine, 
or  other  similar  or  corresponding 
duties  of  whatever  nature  or  under 
whatever  denomination,  than  those 
to  which  British  vessels,  in  re- 
spect of  the  same  voyages,  are  or 
^UT  be  subject  on  entermg  into  or 
4wting  from  such  ports;  and, 
reciprocally,  from  and  after  the 
same  period,  British  vessels  coming 
firom  or  departing  from  the  ports 
of  the  Umted  Kingdom,  or,  if  in 
ballast,  coming  from,  or  d^Murting 
for,  any  place,  shall  not  be  subject, 
in  the  ports  of  France,  either  on 
entering  into,  or  departing  from 
the  same,  to  any  higher  duties  of 
tonnage,  harbour,  light^house,  pi- 
lotage, quarantine,  or  other  similar 
or  corresponding  duties,  of  what- 
ever nature,  or  under  whatever 
denomitiation,  than  those  to  which 
French  vessels,  in  respect  of  the 
same  voyages,  are  or  may  be  sub- 
ject, on  entering  into  or  departing 
from  8U(i  ports;  whether  such 
duties  are  collected  separately, 
or  are  consolidated  in  one  and  the 
same  duty,  his  most  Christian  ma- 
jesty reserving  tohjmself  to  regulate 
the  mnount  of  such  duty  or  duties 
in  France,  according  to  the  rate  at 
which  they  are  or  may  be  estab-* 
liihed  in  the   United  Kingdom; 


s^t  the  same  time,  with  the  view 
of  diminishing  the  burthens  im- 
posed upon  the  navigation  vf  the 
two  countries,  his  most  Christian 
majesty  will  always  be  disposed  to 
reduce  the  amount  of  tne  said 
burthens  in  France,  in  proportion 
to  any  reduction  which  may 
hereafter  be  made  of  those  now 
levied  in  the  ports  of  the  United 
Kingdom* 

II. — Goods,  wares,  and  mer- 
chandize, which  can  or  may  be 
legallv  imported  into  the  ports  of 
the  United  Kingdom  from  the 
ports  of  France,  if  so  imported  in 
French  vessels,  shall  be  subject  to 
no  higher  duties  than  if  imported 
in  British  vessels,  and,  recinrocally, 
goods,  wares,  and  merchandize, 
which  can  or  may  be  lesally  in^ 
ported  into  the  ports  gl  France, 
from  the  ports  ^  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  if  so  imported  in  Bri- 
tish vessels,  shall  be  subject  to 
no  higher  duties  than  u  im- 
ported in  French  vessels.  The 
produce  of  Asia,  Africa,  and 
America,  not  being  allowed  to  be 
imported  from  the  sai4  countries, 
nor  from  any  other,  in  French 
vessels,  nor  from  France  in  French, 
British^  or  any  other  vessels,  into 
the  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
for  home  consumption,  but  only 
for  warehousing  and  re-exporta- 
tion. His  most  Christian  majesty 
reserves  to  himself  to  direct  that, 
in  like  manner,  the  produce  of 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  shall 
not  be  imported  from  the  said 
countries,  nor  from  anv  other, 
in  British  vessels,  nor  from  the 
United  Kingdom  in  British,  French, 
^  or  any  other  vessels,  into  the  ports 
of  France,  for  the  consumption  of 
that  kingdom,  but  only  for  ware- 
housing and  re-exportation. 

With  regard  to  the  productions 
of  the  countries  of  Europe^  it  U 


84*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    18^6. 


understood  between  the  high  con- 
tracting parties,  that  su<m  pro- 
ductions shall  not  be  imported  in 
British  ships,  into  France,  for  the 
consumption  of  that  kingdom,  un- 
less such  ships  shall  have  been 
laden  therewith  in  some  port  of 
the  United  Kingdom;  and  that 
his  Britannic  majesty  may  adopt, 
if  he  shall  think  fit,  corresponding 
restrictive  measures,  with  regard 
to  the  productions  of  the  countries 
of  Europe,  imported  into  the  ports 
of  the  United  Kingdom  in  French 
vessels :  the  hieh  contracting  par- 
ties reserving,  however,  to  them- 
selves the  power  of  making,  by 
mutual  consent,  such  relaxations 
in  the  strict  execution  of  the  pre- 
sent article,  as  they  may  think 
useful  to  the  respective  interests 
of  the  two  countries,  upon  the 
principle  of  mutual  concessions, 
affording  each  to  the  other  re- 
ciprocal or  equivalent  advantages. 

III. — All  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandize,  which  can  or  may 
be  legally  exported  from  the  ports 
of  either  of  the  two  countries, 
shaU,  on  their  export,  pay  the  same 
duties  of  exportation,  whether  the 
exportation  of  such  goods,  wares, 
and  merchandize,  be  made  in  Bri- 
tish or  in  French  vessels,  provided 
the  said  vessels  proceed,  respec- 
tively, direct  from  the  ports  of  the 
one  country  to  those  of  the  other. 
And  all  the  said  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandize,  so  exported  in  British 
or  French  vessels,  shall  be  reci- 
procally entitled  to  the  same  boun- 
ties, drawbacks,  and  other  allow- 
ances of  the  same  nature,  which 
are  granted  by  the  regulations  of 
each  country  respectively. 

IV. — It  is  mutually  agreed  be- 
tween the  hiffh  contracting  parties, 
that  in  the  intercourse  oi  naviga- 
tion between  their  two  countries, 

^e  vett^  of  any  third  power 


shall,  in  no  case,  obtain  more 
favourable  conditions  than  thote 
stipulated  in  the  present  conveD- 
tion,  in  favour  of  British  and 
French  vessels. 

V. — The  fishing-boats  of  oAta 
of  the  two  countries  which  vasf  be 
forced  by  stress  of  weather  to  le^ 
shelter  in  the  ports,  or  on  the  oout 
of  the  other  country,  shaU  not  be 
subject  to  any  duties,  or  port  dntks, 
of  any  description  whatsoever; 
provided  the  said  boats,  when  m 
driven  in  by  stress  of  weadier, 
shall  not  discharge  or  receive  oa 
board  any  cargo,  or  portkm  of 
cargo,  in  the  ports,  or  on  the  puts 
of  the  coast  where  they  shall  hart 
sought  shelter. 

VI.— It  is  agreed  that  ihe  pn>- 
visions  of  the  present  oonvention 
between  the  high  contracting  par- 
ties shall  be  reciprocally  extendo^ 
and  in  force,  in  all  the  possewms 
subject  to  their  respective  dnmhiion 
in  Europe. 

VII. — ^The  present  oonvendoD 
shall  be  in  force  for  the  term  of 
ten  years,  from  the  5th  of  April 
of  the  present  year  ;  and  fimber, 
until  the  end  of  twelve  mootb 
after  either  of  the  hi£^  oofntnctbg 
parties  shall  have  given  notice  to 
the  other  of  its  intention  to  ter- 
minate its  operation :  each  of  tke 
hi^h  contracting  parties  reaerriBC 
to  itself  the  right  of  giving  son 
notice  to  the  oUier,  at  the  end  of 
the  said  term  of  ten  years ;  ai^  it 
is  agreed  between  them,  that,  at 
the  end  of  the  twelve  numdis'  o- 
tension  agreed  to  on  both  ^^ 
this  convention,  and  all  the  stipu- 
lations thereof,  shall  altogedier 
cease  and  determine. 

VIII. — The  present  conventiaa 
shall  be  ratified,  and  the  nJdSor 
tions  shall  be  exdiangcd  in  Lot- 
don,  within  the  ^woe  of  am 
months  or  BooseTj  if  poesiUc, 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  86* 

• 

In  witness  whereof  tbe  respect-  ported  into  the  said  colonies^  or  are 

ive  plenipotentiaries  have  signed  permitted  to  be  imported  only  from 

the  same,  and  have  affixed  thereto  countries  under  the  dominion  of 

the  seals  of  their  arms.  France.     And  whereas  all  goods. 

Done  at  Liondon,  the  26th  day  the  produce  of  any  foreign  country, 

of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  may  now  be  imported   into  the 

Lord  1826.  colonies  of  the  United  Kingdom, 

(L.  S.)     Georob  Canning.  in  the  ships  of  that  country,  with 

(L.  S.)     William  Huskjsson.  the  exception  of  a  limited  list  of 

-jj...      ,   A  ,'  1  specified  articles,  which  can  only 

Addttumal  AritcUs.  ^  imported  into  the  said  colonies 

Art.  I. — From  and  after  the  in  British  ships,  his  majesty  the 

first  of  October  of   the  present  king  of  the  United  Kingdom  re« 

year,  French  vessels  shall  be  al-  serves  to  himself   the   power  of 

lowed  to  sail  from  any  port  what-  adding  to  the  said  list  of  excepted 

ever  of  the  countries  under  the  articles  any  other,  the  produce  of 

dominion  of  his    most   Christian  the  French  dominions,  the  addition 

majesty,  to  all  the  colonies  of  the  whereof  may  appear  to  his  majesty 

United  Kingdom  (except  those  pos-  to  be  necessary  for  placing  the 

sessed  by  the  East  India  Company),  commerce  and    navigation  to  be 

and  to  import  into  the  said  colonies  permitted  to  the  subjects  of  each 

all  kinds  of  merchandize  (being  of  the  high  contracting  parties  with 

productions  the  growth  or  manu-  the  colonies  of  the  other,  upon  a 

facture  of  France,  or  of  any  coun-  footing  of  high  reciprocity, 

try  under  the  dominion  of  France),  II. — From  and  after  the  same 

with  the  exception  of  such  as  are  period,    French  vessels    shall   be 

prohibited  to  be  imported  into  the  allowed   to  export,  from  all  the 

said  colonies,  or  are  permitted  to  colonies  of  the  United  Kingdom 

be  imported  only  from  countries  (except  those  possessed  by  the  East 

under  the  British  dominion ;  and  India  Company),  all  kinds  of  mer- 

the  said  French  vessels,  as  well  as  chandize  which  are  not  prohibited 

the  merchandize  imported  in  the  to  be  exported  irom  such  colonies 

same,  shall  not  be  subject,  in  the  in  vessels  other  than  those  of  Great 

colonies  of  the  United  Kingdom,  Britain;  and  the  said  vessels,  as 

to  other  or    higher  duties  than  well  as  the  merchandize  exported 

those  to  which  British  vessels  may  in  the  same,  shall  not  be  subject  to 

be  subject,  on  importing  the  same  other  or  higher  duties  than  those 

merchandize    from    any    foreign  to  which  British  vessels  may  be 

country,    or  which   are    imposed  subject  on  exporting  the  said  mer- 

upon  the  merchandize  itself.  chandize,   or  which  are  imposed 

The    same    facilities    shall    be  upon  the  merchandize  itself;  and 

granted,  reciprocally,  in  the  colonies  they  shall  be  entitled  to  the  same 

of  France,  with  regard  to  the  im-  bounties,    drawbacks,    and    other 

portation,  in  British  vessels,  of  all  allowances  of  the  same  nature,  to 

kinds  of  merchandize  (being  pro-  which   British  vessels  would    be 

ductions  the  growth  and  manufac-  entitled  on  such  exportation, 

ture  of  the  thiited  Kingdom,  or  of  The  same  facilities  and  privileges 

any  country  under  the  British  do-  shall  be  granted,  reciprocally,  in 

minion),    with    the  exception   of  all  the  colonies  of  France,  for  the 

sudi  as  are  prohibited  to  be  im-  exportaticm,  in  Britbb  vessels,  of 


86«      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


all  kinds  of  merchandize,  wbicli 
are  not  prohibited  to  be  exported 
ftom  such  colonies  in  vessels  other 
than  those  of  France. 

These  two  additional  Articles 
shall  have  the  same  force  and 
validity  as  if  they  were  inserted, 
word  for  word,  in  the  convention 
signed  this  day.  They  shall  be 
ratified,  and  the  ratifloaition  diaU 
be  exchanged  at  the  same  time* 


In  witness  whereof  the  remecU 
ive  plenipotentiaries  have  signed 
the  same,  r^nd  have  affixed  thaeto 
the  seals  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  London,  the  26th  day 
of  January,  in  the  year  <^  our 
Lord  1826, 

IL,  S.)    Geobob  Canning. 

(L.  S.)   William  Hdskissoii. 

(L.  S.)   Ia  Priod^  de  PbuoNic. 


■>  in 


iW"*" 


CoNVBNTiON  of  CoMMEBCE  and  NAVIGATION  hdivecn  his  Majsstt 
and  the  King  of  Swedbn  and  Norway,  together  mlh  an  Ai- 
ditional  Article  tluereunto  annexed* 


Hh  Majesty  the  King  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  and  his  Majesty  the 
King  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  hav- 
ing* hy  declarations  exchanged  on 
the  24th  day  of  April,  and  l6th 
day  of  July,  1824,  entered  into 
stipulations  for  removing  impedi- 
ments affecting  the  navigation  and 
trade  of  their  respective  states; 
and  their  said  majesties  being  mu- 
tually desirous  of  still  further  ex- 
tending andimproving  the  relations 
of  fiiendship  and  commerce  now 
happily  subsisting  between  them 
and  their  respective  subjects,  and 
of  placing  the  arrangements  already 
^reed  upon  by  the  declarations 
aforesaid,  upon  a  more  sure  and 
aatisftictory  footing,  have  appointed 
their  plenipotent&ries  to  conclude 
a  convention  for  these  purposes, 
that  is  to  say :— . 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  the  right  hon.  George 
Canning  a  member  of  his  said 
majesty  s  most  honourable  Privy 
Council,  a  member  of  Parliament, 
and  his  said  majesty's  Principal 
S^tary  of  Sute  foy  Foreign 
Affairs ;  and  tho  right  hop,  Wy- 


liam  Huskisson,  a  member  of  his 
said  majesty's  most  honooiaUe 
Privy  Council,  a  member  of  Par- 
liament, President  of  the  Commit- 
tee of  Privy  Coundl  for  Affiiirs  of 
Trade  and  Foreign  Plantatiaos, 
and  Treasurer  of  mis  said  majesty't 
Navy  :— 

And  his  M^esty  the  King  of 
Sweden  and  Norway,  the  Sieor 
Gustavus  Algernon,  biuron  de  Stkr- 
neld,  his  first  gentleman  of  the 
Chamber,  Under  Chancellor  <^  his 
Orders,  Commander  of  the  Order 
of  the  Polar  Star,  Knight  of  the 
Older  of  St  Anne  of  Russia  of  die 
Second  Class,  and  of  the  Order  of 
the  Red  Eagle  of  Prussia  of  the 
Third  Gass;  and  his  said  majes- 
ty's Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Mi- 
nister Plenipotentiary  at  the  court 
of  his  Britannic  majesty  :— 

Who,  after  having  ooamaaDi* 
cated  to  each  other  their 


full  powers,  found  to  he  in  £ae  and 
proper  form,  have  agreed  iqioB 
and  concluded  the  folbwing  arti- 
cles:— 

{.-—The  several  stipulations  con- 
tained in  the  declarations  exiduuged 
1)etween  the  plenipotentiniea  of 
bis  majesty  the  King  of  the  Umtcl 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.         «♦ 

Enriom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire-  Norw»y,  w  tbal  all  goa*>  twrw, 
Ian?  and  Us  mnesty  the  King  of  and  merchandiae,  wlietW^  pro- 
Sweden  and  Norway,  on  the  24th  duction  of  the  United  Kuu^,  or 
day  of  April  and  l6th  day  of  July,  of  any  other  coantry,  whi^  may 
1824,  slmn  conrinne  in  force  be-  be  fefsaOy  imported  from  tte  porta 
tween  the  high  contracting  partiea,  rf  the  United  Khigd«a  mto  the 
respectively,  for  Ae  term  of  the  ports  rf  Swedm  md  WOrtray, 
piorat  cooventioD,  and  d»B  he  ht  Swedish  ear  Norwe^  remda^ 
MoaDy  Wnding  npon  the  srid  par-  AaH,  in  Itte  mamiCT,  he  jwnmtted 
ties,  their  oflfcer%  and  sobjeets,  ««  be  so  imported  from  the  porta 
except  a»  far  as  the  same  may  be  of  the  Umted  Kmgfiom  in  mum^ 
heieWler  varied,  as  if  the  same  vesseb;  and  aH  gwsd^  wases.  and! 
had  been  inserted,  woid  for  word,  men*an«ae,  whether  tt»  P^^^T 

m  this  convendon.  *«"  if  *"'■  ?^  **  °TST!  !!^ 

11— British  vessels,  entering  or  Swedish  majesty,  mtg  my  Mhef 

aepartinff  from  the  ports  of  the  country,  which  may  be  tegaUff  eai- 

Kirionrof  Sweden  and  Norway,  ported  from  the  ports  <>f|wed«D  or 

aaf  Swedish  and  Norwegian  ves-  Norway  in  SwediA  or  N"]*;^ 

Kb  entering  or  departing  flrom  the  vesseb,  shall,  m  "*»?•*»«[»  " 

potts  of  IS  United  Kuigdom  of  permitted  to  ^,«p»*ed  from  tfc« 

Great  Britain  and  Irdand,  diaH  said  porta  m  BntiA  'W"**    ^^ 

not  he   subject  to  any  other  or  ^rsU-^^'T^jJJ^^ 

hiAer    ship    duties    or    charges  <*an*^' '''^^  ""ifS""?  *1?^ 

t^  are.  «  shall  be,  levied  on  V^  "^  "^  ^^^  ,t  ^ 

national  vessels  entering  or   de-  country  directly  fT^T^^^ 

partiBK  Ijom  such  ports,  lespec  Aall,  upon  sneh  "nP««**»»°!^,,  "* 

S**                     *^  admitted  at  the  same  rate  of  du^ 

III'— AH  goods,  wares,and  mer-  whether  imported  in  ^<^^  «5 

cbandi«.  whWthe  productions  "»%«^ »»«  °*»^' "^^^vj^^ 

of  thekingdom  of  Sweden  and  g«ds,    ''^l'    ^^  "^fr^ 

Norway ;  «  of  any  other  country,  which  '^^^'^^^^^^^ 

wM^  iay  be  legally  imported  the  ports  of  either  country,  dm^ 

ft^anr^tTepofJsofthVsaid  T*  ~'^*/?«^7L^Sffi  S 

Idngdom  into  theWted  Kingdom  the  same  *"»•  «»jjf  JitSTaiS 

of  fereat  Britain  and  Ireland  in  the  same  ^»«^^J, fT'^^^ 

British  vessels,  shall,  in  like  man;  «U°7°«ff J*f ''^  of SJtbS 

ner,  be  permitted  to  be  so  imported  vesseb  of  the  one  or  of  the  otaer 

directly  in  Swedish  or  Norwe^n  country.          ,               ««&,«»«* 

VMsds  •  and  all  goods,  wares,  and  V.-No  pnonty  or  pwf««^ 

Sa^C  w&  the  p^duc  '*»tt)«P'«''^5^"r5Si^ 

eZ  of  any  of  the  dominio.^  of  his  by  the  gp«"«»«»*  1^*!^!^ 

BritanrLjeaty,  or  of  any  other  try,  or%y  ""y^^^'j^ffi 

country,  which  may  be  legally  ex-  tion»  or  agent.  ?^«  "'JH  J^ 

portedW  the  ports  of  the  l/nited  ^  "''««  ^*«  ""^r?/ 1^  «.S£ 

fcngdom  in  BriSsh  vesseb,  sh^l,  chase  of  »5  «^^  "*r'<KSa 

in  laTmanner.  be  permitted  to  be  produce,  or  »«««»^™*£  ^ 

exported  from  the%aid  ports    n  country,  f>lf^."^^rS 

S^h    or    Norwegian    vesseb.  °P ^^^^^f'/? J^SuTwhS 

An  exact  reciprocity  shall  be  ob-  .«:\*"ffr^toBS.U5 

»,rYed  In  the  uorts  of  B^eflen  wd  wch  drtlcte  wwlmporteo ;  w  bw^j 


88*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


the  true  intent  and  mea^g  of  the 
high  oontxactinff  pgrties,  that  no 
distinction  or  difference  whatever 
shall  be  made  in  this  respect. 

VI. — From  and  after  the  date  of 
the  preseat  convention^  British 
ships  shall  be  allowed  to  proceed 
direct  from  anj  port  of  his  Britan- 
nic majesty's  dominions  to  any 
colony  <^  lus  majesty  the  lon^  of 
Sweden  and  Norway  not  in  £u- 
rope^  and  to  import  into  such  colony 
any  goods  the  orowth,  produce,  or 
manufacture  of  the  Umted  King- 
dom, or  of  any  of  the  British  do- 
minions not  beinff  such  goods  as 
are  prohibited  to  be  imported  into 
such  colony,  or  as  are  admitted  only 
froiQ  the  dominions  of  his  majesty 
the  king  of  Sweden  and  Norway ; 
and  such  British  ships,  and  such 
ffpods  so  imported  in  them,  shall  be 
Bable,  in  such  colony  of  his  majesty 
the  Idne.of  Sweden  and  Norway, 
to  no  higher  or  other  charges  than 
would  be  there  payable  on  Swedish 
or  Norwegian  ships  importing  the 
like  sort  of  goods,  the  growth,  pro- 
duce, Qr .  manufacture,  of  any  fo- 
reign country,  allowed  to  be  im- 
ported into  the  said  colony  in 
Swedish  or  Norwegian  ^ps. 
And  from  and  after  the  same  date, 
Swedish  and  Norwegian  vessels 
shall  be  allowed  to  proceed  direct 
from  any  ports  of  the  dominions  of 
his  majesty  the  king  of  Sweden 
and  Norway,  to  any  colony  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  (other  than  those  in 
•the  possession  of  the  East  India 
Company ),  and  to  import  into  such 
colony  any  goods,  the  growth,  pro- 
duce, or  manufactures  of  the 
kingdoms  of  Sweden  and  Norway, 
or  of  any  of  their  dominions,  not 
being  such  goods  as  are  prohibited 
to  be  imported  into  such  colony,  or 
as  are  admitted  only  from  the  do- 
mioiona  of  his  Bri^nnic  majesty ; 


and  such  Swedish  or  Narwegi«i 
vessels;,  and  such  goods  so  impocted 
in  them,  shall  be  liable,  in  soch 
colony  of  the  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  (oihor 
than  those  in  the  possesBum  of  die 
East  India  Company),  to  no  other 
or  higher  charges  than  would  he 
there  payable  on  British  venels 
importing  the  like  sorts  of  goods, 
or  pa3rabk  on  the  like  goods,  the 
growth,  produce  or  manufiMrtuie 
of  any  foreign  country,  allowed  to 
be  imported  into  the  said  oolo&y 
in  British  ships. 

VII. — From  and  after  the  dale 
of  the  present  convention,  &itish 
ships  shall  be  allowed  to  export 
from  any  colony  of  his  majeitj  the 
king  of  Sweden  and  Norway  not 
in  Europe,  any  goods  not  prohibit- 
ed to  be  exported  from  such  cohmy ; 
and  such  British  ships,  and  such 

goods  so  exported  ia^ihem,  shall  be 
able,  in  such  colony^  to  no  other 
or  higher  charges  than  would  be 
payame  by,  and  shall  be  entitled  to, 
the  same  drawbacks  as  would  be 
there  allowable  on  Swedish  or 
Norwegian  ships  exporting  audi 
goods.  And  the  Hke  liberty  and 
privileges  of  exportation  shall  be 
reciprocally  granted  in  the  Bridd 
colonies  (other  than  those  in  tke 
possession  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany), to  Swedish  and  NorwegiaB 
ships,  and  to  goods  exported  in 
them. 

VIII. — In  respect  to  the  con- 
merce  to  be  carried  on  in  vessels  of 
Sweden  or  Norway  with  the  Britidi 
dominions  in  the  East  Indies,  or 
now  held  by  the  East  India  Ccmt' 
pany  in  virtue  of  their  charter,  ha 
Britannic  majesty  consents  to 
grant  the  same  facilities  and  pdvi- 
le^es,  in  all  respects;,  to  the  subject 
ofhis  Swedish  miyesty,  as  are  or 
may  be  enjoyed  under  any  tresly 
or  acts  of  parliament,  by  the  sub- 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  89* 

jects  or  citizens  of  the  most  favour-  des :-— Salt>  hemp^  flax^  oil  of  all 

ed  nation  ;  subject  to  the  laws,  kinds,  grain  of  all  kinds,  wine,  to- 

rules,  regulations  and  restrictions,  bacco,  salt  or  dried  fish,  wool,  and 

which  are  or  may  be  applicable  to  stufis  of  all  kinds ;  which,  as  be- 

the  ships  and  subjects  of  any  other  fore,  shall  be  imported  into  Sweden 

foreign  country  enjoying  the  like  only  in  vessels  of  Sweden  and  Nor- 

facilities  and  urivileges  of  trading  way,  or  in  vessels  of  the  countries 

with  the  said  dominions.  of  which  such  articles  are  the  pro- 

IX.— -The  high  contracting  parties  duce. 
engage  that  all  articles  the  growth.  The  said  excepted  articles  shall, 
produce,  or  manufacture  of  their  however,  be  allowed  to  be  Imported 
respective  dominions,  shall  be  sub-  into  Sweden  in  vessels  cf  tho 
ject  to  no  higher  duties,  upon  their  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
admission  irom  the  one  country  and  Ireland,  proceeding  direct  from 
into  the  other,  than  are  paid  by  the  some  port  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
like  articles,  the  jzrowth,  produce,  provided  such  articles  shall  have 
ormanufacture,  of  any  other  foreign  been  previously  landed  and  ware- 
country;  and  that  no  prohibition  housed  in  a  port  of  the  United 
or  restraint  shall  be  imposed  upon  Kingdom,  after  having  been  im- 
the  importation  into  the  one  coun-  ported  thither  from  the  country  of 
try  from  the  other,  or  upon  the  their  origin, 
exportation  from  the  one  country  These  stipulations  in  favour  of 
to  the  other,  of  any  such  articles,  British  commerce  shall  remain  in 
the  growth,  produce,  or  manufac-  force  during  the  continuance  of 
tares  of  either  of  the  said  states,  the  present  convofition,  and  as  far 
which  shall  not  equally  extend  to  as  the  act  of  parliament  of  the  5th 
all  other  nations;  and,  generally,  of  July,  1825,  shall  continue  to 
that  in  all  matters  and  regulations  grant  to  the  navigation  and  com- 
of  trade  and  navigation,  each  of  the  merce  of  Sweden  equivalent  facili- 
high  contracting  parties  wiU  treat  ties  of  the  same  nature, 
the  other  upon  the  footing  of  the  XI. — His  majesty  the  King  of 
most  favoured  nation.  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Bri- 
X. — In  consideration  of  the  ad-  tain  and  Ireland,  and  his  majesty 
vantages  and  facilities  which  the  the  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway, 
navigation  and  commerce  of  the  mutually  agree,  that  no  higher  or 
United  Kingdoms  of  Sweden  and  other  duties  shall  be  levied,  in  any 
Norway  will  enjoy,  under  the  pre-  of  their  dominions,  upon  any  per- 
sent  convention,  and  the  act  of  sonal  property  of  theur  respective 
parliament  of  the  5th  of  July,  subjects,on  the  removal  of  the  same 
18S5,  his  majesty  the  King  of  from  the  dominions  of  their  said 
Sweden  and  Norway  consents  that,  majesties,  reciprocally,  either  upon 
from  and  after  this  date,  vessels  of  the  inheritance  of  such  property,  or 
the  United  Kin^om  of  Great  Bri-  othe];wise,  than  are  or  shall  be  pay- 
tain  and  Ireland  shall  be  allowed  able  in  each  state  upon  the  like 
to  import  into  Sweden  any  raer-  property,  when  removed  by  a 
chandise  or  goods  of  European  subject  of  such  state  respectively, 
origin,  which  are  likewise  per-  .  XII. — The  present  convention 
mitted  to  be  imported  into  Sweden  shall  be  in  force  for  the  term  of  ten 
irom  any  port  whatever,  with  the  years  from  the  date  hereof;  and 
exception  of  the  following  arti-  further  until   the  end  of  twdYe 


do*      ANKUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


ittonihsy  after  either  of  the  hi^ 
contracting  parties  shall  hare  given 
notice  to  &e  other  of  its  intention 
to  terminate  the  same;  each  of 
the  high  contracting  parties  resenr^ 
ing  to  itsdf  the  right  of  giving 
mxh.  notice  to  the  omer  at  the  end 
of  the  said  terra  ci  ten  years  ;  and 
it  is  therehy  agreed  between  them^ 
^lat,  at  the  expiratioii  of  twelve 
nmiths  after  sooh  nolioe  shall  have 
been  received  hy  either  partj  from 
^le  other,  ^is  oonventionA  and  ail 
the  provifflons  thereof,  shall  alto^ 
gether  cease  and  determine. 

XIII.^— The  present  convention 
shall  be  ratified,  and  the  ratifica- 
tions shall  be  exdianged  at  Londm, 
within  nx  weeks  from  the  date 
hereof,  or  sooner  if  possible. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  respec- 
tive plenipotentiaries  have  signed 
the  same,  and  have -affixed  thereto 
the  seals  of  their  armk. 

Done  at  London,  the  18th  day 
of  March,  in  the  jrear  of  our  Lord 
1826. 

(L.  S.)    Gborgb  Canning. 

(L.  S.)    William  Huskisson* 

> 

Additumal  Artick* 

As  it  may  sometimes  happen 
that  a  Swedi^  or  Norwegian  ves- 


sd  trading  to  the  possesnons  bdd 
by  the  BritsBh  East  India  Com- 
pany in  the  East  Indies,  mider  die 
8th  article  of  the  conventifm  of 
this  date,  may  find  it  expedient 
to  dispose  of  the  whole  or  part  of 
her  cargo,  on  her  homewaid^xmiMi 
voyase,  in  other  ports  than  iSbatt 
or^^den  uid^onmr,  it  u 
hereby  agreed,  that  any  wactk  vcj- 
ael  may  proceed  with  sudi  carga 
to  any  foreign  place  or  pofit  what- 
soever, not  being  within  the  Bmhs 
of  the  East  India  Company's  cltaz%- 
ter,  and  excrating  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  and  its  dependencies. 

The  present  a^Uitional  artide 
shall  have  the  same  force  and  va- 
lidity as  if  it  were  inserted  word 
fbr  word  in  the  conventioii  sgned 
this  day.  It  shall  be  ratified,  and 
the  ratifications  riiall  be  exchanged 
at  the  same  time. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  re^ieo- 
tive  plenipotentiaries  have  siloed 
the  same,  and  have  affixed  tliescto 
the  seals  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  London,  the  ISih  day 
of  March,  in  the  year  of  our  Lora 
1826. 

(L.  S.^    Gborgb  CAKNnra. 

(L.  S.)      WlLLIAX  HUSKISSON. 


The  Act  of  AbdicatioM  of  the  Trronb  of  Portugal  ig  ike 
Emperor  of  Brazil  in  Favour  of  nis  Daughter. 


Don  Pedro,  by  the  grace  of  God, 
king  of  Portueal  and  the  Algarves 
beyond  sea  m  Africa,  lord  of 
Guinea,  c^  the  Conquest,  Naviga- 
tion, and  Commerce  of  Ethiopia, 
Arabia,  Persia,  and  India,  &c.  &c., 
do  make  known  to  all  my  Portu- 
guese subjects  that  it  being  incom- 
patible with  the  interests  of  the 
empire  of  Braail,  and  with  those  of 
tbt  kingdom  of  Portugal,  that  I 


should  continue  to  be  king  of  Pdr- 
tugal  and  the  Algarves,  and  their 
dominions,  and  desiring,  by  all  the 
means  in  my  power,  to  render  those 
states  happy,  I  think  fit,  of  my  own 
accord,  and  by  my  own  wiH,  to 
abdicate  and  cede  all  the  iisdis- 
putable  and  incontestable  r^ts 
which  I  have  to  the  crown  of  the 
Portuguese  monarchy,  and  to  the 
iovermgnty  of  those  kbgdoBi«»  ti 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS. 


91» 


my  bdored,  esteemed,  and  dear 
daughter^  the  princess  of  Grand 
Para^  Donna  Maria  da  Gloriai  in 
order  that  a^  reigning  queen  she 
may  govern  them  independently 
of  this  empire,  and  by  the  consti- 
tution which  I  thought  fit  to  de- 
creet gtant,  and  cause  to  be  sworn 
to,  by  tay  Carta  de  Lei,  of  the 
SSrd  April,  of  this  year ;  and  I  am 
farther  pleased  to  declare,  that  my 
said  daughter,  the  reigning  queen 
of  Portugal,  shall  not  leave  the 
empire  of  Brazil,  till  I  am  officially 
Informed  that  the  oath  shall  have 
been  taken  to  the  constitution,  con- 
formably to  what  I  have  ordered, 
and  before  the  ceremony  of  be- 
trothing, preparatory  to  the  union 
which  1  intend  she  shall  contract 
with  my  most  bebved  and  esteem- 
ed brother,  the  Infant  Don  Miguel, 
shall  have  taken  place,  and  till  the 
marriatfe  has  been  concluded.  And 
my  abdication  and  cession  shall  not 
be  carried  into  effect  if  either  of 
these  two  conditions  is  not  per- 
formed.  For  these  reasons,  I  order 


all  the  authorities  who  have  a  right 
to  be  made  acquainted  with  my 
present  Carta  de  Lei  to  cause  i|; 
to  be  published,  in  order  that  my 
present  determination  may  be 
known  to  my  Portuguese  subjects. 
I  order  the  regency  of  my  said 
kinffdom  to  have  it  printed  and 
pumished  in  the  most  authentic 
manner,  that  its  contents  may  b6 
actively  executed;  and  it  shall 
have  the  same  force  as  an  ordinance 
passed  in  chancery,  though  it  be 
not  so,  on  account  of  a  contrary 
ordinance  that  it  shall  not  be  pass- 
ed therei  from  which  I  have  thought 
fit,  for  this  purpose,  to  deviate, 
though  it  remains  in  vigour,  not- 
withstanding the  want  of  the 
countersign,  and  other  usual  form- 
alities, with  which  I  am  also 
pleased  to  dispense. 

Given  at  the  palace  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  the  2nd  of  May,  the  year 
of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  twenty-six. 

(Signed)  The  Kino, 


BnsBCH  of  the  Infanta  Regent, 

cf  the  PORTUOUBSK 

The  Session  of  the  Cortes  was 
opened  on  the  30th  of  October,  at 
the  palace  of  Ajuda. 

A  deputation  of  twelve  peers, 
and  twelve  deputies,  having  been 
nominated  bv  the  president  to  re- 
ceive the  Infanta  Regent,  her 
royal  highness  took  her  seat  on  a 
chair  wmch  had  been  prepared  for 
the  purpose,  before  the  throne, 
when  she  pronounced  the  following 
discourse  :-— 

*'  Worthy  Peers  of  the  King- 
dom, and  Gentlemen  Depu- 
ties of  the  Portuguese  na- 
tion: 
"  In  beholding  you  assembled  on 
tUs  memorable  day  around  the 


ai  the  Opening  of  ike  Sessions 
Cortes,  Oct.  30. 

throne  of  my  august  brother  and 
king,  Senor  Don  Pedro  the  Fourth, 
I  rejoice  with  you  and  with  the 
whole  nation,  that  it  hath  pleased 
Divine  Providence,  in  a  manner  so 
authentic  and  so  solemn,  to  con- 
solidate these  wise  institutions, 
which,  at  different  periods,  have 
constituted  the  happiness  of  many 
nations,  and  which  wiU  speedily 
lead  to  the  prosperity  of  our  dear 
country.  You  are  well  aware, 
that  the  country  which  is  now  de- 
nominated Portugal  has  never  re^ 
cognized,  even  in  the  most  remote 
ages,  any  other  government  than 
that  of  a  representative  monarchy ; 
but  the  prelfites  and  tbe  gn^ndeei 


92*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

of  the  kingdom  formed  the  repre-  moderate  disposition^  and  from  the 
sentative  body ;  the  people  had  no  strong  affection  which  they  bear  to 
voice  and  no  share  in  its  institu-  their  lawful  kings,  can  nerer 
tionSj  which  were  almost  feudaL  cherish  long  such  difierences  of 
It  was  the  kings  of  Portugal,  that,  opinion,  much  less  push  them  to 
some  time  after  the  origin  of  the  fatal  results.  There  have  arisoi 
monarchy,  conceded  to  the  third  amongst  us,  it  is  true,  some  per- 
estate,  those  rights  and  that  dig-  verse  and  traitorous  individuals, 
nity  which  barbarous  ages  had  de-  who  are  neither  true  to  dieb 
nid  them.  Portugal  then  flourish-  ancient  valour  and  loyalty,  nor  to 
ed,  for  the  first  time,  under  the  themselves;  yet  with  difficukj 
protection  of  a  purely  representa-  have  they  succeeded  in  drawiiv 
tive  government.  Tliere  existed,  away  from  the  path  of  honour  and 
however,  no  laws  to  give  stability  duty,  a  few  of  their  weak  and  hn- 
to  institutions  adopted  by  usage,  prudent  countrymen,  by  the  diffb- 
and  handed  down  by  tradition ;  sion  of  misrepresentations  the  most 
they  fell,  in  consequence,  into  des-  gross,  and  the  practice  of  imposi- 
uetude,  and  the  Cortes  were  for-  tions  the  most  criminal.  Haj^y, 
gotten  by  the  nation  which  they  the  number,  whether  of  the  sc- 
once represented.  It  has  been  re-  duced  or  of  the  seducers  receives 
served  for  our  days  to  revive  them  no  increase ;  the  great  majority  of 
by  wise  and  stable  rules.  Such  the  Portuguese  nation  remain  fiim 
was  the  design  contemplated  by  in  their  fidelity  to  their  country 
the  royal  mind  of  my  august  and  their  king.  I  can  augur  no- 
father,  whose  memory  will  be  ever  thing  but  what  is  favourabk,  firom 
dear  to  Portugal — such  is  the  de-  the  dispositions  shewn  by  foreign 
sign  which,  to  his  immortal  honour,  nations  towards  us,  and  time,  I  am 
myaugust brother hasconsummated,  assured^  will  confirm  this  auguiy. 
by  conferring  upon  this  nation  the  United  by  the  faith  of  treaties,  a^ 
boon  of  the  constitutional  charter,  by  the  most  undoubted  proofs  of 
We  are  called  to  the  highest  des-  ^iendship  to  one  of  the  great 
tinies,  to  work  out  the  happiness  £i!lropean  powers,  and  at  peace 
of  our  country.  Such  a  prospect  with  all  the  rest,  I  calculate  upon 
should  conduct  us  on  our  way  with  the  decided  support  of  the  fint, 
hope,  and  smooth  the  ruggedness  and  upon  the  kindness  and  frater- 
of  a  journey,  of  which  honour  and  nal  reciprocity  of  the  others.  All 
^ory  are  the  noUe  termination,  of  them  will  speedily  learn  frai 
The  opinion  of  the  vast  number  of  experience,  that  the  representative 
individuals  who  compose  a  nation,  government  of  Portugal  is  tnilj 
can  never  be  expected  to  be  uniform  just  and  moderate,  and  that  it  seeks 
respecting  the  principles  upon  not  to  carry  disquiet  into  any  otto 
which  the  art  of  governing  states  state  on  account  of  diversity  of  in- 
is  founded,  nor  upon  the  choice  stitutions,  but  limits  its  intentions 
of  the  means  for  securing  their  to  the  energetic  and  steady  defence 
happiness.  This  presses  most  of  its  own.  Already  have  facts 
strongly  upon  our  observation  at  a  more  forcibly  than  words,  shewn 
time  when  successive  political  re-  the  prudence  and  good  faith  of 
volutions  are  taking  place  in  the  this  government.  These  have,ia 
nation ;  yet  the  Portuguese  people,  a  great  measure,  diminidied  Ae 
from    their   naturally  quiet    and  apprehensionsofaneighbouringna* 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS. 


93* 


tkm.  The  government  of  that  nation 
are  now  convinced,  that  difference 
of  political  institutions  ought  not 
to    diminish  that  friendship   and 
mutual  confidence  which  the  so- 
l^nnity  of  treaties,    the   ties   of 
blood,    and  vicinity   of  territory, 
have   80  long  consolidated.     But 
one  circumstance  was  wanting  to 
confirm  our  hopes  of  future  felicity, 
it  is  wanting  no  longer.    A  very 
few  hours  ago,   I  received  from 
Vienna,     intelligence,     that     my 
dearly  beloved  and  much  esteemed 
brother  had  taken  the  oath  to  the 
constitutional  charter,  without  con- 
dition orqualification,'on  the  fourth 
of  this  present  month;  and  that, 
immediately  after  that  act,  he  had 
addressed  lus  holiness  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  the  necessary  dis- 
pensation for  sokmnizing  his  mar- 
riage with  my  august  niece  and 
sovereign  Queen  Donna  Maria  the 
Second.  Our  legislative  enactments 
will  eminently  concur  to  the  main- 
tenance of  public  tranquillity,  and 
in  giving  stability  to  the  political 
system  established  by  the  Charter. 
They  will  establish,  on  the  solid 
basis  of  justice,  the  civil  and  cri- 
minal codes  of  the  empire ;  they 
will  give  regularity  to  our  muni- 
cipal bodies,  and  to  our  provincial 
tribunals ;   and  add,  at  the  same 
time,  a  new  impvdse  to  commerce 
and  agriculture,  the  sources  of  our 
national  prosperity.     In  mention- 
ing commerce,  I  cannot  refrain  from 
communicating   to  you   the  very 
flattering  hopes  I  entertain  of  see- 
ing its  activity  doubled,  both  in 
Portugal  and  Brazil.     The  treaties 
concluded  between  that  empire  and 
some  of  the  powers  of  Europe, 
give  additional  strength   to    this 
hope,  and  we  have  a  still  more 
assured  pledge  of  it  in  the  well 
known  sAection  of  the  emperor  of 
3i^Jii  towards  the  countrjr  which 


gave  him  birth,  and  where  his 
august  ancestors  reigned.  Your 
attention  will  doubtless  be  directed 
with  very  particular  care,  to  edu- 
cation and  the  public  instruction 
of  the  community,  which  contribute 
so  efficaciously  in  purifying  the 
morals  of  the  people,  which  times 
of  trouble  have  corrupted.  Nor 
will  the  re-establishment  of  educa- 
tion bottomed  upon  the  principles 
of  the  holy  religion  which  we  pro- 
fess, and  which  we  shall  ever  de«* 
fend,  less  contribute  to  the  stability 
of  the  monarchy,  and  to  the  pro- 
duction of  that  perf(^ct  harmony  in 
which  all  the  members  of  this 
great  family  ought  to  dweU. 

"  Worthy  Peers  of  the  realm  ! 
in  your  capacity  of  legislators,  you 
are  called  upon  to  take  part  in 
those  important  labours ;  but  you 
are  also  called  to  exercise  the  high 
functions  of  the  magistracy.  By 
the  wisdom,  firmness,  and  patriot- 
ism, which  shall  J  distinguish  your 
efforts,  you  will  serve  as  an  ex- 
ample to  those  who  may  succeed  to 
your  hereditary  dignities.  It  is 
with  you,  gentlemen,  deputies  of 
the  Portuguese  nation,  that  all  mea- 
sures with  respect  to  the  recmiting 
the  army,  and  the  taxes  (two  sub- 
jects which  may  most  efficaciously 
concur  in  consolidating  our  public 
happiness,  as  well  as  our  inde- 
pendence and  safety,  upon  which 
that  happiness  absolutely  depends) 
will  of  right  originate.  The  es- 
tablishment of  our  public  credit, 
also  demands  your  most  serious 
attention.  The  ministers  of  State 
will  furnish  you  with  all  the  ex- 
planations which  the  charter  re- 
quires from  them.  Finally,  from 
all  of  you  conjoined,  worthy  peers 
of  the  realm,  and  gentlemen  de- 
puties of  the  Portuguese  nation,  I 
expect,  and  the  whole  nation 
hopes^  the  accomplishment  of  oui; 


9A*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


brilliant  destinies.  To  jou  the 
ilirone  looli:s  for  its  firmest  support ; 
and  you  have  jdaced  before  you* 
as  the  great  recompense  of  the  in- 
teresting labours  which  you  are 
about  to  enter  upon>  the  delightful 
satisfaction  of  being  able^  one  day, 
to  say  to  jout  countrymen  — '  We 
found  Portugal  weak  and  languish- 
ing; we  leave  her  vi|;orous  and 
flourishing/  ** 

The  Princess  ftegent,  in  terms 
of  the  107  th  article  of  the  charter^ 


then  nominated  the  coundDort  of 
state  for  life  in  the  following 
order:  —  The  Cardinal  PatnarcA 
of  Lisbon,  vice-president  of  tho 
Chamber  of  Peers ;  the  duke  de 
Cadaval,  president  of  the  Chamber; 
Pedro  de  MeUo  Breyner,  minister 
of  Justice;  Ignatius  I>a  Cofta 
Quintdla,  minister  of  Marine;  and 
m^or-general  Frederic  de  Cauhu 

The  members  of  tlio  AncienI 
Council  of  State  are  to  retain  their 
honorary  title." 


■a^^iM**^ 


Ncn-fe  presetUed  hjf  Ike  MAttQuis  im  VAtM^hhk  ia  Mft.  CAHmM* 


The  undersigned  Ambassador 
Extrac^dinary  and  Plenipotentiary 
fixHU  his  Most  Faithful  Majesty, 
cannot,  afler  the  news  which  has 
just  arrived,  of  the  invasion  of  the 
Portuguese  territojy,  with  foroe 
of  arms,  by  a  corps  of  troojos  as- 
jsembled  and  organized  in  jSpain> 
delay  a  moitient  in  addressing  to 
his  excellency  Mr.  Canning,  his 
Britannic  majesty's  principal  se- 
cretary of  state  for  the  Department 
of  Foreign  Affairs,  a  formal  de. 
mand,  in  the  name  of  her  highness 
the  Infanta  Ilegent  of  Portugal, 
for  the  support  and  sdd  of  British 
troops,  in  vutue  of  the  treaties  of 
alliance  and  guarantee  which  have 
existed  in  fiul  force  between  the 
two  crowns,  without  interruption, 
for  more  than  a  centunr  and  a  half. 

It  is  in  pursuance  of  the  express 
orders  of  ms  government,  that  tiie 
undersigned  claims  the  fulfilment 
of  the  stipulations  of  the  said 
treaties ;  and  that  he  has  now  the 
honour  to  repeat  in  writing,  the 
representations  he  has  a&eady 
officially  made  in  several  confer- 
ences with  Mr.  Canning. 

The  defensive  allittnce  between 
Portu^  and  Great  Britain  is  so 
directly  founded  on  the  permanent 
interests^  political  m  wdl  as  com* 


mercial,  of  both  countries,  and  on 
iheb  seographical  posit£Dn«  that 
it  might  be  regarded  as  virtually 
existing,  thou^  it  had  not  bem 
consecrated,  as  it  in  fact  if,  b^ 
diplomatic  acts,  and  become,  as  it 
were,  habitual  to  both  natioQL 
This  alliance  is  coeval  (to  say  no- 
thing of  more  ancient  relations) 
with  the  establishment  of  the  myil 
tiouse  of  Braganza  On  the  throne 
of  Portugal,  and  afteitvards  with 
that  of  the  House  of  Bourhon  on 
the  throne  of  Spain ;— those  twv 
ereat  events  having  concurred  to 
induce  the  Portuguese,  on  the  one 
hand,  to  regard  England  as  their 
natural  ally,  and  the  £nglkh  on 
the  other,  to  connder  the  inde* 
pendence  of  Portugal  one  of  the 
essential  conditions  of  the  poHtial 
balance  of  Europe.  In  fine,  those 
ties,  formed  by  mutual  relations  of 
compatibility,  have  too  ottai  been 
cemented  on  the  field  of  battle  Id 
render  it  necessary  to  refer  t» 
facts,  of  which  some  are  not  onlf 
recent  but  gloriously  memoraUe. 

The  undersigned,  however,  does 
not  confine  himself  to  a  mere  » 
peal  to  the  general  spirit  of  the 
numerous  treaties  existing  between 
the  two  crowns.  He  annexes  t» 
this  note  textual  copies  of  ooMe  if 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  95* 

die  artadeft  cf  the  toeaties  of  l66l»  mtatfened forticlefl^  in  conaidenition 

170S,  1810,  and  1815*^articlef  of  im|)ortant  oesaons  of  ierntorj 

vrhkh  leave  no  kind  of  doubi  as  to  niade  by  PcMriutfal  to  England-— 

the  positiTe  obligations  which  hare  that  is  to  say^  tat  value  teceived, 

been  cdatiatted>  The  undersigned^  which  En^andj  m  a  gieat  degree, 

in  the  mean  tinae,  begs  tlutt  Mr.  still  possesses. 

Canning  will  be  pleased  to  allow  Articles  2ndanddrd  of  die  txea^ 

him  to  make  a  n^iid  analysis  of  ^  alliance  concluded   in    1708, 

those  article^  in  doing  whidi  he  is  between  the  king  of  Portugal  on 

persuaded  it  will  be  easy  for  hint  the  one  part>  and  England  and 

to  demonstrate  to  his  csccdlenc^  the  States-General  of  uie  United 

thaty  acDording  to  the  spirit  uid  Provinces  on  the  other«  i^ecify  in 

the  letlfer  of  the  said  treaties^  the  a  very  precise  manner  the  suqcouis 

ttanufotderu  has  actually  ocetinred.  which  A&ll  be  afibrded^  if  it  should 

Articles  15«  16,  and  17>  and  the  ever   happofi    that   th^  king   of 

secret  artude  of  the  treaty  of  I66I,  France,  or  the  king  of  Spaiuj  ^re- 

Expressly  st^ulate  that  his  &i«  sent  ox  IfutUre,  toother  or  smr- 

tannie  nuyesty  will  always  place  ately,  diould  make  war  on  ^or- 

the  interests  of  Portugal  near  his  tugaL     Tins  treaty  is.  peipetual, 

heart,  and  will  defend  that  kingh  and  any  objection  which  might  be 

dom  and  the  possessions  theitMif^  advanced  on  the  ground  of  its  ciom^ 

with  an  Ins  pdWer  by  se^  and  land,  ptehending    the    States  -  ipneral 

in  the  sain<i  mannfir  .as  he  would  isoiyointly  with  his  Britanmc  ma- 

Bngboid.    Tnat,  Whenever   P(»u  je^  would  not  be  valid— 

tufpu  should  be  invaded^  and  the  1«  BeoaUsej    iKuiording   to   the 

ki^  <tf  Portugal  diould  demand  doctrines  of  the  law  of  nations^  the 

aid  fiotn  his  ally,  his  Britannic  defection  of  one  of  two  associated 

miyes^  would  send,  free  of  ex-  parties  does  not  annul  the  obliga* 

penae,  forces  for  the  defence  of  tions  contracted  by  the  otber. 

Portugal  j  and  finallyi   that  his  2.  Because  the  relations  between 

Britannia  m^esty  would  defend  the  United  Prdvmces  and  Por« 

the  fxmqliests  and  the  colonies  of  ^ugal  have  ceased  in  consequence 

the  crown  of  Pbrtugal  against  all  of  posterior  wars»  andj  in  particu- 

enetaues  present  and  future*  lar>  on  account  of  their  not  being 

In  vain  Would  it  be  alleged  that  renewed  6ince  the  latter  state  has 

this   treaty   had   only   a  i^)ecial  undergone  a  diange  of  form ;  but 

ot^lect,  and  that  it  ceased  to  be  in  it  is  not  the  same  with  regard  to 

force  of^  the  peace  eonduded  by  the    relations  c^   Portugal  with 

Portugal  with  Spain  in  1668;  for,  England,  which  have  not  for  a 

lst|  it  does  not  st^>ulate  fbr  a  single    moment   experienced  any 

iixed  period^  but  in  perpetuity;  interruption* 

^ndly,  by  the  first  article  of  1703  3.  Above  all,  because  the  said 

between  Portugal  and  Great  Bri*  treaty,  like  every  other  between 

tain,  all  the  preceding  treaties  are  the  crowns  of  Portugal  and  (jreat 

Expressly  apinroved,  confirmed,  and  Britain,    has    been    revived    and 

ratifiedi    which,    without   doubt,  confirmed  by  subsequent  treaties ; 

Comprehend  tiie  treaty  of  I66I ;  and  it  will  be  sufficient  to  add, 

3rdfy|  the  guarantee  and  promise  that  in  the  treaty  of  alliance  of 

<^  ftssisttiinee  to  Portugal  is  givrat,  1810,  one  of  the  stipulatimis  of 

Mi^  distinctly  stat^  ut  the  aliOYe  the  treaty  of  1703  is  referred  lO 

sus  existing.    [[See  article  8*3 


96*      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

The  act  of  gaarantee  of  tlie  tlie  desire  of  peace,  and  fimn  re- 
treaty  of  Utrecht^  between  Portu-  spect  to  the  wishes  of  all  the  other 
gal  and  Spain^  formally  declares  powers)  forbearance  as  far  as  it 
Siat  his  Britannic  majesty  engages,  can  be  carried,  there  would  still  be 
on  his  royal  word,  to  take  care  no  reasonable  ground  why  his 
that  the  said  treaty  shall  be  in-  Britannic  majesty  should  not  send, 
violably  observed.  by  way  of  precaution,  and  for  the 

Finally,  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  of  sake  of  preventiDg  war,  a  body  of 

1815,  between  his  most  faitliiiil  auxiliary  troops  to  Portugal;  for, 

majesty  and  his  Britannic  majesty,  in  fact,  if  war  does  not  now  exi^ 

declares  (article  3)  that  all  the  it  cannot  be  dissembled  that  the 

treaties  of  alliance,  friendship,  and  chances  of  its  breaking  out  are  at 

guarantee,'anterior  to  that  of  1 810,  least  but  too  probable.     But  his 

are  renewed  by  the  two  high  con-  Britannic  majesty  will    doubtless 

tracting  parties,  and  that  they  re-  recognise  that  there  are  just  bounds 

cognise    the    existence    of    those  to  the  tolerance  of  aggressions  and 

treaties  in  full  force  and  vigour.  insults,  and  that  the  existence  of 

It  seems  useless  to  add  other  the  state  and  national  honour  le- 
sdpulations  and  other  arguments  quire  that  those  limits  should  not 
to  prove  the  existence  of  the  ob-  be  overstepped.  Now^  by  what 
ligations  of  defensive  alliance  and  right  could  any  other  power  of 
guarantee  contracted  between  the  Europe  blame,  stiU  less  of^poBe,  the 
two  crowns.  The  undersigned,  temporary  stationing  of  a  corps  d 
therefore,  proceeds  to  fulfil  the  British  troops  in  Portugal,  for  the 
second  task  which  he  has  imposed  avowed  purpose  of  maintaining 
on  himself — ^namely,  to  submit  to  peace  ?  Moreover,  it  is  evident 
the  consideration  of  the  cabinet  of  that  such  aid,  being  stipulated  faj 
his  Britannic  majesty  the  present  anterior  treaties,  does  not  (accord- 
state  of  things  in  PortugaL  ing  to  the  principles  cf  intema- 

The    British    government    has  tional  law)  place  Englaind   in  a 

adopted    the    principle   (and   his  state  of  war  with  the  enemies  of 

excellency  Mr.  Canning  publicly  Portugal,  even  though  her  troofs 

announced  it  on  a  recent  occasion)  should  be  compelled  to  co-operate 

never  to  interfere  in  the  civil  dis-  in  defence  of  the  latter  kingdom. 

cords   of   other    countries.     This  More  than  one  proof  of  this  asser- 

principle  might  be  found  to  be  in  tion  will  be  found  in  the  modem 

contradiction  with  some  stipula-  history  of  Europe,  and  more  par- 

tions  of  the  ancient  treaties  cited  ticularly    in    what    respects    the 

above ;  but,  avoiding  for  the'  pre-  states  which  formerly  constituted 

sent  any  discussion  of  this  ques-  the  Germanic  empire,  which  were 

tion,  the  undersigned  is  confident  regarded  as  indi^ually  at  peace, 

he  can  clearly  demonstrate  that  notwithstanding    that   they    fior- 

Spain  is  now  committing  hostile  nished   their   contingents   to   the 

acts  against    Portugal,    and  that  army  of  the  empire, 

those  acts  are  sufficiently  flagrant  There  are  innumerable   pioo& 

to  constitute  a  real  a^^ression.    He  of  the  animosity  entertained  faj 

will  besides  assert,  that  even  if  it  the  Spanish  government  towaids 

should  be  wished  to  overlook  those  that  of  Portugal,  and  of  hoetik 

provocations,  and  to  carry,  as  the  acts  committed  by  SponisL  anthof- 

f  ortvgueiie  govenu^eQt  does  (from  tiesi  either  m%h  the  smctioa  q( 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  97* 

tlieir  soyemment^  or  of  tbeir  own  ful  majesty,  wliicli,  in  a  few  words, 

accorC       The    undersigned    will  give  an  idea  of  the  present  state 

confine  himself  to  the  recapitnla^  of  our  relations  with  Spain, 

tion  of  the  following : —  Such  are  the  provocations  which 

1.  The  court  of  Spain  at  this  Portugal  has  received  from  the 
moment  still  refuses  to  recognize  Spanim  government :  and  what 
explicitly  his  majesty  the  king  of  are  the  reproaches  which  that  go- 
Portugal  as  the  successor  of  his  vemment  can,  on  its  part,  make 
august  father,  and  her  royal  high«  against  the  Portuguese  nation  ? 
ness  the  Infemta  Donna  Isabella  Can  it  be  the  havmg  recognized 
Maria,  as  Regent  of  the  kingdom,  as  its  legitimate  sovereign,   in  ac- 

2.  The  Portuguese  refugees  and  cordance  with  the  wishes  of  all 
deserters  are  cordially  received  in  Europe,  the  eldest  son  of  its  late 
Spain,  where  they  have  been  per-  king  ?  Can  it  be  the  having  re- 
mitted to  remain  embodied,  to  re-  ceived  with  gratitude  the  clmrter 
tain  their  arms,  and  publicly  to  freely  grant^  by  that  sovereign, 
swear  fidelity  to  another  prince ;  and  which,  in  fact,  only  contains 
and,  at  last,  consent  has  been  eiven  the  restoration  of  the  ancient  rights 
to  tiieir  returning  sword  in  hand  and  privileges  of  the  nation  ?  Is 
into  Portugal.  it,  in  fine,   the  peacefully  endea- 

3.  None  of  the  promises  made  vouring  to  reform  its  internal  ad- 
by  the  cabinet  of  Madrid  to  re-  ministration,  and  observing  with 
dress  the  above  erievances  have  scrupulous  cood  faith  all  the  at- 
yet  been  performed.  tentions  which  are  due  to  the  go> 

4^  The  governor  and  the  other  vemment  of  a  neighhouring  state, 

authorities  of  the  town  of  Aya-  abstaining  from  employing  aeainst 

monte  have  maintained  an  official  it  arms  similar  to  those  which  it 

correspondence   with    the   Portu-  einploys? 

guese  rebels  of  Algarve.  The  reality  of  this  contrast  is 

5.  Spanish  soldiers  have  entered  unquestionable,  and  the  facts  speak 

the  Portuguese  territory,  and  have  for  themselves.    All  Europe  can- 

committedacts  of  aggression  within  not  fail  to  recognize  its  truth,  and 

it ;  and  among  others,  the  spolia-  the  British  eover^unent  owes  it  to 

tion  of  the  property  of  an  English  the  good  faith  of  treaties,  to  the 

subject.  love  of  peace,  to  its  own  honour, 

0.  Portuguese  vessels  peaceably  and  to  the  intevests  which  the  fate 
navigating  the  river  Minho,  which  of  Portugal  cannot  fail  to  excite  in 
divi£s  the  two  countries,  have  England,  to  take  prompt  and  de- 
been  fired  on  from  the  Spanish  cisive  measures  for  placing  her  aUy 
side.  beyond  the  danger  of  external  at- 

An  these  facts  are  proved  by  tacks,  and  for  terminating  a  state 

authentic  documents,  which  have  of  thinss  which  would,  if  not  pre- 

been    communicated  to  the    am-  vented  by  interposition,  necessarily 

bassador  of  hi^  Britannic  majesty  lead  to  a  violent  crisis, 

at  Lisbon ;  and  the  undersigned  The  undersigned  will  now  only 

confines  himself  to  annexing  to  the  add  a  few  reflections  on  the  prin- 

present  note,  extracts  of  two  de-  ciple  adopted  by  England  of  non- 

spatches  which   he    has  received  interference  in  the  domestic  dis- 

irom  his  excellency  the  minister  sensions   of   other    states.      This 

forForeimiAfiairstohismostfaith^  principle  (if  it  if  to  ba  observec^ 

Vol*  moaWii*  w 


dS-     ANNUAL   REGISTER,   me. 


literallr^  fttid  war  is  nofc  to  be  con* 
sldered  as  existing  with  Spain  until 
a  Spani^  army  £all  have  actually 
entered  the  Portuguese  territory), 
would  guide  the  enemies  of  Por<> 
tugal  in  the  course  which  they 
would  desire  to  follow ;  lor,  from 
it  they  would  learn  that  they 
might  with  impunity  invite  our 
Boldieis  to  desert,  sow  corruption 
amouffst  them,  maintain  them  em-* 
bodied  in  military  corps  on  the 
irontiers,  and,  in  fine,  commit  all 
kinds  of  hostilities,  provided  such 
hostilities  were  not  avowed ;  and 
^gal  would  thus  be  placed  be- 
tween  an  enemy  wno  permits  unn- 
self  to  resort  to  the  most  perfidious 
means  to  injure  her,  and  an  ally 
who  interdicts  himself  from  assist- 
ine  her. 

^esidesy  in  the  case  in  question, 
it  cannot  even  be  admitted  that 
thm  eusts  in  Portugal  a  real 
cBvinon  of  inteicsts  ana  opinions. 

Hie  Portuguese  nation,  repre- 
sented by  the  two  Chambers,  in 
which  are  assembled  the  clergy  and 
nobifity,  acts  in  accordance  with 
tiie  sovereign,  and  pursues  witii 
moderation  the  path  traced  out  for 
It  by  the  free  and  spontaneous  will 
of  ihe  Idng.  The  parties  which 
agitate  Ihe  country,  directed  by 
certain  men  who  may  be  i^egarded 
as  l^e  disgrace  of  the  nation,  have 
dared  to  prodaim  the  name  of  a 


young  prince,  who,  being  himidf 
called  one  day  to  the  legitinuite 
participation  of  the  throne,  has, 
in  the  mean  while,  by  oaths  and 
solemn  acts,  given  the  most  aatis- 
fhctory  guarantee  of  his  fiddity 
and  devoted  obedience  to  the  orden 
of  his  august  brotfaar,  and  thus 
contradicts  the  unworthy  abase 
which  is  made  of  his  name. 

Still,  whatever  may  be  the 
opinion  and  wish  manifested  bj 
the  majority  of  the  Portosnese 
nation,  it  is  not  impossiUe  to 
ima^ne  a  case  in  which  fbrdjm 
intr^e,  by  employing  the  tenilne 
means  of  seduction,  might  succeed, 
through  the  defection  of  €bs  anny, 
in  bringing  about  a  total  revcdutioQ 
in  Portugal. 

The  underagned  will  condnde 
this  note  as  he  commenced  H,  by 
claiming,  in  the  name  of  her  toyil 
highness  the  Infanta  Regent,  the 
support  and  aid  of  his  Biitannk 
msjesty,  conformably  to  the 
ing  tr^ties. 

He  avails  himsdf  of  this 
sion  to  repeat  to  his  excellency, 
Mr.  Canning,  the  assurance  of  his 
highest  consideration. 
(Signed) 
The  Marquis  De  Pai^mslla. 

London,  Dec.  % 
To  his  Excellency  Mr.  Canning, 
&C.  &c. 


Rbpobt  miuU  6^  ihe  Portvouksk  Mini6T«b^  Foreign  Affam^ 
to  Hie  dHAMBE^  gf  Deputies^  on  the  Hh  ^  Dec. 


Senhores  and  Deputies  of  the 
Nation ; — I  have  already  twice  had 
the  honour  df  submitting  to  this 
CJhamber,  in  secret  committees, 
some  brief  information  respecting 
Ifce  state  of  our  existing  relations 
With    the    principal    poweis   of 


Europe.  I  diall  now,  in  tiie  pit- 
sent  public  sitting,  not  only  repett 
what  1  stated  on  the  two  former 
occasions,  but  shall  give  to  thb 
equally  inroortant  and  delicate  sub- 
ject slU  me  devdojpiment  in  ay 
power. 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  &9* 

SunkoMs  J-^If  the  basiness  in-  greatest  interest  in  tke  prosperity 

trusted  to  my  care  required,  for  of   PortugaL      The    instructions 

the  public  wdfare,  to  be  kept  for  which    the    Russian   covemment 

some  time  a  profound  secret,  a  gave  to  its  charg6  d'aflSires  at  this 

time  has,  howerer,  come  in  wMch  Court,  and  whidi  have  been  most 

mystery  is  not  only  unnecessary,  faithfully  observed,  leave  nothing 

but  would  be  criminal  t   accord-  to  be  desired, 

ingly,  I  exerted  every  efibrt  to  From  Austria  what  more  could 

1:^  l^e  secret  as  long  as  secrecy  be  wished  for,  after  the  counsels 

^peared  to  me  necessary,  but  not  which  his  majesty  the  emperor  has 

a  moment  beyond  that  period  to  given  to  that  prince  for  whom  the 

the  limit  of  which  I  sincerely  be-  august  founder  of  our  charter  has 

lieve  we  are  now  arrived.  destined  the  hand  of  his  daughter. 

On  the  Srd  of  August,  when  our  august  queen  ? 

the  Infanta  Regent  was  pleased  to  Prussia    follows    precisely    the 

call  me  to  her  councils,  and  to  in-  same  course  as  her  alues. 

trust  the  Foreign  department  to  Before  explaining  the  state  of 

ray  direction,  Portugal  was  placed  our  relations  with  Spain,  I  thought 

in  extremely  difficult  circumstances,  it  necessary  to  give  this  sHght  sketch 

The  oaths  had  just  been  taken  to  of  our  situation  with  respect  to  the 

the  constitutional  diarter ;  but  that  great  powers  of  Europe.    If  I  have 

monument  of  wisdom  and  source  not  spoken  more  particularly  of 

of  ftlicity  which  we  had  recently  Great  Britain,  it  is  because  that 

reeeived  from  our  immortal  sove-  great  and  generous  power  is  so 

rogn  don  Pedro  IV„  was  hated  united  with  us,  that  at  every  step 

by  a  neighbouring  nation,  ill  un-  I  shall  be  under  the  necessity  cu 

deratood  by  neany  all  the  'rest,  refening  to  what  she  has  done, 

except  by  Great  Britain,  which  and  what  she  proposes  to  do,  in  our 

has  for  ases  rejoiced  at  our  pros-  favour.     Haa  we  even  no  othei* 

perity,  and  which  has  always  been  ally,  we  should  have  nothing  to 

our  firmest  support  in  misfortune,  fear. 

If,  however,  tbe  ^eat  powers  In  the  month  of  July,  as  soon 
were,  for  a  time,  uimecidcd  with  as  preparations  were  made  for 
respect  to  us,  their  indecision  was  taking  the  oaths  to  the  constitu- 
not  of  long  duration.  The  French  tionaf  charter,  the  intrigues  on 
government  soon  acknowledged  the  the  part  of  SpEiin  increased,  and 
legitimacy  and  wise  policy  of  our  the  desertions  from  Portugal  corn- 
institutions,  and  we  nave  received  menced.  The  Portuguese  aeserters 
through  the  worthy  representative  .having  been  not  only  received,  but 
of  his  most  Christian  majesty  in  highly  entertained,  m  Spain,  chal- 
this  Court,  repeated  assurances  of  lenged  their  comrades  to  commit 
the  friendly  disposition  of  that  go-  the  same  crime.  Some  Portuguese, 
vemment.  The  emperor  of  Russia,  who  had  been  elevated  to  honours 
whose  virtues  and  wisdom  are  well  and  eminent  posts,  served  as  emis« 
known  throughout  all  Europe,  was  saries  to  Spain,  by  inviting  the 
pleased,  in  an  audience  which  he  soldiers  to  desert,  attacking  the 
granted  to  the  Portuguese  minister,  legitimacy  of  don  Pedro  IV.,  and 
to  state  to  him,  that  ne  had  always  eimeavouring  to  persuade  the 
recognised  the  legitimacy  of  our  ignorant  population  that  the  con- 
insntutions,  and  that  he  felt  the  stitution  was  hostile  to  the  throne 

G»2 


100*     ANNUAL    REGISTER,.  1826. 


and  the  altar.     How  d^enerate 
are  sucli  malignant  Portuguese ! 

It  became^  then^  my  first  duty, 
on  entering  into  office,   to   give 
positive  orders  (as  will  be  seen  by 
the  annexed  despatch)  to  our  charge 
d'affaires  at  the  Court  of  Madrm, 
to  require  from  his  Catholic  ma- 
jesty the  fulfilment  of  the  treaties 
existing    between    Portugal    and 
Spain.  However,  when  the  orders 
which   I  had    forwarded   in   the 
nameof  the  Infanta  Recent  arrived 
at  Madrid,  the  charge  d'  affaires 
had    already   declared    that     he 
would  not  swear  to  the  constitu- 
tional charter.  Consequently,  those 
orders     remained    without     that 
prompt    execution    which     they 
ought  to  have  obtained.    I  cannot 
refrain  from    observing,  that  the 
criminal  conduct  of  this  charg^ 
d'affidres  has  had  much  influence 
in    producing     the     unfortunate 
course  which  our  relations  with 
Spain  have  taken.     Under  those 
circumstances,  the  Infanta  Regent 
resolved  that  the  coimt  de  Villa 
Real  should  go  to  Madrid  in  the 
character  of  envoy  extraordinary 
and  minister   plenipotentiary,   to 
carry  into  effect  the  orders  which 
the  late  charg6  d'aflTaires  had  left 
unexecuted. 

But  what  was  the  astonishment 
of  the  government,  when  it  was 
learned  that  the  count  de  Villa 
Real  was  not  received  by  the 
Court  of  Madrid  ?  This  fact  alone 
would  be  sufficient  to  justify  a 
rupture  with  that  Court.  The 
government,  however,  being  aware 

that  the  cabinet  of  Madrid  was 

fovemed  by  a  faction,  and  wishing, 
esides,  to  give  a  proof  of  the 
moderation  of  its  principles  and  of 
its  earnest  desire  to  proceed  in 
harmony  with  its  allies,  by  follow- 
ing their  advice  to  act  with  the 
greatest  jprud^nce,   c>rders   were 


given  to  the  ifdnister   who  had 
been  nominated,   that  he  ahoold 
merely  direct  his  attention  to  the 
fulfilment  of  the  treaties,  or  at 
least    to    the  delivery    of  efi*ecta 
plundered  and  carried  into  Spain 
by  the  Portuguese  deserters,  and 
to  the  removalof  the  said  deserters 
from  the  frontier,  and  their  dis- 
persion.   These  things  we  were, 
by  the  treaties;,  not  only  entitled 
to  require,  but  we  might  also  have 
inmsted  on  the  men  bein^  deHveied 
up  as  deserters,  and  guilty  of  hi^ 
treason. 

It  would  seem  that  the  Spaniaii 
government  could  not  have  been 
expected  to  hesitate  a  moment  in 
domg  justice  to  our  reclamations ; 
but  such  was  not  the  case,  not- 
withstanding the  zealous  oo-open- 
tion  which  we  received  from,  the 
English  government,  which  4iok 
part  in  our  interests  as  if  they  bad 
been  its  own.  Here  I  may  as  a 
Portuguese,  be  permitted  to  ex- 
press, my  gratitude  to  the  augost 
monarch  who  presides  over  the 
destinies  of  Great  Britain,  to  his 
enlightened  ministers,  to  Uie  Bri- 
tish minister  at  the  Court  of 
Madrid,  and  more  particularly  to 
my  right  hon.  and  most  respectable 
friend,  sir  William  A*Coint,  to 
whom  the  interests  of  Portugal 
are  as  dear  as  if  it  were  his  native 
land. 

A  considerable  time  elapsed 
without  any  concession  being  ob- 
tained from  the  Spanish  govern- 
ment, notwithstanding  repeated 
promises  made  to  the  count  de 
Villa  Real,  who  continued  to 
ride  in  Madrid  without  any 
cognized  character — to  the  £n£ 
nunister,  and  to  the  other  repi»* 
sentatives  of  the  great  powu^  who 
constantly  recommended  cautioii  to 
the  Portuguese  government— a 
counsel  which,  from  a  convicticm 


.    PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.       lOl* 

of  its  ptmiriety  has  Mtherto  been  cannot  describe  so  boniUe  a  trans-* 

ngidly  followed.  action  without    being    oppressed 

At  length,  in    consequence  of   with  grief  and  filled  with  indig- 

urgent  persuasions,   his   Catholic  nation;      May  this  be  the  only 

nw^ty's    minister    for    Foreign  example  of  Portuguese  disloyalty. 

Amirs  declared  that  the  necessary  and  would  that  history  could  con- 

oorders  were  de(m«tched  fot  the  de-  ceal  &om  our  posterity  so  disgrace* 

livery  of  the  effects  carried  off  by  ful  a  deed  I 

the  deserters,  that  those  deserters  As  soon  as  her  royal  highness 

would  soon  be  dispersed,  that  the  the  Infanta  Resent  was  informed  of 

infamous    viscount    de    Canellas  the  inroad  of  the  Portuguese  rebels 

would  be  ordered  to  leave  Spain,  «he  immediately  gave  me  orders  to 

&c.   But  were  those  orders  issued?  transmit  a    note  to  the  Spanish 

I  know  not?     Were  they  exe-  ambassador,  intimating    that   his 

cuted  ?     Certainly  not.    The  cap-  functions    were    suspended   until 

tains-general  who  were  to  execute  the  Cabinet  of  Madrid  should  give 

the  orders  never  received  them,  a  clear  and  satisfactory  explanation 

Would    it   be    believed    possible  respecting  the    agression   which 

for  the  perfidy   and    immorality  had  been  committ^.  Two  couriers 

of  a   government   to   reach   this  were  immediately  despatched   to 

height  ?  Madrid,  with  orders  to  our  charge 

Let  us  now  see  what  the  Portu-  d*afiaires  at  that  Court  to  demand 
ffuese  rebels  were  in  the  mean  time  not  only  instant  satisfaction,  but 
aoihg  with  the  consent  of  the  Spa-  the  recognition  of  the  present  go- 
idsh  authorities*  Part  of  them  vemment  of  Portugal  within  forty- 
endeavoured,  by  all  the  means  in  eight  hours, 
their  power,  to  harass  and  seduce  If  the  Spanish  government  does 
the  population  on  our  frontiers ;  not  satisfy  us,  not  with  words  but 
others  concerted  plans  for  attacking  with  acts,  it  will  not  be  doubted 
Portugal ;  others  assembling  in  that  its  intention  is  to  continue  to 
^eat  numbers  took  oaths  against  make  war  upon  us.  I  say  to  con- 
their  legitimate  sovereign,  and  tinue,  because  what  has  already 
against  the  fundamental  laws  of  been  done  is  a  real  commencement 
the  Portuguese  monarchy ;  going  of  war ;  but  if  it  should  happen 
even  so  far  as  to  proclaim  forei^  that  the  war  is  continued,  and  we 
princes  as  having  right  to  the  should  require  aid,  we  have  a 
Crown  of  Portugal.  So  degene-  faithful  and  powerful  ally,  who 
rate  were  these  monsters]  Yet  willcome  with  the  greatest  promp- 
all  this  was  countenanced  by  the  titude  to  our  succour — £ngland 
Spanish  authorities !  all  counselled  will  not  delay  a  moment  in  sup- 
by  the  Spanish  government !  porting    us.       The    govemm^it. 

The   moment    for   lifting    the  which  is  already  authorized  by  the 

mask  at  last  arrived.     While  the  two  Chambers  to  admit  foreign 

Spanish    government     was     still  troops  into  the  Portuguese  terri- 

making  promises  that  the  arms  of  tory,  will  avail  itself  of  that  per- 

the  deserters  should  be  delivered  miskLon  with  circumspection,  but 

up,  those  very  arms,  and  others  will  not  hesitate  a  moment  when 

besides,  were  put  into  the  hands  of  that  measure  appears  necessary  for 

Portuguese  rebels,   who  attacked  the  salvation  of  the  State.     I  have 

Portu^   on  dififer^nt  points.    I  now  to  a^nou^ce  to  the  Chamber| 


102I>    A9NVAL  aSGISTEE,   1826. 


tliat  Fbrtogftl  t«itic  itudced  nd 
exposed  to  itill  ftir&er  attadks  b^ 
s  gfeet  foitei  I  bave  applM  to  tl^ 
Eitglidh  ffovernnent  in  viittie  <€ 
the  stiputetisM  in  our  iMslieft  Ibr 
tlie  neoeMurjr  fbroe  to  tid  OS  flgahuit 
OQf  eotnoAtSt  I  Wfti&  fiftpcst^  ikttt 
vfe  may  and  ougnt  to  |4aed  the 
fblktft  eonfldenoe  in  our  faltbful 
tttid  ancient  ally* 

t  fear  I  have  treguaaaed  greatly 
on  the  patience  of  the  Chamber ; 
but  I  still  do  not  thkk  myself  at 
liberty  to  conclude^  without  8tat« 
ing^the  causes  to  which  I  princi- 
pafiy  attribute  the  conduct  of  the 
Spanish  government. 

1.  To  the  instigations  of  the 
Portuguese  rebels^  diiefly  thje 
viscount  de  Canellas^  the  marquis 
de  Chaves,  the  viscount  de  Mcmte 
AuGgTt,  MageSBi,  Bcc*  &c. 

g.  To  the  Apostolic  Junta, 
which  has  long  governed  the  Spa- 
nish Cabinet.  This  Apostolic 
Junta,  whose  ramifications  extend 
into  Portugal,  is  composed  of  men 
tvho  conceal  under  the  mask  of 
religion  and  ro3ralism  the  most 
horrible  crimes.  This  in£imons 
Junta  is,  without  doubt,  the 
greatest  pest  of  modem  society, 
and  ought  to  be  regarded  as  the 
inost  lormidable   enemy   of  the 


throne,  tlM  altar^and  ttektOim^atL 
3.  To  the  nufffnia  d#  Moaatier, 
the  Fraidi  arnhnsiwdor  at  Mairid, 
whoie  eondnct  gMaUy  embartaand 
our  negodalionB.  It  is  neoeHBty 
not  to  eonfeund  tiria  diplomat  isi 
with  the  goven—ent  which  he  re>- 
pidsouts,  fkom  Which,  aa  I  hav<e  td<- 
ready  stated,  we  have  received  the 
strongest  assimuiees  of  friendship, 
and  r  entertain,  as  t  am  bonnd  to 
do,  every  confidence  in  its  aineerity. 
I  must,  however,  ivpcai  tluu  the 
marquis  de  Moustier,  from  bis  un- 
willingness to  obey  the  iBstroe- 
tions  received  from  hisgiwciament, 
has  been  exceedingly  prejudicial  to 
the  cause  of  Portuod,  and  has  de- 
feated all  the  gora  intentioiis  of 
his  most  ChtistianmaJ^ty  towards 


us. 


I  must  no  longer  tax  ihe  atten- 
tion of  the  Chamber,  but  aa  the 
Chamber  wishes  to  be  exactly  in- 
formed of  the  state  of  oot  rehi- 
tions  with  Spain,  I  shall  lay  befbie 
it  all  the  cuileMioitdence  with  die 
mission  at  Macuid,  and  all  other 
documents,  which  may  in  any  wi^ 
tend  to  elucidate  the  question. 

May  my  effiirts  be  useftil  to  the 
country,  and  may  I  always  deaerve 
the  name  of  Portuguese — the  oidy 
gloty  of  which  I  am  amUtioos. 


nki 


SJ»BfiOH  (jf  the  iNFAKtA  Heobnt  at  the  Close  ^  the  Setikm  of 

the  CoRTBS, 


Her  royal  hi^ghness  not  being 
able  to  attend,  m  consequence  en 
Indisposition,  the  bishop  of  Viseu, 
peer  of  the  kinedom,  minister  and 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign 
Affairs,  closed  the  Session  of  the 
Cortes  on  the  55rd  of  December, 
by  the  following  speech  :-«• 

''  Wqrthy  Peers  of  the  fcbg- 
dam/  and  Sedbom  l>eputiei  of  i£e 


Portuguese  nation; — Her  Serene 
Highness  the  Senhora  Infanta  Re- 
gent, on  the  opening  of  the  Session 
of  the  Cortes  ot  the  present  year, 
congratulated  you  on  seeing  70U 
assembled  around  the  throoe  of 
her  augusi  brother  and  Idngi  doa 
^edro  IV.,  ready  to  mninhdals, 
by  a  faithful  execution  dt  tia 
fundamental  Jaw  given  to  a  by  a 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  !«* 

generous  inonirdi,  the  astaUi^  u  well  es  cbvaaupeot  giniui  ef 

ment    cf  wise    inMatutkmS)    like  Iiot  ddiiens. 

those  to  whioh  other  nations  are  '*  Sac^    agieeaUe    and    weiU 

indebted  for  thdr  prospmty  and  founded  hopes  cannot   be  &mpm 

glevy,  and  whidi  were  abeady^  in  pointed  by  the  demotion  of  some 

a  great  part>  well  known  to,  and  cowuds,  and  the  delusion  of  sono 

guarded  oy^  onr  anoestors,  though  part  ef  t^  population  by  artAil 

they  have  since  fallen  into  disuse,  pefsoms.    Certain  ill-dispoaed  men 

and  been  fixrgotten  in  consequence  from  the  frontier  of  a  neighbourfaig 

of   the   f^peratien   of    time   and  nation,  where  th^  were  veeeived, 

events.  have    practised    deoeption,     and 

''On  the  closing  of  the  same  misled  some  incautious  people, 
session,  she  again  congratulates  Rdigion  menaced,  Aindamental 
you,  because,  in  your  constant  laws  violated,  are  the  vain  phan- 
gratitude  for  the  generosity  of  our  toms  widi  which  they  have  excited 
august  monarch,  in  your  respect  fear,  and  by  which  they  have  suc- 
for  tite  constitutional  diarter,  in  ceeded  in  distufbing  tbtt  nniofi 
your  noble  desire  of  repairing  the  whidi  they,  as  Portuguese,  ought 
ills  of  the  country,  and  renewing  to  prefer  above  every  thing. 
the  days  of  its  fortune  and  illus-  ^  The  government,  however,  has 
trious  fame,  you  have  confirmed,  not  ne^ected  to  appeal  to  the 
in  the  most  unequivocal  manner,  patriotism,  led  astray  indeed,  but 
the  hopes  which  the  PortUcuese  not  extinguished,  in  their  hearts; 
conceived  of  the  prudence  of  the  nor  has  it  forgotten  to  xueet  with 
legislator,  of  the  wisdom  of  the  precautions  and  impediments,  the 
law,  and  of  your  known  patriots  progress  of  the  conta^on.  Faith- 
ism,  lul  soldiers,  march  with  vaknir  and 

''  In  this  short  period  you  have,  constancy  to  defeat  the  plans,  and 

doubtless,  recognised  with  regret  counteract    the    progress   of  the 

the  defects  of  our  agriculture,  the  cowardly    and     disloyal ;      and, 

slow  progress  made  by  our  com-  strengthened  by  the  asidstanoe  of 

merce,  the  very  exhausted  state  of  our    ancient    and    fiftithful    ally, 

our  finances,    and  the  decay  of  Great    Britain— asristance    glv«t 

military  discipline  and  gallantry  ;  with  the  most  generous  prompti- 

and  you  will,  with  vigilant  efl^rts,  tude— we  may  confidently  hope  to 

endeavour  to  remedy  those  great  overcome  still  greater  obstacles. 

evils  by  adequate    and    prompt  *'  The  contract  of  espousals  is 

measures :  but  as  to  know  the  evil,  celebrated    between    her  faithftil 

and  to  apply  with  sgpeed  the  proper  majesty  the  senhora  donna  Maria 

remedy,  is  all  that  is  wanted  to  IL,  and  the  most  serene  senhor 

obtmn  a  good  result,  well-founded  Infant  don  Miguel,  which,  taking 

hopes  may  be  encouraged    that,  awav  all  pretext   firom  seditious 

with  more  time,  ia  other  legislative  intnguers,  and  all  ground  of  dis- 

sessions,  you  will  raise  our  Por-  trust  from  the  deluded,  must  prove 

tugal  to  that  due  degree  of  pros-  ^  efficacious  remedy  against  dis* 

perity  and  political  consideration  ccffd,  rather  originating  in  error 

whiA  corresponds  with  her  situa-  than  in  perverse  intention,  among 

tion,  with  the  number  and  solidity  a  people  who  have  l)een  imded  by 

of  her  alliancesi   and  with  the  ^P^gning  men* 

▼igour  of  mind,  and  comprehensive  '♦  nomy  Peers  of  the  Wng< 


104»    ANKUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 


dom>  and  Depudes  of  the  Portu* 
goese  nation ; — You  may  rely  that 
her  highness  the  senhoia  Infanta 
R^ent  will>  in  the  mean  time, 
prepare  to  continue  in  the  follow- 
ing session  to  display  her  ardent 
a^'  for  the  good  of  the  country, 
and  to  promote  it  with  efficacy  and 
wisdom. 

"  In  this  manner,  her  highness 
trusts  that  the  tree  of  the  state 
which  has  from  so  many  peculiar 
and  extraordinary  causes  faUen  into 


decay,  will  recover  vigoiir^  and 
floun^  amidst  the  mnoere  praiset 
of  our  CQntemporaries,  and  the 
benedictions  of  our  posterity.'* 

Having  concluded,  the  aforenid 
minister  and  Secretary  of  State 
said,  addressing  himadf  to  the 
members  of  both  Chambers  z^^ 

"  In  conformity  with  the  deem 
of  her  highness,  the  Session  of  the 
Chambers  for  the  year  1826  is 
dosed.'* 


Extract  from  the  Msssagb  of  the  Vice  PREsrosMT  of  CoixncBU 

to  the  Congress. 


Citizens  of  the  Senate  and 
Chamber  of  Representatives  :-*-Our 
relations  with  the  American  ffo^ 
vemments,  and  particularly  with 
the  United  Mexican  States  and 
Peru,  have  been  consolidated  in  a 
manner  capable  of  securing  a  per« 
petual  and  sincere  friendship;  In 
Panama  are  assembling  the  pleni- 
potentiaries of  the  new  States  of 
America,  to  ratify  in  the  most  so- 
lemn manner  our  common  resolu- 
tion of  supporting  and  defending 
our  national  independence  and  li- 
berty against  the  attempts  of  our 
enemies.  This  assembly,  the  fruit 
of  our  desire  to  preserve  what  was 
won  by  the  sacrifices  of  the  Ameri- 
can people,  and  of  the  most  ardent 
wishes  of  the  government  of  Colom- 
bia and  its  liberator  for  peace  and 
friendship  among  aU  the  confede- 
rate belligerents,  is,  in  the  opinion 
pf  the  executive,  the  completion  of 
the  guarantees  of  our  independ- 
ence. I  have  occasioned  to  be 
known  in  Europe  what  are  the 
true  objects  of  the  Assembly  at  the 
Isthmus,  to  put  a  stop  to  any  dis- 
agreeable impression  which  some 
^bioet?  might  receive,  less  from 


the  insidiotis  conduct  of  our  ene- 
mies than  from  the  magnitude  of 
the  enterprise  which  we  have  ef- 
fected. 

The  Peruvian  republic  lias  re- 
covered its  political  existence  under 
the  sword  and  direction  of  the 
liberating  president.  You  know 
what  has  been  the  result  of  the 
efforts  of  general  Bolivar,  effi- 
caciously protected  by  the  fidelity 
of  the  people  of  Peru  to  the  com- 
mon cause,  and  by  the  constancy 
and  intrepidity  of  the  defenders 
of  liberty.  In  Ayacucho  has  been 
conquer^  the  Spanish  army,  which 
domineered  over  all  this  vast  coun- 
try ;  and  from  that  glorious  day, 
until  the  hour  in  which  the  hos- 
tile chief  who  occupied  Potosi  died, 
the  united  armies  of  Colomlna  and 
Peru,  directed  by  an  able  and 
fortunate  Columbian  general,  ob- 
tained an  innumerable  series  of 
successes.  In  consequence  of  so 
many  brilliant  events,  the  provinces 
of  Upper  Peru,  the  cradle  of  Ame- 
rican liberty,  have  eained  the  po- 
litical  existence  whidi  they  wanted, 
and  raised  themselves  to  an  inde- 
pendent state.    In  the  transports 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.        105* 

of  iheir  enthusiasm  and  gratitude^  the  part  of  the  Brazilian  govern* 

the  States  of  this  new  nation  have  ment.     The  executive  has  cbfeired 

adopted  the  name  of  the  Bolivar  opening  the  negotiations,  which, 

Repuhlic;    consecrating    hy    this  on    account  of   the   question    of 

means  to  the  end  of  time  the  illus-  houndaries,  it  must  estahlish  with 

trious  name  of  the  Liberator  of  that  government,  as  long  as  it  has 

Colombia.     I  have  no  expressions  not  security  that  the  minister  of 

to  explain  our  feelings  of  delight  the  republic  will  be  admitted  on 

and  gratitude  for  the  tribute  of  terms  recognised  by  the  law  of  na« 

homage  paid  to  the  liberator,  the  tions.     Foreign  journals  represent 

Cdombiim  army,  and  its  general,  the  emperor  as  in  hostility  with 

by  the  congress  of  Peru,  the  assem-  the  government  of  Buenos  Ayres, 

Uy  of  Chuquisaca,  the  cities,  the  for  the   possession  of  the  Banda 

towns,  and  all  the  citizens.     The  Oriental; — ^the  executive  has  no 

Congress  will  receive  a  deputation  official  knowledge  of  the  transac- 

of  the  representatives  of  Peru,  the  tion. 

principal  object  of  which  is,  to  pre*        The  treaty  of  peace,  amity,  na- 
sent  to  them  a  testimony  of  grati-  vigation  and  commerce,  which,  we 
tude  for  the  efforts  which  the  re«  have  made  with  the  United  States, 
public  of  Colombia  has  made  in  having  been  ratified  by  the  presi- 
favour  of  the  liberty  and  independ«  dent  of  those  states,  our  relations 
ence  of  that  country,  in  spite  of  with  them  stand  on  the  happiest 
vulgar  presentiments.     I  hope  that  and  most  flattering  footing.     The 
you  will  be  equally  pleased,  as  the  convention  with    respect    to    the 
executive,   at   seeing  realized  an  African  Slave  Trade  has  not  been 
attempt  which   mig^t  affect   our  as  yet  ratified,  on  account  of  die 
own  destinies.      A    part  of   the  doubts  which  have  arisen  in  the 
auxiliary  army  is  on  its  return  to  American  Senate,   of  which  the 
its  country,  and  another  will  re-  Secretary  for  Foreign  Afi&irs  will 
main  in  Peru,  at  the  disposal  of  inform  you  at  full  length, 
its  government,  to  support  the  de>-         In   like  manner   the  treaty  of 
liberationsof  the  State,  and  to  pro-  peace  and  amity,  which  you  ap- 
tect  the  internal  tranquillity,  while  proved  of  in  the  last  session,  is  by 
that  state  may  require  it,  and  the  this  time  ratified  by  the  govem- 
rq>ublic  has  no  necessity  for  its  ment   of   his   Britannic   majesty, 
troops.     To  comply  with  the  en-    From  that  moment   the  politi(»l 
gagements  which  we  have  formed  and  comm^cial  relations  between 
with  the  United  States  of  Mexico,  the  republic  and    Great    Britain 
I  have  disposed  of  one  part  of  oiu*  will  be  established  in  a  permanent 
forces  in  a  manner  of  which  you  manner,  advantageous  to  the  con- 
shall,  in  due  time,    be  informed,    nexions  between  nations,  and  use- 
The  common  cause  of  America  is    ful  to  the  cause  of  America.    When 
interested  in  this  measiure,  and  no    I  had  signed  this  treaty,  I  admit- 
part  of  the  new  world  wiU  be  left,     ted,    in  a   suitable  manner,    the 
to  which  the  republic  of  Colombia    charge  d'affaires  of  his  Britannic 
will  not  have  contributed  in  hunt-    majesty,  who  is  at  present  resid- 
ing  out  the  old  oppressors,    and  ing  in  this  city.     The  commercial 
giving  peace  and  friendship  to  its  jigents  remain  in  our  ports  under 
brethren.  the   circumstances  which    1    an- 
2^0  quue,  of  ooniplaiul:  e^ts  on    nounoed  to  you  in  voy  fonn^  ine»- 


106*    ANNUAL    REGISTER.   1826. 

asge  that  I  bad  permitted  them  to  Very  p>rtfetilarcuteotiMitiiiBeikwe 

ezenase  their  fimcdons;  for^  while  admonidied   me   to  OHidDDl  ihk 

the  cause   that  gure  occasion  to  afiidr  with  fhe  greateak  jinaiff, 

this  procedure  or  the  goranmeat  confident  that  the  course  of  enata 

still  eicbted,  I  had  no  reason  to  will  eventually  pwidtwc  a  nsdt 

idter  the  rules  of  mj  conduct  Our  favoured  to  Uie  atahiH^  of  pah> 

consuls  and  ooramerdal  agents  to  lie  order.     The  laws  which  the 

^e  United  Kingdom  of  Groat  Bri-  congress  haa  passed  idative  to  pah> 

tain  and  Iidand  will  be  deiqpatdiedy  He  wordiip»  and  to  fnlfArtail 

when  opportunity  serres,  for  the  fJiii  iplinii^  liiiMiImn  iimiiiiiiHiialwi 

ports   whidi   may  best  suit   our  to  the  See  of  Rome ;  and  yoo  ma 

mercantile  relations.  rest  assured  that,  if  any  ihiugAsdi 

The  executive  has  exerted  itsdf  occur,  the  gofrermBent  wSl  sapfnt 

to  the  utmost  with   the  gorem-  with    finnness    and    dignity  ife 

ment  of  his  most   duristian  mt^  rights  of  the  people  of  CotomMa. 
jesty,  to  obtain  from  it  an  es^ilicit  •  ♦  •  • 

declaration  in  £ivour  of  the  repub-        Ilie  Seccetary  of  FrniWff  vil 

He     It  was  a  preliminary  stop  to  present  you  wi&  the  genenl  MIe 

the  suooessof  our  desires  and  ef-  of  the  reee^ts  and  expenses  of  tfo 

forts  to  giye  it  various  ex{danations,  national  fimds;  wi^  likuklinr 

and  to  Isy  before  it  the  true  rule  of  the  expenses  anticipated  ia  ik 

of  our  coiuiuct,  in  orfer  to  dear  up  present  year,    and  vnth  all  tk 

some  points  on  whidi  it  had  ideas  other  notices  iidodi  the  gmnsa- 

not  very  fitvouralde   to  us.      In  ment  can  lay  before   yon  in  m 

efiBabt,  it  authorises,  in  the  fbnn  complicated  a  brandi  as  the  i»- 

most.adequato  to  the  circumstances,  venue.     The  executive  has  eM^ 

our   confidential  agent,   who  has  tinued  to  be  surrounded  with  la- 

abswered  our  expectotions.     His  numerable  diiieultiea  to  eover  Ik 

communications  will  be  presented  expenses    of  administralioB,  asl 

to  you  at  full  length,  and  I  am  exactly  because  the  I'liaugtawaii 

confident   that  the  congress  will  of  ike  year  were  supaortsAt 

i^rove  the   circumspection  with  reoeqits,  but  because  the  gusto 

which  the  business  has  been  con-  partof  thocradttoniof  tlierepottc 

ducted  in  circumstances  of  consi-  have  expected  that  at  thistiBetk 

dermble  difficulty,  and  will  applaud  government  should  satisfy  sB  l^• 

the  firmness  with  which  we  have  mands  on  it  since  die  year  1§1& 

maintained  the  system  poclaimed  The  congress  wili  acknowfate; 

by   the   people   of  Colombia.    I  firom  this  informatimif    that,  n 

have  no  reason  to  despair  that  the  consequence  of  its  betnc  requM 

government  of  France,  supported  that  the  executive  diouul  cover  n 

by  puUic  opinion,  will  at  length  one    year  the  deficit    mnati  is 

acknowledge  our  independence,  in  ibrmer  years,  I  have  been  jtbtd 

imitationot  other  great  powers,  and  in  an  embarrassing  and  doagiw- 

oropose  to   cstoUish  relations  of  aUe  situation.  Theraeasareaoof^ 

friendship  usefiU  to  the  people  of  ed  of  paying  the  di^rent  crsMtoi 

either  country.  by  d^rees,  partly  by  the  qtt««r 

The  relations  with  the  Apofr-  of  tlra  produce  of  the  custom 

toUo  See  still  maintain  an  undo-  partly  hj  the  ordinaiy  took,  si 

fined  character^  owing  to  causes  progressive  periods,  has  satiiM  k 

which  it  i9  ADt  diOeult  to  am^o.  put  the  deflMadi  of  Aois  Um* 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  107* 

ested;  but  it  has  diminished  the  ganization^    tlie    admirable    con« 

aaMxint  of  the  ttemual  ^licabio  siancy  of  her  defendeca^  the  gk>cy 

revenue^  which  has  occaakmed  a  i^  her  arms^  and  the  good  faith  of 

deficiency  in  the  engagements  of  her  government;  that  to  her  he< 

adwriirotratioiu  xoio  ^orts  she  is  indebted  for  see- 

*  *          *          *  ing  hersdf»  at  the  present  day,  al- 
ia the  ■ccoimtj  of  the  pRtceedi  tematuoig  with  two  powexa  whoe 

id  die  laan  of  liie  jear  18124|»  you  physical  and  mtdle^ual  strength 

will  see  thaty  in  compliance  with  is  univerflally  zecc^gnised  ;  that  our 

the  law  on  the  fob{ect>  se?eial  £»-  peo|^  eojoy  their  dvil  and  poU- 

ragn  and   domcgtic   debts   hare  tical  liberty  without  haymg  seen 

berai    ooTeved ;    warehouses    and  themselves  exposed  to  those  inteis 

parks  have  been    provided ;    ihe  nal  convulakms^  of  whidi  new  so* 

army  has  been  paid;  the  govent*  cieties  are  so  frequently  the  vio- 

ment  fbnds  have  been  inquoved;  tims;  that  the  laws  and  the  con- 

the  interats  of   aU  the  foreign  afcitution.  are  founded  on  public 

debts  have  been  paid  to  the  pr&<  opinion  and  on  a  free  press ;  that 

sent  month;  and  the  agcicultuie  Imowledpe  is  gradually  spreading 

d  some  d^artmaits  has  received  and  dirosing  itself  thnm^  the 

thepntection  which  ciroumstaaces  vast  extent  c^  our  territory  ;  that 

permitted.    The  liquidation  of  the  the  spirit  of  enterprise  and  of  so- 

debt  of  Peru  could  not  be  con^  tivity  is  beginning  to  possess  our 

dnded  in  fhvourof  the  rqmblic  fellow  citizens;  &at  the  found»- 

AHhough  Colombia  presents  itself  tion  has  been  laid  for  peoplinj^  and 

as  creditor^  t^e  is  debtor  to  many  cultivating  extensive  tracts  hither^ 

citizens  of  the  southern  provinces^  to  almost  unknown  ;  that  within 

from  whom  she  solicits  supplies  to  seven  years^  the  family  and  the 

assist  Peru.    The  executive  hopes  riches  of  Colombia  have  increased ; 

that  congress  Mrill  apply   to   the  finally,  that  the  republic,  by  the 

aatisikction  ^  the  said  debt,  a  part  genetvnis  aid  that  she  has  affi)rded 

cf  that  which  the  republic  of  that  to  her  kindred  states,  deserves  to 

state  covers.     By  this  means  wc  be  r^rded  as  the  i^otectress  of 

shall  execute  an  act  of  Justice,  and  the  liberty  and  the  independence 

protect  the  people  of  the  south,  of  America.     No  part  can  am^* 

whose  services  in  the  contest  of  gate  to  itself  the  right  to  the  ex^ 

¥tm  have  been  prompt  and  effi«  dusive  possesdon  of  this  noble  po- 

cadotts.  sition,  it  is  the  work  of  the  peo- 

♦  *          •          ♦  pie,  of  the  anny,  of  the  lepresent- 
We  may  pride  ourselves  that  ative  body,  and  of  all  the  author- 

tbe  republic  of  Colombia  not  only  ities,  whose  united  and  continued 

has  broken  the  chains  of  slavery,  energies  have  been  protected  by 

but  has  established  a  system  of  the  supreme  author  and  legislator 

liberty,  founded  upon  the  dignity  of  the  universe. 

and  the  rights  of  men ;  that  she  ♦          ♦          «          * 

hcdds  among  andent  and  modem  Francisco  De  P.  Saktandks. 

states  the  reputation  which  she  Bogota,  Jan.  2,  18^6—16, 
h9»  acquired  hy  her  poUtic^  ar-> 


108»     ANNUAL  REGISTER/ 1826. 


The  MB88AOB  rf  the  Prebidbnt  to  the  CoKaBsas  of  ike  Unitbs 

Mexican  States. 


After  some  introductory  bbserva- 
tions,  the  President  proceeded  asfol- 
lows :— The  month  of  January  in 
the  year  lust  concluded  has  earned 
great  celebrity,  by  the  circnm^ 
stance  that,  in  it,  the  disposition 
entertained  by  his  Britannic  ma- 
jesty of  entering  into  amicable  re« 
lations,  and  recognising  the  inde* 
pendence  of  the  new  American 
States,  was  announced  to  the  di- 
plomatic agents  assembled  in  Lon- 
don. This  decisive  stroke  of  pro- 
found policy  of  the  English  minis- 
try has  discxmcerted  the  plans  and 
machinations  of  foreign  enemies, 
imd  surprised  the  cabinets  of  the 
allied  powers.  It  has  also  reveal- 
ed the  secret  of  their  ulterior  in- 
tentions, and  compelled  them  to 
<xmfess,  that  henceforward  they 
totally  renounce  all  armed  inter- 
ference with  /he  insurgent  states 
of  America — (las  Americas  insuv" 
recumadas.J — It  was  their  inten- 
tion to  extend  and  consecrate  on 
this  side  of  the  ocean,  the  absurd 
principle  of  legitimacy,  and  to 
crush  liberal  ideas  in  the  new 
world.  Protests,  repeated  state 
papers,  a  mysterious  correspondence 
with  the  court  of  Madrid ;  every 
thing  conspired  to  confirm  the 
suspicion  that  Spain,  to  preserve 
the  religion  of  her  detestable  do- 
mination, would  succeed  in  obtain- 
ing the  assistance  of  the  fleets  and 
armies  of  other  nations.  The  in- 
vasion of  the  Peninsula  in  1825 
concealed  the  fatal  design  of  ena- 
bling Ferdinand  VII.  to  undertake 
the  conquest  of  ancient  colonies. 

The  French  Generalissimo,  in 
his  proclamation  to  the  Spaniards, 
signified  that  this  was  tlie  aim  of 
his  august  uncle.    Let  us  concede 


to  the  British  nation  the  generous 
sentiitient  of  flying  to  the  assist- 
ance of  the  cause  of  reason,  justice, 
and  liberty;  and  of  having  redeeoi- 
ed  the  Americas  from    the   evils 
and  disasters  of  war,  by  the  intcxi- 
position  of  her  trident.     This  debt 
of  eratitude  is  the  more  pleasing, 
as  USB  resolution  of  the  cabinet  of 
•St.  James's  was  supported  by  the 
unanimous  vote  of  all  Eng^shmeB 
interested  in  aU  their  relations  fir 
the  triumi^   of  American   inde- 
pendence.   A  nation  so  eminendy 
mdustrious,  and  whose  politics  and 
commerce  turn  on  the  same  axb, 
participates  in  the  impa-ovements 
and  stability  of  other  natiaos,  who 
possess  materials  which  luxury  and 
custom  have  rendered   necesaaiy. 
An  event  of  such  great  importance 
has  opened  the  door  <^  commoni- 
cation  of  two  worlds ;  and  Meiioo» 
destined  by  her  happy  situatica 
to  shine  conspicuously  in  the  sev 
order  of  things,  b  proud  of  the  in- 
exhaustible riches  of  her  soiL     Oor 
agent  in  London  enjoys,  from  that 
period,    the   diplomatic    rank   by 
which  he  has  been  announced  by 
our  government.     In  the  capitid 
.of  the  republic  resides  the  dttig^ 
d'afiaires  of  his  Britannic  majestji 
and,  associated  with  Mr.  Moner, 
who  arrived  at  Vera  Cztix  on  the 
14th  of  last  month,  wiU  engage  in 
a  short  time  in  the  conduskm  of 
such  treaties  as  I  confidently  hope 
will  conciliate  the  interest  of  botk 
nations.     The  committeea  dbax^ed 
with  executing  the  13th  faculty  of 
the  general  congress,  wiU  occfsff 
their  sittings  with  tlxia  grave  ne- 
gotiation, which  holds  the  attei- 
tion  of  Europe  in  suq^ense. 
France  has  solemnly  prraooncti 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  109» 

ber  ardent  desire  -of  cultivatiiig  and  justice,  has  tecognlxed  a  pro^ 
me  rcantile  relations  with  this  and  visional  Consul  from  Mexico,  who 
oth  er  modem  republics  of  America,  will  speedily  execute  his  functions 
cm  der  the  guarantees  suitable  to  with  a  nation  which  the  acdvity 
he  r  goTemment.  It  is  to  be  wish-  and  undertaking  genius  of  its  in« 
ed,  as  well  for  the  advantage  of  habitants  raised  over  drained 
France  as  for  that  of  the  new  con-  marshes.  Mr.  D'Cuartel,  commi»« 
tinent,  that  in  her  cabinet  the  da-  sioned  by  the  king  in  the  republic, 
mours  of  those  Frenchmen  who  has  communicated  to  me,  in  the 
are  animated  by  a  love  of  glory,  name  of  his  government,  its  ad- 
and  who  anxiously  desire  a  new  herence  to  the  philanduropic  prin- 
and  rich  market,  as  a  vent  for  their  ciples  of  our  existence, 
abundant  industry,  should  prevail.  The  President  of  the  Council  of 
Whatever  may  be  the  appearance  Government  of  Prussia  has  com- 
of  the  original  act  in  diplomacy,  by  municated  the  nomination  of  a 
which  the  independence  of  Hayti  commercial  agent  for  the  republic, 
has  been  recognised,  it  has  incon-  who  is  at  present  in  the  capital  of 
teetibly  justified  the  right  of  in-  the  Confederation.  The  proceed- 
sutrection  in  slates,  and  raised  the  ings  of  the  Company  of  Commerce 
principle  of  agreeing  with  the  of  the  Rhine  have  undoubtedly 
spirit  of  the  age,  above  that  other  engaged  the  Cabinet  of  Berlin 
false  principle  that  does  not  distin-  to  open  for  their  country  this  path, 
guish  hinnan  societies  from  the  unknown  by  the  centre  of  Europe. 
Socks  of  shepherds.  Without  fear  Some  foreign  periodical  papers 
of  compromising  myself,  I  consider  have  given  satisfactory  notices  oi  the 
that  France  has  advanced  a  step  intentions  of  Sweden  and  Denmark; 
which  will  gradually  conduct  her  and,  although  government  id  in  want 
to  imitate  the  glorious  example  of  of  dates  and  official  despatches  to 
her  dexterous  nval.  This  opinion  communicate  this  positively  to  the 
is  founded  on  the  recent  agreement  chambers,  it  considers  it  founded  on 
of  the  court  of  Versailles  to  send  reason,  that  two  maritime  powers, 
us  a  commercial  agent,  and  to  ad-  which  are  not  immediately  in  the 
mit  another  authorized  by  the  go-  way  of  foreign  influx,  and  who 
vemment  of  the  republic  It  is  are  able  to  provide  certain  articles 
not  out  of  the  way  to  observe,  that  of  the  commerce  which  Spain 
this  is  the  same  proceeding,  which  carried  on,  should  hasten  to  enter 
was  taken  by  England,  before  the  into  friendly  relations  with  the 
full  execution  of  her  projects  in  the  American  nations, 
new  world.  However  the  moment  In  the  conduct  of  the  Emperor 
of  a  definitive  resolution  on  the  of  Russia  is  not  discovered  any 
side  of  France  may  be  delayed,  it  hostile  inclination  against  the  ad- 
is  certain,  and  gives  great  pleasure  mirable  revolution  of  the  Ameri- 
to  the  friends  of  humanity  that  cans;  and  as  Mexico  is,  of  all  other 
her  actual  dispositions  are  by  no  new  states,  that  which  borders 
means  alarming  to  the  republic.  nearest  on  the  Russian  possessions, 
The  king  of  the  Netherlands,  sooner  or  later  communications 
descended  from  that  prince  of  will  be  established  with  the  go- 
Oranee  who  was  the  illustrious  vemment  of  St.  Petersburg.  Our 
defender  of  liberty,  a  monarch  consideration  is  already  fixed  on 
who  rules  his  people  with  equity  the  memorably  Ukase  of  th^  ^&tk 


116*     ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 


of  6q[>taiib6ry  1631>  which  pro« 
Ubits  Ihoie  who  are  not  Rusilaiii^ 
froiii  all  eomxaerce,  fUhing,  and 
traffio  with  the  ulandf  and  coast  of 
the  north  east  of  America^  from 
fi^nn^'s  Straits  to  the  51st  degree 
of  N.  lat.  and  on  the  Aleutian 
islsi,  the  east  coast  of  Siberia,  and 
the  Kurile  islands.  The  protest  of 
the  United  Stateb  of  the  North 
suffloiently  enilain  of  how  much 
importance  this  law  is  to  the  av* 
Tereignty  of  the  sea. 

The  Holy  Father,  who  unites 
the  double  rank  of  Sovereign  of 
Rome  and  head  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  has  exoited  the  veneration 
and  aflbction  of  the  Mexicans,  who 
imxiously  desire  to  open  relations 
with  the  Father  of  the  faithful,  in 
objects  exclusively  religious  and 
eedeiiastical*  The  benevolent  let« 
ter  which  was  addressed  to  me  on 
tho09th  of  July  last,  by  Leo  XII. 
mani^sts  his  ideas  of  justice,  end 
makes  me  believe  that  our  envoy, 
who  arrivedinBrusselslast  August, 
will  be  paternally  received,  when 
he  pays  his  homage  to  the  legitimate 
successor  of  St.  Peter. 

And  coming  to  those  nations 
that  inhabit  the  happy  hemisphere 
of  Columbus,  justice  and  gratitude 
compel  us  to  mention  wfore  all 
others  the  most  ancient  state  of 
America,  and  the  first  of  the 
civilised  world  that  solemnly  pro- 
claimed our  rights,  after  having 
preceded  us  in  the  heroic  resolution 
of  shaking  off  dependence  on  the 
mother  country.  The  United 
States  of  the  north,  models  of 
political  virtue  and  moral  rectitude, 
have  advanced  under  the  system  of 
federative  republics,  which  being 
adopted  among  us,  by  the  most 
spontaneous  act  ever  remembered, 
has  placed  us  on  a  level  with  the 
country  of  Washington,  and 
strengthened  the    most    intimate 


union  between  the  neighhouriiif 
oountries.  A  ^enqxAoitlB^  of 
this  nation  aeerediteii  to  <mr  ^ 
vemment  is  eomnianoiied  to  wmf 
treaties  whidi,  without  delay,  th^ 
be  laid  before  your  chambers.  The 
most  urgent  point  is  the  definitive 
xeguladon  or  the  limili  of  bodi 
nations,  and  the  seDremmeat  is 
preparing  surveys  wnidi  will  facili- 
tate the  conclusion  of  tiie  negotia- 
tion on  the  unalterable  bases  of 
candour  and  ffood  faith. 

The  repuuic  of  Colombia,  ia 
order  to  identify  its  piinctidee  in 
peace  and  war  wi^  ours,  hsB  eon- 
duded  a  treaty  c^  perpetual  imioii, 
league,  and  confeneratioti,  which 
bans  solemnly  ratified,  ia  the  in- 
viohd)le  suppcnrt  of  the  bamonv 
of  two  countries  naturally  fiiends 
and  allies.  The  Colombian  sq[na- 
dron  was  ready  to  set  sail  for  our 
coasts,  in  compliance  with  one  cf 
the  articles  of  the  convention ;  bat 
the  government  considered  its  ooo- 
ing  unnecessary  for  the  ultimate 
success  fsi  our  arms. 

The  great  victories  of  president 
Bolivar  m  Peru  will  accderate  its 
vnshed-for  organization.  The  in- 
dependence of  this  repablic  was 
recognized  in  the  time  of  tl»  pnn 
tectorship  of  general  Son  Martin, 
and  since  that  time  no  minister 
commissioned  by  any  of  ^c 


provincial  governments  of  Peru 
has  appeared  in  Mexico. 

The  chief  of  the  United  States 
of  Rio  de  la  Plata  has  made  me 
protestations  of  the  most  firm  and 
cordial  fViendship  between  that 
state  and  the  Mexican  nation. 

The  Chilian  Republic,  not  ex- 
cmnt  from  momentary  osaUatioDS, 
will  not  be  able  to  defer  a  mmt 
intimate  and  frequent  commanica- 
tion  with  Mexico. 

Last  year  some  contests  took 
place  with  the   republic  of  tic 


PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS.  IJl* 

centre  to  preienre  the  int^irity  of  to  receive  the  last  spoik  of  tbe 

the  state  of  the  Chiapas,  and  the  dying  power  of  Spain  in  the  sew 

poreniineBty  in  agreement  with  the  of  America.    The  gen^^nsity  of 

iBtBBtioos  cf  Ccmgretty  will  ^ve  the  Republic  to  the  unfortunate 

the  pre£erenoe  to  the  means  c^  men  who  adopted  a  new  and  ame« 

peace  and  friendship,  while  it  is  liorated  country,  paid  them  their 

possible  that  they  wul  be  sufficient  dues  from  the  Spanish  goyenunent, 

to  guarantee  the  honour  of  the  which  fails  in  all  its  engagements, 

naiioiu    An  agent  for  our  eom*  while  it  demands  SBcri6^ 

marcial  affiurs  k  named  for  Guati«  The  Chambers  participate  in  this 

mala,  who  will  start  as  soon  as  movement  of  joy  which  transports 

he  obtains  the  ocmstitutumal  ap-  me,  when  I  recolloct  that  at  the 

probation  of  the  Chamber  of  Se^-  end  of  four  years  of  useless  at« 

nators.  tempts  imd  toUs,  fat  the  surrender 

The  union  of  the  representatives  of  the  famous  castle  of  St.  Juan 

of  all  the  American  nations  at  d^UUca,    the    flag  which  Cortes 

Panama  to  consolidate  the  alliance  raised  over  the  waters  of  Mexico 

and  cordial  friendship  of  the  great  has  struck.     By  the  result  of  the 

fiunily  which,  multiplyingprodigios  anticipated  combinations  of  govern* 

of  valour,  aod  strong  exertions  of  ment,  of  the  vig(»ous  siege  by  sea 

constancy,  banished  for  ever  8pa^  and  land,  tind  the  fbrws^  novo* 

nish  domination,  will  not  be  long  ment  of  our  marine,  directed  by 

in  reali^g.    The  plenipotentiaries  an  able  hand,  against  the  enemy, 

of  Mw«o  will  be  at  sea  during  the  our  troops,  on  the  2|st  oi  Decem<i 

month  which  now  commences.     I  b^,  seized  the  position  whieh  is 

felicitate  the  Chambers  and  the  called  the  Gibraltar  of  America, 

Ameriean    continent  on  the  ap-  which  may  be  called  the  key  of 

proaoh  of  an  event  which  history  Mexico,    and    which    the    sworn 

will  record  as  tiie  ^eatest  which  enemies  of  independence  preserved 

happened  in  the  nineteenth  o^itury.  as  the  gates  of  the  republic.    An 

Directing  our  attention  to  the  event   of    such    magnitude,    and 

brilliant  situation  of  the  interior,  which  has  been  the  object  of  the 

new  and  important  triumphs  have  most  ardent  vows  of  the  patriots, 

leodered  the  glory  of  the  republic  would  be  sufficient  to  satisfy  the 

ittOM  sublime.     The  Spanish  squa-  nation  for  its  losses  in  its  long 

cbfoo  in  the  Pactik},  which  supported  years  of  contest,  and  to  flatter  the 

tlie  hopes  oi  the  government  of  Congress  and  the  government  that 

Madrid,  even  after  the  campaign  their  toils  have  been  directed  to 

o€  Ayacucho,  capitulated  <m  the  the  benefit  of  the  Mexican  states* 

1st  of  May,  in  Monterey  of  Call-  The  republic  has  placed  itself  in 

fomia,  augmenting  our  marine  by  that  hi^h  point  of  consideration, 

the  ship  Asia,  now  the  Congreso  which  Uie  reputed  testimonies  of 

Mexicano,   and  the  brig  of  war  every  day  confirm,  and  it  has  im« 

Constante.     The  value  of  this  ac-  pressed  die  last  seal  on  the  triumph 

tion,  in  a  political  point  of  view,  of  the  great  cause  of  American 

is   incalculable,    tmd  in  a  moral  liberty,  which  is  radically  identified 

point  of  view  gives  room  to  con-  with  the  fortune  of  Mexico.     The 

siderations   hi^y  honourable   to  government  which  sees  itself  seated 

Mexico,  which  was  chosen  among  in  the  national  congress  on  the 

»U  the  states  that  front  the  ooetm  Arone  of  justice,  mi»  from  its 


112*     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

August  munificetice  for  the  recom-  the  complete  and  profxipt  dischane 
pense  which  its  gratitude  owes  to  of  the  dividends  ^d  ordinaiy  sink* 
the  valiant  soldiers  of  the  country,  ing  fund^  without  the  necean^  of 
Finance,  which  in  all  countries  having  recourse  for  this  puxpoae  to 
is  the  barometer  of  their  riches  and  the  remainder  of  the  last  loan, 
aggiandizementy  proposes  the  most  which  is  still  in  Londoii>  at  the 
gratifying  augmentation  of  re^  disposal  of  the  government, 
venue,  llie  redemption  of  debt  The  strict  regulation  c^maritiBK 
has  infused  into  our  creditors  that  dues  will  impress  the  greatest  he- 
confidence  which  constitutes  the  nefits  on  commerce,  and  the  ^ 
maeic  of  our  resources.  Our  proaching  balance  will  diow  id- 
national  credit  in  foreign  markets  vantages  compared  with  that  of 
advances  in  proportion  to  our  re-  ISSi*,  and  even  1825,  wbidi  wiD 
ligious  exactness  in  observing  the  be  more  eeneral  and  perfect.  The 
conditions  of  our  loans  with  the  customs  tor  some  months  are  pro- 
houses  that  contract  for  them.  The  ceeding  to  their  total  organixatiaii, 
house  of  Barclay,  Richardson,  and  and  they  will,  beyond  doubt,  attun 
Co.  of  London,  negociated  advan-  it  according  to  the  designed  plan, 
tageously  the  loan  which  it  was  The  states  of  the  Chii^Ms,  Quere- 
commissioned  to  form  by  the  re-  taro,Puebla,  Tabasco,  and  Yucatan, 
public  Happily,  very^little  of  it  have  received  assLstance  in  their 
has  been  employed  for  common  pecumary  afiairs,  which  their 
purposes.  The  equipment  of  ships,  finances,  at  the  momoit,  oonU 
the  providing  of  arms,  clothing,  not  meet  Bejar,  CohahuSa,  C3ii- 
and  accoutrements  for  the  army—  huahua,  and  Tejas,  have  been 
the  improvement  of  our  tobacco  suitably  regarded.  Succouis  of 
plantations,  and  the  redemption  of  every  kind  have  been  sent  to  Cali- 
a  considerable  part  of  the  loan  con-  fomia.  The  warehouses  of  the 
tracted  in  1 823  with  the  English  capital  have  been  supplied  with  an 
house  of  B.  Goldschmidt  and  Co.,  abundance  of  clothing  and  supplies 
together  with  the  punctual  pay-  for  the  army,  whim  secures  its 
ment  of  the  dividends,  and  ^  the  proper  permanence, 
ordinary  sinking  fund,  have  been  «  *  ♦  • 
the  object  of  its  clear  produce.  Its  The  army  has  re-estahHshed  in 
utility  has  been  seen  in  the  state  morale^  the  principle  of  its 


of  the  army,  in  the  increase  of  our  ence ;  and  discipline  has  advanced 

marine,  in  the  acquisition  of  UUoa,  in  one  year  above  all  ^1mlati«, 

and  in  the  external  and  internal  both  in  the  re^ments  ci  the  line* 

security  which  we  enjoy.      The  and  the  active  militia.     The  bnl- 

half  of  the  duties  of  our  marine  liancy  of  the  equipment,  and  the 

customs  being  paid  at  the  custom-  excellence  of  the  aims,  contiibott 

house  on  the  coast,  and  the  other  in  a  great  measure  to  make  oar 

half  in  Mexico,  the  strictest  orders  army  equal  to  the  best  in  the  wodd. 

have  been  given  that  the  half  of  The  greater  part  of  the  valiiaUe 

the  former^.that  is,  the  fourth  part  arms  sent  from  Europe  has  already 

of  the  whole  amount,  should  be  arrived,  and  the  remainder  w31 

deposited  in  Vera  Cruz,  Alvarado,  soon  be  received,  so  as  to  fulfil  the 

the  old  town  of  Tampico,  Tampico  expectations  of  the  country.    It 

de  las  Tomaulipas,  Soto  la  Marina,  supplies  with  artUlery  the 

and  Refugio^  tp  be  employ^  in  pomts  of  the  cgast,  aad  th^ 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  J13* 

of  the  ooimtry.  In  Perote  an  abun-  begun  to  be  repaired,  in  order  that 

dant  deposit  of  munitions  of  war  is  the  first  gate  of  the  republic  in  the 

directed  to  be  formed,  in  order  to  ocean  may  be  maintained  in  perfect 

guard  them  against  the  severity  of  security. 

weather  jn  the  north,   and  with  Our  navy,  after  having  done  its 

other  views  of  evident  advantage,  duty  in  the  surrender  of  Ulloa,  is 

Provisional  commissions  have  been  employed  in*  guarding  our  coasts 

given  to  the  presidential  companies,  from  the  incursions  of  pirates  and 

until  the  chambers  shall  pass  the  smugglers.      The    vessels    which 

consulta  of  the  ISth  of  March  last,  are  getting  in  readiness  will  aug- 

and  supplies  them  with  clothing,  ment  its  force  in  a  short  time,  and 

arms,  and  munition,   to  keep  m  protect  commerce  in  the  Mexican 

order  the  uncivilized  tribes.     The  Gulf,  keeping  always  in  regular 

Yaguis,  in  Alto-Sonore,  have  com-  employment  two  sloops  of  war  and 

mitted  some  murders ;  but  the  ac-  a  brig  in  the  Southern  seas.     Our 

tivity  of  the  military  chiefs  and  the  correspondence    with     Califomia, 

political    authorities,    has    placed  which  is  paralysed  for  want  of  ves- 

them  in  a   condition  to  demand  sels,  will  soon  be  increased  by  two 

peace,  and  to  avoid  the  repetition  of  packets  built  in  San  Plas.     The 

similar  atrocities.  Congress,  erant-  ship   Congreso    Mexicano,    fully 

ing  means  analogous  to  its  philan-  equipped,  ,will  weigh  anchor  from 

thrc^ic  sentiments,  and  the  com-  Acapulco  within  a  month  at  latest, 

passion  which  those  unfortunate  for  the  northern  seas,    where  it 

branches  of  the  human  race  in-  will  perform  the  useful  services 

spires,  facilitates  further  the  ac-  confided  to  it  by  the  nation, 

quisition  of   social  enjo3rments—  ♦          ♦          ♦           ♦ 

lianishing  for  ever  the  barbarous  Knowledge  is  beginning  to  be 

policy  of  the  Spanish  government,  difiiised  among  all  classes  ofsociety  • 

which  by  regulations,  printed  and  The  government  delights  to  exert 

circulated    among     the    military  itself  in  improving  the  establish- 

chiefs  on  their  mmtiers,  ordered  roents  for  the  purposes  of  educa- 

that  war  should  be  provoked  that  tion,  in  the  formation  of  others,  and 

their  destruction    should    follow,  in  the  efforts  which  are  taken  to 

Government  has  drawn  them  to  all  effect  a  eenuine  and  lasting  spirit 

the  stations  by  every  means  of  of  intelligence  among  the  people, 

peace  and  lenity;  and  the  sword  A  select  meeting  of  citizens,  lovers 

will  not  be  drawn  unless  to  punish  of  the  honour  of  their  country, 

insurrections..   The  points  where  have   conceived  and   realised  the 

we  border  on  the  enemy  have  been  design  of  erecting,  in  the  capital, 

guarded  by  the  opportune  despatch  an  institution  for  the  improvement 

of  troops.     The  state  of  defence  in  of  science,  literature,  and  the  arts. 

Yucatan  is  very  respectable,  and  The  executive  has  approved  of  the 

the  government,  on  account  of  its  statutes,  and  met  the  directors  ap- 

proximity  to  Cuba,  has  paid  par-  pointed  to  distribute  the  funds, 

ticular  attention  to  it.     These  pre-  The  academy  of  San  Carlos  keeps 

cautions  are  not  superfluous,  even  the  door  open  for  the  formation  of 

though  the  physical  and  moral  im-  good  taste  in  those  arts  which  add 

potence  of  the  enemy  be  visible,  to  the  comforts  of  life ;  and  has 

The  fortifications  of  the  important  begun  to  form  a  national  museum, 

fortress  of  San  Juan  ^e  Ultra  arQ  wmch  is  to  be  the  depository  (^  «U 

yQi,.Lxvin,  »♦ 


114*    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    ia26. 


that  is  rarest  and  most  precious 
in  our  country^  for  the  improve^ 
menfc  of  our  youtli  and  the  ad- 
miration of  foreigners.  In  the 
various  states  colleges  are  erected 
for  the  study  of  the  physical  and 
moral  sciences^  induing  political 
economy^  legislation,  and  the  other 
bmnohes  of  knowledge,  which  the 
pusillanimity  of  the  Spanish  go* 
vemmeat  prevented  from  being 
extended  to  us.  TIm  schools  for 
primazy  instructiim  have  also  muL- 
ti|died»  and  the  system  of  Lanoai^ 
ter  begins  to  become  general 
Vanous  societies  and  an^emies 
second  the  rapid  spread  of  informa- 
tion. The  greater  part  of  the  states 
have  purchased  printing  prenesy 
and  the  freedom  of  thought  in 
Mexico  gives  ample  employment 
to  them  all.  The  government  is 
occupied  in  forming  an  extensive 
plan  of  Education,  whii^  willmnit 
from  the  chamhons  all  1^  attention 
which  its  eariier  labours  entitled  it 
to. 

^  The  worldng  of  the  mines  has 
given  employment  to  much  fo- 
reign capital;  has  vtvived  our 
interior  popukdoo,  and  animated 
our  agriculture  and  our  oorameroe 
Want  of  employment  exists  no  ion* 
ger :  all  hands  are  ocoupiod,  and 
the  oopes  of  ^hoae  families  are  re* 
vived»  whkdi  from  opulence  might 
have  passed  into  the  doqpest  pover* 


ty.  A  great  supply  exists  iatk 
mint,  and  the  drculatiDn  of  tk 
signs  of  value  will  uigment  vilk 
the  public  wealth.  The  iatni^ 
tion  of  machinety,  and  the  ininl 
of  consummateardstsamooguifVffi 
diffuse  here  those  ligfiU  for  wtie^ 
we  oQoe  envied  Europe.  Iid>|^ 
Ation  can  acarody  picture  Umhi- 
city  which  is  in  store  ftr  m 
country.  Industry,  which  seeoai 
arily  belongs  to  the  foundsMif 
our  resources,  vinbly  impom. 
Our  pi^ier,  inm,  glass,  and  sothB 
manufactories,  all  attest  ths  i»- 
tivityand  the  talent  andtheca- 
terprise  of  tha  Mexioans. 

Hitherto  the  plan  appeandpnk. 
lematical  of  forming  a  oomms^ 
cation  between  two  seas,  by  oattfaf 
the  i^hmus  of  Tahoantipee  kgf 
means  of  a  canal ;  but  this  M- 
culty  has  disi^ipearBd,  anditirill 
be  easy  to  form  roads  well  edoh 
kted  for  oommecve.  The  eip^ 
ditkm  which  the  govemiaeai  nt 
to  this  part  c^  the  country  hii  i»- 
tumed,  oonfirmfaig  thisintdlMG^ 
havine  in  a  great  measure  cflM 
itsdengns.  The  aecvetaiyof  Me 
will  detail  to  the  ehambea  the 
great  efibrts  made  by  govenMBt 
to  leave  nothing  undone  in  the  im- 
portant objects  of  creating  and  i^ 
vancmg  the  organixatian  of  tk 
interior. 


f*mm» 


mamm 


ADDEAaS  ^  OBNSliAL  BoLrVAR  /O  the  CoNBTtTUSNT  C0N8MIB  / 

Bolivia,    mccmnpanjfing   the  Plan    of  a    dmOUntiam  fiir  » 
Qmaerfmefid  of  thai  Staie^ 


Legisbtorsf  mm  On  presenting 
you  wi^  diQ  plan  of  a  constitution 
tat  Bolivia,  I  feel  myself  over* 
whelmed  with  oonfttsion  and  timi- 
dity, from  a  penmasion  of  my  un« 
fitncM  for  tii9  tadu    When  I  roa 


fleet  that  the  wisdom  of  ip*<> 
not  sufficient  to  draw  up  one  (mi* 
mental  lew  which  is  pet&et.  ^ 
that  the  most  enlightened  h^^ 
tor  is  the  immediate  eansecf  huii^ 
miMi7>  and  a  flM<6iMi7j  af  il  «f^ 


t^UBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  115^ 

of  hii  divine  miaiioii,  what  am  I  liberal    Tbeat^  attributions  very 

to  say  of  the  soldier  who,  bom  much  reaemble  those  of  the  fedisnl 

amongst  slaves^  and  buried  in  the  system.    It  has  appeared  not  only 

a«erta  of  his  country,  has  seen  prudent  and  useful/  but  likewise 

aothing  but  captives  in  chains,  and  easy,  to  mve  to  the  imme^te  i^ 

brethren  with  arms  in  their  hands  presentatives  of  the  peqplet,  the 

to  break  them  ?    I  a  legislator !  privilepes  which  would  be  most 

Your  mistake  and  my  eneigement  coveted  by  the  dti^Eens  of  each  de- 

di^mte  the  preference :  I  cannot  partment,  its  provinoes  and  can* 

say  who  suffers  most  in  thisdread^  tons.    No  olject  is  of  mcne  irn^ 

Ai]  altemative^p-v'you,  from  the  evils  portance  to  a  citiaan  than  the  eleo« 

you  must  apprehend  finom  the  laws  tion  of  his  le^slatorai,  nu^txates, 

you  have  asked  of  me ;  or  I,  from  judgra,  and  pastors.    The  eleotcural 

the  disgrace  to  which  your  confr.  colle^  of  every  province  repn^m 

denoe  condemns  me.  sent  its  wants  and  interests ;  and 

I  have  made  every  effiirt  to  ex-  are  the  organs  of  complaint  for  in« 

plain  to  you  my  opinions  on  the  fraction  of  the  laws,  andfor  abuses 

manner  of  governing  free  men  ac^  of  the  magistrates.     I  may  venture 

cording  to  the  principles  adopted  to  say  with  some  foundation  that 

amongst  civilised  nations,  although  this  branch  partakes  of  the  rights 

the  lessons  of  experience  only  pre*-  enjoyed  by  the  ffovemmeat  of  Uie 

aent  long  series  of  disasters,  inter-  states  of  the  federal  system*    In 

rapted  by  occasional  gleams  of  good  this  way  a  new  weight  has  been 

fortune.    What  guides  are.  we  to  placed  in  the  balance  against  the 

follow  through  the  gloom  of  such  executive  power ;  and  the  govern*- 

aorrowAil  examples }  ment  has  acquired  fresh  guaran*- 

LegislatGV8,yourduties  call  upon  tees,  more  popularity,   and  addi- 

you  to  resist  the  shocks  of  two  tional  daims  to  rank  among  thnna 


powerful  oiemies  which  are  con-  which  are  most  distinguiwbed  for 
stantly  contending  with  each  other,  their  dfimoffratio  prinoiplea. 
and  both  wiU  attack  you  at  once ;  Evoy  ten  citizens  name  an  dec- 
tyranny  and  anarchy  form  an  inif  tor ;  the  nation  is  thus  represented 
mense  ocean  of  oppression,  which  by  the  tenth  part  of  its  dtiaens. 
aurrounds  a  small  island  of  liberty.  Nothing  is  required  but  capacity, 
perpetually  struggling  against  the  even  jooperty  is  not  necessary,  to 
violanoe  o£  the  waves  and  hur-  exercise  the  august  functions  of 
rican^  incessantly  threatening  to  sovereignty;  but  he  must  know 
bury  her  in  the  deep.  This  is  the  how  to  write  his  vote,  sign  his 
sea  in  which  your  frail  bark  has  to  name,  and  read  the  laws.  He 
navigate,  and  whose  pilot  is  so  in-  must  profess  some  science  or  art 
expjnrienced.  by  which  he  can  secure  an  honest 
The  plan  of  a  constitution  for  livelihood.  None  are  excluded  but 
BoHvia  is  divided  into  four  political  those  who  are  vicious,  idle,  and 
powers ;  one  more  having  been  grossly  ignorant.  Knowledge  and 
i^ed,  without  complicating  the  honesty,  not  money,  are  what  is 
principal  division  of  each  of  the  required  for  the  exercise  of  the 
otheiv.  The  electoral  power  has  re«  rights  of  the  people. 
oeived  attributions  which  were  not  The  legislative  body  is  so  oom-> 
given  to  it  in  other  governments  posed  that  it  must  necessarily  har- 
ga&eillly  oonsideved  to  be  most  monizeanoagslitadifiereiit  parts; 

H»2  . 


116*    ANNUAL    REGISTER,    18^6. 


it  will  never  be  found  divided  for 
want  of  a  judge  to  arbitrate,  as 
frequently  occurs  where  tbere  are 
only  two  chambers.  There  being 
here  three*  the  difference  between 
two  is  decided  by  the  third ;  the 
question  is  examined  by  two  con- 
tending parties,  and  another  im- 
partial one  who  decides  it ;  in  this 
way  no  useful  law  is  put  aside,  or 
at  all  events  it  will  have  been  dis- 
cussed once,  twice,  or  three  times 
before  it  be  rejected.  In  all  affairs 
between  two  adverse  parties  a  third 
is  chosen  to  dedde,  and  would  it 
not  be  absurd  not  to  adopt  a  mea- 
sure, dictated  by  imperious  neces- 
sity, in  the  most  important  in- 
terests of  society  ?  The  chambers 
will  thus  preserve  towards  each 
other  those  considerations  which 
are  indispensable  to  the  conserva- 
tion of  the  union  of  the  whole, 
who  ought  to  deliberate  in  the 
silence  of  the  passions  in  the  calm- 
ness of  wisdom.  Modern  con- 
gresses, it  will  be  said,  have  been/ 
composed  of  only  two  bodies.  It 
is  because  in  England,  which  has 
been  their  model,  the  nobility  and 
the  people  ought  to  be  represented 
in  two  chambers ;  and  if  in  North 
America  they  did  the  same,  al- 
though they  had  not  nobility,  it  is 
probable  that  habits  derived  from 
their  living  under  the  British  go- 
vernment induced  them  to  imitate 
it.  The  fact  is,  that  two  deliberat- 
ing bodies  must  be  in  a  continual 
state  of  contention ;  on  this  account 
Sieyes  propoised  that  there  should 
be  only  one — strange  absurdity ! 

The  first  chamber  is  that  of  Tri- 
bunes ;  they  have  the  right  of  pro- 
posing all  laws  relative  to  finance, 
peace,  and  war.  This  body  has 
immediate  inspection  over  those 
branches  administered  by  the  exe- 
cutive with  least  interferenpe  on 
the  part  of  the  legislature* 


The  Senators  have  the  fonnatiaii 
of  the  codes  and  ecclesiastical  regu- 
lations ;  they  watch  over  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice   and  orer 
public  worship.  The  Senate  diootei 
the    prefects,  judses  of  distiicts, 
governors,    correndors,     and  -  all 
other  persons  fiUing  subordinate 
situations  in  the  courts  of  justioe. 
It  proposes  to  the  chamber  of  cen- 
sors   the    members  of   the  hi^ 
court  of  archbishops,  Inahops,  pre- 
bepds,  &C.     Whatever  has  rdation 
to  religion  and  the  laws  is  under 
the  superintendance  of  the  senate. 

The  Censors  exerciae  a  poiitial 
and  moral  authority,  which  has 
some  resemblance  to  that  of  the 
Areopagus  of  Athens  and  of  the 
censors  of  Rome.  They  are,  as  it 
were,  the  fiscals  of  the  natioo 
against  the  government,  to  waldi 
over  the  reugious  observanoe  of 
the  constitution  and  public  treaties. 
I  have  placed  under  their  protec- 
tion the  national  jury,  whidi  is  to 
decide  on  the  good  or  bid  admi- 
nistrati6n  of  the  Executive. 

The  censors  are  the  protedon 
of  public  morals,  the  sdenoes,  the 
arts,  public  instruction,  and  the 
press.  The  censors  exercise  the 
most  terrible  as  well  as  the  most 
august  functions.  They  coodesm 
to  eternal  opprobrium  the  asozpen 
of  sovereignty  and  illustrious  cri- 
minals. They  grant  public  hoBooTB 
to  the  services  and  virtues  of  iUos- 
trious  dtisens.  The  appxeciatioB 
of  gloiy  has  been  confided  to  ikar 
hands;  the  censors. oudiit,  theie- 
fore,  to  be  of  unsullied  innoceoce 
and  unspotted  life.  If  theyerr,diey 
shall  be  accused  even  for  trxiiB| 
faults.  To  these  priests  of  the 
laws  have  been  confided  the  cot- 
tody  of  our  sacred  tables  ;  for  tfey 
it  is  who  are  to  prevent  thdr 
profanation. 

.  ThQ  Preadent  of  tbe  Rcpdi^ 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  117» 

in  our  constitation  becomes  as  the  thing  has  gone  on  under  the  dis« 

sun    which^    immoveable   in   the  tineuished  Boyer  with  the  tran- 

centre^  gives  life  to  the  universe,  quulity  of  a  legitimate  monarchy ; 

This  supreme  authority  should  be  —A  triumphal  proof  that  a  pre- 

perpetual,  because  in  those  forms  sident  for  life,  with  the  power  of 

of  society  where  hereditary  rank  naming  his  successor^  is  the  most 

is  unknown,  a  fixed  point  around  admirable  feature  in   the  repub* 

which    magistrates   and   citizens,  lican  system, 

men  and  tlungs,  should  revolve,  is  The  president  of  Bolivia  will  be 

required    more    than   in    others,  less  dangerous  than  that  of  Hayti, 

''  Give  me  a  place  to  stand  upon,"  the  mode  of  succession  being  more 

said  one  of  the  ancients,  ''  and  I  secure  for  the  welfare  of  the  state, 

will  move  the  world."     In  Bolivia  Besides,  the  president  of  Bolivia  is 

this  point  is  the  president  for  life,  deprived  of  all  influence :  he  nei« 

Upon  him  depends  all  the  regu-  ther  appoints  the  magistracy,  nor 

lariky  of  our  system,  without,  on  the  juages,   nor  to  ecclesiastical 

that   account,   his  possessing  any  offices,  however  subordinate  they 

active  interference.     He  has  been  may    be.      This    deprivation    df 

deprived  of  his  head  that  his  in«  power  has  never  yet  taken  place 

tentions  may  not  excite  alarm,  and  in  any  well-constituted    govern- 

his  hands  have  been  tied  that  he  ment ;  it  adds  obstacle  to  obstacle 

may  injure  no  one.  in  the  way  of  the  authority  of  a 

The  president  of  Bolivia  pbs*^  chief,  who  wiU  always  find  the 
sesses  some  of  the  powers  given  to  whole  people  under  the  influence 
the  Executive  in  the  United  States,  of  those  who  exercise  the  most 
but  under  restrictions  favourable  important  functions  in  society. 
to  the  people.  His  continuance  in  The  priesthood  has  the  control 
power  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  over  the  consciences  of  the  citi- 
preddent  of  HaytL  I  have  taken  zens,  the  judges  over  their  pro- 
tor  Bolivia  the  Executive  of  the  perty,  their  honour,  and  their  life, 
most  democratic  republic  in  the  and  the  magistracy  over  the  public 
world.  acts  of  the  nation.    Being  indebt- 

The  island  of  Hayti  (you  will  ed  to  the  people  for  their  dignity, 

forgive  me  thus  digresong  from  their  glory,  and  their  fortune,  the 

my   subject)  was  in  a  continual  president  cannot  hope  to  engage 

state  of  disturbance ;  after  having  them  in  his  ambitious  designs.     If 

tried  an  emperor,  a  king,  a  repub-  to  this  consideration  we  add  that 

lie,  all  known  forms  of  sovem-  which  arises  from  the  constant  op- 

naent,  and  others  beside,  she  was  position  a  democratic  government 

forced  to  have  recourse  to  the  il-  meets  with   at  every  step  of  its 

lustrious  Petion  for  her  salvation,  administration,  it  appears  not  un-> 

They  placed   their  confidence  in  reasonable   to  suppose,   that    the 

him>  and  the  destiny  of  Hayti  was  usurpation  of  the'  rights  of  the 

no  longer  subject   to  vacillation,  peoj^e  is  less  likely  to  occur  in  this 

On  Petum  being  chosen  president  government  than  in  any  other. 

for  life,  with  power  to  choose  his  Legislators,  henceforward  liberty 

successor,  neither  the  death  of  this  will  he  indestructible  in  America, 

ffreat  man,  nor  the  succession  of  Observe  the  uncultivated  aspect  of 

the  new  president,  have  caused  the.  this  continent,  which  alone  expels 

least  commotion  in  the  ^te ;  every  the  ijdea  of  i^  monarchical  fom^^  of 


118*    ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

government  r  its  deserts  inyite  us  given  to  the  minlftry,  who  ere  re« 

to  independence.     Here  there  is  sponsibie  to  the  oensors,  s«d  objcet 

no  high  nobility,  no  higli  church  to  the  jealous  vigiknce  of  all  the 

dignities.    Our  wealth  was  almost  members  of  the  l^islatare,   the 

nothing,  and  at  present  it  is  even  magistiBlet,  Judges  and   citisens. 

leak    Akhough  the  diurch  pee-  The    Custonoh-houae   oflioere    and 


influenee^  it  is  far  fimn  aa«  the  soldierjr,  the  odIj  agents  of 
piring  to  dominion,  satisfied  with  this  ministiy,  ate  not,  indeed,  tiie 
its   own  pfleeervatiaii.   .Without  most   likd^    to    engage   papular 
this  assiatanee,  ^rranny  eon  never  favour  on  their  side ;  their  infln^ 
he  pennanent ;  and  if  some  ani^  enee,  therefore,  will  be  nothing, 
bitious  chaiacters  exert  themselveB  The  Viee-^resident  is  die  me-* 
to  raise  empiies,  the  example  of  gistrate  most  fettered  hj  restndnts 
Deasalines,  Christophe,  and  Itur-  that  ever  held  command  ;  he  oheji 
hide  tells  them  what  awaits  them,  conjointly  the  leg^ahtture  and  ^ 
Tha»  is  no  power  so  difficult  to  Executive  of  a  republieaii  govem- 
nnMtyt»in  BB  that  of  a  ucw  d3masty.  ment.     From  the  former  he  re- 
Buonaparte,  the  conqueror  of  aLl  oeives    laws ;    from    the     hitter 
that  oppoaed  him,  was  not  able  to  orders ;  and  between  theee   two 
overturn  this  nde,  stronger  even  barriers  he  has  to  proceed  in  a 
-dmn  empires.    And  if  the  great  path  beset   with  difficulties  and 
Nqyoleon  was  not  able  to  hold  up  surrounded    by   ptccipieos.     Not- 
against  the  league  oi  republicans  withstanding  these  inconvenienees, 
^d  aristoonats,  who  coidd  found  to  govern  thus  is  meferable  to  ab- 
monardiies  in  America,  on  a  soil  solute    power.      These    oonstitu- 
illuminated  with  the  brilliant  flame  tional  barriers  strengthen  his  po- 
of lib^ty,   which   consumes  the  Utical  conscience,  and  aflbrd  mm 
materials   of   which   those   royal  well-grounded  hopes  of  meeting 
soaffi)lds  are  to  be  constructed  ?  with  a  light  to  guide  him  among 
No,  Legislators,  do  not  fear  pre-  the  rocks  by  whidi  he  is  suntnmd- 
tenders  to  the  Crown ;  it  would  ed ;  they  act  as  a  support  against 
he  on  their  heads  like  the  sword  the  assaults  of  our  passions  in  con- 
hanging  over  Dionysius.     Those  cert  with  the  self-interest  of  oi^ias. 
fminden  of  modem  dynasties,  who  In  the  government  of  die  United 
are   blind    enough    to  ,  construct  States  it  has    been  latterly  die 
thrones  on  the  ruins  of  liberty,  practioe  to  dioose  die  prime  min- 
will  raise  tombs  to  their  ashes,  ister   to   succeed    the    preadent 
which  will  inform  future  genera*  Nothing  is  so  judicious  in  a  re- 
tions  how    they    preferred  their  public  as  this ;  it  has  the  advan- 
insane   ambidon   to   liberty  and  tage  of  pladng  at  the  head  of  the 
glory.  administradon  a  person  expeiien* 

The  constitutional  authority  of  ced  in  the  affiiirs  of  government, 
the  president  of  Bc^via  is  the  most  When  he  enters  upon  the  exeitiae 
restrieted  of  any  that  is  known ;  of  his  functions,  he  goes  prepared, 
he  only  names  diose  employed  in  and  carries  with  hhn  the  breeK  of 
the  departments  of  finance,  of  popularity  and  a  practical  know- 
peace  and  war ;  he  commands  the  ledge  of  business.  I  have  takea 
army.  T%is  is  the  extent  of  his  advantage  of  diis  idea,  and  I  hate 
powers.  establislmd  it  as  a  law. 

Tk^  ad^li^stretien  is  e?itirel;y  The  president  of  die  fiepubO? 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  110* 

sqi^ints  the  Tioe-prendent^   that  found  their  dums  to  appxobadon 

lie  may  gorem  the  state,  and  suo-  on  the  order  of  hereditary  6uooei<- 

ceed  him  in  the  command.     By  sion  which  makes  them  stahle,  and 

this  means,  the  period  of  elections  on  union  which  makes  them  strong. 

iM  avoided,  which  is  piMxluctiTe  of  For  this  it  is,  that  although  a 

that  ereat  scourge  to  repuhlics-—  sovereign  prinoe  is  a  spoiled  child, 

anaidby,  the  luxury  of  tyranny,  shut  up  in  his  palace,  educated  hy 

imd  the  most  dreadful  as  well  as  flattery,  and  a  victim  to  his  pa»« 

xBoat    immediate    dang^    which  sions;  tli^  prinoe,  whom  I  will 

tbreatens    popular    governments,  venture  to  csdl  the  lau^in^tock 

By  this  means  also  this  dreaded  of  mankind,  governs  a  portion  of 

^iflis  passes  over  in  repuhlics  the  his   fellow*creatures,  because    he 

mme  as  in  legitimate  monarchies,  preserves  order    in   the  state  of 

The  vice-president  must  be  a  things,  and  subordination  among 
man  of  consummate  integrity  :  fmr  his  subjects  by  the  immutability  of 
if  the  first  mapistrate  does  not  se^  his  power  and  the  steadiness  of  his 
leet  an  upright  citizen,  he  must  policy*  Cmisider,  Legislators,  that 
foai  him  as  his  most  dangerous  these  great  advantages  are  united 
enemy,  and  be  in  constant  sus«  in  a  president  fbr  life  and  an  here<« 
pieion  of  his  ambitious  designs,  ditary  vice-jn^esident. 
Tlie  vice-prendent  must  endeavour  The  judicial  power  which  I  ps^ 
to  deserve  by  his  services  thdt  con**  pose,  is  most  completely  indepen-* 
fidenoe  which  is  necessary  to  en«  dent ;  no  where  is  it  so  much  so. 
able  him  to  carry  into  effect  the  The  people  present  the  candidates, 
duties  of  his  high  office,  and  to  and  the  legislature  chooses  those 
hope  to  obtain  his  great  reward  who  are  to  fiU  the  seat  of  justice. 
from  the  nation-^the  supreme  Unless  the  judges  derive  their 
command.  The  legislative  body  origin  from  the  people,  it  is  inl- 
and the  pe(^le  will  exact  capacity  possible  to  preserve  in  all  its  purity 
and  talents  from  this  magistrate  i  this  safeguard  to  the  rights  of 
and  will  require  his  blind  obedi«  individual.  These  rights  it  is,  Le« 
ence  to  the  laws  of  liberty.  gislators,  which  constitute  liberty. 

Hereditary  succession  is  what  equality,  security,  all  the  guaran- 

principally    tends    to    perpetuate  tees  of  social  life.    The  truly  free 

monarchical  institutions,  and  makes  constitution  is  written  in  the  civil 

them  so  general  throughout  the  and  criminal  codes;  and  the  ty- 

world ;  how  much  more  advanta-  '  ranny  most  to  be  dreaded  is  that 

geous  is  the  order  of  succession  I  exercised  by  the  tribunals  in  the 

have  proposed  for  the  vice-presi-  name  of  the  laws.     Generally,  the 

dent?     If   the    heirs  of  princes  Executive  is  but  the  depositaiqr  of 

were  chosen  by  their  merits,  and  the  common  weal;  but  the  tribunals 

not  by  chance ;  and  instead  of  re-  are  the  arbitrators  of  what  is  our 

maining  in  activity  and  ignorance  own,  of  the  property  of  individuals. 

they  were  placed  at  the  head  of  The  judicial  power  is  the  measure 

the    administration ;  they   would  of  the  prosperity  or  misery  of  the 

doubtless  become  more  enlightened  people ;  and  if  there  be  liberty,  if 

monarchs,  and  would  be  the  de*  there  be  justice  in  the  republic,  it 

light    of    their    subjects.      Yes,  is  distributed  by  it.     The  political 

LegiaUtors,  those  monaichicaj  in-,  organii^ation,  provided  the  civil  be 

iti^tjons  which  govern  the  world,  perfect,  is  aometim^  of  little  eon^ 


120*    ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

sequence ;  let  tlie  laws  be  religi-  immoral  than  superfluous ;  it  is» 

ously  fulfilled ;  let  them  be  as  in-  therefore  the  interest  of  the  Re- 

ezorable  as  fate.  public  to  guard  its  frontien  widi 

According  to  the  opinions  of  the  troops  of  fiie  line>  and  with  troops 

day^  we  of  course  have  prohibited  of  XHistom-house    officers  against 

the  rack  and  extorted  confessions ;  the  machinations  of  fraud, 
we  have  also  cut  of  the  prolonga-        I  ha^e  proposed  that  the  consti- 

tion  of  law-suits  in  the  intricate  tution  of  Bcdivia  should  be  r^onn- 

labyrinth  of  appeals.  ed  at  oertun  periods,  aocnnJing  to 

The  territory  of  the  Republic  is  the  movements  of  the  intellertml 
governed  by  prefects,  governors,  world.  The  steps  to  be  followed 
corregidors,  j  udees  of  the  peace,  and  in  the  introduction  of  refonns  have 
alcaldes.  My  Imiits  have  not  al-  been  laid  down  as  I  have  thought 
lowed  me  to  enter  into  a  detail  of.  most  advisable, 
their  organisation  and  of  the  ex-  The  responsibility  oi  persons  ia 
tent  to  be  given  to  the  jurisdiction  public  situations  is  laid  down  in 
of  each ;  it  is  however  my  duty  to  the  constitution  of  Bolivia  in  the 
present  to  the  Congress  some  re-  most  explicit  terms.  Withofut  re- 
gulations concerning  the  govern-  sponsibility,  without  restraint,  the 
ment  of  the  departments,  and  pro-  state  becomes  a  chaos.  I  venture 
vinces.  Bear  in  mind.  Legislators,  to  urge  strongly  the  members  of 
that  nations  ar6  composed  of  cities  the  legislature  to  pass  the  strictest 
and  cottages ;  and  tluit  on  the  wel-  and '  most  definite  laws  upon  this 
fare  of  these  depends  the  felicity  important  subject.  Every  one 
of  the  state.  You  can  never  pay  talks  about  responsilnlity,  and 
too  much  attention  to  the  good  go-  there  it  ends.  There  is  no  reqpoosi- 
vemment  of  the  departments,  bility.  Legislators:  the  magistrates, 
This  point  is  of  the  utmost  im-  judees,  and  public  officers  abvue 
portance  in  the  science  of  legisla-  their  authority,  because  the  agents 
tion ;  it  is,  notwithstanding,  too  of  the  government  are  not  under 
much  overlooked.  rigorous  restraint;  and  the  people. 

The  armed  force  has  been  di-  in  the  mean  time,  are  the  victims, 

vided  into  four  parts — the  troops  I  would  recommend  the  ftts^ng  of 

of  the  line,  the  navy,  the  national  a  law  which  should  direct  eveiy 

militia ;  and  the  military  corps  of  person    employed   under   goveni- 

Custom-house  officers.     The  duty  ment  to  give  annually  an  account 

of  the  troops  of  the  line  is  to  de-  of  his  conduct, 
fend  the  frontier.     God  forbid  that        The  roost  complete  guarantees 

they  should  turn  their  arms  against  have  been  established ;  civil  libertj 

their  fellow-citisens!  The  national  is  the  only  true  liberty;  the  rest 

militia  is  sufficient  to  preserve  in-  are  merely  nominal,  or  have  but 

temal  tranquillity.      Bolivia  does  little  influence  on  the  condition  ci 

not  possess  an  extensive  coast ;  a  the    people.       Personal    secnritr, 

navy,  therefore,  would  be  useless ;  which  is  the  object  of  man's  ento** 

some    day,    notwithstanding,    we  ing  into  society,  and  from  whicb 

may  have  both  one  and  the  other,  the    others    emanate,     has   beea 

A  corps  of  Custom-house  officers  guaranteed.  With  respect  to  that  cf 

under  military  discipline,  is  in  every  property,  it  will  d^end  upon  the 

respect  preferable  to  simpleCustom-  civU  co^,  to  the  compositioD  of 

bouse  officers ;  this  servi^  is  more  which  you  ought  immediatdy  to 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.        12I* 


dedicate  your  talents,  for  tlie 
benefit  of  your  fellow-citizens.  I 
bave  preserved  intact  the  law  of 
laws— equality ;  without  it,  all  our 
guarantees,  aU  our  rights  are  null. 
To  it  we  must  sacrifice  every  thing. 
At  its  shrine  I  have  immolated  the 
infamous  laws  of  slavery. 

Legislators !  Slavery  is  an  in-: 
firaction  of  every  law.  The  law 
which  recognized  it  would  be 
most  saciileeious.  What  right 
can  be  allied  for  its  continuance  ? 
Look  upon  this  crime  in  every 
point  of  view,  and  I  am  satisfied 
there  is  not  one  inhabitant  of 
fioEvia  so  depraved  as  to  pretend 
to  justify  this  most  scandalous  vio- 
lation of  the  dignity  of  man.  One 
man  to  be  owned  l^  another !  A 
man  to  become  property!  God's 
imaffe  put  to  the  yoke  like  a  beast! 
Tell  me  where  is  to  be  found  a 
defence  of  these  usurpers  of  man  ? 
Guinea  cannot  furnish  it,  for 
Africa,  laid  waste  by  fratricide, 
only  presents  a  field  of  crime. 
The  remains  of  those  African 
tribes  having  been  transplanted 
here,  what  power  can  sanction  the 
right  of  property  over  these  vic- 


tiijus?  To  transmit,  to  prolong, 
to  eternalize  this  crime,  mingled 
with  torments,  is  an  outrage  re- 
volting to  our  nature.  To  found 
a  right  to  possession  upon  the  most 
savage  delinquency,  could  never 
be  imagined  without  overturning 
every  element  of  justice,  without 
the  most  determined  perversion  of 
every  idea  of  our  duties.  No  one 
can  destroy  the  sacred  doctrine  of 
equality:  and  can  slavery  exist 
where  equality  is  proclaimed  ? 
Such  contradictions  would  be  taken 
as  evidence  of  our  want  of  sense, 
rather  than  of  justice ;  we  should 
be  considered  more  as  madmen 
than  as  robbers. 

If  there  did  not  exist  a  God,  the 
protector  of  mnocenoe  and  Uberty, 
I  would  prefer  the  condition  of  the 
lion,  ranging  uncontrolled  the 
desert  and  the  forest,  to  that  of  a 
captive  at  the  mercy  of  a  mean 
tyrant,  who,  an  accomplice  of  his 
crimes,  will  provoke  the  anger  of 
Heaven:  but  no;  God  has  des- 
tined man  for  freedom ;  he  pro- 
tects him,  that  he  may  exercise  the 
heavenly  gift  of  free  will. 


Chili.— -Address  of  Freirb  io  the  National  Congress,  at  its 

Opening,  July  6. 


Gentlemen — Having,  after  much 
toil  and  fatigue,  overcome  the 
dangers  which  threatened  us,  how 
grateful  is  my  heart  to  behold, 
united  in  this  august  Assembly,  the 
Representatives  of  the  Chilian  peo- 
ple. The  hopes  of  the  nation  are 
reposed  in  this  assembly,  and  on  it 
depend,  from  henceforward,  its 
destinies.  In  your  wisdom  and 
your  patriotism  is  fixed  the  public 
confidence;  to  me  they  are  the 
strongest  guarantee  of  your  future 
conduct,  and  a  surety  t£i^tno  ob- 


stacle, of  whatsoever  magnitude  or 
nature,  will  delay  the  progress  of 
your  march,  until  you  have  ac- 
complished the  immense  undertak- 
ing of  a  new  social  regeneration. 
»  »  •  • 

In  spite  of  the  enlightened 
principles,  and  great  and  elevated 
idea,  of  the  constitution  formed 
by  the  congress  of  ]  823,  it  was  not 
possible,  from  one  cause  or  other, 
to  resist  the  clashing  of  public 
opinion,  nor  the  force  of  the  general 
will  of  the  people,  whO|  impelled^ 


122*    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

as  by  a  simuleaneous  action^  so-  with  the  greatest  eanestnevy  to 
lemnly  raised  their  vcdoe  to  the  the  adoption  of  ereiy  means  in  my 
goyemment^  and  supplicated  for  its  reach  to  promote  the  publie  good, 
suspension.  It  was  founds  amidst  endeavourine  to  deserre  the  vrn- 
other  reasons,  to  he  impracticable  in  limited  conldenee  reposed  in  me 
its  application,  and  so  complicated  by  my  fellow«dtinnSy  until  todi 
in  its  spirit,  so  excessiyely  minute  period  as  eiromnstanoei  mig^t  per- 
wd  exact,  that  its  perfection  was  mit  the  re-union  of  a  oongreia  to 
only  ideal,  and  could  not  be  adapt-i  reform  the  old  oonsdtiition,  or  to 
ed  to  our  native  customs,  nor  to  model  a  new  ana  Amoogst  the 
the  generally  received  ideas*  first  measures  which  I  undertodt 
It  may  be  added,  that,  con-  was  the  reformation  of  tiie  re- 
stituted as  the  executive  power  ligious  bodies.  The  deosy  of  those 
was,  owing  to  its  restricted  facul-«  establishments,  the  total  negleet  of 
ties,  it  was  found  to  be  quite  im«  the  spirit  of  the  founders,  mank^ 
potent,  and  deprived  of  that  religion,  and  deoency,  counsdled 
strength  and  energy  which,  from  me  to  this-^to  restore  it  to  its 
its  very  nature,  it  ought  to  in-  ancient  purity,  eonfonnably  with 
)ierit— and  which,  in  the  midst  of  the  ends  of  its  institution,  wi^Mmt 
difiioultiesy  the  public  weal  re<«  the  alienation  of  those  Immense 
quired.  riches,  which  an  indiscreet  piety 
These  considerations  were  ad«  and  the  torrent  of  oveiflowing  wtil 
dressed  to  the  government  in  re*  had  accumulated  in  their  hands,  te 
presentations  submissive  and  re*  the  great  detriment  of  indmtry, 
spectful ;  vigorous,  and  sometimes  and  diametrically  opposite  to  that 
bearing  the  diaracter  of  impatience,  science  of  politiod  economy  whidi 
and  even  a  tone  of  bitterness  which  practice  has  proved  to  be  the  pnn- 
assumed  the  tone  of  desperation.  dpal  fountain  of  publio  prosperity. 
Under  these  circumstances,  I  that  is  to  say  the  subdivision  of 
was  compelled,  contrary  to  my  own  capitaL 
principles  and  sentiments^  to  yield  #  •  •  • 
to  the  universal  clamour.  The  Convinced  that  it  is  agiicnl- 
pernicious  effects,  however,  did  not  ture  which  constitutes  tho  real 
escape  me,  which  a  resolution,  al«*  riches  of  a  nation,  and  conseqiittitly 
though  made  legitimate  by  the  that  it  is  entitled  to  the  chief  pio- 
public  will,  presented,  it  being  an  tection  of  every  government,  ej^e- 
example  prejudicial  in  itself,  and  cially  in  a  country  so  prodigiously 
possibly  injurious  at  a  future  fertile  as  ours,  I  have  qiared  no 
period.  Compelled  to  close  my  pains  for  the  acoompHduncnt  c^ 
eyes  and  my  ears  to  every  thing  my  earnest  desire  to  recover  it 
but  the  public  good,  it  was  de-  from  its  present  decayed  and  neg- 
creed,  in  conjunction  with  the  then  lected  state.  With  this  view  our 
existing  senate,  to  suspend  those  minister  plenipotentiary,  residing 
parts  of  the  constitution  which  had  in  London,  conformably  with  the 
not  already  been  acted  upon.  instructions  given  him,  has  coo- 
Resuming,  therefore,  in  conse-  eluded  a  contract  of  colomjcatkn, 
quence  of  this  events  in  my  own  in  which  he  has  agreed  for  ths 
person,  the  extraordinary  powers  transportation  of  4,000  fiunili^, 
which  were  the  object  of  the  amongst  whom  it  b  proposed  to 
Ijenwl  desire,  I  dedicated  myself,  distribute  88,000  cua&is  of  M 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.        123» 


in  tbe  territory  tliat  lies  between 
the  riTers  Bio-bio  and  Imperial— « 
in  certain  districts  of  the  govern-* 
ment  of  Valdivia-^and  in  Uie  De* 

partment  of  Osomo. 

*  •  •  • 

The  administration  of  justice, 
a  point  of  such  immeitse  import- 
mnce  to  the  welfare  and  felicity  of 
every  country,  is  conducted  in  Chili 
on  foed  and  invariable  principles, 
and  subject  to  immutable  regula- 
tions. The  code  promulgated  1^ 
a  decree  of  the  Senate,  &  1824, 
cannot  be  sufficiently  ptaised, 
abounding  as  it  does  in  the  most 
philosophical  principles,  well  wor- 
thy the  enligntened  age  in  which 
Tve  live. 

The  establishment  of  a  police, 
having  for  its  object  not  only  the 
public  tranquillity,  but  the  conve- 
nience, ease,  health  of  our  coun- 
tr3riiien,  and  the  embellishment  of 
our  towns,  has  not  yet  been  effect- 
ed. The  minister  of  the  interior 
will,  in  due  time;  lay  before  Con- 
gress, for  its  attentive  consideration, 
a  plan  which  will,  it  is  hoped,  meet 
its  approbation,  and  ensure  to  this 
country  the  beneficial  effects  ob- 
servable in  other  civilized  states. 
The  object  of  aU  institution^f  of  this 
nature  must  be  the  amelioration  of 

Sublic  morals,  and  indirectly,  the 
iminution   of  those   crimes  and 

ofiences  which  disgrace  humanity. 

•  «  *  • 

The  present  state  of  education 
amongst  us  is  certainly  deplorable, 
and  has,  therefore,  a  preferable 
claim  to  your  attention  and  protec- 
tion. 1  speak  not  of  individual  or 
privileged  education,  confined  to  a 
certain  number,  or  to  a  certain 
dass ;  but  I  speak  of  that  national 
education,  properly  so  called,  which, 
embracing  in  its  vast  plan  all  the 
individuals  of  the  social  circle, 
ppens  to  all,  without  distinctiojty 


the  door  of  universal  knowledge ; 
which,  indifferent  to  those  acci- 
dental inequalities  which  capricious 
fortune,  or  vicious  institutions,  or 
even  crime  itself^  sometimes  esta- 
blishes among  men,  appreciates 
merit  alone,  and  gives  the  freest 
scope  to  talent  The  National  In- 
stitute, although  inadequate  to 
these  high  purposes,  is,  without 
doubt,  the  only  establishment  which 
can  with  truth  be  said  to  exist  in 
Chili  capable  of  fulfilling  the  ardent 
hopes  entertained  on  this  subject, 
particularly  since  its  late  reform, 
and  the  great  improvements  that 
have  taken  place,  as  well  in  its  ex- 
ternal appearance,  as  in  its  internal 

administration. 

•  •  •  * 

The  situation  of  a  treasurv, 
perpetually  in  a  state  of  exhaus- 
tion in  consequence  of  the  drains 
occasioned  by  a  large  and  extra- 
ordinary expenditure,  has  left  me 
but  little  leisure  to  attend  to  other 
objects  of  public  importance  and 
utility ;  nor  have  I  yet  been  able 
to  c^ct  such  organization  of  the 
finances  of  the  country  as  would 
bring  the  revenue  of  the  nation, 
and  even  its  ordinary  expenditure, 
to  a  level.  Indeed  this  desirable 
object  cannot  be  realized  till  it  is 
determined  to  supersede  certain 
antiquated  notions,  by  principles 
more  congenial  to  common  sense, 
and  more  in  accordance  with  the 
common  and  well-known  axioms 
of  political  economy. 

The  system  of  direct  taxation, 
uniting,  as  it  does,  all  financial  ad- 
vantages with  the  principles  of 
distributive  justice  on  which  it  is 
founded,  experienced  the  most  re- 
markable indifference  at  the  hands 
of  the  legislative  body  in  the  year 
1824,  to  whom  it  was  proposed, 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  their 
sanction,  together  with  othejr  maN 


124*     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

ters^bytbetlien  minister  of  finance^  only  justification  of  tliU 

who  adduced^  in  a  luminous  memo-  is  the  imperious  law  of  neoeasitj, 

rial,  the  most  approved  maxims  of  which  teaches  and  compels  us  of 

political  economy^  in  support  of  its  two  evils  to  choose  th^e  leeot. 
utility.      This  measure  met  also        The  expedition  against  Chike, 

with  the  greatest  opposition  from  the  last  receptacle  in  these  seas  lor 

a  numerous  body  of  men^  who  have  the  ruins  of  the  Spanidi  pown, 

ever  considered  it  in  the  light  of  a  having  succeeded  in  its  object  bf 

fatal  innovation^  and  who  went  to  the  union  and  incarporatioQ  of  that 

the  ridiculous  extreme  of  viewing  Archipelago  with  the  territory  of 

it  as  a  matter  of  doubt  and  anxiety^  the  repubuc^  of  whidi  it  u  an  in- 

for  those  persons  of  timid  and  over-  tegral  part,  our  independence  h» 

scrupulous  consciences,  perpetually  been  established  for  ever,   and  a 

vacillating  between  their  own  in-  considerable  portion  of  our  nafil 

terests,  and  the  solemnity  of  an  and  military  force  was  left  withint 

oath.     Finally,  it  was  considered  employment.      This  oonsidentkn 

as  an  odious  inquisitorial  imposi-  induced  me  to  carry  into  ^ect  ihft 

tion,  which  violated  the  seclusion  decree  for  disarming  Uie  sqnadron, . 

of  private  life,  and  tore  aside  the  and  for  the   sale   of    the   fixate 

veil  of  domestic  secrecy.     To  you,  Maria   Isabel,   and  the   two  oor- 

gentlemen,    it  belongs  to  remove  vettes,  the  Independencia  and  Ga- 

these  errors  of  opinion,  which  have  cabuca,  of  the  particulars  of  whidi 

at  all  times  acted  as  a  check  to  the  the  minister  of  the  department  will 

development  of  great  and   useful  give  you  the  requisite  infbrmatkiD. 

discoveries.  The  minister  of  finance  A  great   part   of   the  produce  of 

will  lay  before  you,  with  all  the  these  sales  has  been  applied  to  the 

clearness  possible,  a  detailed  com-  payment  of   the   arrears    due  to 

munication  respecting  the  state  of  officers  and  crews  of  the  navy— a 

perfect  nullity  in  which  this  branch  debt  rendered  the  more  sacred  by 

of  revenue  is  at  present  involved,  the  eminent  services  perfonned  bj 

and  will  propose  the  reforms  which  that  brave  and  honouraUe  bo^, 

have  become  so  imperiously  neces-  whose  flag,  always  victorioos,  has 

sary,  for  meeting  the  pressing  exi-  traversed  the  vast  eiquinse  of  the 

gencies  of  the  nation.  Pacific,  to  meet  and  triumph  ofcr 

The  deficiency  in  the  revenue,  the  enemies  of  the  repablic 
up  to  the  present  day — ^which  the        The   diminution    of  the  anajr 

ordinary  expedients  have  been  in-  is  not  less  an  object  of  interest  and 

sufficient  to  cover — ^has  been  the  importance  to  the  nation,  espedaDj 

occasion   of  evils  of  the  greatest  when  the  national  guards,  whose 

magnitude ;  and  of  these  evils,  by  organization   will   soon    be  cooi- 

no  means  the  least  has  been  the  pleted,   shall  be  able   to  be  their 

necessity  imposed  on  the  govern-  substitutes,  in  promoting  and  maiB- 

mcnt,  of  granting  a  monopoly  of  taining   public    order    and   tnn- 

the   articles    of   tobacco,    foreign  quillity. 
liquors,  and  tea,  for  the  purpose  of  •  •  ♦  • 

providing  for  the  half-yearly  in-        The  division  of  the  terrUoiy  of 

terest  of  the  loan  of  five  millions,  the  republic  into  a  greato-  number 

raised  in  London,  to  the  great  de-  of  provinces,  has  been  prorisioiiaflj 

triment  of  a  portion  of  the  inci-  decreed,  in   conformity   with  tk 

pient  industry  of  the  nation.    The  ^neral  wish  pf  the  pec^  of  OiQ, 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS. 


126* 


and  with  a  view  to  conciliate  the 
interests    and  advantages  of   all. 
This   measure  appears  to  me   to 
promise  the  most  beneficial  results, 
not  only  by  promoting  the  different 
branches  of  national  industry  with- 
in the  provinces,  but  by  exciting 
useful    competition  among  them, 
by  establishing  a  kind  of  rivalry, 
of  which  the  effect  must  be  to  in- 
crease the  national  prosperity,  and 
to   impart   to  our    institutions   a 
firmness   and    solidity,    springing 
from  this  closer  imion  and  friend- 
ship, of  which  they  have  hitherto 
been  deprived,  to  the  great  diminu- 
tion of  our  credit,  and  to  the  immi- 
nent risk  of  an  interruption  of  pub- 
lic tranquillity.     Having  thus  gone 
through  the  principal  topics  re- 
lating to  the  internal  administra- 
tion of  affairs,  it  remains  that  I 
should   give  some  account  of  our 
foreign  relations. 

The  most  friendly  disposition 
exists  between  this  republic  and 
the  brother  republics  of  Peru,  Co- 
lombia, the  United  Mexican  States, 
Guatemala,  and  the  United  Pro- 
vinces of  Rio  de  la  Plata.  These 
amicable  relations  are  unalterable 
in  their  nature,  and  have  the  com- 
mon welfare  for  their  object. 

The  first  of  these  republics  has 
repeatedly  received  the  most  earn- 
est pledges  of  the  interest  that 
Chili  takes  in  her  fate,  especially 
when  Chili,  forgetM  of  her  own 
difficulties,  found  means  to  lend  to 
Peru,  at  a  period  of  doubts  and 
danger,  that  assistance  which  Was 
unquestionably  beyond  the  sphere 
of  her  duty,  and  only  just  within 
the  limits  of  her  power.  It  cannot 
be  doubted  that  the  Peruvian 
government  is  sensible  of  the  ob- 
ligation, and  acknowledges  it  with 
gratitude,  and  that  the  very  con- 
nderable  claims  of  Chili  upon  that 

State  will  have  a  pref ei^eoce;  when 


our  necessities  are  considered,  and 
the  heroic  sacrifices  by  which  they 
have  been  occasioned.  For  the 
purpose  of  liquidating  these  claims, 
as  well  as  for  obtaining  the  sur- 
render, according  to  the  interna- 
tional law  of  those  intriguing  per- 
sons who,  in  the  very  centre  of 
that  republic,  are  iniquitously  em- 
ployed in  stirring  up  civil  commo- 
tions and  dissentions,  which  may 
have  the  injurious  effects  in  this 
state,  the  mission  of  an  envoy  to 
the  Peruvian  government  has  be- 
come a  measure  of  imperious  ne- 
cessity. The  recent  occurrences 
in  Chiloe — the  military  insurrec- 
tion at  San  Carlos,  into  which  the 
garrison  was  betrayed  by  the 
most  unheard-of  perfidy — ^is  one^ 
of  the  successful  results  of  the  dark 
intrigues  of  these  factious  incen- 
diaries—  a  t^^eachery  the  more 
scandalous  and  detestable,  inas- 
much as  its  odious  fabricators  have 
attempted  to  sanction  their  crime 
with  the  illustrious  name  of  the 
Liberator  of  Colombia,  to  the  great 
injury  of  his  immortal  name  and 
glory.  The  government,  in  the 
mean  time,  has  adopted  the  most 
active  and  vigorous  measures  for 
the  re-establi££ment  of  public  tran- 
quillity in  that  quarter,  an  account 
of  whidi  will  be  given  you  by  the 
minister  of  the  corresponding  de- 
partment. 

The  decision  of  this  assembly 
is  also  to  be  ascertained  with  re- 
spect to  the  invitation  given  to 
Chili  by  the  republics  of  Peru  and 
Colombia  to  join  those  states,  and 
other  republics,  who,  from  the 
inferior  condition  of  Spanish  colo- 
nies, have  elevated  themselves  to 
the  rank  of  independant  nations,  in 
sendinff    plenipotentiaries    to  the 

fmeral    congress    assembled     at 
anama. 
The  plenipotentiaries  of  Peru 


120*    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


and  Colombia  hare  been  on  tbat 
spot  nnce  the  11th  of  December 
last^  and  those  of  Mexico  and  Gua* 
temala  must  have  joined  them  by 
this  time.  Althougli  fuUj  sensible 
of  the  great  advantages  to  be  de« 
rived  nom  this  confederation^  I 
have  not  ventured  to  take  upon 
myself  the  nomination  of  the  em« 
baasy>  reserving  the  dediion  of  this 
most  important  matter  to  the  na<* 
tional  r^resentation^  now  assem- 
bled, llie  principal  motives  that 
have  induced  the  meeting  of  that 
congress,  the  basLt  of  its  proceed- 
ings, together  with  the  rest  of  the 
documents  relative  thereto,  will  be 
submitted  to  your  consideration  by 
the  minister  of  Foreign  Afiafars. 

The  circumstances  under  which 
the  emperor  of  Bnudl  provoked  an 
imjust  and  soandabus  war  with 
the  United  Provinces  of  the  river 
Plate,  obliged  the  government  of 
that  repubhc,  through  the  medium 
of  the  minister  ^enipotentiary  here, 
to  demand  certain  explanations,  to 
which,  not  ooncdving  I  had  suffi- 
cient authority,  I  have  hitherto, 
abstsuncd  fh)m  giving  any  reply  ; 
the  more  so  because  it  seemed  to 
me  expedient  to  avoid  every  op- 
portunity of  becoming  involved  in 
a  compromii^,  which  prudence,  and 
the  laws  of  strict  neu^ality,  obliged 
me  to  evade.  These  also  shall  be 
submitted  for  your  consideration. 

Desiring  to  strengthen  the 
friendship  which  binds  Chili  to 
the  United  States  of  North  Ame* 
rica,  and  to  fiilfil  the  obligatioH 
inounred  by  the  generous  conduct  of 
that  nation>  which,  disdaining  the 
oold  circumi^)ectioB  d  European 
diplomaoy,  has  sdemnly  acknow- 
ledged our  ind^endenoe,  and 
maintained,  from  that  moment,  a 
minister  plenipotentiary  amongst 
us,   I  have  named  an  agent,  var 


vested  with  an  equal  powtr,  to  s&i 
aide  at  that  govarmoent.  This 
resolution,  founded  on  a  juat  Coel* 
ing  of  reciprocity  isi,  as  must  be 
apparent,  a  testimooy  of  our  grati- 
tude to  that  republio,  the  cnHue  ef 
the  liberty  of  Uie  hiunaa  race;,  and 
an  obieot  easier  of  admiimtion  than 
of  imitation  to  all  natima. 

The  government  of  the  low 
countries  have  named  a  oonatil  in 
Valparaiso,  with  the  view  of  cul- 
tivating oommeroe  with  Chili.  This 
nation,  governed  by  a  prince  wfae 
ia  a  lover  of  liberal  inatitutioBs, 
makes  me  presage  that  this  is  only 
the  first  step  towards  others  ef  a 
friendly  nature. 

The   like  advantages  may  bs 

Xted.  from  the  enlightened 
^  ^  of  France,  and  from  the  dis- 
poritlon  evinced  in  liivour  of  the 
independent  states  of  America, 
whose  vessels  are  already  pemlttel 
to  enter  their  ports,  and  partake  <£ 
the  usual  protection  diqienaed  to 
friendly  nations. 

England,  whose  circum^ect 
conduct  with  regard  to  ChiH,  has 
been  caused  principally  by  the 
^irit  of  detraction  shewn  by  pre- 
judiced fbreign  writers,  or  ef 
sinister  infcnrmers^  for  the  prooM^ 
tion  of  selfish  motives,  having  at 
length  ascertained  the  true  atateof 
the  interior  of  our  couBtiy>  wiU, 
I  confidently  hope,  soon  place  us 
on  a  level  with  the  united  state*  ef 
Mexico,  Colombia,  and  the  united 
{oovinoes  of  the  river  Plate,  and 
take  such  measures  as  are  pointed 
out  by  the  equity  of  her  prinaplei^ 
and  the  maxims  of  sound  policy 
which  govern  the  proceedings  ef 
her  government. 

(Signed) 

Ramon  Fbbibi. 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.        127* 


iLmPORT  from  the  Committbb  ofihe  Sbnatb  of  ike  Unitbd  StatbS; 
to  wk(m  was  referred  the  Mbmobial  tf  ike  Merchants,  Ship 
Owners,  and  Manufacturers  of  the  City  of  Baltimobe. 


March  %\,  18S6. 

The  Mmnorialifits  slate,— '^That 
Great  Britain,  haTmg  lately  c^pened 
the  trade  of  her  N(Vth  American 
and  West  India  eolonies,  insomuch 
that  not  only  are  almost  all  ar« 
ticles  admitted,  but  the  trade  of 
those  colonies  is  acoessible  to  all 
parts  of  the  ivorld,  on  fhr  more 
faTouiable  terms  than  those  now 
enjoyed  by  the  merchants  of  the 
United  States."  ''They,  there- 
fore, submit  the  propriety  of 
abolishing  the  discriminating  duties 
«f  9^  o^its  per  ton,  on  British 
ecdonial  vessels,  s^d  of  ten  per  cent 
additional,  on  the  duties  on  their 
cargoes,  and  of  admitting  British 
vesaels,  from  whatever  ports,  on 
the  same  terms  as  the  vessels  of 
the  most  favoured  nation." 

In  reference  to  which  the  com- 
mittee remark,  that,  by  the  exist- 
ing laws  of  the  United  States,  a 
duty  of  fifty  cents  per  ton  as  a  ton- 
nase  duty,  and  fifty  cents  per  ton 
as  ught  money,  is  imposed  on  all 
foreign  vessels  entering  the  ports  of 
the  United  States,  with  an  addition 
dl  ten  per  centum  on  the  amount 
of  duties  on  the  cargoes  rf  all  such 
vessels  as  belong  to  roreign  powers, 
who  do  not  admit  die  vessels  of 
the  United  States  into  their  ports 
on  the  same  terms  as  their  own 
vessels ;  that  a  convention  is  now 
in  operation  between  the  United 
84»tes  and  Great  Britain,  whereby 
the  duties  on  the  vessels  and  car- 

rof  the  respective  parties,  so 
as  regards  the  commerce  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  the 
territories  of  Great  Britain,  in 
Europe,  are  equalised;  but  that 
^  proylflums  of  diis  conventiou 


do  not  extend  to  the  British  colo- 
nial possessions  in  America;  in 
consequence  of  which,  British  ves- 
■els  arriving  in  the  United  States 
from  those  colonies  pay  the  dis- 
criminating duties  before  mention- 
ed, amounting  on  the  vessel  to  one 
dcdlar  per  ton  of  its  admeasure- 
ment ;  while  vessels  belonging  to 
the  United  States  pay  cmly  six 
cents  per  ton,  on  entering  our  own 
ports;  but  that  these  vessels,  en- 
tering British  colonial  ports,  are 
subject  to  a  countervailing  duty  of 
4j.  %d*  sterling  per  ton,  equal 
to  ninety-four  cents,  being  the 
difference  in  favour  of  American 
over  British  vessels,  from  the  co- 
lonies, entering  the  ports  of  the 
United  States. 

liiis  distinction  it  has  long  been 
the  earnest  desire  of  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  to 
annul,  on  the  principle  of  a  just 
reciprocity;  but  altnougb  much 
discussion  has  been  had  on  the 
sutgect,  and  many  laws  have  been 
enacted  in  reference  to  it,  by  both 
parties,  the  desired  result  has  not 
yet  been  accomplished. 

By  an  act  of  Congress,  of  March 
3,  1815,  the  discriminating  duties 
on  vessels  and  merchandLee  were 
proffered  to  be  repealed  in  favour 
of  any  foreign  nation  which  should, 
on  its  part,  reciprocate  the  same 
provisions  of  law  towards  the 
United  States. 

By  the  convention  of  1815  and 
1818,  this  was  done  between  the 
United  States  and  the  territories 
of  Great  Britain  in  Europe :  and 
a  reciprocal  liberty  of  commerce 
was  established  between  them,  for 
the  period  of  ten  yeais^  from  the 


128*     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 

last-mentioned  date.     This^  how-  passed,  March  1st,  1821,  bjwhidi 

ever,  produced  no  adequate  relaxa-  the   ports  of  the  United  States 

tion  of  the  British  system  in  rela-  were  opened  for  vessels  arriving 

tion  to  her  colonies,  from  which  therein  from  the  said  enumerated 

vessels  of  the  United  States  con-  British  ports,  and  from  all  odiers 

tinned  to  be  excluded ;  in  conse-  which  were,  or  might  be,  opened 

quence  a  due  degree  of  self-respect,  thereafter,   to  the  vessels  of  the 

on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  United  States ;  and  the  president 

gave  rise  to  the  passing  of  an  act,  was  authorised   to'   equalize   the 

m  April  1818,  by  which  the  ports  duties  on  such  British  vessels  and 

of  the  United  States  were  closed  their  cargoes,  on  proof  being  given 

to   British  vessels  arriving  from  to  him  that  no  other,  or  hi^ier 

any  port  or  place  in  any  British  rate  of  tonnage,  or  impost,  and  no 

territory,  to  which  vessels  owned  other  charges  of  any  kind,  were 

by  citizens  of  the  United  States  levied  and  exacted  in  the  said  Bri- 

were  not  admitted.  tish  ports,  on  United  States'  ves- 

In  May  1820,  the  act  of  April  sels,  than  were  paid  by  Britiih 
1818  was  extended,  so  as  to  em-  vessels  and  merchandise  imparted 
brace,  and  exclude  from  the  ports  into  the  said  colonial  ports,  finm 
of  the  United  States,  British  ves-  elsewhere  than  the  United  States. 
sels  arriving  in  ports  from  Lower  Since  which  time,  several  acts 
Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  New'Bruns-  of  parliament  have  been  passed, 
wick,  Newfoundland,  and  all  ports  having  especial  or  incidental  refer- 
under  the  dominion  of  Great  Bri-  ence  to  the  trade  with  the  English 
tain,  in  the  West  Indies,  and  on  American  colonies,  and  under 
the  continent  of  America,  which,  which,  and  the  laws  of  the  United 
from  having  been  occasionally  States  before  recited,  a  conunerdal 
opened,  were  not  considered  as  intercourse  was  opened,  and  has 
included  in  the  act  of  April  1815.  been     prosecuted     between     the 

But  to  enable  the  government  United  States  and  certain  Briti^ 
of  the  United  States,  consistent  in  colonial  ports ;  but  to  '^an  extent 
its  principles,  and  always  ready  to  not  equal  to  the  expectations  diat 
verify  its  professions,  to  meet  the  had  been  formed  respecting  it,  nor, 
overtures  of  any  foreign  nations  as  it  is  contended,  on  terms  of 
on  equal  terms,  in  May  1822,  an  equality;  the  want  o£  which, 
act  was  passed,  authorising  the  having  given  rise  to  discussions, 
president,  on  satisfactory  evidenoe  if  not  dissatisfaction,  between  the 
being  given  to  him  that  the  Bri-  parties  engaged  in  it,  it  may  be 
tish  colonial  ports  were  opened  to  useful  briefly  to  advert  to. 
the  vessels  of  the  United  States,  On  the  part  of  the  AmecicaB 
to  issue  his  proclamation,  declaring  government,  it  is  allied  that  a 
the  ports  of  the  United  States,  just  reciprocity  does  not  exist,  in- 
opened  to  British  vessels  employed  asmuch  as  the  duties  on  AmoioHi 
in  that  trade.  vessels  and  their  cargoes,  arriving 

And  in  consequence  of  an  act  at  British  colonial  ports,  are  re- 

of  parliament,  of  June  24th,  1822,  quired  to  be  discharged  Hy  an  im- 

admitting  vessels  of  the  United  mediate  prompt  payment,  and  he^ 

States    into    certain    enumerated  quently  at   a   great  sacrifioe,  ta 

ports  in  the  British  colonies,  still  acquire   the  means  of  doing  i^ 

imother   law    pf    Congress   was  while  d  credit  \9  given  for  Ihf 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  129* 

duties  ^yable  on  British  vessels  gives  a  dedsive  advantage  to  im« 
and^  their  cargoes  arriving  in  the  '  portations  from  ^e  latter. 

United  States^  from  the  colonies.  And  although  it  is  to  lie  ad- 

of  six  and  nine  months;  that  honds,  mitted,  that  some  of  these  r^u- 

with  sureties,  are  required  for  the  lations  are  of  a  character  so  mu« 

landing  of  the  return  cargo  in  a  nicipal  as  not  to    be   legitimate 

specifiol  port  in  the  United  States,  objects  of  complaint,  in  i^erence 

which    are   occasionally  obtained  to    an  international  intercourse: 

with  great  difficulty  by  the  owners  yet  they  nevertheless  do,  in  fact, 

or  masters  of  the  smaller  American  contravene  that  just  reciprocity  on 

vessels  engaged  in  the  trade ;  that  which  it  was  to  be  presumed  it 

an    export. duty  of  2   per  cent  would  be  the  desire  of  both  parties 

is  imposed  on  the  return  cargo,  to  place  the  trade  between  them, 

which  cannot  be  countervailed  in  While  the  British  sovemment, 

the  United  States;   that  vessels,  on  this  part,  contends,  as  it  is 

arriving  at  a  bad  market,  have,  at  understood,  that  it  is  justified  in 

times,  not  been  allowed  to  seek  a  requiring  an  abrc^tion  of  the  dis- 

better,  imless  by  a  double  payment  criminatuig  duties,  in  consequence 

of   duties;  wlule   British  vessels  of  its  having  pardally  opened  its 

from  the  West  Indies,  seeking  a  colonial  ports  for  the  importation 

favourable  sale  for  their  cargoes,  of  a  limited  number  of  articles  l&om 

may  run  along  the  whole  coast  of  the  United  States ;  and  that  it  has 

the    United   States,    from    New  a  right  to  make  any  municipal  or 

Orleans  to  Eastport;  that  onerous  local  regulations  it  pleases.    And, 

and   heavy  duties,    and   colonial  among  others,  that  of  admitting, 

iees^  are  exacted,  amounting,  as  it  free  of  duty,  the  produce  of  its 

is    stated,  in  some  instances,  on  colonies,  however  remotely  situat- 

small  lumber-loaded  vessels,  to  the  ed,  while  it  imposes  an  impost  on 

value  of  the  cargo-— the  latter  of  articles  of   the  same  description 

which  is  corroborated,  in  a  degree,  from  other  countries ;  but  allowing 

by  Mr.  Huskisson,  in  his  speech  some  plausibility  to  this  reasoning, 

in   parliament,  in  March  of  the  it  is  to  be  recollected,  that  the 

last  year,  in  which  he  mentions  question  at  issue,  between  the  two 

the  liability  to  abuse,  and  vexa-  countries,  is  not  so  much  one  of 

tion,  of  the  practices  in  this  par-  abstract  right,  as  of  equality  and 

ticular ;  and  states  that,  in  many  reciprocity  in  entering  into  a  com- 

instances,  the  fees  alone,  which  meicial  arrangement  intended  to 

are  exacted  upon  a  ship  and  cargo,  promote  the  mutual  advantage  of 

amount  to  much  more  than  all  both  parties. 

the  public  duties;  and  that  im-  The  foregobg  present  a  brief 

portant    discriminating    duty    is  synopsis  of  the  measures  which 

imposed  in  the  West-India  market,  have  been  adopted  since  the  year 

on  the  flour,  the  bread,  the  stuffs,  1815,  by  the  United  States  and 

andthelumberoftheUnitedStates,  Great    Britain,  relative  to  trade 

over  that  yhich  is  paid  on  the  with  the  British  colonies,  and  of 

same  articles  when  received  from  the  present  state  of  it. 

Canada,   Nova  Scotia,  and  New  The    recommendation    of   the 

Brunswick ;  and  which  amounting,  memorialists  now  is :  that  the  dis- 

iu  many  instances,  to  a  full  freight^  crindnating  duties  stiU  imposed  on 

VoiH  LXVIII*  !• 


130»     ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826, 


British  veuelf  and  merchandize 
from  those  colonies  should  be  im- 
mediately abolished ;  and  that 
Briti^i  vessels^  coming  from 
ivhencesoever  they  may>  and  with 
whatsoever  loaded^  should  be  ad- 
mitted into  the  ports  of  the  United 
States,  on  the  same  terms  as  the 
vessels  and  cargoes  of  the  most 
favoured  nations. 

The  effect  of  which  the  com* 
mittee  believe  would  be  summarily 
to  yield  to  Gbreai;  Britain  all  she 
coidd  ask,  without  any  equivalent 
accommodation  being  gran  ted  on  her 
part.  For,  to  admit  British  vessels 
indiscriminately  into  the  ports  of 
the  United  States,  with  their 
cargoes,  from  whenoesoever  arriv- 
ing, or  of  whatsoever  composed,  on 
the  same  terms  as  our  own  vessels 
or  those  of  the  most  favoured  na- 
tions, which  would  be  the  same 
thing,  while  she  allows  the  admis- 
sion of  American  vessels  into  her 
ports  only  partially,  for  certain  pre- 
scribed articles,  and  those  limited 
to  the  growth,  produce  or  manu- 
facture of  the  United  States,  and  to 
a  manifest  disadvantage,  when  com- 
pared with  the  like  and  the  prin- 
cipal articles  Avhich  she  wants, 
when  from  elsewhere  imported 
into  the  colonial  ports,  would 
operate  as  a  surrender  of  the  prin- 
ciple of  equality,  and  a  withdrawal 
from  the  control  of  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  of  the  means 
it  possesses  of  leading  to  a  better 
and  more  desirable,  because  more 
equal,  state  of  intercourse  between 
the  two  coimtries. 

From  this  view  of  the  subject, 
and  a  cursory  reference  to  the 
numerous  acts  which  have  been 
passed  in  relation  to  it,  during  the 
last  ten  years,  both  by  the  United 
States,  and  by  Great  Britain,  evi- 
dence will  at  once  be  furnished  of 
the  complexity  of  the   interest^ 


connected  with  it,  of  the  difl&ctdty 
satisfactorily  to  arrange  them,  and 
especially  of  the  inefficacy  of  iso- 
lated legislation  for  the  attasmDent 
of  this  international  object;  and 
also  afibrding,  as  the  oommititt 
cannot  but  b^eve,  a  strong  ground 
of  preference  for  an  arraogemeDt 
being  effected,  if  practicable,  bf  t 
convention  between  tlie  two  go* 
vemments,  on  a  just  and  Hbenl 
basis,    which,    when    agreed   to, 
would  be  permanent  and  unaltetabk 
for  the  term  of  its  durattcm,  rather 
than  to  rely  on  detached,  independ^ 
ent  substantive  acts  of  legislatioii, 
which,  however  well  intended,  ars 
sometimes  ambiguous,  and  liable  to 
misconstruction  by  those  who  are 
called  to  administer  them ;  and  at 
aU  tinfes,  subject  to  revocation  by 
the  parties  enacting  them. 

Of  the  inconvenience  and  inex- 
pediency of  substituting  which  like 
memorialists  themselves  furnish  a 
strong  proof  in  point,  by  the  state- 
ment they  make  in  theirmemofni, 
of  the  British  ports  of  HalifiBCL  ia 
Nova  Scotia,  and  St.  Jolm's  ia 
New  Brunswick,  whidi 
opened  for  the  admission  of 
of  the  United  States,  by  an  aet  of 
parliament,  of  June  24,  1832,  hav- 
ing, in  January  last,  suddenly,  and 
without  notice,  been  doted  _ 
vessels  of  the  United  Statesin 
winter  and  on  an  extremely 
ous  and  inclement  coast,  under  the 
construction  of  an  act  of  pariia- 
ment,  of  July,  1825,  and  whiek 
construction  is  now  admitted, 
by  the  British  authorities 
selves,  to  have  been  erroneous. 

From  all  these  views,  wkaA 
might  be  extended,  and,  from  tkr 
committee  having  reason  to  bdew 
that  an  adjustment  of  tbe  cummg^ 
cial  intercourse  between  the  UaM 
States  and  the  British  oolooial 
sessions,  forms  one  of  tiba 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENyS.        131* 


and  pKmunent  objects,  which  have 
been  committed  to  the  minister  of 
the  United  States  at  the  court  of 
London ;  that  a  corresponding  de- 
sire to  arrange  it  on  a  satisfactory 
footing  appears  to  exist  on  the  part 
of  the^ritish  government,  and  that 
the  negotiations  respecting  it  are 
expected  to  come  to  a  de&iite  is« 
sue  before  the  next  session  of  con- 
sress;  the  committee,  although 
tuUj  agreeing  with  the  memorial- 


ists  in  the  wish  to  cultivate  and 
extend  the  trade  in  question,  w]iieh 
they  trust  may  be  done  to  the 
mutual  advantage  of  the  parties 
concerned  in  it,  are  still  ux^nio 
mously  of  opinion  that  it  is  not  ex- 
pedient, at  this  time,  to  legislate 
on  the  subject,  and  therefore  asked 
to  be  discharged  from  the  further 
consideration  of  the  memorial 
Which  is  respectfully  submitted. 


i«Map« 


Mju8A0s  ^  ike  PaxaiBXNT  qf  Uk  United  StAVW 


To  the  Senate  and  House  of  Re- 
wesentativet  of  the  Unit^ 
States* 

Fellow-Citicens  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives  ;'— 
TheassemUaseof  the  R^resenta^ 
tires  of  oiur  Union,  in  boUi  houses 
of  Congress,  at  this  time,  occurs 
under  drcumstanoes  callmg  ior 
the  renewed  homage  of  our  grate* 
ful  acknowledgments  to  the  Giver 
of  all  Good.  With  the  exceptions 
incidental  to  the  most  felicitous 
condition  of  human  existence,  we 
contiiiue  to  be  highly  &voured  in 
all  the  elements  which  contribute 
to  individual  comfort,  and  national 
prosperity.  In  the  survey  of  our 
extensive  country,  we  have  gene- 
rally to  observe  abodes  of  health 
and  regions  of  plenty!  In  our 
civil  and  political  relations,  we 
have  peace  without,  tranquillity 
within,  our  borders.  We  are  as  a 
people,  increasing  with  unabated 
raiaidity  in  population,  wealth,  and 
national  resources ;  and,  whi^ver 
differences  of  opinion  exist  among 
us,  with  regard  to  the  mode  imd 
the  means  l^  which  we  shall  turn 
the  beneficence  of  Heaven  to  the 
im{aovement  of  our  own  condition, 
fimt^  in  yet  a  q^t  animating  us 


all,  which  wUl  not  suftr  the 
bounties,  of  provid^oe  to  be 
showered  upon  us  in  vain,  but  will 
receive  them  with  grateful  heartSj 
and  apply  them  with  unwearied 
hands,  to  the  advancement  oi  the 
general  good. 

Of  the  suljects  recommended  to 
the  consideration  of  Congresai,  at 
their  late  session,  some  were  then 
definitively  acted  upon.  Others 
left  unfinished^  but  partiy  matured, 
will  recur  to  your  attention,  wiUi- 
out  needing  a  renewal  of  notice 
finom  me.  The  purpose  of  this 
communication  will  be,  to  present 
to  your  view  the  general  aqpect  of 
our  puUic  affidrs  at  this  moment, 
and  the  measures  which  have  been 
taken  to  carry  into  effect  the  in- 
tentions of  the  l^gudature,  as  sig- 
nified by  the  laws  then  and  hereto- 
fore enacted. 

In  our  intercourse  with  the 
other  nations  of  the  earth,  we  have 
stUl  the  h^^piness  of  enjoying 
peace,  and  a  ceneral  good  und^ 
standing-^ua^fied,  however,  in 
seveial  important  instances  by 
collisions  of  interest,  and  by  un- 
satisfied claims  of  justice,  to  the 
settlement  of  which^  the  constitu«« 
tional  intenMitiDA  of  the  Ififp^ 

I*  2 


132»    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


ladve  autliorit7  may  T)ecome  uI-  emperor  towards  the  United  Stala 

timsitely  indispensable.  are  altogether  confonnaUe  to  thoK 

By  the  decease  of  the  emperor  which  have  so  long  and  cofutaallj 

Alexander  of  Russia^  which  oc-  animated  his  imperial  brother ;  «d 

curred  cotemporaneou^y  with  the  we  have  reason  to  hem  that  they 

conmiencement  of  the  last  session  will  serve  to  cement  Uial  hanaoiy 


of   Congress^   the  United  States  and  good  understanding 

have  been  deprived  of  a  long  tried^  the  two  nations,  whidi,  firanded 

steady,  and  mthful  Mend.    Bom  in  congenial  interests,  cannot  to 

to    the   inheritance    of    absolute  result  in  advancement  oi  the  wd« 

power,  and  trained  in  the  school  fare  and  prosperity  of  bodu 

of  adversity,  from  which  no  power  Our  rdations  of  ooomietoe  lad 

on  earth,  however  absolute,  is  ex«  navigation  with  France  m,  by 

empt,    Uiat   monarch,    ^rom    his  the  operation  of  the  oonventkm  of 

youth,  had  been  taught  to  feel  the  24th  June  1822,  with  that  natioo, 

force  and  value  of  public  opinion,  in  a  state  of  gradual  and  pnxRS- 

and  to  be  sensible  that  the  inter-  sive  improvements— Con  vincecC  ^ 

ests  of  his  own  government  would  all  our  esroerience,  no  less  tiian  hf 

best  he  promoted  by  a  frank  and  the  principles  of  €ur  and  libaal 

'friendly  intercourse  with  this  re-  reciprocity,    which     the    United 

public,  as  those  of  his  people  would  States  have  constantly  tendered  to 

be  advanced  by  a  liberal  commer*  all  nations  of  the  eardi,  as  the  rofe 

cial  intercourse  with  our  country,  of  commercial  intercourse  wludk 

A  candid  and  confidential  inter*  they   would    universallj   preftr, 

course  of  sendments  between  him  that  fair  and  equal  oompetitian  is 

and  the  government  of  the  United  most  oondudve  to  the  interests  of 

States,  upon  the  affairs  of  Southern  both  parties,  the  United  Stales»  in 

America,  took  place  at  a  period  the  necotiatum  of  that  convention* 

not  long  preceding  his  demise,  and  eamesuy  contended  for  the  mutasl 

was  contributed  to  by  that  course  renunciation  of  discriminating  ds* 

of  policy  which  lei);  to  the  other  ties  and  charges  in  the  ports  a  the 

governments  of  Europe  no  alter*  two  countries.    Unable  to  obtam 

native  but  that  of  sooner  or  later  the  immediate  reoognitum  of  this 

recognising  the  independence   of  principle  in  its  fuU  ertent,  sAer 

our  neighbours,  of  which  the  ex«  reducing  the  duties  of  discrinmift- 

ample  had,  by  the  United  States,  tion,  as  fiw  as  was  found  attsi*- 

already  been  set.     The  ordinary  able,  it  was  agreed  that,  at  tib 

diplomatic    communications     be«  expiration  of  two  years  from  ^ 

tween  his  successor,  the  emperor  1st  of  October,  1626,  wbea  tk 

Nicholas,  and  the  United  States,  convention  was  to  ^  into  efiad, 

have  suffered  some  interruption  by  unless  a  notice  of  six  ^»***^  m 

the  illness,  departure,  and  subs&*  either  side  should  be  given  to  Ife 

quent  decease  of  his  minister  re-  other,  that  the  conventioa  itetf 

siding  here,  who  enjoyed,  as  he  must  terminate,  those  duties  ^msM 

merited,  the  entire  confidence  of  be  reduced  by  one-fooitli;  mi 

his  new  sovereign,  as  he  had  emi«  that  this  reduction  should  he  yeo^ 

nendy  responded  to  that  of  his  ly  repeated  until  all  ti;«rr;«i;— <m» 

predecessor.      But  we  have  had  ^ould  cease,  while  the  oonvcaiiss 

the  most  satisfactory  assurances,  itself  should  continue  in  imtk 

ih«tthe8eatimeat«otthereig^  B7  the  «fl^  of  .Ait  n^nktiBi^ 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  133* 

tbiee-fcmrths  of  the  discriminating  dprocal  regulations  had  continued 
duties  which  had  been  levied  by  in  force  several  years  when  the 
each  party  upon  the  vessels  of  the  discriminating  principle  was  re- 
other  in  its  ports^  have  already  sumed  by  the  Pfetherlands  in  a 
been  removed ;  and  on  the  first  of  new  and  indirect  form,  by  a 
next  October,  should  the  oonven-  bounty  of  ten  per  cent  in  the  shape 
tion  be  still  in  force,  the  remaining  of  a  return  of  duties  to  their  na« 
fourth  will  be  discontinued.  French  tional  vessels,  and  in  which  those 
vessels  laden  with  French  produce,  of  the  United  States  are  not  per* 
will  be  received  in  our  ports  on  mitted  to  participate.  By  the  act 
the  same  terms  as  our  own ;  and  of  congress  of  the  7th  January, 
ours,  in  return,  will  enjoy  the  1824,  all  discriminating  duties  in 
same  advantages  in  the  ports  of  the  United  States  were  again  sus- 
France.  By  these  approximations  pended,  so  far  as  related  to  the 
to  an  equality  of  duties  and  of  vessels  and  produce  of  the  Nether- 
charges,  not  only  has  the  com-  lands,  so  long  as  the  reciprocal 
merce  between  the  two  countries  exemption  should  be  extended  to 
prospered,  but  friendly  dispositions  the  vessels  and  produce  of  the 
bave  been,  on  both  sides,  encou-  United  States  in  tne  Netherlands, 
raged  and  promoted.  They  will  But  the  same  act  provides,  that,  in 
continue  to  be  cherished  and  cul-  the  event  of  a  restoration  of  dis- 
tivated  on  the  part  of  the  United  criminating     duties,     to    operate 


justice  of  the  French  government,  in,  the  suspension  of  discriminating 

involving   the  property  and   the  duties  in  favour  of  the  navigation  of 

comfort{3>le  subostence  of  many  of  such  foreign  country  should  cease, 

our   fellow-citizens,     and    which  and  all  the  provisions  of  the  acts 

luive  been  so  long  and  so  earnestly  imposing    discriminating    foreign 

urged,  were  in  a  more  promising  tonnage  and  impost  duties  in  the 

tram  of  adjustment  than  at  your  United  States,  should  revive  and 

last  meeting;  but  their  condition  be  in  full  force  with  regard  to  that 

remidns  unaltered.  nation. 

With  the  covemmeot  of  the        In  the  correspondence  with  the 

Netherlands,  the  mutual  abandon-  government   of  the   Netherlands 

ment  of  discriminating  duties  had  upon  the  subject,  they  have  con- 

l>een  regulated  by  legislative  acts  tended  that  the  favour  shown  to 

on  both  sides.   The  act  of  congress  their  own  shipping  by  this  bounty 

ofthe20thof  April,  18 18,  abolished  upon  their  tonnage  is  not  to  be 

all  discriminating  duties  of  impost  considered  as  a  discriminating  duty, 

and  tonnage,  upon  the  vessels  and  But  it  cannot  be  denied  that  it 

produce  of  the  Netherlands  in  the  produces    all    the   same     effects, 

ports  cf  the  United  States,  upon  If  ad   the  mutual  abolition  been 

the  assurance  jnven  by  the  govern-  stipulated  by  treaty,  such  a  bounty 

ment  of  the  Netherlands,  that  aU  upon  the  national    vessels    could 

SQch  duties  operating  against  the  scarcely  have  been  granted  con« 

shipping  and    commerce   of   the  sistently  with  good  faith.    Yet,  as 

United  States,  in  that  kingdom,  the  act  of  congress  of  the  7th  Jan. 

^  been   abolish^*    These  re«  18S4,  has  not  expressly  {authorised 


134»    ANNUA!   REGISTER,    1826. 


tbe  executive  authority  to  deter- 
mine wbat  shall  be  considered  as  a 
revival  of  discriminating  duties  by 
a  foreign  government  to  the  disad- 
vantage of  the  United  States ;  and, 
as  the  retaliatory  measure  on  our 
ipart,  however  just  an^n^cessary^ 
ma^  tend  rather  to  that  conflict  of 
I^islation  virhich  we  deprecate^ 
than  to  that  concert  to  wmch  we 
invite  all  commercial  nations^  as 
most  conducive  to  their  interest 
and  our  own,  I  have  thought  it 
more  consistent  with  the  spirit  of 
our  institutions  to  refer  the  sub* 
ject  again  to  the  paramount  au« 
thority  of  the  l^islature,  to  decide 
what  measure  the  emergency  may 
tequire,  than  abruptly,  by  procla- 
mation, to  carry  into  effect  the 
minatory  provision  of  the  act  of 
1824. 

During  the  la^t  sessbn  of  con- 
gress, treaties  of  amity,  navigation, 
and  commerce,  were  negociated 
and  signed  at  this  place  with  the 
government  of  Denmark  in  Europe, 
and  wiUi  the  federation  of  central 
America  in  this  hemisphere.  These 
treaties  then  received  the  consti- 
tutional sanction  of  the  Senate,  by 
the  advice  and  consent  to  their 
ratification.  They  were  accord- 
ingly ratified  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States,  and,  during  the 
recess  of  congress,  have  been  also 
ratified  by  the  other  re^ective 
Gontractin£  parties.  The  ratifica- 
tions have  beenexchaneed,  and  they 
have  been  published  by  proclama- 
tions, copies  of  which  are  herewith 
communicated  to  congress.  These 
treaties  have  estaUiSied  between 
the  contracting  parties  the  princi*. 
pies  of  equality  and  reciprocity  in 
their  broadest  and  moat  liberal 
extent:  each  party  admitting 
the  vess^  of  the  other  inta  its 

Srts,  laden  with  cargoes  the  pn^ 
ce  Qt  manufacture  of  any  quarter 


of  the  globe,  upon  the  payment  of 
the  same  duties  of  tonnage  and  im- 
post that  are  chargeaUe  upon  thdr 
own.  They  have  further  stipulated 
that  the  parties  shall  hereafter  grant 
no  favour  of  navigation  aroommeite 
to  any  other  nation,  whidi  shall 
not,  upon  the  same  terms,  be 
granted  to  each  other;  and  that 
neither  party  will  impose  upon 
articles  of  merchandise,  the  produce 
or  manufacture  of  the  other,  any 
other  or  hk;her  duties  than  upon 
the  like  articles,  being  the  promice 
or  manufacture  of  any  other  coun- 
try. To  these  principles  there  is, 
in  the  convention  wim  Denmark, 
an  exception,  with  r^ard  to  the 
oolonies  of  that  kingdom  in  the 
Arctic  Seas,  but  none  with  re- 
gard to  her  colonies  in  the  West- 
Indies. 

In  the  course  of  the  last  summer, 
the  term  to  which  our  last  oom- 
mercial  treaty  with  Sweden  was 
limited  has  e:q»ired.  A  contiBua- 
tion  of  it  b  in  the  contemplatioii 
of  the  Swedish  government,  and  is 
believed  to  be  desLraUe  on  the  put 
of  the  United  States.  It  has  heea 
proposed  by  the  king  of  Sweden, 
that,  pen^ng  the  n^otiation  of 
renewal,  the  expired  treaty  should 
be  mutuality  considered  as  still  ia 
force-»a  measure  whicH  will  re- 
quire the  sanction  of  congress  to 
be  carried  into  efiect  on  our  part, 
and  which  I  therdbre  reoonuncoi 
to  your  consideration. 

With  Prussia,  Spain,  Portugsl, 
and,  in  general,  all  the  Europen 
Powers,  between  whom  and  the 
United  States,  relations  of  &iaiidiy 
intercourse  have  existed^  their  coo- 
dition  has  not  materially  varied 
since  the  last  session  of  cuugieafc 
I  regret,  not  to  be  able  to  say  ^ 
same  of  our  commeicial  intecooonB 
with  the^  cokaial  pmwinaiioM  d 
Great  Pritain  in  America-    5> 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  136* 

gollations  of  the  highest  im^r-  lS%Oy  met  ^  interdict  by  a  cor- 
tance    to    our   common   interests  responding  measure  on  the  part  of 
have  been  for  several  years  in  dis-  the  United  States.  Those  measures, 
cnssion  between  the  two  govern-  not  of  retaliation,  but  of  necessary 
ments;  and,  on  the  part  of  the  self-defence,  were  soon  succeeded 
United  States,  have  been  invariably  by  an  act  of  parliament,  openiiug 
pursued  in  the  roirit  of  candour  and  certain  colonial  ports  to  the  vesseb 
conciliation.      Interests   of   great  of  the  United  States,  coming  di- 
magnitude  and  delicacy  had  been  rectly  from  them,  and  to  the  impcn:- 
adjusted  by  the    conventions    of  tation  from  them  of  certain  articles 
1815   and    1818,    while    that  of  of  our    produce,  burthened  with 
]8S2^  mediated  by  the  late  empe-  heavy  duties  and  excluding  some  of 
ror  Alexander,    had    promised  a  the  most  valuable  articles  (^  our  ex- 
satisfactory  compromise  of  claims,  ports.     The  United  States  opened 
which    the    goMremment    of   the  their  ports  to  British  vessels  from 
United  States,   in  justice  to  the  the  colonies,  upon  terms  as  exactly 
rights  of  a  numerous  class  of  their  corresponding  with  those  of  the 
citizens,  was   bound    to    sustain,  act  of  parliament,  as,  in  the  rela- 
But  with  regard  to  the  commercial  tive  position  of  the  parties,  could 
intercourse    between  the  United  be  made ;  and  a  negotiation  was 
States  and  the  British  colonies  in  commenced   by   mutual    consrat, 
America,  it  has  been  found  hitherto  with  the  hope,  on  our  part,  that  a 
impracticable  to  bring  the  parties  reciprocal  spirit  of  accommodation, 
to   an  understanding   satisfactory  and  a  common  sentiment  of  the 
to  both.   The  reki^ve  geographical  importance  of   the  trade  to  the 
position,   and  the  respective  pro-  interests  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
ducts  of  nature  cultivated  by  human  two  countries,  between  whom  it 
industry,  had  constituted  the  elc-  must  be  carried   on,  would  ulti- 
ments  of  a  commercial  intercourse  mately  bring  the  parties  to  a  oom- 
between  the   United   States   and  promise,  with  which  both  might 
British  America,  insular  and  con-  be  satisfied.    With  this  view,  the 
tinental,  important  to  the  inha-  government  of  the  United  States 
bitants  of  both  countries.     But  it  had  determined  to  sacrifice  some- 
had    been    interdicted    by  Great  thing  of    that  entire   reciprocity 
Britain,  upon  a  principle  hereto-  which  in  all  commercial  arrange- 
fore  practised  upon  by  the  coloniz-  ments  with  Foreign  Powers  they 
ing  nations  of  £urc^,  of  holding  are  entitled  to  demand,  and    to 
the  trade  of  their  colonies,  each  in  acquiesce    in     some     inequalities 
exclusive    monopoly    to     herself,  dvuulvantageous  to  ourselves,  rather 
After  the  terminaticm  of  the  late  than  to  forego  the  benefit  of  a 
war,  this    interdiction    had  been  final  and  permanent  adjustment  of 
revived,  and  the  British  govern-  this  interest  to  the  satisfaction  of 
ment  declined  including  this  por-  Great  Britain  herself, 
tion  of  our  intercourse  with  her  The     negotiations,    repeatedly 
possessions  in   the  negotiation  of  suspended  by  accidental  circum- 
the  convention  of  1815.  The  trade  stances,  were,  however,  by  mutual 
was  then  carried  on  exclusively  in  agreement  and  express  assent,  con- 
British  vessels,  till  the  act  of  con-  aidered   as    pending,  and    to  be 
gress    concerning    navigation,    of  speedily  resumed.     In  the  mean 
ISH,  and  the  supplemental  act  of  traie,  another  act  of  parliament,  so 


136*    ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1826. 


doubtful  and  ambiguous  in  its  im« 
port  as  to  Have  been  misunderstood 
by  the  officers  in  the  colonies  who 
were  to  carry  it  into  execution, 
opens  again  certain  colonial  ports, 
upon  new  conditions  and  terms, 
with  a  threat  to  dose  them  against 
any  nation  which  may  not  accept 
those  terms,  as  prescribed  by  the 
British  government «—  This  act 
passed  in  July,  1825,  not  commu- 
nicated to  the  goyemment  of  the 
United  States,  not  understood  by 
the  British  officers  of  the  customs 
of  the  colonies  where  it  was  to  be 
enforced,  was  nevertheless  submit* 
ted  to  the  consideration  of  congress, 
at  their  last  session.  With  the 
knowledge  that  a  negotiation  upon 
the  subject  had  lonff  been  in  pro- 
gress,  and  pledges  given  of  its  re- 
sumption at  an  early  day,  it  was 
deemed  expedient  to  await  the  re- 
sult of  that  negotiation,  rather 
than  to  subscribe  implicitly  to 
terms,  the  import  of  which  was  not 
clear,  and  which  the  British  au- 
thorities themselves,  in  this  hemis- 
phere, were  not  prepared  to 
explain. 

Immediately  after  the  dose  of 
the  last  session  of  congress,  one  of 
our  most  distinguished  citizens  was 
despatched  as  envoy  extraordinary 
and  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
Great  Britain,  furnished  widi  in- 
structions which  we  could  not 
doubt  would  lead  to  a  conclusion 
of  this  long  controverted  interest, 
upon  terms  acceptable  to  Great 
Britian.  Upon  his  arrival,  and 
before  he  had  delivered  the  letters 
of  credence,  he  was  met  by  an 
order  of  the  British  council,  ex- 
cluding, from  and  after  the  first 
of  December  now  current,  the 
vessels  of  the  United  States  from 
all  the  colonial  British  ports,  ex- 
ceptingthoseimmediately  bordering 
upon  our  territories.    In  answer 


to  his  expostulations  upon  a 
sure  thus  unexpected,  he  ia  infonn- 
ed  that,  according  to  the  andeot 
maxims,  of  policy  of  European 
nations  having  colonies,  their  tzade 
is  an  exclusive  possession  of  the 
mother  country ;  that  all  partid- 
patum  in  it  by  other  nattons,  is  a 
boon  or  &vour  not  forming  a  sub- 
ject  of  negotiation,  but  to  be  re- 
gulated by  the  legislative  acts  of 
the  power  owning  the  colony;  that 
the  British  government,  tberefofe, 
declines  n^odating  conoeniingit; 
and  that,  as  the  United  States  did 
not  forthwith  accept  purdy  and 
simply  the  terms  offered  1^  the 
act  of  parliament  of  July,  1825, 
Great  Britain  would  not  now  admit 
the  vessels  of  the  United  States 
even  upon  the  terms  on  which  die 
has  opened  them  to  the  naviga* 
tion  df  other  countries. 

We  have  been  accustomed  to 
consider  the  trade  whidi  we 
have  enjoyed  with  the  Bridsh  co- 
lonies, rather  as  an  interchange 
of  mutual  benefits,  than  as  a  mere 
favour  r^cdved  ;  and  that,  under 
every  circumstance,  we  have  given 
an  ample  equivalent.  We  hart 
seen  every  other  nation,  KnliHtig 
colonies,  negodate  wiUi  other 
nations,  and  grant  them,  freely, 
admission  to  the  colonies  by  treaty ; 
and  so  far  are  the  other  colonial^ 
'  nations  of  Europe  now  from  re- 
fusing to  negodate  the  trade  with 
their  colonies,  that  we  ouradvec 
have  secured  access  txf  the  m^n^^ 
of  more  than  one  of  them  by  tzeaty. 
The  refusal,  however,  oi  Great 
Britain  to  n^odate  leaves  to  the 
United  States  no  other  altonatiw 
than  that  of  r^;ulating,  or  inter- 
dicting altogether,  the  trade  oa 
their  part,  according  as  either  mea- 
sure may  sSect  the  interest  of  our 
own  country;  and,  with  thatex- 
dusiye  object,  I  would  reooowead 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.        137* 

the  whole  gulnect  to  your  calm  and   their   internal    tranquillity, 

and  candid  deliberation,  though  occasionally  menaced  by 

It  is  hoped  that  our  unavailing  the  agitations  which  civil    wars 

exertions  to  accomplish  a  cordis?  never  fail  to  leave  behind  them, 

good  understanding  on  this  interest,  has  not  been  afiected  by  any  serious 

will  not  have  an  unpropitious  effect  calamity* 

upon  the  other  great  topics  of  dis^        The  congress  of  ministers  from 
cussion  between  the  two  govern-  several  of  those  nations  which  bs^ 
mente.      Our  north-eastern   and  sembled  at  Panama,  after  a  short 
north-western  boundaries  are  still  session  there,  adjourned  to  meet 
unadjusted*      The  commissioners  again,  at  a  more  favourable  season, 
under  the  7th  article  of  the  treaty  of  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mexi6o. 
Ghent  have  nearly  come  to  the  Thedeceaseof  one  of  our  ministers 
close  of  their  labours ;  nor  can  we  on  his  way  to  the  Isthmus,  and 
renounce  the  expectation,  enfeebled  the  impediments   of  the   season, 
as  it  is,  that  they  may  agree  upon  which  delayed  the  departure  of 
their  report  to  the  satiafaction  or  the  other,  deprived  us  of  the  ad-^ 
acquiescence  of  both  parties*    The  vantage  of  being  represented  at 
commission    for    liquidating   the  the  first  meeting  of  tlie  congress, 
claims  for  indemnity  for  slaves  car-  There  is,  however,  no  reason  to 
ried  away  after  the  close  of  the  believe  that  any  of  the  transactions 
war,  has  been  sitting,  with  doubt-  of  the  congress  were  of  a  nature 
ful  prospects  of  success.     P^posi-  to  affect  injuriously  the  interests 
tions  of  compromise  have,  however,  of  the  United  States,  or  to  require 
passed  between  the  two  govern-  the  interposition  of  our  ministers, 
ments,  the  result  of  which,  we  flat*  had    they   been    present.    Their 
ter  ourselves,  may  yet  prove  satis-  absence  has,  indeed,  deprived  us 
factory.    Our  own  dispositions  and  of  the  opportunity  of  possessing 
purposes   towards    Great  Britain  precise  and  authentic  information 
are  all  friendly  and  conciliatory ;  of  the  treaties  which  were  Con- 
nor can  we  abandon,  but   with  eluded  at  Panama ;  and  the  wbole 
strong  reluctance,  the  belief  that  result  has  confirmed  me  in  the 
they  will  ultimately  meet  a  return,  conviction  of  the  expediency  of 
not  of  favours,  which  we  neither  the  United  States    being  rcmre* 
ask  nor  desire,  but  of  equal  red-  sented    at    the     congress*      The 
prodty  and  good-will.  surviving  member  of  the  mission, 
With.the  American  governments  appointed  during  your  last  session, 
of  this  hemisphere  we  continue  to  has  accordingly  proceeded  to  his 
maintain  an  intercourse  altogether  destination,  and  a  successor  to  his 
friendly;  mid,  between  their  na-  distinguished  and  lamented  asso- 
tions  and    ours,   that  commercial  ciate  will  be   nominated  to    the 
interchange  of  which  mutual  be-  senate.    A  treaty  of  amity,  navi- 
nefit  is  tne  source,  and  mutual  gation,  and  commerce,  has,  in  the 
oomfort  and  harmony  the  result,  course  of  the  last  summer,  been 
is  in  a  continual  state  of  improve-  concluded  by  our  minister  plenipo- 
ment.     The  war  between  Spain  tentiary    at    Mexico,    with    the 
and  them,  since  the  total  expulsion  United  States  of  that  confederacy, 
of  the  Spani^  military  force  from  which  will  also    be  laid   before 
their  continental  territories,   has  the  Senate,  for  their  advice,  vfith 
))een  little  more  i^bm  nominal;  regard  to  its  ratification. 


138»    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    me. 

In  adverting  to  the  present  con«*  oeived,  a  revenue  of  about  twenty^ 
dition  of  our  fiscal  concerns,  and  five  millions  and  a  half  for  the 
to  the  prospects  of  our  revenue,  year—- the  expenditures  for  the 
the  first  remark  that  calls  our  at-  three  first  quarters  of  the  year 
tention  is,  that  they  are  less  have  amounted  to  eighteen  millioDS 
exuberantly  prosperous  than  they  seven  hundred  and  fourteen  thou* 
were  at  the  corresponding  period  sand  two  himdred  and  twenty-ox 
of  the  last  year.  The  severe  shock  dollars  and  inxty-six  oent»---the 
so  extensively  sustained  by  the  expenditures  of  the  current  quarter 
commercial  and  manufieu^uring  in-  are  expected,  including  the  two 
terests  in  Great  Britain,  has  not  millions  of  the  principal  debt  to  be 
been  without  a  perceptible  recoil  paid,  to  balance  the  receipts ;  ao 
uprni  ourselves.  A  reduced  im-  that  tho  expenses  of  the  year, 
portation  from  abroad  is  neoessa-  amounting  to  upwards  of  a  miDioii 
rily  succeeded  by  a  reduced  return  less  than  its  income  will  leave  a 
to  the  Treasury  at  home.  The  proportionally  increased  balance  in 
nett  revenue  of  the  present^  year  the  Treasury,  on  the  Ist  of  Jann- 
will  not  equal  that  of  the  last,  and  ary,  1827>  over  that  of  the  1st  of 
the  receipts  of  that  which  is  to  January  last.  Instead  of  five  mil- 
eome  will  fall  short  of  those  in  the  lions  two  hundred  thousand,  thete 
eurrent  year.  The  diminution,  will  be  six  millions  four  hundred 
however,  is  in  part  attributable  to  thousand  dollars, 
the  flourishing  condition  of  some  The  amount  of  duties  secured 
of  our  domestic  manufactures,  and  on  merchandise  imported  from  the 
so  far  is  compensated  by  an  equi-  commencement  of  the  year  until 
valent  more  proAtaUe  to  the  na-  the  30th  of  September,  is  estimated 
tion.  It  is,  also,  very  gratifying  at  twenty-one  millions  two  hun- 
to  perceive,  that  the  deficiency  in  dred  and  fifty  thousand  dcdlars, 
the  revenue,  while  it  scarcely  ex«  and  the  amount  that  will  probably 
ceeds  the  anticipations  of  the  last  accrue  during  the  present  quarter, 
year's  estimates  from  the  Treasury,  is  estimated  at  four  miUions  two 
has  not  interrupted  the  application  hundred  and  fifly  thousand,  making 
of  more  than  eleven  millions  during  for  the  whole  year  twenty-five 
^e  present  year,  to  the  discharge  millions  and  a  half,  from  which 
of  the  principle  and  interest  in  the  the  drawbacks  being  deducted,  wiU 
debt,  nor  the  reduction  of  upwards  leave  a  clear  revenue  &om  the 
of  seven  millions  of  the  capital  debt  customs,  receivable  in  the  year 
itself.  The  balance  rf  the  Treasury  1827,  of  about  twenty  anOlioiis 
on  the  1st  of  January  last,  was  four  hundred  thousand  doUan, 
five  millions  two  hundred  and  one  which,  with  the  sums  to  be  re- 
thousand  six  hundred  and  fifty  ceived  from  the  proceeds  of  puMie 
dollars  and  forty-three  cents.  The  lands,  the  Bank  dividends,  and 
receipts  from  that  time  to  the  dOth  other  incidental  receipts,  will  form 
of  September  last,  were  nineteen  an  aggregate  of  about  twtnty-tluee 
millions  five  hundred  and  eighty-  milHons,  a  sum  falling  short  of  the 
five  thousand  nine  hundred  and  whole  expenses  of  the  present  year, 
thirty-two  dollars  and  fifty  cents,  little  more  than  the  pordon  of 
The  receipts  of  the  current  quarter,  those  expenditures  applied  to  Um 
estimated  at  six  millions  of  dollars,  discharge  of  the  puWc  debt,  he- 
yield^  with  the  sums  already  re-  yond  the  annual  apprt^riatioii  «f 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.  139* 

t€n  millions^  ty  the  act  of  3rd  combine.     We    have    found   the 
March^  1817*     At  the  passage  of  alternate  swells  and  diminutions 
that  act^  the  public  debt  amounted  embracing  periods  of  from  two  to 
to  one  Iiundred  and  twenty-three  three  years.     The  last  period  of 
millions  and  a  half.     On  the  1st  depression  to  us  was  from  I8I9  to 
of  January  next,  it  will  be  short  of  1822.     The  corresponding  revival 
seventy-four    millions.       In    the  was  from  1823  to  the  commence- 
lapse  of  these  ten  years,  fifty  mil-  ment  of  the  present  year.     Still 
lions  of  public  debt,  with  tlie  an-  we  have  no  cause  to  apprehend  a 
nual  charge  of  upwards  of  three  depression  comparable  to  that  of 
millions  of  interest   upon  them,  the  former  period,  or  even  to  anti.* 
have  been  extinguished.     At  the  dpate  a  deficiency  which  will  in- 
passage  of  that  act  of  the  annual  trench  upon  the  ability  to  apply 
appropriation  of  ten  bullions,  seven  the  annual  ten  millions  to  the  re- 
were  absorbed  in  the  payment  of  duction  of  the  debt.     It  is  well 
interest,  and  not  more  than  three  for  us,  however,  to  be  admonished 
millions  went  to  reduce  the  capital  of  the  iiecessity  of  abiding  by  the 
of   the  debt     Of  the  same  ten  maxims  of  the  most  vigiknt  eco- 
millions,  at  this  time  scarcely  four  nomy,  and  of  resorting  to  all  ho- 
are  appHcable  to  the  interest,  and  nourablc  and    useful   expedients, 
upwards  of  six  are  efiective   in  for  pursuing  vrith  steady  and  in- 
melting  down  the  cs^ital.      Yet  flexible  perseverance  the  total  dis- 
our  experience  has  proved  that  a  charge  of  the  debt, 
revenue,  consisting  so  largely  of  Besides  the   seven    millions  of 
imposts  and  tonnage,    ebbs    and  the  loans  of  1813,  which  will  have 
flows  to  an  extraordinary  extent,  been  discharged  in  the  course  of 
with  all  the  fluctuations  incident  the  present  year,  there  are  nine 
to  the  general  commerce  of  the  millions  which,   by  the  terms  of 
world.     It  is  within  our  recoUec-  the  contracts,  would  have  been  and 
tion  that  even  in  the  compass  of  are    now    redeemable.     Thirteen 
the  same  last  ten  years,  the  receipts  millions  more  of  the  loan  of  1814 
of  the  Treasury  were  not  adequate  will  become  redeemable  from  and 
to  the  expenditures  of  the  year ;  afler  the  expiration  of  the  present 
and  that  m  two  successive  years,  month ;    and  nine  other  millions 
it  was  found  necessary  to  resort  to  from  and  afler  the  close  of  the  en- 
loans  to  meet  the  engagements  of  suing   year.     They   constitute    a 
the  nation.     The  returning  tides  mass  of  thirty-one  millions  of  dol- 
of  the  succeeding  years  replenished  lars,  all  bearing  an  interest  of  six 
the  public  coffers,  until  they  have  per  cent,  more  than  twenty  mil- 
again  begun  to  feel  the  vicissitudes  lions  of  which  will  be  immediately 
of  a  decline.     To  produce  these  redeemable,    and  the  rest  within 
alterations  of  fulness  and  exhaus-  little  more  than  a  year.     Leaving 
tiop,    the    relative    operation    of  of  this  amount  fifteen  millions  to 
abundant  or  of  unfruitful  seasons,  continue  at  the  interest  of  six  per 
the  regulations  of  foreign  govern-  cent,  but  to  be,  as  far  as  shall  be 
ments,   political   revolutions,    the  found  practicable,  paid  off  in  the 
prosperous  or  decaying  condition  years  1827    and    1828,    there   is 
of  manufactures,  commercial  specu-  scarcely  a  doubt  that  the  remain- 
lalions,  and  many  other  causes,  ine  sixteen  millions  might,  withia 
not  always  to  be  tracedi  variously  a  tew  months,  be  discharged  by  a 


140*    ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 

loan  at  not  exceeding  five  per  cent,  diants,  agndoal  rpkTitinn  finan 
redeemable  in  the  yean  1829  and  Uie  provirionof  the  colkctiop  hms, 
1830.  By  this  operation  a  sum  of  a  dose  adherence  to  windi.  wooU 
nearly  hsJf  a  million  ai  dollars  have  caused  inconvenience  and  ex- 
may  be  saved  to  the  nation ;  and  pense  to  thenu  bad  long  Lixuii. 
the  discharge  of  the  whole  thirty-  habitual;  and  indulgences  bad lieea 
one  millions,  within  the  four  years,  eztoided  univemlly  becaose  tb^ 
may  he  greatly  facilitated,  if  not  had  never  been  abused.  It  may  be 
wholly  accomplished.  worthy  of  your  serums  conndcca- 

By  an  act  of  congress  of  the  3rd  tion,  whether  some  further  kgB> 

March,  1825,  a  loan,  for  the  pur-  lative  provisicm  may  not  be  neces- 

pose  now  referred  to,  or  a  sub-  sary  to  come  in  aid  of  this  state  of 

scription  to  stock,  was  authorised,  unguarded  security, 
at  an  interest  not  exceeding  four        From  the  reports  herewith  ood- 

and  a  half  per  cent.    But  at  that  municated  of   the   Secretaries  of 

time  so   la^  a  portion   of  the  war  and  of  the  navy,  with  the  aib- 

floating  d^tal  of  the  countiy  was  aldiary  documents  annexed  to  tfaesi, 

absorbed   in    commercial  specula-  will  be  discovered  the  present  oon- 

tions,  and  so  little  was  left  for  in-  dition  and  administration  of  els' 

vestment  in  the  stocks,  that  the  military  establishment  on  Uie  had 

measure  was  but  partially  success-  and  sea.    The  organisation  of  the 

fuL    At  the  last  session  of  con-  army  having  undergone  no  dmige 

gress  the  condition  of  the  funds  since  its  reduction  to  the  pfeseot 

was  still  unpropidous  to  the  mea-  peace  establishment  in  1821,  it  r&- 

sure;  but  the  change  so  soon  after-  mains  only  to  observe,  that  it  k 

wards    occurred,    mat,    had   the  found  adequate  to  all  the  purposes 

authority  existed   to   redeem   the  for  which  a  permanent  armed  force 

9>000,000  now  redeemable,  by  an  in  time  of  peace  can  be  needed,  or 

exchange  of  stock,  or  a  loan  at  five  iiseful.     It  may  be  proper  to  add, 

per  cent,  it  is  morally  certain  that  that,  from  a  di£ference  of  opinion 

it  mi^ht  have  been  effected,  and  between  the  late  president  of  iit 

with  It  a  yearly  saving  of  90,000  United  States  and  the  senate,  widi 

dollars*  regard  to  the  construction  of  the 

With  regard  to  the  collection  of  act  of  congress  of  2d  March,  1821, 
revenue  of  impost,  certain  occur-  to  reduce  and  fix  the  military  peace 
rences  have,  within  the  last  year,  establishment  of  the  United  ^Btes, 
been  disclosed  in  one  or  two  of  our  it  remains  hitherto  so  fax  without 
principal  ports,  which  eugaged  the  execution,  that  no  colonel  has  hen 
attention  of  congress  at  their  last  appointed  to  command  <me  of  tiie 
session,  and  may  hereafter  require  regiments  of  artillery.  A  simple- 
further  consideration.  Until  with-  mentary  or  explanatory  act  m  & 
in  a  very  few  years,  the  execution,  legislature  appears  to  be  the  obHj 
of  the  laws  for  rai8in|;  the  revenue,  expedient  practicable  for  removing 
like  that  of  all  other  hiws,  has  been  the  difficulty  of  this  appointment* 
insured  more  by  the  moral  sense  of  In  a  period  of  prmbund  peso^ 
the  community,  than  by  the  rigours  the  conduct  of  the  m^re  mihtaij 
of  a  zeabus  precaution,  or  by  penal  establishment  forms  but  a  veiy  ia- 
sanctions.  Confiding  in  the  ex-<  considerable  portion  of  the  dotiel 
emplary  punctuality  and  unsullied  devolving  upon  the  administratioa 
^te^ty  of  our  importing  rner*  of  thedepartoient  ofwar*    ItwiB 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  141* 

1)6  seen  by  the  xetumi^  from  the  Bnd  estimates^  of  the  routes  of  such 

miboidinate   departments    of    the  roads  and  canals  as  the  president 

army,  that  every  branch  of  the  ser*  of  the  United  States  might  deem 

^vioe  is  marked  with  order,  regula-  of  national  importance,  in  a  com- 

xity,  and  discipline ;  that,  from  the  merdal  or  military  point  of  view, 

commandinggeneral,  through  allthe  or  necessary  for  the  transportation 

g;radations  of  superintendence,  the  of  the  public  mail,  the  surveys, 

officers  feel  themselves  to  have  been  plans,  and  estimates,  for  each,  when 

citiKens  before  they  were  soldiers,  completed,  to  be  laid  before  con-* 

and  that  the  glory  of  a  republican  gress! 

army  must  consist  in  the  spirit  of  In  ^ecution  of  this  act  a  board 

fineedom  by  which  it  is  animated,  of  engineers  was  immediately  in- 

and  of  patriotism  by  which  it  is  stituted,  and  have  been  since  most 

impelled*    It  may  be  confidently  assiduously  and  constantly  occu- 

stated,  that  the  moral  character  ci  pied  in  canning  it  into  effect.  Th« 

the  army  is  in  a  state  of  continual  first  oblect  to  which  their  labours 

improvement,  and  that  all  the  ar-  were  directed,  by  order  of  the  late 

xangements  for  the  disposal  of  its  president,  was  the  examination  of 

parts  have  a  constant  reference  to  the    country    between    the    tide 

that  end.  waters  of  the  Potomac,  the  Ohio, 

But  to  the  war  department  are  and  Lake  Erie,  to  ascertain  the 

attributed  other  duties,  having  in-  practicability  of  a  communication 

deed  relation  to  a  future  possible  between  them,  to  designate  the 

condition  of  war,  but  being  purely  most  suitable  route  for  the  same, 

defensive,  and  in  their  tendency  and  to  form  plans  and  estimates,  in 

contributing  rather  to  the  security  detail,  of  the  expense  of  execution. 

and  permanency  of  peace :— the  On  the  Srd  d  February,  1825, 

erection  of  the  fortifications  pro-  they  made  their  first  report,  which 

vided  for  by  congress,  and  adapted  was  immediately  communicated  to 

to  secure  our  shores  from  hostile  congress,  and  in  whidi  they  de-« 

invasions-— the  distribution  of  the  dared  that,  having  maturely  con- 

fand  of  public  gratitude  and  jus-  sidered  the  circumstances  observed 

tioe  to  the  pensioners  of  the  revo-  by  them  personally,  and  carefully 

lutionary  war— the  maintenance  of  studied  the  results  of  such  of  the 

our  relations  of  peace  and  of  pro-  preliminary  surveys  as  were  then 

tection  with  the  Indian  tribes**-  completed,  they^  were  decidedly  of 

and  the  internal  improvements  and  opinion  that  the    communication 

surveys  for  the  location  of  roads  was  practicable, 

and  canals  which  during  the  last  At  the  last  session  of  congress, 

three  sessions  of  Congress  have  en-  before    the  Board  of  Engineers 

gaged  so  much  of  their  attention,  were  enabled  to  make  up  their 

and  may  engross  so  larse  a  share  of  second  report,  containing  a  general 

their  future   benefactions  to  our  planandpreparatoryestimateforthe 

country.  work,  the  committee  of  the  House 

By  ike  act  of  the  30th  of  April,  of  Representatives  upon  roads  and 

1824,  suggested  and  approved  by  canals  closed  the  session  with  a 

my  predecessor,  the  sum  of  thirty  report,  expressing  the  hope  that 

thousand  dollars  was  appropriated  the  plan  and  estimate  of  the  Board 

for  the  purpose  of  causmg  to  be  of  Engineers  might  at  this  time  be 

?nad«  the  n^cmtuy  swffjfh  t»l«QS|  fxegw^^  imJl  that  ibfi  sulg^  b^ 


U2*     ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1826- 

referred  to  the  early  and  farouiu-  pttsemce   of  dTilifttkifi,  tlioa|^ 

Ue  consideration  of   congress  at  swelling  in  recent  years  to  a  bm^ 

their  present  8es8ion.--«That  ex-  nitude  ourthemome  to  the  Tna- 

pected  report  of  the  Board  of  £n-  sury^   are  generally  not  wiliboBt 

gineers  is  prepared,  and  will  forth-  th^    equivalents^    in    pnfitaye 

with  be  laid  before  you.  value ;  or  serve  to  disduuge  the 

Under  the  resolution  of  congress,  union  from  engagements  nMce  faoF- 

authoiising  the  secretary  of  war  to  thenscmie  than  debt, 
have  prepared  a  complete  system        In  like  manner,  the  fatimatf  cf 

of  caval^  tactics  of  the   united  appropriations  for  the  Navy  De- 

S^tes,  to  be  reported  to  congress  partment  wUl  present  an  amcytc 

at  the  present  session,  a  board  of  sumof  upwards  of  Uireeoi^iooBd' 

distinguished  officers  of  the  army  doUara.    About  one  half  ct  these, 

and  of  the  militia  has  been  con-  however,    cover  the  conent  ev- 

vened,  whose  rqwrt  will  be  sub-  penditures  of  the  Navy  in  actasl 

mitted  to  you,  with  that  of  the  service,  and  one-half  conttitutes  a 

aeoretary  d  war.     The  occasion  fund   of  national    property,  Ik 

was  diought  fovourable  for  consult-  pledge  of  our  future  gkxy  nd  4^ 

ing  the  same  board,  aided  by  the  iefusB*    It  was  scarcely  cue  Aati 

results  of  a  correspondence  with  year  after  the  dose  of  the  lalem, 

the  governors  of  the  several  states  and  when  the  burthen  of  iis  o- 

and  territories,  and  other  dtiaens  penses  and  chaiges  was  we^jtiag 

of    intelligence   and    experience,  heaviest  upon  the  oountiy,  tlit 

upon  the  acknowled|;ed  defective  oongren,  by  act  of  SQth  Apdil, 

condition  of  our  militia  system,  and  1816,  appropriated  one  nuIlioB  §[ 

upon  the  improv^nents  of  which  dollars  annually  for  &^kt  yeais  l» 

it  is  susceptible.    The  report  of  the  gradual  increase  of  the  ntiy. 

the  Board  upon  this  subject  is  also  At  a  subsequent  period,  thisauHsl 

submitted  for  your  consideration.  appromnation  was  reduced  to  hM 

In  the  estimates  of  appropriations  a  million  for  six  years,  of  wiiicb 
for  the  ensuing  year,  upwards  of  the  present  year  is  the  last.  A3FCt 
five  millions  ofdollan  will  be  sub-  more  recent  appropriation,  the  lest 
mitted  for  the  expenditures  to  be  two  years,  for  buudii^  ten  siscfi 
/paid  from  the  department  of  war.  of  war,  has  nearly  resloted  fiit 
Less  than  two^fifths  of  this  will  be  original  appropriation  of  18l6^  of 
applicable  to  the  maintenance  and  a  imllion  for  every  year.  The  r* 
support  of  the  army.  A  million  suit  is  before  us  dL  We  haie 
and  a  half  in  the  form  of  pensions,  twdve  ]mb  of  battle  ships,  tusety 
goes  as  a  scarcely  adequate  tribute  frigates,  and  sloops  of  war  in  pi*- 
to  the  services  and  sacrifices  of  a  portion,  which,  with  a  fow  aunthi 
former  age ;  and  a  more  than  equal  of  preparation,  may  pieaent  • 
sum,  invested  in  fortifications,  or  line  of  floating  fortilfcatiaiH  alaag 
for  the  preparations  of  int^nal  im-  the  whole  ran^  of  our  coast,  rody 
provement,  provides  for  the  quiet,  to  meet  any  mvader  who  nogkl 
the  comfort,  and  the  hiq)|aer  ex-  attempt  to  set  foot  upon  oar  dxm 
istence  of  the  ages  to  come.  The  Combining  with  a  system  of  tor- 
appropriations  to  indemnify  those  tifications  upon  the 


unfortunate  remnants  of  another  sdve^  commenced  about  the  warn 
race,  unable  alike  to  diare  in  the  time  under  die  auq^ioes  of  nj  isi* 
tx^ojtpmu,  and  to  exist  in  the   mediate  pedwywr^  wd 


PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS.  143* 

systematically    pursued>    it    has  parted  from  or  abandoned.    Inoon<« 
placed  in  our  possession  the  most  tinning  to  provide  for  the  gradual 
effective  sinews  of  war^  and  has  left  increase  of  the  navy^  it  may  not  be 
us  at  once  an  example  and  a  lesson  necessary  or  expedient  to  add  for 
from  'which  our  own  duties  may  be  the  present  any  more  to  the  nunw 
inferred.     The  gradual  increase  of  ber  of  our  ships ;  but  should  you 
the   navy   was    the    piinciple    of  deem  it  advisable  to  continue  the 
which  the  act  of  29th  Aprils  1816,  yearly  ai^nx)priation  of  half  a  mil« 
was    the    first  development      It  lion  to  the  same  objects,  it  may 
was  the  introduction  of  a  system  be  profitably  expend^^  in  provid«« 
to  act   upon   the   character    and  ing  a  supply  of  (timber  to  be  sea^ 
history  of  our  country  for  an  in-  soned,    and    other   materials    for 
definite   series  of  ages.     It  was  a  future  use  ;  in  the  construction  of 
declaration  of  that  congress  to  their  docks,  or  in  1^3ring  the  foundation 
constituents  and  to  posterity^  that  of  a  school  for  naval  education,  as, 
it  was  the  destiny  and  the  duty  of  to  the  wisdom  of  congress,  dther 
these  confederated  states,  to  become,  of  those  measures  may  appear  to 
in  regular  process  of  time,  and  by  claim  the  preference. 
no  petty  advances,  a  great  naval  Of  the  small  portions  of  this 
power.     That  which  they  proposed  navy  engaged  in    actual    service 
to  aocomi^h  in  eight  years>  is  during  the  peace,  squadrons  have 
rather  to  be  consider^  as  the  mea-  continued  to  be  maintained  in  the 
sure    of    their  means,   than    the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the  West-India 
limitation  of  their  design.     They  seas,  and  in  the  Mediterranean; 
looked  fcHTward  for  a  term  of  years  to  which  has  been  added  a  small 
sufficient  for  the  accomplishment  armament,  to  cruise  on  the  east- 
of  a  definite  portion  of  their  pur-  em  coast  of  South  America.     In 
pose :  and  they  lef^  to  their  sue-  all,  they  have  afforded  protection 
cesBors  to  fill  up  the  canvass  of  to  our  commerce)  have  contributed 
which  they  had  traced  the  large  to  make  our  country  advantage- 
and  prophetic  outline.     The  ships  ously  known  to  foreign   nations, 
of  the  line,  and  frigates,  which  have  honourably  employed  multi* 
they   had  in  contemplation,^  will  tudes  of  our  seamen  in  the  service 
be  shortly  completed.     The  time  of  their  country,  and  have  inured 
which  they  had  allotted  for  the  numbers  of  youths  of  the  rising 
accomplishment  of  the  work  has  generation  to  lives  of  manly  hardi- 
more  than  elapsed.     It  remains  for  hood,  and  of  nautical  experience 
your  consideration  how  their  sue-  and    skill.      The    piracies    with 
•  cessors  may  contribute  their  por-  which  the  West-India  seas  were 
tion  of  toil  and  of  treasure  for  the  for   several  years   infested,   have 
benefit  of  the  succeeding  age,  in  been  totally  suppressed;   but,   in 
the  gradual  increase  of  our  navy,  the  Mediterranean^  they  have  in- 
There  is,  perhaps,  no  part  of  the  creased  in  a  manner  afflictive  to 
exerciseof  the  constitutional  powers  other  nations,  and  but  for  thecon- 
of  the  federal  government,  which  tinual  presence  of  our  squadron, 
has  given  more  general  satisfaction  would  probably  have  been  distress- 
to  the  people  of  the  union,  than  ing  to  our  own.    The  war  which 
this.      The  system  has  not  been  has  unfortunately  broken  out  be- 
thus  vigoroudy  introduced,    and  tween    the    republic    of   Buenos 
hitherto  sustained;  to  be  now  d^^  Ayres  and  the  BfasiUan  goverai 


144*    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 

jnent>  haS  given  rise  to  veiy  great  back.    Seven  hundred  and  four* 

irregularities    among    the    naval  teen  new  post   offices  have  been 

officers  of  the  ktter,  by  whom  established  i%Ithin  the  year;  and 

principles  in  relation  to  Idockades^  the  increase  of  revenue  within  the 

.and  to  neutral  navigation,  have  last  three  years^  as  well  as  the 

been  brought  forward,   to  which  augmentation  of  the  tranqxyrtatkni 

we  cannot  subscribe,   and  which  by  mail,  is  more  than  equal  to  tiie 

our  own  commanders  have  found  whole  amount  of  the  rece^ts,  and 

it  necessary  to  resist.    From  the  of  mail  conveyance,  at  the  codk- 

friendly   disposition   towards   the  mencement  of  the  present  century. 

United  States,  constantly  mani-  when  the  seat  of  the  goieral  go- 

fested  by  the  emperor  of  Brazil,  verhment  was  removed    to    uis 

and  the  very  nseful  and  friendly  place.    When  we  reflect  that  tiie 

oonmiercial   intercourse    between  objects  effected  by  the  transporta- 

the  United  States  and  his  domin-*  tion  of  the  mail  are  among  the 

ions,  we  have  reason  to  believe  choicest  comforts  and  enjoyments 

that  the  just  reparation  demanded  of  social  life,  it  is  pleasing  to  ob« 

for  the  injuries  sustained  by  se«  serve,  that  the  dissemination  of 

veral  of  our  citLsens  from  some  of  them  to  every  comer  of  our  ooim* 

his  officers,  will  not  be  withheld,  try,  has  outstripped  in  their  in« 

Abstracts   finom   the   recent   de«  crease  even  the  rapid  mardi  of  oar 

spatches  of  the  commanders  of  our  population, 

several  squadrons  are  communicated  By  the  treaties  with  France  and 

with  the  report  to  the  secretary  of  Spain,  respectively  ceding  Loa« 

the  navy  to  congress.  isiana   and  the  Floridas  to    the 

A  report  from  the  postmaster  United  States,  provision  was  made 

general  is  likewise  communicated,  for  the  security  of  land  titles  de« 

presenting,  in  a  highly  satisfieustory  rived   from  the    governments  of 

manner,  the  result  of  a  vigorous,  those  nations.    Some  prooress  has 

efficient,  and  economical,  adminis«  been  made,  under  the  authority  of 

tration  of  that  departments    The  various  acts  of  congress,  in  the  as- 

revenue  of  the  office,  even  of  the  certainment  and  establishment  of 

year  including  the  latter  half  of  those  titles :  but  claims  to  a  very 

1824,  and  the  first  half  of  1825,  large  extent  remain   unadjusted, 

had  exceeded  its  expenditures  by  The  public  fdth,  no  less  than  the 

a  sum  of  more  than  45,000  dollars,  just  rights  of  individuals,  and  the 

That  of  the  succeeding  year  has  interest  of  the  community  itself, 

been  still  more  productive.    The  appears  to  require  further  pnm« 

increase  of  the  receipts,  in  the  year  sion  for  the  ffpeedy  settlement  of 

preceding  the  1st  of  July  last,  over  these  claims,  whidi  I,  ther^ote, 

that  of  the  year  before,  exceeds  reconunend  to  the  care  and  attCD« 

186,000  dollfl^,  and  the  excess  of  tion  of  the  legislature, 

the  receipts  over  the  expenditures  In  conformity  with  the  provi- 

of  the  year  has  swollen  from  45,000  sions  of  the  act  of  20th  May  la^ 

dollars  to   nearly  80,000  dollars,  to  provide  for  erecting  a  Peniten* 

During  the  same  period,  contracts  tiary  in  the  district  of  Colombia, 

fof  ad£tional  transportation  of  the  and  for  other  purposes,  three  oom- 

mail,  in  stages,  for  about  260,000  missioners  were  appointed  to  sdeet 

miles,  have  been  made,   and  for  a  site  for  the  erection  of  a  Peni« 

70^000  guii^  oimuall^^  9U  bvn^  Xeatmy  Ut  tb«  distdctj  and  ab^ 


PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.        145» 


ft  die  in  the  county  of  Alexan- 
dria for  a  county  j^U;  both  of 
which  objects  have  been  effected. 
The  building  of  the  penitentiary 
has  been  commenced,  and  is  in 
such  a  degree  of  forwardness^  as 
to  promise  that  it  will  be  com- 
pleted before  the  meeting  of  the 
next  congress.  This  consideration 
points  to  the  expediency  of  matur- 
mgy  at  the  present  session,  a  sys- 
tem for  the  regulation  and  govern- 
ment of  the  penitentiary,  and  of 
defining  the  class  of  offences  which 
shall  be  punishable  by  confine- 
ment in  this  edifice. 

In  closing  this  communication, 
I  trust  that  it  will  not  be  deemed 
inappropriate  to  the  occasion  and 
purposes  upon  which  we  are  here 
assembled,  to  indulge  a  momentary 
retrospect,  combining,  in  a  single 
glance^  the  period  of  our  origin  as 
a  national  confederation  with  that 
of  our  present  existence,  at  the 
precise  interval  of  half  a  century 
from  each  other.     Since  your  last 
meeting  at  this  place,  the  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  the  day  when  our 
independence    was    declared    has 
been    celebrated    throughout  our 
land ;  and  on  that  day,  when  every 
heart  was  bounding  with  joy,  and 
every  voice  was  tuned  to  gratula- 
tion,  amid  the  blessings  of  free- 
dom and  independence,  which  the 
sires  of  a  former  age  had  handed 
down  to  their  children^  two  of  the 
principal   actors   in    that   solemn 
Bcene^— the  hand  that  penned  the 


ever-memorable  declaration,  and 
the  voice  that  sustained  it  in  de- 
bate— were,  by  one  summons,  at 
the  distance  of  700  miles  from 
each  other,  called  before  the  Judffe 
of  All,  to  account  for  their  deeds 
done  upon  earth.  They  departed, 
cheered  by  the  benedictions  of 
their  country,  to  whom  they  left 
the  inheritance  of  their  fame,  and 
the  memory  of  their  bright  exam- 
ple. If  we  turn  our  thoughts  to 
the  condition  of  their  country,  in 
the  contrast  of  the  first  and  last 
day  of  that  half  century,  how  re- 
splendent and  sublime  is  the  tran- 
sition from  gloom  to  glory !  Then, 
glancing  through  the  same  lapse 
of  time  in  the  condition  of  the 
individuals,  we  see  the  first  day 
marked  with  the  fulness  and  vi- 
gour of  youth,  in  the  pledge  of  their 
fives,  their  fortunes,  and  their 
sacred  honour,  to  the  cause  of  free* 
dom  and  of  mankind ;  and  on  the 
last,  extended  on  the  bed  of  death, 
with  but  sense  and  sensibility  left 
to  breathe  a  last  aspiration  to 
Heaven  of  blessing  upon  their 
country;  may  we  not  humbly 
hope  that  to  them,  too,  it  was  a 
pledge  of  transition  from  sloom  to 
glory ;  and  that  while  their  mortal 
vestments  were  sinking  into  the 
dod  of  the  valley,  their  emanci- 
pated spirits  were  ascending  to  the 
bosom  of  their  God. 

John  Quinoy  Adahs. 
Washington,  Dec.  5,  1826. 


Vou  LXVIII. 


K' 


I40*     ANNUAL    REGISTER*   1926. 


HISTORY  AND  BlOGItAPHV 


HBUdtjM  «/^  Me  RtostT  itoN.  R^itaf  lJS»A  Ga*M^ 


LORD  GIFFORD  was  bom 
at  £xeter>  on  the  94tk  oit 
February^  1 779*  His  fathet>  Whd 
was  a  dealer  in  bops,  grooeiji  and 
dn^ery,  was  twioe  married,  and 
liad  by  bis  second  marriage  four 
cbiltiren^  ef  whom  Robert  Gifibrd 
was  the  youngestk 

Robert  received  bis  education  at 
a  Bcbo^  at  Alpbington>  near  Ete« 
ter,  kept  by  Dr.  Hall(mm^  a  man 
lemarkable  ^ch:  bis  talents^  and  fiM: 
bis  misapplication  of  them.     From 
early  youth  tlobert  Gifibrd  evinced 
a  great  inclination  for  the  profeb- 
non  o^  the  law  j  and^  when  he  b^ 
attained  the  age  of  sixteen^  lie  was 
artidecl  by  his  father  to  Mr.  Jofiels 
a  respectable  aticHney  of  Eseteri 
in  whose  o£^ce  he  remained  the 
usual  period.     Mr.  Gifford  became 
ft  gt«at  ftvbtirite  With  Mr.  Jones ; 
and,  towards  the  latter  part  of  his 
clerkship,  in  consequence  o^  Mr. 
Jones's  ill  healthy  the  chief  manage- 
ment of  the  business  devolved  upon 
him.     It  is  probable  that  Mr.  Gif- 
ford  had  been  induced  to  entertain 
expectations  of  being  taken  into 
partnership  by  Mr.  Jones  at  the 
expiration  of  the  term  of  his  arti* 
des ;  but  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Jones'a 
nephew  firom  London,  to  assume 


the    Bftanagement   of  hii  wk*i 
office^  put  an  end  to  thea^  faifes. 

Under  the  will  of  his  father)  wbi 
died  duriBff  the  secotid  y«ar  ef  W 
dwkdupi  he  had  become  eatitki 
to  soi&e  i^reportyi  not,  howem^ 
by  ahy  means  adequate  te  umd 
these  heavy  and  uaavoidabk  cfe- 
penses  whidi  must  be  eeatcinylsid 
by  every  young  maa  who  del0^ 
mines  upon  making  the  W  hk 
profession.  But  his  brotben  d^ 
dared^  that  he  should  not  want  taf 
assistance  whieh  they  eeill^  fureiiki 
in  the  pursuit  of  his  ivmtoM 
object.  Thus  assured^  ^l^  GiflM 
entered  himself  as  a  student  at  Iks 
Middle  Temple  in  180a 

On  his  first  eeraing  td  Lonfa^ 
Mr.  Giifiiid  was  two  yean  a  pa^ 
with  Mr»  Robert  Baylyi  ^eo  pn^ 
thftdg  as  a  ^eckd  j4eader^  aednk 
is  at  present  one  of  the  baiilitwi 
belonging  to  the  western  dicint. 
In  1803,  he  began  to  prsdiK 
as  a  special  pleader  himsdf ;  kii 
chambers  being  in  Esaex-court,  in 
the  Temple.  Although  unaided 
by  any  powerful  connection,  tct 
his  knowledge  and  his  unreButtBf 
attention^  gradually  broodit  kia 
into  extensive  practice. 
On  the  12th  of  Febniaiy,im 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHT.     W7* 

Mr.  Gifibrd  was  called  to  the  bair ;  itt4  to  wfttehd  with  the  late  Mr. 

where  lii5lrt)ilitie»,  and  the  awddtdty  Dwmcy,  toe  i6f  the  afcfest  advWwtes 

^A  Which  he  devoted  himsetf  to  dF  Ms  dAy,  and  Mr.  Abb6t^  rtrf6 

the  aeqtiiaitidti  of  legal  leaiiiio)^  ptdsetii  h»d  nhief  justice  of  tWe 

9aah  fttttscted  notice.    He  joinred  coiirt  of  Kiitg's-bench  (who  We«8 

the  weatem  ciiwtiit,  and  the  Exe-  brotisht  down  ipecia^y  on  that 

ter   and    DevoJn  sesrtona,   where  ocwi^on)',  Mr.  Gifford  eWiittted 

he   almdst   immediatdy  got  into  powers  of  a^ihent  of  iheii^est 

txmriderable  bu^ess ;  and,  both  on  order. 

Ae  cMuit  and  in  Lotaidon>  he  was  On  the  9th  trf  May,  l«17y  hte 

ateadily  toakiiig  progress  towittds  was    ajqpfointed    soHtitor-genetilL 

distittc^on,  when  tjne   of  diose  On  thel6th<jf  the^amemonlhhe 

foitttrftte    eircitttastandet,     which  was  elected  ion6  tf  the  meters  idf 

Mtnetitties    occur,     brought     his  the  bench  by  ^he  kteieiy  bf  thte 

Meat^  into  fill!  play,  and  drew  Middle  T^ple^  An*,  Shortly  after, 

upon  him  th^  atttotion  of  the  pub-  took  his  seat  in  parliament}  fbr  the 

Hc;     He  wsij  retained  to  ai-gue  a  borough  of  Eye,  in  Sufiblk.   After 

owe  of  Mo^  ifersus  Mogg,  in  the  this,  he  left  the  court  of  King's. 

court  frf  KuigVbench,  involving  bench,    iti  order    to    practise    in 

fWtote   poidtl  connected  wfth   the  Chancery;  Which  he  coiitintied  t!6 

14w  of  tM  property ;  atid,  on  the  do  iill  Ibis  devotion  b  the  Beiiefi 

aMument,  he  exhibited  so  profound  in  1824.     Durinj;  this  perikkl  he 

&  kn^wled^;  and  Kb  mudi  t^^-  became  the  principal  header  in  th^ 

flesB  in  the  aopHcatlmi  tsd  it)  ^t  appeahi  to  the  House  of  Lorte,BtRl 

he  uttrdicted  the  attention  of  the  acouired  that  intimate  biowledge 

late  lord  EllenborotHjih,  then  chief  of  Sbdtdi  laW  which  Us  afterwards 

Hretioe  nf  the  couh  ofKing's-bench,  einployed  in  sd  useftil  a  manner  fbr 

who  invited  him  to  his  house,  and  the    country  in   1^   capacity  ittf 

to  whose  sh*ong  mx>mmcndati(6n.  Deputy  Sp^er  of  the  House  bf 

addM  to  that  of  the  kte  leaHied  Lbids.    The  rapidi^  With  which 

and  venerable  sir  James  Mansfield,  he  mastered,  ndt  merdy  the  ptin- 

chiefjuStrcedfthecourtofComtoob  cijfdesibtttin  d  great  measure  the 

Plea»,  he  was  principally  indebted  details;  of  that  law;  excited  thb  sur- 

fbr  his  tesAj  and  sudden  advance-  prise  of  many  of  the  most  bminent 

ment.  of  its  professors,  <tf  wh(»e  applaiiiAd, 

flocm  after  this  event,  another  98  he  Mt  its  value^  he  was  most 

tiine  dcetitfed  in  Which  he  ^ded  to  ju^y  jpiid. 

tfete  repu'tktton  he  hsd  ahref&dy  vt-  On  the  resignation  of  Inr  Yicsry 

iniirM>  and  prtHred  that  hid  taleiits  Gibbs^  Mr;  OrSbrd  wd  chosen  l» 

fcr  l9^in^  i^th  ninnerous  and  the  cerporatidu  of  Bristol  to  tie 

conlplitoati^   fhcts  wete  at   IdMt  their  recorder ;  an  office  which  has 

^utd  to  his  sbcbrate  kduwledge  of  never  been  held  but  by  persohs  6£ 

law.    A   cmnmlssion   ef   lunaey  the  highest  degree  of  legal  merit. 

having  been  issued  aeahisl  a  gentle-  The  duties  of  this  station  Mr. 

man  ^  the  name  of  Baker,  at  the  Gi£fbrd  discharged  highly  to  the 

instance  of  his  brother  and  sister,  satisfaction  of  the  corporation ;  and 

Mr.  Gifford  was  retained  for  the  he  was  requested  by  diem  to  nt  to 

ktter ;  end  during  an  invest^tion,  sir  Thomas  Lavn-ence  fbr  a  whoBs- 

whidi  lasted  nme  days>  at  the  length  pcttrait,  to  be  placed  in  die 

Cattle  M  £xeta*i  and  in  which  he  nmn-haU  of  die  d^  of  BtistoL 

K2* 


148*     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


The  picture  w^  not  finished  when 
lord  Gifibrd  died  ;  but  it  was  suf- 
ficiently advanced  to  insure  its 
becoming  one  of  the  most  faithful 
and  animated  performances  of  the 
most  accomplished  of  our  artists. 

While  sir  Robert  GifiSnrd  was 
solicitor-general^  he  distinguished 
himself  on  the  trial  of  Dr.  Watson, 
in  June^  1 81 7>  and  also  at  the  trials 
under  the  special  commission  at 
Derby,  in  October  of  the  same 
year*  On  the  first  of  those  trials, 
his  old  and  firm  friend  sir  James 
Mansfield  attended  in  the  court  of 
King's-bench,  purposely  to  hear  his 
reply;  and  expressed  his  high 
gratification  on  the  occasion. 

In  July  1819>  on  sir  Samuel 
Shepherd's  being  appointed  duef 
baron  of  the  Exchequer  in  Scotland, 
sir  Robert  Gifibrd  succeeded  him 
as  attorney-general.  'In  this  im- 
portant office^  he  was  so  cautious 
to  avoid  prosecuting,  except  in 
cases  in  which  he  felt  confident 
that  conviction  must  be  the  result, 
that,  we  believe,  not  a  single  in- 
stance occurred  of  any  failure  on 
the  part  of  the  crown  during  hb 
contmuance  in  office. 

In  the  latter  end  of  April,  1820, 
sir  Robiert  Gifibrd  prosecuted  to 
conviction  the  conspirators  in  the 
"  Cato-street  plot" 

In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year, 
the  bill  of  pains  and  penalties 
against  the  late  queen  Caroline, 
was  introduced  into  the  House  of 
Lords:  and  to  the  attorney  and 
solicitor-general,  sir  Robert  Gif- 
ford,  and  sir  John  Copley,  its 
prosecution  was  intrusted.  In  the 
performance  of  this  important  duty, 
sir  Robert  Giffi)rd  bebrayed  no 
aqperity,  nor  evinced  any  eagerness 
to  criminate  the  royal  personage. 
Throughout  the  whole  of  the  pro- 
ceedings, he  adhered  strictly  to  the 
pledge  which  he  gave  in  opening 


the  case*  ''My  lards,"  said  be, 
"  upon  the  nature  of  this  diazpe, 
or  upon  the  importance  of  this  in- 
vestigation, it  is  quite  unmHiMMiTi 
for  me  to  enlarge.  Your  lordab^s, 
and  every  individual  in  the  countiy . 
are  fully  capable  of  estimatingthe« 
topics  in  their  proper  lig^  The 
only  consolation  whidi  I  decife 
under  the  discharge  of  the  dnky 
which  I  have  now  to  fulfil^  is,  thai 
it  calls  not  upon  me  to  addiess  my- 
self to  your  lordi^ps'  pnaakms  or 
feelings ;  and  that  I  shall  best  ^ 
chai^  it,  according  to  your  lori- 
ships'  command,  by  ahataming  fron 
any  observation  whidi  mi^t  teal 
to  aggravate  the  charge 
against  so  illustrious  a  persan." 

Although  sir  Robert  Giffind 
not  a  very  frequent  speaker  in  ^ 
House  of  Commons,  he  took  an 
active  part  in  most  of  those  dehatBi 
which  had  reference  to  tofia  coa- 
nected  with  his  profeasioiial  hahitt» 
and  official  duties. 

The  year  1824  was  a  year  nek 
in  honours  to  sir  Robert  GiflM. 
On  the  resignation  of  sir  Robot 
Dallas,  he  was,  on  the  8th  of  JaaiK 
ary  appointed  to  the  ofl&oe  of  diirf 
justice  of  the  court  <^  Coumb 
rleas.  He  also  received  from  the 
university  of  Cambridge  the  gqb- 
pliment  of  an  honorary  decree  of 
M.  A.  There  being  at  this  tine 
a  great  arrear  of  businen  in  tbe 
appellate  jurisdiction  of  tiie  Hook 
of  Lords,  it  was  determined  W  the 
cabinet  that  sir  Robert  Grnkd, 
whose  acquaintance  with  the  hm% 
of  Scotland  was  weU  known^flhoirii 
in  addition  to  the  office  of 
justice  of  the  court  of 
Pleas,  be  appointed  D^oty  Speahir 
of  the  House  of  Lords,  ioA  iMi 
the  lord  chancellor  in 
determining  the  appeals 
land.  AcoordiDgiy  he^waa 
a  peer,  by  the  Utleof  BacQit<SI> 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY.       149* 

hrd,    of   St.   Leonard's^   in   the  Rolls  was  all  but  a  sinecare^*  medi- 

oounty  of  Devon ;  his  patent  being  cal  men,  who  attended  the  Master 

dated  January  28,  1824,   with  a  of  the  Rolls,  expressed  their  deli- 

limitation  of  the  honours  to  his  berate  opinion,  that  oyer*fatigue 

issue    male.      The    ^rangement  was  undermining  his  constitution, 

which  took  place  upon  this  occasion  Exhausted  by  his  anxious  and 

was  as  follows :  the  lord  chancellor  unremitting  exertions,  lord  GifiSird, 

attended  the  House  of  Lords  on  accompanied  by  his  family,  left 

Mondays  and  Thursdays,  to  hear  London  on  the  23rd  of  August, 

writs  of  error,   and  English  and  1826,  for  a  house  which  he  had 

htiabi   appeals;  and  lord    Giffi)rd  taken  on  the  Marine  Parade,  at 

presided  on  Tuesdays,  Wednesdays,  Dover.     He    was   at    that   time 

and  Fridays,  for  the  determination  suffering  under  a  severe  bilious 

of  appeals  from  Scotland.    During  attack.     On  Saturday,  the  2nd  of 

that  and  the  two  succeeding  ses-  September,  symptoms  of  inflamma- 

sions   of  parliament,  he  devoted  tion  of  the  bowels  appeared;  on 

himself  gratuitously  to  the  assidu-  the  next  day,   he  beoune  much 

ous  discharge  oi  his  new  and  im-  worse,  and,  notwithstanding  every 

portant  duties.  effort  that  could  possibly  be  made 

Sir  Thomas  Piumer,  the  Master  by  his   medical   attendants.    Dr. 

of  the  Rolls,  dying  on  the  25th  of  Macarthur  and  Mr.  Sankey,  at  a 

March,  1824,  lord  Gifford,  on  the  little  after  six  o'clock  on  the  mom- 

5th  of  April  following,  was  ap«  ing  of  Monday,  the  4th  of  Sep- 

pointed  Master  of  the  Rolls.    Tlus  tember,  this  valuable  man  breadicd 

caused  a  great  increase  of  labour  his  last,  to  the  inconsolable  grief 

to  him ;  for  it  became  a  part  of  his  of  his    friends,   and   the  sincere 

duty  to  dispose  of  the  numerous  remt  of  the  pubUc  at  large. 

s^ipeals  brought  under  the  consider-  In  person,  lord  Gifford  was  weU- 

aticm  of  the  privy-coundL  proportioned,   and   of  about   the 

But  all  this  was  done  at  the  ex-  middle  stature.      His  aspect  was 

pense  of  health  and  strength.  Dur-  mild ;  his  eye  was  quick  and  intel- 

ittg    almost  the  whole  period  of  ligent;  his  eener^  manner  and  ad- 

Uus  laborious  exertion,  time  who  d^ss  cedm,  frank,  and  engaging, 

were  nearly  and  intimately  con-  Lord  Gifford  married,  Apnl  6, 

nected  with  him,  experienced  the  181 6,  Harriet-Maria,  one  of  the 

utmost    anxiety  on    his   account,  daughters    of   the  Rev.  Edward 

The  friends  who  watched  him,  in  Drewe,  of  Broad  Hembury,  near 

^t  severe  depression  of  spirits  Honiton,  in  the  county  of  Devon, 

whidi  overwfat^ue  and  over-anxi-  the  descendant  of  a  highly  reject- 

ety  produced,  can   best  estimate  able  fiunily  (long  resident  at  their 

how    little,  in   all  this  time  of  seat  called  Grange,  in  that  parish), 

apparent  prosperity,  lord  Giffiird  which    has    repeatedly  furnished 

was  an  object  of  envy.     At  the  hiffh  sherifis  for  the  county.    By 

very  moment  of  a  most  wanton  this  marriage  he  had  issue,  while 

and  bitter  attack,  in  Vhich  (most  living,  three  sons,  Robert-Frands 

dimaceful  to  him  who  uttcinsd  it,  (his  successor),  bom  March  Ipth 

and  to  the  assembly  who  listened  1817i  John,  and  Edwasd-Scott ; 

patiently  to  it^  it  was  stated  in  and  three  daughters,   Charlotte- 

parliament,    with    the   impudent 

coafidenoe  of  ignorance,  that  the  *  See  Ann*  Ktg*  v<H.  Ixvut  p*  86. 


150<f     ANNUAL   KEGI&T6R,    1826. 

I)i9nithj,HiMdAtt*-Jiai«,aadCBza9i    f«iibct,_  tboot  sine  va^  iftw 
lk» ;  snd  lai3F  Qifbrd  MYe  loirtk 
t»  anotlMr  schiji  o^  Ae  lib  o£  Nq« 


■^^■VHnnpiHvw^ 


J^f^eemfT  ^La0t  Hb9mii  Svaiwome. 

^T  aliottt  fttt  Itour  «nd  a  liaM  siissed.     Stk9  teuoaij  over 

ilifr  from  the  town  of  Sidon  is  the  bow>  aklM>i^h  Aa  hm  a  ttmk  of 

residence  of  hdf  Hester  Stanhope.  twatv«  fine  AiaMan  li^zacaa      Ib 

It  13  situated  on  the  top  of  a  hiD^  con^eraatioB,  aaaftiendof  hamaiia 

and  called  MariHua,  ftom  the  oo!b-  mf9%T^i  thaaa  viiiled  k«r  aanisai 

vent  of  that  name  that  formerlj  me^  ^le  is  vevy  agveeaUe ;  but  it 

stood  there^    and  out  of  part  of  mott  be  durwg  the  witohhig  beoKa 

whkh^   with  her  own  ac^tions,  of  night,  whea  her  ladjsbxp  kwoa 


Ae  has  constructed   her   present  most  to    converse.      Axabie 

mansion.      There   are  IW   trees  qwaks  ftetty  well,  and  with  the 

round  it,  and  it  is  very  exposed :  nativeii  and  namMurt  of  tbe  Eaat 

itt  the  back-ground  are  ranges  of  she  ia  of  oourse  thoroimbljr  mbm 


barren  hills ;  the  prospeet  beneath^  quainted.     Among   Turkish 

of  th?  gardens  of  Sidon  and  the  men,  she  says,  she  baa  met 

bay,  is  magnificent.  adaairable  and   attractive 

This  extraordinary  woman   no  tors,  but  among  the  Greelta 

longer   possesses  the  daring  and  single  one.     Woe  be  to  the  w( 

chivalric  spirit  which  led  her  to  of  nav  own  nation  who  diottld  le- 

Pkimyra  and  other  perilous  parts  side  for  a  short  tiine  at  Maiiliiia  1 

of  the  East.     She  is  now  become  she  must  expect  to  submit  to  all 

very  nervous,   and  has  fiw  seme  the  saclosion  af  the  land,  aa,  if  aaay 

time  put  great  faith  in  natiWtiea>  sheik  or  Turk  eomea  to  ^m  hcni^ 

and  the  piSoduetions  of  a  venerable  she  must  net  only  shun  hia 

Arabian,  who  passes  fbr  an  astro-  seaee,    but  be  suie  not  ta  loi 

loger  or  magician,  and  often  viaita  gtimpse  of  bar  fhoa  be  seen  s 

Marifius.     Her  habits  of  life  have  firingement  on   Eastern  e 

long  be^n,  not  to  retire  to  rest  tifi  can  aver  be  aUawed  there, 
five  in  the  looming,  and  to  rise  at        Hh  iniuenoe  d^  lady 

two  in   the  afternoon,    and   eat  t^  surrounding  paehaa  and  gonaar* 

scarcely  any  animal  fbod  i  but  her  nore  is  truly  singular.     A 

hott^   contains   a  good   store   of  chant  iVom  Smyrna  was  relL 

(»otce  wines,  and  tlH&  various  oon«  fVom  Damascus  ta  Betroea 


serves  tji  the  fast.    Although  she  same  oamel  loads  of  siik :    thajr 

sits  on  the  f!oor,  and  eats  with  her.  were  stopped  in  the  way  ky  tha 

fingers,  her  visitor  is  indulged  with  paoha  of  Aere,  who  intendad  to 

a  table^  knife,  and  fork,  and  a  va-  use  no  eevemony  in  i^akwiy 


riety  of  duthes.     Her  household  his  own.     The  mecthant 

c<m8ists  of  three-and^twenty  Arab  partnership  in  this  oonoem  with  a 

•ervants  of  both  sexes,  as  her  Eng-  Hob  Moor  at  Beiiout,  who  waa  m» 

lish  onea  have  long  tinee  been  d&-  timately  known  to  her  lidjiii^ 


HISTQRy  AND  BIOGRAPHY;      Ul* 


aasd  imiaediatdf  weote  ta  ber  i^ 
qoetdiig  hear  intes&senoe.  She 
ieat  a  Dote  to  the  pacha,  and  an 
ordBt  waa  sp^eiaHj  transmitted  to 
kia  aoldien  to  set  thc^  eamek  and 
tibfiir  carao  at  Uhearty. 

LadjF  afeanhope  Hved  at  Danuia» 
aoa  for  twelve  numtha  in  a  hand«» 
•ome  house  in  the  tuhurhs;  and 
oftep,  when  Aa  rode  out  in  her 
MaiMhihe  dxeis^  Ae  pecmle  would 
flpck  around  her  in  admiration. 
When  on  her;  yeaixney  to  Pal^ 
injra>  sImi  waa  pursued  by  a  hostile 
toiba  of  Arabs  for  a  whole  day ; 
lund  on  the  day  when  the  Palmy* 
xiQfiies  hailed  her  as  the  queen  of 
the  ruined  city,  she  felt,  no  doubt> 
viiid  and  un^tisembled  nleaaure, 
Wng  the  first  lady  who  had  ever 
sdhiered  such  a  journey ;  and  her 
coeellent  horaenuuiship  and  capa«9 
bsUty  of  enduring  fatigue,  soon 
made  the  deserts  a  home  to  her. 
The  Qrientala  never  spesk  of  her 
but  with  the  highest  respect.  It 
ia  certain  that  a  belief  is  enter* 
tained  of  her  being  of  the  highest 
vank:  some  even  say  she  is  a 
Quaen.  She  distributes  occasionally 
presents  o£  rieh  arms  to  the  chiefs ; 
and,  when  an  Arab  courser  is 
aent  her,  frequently  rewards  the 
beajer  with  a  thousand  piastres. 
She  is  generous,  hespitabiev  and 
undoubtedly  of  that  superior  and 
commanding  mind^  which  ia  sure 
to  gain  an  ascendancy  among  the 
Ozwntals.  Yet  it  is  difficult  to 
disQover  any  attractioas  in  her  pre« 
aent  way  of  Bfe  at  Marilius.  The 
yemance  and  delight  of  exploring 
the  East,  and  seeing  its  natives 
bow  down  to  her,  have  long  since 
flcven  place  to  timid  and  secluded 
SaHts  and  feelings,  and  the  dreams 
of  superstition.  She  is,  however, 
firmlv  resolved  never  ta  return  to 
li0r  native  country;  her  avowed 
jysitempt   for  her  own  sex^  and 


their  ^baainate  hafaita  and  fedb- 
iBgf^  is  not  likely  to  eonciliate 
them. 

Although  she  refuses,  from  the 
real  or  supposed  ill  treatment  of 
<me  or  two  English  travellera,  to 
aee  any  of  her  countrymen,  she  has 
more  than  once  been  their  benefai> 
toTr  On  one  oecasioi^  she  pn^* 
sentied  a  tvavdiler  at  Damascus  with 
two  thousandpiastresy  whosemoney 
had  failed  hint  in  a  jonmey  from 
India.  When  an  unfortunate 
Frenohman,  a  man  of  science,  waa 
shot  by  some  Arabs  from  behind 
the  roMaks,  as  he  waa  sketching  a 
scene  in  some  of  the  mountains  in 
the  interior  at  a  considerable  dia- 
tance,  she  was  at  a  great  expense 
ia  recovering  his  papers  and  bcdgi 
for  his  relations,  and  pracoxing  for 
them  every  intdli^nee. 

Her  residence  in  this  country 
was  entirely  the  efiect  of  accident : 
the  vessel  in  which  she  sailed  being 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast,  she  was 
so  much  struck  with  the  beauty  of 
the  country  and  climate,  as  to  re- 
solve to  make  it  her  residence. 
Had  she  foEeseen  that  a  few  years 
would  rob  her  of  her  hardihood  of 
body  and  daring  of  mind,  and  coi;h 
fine  her,  nervous  and  dispirited,  to 
the  solitude  of  Marilius,  she  surely 
would  never  have  made  it  her  plaoe 
of  refuge.  What  resting-plaoe  can 
such  a  qpot  be  for  her  ]|>owerful 
muid,  tluit  onoe  took  part  in 
tiie  highest  oouncils  of  the  atat^, 
dnrii^  her  lesidenee  with  herunde, 
and  exercised,  it  is  said,  no  SBOSU 
influence  on  the  destinies  of  Bid- 
rope  ?  It  was  perhaps  the  total 
change  in  her  situation  caused  by 
the  death  of  that  great  nunisteiv^ 
the  passing  from  his  society  and 
confidenee  to  that  of  other  spirits, 
who  assimikted  but  litde  with  her 
own  maaculme  and  oapriciQns  mind 
—and  alaobsv  not  bemg  on  cordial 


152*     ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1826. 

terms  with  many  of  the  memhers  proceeded  to  confer  moce  decidfJ 
of  her  family^  joined  to  her  passion  marks   of  soreieigntj,   bat   they 
for  enterprise  and  travel^  that  led  were  declined.    Tbey  tpttk.  of  bv 
her  altogether  to  withdraw  from  nowwith  the  utmost  TcnecatiaB  and 
a  world  whose  smiles  were  now  in  respect.    They  also  retain  annriifr 
part  changed  into  coldness  and  in-  mark  of  her  bounty^  one  wbic^ 
difference.     On^  much  of  the  so-  out  of  r^ard  for  her  coantrjwea, 
<dety  in  which  she  then  mingled,  she  might  well  have  spared.     The 
^comprising  the  most  talented  and  great  sheik  received  firom  ber  a 
elevated  characters  of  the  day,  she  paper,    in  her  band-writing,   in 
sometimes  takes  pleasure  in  dwell-  which  she  directs  him  to  deimud 
ing  in  terms  either  of  keen  satire  a  diousand  piastres  of  eroy  tri- 
or of  unqualified   eulogy.     Her  veller  who  visits  the  rain.    The 
eloquence  in  conversation  is  con-  sheik  never  ^edls  to   enfocce  tlv 
siderable,    when  she  is  animated  counsel,   and  displays    the  piper, 
with  the  subject,  though  her  voice  with  the  addition,  tbat  tbe  mst 
is  neither  very  melodious  nor  femi-  lady,  the  queen,  said  tbat  the  lag* 
nine ;  and  when  roused,  which  is  lish  travellers  were  rich,  and  ikk 
but  rare,  to  anger,  it  may  be  said  they  ought  to   pay  well  fior  ihe 
(in  the  eastern  expreanon)   that  privily  of  seeing  Palmyra.    Tkii 
^'her  wrath  is  terrible."  enormous  tax,  which  it  is  impos- 
On  one  of  the  days  of  her  resi-  sible  to  escape,  causes  sevenl  ti»> 
dence  at  Palmyra,  she  gave  a  kind  vellers  to  leave  Syria  without  see- 
4iffilte  to  the  Bedouins.     The*  great  ing  the  finest  ruin  in  tbe  wodd. 
sheik,  with  his  tribe  of  Palm3rrene  One,  indeed,  of  no  small  eminesce> 
Arabs,   constantly  resides  at  the  absolutely  refused  to  pay  it,  td- 
ruin.     Their  habitations  are  fixed  ing  the  sheik,  who  drew  tbe  naa- 
near  the  great  temple ;  they  are  date  from  his  bosom,  tbat  the  grest 
very  well  disposed,    and  civil  in  lady  had  no  right  whatever  over 
their  manners,   and  their   yoimg  his  purse,   and   tbat  ^e   shoired 
women  are  remarkable,  above  aU  little  wisdom  in  leavin|^  sock  s 
the  other  tribes,  for  their  beauty,  mandate  in  his  hands.     He  pssKd 
It  was  a  lovely  day,  and  the  youth  four  days  at  Palmyra,  and  wmM 
of  both  sexes,  dre^ed  in  their  gay-  have  leh  it  as  wise  as  be  came,  if 
est  habiliments,    were  seated  in  he  had  not   made  a    compwMe 
rows  on  the  fragments  of  the  pil-  with  the  chief,  and  oonaented  to 
lars,  friezes,  and  other  ruins  with  pay  half  the  sum.     The   Aida, 
which    the   ground  was  covered,  though  they  would  not  penoosfir 
Her:  ladyship,  in  her  eastern  dress,  injure  him,  did  not  suffer  him  to 
walked    among    them,    addressed  leave  the  hut,  and  at  last  plaori 
them  with  the  utmost  affability,  some  wood  and  fagots  round  the 
and  ordered  a  dollar  to  be  given  to  walls,  and,  setting  them  on  fat, 
each.     As  she  stood,  with  all  that  filled  the  habitation  of  the  invel- 
Arab  array,  amidst  the  columns  of  ler  with  such  clouds  of  smoke,  thst 
the  great  temple  of  the  sun,  the  he  could  neither  breathe  nor  ttt, 
sight  was  picturesque  and  iitipos-  and  was  obliged  to  give  way.   Tkii 
ing ;  and  the  Bedouins  hailed  her,  injudicious   and  needless  wntta 
with  the  utmost  enthusiasm,  queen  mandate  £rom  the  noble  vntor  to 
of  Pahnyra,  queen  of  the  Desert !  the  chief,  will,  no  doubt,  be  haeM 
and,  in  theirenthusiasm,  wouldhave  down  from  sbeik  to  sheik  for 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY.       159» 


generations;  and  travellers  for 
centuries  to  come  will  be  doomed 
to  see  the  ominous  scroll  produced, 
and  the  thousand  piastres  demanded, 
with  the  comment  that  it  was 
given  to  their  forefathers  by  the 
great  lady  from  beyond  the  sea. 

The  old  Arab  soothsayer,  or  ma- 
e^cian^  ivho  sometimes  visits  Mari« 
nus,  is  a  singular  being ;  hisappear- 
anoe,  with  his  long  beard  and  solemn 
and  venerable  aspect,  being  rather 
emiivocaL    He  either  deludes  him- 
sdf  or  his  patroness,  perhaps  both, 
for  his  prophecies  of  oriental  gran- 
deur and  dominion  have,  not  sel- 
dom,     been    willingly    received. 
There  is  little  doubt  that  her  rest- 
less and  romantic  mind  at  times 
dwelt  with  pleasure  on  the  idea  of 
a  power  to  be  established  in  the 
East,  of  which  she  was  to  be  the 
mistress : — a  large  fleet  was  to  come 
from  afar  to  aid  this  conquest,  and 
her  sceptre  was  to  weigh  with  equal 
glory  to  that  of  Zenobia  who  defend- 
ed Palmyra.    The  Arab  soothsayer 
has  obtained  considerable  fame  by 
his  prophecy  of  the  destruction  of 
Aleppo  by  an  earthquake  twelve 
months  before  it  took  place.     The 
particulars  of  this  prophecy,  and 
the  very  words  in  which  it  was 
couched,  have  appeared  in  a  reli- 
^ous  publication  a  few  months  ago : 
they  were  very  emphatic,  and  fuU 
of  denunciations  of  wrath  and  ter- 
ror^ and  struck  a  missionary  who 
was  at  Aleppo  at  the  time  with  all 
the  force  of  truth.  But  superstition 
is  the  frequent  weakness  of  power- 
ful minds;  the  two  first  literary 
characters  of  the  present  day  be- 
lieving, it  is  said,  in  second  sight. 
But  the  belief  in  nativities,  or  the 
influence  of  the  stars,  which  is  a 
prominent  part  of  the  creed  of  the 
noble  owner  of  Marilius,  is,  per- 
tiaps,  still  more  predarious  and  un- 
satisfactory.   Yet  this  research  is 


pursued  witheager  interest  and  curi- 
osity, and  fills  up  many  a  solitary 
hour  both  by  day  and  night.  The 
particular  star  under  whose  influ- 
ence some  of  her  friends  have  been 
bom,  have  been  inquired  after  with 
avidity ;  and  one  who  filled  at  that 
time  a  high  diplomatic  situation  in 
the  East  at  a  considerable  distance, 
told  me  Be  was  intreated  by  letter 
to  communicate  what  star  chanced 
to  preside  over  his  birth. 

The  tranquil  and  elevated  site 
of  Marilius,  once  a  monastery,  but 
now  converted  into  a  handsome 
dwelling,  is  to  be  envied  on  a 
bright  and  beautiful  night,  such  a 
one  as  is  so  often  beheld  in  the 
East.  The  heavenly  bodies,  shin* 
ing  with  excessive  brilliancy,  ap- 
pear almost  the  only  living  and 
awakening  objects  around.  No 
human  habitation  is  nigh,  the  plain 
and  town  of  Sidon  are  at  a  dis- 
tance below,  and  no  footstep  dares 
approach  the  spot,  except  sent  on 
a  special  embassy  or  communication. 
Indeed,  three  and  twenty  Arab 
servants,  almost  wholly  men,  are  a 
retinue  too  formidable  to  be  trifled 
with  ;  and  with  the  numerous  stud 
of  blood  Arabian  horses,  might 
form  an  escort  fit  for  a  padba. 
These  horses  have  either  been  pur- 
chased or  sent  as  presents  by  the 
Arab  chiefs :  a  present  not  unpro- 
fitable to  the  owner,  as  the  Bedouin 
who  brings  the  courser  is  rewarded 
with  a  douceur  of  a  thousand 
piastres.  The  generosity,  indeed, 
of  lady  Hester  Stanhope  knows  no 
bounds,  and  is  prodigiously  admired 
by  the  Arabs,  among  whom  it  is 
considered  a  cardinal  virtue.  Ex- 
tremely abstemious  in  her  own 
habits,  with  a  little  tea  and  dry 
bread  for  breakfast,  and  some  soup, 
with  (the  furthest  that  her  luxury 
extends)  a  boiled  chicken  for  din- 
ner, the  residence  contains  a  store 


154*    ANNUAL   REGISTER,    IM6. 


ojp  ^.  ^b^iffMl  wi9e»  MBd  ddbieief  they  IbiuiA  Ae  bad  flown,  a  &if 

^  har  viaitQffi^    With  ih»  Amb  houn  beibrQ  tkeir  «rivi^  en  m$ 

^^ik  she  9ips,  og^fee^  imd  asiok^  a  ofber  Aiaboouner^kAviBgerin 

pj|^8eal^0BiJi^c«rp«t>  widceo'^  with  Ike  houaekiefipw  lo  iiMira 

yt/sf^^  wiUi   (Hr)e«tal   awawitkneb  the  vrntoai  with  tihft»p8t«lt€aliw 

Th«  rich  dnna  thai  are  at  tim^  hetpttalifty. 
K^l  as  pt^sm^  tQ   tibve  vanous        Yet  the  4oMr  thai  ia  ate«  cbmi 


^k^^.   ave   WQ9t.   ap«eplahl«  t9  to.  the  Ah  uA  «oiifla^  is  ever 

t^eip^;  th<8y  pxefei^  the«»  e{  Eagt  ofwa  to  tk^  peoe  and  iUiija»ri 

t(^  te  %hm  own  mam4mtvut9^  It  w^uJA  ^  nuuij  pMOi  latel 

Vit.  th^  lif^  cojd  QA  theiA  exaent  eip^ry  gmerout  »iwl  &ma  aeliai  «f 


they  are  eso^haQsecl  ingoU  er  sU^  theraduie*   Thaaicha»fainiAri 

xev*    Large  che9ts«  fuM  <>f  English  with  nediciiie^  %9A  the  paor  vii 

p/9toU  ai^  eth^r  aj^iA^  »chly  oman  wretched  of  the  peJ^hourhoriMe 

aientedy  are  sowif?tiiiie9  sent  to  Ma*  never  sent  enply  aws^ 

cUius.    Onewa^w^tii^  ship«^eixt  If  it  he  a«ked  if  Ihe  Onesuli 

at  Alexandria  a  few  months  h^£i»e  ha^e  derived  any  henefii  from  the 


for  the  saiae  plaee^  and  was  to  he  leaideiiice  ef  her  ladyship, 

ac^^cHupanied  hy  a  coU^ion  of  tecH  them^  in  pcdnt  ef  iaforgiatiflp,  # 

cups  a^d  san^cj^  fr^m  that  port«  mann^r^  ^  it  da^  he  mdifll  in 

•^  thi^  old  stodc  was  «ear]^  ex?  the  negative^    It  was  «id  at  eaa 

hausted*  tii9ediewa$ei^egediBii 

As  may  he  ioia^o^  lady  Hes?  and  civUiaing  a  tribe  of 

ter  i^tanhope  i^  not  very  popular  aod  that  these  ehildreii  of  tho 

with  the  few  E.mppeau  ladies  mtn  weie  mal^iim  i^pid 


tl^d  in  the  East.     One  of  them,  a  In  the  seienee  of  fiatt«7>  aad  a 

rasi^e^t  at  Sidon,   asii^ed  that  rooted  veaei?atioa  for  gold  and  tkt 

those  peculiar  pi^y^ners.  and  habits  hand,  that  h^tQWa  it  hQuntiiuUip^ 

would  lose  half  their  charm  to  these.  Syrians  are  equal  tm  $mf  of 

^ir  possessor^  if  they  ceased  to  their  fellow-creatureo;  hut  ia  tB 

f3ifiite  notoriety.  That  she  ^l^nced  father  respecta  they  are,  and  will  ka 

tf>  reside  obc^  for  some  weeks  in  as  the  prc^hecy  was    spolm  el 

the  same  house  with  her  ladyship ;  themj,  "  a  wild  and 


and  i>ever  mamfestiog  the  slight-  ^e^  a^d  artful  as  the  father  ot  fiek" 

est  curiosity  or  interest  respecting  The  prince  of  the  Pvuaes  loeerada 

her,  the  former  became  uneasy  and  Bibl^  with  thanks  fron a mianoaaij 

dib^eased»  and   made  many  and  who  vimted  hini^  and  a  fi^w  dajpi 

fOKMied  inquiries  who  the  stranj^ar  sfter  sent  a  body  ot  hia  tDOflpit  ts 

W9^*    This  was  a  French- woman's  plunder  one  or  twa  Greak  ikpiim 

^^  furompted  a  UttK  perhaps^  by  teriea.    Perfei^y  toterant  im  hor 

fpvy»  though  this  i^  the  last  pasn  relij^uss^timenta,  andsunaaidt 

^on  the  lile  of  the  noble  recluse  ed  by  at  leatf  nx  or  seven  di&reat 

lieed  excite   in  the  bosom  of  a  creeds  of  Christianity,  beadai  the 

pvetty  woman.    Indeed,  the  softer  Mussulman  and  the  Dmae^  htr 

^x  are  seldom  welcome  visitors  at  ladyship  shows  na  marked  pnlo* 

the  residence.    When  a  nobleman  ence  for  one  more  than  aaoiho; 

and  his  lady,  during  their  eastern  were  it  otherwise,  Mariliua 

travel  went  there  in  the  expecta-  soon  be  inundated  by  Tuzlnahi 

tifin  of  being  gratified  with  an  tons>  or  imaiins*  Manaiteb  Gmik 

interview withitsiUustrioustenanty  or  Armaniaa  piiestt.     "Dio 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGMFHY.       US* 


iicHWgh^  hs^j%  triod  of  }aAe  Xa  en*, 
0^  Imi^  powerful  counteaance  iu 
mm  causes  but  in  irain.  Of  the 
cmm^  vf  ib^»  v^ob&^j  Greeks  she 
W  a  warm  a,Bd  decided  ^ixpgoxUr  ; 

lA  ^weei^  lawless  ojg^^f^^u,  «iid 

tj^^^se  wko  weve^  about  ta  becomq 

ktsyietij99^     l^sag  will  the  £iig«» 

lis^  9aiii#  ?^iva  additional  iieae^ 

ratioili  ia  the  Ea8t  oa  her  account ; 

aa4  W?re  ^  gates  of  Marilius  Vit 

tiMn^WHk  ppen  ta  the  ire9eptioo  of 

l^r  eoi|Kitr3nppi^i^  it  would  be  the 

aiQSfe  lu3MJ^[iottS  resting-place,  and 

h(»  iji^uaapo  the  surest  safeguard, 

in  the  land  of  the  East.     Yet  the 

strict,    etiquette    preserved  there, 

thyg^b  ^nfelt  bf  (he  ^ongeor,  falls 

B9t  69  ^ghtlj  on  the  genUer^  se^ 

Tvfq  yoiing  ladies  we^e  ii^vitedx 

ft&BBk  a  fonniei:  friendship  to  the 

bOm,  W>was  an  English  gen. 

tliiBiaii,  to  spend  a  few  weeks  at 

Marilius.    They  were  delighted  at 

the  thoughts  of  so  rare  a  privilege, 

and  set  out  with  anxious  hearts^ 

Tk^  r^oeption  was  most  kind  and 

friandlyj  oni  the  tot  few  days 

passed  gaily  away;   but  ungifted 

with    the    peculiar    resoiuxe:^   of 

th4¥  hostess,  the  hours  soon  began 

^  ncK>v^  heavily.    No  amusements, 

no  oha^ge  of  scene,  often  no  sound 

but  th^  wind  moaning  throv^h  the 

few  trees  on  the  summit  of  the 

hill,     Dijiring  the  greater  part  of 

the  4^1  ^  only  fjsu^es  they  saw 


were  Arab  ones;  at  nightii  mi  not 
till  then,  they  were  admitted  tpan 
interview  with  her  ladyship*  seated 
d  h  Turque,  in  her  Mami^uka 
dres^  who  conversed  with  perfect 
good-humouiv  and  ridiculed  them 
sometimes,  for  their  effeminacies 
and  wealmess^  Th^  we]:e  n^t 
able  to  ride  the  mettled  Arab 
coursesrs  through  mountain  road^ 
and  passes^  over  which,  without  a 
skilful  hand>  a  lady  unaccu&t^m^ 
to  the  country,  mi^ht  well  l»:e^ 
her  neck.  When  any  illustrious 
Turk  or  Arab  showed  his  bearded 
face  and  turbaned  head  before  thQ 
door,  the  two  visitors,  so  far  firom 
having  their  curiosity  iadulg^ 
with  an  interview,  were  bidden  to 
confine  themselves  closely  to  their 
chamber,  and  not  to  look  throu^ 
the  vnndow,  lest  the  follower  of 
the  prophet  might  catch  a  glia^se 
of  their  features,  and  the  strict  eti-. 
quette  of  the  place  be  thus  vio- 
lated ;  and  they  left  it  with  feet 
ings  like  those  of  a  nun  leaving 
the  waUs  of  her  monastery. 

The  other  residence  of  lady  Stan-^ 
hope  is  caUed  Mar  Abb£^  and  i& 
situated  farther  in  the  interior,  and 
during  the  winter  is  a  preferable 
situation  to  the  one  near  Sidoui 
and  has  more  wood  to  shelter  it. 
When  any  infections  disorder  pre- 
vails on  the  coast,  she  always  retire 
there. 


•^" 


"I  Wil'f 


^s;^om  ^  ihe  Right  Rsv.  Rkoin^ld  Hebeb,  D.  D. 

Lor^  jBsiAop  of  Cuhnkita> 


BloiNAUi  HsBEB  was  the  son 
rf  the  rev.  Reginald  Heber,  of 
Martim,  in  Yorkshire.  He  was 
kom  on  the  Slat  of  April,  1783,  at 
Xttlpai,  in  Cheshire,  a  living  held 
at  tbat  time  hj  lua  father^ 


'  From  the  grammar^chool  of 
Whitchurch,  where  he  received 
more  than  the  rudiments  of  liia 
classical  education,  he  was  sent  to 
Dr.  Bristowe,  a  gentleman  whp 
took  pupils  near  town ;  and  in  the 


156*     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


year  1 800^  was  admitted  of  Brazen- 
nose  coll^^  Oxford.  He  came  to 
the  university  not  an  accurate 
Greek  or  Latin  scholar^  but  with 
a  very  extensive  range  of  informa- 
tion,  and  an  insatiable  thirst  after 
knowledge.  He  knew  very  little 
of  the  art  of  writbg  Latin  verses  ; 
yet^  as  this  was  the  only  mode  of 
distinguishing  himself^  in  his  first 
year  at  college^  he  applied  his 
mind  to  Latin  hexameters ;  and^  on 
his  first  attempt^  in  180^,  obtained 
the  university  prize ;  the  subject 
was  "  Carmen  Seculare."  He 
subsequently  directed  his  attention 
to  English  poetry^  which  he  com- 
posed at  first  with  great  difficulty. 
In  1803  the  subject  given  for 
English  verse  was  ''Palestine." 
Upon  this  theme  Mr.  Heber  wrote^ 
and  with  signal  success. 

Mr.  Heber  then  applied  himself 
to  the  higher  classics  and  to  mathe- 
matics^  in  which  he  made  con- 
siderable progress.  In  1805^  he 
took  his  degree  of  B.  A.  and  imme- 
diately after  tried  his  powers  in 
English  composition^  and  gained 
the  prize  for  the  English  Essay ; 
the  subjexjt,  "  The  Sense  of  Ho- 
nour." From  Brazen-nose  coUege 
he  was  elected  to  a  fellowship  at 
All-Souls,  and,  soon  after,  went 
abroad.  The  continent,  at  that 
time,  afforded  but  small  choice  for 
an  English  traveller;  and  those 
scenes,  which,  as  a  scholar,  he 
would  probably  have  preferred  to 
visit,  were  not  then  accessible.  He 
was,  therefore,  obliged  to  content 
himself  with  Germany,  Russia,  and 
the  Crimea;  and  how  closely  he 
could  observe,  and  how  perspicu- 
ously impart  his  observations,  ap- 
pears from  the  notes  in  Dr.  Clarke's 
travels  in  the  latter  countries,  ex- 
tracted from  Mr.  Heber's  MS. 
journal. 

Mr.  Heber  and  his  friend  visited. 


during  this  tour,  the  pcindpal 
scenes  among  which  Dr.  Ckxk  had 
travelled  in  1800,  and  whidi  fbni 
the  subjects  of  his  first  voluxne, 
published  in  1 8 10.  In  the  pidaee 
to  that  volume,  the  learned  and 
justly-admired  traveller  aeknow- 
ledges  great  obligatioiis  ^to  the 
rev.  R^;inald  Heber,"  for  "  the 
valuable  manuscriptjoumal,  wbidi 
afforded  the  extracts  given  in  tiie 
notes."  Besides  '^Mr.  Heber's 
habitual  accuracy.  Ids  zealous  attea- 
tion  to  which  appears  in  every 
statement,"  Dr.  Clark  mentioBs 
"  the  statistical  informaticni,  wbich 
stamps  a  peculiar  value  on  his 
observations,"  and  ''ha:s  enxidied 
the  volume  by  oommunicatums  the 
author  himself  was  incompetent  to 
supply ;"  especially,  "  concenung 
the  state  of  peasants  in  RusBtt." 
Dr.  Clark  adds  "  a  further  lukoaw' 
ledgment,  for  some  beautiful  draw- 
ings, engraved  in  this  volame.* 

It  does  not  appear  when  Mr. 
Heber  returned  from  the  cantment. 
In  1808  he  tookhisd^ree  of  A.  If. 
at  Oxford.  The  next  year  appeared 
from  the  press  his  poem  ''  Europe, 
Lines  on  the  present  War."  This 
poem  professes  to  be  "  a  revkw  at 
the  general  politics  of  Europe,  widt 
a  wish  to  avoid,  as  much  as  posa- 
ble»  subjects  purely  English."  The 
subject  wluch  predominates  is;,  *'  the 
glorious  struggle  which  hasdrawa 
the  attention  and  sympathy  <^  afl 
mankind  to  Spain." 

Having  returned  to  ^nrfip^, 
and  been  presented  to  the  nmilj 
living  of  Hodnet,  he  manied 
AmeJia,  daughter  of  Dr.  Sh^pkr, 
the  late  dean  of  St.  Aaaph^  wad 
thenceforward  willin^y  devoted 
himself  to  the  enjoyment  ci  tkaat 
domestic  charities,  which  no  ooe 
was  better  fitted  to  promote,  aaJ 
to  the  discharge  of  those  imobti*- 
sive  duties,  which  fiU  up  tlie  lifetf 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY.        167* 


a  country  dtogyman.  Few  days 
passed  in  which  he  did  not  spend 
some  time  ,in  intercourse  with  bis 
people  ;  sufTeting  neither  the  aged 
to  be  deprived  of  the  consolations 
of  religion^  through  their  inability 
to  reach  churchy  hy  reason  of  their 
years  ;  nor  the  sick  man  to  be  long 
on  his  bed,  without  one  to  kneel 
by  his  side ;  nor  the  poor  to  lan- 
guish in  want^  without  his  dis- 
coveiing  and  giving  him  help ;  nor^ 
neighbours  to  be  at  strife^  without 
suppl3ring  to  them  a  most  effectual 
peace-maker. 

Active,  however,  as  was  the  life 
of  Mr.  Heber,  it  was  still  a  studious 
life.  -At  his  parsonage  he  applied 
his  vigorous  intellect  to  the  study 
of  divinity,  and  in  1815  preached 
the  Bampton  Lecture.  The  subject 
selected  by  him  was  "  The  Person- 
ality and  Office  of  the  Christian 
Comforter  asserted  aivd  explained," 
in  a  course  of  sermons  on  John  xvi. 
7*  About  this  time  he  composed 
many  articles  for  a  Dictionary  of 
the  Bible ;  after  which,  with  the 
exception  of  some  critical  essays, 
both  theological  and  literary,  not 
unknown  to  the  public,  though 
without  a  name,  and  an  admirable 
ordination  sermon,  delivered  before 
the  late  bishop  of  Chester,  and  at 
his  request  committed  to  the  press, 
he  did  not  appear  as  an  author  till 
1822,  when  his  "  Life  of  Jeremy 
-Taylor,  with  a  Review  of  his 
Writings,"  made  known  to  the 
world  how  well  the  interval  had 
been  spent  in  maturing  his  great 
knowledge  by  reflection,  and  chas- 
tising a  style  in  his  former  work, 
perhaps  somewhat  redundant,  by  a 
sound  judgment  and  more  finished 
taste. 

In  1822,  Mr.  Heber  was  elected 
by  the  benchers  of  Lincoln's- Inn, 
preadier  to  their  Society,  an  office 
which  bad  been  filled  by  Warbur* 


ton,  Hurd,  and  numerous  dignita- 
ries of  the  church.  His  election 
to  this  office,  independently  of  the 
acknowledgment  it  paid  to  his 
talents  and  character,  was  valuable 
to  him,  as  securing  his  more  fire- 
quent  access  to  the  metropolis. ..  J^t 
Lincoln's-Inn  his  sermons  were 
greatly  admired  by  men  of  the 
highest  talent  and  worth  in  the 
profession  of  the  law. 

It  was  not  long  before  an  occa- 
sion of  emplo3ring  him  in  a  more 
extensive  field  of  usefulness  occur- 
red; and,  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
Middleton,  the  bishoprick  of  Cal- 
cutta was  offered  to  Mr.  Heber. 
He  deliberated  long  andanxiously ; 
he  even  refused  the  appointment ; 
he  recalled  his  refusal ;  bade  fare- 
well to  the  parish  where  he  had 
toiled  for  fifteen  years,  and,  on  the 
1 6th  of  June,  1823,  embarked  for 
the  liond  which  was  to  be  his  grave. 

The  Bishop  left  London  on  the 
l6th  of  June,  1823 ;  and  immedi- 
ately embarked  for  India  on  board 
the  company's  ship  Grenville.  On 
the  10th  of  October  following,  the 
b'lshop,  with  Mrs.  Heber  and  their 
family,  landed  at  Calcutta.  On 
the  4th  of  November,  at  DumDum, 
the  military  station  of  the  East- 
India  .  company's  artillery,  a  few 
miles  from  Calcutta,  his  lordship 
consecrated  the  new  church,  the 
foundation  of  which  had  been  laid 
by  his  predecessor,  bishop  Middle- 
ton,  under  the  name  of  St.  Stephen. 

On  Ascension  day,  1824,  bishop 
Heber  held  his  primary  visitation 
in  the  cathedral  at  Calcutta. 

In  May,  1824,  the  bishop  conse- 
crated a  new  church  at  Goruck- 
poor,  a  station  in  the  interior  of 
Bengal.  From  June  to  the  end  of 
that  year,  he  was  engaged  in  visit- 
ing the  several  European  stations 
in  Bengd,  and  the  upper  provinces 
of  Hindoostan. 


160»     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


notice  of  either  memorial  or  letter* 
In  my  anger  I  made  something  like 
a  vow^  that  if  ever  I  had  an  oppor- 
tanity,  I  would  make  Mr.  Pitt 
sorry;  and  perhaps  fortune  may 
yet  enable  me  to  fulfil  that  reso- 
lution." The  indignant  memorial- 
ist^ however^  saw  no  inunediate 
meansof  vengeance/and  determined 
to  enlist  in  the  East-India  Com- 
pany's service  as  a  soldier.  But 
it  so  happened^  that  the  season 
had  passed ;  no  more  ships  were 
to  go  out  that  year.  Tone,  there- 
fore, had  no  alternative,  but  to  go 
back  to  the  Temple,  whence,  as  soon 
as  his  eight  terms  were  completed, 
he  repaired  to  Dublin ;  and,  being 
supplied  with  500/.  by  his  wife's 
fanuly,  was  soon  afterwards  called 
to  the  bar.  The  barrister  con- 
fesses that  he,  at  this  time,  knew 
^  exactly  as  much  of  law  as  of  ne- 
cromancy :"  it  is  not  wonderful, 
therefore,  that  he  ''  soon  got  sick 
and  weary"  of  his  profession.  He 
'^continued,  however,  for  form's 
sake,  to  ^o  to  the  courts,  and  went 
the  circuit,  in  all,  three  times." 

Mr.  Tone,  after  completing  his 
third  circuit,  began  to  think  of 
"  turning  his  attention  to  politics ;" 
and  the  result  was  a  pamphlet, 
entitled,  "  A  Review  of  the  last 
Session  of  Parliament,"  written,  as 
he  informs  us,  "in  defence  of  the 
Whig-club.'*  The  production  was  a 
pert  and  puerile  declamation ;  but 
the  apparent  zeal  of  the  rhetorical 
partisan  won  it  the  favour  of  the 
Whig-dub  of  Ireland.  Mr.  Tone 
was  complimented  and  caressed, 
and  at  last  introduced  to  Mr. 
George  Ponsonby,  the  leader  of 
the  Irish  opposition.  "  A  barrister 
of  some  note,"  says  Mr.  Tone, 
"told  me  the  Ponsonbys  were  a 
most  powerful  family  in  Ireland ; 
that  they  were  much  pleased  vrith 
mj  exertions,  and  widied,  in  con^ 


sequence,  to  . .  ach  me  to   ^em 
that  I  should  be  employed  as  eoun 
sel  on  a  petition  then  pending  be 
fore  the  House  of  Commons,  iwhid 
would  put  an  hundred  guixieas  ir 
my  pocket,  and  that  I  should  haw 
professional  business   put    in   mj 
way,  from  time  to  time,  that  shooM 
produce  me  at  least  as  much  per 
annum :  he  added,  that  th^  ^v»e 
then,  it  was  true,  out  of  place,  but 
that  they  would  not  be  al^fiTBys  so; 
and  that,  on  their  return  to  office, 
their  friends,  when  out  of  fwwer, 
would  natuially  be  first  conadexed. 
He  likewise  observed,  that  ibey 
had  influence,  direct  or  indiTe^ 
over  no  less  than  two-and-twoi^ 
seats  in  parliament;    and  he  in- 
anuated,  pretty  plainly,  that  whes 
we  were  better  acquainted,  it  wai 
highly  probable  I  might   come  ii 
on  one  of  the  first  vacancies.    AS 
this,  was  highly  flattering  toae^ 
the  more  so  as  my  wife's  fbttae 
(the  500/.)  was   now  nearly  o- 
hausted.     I  did,  it  was  true,  mi 
much  relish  the  attaching  mysdf 
to  any  great  man,  or  set  of  ma  ; 
but  I  considered,  as  I  have  said 
before,    that   the   pnnciples  ^tej 
advanced   were  such  as  I  csftM 
conscientiously  support,  so  far  if 
they  went,    though   mine    west 
much  beyond  them.     I  thoefive 
thought  there  was  no  dishonour 
in  the  proposed  connexion,  and  I 
was  certainly  a  little  daggled  wSk 
the  prospect  of  a  seat  in  parib- 
ment,  at  which  my  ambition  be- 
gan to  expand.     I   signified,   in 
consequence,  my  readiness  to  attadi 
myself  to  the  whigs,  and  I  wh 
instantly  retained  in  the  petitko 
for  the  borough  of  Dunnrvon,  on 
the  part  of  JamesCarrigeePonson]}^, 
esq."  However,  month  after  moodi 
passed  on  without  any  communici- 
tion  from  Mr.  Ponsonby.    This  o- 
spired  ^r.  Tone  with  new  ofoh 


■■  *.. 


^^A\tr^        jr  ^jfj)  BIOGRAPHY.  161* 

*  '<v ;  I "  '^•'**'^^^'  .-^        ieyrs  in  a  of  that  term  ;*  and  calling  upon 

,^.\.  ^^-^^i- ais^-^'^f?  ^liich    the  the  dissenters    and    Roman  Ca- 

,     *   '^*'  ^  V'"'*-ft*.  I^i  jpress  next  tholics  to  unite  heart  and  hand, 

.  ^*    '^"*   i:*^.  ^  ^^- .'  upon  this,  for  the  emancipation  of  the  latter 

■  ^  ^  ^'^ '*•''-,  V  J  .^^     -  .  off  by  his  body  from  all  political  disabilities, 

;^  .***"  ■'    .\_:^    .  ^    ^  tDBtance  for  v^ch  he  advocated  expressly  on 

,   ^  *^  ••'-^'-^■*',^  J^  ^^^  jois  memoirs  this  ground,  that  it  must  forin  a 

]/'^     *  '^  i    >^r^^  i»«>n,  though  preliminary  step  towards  the  true 

Z^^"*^".-  ^-^    .T""""^  readers   will  and  real  object  of  all  good  Irish* 

*"    ^-"^   -^*^^  .r*^^^^^  >  men's  wishes ;  namely,  the  shaking 

■^-    *  ,   *     T  ^^  f^^'  Tone  was  off  of  the  connexion  with  Great 

"^    i:  ^s   and  tones  Britain.     The    clubs  of   United 

«■    5: -^    7"    *^  *^  ^  *^®  ensu-  Irishmen  (so  called  .from  the  omi- 

rj^      '-  '■^  ""s  jd,    he    made  nous  conjunction  of  Romish  and 

^^*_^,     "^  -i^  ^aw  the  atten-  Protestant    dissenters)    began    at 

.,  "T   ^  ^  *      -ih  government  Belfast.      A    friend    of    Tone's, 

,    ^  !j*^^  ^    -        scheme ;    but  Russell,  an  ensign  in  the  king'» 

.^    "^^^^^-^iz,  _>  consoled  him-  service,  happening  to  pass  through 

^      -^^  .:sr    -  clubs  in  Dub«  that  town  on  his  way  to  join  his 

-    ^     ^aed  or  strength-  regiment,    was   struck  with    the" 

^    r  with  Emmett,  dcdightfiil  spirit   there  prevalent, 

^    rrandy>  Dr.  Mac  and  invited  Tone  to  visit  a  scene 

.  congenial  spirits,  where  he  must   necessarily   find 

^/hom  have  since  himself  so  much  at  home.     He  did 

.  notoriety.     The  -so;    he  was   voted  an  honorary 

~r  on  broke  out,  and  member  of  the  Belfast  volunteer 

^  jd.  and  vigour  into  corps ;  subsequently  assisted  at  the 

r    ^1^^     ^  lese  patriotic  wlus-  framing  of  the  first  dub  of  United 

ril    ^"It    is    needless,"  Irishmen;     and    was    eventually 

zs,    ""    ^  mention  that  I  was  commissioned  by  the  Belfast  i)a- 

.^          '  om  the  beginning ;  triots  to  act  as  an  agent  for  pro- 

-;;^              gave  the   coup-de-  curing  th«n  the  support  of  the 

^  hopes  of  succeeding  general  committee  of  Roman  Ca- 

^_      "^^n  which   I  always  tholics    in  Dublin,    '  who  were, 

"    '     "^  which  the  political  about  this  time,  to  the  Catholics 

^             of  its   members  had  of  Ireland  what  Paris,  at  the  com- 

-^  sincerely  to  despise."  mencement  of  the  French  revolu- 

■^Is  time,"  adds  he, .  **  I  tion,  was  to  the  departments.'     He 

*     -  ^  more  forward  than  I  wrote  the  Declaration  of  the  first 

"=^  done.'*     By  **  coming  dub  of  United  Irishmen ;  became 

^      '  >f  r.  Tone  means  making  an  active  partisan  of  the  Catholic 

^^•>toriou8  by  the  publica-  committee  in  Dublin ;   and  was  a 

series  of  pamphlets,  in  prindpal  pamphleteer,  messenger, 

-■■  denounced  the  members  negotiator,  in  every  turbulent  scene 

"=■  4tablished  church  in  Ire*  that  occurred  in  that  dismal  period. 

-^Tsersons  '  who  dreaded  and  It  was  at  this  time  that  he  com- 

-  a  the    prindples    of   the  menced  keeping  a  diary  for  the 

.=.  revolution,  and  were,  in  benefit  of  bis  wife  and  intimate 

Ard,  an  aristocracy  in  the  friends ;  which  in  the  present  year 

^    and  most  odious    extent  was  published  i^  America  by  hi^ 

:=^  LXVIII.  L* 


169*     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    162^. 


son.  A  ftw  cztracti  ftoai  this 
journal  will  ilhutrste  the  uttor 
mooral  iad  iiitdlectual  wmrthlesi* 
MM  of  the  creetorM  who  wo^kei 
ID  iDiiA  iwiffffhitf  is  IfelmcL 

'Bi^att,  Julg  15,  179d.-^The 
bufineM  now  fluily  letded  in 
Belfast  and  the  neighbourhood. 
Hoita!  husMi  Dinner  at  the 
Donegal  ArmSi  Etecybody  as 
happy  as  a  Idni^  but  Wttflddy 
who  loohs  like  £e  devil  himscOf  t 
Ho«JsaI  God  blesB  evesybody!. 
Stanislas  Augustus^  <3eofge  Wa^ 
ikigten:  heau^^fouTk  Who  would 
hare  thovght  it  this  momuMr? 
HozMu  Generally  dfunh.-«ANm 
my  ^ass  timmping  iht  table* 
Home,  God  knows  how>  or  when. 
Huzza  f  God  bless  evefy  body 
agam,  flonenlly*  Bed,  wMi  three 
timesiSfee.    ffle^ at lBSt."'-i- 

'^BMuis  July  Ift^The  Ml* 
ner  looks  extremdy  wise  and  sig'« 
niftcBAt.  Oofl^*  Mr.  Hutton^f 
and  he,  wanSp  eadi  other,  and 
flign  an  artide  with  their  blood ; 
flourish  thdr  hands  three  times  in 
a  most  moeftil  manner  (see  Gold' 
smith's  Citizen  of  the  World),  and 
natch  off  Into  town.  Ho!  but  they 
are  indeed  most  agreeable  creatures. 
(Do.)  Lounge  till  near  dinner* 
Go  to  the  Donegal  Arms,  and  meet 
all  die  Catholies.'  .  .  .  Din« 
ncr;  MTkr  in  the  f^bak.  Che- 
quered al  the  head  of  the  taUe,  a 
IMsBenterandaCatlM^e*  Delight- 
fblt  The  fbnr  Hem,  Amenca, 
Franee,  Pbland,  Irwuid,  bnt  no 
England !    Bravo  I  Biou-jour  f  ** 

'•  DiMh,  Aug.  ]«^Busy  all  day 
fiilding  papery  &o.  fbr  the  Mun* 
ster  bishops.  Damn  all  bishe|»l 
Gog  not  quite  well  on  that  point: 
thinks  them  a  good  thing.  Non-* 
sense.    Dine  at  home  with  Neilson 


i«M«^**il 


timkmm 


*  Gt^  i.  i,  Ksogfi. 

t  l(r.  HatlMi,  ^.  sv  TMie  Uflisdf. 


and  M'C^rasken.  Very  pli'ssanf 
Bighm  d  maor  PrenA  reeoln- 
tion.    No  bishops.** 

^14tli.^The  Belftst  asen  get 
waittt  with  wine  and  pattiotisBL 
AUsMit:  Ooe  yaliant;  also  tfae 
Irish  slave;  *  Sso  the  tanner  ;  nl» 
MTc  Hutton.  The  Catlioliea  oftr 
to  ind  soldiers,  if  Belftrt  win  ptiv 
▼ide  ofiiceis.  All  £iir.  Lurgsn 
green,  as  ttsual«  Somethiii^  win 
cone  odf  of  all  this.  Agree  le 
talk  the  matter  over  te^^nottow, 
when  we  am  nil  cod.  Hoxm! 
Genendly  drunk  Fkeianmiwmf 
Damn  the  Empreai  of  ttnasia! 
Success  to  the  Pdish  arms!  with 
^u^fte  times  three.  Huaaal  Go* 
nerally  very  drunk.  Bed — Oed 
knows  how.  To  dine  le^MHuaew 
wi^  the  timner.  Huzza !  Hn^-^ 

«« l6th^-^What  might  Mt  be 
done  by  the  aristoerasa  of  die 
eounty  Down  if  ^y  wereacCamei 
by  the  sune  Sjpirit  f  Daam  liMm  I 
Ifiq^  a  qoandty  of  muSed  winOi 
Geaen^dnndc  UnioneflzM- 
men,  with  tiiree  tbaes  tlneWj  te. 
Bedlasa." 

In  1794,  Tone  was  invol^^  ht 
the  tamwmof  Jackson  andHnttflta 
Rowan*  He  had  drawn  up^npafse 
toshowwhatezecdknt  tl^nga  TtofjUt 
be  ttQieoted  fiom  the  InvnaMJii  ef 
Ireland  by  a  Frensh  am^,  I 
that  army  oaght  to  act;  and 
pi^er  was  fount  en  Jadami'a  ar- 
rest Th««  had  been, 
negotiation  abom  Tone's 
over  to  France  himself,  aa 
forthepatrk>tBof  trehuad.  Haw* 
ever,  some  gentlemen  (nartioAsB^ 
Mr.  Betcafofd  and  Mr.  l^naz)  wte 
had  known  himineariieir  days,  and 
vrho  stiU  ptied  him  asa^Mldsd 
cosucoiBhy  interfered  so  uowaafnBy, 
that  it  wasagiaed  to  lethinsKvnks 
neck,  on  oonditiBn  that  he 


MiMH 


llll        ■ 


rfM*^i^M 


^m 


I  Hi    ■ 


rih*i 


*  Tk^hMkmi^it0. 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY.       ied» 


leare  the  eountty;  tnd,  accord^ 
higly,  after  bebg  permitted  to 
linger  a  year  iit  Seknd^  for  the 
arrangement  of  his  private  affairs^ 
he  enuiarked  with  his  family  for  the 
United  States  of  North  America^ 
wh^re  be  arrived  in  June  1795* 

The    French    government  had 
at  this   time  a  minister  in  Phil- 
adelphia; and    Mr.  Tone's    fest 
anxiety   was  to  be  introduced  to 
Uiifl  person,    hy  his   &iend  Mr. 
Hamilton  Rowan«    Citisen  Adet 
TeoeiTed  him  Idndly^  and  a  neoh 
fiation  tcmching  the  seheme  of  in- 
vadiag  Ireland  by  a  Frdnoh  army 
Was  forthwith  opened.    Mr.  Tone 
iQipears  to  have  fdt  no  s6rtipkB 
wbateT«r    in     eontmendng    this 
treaty*     He  had  giren^  he  says, 
n6  parole  to  the  government  that 
apmdhisl^ 

He  proceeded,  therefbre,  in  his 
work^  eonsukii^  he  tells  us,  at 
every  step  with  Dr.  ReyniMs,  Mr. 
Hamiltoii  Rowao>  and  Mr.  James 
Ni^iper  Tandj;  and  at  length 
being  supplied  with  money  by 
Keogh,  Russell,  and  others^  in  Ir&- 
kmd,  ittid  lumi^ied  with  a  letter  to 
the  Comit^  de  Sahst  Public,  by 
Citusen  Adet,  he  sailed  for  France, 
th^e  to  hasten  and  conclude  his 
trea^,  and  arrived  at  Havre-de» 
Grace  on  the  Ist  of  February, 
1796^  His  negotiations  proceed: 
he  efttains  a  commii^a  as  chef" 
d^'Mgade,  receives  a  month's  pay 
in  adirance,  and  at  last  the  eaipe- 
dilkms  of  Heche  and  Humbert  are 
fitted  oitt. 

The  result  of  these  expediti<ms 
ii  Will  known.  Tone  was  with 
^  expeditaen  to  Bantry  Bay^  and 
the  v^Mel  in  which  he  sailed  es- 
caped ^pwieck  as  narrowly  as 
an^  ki  the  fleet>  which  the  esrtro- 
osdiftftvy  hurricane  of  Christmas, 
179^  eo  providential^  dispersed 
aadrasMAr  Upon veCttmiaigta the 


continent,  we  find  our  chef-de^ 
brigade  spending  some  months  at 
the  headquarters  of  the  aitny  of 
the  Meuse  and  Sambre,  but  never 
forgetful  of  his  main  purpose,  and 
occupied,  from  time  to  time,  in 
attempts  to  corrupt  the  British 
soldiers  and  sailors  dien  in  the 
prisons  of  France,  with  a  view  to 
embarking  them  in  his  next  expe- 
dition. He  had  some  success  with 
the  Irishmen  among  them^  and 
thus  describes  his  m^hods  of  deal- 
ings—- 

''I  laiow  the  Irish  a  little. 
When  every  thing  else  is  ready, 
let  them  sendina  htfge  quantity  of 
wiae  and  brandy,  a  Mdle  imd  some 
French  JiUei,  and  then,  whea  Paf  s 
heart  is  a  little  soft  with  love  and 
whie^  send  in  two  or  three  proper 
persons  in  regimentals,  and  vrkk 
green  cockades  in  their  hats,  to 
speek  to  them,  of  whom  I  will 
very  gladly  be  one.  I  think,  in 
tint  case,  it  would  not  be  very 
hard  to  persoftde  him  to  take  a  trip 
onee  more  to  Ireland,  just  to  see 
his  pec»^e  a  lit^''---Such  were 
h»  employments,  until  the  expe- 
«tkm  of  Humbert  was  at  kngtk 
organued. 

The  expedition  sailed ;  and  we 
need  not  dwell  upon  the  issile. 
Tone  was  one  of  those  who  were 
ti&en,  after  a  desperate  resistance, 
in  the  Hoche,  hy  the  isquadron 
under  sir  John  fiorkse  Warren; 
he  was  recognised  the  second 
morning  after  he  was  put  ashore, 
and  sent  to  Dablin,  where  he  was 
tried,  and  eOndemnedi  Incredible 
as  it  may  seem,  the  barrister  seems 
to  have  believed  he  was  to  escape, 
after  all  that  he  had  done,^  singly 
fey  jR-oving  himaslf  to  be  the  beaier 
ai  a  commission  in  the  service  of 
the  French  republic.  He  delivered 
a  very  fioweey  declamation  upon 
this^  head>    to  whick  bia  ju^sai 


164*     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


jpaid  dae  respect;  and  biij;adier«  execution,  inflicted  on  hinuelf  a 

general  Tone,  findingthat,  mspite  mortal  wound  the  same  eTening  in 

of  the  uniform  of  the  grande  no*  the  gaol  of  Dublin. 
lim,  he  was  banijide  ordered  for 


MMM«i 


FsnatTSSOM.— <From  the  Quarierfy 
Eevienr.J 


.  Db.  Adah  Fbbousson,  the  au^ 
thor  of  the  History  of  the  Roman 
I^puUiCy  and  distinguished  be- 
sides as  a  moral  philosopher,  was 
the  son  of  a  clerg3rman  at  Log- 
gierait,  in  AthoL  He  was  him- 
self destined  to  the  church,  took 
orders,  and  went  as  chaplain  to 
the  Black  Watch,  or  42nd  High- 
land raiment,  when  that  corps 
was  first  sent  to  the  continent. 
As  the  rqnment  advanced  to  the 
battle  of  Fontenoy,  the  command- 
ing officer,  sir  Robert  Monro,  was 
astonished  to  see  the  chaplain  at 
the  head  of  .the  column,  with  a 
l^roadsword  drawn  in  his  hand, 
lie  desired  him  to  go  to  the  rear 
with  the  surgeons,  a  proposal  which 
Adam  Fergusson  spumed.  Sir 
^bert  at  lencth  told  him  that  his 
tx>mmis8ion  dm  not  entitle  him  to 
be  present  in  the  post  which  he 
had  assumed.  ''  D— — ^n  my  com- 
mission," said  the  warlike  chaplain, 
throwing  it  towards  his  colonel. 
It  may  be  easily  supposed  that  the 
matter  was  only  remembered  as  a 
f;ood  jest;  but  Uie  future  historian 
of  Rome  shared  the  honours  and 
dangers  of  that  dreadful  day, 
where,  according  to  the  account  of 
the  French  uemselves,  "  the 
Highland  furies  rushed  in  upon 
them  with  more  violence  than  ever 
did  a  sea  driven  by  a  tempest." 

Professor  Adam  Fergusson's  sub- 
sequent histonr  is  weU  known. 
He  recovered  mmi  a  decided  shock 
of  paraly&s  in  the  sixtieth  year  of 
bis  life,  from  vrhich  period  he  be« 


came  a  strict  Pythagorean  in  bis 
diet,  eatine  nothing  bat  ^egetip 
bles,  and  drinking  only  water  or 
milk.  He  survived  tOl  the  year 
1816,  when  he  died  in  lull  po^ 
session  of  his  mental  faculties,  it 
the  advanced  age  of  ninety-three. 
The  deep  interest  which  he  took  la 
the  eventful  war  had  long  seemed 
to  be  the  main  tie  that  oonneded 
him  with  passing  existence;  and 


;  passu  _ 
the  news  of  Waterloo  acted  on  the 
ased  patriot  as  a  nunc  diwmitit 
From  that  hour,  the  feeling  that 


had  almost  alone  given  him  energy 
decayed,  and  he  avowedly  relin- 
quished all  desbe  for  prolonged 
life.  It  is  the  beli^  of  his  fkadif 
that  he  mi^t  have  remained  with 
them  much  longer,  had  he  desired 
to  do  so,  and  continued  the  exer- 
cise which  had  hitherto  promoted 
his  health.  Long  after  his  ei^i- 
tieth  year,  he  was  one  of  the  most 
striking  old  men  whom  it  was  pos- 
sible to  look  aL  His  firm  step 
and  ruddy  cheek  contrasted  agree- 
ably and  unexpectedly  with  Us 
silver  locks;  and  the  dress  wUdi 
he  usually  wore,  much  resembli^ 
that  of  the  Flemish  peasant,  cave 
an  air  of  peculiarity  to  his  whi^ 
figure.  In  his  converaatioii,  the 
mixture  of  original  thinlnyig  with 
high  moral  feeling  and  extcmiw. 
learning ;  his  love  of  country  ;  oo»- 
tempt  of  luxury ;  and,  espeaaDy, 
the  stnmg  sul^tion  of  las  pis- 
sbns  and  feelings  to  the  AnminMm 
of  his  reason,  made  him,  peihaB^ 
the  most  strUong  exan^ple  ofne 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY.       165» 


Stoic  philoflopher  which  could  be 
seen  in  modem  days.  His  house, 
while  he  continued  to  reside  in 
Edinburgbj  was  a  eeneral  point  of 
re-union  among  his  frienosj  par- 
ticularly of  a  Sunday,  where  there 
generally  met,  at  a  hospitable  din- 
ner-party«  the  most  distinffuished 
literati  of  the  old  time  who  stilt 
remained^  with  mich  young  per« 


sons  as  were  thought  worthy  to 
approach  their  circle,  and  listai  to 
their  conversation.  The  plara  of 
his  residence  was  an  insulated 
house,  at  some  distance  from  the 
town,  which  its  visitors  (notwith-* 
standing  its  internal  oomfinrts) 
chose  to  call,  for  that  reospuj 
Knmtschatta. 


MM 


ANBCi>otB8  tf  Db.  Blaok  and  Db.  H0TTON.«^f*ftwi  the  same. J 


Thb  two  chemists.  Dr.  Black 
and  Dr.  Hutton,  were  particular 
friends^  though  there  was  some- 
thing  extremely  opposite  in  their 
external  appearanoe  and  manner. 
They  were  both,  indeed,  tall  and 
thin  ;  but  there  all  personal  suni- 
laxity  ended.     Dr.  Black   spoke 
with   the  English  pronunciation, 
with  punctilious  accuracy  of  ex- 
presdon,  both  in  point  of  manner 
and  matter.    His  dress  was  of  the 
same    description,    regulated,    in 
some  small  degree,  according  to 
the  rules  which  formerly  imposed 
a  formal  and  full-dress  habit  on 
the  members  of  the  medical  facul- 
ty.    The  geologist  was  the  very 
reverse  of  this.    His    dress   ap- 
proached to  a  quaker's  in  simplicity ; 
and  his  conversation  was  conducted 
in  broad  phrases,  expressed  with  a 
broad  Scotch  accent,  which  often 
heightened  the  humour  of  what 
he  said.    One  day  the  two  doctors 
had  held  some  discourse  together 
upon  the  folly  of  abstaining  firom 
feedinff  on  the  testaceous  creatures 
of  the  land,  while  those  of  the  sea 
were    considered     as     delicacies. 
TVherefore  not  eat  snails?— they 
are  well  known  to  be  nutritious 
and  wholesome-— even  sanative  in 
some  cases.    The  epicures  of  olden 
times  enumerated  among  the  rich- 


est and  raciest  delicacies,  the  snails 
which  were  fed  in  the  marble 
quarries  of  Lucca:  the  Italians 
still  hold  them  in  esteem.  In 
short,  it  was  determined  that  a 
gastronomic  experiment  should  be 
made  at  the  expense  of  the  snails. 
The  snails  were  procured,  dieted 
for  a  time,  then  stewed  for  the 
benefit  of  the  two  philosophers, 
who  had  either  invited  no  guest  to 
their  banquet,  or  found  none  who 
relished  in  prospect  the  piice  de 
risistance,  A  huge  dish  of  snails 
was  placed  before  them ;  but  phi-> 
losophers  are  but  men  after  all; 
and  the  stomachs  of  both  doctors 
began  to  revolt  against  the  pro- 
posed experiment.  Nevertheless^ 
if  they  looked  with  disgust  oi\  the 
snails,  they  retained  their  awe  for 
each  other ;  so  that  each,  conceiv- 
ing the  symptoms  of  internal  re- 
volt pecuJiar  to  himself,  begeui 
with  infinite  exertion  to  swallow, 
in  very  small  quantities,  the  mess 
which  he  internally  loathed.  Dr. 
Black,  at  length,  *'  showed  the 
white  feather,  but  in  a  very 
delicate  manner,  as  if  to  sound  the 
opinion  of  his  messmate  :—^*  Doc- 
tor," he  said,  in  'his  precise  and 
quiet  manner---'*  Doctor,  do  you 
not  think  that  they  taste  a  little 
— a  very  little  green  }**    *•  Dii«.  d 


166*     ANNUAL    REGISTBR,    1826. 

fo^ea,  d-— — d  flreen>  indeed:  tal*    frcm  taUe,  and  giving  fuU  Tent  lo 
Sbem  awa',  tar  ^em  awaV  vo.    his  feelings  of  abhozience. 
fdferated  Dr.  Huttoo^  starting  up 


■•«■ 


MM** 


ANBCDOTSf  (f  D».  Adam  Smith— (^from  tke  same. J 


Dr   Smith  is  well  known  to 
bave  been  one  of  the  most  absent 
men  living.    Mr.  Mackenzie  placed 
in  his  hand  the  beautiful  tale  of 
La  Roche,  in  which  he  introduces 
Mr.  David  Hume^  for  the  express 
purpose  of  knowing  whether  there 
was  any  thing  in  it  which  Mr. 
Hume's   surviving   friends   could 
think  hurtful  to  his  memory.    Dr. 
Smith  read  and  highly  approved 
of  the  MS. ;  but,  on  returning  it 
to  Mr.  Mackenzie,  only  expressed 
his  surprise  that  Mr.  Hume  should 
never  have  mentioned  ike  anecdote 
to  him.    When  walking  in  the 
street,    Adam  had  a  manner  of 
talking  and  laughing  to  himself, 
which  often  attracted  the  notice 
and  excited  the  suiprise  of  the 
passengers.     He  used  himself  to 
mention  the  ejaculation  of  an  old 
market-woman  —  "  Hegh,    Sirs !" 
shaking  her  head  as  she  uttered 
it;  to  which  her  companion  an- 
swered, having  echoed  the  com- 
passionate sigh,  ''and  he  is  well 
put  on  too !"  expressing  their  sur- 
prise that  a  deaded  lunatic,  who, 
irom  his  dress,  appeared  to  be  a 
gentleman,  should  be  permitted  to 
walk  abroad.     In  a  private  room, 
his    demeanour  was    equaUy  re- 
markable: one  evening,  he  put  an 
elderly  maiden  lady,  who  presided 
at  the  tea-table,  to  sore  confusion, 
by  neglecting  utterly  her  invita- 
tions  to  be  seated,  and  walking 
round  and  round  the  circle,  stop- 
ping ever  and  anon  to  steal  a  lump 
from  the  sugar-basin,  which  the 
venerable  spinster  was  at  length 


constrained  to  place  on  ber  own 
knee,  as  the  only  method  of  ae- 
curing  it  from  ids  most  uneco- 
nomical d^redations. 

When  Dr.  Smith  was  a  cooi- 
missioner  of  the  board  of  Customt^ 
that  board  had  in  their  service,  ai 
porter,    a    stately    person,    wiio, 
dressed  in  a  huge  scadet  gown  or 
doak,  covered  with  frogs  of  woo* 
ted  lace,  and  holding  in  his  hand 
a  staff  about  seven  feet  hi^«  as 
an  emblem  of  his  office,  uaed  to 
mount  guard  before  the  Custooi- 
house  when  a  board  was  to  be 
held.    It  was  the  etiquette  th^ 
as  each  commissioner  entered,  the 
porter  should  go  through  a  aort 
of   salute  with   his  staff  of  c^ 
fice,  resembling  that  which  officen 
used  formerly   to   perfoxm  with 
their  spontoon,  and  theuLmanhal 
the  dimitary  to  the  hall  of 
ing.    This    ceremony   bad 
performed  before  the  great  ' 
midt  perhaps  five  hundred  tinies ; 
nevertheless,  one  day,  as  he  was 
about  to  enter  the  CustcHn^hcxue, 
the  motions  of  this  janitor  seemed 
to  have  attracted  his  eye  witboot 
their  character  or  pumwe  reacbxnf 
his  apprehension,  ana  on  a  suddea 
he  b^n  to  imitate  his  geatuze^ 
as  a  recruit  does  those  of  his  dnll- 
sergeanu     The    porter,     baving 
drawn  up  in  front  of  the  door, 
presented  his  staff  as  a  soldier  does 
his    musket:     the    commissioBer, 
raising  his  cane,  and  holdijig  k 
with  both  his  hands  by  the  wi&k, 
returned  the  salule  with  the  at* 
most  gravity.    The  infenor 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY.       167* 


much  amazed,  lecovered  his  wea- 
pon, "wheeled  to  the  right,  stepping 
a  pace  back  to  give  the  commis- 
sioner room  to  pass,  lowering  his 
staff  at  the  same  time,  in  token  of 
obeisance*     Dn  Smith,  instead  ci 
pasainff  on,  drew  up  on  the  oppo- 
site sioiey  and  lowered  his  cane  at 
the  same  angle.    The  fimctionaiy, 
much   out  of  consequence,   next 
moved  up  stairs  with  his  staff  ad- 
vanced, while  the  author  of  the 
"Wealth   of  Nations"   f(^wed 
with  his  hamhoo  in  precisely  the 
same  posture,  and  his  whole  soul 
apparently  wrapped   up   in    the 
purpose  of  placing  his  foot  exactly 
on  the    same   spot  of  each  step 
which  had  been  occupied  by  the 
officer  who  preceded  hun.    At  the 
door  of  the  hall,  the  porter  again 
drew   oW,  saluted  with  his  stafi^ 
and    bowed   reverentially;     The 


philosopher  again  imitated  his 
motions,  and  returned  his  bow 
with  the  most  profound  gravity. 
When  the  doctor  entered  the 
apartment,  the  spell  under  which 
he  seemed  to  act  was  oitirely 
broken,  and  our  informant,  who, 
very  much  amused,  had  followed 
him  the  whole  way«  had  some  dif- 
ficulty to  convince  him  that  he 
had  been  doing  any  thing  extraor- 
dinary. Upon  another  occasion, 
having  to  sign  an  official  minute  or 
mandate,  Adam  Smith  was  ob- 
served to  be  unusually  tedious, 
when  the  same  person,  pee^g 
over  his  shoulder,  discovered  that 
he  was  engaged,  not  in  writing  his 
own  name,  but  in  imitating,  as 
nearly  as  possible,  the  signature  of 
his  brother  in  office,  who  had  hdd 
the  p^  before  him. 


168*     AJ^^NUAL   REGISTER,   1826. 


GEOGRAPHY,  ASTRONOMY, 
MECHANICAL  ARTS,  &c. 


Account  of  Captain  Fabry's  Third  Voyage  for  the  DUcownf  rff 
North-West  Passage  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific;  performed  m 
the  years  1824-25>  in  his  Majesty  s  Ships  Hecla  and  Fury, 


THE  unusual  severity  of  the  sea- 
son^ on  the  passage  outwards ; 
and  the  change,  which  could  not 
be  anticipate,  that  had  taken 
place  in  the  position  of  the  float* 
ing  fields  of  ice  that  permanently 
occupy  some  part  of  Baffin's  Bay, 
retarded  the  progress  of  the  ships 
so  long,  that  it  was  with  much 
difficulty  they  were  enabled  to 
reach  Port  Bowen,  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  Prince  Regent's  Inlet, 
before  all  further  navigation,  for 
that  season,  became  impracticable, 
on  account  of  the  formation  of 
young  ice  on  the  surface  of  the 
sea.  Had  captain  Parry  been 
fortunate  enough  to  have  reached 
this  point  three  weeks  or  a  month 
sooner,  as  from  former  experience 
he  had  every  reasonable  ground 
to  expect,  he  would  in  all  proba- 
bility have  crossed  the  southern 
portion  of  the  Polar  sea,  and  win- 
tered on  some  part  of  the  coast  of 
America.  . 

The  winter  in  Port  Bowen  was 
passed  nearly  in  the  same  manner 
as  former  winters  in  the  Polar  seas. 

Perhaps,  indeed,  this  third  win- 
ter was  somewhat   more  dreary 


than  foniier  ones;  there  ms  a 
total  absence  of  alihuman  creatores 
besides  themselves;  and,  almost 
of  every  object  of  animated  natme. 

It  was  not  till  the  20tii  of  Jnfcr, 
that  the  disruption  of  the  ice  ^ 
lowed  the  ships  to  remonre  horn 
their  winter-quarters,  and  eualled 
them  to  stretdi  across  towards  the 
western  shore  of  Prince  Regent's 
Inlet,  where,  after  some  slight  ob- 
struction, they  succeededin  making 
favourable  progress  along  the  kn^ 
This  however  did  not  contmoe 
long ;  the  ice  was  perceived  to  ^ 
proach  the  land,  tul  at  length  it 
reached  the  ships  and  dxove  ^em 
both  on  shore,  and  the  Fiuy  wm 
found  to  be  so  very  seiioQ^  da* 
maged  as  to  make  it  imposuhleibr 
her  to  proceed  farther  without 
repairs,  and  probably  without,  as 
captain  Parry  calls  it,  '^tke 
ruinous  necessity"  of  heanng  the 
ship  down. 

There  being  no  haibour,  it  was 
necessary  to  form  a  sort  of  baaB 
by  means  of  the  ice  for  the  per- 
formance of  this  opCTation;  ^ 
process  was  tedious  and  laborioQi^ 
and.  various  impediments  oocami 


GEOiGRAPHy,  ASTRONOMY,  &c.    169» 


{torn  the  moyement  andpressute 
ci  the  ice.      They  succeeded;  how- 
ever,  after  immense  exertions^  in 
heaving  tlie  Fury  down :  but  this 
had    scarcely  been    accomplished 
when  a  gale  of  wind  destroyed  the 
securities  of  the  basin,  which  ren« 
dered  it  necessaiy  to  tow  the  Fury 
out,  to  re-equip  the  Heda,  and|for 
the   latter   to  stand  out  to  sea. 
The  Fury  was  once  more  driven 
on  shore^  and  it  now  appeared  on 
a  close  examination,  that  it  was 
hopeless,     circumstanced  as  they 
were,  to  make  her  sea-worthy,— 
and  that  it  was  therefore  necessary 
to   ahandon   her.     The  incessant 
labourivhich  every  one  underwent, 
upon  this  disastrous  occasion,  had 
a    curious    effect    on    the   mind. 
"  The  officers  and  men,"  says  cap- 
•  tain  Parry,    ''were  now  literally 
so  harassed  and  fatigued,  as  to  be 
scarcely  capable  of  further  exer- 
tion  without  some  rest;  and  on 
this  and  one  or  two  other  occasions, 
I  noticed  more  than  a  single  in- 


stance of  stupor  amounting  to  a 
certain  d^ree  of  failiure  in  intel- 
lect, rendering  the  individual  so 
affected  quite  unable  at  first  to 
comprehend  the  meaninff  of  an 
order,  though  still  as  willing  as 
ever  to  obey  it." 

Whatever  expectations  captain 
Parry  micht  have  rested  on  the 
result  of  heaving  down  and  re- 
pairing the  Fury,  these  were  now 
at  an  end.  "  With  a  twelvemonth's 
provisions  for  both  ships'  compa- 
nies (says  the  captain),  it  would 
have  been  folly  to  hope  for  final 
success,  considering  the  small  pro- 
gress we  had  already  made,  the 
uncertain  nature  of  this  naviga- 
tion, and  the  advanced  period  of 
the  present  season.  ...  I  was 
therefore,"  he  adds,  "  reduced  to 
the  only  remaining  conclusion, 
that  it  was  my  duty,  under  all 
the  circumstances  of  the  case,  to 
return  to  England,  in  compliance 
with  the  plain  tenor  of  my  instruc- 
tions." 


Account  of  the  Voyage  o/*  Captain  Wbddell  into  the  Antarctic  Seas. 


The  object  of  this  voyage  was 
to  procure  cargoes  of  the  fur-bear- 
ing seal-skins  on  the  Sandwich 
Land,  which  was  considered  to  be 
the  projecting  cape  of  a  southern 
contment,  stretching  from  it  east 
and  west,  behind  the  recently  re- 
covered islands  of  Gerritz,  which 
have  assumed  the  new  name  of 
South  Shetland. 

The  two  vessels  employed  on 
this  voyage  were,  the  brig  Jane, 
of  160  tons,  commanded  by  captain 
Weddell,  and  the  cutter  Beaufoy 
of  65  tons,  by  Mr.  Brisbane,  the 
former  having  a  crew  of  twenty- 
two  officers  and  men,  and  the  lat- 
ter of  thirteen,  both  ships  fitted 
out  in  t^e  ordinary  way,  and  pro- 


visioned for  two  years.  Mr.  Wed- 
dell made  the  best  of  his  way  to 
the  South  Orkneys,  a  group  of 
islands  which  he  had  discovered 
the  year  before,  lying  to  the  east- 
ward of  the  South  Shetlands,  than 
which  they  were  represented  as 
being  more  rugged,  peaked  and 
terrific  in  their  appearance.  Here 
they  captured  a  few  large  sea- 
leopards,  a  new  species  of  phoca, 
which  professor  Jamieson,  from  its 
spotted  skin,  has  named  the  leo- 
pardine  seal. 

Finding  no  appearance  of  a  con- 
tinent, Mr.  Weddell  determined 
to  continue  standing  to  the  south- 
ward. "  I  accordingly,"  says  he, 
"  informed  Mr.  Brisbane  of  my  in- 


170»     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


tentionj  and  hc^  with  a  boldness 
which*  greatly  enhanced  the  re« 
spect  I  boze  him,  expressed  his 
willingness  to  push  our  research  in 
that  curection^  though  we  had 
been  hitherto  so  unsuccessfuL" 

Proceeding,  therefore,  to  the 
southward,  in  about  the  latitude 
65^,  th^  thought  they  had  dia« 
ooyered  land,  which  showed  itself 
in  the  shape  of  a  blaek  rock ;  but» 
on  a  nearer  approach,  it  proved  to 
be  only  an  ice-idand,  covered  on 
one  01  its  sides  with  black  earth. 
Their  disappointment,  however, 
was  somewhat  sooihed  by  the 
consideration  that  it  must  have  dis< 
engaged  itself  from  some  high 
land  possessing  a  considerate 
quantity  of  soil,  aud  the  possibility 
that  this  land  might  not  be  far 
distant.  Froin  this  place,  however, 
till  their  arrival  in  latitude  69^,  ie^ 
tachedislandsof  ice  were  constantly 
occurring,  ao  numerous  indeed, 
about  the  latter  point,  as  almost 
to  impede  and  prevent  their  pas* 
sing  further.  '^  Sixty-six,"  says 
captain  Weddell,  ^'  w&re  counted 
around  us;  and  for  about  fifty 
miles  to  the  south,  we  had  seldom 
fewer  in  sight." 

Arrived  at  70**  26'  S.,  the  wind 
became  moderate,  the  sea  tolerably 
smooth^  the  weather  pleasant,  and 
the  ice-islands  had  almost  disap* 
peared.  Unfortunately  the  two 
thermometers  had  been  broken, 
and  the  temperature  from  this  time 


could  not  be  aacerbdned,  bat  we 
are  told  it  was  f uUy  as  ndld  aa  in 
the  latitude  61%  in  themontliQf 
December  ($4P  to  SBP)  and  th^ 
were  now  near  the  paxalld  of 
73*^.  The  sea  was  literally  covered 
with  birds  of  the  blue  peterel  kind, 
but  nothing  like  land  nor  any  iadi* 
cation  of  md  appeared*  Theweac 
ther  continued  mild  and  uaam, 
and  "  not  a  particle  of  ioe  (vf  any 
description  was  to  be  aeea  ;**  sad 
this  absence  of  ice  continued  till 
the  i^Oth  of  Fefaruaxy,  whea  in 
latitude  74^**  15\  longitude  S4^  It, 
three  ice-islands  were  in  Bght  finon 
the  deck,  and  one  more  &om  the 
mast-head. 

Having  attained  this  hig^  lali* 
tude,  which  is  three  degrees  and 
five  minutes  fiurther  south  than  cqp* 
tain  Cooky  or  any  preceding  navi* 
gator  had  reached ;  and  the  wind 
blowing  fresh  from  the  soath,  tbe 
season  too  fast  advancing,  captain 
Weddell  deemed  it  pru^at  to  le* 
turn. 

"I  would  willin^y  (says  he) 
have  explored  the  S.  W.  quarter 
but  taking  into  oonsideratioii  die 
lateness  or  the  season,  and  that  we 
had  to  pass  homewards  throua^  one 
thousand  miles  of  sea  strewed  with 
ice-islands,  with  long  ni^ti^  and 
probably  attended  with  foge,  I 
could  not  determine  otherwiae  than 
to  take  advantage  of  this  fftvonzaUe 
wind  for  returning." 


^.Ma 


Captain  Parbt'8  Nbw  ExranrnoK. 


A  new  expedition  is  projected 
for  captain  Parry.  It  has  for  its 
olgect  to  reach  the  Northern  Pole; 
to  make  known  to  us  what  the 
inmost  point  of  the  ice-bound  Arc- 
tic circle  is.  Captain  Franldin  had 
offered  to  undertake  a  journey  oyer 


the  ice  from  Spitabersen  to  ^ 
Pole,  and  this  plan  had  been  adopt- 
ed by  captain  Parry,  who,  m  addi« 
tion  to  his  own  ardent  STpertarions 
of  sutooss,  procured  the  saactiott  of 
theiloyal  Society  to  thejmctieahi- 
lity  of  the  enteipnae.    Tbe  Heda 


GEOGRAPHY,  ASTRONOMY,  ^c.     in* 


i3  to  be  prepared  for  captain  Parry 
earlv  m  the  ensuing  spxmg ;  and 
in  that  vessel  lie  is  to  Drooled  to 
"  Cloven  Clifl^**  in  Spitsbergen^  in 
lat.  79    degrees  5^  minutes   (or 
about  600  jniles  from  the  pole)> 
which  he  is  expected  to  reach  to^ 
wards  the  end  of  May*    From  this 
point   he  will   depart   with   two 
vessdSf  which  are  capable  of  being 
used  either  as  boats  or  sledges,  as 
wat&r  or  ice  is  found  to  prevail 
They  are  to  be  built  of  light,  tough, 
and  flexible  materials,  with  cover- 
ings of  leather  and  oil*cIoth ;  the 
latter  convertible  into  sails.    Two 
officers  and  ten  men  are  to  be  u>« 
point4^  to  each,  with  provisions  K)r 
ninety-two  days,  which,   if  they 
onJy    travelled    on   the    average 
thirteen  miles  per  day,  and  met 
with  no  insurmountaUe  obstacles, 
would  be  sufficient  for  their  reach- 


ing the  long-idesirQd  pdtf,  andfe* 
tuminff  to  the  Heda  at  Cloven 
Cliff.  Dogs  or  reindeer  (the  formw 
preferable  for  drawing  the  sledges, 
when  necessary,  but  the  latt» 
better  for  food,  in  case  of  accident 
or  detenti<ni)  are  to  be  taken  oa 
the  expedition*  It  is  known  tW 
the  summer  temperature  is  far  ftm 
being  B/dvexe ;  there  is  parpetuid 
light,  with  the  sun  continually 
aU)ve  the  horison ;  and  ho  knows, 
from  experience,  that  the  man  on 
such  occasions  are  always  very 
healthy.  During  his  absence,  the 
boats  of  the  ship  are  to  be  ^igaged 
in  exploring  the  eastern  side  of 
Spitsbergen;  and  the  officers  and 
men  of  science  in  making  philo- 
sophical experiments  with  the  pen* 
dulum,  on  magnetism  and  meteoro- 
logy, in  natural  histoiy,  6|c, 


Results  of  tub  Arctic  Expeditions. 


Dr.    Jamieson    has    observed, 
that  the  four  Arctic  Expeditions, 
vis.  that  under  captain  Ross,  and 
the    three  under   captain  Parry, 
afford  the  following  general  facts 
and  inferences  :-~l.  That  the  re- 
gions explored  abound  in  primitive 
and  transition  rocks ;  and  that,  al- 
though the  secondary  rocks  occupy 
considerable  tracts,  still  their  ex- 
tent is  mcnre  limited  than  that  of 
the  older  formations ;  that  the  al- 
luvial depodtes  are  not  extensive ; 
that  true  or  modem  volcanic  rocks 
were  nowhere  met  with ;  and  that 
the  only  traces  of  tertiary  strata 
were  found  in  the  sandstones  and 
days  connected  with  the  secondary 
tr^s  of  Baffin's  Bay.    2.  That  the 
primitive   and    transition    islands 
were,  in  all  probability,  at  one  time 
connected  together,  and  formed  a 
continuous  mass  with  the   conti- 


nental parts  of  America ;  and  that 
in  the  plains  and  hollows  of  this 
land  were  deposited  the  secondary 
limestones,  sandstones,  gjmsum,  and 
coal,  and  upon  these  again  the  ter- 
nary rocks.  S.  That,  after  the 
deposition  of  these  secondary  and 
tertiary*  rocks,  the  land  appears  to 
have  been  broken  up,  and  reduced 
either  suddenly  or  by  degrees,  or 
partly  by  sudden  and  violent  action, 
and  partly  by  the  long-continued 
agency  of  the  atmosphere  and  the 
ocean,  into  its  present  insular  and 
peninsular  form ;  and  that,  conse- 
quently, the  secondary  and  tertiary 
formations  were  formerly,  in  those 
regions,  more  extensively  distri- 
buted than  they  are  at  present. 
4.  That,  previously  to  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  coal  formation,  as  that 
of  Melville  island,  the  transition 
and  primitive  hills  and  plains  sup- 


172*     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


ported  a  rich  and  luxuriant  vegeta* 
tion,  principally  of  cryptogamous 
plants^  especially  tree  fems^  the 
prototypes  of  which  are  now  met 
with  only  in  the  tropical  re^ons 
of  the  earth.  The  fossil  corus  of 
the  secondary  limestones  also  inti- 
mate that^  before,  during,  and  after, 
the  deposition  of  the  coal  forma- 
tion, the  waters  of  the  ocean  were 
so  constituted  as  to  support  poly- 
paria,  closely  resembling  those  of 
the  present  equatorial  seas.  5. 
That  previously  to  and  during  the 
deposition  of  the  terUaiy  strata, 
these  now  frozen  regions  supported 
forests  of  dicotyledonous  trees,  as 
is  shown  by  the  fossil  dicotyledo- 
nous woods  met  with  in  connexion 
with  these  strata,  in  Baffin's  Bay, 
and  by  the  fossil  wood  of  Melville 
island.  Cape  York,  and  Byam 
Martin  island.  6.  That  the  boul- 
ders or  rolled  blocks  met  with  in 
difierent  quarters,  and  in  tracts 
distant  from  their  original  locali- 
ties, afford  evidence  of  the  passage 
of  water  across  them,  and  at  a  pe« 
riod  subsequent  to  the  deposition 
of  the  newest  solid  strata,  namely, 
those  ofthe  tertiary  class.  7*  That 
nowhere  are  there  any  discover- 
able traces  of  the  agency  of  mo- 
dem volcanoes ;  and  we  may  add, 
that  in  the  Arctic  regions  the  only 
known  appearances  of  this  kind  are 
those  in  Jan  Mayen's  island  de- 
scribed by  Scoresby.  8.  That  the 
only  intimations  of  older  volcanic 
action  are  those  afforded  by  the 
presence  of  secondary  trap  rocks, 
such  as  basalt,  greenstone,  trap-tufa, 
and  amygdaloid.  9*  That  the 
black  bituminous  coal,  the  coal  of 
the  oldest  coal  formation,  which 
some  speculators  maintained  to  be 
confined  to  the  more  temperate  and 
warmer  regions  of  the  earth,  is 
now  proved,  by  its  discovery  in 
Melville  island,  far  to  the  west, 
and  in  Jameson's  land^  far  to  the 


east,  in  Old  Greenland,,  to  fonn  an 
interesting  and  important  feature 
in  the  geognostiod  constitution 
of  Arctic  countries.  10.  That  die 
red  sandstone  of  Possesaon  Bay, 
&C.,  renders  it  probable  that  rod^- 
salt  may  occur  in  that  quarter. 
11.  That  although  no  new  metal- 
liferous compounds  have  oocuned 
to  gratify  the  curiosity  of  the  mi- 
neralo^st,  yet  the  regions  expiated 
by  captain  Pairy  have  affiirdied  va- 
rious interesting  and  highly  naefal 
ores— such  as  octahedral  or  magi- 
netic  iron  ore,  rhomboidal  or  rd 
iron  ore,  prismatic  or  brown  ircRi 
ore,  and  prismatic  chrome  ore  or 
chromateofiron;  also  the  commoa 
ore  of  copper,  or  copper  pyrites; 
molybdsna  glance,  or  sulphurate 
ofmolybdffina;  ore  of  titanium;  and 
that  interesting  and  valuable  mine- 
ral, graphite  or  black  lead.  12. 
That  the  gems,  the  most  valued 
and  most  b^utiful  of  mineral  sab- 
stances,  are  not  wanting  in  the 
Arctic  Regions  visited  by  the  ex- 
peditions, is  proved  by  the  great 
abundance  of  the  precious  garnet, 
which  we  doubt  not  will  be  found, 
on  more  particular  examination  of 
the  primitive  rocks,  to  present  all 
the  beautiful  colours  and  elegant 
forms  for  which  it  is  so  much  ad- 
mired. Rock-crystal,  another  of 
the  gems,  was  met  with ;  and  also 
beryl  and  zircon.  13.  'That  these 
newly-discovered  lands  exhibit  the 
same  general  geognostical  arrange- 
ments as  occur  in  all  other  exten- 
sive tracts  of  country  hitherto  ex- 
amined by  the  naturalist ;  a  fact 
which  strengthens  that  opinion 
which  maintains  that  the  gncnd 
features  of  nature,  in  the  mineral 
kingdom,  are  every  where  similar, 
and,  consequently,  that  the  same 
general  agencies  must  have  pre- 
vailed generally  during  the  fomia- 
tion  of  the  solid  mass  of  the  ear^ 


(    173*    ) 


PATENTS. 


J.  M'Curdy,  of  CeciUtreet,  Strand^ 
IxMidon ;  for  improvements  in  generat- 
ing steam.^ — December  27,  1825. 

«F.  Ogston  and  J.  T.  Bell,  of  Davies- 
streety  Berkelev-square^  London;  for 
improvements  in  the  construction  or 
xnanofiicture  of  watches  of  different  de- 
scriptions. Communicated  by  a  fo- 
reigner.— January  6,  1826. 

R.  Evans,  of  Bread-street  and  Queen- 
streety  Cheapside ;  for  improvements  in 
the  apparatus  for,  and  process  of,  dis- 
tillation.—January  7. 

H.  Houldswortb,  the  younger,  of  Man- 
chester, for  improvements  in  machinery^ 
fior^ving  the  taking-up  or  windin^-on 
in<»tion  to  spools  or  bobbins  and  tub^ 
or  other  instruments,  on  which  the  rov- 
ing or  thread  is  roving,  in  spinning  and 
twisting  machines. — January  16. 

B.  Newmarch,  of  Cheltenham,  for  an 
improved  method  of  exploding  fire-arms. 
-January  16. 

J.  Rothwell,  of  Manchester ;  for  im- 
.  proved  heald  or  harness  for  weaving 
parposes,— January  16w 

H.  A.  Koymans,  of  Wamford-court, 
London ;  for  improvements  in  Uie  con- 
struction and  use  of  apparatus  and  works 
for  inland  navigation.  Communicated 
1>y  a  foreigner  .--January  16. 

J.  F.  Smith,  of  Chesterfield ;  for  an 
Improvement  in  the  process  of  drawing, 
roving,  spinning,  and  doubling,  wool, 
cotton,  and  other  fibrous  sutotances. 
—January  19. 

W.  Whitfield,  of  Birmingham;  for 
improvements  in  making  or  manufactur- 
inff  handles  for  saucepans,  kettles,  and 
other  culinary  vessels,  and  also  tea-ket- 
tle handle  straps  and  other  articles. 
•^-January  19. 

B.  Cook,  of  Birmingham,  brass- 
founder  ;  for  improvements  in  making 
or  constructing  binges  of  various  de- 
scriptions^ — January  19. 

A.  R.  Leorent,  of  Gottenbnrg,  at 
present  residing  in  Kiog-street,  Cheap- 
.  side,  London ;  for  a  method  of  applying 
Bteami  without  pressure,  to  pans,  boil- 
ers, coppers,  stills,  pipes,  and  machi- 
nery, in  order  to  proauce,  transmit,  and 
regulate  various  temperatures  of  heat 
in  the  several  process^  of  boiling,  distill- 


ing, evaporating,  inspissating,  drying, 
and  warming,  and  also  to  produce  powen 
^--January  19. 

Sir  R.  Seppinj^,  knight,  of  Somerset 
House ;  for  an  improved  construction 
of  such  masts  and  bow-sprits,  as  arc 
generally  known  by  the  name  of  made 
masts  and  made  bow-sprits.— January 
19. 

R.  Stephenson,  of  Bridge  Town,  War- 
wiclohire ;  for  axletrees  to  remedy  the 
extra  friction  on  curves  to  waggons, 
carts,  cars,  and  carriages  used  or  to  be 
used  on  rail  roads,  tramways,  and  other 
public  roads. — January  23. 

R.  Rigg,  of  Bowstead  Hill,  Cumber- 
land, for  a  new  condensing  apparatus  to 
be  used  with  or  applied  to  the  apparatus 
now  in  use  for  making  vinegar. — Febru- 
ary 4. 

J.  C.  Gamble,  of  Dublin ;  for  an  ap- 

Ctus  for  the  concentration  and  crystal- 
ion  of  aluminous  and  other  saline 
and  crysUdlizable  solutions,  part  of  which 
apparatus  may  be  applied  to  the  general 
purposes  of  evaporation,  distillation,  in- 
spissation,  and  desiccation,  and  espe- 
cially to  the  generation  of  steam.— ^Fe- 
bruary 7- 

W.  Mayhew,  of  Union-street,  South- 
wark,  and  W.  White,  of  Cheapside ;  for 
an  improvement  in  the  manufiusture  of 
hats.— February  7. 

H.  Evans,  Holyhead,  North  Wales  ; 
for  a  method  or  methods  of  rendering 
ships  and  other  vessels,  whether  sailing 
or  propelled  by  steam,  more  safe  in 
cases  of  danger  bv  leakage,  bilging,  or 
letting  in  water,  than  as  at  present  con- 
structed.— February  7. 

W.  Chapman,  of  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne;  for  improved  machinery  for 
loading  or  unloading  of  ships,  vessels, 
or  craft. — February  7. 

B.  Cook,  of  Birmingham,  brass- 
founder;  for  improvements  in  making 
files  of  various  descriptions. — Febru- 
ary 7. 

W.  Warren,  of  Crown-street,  Fins- 
bury-squarc,  for  improvements  in  the 
process  of  extracting  from  Peruvian 
bark,  medicinal  substances  or  proper- 
ties, known  by  the  name  of  quinine  and 
ciRchonine,  and  preparing  the  varioui 


174*     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


salts  to  which  these  substances  may 
serve  as  a  basis.  Communicated  by  a 
foreigner. — February  11. 

J.  Higgins,  of  Oxford-8treet»  Lon- 
don ;  for  improvements  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  masts,  yards,  sails,  rigging 
of  ships,  and  smaller  vessels,  and  in  the 
ticlde  used  for  woilcnig  or  navigating 
the  same.— PWmmry  1 1 . 

B.  Newmarch,  of  Cheltenham,  and 
C.  Bonner,  of  Gloucester,  for  a  mecha- 
nical invention  to  be  applied  for  the 
purpose  of  suspending  and  securing 
irlndows,  gates,  doors,  shutters,  blinds, 
and  other  apparatus.^Pebmary  18. 

T.  Walter,  of  Luton ;  for  improve- 
ments in  the  manufimture  of  straw  plat, 
for  the  purpose  of  making  bonnets,  hats, 
and  other  artfdes. — February  18. 

C.  Wliitlaw,  of  Bayswater  Terrace ; 
for  an  Improvement  or  Improvements  in 
administering  medicines  by  the  agency 
of  steam  or  vapour,— February  18. 

A.  Buflura,  late  of  Massachusetts; 
for  Improvements  in  the  process  of  mak- 
ing or  nianuiacturing  and  dyeing  hats. 
Communicated  partiv  by  certam  fo- 
reisners. — Fcbruaiy  i8. 

J.  Fh»er,  Houndsditch,  London^  en- 
gineer ;  for  an  Improved  method  of  con- 
structing capstans  and  windlasses. — 
February  25. 

B.  Newmareh,  Cheltenham,  gentle- 
man ;  for  certain  Inventions  to  nreserve 
vessels  and  other  bodies  from  tne  dan* 
gerous  effects  of  external  or  internal 
violence  on  land  or  water,  and  other 
hnprovements  cotmected  with  the  same. 
— February  85. 

The  same,  for  a  preparation  to  be 
used  either  in  solution  or  otherwise,  for 
preventing  decay  In  timber  or  other 
Substances,  arising  from  dry  rot  or  other 
eauses. — February  96. 

J«  Fra2er,  Houndsditch,  London,  en- 
gineer ;  for  a  new  and  improved  method 
of  distilling  and  rectifying  spirits  and 
Strong  waters.— March  4. 

R.  Midgley,  Horsforth,  near  Leeds, 
gentleman;  for  a  method,  machinery, 
or  apparatus,  for  conveying  persons  and 
good9  over  or  across  rivers  or  other 
waters,  and  ortr  valleys  or  other  places. 
— Marrh  4. 

G.  Anderton,  Chickheaton,  Yoric- 
shire,  worsted  spinner;  for  Improve- 
ments In  the  combing  or  dressing  of 
wool  and  waste  silk. — March  4. 

J.  Neville,  New  Walk,  Shad  Thames, 
engineer;  foi-  a  new  and  improved 
boTlep  or  apparatns  fbr  gettentiDg  steam 


withlemexpenditureof  foel^^BlBRli  14. 

N.  H.  Manider,  of  Great  GnUfonl- 
street,  Southwark,  diemtst;  for  a  new 
preparatioQ  of  fatty  substances,  and  the 
application  thereof  to  the  purposes  of 
affording  light. — ^March  SO. 

J.  BiUingham.  of  Norfolk-street, 
Strand;  for  an  Improvtmcnt  or  lai- 
nrovements  in  the  eoostmctlon  of  cook- 
ing apparatus.*^April  18. 

J.  Rowbotham,  of  Great  Sorrey-*trMt> 
Blaeklrlar»>road,  and  R.  Lloyd,  of  the 
Strand;  for  a  method  of  preparing, 
forming,  uniting,  combining,  mfld  pit- 
ting tether,  certain  materials,  sub- 
stances, or  thingsy  for  the  porpoae  of 
being  made  into  Ints,  caps,  bonof^ 
cloaks,  coats,  trowsers,  and  tor  weariig 
apparel  in  general,  and  TSriona  other 
purposes. — ^April  18. 

W.  Wood,  of  Summ0r-H1H  Grose, 
Northomberiand ;  for  an  apparatasfar 
destroying  the  Inllamtnable  air  (whkh 
Is  conmionly  laiown  by  the  name  of  iie- 
damps)  In  mlnes.-*-April  2S. 

J,  Gillespie,  of  Gro*Teiioi>«ticet, 
Newingtoo,  Surrey;  for  a  new  spiiof, 
or  commnatlon  of  sprii^;s,  for  the  par- 
pose  of  forming  an  elastic  reslating  me- 
dium.— ^April  25. 

S»  Brown,  of  Eagle  Lodge,  Old  Pi oaiy 
ton  y  for  improvements  on  bis  fonwr 
patent,  dated  Dec.  4, 18S3 ;  for  an  ea- 
glne  or  Instrument  for  eflecting  s 
vaetimn,  and  tiius  oroducinr  powen  by 
which  water  may  oe  raised,  and  mo- 
chlnery  put  in  motion^^-AprU  S5. 

F.  Halliday,  of  Ham,  Soney;  for  a 
apparatus  or  macbine  for  preveatii^ 
the  Inconvenience  arising  mmi  sonhs 
In  chimneys,  which  he  itf.nomkaaffi  s 
wind  gimro.— April  S5. 

J.  Williams  of  the  Comnierciat  laiif ; 
for  improvements  on  ships'  hearths,  an4 
apparatus  for  oooking  by  ateam.— i^nl 

W.  Choice,  of  Sttmhan  Ten»oe,  sad 
R.  Oibaon,  of  White  Coadait  IVnaee, 
Islington;  for  ImproveBKofea  in  as- 
ehinery  for  making  bricks.—A|ml  S7.      I 

C.  Kennedy,  of  Vlr^hkia  Tnraee, 
Great  Dovei^road,  Surreyv  lor  improfe- 
roents  in  the  apparatus  uaed  Ar  cap- 
ping.—April  29. 

J,  Goulding,  of  America,  hot  now  re- 
siding In  Cornhill,  London ;  for  impioif  • 
ments  in  the  macbinea  used  Ibr  canfia^ 
stubbing,  slivering,  roving,  or  aptnaiB; 
wool,  cotton,  waste  silk,  abort  stsfln 
hemp  and  ftuc,  or  Miy  other  ttfoos 
malCTiab  or  mlitwe  thucoft    Mtjt 


PATENTS. 


176* 


A*  Btiflbm,  late  of  Mftssachtdetti, 
America*  bat  xxm  residinc  In  Jewin- 
fltreet,  Londoii,  end  J.  M^Curdy,  of 
Oedl-streety  Strand :  for  tmprovements 
in  steam-eogfnes.-- May  6. 

Sir  R.  SeppiDgs,  of  Somerset  House ; 
tSoT  improvements  in  the  eonstruction  of 
lids  or  apparatus  for  striking  top-masts 
and  top-g^lant  Boasts  in  sliips— May  6. 

W.  Fenner,  of  Bushell-rentSy  Wap- 
plng;  for  an  improvement  in  machinery 
or  apparatus  for  curing  smokv,  and 
clMAsing  foul  chinmeys.— May6. 

A.  A.  de  la  Court,  of  Great  winches- 
ter-«treet;  for  a  new  instrument,  and 
improvements  in  well-known  instru- 
ments, appfieable  to  the  organ  of  sight. 
*— Bfay  6. 

J.  Schaller,  of  Regent-street;  for  im- 
provements in  the  construction  or  manu- 
Bcture  of  dogs,  pattens,  or  substitutes 
for  the  same. — May  6. 

£.  Heard,  SU  Leonard,  Shoredltcb, 
chemist ;  for  a  new  composition  to  ba 
used  for  the  purpose  of  trashing  in  sea 
sod  other  water.— May  8. 

L.  2achaHah,  Jun.  of  I\)rtsea,  for  a 
combination  of  materials  to  be  used  as 
ftieK— May  8. 

I>.  Dunn,  of  Pentonville ;  for  an  im- 
provement upon  the  screw-press  used 
ftt  the  pressing  of  paper,  books,  tobacco, 
or  bale  goods,  and  in  the  expressing  of 
oil,  extracts,  or  tinctures,  and  for  vari- 
ous other  purposes  in  which  great  pres- 
sure is  required.— May  23. 

T.  Hughes,  of  Newbury ;  for  im- 
provements in  the  method  of  restoring 
Uml  or  smutty  wheat,  and  rendering  the 
flame  fit  for  use. — May  23. 

F.  Mdyueux,  of  Stoke  Saint  Mary ; 
§bt  an  improvement  in  machinery  for 
tfphming  and  twisting  silk  and  wool,  and 
for  roving,  spinning,  and  twisting  flax, 
txemp,  cotton,  and  other  fibrous  sub- 
Btances.— May  23. 

T.  P.  Birt,  of  the  Strand,  for  im- 
provements on,  or  additions  to,  wheel 
carriiwes. — May  23. 

J.  nirker,  of  Knightsbridge,  for  im- 
provements on,  or  additions  to,  park  or 
oUier  gates.— May  23. 

D.  P.  Deurbroucq,  of  Leicester-square ; 
fbr  an  apparatus  adapted  to' cool  wort  or 
must,  previous  to  its  being  set  to  undergo 
tlie  process  of  fermentation,  and  at^o 
for  the  purpose  of  condensing  the  steam 
•rising  from  stills  during  the  process  of 
d^stilhitlon.  Communicated  by  a  foreign- 
er.—May  23. 
W.  H,  Qibbf,  of  Castle-court}  Uw- 


rence-lane,  and  A.  Dixon,  of  Hndders* 
field ;  for  a  new  kind  of  piece  goods, 
formed  by  a  combination  of  threads  of 
two  or  more  colours,  the  manner  of 
combining  and  displaying  such  oolours 
in  such  piece  goods  constituting  the 
novelty  thereof.— May  23. 

J.Smith,  of  Tiverton;  for  an  improve- 
ment on  Uie  stocking  frame,  and  im* 
proved  method  of  making  stockings  and 
other  goods  usually  made  on  the  stock- 
ing frame. — May  23. 

J.  Loach,  of  Birmingham,  for  a  self- 
acting  sash-&stener,  which  fastening  is 
applicable  to  other  purposes. — May  23. 

K.  Slag,  of  Kilnhurst  Forge,  near 
Poncaster ;  for  an  improvement  in  the 
manufacture  of  springs,  chiefly  applic- 
able to  carriages.— May  23. 

L.  J.  Marie,  marquis  de  Combis,  of 
Leicester-square;  for  improvements  In 
the  construction  of  rotatory  steam-en- 
gines, and  the  apparatus  connected 
therewith.  Communicated  by  a  foreigner. 
—May  23. 

J.  B.  Fernandez,  of  Norfolk-street, 
Strand ;  for  improvements  in  the  con- 
struction of  blinds  or  shades  for  windows, 
or  other  purposes.— 'May  26. 

R.  Mickleham,  of  Famival's  Inn ;  fat 
improvements  in  engines  moved  by  the 
pressure,  elasticity,  or  expansion  of 
steam,  gas,  or  air,  hf  which  a  g^reat 
saving  in  fuel  will  be  efifected^— June  6» 

H.  R.  Fanshaw,  of  Addle-street, 
London  ;  for  an  impityved  winding  ma- 
chine.— June  13. 

J.  Ham,  of  Bristol ;  for  an  improved 
process  for  promoting  the  actibn  of  the 
acetic  air  on  metallic  bodies. — June  1^. 

T.  J.  Knowles,  of  Trinity  College, 
Oxford ;  for  a  new  manufocture  of  orna- 
mental metal  or  metals.  Communicated 
by  a  foreigner. — June  13. 

T.  Hatohan,  of  Dublin ;  for  machi 
iiery  or  apparatus  for  working  ordnance. 
June  22. 

L.  Aubrey,  of  Two-Waters,  Herts; 
for  an  improvement  in  the  web  or  wire 
for  making  paper. — July  4 

J.  Poole,  of  Sheffield ;  for  hnptove- 
mcnts  In  steam-engine  boilers  or  steam 
generators ;  applicable  also  to  the  eva- 
poration of  otncr  fluids.— July  4. 

D.  Freeman,  of  Wakefield ;  for  im- 
provements in  measuring  for,  and  malcing 
collars  for  horses,  and  other  cattle.-^ 
July  4. 

P.  Groves,  of  London ;  for  improve- 
ments in  man\ifticturing  white  lead.— 
July  4. 


176*     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1826. 


R.  Womam>  of  Wig^more^street ;  for 
improvementB  on  piano-fortes.— July  4. 

P.  Grovesi  of  London ;  for  improve- 
mentB  in  miUdng  paint  or  pigment^  for 
preparing  and  combining  a  substance  or 
material  with  oil,  turpentine,  or  other 
ingredients—- July  10. 

B.  Lowe,  of  Birmingham,  for  im- 
provements in  useful  and  ornamental 
dressing  pins.-^u]y  14. 

J.  Guy  and  J.  Harrison,  of  Work- 
ington ;  for  an  improved  method  of  pre- 
paring straw  and  grass  to  be  used  in  the 
roanuacture  of  hats  and  bonnets.— July 

J.  Palmer  de  la  Fous,  of  George- 
street,  Hanover-square,  and  W.  Little- 
wart,  of  Saint  Mary  Axe ;  for  an  im- 
provement in  securing  or  mooring  ships 
and  other  floating  bodies,  and  apparatus 
for  performing  toe  same. — ^July  14. 

E.  Baylitfe,  of  Kendall  ^  for  improve- 
ments in  the  machinery  used  for  the 
operations  of  drawing,  roving,  and  spin- 
nmg,  of  sheep  and  lambs'  wool.~  July 
14. 

J.  L..  Higgins,  of  Oxford-street ;  for 
improvements  in  the  construction  of  cat- 
blocks  and  Ash-hooks,  and  in  the  appli- 
cation thereof.— July  14. 

J.  Barron,  of  Birmingham ;  for  a 
combination  of  machinery  or  apparatus 
for  feeding  fire  with  fuel,  which  appa- 
ratus is  applicable  to  other  purposes. — 
July  24. 

W.  Johnston,  of  Caroline-street,  Bed- 
ford-square ;  for  improvements  in  iuk- 
boldcrs.— July  24. 

W.  Robinson,  of  Craven-street ;  for 
X  new  method  of  propelling  vessels  by 
steam  on  canals  or  navigable  rivers,  by 
means  of  a  moveable  apparatus  attached 
to  the  stem  or  stem  of  the  vessel.' — 
July  24. 

W,  Parsons,  of  Portsmouth  ;  for  im- 
provements in  building  ships  or  vessels, 
which  improvements  are  calculated  to 
lessen  the  dangerous  eflfects  of  internal 
or  external  violence.— July  24. 

W.  Davidson,  Glasgow ;  for  processes 
for  bleaching  or  whitening  bees'  wax, 
myrtle  wax,  and  animal  tallow. — 
August  1. 

T.  J.  Knowlys,  of  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  and  W.  Duesbury,  of  BousU, 
Derbyshire,  for  improvements  in  tan- 
ning.— August  1. 

Count  A.  £.  de  Rosen,  of  Princes- 
street,  Cavendish-square;  for  a  new 
engine  for  communicating  power  •  to 
answer  the  purposes  of  a  steam-engine. 


Commonicated  by  m  fo.d0BC&  — 
August  1. 

J.  B.  WOks,  of  Tandridge  UaU, 
Surrey;  for  improvements  in  proftndng 
steam  for  steam-engines,  sod  other 
purposes.— August  2. 

L.  W.  Wright,  of  the  Borongfa  Road; 
for  improvements  in  the  oonstmctioB  ot 
trucks  for  carriages,  applicable  to  oNfol 
purposes.— August  8. 

J.  Williams,  and  John  Doyle,  ■»- 
chanist,  both  of  the  Commercial-nad ; 
for  an  apparatus  and  prodSas  for  sepa- 
rating salt  from  sea  water,  and  theidyy 
rendering  it  firesh  and  fit  for  qk^— 
August  4. 

E.  Hazard,  of  North  America,  lot 
now  residing  in  Norfolk-street,  Stxaad ; 
for  a  methcMl  or  methods  of  prepariof 
explosive  mixtures,  and  employis; 
them  as  a  moving  power  for  machiaerf. 
Partly  communicated  to  him  bya  i»- 
reigner.-^August  12. 

J.  T.  Thompson,  of  Long  Acre;  6r 
improvements,  in  making  or  manafcf^ 
turing  metallic  tubes,  whereby  strength 
and  lightness  are  obtained,  and  ftr 
applying  them,  with  various  other  in- 
provements,  to  the  constructing  of  the 
metallic  tube  and  other  bedsteads.— 
August  17* 

J.  C.  Schwieso,  of  Regent-atreet ;  for 
improvements  on  certain  stringed  mai- 
cal  instrumentBH-^August  23. 

T.  Burstall^  of  Leith,  and  J.  HtU^of 
Bath ;  for  improvemeotn  in  the  rnado- 
nery  for  propelling  locomotive  cu* 
riages. — August  22. 

J.  Yandall,  of  Surrey ;  for  an  im- 
provement in  apparatus  for  cooliag 
and  heating  fluids. — August  24. 

F.  HaUiday,  of  Ham,  Surrey;  Ik 
improvements  in  raising  and  foircof 
water. — ^August  25. 

W.  Downe,  Senior,  of  Exet^;  for 
improvements  in  water-doeets.  — 
August  25. 

R.  Busk,  and  W.  K.  Westley,  d 
Leeds ;  for  improvements  in  mad^ociy 
for  heckling  or  dressing,  and  for  brealk- 
ing,  scutching,  or  clearing  hemp,  flax, 
or  other  fibrous  substances, — Aunst 
29.  ^ 

W.  Day,  of  the  Strand ;  for  improte- 
ments  in  bedsteads,  which  impiofc- 
ments  are  also  applicable  to  other  pot- 
poses..— August  31. 

T.  R.  Williams,  of  Noifolk-stieei, 
Strand,  for.  a  machine  for  — pait^ 
burs  or  other  substances  liuai  vosl, 
hair9  or  for.— September  18. 


PAT  E  NT  S. 


177** 


Vf 


The  same ;  fisr  an  improved  method 
of  manufiurturing  hats  and  caps,  with 
the  aaaistance  ofmachinery« — Septem^ 
ber  18. 

J.  Riste,  of  Chard>  Somersetshire, 
lace-mann&cturer ;  for  improvements 
In  machinery  for  making  net  commonly 
called  bobbin  or  twist  net.— October  4. 
F.  Haliiday,  of  Ham,  Surrey ;  for 
improvements  in  apparatus  used  in 
drawing^  boots  on  and  off.— October  4. 

T.  Jones,  ofCoIeman-street,  London; 
fofr  an  improvement  in  wheels  for  car- 
riages.*-October  1 1 . 

\¥.  Mills  of  Bisley,  Gloucestershire; 
iov  an  improvement  in  fire-arms.^ — 
October  18. 

W.  Churchy  of  Birmingham ;  for  im- 
provements in  printing.— October  18. 

S.  Pratt,  of  New  Bond-street;  for 
improvements  in  beds,  bedsteads, 
couches,  seats,  and  other  articles  of 
furniture. — October  18. 

W.  Busk,  of  Broad-street ;  for  im- 
provements in  propelling  boats  and 
ships,  or  other  vessels,  or  floating  bo- 
dles^—- October  18. 

J.  Viney,  of  Sbanklin,  Isle  of  Wiffbt, 
Colonel  in  the  Royal  Artillery,  and  G. 
Pocock,  of  Bristol ;  for  improvements 
in  the  construction  of  cars  or  other 
carriages,  and  the  application  of  a  power 
hitherto  unused  for  that  purpose,  to 
draw  the  same,  which  power  is  applica- 
ble to  the  drawing  of  ships  and  other 
vessels,  and  for  raising  weights,  and  for 
other  useful  purposes. — October  18. 

B.  Newmarch,  of  Cheltenham ;  for 
improvements  in  fire-arms.— Novem- 
ber 7. 

E.  Thomason,  of  Birmingham ;  for 
Improvements  in  the  construction  of 
medals,  tokens,  and  coins. — Novem- 
ber  9. 

H.  C.  Lacy,  of  Manchester ;  for  an 
apparatus  on  which  to  suspend  carriage 
boaies.— November  18. 

B.  Woodcroft,  of  Manchester;  for 
improvements  in  wheels  and  paddles  for 
propelling  boats  and  vessels.*— Novem- 
ber la 

T.  Machett,  of  Bemers-street ;  for 
improvements  in  apparatus  applicable 
tq  the  burning  of  oil  and  other  inflam- 
mable substances. — ^December  1. 

R.  Dickinson,  of  Southwark ;  for  the 
formation,  coating,  and  covering  of 
vessels  or  packages  for  containing,  pre- 
serving, conveving,  and  transporting 
goods  and  products,  whether  in  liquid 
or  solid  forms,  and  for  other  useful 

Voii,  LXVUI. 


purposes.  Cominunicated  to  him  by  a 
foreigner.— December  8. 

C.  Pearson,  the  younger,  of  Green- 
wich, it  Witty,  of  Stanley,  and  W.  Gill- 
man,  of  Whitechapel ;  for  a  new  or 
improved  method  or  methods  of  apply- 
ing heat  to  certain  useful  purposes. — 
December  13. 

C.  Harsleben,  of  Great  Ormond- 
street;  for  machinery  for  fiicilitating 
the  woridng  of  mines,  and  the  extraction 
of  diamonds,  and  other  precious  stones, 
gold,  silver,  and  other  metals,  from  the 
ore,  the  earth,  or  the  yand,  which  ma- 
chinery is  likewise  applicable  to  other 
purposes. — December  13. 

J.  Costigin,  of  Colton,  Ireland ;  for 
improvements  in  steam  machinery  or 
apparatus. — ^December  13. 

P.  Mackay,  of  Great  Union-street, 
Borough  i  for  improvements,  by  which 
the  names  of  streets  and  otjier  inscrip- 
tions will  be  rendered  more  durable  and 
conspicuous.  Communicated  by  a  fo- 
reigner.— ^December  13. 

W.  Johnson,  of  Droitwich ;  for  im- 
provements in  the  mode  of  process  and 
form  of  apparatus  for  the  nuinufacturing 
of  salt,  and  other  purposes. — ^Decem- 
ber 18. 

Maurice  de  Tongh,  of  Warrington ; 
for  improvements  in  machinery,  or 
apparatus  for  preparing  rovings,  and 
for  spinning,  twisting,  and  winding 
fibrous  substances. — ^December  18. 

C.  Harsleben,  of  Great  Ormond- 
Btreet;  for  improvements  in  construct- 
ing or  building  of  ships  and  other  ves- 
sels, applicable  to  various  usefol  pur- 
poses ;  and  in  machinery  for  propelling 
the  same. — ^December  20. 

T.  Quarrill,  of  Peter's  Hill,  Doctors' 
Commons;  for  improvements  in  the 
manufacture  of  lamps.— December  20. 

W.  Kingston,  Portsmouth,  and  G* 
Stebbing,  of  Portsmouth  ;  for  improve- 
ments in  instruments,  or  apparatus  for 
the  more  readily  or  certainly  ascertain- 
ing the  trim  and  stability  of  ships  or 
other  vessels. — ^December  20. 

M.  Wilson,  of  Wamford-court,  Lon- 
don; for  improvements  in  machinery 
for  cleaning  nee.  Communicated  by  a 
foreigner.— December  20. 

C.  Seidler,  of  Crawford-street,  Port- 
man-square  ;  for  a  method  of  drawing 
water  out  of  mines,  wells,  pits,  and 
other  places.  Communicated  by  a 
foreigner. — December  20. 

F.  Andrews,  of  Stanford  Rivers,  Es- 
sex ;  for  improvements  in  the  construe* 


178*     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


lioQofiMrritgMf  tM  intbe  engiatflor 
machinery  to  propel  the  Uia€,  to  b« 
opeimttd  upon  by  tteMi  or  otber  suit- 
mble  ponrer;  which  engine*  or  maehi* 
nery  are  alto  applkabla  to  othor  pur* 
poaea^-^Deotmber  80. 

C.  Random  Baron  do  Berenger,  oC 
Kentish  Town,  for  improvementa  in 
gunpowder  flaykSf  powder-horns,  or 
other  ntensiii  of  diAreat  shapea,  iocfa 
aa  ara  uaad  or  ean  be  med  for  the  jpmt* 


poet  of  oMTyiag  gan 
order  to  load  ttntfi 


laon 

Uuttdoibvcsea,  and  otber  §gt' 

December  SO. 

J.  Q.  Haooock,  of  BimdngbM ;  fr 
a  new  elaatitf  rod  for  ombrrilaa)  mi 
other  the  like  pnrpaaa*.— Di  eaaibg  B. 

V.  fiartholomewt  ef  Grant  MaA»> 
ro«gfa<4treet ;  for  an  impfofeant  a 
•hadta  lor  laaopa  and  otacr  tighH^ 
DfoaaihtrSl. 


(    17««    ) 


POETRY. 


FIELD   FLOWERS. 
By  T.  Cakfbxll. 

Yb  field  fiowen !  the  gardens  eclipse  you,  ^  true. 
Yet,  wildings  of  Nature,  I  doat  upon  you. 

For  ye  waft  me  to  summers  of  old, 
When  the  earth  teem*d  around  me  witli  fairy  delight. 
And  when  daisies  and  buttercups  gladden'd  my  sight. 

Like  treasures  of  sUver  and  gold. 

I  love  you  for  lulling  me  back  into  dreams 

Of  the  blue  Highland  mountains  and  echoing  streams. 

And  of  broken  glades  breathing  their  bum. 
While  the  deer  was  seen  glancing  in  sunshine  remote, 
And  the  deep  mellow  cruui  of  the  wood-pigeon's  note 

Made  music  that  sweeten'd  the  calm. 

Not  a  pastoral  song  has  a  pleasanter  tune 

Than  ye  speak  to  my  heart,  little  wildings  of  June : 

Of  old  ruinous  castles  ye  tell. 
Where  I  thought  it  delightful  your  beauties  to  find. 
When  the  magic  of  Nature  first  breath'd  on  my  mind. 

And  your  blossoms  were  part  of  her  q>elL 

Ev'n  now  what  affections  the  violet  awakes ; 
What  lov'd  little  islands,  twice  seen  in  their  lakes, 

Can  the  wild  water-lily  restore ; 
What  landscapes  I  read  in  the  jn^mrose's  looks, 
And  what  pictures  of  pebbl'd  and  miimowy  brooks 

In  the  vetchte  that  tai^^ed  their  shore. 

Earth's  cultureless  buds,  \o  my  heart  ye  Were  dear. 
Ere  the  fever  of  pasaon,  or  ague  of  fear 

Had  scathed  my  existence's  Uoom ; 
Once  I  welcome  you  more,  in  life's  paswonless  slage. 
With  the  vi^ons  of  youth  to  reviat  my  age. 

And  I  wish  you  to  grow  on  my  tomb. 

M»2 


180*     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1826. 


SIGNS  OF  RAIN. 

fJVrUkt^  Qi  an  excuse  for  not  accepting  the  invitatum  of  afrkni  to 

make  an  excursion  nith  lum.) 

By  thb  latb  Db.  Jbnnbb. 

1.  Thb  hollow  winds  b^in  to  Uow, 

%  3.  The  clouds  look  blade,  the  glass  is  low  ; 

4y  5.  The  soot  falls  down,  die  spaniels  sleep, 

6.  And  spiders  from  their  cobwebs  peep. 

7-  Last  night  the  Sun  went  pale  to  bed, 

8.  The  Moon  in  halos  hid  her  head  ; 
.    9«  The  boding  shepherd  heaves  a  sigh. 
For,  see,  a  rainbow  spans  the  sky. 
10.  11.  The  walls  are  damp,  the  ditdies  smell, 
12.  Clos'd  is  the  pink-ey'd  pimpemelL 
1^.  Hark !  how  the  chmrs  and  tables  crack, 

14.  Old  Betty's  joints  are  on  the  rack ; 

15,  l6.  Loud  quack  the  ducks,  the  peacocks  cry  ; 
17*  The  distant  hills  are  looking  nigh. 

18.  How  restless  are  the  snorting  swine, 

19.  The  busy  flies  disturb  the  Idne ; 

20.  Low  o'er  the  grass  the  swallow  wings ; 

21.  The  cricket  too,  how  sharp  he  sings: 
522.  Puss  on  the  hearth,  with  velvet  paws, 

Sits,  wiping  o'er  her  whiskered  jaws. 
28.  Throum  the  dear  stream  the  fishes  rise. 
And  nimbly  catch  th'  incautious  flies ; 

24.  The  glow-worms,  numerous  and  bright, 
nium'd  the  dewy  ddl  last  night. 

25.  At  dusk  the  squalid  toad  was  seen, 
Hopping  and  crawlin^^  o'er  the  green ; 

26.  The  whirling  wind  the  dust  obeys. 
And  in  the  rapid  eddy  pla3rs ; 

27*  The  fog  has  chang'd  his  yellow  vest. 

And  in  a  russet  coat  is  drest. 
28.  Though,  June  the  air  is  cold  and  still ; 
29*  The  mellow  blackbird's  voice  is,  shrilL 
80.^  My  dog,  so  alter'd  in  his  taste, 

Quits  mutton-bones,  on  grass  to  feast; 
81.  And  see  yon  rooks  how  odd  their  flight. 

They  iigitate  the  gliding  kite. 

And  seem  precipitate  to  fall*- 

As  if  they  felt  the  piercing  bell. 

'Twill  surely  rain,  I  see,  with  sorrow ; 

Our  jaunt  must  be  put  off  to-morrow* 


INDEX 


INDEX. 


(N.  B»    The  figures  with  erotcheti  refer  t9  the  Rlftory ;  thoie  with  a  *  to  the 
Appendix  to  Chronicle,  &c, ;  and  the  others  to  the  Chronide*] 


AocioBirTS :  at  Friary  chapel,  Callan, 
1 ;  in  a  mine  at  Whitehaven,  ib, ;  on 
the  ice,  St  James'8-park»  3;  two 
wherrymen  drowned  at  London 
Bridge,  7 ;  a  leopard  geta  loose  at 
Mold,  9;  bursting  of  a  cannon, 
Gravesend,  33;  accident  at  an  ex- 
hibition of  wild  beasts,  27 ;  explo- 
sion of  fire«damp,  ib» ;  horses  m  a 
hackney  coach  drowned,  S8 ;  Dorking 
coach  overturned,  53;  six  pilots 
drowned,  55 1  bursting  of  the  Fid- 
dington  canal,  68 ;  R.  Gower  and  his 
wife  •  drowned,  69  i  scaffold  breaks 
down  at  Mr.  Green's  ascent,  City- 
road,  70 ;  Mary  Belcher  and  children 

,  killed  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder, 
77;  explosion  in  the  Townley  col- 
lieries, 93 ;  deaths  by  ligbtnimr,  96^ 
104;  explosion  at  Cowes,  107;  fiill 
of  the  town-hall  tower,  Limberg, 
111 ;  fiUl  of  a  warehouse,  Liverpool, 
1 20 ;  fiUl  of  the  cornice  of  Bow  steeple, 
125 ;  explosion  of  gas,  Cobuig  the- 
atre, 135 ;  child  drowned,  Sheemess, 
138;  explosion  of  a  powder  maga- 
zine, Ostend,  141 ;  explosion  of  a  dis- 
tillery, Shoreditcb,  147;  &11  of  stables, 
&&,  Bartholomew  Close,  152 ;  ser- 
vant girl  fiills  into  a  well,  159 ;  ex- 
plosion in  the  Graham  steam-packet, 
170 ;  fiUl  of  the  Guards'  club-house, 
171 ;  mate  of  a  tender  drowned,  196 

AcU  of  Parliament,  306 

Adams,  ex-president,  United  States, 
death  o^  263 

Africa,  see  A9hanUe$;  new  colony  at 
Natal,  16 

Albufera,  duke  of  (Snchet),  death  of,  219 

Alexander,  emperor,  funeral  oA  35 

Alien  Act,  expirv  of,  [166];  new 
regolattons,  [167] 

America,  North;  see  VniUd  Staiet ; 
Canada  naturalization  act,  [165] ; 
pay  of  members  of  congress,  22; 


action  for  libel.  Root  9.  Editors  of 
the  New  York  American,  105 
America,  South ;  relaxation  of  the  navi- 
gation laws,  in  favour  of  the  new 
states,  [67] ;  war  between  Brazil  and 
Buenos  Ayres,  384.  See  Bolivia^ 
Brazil,  Buenos  Ayrei,  Chili,  Colom^ 
hia,  OwUemala,  Mexico,  Peruy  Bio 
de  la  Plata. 
Antigua ;  petition  from  the  House  of 

Assembly  to  Pariiament,  [1571 
Antiquities :    excavation  in  I)almatia» 
13 ;  fresco  discovered  at  Pompeii,  16 ; 
temples,  &c.  at  Brescia,  124 ;  shield 
and  sword  found  in  tiie  Witham,  127 ; 
arch  of  Augustus,  and  mausoleum  of 
Julius  Caesar,  at  St  Remy,  1 30 ;  piles 
discovered  in  the  Thames,  147 
Arctic  expedition,  95, 170*,  171* 
Arigna  mining  company,  discussion  on 

in  parliament,  [lo4] 
Arson,  trial  of  C.  T.  White  for,  43* 
Ashantees;  their  territory  attacked  by 
the  native  chicfii   and  the  British, 
under  colonel  Purdon,  [223]  t   toUd 
defeat  of  the  Ashantees,  [2241 
Assizes:   Chetter. — Joseph  Whitelegg, 
sedition,  124 
Oloucester;   A»  Briton  and  others, 

assault  and  robbery,  118 
Kingttm  ;  T.  Jones,  uttering  a  forged 

note,  190 
Lancaster ;  James  Evans,  murder  of 
Mr.  Price,  33;   J.  Stott,  and  T. 
Barnes,  assaulting  and  robbing  a 
Chinese,  122;  Alex,  and  Michael 
M*Keand,   murder,   29*;    James 
Chambers,  &c.  rioting,  32* 
Lewes;    Hannah   Russell    and   D. 
Leary,  murder  of  Bei\iamin  Rus- 
sell, 26* 
Maidstone;  Joseph  rinn,  threatening 

letter,  120 
Stqfordshire ;    W^   Bames  and  R. 
Wood,  poaching,  10 


INDEX. 


Taunion;   S.  Gilbert,  robbery  and 

assault,  52 
fVcanuick ;   Michael  Ford,  murder, 

50 
York;  J.  Holdsworth and  W. Bolton, 
rioting,  31* 
Astorga  library,  1 1 
Astronomy,  see  Comet,       « 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans,  navigable 

communication  between,  145 
Austria :  proceedings  of  the  Hungarian 
diet.  [S67]  ^  decrot  agaiosl  tbe  slave- 
trade,  [369] 

Baggeseu,  J.  E.  Danish  poet,  death  of, 
379 

Balloon :  Mr.  Green's  ascents,  48,  61 ; 
novel  aerial  excursions,  62 ;  Mr. 
Green's  third  ascent,  and  accident, 
70;  his  ascent  at  Boston,  92;  at 
Vauxhall,112 

Banditti,  gang  of,  apprehended  at 
Wickwar,  116 

Banking  in  Scotland,  [25],  [33],  64* 

Bank-notes;  prohibition  against  stamp- 
ing small  notes.  [6]  ;  bill  for  pro- 
hibitimr  circulation  of  do.,  [9] 

Banks ;  Mr.  Hume's  motion  for  return 
of  bankrupt  country  banks,  [8] ;  bill 
prohibiting  circulation  of  small  notes, 
[91 ;  banking  system  in  Scotland, 
|25]  ;  bank  of  Ireland,  134] 

Bank  of  England,  motion  in  parliament 
for  its  issuing  small  notes,  [19] ;  ar- 
rangements with  ^[ovemment,  [31] ; 
allowed  to  establish  branch  banks, 
[84] ;  agrees  to  advance  upon  the 
security  of  goods,  [38] ;  two  sorts  of 
Exchequer  bills  held  by,  [74] ;  cor- 
respondence between  the  directors 
and  the  lords  of  the  Treasury,  rela- 
tive to  its  privileges,  57* 

Bar  merriment,  24 

Barbier,  A.  A.,  death  of,  218 

Batavia,  steam-boat  built  at,  22 

Bavaria;  character  of  the  new  king 
Louis,  [266] ;  his  financial  reforms, 
&e.  [267] 

Beecbey.  captain,  nis  mission  to  captain 
Pranklin,  21 

Bells  at  York  minster  and  Bow  church, 
133 

Berbiguer  du  Thym,  M.  singular  pub- 
lication by,  188 

Berlin,  Blucher*^  monument  at,  95 

Bethnal  Green,  riots  and  outrages  at, 
140 

Bhurtpore  attacked  by  lord  Comber- 
mere,  [220]  }  taken  by  assault,  [222] 

Biela,  comet  discovered  by,  96 

Blackburn,  riots  at,  63 


Blucher,  monument  to,  Berlin,  95 

Board  of  Trade,  &c.  Downing-eireet| 
new  buildings,  145 

Boat-gunS|  new  mode  of  working,  145. 

Bode,  astronomer,  death  of,  286 

Boethius,  translation  of  by  queen  Elisa- 
beth, discovered,  75 

Bolivar  returns  from  Peru  to  Colombia, 
[401] ;  bis  views  with  regard  to  Peru 
suspected,  [413]  ;  conspiracy  against 
him,  [414] ;  elected  president  of 
Peru  for  lifct  1*5. ;  gives  a  coBstttvtMSi 
to  Bolivia,  [415] ;  his  address  to  the 
constituent  congpress  of  Bolivia,  1 14* 

Bolivia,  plan  of  a  constitution  for,  [415], 
115*;  senate,  116*;  censors,  i^. ; 
functions  of  Uie  president,  117*;  of 

118*;    davefj 


the   vice-president* 
prohibited,  121* 


Bradford,  riots  at,  72 ;  inquest  on  Jonas 
Barstow,  killed  in  the  riot,  73 

Brazil,  treaty  concluded  by  Fiance 
with,  [253] ;  Don  Pedro  resigns  hi« 
claims  to  Portugal,  [314] ;  war  with 
Buenos  Ayrea,  [384] ;  naval  engage- 
ment, [386] ;  plan  for  a  coastitutloo, 
[387] ;  national  assembly,  [391] 

Brie,  Mr.,  killed  in  a  dud,  195 

Bridge,  Menai  suspension,  14 

Brighton ;  murder  of  a  woman*  by  her 
husband,  128 

British  Museum,  new  building  a^  145 

Brougham,  Mr.,  motfon  respecting  tbe 
West-India  colonies,  [158];  amesd- 
ment  to  the  king's  speech,  [176] 

Brussels,  hurricane  at,  120;  operations 
on  deaf  and  dumb  persons,  185 

Buckingham,  Mr.  petition  to  pariia- 
ment  against  the  India  government, 
[164] 

Budget,  English,  [69] ;  French,  [2S9] ; 
Mexican,  [407] 

Buenos  Ayres  blockaded  by  Brasil, 
1385] ;  naval  engagement  with  the 
Brazilian  squadron,  [386] 

Burdett,  sir  F.,  speech  on  the  corn- 
laws,  [46] 

Burmese,  recommencement  of  hostilities 
witbj  [206] ;  advance  of  the  Burmese 
army  to  Promc,  [207] ;  advance  of 
the  British  to  Melloone,  and  capture 
of  Patanagoh,  [212];  nei^otiattcos 
[213] ;  treaty  broken  off.  [214] ;  cap- 
ture of  Melloone,  1215] ;  battle. 
[216] ;  and  capture  of  Bi^m-Mev, 
[217] ;  treaty  concluded  and  ratified, 
ib. 

Burton-park,  fire  at,  184 

Cambridge,  coins  dlicovered,  19  j  dis- 
turbance  at,  108 


INDEX. 


CampbeUf  T.  Fleld«Floiver^  179* 

Camdng,  Mr.,  speech  on  uie  aflUn  of 
Portal,  [199],  [300] 

Carlisle,  riot,  94;  murder  of  Mary 
Srown,  136 

Cavern,  tubtemuieous,  discovered  near 
Leeds,  114 

Chamois,  present  of^  to  the  kingi  18 

Chancery,  parliamentary  proceedings 
respecting,  [191] 

Child,  singular  instance  of  tbo  desertion 
of  one,  155  s  one  offered  hy  its  mother 
lor  dissection,  158 

Chili ;  Chiloe  taken  from  the  royalists, 
[416] ;  insurrection  in  ihvour  of 
O^Higgins,  ib. ;  cabals,  [417] ;  Enca- 
lada  chosen  supreme  director,  ih.; 
he  resigns,  [418] ;  provision  for  pay- 
ing the  interest  of  the  loan,  ib,; 
Fnire's  message  at  opening  the  Na- 
tional Congress,  119*;  agrioultiire, 
121*  ;  police,  ilu;  taxation  and  reve- 
nue, 122* ;  navy,  ib, ;  division  into 
provinces,  123* ;  foreign  relations,  ib. 
Chinese  college  removed  from  Malacea 

to  Singapore,  18 
Clornei  bishop  of,  death,  271 
Coal-pits,  explosions  in,  1, 27>  92 
Cohbett.  Mr.,  offers  himself  as  a  candi- 
date for  Preston,  [170]  ;  his  address 
to  Uie  mob,  t^. 
Coduane,  lord,  undertakes  the  com- 
mand of  a  naval  force  in  Greece, 

[371] 

Coins  found  at  Cambridge,  19 

Cold,  intensity  of,  9 

Collieries,  disturbances  at,  near  Dudley, 
115 

Colony,  new  one  at  Natal,  16 

Columbia ;  discontent  in  Venesoela, 
[394] ;  Pkes  impeached,  [395] ;  su- 
preme authority  conferred  on  him, 
[396] ;  Venezuela  and  Apure  disclared 
fiederal  states,  [400];  election  of 
deputies,  ib. ;  return  of  Bolivar  from 
Peru,  [401] ;  non-paynient  of  divi- 
dends on  the  loan,  [402]  ;  laws  regu- 
lating the  public  debt,  [404] ;  ware-  • 
housmg  act,  [406] ;  vice-president's 
message  to  congress,  104*;  treaty 
with  Sm  United  States,  6^.,  105* ; 
finances,  106*;  treaty  with  Mexico, 
110* 

Combe,  Taybr,  death  of,  268 

Combermere,  lord,  capture  of  Bhurtpore 
by,  [220],  [222]  ;  returns  to  Cal- 
cutta, [223]  - 

Comet  seen  at  MarteiUet,  40$  at 
Augsburg,  57 ;  return  of  the  comet 
of  1825, 70 ;  Biela's  comet,  96 

GoinnMroe,  trsa^  of;  with  FnuiM^  82* ; 
with  Sweden^  86* 


Commercial  embamMinent^  [4],  [861 

[38],  [41] 
Conflagrations  In  the  Highlanda,  100 1 
in  Sweden,  103;  in  Yorkshire,  106; 
In  Aberdeenshire,  ib. 
Congress:  Plsnaipa,  [419]  |  Colttmbia, 

102* ;  Mexico,  106* 
Conspiiacy  in  Russia,  [274] 
Constantinople,  Are  at,  148 
Convention  of  Commerce  with  France, 

82*;  with  Sweden,  86* 
Convict  boys,  21 
Convocation  of  the  clergy,  address  of 

the  two  houses  of,  177 
Com  laws,  discussions  on,  in  parliament, 

[44] ;  in  France,  [233] 
Coronation  of  the  emperor  of  Rnsshi, 

133 
Corsica,  poisoning  in,  2 
Courts:  AdmiraUjf ;    Shlvaga  of  the 
Wilhelmine    Auguste,    60;    Prize- 
money  of  the  late   sir    R.    Hall, 
1*;    Skive-trading,   36*;    King  v. 
Kenny,  manslaughter,  40* 
Comnwn  Pleas  ;   Tooth  v.  BagweU, 
right  of  lands,    19;    Marsh,   e. 
Home,  liability  of  carriers, ,  75 ; 
Fisher  v.  Stockdale,  Ubel,    77; 
Kempson   v.   Saundm,    raiUvoad 
shares,  47* ;  Harris  &c.  v.  Per- 
ring,  joint-atock-company,  48* 
Qmri  !f  S^ehefuer  ;  Kii^r  v*  Feto, 

New  Custom-House,  17*,  23* 
Edinburgh,    Jury    Qmri;    Dr«    J. 
Hamilton,  jun.  v,  Dr»  Hope»  libel, 
44 
King^fBench.  QuHdhaU:  Bucking- 
ham V.  Bankes,  libel,  49* 
(Hd  BaiUy ;  Mary  Oun,  for  murder 
of  Maurice  Fitzgerald,  5{   F.  J. 
Latham,   robbing   his  employers, 
161 :  G.  Andiff  and  J.  HUl,  for 
causing  the  death  of  a  child  by 
gin,  184;    C.  T.   White,   arson, 
48* 
Prerogative    Court:    Dew  v.   Clark 
and  Clark,  validity  of  Mr.  Stott's 
will,  6*  ;  Ustick  v.  Bauden,  revival 
of  an  uncancelled  will,  12* 
Requeete;  Brown  v.  Ffearce,  singular 

defence  by  the  defendant,  196 
Sheriff's  Court;  Messrs.  Bell  v.  St. 
Katherine's  Dock  Company,  54 
Cowes,  explosion  of  powder  at,  107 
Crimes,  sute  of  Newgale,  24;  Increase 

of  committals,  198 
Criminal  Uw,  bills  for  amending,  [113], 

[115] 
CunfAcy,  metallic,  advantagst  of  [9] ; 

gold,  [15] 
Caatoni>hoMa>,  ssH  rMpartingthibdld- 
ing  of,  17*  «* 


s — a_ 


INDEX. 


Davy,  ftir  H^  fiulard  of  hit  protecton 
for  ship's  tiottomsy  165 

Deaf-aQO-dumb  boy,  prosecutor  in  a 
trial  for  robbexy,  20 

Deaf-and-dumb,  Vr,  Newbourg's  opera- 
tions ou,  185 

Beccan  prize  money,  7 

Delbene,  Benedetto,  death  of,  218 

Demerara,  treatment  of  slaves  at, 
[153],  [155] ;  letter  of  instructions  to 
the  protector  of  slaves  at,  81* 

Dorset,  duke  of,  elected  knight  of  the 
garter,  15 

Drought,  excessive,  in  Sweden  and 
Denmark,  103;  in  Scotland,  106; 
in  Warsawr,  ]  12 

Dublio,  distress  in,  75;  singular  im- 
portation at  the  custom-house,  t6. ; 
tumults  in,  134;  fire  at  sir  A.  B. 
King's,  194;  duel  between  Mr.  Brie 
and  Mr.  Hayes,  195 

Duel,  Mr.  Beaumont  and  Mr.  Lambton, 
102 ;  marquis  Livron  and  M.,  du 
Trone,  1 74 ;  Mr.  Brie  and  Mr.  Hayes, 
Dublin,  195 

Durham,  bishop  of,  death  of,  237 

Earthquake  in  Basilicata,  16 ;  at 
Sbiiaz,  88 ;  at  Potenza  and  Salerno, 
82 

Eclipse  of  the  Sun,  179 

Edinburgh,  Mr.  Abercromby's  motion 
for  amending  the  representation  of, 
[99]  ;  the  Astorga  library  purchased 
for  the  Advocates'  library,  1 1 ;  escape 
of  prisoners  from  Bridewell,  195 

Education,  public,  in  Ireland,  [132] 

Elections,  bill  for  preventing  bribery 
at,  [92] ;  general,  remarks  on,  [169] ; 
the  Catholic  question  employed  as  a 
test  to  candidates,  [170] ;  violence  of 
party  in  Ireland,  ib, ;  election  for 
South wark,  89 ;  city  of  London,  93 ; 
Westminster,  94 
'  Elephant  destroyed  at  Exeter  Change, 
25 

Elizabeth,  queen,  translation  of  Boethius 
by,  discovered,  75 

Emigration,  expediency  of,  [42] 

Esquimaux,  two  children  exhibited  as, 
172 

Executions:  J.  Diggles,  murder,  38; 
Taylor,  Johnson,  Benfield,  and  Sa- 
vage, 91 

Exeter,  thunder-storm  at,  96 

Fair,  Priddy,  robberies  at,  126 
.  Falmouth,   new  subscriptbn  room  at, 
179 
FAreweirs,  lieujU,  colony  at  Natal,  17 


Farquhar,  John,  dcatk  o^  267 

Felony,  admitting  to  bail  in  ctttt  ci, 
[115]  ;  on  allowing  ooimael  to  pri- 
soners for,  [116] 

Fei^gusson,  Dr.  anecdotes  o^  164* 

Fetcham  Common,  murders  at,  153 

Field-Flowers,  by  T.  Campbell,  179* 

Finance,  see  Tables;  estimates  for 
1826,  [72];  Spain,  [299];  Greece, 
[371 1 J  United  States,  [377L  138.' 
See  Afif^. 

Fire-damp,  explorion  of,  in  Great  Bow 
mine,  near  Cobrldge,  27 

Fire-engine,  improv^  155 

Fires:  Walker  and  Parker'ft  shot  ■»- 
nufactoiy,  8  ;  Price's  warehoiHe, 
Liverpool,  39;  in  St.  Mazr  Axe»55; 
Royalty  theatre  deetroyeo,  56;  de* 
structive  fires  in  Hanover,  88;  ia 
Wilmington-square,  125 ;  at  C«b- 
atantinople,  148  ;  at  Sfaeeiness,  149; 
Burton  I^rk,  184;  Sir  A.  B.  JSmiS 

.     Dnbl'm,  194 

Flaxman,  sculptor,  death  of^  288 

Foot,  Jesse,  death  of,  284 

France :  meeting  of  the  Chambers,  laA 
King's  speech,  [225] ;  strength  of  tfae 
ministry,  [226] ;  expenses  of  the 
army  of  occupation  in  Spain,  [227] ; 

'  charges  of  peculation  agamatOuvrard, 
[228];  budget,  [229];  n)ads,[3»]; 
army  and  navy,  [231] ;  sinking  fund, 
[232] ;  corn-laws,  [233]  ;  commenttl 
regulations,  [234] ;  law  of  pria^ 
geniture,  [235];  slave-trade,  [241]; 
government  accused  of  fiivouring  the 
Turks,  [2441;  independence  oTSn 
Domingo,  *[247] ;  motioQ  against 
reading  speeches  in  the  Chambers, 
[249] ;  law  of  the  press,  [250] ;  trisi 
of  dc  la  Mennais,  [252] ;  Montlo»er*» 
denunciation  against  the  Jesuits, 
[253];  treaty  with  Biazil,  [254]; 
policy  towards  Pbiiugal,  ib, ;  te 
minister  recalled  from  Madrid,  [257]; 
murder  near  St.  Etienne,  115;  mun- 
ber  of'  patents  taken  out,  129 ;  publi- 
cation of  a  portion  of  the  Goqiels 
declared  illegal,  142 ;  convention  of 
commerce  with  England,  82* 

Francia,  Dr.  dictator  of  Paraguay,  [391  ] ; 
his  policy,  i^. 

Funerals :  the  emperor  Alexander,  35 ; 
the  empress  Elisabeth,  100;  Von 
Weber,  99 ;  lord  Gifibrd,  137 ;  Tahm, 
159 

Gaols,  increase  of  committals  of  pri- 
soners, 198 

Germany :  assembly  of  the  Diet,  [259] ; 
o<^piUon  of  (Aixembomg,  ib. ;  ^ 


INDEX. 


fercnces  with  Holland  "r^speetisg  the 
navu;ation  of  the  Rhine,  r260] 
Gi0brd,  lord,  foneralofi  137;  memoir 

of.  146* 
Gipsies,  robheries  by^  at  Priddy  fair, 

126 
Glasgow,  rat-hundng  in  the  theatre,  33 
Grave  opened  by  a  g^ve-digger  for 

teeth,  158 
Greathead,  Bertie,  death  of,  222 
Greece :    feeling  towards,   in  France, 
[245]  ;  Miaolis'  engagement  with  the 
Turkish  fleet,  [361] ;  siege  of  Mis. 
Bolonghi,  ib.;  Ibrahim's  attaclt,  [362]  ; 
the  islands  of  Vassiladi  and  Anatolioo 
taken  by  him,  t^. ;  capture  of  Mis- 
Bolonghi,  and  massacre  of  the  inha- 
bitants, [365] ;  siege  of  Athens,  [366] ; 
attempt  of  the  Greeks  against  Negro- 
pont,  t^. ;  proclamation  of  the  national 
assembly,    [367];    measures  of  the 
commission  of  government,  ib, ;  policy 
of  the  European  governments,  [368] ; 
piracies  under  the  Greek  flag,  [370] ; 
finances,  [371] ;  commission  to  the 
United  States  to  fit  out  frigates,  [372] ; 
contract  for   steam-boats,    England, 
ib, ;  failure  of  the  intended  armament, 
and  misapplication  of  the  loan,  [373]  > 
conduct  of  Mr.  Hume,  &c.,  [376] 
Greek  loan  and  committee,  [373] ;  state- 
ment of  first  loan,  [374] ;  second  do., 
[375] 
Green,  Mr.,  ascents  by,  see  Bailoon. 
Goethe,  anniversary  of  his  birth-day, 

169 
Goff's  oak,  172 
Gold-mines  in  Russia,  157 
Guards'  club-house,  fall  of,  171 
Guatemala :  intemsJ  dissensions,  [410] ; 
extraordinary     congress     convoked, 
[411] 
Guernsey,  question  relative  to  the  right 
of  customs,  181- 

Hall,  sir  Rt  case  of  prize-money,  1* 
Hanover,  destructive  fires  in,  88 
Harvest,  state  of,  [173] ;  rise  of  oats, 

[174] 
Heber,  bishop,  memoir  of,  155* 
Hindoo  widows,  burning  of,  22 
Hoffarth,  paintings  by,  discovered,  3 
Holland,  see  Netherlands* 
Hume,  Mr.,  motion  for  return  of  bank- 
rupt country  banks,  [8]  y  for  deposits 
from  bankers  as  securities  for  their 
issues,  [20] ;  forty-five  resolutions  re- 
garding the  finances;  [79] ;  opposition 
to  the  navy  estimates,  [86] ;  motion 
respecting  prisoners  for  contempt  of 
Chancery,  [121] 


Hurricane,  at  Santa  Cms,*  168 
Huskisson,  Mr.,  statement  relative  to 
the  efi^ect  of  the  alteration  in  the 
navigation  laws,  [64];  proposed  in- 
crease of  salary  to,  [106] 
Hutton,  Dr.  anecdotes  of,  165* 
Hydrophobia,  singular  case  of,    130; 
occasioned  by  the  bite  of  a  cat,  149 ; 
.    case  o^  193 

Jacob,  Mr.,  report  on  foreign  corn- 
trade,  [45],  [46] 

Jamaica,  trials  of  slaves,  [140];  six 
executed  for  a  supposed  conspiracy, 
[143] ;  bills  formerly  passed  there  for 
abolishing  slavery,  [1571 

Java,  insurrection  at,  [265] ;  expedition 
ajpinst,  firom  Holland,  [266] 

Jemrson,  ex-president  of  United  States, 
death  of,  264 

Jenner,  Dr.  Signs  of  Rain,  verses  by, 
180* 

Jesuits,  Montlo^er*6  Denunciation 
against,  [253] 

Jews,  computed  number  of,  In  various 
parts,  82 

Incledon,  C,  death  of,  225 

India:  Mr.  Wynn's  jury  bill,  [163]; 
Mr.  Buckingham's  case,  [164] ;  see 
Burmese ;  steam-navigation,  69, 144 

Inquests :  on  a  person  frozen  to  death, 
9;  Mr.  Price,  Manchester,  18;  J. 
Purvis  and  E.  Manning,  at  Graves- 
end,  23;  Mr.  Lodge,  killed  by  ex- 
plosion of  fire-damp,  27 ;  James  Hard- 
ing, thrown  from  a  cart,   30;    W. 

.  Cooper,  stabbed  by  James  Pollard, 
58 ;  Jonas  Barstow,  shot  in  the  riot 
at  Bradford,  73;  E.  Fearnley,  ditto^ 
75 ;  rev.  F.  Lee,  80 ;  Mr.  James 
Blackburn,  82;  W.  Spencer,  88; 
Isabella  Pattenson,  and  MaryBirrell, 
shot  in  a  riot  at  Carlisle,  95;  M. 
Soliere,  98;  J.  Dickinson,  102;  S. 
Luttal,  deserter,  113;  J.  Harrison, 
killed  by  an  explosion  of  gas,  at  the 
Coburg  theatre,  135;  Mary  Brown, 
murdered,  136;  John  Fitch,  starved, 
139 

Johnson,  captain,  obtains  10,000/.  for 
making  the  first  steam  voyage  to 
India,  69 

Joint-stock  companies,  liability  of  di- 
rectors, 48* 

Ireland :  Catholic  emancipation,  [125] ; 
Mr.  O'Connell's  speech,  t£.,  note; 
state  of  the  Protestant  church,  Mun- 
ster,  [127] ;  first-fruits,  [128] ;  abuses 
in  the  administration  of  church-rates. 
[130];  salutary  effect  of  the  tithe- 
composition^   (131];    education  and 


INDEX. 


chartered  sehoolsi  [1931 ;  Iftir  nga- 
latiiig  the  sab^lettlog  of  property, 
[196] ;  committee  on  tolls  ana  ous- 
tome,  [137];  outrages  at  limerick 
and  Kilfioan,  36 ;  distress  in  Dublin, 
75 ;  intended  rohberyat  Eastly  house, 
near  Mallow,  prevented,  87 ;  election 
riots  at  Tralee  and  Oalway,  105  ; 
attack  on  the  Dublin  mail,  191  ; 
amount  of  bankers*  notes  in  circula- 
tion, 75' 
Juries:  Mr.  Wynn's  bill  regulating 
juries  in  India,  [163] ;  in  France, 
123,137 

Karamsin,  Russian  historian,  death  of, 

US 
Kelly,  Michael,  musical  composer,  death 

of,  280 
Kenrick,  Mr.,  charges  against,  in  the 

House  of  Commons,  [120] 
King's  speech,  [2],  [115] ;  letter  tf)  the 

archbishops,  authorising  subscriptions 

for  the  distressed  manuhicturers,  189 

Lancashire,  riots  in,  63;  number  of 
powei^looms  destroyed,  67 ;  compen- 
sation obtained  for  ditto,  128 

liUkdon,  C.  P.,  artist,  death  of,  231 

larceny,  improveaients  in  laws  respeet- 
ing,  [114) 

Iiemoatey,  death  of,  259 

Leopard,  dangerous  accident  occasioned 
by  one,  at  Mold,  9 

Libel :  Dr.  Hamilton  v.  Dr.  Hope,  44 
Fisher  o.  Stockdale,  77 ;  Root  v.  King 
and  Verplenck,  103 ;  singular  case  o^ 
at  Paris,  188 ;  various  actkms  for  libel, 
197 »  BMckingham  tx.  Bankeu,  49* 

Lighting  theatres,  new  method  of,  131 

LisU :  Sheriffs,  199 
Births,  200 
Marriages,  203 
Promotions,  212 
Deaths,  218 
General  Acts,  306 
Local  AcU,  309 
Patents,  172* 

Liverpool :  fire  at  Mr.  Price's  ware- 
house, 39  ;  iall  of  a  warehouse,  120 

Liverpool,  lord,  clause  introduced  by, 
for  allowing  brunch-banks  to  the  Bank 
of  England,  [34] ;  speech  on  the  corn- 
laws,  [56] 

London :  privileges  of  freemen  of  the 
city,  42 ;  election  for  the  city,  93 ; 
election  of  an  alderman,  IQl ;  violent 
storm,  f^. 

London  Bridge,  1 

Longevity,  extraordinary  instance  of»  in 
Russia^  9 


LunatScf ,  retttnM  of,  66 
Luxemboiv,  fortress  ceded  to  (he  Ger» 
man  oomedemtion,  38 

Macdonald,  ^  Archibald,  death  U,  SSI 
Mad-dog,  singular  encounter  with,  52 
Malte-Brun,  geographer,  death  of,  989 
Manchester,  murder  of  Mr.  Price,  18; 
riots  at,  66,  70, 109 ;  murder  near,  81 
Manslaughter:  Mr.  Bladcbum  stabbed 

by  Mr.  CarUle,  89 
Manso,  German  writer,  death  oi^  958 
Mattocks,  Mrs.,  death  of,  960 
Maundy  Thursday,  oelebimtion  ni,  at 

the  chapel  royal,  47 
Mauritius,  number  of  rats  and  Mrdi 

destroyed  in,  160 
Mausoleum,  andent,  at  St  Reny,  190 
Blaaois,  Pr.,  arehitect,  death  of;  290 
Medwav    Canal    Company,     damgn 

awarded  against,  86 
Menai  suspension  bridge,  13 
Mexico :  surrender  of  St.  Joan  dHJUoa, 
[407] ;  budget  and  revenue,  15  /  ne- 
gjotiations  with  the  pope,  [409] ;  pre- 
sident's message  to  Congress,  108*; 
its  independence  recognized  l^  Great 
Britain,    ib.;    capitulation    of    the 
Spanish  squadron,  111*;  turraider 
or  St.  Juan  d'UUoa,  H,  ;  fiBaaees, 
112*  ;  institutions  for  educatioii,  ht^ 
ib  ;  state  of  mannfiictures,  &C.,  t  ^ 
Middleton,  riots  at,  1 1 1 
Military  evolutions  introdnced  by  sir  H. 

Torrens,  29 
Milner,  rev.  Dr.,  death  of^  241 
Miloradovitch,  count,  death  o^  918 
Missolonghi,  siege  of,  [3611 ;  capture  of, 
[385] ;  massacre  of  the  inhabitants,  il. 
Mcibs,  see  Hioig^ 
Monuments  t  Blucher*s,  at  Berirn,  95 ; 

Granville  Sharp's,  Guildhall,  106 
Murders    Mr.  Price,  Manchester,  18*, 
33     Benjamin  and  Alice  Caae,  38; 
Thomas  Creane,  40 ;  Richard  Perrr* 
50     Mr.  W.  Cooper,  58;    Mr.  B. 
Murphy,  at  Ballynamona,  79 ;  at  Mr. 
Blears',  81;  Mr.  Carter,  86;  near 
St  Etienne,  in  France,  115;  aslioe- 
nuiker  at  BrighUm  murders  his  wife, 
128 ;  Mary  Brown,  at  Carilsle,  136; 
W,  Timpson  murders  hia  wife,  149 ; 
J.  Akehurst  and  Elis.  Haines,  156; 
at  Baissey,  178;   singular  trial  for 
murder  at  Dijon,  199 ;  a  female  ssar- 
dered  by  her  lover,  1^  beii^  tiuewn 
into  a  burning  lione  kiln,  197 
Murphy,  Mr  E.,  murder  of,  79 
Murray,  Undley,  death  o^  923 
Musgmve,  sir  P.,  attacked  by  a  mob  at 
Carlisle,  94 


INDEX. 


Natal,  new  colony  at,  16 

Natural  hiatory,  rare  species  of  gnail, 

80 
Navigation  laws,  and  shipping  interest, 

[64] ;    regulations   witn    regard    to 

Columbia,  &c.,  [671 

-  number  of  vessels  built,  &c., 


305 

Netherlands :  differences  with  Germany 
respecting  the  navigation  of  the 
Rhine.  [260] ;  arrangements  relative 
to  Catholics,  [263] ;  epidemic  in  Gro- 
ningen  and  Fnezland,  [264] ;  finances, 
ib  ;  militia  law,  [26A] ;  expedition  to 
Java,  [266] ;  consul  of  the  Mexican 
states,  recognized,  107* 

Newjrate,  state  of,  24,  52 ;  commitments 
and  convictions,  322 

Newspapers,  actions  for  libels  against. 
1»7 

Noehden,  Dr.,  death  of,  235 

Northern  expedition,  21 

Norwich,  riots  at,  10,  23 

Gats,  opening  of  the  ports  for  admission 
of,  [174],  132 

Obituary:    A.  A.  Barbier,  218;    B. 
Delbene,  ib,;  count  Miloradovitch, 
ib. ;  Pregliasco  (artist),  219 ;  duke  of 
Albnfera  (Suchet),  t*. ;  J.  Farey,  221 ; 
count  Rostopchin,  ib, ;  Bertie  Great- 
head,  222;  Mr.  Price,  223 ;  Lindley 
Murray,  ib. ;  count  Romanzov,  224 ; 
Chas.  locledon,  2S5 ;    Morali,  226 ; 
col.  Morrison,  227;  E.  Knight  (co- 
median), 228;    lord  Downes,  230; 
adm.  Wilson,  ib. ;  C.  P.  Landon  (art- 
ist), 231  ;  sir  C.  Turner,  i*.;  king  of 
FOrtuff&I,  232 ;  J.  Pinkerton,  ib. ;  Dr. 
Noehden,  235;   bishop  of  Durham, 
237 ;  sir  J.  Aubrey,  238 ;  J.  H.  Voss, 
239;  U.  G.  Von  Schlinpenbacb,  ib. 
J.  Bruce,  240  ;  Dr.  Milner,  241 ;  J. 
Caulfield,   246;    Dr.   C.  Symmons, 
248 ;  lord  Bentinck,  i*. ;  Dr.  Robert 
Hoadley  Ashe,  249 ;  Dr.  Von  Spix, 
250;    empress    of  Russia,   ib,;   sir 
Archibald  Macdonald,  251 ;  Karam- 
sin,   253;    W.  H.  Reid,    ib.;   Von 
Weber,  255 ;  Jas.  Bradby,  256 ;  adm. 
A.  F.  A.  Evans,  t*. ;  Dean  Shipley, 
257 ;  Manso,  258 ;  rev.  W.  Davy,  ib. ; 
Lemontey,  259 ;  Mrs.  Mattocks,  260 ; 
Thiebault  (archit.)  ib, ;  adm.  Hollo- 
way,  261 ;  presidmt  Adams,    263 ; 
president  Jefferson,  264 ;  earl  of  Chi- 
chester, 266  ;  sir  T.  S.  Raffles,  ib. ; 
John  Farquhar,  267 ;  Taylor  Combe, 
268 :  count  Orlov,  269 ;   Piazzi,  ib. ; 
carl  of  Winchelsea,  270 ;  bishop  of 
Cloyne,  271 ;  Hon.  C.  H.  Hntchin- 


son,  87t ;  PtradisI,  ib. ;  Jonrdan,  ib. ; 
6.  A.  Lee,  i^. ;  sir  H.  Calvert,  877 ; 
ex-queen  of  Sweden,  278 ;  lord  Rib- 
blesdale,  ib. ;  Bagf^eaen,  279 .  C.  Con- 
nor (actor),  ib, ;  Mich.  Kelly,  280 ; 
Charles  Mills,  281;  Talma,  282; 
Bdissy  d'Anglas,  213;  Jesae  Foot, 
284$  W.  B.  Rhodes,  285;  M.  P. 
Paganel,  286;  Bode  ^tron.),  ib.^ 
Struve  (chemist),  287 ;  Flaxman,  288 ; 
Malte-Brun,  289 :  Schack-Staflbldt, 
ib.;  Briot,290;  F.  Mazois  (archit), 
ib. 

Oldham,  riot  at,  151 

Orlov,  count,  death,  269 

Ornithology:  pied  oyster^catcher,  26; 
gulls  domesticated  at  Terraughtie,  68 

Ostend,  explosion  of  a  powder-maga- 
zine, 141 

Oxford,  examination  and  priaeSy  326 

Paddington  Canal,  bursting  of,  68 

Panama,  congress  at,  [419] ;  its  objects, 
and  antipathy  to  Spain,  [420] 

Paradisi,  death  of,  272 

Paris,  pretended  robberies,  176 ;  opening 
of  the  French  chambers,  186 

Parliament :  opening,  and  King's  Speech, 
[2] ;  the  address,  [3] ;  commercial 
embarrassments,  Sec.  [4] ;  Mr.  Hume's 
motion  for  returns  of  bankrupt  coun- 
try banks,  [8] ;  bill  to  prohibit  cir- 
culation of  small  notes,  [9]  ;  opposed 
by  Mr.  Baring,  [11];  by  sir  J. 
Wrottesley.  8sc.  [12]  ;  supported  by 
Messrs.  Huskisson,  Peel,  and  Can- 
ning, [14] ;  motion  for  issuing  small 
notes  by  the  Bank  of  England,  [19] ; 
debate  in  the  Lords,  [23] ;  bill  en-  ^ 
abling  banks  to  have  an  nnlimited 
number  of  partners,  [31] ;  clause  al- 
lowing branch  banks  to  the  Bank  of 
England,  [34];  petition  from  the 
merchants,  Stc.  [36] ;  expediency  of 
issuing  exchequer-bills  discussed, 
[39] ;  bill  to  enable  factors  to  pledge 
g^oods,  [41];  committee  on  emigra- 
tion,  [42]  ;  com  laws — Mr.  Wnit- 
more's  motion,  [451;  sir  Francis 
Burdett's  speech,  [46] ;  Mr.  Huskis- 
Bon's  bill  to  allow  bonded  com  to  come 
into  the  market,  [50] ;  ditto,  to  au- 
thorize government  to  import  an  un- 
limited quantity  of  foreign  grain, 
[51] ;  debate  on  those  bills  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  [54] ;  Mr.  ElUce's 
motion  on  the  silk  trade,  [57]  ;  pe- 
titions respecting  the  navigation  laws, 
[64];  Mr.  Huskisson's  statement  of 
the  effects  of  recent  alterations  in 
these  laws,  ib, ;  budget,  [69] ;  favour- 


INDEX. 


able  statement  made  by  the  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  ['fy,]  &c.;  Mr. 
^berlv's  resolutions  relative  to  the 
national  debt,  [75] ;  opposed  bv  the 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  ana  Mr. 
Herries,  [77] ;  Mr.  Hume's  motion 
and  resolutions  respecting  the  finan- 
ces, [79] ;  his  opposition  to  the  navy 
estimates,  r86] ;  Mr.  Hobhouse's  mo- 
tion for  reducing  the  army,  [87] ;  ex- 
penses of  diplomatic  establishments, 
S89] ;  bribery  at  elections,  [92] ;  lord 
L  Russell's  motion  on  parliamentary 
reform,  [951 ;  Mr.  Abercromby's,  for 
amending  tne  representation  of  Edin- 
bui^h,  [99]  i  sir  J.  Newport's  mo- 
tion for  disfranchising  non-resident 
freemen  in  Ireland,  [107] ;  Mr.  Lit- 
tleton's resolution  for  regulating  pri- 
vate committees,  [103] ;  Mr.  Pel- 
ham's  motion  for  parliaments  to  be 
occasionally  held  at  Edinburgh  and 
Dublin,  [105] ;  privilege  of  members 
not  to  be  summoned  on  juries,  [106] ; 
restoration  of  forfeited  Scotch  peer- 
ages, [107];  motion  to  disjoin  the 
presidency  of  the  board  of  trade  from 
treasurership  of  the  navy,  [108]  ;  Mr. 
Peel's  improvement  of  the  criminal 
code,  [113];  bill  to  amend  the  ad- 
ministration of  Uie  criminal  lave, 
[115];  Mr.  Kenrick's  case,  [120]; 
report  on  the  court  of  Chancery, 
[121] ;  motion  and  bill  to  regulate  the 
practice  of  chancery,  [124] ;  Ireland, 
catholic  emancipation,  [125] ;  pro- 
testant  church,  [127] ;  church  rates, 
[130] ;  sub-letting  of  property,  [136] ; 
tolls  and  customs,  [137] ;  debates  on 
the  slave  trade,  [140] ;  lord  Suffield's 
motion  to  prohibit  persons  in  official 
situations  being  slave  proprietors, 
[152] ;  Mr.  Smith's  ditto,  [154]  ;  pe- 
titions from  the  House  of  Assembly, 
Antigua,  and  the  West-India  mer- 
chants, [157] ;  Mr.  Brougham's  mo- 
tion on  the  West- India  colonies, 
158] ;  Mr.  Wynn's  India  jury  bill, 
'l63j;  Mr.  Buckingham's  case, 
[164] ;  Canada  naturalization  act, 
165] ;  expiry  of  the  alien  act,  [1661 ; 
dissolution  of  parliament,  [167]; 
opening  of  the  new  parliament,  and 
king's  speech,  [175];  lord  Kin^r's 
amendment  to  the  address,  [176] ; 
Mr.  Brougham's  ditto,  ib.;  Mr. 
Hume's,  [178];  joint-stock  compa- 
nies, [188] ;  petition  of  Mr.  Taylor 
the  deist,  [190] ;  aflairs  of  Portugal, 
[191];  king's  message  relative  to 
ditto,  [192];  Mr.  Canning's  speech 


ditto,  I*.;  doke  of  WeHbgtai^ 
speech  on  the  addrest,  [204];  ad« 
joumment,  [205] 

Parry,  capt.  fiiihire  of  bis  expedition, 
21 ;  his  third  voyage,  168* 

Patents,  new,  173* 

Pedestrianism,  Townsend  at  Islington, 
139,  152;  capt.  Ramsay  and  Mr. 
Wellcsley,  175 

Peel,  Mr.  his  Improvement  of  the  cri- 
minal code,  [113] 

Peers,  election  of  Scotch,  106 

Persia,  differences  with  Rus»a,  [384] ; 
commencement  c^  hostilities,  [286] ; 
defeat,  [2881 

Peru  :  surrender  of  Callao,  [41 1] ;  Ber- 
nidoaga  and  Tiron  convicted  of  trea- 
son, [412] ;  the  national  representa- 
tives refuse  to  assemble,  t5.;  coa- 
spiracy  against  Bolivar,  [414]  ;  he  is 
chosen  president  for  life,  t5. ;  heavy 
duties  on  foreign  goods,  [415] 

Peto,  Mr.  proce^ings  against,  relative 
to  building  the  Custom-house,  17*9 
23^ 

Phenomenon,  aerial,  49 

Piazziy  astronomer,  death  of,  269 

Pinkerton,  J.  death  o^  233 

Poachers,  barbarity  of  some,  10 

Pola,  excavations  and  repairs  at,  13 

Pollard,  Jas.  murders  W,  Cooper,  and 
destroys  himself^  58 

Porter,  quantity  brewed  in  London,  107 

Ports,  opening  of,  for  admission  of  oats, 
131 

Portugal :  affairs  of,  [191] ;  king's  mes- 
sage to  parliament  respecting,  [192] ; 
policy  of  France  towards,  [245]  ;  In- 
vasion of  the  rebels,  [307]  ;  a  minis- 
ter from  the  regency  received  by 
Sjpain,  [308] ;  death  of  John  Vf. 
[310];  princess  Isabella  appointed 
regent,  [311];  don  Pedro  resigns  hb 
claims  to  the  crown,  [314] ;  consti- 
tutional charter,  [3)6]  ;  form  of  the 
Cortes,  [317] ;  state  of  public  opinlco, 
[318] ;  oath  to  the  charter,  [319] ; 
faction  against  tlie  constitution,  [3^]; 
code  for  election  of  depnttes  to  tl»e 
Cortes,  [321]  ;  intrigues  of  Spun  and 
the  marquis  of  Chaves,  [323];  Spain 
assists  the  deserters,  [32%] ;  conspira- 
cy discovered  in  Lisbon,  [327];  de- 
cree against  emigrants,  [3s£b]  ;  revolt 
in  Algarve,  [330];  meeting  of  the 
Cortes,  ib,;  speech  of  the  priooess 
regent,  [331],  91*  ;  measures  for  the 
security  of  the  kingdom,  [3%] ;  finan- 
ces, t^. ;  remonstrances  of  the  Portu- 
guese envoy  at  Madrid,  [334]  ;  pre- 
parations of  the  rebels,  [335]  ;  ihey 


INDEX. 


invade  Fortagal,  [336];  their  pro^ 
gressy  [338] ;  revolt  in  lamego, 
[339] ;  MagesBi's  progress  in  Alen- 
tejo,  [340] ;  he  is  driven  back  into 
Spain,  ib, ;  re-enters  Portugal,  [341] ; 
junction  of  the  rebel  leaders,  ib, ;  ar- 
rival of  British  troops,  ib, ;  de£^t  of 
the  rebels,  and  their  retreat  into 
Smun,  [344] ;  death  of  John  VI.  28, 
2^2 ;  funeral  service  for  do*  at  the 
chapel  of  the  Portuguese  embassy,' 
63 ;  departure  of  troops  for  Portugal, 
187,  194 ;  abdication  of  the  emperor 
of  Branl  in  favour  of  his  daugnter, 
90*  ;  speech  of  the  infanta  regent, 
91*  ;  note  of  the  ambassador  to  Mr. 
Canning,  94* ;  report  of  the  minister 
tor  foreign  afiairs,  98* ;  speech  of 
the  infimta  regent,  at  close  of  the 
Cortes,  102* 

Power-looms,  number  of,  destroyed  in 
Lancashire,  67 ;  sums  recovered  for, 
128 

Pregliasco,  artiste  death  of,  219 

Price,  Mr.  of  Manchester,  murder  of, 
18,33 

Prices;  stocks,  318;  sugar  and  hay, 
319 ;  com,  ib, ;  butcher's  meat,  320 

Primogeniture,  law  of,  in  France,  [235] 

Prixe-money,  case  of,  1* 

Promissory  notes  in  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land, report  of  select  committee  on, 
64* 

Property,  landed,  effects  of  subdivisions 
of,  [236] 

Prussia;  commission  to  investigate  the 
insurrection?,  [270] ;  the  kiug  breaks 
his  leg,  187. 

Public  Documents,  57* 

Kaffles,  sir  T.  S.  death  of,  266 
Rain,  signs  of,  by  Dr.  Jenner,  180* 
Reform,  parliamentary^,  [95] 
Reprieve,  fotal  delay  m  producing,  154 
Richardson,  Joseph,  resident  at  Mocho, 

a  desert  island,  144 
Rio   de   la  Plata:    Rivadeira   elected 

5 resident,  [392] ;  national  bank,  i^. ; 
isunion  among  the  states,  [393] 
Riots:  at  Norwich,  10,  23:  m  Lanca- 
shire, 63 ;  Manchester,  66,  70, 109  ; 
Wisan,  67;  Bradford,  72;  Trow- 
bridge, 76 ;  Cariisle,  94 ;  Tralee,  105 ; 
Cambridge,  108;  Middleton,  HI; 
in  the  collieries,  near  Dudley,  115; 
seditious  meeting  at  Stockport,  124  ; 
depredations  at  Priddy  foir,  126 ;  at 
Dublin,  134;  Bethnal  Green,  140; 
Tildisley,  149 ;  Oldham,  151 ;  trials 
of  rioters,  31*,  32* 

Rol^bers  in  Oermany;  27 


Robinson  Crusoe,  a  modem,  144 
Romanzov,  Count,'  death  of,  224 
Rome :  ceremonies  at  the  termination 
of  the  jubilee,  4 ;  execution  of  Fran- 
coni,  for  murder,  10;    the  Vatican 
manuscripts,  13 
Rooahoogah,  island  o^  English  sailors 
detained  prisoners  by  the  natives,  85 
Rostopchin,  count,  death  of,  221 
Royal  Society,  new  officers,  &c.  J80 
Royalty  theatre  burnt,  56 
Russell,  lord  J.,   bill   for  preventing 
bribery  at  elections,  [92] ;  motion  on 
parliamentarv  reform,  [95] 
Russia  :  trial  of  the  conspirators,  [271]  ; 
reform  of  abuses  in  the  government, 
[272] ;  death  of  the  empress,  [273] ; 
discontents  among  the  peasantry,  ib. ; 
commission  of  inquiry  into  the  con- 
spiracy, [274];   punishment  of  the 
conspirators,    [281] ;    coronation   of 
Nicholas,    [283];    differences    with 
Persia,    [284];    hostilities,    [286]; 
ultimatum  respecting  Wallaclda  and 
Moldavia  acceded    to   by   Turkey, 
[346] ;    see     Titrkey ;     advantages 
gained  by  Russia,  [350] ;  funeral  of 
the  emperor  Alexander,  35 ;  of  the 
empress  Elizabeth,  100 ;  coronation 
of  the  emperor  Nicholas,  133;   so- 
ciety for  the  encouragement  of  artists, 
St.  Petersburg,  144 ;  produce  of  the 
gold  mines,  157 ;  empress,  death  of, 
250;  feeling  towards  Mexico,  108* 

St.  Katherlne's  Dock  Company,  litigii- 
tion  with  Messrs.  Bell,  54 

St.  Domingo,  indemnity  granted  to  the 
colonists  by  France,  [247] 

Santa  Cruz,  hurricane  at,  168 

Scotland :  withdrawing  small  notes  op- 
posed, 24 ;  banking  system,  25 ;  con- 
flagrations in  the  Highlands,  100 ; 
ditto  in  Aberdeenshire,  106 ;  election 
of  peers,  108;  stone  pulpit  made  in 
a  rock  at  Loch  Lomond,  143 ;  High- 
land Society  games  at  Perth,  156 ; 
dreadful  storms  near  Perth,  182 ; 
ditto  Inverness,  183;  promissory 
notes,  64* ;  banks  and  system  of 
banking,  66* ;  amount  of  notes  in  cir- 
culation, 68* 

Scott,  sir  W.,  his  Letters  of  Malachi 
Malagrowther,  [27] 

Sea  serpent,  103 

Sea,  transparency  of,  169 

Seamen,  combination  of,  at  Whitehaven, 
19 

Sharp's  Granville,  bust,  Guildhall,  106 

Sheep-stealing,  number  of  persons  com* 
mitted  for;  49 


t  N  D  B  X. 


Sheri£b,IUt  0^190 

Ships:  •ufleringt  of  tba  crew  of  the 
macM  MwrVf  from  fiMoine^  30 ;  ••!- 
TAge  of  the  Wilhelmine  Aiigittte,  60 ; 
mtge  «f  the  Enterprise,  eteam-res* 
sef,  to  Benga],  68;  escape  of  the 
crew  of  Countess  of  Money  horn 
saTiifes,64 

Shipwrecks  i  the  Ocean,  58 ;  the 
Jean,  of  Peterhead,  116 ;  the  Valetta, 
127 ;  the  Son,  181 ;  off  Scotland,  183 

Shiraa,  earthquake  ^C  88 

Silk>timde|  57 ;  Mr.  EUlce's  motion  on, 
ibi  superiority  of  French  ribbon 
looms,  (>91 

Singapore^  increase  of  trade  aL  17; 
steanHTeseek  established  at,  144 

.Sinidng^fund,  Mr*  Hume's  oljections 
to,  [81] 

Skeletons  footed,  89 

Slave-trade,  debates  on,  [140]  i  trials 
of  slaves  in  iamaica,  [141] ;  resolu- 
tions in  pariiement,  [)48] ;  lord 
Suffield*s  motion,  [15S] ;  Mr.  Smith's 
motion,  [1 54] ;  conduct  of  the  colonial 
legislatures,  [157] ;  vigilance  oi  the 
French  government  agaiti8t»  [S42] ; 
eva^on  of  the  laws  against,  t^.; 
decree  against,  by  Austria,  [369] ; 
number  of  slaves  imported  into  the 
Brasils,  160;  Portuguese  slave^hip 
captured  by  the  Hope,  186;  T. 
Young  tried  for  selling  four  females, 
S7» 

Smith,  Dr.  A.  anecdotes  o^  166* 

Smugglers,  afiiay  with,  at  Rye  harbour, 
69 

Snail,  rare  species  of,  80       . 

Southwark  election,  89 

Spain:  French  minister  and  Swiss  guards 
recaUed,  [S571  $  political  state  of  the 
countiy,  [390]  {  new  council,  [391]; 
prosecutions  of  the  constitutionalists, 
[393]  {  Capape  banished,  vi.  t  j^ots 
in  £svour  of  don  Oarlos,  [895]  i  re- 
volt of  Bacan,  [396] ;  d'lSturiMmces  of 
the  royalist  volunteers,  t&.;  conduct 
of  the  dergy,  [897] ;  finances,  (899] ; 
policy  towards  Portugal,  [301]  i  re- 
fusal to  adcnowledge  the  regency  of 
Portugal,  [3031  {  the  Pcrtugnese 
rebels  supported,  [303];  desertions 
of  the  Spanish  troops,  [304] ;  inva- 
sion of  Portugal,  [305]  i  deftiated  re- 
bels received  [30^;  conduct  of  Spain 
on  the  arrival  of  British  troops, 
[306]  t  M.  Salmon's  note  to  Mr. 
Lamb,  [343];  return  of  the  Portu- 
guese envoy,  t^ 

Spix.  Dr.,  death  of,  850 

Stanhope,  lady  Hester,  anecdotesi  &c. 
o^  150* 


SlarvatieB,  death  from,  119 

State^paper  oflto,  ditoomy  oC  MSS. 
at,  75 

Steam-boali  die  Liberator,  eent  fron 
Liverpool  to  the  Oriaoco,  15;  one 
built  at  Batavia,  83(  ezplosioB  in 
the  Graham,  170 

Steam-navigation  in  India,  144 

Stockport*  seditious  meeting  at,  184 

Stott,  Mr.  Ely,  litigation  respectlnghii 
will,  6*  ;  his  eccentric  charactes^  7* 

Storm  in  tiie  Highlands,  188»  183 

Suffieldi  lord,  hia  inotioB  lespeetiiig 
West-India  sUve*pr0prietora,  [158] 

Suicides :  W.  Pollock,  in  Edinlmigh 
gaol,  89;  3.  Dunkins,  57|  J.  Pbl- 
fird*  58$  rev.  F.  Lee,  80s  ▼• 
Spencer,  88;  M.  Soliem,  96  f  J. 
Dickinson,  108;  W.  Hyde,  104; 
Mr.T.  R.  Smart,  113$  Blia.  Hurst, 
188;  singular  suicide  of  a  yonag  am 
and  woman,  at  Stutgard»  138$  at 
Ostend,  148 ;  W.  Jackson,  180 ;  Mr. 
£.  Clarite,  187 

Superstitioni  instanettoi;  118,117»  Itf, 

Swindler,  a  femalei  calUag  bersdf  coai- 

tess  of  Jersey)  164 
Swilserland,  furious  conduct  of  PIft- 

retti,  a  prisoner  at  LugUKV  97 

Tables:  Public ineome, 898 

'  expenditure,  891t 

DispositiOB  of  gmntsy  88Sf 
Paymente  for  other  services, 

897- 
Ways  and  Means,  O. 
Public  funded  debt,  898 

■■  unfunded  debt»  9(H 
Foreign  tiade  of  Great  Bri- 

toin,a08 
Trade  of  the  United  Kii»4flm, 
303 

■  Irdand,304 
Navigation,  305 
Price  of  stacks,  318 

■  ■■     Sugar  and  Hay^  319 
■  Coni,i».385 
Butcher's 


Meteorological  taUe«  tl^ 
Bills  of  mortidl^  381 
Commitments  and  coaHdioBs, 

Newflate,  388 
Executions,  384 
Bankrupts,  &c^  f5. 
Prices  of  wheat,  386 
Talma,  funeml  of,  150 ;  death  of, 
Tkylor,  Mr.,  deist,  petition  to 

ment,[)90J 
Thames  tunnel,  38 
Thavie*s   Inn,  eaaae  to   txy 
extra-parochiAl*  35* 


INDEX. 


Theatres,  new  method  of  lighting,  in- 
vented by  LocateUi,  131 

Thunderstorms :  at  Ashton-under-line, 
9$;  Exeter,  ib.;  London,  10),  117; 
two  young  ladies  killed  by  lightning, 
near  Malvem-hills,  104 

Tildesley,  riots  at,  149 

Transparency  of  the  sea,  169 

Tone,  Theodore  Wolfe,  memoir  of, 
159* 

Torrens,  sir  H.,  new  military  evolu- 
tions introduced  by,  29 

Tralee,  election  riots  at,  105;  in- 
stance of  superstition,  112 

Trials :  M.  Nadell,  captain  of  banditti, 
at  Mayence,  27;  James  Evans,  mar. 
der  of  Mr.  Price,  33 ;  Thomas  and 
Johanna  Lovett,  murder  of  T.  Creane, 
40 ;    Michael  Ford,   murder  of  R. 
Perry,  60;  8.  Gilbert,  robbery,  62; 
Redhead  and  others,  for  a  disturb- 
ance at  Cambridge,  108 ;  Ann  Roche, 
murder  of  a  child,  112 ;  Julie  Taris- 
son,  for  imposture,  117;  A,  Briton 
and  others,  assault  and  robbery,  118 ; 
James  Finn,  threatening  letter,  120 ; 
J.  Whltelegg,  sedition,  124 ;  P.  A. 
Jehoulet  and  sons,  for  cruelty  and 
assault,   146;   J.  Evans,  pmsoning, 
160;  F.  J.  Latham,  and  C.  Single- 
ton, 161;  a  female  swindler,   164  j 
G.  Hill   and   M.  Gathercole,    con- 
roiracy,    166;    G.  Andiflfe   and  J. 
Hill,  184;  T.  Jones,  uttering  a  forged 
note,.  190;  Hannah  Russell  and  D. 
Leany,  murder,  26* ;  Alexander  and 
Michael   M'Keand,    ditto,   29*;    J. 
Holdsworth,  and  W.  Bolton,  rioting, 
31*  ;  Jas.  Chambers,  &c.  ditto,  32*  ; 
Jas.    Riding,    &c.   ditto,   33* ;    T. 
Young,  for  selling  females  as  slaves, 
36* ;  lieut  J.  Kenny,  manslaughter, 
40* ;  C.  T.  White,  arson,  43* 
Trowbridge,  riot  at,  76 
Turkey,  [284]  ;  hostilities  with  Persia, 
[286] ;  defeat  of  the  Persians,  [288] ; 
demands  of  Russia,  [346] ;  the  Porte 
accedes   to   Russia's  uUimatum   re- 
specting  Wallachia    and   Moldavia, 
[347]  ;   conferences    at    Ackerman, 
[348] ;  terms  acceded  to  by  Turkey, 
[349] ;   attempt  to   re-organize  the 
Janissaries,  [351] ;  they  revolt,  [354] ; 
the  revolt   is  quelled,    [355];    the 
Janissaries  suppressed,  [356] ;  fire  at 
Constantinople,  [358] ;  measures  for 
rdbrming  the  administration,  [359] ; 
engagement    between    the    Turkish 
and  Greek  fleets,  [361];  Ibrahim's 
army  re-inforced,  ib.   See  Greece. 


Vatican  manuscripts,  12 

Venezuela ;  see  Colombia, 

Venice;  new  method  o  lighting  the- 
atres, 131 

United  States :  death  of  Jefferson  and 
Adams,  [377] ;  finances,  ift. ;  repre- 
sentatives sent  to  the  congress  of 
Panama,  [379] ;  negotiations  with 
Great  Britain  respecting  colonial 
trade,  [380] ;  colonial  ports  closed  to 
American  vessels,  [382]  ;  report  of 
tho  committee  on  the  memorial  of 
the  merchants,  &c  of  Baltimore, 
127*  ;  trade  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States,  128*;  presi- 
dent's message  to  congress,  131*; 
relations  with  Russia,  132*  ;  with 
France,  ib,;  with  the  Netherlands, 
133* ;  Great  Britain,  136*  ;  congress 
of  Panama,  137* ;  finances,  138*  ; 
armed  force,  140*  ;  surveys  o  roads 
and  canals,  141*  ;  navy,  142*  post- 
office,  144* ;  penitentiary,  ib. 

Universities :  examinations  and  prizes, 
Oxford,  326 ;  ditto  Cambridge,  327 

Voss,  J.  H.,  death  of,  239 

Waithman,  alderman,  censure ,  of  Mr« 
Brogden,  [182] ;  motion  relative  to 
joint-stock  speculations,  [183] 

Weber,  death  of,  89 ;  funeral,  99  ; 
memoir,  255 

Weddell,  capt.  his  voyage  in  the  Ant- 
arctic Seas,  169* 

Wellington,  duke  of,  letter  to,  from 
the  emperor  Nicholas,  51 

Westminster  Abbey,  report  of  the  dean 
and  chapter  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, 46 

Wheat,  average  prices  of;  finom  1670  to 
1770,  325 ;  ditto  from  1771,  ib. 

Whitehaven;  combination  of  seamen, 
19 

Whitmore,  Mr.,  motion  for  a  committee 
on  the  corn-laws,  [45] 

Will,  Mr.  Stott's,  6*  ;  question  respect- 
ing the  validity  of  a  former  imcan- 
celled  will,  12* 

Witchcraft,  Catholic  priest  tried  for 
pretending  to  cure  persons  suffering 
from,  120 

Wood,  method  discovered  by  Dr.Fuchs 
of  rendering  it  incombustible,  137 

Wrestling  match,  Warren  and  Cann, 
143;  atDevonport,  Cann  and  Polking* 
home,  157 

York-house,  St  James's  Park,  192 

York  Minster,  weight  of  bells  at^  133 

Yorkshire,  confla^tions  in  the  moon, 
106 


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