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THE 


ANNUAL  REGISTER, 

OR     A     VIEW     OF     THE 

HISTORY, 

POLITICS, 

AND 

LITERATURE, 

For  the  YEAR  1758* 

THE    SEVENTH    EDITION. 


LONDON: 

Printed  for  J,  Dodsley,  in  Pall-mall,  1783. 


0 
hi 


PR  E  FA  C   E. 

SO M E  of  the  Learned  have  been  very 
fevere  upon  fuch  works  as  wq  now  lay 
before  the  Public.     Their  feverity  would 
have  been  juft,   if  fuch  works  had  been  re- 
commended or  ufed  to  the  exclufion  of  more 
important  ftudies.     Thofe  who  afpire  to  a 
folid  erudition,  muft  undoubtedly  take  other 
methods  to  acquire  it.    They  have  their  la- 
bour and  their  m.crit.   But  there  are  readers 
of  another  order,  who   muft  not   be   left 
wholly  unprovided  :   For  fuch  readers,  it  is 
our  province  to  colle6t  matters  of  a  lighter 
nature ;   but  pleafing  even  by  their  levity ; 
by  their  variety  ;  and  their  aptitude  to  enter 
into  common  converfation.     Things  of  this 
fort  often  gradually  and  imperceptibly  infi- 
nuate  a  tafte  of  knowledge,  and  in  fome 

A   2  meafure 


iv  PREFACE. 

meafurc  gratify  that  tafte.  They  fteal  fome 
moments  from  the  round  of  diflipation  and 
pleafure.  They  relieve  the  minds  of  men 
of  bufinefs,  who  cannot  pafs  f?:o'm  fevere 
labour  to  fevere  ftudy,  with  an  elegant  re- 
laxation. They  preferve  the  ftrenuous  idle- 
nefs  of  many  from  a  worfe  employment. 

Thefe  pretenfions  we  have  in  common 
with  all  the  other  periodical  compilers;  and 
the  fame  apology  ferves  us  all.  But  it  will  be 
expedted,  that  in  offering  a  new  performance 
to  the  Public,  we  iliould  mention  fome  nevy 
<^nd  peculiar  advantage  which  we  pretend  to 
have  over  our  fellow-labourers.  Some  fuch 
advantages  we  flatter  ourfelves  we  poffefs, 
partly  arifing  from  our  fcheme  of  an  annual 
rather  tl^an  a  monthly  publication  ;  partly 
trom  our  own  attention  and  induftry. 

Not  confined  to  a  monthly  publication, 
\ye  have  an  opportunity  of  examining  with 
care  the  produces  of  the  year,  and  of  feled- 


iPg 


PREFACE.  V 

ing  what  may  appear  moil  particularly  de- 
ferving  of  notice.  We  have  from  the  fame 
caufe  the  advantage  of  order  ;  we  are  better 
abie  to  rank  the  feveral  kinds  under  their 
proper  heads ;  at  leaft  with  as  much  exacflaefs 
^s  the  nature  of  a  mifcellany  Vv^ill  admit. 

But,  befides  this  advantage  derived  from 
our  o;eneral  fcheme,  we  derive  fomethincr 
from  our  own  labour.  We  have  not  in  our 
firft  article  confined ourfelves  to  thehifloryof 
the  year.  We  have  taken  the  war  from  its 
commencement.  It  is  a  fubjeit  which  re- 
quires all  the  pains  which  we  could  beftow 
upon  it,  and  deferves  much  more  fkilful 
workmen.  None  was  ever  more  formed  to 
intereft  curiofity  i  from  the  importance  of  the 
events,  the  dignity  of  the  perfons  concerned, 
the  greatnefs  of  the  adions  performed,  and 
the  amazing  revolutions  of  fortune.  The 
reader  will  find  the  events  of  this  war,  which 
has  been  carried  on  in  the  four  quarters  of 
^he  world,  and  which  he  has  hitherto  feen 

in 


vi         P     R     E     E     A     C     E. 

in  a  fcattered  manner,  united  into  one  con- 
nected narrative,  and  continued  to  the  end 
of  the  campaign  of  feventeen  hundred  and 
fifty-eight.  To  effect  this  from  the  broken 
and  unconnected  materials,  has  been  a  work 
of  more  labour  than  may  at  firft  appear;  and 
if  we  have  performed  what  we  intended  in 
any  fort  to  the  reader's  fatisfadlion,  we  may 
lay  claim  to  fome  merit. 

We  have  made  an  article  of  State  Papers. 
They  ferve  to  illuflrate  and  confirm  the  fads 
advanced  in  the  hiftorical  part;  and  our 
readers  will  not  be  difpleafed  to  fee  fo  many 
curious  and  important  pieces  together. 

Endeavouring  to  be  as  extenlively  ufeful 
as  pofTible,  we  aimed  at  uniting  the  plan  of 
the  Magazines  with  that  of  theReviews.  We 
have  given  abftrads  of  fomeof  thebefl  books 
publiihed  within  the  year,  with  remarks  up-^ 
on  them.  We  have  obferved  upon  none 
which  we  could  not  praifej   not  that  we 

pretend 


PREFACE.  vii 

pretend  to  have  obferved  on  all  that  are 
praife-worthy.  Thofe  that  do  not  deferve 
to  be  well  fpoken  of,  do  not  deferve  to  be 
fpoken  of  at  all. 

Though  v/e  think  our  plan  tolerably  vi^ell 
calculated  for  a  literary  amufement,  v/g  do 
not  pretend  that  the  public  will  not  have 
fomething  to  excufe,  as  well  as  to  applaud. 
Our  acquaintance  with  their  fentiments  in 
that  refpedt  will  increafe  our  employment 
for  the  enfuing  year,  and  excite  us  to  amend 
the  faults  which  we  may  have  committed 
in  this, 


T  H  E 


THE 

ANNUAL    REGISTER, 
For    the   YEAR    1758. 

THE 

HISTORY 

O  F    T  H  E 

PRESENT    WAR. 


CHAP.        I. 

Origin  of  the  troubles  in  North  America,  Admiral  Bofca^en  and  General 
Braddock  fent  thither.  Operations  intended.  T<wo  French  men  of  nvar 
taken.  Braddock  defeated.  General  J ohnfon  repulfes  the  French.  French 
threaten  an  in<vaJton.  Fort  St.  Philip  hefiegei  and  taken.  Treaty  ivith 
RuJJiay  the  fpirit  of  it.  Alliance  nvith  the  King  of  Frufjia.  Ground  of 
the  quarrel  bet^joeen  her  Imperial  Majejly  and  that  monarch.  Treaty  of 
Peterfbourg.  Treaty  of  Verf allies.  King  of  PruJ/ia  enters  Saxony  and 
Bohemia.     Battle  of  Lonxjofitx.      Saxon  army  fur  renders. 


TH  E  original  plan  of  this 
work  propofed  no  more  than 
that  each  volume  fhould 
contain  a  narrative  of  thofe  events 
which  diftinguilh  its  own  ye;ir. 
But,  becaufe  we  have  entered  upon 
our  undertr^.king  in  the  heat  of  an 
almoft  general  and  very  important 
^'ar,  I  thought  it  would  not  be  un- 
VOL.    J. 


neceffary  or  difagreeable  to  look  a 
little  farther  back.  It  would  be 
difficult  perfedly  to  uaderiland  the 
operations  of  the  feveral  powers  at 
war,  during  the  laft  year,  without 
reviewing  the  tranfaftions  of  the 
preceding  years  ;  nor  would  it  be 
eafy  to  enter  into  the  fpirit  of  thefe 
without  examining  t^e  caufes  which 
B  more 


ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1758 


more  nearly  or  remotely  operated 
to  produce  thefe  troubles  that  have 
involved  fo  many  parts  of  the  world 
in  one  common  diilraftion. 

The  war  into  which  all  parties  and 
intererts  feem  now  to  be  loperfeftly 
blended,  arofe  from  caufes  which 
originally  had  not  the  leaft  connec- 
tion :  the  uncertain  limits  of  the 
Rnglifh  and  French  territories  in 
America;  and  the  mutual  claims  of 
the  houfes  of  Auftria  and  Branden- 
bourg  on  the  duchy  of  Silelia.  It 
is  no  wonder  that  the  two  former 
powers,  feizing  on  a  country  in 
which  they  confidered  the  right  of 
the  natural  inhabitants  as  nothing, 
fliould  find  it  a  very  difficult  matter 
to  fettle  their  own .  For  a  long  time 
neither  of  thefe  powers  were  fuffici- 
ently  acquainted  with  the  geogra- 
phy of  America,  to  enable  them  to 
afcertain  the  limits  of  their  feveral 
pretenfions  with  any  tolerable  ex- 
adnefs ;  nor,  indcv'^d,  were  thefe 
matters  deemed  of  fufficicntmoment 
to  call  for  a  very  laborious  difculfi- 
on.  At  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  whilft 
foitiany  more  important  intereib, or 
what  then  feemed  more  important, 
were  difcufied,  the  limits  of  Nova 
Scotia,  then,  called  Acadia,  were 
cxprefTcd  only  in  general  terms, 
and  left  to  be  put  on  a  more  certain 
footing  by  fublequent  negotiations. 
Thefe  negotiations  purfued  with  no 
vigour,  and  drawn  out  into  an  ex- 
ceffive  length,  feemed  only  to  in- 
creafe.the  former  confufion.  After 
the  accelTion  of  the  prefcnt  royal 
family,  a  French  connexion,  per- 
haps ncceiTaryfrom  thecircumitan- 
ces  of  the  time,  and  afterwards  a 
certain  negligence  of  all  allairs  but 
thofe  of  our  domeftic  polity,  fuffer- 
ed  this  important  point  to  vanifli 
almofl  wholly  out  of  our  coniidera- 
tion.  During  this  interval-,  our  co- 
lonies on  the  continent  of  North 


America,  extended  themfelves  oft 
every  fide.  Whilft  agriculture  and 
the  maritime  commerce  flourifhed 
on  their  coafts,  the  Indian  trade 
drew  feveral  of  our  wandering  deal- 
ers far  into  the  inland  country,  and 
beyond  the  great  mountains.  Here 
they  fctund  themfelves  in  a  delight- 
ful climate,  in  a  foil  abundantly 
fruitful,  and  watered  with  many  fair 
and  navigable  riv^ers.  Thefe  advan- 
tages, joined  to  thofe  of  the  Indian 
trade,  appeared  to  compenfate  for 
its  remotenefs  from  the  fea.  It  was 
j  udged  that  as  the  firft  fettlers  on  the 
coalt,  we  had  a  good  right  to  the 
inland  country;  and,  if  fo,  to  the 
navigation  of  the  Miffifippi,  which 
opened  another  door  to  the  ocean. 
With  thefe  views,  a  company  of 
merchants  and  planters  obtained  a 
charter  for  a  confiderable  tradl  of 
land  near  the  river  Ohio,  on  the 
weftern  fide  of  the  Allegeney  moun- 
tains, but  within  the  province  of 
Virginia ;  and  the  adventurers  be- 
gan to  fettle  purfuant  to  the  terms 
of  their  patent. 

Now  began  to  fhoot  forth  the 
feeds  of  another  difpute,  which  had 
long  lain  unobferved,  but  which 
proved  altogether  as  thorny  and 
intricate  as  that  concerning  the 
limits  of  Acadia.  The  French  pre- 
tending to  have  firft  difcovered  the 
mouths  of  the  Miffifippi,  claimed 
the  whole  adjacent  country, towards 
New  Mexico  on  the  Eaft,  quite  to 
the  Apalachian  or  Allegeney  moun- 
tains on  the  Weft.  They  drove  off 
the  iiew  fettlers,  and  built  a  ftrong 
fort,  called d'j  Quefne,  on  the  forks 
of  the  river  Monongp.hela ;  a  fitua- 
tion  which  commanncd  an  entrance 
into  all  the  couniry  on  the  Ohio 
and  Miffifippi. 

The  reader  will  obferve,  that 
I  do  not  pretend  to  decide  con- 
cerning the  right  of  either  nation 

in 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


in  this  conteft.  It  is  evident  e- 
nough,  that  theconfiderntion  of  the 
right  had  much  lefs  influence  on 
both  parties  than  the  confideration 
ofcoriveniency.  Shpuld  the  French 
be  able  to  unite  Canada  to  their  co- 
lonies at  the  mouth  of  MiiTilippi  by 
a  pofl^eflion  of  all  that  vaft  country 
which  lies  between  them,  the  Eng- 
lifh  colonies  muft  lofe  all  fhare  in 
the  Indian  trade  in  time  of  peace ; 
and  in  time  of  war  be  expofed  to 
continual  dangers,  or  to  the  ruin- 
oufly  chargeable  defence  of  a  fron- 
tier more  than  1 500  miles  in  length. 
Ifon  the  contrary,the  French  fhould 
fail  to  make  good  thefe  claims  on 
the  Ohio,  and  thofe  on  Nova  Scotia, 
their  two  colonies  entirely  difunit- 
ed,  and  the  entrance  into  one  fhut 
iip  for  the  winter  feafon  by  froft, 
and  the  entrance  into  the  other 
difficult  in  all  feafon?  by  the  banks 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Miffifippi,  muft 
certainly  lofe  all  their  value  to 
France,  and  in  their  fall  inv^olve 
much  of  the  fortune  of  their  great 
fettlements  in  the  Weft  Indies. 

Both  nations  being  fully  perfuad- 
ed  of  this,  no  longer  looked  on  the 
affair  of  the  Ohio  as  a  matter  of  in- 
difference. They  prepared  to  cut 
the  gordian  knot  of  the  long  and 
intricate  negociation  by  the  fword. 
Ships  were  fitted  out,  and  fome 
troops  filently  fent  off  from  Breft. 
General  Braddock  failed  to  Virgi- 
nia with  about  1500  regular 
755*  troops;  24 men  of  war  un- 
der the  Admirals  Bofcawen  and 
Moftyn  were  ordered  to  America, 
to  intercept  the  French  fupplics. 
Orders  were  fent  to  our  colonies  to 
arm ;  and  three  operations  were 
aftually  undertaken,  one  ag.iinft 
Fort  du  Quefne  under  Braddock  ; 
the  other  two  againft  the  French 
forts  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  fort 
of  Crown  Point  on  the  frontiers  of 


New  York.  The  tv/o  courts  in  the 
mean  time  breathed  nothing  but 
peace,  and  exchanged  reciprocal 
profeffions  of  friendfhip  and  good 
will,  which  deceived  neither  party. 
They  who  are  of  opinion  that  the 
paffions  and  characters  of  the  ruling 
men  influence  all  public  concerns 
as  much  as  the  public  interefts 
themfelves,  thought  they  faw  other 
caufes  operating  to  haften  this 
breach.  On  the  death  of  a  great 
minifter,  which  happened  fome  time 
before,  the  adminiftration  was  new 
moulded.  Some  perfons  then  taken 
in,  were  confidered,as  belonging  to 
a  party  not  perfectly  united  with  the 
remains  of  the  old  adminiftration. 
It  was  thought  that  the  leading  man 
of  this  party  propofed  to  work  out 
the  old  fervants  of  the  crown,  in 
order  to  make  way  for  a  more  uni- 
form fyftem.  As  long  as  peace  fub- 
fifts  government  is  fupported  by  it- 
felf ;  and  any  change  is  difficult. 
But  the  conducl  of  a  war  is  a  thing 
critical  to  a  miniftry.  The  leader  of* 
this  party  therefore,  confciousofhis 
own  talents,  which  all  men  acknow- 
ledged to  be  confpicuous,  and  of 
his  connexions  which  were  confi- 
derable,  warmly  puihed  on  a  war, 
fecondedbythe  fairnefsof  the  pub- 
lic motives,  and  the  general  voice  of 
the  people.  In  this  war  his  friends 
relied  that  things  muft  neceflarily 
be  fo  embarn-  (Ted,  that  the  old  party 
would  find  themfelves  obliged  to  re- 
tire, and  to  leave  the  ftage  clear  for 
them  to  ferve  their  country  accord- 
ing to  their  own  plans,  and  on  their 
own  terms.  This  defign  was  be- 
lieved to  be  pufhcd  forward  by  ano'- 
thei;  great  man  of  that  party,  who 
had  played  a  game  nearly  of  the 
fame  kind  before,  and  in  whom  an 
advanced  age  had  net  abated  any 
thing  of  his  natural  fire  and  love 
of  violent  councils. 

B  '2  Things 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,.  1758. 


Thinj^s  came  to  a  crifis   by  the 
I  taking  of"  two  French  men  of 

•'  war  bythe  admirals  Bofcawen 

and  Moltyn.     The  operati- 
ons by  land  were  carried  on  with 
vigour  ;    but    whether*  conduced 
with  equal  judgment  we  ftand  too 
y         near  the  time  todecide.  How- 
-'^     ever,  the  French  fort  at  Beau- 
fejour  was  taken,    and  foon 
after  thole  on  St.  John*s  river  were 
abandoned  ;  by  which  we  remain- 
ed mailers  of  t^ll  Nova  Scotia.  The 
principal  expcditionwas  that  agaitift 
Fort  du  Qa?fne,    under  General 
Braddock.    That  general  abound- 
ing too  much  in  his  own  fenfe  for 
the  degree  of  military  knowledge  he 
pofleiled ,  commanding  in  a  coun  try 
where  he  did  not  know,  and  carry- 
ing on  a  fpecies  of  war  in  which  he 
had  no  experience^  fulFered  himfelf, 
when  he  had  advanced  within  ten 
miles  of  Fort  du  Quefne,  to  be  fur- 
prifed  by  an  ambul'cade  of  French 
T  ,         and  Indians.  His  army  was 
•'     •  ^*  feized  with  a  panic  from  the 
unufual  appearance  and  horrid  cries 
of  the  favages :   they  fled  in  confu- 
lion  ;  they   were  totally  defeated 
with  a  confiderable  llaughter,  efpe- 
cially  of  their  officers.  The  general 
himfelf,  after  having  had  live  horfes 
killed    under  him,    was  mortally 
wounded;  wiping  away  all  the  er- 
rors of  his  condu6l  by  an  honour- 
able death  for  his  country. 

The  nation  was  fomething  con- 
foled  for  this  lofs  in  the  fignal  ad- 
vantage gained  by  General  Johnfon 
Sent  7  ^^oc^^^™^"^*^^ '^lieexpedi- 
'^  '^'tiondefigned  again  ft  Crown 
Point.  He  was  attacked  in  his  re- 
trenchments by  the  French  General 
Diefkau;  but  the  afTailants  wanting 
cannon,  and  firing  from  too  great  a 
diftance,  were  totally  defeated,  and 
Diefkau  himfelf  was  made  prifoner. 
This  vidory,  tho'  very  honourable 


for  Mr.  Johnfon  and  the  provincial 
troops  under  his  command,  yet,  as 
it  was  gained  late  in  the  feafon,  and 
as  the  army  was  in  no  very  good 
condition,  it  had  no  confequences. 
On  the  whole,  we  fecmed,  after  al- 
lowing for  this  vidlory,  and  for  the 
diflodgment  of  the  French  from 
Nova  Scotia,  to  have  had  the  worft 
part  in  the  campaign;  confidering 
the  fanguine  expedations  which 
had  been  formed,  and  the  great 
fu periority  of  ftrength  which  we 
exerted,  or  were  able  to  have  ex- 
erted, in  that  part  of  the  world. 

During  this   fummer  our  court 
took  a  rcfolution  not  to  wait  the 
precarious  operations  of  our  arms  in 
America  for  redrefs  of  the  grie- 
vances complained  of,  but  to  ftrike 
fuch  a  blow  as  would  at  once  put  a 
fecurity  into  our  hands,  for  the  eva- 
cuating the  places  the  enemy  had 
fortified  in  our  territories,  and  dif- 
able  them  in  the  two  moft  material 
points,  the  refources  of  their  trade 
and  their  feamen.    Their  merchant 
fhips  were  every  where  attacked,  as 
if  war  had  been  adlually  declared, 
and  vaft  numbers  brought  into  our 
ports.  The  French  made  all  Europe 
refound  with  complaints  of  what 
they  called  a  proceeding  fo  unjull, 
and  a  violation  of  the  law  of  na- 
tions fofiagrantand  unprecedented. 
But,  whether  it  was  that  they  were 
really  in   no  condition  to  ad,  or 
that  they  intended  to  influence  the 
other  courts  in   their  favour,  by  a 
fhew  of  extraordinary  moderation, 
they  con  tented  themfelvcs  with  this, 
and  neither  declared  war  nor  made 
any  fort  of  reprifal  for  feve-    ,  ^  _^ 
ral  months  after.    At  length    ^^^ 
they  began  to  aft ;  feveral  bodies  of 
troops  moved  to  the  coails  of  Picar- 
dy,  Normandy  and  Brittany;  and 
all  things  threatned  an  invafion  on 
fome  part  of  this  kingdom.  Undejp 
5  the 


HISTORY    O  F    T  H  E    WAR. 


the  fhr^dowof  this  ftratagem,  they 
got  ready  in  the  harbour  ofToulon 
a  fleet  of  twelve  men  of  war  of  the 
.      .,  line  with  the  utmoit  expe- 
^"   dition,  which  convoyed  an 
'   '     army  of  about  II, ooo  men, 
under  command  of  the  Duke  de 
Richlieu,  to  the  ifland  of  Minorca. 
.     .,   In  a  few  days  they  opened 
^P"*   trenches  before  St.'  Philip's 
^5-      fort. 
This  was  done  while  th;e  nation 
trembled  under  a  Ihameful  pannic, 
too  public  to  be  concealed,  too  fa- 
tal in  its  confequences  to  be  ever 
forgotten.     The  real  invafion  did 
not  leflen  our  fears  of  the  imaginary 
one;  it  threw  us  into  a  confufion 
that  fufFered  us  to  be  fenfible  of  no- 
thing but  our  own  weaknefs.     We 
did  not  look  upon  ourfelves  fuffici- 
ently  fecured  by  the  arrival  of  the 
Hanoverian    and    Heflian    troops, 
which  the  fame  weaknefs  had  in- 
duced us  to  call  to  our  afliftance. 
The  miniftry  feemed  to  have  been 
infefted  with  the  common  terror  ; 
for,  though   they  had  very  early 
notice  of  the  French  defigns,  fuch 
was  the  apprehenfion  of  the  inva- 
fion, or  fuch  the  ill  contrived  difpo- 
iition  of  our  navy,  that  Admiral 
Byng  was  notdifpatched  to  the  Me- 
diterranean before  the  5th  of  April, 
and    then  with  a  fquadron  of  no 
more  than  ten  (hips  of  the  line. 
The  engagement  with  the  French 
fleet  under  M.  Galiflbniere  ; 


May 
12. 


the  retreat  of  Bvng,  by  which 
the  garrifon  of  fort  St.  Phi- 
lip was  cut  otF  from  all  hopes  of 
relief;  the  furrender  of  that 


June 


garrifon    after    nine    weelcs 


20  • 

^*  open  trenches  ;  the  fenti- 
ments  of  the  court  and  the  public, 
on  the  diflrrent  merits  of  the 
governor  and  the  admiral ;  the  op- 
pofition  of  fo'jie,  who  thought  the 
one  too  highly  honoured,  and  the 


other  too  feverelycenfured,  and  the 
meafures  which  rather  indignation 
at  our  lofles  and  difgraces,  than  a 
cool  fcnfe  of  things  obliged  us  to 
take,  are  known  to  all  the  world. 
Our  affairs  were  in  fuch  a  condition, 
that  we  were  driven  to  the  expedi- 
ent of  a  court  martial  to  revive  the 
Britiflifpirit,and  to  the  unfortunate 
neceflity  of  fliedding  thep  , 
bloodofanadmiral,aperron  \'^' 
ofa  noble  family,  as  a  facri-  75/* 
fice  to  the  difciplineof  our  navy. 

From  this  melancholy  pifture,  let 
us  turn  our  eyes  another  way,  and 
review  the  fteps  by  which  this  war 
came  to  involve  the  refl:  of  the  con- 
tending powers.     The  French,  a- 
mongft  the  other  plans  they  formed 
for  diitrelfmg  our  affairs,  made  no 
fecret  of  their  defign  of  attacking  his 
Majefl:y*sGermandominions.Thefe 
countries  evidently  had  no  fort  of 
connexion  with  the  matters  which 
gave  rife  to  the  war.  But  being  un- 
der a  Sovereign  fo  remarkably  affec- 
tionate to  his  native  country ;  they 
judged  he  might  be  terrified  into  a 
relaxation  of  his  rights  in  America, 
to  preferve  Hanover  from  the  cala- 
mities with  whichitwas  threatened. 
Their  politics,  however,  in  this  in- 
Itance  proved  as  unfuccefsful  as  they 
were  unjufl.    No  motion  was  made 
towards  an  abatement  in  our  claims 
with  regard  to  America  ;  his  Ma- 
jefty  took   other  methods  for  the 
prefervation  of  the  peace  of  Ger- 
many. His  Britilh  fuhjedls  by  their 
rcprefentatives,  not  more  generouf- 
ly  than  reafonably,  refoived  to  de- 
fend the  Hanoverians  if  attacked  in 
their  quarrel.  'To  anfwer  this  pur- 
pofe,   the  miniftry  entered  into  a 
fub'ldy  treaty  with  the  Emprefsof 
Ru;lia,  in  virtue  of  which  (he  was 
to  hold  55,000  men  in  readinefs  to 
be  fent  on  a  requifition  wherever 
the  Britilh  fervice  required. 

B  3  The 


ANNUAL  REGISTER,  1758. 


The  alliance   with  Ruffia   was 
chofen  for  reafons  which  were  then 
fufficiently  plaufible  ;  though  it  is 
to  be  hoped  they  can  never  fubfiil 
again.    The  long  ill  underilanding 
between  the  King  of  Pruffia  and  our 
court,  and  his  clofe  connexion  with 
that  of  Verfailles,    raifed  no  ill- 
grounded   apprehenfions     that   he 
might  be  induced  to  a6l  a  dangerous 
part  on  this  occafion.     Ruflia  was 
therefore  a  proper  ally,   who  had 
both  a  political  and  perfonal  enmity 
to  this  monarch,  and  who  would  be 
fure  to  employ  a  great  power  with 
great  vigour  in  fuch  a  caufe.     But 
this  fyftem  was  in  a  fhort  time  totally 
reverled.    The  King  of  Pruffia  had 
been  too  well  apprifed  of  the  clofe 
conjunction  of  the  courts  of  Peterf- 
bourg  and  Vienna,  and  of  the  real 
motive  to  that  conjtindlion,  to  have 
the  leaft  defign  of  embroiling  him- 
felf  with  England.     Matters  were 
therefore  veryfoon  explained,  and 
the  treaty  between  his  Pruffian  ma- 
jefty  and  this  court,  to  keep  all  fo- 
reigners out  of  the  Empire, was  iign- 
ed  at  London  in  Jan.  1756.    Thefe 
treaties  were  cenfured  as  inconfiilent 
with  each  other ;  but  in  reality  they 
were  conn  lie  nt  enough,  aiming  pre- 
cifely  at  the  fame  objeft,  to  oppofe 
the  fcheme  meditated  by  France  for 
difturbing  the  affairs  of  Germany. 

If  refleding  on  the  fentiments  of 
thefe  courts,  there  was  fomething 
unexpected  in  the  alliance  between 
Great  Britain  and  Pruffia  ;  it  was 
foon  followed  by  another  alliance 
of  a  nature  infinitely  more  furprif- 
ing.  The  Emprefs  Queen  of  Hun- 
gary finding  England  in  no  difpoii 
tion  to  co-operate  in  her  defigns,  had 
recourfe  to  other  meafures.  The 
houfe  of  Aullria,  which  had  for- 
merly united  Eut-ope  to  preferve  her 
from  the  pGvver  of  France,  now  en- 
tered herfcif  into  the  mod  intimate 


union  with  that  power.  -  By  this  ex- 
traordinary revolution,  the  whole 
political  fyflem  of  Europe  afTumed  ^ 
new  face  ;  it  was  indeed  a  revolu- 
tion io  extraordinary,  that  we  fhall 
be  juftified  if  we  interrupt  the 
courfe  of  this  narrative,  to  look  back 
at  the  caufes  which  produced  it. 

The  houfe  of  Brandenbourg,  a 
little  more  than  two  centuries  ago, 
was  in  a  very  humble  condition. 
But  by  the  part  fhe  took  in  the  re- 
formation, which  put  into  her  hands 
the  eilates  of  the  Teutonic  order;  ' 
by  a  marriage  from  which  fhe  ac- 
quired the  duchy  of  Cleves ;  and 
by  an  uncommon  fucceffion  of  able 
princes,   who   carefully  improved 
every  turn  in  the  affairs  of  Germany 
to  their  advantage,  fhe  raifed  herfelf 
by  degrees  to  a  confiderable  flate, 
to  an  electorate,  and  at  laft  to  a  roy- 
alty, not  only  in  name  but  in  power. 
The  late  King  of  Pruffia,  in  order 
to  flrengthen  this  power,  tho'  hq 
paft  almpft  his  whole  reign  in  the 
moft    profound    peace,    gave   his 
whole  attention  to  his  army  :  fru- 
gal in  all  other  refpeCls,  in  this  a- 
lone  he  was  expenfive  ;  it  was  his 
bufmefs,  and,  wha^  was  perhaps  of 
greater  moment,  it  was  his  only  di- 
verfion.  Thus  in  a  reign  apparent- 
ly ina^ive,  there  was  always  kept 
up  an  army  of  near  loOjOOO  men, 
in  as  much  exercife  as  they  could 
have  in  peace,    and  formed  with 
the  moft  perfect  difcipline. 

"When  his  prefent  majefty  came 
to  the  throne,  he  immediately 
fhewed  a  difpofition  cf  employing 
eifeClually  that  military  force  which 
his  father  had  fpent  his  life  only  in 
forming  and  training.  He  managed 
his  difpute  with  the  bifhop  of  Liege 
by  the  fummary  method  of  force  : 
and  feemed  difpofed  to  carry  all 
things  with  fo  high  ahand,  as  made 
him  indeed  much  refpcClcd,  but 

much 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


much  dreaded  too  by  the  Princes  of 
the  Empire,  who  faw  that  there  was 
another  power  to  be  feared  in  Ger- 
many, befides  that  of  Aullria.  But 
thefe  were  fmall  matters,  rather 
lignsofthedifpofitionof  this  Prince, 
than  exertions  of  it.  He  meditated 
much  greater  things  ;  and  only 
waited  an  opportunity  to  make 
good  the  ancient  claims  of  his  fa- 
mily on  the  molt  conliderable  part 
of  the  duchy  of  Silefia.  The  right 
to  that  duchy  had  been  a  very  intri- 
cate affair ;  but  the  ho  ufe  of  Aullria 
availing  herfelf  of  the  greatnefsof 
her  power,  and  of  a  diifenfion  be- 
tween the  Eleftor  Frederic  II.  and 
his  fon,  prevailed  with  the  Eledlor 
to  give  up  that  right  for  an  equiva- 
lent ;  then  fhe  perfuaded  his  fon  to 
confirm  the  treaty ;  and  at  the  fame 
time  for  a  trivial  confideration  to 
give  up  the  equivalent  itfeif.  The 
King  of  Pruflia,  not  thinking  him- 
felfbound  by  thefe  a6ls,  though  con- 
firmed by  a  long  poffeffion,  tookad- 
vantage  of  his  own  power  and  the 
embarraflei  circumltances  of  the 
houTe  of  Auftria,  to  refume  what 
their  power  and  the  embarraffed  cir- 
cumltances ofhis  family  had  former- 
ly deprived  him  of.  Forimmediate- 
jv  ly  on  the  death  of  Charles 

*     thefixth,  when  the  Auftrian 

1^  '  greatnefs  fcemed  irrecover- 
ably loft,  he  entered  in  to  Silefia,  and 
made  himfelf  mailer  of  the  v/hole 
country  with  littleoppofition.  Then 
uniting  with  the  French  and  Bava- 
rians, he  fecured  his  conquells  by 
Tune         twodecifivevidories,  and 

1 7A2    *   ^^  ^  treaty  which  yielded 

'^  '      him  the  greateft  and  belt 

part  of  Silefia  and  the  whole  county 

of  Glatz.     But  the  caufe 


Junez. 


of  the  Emperor  which  the 


'^^'  King  of  Pruffia  had  em- 
braced, foon  caufed  a  renewal  of 
hollijities.  The  Queen  of  Hungary 


faw  herfelf  defeated  in  three  pitch- 
ed battles ;  her  new  ally  the  King 
of  Poland  driven  from  his  German 
dominions,  and  the  King  of  Pruflia 
enteringDrefdcn  in  triumph,  where 
he  gave  the  law  in  a  treaty,  ^ 
by  which  Silefia  was  once  ^* 

more  folemnly  confirmed  to  '43 ' 
him  :  in  return  to  which  he  gua- 
rantied to  the  Queen  of  Hungary 
the  relt  of  her  dominions. 

The  Queen  of  Hungary  could  not 
eafily  lofe  the  memory  of  the  wound 
Ihe  had  received  in  the  lofs  of  one 
of  the  fineil  and  richeft  parts  of  all 
her  dominions.  Silefia,  which  Ihe 
had  juil  yielded,  extends  in  length 
200  miles  along  the  courfe  of  the 
large  and  navigable  river  Oder.  A 
country  of  the  moil  exquifite  fertili- 
ty and  higheft  cultivation;  abound- 
ing with  men,  abounding  with  va- 
luable manufaftures,  and  yielding 
a  clear  yearly  revenue  of  800,000 
pounds  llcrling.  The  peace  was 
hardly  concluded  by  which  Ihe  re- 
figned  this  valuable  territory,  than 
Ihe  fet  on  foot  praftices  for  recover- 
ing it.  She  entered  into  a  treaty 
with  the  court  of  Peterlbourg,  of  an 
innocent  and  fimply  de- 
fei^fivenature,lotarasap-  j'  ^ 
peared  to  the  public;  but  '^ 
lix  fecret  and  feparate  articles  were 
added  to  it ;  one  of  which  provides, 
that  in  cafe  his  Prufiian  Majefty 
Ihould  attack  her  Majelly  the  Em- 
prefs  Queen,  or  the  Emprefsof  Ruf- 
fia,  or  even  the  republic  of  Poland, 
that  this  attc'.ck  fhouldbeconfidered 
as  a  breach  of  the  treaty  of  Drefden  ; 
that  the  right  of  the  Emprefs  Queen 
to  Silefia  ceded  by  that  treaty  Ihould 
revive ;  and  that  the  con  trading 
powers  Ihould  mutually  furnifli  an 
army  of  60,000  men  to  rein  veil  the 
Emprefs  Queen  with  that  duchy. 

To  this  fo  extraordinary  a  treaty, 
the  King  of  Poland  was  invited  to 

B  4  accede; 


ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 


8 

accede ;  and  he  did  fo  far  accede  to 
it,  as  to  llievv  he  perfeftly  agreed  in 
his  fent^ments  with  thefe  courts. 
But  his  li  tuadon  in  the  jaws  of  a  for- 
midable enemy,  and  the  experience 
of  pail  misfortunes,  had  rendered 
him  fo  wary,  that  he  declined  fign- 
ing  the  treaty;  but  ftill,  with  the 
confent  of  the  parties  concerned, 
whom  he  fully  convinced  of  his  re- 
foluticn  to  co-operate  in  all  their 
meafures.  He  defircd  and  they 
agreed,  that  in  the  fuccefs  of  their 
arms  he  Ihould  have  a  fliare  in  the 
fpoil,  on  the  footing  of  a  treaty  for 
, ,  Q  the  eventual  partition  of 
^^y  ^^'  the  King  of  Pruflia's  do- 
'JT"  minions  made  in  the  lafl 
war.  On  theie  conditions  the  King 
of  Poland,  without  a£lijally  figning, 
was  underllood,  and  received  as  a 
party  to  the  treaty  of  Peterlbourg. 

In  confequence  of  thefe  meafures, 
all  forts  of  means  were  employed  to 
embroil  the  King  of  Pruflia's  affairs 
in  the  North,  and  particularly  to 
render  him  perfonally  odious  to  the 
Czarina.  When  their  machinations 
had  taken  full  effed,  and  Ruflia  was 
fixed  in  an  unalterable  enmity  to 
that  monarch,  preparations  of  ma- 
gazines and  armies  were  made  in 
Bohemia  and  Moravia ;  and  the 
King  of  Poland,  under  pretence  of 
a  military  amufem.ent,  drew  toge- 
ther about  16,000  men,  with  which 
he  occupied  the  ftrong  and  impor- 
tant poll  of  Pima.  The  Queen  of 
Hungary  faw  that  Ihe  ftood  in  need 
of  yet  Itronger  fupports  than  thefe 
in  the  arduous  bufinefs  ihe  had  un- 
dertaken.  She  found  that  Great 
Britain,  which  had/  often  done  fo 
much  forhcrdiftrefs,  would  do  little 
for  her  ambition :  ihe  therefore  had 
recourfe  to  France,  who  joyfully  ac- 
cepting an  alliance,  that  promifed 
to  confound  the  whole  Germanic 
body,  concluded  a  treaty  with  the 


Emprefs  at  Verfailles  the  ift  of 
May  1756,  a  remarkable  a^ra  in 
the  political  hiltcry  of  Europe. 

The  fecret  articles  of  the  treaty  of 
Pe  teribourg,  the  fountain  of  the  pre- 
fent  troubles,  and  the  ileps  taken  to 
put  that  treaty  in  execution,  tho' 
formed  and  carriedon  with  as  much 
fecrecy  as  earneftnefs,  could  not  e- 
fcape  the  vigilance  of  his  PruiTian 
majeily,  who  watched dl  their  mo- 
tions, and  had  perfeftintelligenceof 
their  moft  hidden  defigns.  When^ 
therefore  he  perceived,  that  by 
the  breach  between  England  and 
France,  the  Emprei's  Queen  would 
take  advantage  cf  thefe  troubles  to. 
avail  herfelfofher  ?Uiances  and  her 
armamentsi  he  ordered  his  minifler 
at  Vienna  to  demand  a  clear  explica- 
tion, and  proper  alTurances  concern- 
ing the  preparations  he  faw  making : 
and  receiving  only  a  dry  and  equi- 
vocal anfwer,  that  the  Emprefs  had 
taken  meafures  for  her  own  fecurity 
and  that  of  her  allies  and  friends, 
the  King  believed  himfelf  no  longer 
bound  to  prefer ve  any  terms  ;  a 
dangerous  war  .was  to  be  kept  out 
of  his  own  territories  at  any  rate ; 
and  being  always  in  perfc6l  readi- 
nefs  for  action,  he  fell  upon  Saxo- 
ny with  a  confiderable  army. 

At  firft  theKingof  Pruffiafeemed 
only  to  demand  a  free  paf-  * 
fage  for  his  troops,  and  an  °*  ^' 
obfervance  of  the  neutrality  profef- 
fed  by  the  King  of  Poland  ;  but  as 
he  had  very  good  reafons  to  diftruft 
fuch  a  neutrality^  he  demanded  as 
a  fecurity,  that  the  Saxon  troops 
ihould  quit  the  Ilrong  poil  they  oc- 
cupied, and  difperfe  themfelves  im- 
mediately. This  demand  was  re- 
fufed,  and  the  King  of  PruiTia,  in 
confequence  of  that  refufal,  imme- 
diately formed  a  Ibrt  of  blockade 
about  the  Saxon  camp  at  Pirna, 
with  a  view  to  reduce  it  by  famine, 

fmce. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR, 


fince  its  inacceffible  fituation  ren- 
dered an  attack  unadvifeable.  There 
wereinBohemiatwoAuflrian  armies 
under  M. Brown  and  M.Picolomini. 
To  keep  thefe  in  awe,  M.  Schwerin 
had  entered  Bohemia  fromthecoun- 
ty  oFG  latz ;  and  M .  Keith  had  pene- 
trated into  that  kingdom  on  the  fide 
ofMifnia.  ButtheKingofPruffia, 
not  entirely  confiding  in  thefe  dif- 
pofitions  ;  and  ftili  apprehenfive 
that  M.  Brown  might  be  able  to 
convey  fome  relief  to  the  Saxons, 
refolded  to  bring  him  to  an  aftion, 
to  the  fuccefs  of  which  he  knew  his 
6wn  prefence  would  greatly  contri- 
bute. He  there!  ore  left  the  blockade 
of  the  Saxon  army,  joined  his  forces 
j^  under  Keith,  and  engaged 

^^*  *  the  Auftrians  at  Lowofitz, 
Here  he  obtained  a  viftory  which 
though  it  was  n6t  undifputed  with 
regard  to  the  field  of  battle,  yet 
with  regard  to  the  confequence  it 
was  as  decifive  as  could  be  wifhed. 
M.  ^rown  found  it  impracticable  to 
relieve  the  Saxons,  notwithftanding 
the  judicious  efforts  he  made  for 
that  purpofe  ;  and  that  army,  after 
a  vain  attempt  to  retire  from  their 


difficult  poft,  v/hich  had  one  fault, 
that  it  was  as  difficult  to  leave  it  as 
to  force  it,    were  obliged  to  fur- 
render  prifoners  of  war.   The  King 
ofPolandquitted  his  German  domi- 
nions ;  and  the  Pruffians  took  up 
their  winter  quarters   in    Saxony, 
fcized  upon  the  revenues,  levied  ex- 
orbitant contributions,  and  obliged 
the  country  tofurnifti  recruits. This 
unhappy  people  faw  their  country 
cxhaulted,  and  forced  to  bear  the 
burthen  of  a  war  againft  itfelf.     It 
was  then  that  the  King  of  Pruffia, 
confulting  the  rules  of  policy  more 
than  thofe  of  politenefs,  made  him- 
felf  mailer  of  the  archives  of  Dref- 
den,  in  doing  which  fomeroughnefs 
was  ufed  towards  the  Queen  ;  but 
he  made  himfelf  amends    for  the 
clamour  induftrioufly  raifed  on  this 
pretence,  by  acquiring  the  originals 
of  thofe  pieces,  which  evinced  to 
the  world  the  reality  of  the  defiga 
againft  him,  and  which  therefore  in 
a  great  meafure  juftified  the  means 
he  had  taken    to    come  at  them, 
as  well  as  the  extraordinary  feve- 
rities  he  ufed  towards  the  unfortu- 
nate Saxons. 


C     HA     P. 


11. 


State  of  the  Englijh  minijiry.  The  charaElers  and  defigns  of  t^e  fe'veral 
fad  ions.  A  coalition.  OJhvego  taken  by  the  French.  Calcutta  taken  by 
^the  Nabob,     Angtia  reduced  by  Admiral  JVatfon. 


WHILST  the  King  of  Pruffia 
pafled  the  win  ter  in  the-moft 
vigorous  preparations  for  carrying 
on  the  war,  his  ally  Great  Britain 
prefented  a  very  different  face  of 
things. The  lofsofMinorca  plunged 
the  people  into  the  utmoft  grief 
mixed  with  fliame,  for  fuch  a  blot 
on  the  national  honour,  and  with 
indignation  not  only  againft  thofe 
who  had  adled  weakly,  but  thofe 
who  had  provided  infufficiently  for 


the  relief  of  that  important  pof- 
feffion.  The  public  refentment, 
which  at  firft  feemed  to  have  no 
other  objed  than  Byng,  was  foon 
turned  againft  the  miniftry.  The 
clamour  in  parliament  was  great ; 
without  doors  it  was  exceffive.  Ad- 
dreffes  praying  a  ftrift  enquiry  into 
the  caufe  of  our  misfortunes,  were 
prefented  from  all  parts  of  the  king- 
dom. The  miniftry,  notwithftand- 
ing  this  general  difcontcnt,  had  a 

real 


lo         ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1758. 


real  llrength  ;  and  they  might  have 
ftood,  had  they  agreed  amongll 
themielves.  The  commons  could 
not  be  brought  to  any  angry  votes ; 
and  the  refult  of  the  enquiry  into 
the  lofs  of  Minorca,  was  as  favour- 
able as  they  could  have  wifhed.  But 

Mr.  F thought  it  not  advife- 

able  to  bear  a  large  proportion  of 
the  odium  caufed  by  counfels,  in 
which^he  had  little  ihare.  Perhaps, 
he  thought  this  embarrafTment,  a 
fituation  not  unfavourable  to  the  ar- 
rangement he  had  always  aimed  at ; 
he  therefore  fuddenly  threw  up  an 
employment,  which  he  hoped  to  re- 
fume  augmented  with  greaterpower. 
On  the  removal  of  this  principal 
prop,  the  whole  ftrudure  of  the  mi- 
nillry  fell  to  pieces.  The  D.  of  N. 
the  Ld.  Ch.  the  firft  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty refigned ;  and  the  chiefs  of 
the  party  by  whofe  manoeuvres  they 
J.  were  difplaced  naturally  fuc- 

y^'ceeded  to  the  management 
*75  *  of  affairs.  They  who  had  re- 
figned gave  them  no  apparentoppo- 
fition  in  parliament;  but  whether  it 
was,  that  the  new  miniHry  were 
themfelvestoQfrelhfromoppcfition, 
and  fome  of  them  too  full  of  the  po- 
pular manners  that  introduced  them 
to  court  to  be  perfedly  agreeable  in 
the  clofet,  or  that  they  had  made 
their  bottom  too  narow,  after  hold- 
ing their  employments  for  fome 
months,  to  the  great  concern  of  the 
public,  they  in  their  turn  were  ob- 

Aprils.  liSe'^'°<^,f;^='^P?'*^• 
^  ^  ^  -*      J  hus  was  thehelm  ofgo- 

7^7*  vernment  a  lecond  time 
abandoned.  The  cafeoPthe  King 
and  the  nation  was  at  that  juncture 
truly  deplorable.  We  were  without 
any  ally  who  could  do  us  the  leaft 
fervice,  engaged  in  a  war  hitherto 
unfuccefsful,  with  the  mod  formid- 
able power  in  Europe  ;  we  almoil 
defpaired  of  our  military  virtue  j 


public  fpirit  appeared  utterly  ex- 
tinguifhed ,  whilil  the  rage  of  fadlion 
burned  with  the  utmolh  violence  ; 
our  operations  were  totally  fufpend- 
ed  ;  and  having  no  minillry  efta- 
blilhed,  we  had  no  plan  to  follow. 

Three  factions  dividing  the  ruling 
men  c^f  the  nation,  for  the  grofs  of 
the  people  feejned  to  have  no  fur- 
ther views  than  a  redrefs  of  their 
grievances,  by  whatever  means  that 
could  be  brought  about ;  the  firll  of 
thefe  faftions  was  compofedof  thofe 
who  had  grown  to  place  and  power, 
or  had  formed  their  connexions 
under  the  old  miniilry.  They  were 
fome  of  the  moll  refpedlable  pey- 
fons  in  the  nation,  and  had  un- 
doubtedly the  greateftparliamentary 
intereil.  They  had  at  the  fame 
time  another  intereft  hardly  lefs 
confiderable,  that  of  the  monied 
people ;  but  in  fome  points,  and 
thefe  material  too,  they  were  weak. 
They  were  not  at  all  popular;  a  mat- 
ter of  great  confideration  in  a  go- 
vernment like  ours  :  and  they  were 
fuppofed  by  the  grofs  of  the  people 
not  to  be  under  the  diredlion  of 
great  political  abilities. 

The  fecond  faction,  though  not 
fufpeded  of  the  want  of  futiicient 
ability,  was  yet  more  unpopular 
than  the  former ;  they  had  not  at- 
tempted to  preferve  even  the  ap- 
pearances eifential  to  popularity ; 
and  to  them  the  more  effential,  as 
their  parliamentary  ftrength  was, 
however  refpedlable,  much  inferior 
tothefirft.  If  their  influence  at  one 
court  was  able  to  balance  that  of 
the  old  miniilry,  by  means  of  a  then 
powerful  connection,  that  very  con- 
nexion made  them  far  worfe  at  ano- 
ther court,  and  worfe  with  the  ge- 
nerality of  the  people,  who  enter- 
tained, or  pretended  at  lead  to  enter- 
tain, fufpicionsof  anaturethe  more 
dangerous,  as  they  were  only  drop- 
ped 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


II 


pcd  in  hints  and  whifpers,  and  ne- 
ver could  come  to  a  full  and  open 
explanation. 

The  thij-d  party  had  little  parlia- 
mentary, and  lefs  court  influence  ; 
but  they  had  a  prodigious  popula- 
rity, which  fupDJied  every  otherde- 
feft.     The  abilities  of  their  leader 
were  of  the  moft  Ihining  kind  ;  his 
application  equal  to  his  abilities ; 
his  difinterellednefs  was  confefled 
by  his  enemies  j  and  tho'  it  would 
have  ihinedin  the  days  of  heroifm, 
was  now  the  more  valued,  and  fet 
oiF  to  the  greater  advantage  by  the 
general  fcliiihnefs  which  prevailed 
^mong  the  men  of  bufinefs.     The 
nation  rcpofedthe  molt  perfedl  con- 
fidence in  his  integrity  and  love  to 
his  country.  This  party,  confcious 
where  its  ftreneth  lay,  cultivated 
with  great  care  the  popularity  which 
was^  the  bafis  of  their  power ;  even 
perhaps  fo  as    to  impair^  on  fomc 
pccafions  the  dignity  ofgovernment, 
Thefe  three  faftions  differed  from 
each  other  extremely  with  regard  to 
power,  the  grand  objeft  of  all  fac- 
tions.    But  in  the  general  fcheme 
of  their  politics,  the  two  iirft  were 
pretty  much  agreed.     Looking  on 
Fiance  as  the  ijioil  conftant  and  moft 
dangerous  enemy  of  Great  Britain, 
they  dreaded   the  increafe  of  her 
power    and   influence    among  the 
neighbouring  nations  asthegreatell 
of  all  evils.  To  prevent  fo  dangerous 
^n  aggrandifement^  they  thought  it 
abfolutely  necefiary  to  preferve  a 
conftant  attention  to  the  balance  of 
power,  and  to  feek  our  particular 
fafety   and   liberty  in  the  general 
fafety  and  liberty  of  Europe.  A  clofe 
connexion  was  therefore  to  be  kept 
up  with  the  powers  of  the  conti- 
nent, not  only  by  continual  negoti- 
ations, but  by  large  fubfidies,  and 
even    by    aflifting  them  with  our 
troops  if  the  ocpafion  fliould  require 


fuch  afliftance.  For  this  purpofe,  a* 
well  as  to  fecuremoreefFedluallyour 
prcfent  happy  eftablifhment,  a  con- 
fiderable  regular  land  force  ought 
to  be  cbnftantly  maintained.  Our 
navy,  they  thought,  ought  by  no 
means  to  be  negle(^ed  :  but  it  was 
only  to  be  cultivated  and  employed 
fubferviently  to  the  more  compre- 
henfive  continental  fyftem.  Thefe 
parties  were  far  ffom  being  friends 
to  arbitrary  power,  or  in  any  fort 
averfe  to  parliaments  ;  they  loved 
the  conftitution  ;  but  they  were  for 
preferving  the  authority  of  govern- 
ment entire,  and  in  its  utmoft  lawful 
force.  To  make  government  more 
eafy,  knowing  that  many  would 
difturb  it,  from  difaffeiflion,  or  dif- 
guft,  or  miftaken  notions  of  liberty, 
they  thought  it  juft  to  rale  men  by 
their  interefts,  if  they  could  not  by 
their  virtues ,  and  they  had  long  been 
in  the  practice  of  procuring  a  majo- 
rit5^inparliament,bythediftributioii 
of  the  numerous  lucrative  places  and 
employments  which  our  conftitution 
leaves  in  the  difpofal  of  the  crown. 
Several  believed  that  no  other  me- 
thod was  practicable,  confidering 
the  nature  of  mankind,  and  our 
particular  form  ofgovernment. 

But  the  third  and  popular  party, 
was  influenced  by  difl^erent  princi- 
ples. They  looked  indeed  on  the 
power  of  France  in  the  fame  light 
with  the  two  former,  and  were  of  the 
fame  opinion  concerning  the  nepefEr 
ty  of  fetting  bounds  to  it.  In  the 
means  of  attaining  this  end  they 
dift'ered.  Our  fituation  they  thought 
didated  a  narrower,  but  a  more  na- 
tural,a  fafer  and  a  lefsexpenfive  plan 
of  politics,  than  that  which  had  been 
adopted  by  the  other  party.  We 
ought  never  to  forget, faid  they, that 
we  are  an  ifland  :  and  that  this  cir- 
cumftance,  fo  favourable  both  to  our 
political  and  to  our  civil  liberty,  pre - 
5  fcribes 


12       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


{bribes  to  us  a  conduft  very  diffe- 
rent from  that  of  every  other  na- 
tion. Ournaturalftrengthis  a  mari- 
time ftrength,  as  trade  is  our  natu- 
ral employment :  thefe  mult  always 
go  hand  in  hand,  and  they  mutually 
lupport  each  other.  But,  if  turning 
Our  back  to  our  real  interefts,  and 
abandoning  our   natural  element, 
we  enter  that  inextricable  labyrinth 
of  continental  politics ;  ifwemake 
ourfelves  parties  in  every  contro- 
verfy  ;  if  we  exhauft  our  wealth  in 
purchafmgtheufelefsandprecarious 
friendrtiip  of  every  petty  prince  or 
ftate  ;  if  we  wafle  the  blood  of  our 
people  in  all  the  quarrels  that  may 
arife  on  the  continent  jTo  far  from 
going  in  the  right  way  to  reduce 
France,  that  we  attack  her  on  the 
flrong  Me,  and  only  deftroy  our- 
felves by  our  ill  j  udged  efforts  againft 
the  enemy.    That  we  can  have  no- 
thing to  fear  from  the  fuperiority 
of  France  on  the  continent,  whilft 
we  preferve  our  fuperiority  at  fea  ; 
that  we  can  always  cut  the  fmews 
of  the  enemies  ftrength  by  deftroying 
their  traffic ;  that  to  fear  an  invafion 
from  a  power  weak  in  its  marine, 
is  the  idleft  of  all  fears  ;  that  in  cafe 
an  invafion  were  poffible,  a  well- 
trained  national  militia,  fupplying 
by  their  zeal  the  defefts  of  their 
difcipline,   would  prove   our   beft 
proteftion;  that  a  ilanding  army  is 
m  whatever  fhape  dangerous  to  free- 
dom ;  and  that  a  government  like 
ours,  connected  by  its  very  effcnce 
with  the  liberty  of  the  fubjeft,  can 
never  be  in  want  of  the  fupports 
of  defpotic  power.   As  little  is  par- 
liamentary inflaence  neceffary.     A 
government  pleafing  to  the  people, 
as  every  good  government  mull  be, 
can  never  be  generally    oppcfed  : 
and  men  need  no  bribes  to  perfuade 
them  to  their  duty. 

Thefe  notions  fo  oppolite  in  their 


extremes,  might  be  reconciled  in  a 
medium,  and  ufed  to  temper  each 
other.  For  as  on  one  hand,  it  would 
be  very  abfurd  to  take  no  fort  of  ad- 
vantage of  our  infular  fituation,but 
to  engage  in  all  the  bufmefs  of  the 
continent  without  referve^  and  to 
plunge  oui  felves  into  real  evils  out 
of  dread  of  poffible  mifchiefs ;  fo 
on  the  other  hand  to  think  ourfelves 
Vholly  unconcerned  in  the  fortunes 
of  our  neighbours  on  the  continent, 
or  to  think  of  aiding  them  in  any 
cafe,  only  by  the  way  of  diverlion 
with  our  fleets,  wci-ld  be  away  of 
proceeding  Hill  mor^  extravagant 
than  the  former.  If  fuch  notions 
were  reduced  to  pra-^lice,  we  might 
foon  lofe  all  thefe  advantages  derived 
from  a  lituation  which  we  abufed. 

The  reafonablenefs  of  fuch  a  tem- 
perament, could  not  be  perceived 
during  the  ferment  of  that  time,  in 
which  thefe  topics  were  bandied  to 
and  fro  with  infinite  heat.  The  re- 
lignation  or  rather  deprivation  of 
the  popular  miniftry,  only  increafed 
their  popularity,  and  the  general 
difcontent;  the  people  could  not 
believe  that  good  meafures  could  be 
purfued  when  thofe,  in  whom  alone 
they  confided,  were  not  employed  ; 
almoft  all  the  corporations  of  the 
kingdom  prefented  the  deprived 
minillers  with  their  freedom,  and 
addreffed  them  in  the  warmelt  man- 
ner, teftifying  the  moft  entire  ap- 
probation of  their  conduft,  and  the 
lincereft  concern  to  fee  them  out  of 
employment. 

This  conflid  between  an  old  ella- 
blilhed  intereH,  and  the  torrent  of 
popularity,  continued  for  a  long 
time,  and  the  nation  was  almoft  ru- 
ined by  it.  It  is  not  eafy  nor  perhaps 
quite  proper  to  attempt  to  trace  the 
llcps  by  which  fo  happy  a  coalition, 
as  we  have  feen  take  place,  was 
brought  about.  Butitwas  formed  in 

fuch 


HISTORY    OF     THE    WAR, 


n 


fuch  manner  as  held  together  with 
fuch  ibliJity,  and  produced  fuchex- 
.  cellenteffefts,  as  I  believe 

)  line  29  ^^^  ^^^^  fanguine  could  not 
^757-  have  hopedfor  at  that  time. 
Mr.  ?.  was  again  reftored  to  th«  of- 
fice offecretary  of  ilate,  the  D.  of 
N.  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
treafury,  Mr.F.  was  appointed pay- 
mafter  of  the  forces.  This  arrange- 
ment, which  gave  very  general  fa- 
tisfaftion,  was  however  difliked  by 
thofe  whom  their  violent  attach- 
ment to  their  party  had  infpired 
with  a  narrow  and  exclufive  fpirit. 
It  was  the  bed  meafure,  becaufe  it 
was  an  healing  meafure ';  and  it  was 
little  lefs  than  impoflible  for  any 
particular  party  to  carry  on  public 
bufinefs  on  its  fmgle  bottom. 

It  was  high  time  that  our  domellic 
diflenllons  fhould  be  compofed  at 
laft.  From  every  quarter  of  the  world 
Aup-   ij.  i^  which  we  had  any  con- 
,j'^  ^'  cern,  we  heard  of  nothing 
'^   '     butlofiesandcalamities.In 
America  we  loft  the  fort  of  Ofwego. 
That  fort  fituated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Onondaga  river,  commanded  a 
commodious  harbour  on  the  lake 
Ontario.     It  was  built  by  General 
Shirley,  and  defigned  to  cover  the 
country  of  the  Five  nations;  to  fecure 
the  Indian  trade  ;   to  interrupt  the 
communication  between  the  French 
northern    and    fouthern    eftablifh- 
ments  ;  and  to  open  a  way  te  our 
arms  to  attack  the  forts  of  Frontenac 
and  Niagara.     For  thefe  purpofes, 
fome  frigates  had  been  fitted  out  for 
cruiiing,    and  a  number  of  boats 
prepared  for  the  tranfportation  of 
troops ;  but  they  all  fell  to  the  ene- 
my with  the  fort,  where  100  pieces 
of  cannon   were,   and   a  confider- 
able  quantity  of  provifion.      1600 
men  were  made  prifoners  of  war. 
The  place  made  but  a  trifling  refift- 
«nce,  fcarce  holeiogout  th/eedays ; 


the  attempts  to  relieve  it  were  too 
late.  The  French  demoliihed  the 
fort. 

Our  lofTes  were  not  confined  to 
America.   The  Eaft  India  company 
received  a  blow,  which  would  have 
fhaken     an    eftablifliment    of  lefs 
ftrength  to  its  foundation.      The 
news  of  the  war  between  France  and 
England  had  not  yet  reached  In«lia, 
but  anew  and  very  formidable  ene- 
my was  raifed  up  in  that  quarter. 
The  Nabob  of  Bengal  (the  Nabobs 
are  a  fpecies  of  viceroys  to  the  Grand 
Mogul,  grown  almoft  independent 
in  their  feveral  provinces)  irritated 
at  the  protection  given  to  one  of  his 
fubjeftsin  the  Englifh.fort  of  Cal- 
cutta, and,  as  it  is  faid,  at  the  refu- 
falof  fome  duties  to  which  he  claim- 
ed a  right,  levied  a  great  army,  and 
laid  fiege  to  that  place.  The  gover- 
nor terrified  by  the  numbers  of  the 
enemy,  abandoned  the  fort  with  fe- 
veral of  the  principal  perfons  in  the 
fettlement,  who  faved   themfelves 
with  their  moft  valuable  effects  on 
board  the  fhips. 

Thus  deferted,  Mr.  Hollwel  the 
fecond  in  command,  brkvely  held 
the  place  to  the  laft  extremity,  with 
a  few  gallant  friends,  and  the  re- 
mains of  a  feeble  garrifon.    Avery 
noble  defence  was   infufficient    to 
keep  an  untenable  place,  or  to  affect 
an  ungenerous  enemy.  The   ,  ^ 
fort  was  taken,  and  the  gar-  ^  ^'}^ 
rifon  being  made  prifoners, 
were  thruftinto  a  narrow  dungcgn. 
Hollwel  with  a  few  others  came  out 
alive,  to  paint  a  fcene  of  the  moft 
cruel  diftrefs  which  perhaps  human 
nature  ever  fafi'cred.  The  Eaft  In- 
dia company  loft  their  principal  fet- 
Icment  in  Bengal,  and  a  fort  which 
fecured  to  them  the  moft  valuable 
part  of  their  trade. 

In  the  fpace  of  this  unfortunate 
year  we  were  ftrippcd  of  Minorca 

and 


14  ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758. 


and  Ofwego ;  we  apprehended  an 
invaiion  of  Great  Britain  itfelf;  our 
Councils  were  torn  to  pieces  by  fac- 
tions, and  our  military  fame  was 
every  wherein  contempt.  Amidll 
thcfe  loffes,  we  coniidered 


Feb.M3. 


as  fome  advantage,  the  re- 


duftion  of  the  principal  fo;-t  of  An- 
gria  a  piratical  prince,  who  had 
been  many  years  troublefome  to  the 
Englifh  trade  in  the  Eaft  Indies. 
This  fervicc  was  performed  by  Ad- 
miral Watfon  in  the  beginning  of 
the  year. 


C     H     A     P. 


III. 


State  of  the  confederacy  againji  the  King  of  Pruffia^  French  pa/s  the 
Wefer.  King  of  Pruffia  enters  Bohemia,  Battle  of  Prague.  Prague 
inn: eft ed.  Count  DAun  takes  the  command  of  the  Auftrian  army.  Battle 
of  Colin » 


WHAT  turn  thcEnglilh  poli- 
tics were  like  to  take  in  thci 
year  1757,  feemed  for  fomc  time 
iincertain.  The  new  miniltry  did 
not  feem  well  ellablifiied  ;  nor  was 
it  well  known  whether  they  would 
purfue  the  plans  and  preferve  the 
connexions  of  the  old.  Abroad 
every  thing  was  prepared  for  open- 
ing the  campaign  with  the  utmoil 
eclat.  All  Europe  was  in  motion. 

France,  in  order  to  demonftrate 
to  the  Queen  of  Hungary  the  ad- 
vantageous choice  file  had  made  in 
connecting  herfelf with  the  houfeof 
Bourbon,  formed  two  great  armies. 
The  firll  was  compofed  of  near 
80,000  men,  the  Hower  of  the 
French  troops,  attended  with  a  vail: 
artillery,  and  commanded  by  M. 
de  Etrees,  a  general  of  the  b^llefta- 
blifhed  reputation  fhe  had  in  her 
iervice.  Under  him  fervedM.  de 
Contades,  M.  Chcvert,  and  the 
Count  de  St.  G  ermain  ,>  all  officers  of 
high  character,  and  all  fit  to  com- 
mand in  chief,  if  M.  de  Etrees  had 
not  been  appointed  to  that  emi- 
nence. This  formidable  army  paf- 
fcd  the  Pvhine,  and  marched  by 
Weftphalia,  in  order  to  invade  the 
Kingof  Prufiia's  dominions  in  qua- 
lity of  allies  to  the  Emprefs  Queen, 
and  guardians  of  the  liberties  of 


the  Empire,  and  to  no  otherintentj 
as  it  was  pretended;  but  in  reality 
with  a  view  to  reduce  Hanover  al- 
fo.  They  j  udged  that  their  opera- 
tions againll  the  King  of  Pruffia 
mightbe  executed,  and  their  fcheme 
to  drive  the  king  of  England  into 
fome  conceffions  with  regard  to  A- 
merica,  might  be  completed  by  one 
and  the  fame  blow.  The  fecond 
army  was  commanded  by  the  Prince 
de  Soublfe ;  it  confifted  of  about 
25,000  men.  This  army  was  de- 
flined  to  ftrengthen  the  Imperial 
army  of  execution  ;  but  before  it 
had  pafled  the  Rhine  it  made  itfelf 
mailer  of  Gleves,  Meurs  and  Guel- 
dres,  whilil  a  detachment  from  de 
Etree's  army  feized  upon  the  tov/n 
of  Embden,  and  whatever  elfe  be- 
longed to  Pruffia  in  Eaft  Friefland. 
As  foon  as  theKingofPrulTiahad 
entered  Saxony  in  the  beginning  of 
the  preceding  fummer,  procefswas 
commenced  agninft  him  in  the  Em- 
peror's Aulic  council,  and  before 
the  diet  of  the  Empire.  It  is  not 
difficult  te  conceive  how  the  affair 
mull  have  been  decided ;  when  thofe 
who  feared  the  King  of  Pruffia  be- 
lieved they  had  a  fair  opportunity 
to  reduce  him  ;  and  when  thofe 
who  feared  the  houfc  of  Auftria 
Were  by  that  very  fear  obliged  to 

fup' 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


'^ 


fupport  the  power  they  dreaded : 
accuttomed  as  they  were  to  the  in- 
fluence of  a  family  in  which  the 
Empire  had  fo  long  been  in  a  man- 
ner hereditary  ;  and  overawed  by 
the  appearances  of  a  confedracy, 
the  mott  formidable  the  world  had 
ever  yet  feen.  Accordingly  the  King 
of  Pruffia  was  -condemned  for  con- 
tumacy, and  the  Fifcal  had  orders 
to  notify  to  him  that  he  was  put 
under  the  ban  of  the  Empire,  and 
adjudged  fallen  from  all  the  digni- 
ties and  poffeflions  which  he  held 
under  it.  The  circles  of  the  Empire 
were  ordered  to  furnifh  their  con- 
tingents of  men  and  money  to  put 
this  fentence  in  execution  ;  but  the 
contingents  were  coUetled  (lowly, 
the  troops  were  badly  compofed, 
and  probably  this  army  had  never 
been  able  to  a£l  if  it  had  not  been 
for  the  affillance  afforded  under  the 
Prince  de  Soubife. 

The  Aullrians  who  were  princi- 
pals in  this  quarrel,  were'not  behind 
their  auxiliaries  in  the  greatnefs  of 
their  preparations  ;  they  made  the 
moft  flrenuous  efforts,  by  which 
they  affembled  a  body  of  upwards 
of  100,000  men  in  Bohemia,  and 
committed  the  command  to  Prince 
Charles  of  Lorrain,  affifted  by  M. 
Brown.  In  the  North  all  things 
threatened  the  King  of  Pruffia.  The 
Czarina,  true  to  her  refentments 
and  her  engagements,  had  fent  a 
body  of  60,000  men,  commanded 
by  M.  Apraxin,  who  were  in  full 
march  to  invade  the  ducal  Pruffia, 
whilll  a  ftrong  fleet  was  equipped 
in  the  Baltic,  to  co-operate  with 
that  army.  Although  the  King  of 
Sweden  was  allied  in  blood  and  in- 
clinations to  his  Pruffian  majefly, 
yet  the  jealoufy  which  the  Senate 
entertained  of  their  fovereign  ;  the 
liope   of  recovering  their  ancient 


pofleffions  in  Pomerania  by  means 
of  the  prefent  troubles,  and  in  fine 
their  old  attachment  toFrance  newly 
cemented  by  intrigues  and  fubfidies^ 
made  their  ill  inclinations  to  the 
caufe  of  Pruffia  more  than  fufpici- 
ous.  Hitherto  indeed  nothing  more 
than  the  tendency  of  their  councils 
were  fully  known.  The  Duke  of 
Mecklenbourg  took  the  fame  party^ 
and  agreed  tojoin  the  Sv/edifh  army, 
when  it  Ihould  be  aflTembled,  with 
6000  men  ;  a  proceeding  which  he 
has  finee  had  reafon  to  repent  bit- 
terly. Thus  were  the  forces  of  five 
mighty  ftates*,  each  of  which  had 
in  their  turn  been  a  terror  to  all  Eu- 
rope, united  to  reduce  the  heir  of 
the  Marquiflfes  of  Brandenbourg; 
and  in  fuch  a  point  of  danger  and 
glory  had  the  great  and  formida- 
ble abilities  of  his  Pruffian  majefty 
placed  him,  with  little,  in  compa- 
rifon,  that  could  enable  him  to  fuf- 
tain  the  violence  of  fo  rtiany  fliocks, 
except  what  thofe  abilities  fupplied. 
But  his  aftoniftiing  ceconomy,  the 
incomparable  order  of  the  finances, 
the  difcipline  of  his  armies  beyond 
all  praife,  a  fagacity  that  forcfaw 
every  thing,  a  vigilance  that  at- 
tended every  thing,  a  conllancy 
that  no  labour  could  fubdue,  a 
courage  that  no  danger  could  dif- 
may,  an  intuitive  glance  that 
catches  the  decifive  moment,  all 
thefe  feemed  to  form  a  fort  of  ba- 
lance to  the  vaft  weight  again  ft 
him,  turned  the  wilhes  of  his. 
friends  into  hopes,  and  made  them 
depend  upon  refourccs  that  are  not 
within  the  power  of  calculation. 

The  only  army  that  appeared  in 
his  favour  was  a  body  of  between 
30  and  40,000  Hanoverians  and 
HelTians,  who  with  fome  reinforce- 
ments of  his  own  troops,  formed  an 
army  of  o|)fervation,    commanded 


•  Auftrb,  Ruffia,  France,  Sweden,  th«  Empire. 


by 


t6       ANNUAL    REGISTER,  1758. 


by  his  Royal  Highnefs  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland;  this  army  was  polled 
on  the  \Yefer,  to  watch  the  motions 
of  M.  d'Etrees.  The  vail:  and  un- 
wieldy body  of  the  French,  encum- 
bered as  the  French  armies  always 
are  by  an  immenfe  baggage  and  an 
innumerable  multitude  of  mouths 
without  hands,  made  a  very  flow 
progrefs  through  the  rough  and  bar- 
ren country  that  lies  between  the 
Rhine  and  the  Wefer.  All  the  abi- 
lities of  the  FVench  general  were 
employed  in  finding  fubfillence  for 
his  troops.  His  Royal  Highnefs,  on 
the  other  hand,  difplayed  great  abi- 
lities in  throwing  all  poffible  impe- 
diments in  his  way.  But  when  thefe 
impediments  were  removed  by  the 
fuperiority  of  numbers,  the  Hano- 
verian army  gradually  gave  way, 
yielding  to  that  fuperiority,  and 
the  French  troops  pafled  the  We- 
fer without  .oppofition. 

In  the  mean  time,  his  Pruffian 
majefty  being  determined  according 
to  his  maxim  to  lay  the  cloth  as 
far  from  home  as  poffible;  made  his 
difpofitions  for  carrying  the  war  in- 
to Bohemia  as  fpeedily  as  the  feafon 
would  admit.  •  Three  great  bodies 
of  his  troops  entered  into  that 
kingdom  by  three  very  different 
ways,  but  nearly  at  the  fame  time. 
M.  Schwerin  penetrated  into  it  from 
Silefia.  The  Prince  of  Bevern  en- 
tered with  the  corps  under  his  com- 
mand from  Lufatia,  and  defeated, 
as  a  preliminary  to  a  more>  decilive 
.      ^     viclory,  a  body  of  28,000 

"*"  *  Auitrianswhooppofedhim. 
The  king  himfelf  prepared  to  enter 
Bohemia  at  a  great  diilance  from  the 
corps  commanded  by  thefe  generals, 
and  as  he  feemed  difpofed  to  march 
towards  Egra,  the  enemy  imagined 
he  intended  to  execute  fome  defign 
diilindl  from  the  objeft  of  his  other 
armies.     With  this  idea  they  de- 


tached a  body  of  20,000  men  to 
obferve  his  motions.  The  King  of 
PruHia  finding  that  this  feint  liad  all 
its  effeds,  made  a  fudden  and  maf- 
terly  movement  to  his  left,  by  which 
he  cut  off  all  communication  be- 
tween that  detachment  and  the 
main  army  of  the  Auftrians.  Spi- 
rited with  this  advantage,  he  pufti- 
ed  onwards  with  the  utmoft  rapidi- 
ty to  Prague,  where  he  joined  the 
corps  under  the  Prince  of  Bevfern 
and  M.  Schwerin,  who  had  ad- 
vanced with  inconceivable  diligence 
to  meet  him.  Never  were  operati- 
ons executed  with  more  judgment, 
celerity  and  fuccefs. 

The  Auftrian  army  was  little 
Ihort  of  100,000  men,  n,  , 
and  the  fituation  of  their  ^^^^V^' 
camp,  fortified  by  every  advantage 
of  nature,  and  every  contrivance 
of  art,  fuch  as  on  common  occafi- 
ons  might  juftly  be  confidered  as 
impregnable;  but  the  Pruffians,b(S- 
ing  nearly  as  numerous  as  the  encv- 
my,  infpired  by  a  fociety  of  dangei" 
with  their  King,  and  filled  with  that 
noble  enthufiafm,  which,  whilll  it 
urges  to  daring  enterprifes,  almolt 
enfures  their  fuccefs,  paffed  mo- 
raffes,  climbed  precipices,  faced 
batteries,  and  after  a  bloody  and 
obftinate  refiftance,  totally  defeated 
the  Auftrians.  They  took  their 
camp,  military  chefl,  cannon,  all 
the  trophies  of  a  complete  viftory. 
The  lofs  on  the  fide  of  the  vic- 
tor, as  well  as  the  vanquilhed, 
was  very  great ;'  but  both  fides  had 
yet  a  greater  lofs  in  the  death  of 
two  of  the  beft  generals  in  Europe. 
M.  Schwerin  was  killed  at  the  age 
of  eighty-two  with  the  colonePs 
llandard  in  his  hand  at  the  head  of 
his  regiment.  M.  Brown  received 
a  wound,  which,  from  the  chagrin 
he  fufirered  rather  than  from  its  own 
nature,  proved  mortal. 

About 


HISTORY    O 

About  40,000  of  the  Aullrian  ar- 
fny  took  refuge  in  Prague.     The 
rell  fled  different  ways.    The  King 
of  Pruflia  loft  no  time  to  invert  the 
place,  and  to  cut  off  all  fuccours. 
If  on  one  hand  fuch  an  immenfe 
garrifon  made  an  attack  unadvife- 
able,  on  the  other  that  formidable 
number  itfelffeemed  to  make  the 
reduction  of  the  place  by  famine 
the  more  certain.       The  King  of 
Pruflia  not  relying  f')lely  on  this, 
prepared  to  bombard  the  town.  On 
the  29th  of  May,  at  miinight,  after 
a  moft  dreadful  ftorm  of  rain  and 
thunder,  as    if  it  were  to  difplay 
how  much  more  ruinous  the  malice 
of  men  may  be,  than  the  greateft 
terrors  of  nature,  on  the  fignal  of  a 
rocket,  four  batteries,  which   dif- 
charged  every  twenty- four  hours  two 
hundred  and  cight/^cight  bombs, 
befides  a  vaft  multitude  of  red  hot 
balls-,  began  to  pour  dcrtrudioh  on 
that  unfortunate  city,   which  was 
foon  in  flames  in  every  part.     The 
garrifon  made  a  vigorous  defence, 
and  one  well  conduded  and  dcfpe- 
rate  fally  :  but  they  were  repulfcd 
with  great  lofs.  The  principal  ma- 
gillrates,  burghers,  and  clergy,  fee- 
ing their  city  on  the  point  of  being 
reduced  to  an  heap  of  rubbifli,  made 
the  meft    moving  fupplications  to 
the  commander  to  lillen   to  terms. 
The  commander  was  deaf  to  their 
prayers.  Twelve  thoufand  of  the  moft 
ufelefs  mouths  were  driven   out  of 
the  city.  The  PrufTians  forced  them 
in  again.  The  affairs  of  the  Emprefs 
feemed  verging  toil  I evi table  deftruc- 
tion  ;  a  whole  ar-^:yv/as  upon  the 
point  of  furrendering  priionfrs  of 
war  :  the  ciipital  of  Boiicraia  on  the 
point  of  being  taken,  rr.dwith  it  all 
the  reft  of  that   flourifhing  king- 
dom.    The  fanguine  friends  of  the 
King  of  Pruffia  began  to  compute 
the  diftance  to  Vicuna. 
Vol.  I.       ^ 


F    T  H  E    W  A  R.         17 

In  this  defperate  lituation  of  af- 
fairs, Leopold  Count  Daun  entered 
on  theftage,  and  began  to  turn  the 
fortune  of  the  war.  This  general 
never  had  commanded  in  chief  be- 
fore ;  but  he  was  formed,  by  a  long 
courfe  of  experience  in  various  parts 
of  Europe,  under  the  greateft  gene- 
rals,and  in  themoft  illuftrious  fcenes 
ofaflion.  Thoughof  a  very  noble 
family,  he  had  without  the  leaft 
alTiftance  from  court  favour,  rifen 
infenfibly  by  the  flow  gradation  of 
mere  merit,  with  much  efteem  and 
without  any  noife.  This  general 
arrived  within  a  few  miles  of 
Prague,  the  daydfterthe  great  bat- 
tle. He  collected  the  fugitive  par- 
ties of  the  Auftrian  army,  and  re- 
tired to  a  poft  of  great  ftrength, 
from  v/hence  he  fed  the  troops  ia 
Prague  with  hopes  of  relief.  But  as 
no  man  better  uuderftood  the  fupe- 
riority  of  the  Pruiuan  troops,  and 
as  he  vv'as  fcnfible  of  the  impreflion 
which  the  late  defeat  had  left  upon 
his  men,  he  carefully  avoided  to 
precipitate  matters  by  an  hafty  ac- 
tion .  He  knew  that  the  fituation  he 
had  chofen  would  embarrafs  the 
Prufllans ;  that  a  large  party  of  their 
army  muft  be  always  employed  to 
watch  him  ;  that  this  would  weak- 
en  their  efforts  againft  the  great 
body  fhut  up  in  Prague,  whilft  his 
own, forces  gained  time  to  recover 
their  fpirits,  and  to  increafe  in 
ftrength  by  the  daily  fuccours, which 
his  court  exerted  all  their  powers 
to  fend  him  :  with  thefe  ideas  he 
waited  in  his  intrenched  camp  at 
Colin,  toa£t  as  events  fhould  direv^t. 
'1  he  King  of  Pruffia  warnot  iel~s, 
fenfible  than  Count  Daun  of  the  ef- 
feft  of  this  condud.  He  determined 
at  all  adventures  to  dlilodge  him 
from  tho  poft  he  held  ;  Ivuc  whether 
it  was  that  the  king  feared  to  weak- 
en his  aimy,  which  had  aftually  aa 
C  army 


i8 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


army  to  befiege,  or  whether  he  was 
blinded  by  a  train  of  uniform  fuc- 
cefs,  which  made  him  believe  his 
arms  irrefillible  under  every  difad- 
vantage,  or  whatever  were  his  mo- 
tives or  neceflities,  the  whole  army 
employed  in  this  undertaking,  in- 
cludingthe  Prince  of  Bevern*s  corps, 
did  not  exceed  32,000  men,  caval- 
ry and  infantry  ;  and  with  thefe  he 
-  Q    was  to  attack  60,600  men, 

June  18.  .^^^^^  ^^^^^  ftrongeit  fi- 

tuations  which  could  be  chofen,  and 
defendjsd  by  avail  train  of  artillery. 
Whatever  the  moft  impetuous  and 
well  regulated  courage,  whatever 
an  order  infpired  by  the  remem- 
brance of  fo  many  viflories  could 
do  towards  overcoming  every  kind 
of  difad vantage,  was  done  by  the 
Pruflians  on  this  occafion.  They 
returned  to  the  attack  feven  times : 
in  none  of  their  vidorious  battles 
had  their  bravery  been  more  con- 
fpicuous.  Both  the  King's  bro- 
thers were  in  the  field  ;  and  they 
did  every  thing  that  could  be  ex- 
pected from  the  King  of  Pruffia's 
brothers.  The  King  himfelf,  at 
the  head  of  his  cavalry,  made  one 
furious    and    concluding    charge. 


Every  thing  was  tried,  and  every 
thing  was  unfuccefsful.  The  want 
of  a  fulficiently  numerous  infantry 
in  a  ground  where  his  cavalry  could 
not  fupport  them,  the  want  of  an  e- 
qual  artillery,  the  advantageous  fi- 
tuation  of  the  enemy,  their  num- 
bers, their  bravery,  their  general, 
obliged  the  King  of  Pruffia  to  quit 
the  field.  What  his  lofs  was  is  not  fo 
certain  ;  it  was  undoubtedly  great 
in  the  aftion,  but  ftill  greater  by 
defertions,  and  the  innumerable  ill 
confequences  that  follow  a  defeat. 

Though  the  King  of  PrulTia  was 
defeated  in  this  battle,  and  tho'  he 
brought  on  his  defeat,  in  a  great 
meafure,  by  fome  errors  of  his  own, 
yet  whatever  fmall  blemilh  his  mili- 
tary fl-iill  might  have  fuifered,  his  re- 
putation was  raifed  higher  than  ever, 
in  the  opinion  of  all  judicious  men-, 
by  the  noble  and  candid  manner  in 
which  he  acknowledged  his  mif- 
take,  by  the  firmnefs  with  which 
he  bore  his  misfortune,  and  by 
thofe  allonifhing  ftrokes  of  genius 
and  heroifm,  by  which  he  retriev- 
ed his  lofs.  The  fmiles  of  fortune 
makes  conquerors;  it  is  her  malice 
which  difcovers  heroes. 


CHAP. 


IV. 


Con/equejice  of  the  battle  cf  Colin.  King  of  PruJJia  evacuates  Bohemia, 
Battle  of  Hajlenheck.  Con^ventionofCloJier-fe'ven.  Expedition  to  Roch- 
fort.  Ruffians  enter  PniJJia,  Jlujhians  bcficge  Schiveidnitz.  French 
and  ImperialijU  make  incurfons  into  Brandenburg.  Snvedes  enter  Pcmera- 
nia.  Battle  of  Nor  kit  ten.  General  Leh-ivald  defeated.  Bad  condition  of 
the  King  of  Prujjia. 


NF>V£R  was  the  old  obferva- 
tion  line  hataille  perdue  a  v.n 
mautais  cu,  more  verified  than  in 
the  confequences  of  the  unfortunate 
battle  of  Colin.  Though  the  King 
retired  unpurfued  by  hi;;  enemies, 
he  was  obliged  to  rejoin  hi-s  own 
army  before'Prague  without  delaj-. 


and  to  raife  the  blockade  of  that 
place.  The  imprifoned  Auftrians 
with  joy  received  Count  Daun  their 
deliverer,  and  their  united  forces 
became  ■  greatly  fuperior  to  tlie 
Prufiians.  The  King  was  in  a  fhort 
time  obliged  to  evacuate  Bohemia, 
and  take  refuge  in  Saxony.  The 
Auftrians 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


19 


Auftrians  harraded  him  as  much  as 
poflible;  but  their  armies,  notwith- 
lianding  their  great  fuperiority, 
were  not  in  a  condition  from  their 
late  fufferings  to  make  any  decifive 
attempt  upon  him,  as  the  frontiers 
of  Saxony  abound  with  fituations 
eafily  defended. 

The  Kingof  Pruffia's  misfortunes 
now  poured  in  upon  him  at  once, 
and  from  every  quarter.  The  army 
commanded  by  the  Duke  of  Cum- 
berland, who  continually  retired 
before  the  French,  after  ihey  had 
parted  the  Wefer,  came  however 
to  a  refolution  to  mdke  a  (land  at 
Haftenbeck  .where  itwas  j  udgedthat 
the  fuperior  numbers  of  the  enemy 
might  be  the  leaft  prejudicial  j  but 
notwithftandingtheadvantagesofthe 
fituation,  the  braveryof the  Hanove- 
rians, and  the  condu«5l  of  the  D.  the 
allied  army  was  driven  from  the  field 
J   I  of  battle,  and  retreated  to- 

J"  y^5*  vvardsStade.  By  taking  this 
route  his  Royal  Highncfs  was  driven 
intoa  fortofV«/^^y^f.  Unable  by 
his  fituation  to  retire,  or  by  his 
ftrength  to  advance,  he  was  com- 
Q.  o  pelled  to  fign  the  remark- 
P'  '  ablecapitulationof  Clofter- 
feven,  by  which  38000  Hanove- 
rians laid  down  their  arras,  and 
were  difperfed  into  different  quar- 
ters of  cantonment.  The  French 
.  ^  army  had  a  little  before 
°'  '  tlvischauged  its  commander. 
D'Etrees,  the  favourite  of  all  the 
military  men,  was  removed  from 
the  command,  which  was  conferred 
on  the  Duke  dc  Richelieu,  who  ex- 
celled him  and  all  mankind  in  the 
profefilon  of  a  courtier.  The  Ha- 
noverians were  nov/  quite  fubdued, 
and  all  the  French  force  let  loofe 
by  this  treaty,  was  ready  to  fall  upon 
the  King  of  Pruifia's  dominions. 

An  enterprize  was  concerted  in 
England  againll  the  coalt  of  France, 


to  make  a  diverfion  in  his  favour, 
by  drawing  a  part  of  the  French 
army  to  the  defence  of  their  own 
country.  England  propofed  to  com- 
pafs  another  great  defign,  and  which 
flie  had  equally  at  heart,  by  this 
expedition,  which  was  to  give  an 
elFedual  blow  to  the  marine  of 
France.  The  deftination  of  this  ar- 
mament was  kept  a  profound  fecret, 
and  whilll  it  exercifed  the  penetra- 
tion of  all  the  politicians  in  Europe, 
it  filled  France  with  the  moll  ferious 
alarms.  The  Englifli  fleet  at  laft 
appeared  before  Rochfort.  « 
Sometimewasfpent  before  "  * 
it  could  be  refolved  what  plan  was  to 
be  followed  in  the  attack :  at  laft  it 
was  refolved  to  fecure  the  fmall  ifle 
of  Aix,  from  whence  fome  obftruc- 
tion  was  apprehended  to  their  land- 
ing. The  ifland  was  foon  reduced  ; 
but  as  a  good  deal  of  time  was 
confumed  in  thefe  deliberations  and 
aftions,  the  militia  of  the  country 
had  time  to  gather,  and  there  was 
an  appearance  of  two  camps  on  the 
fhore.  The  commanders  now  tooW 
into  confideration  the  badnefs  of 
the  coaft,  the  danger  of  landing; 
the  time  the  enemy  had  to  put  the 
place  in  fuch  a  pofture  of  defence, 
as  might  make  any  fudden  attempt, 
or  coup  du  main,  unfuccefsful  :  in 
confequence  of  thefe  deliberations, 

they  unanimoufly refolved  e.     ^ 

^  .  ,      ■'       ,  .       Sept.  2Q. 

to  return  without  making      ^       ^ 

any  attempt.  The  difappoint- 
ment  of  the  nation  was  equal  to 
the  fanguine  hopes  we  had  con- 
ceived ;  nothing  could  exceed 
the  general  difcontent.  The  mi- 
litary men  blamed  the  plan  of  the 
expedition.  The  m  in  liters,  and 
with  them  the  public  voice^  ex- 
claimed at  the  execution.  A  court 
of  enquiry  y  of  officers  of  reputation, 
ccnlured  the  commander;  a  court 
martial,  of  officers  of  reputation, 
C  2  ae- 


20 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


acquitted  him.  The  ex'pedition 
ferved  only  in  England  to  increafe 
and  imbitter  our  diffenfions,  and  to 
turn  our  attention  to  vain  difputes. 
It  did  nothing  towards  relieving  the 
King  of  Pruflia. 

The  Ruffians,  who  had  made  for 
a  long  time  a  dilatory  march,  and 
feemed  uncertain  of  their  own  re- 
folutions,  all  at  once  haftencd  their 
motions.  They  entered  the  Ducal 
Pruffia  under  M.Apraxioand  Ge- 
neral Fermer,  and  marked  their 
progrefs  by  a  thoufand  inhuman 
cruelties.  A  large  body  of  Auftri- 
ans  entered  Silefia,  and  penetrated 
as  far  as  Breilau.  Then  they  made 
a  turn  backwards,  and  laid  fiege  to 
the  important  fortrefs  of  Schweid- 
nitz,  juftly  confidered  as  the  key 
of  that  dutchy,  v/hich  was  the  caufe 
of  the  war.  Another  body  enter- 
ed Lufatia,  and  made  themfelves 
mafters  of  Zittau.  Twenty-two 
thoufand  Swedes  pierced  into  the 
PrufTian  Pomerania,  took  the  towns 
of  Anclamand  Dcmmein,  and  laid 
the  whole  country  under  contribu- 
tion. Richelieu,  freed  from  all  op- 
pofition  on  the  fide  of  Hanover, 
made  his  way  into  Halberftad,  and 
the  old  Marche  of  Brandenburg, 
firft  exafting  contributions,  and 
then  plundering  the  towns.  The 
array  of  the  Empire,  reinforced  by 
'  that  ofPrincedeSoubife,  after  many 
delays,  was  at  laft  on  full  march  to 
enter  Saxony ;  this  left  the  Auftrians 
at  liberty  to  turn  the  greateft  part 
of  their  forces  to  the  reduction  of 
Sileiia.  General  Haddick  pierced 
through  Lufatia,  pafTed  by  the 
Pruffian  armies,  and  fuddenlypre- 
fenting  himfelf  before  the  gates  of 
Berlin,  laid  >the  King  of  Pruj[fia*s 
capital  under  contribution  ;  and 
though  he  retired  on  the  approach 
of  a  body  of  Prufllans,  yet  he  llill 
kept  pofleflion of  hisformerpoft,  in 


order  to  interrupt  the  commiinicit- 
tion  of  the  King  with  Silefia.  The 
fate  which  feemed  to  have  threat- 
ned  the  Emprefs  fome  months  ago, 
was  now  looked  upon  as  the  cer- 
tain lot  of  her  antagonill.  All  his 
endeavours  to  retrieve  his  affairs 
had  hitherto  been  equally  brave 
andunfuccefsful,  Gemeral  Lehwald 
had  orders  at  any  hazard  to  engage 
the  Ruffians:  with  thirty  thoufand 
he  attacked  double  that  number 
Urongly  entrenched,  at  a  . 
place  called  Ncrkitten;  but  ^^' 
after  feveral  of  thofe  won-  ^  * 
dcrful  eftbrts  which  the  Pruffians 
alone  know  how  to  make,  he  was 
compelled  to  retire  ;  but  he  retired 
'  in  excellent  order,  without  being 
purfued,  having  killed  five  times 
more  of  the  enemy,  than  he  had 
loft  of  his  own  men,  and  more  for- 
midable after  his  defeat,  than  the 
Ruffians  after  their  victory.  The 
KingofPruffiae'xerted  himfelf  upon 
^every  fide  ;  his  enemies  almoft  al- 
ways fled  before  him ;  but  whilft  he 
purfued  one  body,  another  gained  in 
fome  other  part  upon  him,  and  the 
winter  Ccyne  on  faft,  as  his  ftrength 
decayed,  and  his  adverfaries  mul- 
tiplied from  every  quarter.  The 
following  letter,  which  appeared  in 
the  public  papers  about  this  time, 
paints  the  condition  of  that  dif- 
treffed  monarch,  in  fo  full  a  man- 
ner, that  I  fhall  attempt  no  other 
defcription  of  it. 

**  Manyperfons,whofawtheKing 
of.PruiTia,  when  he  pafTed  lately 
through  Leipfic,  cannot  exprefs 
how  much  he  is  altered.  They  fay 
he  is  fo  much  worn  away,  that  they 
fcarce  knew  him.  This,  indeed,  is 
not  to  be  wondered  at ;  he  hath 
not  a  body  of  Iron,  like  Charles 
XII.  and  he  endures  as  great  fa- 
tigues as  he  did.  He  is  as  much 
on  horfebacJj:  as  Charles  was,  and 

often 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR.       21 


often  lies  upon  the  ground.  His 
inward  fufFerings  cannot  be  lefs 
than  his  outward.  Let  us  caft  onr 
eye  on  a  map  of  the  Pruffian  domi- 
nions ;  and  meai'ure  what  he  hath  . 
left  of  the  many  fair  poflefTions  he 
had  in  the  month  of  April  laft,  of 
which  a  fpace  of  (even  months 
hath  ftript  him.  Whence  can  he 
have  men  i  he  is  (hut  out  from  the 
Empire ;  and  from  whence  can  he 
draw  money  ?  the  duchy  of  Guel- 
ders,  the  duchy  of  Cleves,  the 
principality  of  Moers,  the  county 
of  Lingen,  the  county  of  Lipttad, 
the  principality  of  Minden,  Eall- 
Friefland,  Embden,  and  its  infant 
company,  part  of  the  arcjibifhnp- 
lick  of  Magdeborgh',  fome  other 
parts  of  the  Marche,  Ducal  Pcm3- 
rania,  a  great  part  of  Sileiia,  a  great 
part  of  the   kingdom  of  FruiTia, 


Berlin  itfelf,  almoft  all  his  domi- ' 
nions,  in  fhort,  are  either  taken 
from  him,  or  laid  under  contribu- 
tion, and  polTefled  by  his  enemies, 
who  colled  the  public  revenues, 
fatten  on  the  contributions,  and 
with  the  money  which  they  draw 
from  the  eledvrate  of  Hanover, 
and  other  conquefts,  defray  the  ex-, 
perices  of  the  war.  This  pi6lure 
certainly  differs  greatly  from  that 
which  the  King  of  Pruflia  might 
have  (ketched  out,  the  day  he  took 
arms  to  enter  Saxony.  Add  to  this 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland's  conven- 
tion, which  deprived  him  of  all  his 
allies,  and  left  him  without  any 
afTiftance  whatever,  excepting  four 
or  five  hundred  thoufand  pounds 
(lerling,  which  the  Britifh  parlia- 
ment may  give  him.  Add  likewifc 
fome  domelHck  uucafinefTes." 


CHAP. 


Battle  of  Rojbach,  Sclrweitdnitz,  taken  by  the  Auftriam.  "Prince  of  Severn 
attacked  in  his  entrenchments.  Brejlau  taken  by  the  Aujirians,  J^^^g  of 
PruJJia  ?narches  to  Silejta.  The  Battle  of  Lijfa,  Brejlau  retaken, 
Aujirians  driven  out  of  Silejia, 


TkiS  was  the  King  of  Pruffia's 
fituation,  when  the  will  of 
Providence,  and  his  own  wonder- 
ful abilities,  as  wonderfully  chang- 
ed the  fcene.  His  majeily  deferred 
to  bring  on  a  deci/ive  aftion,  dif- 
treffed  as  his  affairs  were,  until  the 
approach  of  winter:  had  he  march- 
ed to  attack  the  Imperial  army, 
v/hilll  it  was  at  a  confiderable  dif- 
tance,  he  muft  either  hav^e  left  Sax- 
ony expofed  to  the  infults  of  the 
Aullrian  parties,  or  have  greatly 
weakened  his  own  forces. employed 
in  tlie,  principal  aclion.  He  ther.^- 
fore  fufferei  the  army  of  the  Empire 
to  advance  to  the  frontiers  of 
Mifnia,  and  even  to  threaten  the 
fcege  of  Leipfic,  before  he  began 


to  aft  againft  them  ;  he  however 
moved  towards  them,  leaving  an  ar- 
my in  Lufatia  to  obferve  the  Aullri- 
ans.  On  his  hrft  motions,  the  enemy 
retired  with  precipitation.  But  when 
they  had  reinforced  themfelves  with 
numbers  and  courage  fufRcient  to 
perfuade  them  to  advance,  the  King 
ofPruffia in  his  turn  retired.  Hisrefo- 
lution  feemed  to  have  been  to  fight  as 
near  Mifnia  as  po!Tible,and  as  deep  in 
the  winter  as  he  conveniently  might; 
for  if  he  ;.iould  have  the  good  for- 
tune to  fucceed  again ll  the  Imperial 
army,  fuch  a  blov/  at  fuch  afeafon, 
would  effeclually  difable  them  from 
afting  any  thing  to  his  prejudice 
for  that  year  at  leaft ;  but  if,  on 
the  contrary,  he  fticuld  fail.  Saxony 
C  3  wag 


22         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

was   at   hand,  in  which  it  would 

prove   difficult  for  the   eneruy    to 

make    any   impreffion    whilil:    the 

winter  continued.    As  for  the  time 

to  be  lolt  by  following  this  plan, 

and  the  advantage  it  would  aiford 

the  Auftrians   in  their  defigns  on 

Silcfia,  they  were  not  to  be  com- 
pared with   the  advantages  which 

the   King   received  from  it.     He 

knew  that  Schweidnitz  was  ftrong, 

and  excellently  provided;  the  Prince 

of  Bevern  was  flrongly  pofted  near 

it  to  obftrud  the  enemies  opera- 
tions ;  the  winter  would  lean  hea- 
vier on  the  befiegers ;  and  on  the 

whole  he  had  reafon  to  trull  that 

his  troops,  animated  by  his  own 
prefence  and  example,  would  prove 

far  fuperior  to  the  enemy,  in  endur- 
ing all  the  hardftiips  of  a  winter 
campaign. 

After  fome  time  fpent  in  various 
movements,    between     the    allied 
army    of     the     Imperialifts     and 
French  on  one  fide,  and  the  Pruf- 
iians  on  the  other,  the  King  refolv- 
ed  to  give  battle  to  his  enemies, 
who  were  now    advanced     to   the 
confines  of  Mifnia.     On  the  24th 
of  Odober,    the  King  had  taken 
his  refolution  ;  at  that  time  his  ar- 
my happened  to  be  divided   into 
feveral  corps,  fomeof  them  at  a  dif-  . 
tance  of  no  lefs  than  twenty  leagues- 
afunder ;   yet  fuch  were    the   fpi- 
rit    and    excellent    difpofition   of 
the  Pruffians,  that  the  jundion  of 
all  thefe  corps  was  fully  effefted  on 
the  27th,  and  the  King  advanced 
towards  the  enemy.  The  enemy  fell 
back  at  his  approach,  and  repailed 
the  Sala ;  they  were  followed  clofe. 
1^    ^       The  two  armies  met  near 
'^*  the  village  of  Rofbach, 
The  united  army,  commanded  by 
the  Prince  of  Saxe  Hilburghaufen 
and   the   Prince  of  Soubife,    was 
^0,000 'meii  compleat.      But  the 


troops  of  the  Circles  were  new- 
raifed,  and  many  cf  them  not  well 
affeded  to  the  fcrvice,  nor  to  their 
French  allies.  The  Prulfians  did 
not  amount  to  25,000;  but  then 
they  were  Pruflians,  and  led  on  by 
the  King  of  Prullia.  As  foon  as  the 
armies  were  formed,  and  the  battle 
going  to  begin,  which  was  to  de- 
cide the  fate  of  fo  many  nations, 
and  to  determine  between  force  and 
virtue,  the  King  of  Prullia  addreficd 
his  troops  nearly  in  the  following 
words : 

*   My  dear  friends,  the  hour  is 
'  come,  in  which  all  that  is,  and 

*  all  that  ought  to  be  dear  to  us, 

*  depends  upon  the  fwords  which 

*  are    now  drawn  for  the   battle. 

*  Time  permits  me  to  fay  but  lit-. 

*  tie ;  nor  is  there  occafion  to  fay 

*  much.     You  know  that  there  is 

*  no  labour,  no  hunger,  no  cold, 
'  no  watching,  no  danger,  that  I 

*  have  not  ihared  with  you  hither- 

*  to  ;  and  you  now  fee  me  ready . 
'  to  lay  down  my  life  with  you 
'  and   for  you.     All  I  alk  is  the 

*  fame  pledge  of  fidelity  and  af- 
'  fedion  that  I  give,  And  let  me 
'  add,  not  as  an  incitement  to  your 
'  courage,  but  as  a  teftimony  of 
'  my   own    gratitude,    that   from 

*  this    hour,    until    you    go   into 

*  quarters,  your  pay  Ihail  be  dou- 
f  ble.  Acquit  yourfelves  like  men, 
'  and     put     your    confidence    in 

*  God.'  The  effea  of  this  fpeech 
was  fuch  as  cannot  be  defcribed. 
The  general  emotion  burii:  in  an 
univerfal  fliout,  and  the  looks  and 
demeanor  of  the  men  were  animat- 
ed to  a  fort  of  heroic  phrenfy.  In 
this  difpofition,  which  prognofti- 
cated  the  fuccefs,  the  engagement 
began. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  aftion  the 
French  cavalry  came  on  with  great 
fpirit,    but   they   were    repulfed  ; 

fop;: 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


23 


fome  regiments  having  gained  an  e- 
minen ce defended themfelves  brave- 
ly, but  in  the  end  they  were  to 
tally  routed.  The  infantry,  both 
French  and  Imperialills,  made  but 
a  faint  refiilanCe.  The  King  of 
PrulFia  in  perfon;  expofed  to  the 
hottcil  fire,  led  on  his  troops  j  the 
enemy  gave  way  in  every  part ; 
they  were  fcized  with  a  panic, 
and  fled  in  the  utmoft  diforder. 
They  left  3000  men  dead  on  the 
field  of  battle  ;  63  pieces  of  can- 
non, many  colours.  Eight  French 
generals,  250  officers  of  ditterent 
ranks,  and  6000  private  men  were 
taken.  Night  alone  faved.  from 
total  deftruAion  the  fcattered  re- 
mains of  an  army,  that  in  the 
morning  was  fo  numerous  and  fo 
formidable. 

I  have  not  undertaken  on  this, 
nor  fhall  I  undertake  upon  any  o- 
ther  occafion,  in  thefe  prelimina- 
ry chapters,  to  enter  into  the  de- 
tail of  all  the  various  manoeuvres 
of  every  battle  ;  they  are  matters 
little  underftood  by,  and  little  in- 
tcreiliing  to,  the  generality  of  rea- 
ders. Befides  the  accounts  are 
fometimes  inaccurate,  and  feldomor 
never  confiilent  with  each  other. 

The  glorious  fuecefs  of  the  battle 
of  Rolbach,  was  fuch  as  hardly  • 
wanted  to  be  improved ;  the  enemy 
was  left  totally  incapable  of  aclion. 
The  king  was  fet  free  on  that  fide  ; 
but  it  was  a  freedom  which  gave 
him  no  refpite  from  his  labours  ;  it 
only  gave  him  an  opportunity  of 
undergoing  new  labours  in  another 
part.  The  Auftrians  had  a  vail 
force,  and  had  now  began  to  make 
a  proportionable  progrefs  in  Silclia, 
The  dependence  which  the  King 
had  upon  the  fidelity  of  his  generals 
there,  feemed  fhaken  b^fomething 
which  then  appeared,  and  ftill  feems 
ambiguous  in  their  condud.     The 


Auftrians  after  a  iiogc  from  the  27th 
of  Oftobertothe  i  i3i  of  November, 
carried  on  under  infinite  c^fHculties 
and  with  a  prodigious  lofs,  had  re- 
duced Schweidnitz,  and  obliged  the 
Pruflian  garrifon  of  4000  men  to 
furrender  prifoners  of  war.  Soon 
after,  as  they  had  intelligence  of  the 
victory  of  Rolbach,  and  knew  that 
theKingof  PruiTiawasonfuIl  march 
to  the  relief  of  Silefia,  the  Auftrians 
refolved  to  lofe  no  time  to  attack 
the  Prince  of  Bevern  in  his  Ilrong 
camp  under  thewall.>  of  Breflau.  A 
treble  fuperiority  incited  them  to 
this  attempt.  They  attacked  the 
Prince's  army  with  great refolution, 
and  their  attack  was  fuftain-  -j^ 
edwithamazing  intrepidity. 
The  ilaughter  of  the  Aulirians  was 
prodigious.  A  great  part  of  their 
army  had  retired  from  the  field  of 
battle,  and  the  reft  were  preparing 
to  retire ;  when  all  at  once  the 
Pruffian  generals  unexpeftedly  foak 
the  fame  refolution.  A  part  ©f 
their  army  had  fuffered  a  great  dettl 
in  the  engagement.  They  became 
appreheniive  of  a  total  defeat  in  cale 
their  intrenchmentsfhould  be  forced 
in  any  part.  With  thefe  ideas  they 
retreated  from  the  ftrong  port  they 
occupied,  and  retired  behind  the 
Oder.  The  Auftrians  returning, 
with  aftonifhment  faw  themfelves 
maftcrs  of  the  field  of  battle,  which 
they  had  but  juft  been  obliged  to 
relinquifh.  Whatis remarkable, and 
what  gave  rife  to  many  conjedures, 
the  Prince  of  Bevern  going  to  re- 
connoitre without  efcort,  and  at- 
tended only  by  a  groom,  was  taken 
two  days  after  the  battle  by  an  ad- 
vanced party  of  Croats,  a  fmall  body 
of  whom  had  crofled  the  Oder. 

This  advantage,  though  dearly 
bought,  was  immediately  followed 
with  many  others.  Brellau,^ 
the  capital  of  Silefia,  imme-  ^''^''  ^^^ 

C  4  diately 


24  ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758. 

diately  furrendered,  where,  as  well 
as  at  Schweidnitz,  they  found  vaft 
ftores  of  provifion,  ammunition, 
and  money.  All  Silefia  was  on  the 
point  of  falling  into  their  hands. 
Fortune  feems  every  where  to  have 
thrown  the  King  of  Pruflia's  affairs 
into  diflradion,  in  order  to  raife, 
and  as  it  were  to  roun<l  his  glory  in 
cftablifhing  them ;  and  to  have  been 
even  fo  jealous  of  his  honour  as  not 
to  permit  his  own  excellent  generals 
and  incomparable  troops  to  triumph 
any  where  but  in  his  own  prefence. 

The  King  inimediately  after  the 
battle  of  Rolbach,  with  thofe  troops 
which  he   had  a  few  days  before 
CoUedled  from  places  an  hundred 
miles dlftant  from  each  other,  began 
a  march  of  upwards  of  two  hundred 
more,  and  led  them  from  engag- 
ing one  fuperior  army,  to  engage 
another  dill  more  fuperior;    from 
danger  to  hardihip,  and  from  hard- 
flilp  to  renewed  danger.    In  a  moll 
rapid  march  he  paiTedthrough  Thu- 
ringia,  through  Mifnia, through  Lu- 
fatia,  in  fpite  of  the  efforts  of  the 
generals  Haddick  and  Marihal,  who 
were  polled  in  Lufatia  to  obilru6t 
him;  and  entering  Silefia  arrived 
the    2d    of  December   at  Parch- 
-    witz  upon  the  Oder.    Here  he  was 
joined  by  the  Prince  of  Bevcrn's 
corps  who  croffed  that  river  to  meet 
him. 

About  this  time  an  incident  hap- 
pened which  was  very  remarkable  ;• 
one  of  thofe  agreeable  adventures 
that  relieve  the  mind  amidil  the  per- 
petual horrror  that  attends  a  narra- 
tive of  battles  and  blcodlhed.  The 
garrifon  of  Schweidnitz  had  feen, 
with  the  greatell  reluctance,  the 
capitulation  which  bound  their 
hands  from  the  fervicc  of  their  King 
and  country.  Whilll  tiie  Auftrians 
were  conducting  them  toprifon,  on 
their  route  they  chanced  to'h.,ear  of 


the  viiSlory  their  mailer  had  gained 
at   Rolhach ;    animated  with    this 
news,   they  unanimoufly  rofe  upon 
the  efcort  which  conduced  them, 
and  which  happened  not  to  be  very 
ftrong,    and   entirely  difperfed  it. 
Thus  freed,  they  marched  on,  not 
very  certain  of  their  way,  in  hope 
to  rejoin  fome  corps  of  the  Pruffian 
troops.     The  fame  fortune  which 
freed  them,  led  them  dircftly  to  the 
army  commanded  by  thi  King  him- 
felf,  which  was' haflening  to  their 
relief,.    Great  was  the  joy  on  both 
fides  at  this  unexpefted  meeting, 
for  the  prifoners  had  heard  nothing 
of  his  majelty's  mi^rch.    This  little 
incident,  whilft  it  added  a  confider- 
able  llrength  to  the  army,  added 
likewifeto  its  fpirit,  and  feemed  an 
happy  omen  of  fucccls  in  the  future 
engagement. 

As  his  Pruffian  majefly  approach- 
ed to  Breflau,  the   Aultrians  con- 
fiding in  their  fupcriority,  abandon- 
ed their  llrong  camp  ( the  fame  which 
had  been  occupied  by  the  Prince  of 
Severn)   and  refolved  to  give  the 
King  battle.  He  was  march- -p. 
ing   with  the    utmoil   dili-    ^^*^' 
gence  not  to  difappoint  them ;  and 
they  met  iiear  the  villageofLeuthen. 
The  ground  which   the  Auilrians 
occupied   was  very  advantageous, 
and  every  advantage  of  the  fitua- 
tion  was  improved  to  the  utmoil, 
by  the  diligence  and  flcill  of  Count 
.    Daun  ;  who  remembering  that  he 
was  the  only  general  who  had  ever 
carried    the  held    from   the   King 
of  Pruffia,  knew  better  than  any 
body  how  difficult  it  was  to  obtain 
fuch  a  victory.     All    the  difpofi- 
tions  were  made  accordingly;   the 
ground  they  occupied  was  a  plain, 
except  that  in  fome  parts  it  had 
fmall  eminences ;    thefe  they  fur- 
roun-ded  with  artillery ;  the  ground 
v»'as  alfo  inter TperHd  with  thickets, 

which 


HISTORY     OF    THE    WAR. 


25 


which  they  fought  to  turn  to  their 
advantage.    On  their  right  and  left 
were  hills  on  which  they   planted 
batteries  of  cannon.     The  ground 
in   their  front  was   interfedted   by 
many  caufeways;  and  to  make  the 
whole  more  impradica.ble,  the  Au- 
flrians  had  felled  a  vaft  many  trees, 
and  fcattered  them  in  the  way.  The 
King  of   PrulTia  was  npt  terrified 
with  this   fituation,    nor  with  the 
confcioufnefs    that    above    70,000 
excellent     troops    commanded    by 
Count  Daun  were  fo  polled.     The 
Pruffians,  who  did  not  exceed,  as  it 
is  faid,  36,000  men,  attacked  them 
with  their  ufual  refolution.    It  was 
almoft  impoflibleat  the  beginning 
of  the  engagement  for  the  Prufiian 
horfe  to  adt,  on  account  of  the  im- 
pediments we  have  jull  mentioned, 
but  a  moft  judicious  difpofition  of 
the  king  himfelf  overcame  that  dif- 
advantage ;  he  had  in  his  firll  dif- 
pofitions  placed  four  battalions  be- 
hind the  cavalry  of  his  right  wing, 
Ibrefeeing  that  general  Nadalli,  who 
was  placed  with  a  corps  de  refer ve 
on  the  enemy's  left,  defigned  to  take 
him  in  flank.     It  happened   as  he 
had  forefeen  ;  that  general's  horfe 
attacked  the  King's  right  wing  with 
great  fury  5  but  he  was  received  with 
fo  feverc  a  fire  from  the  four  batta- 
lions, that  he  was  obliged  to  retire  in 
diforder.  Then  the  King's  flank  well 
covered  and  fupported  was  enabled 
to  aft  with  fuch  order  and  vigour, 
that  the  enemy's  right  was  obliged 
to  give  way.  The  Pruffian  artillery, 
which  was  incomparably  ferved,  and 
filenced  that  of  the    enemy,  con- 
curred to  maintain  the  King's  in- 
fantry, and  to  enable  them  to  aft 
in  grounds  where  their  horfe  could 
give  them  but  little  afiiftance.  The 


during  the  whole  battle.  The 
panic  of  the  enemy  did  not  here,  as 
at  RoflDach,  do  half  the  bufmefs ; 
every  foot  of  ground  was  well  dif- 
puted.  The  Aullrians  rallied  all 
their  forces  about  Leuthen,  which 
was  defended  upon  all  fides  with 
intrenchments  and  redoubts.  After 
reiterated  attacks  made  with  the  ut- 
moft  impetuofity,  and  fuftained  with 
great  firmnefs,  the  Pruflians  mas- 
tered the  poll;  then  the  Aullrians 
fled  on  all  parts ;  they  were  entire- 
ly routed.  The  King  purfued  them 
to  Lifla.  Six  thoufand  of  the  Au- 
llrians were  flain,  1 5,000  were  made 
prifoners ;  and  an  immenfe  artil- 
lery, upwards  of  200  pieces  of  can- 
non were  taken. 

This  great  and  decifive  aftlon 
was  fought  on  the  very  fame  day  of 
the  next  month  after  the  no  lefs 
important  and  decifive  battle  of 
Roibach.  The  confequences  that 
followed  theaftion  of  Leuthen,  de- 
clared the  entirenefs  of  the  vidiory, 
Notwithllanding  the  rigour  of  the 
feafon,  the  fie^e  of  Breflau  was  im- 
mediately undertaken,  and  profe- 
cuted  with  fuch  fpirit,  that  by  the 
29th  of  December  it  furrendered  j 
and  with  it  furrendered  the  garrifon 
of  13,000  men  prifoners  of  war;, the 
blockade  of  Schwcidnitz  was  form- 
ed as  clofely  as  the  inclemency  of 
the  winter  would  permit;  whilft  the 
PrulTian  parties  not  only  repoflielTed 
thofe  parts  of  Silefia  which  belong- 
ed to  the  King,  but  penetrating  in-r 
to  the  Aullrian  divifion,  reduced 
J  agerndorf,Troppau  and  Tetfchen , 
and  left  to  the  Emprefs  Queen,  ex- 
cept a  forlorn  garrifon  in  Schwcid- 
nitz, no  fort  of  footing  in  that 
country,  in  which  a  few  days  be- 
/ore   (lie    reckoned    her   dominion 


Aullrians  ra^id?  a  ^aUant  refiftance-  j)erfeftly  ^ftabliilied. 


CHAP. 


20         ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 


c    H    A    p. 


VI. 


RtiJJlans  and  Sivedes  retire,  Hano'vcriaits  re/ume  their  Arms.  Cruelty  of 
the  French.  Condition  of  their  army.  Cajile  of  Harhourg  bejieged.  Re- 
capitulation of  the  events  of  the ^ ear  1 757. 


AS  the  misfortunes  of  his  Pruf- 
fian  majefty  after  the  battle 
of  Colin,  came  on  him  all  at  once, 
fo  his  fucceflcs  after  his  viditories  at 
Rofbach    and    LifTa,    flowed   upon 
him  ail  at  once  likewife,  and  in  a 
full  tide.     The  RulTians,  tho'  they 
hadrepulfed  General  Lehwald,  fuf- 
fered  fo  much  in  that  aftion,  and 
their  barbarous  method  of  making 
war  had  fo  deftroyed  the  country, 
that  they  feemed   to  themfelves  to 
have  no  way  of  fafety  left  but  in  re- 
tiring out  of  the  Pruffian  territories. 
This    extraordinary    retreat   of  fo 
great  an  army,  and  fo  lately  viftori- 
ous,  and  Hill  poffefled  of  a  good  fea- 
port  in  the  country,  could  fcarcely 
be  accounted  for  on  thofe  motives 
we  have  afligned,  and  aftonifhed  all 
Europe,  whilft  it  left  General  Leh- 
wald at  liberty  to  turn  his  arms  in- 
to Pomerania  againft  the  Swedes. 
The  Swedes  on   this  occafion  did 
nothing  worthy  of  their  ancient  mi- 
litary fame  ;  but  every  where  retir- 
ing, left  the  PruiTians  an  eafy  con- 
quell,  not  only  of  the  Pruffian  but  of 
every  part  of  the  S  wedi  fh  Pomeran  i  a, 
excepting  the  port  of  Stralfund;  they 
left  their  allies  of  Mecklenboiirg 
quite  expofed  to  all  the  refentment 
pf  the  Kingof  Pruflia,  who  chaftifed 
them  with  the  moft  fevere  contri- 
butions and  levies.     The  French, 
who  had   been   ravaging   the  Old 
Marche  of  Brandenbur?,  evacuated 
that  country  immediately  after  the 
battle  of  Rolhach.     But  one  of  the 
greateft  revolutions  of  fortune   in 
the  war,  and  one  of  the  moft  glori- 
ous and  important  confequences  of 


that  viftory,  was,  that  the  Hanove- 
rian troops  were  enabled  to  refiime 
their  arms. 

From  the  moment  the  capitula- 
tion of  Clofter-feven  was  figned, 
the  Duke  de  Richelieu,  who  came 
to  the  command  only  to  reap  the 
advantage,  and  fully  the  honour  of 
another's  conqueft,  leemed  to  think 
of  nothing  but  how  to  repair  front 
the  plunder  of  the  unhappy  Hano- 
verians, the  fortune  which  he 
had  {battered  by  a  thoufand  vices. 
The  moft  exorbitant  contributions 
were  levied  with  the  moft  inflexible 
feverity  ;  every  exadlion  which  was 
fubmitied  to,  only  produced  a  new 
one  ftill  more  extravagant ;  and  all 
the  orderly  methods  of  plunder  did 
not  exempt  them  from  the  pillage, 
licentioufnefs  and  infolcnce  of  the 
French  foldiery.  However,  injuf- 
tice  to  merit,  we  muft  except  from 
this  general  charge  the  condud  of 
the  Duke  de  Randan,  governor  of 
Hanover  for  the  French  ;  who  faved 
the  capital  of  the  electorate  from 
utter  ruin  by  the  ftridnefs  of  all 
his  difcipline,  by  the  prudence,  the 
juftice  and  moderation  of  all  his 
conduft,  a  conduft  which  does  more 
real  honour  to  his  name  than  the 
moft  fplendid  vi<Sorics. 

The  duke  dc  Richelieu's  rapaci- 
oufnefs  and  opnreflion,  whilft  they 
leaned  fo  heavily  on  the  conquered 
people,  did  the  conquering  army 
no  kind  of  fervice.  Intent  only  on 
plunder,  which  he  did  not  confine 
to  the  enemy,  he  relaxed  every  part 
of  military  difcipline;  and  that 
numerous  army  which  M,  d'Etrees 

had 


HISTORY    O  F    T  H  E    WAR. 


27 


had  ruftaincd,and  brought  in  health 
and  i'pirits  through  the  diimal  de- 
farts  cf  Wellphalia ,  under  all  the  op- 
pofition  of  a  fkilful  adverfary,  were 
now,  in  full  peace,  in  the  quiet  pof- 
feflion  of  a  conquered  and  plentiful 
country,  reduced  in  their  numbers, 
decayed  in  their  health  and  their 
fpirits,    without   cloaths,   without 
fubfifterice,  without  order,  without 
arms.    In  this  condition  they  began 
at  lall  to  perceive  that  the  Hanove- 
rians, with  the  yoke  of  the  capitula- 
tion about  their  necks,  were   ftill 
formidable.    As  they  had  broke  al- 
moft   every  article  of  that   treaty, 
they  made  no  fcruple  to  add  another 
breach  in  order  to  fecure  them  in 
all  the  reft.     They  attempted  ac- 
tually to  take  their  arms  from  the 
Hanoverian    and    Heffian    troops. 
Thefe  gallant  troops,  who  had  with 
a  filent  grief  and  indignation  feen 
the  diftreflesoftheir  ruined  country, 
were  raviihed  to  find  that  the  vic- 
tory at  Rofbach  encouraged  their 
fovereign  to  refent  at  laft  this  and 
all   the  other  indignities  they  had 
fu/Fcred.     They  began   to   colled 
and  to  acl,  and  under  the  command 
of  the  gallant  Prince  Ferdinand  of 
Brunfwick,  reinforced  with  a  body 
of  PrulTian  troops,  they  broke  from 
their  conlinement.     They  reduced 
the  town  of  Harbo  urg,  and  laid  clofe 
fiege  to  the  calHe,  which  it  muft  be 
owned  was  defended  very  bravely. 
In  all  other  refpeds  the  French  did 
not  feem  in  a  condition  to  maintain 
their  ground    any  where.     Thofe 
troops,  which  a-few  months  before 
had  fo  fubmitted  as  to  make  it  ne- 
celTary  to  declare  that  tlicy  were  not 
prifoners  ofnjjar  in  order  to  explain 
their  condition,   were  now  on  the 
point  of  pufliing  their  adverfaries  to 
almoU  the  fame  freights.       Such 
was   the  force  of  French  military 
difciplinc,  and  fuch  the  triumphs 
of  Voltaire's  hero. 


The  King  of  Prufiia  now  faw  the 
full  effect  of  his   counfels  and  his 
labours.  His  dominions  were  freed; 
his  allies  were  enabled  to  aflift  him  ; 
and  his  enemies  defeated,  broken, 
and  Hying  every  where  before  him. 
In  what  light  pofterity    will  view 
thefe  things  is  uncertain ;  we,  under 
whofe  eyes,  as  we  may   fay,  they 
were  atchieved,    fcarcely  believed 
what  we  had  feen.    And  perhaps  in 
all  the  records  of  time,  the  compafs 
of  a  fingle  year,  on  the  fcene  of  a 
fingle  country,   never  contained  fo 
many  ftriking events,  never  difplay- 
ed  fo  many  revolutions  of  fortune; 
revolutions  not  only  beyond  what 
might  have  been  expetled,  but  far 
beyond   what  the   mod    fagacious 
foreiight,  reafoning  from    experi- 
ence, and  the  nature  of  things,  could 
poffibly  have  imagined.    I'he  King 
of  Pruffia  at  firft   triumphant ;    the 
whole  powerofthe  Aullrians  totally 
defeated  ;  their  hopes  utterly  ruin- 
ed :   then  their  affairs  fuddenly  re^ 
eftablifhed,  their  armies  vidlorious, 
and  the  King  of  Prufiia  in  his  turn 
hurled  down  ;  defeated  ;  abandon- 
ed by  his  allies  ;  furrounded  by  his 
enemies  on  the  very   edge  of  de- 
fpair :  then  all  at  once  raifed  beyond 
all  hope,  he  {^ti  the  united  Auilri- 
an.  Imperial,    and    French  power 
levelled  wi^h  the  ground.     40,000 
Hanoverians,  a  whole  army,  fubmit 
to   80,000  French,    and  arc   only 
not  prifoners  of  war.     The  French 
are  peaceable    mai!?rs  of  all    the 
country  between  the  Wefer  and  the 
Elbe  ;  anon,  thefe  fubdued  Hano- 
verians refume    their  arms ;    they 
recover    their   country,     and   the 
French  in  a  little  time  think  them- 
felves  not  fecure  to  the  ealhvard  of 
the  Rhine.  400,000  men  in  adion. 
Six  pitched  battles  fought.     Three 
great    armies    annihilated.      The 
French  army  reduced  and  vanquifh- 

ed 


28       A.N  N  UAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


ed  without  fighting.  The  Ruf- 
fians viftorious,  and  flying  as  if 
they  had  been  vanquifhed.  A  con- 
federacy, not  of  fmaller  potentates 
to  humble  one  great  power,  but  of 
five  the  greateft  powers  on  earth  to 


reduce  one  fmall  potentate  :  all  the 
force  of  thefe  powers  exerted  and 
baffled.  It  happened  as  we  have 
related ;  and  it  is  not  the  hillory 
of  a  century,  but  of  a  fingle  cam- 
paign. 


CHAP.       VII. 

Preparations  for  an  expedition  to  Louijhourg.  Laid  ajide.  Fort  William- 
Henry  taken.  Exploits  of  Admiral  Watfon  and  Colonel  Cli<ve  in  India, 
Chandenagore  a  French  fort  taken.  Vi^ory  over  the  Nabob.  Nabob 
taken  and  beheaded.  Re'volution  in  Bengal.  Treaty  advantageous  to  the 
Eaft' India  company.     Admiral  Watfon  dies. 


WITH  regard  to  the  ^art  we 
had  in    the  tranfaftions  of 
this  year,  though  it  was  not  fo  full 
of  flriking  events,  nor  does  it  af- 
ford fuch  a  fplendid  fubje*^  for  nar- 
rative, yet  it  is  interefting  to  an 
Englifli  reader,   and  may  perhaps 
prove  more  in ftruftive  ;  as  it  fliews 
us  in  fo  ftrong  a  light,  the  miferable 
confequenccs  of  our  political  divi- 
fions,  which  produced  a  general  un- 
iieadinefs  in  all  our  purfuits,  and 
infufed  a  languor  and  inadlivity  into 
all  our  military  operations.     For, 
whilil  our  commanders  abroad  knew 
not  who  were  to  reward  their  fer- 
vices,  or  punifh  their  negledls,  and 
were  not  afl"ured  in  what  light  even 
the   bell  of  their  aftions  would  be 
confidered    (having  reafon  to  ap- 
prehend   that   they   might  not  be 
j  udged  of  as  they  were  in  themfelves , 
but  as  their  appearances  miglit  an- 
fwer  the  endof  Ibmerulingfadion ; ) 
they  naturally  wanted  that  firmnefs 
and  that    enterprizing  refolution, 
without  which  the    beft  capacit)'^, 
and  intentions  the  moil  honeft,  can 
do  nothing  in  war.     The  attach- 
ment of  moll  men  to  their  parties, 
weakened  their  afFeftion    to   their 
country.       It  has   been   imagined 
that  minillers  did  not  always  wifh 
fucccfs  even  to  their  own  fchemes. 


left  obnoxious  men  fhould  acquire 
credit  by  the  execution  of  them  ;  ^s 
it  was  fufpeded  that  officers  even  at 
the  expenceoftheirown  reputation, 
did  not  exert  their  faculties  to  the 
utmoft,lelladifagreeableminifleriaI 
fyllem  fliould  eftablilh  the  credit  of 
its  councils  by  the  vigour  of  their 
operations.  For  my  own  part,  I 
think  that  thefe  refinements,  in 
which  there  is  often  as  much  malice 
difcovered  as  penetration,  have  car- 
ried the  matter  infinitely  too  far. 
But  certain  it  is,  that  the  fpirit  of 
perfonal  parties  and  attachments, 
never  carried  togreatcr  lengths  than 
at  that  time,  proved  of  very  bad 
confequencc,  if  it  had  no  other 
efl^ed  than  to  raife  and  to  give  a  co- 
lour to  fuch  fufpicions  as  we  have 
jufl  mentioned.  Whatever  was  the 
caufe,  it  is  moll  certain,  that  our 
fuccefs  in  America  this  year,  no 
more  anfwered  to  the  greatnefs  of 
our  prepaiations  and  our  hopes  than 
it  did  in  the  two  preceding. 

The  attack  upon  Crown  Point, 
which  had  been  a  principal  objetl 
of  our  attention  in  the  beginning, 
feemed  at  this  time  to  be  laid  afide  ; 
and  an  expedition  to  Louifisourg, 
undoubtedly  a  more  confiderabie 
objed  in  itielf,  fupplied  its  place. 
Lord  Loudon  was  to  command  the 

land 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


29 


land  forcfes  in  this  expedition  ;  Ad- 
miral Holborne  the  navy.  The  for- 
,   ,  rner  left  New  York  with  a 

J^y9*  body  of  6000  men,  and 
failed  to  Halifax,  where  he  was 
joined  by  the  latter,  who  had  failed 
from  Corke  on  the  7th  of  May  with 
a  confiderable  fleet,  and  much  the 
fame  number  of  land  forces,  which 
his  lordlliip  had  brought  from  New 
York.  When  the  united  armies  and 
Heets  were  on  the  point  of  depart- 
ing for  Louilbourg,  news  arrived  ai 
Halifax  that  the  Brefl  fleet,  confifl:- 
ing  of  feventeen  Ihips  of  the  line,  bc- 
fides  frigates, .with  great  fupplies  of 
military  ilores,  provifions,andmen, 
were  arrived  at  the  harbour  which 
they  were  preparing  to  attack.  This 
news  immediately  fufpended  their 
preparations.  Councils  of  war  were 
held  one  after  another.  The  refult 
of  the  whole  was,  that  as  the  place 
was  fo  well  reinforced,  the  fleet  of 
the  French  rathSr  fuperior  to  our 
navy,  and  the  feafon  fo  far  advan- 
ced, it  was  the  more  prudent  courfe 
to  defer  the  enterprize  to  a  more 
favourable  opportunity.  This  re- 
folution  feems  to  have  been  the  moft 
eligible  in  their  circumflances,  be- 
caufe  the  council  of  war  was  almoft 
unanimous  in  it. 

Lord  Loudon  returned  to  New 
York,  and  the  admiral  now  freed 
from  the  care  of  the  tranfports  fet 
fail  for  Louifi)ourg,  in  hope,  as  it 
was  faid,  of  drawing  the  French  fleet 
to  an  engagement.  But  upon  what 
grounds  this  hope  was  conceived,  I 
confefs  I  cannot  fee ;  as  it  could  not 
be  imagined,  that  the  French  fleet, 
having  no  fort  of  occafion  to  fight  in 
order  to  protei^  Louifbourg,  would 
chufe  out  of  a  bravado  to  bring  on 
an  unneceflary  battle.  However 
it  was,  the  Englifli  fquadron  con- 
tinued to  cruife  off  that  harbour 
until  the  25th  of  September,  when 
they  were  overtaken  by  a  terrible 


florm,  in  which  one  of  our  fTiips  was 
loft,  eleven  difmailed,  and  the  rell 
returned  to  England  in  a  very  Ihat- 
tered  condition.  This  was  the  end 
of  the  expedition  to  Louilbourg^ 
from  which  fo  much  was  expeded. 
But  it  was  not  the  woril  confequence 
which  attended  it. 

Since  OfwegO  had  been  taken, the 
French  remained  entirely  mailers  of 
all  the  lakes,  and  we  could  do  no- 
thing to  obftruxfl  their  colieding  the 
Indians  from  all  parts,  and  obliging 
them  to  ad  in  their  favour.  But  our 
apprehenfions,  (or  what  fhall  they 
be  called?)  did  more  in  favour  of 
the  French  than  their  conquefts. 
Not  fatisiied  with  the  lofs  of  that 
important  fortrefs,  we  ourfelves 
abandoned  to  the  mercy  of  the 
enemy  all  the  country  of  the  Five 
Nations,  the  only  body  of  Indians 
who  preferved  even  the  appearance 
of  frlendfhip  to  us.  -  The  forts  we 
had  at  the  Great  Carrying  Place 
were  demolifhed  ;  Wood  Creek  was 
induftrioufly  Hopped  up  and  filled 
with  logs  ;  by  which  it  became 
evident  to  all  thofe  who  knew  that 
country,  that  our  communicatioa 
with  our  allied  Indians  was  totally 
cut  off;  and  what  was  worfe,  our 
whole  frontier  lelt  perfedly  unco- 
vered  to  the  irruption  of  the  enemies 
favages,  who  foon  availed  them- 
felves  of  our  errors.  For  after  the 
removal  of  thefe  barriers,  and  the 
taking  of  Fort  William-Henry,  of 
which  we  fhall  fpeakprefently,  they 
dellroyed  with  fire  and  fword  the 
fine  fettlements  which  we  pofleffed 
on  the  Mohawks  river,  and  on  thofe 
grounds  called  the  German  flats. 
Thus  with  a  vaft  increafe  of  our 
forces,  and  the  cleareii  fuperiority 
over  the  enemy,  we  only  abandoned 
our  allies,  expofed  our  people,  and 
relinquiflied  a  large  and  valuable 
trad  of  couiitry.  The  French  foon 

made 


30 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758. 


made  us  feel  efFeftually  the  want  of 
what  we  had  loft,  and  what  we  had 
thrown  away. 

A  confiderable  fort  called  Fort 
William-Henry,  had  been  built  on 
the    fouthern    edge    of  the  Lake 
George,  in  order  to  command  that 
lake  and  to  cover  our  frontiers ;  a 
garrifon  of  2500  men  defended  it. 
General  Webo  with  about4ooomcn 
was  ported  at  no  great  diftance.  No 
fooner  had  the  French  learned  that 
my  Lord  Loudon  with  the  body  of 
the  army  \<^as  gone  on  the  Louif- 
bourg  expedition,  than  they  pre- 
pared to  take  advantage  of  his  ab- 
fence.    They  drew  together  all  the 
forces    which  they  had  at  Crown 
Point,  Ticonderoga,  and  the  adja- 
cent pofts;  they  added  a  confiderable 
body  of  Canadians,  and  a  greater 
number  of  Indians  than  they  had 
ever  yet  employed ;  the  whole  made 
near  8000  men .  With  thefe  and  a  very 
good  artillery,  Monfieur  Montcalm 
prepared  to  befiege  Fort  William- 
Henry.  It  is  faid  that  the  advances 
of  this  commander  were  not  made 
with  fo  much  fecrecy  as  to  prevent 
General  Webb  from  havingearly  in- 
telligence of  his  motions ;  but  un- 
fortunately no  credit  being  given  to 
this  intelligence,  orders  were  not 
fent  to  collc«^\  the  militia  in  fufficient 
time,  whichinconjunftionwith  his 
own  forces,  and  with  thofe  in  the 
Fort,  had  either  obliged  the  French 
to  relinquifh   their  attempt,  or  to 
have  made  it  a  very  great  hazard. 
-  But  the  fiege  being  now 

"S*  3*  regularly  formed,  and  the 
befiegers  meeting  but  little  oppofi- 
tion  from  within, and  nodifturbance 

♦  at  all  from  without,  the  place 
^  *  was  in  fix  days  furrendcred  by 
the  advice  of  General  Webb ;  whofe 
intercepted  letter  M.  Montcalm  fent 
into  the  fort 

The  garrifon  marched  out  with  ' 


their  arms,  and   engaged    not    to 
ferve  durincr  eig-hteen  months.  The 
French  fiivages  paid  no  regard  to 
the  capitulation,  but  falling  upon 
ourmenas  they  marched  outdragged 
away  the  little  ef-eds  they  had  left, 
hauling  the  Indians  and  Blacks  in 
ourferviceout  of  their  ranks,  fcalp- 
ing  fome,  carrying  off  others,  and 
committing  athoui'and  outrages  and 
barbarities,  from  which  the  French 
commander  endeavoured  in  vain  to 
reftrain  them.   All  this  was  fuft'ered 
by  2000  men  with  arms  in  their 
hands  from  a  diforderly    crew    of 
favages.  However  the greateft  part 
of  our  men,  though  in  a  bad  condi- 
tion, got  to  Fort  Edward,  fome  by 
flight  ;    fome    having   furrendered 
themfelves  to  the  French,  v/ere  by 
them  fent  home  fafe.     The  enemy 
demolifhed  the  fort,  carried  off  the 
provifion,    ammunition,    artillery, 
and  the  vefTels  which  we  had  pre- 
pared on  the  lake,    and  departed, 
without  attempting  any  thing  fur- 
ther. Neither  was  any  thing  further 
attempted  on  ourfide.  Andthuswas 
finiflaed  the  third  campaign  in  North 
America,  where  we   had   aflually 
near  20,000  regular  troops,  a  great 
number  of  provincial  forces,   and  a 
great  naval  power  of  upwards  of 
twenty  Ihips  of  the  line. 

A  war  between  the  maritime 
powers  is  felt  in  all  parts  of  the 
world.  Not  content  with  inflaming 
Europe  and  America,  thediflTenfions 
of  the  French  and  Engllih  purfued 
the  tracks  of  their  commerce,  and 
the  Ganges  felt  the  fatal  effefts  of 
a  quarrel  on  the  Ohio.  Butherethe 
fcene  is  changed  greatly  to  the  ad- 
vantage of  our  nation;  the  bravery 
of  Admiral  Watfon  and  Colonel 
Clive,  re-elbiblilhed  the  military 
honour  of  the  Englifh,  which  was 
finking  there  as  it  had  done  in  all 
other  places.  Admiral  Watfon  with 

no 


HISTORY    OF    THEWAR, 


31 


no  more  than  three  (hips  of  the  line, 
failed  from  Madrafs,  and  after  a  te- 
dious voyage  arrived  at  the  port  of 
j^  Balafore  in  the  kingdom  of 

^  '  ^'  Bengal,  where  flrengthen- 
ing  his  force  with  what  recruits  he 
could  draw  together,  he  entered  the 
Ganges,  and  after  a  ihort  refiilnnce 
made  himfelf  mafter  of  Bulbudgia- 
I  fort,    which  commanded 

•^  *  3  •  that  part  of  the  river. 
This  opened  him  a  paflage  to  the 
fort  of  Calcutta,  the  late  principal 
fettlementof  thecompan)  ofBengal, 
and  the  fcene  of  the  deplorable  fuf- 
ferings  of  fo  many  of  our  unfortu- 
nate countrymen.  Animated  with 
revenge  at  the  affedling  fight  of  this 
place,  our  fhip  and  land  forces  at- 
tacked it  with  fo  much  fpirit,  that 
the  Indians  furrendered  it  on  the 
fame  day  it  was  approached.  A  few 
days  after  Hugly,  fituated  higher 
up  on  the  Ganges,  was  reduced 
with  as  little  difficulty. 

The  Nabob,  who  faw  that  the 
torrent  of  the  Englifh  valour  could 
not  be  refilled  by  fuch  feeble  dams 
as  forts  defended  by  Indians,  drew 
down  a  whole  army  confifting  of 
10,000  horfe,  and  12,000  foot,  to 
drive  them  from  their  conquells. 
Infinitely  inferior  as  our  tJoops  were 
Feb  c  ^"  number,  they  did  not 
^*  hefitatc  to  attack  the  Na- 
bob's army.  Though  our  forces 
did  not  entirely  rout  the  Indians, 
yet  they  made  a  great  flaughter  a- 
mongft  them;  and  they  had  lb  much 
,  the  advantage  of  the  field,  that 
^  '  the  Nabob  was  in  a  Ihort  time 
jL^Iad  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace; 
by  which  the  Englifh  Eaft  India 
company  was  re-eftablilhed  in  all 
its  ancient  privileges ;  an  immunity 
from  all  taxes  wa^  granted,  and  a 
reftitutionpromifcd  for  all  that  the 
trade  hr?d  h'fil-red  in  the  taking  of 
Calcutta. 


When  all  obftrudlions  on  the  fide 
of  the  Indians  was  removed,  and 
the  company's  officers    had    taken 
pofTeffion  of  their  ancient  eflablifh- 
ments,  the  admiral  turned  his  arms 
again  ft  the  French.  He  refolved  to 
attackChandenagore, fituated  fome- 
what  higher  on  the  river  than  Cal- 
cutta ;      a    place    of    confiderable 
ftrength,    and  the  principal  fettle- 
ment  of  the  French  in  that  part  in 
the  Eaft  Indies.    In  this  expedition 
Colonel  Clive  commanded  700  Eu- 
ropeans, and  1600  Black  foldiers. 
The  admirals  Watfon  and   Pocock 
commanded  the  fleet,  if  it  may  be 
called  a  fleet,  which  conflftcd  of  no 
more  than   three  fliips  of  the  line, 
the  Kent,  the  Tyger,  and  the  Salif- 
bury.    The  French  prepared  in  the 
beft  manner  they  could   to  receive 
them,  and  funk  feveral  large  veflels 
both  above  and   below  their  fort ; 
but  the  admiral  having  by  carefully 
founding,  foundafafe  pafl'age  with- 
out being  driven  to  the  neceflity  of 
weighing  up  any  of  the  ftiips,  made 
fo  fevere  a  fire  upon   the    fort,  in 
which  he  was  feconded  by  Colonel 
Clive's  batteries  on  the  -^ 
fliorc,  that  the  place  ca-  *    ^' 

pitulated  in  lefs  than  three  hours. 
500  Europeans,  and  700  Blacks 
furrendered  prifoners  of  war;  183 
pieces  of  cannon  were  found  in  the 
place,  befides  a  confiderable  value 
in  goods  and  money.  Four  forts  coft 
our  troops  no  more  than  four  days 
to  reduce  them. 

The  judicious  timing  of  thefe 
feveral  operations,  as  well  as  thofe 
which  followed,  was  not  lefs  laud- 
able than  the  gallant  fpirit  with 
which  they  were  executed.  Bfifore 
the  French  were  alarmed,  care  was 
taken  to  repollcfs  all  the  pelts  we 
formerly  held  ;  to  humble  the  Na- 
bob by  fome  eifeftual  blow  ;  and  by 
a  treaty  to  tie  up  his  hands  from 
.  'ading 


31         ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1758. 


acting  againft  us.  This  Prince  had 
Ihewed  himielf  from  the  moment  of 
his  figning  that  treaty,  very  little 
inclined  to  abide  by  the  ftipulations 
he  had  made.  He  indeed  promifed 
abundantly,  but  always  deferred 
the  performance  upon  fuch  frivo- 
lous pretences  as  evidently  de- 
monftrated  his  ill  intentions.  The 
Englifli  commanders  underllood  this 
proceeding  perfectly  well;  but  they 
refolved  to  diiTcmble  their  fenfe  of 
it  until  they  had  broken  the  French 
power  in  this  province,  which  they 
had  greater  reafon  to  dread,  fmall 
as  it  was,  than  all  the  armies  of 
the  Nabob.  When  they  had  fully 
accompliihed  this  by  the  taking 
of  Chandenagore,  they  deliberated 
whether  they  ought  not  to  recom- 
mence hoftilities  with  the  Indians. 
A  refolution  in  the  affirmative  had 
been  attended  with  great  difficulty 
and  danger,  if  a  moil  fortunate  in- 
cident had  not  helped  to  enfure 
fuccefs. 

The  Nabob  Suraja  Doula,  the 
fame  who  had  the  lail  year  taken 
Calcutta,  hadlhewn  to  his  own  fub- 
jefls  the  fame  violent  and  perfidious 
fpirit,  which  formerly  and  Itill  dif- 
trefled  the  Englifh.  His  generals 
were  moflly  difcontented,  and  fome 
of  them  entered  into  a  confpiracy 
againft  him.  Jaffier  Aii  Cawn,  one 
of  his  principal  officers,  a  man  of 
great  power  and  intereft,  was  at  the 
head  of  this  confpiracy.  As  foon  as 
their  defigns  were  ripened,  they 
communicated  them  to  the  Englifh 
government  in  Calcutta,  praying 
their  affiftance.  The  chiefs  there  did 
not  hefitate  long  what  party  they 
Ihould  take  ;  they  entered  into  a 
treaty  with  Jaffier  Ali  Cawn  and  the 
confpirators  ;  and  in  confequence  of 
this  treaty,  our  troops  immediately 
took  the  field  under  Colonel  Clive. 
The  admiral  undertook  to  garrifon 
the  forfijof  Chandenagore  with  his 


feamen,  in  order  to  leave  the  greater 
number  of  land  forces  for  the  ex- 
pedition. A  detachmentof  fifty  fea- 
men with  their  officers  were  added 
to  ferve  as  gunriers.  A  20  gun  ihip 
was  ftationed  above  Hugly,in  order 
to  preferve  a  communication  be- 
tween Colonel  Clive  and  the  ad- 
miral. 

Their  preliminary  meafures  being 
thus  judicioufly  taken,  they  advan- 
ced up  the  river,  and  in  a  few  days 
brought  the  Nabob's  army  of  about 
20,000  men,  exclufive  of  thofewho 
favoured  the  confpirators,  to  an 
aftion,  which  was  decifive  , 
in  favour  of  the  Englifh.  J""^22/ 
Two  confiderable  bodies  command- 
ed by  Jaffier  and  Roy  Dolub  remain- 
ed inactive  in  the  engagement. 
The  Nabob  -feeing  himfelf  ruined 
by  the  treachery  of  his  officers,  and 
the  cowardice  of  his  troops,  fled 
with  the  few  who  continued  faith- 
ful to  him. 

Jaffier  Ali  Cawn  now  de-  ,  , 
clared  himfelf  openly  ;  and 
entering  Muxadavat  the  capital  of 
the  Province  with  an  army  of  his 
friends  and  vidlofious  allies,  he  was 
placedbyColonelCliveintheancient 
feat  of  the  Nabobs,  and  received  the 
homage  of  all  ranks  of  people  as 
Suba  of  Bengal,  Balur,  and  Orixa. 
The  depofed  Nabob  was  foon  after 
made  prifoner,  and  put  to  death  in 
hisprifon  by  the  conqueror.  In  about 
thirteen  days  this  great  revolution 
was  accomplifhed,and  with  lefs  force 
and  trouble  than  often  is  required 
to  take  a  petty  village  in  Germany, 
was  transferred  the  government  of 
a  vail  kingdom,  yielding  in  its 
dimenfions  to  few  in  Europe,  but  to 
none  in  the  fertility  of  its  foil,  the 
number  of  its  inhabitants,  and  the 
richnefs  of  its  commerce.  By  the 
alliance  with  the  new  Nabob,  and 
by  the  redudlion  of  Chandenagore, 
the  French  were  entirely  driven  out 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


33 


bF Bengal  and  all  its  dependencies. 
This  was  one  of  the  articles  of  the 
treaty.  By  the  other  articles,  a  per- 
petual alliance  offen five  and  defcn- 
five  was  made  between  the  parties. 
The  territories  of  the  company  were 
enlarged,  and  upwards  of  two  mil- 
lions Iterling  was  ftipulated  to  be 
paid  as  an  indemnification  to  the 
itaft-India  company,  and  the  fuf- 
ferers  in  the  takinc^  of  Calcutta. 
The  new  Nabob  full  of  gratitude 
to  thofe  to  whom  he  owed  his  dig- 
nity, gave  befides  the  above  large 
fums  about  600,000  pounds,  as  a 
gratuity  to  the  fea  fquadron  and  the 
troops.  However  Ihort  of  expefta- 
tion  our  enterprifes  in  America  fell 
this  year,  thofe  in  the  Eaft-Indies 
greatly  exceeded  every  thing  v/e 
could  hope  from   the  forces  which 


were  employed.  And  it  may  be 
doubted  ^  whether  all  the  great 
powers  engaged  in  the  prefent 
bloody  wars  in  Europe,  in  which 
fuch  torrents  of  blood  are  fpillcd, 
and  fo  many  millions  of  treafure  are 
wafted,  will  in  the  conclufion  reap 
amongft  them  fp  much  folid  profit 
as  theEnglifti  Eaft-India  company 
did  with  an  handful  of  men  in  a 
fhort  campaign.  The  joy  of  the 
nation  at  thefe  fignal  fucceffes,  was 
not  a  little  damped  by  the  death  of 
AdmiralWatfon,wholoft  ^^^  ^^ 
his  life  by  the  unwhole-  "  .    *• 

fomenefs  of  the  country,  in  which 
he  had  eftablil"hed  a  great  and  laft- 
ing  reputation.  Colonel  Clivc  ftill 
lives  to  enjoy  the  fortune  and  ho- 
nour he  has  acquired  by  his  gallant 
a6lions. 


CHAP. 


VIII. 


French  retire  out  of  HaHo'ver,  The  taking  of  Hoy  a.'  Minden  taken.  Dijirefs 
of  the  French.  Generofity  of  the  Duke  de  Randan.  The  French  retire 
beyond  the  Rhine.     Reco'vcry  of  Emhden  by  Commodore  Hclmcs. 


,g.  A  LL  the  bloodfhed  of 
'^  '  jt\  the  lafl:  campaign  in 
Germany,  and  thofe  lofies  which 
both  the  viftorious  and  vanquifhed 
felt  fo  very  feverely,  produced  no 
overtures  towards  peace  from  any 
of  the  powers  at  war.  And  perhaps 
nothing  fo  fingular  ever  happened, 
as  that  fo  many  ftates,  united,  if  not 
againft  their  real  interefts,  yet  a- 
gainft:  all  their  former  habits  of  con- 
nexion, full  of  fo  many  occafions 
of  jealoufy,  abounding  with  matter 
of  complaint  againll:  each  other,  and 
even  involved  in  misfortunes  which 
ufually  deftroy  a  mutual  confidence, 
that  not  one  of  thefe  powers  either 
from  fear,  or  hope,  or  wearinefs,  or 
levity,  defifted  from  their  hoftilities 
againll  the  King  of  Pruflia ;  nor  did 
that  monarch  acquire  one  ally  more 
Vol.  r. 


by  the  admiration  of  his  faccefTcs, 
than  he  had  formerly  gained  thro* 
compalTion  to  his  misfortunes.  All 
the  confederates  preferved  the  fame 
attachment  to  each  other,  to  him  the 
fame  animofity.  It  is  equally  a  mat- 
ter of  great  admiration,  how  the 
refources  even  of  thefe  great  ftates 
could  keep  pace  with  their  ambition, 
and  in  a  few  months  fupply  the 
place  of  great  armies  almolt  wholly 
dellrcycd.  The  JCing  of  Pruffia  by 
his  vidlories  had  added  to  his  natu- 
ral refources.  The  refources  were 
more  confiderable  than  is  commonly 
imagined ;  and  the  pofleffion  of 
Saxony  which  yielded  him  great 
fupplies,  faved  his  own  revenue. 
He  was  indeed  not  quite  fo  frefh  as 
at  the  beginning  of  the  war;  but 
then  the  condition  of  the  enemy  was 
D  in 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758. 


34 

in  many  refpefts  far  worfe  than  his. 
His  troops  had  befides  acquired  a 
high  reputation  and  a  clear  fuperio- 
rity  over  all  others.  The  confidera- 
tion,  however,  of  an  army  greatly 
haral'fed,  and  a  moft  fey  ere  winter, 
obliged  him  to  rellrain  his  ardor, 
and  to  attempt  nothing  againft  the 
Auflrians  in  the  months  of  January, 
February  and  March.  The  fame 
inaftion,  owing  to  much  the  fame 
caufes,  prevailed  amongft  the  Ha- 
noverians for  a  little  time :  but  hav- 
ing been  reinforced  abcyut  the  mid- 
dle of  February  by  a  body  of  Pruf- 
lian  horfe,  the^y  put  their  whole 
army  once  more  in  motion. 

The  Duke  de  Richelieu  had  been 
recalled,  and  the  Countof  Clermont 
now  commanded  the  French  troops. 
This  was  th^ir  third  commander  in 
chief  within  the  fpace  of  a  year ;  a 
circumllance  alone  fufficienttofl-iew 
the  unftcudincfs  of  their  councils, 
and  the  irregularity  of  their  opera- 
tions. In  effect,  they  e\'ery  where 
retreated  before  the  Hanoverians, 
whofe  main  body  marched  on  the 
right  to  the  country  of  Bremen  j 
whilft  a  fecond  body  under  General 
Zallrow  kept  on  the  left  towards 
Giifcrn.  '  I'heypulhed  the  French 
Jrcm  poll  to  poit.  Tliey  obliged 
them  to  evacuate  Otterfberg,  Bre- 
men, and  Werden.  The  caille  of 
Rotterfberg  was  taken  in  iix  hours. 
A  confiderable  detachment  under 
Count  Chabot  was  poiled  at  Hoya, 
a  flrong  fort  upon  the  Wefer,  and  a 
place  of  fuchconfequencethatPrincc 
Ferdinand  refolved  to  difiodge  the 
enemy  from  it.  He  appointed  for 
that  lervice  the  hereditary  Prince  of 
Brunfwick,  with  four  baf^alions  cf 
foot  and  fome  light  horfe.  This 
Prince,  not  twenty  years  of  age,  had 
already  entered  into  the  courie  of 
glory  under  theaufpicesoflii'  uncle, 
and  full  of  ardor  to  fignalize  h'imfelf, 
4 


with  joy  embraced  the  cccaflon  ; 
and  here  he  gave  an  earnell  of  his 
fame,  in  one  of  the  moft  lively  and 
beft  conduced  afl^ions  in  the  war. 
The  firft  fruits  of  this  young  hero 
were  fuch  as  would  have  done  ho- 
nour to, the  maturity  of  the  moll 
experienced  foldier. 

The  Prince  had  a  broad  and  deep 
river  to  pafs.    He  had  no  t?  u 
means. or  traniporting  his  ■^ 

men,  but  a  fmgle  float;  fo  that  a 
long  time  muft  be  fpent  in  getting 
them  over;  what  was  worfe,  before 
half  his  troops  were  pafl!ed,  a  ftrong 
wind  arofe,  whidi  rendered  'the 
fioat  unfcrviceable,  and  entirely  cut 
off  all  coinmunication  between  the 
Prince  and  the  moll  confiderable 
number  of  his  party,  whilft  the 
party  he  was  goin|j  to  attack  was 
fuperior  to  him,  had  his  whole 
body  been  together.  In  this  exi- 
gence the  Prince  came  to  a  refolu- 
tion  worthy  of  himfclf.  He  re- 
folved not  to  fpend  any  time  in  at- 
tcm'|)ts  to  bring  over  the  reft  of  his 
troops,  much'lefs  to  make  any 'at- 
tempt to  return  to  them,  but  to 
urge  on  boldly,  in  fuch  a  manner 
as  to  poiTefs  the  enemy  with  an  opi- 
nion of  his  ftrengih,  and  to  attack 
them  brilkly  before  they  could  be 
undeceived.  Therefore,  between  ^ 
and  5  o'clock  in  t]ie  morning,  they 
marched  with  the  urmoft  fpeed  di- 
rectly to  the  town  cf  Hoya.  When 
they  were  approached  within  a  mile 
and  a  half  of  the  place,  another  ac- 
cident was  en  the  point  of  defeating 
the  whole  enterprife.  Their  detach- 
ment fired  by  miftake  upon  four  of 
the  enemies  dragoons,  who  were 
patrolling  ;  the  firing  was  caught 
from  oi:kc  to  another,  and  at  laft 
became  general.  This  feemed  mere- 
than  enough  to  difcover  their  mo- 
tions and  alarm  the  enemy.  But 
the  fame  fpirit  inftuenced  the  ccn- 

dua 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


35 


dufl  of  every  part  of  this  affair  :  a 
bold  countenance  became  neceffary, 
and  it  was  affumed  ;  they  marched 
with  the  utmoft  diligence  to   the 
town,  and  encountered  the  enemy 
at  the  bridge  ;  a  fierce  fire,  well 
fupported  on  either  fide,    enfued. 
The   ground   was    fuch,    that  the 
Prince  could  not  bring  up  his  whf  le 
dctachmentcqually.  Senfibleof  this 
difadvantage,  he  formed  a  defign  to 
overcome  it,  as  judicious  as  it  was 
refolute,  which  was  to  turn  the  ene- 
my by  attacking  them  in  the  rear; 
to  execute  this  defign,  it  was  necef- 
fary  to  make  a  circuit  about  the 
town.    Every  thing  fucccedcd :  the 
attack  on    the  enemies    rear    was 
made  with  bayonet  fixed ;  a  terrible 
flaughter  enfued.  The  French  aban- 
doned the  bridge,  and  fled  in  confu- 
fion  :  the  Prince  having  cleared  the 
town  of  the  enemy,  joined  the  party 
he  had  left.   The  Count  de  Chabot 
threw  himfelf  with  two  battalions 
into  the  caftle,  with  arefolution  to 
nir.intain  himfelf  there;  but,  inalit- 
tletime,hecapitulated,furrendering 
the  place,  his  llores  and  magazines, 
his  troops  being  permitted  to  march 
out.   The  Prince,  who  had  no  artil- 
lery, and  who  on  accountof  thebad- 
nefsoftheroads,defpaired  of  bring- 
ing up  heavy  cannon,  fufFered  them 
to  depart.  Six  hundred  and  feventy 
men  were  made   prifoners   in  the 
adlion,  and  a  place  of  much  im- 
portance, and  which  opened  a  paf- 
fage  over  the  Wefer,  fecured  to  the 
Hanoverians,  with  the  lofs  of  lefs . 
than  loo  men  killed  and  wounded. 
I  have  dwelt  on  this  action,   and 
defcribcd   it    as    particularly  as  I 
could,  though  nothing  decifive  in 
itfelf,  b'-caufe  it  is  not  in   pitched 
battles  between  great  armies,  where 
the  moft  maikrly  ftrokes  of  condud 
are  always  difplayed ;  thefe  ieffer 


affairs  frequently  call  for  as  much 
or  more  of  fagacity,  refolution, 
and  prefence  of  mind,  in  the  com- 
mander; yet  are  they  often  flightly 
paffed  by,  as  matters  of  no  confe- 
quence,  by  the  generality  of  peo- 
ple, who  rather  confider  the  great- 
nefs  of  the  evefit,  than  the  fpirit  of 
the  aflion. 

Prince  Ferdinand  continued  to  ad- 
vance with  his. right  on  one  fiie  of 
the  Wefer,  and  his  left  on  the  other; 
the  French  continued  to  retire,  and 
fuccefli vely  abandoned  all  the  places 
they  had  occupied  in  the  clcilorate, 
except  Mindcn.  A  garrifon  of  4000 
men  defended  that  place;  but  it 
was  clofel.y  in  veiled,  and  in  nine 
days  the  \yholc  garrifon  fur-  ^  , 
rendered  prifoners  of  war. 
Several  fkirmifhes  happened 
between  the  advanced  parties  of  the 
Hanoverian  army  and  the  French, 
always  to  the  advantage  of  the 
former.  The  wretched  condition 
of  the  French  troops  is  hardly  to 
be  defcribed  or  imagined  :  oflicers 
and  foldiers  involved  in  one  com- 
mon diftrcfs  ;  the  ofHcers  forgot 
their  rank,  and  the  foldiers  their 
obedience;  full  hofpitals  and  empty 
magazines  j  a  rigorous  feafon,  and 
bad  covering ;  their  bageage  feized 
or  abandoned,  and  the  huilars  and 
hunters  of  the  allied  army  conti- 
nually haraffing,  pillaging,  and 
cutting  them  off.  It  was  no  alle- 
viation to  their  mifery,  that  the 
inhabitants  of  the  country",  which 
they  abandoned,  were  reduced  to 
the  fame  extremities-  The  favagcr 
behaviour  cj  fome  of  their  corps 
at  their  departure,  took  av/ay  all 
compaflion  from  their  fuffcrin^s  : 
but  this  was  not  univcrfal.  The 
Duke  de  P^andan,  who  commandei 
in  Hanover,  quitted  the  place  with 


the   fame  viriuc,    th; 
D  2 


had  fo 
long 


36 


ANNUAL  REGISTER,    175S 


Icng  held  it.  Refentment  had  no 
more  power  to  perfuade  him  to 
afl  with  rigour,  in  the  adverfe  turn 
of  the  French  affairs,  than  the  pride 
of  concjuell  had  in  their  profpcrity. 
When  he  had  orders  to  evacuate 
the  place,  tliere  vvere  very  confjder- 
able  magazines  of  corn  and  fo- 
rage, ainallcd  for  the  ufe  of  the 
army  -,  he  had  full  time  to  burn 
them ,  and  he  had  precedents  enough 
to  have  juftified  the  aftionj  but  he 
left  the  whole  in  the  hands  of  the 
magiilrates,  to  be  gratuitoufly  dif- 
tributed  to  the  poor:  he  employed 
all  his  vigilance  to  prevent  the  leatl 
diforder  amongft  his  troops,  and 
was  himfelf  the  lall  man  that 
marched  out  of  the  town.  This 
behaviour,  which  did  fo  much  ho- 
nour to  his  name  and  country,  has 
made  his  memory  for  ever  dear  to 
the  Hanoverians,  drew  tears  of 
,  love  and  gratitude  from  his  ene- 
mies, and  acknowledgments  from 
the  generous  Prince  againll  whom 
he  ferved. 

The  French  through  extreme  dif- 
ficulties marched  towards  the  Rhine 
in  three  columns.  The  feveral  fcat- 
tered  bodies,  which  had  united  at 
Munfler,  formed  the  right.  The 
body  which  came  from  Paderborn, 
and  which  was  commanded  by  the 
Prince  of  Clermont  in  perfon, 
marched  in  the  middle.  The  forces 
which  had  occupied  HeiTe,  were  on 
the  left.  In  this  order  they  reached 
the  Rhine,  which  they  all  pafied, 
except  a  body  under  Count  Cler- 
mont, who  lliil  remained  at  Wefel, 
and  refolved  to  maintaiti  that  poll. 
The  French  army  which  about  four 
months  before  had  paffed  the  Rhine 
in  numbers,  and  in  a  condition  to 


make  the  molt  powerful  enemies 
tremble,  without  any  adverfe  ftroke 
of  war  v/hatfoever,  by  a  fate  almoft 
unparnlieled,  now  repafied  it  like 
fugitives,  in  a  condition  the  mod 
deplorable,  reduced  to  Icfs  than" 
half  thtir  original  number,  and 
clofely  purfucd  by  the  enemy,  which 
they  had  obliged  to  la^  down  their 
arms. 

The  fame  ill  fortune,  and  the 
fame  defpair  of  their  affairs,  fol- 
lowed them  every  where.  On  the 
arrival  of  a  fmall  Englifli  fqua- 
dron,  commanded  by  Commodore 
Holmes,  before  Embden,  and  their 

taking  an  advantageous  fitu-  ,  ^r      , 
^1-1-      ^    rr.i-  March 

ation,  which  cut  oft  the  com-       „ 

munication  between  the 
town,  and  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Ems ;  the  French  garrifon, 
confilHng  of  near  4000  men,  "' 
immediately  evacuated  the  place. 
As  foon  as  Mr.  Holmes  difcovered 
their  defign,  and  that  they  were 
tranfporting  their  artillery  and  bag- 
gage up  the  river,  he  ordered  out 
a  few  armed  boats  to  purfue  them. 
Thefe  took  fome  of  the  enemies 
vefTels,  in  which  were  the  fon  of 
an  officer  of  diflindlion,  and  a  con- 
fiderablefum  of  money.  The  Com- 
modore without  delay  reRored  the 
fon  to  his  father,  and  offered  to  re- 
turn the  money,  on  receiving  the 
officer's  word  of  honour,  that  it 
v/as  his  private  property.  This  af- 
fair is  mentioned,  not  only  to  do 
julHce  to  the  judicious  cone'.ud  by 
which  a  place  of  fo  much  confide- 
ration  was  fo  eafily  carried,  but 
alfo  to  that  generoiity  of  fpirit, 
which  fo  nobly  diitlnguifhes  almoft 
all  thofc,  who  hold  any  rank  in  our 
fervice. 


CHAP. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


37 


CHAP. 


IX. 


Jlierations  in  the  French  minijiry.  The  Jl  ate  of  the  Englijh  affairs  in  the  year 
1758.  ^uhfidy  treaty  --with  the  King  of  PriiJJia.  Affairs  of  Sivedcn  and 
P^::ffa.  Schi^veidnitz  teken.  King  of  Pruffa  enters  Mora'via  and  in'vefs 
Olniulx.  ConduQ  of  Count  Daun.  Attacks  the  P ruffian  con-voy.  Siege  of 
0!;nuix  raifed.     King  of  PruJJia  marches  into  Bohemia. 


WHILST  the  French  arms 
fuffcretl   fuch  difgraccs    a- 
broad,  they  endeavoured  by  an  al- 
teration of  their  councils  at  home, 
to  reftore  their  credit.     Their  mi- 
nifters   had  been  long  the  fport  of 
female  caprice ;  it  was  their  power  of 
pleafing  a  miftrefs,  who  governed 
their  king,  that  alone  qualified  them 
to  ferve  their  coun  try.     Some  of  the 
moll  able  men  were  turned  out  of 
their  employments  with  difgrace ; 
others  retired  from  the  public  fervice 
with  indignation  ;    a  certain   low 
chara&er  had  for  a  long  time  ap- 
peared in  all    the    proceedings  of 
France,  both  within  and  without. 
Even  in   their  domellic    difputes, 
and  where  fomethjng  of  a  free  and 
manly  fpirit  appeared,  this  fpirit 
evaporated,    and  fpent  itfelf  upon 
unworthy  and   despicable   obje<5ls, 
Thefe  contefts,  which  involved  the 
church,    the  law,  and  the  crown, 
weakened  them  all ;  and  the  ftate 
felt  all  the  ill  etFeds  of  a  difunion 
of  its   orders,    without   feeing  an 
augmentation  of  power  thrown  into 
the  fcale  of  any.     But  now  taught 
by  their  mis  fortunes  and  difgraccs, 
they  were  obliged  to  an  alteration 
in  their  conduit :  they  were  obliged 
to  call  men  to  the  public  fervice 
upon  public  principles;  at  a  time 
indeed,    when    in    many  refpe6ts 
thines  could  only  be  altered,  not 
mended  ;  and  wife  and  able    mi- 
niflers  could  do  little  more  by  their 
penetration  and  public  fpirit,  than 
to  fee  and  lament  the  ruin,  caufed 


by  the  want  of  thofe  virtues  in 
their  predeceflbrs.  The  Duke  de 
Belleille,  known  to  all  Europe  for 
his  great  abilities,  and  his  great 
exploits,  was  at  length  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  military  depart- 
ment, as  fecretary  at  war.  There 
appeared  in  the  common  prints  a 
fpeech,  faid  to  be  made  by  that 
nobleman  in  council ;  which  if  it 
be  not  authentic,  contains  at  leall 
fuch  fentiments,  as  would  come 
not  unnaturally  from  a  French  pa- 
triot, and  one  who  had  ferved  his 
Jcing  and  country  with  honour  dur- 
ing better  times. 

*'  I  know,  faid  he,  the  ftate  of 
*'  our  armies.     It  gives  me  great 
'*  grief,  and  no  lefs  indignation ; 
**  for  befides  the  real  evil  of  the 
"  difordcr  in  itfelf,    the  difgrace 
*'  and  infurny  which  it  reflefts  on 
**  our   government,    and   on    the 
'*  whole  nation,  is  ftill  more  to  be 
'*  apprehended.      The   choice   of 
'*  ofHcers  ought  to  be  made  with 
**  mature  deliberation.      I    know 
**  but  too  well  to  what  length  the 
"  want   of    difcipline,     pillaging 
"  and  robbing  have  been  carried 
"  on  by  the  officers  and  common 
"  men,  after  the  example  fet  them 
'*  by  their  generals.     It  mortifies 
'*  me  to  think  1  am  a  Frenchman  ; 
"  my  principles  are  known  to  be 
*'  very  different  from  thofc  which 
"  are   now  followed.     I  had  the 
"  fatisfaftion  to  retain  the  efteem, 
'*  the  friendfhip,  and  the  confide- 
•*  ration,  of  all  the  prince?,  noble- 
D  3  ^*  mm. 


3-8 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


f'  men,  and  even  of  all  the  com^ 
f  mon  people,  in  all  parts  of  Gef- 
**  many  where  I  conunandcd  the 
."  King's  forces.  They  lived  there 
f  in    Ihe    midfl;    of    abundance  ; 
**  every  one  was  pleafed:  it  fills  my 
*^  foul  with  angullh,  to  find  that 
*'  at  prefent  the  French  are  held 
**  in  execration ;  that  every  body 
f  is  dirplrited,  and  that  many  of- 
*'  ficers  publicly   fay  things    that 
•*  are  criminal,  and  highly  puniflir 
*'  able.     The  evil  is  fo  great  that 
"  it  demands  immediate  redrefs.    I 
'*  can  cafily  judge,  by  whatpaffes 
.*'  in  my  own  breail,  of  what  our 
f^  generals  {gqI  from  the  fpeeches 
,**  Iheyraufldailyhear  in  Germany, 
*'  concerning  our  condud  ;  which 
**  jndecd   Vvould  lofe  much  to  be 
*^  compared  with  that  of  our  allies. 


*'  things,  becaufe  late  reJrcfs  J5 
**  better  than  the  continuation  of 
V*   ihe  evil." 

M.  de  Belleifle  being  eftablifhed 
in  his  office,  turned  all  his  atten- 
tion to  the  cure  of  the  evils,  which 
he  lamented,  and  exerted  all  the 
power  that  remained  in  the  nation, 
to  pttt  their  army  in  Germany  once 
more  upon  a  refpeftable  footing. 
The  expedition  jinto  Germany  wa§ 
originally  a  meafure  as  contrary 
to  the  true  interefts  of  France,  as 
it  was  to  jullice  and  equity;  but 
having  adopted  that  meafure,  the 
confequences  which  arofe  fcemed 
to  demand  that  it  Ihould  be  pur- 
fued  with  vigour.  Therefore  the 
connexion  with  the  Emprefs  Queen 
was  drawn   clofer  than  ever,  and 


nothing  was  omitted  ^  give .  a 
r  mull  particularly  complain  of  greater  ftrength,  and  a  better  or- 
the  delays  and  irregularity  of  the     der  to  the  army  on  the  Rhine.  But 

thefe  endeavours,  which  ftrained 
all  the  fmevvs  of  France,  already 
too  much  weakened  by  the  al- 
mofl  total  ruin  of  fevcral  eifential 
branches  of  their  trade,  drew  away 
all  the  refources  neceffary  to  fup- 
port  their  navy.  It  was  then  in  a 
fufficiently  bad  condition,  from  a 


,**'  pofts ;  a  fervice  which  is  very  ill 
**  provided  for.  '  I  am  likewife 
1'  difpleafed  with  the  negligence 
*'  of  bur  generals  in  returning  an- 
* '  i\vers ;  v/hicli  is  a  manifell  breach 
'*  of  their  duty.  Had  I  com- 
f'  manded  the  army,  a  thoufand 
*'  things,  v.'hich  are  done,  would 
*^  fiot  nave  bi'en  done ;  and  others, 
^*  which  are  negleded,  would  haye 
f'  been  executed.  I  would  have 
'*  multiplied  my  communications; 
f  I  would  ha>'e  had  ftrong  pofts 
on  the  right,  on   the  left,  and 


want  of  Teamen  and  llores ;  and 
there"  were  no  means  found,  or 
little  attention  ufed,  to  reftore  it : 
fo  that  from  a  deficiency  in  the 
marine,  it  feemed  to  be  equally 
imprafticable   to  feed  the  war  in 


*'  in  the  center,  lined  with  troops.  America,  or  to  preferve  the  coaft 
*V  I  would  have  had  magazines  in  of  France  itfelf  from  in falts.  Such 
''*'  (Every  place/ ^  The  quiet  and  fa-  was  the  condition  of  our  enemies, 
ff  tisfadioh  of  the  country  fliould  at  the  opening  of  the  campaign  of 
have  been  equal,  to  ,  their  pre--  1758. 


lent  difiatistadion,  at  beiiig  ha 
f  railed  and  pluhdered  ;  anS  we 
'*  ihould' have  been' as  much  be- 
f^  loved;;  as'  w^i  are  at  prefent  ab- 
f*  hotjt^..    Tht  confequences  are 

top  apparent  to  need  being- men- 


As  to  England,  far  from  being 
"exhaufled  by  the  war,  or  difpirited 
by  our  ill  fuccefs,  our  hopes  rofe 
'from  our  difappointments,  and  our 
relburces  feemed  to  be  augniented 
by  our  expences ;  with   fucli  c?So 


ff  t;oned.     .1  mul!  inTut  on  thefe     and  aUcrity  were  the  neceffary  fup- 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


39 


plies  granted  and  raifed.  Many 
errors  and  many  abufcs,  which  the 
war  difcovcred  without  making  fa- 
tal, were  corrected.  The  fpirit  of 
our  officers  were  revived  by  fer.r  or 
by  fn anie.  Our  trade  was  well  pro- 
teifted  by  the  fuperiority,  and  pru- 
dent diltribLition  of  our  naval  force. 
The  revenue  was  frugally  manag- 
ed, and  th?  whole  ftate  well  ce- 
mented and  bound  together  in  all 
its  parts,  by  the  union  of  the  admi- 
niilr^Ation,  by  the  patriotifm  which 
riiiinatedit,  and  by  the  entifecon- 
fidence  which  the  people  had  in  the 
prefiding  abilities  and  intentions. 
As  France  perfiiled  in  her  attach- 
ment to  the  enemies  of  his  Pruflian 
majefty,  Great  Britain  entered  into 
ftill  clol'er  engagements  with  thnt 
monarch,  the  luftre  of  whofe  vir- 
tues, fct  olf  by  his  late  wonderful 
fuccefles,  quite  turned  our  eyes  from 
the  objc(flions  which  were  railed 
againil  the  confiftency  of  that  al- 
liance with  our  intereils.  How 
hr  it  is  confiftent  with  them,  is,  I 
think,  a  much  more  difficult  point 
to  fettle,  than  the  adherents  to  cither 
party  feem  willing  to  allow.  But 
it  ought  to  be  confidcred,  that  the 
circumllances  of  affairs  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  war,  hardly  admit- 
ted of  anv  other  choice  ;'  it  had 
been  the  height  of  madnefs  to  have 
been  on  ill  tern'Js  with  his  Pruffun 
majefty  at  that  time ;  and  it  was 
impofiible  to  have  kept  good  terms 
with  him,  without  being  on  very 
bad  ones  with  Vienna.  Things 
were  in  an  ill  fituation  ;  and  the 
ballance  of  Germany  was  in  dan- 
ger of  being  ovcrfet,  what  party 
ft.ever  fhould  prevail.  It  was  im- 
polhble  that  England  could  have 
,llo:  d  neuter  in  this  conteft  ;  if  (lie 
had,  France  could  not  have  imi- 
tated her  moderation  ;  Ihe  would 
gladly  have  joined  with  the  King 


of  Prufiia  to  diftrefs  Hanover,  and 
reduce  Auftria.  Thefe  two  powers 
lb  exerted  would  doubdefs  com- 
pafs  their  end,  unlefs  we  interpofed 
to  prevent  it ;  and  we  mull:  (ooner 
or  later  have  intcrpofed,  unlefs  we 
were  refoived  tamely  to  fee  France 
and  her  allies  giving  laws  to  the 
continent.  In  a  word  ^France  would 
certainly  have  joined  v/ith  one  par- 
ty or  the  other,  and  the  party  which 
file  joined,  would  certainly  by  that 
union,  prove  dangerous  to  the 
common  liberty,  and  mull  there- 
fore be  oppofed  by  us  ;  we  mull 
have  been  in  fpite  of  us  engaged  in 
the  troubles  of  Germany,  as  we 
ever  hav^  been  and  ever  fhall  be 
as  long  as  we  are  a  people  of  con- 
fideration  in  Europe.  The  alliance 
with  Pruffia  was  pointed  out  to  us 
by  the  circumllances  of  his  ading 
on  the  defeiifive.  The  King  of 
I'ruflia  meditated  no  conquells.  But 
her  Imperial  majeily  indifputably 
aimed '  at  the  recovery  of  Silefia, 
which  was  to  diilurb  the  fettled  or- 
der of  things  ;  and  this  defign  was 
the  only  caufe  of  the  troubles  in 
that  pirc  of  the  world.  I  am  fen- 
fihlc,  that  this  is,  notvvithftanding 
all  that  may  be  Hiid,  aqueftion  of 
fome  intricacy,  and  requires  a  con- 
fideratlon  of  many  more  particu- 
lars th  n  the  brevity  pf  our  de- 
fign will  allow.  But  whether  we 
chofe  our  party  in  this  alliance  ju- 
dicioully  or  not,  we  have  I  ima- 
gine very  great  reafon  to  be  pleaf- 
ed  with  a  meufure,  which  has  in- 
duced France  to  engage  fo  deeply 
in  the  affairs  of  Germany,  at  fo 
ruinous  an  expence  of  her  blood 
and  treafure.  Our  miniitry  was  at 
tills  time  fully,  convinced  of  the 
prudence  of  the  choice  that  had 
been  made,  and  rcfolvcd  to  fupport 
his  Pruflian  majefly,  and  the  army 
unddr  Prince  Ferdinand,  in  the 
D  4  moll 


40         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


nioil  effeiPtual  manner;  100,000 1, 
was  voted  for  the  Hanoverian  and 
Hcliian  forces ;  and  a  convention 
«.  bt^tweentheKingofPriilTia 

^  *  '  *  a!ul  his  Britannic  majelly 
was  figned  at  London,  whereby  the 
King  of  Great  Britain  engages  to 
pay  hisPruflian  niajeH:y  the  fum 
of  670,000  pounds  ilerling  ;  and 
each  of  the  con  trading  powers  en- 
gage to  conclude  no  peace  without 
the  participation  of  the  other. 

The  northern  courts  made  no  al- 
teration in  their  fyllem.     In  Sv.e- 
den,  fome  re^l  plots  to  difturb  the 
eftablifhed  conftitution  ended  in  the 
ruin  of  their  contrivers ;  fome  fi6li- " 
tious  plots  were  Tet  on  foot  to  give 
a  fani^tion   to  meafures  again  ft  the 
crown  party,  which  anfwered  their 
ends;    and,    as  the  ruling  power 
continued  the  fame,  and  the  inter- 
nal diffenfions  the  fame,  vhe  holH- 
lities   againft  the  King  of  PruHia 
were  refolved  with  the  former  ani- 
mpfit/,  but  promifed  to  be  purfued 
with  the  former  languor.     In  Ruf- 
fia,  the  Emprefs  did  not  think  her 
intentions    well    feconded    by   her 
minifters.     The  great  delays,  and 
the  unaccountable   retreat?   in    the 
laft  campaign,  gave  ground  to  iuf- 
pect,   that  Ihe  had  been  betrayed 
by  her  minifters,  or  her  generals. 
M.  Apraxin  was  removed  from  the 
command,    and    put   under  arreft. 
lie  juftified  his  conducl  by  exprefs 
t).-ders.from  Count  Bertuchef.    Bef- 
tu:hef  was  removed  from  hisoilke, 
it  fid  put  under  arreft  alfo.     Count 
WoronzofF  fucceeded  Belluchef  in 
>iis  employment,  and  the  generals 
}3rown   and  Former  took  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  in  the  place  of 
Apraxin. 

As  foon  as  the  feafon  permitted 

.  the  King  of  Pruffia  to  re- 

Apr.  7,  ^      ,. 

^    "^     commence  his  operatipns, 

he  lai^.  liege  to  Schweidnitz,  and 


pufhed  it  with  fo  much  vigour,  that 
the    place    furrendered    in      , 
thirteen  days.     The  garri- 
fon  reduced  by  ficknefs  during  tho 
blockade,  and  by  their  loft'es  during 
the  fiege,  from  fcven  to  little  more 
than   three  thoufand  men,  yielded 
themfelves   prifon ers  of  war.     By 
this  flroke,  the  King  of  Prulfia  left 
his  enemies  no  footing  in  any  part 
of  his  dominions.     His  next  confix 
deration   was  how  to  guard  agr.inft 
their  future  attempts,  and  at  the 
fame  time  to  make  a  vigorous  at- 
tack upon  fomepartcf  the  Auftrian 
territories.     His  forces    were  well 
ftationed  for  both  thefe  purpofes  ^ 
for  befides  the  troops  which  Count 
Dohna  commanded  on   the  fide  of 
Pomerania,     a    confiderable    body 
were  poited  between  Wohlau  and 
Glogau,  in  order  to  cover  Silefia 
from  the  fury  of  the   Ruffians,  in 
co.{q  they  fhould  make  their  inroad 
that  way.    An  army,  in  a  little  time 
after,  was  formed  in  Saxony,  com- 
manded b yhis  brother  Prince  Henry, 
which  confifted  of  thirty  battalions, 
an4  forty-iive  fquridrons.     It   was 
deftined   to  make  head  againft  the 
army   of   the   Empire,    which   by 
amazing   eftbrts   made  during   the 
winter,  and   by  the  jun<i:tion  of  a 
large  body  of  Auftrians,  was  now 
in    a   condition    to    aft  again.     A 
ready  communication  was  kept  up 
between  all  the  King  of  Pruftia's 
armies,    by    a    proper    choice    of 
pcfts. 

The  King  refolved  to  make  Mo- 
ravia the  theatre  of  the  war  this 
year.  Moravia  was  frelh  ground  ; 
a  country  as  yet  untouched  by  the 
ravages  of  war.  If  he  Ihould  fuc- 
cced  in  his  operations  in  this  coun- 
try, his  fuccelTes  by  opening  to 
him  the  neareft  road  to  Vienna, 
muft  prove  more  decifive  than  they 
could  any  where  tlCc,     If  heftiould 

f;.il. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR.       41 


fail,  the  Aulliians  were  at  a  dif^ 
tance  from  the  center  of  his  afl'airs, 
iind  would  find  it  dltHcult  to  im- 
prove their  advantages  to  his  ruin. 
After  the  redudlion  of  Schweidnitz, 
the  King  ordered  two  bodies  of 
his  troops  to  poll  tlicmfelv^es  in 
fuch  a  manner,  as  to  make  it  ap- 
pear that  he  intended  to  carry  the 
war  into  Bohemia.  Whilit  he  drew 
Rvtay  the  enemies  attention  from 
the  real  objects  by  thefe  difpofi- 
^  tions,  the  main  of  his  ar- 

^  ^  *  my,  by  a  very  rapid  march, 
entered  intoMoraviain  two  columns, 
and  made  themfelves  mailers,  in  a 
ihort  time  and  with  little  ornoop- 
pofition,  of  all  the  polls  neceflary 
to  cover  the  troops  to  be  employed 
in  the  fiege  of  Olmutz.  On  the 
27  th  of  May  the  trenches  were 
opened  before  that  city. 

M.  Daun  was  no  fooner  apprlfed 
pf  the  King's  march  towards  Mo- 
ravia,,   than    he    took    his    route 
through  Bohemia  to  that  province. 
Notwithilanding  that  the  Emprefs 
Queen  omitted  no  polfible  endea- 
vours to  afiemble    a  juH   army  a- 
gainll  the  King  of  Prulfia  ;   though 
jlie  had  for  that  purpole  exhaulled 
the  Milanefe  and    Tufcany,    and 
fv/ept    up  the   laft  recruits  in  her 
Danubian    territories  ;     M.  Daun 
y^as  not  yet  in  a  condition  to  give 
the  King  of  Pruffia  battle  :  neither 
did  his  character  lead  him  to  trull 
that  to  fortune    which    he    might 
enfure,  though  m.ore  (lowly,  by  con- 
diicl.     This  wife  general  took  his 
polls  from  Gewics  to  Littau,  in  a 
mountainous  country,  in  a  fituation 
where  it  was  impoflible  to  attack 
him.    He  had  the  fertile  country  of 
Bohemia,  from  whence  he  readily 
and  certainly  drew  fupplies,  ^t  his 
rear.     He  was    from   his    polition 
at  the  fame  time    enabled  to  ha- 
rafs  the  Pruilian  army  before  Ol- 


mutz, and  to  intercept  the  convoys 
which  were  brought  to  them  from 
Silefia. 

Olmutz,    by   the   extent   of  its 
works,     and    other    advantageous 
circum fiances,  is  a  city  which  it  is 
very  difficult  compleatly  to  invell. 
So  that  fomc  cf  the  King's  pods 
being  neceilarily  weakened  by  oc- 
cupying fo  great  an  extent  of  coun- 
try, were  attacked  by  Daun's  de- 
tachments from  time  to  time,  with 
fuch  fuccefs  that  abundant  fuccours 
both  of  men  and  ammunition  were 
thrown  into  the  place.     Thefe  at- 
tacks were  always  made  by  night, 
and  very  few  nights  paffdd  without 
fome  attack.     The  fuccefs  was  va- 
rious.    But  the  operations  of  the 
fiege   were     greatly  dillurbed    by 
thefe  continual  alarms.     Befides  it 
is  faid  that  the  Aufirians  before  the 
king's  invafion  of  this    province, 
had  delhoyed  all  the  forage  in  the 
neighbourhood   of  Olmutz.     The 
horfe  were  obliged  to  forage  at  a 
great  diilance,  which  haraHed  them 
extremely^     M.  Daun  took  advan- 
tage of  all  thefe  circumilances.     It 
was  in  vain  that  the  KingofPrulTia 
endeavoured  by  all    the   arts  of  a 
great  commander  to  provoke  or  en- 
lice  him  to  an  engagement.  He  pro- 
fited of  the  advantages  hehadmade, 
without  being  tempted  by  them  to 
throw  out  of  his  hands  the  fecurc 
game  he  was  playing. 

The  great  object  of  M.  Daun  was 
the  Pruilian  convoys.  On  receiving 
advice  that  a  large  and  important 
one  was  to  leave  Troppau  on  the 
25th  of  June,  he  took  meafures  to 
intercept  it.  He  ordered  General 
Jahnus,  who  was  at  Muglitz  on 
the  left,  to  advance  towards  Bahrn, 
and  a  detachment  which  was  at 
Prerau  at  a  confiderable  diilance  to 
the  right,  to  march  to  Stadt  Leibe, 
fo  that  thefe  two  corps  Ihould  on 
different 


42        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758, 


different  Tides  attack  the  convoy  at 
one  and  the  fame  time.    To  further 
the  execution  of  this  project  M.Daun 
himfeif  approached  the  Fruflian  ar- 
my, and  directed  ail  his  motions  as 
if  he  intended  to  give  them  battle. 
However,  the  King  was  too  great 
amaiicr  in  the  game  of  generaifhip, 
■vyhich  was  now  playing,  to  be  de- 
ceived by  this  feint.     He  detached 
a  confiderable  party  under  General 
Ziethenjtofupport  his  convoy  which 
was  already  about  7000  ftrong.    Be- 
for  J  this  detachment  could  come  up, 
the  convoy  was  attacked,   but  the 
Auitrians  were  repuifed.     But  M. 
Daun,v/hoprovided  for  every  thing, 
quickly  reinforced  his  parties,  who 
renewed  the  engagement  the  next 
day.    They  firlt  fuftered  the  head  of 
the  convoy  to  go  unmolefted ;  but  as 
the  center  was  ftill  embarraffed  in  a 
dangerous  defile,  they  eafily  cut  oft' 
the  head  from  the  reft,  and  then  they 
attacked  the  center  with  the  greateft 
fury.     The  PrulTians  made  as  good 
a  refiftance    as    the   nature  of  the 
ground  would  fuffer.  General  Zie- 
then  did  every  thing  which  could  be 
expcfted  from  an  accomplillied  of- 
ficer ;  but  in  the  end  they  were  En- 
tirely routed  ;  all  the  waggons  in 
that  divifion  were  taken  ;  the  rear 
was  pufhed  back  towards  Troppau ; 
the  head  alone  with  great  difficulty 
arrived  at  the  Pru^fian  camp. 

This  v/as  a  fat  il  ftroke,  becaufe 
it  came  at  a  time  when  it  was  im- 
poffible  to  repair  it.  I'he  fiege  of 
Ohi.utz  had  been  all  along  attended 
with  great  difficulties ;  and  now  the 
news  v/hich  every  day  arrived  of  the 
nearer  and  nearer  approach  of  the 
Ruffians,  called  the  King  loudly  to 
the  defence  of  his  own  dominions. 
Already  the  CofTac  ks  and  Calm  ucks 
made  incurfions  into  SileHa,  and  by 
their  ravages  and  cruel ties^^  an- 
nounced the  approach  of  the  great 


army.  The  flege  muft  be  raifed  ; 
Moravia  mull  be  abandoned  ;  Mar- 
Ihal  Daun  mull  have  thj  honour  of 
freeing  his  country,  i!nd  driving 
away  I'uch  an  adverfary  as  the  king 
of  Pruffia,  from  a  conqueft  deemed 
certain  ;  all  was  performed  without 
a  battle,  by  a  feries  of  the  moil  re- 
fined and  vigorous  manoeuvres  that 
ever  were  put  in  pradice. 

Wh^n  the  King  of   Pruffia  faw 
that  the  unprofperous  fituation  of 
his  affairs  obliged  him  to  retreat ; 
he  took  a  refolution,  fuch  as  vic- 
tory infpires  in  others.     Pie  took 
advantage  even    of   the    excellent 
movement  of  M.  Daun,  by  which 
that  able  general  had  advanced  his 
quarters  to  Pofnitz,  and  placed  him- 
felf  fo  as  to  fupport  Olmutz  in  the 
moft    eftedual    manner ;    by    this 
movement,    however,    he  was  ob- 
liged to  uncover    the    frontiers  of 
Bohemia.     The  King  of  Pruffia, 
whom  nothing  could  efcape,    was 
fenfible   of   this    advantage  ;    and 
therefore,    inilead  of  falling  back 
upon  Silrfia,  which  ilep  would  im. 
mediately  have  drawn  the  Aullrian 
army  into  his  dominions,  he  deter- 
mined to  retreat  from   one  part  of 
the  enemies  territories  into  another. 
The  day  before  the  fiege  was  raifed 
the  firing  of  the  Pruffians  continued 
as  brilk as  ever,  and  ihev.ed  no  fort 
of  fign  of  an  intention   to  depart; 
but  in  the  night  the  whole    ,.     ^ 
army  took  the  road  to  Bo-  •'     ^ 
hernia  in  two  columns,  and  gained 
an  entire  march  upon  the  Aulirians. 
So  that  notwithllanding  the  utmofl: 
efforts  which  the  enemy  could  make 
to  overtake  and  harrafs  the  King 
upon  his  march,  he  advanced  into 
Bohemia  with    little    moleftation, 
feizecl   upon  a  large  magazine  at 
Lieutomiffel,  defeated  fome  corps 
of  Aulirians,  who  had  attempted  to 
dillurb   him  in  his   progrefs,  and 
"  arrived 


HISTORY    OF     THE    WAR. 


41 


(irrived  at  Konigrgratz,  one  of  the 
;Tioft  important  polls  in  Bohemia, 
with  all- his  fick  and  wounded,  with 
all  his  heavy  baggage,  all  his  heavy 
artillery,  and  military  Hores  cora- 
pleat.  This  place  he  poficiicd  after 
driving  from  it  a  body  of  7000  Auf- 
trians  who  were  intrenched  there. 
He  immediately  laid  this  city  and 
fcveral  other  diitricls  under' contri- 
bution ;  but  this  pljin  not  admitting 
any  further  operations  on  that  lide, 
he  took  no  other  advantage  from 
that  momentous  poih  iicfoon re-en- 
tered Silefia,  and  marched  witli  the 
moil  amazing  diligence  to  encounter 
the  RufHan'i,  who  had  at  this  time 
united  their  divided  corps  under 
Brown  andFermer,and  fixed  thelong 
fluctuating  plan  of  their  operations, 
by  entering  the   New   Marche  of 


Brandenburg  and  laying  iiegc  to 
Cullrin.  Theredudionof  this  place 
could  leave  them  but  a  few  days 
march  to  Berlin  ;  Count  Dohnav/as 
not  in  a  condition  to  oppofe  their 
progrefs,  the  King  was  itjil  at  a  great 
diihmce.  But  it  is  neceifary  to  break 
our  narrative  of  his  affairs,  however 
interelting,  to  take  a  view  of  the 
operations  of  the  armies  on  the 
P-hine.  We  leave  the  King  of 
PruiGa  in  full  march,  to  give  one 
body  of  his  enemies  battle,  after 
executin^g  a  retreat  from  the  other, 
in  a  manner  that  did  his  military 
genius  the  greateil  honour.  So  that 
on  the  whole,  it  is  difficult  to  fay, 
which  gained  the  greatell  glory,  the 
King  of  PruiTia  by  his  retreat,  or  M. 
Daun  by  the  mc^fures  which  oblig- 
ed him  to  it. 


CHAP, 


X. 


Allies  pafs  the  Rhine.     Battle  of  Cre'velt.     Action  at  Sangerjhau/en.     Ailioit 
at  Mt-er.     Allies  repafs  the  Rhine. 


PRINCE  Ferdinand  had  it  not 
in  his  power  to  cut  oft  the  re- 
treat of  the  French  overtlie  Rhine; 
but  he  preflcd  them  clofcly,  and 
prepared  himfclf  to  crofs  that  river 
m  purluit  of  them.  Hisdefign  was 
to  carry  the  war  beyond  the  Macfe, 
and  thereby  oblige  the  Prince  de 
Soubifc  to  abandon  the  enterp rife  he 
was  preparing  agaiuH  Heife  Cafiel. 
His  highnefs  executed  the  pafTage  of 

\  the  Rhine  at  II.Tven  with 

lune  I.  ^1  . •  11 

•'  the  corps  immediately  un- 

der his  command;  then  he  fent  the 
Jjridge  with  which  he  fervcdhimfelf 
fo  well  up  the  river  to  Ri-es ;  the 
reft  of  the  troops  pafl'ed  there  ;  the 
v.'hole  army  were  over  before  the 
7th  of  June.  The  flattery  of  the 
Jail  age  faw  with  aftoniihmeht  a 
pj;fiagc  of  the  Rhine  by  a  French 


monarch,  unoppofed,  at  the  head  of 
a  m.ighty  army.  We  faw  that  river 
pafl'ed  by  the  enemies  of  France,  in 
the  prelence  of  an  army  of  50,000 
of  that  nation  ;  it  was  an  adion 
which  did  not  need  the  exaggerati- 
ons of  rhetoric. 

The  French  army  retired  as  the 
Prince  advanced,  and  took  an  ad- 
vantageous camp  which  threatened 
to  retard  the  operations  of  the  allies. 
Their  right  was  under  Rhineberg  ; 
but  the  Prince  by  his  well-judged 
motions  turned  their  left  flank  to- 
wards the  convent  of  Campe,  by 
which  the  French  found  themfelves 
obliged  to  quit  their  advantageous 
poll,  and  to  retire  into  Meurs.  They 
IHII  kept  towards  the  Rhine.  The 
Prince  advanced  on  the  fide  of  the 
Maefe. 

It 


ANNU  AL    REG  ISTER,    17^8. 


It  was  evident  that  vvhilfc  the 
French  only  continued  to  retire,  it 
would  prove  impofliblc  for  them  to 
hinder  the  allies  from  executing  the 
plan  they  propofed.  They  there- 
fore thought  it  advifeable  to  change 
their  countenance.  They  had  fall- 
en back  as  far  ds  Nuys ;  tiiey  now 
returned  on  their  Heps,  and  ad- 
vanced as  far  as  Crevelt,  within  a  few 
miles  of  Prince  Ferdinand's  camp. 
The  Prince  madii  the  difpof:dons 
for  a  bittle,  with  his  ufual  vigour 
and  prudence.  He  carefully  recon- 
noitred the  fituation  of  the  enemy. 
He  found  that  their  right  was  at  a 
village  called  Vifchelon  ;  their  left 
extended  towards  Anrath,  where  it 
was  covered  with  a  wood ;  Crevelt, 
which  was  in  the  front  of  their 
right,  was  occupied  by  a  party  of 
their  troops.  His  highnefs  refolVed 
upon  three  attacks.  The  firii:  and 
real  attack  was  on  the  flank  of  the 
^neiny's  left  wing  ;  the  other  two 
were  defigned  to  divert  their  atten- 
tion, ahd  prevent  their  fuccouring 
ti^e  objed  of  his  principal  attack  ; 
for  which  purpofe  he  recommended 
to  his  generals  to  /  make  the  befl 
ufe  of  their  heavy  artillery,  and  not 
|o  advance  too  far  unlefs  they  were 
perfeftly  afTured  of  the  iuccefs  of 
fhe  main  operation. 
.    Having  made  thefe  wife  difpofi- 

Y  tions,andperfe<ftlylearncd 

June  2?.    1     ,    n  1        L-  ? 

■*  ^    the  belt  routes  by  which 

the  enemy  might  be  approached,  his 
tighnefs  put  himfelf  at  the  head  of 
the  grenadiers  ofhis  right  wing,  and 
iidvanced  on  the  fide  of  Anrath  in 
two  columns .  A  cannonading  violen  t 
and  well  fupported  opened  the  ac- 
tion. The  Hanoverian  artillery  was 
greatlyfuperior  to  thatof  theFrench; 
tat  though  the  French  loft  many 
men,  they  loft  no  ground  in  this 
vay,  and  their  poritioi)  in  the  wood 


made  a  clofe  attack  abfoiutely  ne- 
ceffary.     The  hereditiiry  Prince  of 
Brunfwick  put  himfelf  at  the  head 
of  the  frft  line  of  foot,   and  with 
his  ufual  fpirit,  advanced  with  the 
whole  front  direclly  to  the  wood. 
Here  a  furious  fire  of  frnall  arms 
commenced,  which  continued  vv^ith- 
out  the  fmalleft  interniiiTion  for  tv/o 
hours  and  a  half.     All  the   Hano- 
verian battalions  threw  th^mfeives 
into  the  wood.     Two  ditches  well 
lined  with  infantry  were  oppofed  to 
their  fury.     They  were  forced  one 
after  another.     The  enemies  bat- 
talions were  puflied  buck,  they  were 
entirely  broken,  and  fled  out  of  the 
wood  in  a  diforder  which  was  irre- 
parable.    Their  cavalry,  who  kept 
the  beftcountenancepoirible,in  fpite 
of  the  terrible  fire  of  the  Hanove- 
rian artillery,  and  in  fpite  of  the  vi- 
gorous attempts  of  the  Hanoverian 
horfe,  who  had  by  this  time  found 
means  to  gain  the  plain,  covered  the 
retreat  of  their  fcattered  infantry, 
and  faved  them  from  utter  ruin. The 
right  wing  and  the  center,  though 
they  fuffered  grievouHy  by  the  can- 
nonading, were  no  where  broken, 
but  retreated  towards  Nuys  in  the 
moft  perfecl  order. 

Seven  thoufand  of  their  beft  troops 
were  killed,  wounded,  and  taken 
prifoners ;  but  there  was  nothing  in 
this  battle  fo  grievous  to  France, 
and  fo  affe£lingeven  to  the  enemy, 
as  the  fate  of  the  Count  de  Gifors. 
This  young  nobleman,  the  only 
fon  of  the  Duke  de  Belleifle,  not 
above  twenty-five  years  of  age, 
newly  married  to  the  heirefs  of  an 
illuftrious  houfe,  himfelf  the  laft 
hope  of  a  moft  noble  family,  was 
mortally  wounded  at  the  head  of 
his  regiment,  which  lie  brought  up 
with  the  moft  heroic  courage,  and 
infpired  b^  hir,  example  to  make 

incre- 


HISTORY    OF     T  H  E    W  A  R.        45 


ihcredible  efForts,  He  had  been 
educated  with  all  the  care  an  excel- 
lent father  could  bei^ow  on  a  {(in 
of  an  uncommon  genius,  who  was 
alone  able  to  fupport  the  reputation 
of  his  family.  To  the  purell  morals 
he  had  united  the  politeil  manners  ; 
he  had  made  a  great  proiiciency  in 
learning  ;  he  knew  many  branches 
of  it,  and  loved  all ;  he  had  feen 
every  part  of  Europe,  and  read- 
courts  and  nations  with  a  difcerning 
eye  ;  and  wanting  nothing  to  fulfil' 
all  hope,  and  to  make  him  a  perfeft 
and  lalHng  ornament  and  fupport  to 
his  country,  but  a  knowledge  in  the 
military  art,  he  entered  that  courfe 
of  glory  and  danger,  and  fell  in  his 
.  firlfc  campaign.  The  unhappy  fa- 
p  ther  and  miniller  faw  his  private 
misfortunes  keep  pace  with  the 
public  calamities,  and  the  tears  of 
his  family  mingled  with  thofe  of 
his  country. 

Prince  Ferdinand  gained  a  vidory 
at  Crevelt,  which  did  the  greatefl 
honour  to  his  military  capacity  and 
to  the  bravery  of  his  troops.  But  it 
was  a  viftory  neither  entire  nor  deci- 
five.  The  French  army  on  their  own 
frontiers  was  quickly  and  ftrongly 
reinforced  :  fo  that  they  were  not 
only  in  a  condition  in  fome  fort  to 
make  head  againft  the  allies,  but 
were  enabled  to  detach  a  confide- 
rable  reinforce.T.ent  to  the  army  of 
the  Prince  de  Soubife  on  the  other 
fide  of  the  Rhine. 

Although  the  Prince  had  reafon 
to  imagine  that  he  ihould  not  be 
able  to  keep  his  ground  on  this  fide 
of  the  Rhine  for  any  confiderable 
time,  this  did  not  hinder  him  from 
^  improving  to  the  utmoil  the  advan- 
fc"  tage  he  had  obtained.  Whilll  the 
French,  difribled  by  their  late  de- 
feat, were  in  no  condition  to  oppofc 
him,  he  pziTcd  the  Rhine  with  a 
large  detachment,  and  appeared  on 


the  2Sth  of  June  befbre  DufTcldorp, 
a  ciiy  advantagcoufly  iituated  on 
the  river,  and  belonging  to  the 
Eledor  Palatine.  A,  fevere  bom- 
bardment obliged  it  to  capitulate 
on  the  ythof  July.  Thegarrifon, 
confiiling  of  20C0  men,  marched 
out  with  the  honours  of  war. 
i^rince  Ferdinand  placed  here  three 
battalions  of  Hanoverians,  and 
threw  a  biidge  of  boats  acrofs  the 
river ;  by  that  means  he  multi- 
plied his  polls  and  communicati- 
ons on  both  fides  of  the  Rhine; 
and  threw  a  new  and  no  fmall 
impediment  in  the  way  of  the 
French,  to"  retard  their  progrefs,  ; 
in  cafe  he  fhould  find  Aimfelf 
compelled  to  retire.  After  this, 
the  army  of  the  allies  and  that 
of  France,  fpent  feveral  days  in 
making  various  marches  and  coun- 
termarches, as  if  they  both  propofed 
to  bring  on  an  adlion,  to  which 
however  it  does  not  appear  that 
either  party  was  very  llrongly  in- 
clined. 

Prince  Ferdinand  ftill  retained  his 
hopes  that  the  Prince  of  Yfenburg, 
who  commanded  the  HefTian  troops, 
would  find  the  Prince  of  Soubife 
employment  for  fome  time.  He 
had  originally  laid  his  plan  in  fuch 
a  manner,  that  by  palfing  the  Maefe 
and  transferring  the  feat  of  wai 
into  the  enemies  country  he  might 
draw  the  French  from  the  Rhine, 
and  perhaps  oblige  the  Prince  of 
Soubife  to  come  to  the  aififtance 
of  the  main  army  under  M.  de 
Contades,  who  commanded  in  the 
room  of  Count  Clermont,  being 
now  the  fourth  commander  of 
the  French  troops  fince  they  enter- 
ed Germany.  But  whilll  Prince 
Ferdinand  pieafed  •  himfelf  with 
thofe  hopes,  and  ItiU  continued  tp  A 
ad  as  far  as  circumftances  would 
admit  inpurfuancc  of  this  plan,  he 
received 


46 


ANNUAL    RE 


received  an  account  which  difcon- 
certed  all  his  jneafuresT 

The  Duke  de  Broglio  fupported 
by  the  corps  of  the  Prince  de  Sou- 
bife,  with  a  much  fuperior  force, 
,  ,  attacked  and  defeated  the 

J  y^  3*  Hefliau  army  of  feven 
thoufand  men  near  Sangerfhaufen. 
This  opened  to  them  the  pofieflion 
of  the  Wcfer.  They  might  a6l  in 
Weftphalia,  on  which  fide  foever 
they  pleafed,  and  it  was  to  be 
feared,  that  if  they  availed  them- 
felves  of  the  advantages  they  had, 
they  might  be  able  to  intercept  the 
Briiiili  troops.  Thefe  troops  having 
been  landed  at  Embden,  were  now 
on  thei;-  march  under  the  command 
of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  to 
reinforce  the  allied  army.  The 
Prince  in  this  fituation  of  aft'airs, 
had  no  optioiiLleft  but  an  engage- 
ment with  the  French  army,  or  a 
retreat  over  the  Rhine.  The  for- 
mer was  not  eafy  to  compafs,  as 
the  French  induflrioufiy  declined 
a  battle,  and  it  became  extremely 
dangerous  to  remain  long  in  a  po- 
fition  with  the  enemies  army  on 
his  left,  and  the  ftrong  fortrefs  of 
Gueldre  on  his  right.  In  this  fi- 
tuation his  fubfillence  became  every 
ilay  more  difficult.  To  repafs  the 
Rhine,  had  its  difficulties  too; 
the  roads  which  led  to  that  river 
were  rendered  almoft  impaffable 
by  the  heavy  rains ;  the  river  itfelf 
was  fo  fwelled  with  them,  that  the 
bridge  at  Rees  had  been  for  fome 
time  ufelefs. 

Thefe  difagreeable  circumftances 
of  the  allied  army  did  not  efcape 
the  penetration  of  Monfieur  de 
Chevcrt,  one  of  the  ableil:  com- 
manders among  the  French.  Ke 
foimedaplan  upon >  them,  which 
if  it  had  fucceeded,  muft  have 
put  the  allies  into  the  greatell 
-  perplexity..  This  general  had  fome 


GISTER,    1758. 

time  before  parted  the  Rhine/ 
with  an  intention  of  making. him- 
(elf  mafter  of  Dufleldcrp,  and  he 
had  prepared  all  things  with  great 
ability  for  that  enterprife.  The 
rains  unufually  heavy  for  that  fca- 
fon,  and  fome  other  crofs  acci- 
dents, had  fruilrated  his  intentions. 
But  perceiving  that  the  (ame  acci- 
dents which  defeated  his  defign, 
proved  alfo  unfavourable  to  the 
enemy,  he  refoived  to  turn  his  dif- 
appointment  into  an  advantage, 
and  from  the  ruins  of  his  firi^projedt 
to  build  another  of  yet  greater  im- 
portance. Baron  Imhdf-F  was  pofted 
to  the  right  of  the  Rhine,  in  a  ihohg 
fituation  near  Meer.  He  was  to 
cover  the  bridge  at  Rees  ;  to  fecure 
a  confiderable  magazine  ;  and  to 
keep  open  communication  between 
the  Engiifn  reinforcements  and  the 
main  army.  The  plan  of  Mon- 
fieur Chevert  was  to  difiodge  Im- 
hoff,  to  burn  the  bridge  at  Rees, 
to  make  himfelf  maiter  of  the 
magazine,  and  to  render  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Engliih  troops  with 
the  Hanoverians  impracticable. 
To  execute  this  judicious  fcheme, 
he  united  feveral  detachments 
from  the  garrifcn  of  Wefcl,  to  a 
confiderable  corps  which  he  in- 
tended to  have  employed  in  the 
fiege  of  Dud'eldorp.  The  whole 
made  near  1 2,000  men.  The  troops 
under  liVihcfr  were  but  fixbattalions, 
and  four  fquadrons,  hardly  3000 
in  all. 

When  that  general  was  ap- 
prifed  of  the  defigns  and  motions 
©f  the  French,  he  faw  it  was  in 
vain  to  expert  fuccours  from  the 
army  of  Fnnce  Ferdinand.  The 
fwell  of  the  river  had  rendered 
all  relief  in: pcffible;  all  his  hopes 
were  therefore  in  his  own  genius 
and  the  bravery  of  his  troops. 
He    ccnr:dcrcd    that    though    the 

poft 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


47 


poft  he  occupied  was  fufficiently 
ftrong,  the  enemy  might  make 
themfelvcs  mailers  of  Rees,  by 
turning  his  camp,  and  thus  exe- 
cute one  of  the  principal  parts  of 
their  defign  ;  he  confidered  the 
great  difference  between  attacking 
and  being  attacked  ;  he  confidered 
the  effect  of  an  attempt  altogether 
unexpefted  by  the  enemy ;  he  there- 
fore took  the  refolution  of  aban- 
doning his  poil,  and  going  out  to 
meet  them.  Perceiving  that  the 
French  were  marching  into  diffi- 
cult ground,  he  did  not  lofe  a 
.  .moment     to    begin    the 

^"^-  5-  adion.  He  ordered  a 
fmall  party,  which  he  had  polled  in 
a  little  coppice,  to  fall  upon  the 
enemies  left,  which  he  obferved  to 
be  uncovered  ;  and  appointed  the 
fire  of  this  party,  as  a  fignal  for  all 
the  reft  to  advance,  and  make  the 
onfet  with  bayonets  fixed.  The 
French  thus  vigoroufly  and  unex- 
pectedly attacked,  fell  into  confu- 
fion  ;  their  courage  ill  feconded  the 
wifdom  of  their  general  ;  they  did 
not  ftand  half  an  hour  ;  they  left 
the  field  of  battle,  eleven  pieces  of 
cannon,  many  prifoners,  and  much 
baggage  to  the  Hanoverians,  who 
drove  them  under  the  cannon  of 
Wcfcl. 

This  fignal  advantage  over  fuch 
a  prodigious  Superiority  was  not 
more  gallantly  obtained  than  well 
purfued  and  improved.  ImhofFlaw 
that  the  rains  had  increafed  to  fuch 
a  degree,  as  to  leave  no  hopes  for 
the  allied  army  to  pafs  by  the  bridge 
at  Rees.  Having  taken  proper  care 
of  his  magazines,  he  quitted  his 
poll  at  Meer,  and  being  reinforced 
by  fome  parties,  who  palled  the 
river  in  boats,  hejnarched  with  the 
utmoft  diligence  towards  the  route 
of  the  Englilh  forces,  and  happily 


effedled  a  junction,  which  had 
hitherto  been  attended  with  fo  many 
difficulties. 

Prince  Ferdinand  in  his  retreat 
met  with  no  obflrutftion,  but  jull 
what  was  fufficient  to  difplay  more 
fully  the  gallantry  of  the  officers, 
and  the  fpirit  of  his  troops.  A 
town  called  Watchtendonck  was  on 
his  left,  as  he  returned  ;  this  place, 
though  not  fortified,  is  a  poll  of 
much  importance,  and  being  an 
ifland  furrounded  by  the  river  Ni- 
ers,  is  extremely  difHcult  of  accefs. 
The  French  had  thrown  a  body  of 
troops  into  this  place.  The  here-  • 
ditary  Prince,  the  firft  in  every  ac- 
tive fervice,  was  employed  to  force 
it.  The  bridge  on  his  approach 
had  been  drawn  up.  The  Prince 
feeing  that  if  he  attempted  to  get 
down  this  bridge,  the  enemy  would 
gain  time  to  recolledl  themfelves, 
threw  himfelf  into  the  river ;  his 
grenadiers,  animated  by  fo  gallant 
an  example,  plunged  in  after  him, 
and  furioully  attacking  the  enemy 
with  their  bayonets,  in  a  few  mi- 
nutes drove  them  from  that  poft. 
This  advantage,  joined  to  that 
gained  by  General  Imhoff,  and  the 
uncommon  refolution,  which  ap- 
peared in  both  thefe  aftions,  awed 
the  French.  They  found  that  their 
troops,  raw,  undifciplined,  and  lit- 
tle lit  for  hard  fervice,  were  not  to 
be  relied  upon  ;  and  they  feared  to 
bring  on  an  adlion,  which  by  being 
decilive  againll  them  might  draw 
on  the  molt  fatal  confequences.  So 
that  the  Prince  repaffed  the  Rhine 
in  a  moll  excellent  order,  even  with 
lefs  trouble  than  he  had  at  firft 
pafted  it ;  and  indeed  with  little 
moleftation,  but  what  he  met  with  , 
from  the  weather.  Such  excef- 
five  rains  had  fallen,  that  he  in  vain 
attempted  a  pafTage  at  Rhineberg  or   <!^ 

at 


4?     ANNUAL    REG 

^   ^  at  his  bridge  of  Rces  ;  he 

P"'  "'  eiTeded  it  a  little  lower  at 

*"^  *°-  aplaoecalledGriethuyfcn. 
Althouph  Prince  Ferdinand  was 

o 

obliged  to  pafs  the  Rhine,  and  to 
adl  more  upon  the  defenilve  for  the 
future  ;  yet  his  vigorous  condud  in 
the  beginning  was  very  glorious  to 
him,  and  very  advantageous  to  the 
common  caiife.  The  French  buf- 
fered greatly  in  their  military  re-, 
putation ;  the  Hanoverians  had 
gained  a  faperiority  over  them  ;  and 
now  fo  much  of  the  campaign  was 
wafled,  that  notwithib.nding  the 
greatnefs  of  their  numbers,  it  was 


ISTER,    1758. 

not  probable  that  they  would  tini 
themfelves  able  to  make  any  confi- 
derable  progrefs  in  their  defigns 
againll  the  King's  elctloral  domi- 
nions for  this  year.  The  advan- 
tage gained  by  Broglio  and  Sou- 
bife  was  not  attended  with  the 
confequences,  which  might  have 
been  apprehended.  Prince  Yfen- 
burg  kept  fo  good  a  countenance 
in  a  ftrong  pofl:  he  had  chofen,  that 
the  French  did  net  chufe  to  at- 
tack him  again  ;  and  fince  Prince 
Ferdinand  had  repaffed  the  Rhine, 
he  might  alvvays  be  well  fupport- 
ed. 


C     H     A     P 


XT. 


'Retreat  from  Bohemia.     Mcafures  of  Count  Daun.   Battle  of  Cufy 
of  Ptiijpa  marches  into  Saxony  ^  and  joins  Prince  Henry. 


Kif/s^ 


BY  the  retreat  of  the  PrulTians 
from  Moravia,  the  war  had 
a/Tumed  a  new  face.  The  generals 
who  conduced  it  had  changed 
hands.  The  King  of  Prufiia  was 
obliged  to  a6t  upon  the  defeniive  ; 
M.  Daun  was  now  in  a  condition 
of  difplaying  his  talents  in  an  of- 
fcnllve  war.  The  affairs  of  the 
King  of  PrulTia  were  fcarce  ever 
in  a  more  critical  fituation  than  at 
that  time.  .  The  Ruffians  feemed 
at  firft  difpofed  to  enter  into  Silefia  ; 
but  now  they  had  united  their 
feveral  disjoined  corps,  penetrated 
into  the  New  Marche  of  Branden- 
burg, and  having  commenced  the 
fiege  of  Cuflrin,  a  place  that 
threatened  them  with  no  great  op- 
pcfition,  they  were  arrived  within 
a  few  days  march  of  Berlin.  Count 
Dohna  polled  with  a  greatly  inferi- 
or force  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder, 
watched  without  being  able  to  ob- 
iiru6l  their  progrefs.  lu  Pome- 
ran  ia,  the  generals  Wedel;  and 
2 


Manteufel  oppofed  almoft  the  fame 
irieflcdluai  eiibrts  to  the  arms  of 
Sweden.  The  army  of  the  Empire 
and  a  confiderable  body  of  Auftri- 
ans  under  General  Haddick  advan-  . 
ced  into  Saxony,  and  pofiefiing 
themfelves  by  degrees  of  thofe 
ftrong  pofts,  which  compofe  the 
frontiers  of  Mifnia,  shey  continu- 
ally ftreightened  the  quarters  of 
Prince  Henry.  That  Prince  was 
Itrongly  encamped  at  Dippofwalde, 
with  about  20,000  men,  in  order 
to  cover  Drefden,  and  command  the 
courfe  of  the  Elbe.  Thus  circum- 
Hanced,  the  King  could  not  find 
his  account  in  remviining  long  in 
Bohemia,  where  it  was  impollible 
to  eifeiSl  any  thing  decifive.  Every 
thing  depended  upon  his  being  able 
to  drive  the  Ruffians  out  of  his  ter-^ 
ritories,  who  with  a  mighty  force 
ruined  every  place  they  arrived  at, 
and  feemed  not  only  to  make  war 
againft  him,  but  againft  human  na- 
tuie  itfeif. 

M.Daun 


HISTORY    OF     THE    WAR. 


49 


M.  Daun  was  foon  apprifed  of  the 
King  of  Pfuflia's  intentions ;  but  he 
coMfidered   tha^  if  he  was  to  pnrfue 
the  King  into  Silefia,  he  rnuft  en- 
counter with  difficulties  almoft  in- 
fuperable ;    feveral    rtrong     places 
Hood   in  his    way,   and    it    would 
prove  eafy    for   the  Pruffian   troops 
ieft  for  the  defence  of  that  duchy, 
to  take  an  advanlagecus  eamp  under 
one  of  thafe  places,  and  thus  oblige 
them    to  waite  unprofitably    their 
time,  which  might  be  employed  in 
the    execuiion    of  more    judicious 
projefti.     Befidcs,     that     in     this 
manner    of   proceeding    he    could 
never   a£l  in  concert,  nor  preferve 
any  efTcftual    communication  with 
the  feveral  bodies  of  his  allies.     To 
pudi  forward    with   his  whole  force 
diredly   to  Berlin,  could  at  bed  be 
regarded  as  a   coup  de  main,  which 
could  prove  nothing  decifive  in  the 
campaign,  even  fuppofjng  the  pro- 
jedl  -fhould    fucceed  ;    but   it   was 
rather  probable  that  it  would  not 
fucceed,     as   the    King    of  Pruflia 
might  clear   his  hands  of  the  Ruf- 
fians, before  the  army  of  M.  Daun 
could,   for  want  of  fubfiftence,  ar- 
rive in  the  Lower  Lufatia.     Every 
confidcration   therefore  pointed  out 
the   relief  of  Saxony  as    the  great 
objed  of  the  Auftrian  operations. 
It  was  an  ohjed  apparently   to  be 
compafled    with   greater  eafe,  and 
if  compaifed,  produdive  of  more 
folid   advantages   than  any    other, 
■['he  army  of  the  Empire,    already 
fuperior  to  that  of  Prince    Henry, 
tould  co-operate  in  the  defign,  arid 
the  recovery  of  Saxony  once  eiTert- 
ed,  the   King  of  Priiffia  would  fee 
himfelf  entirely   diverted  of  one  of 
the  principal  refources  he  had  to 
rely  upon   in   the  war,  for  money, 
provifions,    and  forage;  whilll  his 
hereditary  dominions,    ftripped   of 
'A'.is  ilrong  barrier,    defencekfs  in 

XOL,    1. 


themfelves,  and  a/TauIted  on  thiee 
fides  by  powerful  armies,  could 
fcarce  find  them  employment  to  th<f 
end  of  the  campaign. 

M.  Daun   having   refolved  upon 
this  plan  of  operations,  fuftered  the 
King    of    Pruflia    to   continue    his 
march  towards  the  Ruflians,  with- 
out any  moleilation:  he  contented 
himfelf  with  leaving  a  coniiderable 
body  of  troops  under  the  generals 
Harfch  and  de  Vilie,  on  the  fouth- 
crn  frontiers  ofSilefia,  i»  order  to 
form  fomeenterpriib  upon  that  fjde, 
which  might  draw  the  attention  and 
forces  of  the  PrufTians  as    far   as 
poiiible  from  the  great  objeft  of  his 
operations.     When   he    had   made  ' 
ihefe  difpofitions,  he  marched  to- 
wards Saxony  through  the  country 
of  Lufatia  by  Zittau,  Gorlitz,  and 
Bautzen.  His  firft  project  was  bold. 
He  propofed  to   crofs   the  Elbe  at 
MeifTen  ;  by  which  the  communi- 
cation between  Drefden  and  Leipfic 
would    be  cut  off  at  one   ftroke. 
Then  he  propofed  to  attack  Prince 
Henry  in  his  campat  Sedlitz,  while 
the  army  of  the  Empire  fell  upon 
him  in  another  quarter.     Thus  the 
Prince   was  to  be  put   between  two 
lires,  and  his  retreat  into  Drefden 
to  be  rendered   impradicable  ;  but 
upon    more   mature   confidcration, 
this  projedl    was    laid    afide.     M. 
Daun  relieved  that  the   fortrefs  of 
Sonneftein,  of  which  he  was  not  yec 
in  pofTeflion,  would  prove     q 
no  fmall   impediment  to         r*  3* 
his  defigns.  He  confidered  that  the 
pofiiion  of  Prince  Henry  oppofite  to 
the  army  of  the  Empire  was  too  ad- 
vantageous, to  make  an  attack  upon 
him  advifeable;  and  unlefs  the  Prince 
could  be  induced  to  attack  the  Im- 
perialifts  firft,  a  point  not  to  be  ex- 
pededin  hiscircumitances,  he  might 
always  find  it  eafy  to  throw  himfelf 
into  Drefden,  and  by  proper  moiioos 
£  M 


50  ANNUAL    REGIST5;r,   175&. 

to  preferve  a  free  communication 
with  the  King.  M.  Daun  was  ob- 
liged to  renounce  his  firft  defign, 
but  he  was  left  at  full  liberty  to  form 
and  execute  fuch  other  plans  for  the 
relief  of  Saxony  as  his  prudence, 
could  fuggelt. 

About   that   time    the    Imperial 
court,  elated  with  their   recent  fuc- 
cefs,  began  to  fliew  with  what  mo- 
deration they  were  likely  to  behave 
if  it  continued  and  increafed.  They 
entirely   threw    off    all    the   \nt\e 
appearances  of   jefpeift    they    had 
hitherto  retained  for  the  King  of 
Great  Britain,  and  feveral  other  of 
the   mod    refpedtable  princes   and 
perfons  of  the  Empire.    They  made 
the   abufe    of    their  authority    go 
hand  in   hand    with   the  fuccefs  of 
their  arms.     On  the  zrft  of  Auguft 
a  conclufum  of  the   Aulic  council 
was    iffued   againft    the    King    of 
Great  Britain,  as   Eledlor  of  Han- 
over,   againft    the    Landgrave    of 
HefTe  Caflel,    againft  Prince   Fer- 
dinand of  Brunfwick,  theCountof 
Lippe  Buckebourg,  and  in  general 
againft    all   the   adherents    to   the 
King  of  Pruffia,  threatening  them 
with  penalties   in  dignity,  perfon, 
and  eftate.     In  confequence  of  this 
decree,    letters      avocatory     were 
iflued,  notifying  to  the    fovereign 
princes,  that  if  they  did  not  within 

a  limited  time  difperfe  their  armies, 

break    oft'   their   connection   with 

the  King    of   Proflia,    pay    their 

quota  of  Roman  months,  and  fend 

their  contingents  to  the    army   of 

execution,    they    were    put   under 

the   ban  of  the   Empire.     To  all 

other   perfons  who  held   any  dig- 
nity in   the   Empire,  orders  were 

given,  and  penalties  were  threaten- 
ed faitableto  their  condition.  They 

in  fhort  went  all   lengths  but  that 

of  atlualiy    and    formally  putting 

ihcia  under  the  ban,,  which  ihey 


would    not   have  failed    to  do,   if 
their  fuccefs  had   anfwered  its  be- 
ginnings.    So  little  regard  had  the 
court  of  Vienna  to  former  fervices 
of    the    moft    interefting    nature  ; 
and    fo  entirely    did    fiie   feem    to 
forget   that  fhe  owed  •  to  the  King 
of   Great   Britain,  not    only    that 
power  which  fhe  now  unjuftly  and 
ungratefully   turned    againft    him, 
but  alfo   the    very     being    of    the 
houfeof  Auftria.     So  entirely  did 
they   forget  that  this  monarch  had 
expended   his  treafures,    employed 
his  armies,  and    even   expofed  his 
perfon  in   her  caufe,  when   it  was 
not  only  abandoned,  but  attacked  ' 
by  almoft  all  the  reft    of  Europe, 
However   the  violent    proceedings 
of  the  Aulic  council,  drew  no  one 
ftate  or  perfon   from  the   Kings  of 
Great  Britain    and   Pruffia ;     they 
rather    had  a   contrary  efteJl,    in 
roufing  the  whole   Evangelic  body 
to  a    fenfe    of  their  own   danger. 
Much    lefs     were    they     able    to 
ftop    the    progrefs    of    the   allied 
arms. 

The  King  of  Pruftia  condu,5led 
his  retreat  out  of  Bohemia  in  admi- 
rable order.  The  generals  Jahnus 
and  Loudohn  for  feveral  days  hung 
upon  his  rear  with  two  ftrong  bo- 
dies. They  took  anvantageous 
pofts,  fometimes  on  one  fide,  fome- 
times  on  the  others  fometimes  to- 
gether, fomCLtimes  feparately,  and 
threwall  poniblelmpedimentsin  his 
way.  But  the  vigour  of  the  Pruflians 
drove  them  with  lofb  fron)  every  poft. 
So  that  by  the  6th  of  Auguft,  ihey 
were  'obliged  entirely  to  defift  from 
their  purfuit,  The  King  of  Pruffia 
freed  from  thismolellation  marched 
with  the  utmoftdiligenceby  Wifoca, 
Pclitz,  Landfhut,  and  arrived  on 
the  20th  at  Franckfort  on  the 
Oder.  Here  he  joined  the  troops 
under    Count  Dohna.     The  army 

was 


HISTORY    OF     THE    WAR. 


S« 


22d. 


was  now  in   a  condicion   to 


aft,  and  they  did  not  lofe 
a  moment's  time  to  march  again  ft 
the  enemy.  All  their  vigour  and 
expedition  was  not  more  than  ne- 
cefTary.  The  Ruffians  had  be- 
fieged  Cuftrin  from  the  i5ih. 
Though'  thefe  people,  fcarcely 
emerged  from  barbarifra,  had  not 
the  moft  pcrfed  ricill  in  operations 
of  this  nature,  they  fuppjied  that 
deficiency  by  a  ferocity  that  fcrupled 
nothing,  by  numbers  whole  lives 
they  did  not  regard,  and  by  a  moft 
formidable  artillery,  which  rudely 
but  furioufly  managed,  only  fpread 
the  more  general  and  indifcrimi- 
nate  deftruftion.  In  eiFeft,  they 
threw  fuch  a  multitude  of  bombs 
and  red-hot  balls  into  that  unfor- 
tunate city,  that  in  a  Ihort  time  it 
was  on  fire  in  evtry  quarter.  Of 
the  wretched  inhabitants  fome  were 
burned,  fome  biiried  in  the  ruins, 
fome  killed  by  the  balls  that  fell 
like  hail  in  the  ftreets :  the  furviv- 
ing  majority,  fafe  neither  within 
nor  without  their  houfes,  aban- 
doned their  homes,  and  their  fub- 
ftance,  and  fled,  many  of  them 
almoft  naked,  out  of  the  city  on 
the  fide  which  was  not  invefted. 
Never  was  beheld  a  more  de- 
plorable fpeftacle  ;  nor  was  it  eafy 
to  fay  which  formed  the  more 
wretched  appearance,  thofe  who 
perifned,  or  thofe  who  efcaped. 
Meanwhile,  the  governor,  firm  in 
his  courage  and  fidelity,  did  every 
thing  for  the  defence  of  the  walls 
and  ruins  of  the  place  ;  but  the 
walls  built  in  the  old  manner  did 
not  promife  a  fuccefsful  defence  ; 
the  enemy  had  pofted  themfelves 
in  the  faburbs,  and  in  the  firing  of 
the  town,  the  principal  maga- 
aine  of  the  befieged  was  blown 
up. 


The  protedor  and  avenger  of 
his  dominions,  was  now  however  at 
hand.  On  the  23d  the  King 
of  Pruflia's  whole  army  pafft:d  the 
Oder  at  Gluftebiifel,  about  twenty 
Englifh  miles  to  the  north-eaft  of 
Cuftrin.  The  Ruffians  on  the  firft 
notice  of  his  approach,  broke  up 
the  fiege  of  that  place,  and  march- 
ed towards  the  villages  of  Zwicker 
and  ZorndorfF.  It  was  the  King's 
intention  to  wind  round  the  left 
flank  of  their  army,  and  to  take 
them  in  the  rear,  by  which  he 
hoped  to  throw  them  into  con- 
fufion.  But  in  this  he  found  him- 
felf  difappointed.  The  Ruffian 
generals  had  forefeen  his  purpofe, 
and  made  excellent  difpofitionf. 
As  the  ground  did  not  admit  them 
to  extend  greatly  in  length,  they 
threw  themfelves  into  a  fquare 
body  compofed  of  four  lines,  fcnrm- 
ing  a  front  almoft  .equal  on  every 
fide,  and  on  every  fide  furrounded 
by  cannon  and  chevaux  de 
frize.  In  this  formidable  difpofi- 
tion  they  waited  the  attack  of  the 
Pruffians. 

It  was  on  the  25th  ct  Auguft  that 
the  King  of  Pruffia,  after  a  march 
of  56  days,  from  the  midft  of  Mo- 
ravia,.brought  his  army  io  prefence 
of  the  Ruffians.  The  King  had 
never  been  perfonally  engaged  with 
that  enemy  before.  His  troops 
had  never  obtained  any  advan- 
tage over  them.  The  whole  for- 
tune of  the  war  depended  upoa 
the  event  of  this  day.  The  Pruf- 
fians were  now  in  the  clofeft  fenfe 
to  fight  for  their  country,  which 
was  ready  to  fall  under  one  of  the 
fevercft  Icoargcs  with  which  Pro- 
vidence has  chaftil'ed  a  nation. 
Nothing  was  wanting  which 
could  infpire  the  foldier  with  re- 
venge. Every  where  the  marks  of 
E  2  th« 


53 


ANNUAL   RE 


the  enemies  cruelty  were  before 
their  eyes,  the  country  defohkted 
00  every  fide,  arrd  the  villages 
in  flames  all  round  the  field  of 
battle. 

Ae  nine  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing the  battle  begaiv  by  a  fire 
of  cannon  and  moriars,  which 
rained  on  the  right  wing  of  the 
RufTians,  without  the  leaft  inter- 
milTion,  for  near  two  hours.  No- 
thing cculd  exceed  the  havock 
made  by  this  terrible  fire,  nor  the 
conftancy  with  which  the  Pvluf- 
coviie  toot,  raw  and  unexperi- 
enced, foftained  a  {laughter  that 
would  have  cotifounded  and  dif- 
perfed  the  conipleattll  veterans. 
They  fell  in  their  ranks ;  new 
regiments  ftill  prefTed  forward  to 
filt  their  places,  and  to  fupply 
new  flaoghter.  When  the  firll  line 
had  fired  away  all  liveir  charges, 
thfty-  rulhed  forward  on  the  Pruf- 
fians.  That  firm  body  of  the 
Priiffian  infantry  which  had  often 
Hood,  and  often  given  ib  many 
terrible  fhock-s,  by  one  of  thofe 
unaccountable  movements  of  the 
human  mind,  that  render  every 
thing  in  war  (o  precarious,  'gave 
way  in  the  presence  oi  their  fbve- 
reign,  and  when  they  had  in  a 
njaoner  fcGured  the  vidory,  retired 
in  diforder  before  the  half  broken 
battalions  of  the  Mufcovices.  Had 
the  RulTian  cfHccrs  known  how  to 
profit  of  this  dlibrder  ;  had  they 
iftimediately  thrown  in  their  horfe 
with  vigour  to  rompleat  it,  and 
entirely  break  that  body  ;  this  had 
prcbabfy  been  the  lafl:  ds^y  of  the 
Pruffian  greatnefs.  The  King 
was  not  io  negligent.  For  jait 
in  this  anxious  n»cment,  whilit 
tlie  battle  was  yet  in  fufpence,  by 
a  very  rapid  and  mafterly  motion, 
he  brought  all  the  cavalry  of  his 
uight  to   the  cenicr,    which  with 


GIST  ER,  1758. 

General  Sedlitz  at  their  head, 
burfting  in  upon  the  Ruffian  foot, 
uncovered  by  their  horfe,  and  di(- 
ordered  even  by  their  advantage, 
they  pufiied  them  back  with  a 
moll  miferable  flnughter.  The 
repulfed  battalions  of  Prullia  had 
time  to  recoiled,  and  to  form 
themfelves;  and  now  returning  to 
the  onfet  with  a  rage  exafperated 
by  their  late  difgrace,  they  en- 
tirely turned  the  balance  of  the 
light.  The  Ruffians  were  thrown 
into  the  molt  horrible  confufion. 
The  wind  blew  the  dufl:  and  Anoke 
full  in  their  faces.  They  no  longer 
diilinguiilied  friends  from  enemies. 
They  fired  upon  each  other.  In 
this  diilradlion  they  plundered 
their  own  baggage  which  ilood 
between  the  lines,  and  intoxicated 
themfelves  with  brandy.  Orucrs 
were  now  no  more  heard  or  obeyed. 
The  ranks  fell  in  upon  one  another  j 
and  being  crammed  together  in 
a  narrow  fpace,  every  Ihot  dif- 
charged  by  the  Pruffians  had  its 
full  effedj  whilft  the  Ruffians 
kept  up  only  a  fcattered  fire 
without  direction  or  effed,  and 
quite  over  the  heads  of  their  ene- 
mje?.  It  was  now  no  longer 
battle,  but  a  horrid  and  undiltin- 
guiihed  carnage.  Yet  ilill  (which 
is  a  wonderful  circumilan^) 
the  Ruffiafio  thus  diftrackd  and 
flaughtered,  kept  their  grcundj 
The  adion  continued  without  ift- 
termiffion  from  nine  in  the  morn- 
ing until  feven  at  night.  At  Uil 
the  night  itfelf,  the  fatigue  of  the 
Piuffians,  and  a  judicious  attack 
on  their  right  wing,  which  6ic\v 
their  atteviiion  on  that  fjc'e,  gava 
the  Ruffiaft  army  fome  relpite  to 
recover  their  order,  and  an  oppor- 
tunity of  retiring  a  little  from 
the  kcne  of  their  difailer.  Gn 
their  Tide  near    io^oco   fell  opoa 

the 


HISTORY    OF'   THE    WAR, 


53 


the  rpot ;  they  had  more  than 
10,000  wounded,  moft  of  theai 
monally;  939  officers,  nor  includ- 
ing the  Interior,  were  killed, 
wounded,  and  taken  pri/bners ;  of 
two  particular  regi.xents,  confilU 
in^  before  the  battle  of  459^  ef- 
fcdive  men,  only  1475  were  Ich  ; 
their  whole  lofs  on  this  bloody  day 
was  21,529  men.  That  of  tlie 
Prufnans  in  every  way  did  not  a- 
niount  to  2000. 

TI.e   gazettes    of   both    parties 
warmly  difputed   the  vain  honour 
of  the   field    of    battle.     On    the 
rnoft  diligent  enquiry,   it  appears 
that   both   parlies   fpent  the  night 
on    or    very    near    the    place    of 
action.     But  this    is    an    affair  of 
liiiU  confetjuence.     The  Pruifians 
had  all  the  fruits,  and  moll  of  the 
proofs  of  a  vidory  the  moft  corn- 
pleat  and  decifive.     A  vaft  train  of 
artillery  taken,  the  military  chell,  a 
number  of  prifoners,  many  of  them 
ofikers  of  high  rank  ;  the  retreat  of 
the  Ruffian  army,  the  next  and  the 
following  days ;   their  general  Fer- 
mor's    requeft    {or    leave    to    bury 
the  dead  ;  their  incapacity   to  ad- 
vance or  form  any  n^w  enterprife  ; 
the   King    of  Trullia's    unmolelted 
operations   again (t    his  other  ene- 
mies ;  all  thele  form  the  molt  clear 
and  certain  demonikaiion  of  a  vic- 
tory in  all  points,  for  which  ^  vic- 
tory is  deurable. 

Nothing  Icfs  indeed  than  a  very 
compleat  vi^ftory  could  have  done 
any  efleniial  I'ervice  to  the  King's 
affairs  at  that  dmcf,  when  four 
armies  of  his  enemies  were  making 
their  way  to  one  common  cen- 
ter, and  threatened  to  unite  in 
the  heart  of  Brandenburg.  The 
King  reneiyed  the  attack  on  the 
'\.uflia»!S  the  next  morning.  The 
event  pf  the  h[\  day  had  iliewcd 


them,  that  there  was  no  way  of 
iafety  but  in  a  retreat,  and  in  cittdt 
they  retreated    before  the   Pruifians 
as  far  as  Landfpergon  the  fmn tiers 
of  Poland.     The   King  of  Pruiua 
was  convinced  that  their  late  check 
mull  wholly  difable  them  from  at- 
tempting any  thing  material  againli 
his  dominions  on  that  fide  ;  and  he 
faw  clearly  that  whatever  he  mighc 
hope  to  gain  by  improving  his  ad- 
vantage againil  the  Ruffians,  he  muft 
Jofe  far  more  by  allowing  his  other 
enemies  to  make  a  pragrefs  on  the 
fide  of  Saxony.     He  fatisfied  him- 
felf,  theri'fore,  with  leaving  a  fmali 
body  of  troops  under  Count  Dohna, 
to  obferve  the  motions  of  the  JVluf- 
covitcarmy  ;  and  marched  with  the 
greateft  part  of  his  forces   and  the 
utmoft  expedition   to  the  relief  of 
Prince  Henry. 

M.  Daun   having  laid  afide  his 
firrt  projeft  for  palling,  the  Elbe  at 
MeijTen,  enterprifed    nothing  new 
on    the    lide    of   Saxony   for  fome 
days;  he   contented    himfelf  with 
taking  a  pofition  at  Stolpen  to  the 
eallward  of  the   Elbe,    by    which, 
whilll   he  preferved  to  himfelf  an 
eafy  communication  with  the  army 
of  the  Empire,  he  interrupted  the 
communication     between    Bautzen 
and  Drefden  ;  he  favoured  the  ope- 
rations of  General   Laudohn,  who 
had   advanced   through  the  Lower 
I/ufatia  to  the  confines  of  Branden- 
burg ;  and  by  drawing  the  attention 
of  the   PrulTian   forces  which  war-c 
left  in   Silefia   to  the  northward  of 
ih.jt  dulchy,  he  facilitated  the  pro-. 
grefs  of  the  arms  of  the  generais 
Harfch  and  de  Villein  the  louthern 
parts.  Admirable  difpofitions  with- 
out quellion,  if  the  time  had  nwc 
called  for  more  vigorous  mealurei, 
and  if  the  refcue  of  Saxony  froci 
the  King  of  PruCia  h^d  pot  bean 
•  e  3  ?i^? 


5+         ANNUAL  REGISTER, 


the  great  obje£l  of  the  campaign  ! 
It  is  not  impoifible  that  the  court 
of  Vienna  had  ftill  fuch  an  hanker- 
ing after  Silefia,  as  induced   them 
to  flacken  their  efforts  on   the  fide 
of  Saxony,    in   hope,  that  if   M. 
Daun  could  protedl  the  operations 
there,  fo  as  to  find  full  employment 
for     the    King    of    Pruflia,    their 
other  forces   might   reduce    Silefia 
with  great  facility ;  and  thus  per- 
haps, by   aiming  at  two  fuch  dif- 
ficult objefts  at  once,  as  it  gene- 
rally happens,  they  lort  them  both. 
Upon  any  other  fuppofnion,  it  is 
not  very  eafy  to  account  for  the 
ieeming  inactivity    of  M.    Daun, 
while  he  had  fo  fair  a  game  in  his 
hands.       However    advantageoufly 
Prince  Henry  might  have   chofen 
Bis   poft,   or  however  ili'ongly    he 
iT^ight    have   fecured   it,    yet    the 
prodigious  fuperiority  of  the  com- 
bined armies  feems  to  have  more 
than  over- balanced  that  advantage, 
and  to  have  juftified,  hay,  to  have 
demanded  fome  bold  and  decifive 
attempt. 

In  fatl,  this  appeared  at  length  to 
be  the  marftial's  own  opinion.    For 
when  the  ftrong  fortrefs  of  Sonne- 
ftein  moft  unaccountably  furrender- 
cd,  with  a  garrifon  of  1400  men,  to 
q        *       the  Aurtrian  general  Mac- 
"  '   5*    Guire  after  the  reft ftance of 
no  more  than  a  fingle  day  ;  M.Daun 
propofed  that  the  Prince  of  Deux- 
Ponts  fhould  attack  Prince  Henry, 
whilfl  the  grand  army  of  the  Aullri- 
ans  laying  bridges  between  two  fires, 
at  a  fmall  diftance  from  each  other, 
ftiould   pafs  the  Elbe,  and  falling 
at  the  fame  time  on  the 
the  at- 
cut  off 
the  retreat  of  their  enemies  towards 
Prefden.     This  was  to  bring  mat- 
ters   to    a    fpetdy    dccifion.     But 
>iO\v    the   King  of  Pruifia  by  the 


10. 


Sept.  —  pru^,an3^   fp^ond 
tack  of  the  Imperialifts  and 


1758. 

moft   rapid    marches    had  reached 
the  frontiers  of  Saxony,  'i'he  whole 
defign  /was    difconcerted  ;  and  far 
from  being  able  to  diflodge  Prince 
Henry,  they  found    themfelves   ut- 
terly unable   to   prevent   the  King 
1ms  brother  f^om joining  hi m,^ 
with  his  whole  army.     On     "* 
bis  approach   General   Laudohn  a- 
bandoned  all  his  advantages  in  the 
Lower  Lufatia,  and  fell  back  upon 
M.  Daun  ;  who  himfelf  retired  from 
the    neighbonrhood     of    Drefden, 
and    fell    back    as    far    as    Zittau. 
The  army  of  the  Empire,  pofTefTed 
of  the  ftrong  poft  of  Pima,  which 
the   Saxons   had    occupied    in    the 
beginning  of  the  war,  kept  their 
ground ;    but    did    not    undertake 
any  thing.     Thus   in  fifteen   days 
the   King   of  Pruflia,  by    his    un- 
paralleled   fpirit,     diligence,     and 
magnaniniity,  fought,  and  defeated 
a  fuperior  body  of  his  enemies,  in 
one   extremity    of  his   dominions, 
and  baffled   without    fighting  an- 
other fuperior  body  in  the  other  ex- 
tremity. 

Thefe  advantages,  glorious  a? 
they  were,  were  not  the  only  ones 
which  followed  the  viftory  of  Zorn- 
dorfF.  The  Swedes,  who  directed 
their  motions  by  thofe  of  their 
Ruffian  allies,  haftened  their  opera- 
tions when  that  army  had  advan- 
ced .into  Brandenburg.  General 
Wedel  was  detached  from  Saxony, 
to  ftop  their  progrefs  ;  and  the 
Prince  of  Bevc^rn,  now  governor 
of  Stetin,  gave  them  fome  oppo- 
fition.  All  this,  however,  had 
proved  inefFeftual,  if  the  news  of 
the  defeat  of  the  Ruffians  had  not 
alarmed  the  Swedes  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner, as  to  make  them  return  with 
more  expedition  than  they  had  ad- 
Vcinced.  Tho'  the  King  of  Pruffia's 
affairs  began  to  put  on  a  better 
appearance    by    thefe  efforts,    the 

for- 


HISTORY   O 

fortune  of  the  war  ftill  hung  in  a 
very  dabious  fcale.  The  enemy 
was  (Hll  fuperior.  The  Swedes  and 
Ruffians  had  ftill  fome  footing  in 
his  dominions.  The  Auftrians  and 
Imperialifts  were  yet  in  Saxony  ; 
and  if  the  King's  armies  had  it  in 


-    T  H  E    W  A  R.  5^ 

their  powef  to  take  ftrong  fituations ; 
the  enemy  had  the  fame  advantages. 
The  condition  of  thiiij^s  was  ex- 
tremely critical,  and  the^leail  error 
or  misfortune  threatened  Hill  to 
plunge  the  King  of  PruiRa  into  an 
abyfs  of  cal amides. 


CHAP. 


XII. 


General  Oherg  defeated  at  Lannverenhagen.  King  of  PruJJia  furprifed  at 
Hohkirchen.  M.  Keith  and  Prince  Francis  of  Brunfjjick  killed.  Jffair 
at  Gorlitx.  Kng  of  Prujfa  marches  into  Silejia.  M.  Daun  invejis  Dref- 
den.  The  fuhttrbi  burned.  The  King  of  PruJJia  raifes  the  fee ge  of  Neifs 
and  Cofcl.  He  returns  into  Saxony.  The  Aujirians  retire  into  Bohemia. 
Difj)ofetions  for  the  muinter. 


THE  operations  of  the  armies 
in  Weftphalia,  feemed  for  a 
long  time  to  languifli.  The  grand 
army  of  the  French  under  M.  de 
Contades,  was  wholly  ugable  to 
drive  prince  Ferdinand  from  the 
port  which  he  had  chofen  fo  judici- 
oufiy  along  the  Lippe.  The  other 
divifion  of  the  French  forces  under 
the  Prince  de  Soubifc,  had  made 
no  great  progreis  on  the  fide  of 
Hcire-CaiTel,  againft  the  Prince 
Ifenburg,  who  ftill  kept  his  ground 

•  in  that  principality,  in  order  to 
protect  the  courfe.  o^  the  Wefer, 
and  to  cover  the  eledoratc.  l^hc 
French  were  fenfible  that  an  attack 
on  the  principal  army  of  the  allies, 

'would  prove  a  very  dangerous  at- 
tempt, in  which  even  if  iney  ll^ould 
have  fome  fuccefs,  their  progfefs 
;nto  the  Pling's  electoral  dominions 
muft   be    very    (low    and    difficult. 

^But  as  the  body  of  the  alli^es  em- 
ployed in  Ilc-fle-Cane-l  was  far  the 
>^•eakelI,  and  9s  an  advantage  on 
that  fide  promifed  them  the  jcom- 
pvand  of  tjie  Wefer,  and  a  better 
paffiage  into  the  heart  of  the  ene- 
mm  country,  they   dcLermined  to 


make  an  attempt  there.  To  further 
this  defign,*a  confiderahle  detach- 
ment was  made  from  the  army  0/ 
M.  de  Contades,  which  increafed 
the  Prince  of  Soubife's  corps  to  at 
leaft  30,000  men.  Prince  Ferdi- 
nand, who  was  fufficiently  aware 
of  the  enemies  plan,  had  fome 
time  before  fent  General  Oberg 
with  a  ftrong  reinforcement  to  join 
the  Prince  Ifenburg  ;  but  notwith- 
ftandin^  this  ri^jn  for  cement  the 
whole  force  of  the  allies  in  Hefle 
did  not  exceed  15,000.  This  body 
was  attacked  by  the  French  at  Lan- 
vwerenhaj'cn,    ind    their  ^     . 

^    "        .         .  r  Sept.    T.Q. 

great  fuperionty,  e.'pe-  *^  -^ 
cially  in  point  of  cavalry,  obliged 
the  allies  to  retire  with  the  lofs 
of  about  1500  men.  The  allies 
unable  to  keep  the  field,  had  howr 
ever  fome  woods  in  their  rear  whick 
covered  their  retreat,  and  they  pre- 
fer ved  fo  good  a  coun^nance  as  pre- 
vented their  defeat  from  becoming 
total. 

Great  confcquences  might  have 
been  apprehended  from  this  affair. 
But  the  vigilance  of  Prince  ^Ferdi- 
nand, who  had  eftabliflied  the  woft 


56 


ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1753. 


ready  communications  all  along  the 
Lippe,  fuftered  the  viftorious  army 
to  reap  but  little  advantage  from 
their  viflory.  That  accomplifned 
general  advanced  with  the  utmoft 
expedition  towards  Rheda,  and  the 
Prince  Ifenbqrg  having  fallen  back 
upon  him,  they  joined  in  fuch  a 
manner  as  perfedly  to  fecure  the 
Wefer,  without  loling  any  thing 
on  the  fide  of  the  Rhine.  And 
although  thefe  necellary  motions 
in  fome  fort  uncovered  the  eledor- 
ate,  fo  as  to  lay  it  open  to  the  in- 
curfiops  of  the  enemies  light  troops, 
who  penetrated  even  to  the  gates  of 
I^anover  j  yet  the  French  were  not 
iri  a  condition  to  eftablifh  any  con- 
^derable  body,  or  to  take  any  pol* 
of  moment  in  that  part. 

During  this  time,  the  armies  of 
the  King  of  Prulfia  and   M.  Daun 
made    no  very   remarkable  move- 
ments.    X^^  raarfhal  kept  his  ad- 
vantageous camp   at  Stolpen,    by 
which  he  preferved  a  communica- 
tion v/ith  the  army  of  the  Empire, 
The  army  was   feciired  by   its   in- 
^ccefiible  fituation,  but  it  enterprif- 
ed  nothing  of  confequence.     The 
King  of  Prufija  on  the  other  hand, 
having  taken  pofTeffion  of  the  im- 
portant poft  of  Bautzen,  which  lies 
fo  opportunely  for  commanding  at. 
once    both    Mifnia    and    Lufatia, 
extended  his  right  wing  to  Hohkir- 
chen.     By    this    pofition    he   pre- 
ferved a  communication  with   the 
army  of  his  brother  Prince  Henry, 
lie    protefted     Brandenburg    from 
the   incurfions   of    the    Auftrians, 
and  at   the  fame  time  that  he  fe- 
cured  thefe  interefting  objeiTts,   he 
was    better  fituated    for    throwing 
fuccours  into  Silefia,  than  he  coUiM 
be  any  where  elfe  confiHently  with 


each  other's  motions.  The  purr- 
cipal  aim  of  the  King  of  Pruiua 
feemed  to  have  been  the  prevents 
ing  M.  Daon  from  communicating 
with  Bohemia.  The  great  inten- 
tion of  M.  Daun  was  to  cut  off  the 
King  from  Silefia.  Things  were 
fo  balanced,  that  it  did  not  feem 
poffible  by  mere  iJtill  in  marches 
and  portions  to  anfwer  thefe  ends 
very  fully  j  therefore  a  battle  feem- 
ed inevitable.  Bat  it  feemed  top 
that  confidering  the  fitur.tions  of 
both  armies,  a  battle  could  not  be 
attempted  without  extreme  danger 
to  the  party  who  fhculd  begin  the 
attaclc. 

M.  Daun  faw  that  if  any  more 
time  was  lof>  without  adion,  the 
very  feafon  muft  oblige  him  to  eva- 
cuate Saxony,  and  thus  give  up  all 
the  fruits  of  the  campaign.     He 
came  to  a  refolution  of  giving  the 
King  of  Pruffia  battle.     But  even 
in    the    vigour  of   this  refolution, 
appealed  the  ex':reme  caution  which 
charaderifes     that    able     general. 
Having  communicated  his   dellgn 
to  the  Prince  of  Deux  Poors,  and 
fettled     meafures    with    him,      he 
marched  in  the  dead  of  a  very  dark 
night,  in    three  columns,  towards 
the  right  of  the  King  of   Prufiia's 
camp.     Notvvithftanding  the  dark- 
nefs  of  the  night,  notvvith-  ^^, 
(landing  the   necefiary   di-      "■^4' 
vifion    of  the  Aullrian    army,   the 
greatnefs  of  their  numbers,  and  r,he 
length  of  way  they  had  to   march, 
yet  inch  was  the  wife:  condu6>  and 
great  good  fortune  of  this   deiign, 
that  tliey   all   arrived   at  the  fame 
time   at    the    Pruffian  camp,  none 
having  lofl  their  way,  without  dif- 
covery,  without  confufion,  and  be- 
gan the  attack  with  the  utmonftre^7.u- 


is  general  plan.     The  two  armies     larity  and  refolution  at  ftve  o'clock 
jcept  the  molt  watchful  eye  upon     \n  the  morning. 


How 


HISTORY   OF   THE   W  A  R. 


57 


How  the  King's  oiit-guards  were 
kept  (o  as  to  make  <ucn  a  furprife 
prafticable,  is  hard  to  fay.  It  is 
hard  to  accufe  the  vigilance* of  fo 
able  a  commander,  or  the  atteniion 
of  fo  many  finifhed  officers  as  f^Tved 
under  him.  To  fpeak  of  treachery 
is  a  way  of  accounting  for  misfor- 
tunes, more  common  than  reafon- 
able.  However  it  was,  the  Pruirians 
had  not  time  to  ftrike  their  tents, 
when  they  found  the  enemy  in  the 
raidlt  of  the  camp,  and  an  im- 
petuous attack  already  begun, 
octree  had  the  battle  began,  \vh<n 
a  defeat  Teemed  certain  ;  not  fo 
much  from  the  confofion  of' the 
troops,  as  the  irreparable  lofs  or 
two  officers  in  the  higheft  com- 
mand, and  of  the  greaiert  merit. 
M.  Keith  received  two  mufquet 
balls>  and  fell  dead  upon  the  fpot. 
Prince  Francis  of  BrunAvick  had 
his  head  (hot  ofl-  by  a  cannon  ball 
3  5    he    mounted   his    horfe.      The 


of  the  engagement  had  beaten  them 
out  of  the  village  of  Hohkirchen  ; 
as  the  fate  of  the  day  depended 
upon  that  poll,  the  hottcfl  of  the 
diipute  was  there.  The  Pruffians 
made  three  bloody  and  unfuccefsful 
attacks  on  the  village  ;  on  the  fourth 
they  carried  it  ;  but  the  Auftrians 
pouring  continually  frtih  troops 
up:;n  that  fpot,  drove  them  out  at 
length  after  reiterated  efforts,  and 
a  prodigious  {laughter  on  all  fides. 
Then  the  King  defpairing  of  the 
fortune  of  ihai:^  field,  ordered  a 
retreat ;  his  troops,  which  had  beea 
fujdenly  attacked  in  a  dark  night 
by  fupcrior  numbers,  and  had  ran 
to  arms  forne  half  naked,  and  all 
in  the  utmoft  confufion,  had  noc- 
vvithllanding  made  a  moft  vigorous 
refiftance,  and  maintained  the  fight 
for  near  five  hours.  They  made 
their  retreat  in  good  order  without 
being  purlued,  fupported  by  the 
tjoou  countenance  of  their  cavalry. 


King  of  Pruilia  had  then  the  whole     3nd    the   fire   of  a  numerous  and 


of  affairs  to  futlain  alone,  at  the 
ti.^ie  when  he  inolc  wanted  ajiilt- 
ance.  But  his  p'-efencc  of  mind, 
his  firmnefs,  his  adlivity,  rerredied 
in  fomc  nieafure  the  efi'ecls  of  this 
inforefeen  attack,  and  the  .loilVs 
Hnd  diforders  it  had  occsfioned  ; 
nj  was  every  where  prcfcnt,  and 
infpired  his  troops  wi^h  an  ardor 
jike  his  own.  The  King  ordered 
fome  detachments  from  his  left, 
to  reinforce  his  right  wing;  but 
m  the  moment  the  orders  were 
received,  the  left  iifclf  was  furi- 
oufly  attacked.  General  Ketzow 
V. ho   commanded   in    that  quarter. 


well  ferved  artillery,  which  was 
placed  in  the  centre  of  their  camp. 
They  icil  in  this  bloody  adlion  at 
leall  7000  men,  killed,  wounded, 
and  priibners,  together  with  many- 
cannon.  The  Auitrian  account 
allowed  their  own  lofs  in  killed 
and  wouhded  to  amount  to  near 
5C00. 

The  King  of  Pruffia,  in  retiring 
from  fiohkirchen,  in  faft  only 
altered  the  pofition  of  his  right 
wing,  which  fell  back  as  far  as 
WciiTenburg.  His  left  Hill  remain- 
ed at  Baiutzen.  This  pofition  wa4 
nearly  as  good  as  the  former.'  The 


viih  difficulty  repulfed  the  Aurtri-     great  lofs,  was  the  lofs  of  reputation 

which  always  attends  a  defeat,  and 
the  Icfs  of  two  great  generals  which 
attended  this  in  particular.  M. 
Keith  was  a  Scotchman  born.  He 
engaged  with  his  brother  the  Lord 
Marilhal  in  the  rebcllioa  of  1715, 

Being 


as,  and  was  not  able  to  afford  any 
>  onliderablc  affilhnce  to  the  right, 
which  was  alone  obliged  to  fop- 
nort  the  whole  weight  of  the  grand 
,  itack. 
The  Auftrians  in  the  beginning 


58         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


Being  obliged  to  relinquifti  his 
country  on  this  occafion,  he  en- 
tered into  the  troops  of  Spain,  and 
afterwards  pafiing  into  Ruffia,  he 
obtained  a  conficierable  command, 
and  performed  many  fignal  fer- 
vices  in  their  wars  with  Turkey 
and  Sweden  ;  and  ferved  them  aKo 
in  peace  by  feveral  embafiies.  But 
finding  the  honours  of  that  country 
no  better  than  a  fplendid  fervitude, 
and  not  meeting  with  thofc  re- 
wards, which  his  long  and  faith- 
ful fervices  deferved,  he  left  that 
court  for  one  where  merit  is  betttr 
known  and  better  rewarded  ;  and 
having  been  employed  fince  the 
oeginning  of  the  war,  in  a  dif-, 
tinguifhed  command  in  the  King 
of  PruiTia's  armies,  he  fell  at  ialt 
in  a  fervice  that  was  worthy  of 
hfm. 

If  the  King  of  Pruffia  loft  fome 
reputation  in  fuffering  himfelf  to 
be  furprifed  in  this  aftair  ;  he  fully 
retrieved  it  by  his  extraordinary 
conduit  in  the  courfe  of  the  ac- 
tion, and  his  admirable  efforts 
after  it.  On  the  whole,  perhaps, 
when  all  circumftances  are  confi- 
dered,  the  King  of  Pruffia  will 
appear  greater  in  this  defeat,  than 
in  any  vi^lory  he  ever  yet  ob- 
tained. XKe  wing  of  his  army 
that  was  attacked,  was  furprifed 
at  a  diltance  from  him,  the  two 
generals  that  commanded  ic  (lain 
in  the  firfi:  on/et,  his  other  princi- 
pal geaerals  wounded,  the  whole 
wing  in  confufion  without  a  leader; 
to  come,  in  thefe  defperate  cir- 
cumftauces,  in  halte  from  another 
quarter;  to  recover  all;  twice  to 
repulfe  the  enemy,  and  at  lafl  to 
retire,  overborn  only  by  numbers 
and  fatigue,  without  being  purfued, 
is  fuch  an  inilance  of  great  gene- 
rallhip,  as  periiaps  has  never  been 


Whilft  thefe  things  were  doing 
in  Saxony,  the  Rnllians  made  no 
farther  attempts  on  the  hde  of 
Brandenburg;  they  remained  in 
their  camp  near  L.mdfperg,  until 
the  21ft  of  Sepf.ember;  when,  after 
leveral  feigned  motions,  made  to 
cover  their  real  defign,  they  be- 
gan their  retreat  towards  Pome- 
rania,  where  they  arrived  on  the 
26th. 

It  was  impoffible  that  they  (hould 
keep  their  ground  in  that  province 
during  the  winter,  unlefs  they 
could  fecure  fome  fea-porr,  from 
wliience  they  -might  be  fupplied. 
with  provifions,  The  littU  town 
of  Colberg  was  very  opportune 
for  that  purpofe,  as  it  is  a  fea- 
port  on  the  Baltic,  and  fo  meanly 
fortified  that  the  redudion  of  it 
appeared  to  be  as  eafy  as  expe- 
dient. On  the  3d  of  Odlober, 
they  formed  the  iiege  of  this  in- 
con/iderable  place,  wiih  a  body  of 
15,000  men.  But  fuch  was  the 
bravery  of  Major  Heydon  the  go- 
vernor, and  fuch  the  incapacity  of 
the  Ruflians  for  operations  of  this 
nature,  that  this  little  town,  de- 
fended only  by  a  rampart,  without 
any  outwork,  and  lined  with  a  very 
feeble  garrifon,  held  out  againft  the 
repeated  attacks  of  the  enemy 
twenty-fix  days,  and  then  obliged 
them  to  raife  the  fiege,  qc^  ^ 
without      any      fuccours  *  '^^' 

whatfoever  from  without.  This 
was  the  laft  enterprife  of  the 
Pvuffians.  Their  vaft  army  retired 
with  difgrace,  firft  from  Branden- 
burg, and  then  from  Pomerania ; 
not  having  been  able  to  mailer  one 
place  of  ftrength  in  cither  country  ; 
but  having  deltroyed  with  the  molt 
favage  barbarity  both  the  open 
towns  and  defencelefs  villages ; 
leaving  as  llrong  imprefiions  of  coa- 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


59 


tempt  for  their  incapacity,    as  of 
horror  for  tbeir  cruelty. 

After  the  defeat  which  the  King 
received  at  Hohkirchen,  he  omitted 
no  meafures  to  prevent  the  enemy 
from  making  any   material   advan- 
tage of  it.     He  perceived  clearly, 
that  the  advantage  they    propofed 
to  derive  from  it,  was   to  cover  the 
operations  of  their  armies  in  Silefia ; 
and   that  they  had  no  longer   any 
ferious  defign  upon  Saxony  during 
this  campaign.  The  King  therefore 
jmade    no  fcruple   to   reinforce  his 
army  by  confiderable  detachments 
from  that  of  Prince  Henry,   which 
were  brought    up    by    that   Prince 
himfelf.    And  as  he  faw  that  Neifs, 
the  fiege  of  which  had  been  already 
formed  and  profecutcd  with  great 
vigour,  muft  certainly  furrender  if 
5t  were  not  fpeedily  fuccoured,  he 
refolved  to  march  into  Silefia. 

To  the  execution  of  this  defign 
the  greateft  ditHculties  llarted  up 
on  all  fides.  The  army  of  M.  Daun 
lately  victorious,  had  no  other  bufi- 
nefs  than  to  intercept  h\ip.  To  fight 
was  dubious  ;  to  avoid  it,  hard.  If 
he  could  even  avoid  a  battle,  he 
had  much  to  apprehend  from  the 
«rForts  of  the  enemy  to  harrafs  him 
on  his  march.  If  he  (hould  be  fo 
happy  as  to  efcape  or  to  conquer 
thefe  difficulties,  yet  his  march  en- 
tirely uncovered  Saxony,  and  aban- 
doned that  mr,ll  interelling  polfef- 
fion,  very  poorly  defended,  to  ail 
the  force  of  two  powerful  armies. 

On  the  other  hand,  if  the  confi- 
deration  of  Saxony  fliould  detain 
him  in  his  prefent  fituation,  Silefia 
ran  the  fame  rifle,  and  the  fame 
or  greater  difadvantages  mull  en- 
iue  to  his  affairs,  by  fufFering  the 
Aullrians  to  obtain  a  footing  there. 
This  dilemma,  which  would  have 
,  rendered  a  meaner  genius  entirely 
ina^ive,  and  hindered   l^im  from 


taking  any  refolotion,  only  obliged 
the  King  of  PrulTia  to  take  his  re- 
folution  with  the  greater  fpeed, 
and  to  execute  it  with  the  greater 
vigour. 

On  the    24th    of   November  at 
night,  he  quitted  his  camp  at  Do- 
brefchutz,  and  making  a  great  com- 
pafs,  he  arrived,  without  any  ob- 
ilrudion  from  the  enemy,    in   the 
plain  of  Gorlitz.     A  body   of  the 
Auftrians  had  in   vain  endeavoured 
to  fee u re  this  poft  before  him  ;  thofe 
that  arrived  were  defeated,  with  the 
lofs  of  eight  hundred  men.    By  this 
happy  march,  all  the  advantages  of 
M,  Daun's  fludied  pofition,  all  the 
fruits  of  his  boaftedvidory  at  Hoh- 
kirchen, were  lofl  p  a  moment,  and 
an  open  paifage  to  Silefia  lay  before 
the  King.       He  pnrfued  his  march 
with  the  greateft  diligence.    Gene- 
ral Laudohn,  with  24,000  men,  wa» 
fent  to  purfue  him.     That  adivc 
general    continually    harrafled    his 
rearguard  ;  but  the  King  continued 
his    march    without    interruption, 
and  fuffered  him  to  take  many  little 
advantages,  rather  than   by  delay- 
ing to  conteft  fmallmatters,  to  en- 
danger a  defign,  which   might  be 
deciiive  of  the  whole  campaign. 

On  the  other  hand,  Daun,  not 
content  with    the    obilacles  which 
General    Laudohn    threw    in    the 
King's  way,  fent  a  large  body   of 
horfe  and  foot  by  another  route  to 
reinforce  the    army,  which    under 
the  Generals  Harfch  and  de  Ville 
had  formed  the  fiege  of  Niefs,    and 
the  blockade  of  Cofel.    But  he  per- 
ceived that  all  thefe  meafures  would 
probably  prove  ineffedua],    as  his 
principal  projed,  which  was  to  co- 
ver Silefia,  had  been  defeated.     He 
therefore  turned  his    views  towards 
Saxony,  and  fatisfying  himfelf  with 
detaching  General  Laudohn,  which 
might  create  an  opinion  that  the 
,  whole 


€o 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


whole  Auflrian  army  purfued,  he 
followed  the  Kin-<;  no  farther  than 
Gorlitz  :  which  place  he  immedi- 
ately quitted,  and  having  by  forced 
inarches  gained  the  Elbe,  he  pafTed 


Nov.  6. 


that  rivef  at  Pirna,  and  ad- 


vanced towardsDrefden.  At 
the  fame  time  the  army  of  th£  Em- 
pire, by  its  motions,  having  oblig- 
ed the  Pruffianarmy,  then  extreme- 
ly weakened  by    the   detachments 
that  had  been  drawn  from  it,  to  re- 
tire from  its  poft  before  Drefden, 
fome  miles  to  the  weftvvard  of  that 
city,  cut  off  their  communication 
with  Leipiic,  whilft  M.  Daun  at- 
tempted to  cdr  off  their  communi- 
cation   with    Drefden  ;     bat    they 
found  means    to  throv.'  themfelves 
into  that   ci.ty,  and   aiierwards    to 
-retire  to  the  other  fide  of  the  .Elbe. 
The  Aullrians  and  Imperialilh  be- 
gan at  once    to   inveft   thofe   two 
important   places ;    another   party 
advanced  towards  Torgau,-  and  at- 
tempted that  town.     It  feemed  ut- 
terly impolTible  to  prevent  the  Au- 
ftrians  from   becoming  mafters   of 
Saxony,  who  in  a  manner  covered 
the  whole  country  with  their  forces. 
In    the   mean  lime,  the  King  of 
Pruffia  drew  nearer  and   nearer   to 
Neifs.     The  fit^^e  of  that  fortrefs 
was  commenced  on  the  4th  of  Au- 
guft  ;  on  the  5d  of  October  it  was 
compleaily  invefled  ;  and  the  place 
was  pu{hed  on  one   fide   with    the 
greatell  vigc^ur,  and  on    '.he  other 
maintainea  with  the  mofl  confum- 
jnate   Ikill  and  bravery,  until    the 
approach  of  the  King   of  Pruffia 
obliged  the  AuJlrians,  on  the  firft 
of  November,  to   raife   the   fiege, 
leaving  a  coiiiid«irabIe  quantity  of 
military  ftores  behind  them.      The 
fat^.e  terror  obliged  the  parlies  em- 
ployed in   the  blockade  of  CofeJ, 
to  leave  that  place  at-^  liberty,  and 
to  fall  back,  together  v/ith  trhc  ar- 


mies of  the  Generals  Harfch  and 
de  Ville,  inio  Bohemia,  and  the 
Auftrian  Siitfia. 

The  KingofPraiIia,when|.^ 
he  bad  thus\v  the  report  of     ^^'^^ 
his  march,  without  lighting,  drivta 
his  enemies  out  of  Silcfia,  loit  not 
a   moment  to   return   by  the  fame 
route,  and  with  ihc  fame  expedi- 
tion to  the  relief  of  Saxony.     Two 
bodies  of  his  troops  had  moved  for 
the  fame  purpofe  out  of  Pom  era - 
nia,  one  under  Count  Dohna,  and 
one   under  General    Wedel.     The 
corps   under    Wedel   had    thrown 
itfelf  into   Torgau,     repulled   the 
Auftrians,  who  had  attempted  that 
place,  and  purfued  them  as  far  as 
Eulenburg.     The  grand  operation 
of  the  Auftrians  was  againll  Dref- 
den.    M.  Daun,  with  an  army  of 
60,000  men,  came  before  that  city, 
on  the  very  day  on  which  the  King 
of  Pruflia  began  his   march  to  op- 
pofe    him,  fo  that  he   might  well 
imagine  his  fuccefs  certain  againii 
a  place  meanly    fortified,  and  de- 
fended only  by  12,000  men.     The 
fame  day  he  began  to  cannonade  it, 
and  his  light  troops,  fupporied  by 
the  grenadiers  of  the  army,  made 
a  fiiarp   attack  upon    the  fuburbs. 
The   Governor    Count    Schmetrau 
faw  that  from  the  weakne fs  of  the 
fuburbs  it  would  prove  impcffible 
for  him  to  prevent  the  enemy  from 
pofTeiTmg  himfelf  of  them  by  a  coup 
de  mai>i  ;  and  if  they  fucceeded   in 
this  attempt,  the  great  height  of  the 
houfes,  being  fix  or  fcven  llories, 
and  entirely  commanding  the  ram- 
parts, would  render  the  reduction  of 
the  body  of  the  place  equally  eafy 
and  certain.     Thefe  confiderations 
determined  him  to  fet  thefe  fuburb^ 
on  fire. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  fuburbs 

of   Drefden  compofe    one    of   th<! 

^.nelt   towa3   in   Europe,   and  are 

greatly 

6 


HISTORY     OF     TME     WAR 


greatly  fuperior  to  that  which  lies 
within  the  walls.     Here  the   mod 
wealthy  part  of  the  inhabitants  re- 
fide,  and  here  are  carried  on  ihofe 
i'everal    curious     tnanufadures    for 
which  Drefden  is  To  famous.   Count 
Daun   forefaw   this  confequence  of 
his  attempt.      He  endeavoured   to 
intimidate   the  goverror  from  this 
T))eafure,    to   which    he   knew    the 
cruel  reafon  of  war  would  naturally 
lead  him,   by  threatening  to  make 
him   perfonally  anfwerable  for  the 
iieps  he  Ciould  take  ;    but   Count 
tichmettau  anfv^ered  with  the  firm- 
Titi's  that  became  a  nun  of  honour 
and  a  foldier,  that   he    would  an- 
i\ver  whatever  he  Ihould    do,  and 
would  not  only   burn  the  fuburbs, 
in    cafe   M.   Daun    advanced,    but 
would   like  wife  defend  the  city  it- 
felf  ftreet  by  ftreet,  and  at  laft  even 
the  callle,  which  was  the  royal  re- 
fidence,  if  he  fhould  be  driven  to 
ir.     When  the  magiilrates  were  ap- 
prifed  of  this  refcluiion,  they  fell 
:it  the  feet  of  Count  Schmettau,  and 
implored  him  to  change  his  mind, 
and  to  have  mercy  on  that  devoted 
part  of  their  city.     The  part  of  the 
royal    family,     who    remair.ed    in 
Diefden,  joined  their  fupplications 
to   thofe  of   the  magil\rates  ;   they 

i.  prayed  him  to  fparc  that  lalt  refuge 
of  diftreli'ed  royalrvr  and  to  allow 
at  Ic.Tft  a  fecurc  refidence  to  thofe, 
who  had   been    deprived    cf  every 

^  thincjelfe.Allentreatieswereinvain. 
iJchmettau  continued  firm  in  his  re. 
folution.  He  told  them  that  their 
fafety  depended  on  themfelves,  and 
on  M.  Daun  ;  that  if  he  made  no 
attempts,  the  fuburbs  ihould  beftill 
fecurc  ;  but  that  if  he  took  any 
farther  Heps,  the  neceiTuy  of  his 
mafter's  Service,  ard  his  own  ho- 
nour, would  compel  him  to  att 
very  difagrecable  to  the  lenity  of 
his  diipD^tioa.      The  inagiitratej 


retired    in  difpair.      Combuftib 
were  laid  in  all  the  houfes. 

At  three  o'clock  next  ^ 
morning,  the  fignal  for  fir- 
ing the  fuburbs  was  given  ; 
and  in  a  moment  a  place  fo  lately 
the  feat  of  eafe  and  luxury,  flou- 
rilhinor  in  traffic,  in  pleafures, 
and  ingenious  arts,  was  all  in 
flames.  A  calamity  fo  dreadful  need 
no  high  colouring.  However,  as 
little  mifchief  attended  fuch  a  com- 
buftion  as  the  nature  of  the  thing 
could  admit,  very  few  loft  their 
lives  ;  but  many  their  whole  fub- 
ftance.  When  this  was  done,  the 
Pruffian  troops  abandoned  the  flam- 
ing fuburbs,  and  retired  in  good 
order  into  the  city, 

M.  Daun  faw  this  fire,  which 
whillt  it  laid  vvalle  the  capital  of  his 
ally,  made  it  more  difficult  for  him 
to  force  it  j  he  fent  in  fome  empty 
threats  to  the  governor.  But  the 
Saxon  minilter  at  Raiiibon  made' 
grievous  complaints  to  the  Diet  of 
what  he  reprefented  as  the  moil 
unparalleled  adt  of  wanton  and  un- 
provoked cruelty,  that  had  ever 
been  committed.  The  emifTariea 
of  the  court  of  Vienna  fpread  the 
fame  complaints  ;  and  they  made 
no  fcruple  to  invent  and  to  alter 
fads  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  move 
the  greateft  pity  towards  the  fuf- 
ferers,  and  the  greatefl  indignati- 
on againft  the  King  of  Prufiia.  AU 
thefe,  however,  were  in  a  fhort 
time  abundantly  confuted,  by  liic 
authentic  certificates  of  the  ma- 
giltrates  of  Dreiden,  and  of  thofe 
officers  of  the  court,  who  were  per- 
fe<itly  acquainted  with  the  tranfac- 
tion.  By  ihcfe  certificates  it  appears 
that  only  two  hundred  and  fifty 
houles  were  confumed.  Though 
this  was  a  terrible  calamity,  it  was 
nothing  to  the  accounts  given  in 
the  gazettes  of  the  Auflrian  faiSion. 


62 


ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1753. 


By  thefe  certificates  it  appears  alfo, 
that  the  people  were  not  furpriled, 
tut  had  fuflicient  notice  of  the  go- 
vernor's intentions,  to  enable  them 
to  provide  for  their  fafety.  In  a 
word,  all  the  charges  of  cruelty 
againft  the  Pruflian  commander, 
and  foldiery,  were  fully  over- 
thrown, 

This  fire  niade  a  coup  de  main  im- 
practicable ;  regular  operations  de- 
manded  time,    and    the    King  of 
Pruflia  was  now  in   full  march   to- 
wards Saxony.     M.  Daun   retired 
from  before  the  place  on  the  17th. 
The   King  after  eroding    Lufatia, 
paffing  the  Elbe,  and  joining  his 
troops   under    Count    Dohna    and 
General     Wedel,    arrived    trium- 
phantly at    Drefdcn   on  the  20th. 
The  armies   of  M.  Daun  and   the 
Empire  gave  way  towards  Bohe- 
mia,   into   which  '  kingdom    they 
foon  after  finally  retreated,  without 
enterprifing  any  thing  further.    Six 
fieges   were   raifed    almoft    at    the 
fame  time  ;  that  of  Colberg,  car- 
ried on  by  General  Palmbach,  un- 
der the  orders  of  Marfhal  Fermor, 
that  of  Niefs,  by  M.  de   Harfch  ; 
that  of  Cofel ;  that  of  Drefden,  by 
Marfhal  Daun  ;    the    blockade   of 
Torgau,  by  M.  Haddic  ;  and  that 
of  Leipfic,  by  the  Prince  of  Deux- 
Ponts. 

About  the  time  that  the  Auftrians 
retired  into  winter  quarters,  the 
French  did  the  fame  ;  and  the  Ha- 
noverians permitted  them  to  do  it 
without  moieftation,  the  feafon  be- 
ing too  far  advanced,  and  their 
arn!y  perhaps  not  of  fufficient 
itrength  for  ofFenfive  operations ; 
and  Prince  Ferdinand  kept  the 
field  BO  longer.  The  Britiih  troops 
bad  no  occafion  of  fignalizing  their 
bravery  during  this  year  ;-  but 
without  a  battle  the  nation  fuf- 
fered  a  very  confiderable  lofs,  and 


was  touched  with  a  very  deep  and 
general  forrovv.  The  Duke  of 
Marlborough  died  in  Munfter,  the 
20fh  of  October,  of  a  fever,  con- 
traded  by  the  fatigues  of  the  Cam- 
paign. Never  did  the  nation  lofe 
in  one  man,  a  temper  more  candid 
and  benevolent,  manners  more  a- 
miab'e  and  open,  a  more  primitive 
integrity,  a  more  exalted  genero- 
fuy,  a  more  warm  and  feeling  heart. 
He  left  all  the  enjoyments,,  which 
an  ample  fortune  and  an  high  rank 
could  bellow  in  the  public  eye  ; 
and  which  every  milder  virtue, 
every  difpofition  to  mak^  and  to 
be  made  happy,  could  give  in  a  do- 
meiUc  life  :  he  left  thefe  for  the 
fervice  of  his  country,  and  died  for 
its  defence,  as  he  had  lived  for  its 
ornament  and  happinefs. 

If  we  compare  the  events  of  this 
year  with  thofe  of  the  laft,  we  lliall 
find  in  the  adions  of  the  prefenc 
year,    perhaps    fomething    lefs    of 
that  allonilliing  eclat  ;  fewer  bat- 
tles ;  not  fo  many   nor  fp  flriking 
revolutions  of  fortune  ;  but  we  may 
difcover  upon  all  fides  far  greater 
management,  and   a  more  lludied 
and  refined  conduit ;    more   artful 
movements,  a  morejudicious  choice 
of  polls,  more  quick  and  vigorous 
marches.     If  in  the  laft  year,    the 
King  of  PruiTia  was  the  hero  of  the 
imagination,    he   is   this  year  the 
hero  of  the  judgment  ;    and    we 
have,  I  think,  reafon  to  admire  him 
upon  julier  principles.     Obliged  to 
evacuate  Moravia,  he  throws  him- 
felf  into  Bohemia,  and  executes  are- 
treat  with  all  the  fpirit  of  an  inva- 
fion.  Ke  marches  more  than  an  hun- 
dred miles  thro'   an  enemy's  coun- 
try, followed  and  harafi^ed  by  large 
armies,  who  ace   unable  to  obtain 
any  advantages  ovef- him.    Gaining 
at  length   liis   own  territories,    he 
engages   the  vaft  army  of  the  Ruf- 
fians, 


HISTORY     OF     THE    WAR, 


('i 


/5 an s,  and  defeats  it.    He  is  unable 
to  follow   his   blow,     but    he   dif- 
ables  them  from  ftriking  any  blow 
againft  that  part  of  his  domin;ons, 
which  he  is  obliged  to  leave.  Whilft 
he   is   engaged   with*  the    Ruffians 
on    the   frontiers    of    Poland,    the 
i^.uftrians    and    Imperialifts    enter 
Saxony,     Before  they  can  do  any 
thing  decifive,    the  King  is   him- 
felf  fuddtnly    in    Saxony,  and    by 
his    prefence    at   once    difconcerts  . 
all  their  projeds.       The  fcene  is 
again  changed,  they  furprife  him 
in   his  camp    at  Hohkirchen,  two 
of  his  generals  are  killed,  his  army 
defeated,  his  camp  is  taken.     They 
attack.  Silefia   with   a   formidable 
army.       Notwithftanding   his  late 
defeat  ;  notwithftanding  the  great 
Superiority   of    his   enemies  ;  not- 
withftanding the  advantage  of  their 
pofts  ;  he  makes  an  amazing  fweep 
about  all  their  forces,  eludes  their 
vigilance,    renders    their  pofitions 
unprofitable;  and  marching  with  an 
aftoniftiing    rapidity    into  the  re- 
moteft     parts    of    Silefia,    obliges 
the  Auftrian  armies  to  retire  with 
precipitation  out  of  that  province. 
Then    he     flies    to    the   relief   of 
Saxony,  which  his  enemies  had  a- 
jrain  profited  of  his  abfence  to  in- 
vade; and  again  by  the  fame  ra- 
pid   and     well   conduced    march, 
he  obliges  ihcm  to  abandon  their 
prize.     Defeated  by   the  Auftrians 
he  acquired  by  his  conduct  all  the 
ad  damages    of  the  moft    compleat 
vidory.     He  guarded  all   his  pof- 
fcfiions  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  en- 
able them  all    to  endure    his    ab- 
fence for  fome  ftiorc  time  ;  and  he 
conduced    his    marches  with   fuch 
fpirit,  as  did  not  make  it  neceffary 
to  them  to  hold  out  any  longer ; 
he   made  twice  the  circuit  of  his 
dominions,    and   in  their   turn   he 
relieved   them  aJI.> 


Nor  was  the  condudl  of  Prince 
Ferdinand  of  Brunfwick  lefs  worthy 
of  admiration.  Placed  at  the  head 
of  a  body  of  troops,  who  were 
but  lately  obliged  to  lay  down 
their  arms,  he  found  the  enemy 
in  pofl'effion  of  the  whole  open 
country,  and  of  all  the  ftrong  places 
in  it.  Commencing  the  campaign 
in  the  midft  of  a  {tvcre  winter, 
without  any  place  of  ftrengih  in 
hh  hands,  he  drove  the  enemy 
from  all  thofe  they  held.  He 
obliged  them  to  repafs  the  Rhine; 
be  followed  and  defeated  them  in 
a  pitched  battle.  Being  afterwards 
obliged  by  the  great  force  of  France 
fin  its  own  frontier,  and  the  nu- 
merous armies  tbey  had  in  diffe- 
rent places,  to  repafs  the  Rhine, 
he  defended  Lippe  againft  num- 
bers greatly  fuperior,  and  though 
they  defeated  a  part  of  his  army, 
they  were  not  able  to  turn  their 
vidory  to  the  leaft  advantage. 
Prince  Ferdinand's  campaign  may 
well  pafs  for  a  peifedl  model  of  de- 
fen  five  operations. 

The  Auftrians,  in  taking  winter 
quarters,  difpofed  their  forces  fo  as 
to  form  a  chain  of  an  amazing 
length,  from  the  frontiers  of  Mo- 
ravia paffing  through  Bohemia,  all 
along  the  fkirts  of  Silefia  and  the 
borders  of  Saxony.  There  the  im- 
perial army  joined  this  chain,  and 
continued  it  through  Thuringia  and 
Franconia,  where  it  was  united  to 
the  quarters  of  the  Prince  de  Sou- 
bife.  Thefe  troops  had  fallen  back 
from  Hefle  Cafiel,  finding  them- 
felves  unable  to  maintain  their 
ground  in  the  landgraviate.  The 
Prince  de  Soubife's  cantonments 
extended  weftward  along  the  courfe 
of  the  Maine  and  Lahn,  to  meet 
thofe  of  M.  de  Coniades  which 
ftretched  to  the  Rhine,  and  conti- 
nued the  chain  beyond  it  quite  to 

the 


64         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175S. 


the  Maefe,  To  as  to  ccmraand  the 
whoJecourfeof  the  Rhine,  on  both 
fides,  both  upward  and  downward. 
Prince  Ferdinand  was  unable  to  ex- 
tend himfelf  to  I'uch  a  length  ;  and 
efpecially  found  it  impradicable  to 
eftablifh  quarters  on  the  other  iide 
of  the  Rhine;  but  he  difpofed  his 
troops  in  the  moil  advantageous 
manner  in  the  bi(hopricks  of  Mun- 
iler,Paderborn,and  Kildefheini,and 
in  the  landgraviateof  HefTc- CafTel. 
The  feverai  bodies  may  all  unite 
with  cafe,  and  fupport  each  other. 
To  preferve  a  communication  be- 
tween this  and  the  PruiTian  army, 
as  well  as  to  break  fome  part  of 
that  formidable  chain  of  the  ene- 
my, the  King  fent  fome  bodies  of 
his  troops  into  Tharingia,  who  dif- 
pofieiTed  the  army  of  the  Empire  of 
Several  of  their-  polls  there,  and 
they  now  threaten  to  penetrate  Hill 
farther. 

The  King  of  Pruffia,  when  he 
had  a  fecond  time  driven  the  Au- 
ibians  and  Imperialiih  out  of  Sax- 
ony, rcfolved  to  keep  no  meafures 
with  that  unhappy  country.  He 
declared  ihat  he  was  refolved  no 
Jonger  to  coniider  it  as  a  depofit, 
but  as  a  country  which  he  had  twice 
fubdued  by  his  arms.  He  therefore 
ordered  thofe  of  the  King  of  Po- 
land's privy  council,  who  fiiil  re- 
mained at  Drefden,  to  retire  at  a 
very  (hort  warning.  But  if  the  King 
of  Pruffia  had  a  right,  as  perhaps 
he  had,  to  confider  Saxony  as  a 
lawful  conqueft,  he  certainly  feemed 
not  to  confider  the  people  as  fab- 
jecls,  when  he  continued  to  exa£l 
the  moft  fevere  contributions ;  and 
in  a  manner  too  very  little  becom- 
ing a  lawful  fovereign  ;  for  he  fur- 
rounded  the  exchange  with  foldiers. 


and  confining  the  merchants  in  nar- 
row lodgings  on  ilraw  beds,  he 
obliged  them  by  extreme  fufrering 
to  draw  bills  on  their  foreign  cor- 
refpondents  for  very  large  fums. 
This  city  had  been  quite  exhaulled 
by  former  payments,  and  had  not 
long  before  fuffercd  military  execu- 
tion. An  enemy  that  adled  thus, 
had  aded  feverely  ;  but  when  a 
country  is  entirely  pofl'eiTed  by  any 
power,  and  claimed  as  a  conqueft, 
the  righcs  of  war  feem  to  ceafe  ; 
and  the  people  have  a  claim  to  be 
governed  in  fuch  a  manner  as  be- 
comes a  juft  prince  ;  efpecially  when 
no  extreme  neceffity  in  his  affairs' 
compels  him  to  thefe  rigorous 
courles.  To  retaliate  on  thefe  mi- 
ff-'rable  people  fome  part  of  the 
cruelties  committed  by  the  Ruffians 
on  his  dominions,  feems  to  be  very 
unreafoni^ble,  as  it  is  but  too  obvi- 
ous, that  the  barbarity  of  that  peo- 
ple could  not  be  reiirained,  how- 
ever it  might  be  exafperated  by  the 
total  dellrudion  of  Saxony.  Such 
retaliations  are  odious  and  cruel. 
We  he%rtily  wifli  we  could  praife 
the  King  of  PrAiiiia  as  much  for  his 
temperate  ufe  of  his  conqueft,  as 
for  thofe  wonderful  and  heroic  qua- 
lities by  v/hich  he  obtained  it.  VVe 
might  be  confidered  as  partial  in 
our  account,  if  we  had  omitted  to 
take  notice  of  what  is  alledged 
flgainfl  the  King  of  Pruffia,  when 
we  have  fpoken  fo  fully  of  the  out- 
rages commicced  by  his  enemies.  It 
is  now  time  to  turn. our  eyes  from 
this  great  theatre  towards  leffer 
events,  but  fuch  as  will  employ 
us  altogether  as  agreeably  ;  the  ope- 
rations of  the  Bfitifli  fleets  and  ar- 
mies in  Europe  and  America  ag.ainit 
the  French. 


CHAP. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


65 


CHAP. 


XIII. 


^he  burning  of  the  Jhips  at  St.  Malo.  Taking  of  Chcrhoittg.  Defeat  at 
St.  Cas,  Operations  in  America.  Siege  and  taking  of  Loitijhourg.  Englijh 
army  defeated  at  Ticonderoga.  They  take  Front enac.  The  French  abandon 
Fort  du  ^efne.     Conclujion  of  the  annals  of  the  year  1758; 


IN  the  beginning  of  the  year,  the 
good  condition  of  our  navy  and 
our  army ;  the  fpirit  and  popularity 
of  the  miniftry ;  the  wife  choice  of 
commanders,  in  contempt  of  vul- 
gar and  trivial  maxims ;  the  preva- 
lence of  the  contrary  to  all  thefe 
among  the  enemy ;  gave  us  the  bell 
grounded  hopes  of  a  vigorous  and 
fuccefsful  campaign.     Concerning 
the  theatre  of  our  operations  there 
was  fome  doubt.  It  was  the  opinion 
of  fome,  that  our  pufh  in  Europe 
fhould    be   made   on    the    fide   of 
Germany  ;   and  that  we  ought  to 
Itrengthen  the  army  of  Prince  Fer- 
dinand with  fuch  a  refpe^lablc  body 
of  troops,    as   might  enable   that 
finifhed  commander  to  exert  all  his 
talents,  and  improve  to  the  utmoft 
the  advantages  he  had  already  ob- 
tained over  the  French.  They  ima- 
gined, that  if  an  early  and  confider- 
able  reinforcement  were  fent  to  the 
prince,  while  the  French  army  was 
yet  iri  a  diftreflcd  condition,  and  if 
in  this  condition  they  ftiould  receive 
any  confiderablc  blow,  they  would 
finditextremely  difficult  to  retrieve 
it ;  and  receiving  this  blow  on  the 
frontierof  their  own  territories,  the 
prince  might   carry    the  war  into 
France  itfelf ;  and  thus  very  pro- 
bably bring  matters  to  a  fpeedy  de- 
cifion.    That"  in  purfuing  this  plan 
a  diverlion  on  the  coaft  of  France  was 
by  no  means  excluded  :   and  that  on 
the  contrary  it  mull,  on  this  pten, 
he  attenc^ed  with  confequcnces  infi- 
nitely more  important  than  it  could 
otherwife;  that  othcrwife,   France 
Vol.  I. 


might  laugh  at  the  little  defultory 
efforts  of  a  handful  of  men,  who 
were  to  be  embarked  and  difemhark- 
ed  with  great  difficulty  and  haz?.rd, 
and  which  would  always  be  obliged 
to  fly  at  the  firll  approa"ch  of  an 
enemy.  That  vvhiill  the  French 
had  only  an  army  greatly  inferior 
in  number  to  engage  on  the  fide  of 
Germany,  they  would  always  find 
themfelves  to  be  able  to  a6l  abroad, 
and  defend  themfelves  at  home. 

On  the  other  hand  it  was  ilrong- 
ly  urged,  that  we  ought  to  make 
the  deftrudion  of  the  French  ma- 
rine our  great  objefl,  and  to  confi- 
der  all  continental  operations  only 
in  a  fecondary  light.  That  in  fend- 
ing a  large  body  of  Englifh  troops 
to  the  king's  army  on  the  Rhine, 
we  mull  neceffarily  weaken  our  ef- 
forts in  America,  and  on  the  coafl; 
of  France  ;  and  by  drawing  away 
all  our  foroes,  we  mull  Ihake  that 
internal  lecurity,  which  invigorated 
all  our  operations  abroad.     That 
whim  we  maintained  an   army  of 
50,000  foreigners  in  Germany,  it 
would  be  the  greateft  impruclence 
to  fend  alfoi  a  large  body  of  our 
own  national  troops  into  the  fame 
country,    and  by  that  means   not 
only  fquander  away  our  men,  but 
employ  almoil  every  penny  granted 
for  the  land  fervice  out  of  Great-  • 
Britain  ;  a  method  which  could  not 
fail  of  exhaufting  us  in  a  very  (horc 
time.     That  the  force  already  in 
Germany   was    fufficient   to   keep 
the  French  engaged,  and  that  ths- 
prppofed     expeditions    to    Fraac©^ 
F  would. 


66  ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758. 

landed   without  oppofition,  , 

and  having  fortified  a  poll      ^     ' 


would,  by  attacking  the  coaft,  now 
in  one  pait,  now.  in  another,  and 
keeping  all  parts  in  continual 
alarms,  neceflarily  detain  a  very 
confiderable  part  of  their  forces  at 
home,  and. thus  make  a  powerful 
diverfion,  whilll  it  was  purfuing 
what  ought  to  be  the  grand  per- 
petual objeft  of  all  our  operations, 
the  deftrudion  of  the  French  mari- 
time power.     - 

:The  latter  opinion  -prevailed  ; 
but  it  was  however  fo  far  modified 
by  the  arguments  on  the  other  fide, 
that  after  fome  time  a  few  regiments 
were  font  into  Germany,  as  we  have 
before  related.  Thelc  and  better 
reafous,  no  doubt,  determined  the 
operations  on  the  coart  of  France  ; 
but  whilfl  the  neceflary  preparations 
were  making,  their  deilination  Vv'as 
kept  an  inviolable  fecref;  and  now, 
as  they  had  the  year  before,  in- 
fpired  France  with  no  little  ter- 
lor.  Two  fquadrons,  by  the  lat- 
ter end  of  May,  vfere  in  re;idi- 
iiefs  for  failing.  The  greater  un- 
der Lord  Anion,  the  fmaller  under 
Commodore  H6we,  which  lall:  was 
deiigned  to  ponvoy'th^  tranfports, 
and  to  favour  the  landing  ^nd  rc- 
imbarkmcnt.  The  land  forces  con- 
iilie4  of  iixteen  battalions,  and  nine 
troops  of  light  horfe  :  they  were 
commanded  by  the  late  Duke  of 
Marlborough.  They  failed  from 
J  Portfmouth ;   but  as   fcon 

J""^'-  as  the  fleet  fet  fail,  the 
fquadron  of  my  Lord  Anfoii  fep?i- 
rated  from  the  rell,  and  bore  oif  to 
the  Bay  of  Bifcay,  in  order  to  fpread 
the  alarm  more  widely,  and  to  ob- 
ferve  the  French  fquadron  in  Brefl. 
The  other  part  of  the  fieet,  which 
was  commanded  by  Commodore 
Howe,  with  the  tranfports,  arrived 
without  any  accident  in  Cancaile 
Bny,  at  a  fmall  dil^ance  from  the 
city  of  St.  Malo.     Here  the  troops 


near  Cancaile,  (a  poll  by  nature 
well  fitted  for  defence)  for  the  fe- 
curity  of  their  retreat,  they  march- 
ed in  two  columns  to  St.  Maloes. 
When  the  army  arrived  there  it 
was  foon  vifible  that  the  town, 
flrongly  fituated  on  a  peninfula, 
communicating  with  the  main  land 
only  by  a  long  and  narfov/  caufe- 
way,  was  by  no  means  a  proper 
objeft  of  a  coup  de  main  ;  and 
though,  for  want  of  outworks,  it 
v/as  ill  qualified  to  fuflain  a  regular 
iitgt 'y  yet  our  forces  were,  for 
want  of  flrength  and  artillery  fuf- 
ficient,  altogether  as  ill  qualified  for" 
fuch  an  operation.  They  were  there- 
fore contented  with  fetting  fire  to 
aboutan  hundred  fail  of  fhip-  ^.i 
ping,  many  of  them  priva- 
teers, which  lay  under  the  cannon  of 
the  town,  and  to  feveral  magazines 
filled  with  naval  llores.  The  da- 
mage was  very  confiderable  ;  yet, 
what  is  to  be  remarked,  the  enemy  ^ 
did  not  fire  a  fingle  fhot  on  the  de- 
tachment employed  in  this  fervice. 
Having  nothing  more  to  do  on 
this  iide,  they  retired  to  Cancaile; 
.and   reimbarked  with   as  , 

little    oppofition  as    they 
met  with  at  landing  ;   the  land  and 
fea  commanders    having  made  all 
the  difpofitions  with    great  judg- 
ment. 

Before  the  fleet  returned,  they 
reconnoitred  the  town  of  Gran- 
ville on  the  coall  of  Normandy  ; 
but  finding  that  a  large  body  of 
troops  were  encamped  in  the 
neighbourhood,  they  made  no  at- 
tempt there.  From  thence  they 
moved  towards  Cherbourg,  and 
made  the  proper  difpofitions  for 
landing  near  that  place;  but  a  hard 
gale  blowing  in  to  the  fhore,  and 
the    tranfports   beginning    to  fiill 

fcul 


HISTORY    OF    THEWAR 


67 


foul  on  each  other,  it  became  ex- 
tremely hazardous  to  attempt  land- 
ing. Befides,  the  provifion  was 
near  exhauited,  and  the  Ibldiers  by 
being  fo  long  cooped  up  in  the 
tranfports,  were  grown  fickly.  It 
became  highly  neceflary  to  rdturn 
home  ;  and  they  arrived  at  St.  He- 
len's on  the  29th  of  June. 

The  fuccefs  of  this  expedition, 
by  which  the  French  fufFered  large- 
ly, with  fcarce  any  lofs  on  our 
fide,  though  it  fufficiently  anfwered 
the  intention  of  this  armament, 
fell  fomcwhat  Ihort  of  the  expec- 
tations of  the  public,  who  had 
formed  much  greater  hopes  than  it 
was  poflible-  for  the  nature  of  fuch 
enterprizes  to  fulfil.  Howev^er,  their 
hopes  were  again  revived ;  by  fee- 
ing that  every  thing  was  prepar- 
ed for  another  expedition,  and 
that  our  armies  and  fleets  were 
to  be  kept  in  conftant  adion  dur- 
ing the  fummer.  The  time  was 
now  come  when  we  were  to  turn 
the  tables  upon  France,  and  to 
retaliate  by  real  attacks,  the  terrors 
which  had  been  raifed  by  her  me- 
naces of  an  invafion.  The  Duke 
of  Marlborough  had  now  taken  the 
command  of  the  Englilh  forces  in 
Germany  ;  and  general  Bligh  fuc- 
ceeded  him  in  this  command.  Prince 
Edward  refolved  to  go  upon  the  ex- 
pedition, and  to  form  himfelf  for 
the  fervice  of  his  country  under 
fo  brave  and  able  a  commander 
as  Howe,  [t  is  eafy^  to  imagine, 
how  much  the  fpirit,  the  prefence, 
and  example  of  the  gallant  young 
Prince,  who  v/ent  with  th&  utmoft 
chcerfulnefs  through  all  the  detail 
of  a  midfhipnlan's  duty,  ihfpired 
both  into  the  feamen  and  the 
troops. 

On  the  firft  of  Auguft  thd  fle(?t 
fet  fail  from  St.  Helen's.  In  a  few 
days  they  came  to  anchor   before 


Cherbourg.  The  French  had  drawrf 
.  a  line  ftrengthened  by  forts,  along 
the  molt  probable  places  for  land- 
ing. They  had  dtawn  down  three' 
regiments  of  regular  troops,  ^nd 
a  confiderable  body  of  militia;  to 
the  fhore,  and  had  in  alj  appefar- 
ance  threatened  a  very  refolute 
oppofition  to  the  defcent  of  the 
Englilh  forces.  B'ut  the  common 
dore  difpofed  the  men  of  war  and 
bomb  ketches  fo  judicioufly,  and 
made  fo  fharp  a  fire  upon  the 
enemy,  that  they  never  venttired 
ou  t  of  their  entrenchments ;  v  ^5 
fo  that  the  landing  was  ef-  °'  ■ 
fedled  in  excellent  cn-der,  and  with 
very  little  lofs.  The  French  who' 
made  fo  poor  an  oppofition  to 
the  landing  had  ftitl  many  ad- 
vantages from  the  nature  of  the 
ground  which  they  occupied  ;  but 
they  neglefted  them  all;  and  aban- 
doning by  a  moil  fhameful  cfefpair 
their  forts  and  lines  on  the  coaft^ 
they  fufFered  the  Englifh  to  entei^ 
Cherbourg  the  day  after  the  land- 
ing, without  throwing  the  leaft  ob-. 
ftacle  in  their  way.  It  muft  be  re- 
membered too  that  the  whole  num- 
ber of  the  Englifh  forces  on  this 
■expedition,  was  rather  fliort  of  6ooaF 
men. 

Cherbourg  is  on  the  land  fid^ 
an  opeii  town ;  neither  is  it  very 
ftrongly  defended  towards  the  fea. 
The  harbour  is  naturally  bad.  But 
the  place  is  well  fituated,  in  the 
midlr  of  the  channel,  for  prote(Sing 
the  French,  and  annoying  the  Eng- 
liih  commerce  in  the  timeofwar,- 
and  perhaps  for  facilitating  an  in- 
vafion  on  England  itfelf.  Mopfieur 
Belidore,  the  famous  engineer,  had 
demohftrated  its  importance,  and 
propofed  a  plan  for  the  improve- 
ment and  defence  of  the  harbour, 
as  well  as  for  the  fortifications  of 
the  town.  The  plan  was  approved^ 
P  2  and 


6S 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


and  partly  put  in  execution  by  the 
building  of  a  mole,  digging  a  ba- 
fon,  and  making  fluices  and  flood 
gates  with  excellent  materials  and 
at  a  vaft  expence.  'The  work  had 
been  for  a  confiderable  time  dif- 
contiuued  ;  but  in  this  expedition, 
that  work  of  io  much  ingenuity, 
charge,  and  labour,  was  totally  de- 
ftroyed.  Whilll:  our  humanity  re- 
grets the  unhappy  necefllty  of  war, 
we  cannot  help  thinking  that  the 
Englilh  nation  was  freed  by  the 
fuccefs  of  this  expeditijon,  from 
what  might  one  day  be  caule  of  no 
trivial  alarms. 

When  this  work  of  deftruftlon 
was  over,  all  theveflels  in  the  har- 
bour burned,  and  hollagcs  tuken 
for  the  contributions  levied  on  the 

,<^u  town,  the  forces  rcimbaiked 
lorn.       .  ,  r       1        1  -   - 

with  great  (peed  ana.  utcty 

without  any  interruption  from  the 
enemy,  and  .with  the  fame  expedi- 
tion, care,  and  conducl,  as  they  had 
been  lirfl  landed  ;  the  army  having 
continued  tea  days  unm.oiefteji  in 
France.  .;.. 

The  nation  exulted '  greatly  in 
this  advantage,  efpecially  as  it  al- 
inoll  accompanied  the  news  of  our 
glorious  fuccefles  in  America.  No- 
thing was  omitted  to  give  the 
adion  its  utmofl  echU-;  the  brafs 
cannon  and  mortars  taken  at  Cher- 
bourg were  drawn  from  Kcnfing- 
ton  to  the  Tower,  quite  through 
the  city,  in  great  poijip  and  order. 
Off.   adorned  with  ib"eamers,at- 

P  *  *  tended  by  guards,  drums, 
mufic,  and  whatever  elk  might 
draw  the  attention  of  the  vulgar. 
They  who  cenfured  this  procef- 
fion  as  too  oilentatious,  did  not 
confider  how  forcibly  things  of  this 
nature  ftrike  upon  ordinary  minds, 
and  how  greatly  they  contribute 
to  keep  the  people  in  good  hu- 
mour to  fupporC  the  many  charges 
4 


and  lofies  that  are  ipcident  to  the 
moil  fuccefsful  war,       ' 

The  fleet,   when    it    left  Cher- 
bourg, was  driven   to  the  coaft  of 
England ;  but  the!  troops  were  not 
difembarked  ;  it  was  refolved,  that    , 
the   coaft   of   France    Ihould  have 
no  refpite,    and   accordingly   they 
failed  tovvards  St.  Malo,  and  landed 
,in  the. bay  of  St.  Lunar,  at  a  fmall 
dillance    from    the    town    of    St. 
Malo.      This    choice,  of   a   place 
for  landing,   muft  neccfrarily  have 
farprifed  all  thofe  who  remembered 
lipofi    what    reafons    the    att^n^pt 
agaitift  that  place  had   been  fo  re- 
cently laid  afide.     There  was'  no 
other  object  of  fufficient  confider- 
ation   near  it.     The  town  was  at 
leail  in  as 'good  app'flure   of  de- 
fence as   it   had   been    then;    and 
the  force  which  vyas   to  attack  it 
had  fince   then    been  conhderably 
leffened.      There    is    undoubtedly 
fomething-  very  unaccountable,  as 
well  in  the  choice,  a&  in  the  whole 
C9ndu(5l  of  this  affair.     The  per- 
{qus    in  the  principal    commands, 
fh.ifted    the    blame    from    one    to 
another.     There    is  ncfthing  more 
remote  from    our  defign,    than   to 
fct  up  forjudges  in  matters  of  (this 
nature ;    or    ungeneroufly    to  lean 
ori  any  o^icer  who  meaning  well 
to   the    fervice  of  his  country,  by 
fome   misfortune    or  miftako    fails 
in    fuch    hazardous    and    intricate 
.enterprifes.     We  fhall  be   fatlsfied 
with  relating  the  facts  as  they  hap- 
pened. 

As  foon  as  the  troops  were 
landed  in  the  bay  of  St.  Lunar,  it 
became  evident  that  the  defign 
againlt  St.  Mato  was  utterly  im- 
prafticable.  Other  objects  were 
then  propofed,  but  they  all  f-emed 
equally  liable  to  objection.  Whilfl: 
they  debated  concerning  a  plan  for 
their   operations,  the  fleet  was  in 

the 


HISTORY     OF    THE    WAR. 

the  greateft  danger.  The  bay  of 
St.  Lunar  extremely  rocky  ;-  and 
the  experience  of  the  people  of 
the  couiury,  together  with  what 
he  faw  hifelf,  convinced  the  com- 
modore that  it  was  impoflible  to 
remain  any  longer  in  this  road  with 
tolerable  fafety.  Therefore  he 
moved  up  to  the  bay  of  St.  Cas, 
about  three  leagues  to  the  weft- 
ward. 

The  fleet  was  feparated  from  the 
land  forces ;  but  it  was  Hill  eafy 
to  preferve  a  communication  be- 
tween them  ;  and  as  no  attack  was 
Vet  apprehended,  they  made  no 
fcruple  to  penetrate  farther  into  the 
country.  In  two  days  they  arrived 
at  the  village  of  Matignon,  having 
had  feveral  ficirmifhes  with  fmall 
bodies  of  the  enemy,  who  from 
time  to  time  appeared  on  their 
flanks,  and  who  always  difappear- 
ed  •/hen  they  were  brifkly  encoun-^ 
tered.  By  this  time  the  Duke 
d*Aiguillon,  governor  of  Brittany, 
v/as  advanced  within  fix  miles  of 
the  Englilh  army,  with  a  body  of 
twelve  battalions  and  fix  fquadrons 
of  regular  troops,  and  two  regi- 
ments of  militia.  This  determined 
the  council  of  war  to  retreat ;  they 
wantc4  but  three  miles  to  the  bay 
of  St.  Cas.  But  in  this  little 
march  a  confiderable  time  was  con- 
fumed,  and  the  French  army  was 
clofe  upon  them  before  they  could 
be  completely  reimbarked.  Avery 
flcc'p  hill  formed  a  fort  of  amphi- 
theatre about  the  bay  of  St.  Cas, 
where  the  embarkation  was  mak- 
ing ;  but  before  the  lafi  divificn, 
which  confulcJ  of  all  the  grenadiers 
of  the  army,  aftd  the  firft  regiment 
of  guards,  could  get  off,  the  French 
had  marched  down  this  hill,  through 
a  hollow  Way,  and  formed  them- 
MvGs  in  a  long  line  againft  the 
few  EnglifK  troops'  that-remained. 


6g 

There  remained  in  this  exigency 
bnly  the  expedient  of  affuming  a 
bold  countenance,  and  attacking 
them  with  vigour.  The  bravery  of 
our  troops  on  this  defperate  occa- 
fion,  was  worthy  of  a  better  fortune. 
The  (hips  and  frigates  feconded 
their  efforts,  and  made  a  fevere  fire 
upon  the  enemy.  All  was  to  no 
purpofe  ;  their  ammunition  was  at 
lail  fpent ;  the  enemies  numbers 
prevailed  ;  our  little  body  attempt- 
ed to  retreat,  but  they  fell  into 
confufion,  they  broke,  an  horrible 
flaughter  followed,  many  ran  into 
the  water,  and  met  their  fate  in  that 
element.  The  fhorc  was  covered 
with  dead  bodies.  General  Dury 
was  drcv/ned.  Sir  John  Armitage, 
a  young  volunteer  of  great  fortune 
and  hopes,  was  fliot  through  the 
head.  Several  officers,  men  of  large  . 
fortune  and  confideration,  fell.  At 
length  the  firing  of  the  frigates 
ceai'ed,  and  the  French  immediately 
gave  quarter.  About  400  were  madi 
prifoners,  600  were  killed  and 
wounded. 

In  the  midft  of  this  carnage,  in 
the  midft  of  a  fire  that  ftaggered 
the '  braveft  feamen  who  managed 
the  boats.  Commodore  Howe  ex- 
hibited a  noble  example  of  intre- 
pidity and  fortitude,  by  ordering 
him felf  to  be  rowed  in  his  own 
boat  through  the  thi^ckcft  of  the 
fi;c,  to  eficourage  all  that  \y ere  en- 
gaged in  that  fervice,  -ind  to  bring 
ofr  as  marty  men  as  his  vcflol  could 
carry.  "         '    «     ' 

This  afl air  difpirited  the  people 
of  England,  and  elated  the  people 
of  France,  far  more  than  an  affair 
of  fo  little  confequence  ought,  to 
have  done.  It  was  in  fa£t  no  more 
than  the  cutting  ofi"  a  rear  guard. 
There  is  often  more  blocdlbed  in 
(kirmilhes  in  Germany,  which  make 
no  figure  in  the  Gazettes.,   And 

F  3  certainly. 


70        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758, 


fxrt^iinly,  i/ ouf  e3<peditions  to  the 
,Coaft  of  prance  were  planned  with 
any  judgment,  on  our  part  we  had 
jather  rcafon  to  coi?gratulate  our- 
ielves  that  we  were  able  to  land 
.three  times  on  that  coall,  with  fo 
inconfiderHble  a  lofs.  The  jprench 
indeed  had  reafon  to  magnify  this 
lofsi  and  they  did  greatly  magnify 
it,  in  order  to  confole  their  people, 
who  had  feen  their  trade  fuffer  fo 
jiiuch,  and  their  country  folong  in- 
fuUed  with  impunity. 

Whatever  our  fucceffes  were  on 
the  coaft  of  jPrance,  they  did  i)ot 
affeci  us  in  the  fame  manner  with 
ihofe  which  we  had  in  America. 
From  this  part  of  the  world  we  had 
long  been  llrangers  to  any  thing, 
but  delays,  misfortunes,  difappoint- 
anenxs,  and  difgraces.  Put  the  fpi- 
rit  which  l?ad  been  roufed  at  home, 
^diffufed  itfelf  into  all  parts  of  the 
,worl{^  where  we  bad  any  con- 
cern, 3ii.d  invigorated  all  our  opera- 
tions. 

Admira]  Bofcawen  v^ith  a  povver- 
jful  fieetof  menof  war,  with  feveral 
^ra^ifport?,  failed  for  Halifax,  from 
]Eng;land,  Feb.  1,9th.  He  had  the 
jchi.ef  command  of  the  expedition 
agai,nfl:  Louifbourg,  and  in  parti- 
cular the  direction  of  the  naval  o- 
peratipns.  General  Amherfl,  from 
iyyhpfe  cbarader  great  things  were 
jexpeiSted,  and  who  juftified  th.efe 
(Cxpeclations,  was  to  command  the 
Jand  forces.  Thefe  amounted  to 
about  j^QOQ  mer),  including  fome 
light  troops,  fitted  for  the  peculiar 
jfej-yice  of  the  country.  The  whole 
fleet,  confifting  of  151  fhips,  fetfajl 
from  the  harbour  of  fialifax.  On 
ihe  fecond  of  June  they  appeared 
before  l^ouilhourg.  They  were  fix 
idays  on  the  coait  before  a  landing 
.wis  fourtd  pradicnblc  ;  facha  pro- 
fiigious  furf  fvvelled  all  along  the 
^oxGm  that  09  boat  pould  poflibly 


live  near  it.  The  French  not  truil^ 
ing  to  this  obltacle,  had  drawn  en^ 
trenchments  in  every  part  where  it 
might  be  poilible  to  land,  fupported 
them  with  batteries  in  convenient 
places,  and  lined  them  with  a  nu- 
merous infantry.  At  length  T  ^ 
.\.  r  c  .V  u  •  1  .  June  8. 
the  furf,  though  violent  at  -' 

bell,  was  obferved  to  be  fomewhat 
abated,  and  the  admiral  and  gene- 
ral did  not  lofe  a  moment  to  avail 
themfelyes  of  this  jirll  opportunity 
of  landing  ;  they  m^jde  all  their 
difpofitions  for  it  with  the  higheil 
judgment.  They  ordered  the  fri- 
gates towards  the  enemy's  right 
and  left,  to  rake  them  on  their 
flanks r  Thei?  the  troops  were  dif- 
pofed  for  landing  in  three  divi- 
sions. That  on  the  left  was  com- 
manded by  General  Wolfe,  and  was 
dellined  to  the  real  attack.  The 
divifions  in  the  center  to  the  right, 
were  only  defigned  for  feigned  at- 
tacks to  draw  the  enemy's  attention 
to  all  parts,  and  to  diflrad  their  de- 
fence. 

When  the  fire  of  the  frigates  had 
continued  about  a  quarter  of  an 
hour.  General  Wolfe's  divifion 
nioved  towards  the  land  j  the  enemy 
referved  their  fhot  until  the  boats 
were  near  the  fhore,  and  then 
diredted  the  whole  fire  of  their 
cannpn  and  mufquetry  upon  them, 
The  "furf  aided  their  fire.  Many 
of  the  boats  oyerfet,  many  were 
broke  to  pieces,  the  men  jumped 
into  the  watef,  fome  were,  kilied, 
fome  drowned;  tberell,  fupportc4 
and  encoujaged  in  all  diihcuUies, 
by  the  example,  fpirit,  and  con- 
dud  of  their  truly  gallant  com^ 
mander^  gained  the  fliore,  took  ' 
poll,  fell  upon  the  enemy  with  fuch 
order  and  reiolution,  that  they  foon  ' 
obliged  them  to  fly  in  confufion. 
As  foon  as  this  poll  was  made 
good^  the  center  moved  towards 
■  '       "     ■       '   '  the 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR, 


7> 


the  left,  and  the  right  followed 
the  center,  fo  that  the  landing 
was  compleated,  though  not  with- 
out much  time  and  trouble,  in  an 
excellent  order,  and  with  little 
Jofs. 

The  operations  of  a  fiege  are  too 
minute  and  uninterefting  to  make 
a    detail     of    them   agreeable     to 
readers,  who  are  not  converfant  in 
the  art  military.     The  operations 
againft  Louilbourg  for  feveral  days 
went   on   very   flowly,    owing  en- 
tirely  to   the  prodigious    furf  and 
the  rough  weather,  which  made  it 
extremely  difficult  to  land  the  ar- 
tillery,  llores,  and  inftruments   to 
be  employed  in  the  ficge ;  however, 
the  excellent  conduct  of  the  Ge- 
nerals Armherft  and  Wolfe,  by  de- 
grees overcame   all    the  difficulties 
of  the   weather,    which    was    ex- 
tremely unfavourable,  the  ground 
which   was  rugged  in  fome  places 
and   boggy  in  others,  and   the  re- 
finance of  the  garrifon,  which  was 
confiderable.    The  French  had  live 
men    of  war    of  the  line    in    the 
harbour,  who  could  bring  all  their 
guns  to  bear  upon  the  approaches 
of  the   Englifh   troops.     The  firfl 
thing  done  was  to  fccure  a  point 
called  the  light-houfe  battery,  from 
whence  he  might  play    upon  the 
vefiels,    and  on    the  batteries    on 
the    other    fide    cf    the    harbour. 
General  Wolfe  performed  the  fer- 
vice  with  his  ufual  vigour  and  ce- 
!2th      ^^"^y»  ^"^  ^^^'^  pofleffion  of 
this  and  all  the  other  polb 
in  that  quarter.     His  fire  from  this 
poll    on    the    25th    filcnced     the 
illand  battery,  which  was  that  moft 
immediatciy  cppofed   to  his  ;    but 
the    ffiips    iliil   contiued    to   bear 
upon   hira  until    the    21ft    of  the 
following   month,    when    one    of 
tliem  blew  up,  and  comma nicv^ting 


the    fire  to  two  others,  .they  alfo 
were  in  a  Ihort  time  confiimed  to 
the   water  edge.     Thir.  was  a  lofs 
not  to  be  repaired  ;  the  approaches 
drew   near  the  covered   way,  and 
things  were  in  a   good   condition 
for    making     a   lodgment    in    it  ; 
the  enemies  fire  was  confiderably 
{lackencd  ;  the  town  was  confumed 
to  the  ground  in  many  places,  and 
the  works  had  fufFered  much  in  all. 
Yet    the    enemy  IHII  delaying  to 
furrcnder,    gave   occafion    to   add 
one    brave    aftion    to     the    others 
which   had  been  difplayed  during 
the  courfe  of  this  fiege.     The  ad- 
miral, wholiad  all  along  done  every 
thing  poffibic  to  fecond  the  efforis 
of  the  land  forces,  notwithitanding 
the  feverity  of  the  weather,  refolved 
on  a  ilroke,  which  by  being  dcci- 
five  of  the  pofleffion  of  the  harbour, 
might  make  the  reduclion  of  the 
town   a  matter  of  little  difficulty. 
He   refolved   to  fend  in  a  detach- 
ment of  600   feamen   in   boats    to 
take  or  burn  the  two  fhips  of  the 
line  which  remained,    and   if   he 
ihould  fucceed  in  this,  he  propofed' 
the  next  day  to  fend  in  fome  of  his 
own  great  fhips,  who  might  batter 
the  town  on  the  fide  of  the  harbour. 
This  was  not  more  wifely  planned 
by  the  admiral,  than  gallantly  and 
fuccefsfully  executed    by    Captain 
Laforey.     In  fpite  of  thyp  fire  from 
the  fhips  and  the  batterie^s,    y   , 
hemade-himfelfmafterof  J"-^  ^^' 
both  thefe  fhips ;  one  he  towed  off, 
and  the  other,  as  fhe  ran  aground, 
was  fet  on  fire. 

Thisitrokc,  in  fupportof  the  fpi- 
rited  advances  of  the  land  1  t,  r 
forces,  was  conchifive.  •'  ^ 
The  town  furrendred  the  next  day. 
The.  garrifon  v/ere  prifonen  of  war, 
and  amounted  jiviili  the  irregulars 
^d  feamen  to  5637. 

F  4  The 


72        ANNUAL   RE 

The  taking  of  Louilbourg  was 
an  event  the  moll  defired  by  all  our 
colonies  ;  that  harbour  had  always 
been  a  receptacle  convenient  to  the 
enemies  privateers,  who  infelled  the 
Englifh  trade  in  North  America. 
It  was  the  moft  efFeftual  blow 
which  France  had  received  from, 
the  commencement  of  the  war. 
By  the  taking  of  Louilbourg,  fhe 
loil  the  only  place  from  whence 
file  could  carry  on  the  cod-filhery; 
and  the  only  place  {he  had  in  a 
convenient  fituation  for  the  rein- 
forcements that  were  fent  to  fup- 
port  the  war  in  the  other  parts  of 
America  ;  and  with  Louifbourg 
fell  the  ifland  of  St.  John's,  and 
whatever  other  inferior  llations 
they  had  for  carrying  on  the  fiihery 
towards  Gafpcfie  and  the  bay  De 
Chaleurs,  which  our  Ihips  foon 
after  this  event  entirely  delcroyed. 
it  is  incredible  how.  much  this 
Juccefs  in  America,  joined  to  the 
fpirit  of  our  other  meafures,  ope- 
jated  to  raife  our  military  repu- 
tation in  Europe,  and  to  fink  that 
of  France,  and  confequently  how 
much  it  influenced  our  molt  ef- 
fcntial  interefts,  and  thofe  of  our 
allies. 

The  plan  of  onr  operations  in 
Ameilca  v/as,  however,  by  no 
means  confined  folely  to  this  ob- 
jed,  important  as  it  was.  Two 
other  attempts  were  propofed  :  the 
iirH  attempt  was  with  a  great  force 
to  drive  the  French  from  Ticonde- 
roga  end  Crown"  Point;  in  which, 
if  we  could  fucceed,  the  enemy 
would  lofe.  their  ports  from  which 
they  were  in  the  beil  condition 
to  moleft  oiir  colonies,  and  by 
Icfmg  them,  would' lay  open  an 
eafy  road  into  the  very  heart  .cf 
their  fettlements  in  Canada.  The 
fecond  attempt  was  to  be  made 
with  a  considerable,  though  an'infie- 


GISTER,    1758. 

rior  force,  from  Penfylvania  againd 
Fort  du  Quefne  :  the  fuccefsof  this 
attempt  would  eftablifh  us  in  the 
pofieffion  of  the  Ohio,  and  break  off 
the  connefticn  between  Canada  and 
Louifiana. 

General  Abercrombe,  commander 
in  chief  of  our  forces  in  America, 
condudled  the  firii:  of  thofe  expe- 
ditions. He  embarked  upon  Lake 
George  with  near  16000  troops, 
regulars  and  provincials,  and  a 
numerous  artillery,  on  the  5th  of 
July  ;  and  after  a  profperous  navi- 
gation, arrived  the  next  day  at  the 
place  where  it  had  been  propofed 
to  make  the  landing.  Tht^y  landed 
withont  oppoiiiion.  The  enemies 
advanced  guards  fled  at  their  ap- 
proach. 'I'he  Englilh  army  pro>- 
ceeded  in  four  columns  to  Ticon- 
deroga.  As  the  country  through 
which  their  march  lay  is  difiicult 
and  woody,  and  the  guides  which 
conducted  the  march  to  this  un- 
known country,  were  extremely 
un&ilful,  the  poops  were  bewilder- 
ed,'the  columns  broke  and  fell  in 
upon  one  another.  V/hilft  they 
marched  on  in  this  alarming  dif- 
order,  the  advanced  guard  of  the 
French,  which  had  lately  fled  be- 
fore them,  was  bewildered  in  the 
fame  manner  ;  and  in  the  fame  dif- 
order  fell  in  with  our  forces.  A 
fnirmifh  enfued,  in  which  thi.'^  party 
v/r.s  quickly  defeated  with  the  lofs 
of  near  300  killed  and  148  pri- 
foners.  The  lofs  on.  the  Engliih 
fide  was  inconfidcrablc  in  numbers  ; 
but  great  in  confequence.  Lord 
Kowc  was  killed.  This  gallant 
man,  from  the  moment  he  landed 
in  America,  had  v^ifely  conformed 
and  made  his  regiment  conform 
to  the  kind  of  fervice  which  the 
country  required:  He  did  not 
fuffer  any  under  him,  to  encumber 
themfelves    with   fuperflucus   bag- 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


73 


gage;  he  himfelffet  the  example, 
:in;l  fared  like  a  common  foldier. 
The  &rft  to  encounter  danger,  to 
endure  hunger,  to  fupport  fatigue  ; 
rigid  in  his  difcipline,  but  eaiy  in 
his  manners,  his  olricers  and  fol- 
diers  readily  cbcydd  the  com- 
mander, becaufe  they  loved  the 
niM\  ;  and  now  at  the  moment 
when  fuch  abilities,  and  fuch  an 
example  were  the  moft  wanted, 
was  fatally  loft  a  life  which  was 
long  enough  for  his  honour,  but  r^ot 
for  his  country.  It  adds  indeed  to 
the  glory  of  fuch  a  death,  and  to 
the  conlolation  of  his  country,  that 
we  ftili  pofiefs,  the  heir  of  his  titles, 
his  fortunes  and  virtues,  whilft 
we  tremble  to  fee  the  fame  virtues 
expofing  themfelves  to  the  fame 
dangers*. 

Excepting  this  lofs,  the  army 
]u\d  hitherto  proceeded  fuccefsfuly. 
in  a  little  time  they  appeared  before 

T  ,  o  Ticonderoffa.  This  is  a 
luly  8.  '         ^  11 

■^     ^        very  important  poit,  and  as 

ftrongly  fecured.     The  fort  is  fitu- 

atcd  on  a  tongue  of  land  between 

Lake    George    and  a  narrow  gut,  ' 

which  communicates  with  the  Lake 

Champlain.     On  three  fides  it  is 

furrounded  with  water ;     arid    for 

a  good  part  of  the  fourth  it  has  a 

dangerous  morafs  in    front ;  where 

that  failed,  the  French   had  made 

a  very  ftrong  line  upwards  of  eight 


ftet  high,  defended  by  cannon, 
and  fecured  by  4  or  5000  men.  A 
great  fall  of  trees  with  their  branches 
outward,  was  fpread  before  the  en- 
trenchment for  about  an  hundred 
yards. 

The 'general  caufed  the  ground 
to  be  reconnoitred ;  and  the  engi- 
neer made  fo  favourable  a  report 
of  the  weaknefs  of  the  entrench- 
ment, that  it  appeared  pradiicablc 
to  force  it  by  mufquetry  alone. 
A  fatal  refolution  was  taken,  in 
confequence  of  this  report,  not  to 
Wc'jit  the  arrival  of  the  artillery, 
which,  on  account  of  the  badnefs  of 
the  ground,  could  not  be  eafily 
brought  up,  but  to  attack  the  enemy 
without  lofs  of  time.  They  were 
confirmed  in  this  precipitate  refolu- 
tion, by  a  rumour  that  a  body  of 
3000  men  were  on  their  march  to 
join  the  French  at  Ticonderoga,  and 
very  fhortly  expected  to  arrive. 

When  the  attack  began,  the 
difficulty  of  the  ground  and  the 
ftrength  of  the  enemies  lines,  which 
had  been  fo  little  forefeen,  was 
but  too  feverely  felt.  Although 
the -troops  behaved  with  the  utmoft 
fpirit  and  gallantry,  they  fufFer- 
ed  fo  terribly  in  their  approaches, 
and  made  fo  little  impreffion  on 
the  entrenchment,  that  the  gene- 
ral feeing  their  reiterated  and  ob- 
lUnate  cfrorts  fail  of  fuccefs,  being 
upwards 


*  Soon  after  the  nevTs  of  Lord  Howe's  death  arrived,  the  following  advertifc- 
nitfur  appeared  in  the  public  papers  ;  an  application  worthy  of  a  Roman  mation, 
in  tlic  vMiuous  times  of  the  republic,  and  which  could  not  fail  of  fuccefs,  where 
the  ientl  fpark  of  virtue  exnVd  : 

*  To   the  gcntlejnen,  cleigy,  freeholders,  and   burgtfles,   of  the   town  and 

'  county  of  Nottlnghnm. 

*  As  Lord  Howe  is  now  abfcnt  upon  the  public  fervice,  and  Lieutenant  Colonel 
'  Howe  is  with  his  regiment  at  Luuifbourg,  it  refts  upon  me  to  beg  the  favour  of 

*  your  votes  and   intcrdh,  that  Lieutenant  Colonel  Kowe  may  fupply  the  place 

*  of  his  irttt  brother,  as  your  reprefentaiive  in  parliament.   ' 

*  Permit  me  therefore  to  imploK  the  prote6lion  of  every  one  of  you,  as  the 

*  moiher  of  him,  whofe  life  has  been  \ol\  iu  the  fervice  of  his  country.' 

..  i^.»i.'i;S:r  ect,  Sept.  i+,  175S.  CHARLOTTE  HOWE. 


74-       ANNUAL     REGISTER,    175S, 


upwards  of  four  hours  expofed  to 
a  moll  terrible  fire,  thought  it 
necelTary  to  order  a  retreat,  ^  to 
fave  the  remains  of  the  army. 
Near  2000  of  our  men  were  killed, 
wounded,  and  taken  prifoners  ;  the 
number  of  the  taken  being  very  in- 
confiderable.  This  precipitate  at- 
tack was  followed  by  a  retreat  as 
precipitate  ;  infomuch  that  our  ar- 
my gained  their  former  camp  to 
,   ,  the    fouthward    of    Lake 

J  ^  ^*  George,  the  evening  after 
the  a<flion. 

To  repair  the  misfortune  of 
this  bloody  defeat.  General  Aber- 
crombie  detached  Colonel  Brad- 
llreet  with  about  3000  provincials 
againft  Fort  Frontenac.  The  co- 
lonel, with  great  prudence  and 
vigour,  furmounting  great  diffi- 
culties, brought  his  army  to  Of- 
wego,  where  he  embarked  on  the 
Lake  Ontario,  and  arrived  at 
Frontenac  the  25th  of  Auguft. 
This  fort  Hands  at  the  communi- 
ca  ion  of  Lake  Ontario  with  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  the  entrance 
into  which  river  it  in  fome  manner 
commands.  However,  for  a  poll 
of  fuch  moment,  it  was  poorly 
fortified,  and  poorly  garrifoncd. 
It  was   taken,  without   the  lofs  of 

.  a  man  on  our  fide,  in  lefs 

Aug  27.  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^g  ^^j.^^  .J.  ^^^ 

been  attacked.  The  garrifon,  con- 
filling  of  130  men,  were  made  pri- 
foners ;  nine  armed  floops  were 
taksn  and  burned ;  and  a  large 
quantity  of  provifions  amalTed  there 
for  the  ufe  of  iheirgarrifons,  to  the 
fouthward,  was  dellroyed.  The 
fort  was  demolilhed.  Colonel 
Bradilrcet  having  performed  this 
important  fervjce,  returned.  Many 
were  of  opinion,  that  fo  fine  a 
poll  ought  to  have  been  kept  and 
fbrongly  garrifoned ;  others  thought 
that  it  would  be  impofiible  to  prc- 


ferve  a  place  at  fuch  a  dillance  from 
our  own  eftablifhments. 

It  is  very  poflible,  that  the  fuc- 
cefs  of  Colonel  Bradllreet  greatly 
facilitated  that  of  the  expedition 
under  General  Forbes.  The  ge- 
neral had  had  a  very  tedious  and 
troublefome  march,  through  a  coun- 
try almolt  impradicable,  very  little 
known,  and  continually  harrafled 
on  his  route  by  the  enemies  In- 
dians. An  advanced  guard  of 
this  army,  confifting  of  about 
800  men  under  Major  Grant,  had 
moll  unaccountably  advanced  dole 
to  Fort  du  Qjiiefne,  with  a  defign 
as  it  fhould  feem  of  reducing 
the  place  by  a  £oup  de  main  ;  but 
the  garrifon  fuddenly  fallying  out 
and  attacking  them  warmly  on  all 
fides,  killed  and  made  prifoners 
many  of  this  party,  and  dif- 
perfed  the  reft.  This  was  how- 
ever their  lall  fuccefs ;  for  the 
body  of  the  army  being  conduced 
with  greater  Ikill  and  circumfpec- 
tion,  baffled  all  their  attempts ;  fo 
that  the  French  being  convinc- 
ed by  feveral  fkirmilhes  that  all 
their  eilbrts  to  furprife  the  troops, 
or  interrupt  their  communication, 
were  to  no  purpofe,  and  being 
confcious  that  their  fort  was  not  te- 
nable againll  a  regular  attack,  they 

wifely    abandoned     the    -^-r 

1  c  1/1      •         Nov.  24. 

place    after     deitroying  ^ 

their  works  ;  and  fell  down  the 
Ohio,  to  the  numberof  4or  500  men , 
towards  their  more  fouthern  fettle- 
ments.  General  Forbes  once  more 
eredled  the  Englifh  flag  on  , 

Fort  du  Quefne.  Without  ^5^^- 
any  refillance  we  became  mailers 
in  the  third  year  after  the  com- 
mencement of  hoiHlitics  of  that 
fortrcfs,  the  contention  for  which 
had  kindled  up  the  flames  of  io 
general  and  deilrudlive  a  war.  This 
place  with  its  mailers  has  changed 


HISTORY    OF    THE   WAR. 


75 


\l$  name,  and  is  called  Pittlburg, 
with  a  propriety  which  does  not 
Hi^cd  to  be  pointed  out.. 

Notwithftanding  the  unhappy 
aftair  at  Ticonderoga,  the  cam- 
paign of  1758  in  Arnerica  was 
very  advantageous,  and  very  ho- 
nourable to  the  Englifh  intercll. 
Louilbourg,  St.  John's,  Frontcnac, 
and  du  Quefne  reduced,  remove 
from  our  colonies  all  terror  of  the 
Indian  incurfions,  draw  from  the 
French  thofe  uloful  allies,  free  our 
frontiers  from  the  yoke  of  their 
enemies  forts,  make  their  fupplies 
difficult,  their  communications  pre- 
carious, and  all  their  dcfenfive 
or  offcnfive  operations  unefTedive  ;  ' 
whiJll  their  country  uncovered  of 
its  principal  bulwarks,  lies  open 
to  the  heart,  and  affords  the  moil 
pleafing  profpedls  of  fuccefs  to  the 
vigorous  meafures  which  we  may 
be  allured  will  be  taken  in  the  next 
campaign.  General  Amherft  is 
now  commander. 

It  would  be  doing  great  injuf- 
tice  to  the  fpirit  and  condudl  of 
the  minillry,  not  to  obfervc,  that 


they  omitted  to  diftrefs  the  ene- 
my in  no  part,  and  that  their  plans 
of  operation  were  as  extenlive  as 
they  were  vigorous. 

Two  ihipsofthe  line  with  ^ 
fome  frigates, were  fent  early  ^^*9* 
in  the  fpring  to  the  coaft  of  Africa, 
to  drive  the  French  from  their  fet- 
tlements  there.  They  entered  the 
river  Senegal,  and  in  fpite  of  the 
obftrudions  of  a  dangerous  bar, 
which  the  fhips  of  war  could  not 
pals,  they  obliged  theFrench  y, 
fort  which  commands  the  ^^  '• 
river  to  furrender.  And  on  the 
29th  of  December  following.  Com- 
modore Keppel,  with  the  afliftance 
of  fome  troops  under  the  command 
of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Worge,  made 
himfelf  mafter  of  the  ifland  of 
Goree  and  its  forts  ;  the  garrifon 
furrendering  at  difcretion  to  his 
majefty's  fquadron.  By  thefe  fuc- 
ceffes,  we  have  taken  from  the 
enemy  one  of  the  moft  valuable 
brandies  of  their  commerce,  and 
one  the  moft  capable  of  abundant 
improvement  *. 

From 


*  The  river  Senega,  or  Senegal,  is  one  of  thofe  channels  of  the  rivc*^ 
Niger,  by  which  it  is  luppofed  to  difcharge  its  waters  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  * 
The  river  Niger,  according  lo  tlie  beft  maps,  riles  in  theEaft  of  Africa;  and  after 
a  courfe  pf  300  miles,  nearly  due  weft,  divides  into  three  branches,  the  moft' 
northerly  of  which  is  the  Senegal,  as  above  ;  the  middle  is  the  Gambia,  or  Gam- 
l)raj  and  the  moft  fouthcrn  Rio  Grande.  Senegal  empties  itfelf  into  the  Atlantic 
ocean  in  16  north  lat.  The  entrance  of  it  is  guarded  by  fercral  forts,  the  principal 
of  which  is  Fort  Lewis,  built  on  an  illand  of  the  fame  name.  It  is  a  quadrangular 
lort  wifh  two  baftions,  and  of  no  inconfiderable  ftrength.  At  the  mouth  of  the 
river  is  a  bar  ;  the  belt  Ibafon  for  paffing  it,  is  from  March  to  Auguft,  or  Sep- 
ten»ber,  or  rather  from  April  to  July,  becaufe  the  tides  are  then  higheft.  The 
Englilh  had  formerly  fettlements  here,  out  of  which  they  were  driven  by  the 
French,  who  have  engrofleil  the  whole  trade  from  Cape  Blanco  to  the  river  Gambia, 
which  is  near  5C0  miles.  The  Dutch  were  the  firft  who  fettled  Sen'  gal,  and  built 
♦wo  forts.  ThwFrenclj  made  themfelves  mafters  of  them  in  1678.  In  1692  the 
Englilh  fcized  thtm  ;  but  rcxt  year  the  French  retook  them,  and  have  kept  them 
ever  iince.  They  built  Fort  Lewis  in  1692,  and  have  beyond  it  a  multitude  of 
other  fettlements,  ejitending  loo  leagues  up  the  river.  Tiie  principal  commodities 
■.vhich  the  French  import  from  this  Settlement,  arc  that  valuable  article  gum  fenega, 

hidesy 


76         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


From  the  Eafl:  Indies  we  have 
this  yearheard  nothing  remarkable. 
It  does  not  feem  that  the  French, 
notwithflanding  the  great  ftruggle 
they  made  to  fend  out  a  ftrong  ar- 
mament under  General  Lally,  have 
been  in  a  condition  to  enterprife  any 
thing.  It  is  faid,  and  probably 
with  good  foundation,  that  the 
greatefl:  part  of  that  force  was 
dwindled  away  with  ficknefs  during 
the  voyage.  Our  naval  force  was 
rxerted  with  fp'irit  and  efFeft  in 
the  Mediterranean.  The  French 
found  that  the  p'o/lelTion  of  Minorca 
could  not  drive  us  from  the  do- 
minion of  the  Mediterranean, 
where  Admiral  Olborn  gave  the 
enemies  maritime  flrength  fuch 
blows,  as  they  mull  long  feel,  and 
which  merited  him  the  greateil  of 
all  honours,  to  be  joined  with  the 
conquerors  of  Louifbourg,  in  the 
thanks  of  the-  reprefentative  'body 
of"  their  country.  But  as  thefe, 
altho'ughvery  impot-tant,  are  de- 
tached affairs,  vve  imagined  it  better 
to  give  them  in  oiir  Chronicle ;  ^s 
they  could  not  fo  well  come  into 
the  body  of  this  work  without  in- 
teri-upting  the  feries  we  propofs  to 
carry  oil. 

The  coming  year  feems  big 
with  great  events.  In  Germany 
the  afiairs  of  the  rival  pcy/ers  of 
Pruffia  and  Auftria,  appear  to  be 
more  nearly  balanced  than  at  any 
time  fmce  the  beginning  of  the 
war.  Their  force  is  as  great  as 
ever,  and  their  animofity  is  no- 
way lefn^iied.  Great  fteps  are 
taken  to  alTemble  powerful  armies 


on  the  Rhine ;  whilrt  Great  Bri- 
tain has  fent  out  two  confiderable 
armaments,  one  to  the  Weil  In- 
dies, the  other  to  Africa;  the 
fuccefs  of  which  muft  go  a  great 
way  towards  determining  the  iffoc 
of  the  war.  Othf-r  great  prepa- 
rations are  nKb  making  on  the 
part  of  Great  Britain.  In  the  mean 
time,  the  Dutch,  earaged  at  the 
captures  of  their  fhips,  make  com- 
plaints ;  and  threaten  armaments. 
Tlie  death  of  the  Princefs  of  Orange, 
which  happened  at  a  mod  critical 
junfture,  adds  more  perplexity  to 
affairs  in  that  quarter.  If  we 
look  to  the  fouthward,  the  clouds 
feem  gathering  there  alfo.  The 
imminent  death  of  the  Kfng  of 
Spain,  will  be  an  event  fruitful 
of  troubles.  In  this  afl'air  the 
King  of  Sardinia,  the  houfe  of 
Aullria,  and  the  houfe  of  Bour- 
bon, will  find  themfelves  concern- 
ed ;  to  fay  nothing  of  the  maritime 
powers.  In  a  word,  the  flame  of 
war  threatens  to  fpread  in  every 
part  of  Europe.  What  revolutions 
in  politics  thefe  things  will  make, 
what  new  conned;ions  they  will 
create,  what  old  they  will  dif- 
folve,  what  changes  they  will  create 
in  the  fortunes  of  the  prefent  belli- 
gerent povv'ers,  or  what  difpofition 
to  peace  or  war  they  may  produce, 
will  be  the  fubjedl  of  our  next 
volum.c. 

If  the  reader  fhould  perceive 
many  faults,  and  inaccuracies  in 
this  work,  let  him  'remember  the 
difadvantages  we  labour  under. 
Our  accounts  are   taken  from  the 


hides,  bees-wax,  elephants  teeth,  cottor.,  gold  duft,  negro  flaves,  ofljich  feathers, 
ambergris,  indigo,  and  civet. 

At  prelcnt  we  are  -obliged  to  buy  all  our  gum  fenega  of  the  Dutch,  who 
purchaJe  it  from  the  French  ;  and  they  fet  what  price  they  pleafc  on  ic.  But 
as  tWc  trade  to  Africa  is  now  open,  by  this  iinpbrtAnt  acquilition,  the  price  of 
this  valuable  d-rug,  which  is  fo  much  ufed  in  fcveral  of  our  manufa(5\ures,  will 
be  much  reduced. 

public 


HISTORY    OF    THE  .WAR. 


77 


public  ones  of  the  year,  which  are 
themfelves  often  inaccurate,  often 
contradicitory.  We  find  it  very 
difficult  to  trace  th«  true  c^ufes 
of  events,  which  time  only  can 
draw  from  obfcurity.  It  is  hard 
to  find  a  connexion  between  the 
fa6l»  upon  whofc  authenticity  we 
may  depend.  And  in  the  mafs 
of  materials  of  a  dubious  authority, 
it  is  equally  hard  to  know  what 
Ought  to  be  chofen,  to  make  out 
fuch  a  connection.     Yet  with  all 


thefe  difficulties,  we  are  of  opinion, 
that  the  reader  will  find  fome 
entertainment,  as  well  as  fome 
help  to.  his  memory,  from  reading 
a  connefted  feries  of  thofe  very- 
remarkable  and  interefling  events 
which  this  war  has  produced,  and 
which  he  has  ^hitherto  no  wh^re 
feen  but  in  a  loofe  detached  man- 
ner. If  we  can  do  this  we  are  fa- 
tisfied;  for  we  do  not  pretend  to 
give  the  name  of  hiftory  to  what  we 
Have  written. 


THE. 


78      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


T    H     E 


CHRONICLE. 


ft. 


J  A  N'  U  A,  R  Y. 

A  Fine  equeftri^n  ftatue  of 
his  prefent  majeiiy  King 
George,  by  Van  Noft,  was  erecft- 
ed  on  St.  Stephen's  Green,  Dublin. 
On  the  front  of  the  pedellal  is  the 
following  infcription  : 

Georgio  Secundo, 

Magnss  Britannias  Franciai 

Et  Hibernian 

Regi 

Forti  ct  Reipublicaj 

Maxime  lideli 

Patriis  virtutibus 

Patrem  Secuto 

S  P  Q^D. 
A.  D.     1758. 
Thomas  Mead,  Prcetore  Urbano. 
MichaeleSweny,  7  y . 
GalielmoForbes,  J 


ice-comitibus 


,  /  By  a  letter  from  Captain 
^  '  Bray,  commander  of  his  ma- 
jefty's  armed  vcflel  the  Adventure, 
received  this  day  at  the  Admiralty, 
there  is  an  account  of  the  taking 
the  Machault  privateer  of  Dunkirk, 
with  14.  nine  pounders,  and  182 
men.  Captain  Bray,  foon  after  the 
engagement  began,  ordered  the 
helm  to  be  put  hard  aport,  which 
had  the  defired  effeS,  of  laying  her 
ath^Wart^hawfe,her  bovvfprit  coming 
in  between  the  Adventure's  main 
and  mizen  mafts.  They  immedi- 
ately pailed  the  end  of  the  mizen- 
top-fail  fneet  through  the  enemy's 
bob-ilay,  and  made   it  fall  ;    but 


fearing  to  Ibfe  To  good  an  opportu- 
nity,and  that  they  would  get  clear. 
Captain  Bray  and  the  pilot  got  a 
hawfer,  and  palled  it  three  times 
round  the  Machault's  bowfprit  and 
the  capllon  on  the  Adventure's 
quarter  deck,  fo  that  the  a(flion  de- 
pended chiefly  on  the  fmall-arms, 
which  was  very  fmart  about  an 
hour.  She  then  ftruck  lier  colours, 
but  upon  boarding  her,  began  to 
fire  again,  which  was  foon  fijenced. 
She  had  killed  and  wounded  40 
men,  with  the  lofs  only  of  one  man 
killed,  and  tv/o. wounded,  on  boaid 
the  Adventure. 

This  evening  70  men  on  board 
the  Namur  in  Portfmouth  harbour 
forced  their  way  into  the  dock,  and 
from  thence  fet  out  for  London,  in 
order  to  lay  their  complaints  before 
the  lords  of  the  admiralty;  15  of 
whom  attempted  to  procure  an  au- 
dience, but  v»ere  all  ordered  to  be 
put  in  irons  and  carried  back  in 
order  to  be  tried  by  a  court  mar- 
tial for  mutiny.  It  is  reported  that 
the  badnefs  of  their  provifion  was 
the  caufe  of  their  complaint. 

Acup  and  falver  intend-  , 

ed  to  be  prefented  to  Cap-  -' 
tain  Lockhart,  was  fent  this  day  to 
Lloyd's  to  be  viewed  by  the  mer- 
chants; It  was  curiouily  chafed  and 
emboifed  with  the  feven  French  pri- 
vateers, his  own  iliip  and  arms.- 
The  falver  is  26  inches  diameter, 
with  the  following  infcription  : 


•he 


CHRONICLE. 


1^ 


The  gift  of  the  two  public  com- 
panies. 
The  undcr-writers  and  merchants  of 

the  city  of  London, 
To  Capt.  John  Lockhart,  comman- 
der of  the  Tartar, 
For  his  fignal  fervice  in  fupporting 

the  trade. 

By  diflrefling  the  French  privateers 

in  the  year  1757. 

The  merchants  of  Brillol  prefent- 
ed  him"  alfo  with  a  gold  cup,  worth 
lool. 

This  day  a  committee  of  the  fub- 
fcribers  to  a  fund  for  fupplying  the 
poor  in  the  city  of  York  with  corn 
at  a  lower  rate  than  the  markets, 
began  to  deliver  out  the  fame,  when 
334  families  were  ferved  with  the 
belt  of  corn  at  1  s.  a  peck,  or  4s. 
the  bufliel. 

,  By  a  letter  from  Captain 

^^^  '  Lockhart  to  the  Admiralty,  • 
there  was  advice  that  his  majcfty's 
fhipsEdinburgh, Dreadnought,  A  u- 
gulta,  and  a  Hoop,  had  blocked  up 
the  harbour  of  Cape  Fran9ois  for 
fome  weeks  :  that  on  the  15  th  of 
Oftober,  all  the  French  fquadron 
failed  to  drive  the  Englilh  off  the 
coaft  :  and  the  next  day  the  two 
fquadrons  came  to  a  clofe  engage- 
ment, which  continued  till  night, 
when  the  French  fquadron,  having 
the  land  breeze,  by  the  help  of 
their  frigates  were  towed  into  port, 
.  greatly  difabled,  and  the  Opiniatre 
difmalled.  They  had  300  men 
killed,  and  as  many  wounded.  This 
advice  Captain  Lockhart  received 
J>om  the  crew  of  a  St.  Domingo- 
man,  which  he  had  taken  ;  and  it 
has  fince  been  confirmed  by  a  letter 
in  Lloyd's  Evening  poll,  diredly 
from  the  fpot.  The  fame  advices 
from  the  Admiralty  take  notice  like- 
wife  of  the  taking  of  two  French 
Ihips  both  laden  with  provifions  for 


Louifbourg.  The  prifoners  fay,  that 
they  failed  from  I'Ifle  d' Aix,  in  com- 
pany with  three  other  merchant- 
fhips,  laden  with  provifions  for 
Louifbourg,  under  convoy  of  the 
Prudent  and  Capricieux,  and  the 
Tripon  and  Heroine  frigates,  the 
two  former  of  which  parted  com- 
pany with  them  the  day  before 
they  were  taken.  The  frigates  made 
their  efcape  from  our  fhips  by  its 
falling  little  wind,  before  which 
his  majefty's  Ihips  outfailed  them 
greatly  ;  but  there  is  reafon  to  be- 
lieve the  other  merchant- ihips  are 
taken  by  the  fhips  that  were  left  in 
chace  of  them. 

A  farmer  upon  Budgley  o^v 
Common,  between  South- 
ampton and  Redbridge,  feeing  a 
man  with  a  blue  coat,  redwaiilcoat, 
and  red  plufh  breeches,  \try  rag- 
ged, lying  on  the  ground  in  a  very 
weak  condition,  took  him  into  " 
his  waggon,  carried  him  to  his 
houfe,  gave  him  victuals  and  drink  ; 
but  being  full  of  vermin,  made  him 
up  a  bed  of  ftraw  in  the  waggon, 
under  the  waggon-houfe,  and  co- 
vered him  with  facks.  Next  morn- 
ing he  found  him  dead.  Hehadan 
cnlign*s  commiffion  in  his  pocket, 
dated  in  March  lall:,  appointing 
him,  as  fuppofed,  an  enlign  to  an 
independent  company  of  invalids  at 
Plymouth  ;  but  no  money  in  his 
pockei,  except  one  half-penny. ' 

The  following  melTage  from  the 
King  was  prefented  by  Mr.  Secre- 
tary Pitt  to  the  houfe. 
George  R. 

*  His  majerty  having  ordered  the 

*  army,    formed  laft   year   in  his 

*  eiettorai  dominions,    to   be  put  • 

*  again  into  motion  from  the  28th 

*  cf  November  laft,  and  toad  with 

*  the  utmoft    vigour    agalnil    the*" 
'  common  enemy,  in  copcert  v/ith 


8o 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758, 


«  his  good  brother  and  ally  the 
'  King  of  Pruffia;  and  the  exhaull- 
^  pd  and  ruined  flate  of  that  eleflo- 
*'rate  and  of  its  revenues,  having 

*  rendered  it  impolTible  for  the  fame 

*  to  maintain  and  keep  together 
f  that  army,  until  the  further  ne;^ 

*  ceffary  charge  thereof,  as  well  as 

*  .the  more  particular  meafures  now 

*  xoncerting  for  the.eifeclual  fup- 
*"  port  of  the  King  of  Pruffia^  can  bo 

*  laid  before  this  houfe ;  his  majelly 

*  relying  on  the  conftant  zeal  of 
'  his  faithful  Commons,  for  the  fup- 

*  portof the Protedant religion, an4 

*  of  the  liberties  of  Europe,  ag^iiii; 

*  the  dangerous  defigns  of  France,, 
'  and  her  coniederaces,  hnds.him- 
*'felf   in    the    mean    time    under 

*  the  abfolute  neceffity  of  recom- 

*  mending  to  this  hcufe  the  ipecdy 
«  conlideration  of  fuch  a  prefcnt. 
'  fupply,  as  may  enable  his  ma- 
<  jelly,  in  this  critical  exigency,  to 

*  fubfifl  and  keep  together  the  faid 
'  array.', 

In  confequence  of  this  meiTag;e, 
100,000 1.  vvas  unanimoafly  grant- 
ed, to  be  taken  inmediately  out  of 
the  fupplies  of  laii  year  unapplied, 
and  to  be  remitted  Vidth  allpoiJibAe; 
difpatch.  '  '^ 

J,  A  court-martial  was  ,held 
on  board  the  Newark,,  for 
the  trial  of.  the  15  mutineers  be- 
longing to  ths  Namur  man  of  war, 
who  all  received  fentence  of  death* 
.  Information  having  been  given 
to  the  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
that  feverai  ofilcers  were  recruiting; 
in  that  kingdjom  from  Great  Britain, 
tvithcut  the  knowledge  of  the  go- 
vernment there,  his  C'^fcellency  fig- 
uihed  his  p]"?aiure  to  fuch  oiiicers- 
that  they  Ihould  immediately  defifl- 
from  railing  men  in  that  kingdom, 
■^yid  that  they  do  immediately  dif- 
charge  all  fuch  as  they  hiave  already 
enlified. 


By  letters  from  Conftan-  ^  ^ 
tinople,  we  hear,  that  the  ^^  ' 
csravan  of  pilgrims,  returning  from 
Mecca,  had  been  attacked  by  a 
large  body  of  Arabs,  who  had  de- 
llroyed,  as  it  is  faid,  from  50  to 
60,000  perfons.  This  dcfperate  and 
unprecedented  proceeding  is  fap- 
poled  to  have  taken  its  rife  from 
the  Arabs  being  diigufted  on  ac- 
count of  the  removal  of  the  Pafcha 
ofPamafcus  to  Aleppo,  who  was. 
greatly  eileemed  by  them,  as  a' ge- 
nerous able  man,  and  the  Kitlar 
Aga's  having  put  in  his  room  a 
man  of  diiTercnf.  principles,  who 
deprived.lhcm  of  lomepart  of  their 
dues,  which  they  recciye  from  the 
pilgrims.  A§the  chief  of  the  black 
eunuchs  was  thp  caufe  of  gU  that 
has  happened  by  that  change,  which 
he  efi'edted  merely  to  ferve  his  own 
intqrefied  views,  the  Grand  SeigrtOr  ' 
ordered  his  head  to  be  fent  .for 
from  Rhod^es,  where  he  vv.as  lately 
exiled,  and  on  its  arrival  was  cn- 
pafed  to  public  view. 

Captain  Wallace  of  the  King 
Geprge  of  Brillol,  took  up  at  fea, 
oiF  Bermudas,  fix  men,  the  crew  of 
the/chooner  Nancy  of  BoHon,  one 
Gavian,  mailer ;  the  veiTel  in  a  hard 
gale  had  oycrfet,  but,  after  they 
had  cut  a,way  her  main-mal]:,  ilie 
righted  :  but  a  fea  foon  after  beat 
in  her  ftern,  and  having  a  quantity 
of  bricks  abaft,  her  Itern  funk  and 
her  head  ftuck  upright,  and  then 
the  people  -got  en  her  bow.  After 
the  liorm.  aba.ted,  they  got  fome 
mackerel  out  of,  the  vcllel,  and  an 
iron  infirument  to  ftrike  liih,  and 
making  an  awning  of  one  of  the 
fails,  v/hich  they  fixed  to  the  bow- 
fprit,  they  lived  there  46  days  be- 
fore Captain  Wallace  met  them  ; 
one  of  them  died  foon,  and  twa 
others  are  deprived  of  their  fenfcs. 

The 


CHRONICLE. 


^t 


The  Lord  Chief  Julllcc  of  the 
King's- bench  dechred  that  court's 
opinion  of  the  cafe  of  the  bank 
note  ftolen  out  of  the  mail,  and 
paid  away  by  the  robber,  who  re- 
ceived the  full  value  of  Mr,  Miller, 
at  the  poft-office  at  Hatfield,  and 
then  travelled  on  the  fame  road  in 
a  four-wheel  poft-chaife  and  four 
horfes,  and  at  the  feveral  ftages 
pa/Ted  off  feveral  other  bank  -notes 
he  had  taken  out  of  the  mail  at  the 
fame  time  ;  all  which,  at  the  requefl 
of  the  owner,  who  fent  them  hf 
the  poft,  were  llopt  by  Mr.  Rice, 
cafhier  of  the  Bank,  and  an  a£lion 
fufFered  to  be  brought  again  ft  Mr. 
Rice,  for  recovery  of  the  money  ; 
when,  after  very  learned  pleadings 
on  both  fides,  it  was  moft  folemnly 
determined,  *  That  any  perfon  pay- 

•  ing  a  valuable  confideration  for  a 

•  bank  note   to   bearer,  in  a   fair 

•  courfe   of  bufinefs,    has    an  un- 

•  doubted  right  to  recover  the  mo- 

•  ney  of  the  Bank.'  The  pretext 
for  flopping  them  at  the  Bank  was, 
becaule  they  had  been  altered,  the* 
figures  of  II,  which  denoted  the 
date,  having  been  by  the  robber 
dexteroufly  converted  to  a  4. 

This  day  being  appointed^or  the 
execution  of  the  15  feamen,  be- 
longing to  the  Namur,  the  boats 
from  ever/  ihip  in  commiflion, 
manned  and  armed,  attended,  and 
rowed  guard  round  the  Royal  Anne. 
A  little  before  12  o'clock  the  pri- 
foners  were  brought  up,  in  order  to 
be  executed,  and  the  halters  were 
fixing,  when  they  were  informed 
his  majerty  had  fhewn  mercy  to  14, 
but  they  were  to  draw  lojs  who 
fliould  be  the  man  that  was  to  fuf- 
fer  death.  Matthew  M'Can,  the 
fecond  man  that  drew,  had  the  un- 
fortunate chance  ;  and  accordingly, 
at  a  gun  fired  as  a  fignal,  he  was 
run  up  to  tha  yard-arm,  where- he 

Vol.  I. 


hung  for  near  an  hour.  The  re- 
prieved were  turned  over  to  the 
Grafton  and  Sunderland,  bound  ta 
the  £aft  Indies.  It  is  faid,  thecaufe 
of  the  mutiny  was  only  the  diflike 
they  had  to  quit  the  Namiir,  on 
board  which  ihipAdmiralBofcawen, 
when  he  took  upon  him  the  com- 
mand of  the  intended  expedition, 
hoifted  his  Hag,  and  was  to  bring 
the  crew  of  his  former  fiiip  with 
him. 

FEBRUARY. 

Monfieur  Rene  Brifon,  fe-  « 
cond  Captain  of  the  Prince  de  ^  * 
Soubife,  who  formerly  made  hisf 
efcape  from  where  he  refided  on  his 
parole  of  honour,  went  into  France, 
and  was  fent  back  by  order  of  the 
French  kingjmade  a  fecond  attempt 
to  efcape  out  of  Porcheller  callle, 
where  he  had  been  confined  ever 
iince  his  return.  He  had  bribed 
the  centinels  on  duty,  but  his  at- 
tempt being  fufpeded  by  the  officers 
of  the  prifon,  they  planted  others 
at  a  diftanee,  who  immediately  ap- 
prehended him,  and  carried  him 
back  to  the  caftle. 

A  marble  bull  of  Doflor  , 
ClaudiusGilbert,formerly  vice  4  * 
provoft  of  Dublin  collegein  Ireland, 
was  fet  up  in  that  college.— -Thi» 
excellent  perfon,  befides  other  va- 
luabledonations,  bequeathed  to  that 
college  a  colleftion  of  books,  con-  ^ 
filling  of  13C00  volumes,  chofen 
with  great  difcernment  and  care. 
His  bull  is  placed  at  the  head  of  thele. 
Jt  is  the  workmanlhip  of  Mr.  Ver- 
poil ;  and  for  the  exprellion  and 
elegance  does  great  haflour  to  the 
taAe  and  ikill  of  the  ilatuary. 

It  was  ordered  by  the  lords  ,  . 

fpiritual  and  temporal,  in  the        * 

parliament    of   Irehnd  alTembled, 

That  the  king  at  arms,  attended 

G  by 


82  ANNUAL    RE 

by  his  proper  officers,  do  blot  out 
and  deface  all  enfigns  of  honour, 
borne  by  fuch  perfons  as  have  no 
legal  title  thereto,  upon  their  car- 
riaoes,  plate,  and  furniture,  and  to 
make  regular  returns  of  their  pro- 
ceedings therein  to  the  clerk  of 
parliament. 
'    ,  His  majellyMhIp Lancas- 

ter being  paid  at  Spithcad^ 
abong  the  trades  people  that  car- 
ried goods  on  board,  were  a  great 
many  Jews,  who  had  large  quan- 
tities of  valuable  eiFeds  wich  them  ; 
the  Jews  not  mcering  with  the  fuc- 
cefs  they  defired,  were  refolved  to 
go  on  (hore  :  it  blew  very  hard, 
and  they  had  a  failing  boat,  which 
they  had  hired  for  that  purpofe. 
About  20  Jev^s,  and  a  few  other 
people,  got  into  her  with  their  ef- 
h6is,  but  they  had  not  gone  far, 
when  by  gibeiug  the  fail,  they  were 
overfet.  The  fbips  boats  imaiedi- 
ately  put  off,  and  took  up  9  or  jo 
oi  them.  Nine  Jews  were  drowned, 
and  two  died  after  they  were 
brought  on  board. 

,  Extrail  of  a  letter  from 

^3^°'    Portfmouth. 

**  Yellerday  arrived  here,  with 
a  meiTenger  belonging  to  th€  ad- 
miralty, in  the  greateft  hade,  a 
perfon  who  wa^;  immediately  in- 
troduced, by  orders  from  above, 
Jo  Admiral  Boflawer  ;  of  whom 
the  folio'vingparacUlnrs  have  rran- 
fpired.  This  pt^rfon  Avas  feme  time 
fince  mailer  of  an  Kn^;^lifli  velf^I, 
trading  from  port  to  ^ort  in  North 
America,  particularly  vp  the  river 
S?.  Laurence;  but  bc'iU'j^  rakpti  by 
the  en?my,  has  been  priforer  with 
the  General  Tv'Jon realm  and  othef^s 
near  three  year?,  who  vvoiild  net 
admit  of  any  exchnnge'f.jr  hicfi,  on 
account  of  his  extenfive  Jknaw^ed^re - 
of  nil  the  coaft,  more  pinico'laTly  . 
tne  ftrength  and  foundings  of  Que- 


GISTER,   1758. 

bee  and  Louifbourg  ;  they  there- 
fore came  to  a  refolution  to  fend 
him  to  Old  France,  in  ihe  next 
packet-boat,  there  to  be  confined 
till  the  end  of  the  war.  He  was 
accordingly  embarked  (the  only 
Englifliman)  and  the  packet  put  oa 
board.  In  their  voyage  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  cabbin,  where  he 
took  notice  one  day,  they  bundled 
up  the  packet,  and  put  it  into  a 
canvas  bag,  having  prcvioufly  there- 
to made  it  ready  to  be  thrown  over-  ^ 
board,  upon  any  danger  of  being 
t^ken. 

They  were  conflrained  to  put 
into  Vigo  for  fome  provifions,  as 
alfo  to  gain  fome  intelligence  of  the 
Englifh  in  thofe  feas,  and  there 
found  one  or  more  Englilh  men  of 
war  at  anchor ;  upon  which  he 
thought  it  a  proper  opportunity  of 
putting  the  following  Icheme  in  exe- 
cution. One  night  taking  the  op- 
portunity of  all,  but  the  watch,  be- 
ing in  a  found  fleep,  he  took  the 
packet  out  of  the  bag,  and  having 
fixed  it  to  his  m.ouih,  he  filently< 
let  him felf  down  into  the  bay  j  and 
to  prevent  noife  by  fwimming, 
floated  upon  his  back  into  the  wake 
of  the  Englifh  man  of  war,  where 
he  fee u red  himfclf  by  the  hav/fer  ; 
and  upon  calling  out  for  aflillance, 
was  inimediacely  taken  on  board». 
and  the  packet  entire.  The  cap. 
taiei  examined  him,  treated  him 
with  great  humanity,  gave  him  a 
fiiir  of  bis  own  cfoachs,  fcarlet 
trimmed  with  black  velvet,  which 
he  htre  appeared  in,  tranfcribtd 
the  packer,  which  is  faid  to  be  of 
the  utmoft  importance,  iri  regard 
to  our  fuccefs  in  North  America, 
and  then  f6ht  him  over  land,  with 
the  copy  of  the  packet  to  Li{bon  :  • 
from  whence  he  was  brought  to  ; 
Falmouth  in  a  floop  of  war,  and 
immediately  fctout  poft  for  London.     ' 

Upoa 


CHRONICLE. 


^3 


Upon  his  arrival  in  town,  he  was 
examined  by  the  proper  perfons  in 
the  adminiltration,  and  rewarded 
with  a  prefent  fupply  ;  and  by  hij 
own  delire  was  immediately  fent  to 
Portrmouth,  to  go  out  on  board 
Admiral  Bofcawen's  own  (hip,  upon 
the  prefent  expedition  to  North 
America,  where  he  is  to  have  the 
command  of  a  (loop  of  war. 

,  Admiral  Bofcawen,  with 

'9  •  the  fleetunder  his  command, 
failed  from  St.  Helen'^  for  North 
America.  The  Invincible,  one  of 
his  fleet,  of  74  guns,  Captain 
Bcnilcy,  mifTed  her  Itays,  and  run 
upon  a  flaton  the  eait  of  St.  Helen's, 
Her  men,  ggns,  ftores,  Sec.  were 
taken  out,  but  that  fine  Ihip  was 
qui^e  lort. 

Onie  of  the  Ihips  lately  arrived 
from  the  eaft  country,  fhipped  fuch 
a  quantity  of  water,  and  in  the  late 
cold  weather  it  froze  to  that  degree, 
that  the  captain  computed  he  had 
above  forty  toqs  of  ice  on  board. 
Four  of  his  men  periflied  by  the 
cold.  They  were  obliged  to  cut 
their  way  through  the  ice  into  the 
hold  of  the  fhip. 

n  There  was  as  great  a  mar- 
*ket  for  fat  cattle  at  Seven-oaks 
in  Kent,  as  was  ever  known,  not- 
withllanding  which  they  fold  at  a 
high  price  fiom  141020!.  ahead.-  — 
By  an  authentic  liil  it  appears,  that 
there  pafled  through  Iflington  turn- 
pike for  Smithfield  market,  from 
Jan.  1754,  to  Jan.  i,  1755,  oxen 
zStg<i2y  flieep  267,565  ;  and  from 
Jans  I,  1757,  to  Jan.  i,  1758,  oxen 
30,952,  fhecp  200, 1  So.  By  which 
it  appears,  that  there  is  a  decreafe 
of  more  than  67,000  flieep  in  this 
laft  year,  and  an  increafe  only  of 
about  2000  oxen,  which  is  by  no 
means  a  jufl  proportion  ;  fo  that  on 
this  principle  the  increafe  of  the 
price  of  meat  may  be  accounted  for. 


Extradl  of  a  letter  from  Rear- Ad* 
miral  Cotes    to    Mr.  Clevjand, 
dated  on  board  his  majefty's  ihip 
the  Marlborough,    November  9, 
1757,  in  Port-Royal  Harbour. 
*•   I  he  25th  of  lall  month.  Cap- 
tain Forreft,  in  his  majefly'sfliip  the 
Auguila,  with  the  Dreadnought  an4 
Edinburgh  under  his  command,  re- 
turned from  their  cruize  off  Cape 
Francois.      Captain   Forreft  gives 
me  the   following    account   of  an 
adion  that  happened  the  2ifl:,   be- 
tween the  fliipb  under  his  command, 
and  feven  French  fliips  of  war. 

At  feven  in  the  morning,  the 
Dreadnought  made  the  iignal  foj" 
feeing  the  enemy's  fleet  coming 
out  of  Cape  Fran9ois ;  we  made 
fail  ro  difcover  them  plain  ;  and 
at  half  paft  eight  made  feven  fail 
of  large  ftiips,  a  fchooner,  and  a 
pilot  boar.  1  then  made  the  flgnal 
for  the  line  a-head,  and  fhortened 
fail,  to  let  the  enemy  come  up,  and 
to  preferve  the  weather-gage.  At 
noon  faw  with  great  certainty  they 
were  four  ftiips  of  the  line,  and 
three  large  frigates.  I  then  made 
the  Iignal  for  the  Captains  Suckling 
and  Langdon,  who  agreed  with  me 
to  engage  them :  accordingly  we 
bore  down,  and  about  twenty  mi- 
nutes afcer  three,  the  adion  began 
with  great  brilknefs  on  both  fides, 
and  continued  for  two  hours  and  an 
half,  when  the  French  commodore 
made  a  fignal,  and  one  of  the  fri- 
gates immediately  came  to  tow  him 
out  of  the  line,  and  the  reft  of  the 
French  ihips  followed  him.  Our 
fliips  had  fufi^ered  fo  much  in  their 
malts,  fails,  and  rigging,  that  wo 
were  in  no  cpndition  to  parfuc 
them.  Both  ofiicefsand  fcamen  be- 
haved witlT  the  greateft  refolution 
the  whole  time  of  the  adion,  and 
were  unhappy  at  the  concluflon  of 
it,  that  the  ihips  were  not  iu.a  con- 
G  2  dition 


84 


ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1758. 


dition  to  follow  the  French,  who 
had  frigates  to  tow  them  off.  I  am 
informed  the  French,  on  this  oc- 
cafion,  had  put  on  board  the  Sceptre 
her  full  complement  of  guns,  either 
from  the  (hore,  or  out  of  the  India 
fliip;  and  had  alfo  mounted  the 
Outarde  ftore-fhip  with  her  full  pro- 
portion of  guns;  and  had  taken 
not  only  the  men  out  of  the  mer- 
chant fhips,  but  foldiers  from  the 
garrifon,  in  hopes  their  appearance 
would  frighten  our  fmall  fquadron, 
and  oblige  them  to  leave  their  coaft 
clear  for  them  to  carry  out  their 
large  convoy  of  merchant  fhips ; 
but  our  captains  were  too  gallant 
to  be  terrified  at  their  formidable 
appearance  ;  and  fo  far  from  avoid- 
ing them,  that  they  bore  down, 
and  engaged  with  the  greatcft  refo- 
lution  and  good  conduft.  And  I 
have  the  pleafure  to  acquaint  their 
lordlhips,  that  the  captains,  officers, 
feamen,  and  marines,  have  done 
their  duty  on  this  occafion,  much 
to  their  honour ;  and  I  hope  their 
good  behaviour  will  be  approved 
by  their  lordfhips. 

William  Page,  who  had  not  long 
before  taken  his  trial  at  the  Old 
Bailey,  and  at  Hertford  affizes,  for 
divers  robberies  on  the  highway, 
and  was  acquitted  at  both  places, 
was,  after  a  fliort  trial  at  Rochefter 
aflizes,  found  guilty  for  robbing  the 
late  commiflioner  Farrinbgton,  about 
two  year^  ago,  on  the  evidence  of 
Che  fervant. 

^r  Richard  William  Vaughan, 
'  *  late  a  linen-draper  at  Staf- 
ford, was  committed  to  Newgate, 
for  counterfeiting  the  notes  of  ihe 
Bank  of  England.  He  had  em- 
ployed feveral  artifts  to  engrave  the 
different  parts  of  the  ncite,  by 
onb  of  whom  the  difcov^ry  was 
made.  He  had  filled  up  to  the 
number  of  20,   and  depcii.ed  them 


in  the  hands  of  a  young  lady,  whom 
he  courted,  as  a  proof  of  his  being 
a  perfon  of  fubftance.  This  is  the 
firft  attempt  of  the  kind  that  ever 
was  made. 

Mrs.  Dennington,  a  qua-         , 
ker  of  eighty  years  of  age,      " 
at  Harefield  in  Middlefex,  was  bap< 
tized,  and  admitted  a  member  of 
the  church  of  England. 

MARCH. 

His  grace  the  Duke  of  Rich-  « 
mond  ordered  a  room  at 
Whitehall  to  be  opened  for  the  ufe 
of  thofe  who  ftudy  painting,  fculp- 
ture,  and  engraving,  in  which  is 
contained  a  large  colleftion  of  ori- 
ginal plailler  caits  from  the  beil  an- 
tique ftatues  and  bulls  now  at  Rome 
and  Florence,  where  any  painter 
fculptor,  carver,  or  other  artift, 
to  whom  the  ftudy  of  thefe  gefies 
may  be  of  ufe,  will  have  liberty 
to  draw,  or  model  at  any  time  : 
and  upon  application  to  the  perfon 
that  has  the  care  of  them,  any 
particular  figure  will  be  placed  in 
fuch  a  light  as  the  artift  (hall  de- 
fire.  And  any  young  man  or  boy, 
the  age  of  twelve  years, 
Ifo  have  the  fame  liberty, 
recommendation  from  any 
known  artift.  On  Saturdays, MefTrs. 
Wilton  and  Capriani  are  to  attend 
to  fee  what  progrefs  each  has  made, 
to  coireft  their  drawings  and  mo- 
dels, and  to  give  them  fuch  inftruc- 
tions  as  fhall  be  thought  neceffary. 
There  will  be  given  at  Chriftmas 
and  Midfummer  annually  to  thofe 
who  diftinguifli  themTclves  by 
making  the  greateft  progrefs,  the 
following  premiums :  a  figure  will 
be  felefted  from  the  reft,  and  a 
large  filver  medal  will  be  given 
for  the  bf  ft  dcfign  of  it,  and  ano- 
ther for  the  beft  model  i«  baffo 
,  xelievo 


above 
may   ; 


by 


CHRONICLE, 


I 


6th. 


I 


relievo.  A  fmaller  filver  medal  for 
the  fecond  bell  defign,  and  one 
for  the  fecond  bcft  baflb  relievo. 
The  fervant  who  takes  care  of  the 
room  has  llrid  orders  not  to  receive 
any  money.      ^ 

,  The  court-martial  on  Com- 
^^  *  modore  Pye  at  Portfmouth 
ended.  He  was  charged  for  mal- 
praftices  in  the  management  of  his 
command  abroad  ;  but  the  court 
was  plcafed  to  acquit  him  of  that 
charge,  and  only  reprimanded  him 
for  a  negled  in  not  acquainting 
the  naval  officer,  that  a  fchooncr 
which  he  bought  coll  200 1.  cur- 
rency, for  which  the  naval  officer 
had  by  miftake  charged  ^o-  1. 
lUrling  ;  and  alfo  for  having  in- 
teri'ered  in  purchafing  naval  llores, 
the  naval  officer  being  upon  the 
fpot. 

A  court  of  enquiry  at  Portf- 
mouth  began  and  ended  on 
board  the  Royal  George,  con- 
cerning the  lofs  of  his  majefty's 
fhip  Invincible,  The  principals 
•xamined  were  the  pilots,  who 
made  it  appear,  that  the  lofs  of 
her  was  owing  to  no  mifcondudl 
in  the  mailer,  and  declared,  that 
had  the  Ihip  been  their  own,  they 
Ihould  have  -behaved  juft  as  he  had 
done  ;  whereupon  the  mailer  was  fet 

at  liberty. Other  accounts   take 

notice  that  the  fands  on  which  (he 
was  loft,  were  higher  than  ufual. 

Florence  Henfey,  M.  D.  was 
committed  to  Newgate,  charged 
with  high-treafon. 

1  About  200  failors,  armed 
"  *  with  clubs,  went  to  the  back 
of  the  Point  at  Portfmouth  to  a 
public  houfe,  which  they  pulled 
almoll  down  ;  they  threw  the  beds 
and  furniture  about  the  llrcet,  and 
ftove  all  the  beer  in  the  cellar  ; 
after  which  they  came  into  the 
town,  and  went  into  fevcral  pub- 


85 

lie  houfes,  broke  the  windows,  ftove 
the  butts  of  beer,  and  did  other  con- 
fiderable  damage. 

The  powder  mills  belong-  , 

ing  to  Mr.  Smith  at  Houn-  ^'  * 
flow  blew  up;  but  happily  no  lives 
were  loft.  This  accident,  no  doubt, 
gave  rife  to  the  following  paragraph 
in  the  Reading  Mercury  of  this  day» 

*  Reading,  March  12.  Laft  night, 

*  about  nine  o'clock,  a  flight  fliock 

*  of  an  earthquake  was  felt  at  Cole- 

*  brook,    Maidenhead,    and  other 

*  places  between  London  and  this 

*  town,  but  we  do  not  hear  of  any 
'  damage  it  has  done.     It  was  alfo 

*  perceived  here.* 
Mr.  Henry  Raine,  of  St.  George 

MiddleffX,    having    in     his    life- 
time built  and  endowed  an  hofpital 
for  forty  girls    taken    out    of    the 
charity  fchool,  and  maintained;  by 
his  will,  dated  Oflober  17,   1736, 
bequeathed  4000  1.  in   3  percent, 
annuities  to  truftees  to  accumulate 
and  improve  the  growing  dividends 
until  the  fame  fhall  produce  yearly 
210I.    to  be    difpoled  of  in  mar- 
riage   portions    to     two   maidens 
brought  up  in  his  hofpital,    (viz. 
100 1.    and    5 1,      for    a    wedding 
dinner  each)  who  ftiall   have  con- 
tinued   there    four  years,  attained 
the  age  of  22,  and  be  beft  recom- 
mended by  the  mafters  or  miftref- 
fes,  whom  they  may  have  ferved, 
for  piety,  indiiftry,  and  a  conftant 
conformity  to  the  eftablifhed  church. 
The   trultees    have    given     notice, 
that     the     fum    deftined    for    this 
laudable    purpofe     is   compleated, 
and  by  an  advcrtifement  fummoned 
the  maidens  educated    in  the   faid 
hofpital,  to  appear  on  the  4th  of 
next  month,  with  proper  certificates 
of  their  paft  behaviour  and  prefcnt 
circumllances,     in    order    that  fix 
may  be  feleded    of    the  moft  de- 
ferving,  to  draw   lots  on  ine  firll 

G3 


86 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


of  May  for  the  prize  of  lool.  to 
be  paid  on  the  5th  of  November 
following  as  her  marriage  portion, 
to  an  honcft  man,  a  member  of  the 
church  of  England,  refiding  in  the 
parifhes  of  St.  Georg,e,  St.  Paul, 
Shadwel],  or  St.  John  Wapping, 
and  approved  by  the  truftees  ;  at 
which  time  another  girl  will  be  add- 
ed to  the  five  who  fhall  have  drawn 
blanks  before:  and  to  her  who 
ihall  then  draw  the  prize  will  be 
paid  |col.  on  her  marriage  thefirft 
of  May  following  ;  the  remaining 
five  to  continue  intitled  to  a  chance 
twice  in  every  year,  when  a  new 
candidate  .will  be  admitted,  that 
pvery  girl  educated  in  this  hofpital, 
and  careful  of  her  charadler,  may 
have  a  chance  for  this  noble  dona- 
tion. 

'  Mifs  Bsb.  Wyndham,  of 

?3^^^'  Salisbury,  fifter  of  Henry 
Wyndham;  Efq;  of  that  city,  a 
tnaiden  lady  of  ample  fortune,  or- 
dered her  banker  to  prepare  the 
fum  of  loool.  to  be  immediately 
yemitted,  in  her  own  name,  as  a 
It  to  the  king  of  Pruffia. 


A  notorious  jmpoftor  was 
detefled       at     Edinburgh. 


prefeni 

14th. 

Wnen  taken  up,  he  had  on  four  pair 
of  thick  coarfe  ftockings,  a  pillow 
under  his  waiftcoat,  and,  by  an 
affedled  motion  in  his  head  and 
hands,  has  had  the  addrefs  for  fome 
time  pall,  to  pafs  upon  the  inhabi- 
tants as  both  dropfical  and  paraly- 
tica!, and  a  very  great  object  of 
charity.  When  freed  of  his  dref- 
f  ngs,  he  comes  put  to  be  a  ftrong 
well  made  fellow,  and  was  imme- 
diately feat  to  the  calUe,  as  very  fit 
to  ferve  as  a  foldier. 

Mr.  3:nelc,  oHe  of  the  engineers 
l^elonging  to  the  board  of  ord- 
nance, is  now  at  Tinmouth  caftle, 
kaving   orders   to  repair    the   old 


works,  build  barracks  for  1000  men, 
and  to  eredl  new  batteries  towards 
the  fea,  in  order  to  defend  and  be 
a  fafeguard  to  the  ihips  when  at  an- 
chor in  the  road. 

A  moll  (hocking  murder  , 

was  committed  at  Hamble-  ^^  • 
ton  on  the  Hill,  a  tillage  near 
Oakham  in  Rutlandfliire,  upon  the 
bodies  of  Anne  Woods  and  Robert 
Broome,  two  poor  aged  cottagers, 
by  John  Swanfon  of  that  neigh- 
bourhood. Woods  had  employed 
Broome  to  trim  a  hedgey  in  a 
ground  not  far  from  her  houfe  ; 
Swanfon,  being  of  the  fame  oc- 
cupation, and  envious  to  fee  an- 
other preferred  to  himfelf,  went 
to  the  hedge  with  a  hatchet  un- 
der his  arm  ;  but  before  he  had 
got  three  parts  of  the  way,  he 
met  the  old  woman  returning 
home  from  the  man  ;  and,  with- 
out any  previous  falutation,  knock- 
ed her  down  with  his  hatchet. 
He  then  went  to  the  place  where 
the  poor  man  was  at  work, 
knocked  him  down  in  the  like' 
manner,  chopt  off  his  head  with 
the  hatchet,  opened  his  body,  and 
plucked  out  his  heart,  which  he 
wrapt  up  with  the  head,  in  a 
piece  of  old  rag.  He  then  re- 
turned to  the  dead  corpfe  of  the 
woman,  cut  down  her  flays  before, 
opened  her  body,  and  pulling  out 
her  heart,  bound  up  both  the 
hearts  and  head  together,  which 
he  carried  home,  and  hid  in  a 
cheft  under  his  own  bed.  The 
officers  of  the  parifh,  receiving 
information  that  Broome  was  mur- 
dered, immediately  turned  their 
fufpicions  upon  Swanfon,  and  went 
the  fame  night  to  Swanfon's  houfe, 
and,  being  admitted,  charged  him 
with  the  murder,  who,  after  {land- 
ing   dumb   abopt   three   minutes, 

cop- 


CHRONICLE. 


87 


confeffed  the  whole  ;  and  that  Ro- 
bert Broome's  head,and  both  hearts, 
lay  concealed  under  his  bed.  He 
was  fecurcd  immedir.rely,  and  com- 
mitred  to  Oakham  gaol. Ic  ap- 
pears by  all  the  circumftances  of 
this  murder,  that  the  man  was  mad, 
and  ought  to  have  been  confined 
long  before. 

Admiralty-Office. 
Extraft  of  a  letter  from  Commo- 
dore Holmes  to  Mr.  Clevland, 
dated  from  on  board  the  Sea- 
horfe,  at  anchor  cfr  Embden, 
March  21,  175S. 
**  It  is  with  the  greateft  plea- 
fure  that  I  acquaint  my  lords 
commiffioners  of  the  admiralty  of 
the  fuccefs  of  his  majefly's  fliips 
in  this  river.  The  enemy  had 
not  fufFered  the  buoys  to  be  laid 
this  year,  thinking  by  that  means 
to  obftrudl  any  attempts  for  the 
recovery  of  Embden  at  fea.  It 
was,  therefore,  with  equal  furprize 
and  concern,  that  they  pbferved 
the  arrival  of  his  majcfty's  (hips 
Scahorfe  and  Strom bolo  ;  and  after 
having  doubled  the  number  of 
their  workmen  upon  the  batteries 
they  had  b?gun,  they  fet  about 
raifing  three  more  towards  the 
fea,  with  all  expedition,  expecting 
to  be  attacked  from  that  quarter. 
On  the  17th,  the  Seahorfe  and 
Strombolo  anchored  between  Delf- 
zeil  and  Knock,  and  on  the  i8ch 
they  came  to  their  ilation  between 
Knock  and  Embden,  by  which  the 
enemy  faw  themfelves  cut  off  from 
all  communication  down  the  river. 
They  continued  working  on  their 
batteries  towards  the  iea,  but  at 
the  fame  time  made  all  the  ne- 
ceffary  preparaticuis  for  evacuating 
the  place.— The  garrifon  confided 
of,  French  fooj  of  Prince  D'Ku's 
regiment,  1300.— -Horfe  of  Gene- 
ral Lufignaa'i  regiment,, 300. 


Ditto  of  the  regiment  Bellefont  du 
Roy,  300.— Ditto  Orleaiis,  400.-  — 
Ditto  Bourbon  Buffet,  300. ---Au- 
flrian  foot  of  the  regiment  of  Prince 
Charles  of  Lorraine,  and  Colonel 
Van  Pflatz,  1 100.— Two  companies 
of  artillery,  of  60  men  each,  120. 
---In  all  3720. --On  the  19th,  at 
fix  in  the  morning,  the  French 
troops  were  under  arms,  and  march- 
ed out  of  the  town  before  night. 
And,  en  the  20th,  the  Auflrians 
began  their  march  at  nine  in  the 
morning.  About  noon,  and  not 
before,  I  had  intelligence  of  thef^ 
operations,  and  that  they  had  been 
tranfporticg  their  baggage  and 
cannon  up^the  river  in  fmall  vef- 
fels  over  night  ;  and  that  one  of 
them  was  laying  round  a  point  of 
land,  at  fome  diftance  from  us, 
to  go  up  by  the  next  tide.  So  foon 
as  we  could  ftem  the  tide,  I  dif- 
patched  the  armed  cutter  Acrias, 
and  two  of  my  boats,  in  purfuit  of 
the  enemy.  They  came  up  with 
the  veffel  we  had  intelligence  of,. 
and  took  her.  I  reinforced  them 
by  another  boat,  and  the  whole 
detachment  commanded  by  Captain 
Taylor  continued  the  chace  up 
the  river.  The  enemy  at  this 
time  lined  both  fides  of  it,  and 
gave  the  firft  fire  on  the  boats, 
who  were  then  coming  up  with 
three  of  their  armed  veiTels.  The 
fire  was  briflcly  returned  on  our 
fide  ;  and  in  fight  of  their  army, 
and  under  their  fire,  Capt.  Taylor 
came  op  with  one  of  them,  at- 
tacked her,  ran  her  aground,  and 
carried  her,,  after  fome  firing  on 
both  fides.  The  officers  and  men 
left  the  veflel  to  recover  the  fhore, 
in  attempting  of  which,  fome  of 
them  were  dropt  by  the  fire  from 
the  boats.  The  other  two  veffels, 
which  had  the  cannon  on  beard, 
got  clear  under  favour,  of  the  night, 
G  1  anti 


E8         ANNUAL     REGISTER,    1758. 

^nd  cover  of  their  army.    The  firft     veflel    during   the    fcufile, 


veflel  taken,  had  the  fon  of  Lieu- 
tenant    Cx)lonel     Schollheins,     of 
•Prince  Charles  of  Lorraine's  regi- 
ment, and  one  corporal  and  one  pio- 
neer on  board,  with  fome  baggage 
t)elonging   to  his  father.      There 
was    fonrie    money    found,    which, 
partly  from  the  fpecies,  and  partly 
from  the  manner  of  its  being  made 
up,  was  concluded   to  be  pay  for 
the  troops,  and  therefore  detained, 
together    with    the    corporal    and 
pioneer,  and  all   the  little  imple- 
tnents  of  war  they  had  with  them. 
As  for  the  lieutenant-colpners  fon, 
iie  is  but  a   boy,  and  not   of  an 
age  to  be  regarded  as  an  enemy  ; 
for  which  reafon  I  have  fent  him 
aihore  to  be  returned  to  his  father, 
with  all  his  and  k'l?  father's  things : 
and  have  wrote  to  his  father,  that, 
upon   hi?   giving  me  his  honour, 
t-hat  the  money  is  truly  his  pjivate 
property,  it  fhall  be  returned.  The 
other  vejlel    that  was   taken,  had 
on   board  Major  de  Bertrand,  M. 
Von  Longen,  commiiTary  of  war ; 
M.  Trajane,  adjutant  de  la  place; 
N.   Le  Bouffe,  lieutenant  of  artil- 
lery, and   a  guard  of  private  men, 
with    three    homages,    which    they 
had  carried  off  from  Embden,  viz. 
Eodo  Wilhelm  Zur  Michlen,  doftor 
of  laws,  prefident  of  the  college  de 
^Quarantes,  and  adminiftrator  of  the 
royal  and  provincial  college  at  Au- 
f ich ;  Baron  Vone  Hane,  ofLeci, 
adminiflrator '  at    Embden;     and 
Haiko  George  Eden,  adminillrator 
of  Leer.     M.  Eodo  Wilhelm  Zur 
^ich,}po,   received  a  fhot  in    the 


but  k 
is  not  dangerous.  From  him  I 
had  the  account  already  given  to 
their  lordfhips,  of  the  happy  effed 
the  prefence  of  his  majelty's  two 
ihips  have  produced,  by  occafion- 
ing  the  fudden  evacuation  of  the 
enemy  out  of  the  town  of  Em,b- 
den." 

An  account  arrived,  that  on  the 
28th  of  February,  between   Cape 
de  Gatt  and  Carthagena,  Admiral 
Olborn  fell  in  with  M.  du  Quefne 
in   the  *  Foudroyant    of  80,    the 
Orpheus  of  64,    the  Oriflame  of 
50,  and  the   Pleiade  of  24.  guns, 
which    were    the    four   fhips   fent 
from  Toulon  to   reinforce  M.    de 
Clue  at    Carthagena.     On   feeing 
the  Englilh  fquadron  they  imme- 
diately difperfed  and  fleered  differ- 
ent courfes.     About  feve.n  in   the 
evening,  Captain  Storr  in  the  Re- 
venge of  64,  fupported  by  Captain 
Hughes    in   the    Berwick   of  64, 
and  Captain  Evans   in    the  Pref- 
ton  of  50  guns,  took  the  Orpheus, 
commanded   by    M.    de   Harville, 
with  502  men.   Captain  Gardiner, 
in  the  Monmouth  of  64,  fupported 
by  Captain  Stanhope  in  the  Swift- 
fure  of  70,  and  Captain   Hervey, 
in  the  Hampton-court  of  64  guns, 
about  one  in   the   morning,    took 
theFoudroyant,  on  board  of  which 
was  the  Marquis  du  Quefne,  chief 
d'Efcadre,  with   800  men.     Cap- 
tain Rowley,   in   the  Montagu  of 
60,  and   Captain  Montagu,  in  the 
Monarch  of  74  guns,  run  the  Ori- 
flame a-ftiore,  under  the  caftle  of 
Aiglois  J  and  had  it  not  been  for 


f  The  iengti)  of  Le  Foudroyant,  at  Gibr^tar,  taken  from  her  carpenter's 
Recount,  js 

FeetFr;  Feet  Eng.    Li. 
Fypm  her  fljern  to  the  taffarel         — — -        r-r—  171     ir     185  3 

Length  of  her  keel  '      '    '. — — i44     ^^     ^5^ 

being  12  feet  Fonger  than  an  "Englifli  firft  rate  ;  her  extreme  breadth  about  50 

Wet.  lieai'Jy  ti\e  fame  with  our  firft  i-atc,  . 

'■'^  '■■'  A  ,  ' yiolating 


CHRONICLE. 


"9 


violating  the  neutrality  of  the  coaft 
of  Spain,  they  would  certainly  have 
deftroyed  her.  The  Pleiade,  of  24 
guns,  got  away  by  mere  o^t  fail- 
ing our  fhips. 

in  this  adion  Captain  Gardiner 
was  killed  *,  and  Captain  Storr 
loll  the  calf  of  one  of  his  legs. 
The  very  gallant  and  brave  be- 
haviour of  the  officers  and  fea- 
men  on  this  occafion,  deferved  the 
higheft  commendations ;  particular- 
ly that  of  Lieutenant  Carket,  of  the 
Monmouth,  who  f ,  after  the  cap- 
tain's death,  engaged  and  difabled 
the  Foudroyant  in  fuch  a  manner, 
as  to  oblige  her  to  flrike  as  foon  as 
the  other  Ihips  came  up;  for  which 
fervice  Admiral  Oiborne  gave  him 
the  command  of  the  Foudroyant  as 
a  reward. 

^j.  ,  At  York   AlTizes,   which 

ended  the  25th,  four  per- 
fons  were  found  guilty  of  high 
treafon  in  obftru6ling  the  militia 
a(^,  and  received  fentence  of  death 
accordingly  ;  t^o  of  the  Wefleydale 
rioters  were  likewife  convidled  for 
violently  taking  away  meal  on  the 
highway  in  returning  from  market: 
about  twenty  prifoners  more  were 
tried  for  riots,  fome  of  whom  were 
continued,  others  fined  and  impri- 
Ibned,  and  others  admitted  to 
bail.  Great  lenity  was  (hewn  by 
;he  judges  and  jury,  where  the 
prifoners  did  not  appear  to  aft  with 
premeditation. 

It  is  reported,  that  at  a  quarry 
near    Fulwell-HiUs   cear    Sunder-/ 


land,  the  fkeleion  of  a  man  was 
found,  which  meafured  nine  feet 
and  upwards. 

APRIL.. 

Came  on  to  be  tried  at  ^  , 
Kingfton  afllzes  before  the  ■*  ' 
Hon.  Sir  Michael  FoUer,  Knight, 
and  a  fpecial  jury  of  gentlemen  of 
the  county  of  Surry,  the  trial  by 
way  of  indi£lment  againft  jVTartha 
Grey,'  for  obflrufting  certain'  foot- 
ways, leading  from  Eall-Sheene 
thro' Rijzhmond  Park.  The  defend- 
ant declined  entering  into  the  me- 
rits, but  refled  her  defence  on  an 
objeftion  to  the  indidment,  that 
Eall-Sheene,  which  in  the  indid- 
ment  was  laid  to  be  in  the  parifh  of 
Wimbleton,  was  in  the  parifh  of 
Mortlakc  ;  but  it  appearing  to  the 
fatisfadion  of  the  judge  and  jury, 
that  Mortlake  was  not  a  parifh,  but 
a  chapelary  in  Wimbleton,  thejory 
found  the  defendant  guilty. 

Between  the  hours  of  10  , 
and  II  at  night,  the  tern-  *^^  ' 
porary  wooden  bridge,  built  for 
the  convenience  of  carriages  and 
palTengers,  whilH  London-bridge 
was  widening  and  repairing,  was 
difcovered  to  be  on  fire,  and  con- 
tinued burning  till  noon  the  next 
day,  when  the  ruins  fell  into  the 
Thames.  An  advertifement  was 
publifhed  by  Mr.  Secretary  Pitt, 
with  the  offer  of  his  Majefty's  par- 
don to  the  difcoverer  of  the  perpe- 
trators of  fo  vile  and  .wicked   an 


*  Captain  Gardiner  was  fliot  thro' the  arm  the  firft  fire  5  and  foon  after,  as  he 
vas  encouraging  his  ptople,  and  enqnirlnt^  what  damage  they  had  i'ultained  be- 
tween decks,  he  received  a  fccond  wound,  by  a  mulket  ball,  in  the  forehead, 
>vhich  proved  fatal  to  him. 

f  The  Monmouth  had  150  men  killed  and  wounded;  the  Foudroyant  joo. 
The  lol's  of  malls  on  both  licles  brought  on  a  dole  engagement,  which  lalU-d 
till  the  Swiftfure  came  up.  M.  du  Quclne  refuled,  however,  to  deliver  his  fwoni 
to  the  Captain  of  the  Swiftiurcj  but  gave  it  with  great  politenef*  to  Lieutenant 
.^'arkct.' 

adion 


90        ANNUAL     REGISTER, 

adion  (it  being  fuppofed  to  be  done 
ivihuJly  and  malicioufly),  and  the 
city  offered  a  reward  of  200 1,  for 
the  fame  purpofe.  The  Lord 
Mayor  Jicenfed  40  boats  extraordi- 
nary to  work  on  the  three  fucceed- 
jng  Lord's  days,  whofe  Rations  v/ere 
jadvertifed  in  the  public  papers, 
and  a  great  number  of  hands  were 
fet  ro  work  to  make  a  paflage 
over  the  remains  of  the  old  bridge. 
This  unhappy  accident  proved 
very  detrimental  to  the  inhabitants 
on  each  Cidt  the  bridge,  and  put 
a  great  l^op  to  the  trade  of  Lon- 
<^on  and  Southwark.  The  inha- 
bitants of  the  Borough  were  alfo 
greatly  diftrefiTcd,  by  thedeftroying 
the  troughs,  which  conveyed  water 
to  them  during  the  repairing  of  the 
bridge. 

Baron  Kniphaufen,  minifter  ple- 
nipotentiary from  the  King  of  Pruf- 

fia,    had  his  firft  audience  of  his 

majefly,  and  on   the  13th,  of  the 

Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Princefs 

Dowager. 

,  A    proof  was    made    at 

7     •    Paris  of  a  cannon  of  a  new 

invention,  which  fires  fixty  times 

in   ten   minutes  without  fpunging. 

With  a  proper  charge  of  pmvder  it 

carries    100    weight  of  lead^    and 

one    man    may   bear   its  carriage. 

Another  cannon  of  like  conflrudion 

has  been  proved  in  Pruffia. 

,  London-bridge  was  open- 

^9^^'    ed  for  foot-pafTengers  in  the 

reparation    of     which    above    500 

workmen  were  con  Aantly  employed, 

Sundays  not  excepted. 

James  White,  aged  25,  and  WrJ- 

t^r  White,   his   brother,   aged  22, 

were  executed  at  Kennington  Com- 
mon, for  breaking  open  and  rob- 
bing the  dsveiling-houfe  of  farmer 

Vincent  of  Crauley.  They  aoknow- 

le^C'^d  the  juilnefs  of  their  fentence, 

bu:    laid  ilicir  ;a-n  to  an  accom- 


1758. 

plice,  who,  they  declared,  decoyed 
them  from  their  labouring  work, 
by  telling  them  how  eafily  money 
was  to  be  got  by  thieving.— While 
the  unhappy  wretches  were  hang- 
ing, a  child  about  nine  months  old 
was  put  into  the  hands  of  the  exe- 
cutioner, who  nine  times,  with  one 
of  the  hands  of  each  of  the  dead 
bodies,  ftroked  the  child  over  the 
face.  It  feems  the  child  had  a  wen 
on  one  of  its  cheeks,  and  that  fu- 
perllitious  notion,  which  has  long 
prevailed,  of  being  touched  as  be- 
fore mentioned,  is  looked  on  as  a 
cure. 

Was  held  the  anniverfary  , 

meeting  of  the  fons  of  the  ^ 
clergy  ;  at  which  were  prefent  his 
grace  the  Lord  Archbifhop  of  Can- 
terbury, prefident,  and  the  Lord 
Chief  Juflice  Willes,  vice  prefident 
of  the  corporation,  the  Right  Ho- 
nourable the  Lord  Mayor,  the 
Bliliops  of  Ely,  Lincoln,  Carlifle, 
Salifbury,  Rochefler,  Litchfield, 
Cheller,  Gloucefter  and  St. David's, 
and  moft  of  the  Aldermen.  The 
fermon  was  preached  by  the  Reve- 
rend Dr.  Ibbetfon,  archdeacon  of 
St.  Alban's,  and  the  colle-fiion  in  the 
whole  (including  a  bank  note  of 
J  ool.  given  bySamfon  Gideon, Efq;) 
amounted  to  1066I.  14s.  which 
is  above  i  50I.  more  than  Jaftyear. 
The  money  colleded         .     „ 

onTuefday  3^6   18     o 

Yefterday  at  St.  Paul's  207  i  6 
At  Merchant  Taylor's  . 

Hall  552  14     6 


£.  1066  14    o 
Extrj(fi  of  a  letter  from  Kenfmgton, 
in  Connedlicut. 
**  On    the  third   inrtant,    about 
fun-rife,  at  this  place  was  a  fog  of 
fo   ilrange  and   extraordinary    ap-- 
pearance,  that  it  filled  us  all  with 
amazement.     It  came  in  great  bo- 
dies. 


CHRONIC     LE. 


91 


dies,  like  thick  douds,  down  to 
the  earth,  and  in  its  way,  ftriking 
againJl  the  houfes,  would  break  and 
fail  down  the hdes  in  great  bodies, 
rolling  over  and  over.  It  relemhied. 
the  thick  lleam  rifing  fit^m  boiling 
wort,  and  was  attended  with  fuch 
heat  that  we  could  hardly  breathe. 
When  firll  I  faw  it  1  really  thought 
roy  houie  had  been  on  fire,  and 
ran  out  to  fee  if  it  was  fo  j  but 
nriny  people  thought  the  world 
was  on  Hre,  and  the  lad  day  come. 
One  of  our  neighbours  was  then  at 
Sutton,  100  miles  to  the  eaUward, 
and  reports  it  was  much  ihe  fame 
there. 

n.  In  confequence  of  an  ap- 
plication to  parliament  tm 
account  of  the  Jate  unhappy  acci- 
dent, a  refolution  pafTed  the  houfe, 
**  That  a  fum  not  exceeding 
**  15,000!.  be  granted  to  his  ma- 
**  j*^''^y>  tabe  applied  towards  the 
**  rebuilding  Lonjon-bridge." 

The  Right  Reverend  Dr.  Tho- 
mas Seeker,  Lord  Billiop  of  Ox- 
ford, was  confirmed  at  Bow-church 
Lord  Archbifnop  of  the  cathedral 
and  me:ropolii«.)  church  of  Can- 
terbury,  by  the  Moll  Reverend  the 
Lord  Archbilhop  of  York,  and  the 
Right  Reverend  the  Lords  Bilhops 
of  Durham,  VVorccller,  Ely,  Bath 
and  Wells,  Lincoln,  Hereford,  Car- 
J'ile,  and  Saiiibury,  being  appointed 
his  majelly'scommifiioners  for  that 
purpole. 

It  was  this  day  rpfolved,  that 
towards  the  fopnly  granted  to  his 
majelly,  the  fum  of  4,500,000!. 
be  raifcd  by  annuities  after  the  rate 
ot  3  i-h:ilf  per  cent,  for  24  years, 
the  intereft  to  commence  from 
July  5  ;  and  5o::',ocol.  by  way  of 
lottery,  at  3  per  cent,  the  intereit 
to  commence  from  the  5ih  of  Ja- 
^^uary  1756, 


Payments  dn 

Payments  on 

annuities. 

lottery. 

10  per  c.  Ap.  29 

10  per  c.  A  p.  29 

15     -     May  30 

10     -      June  20 

15     -    June  28 

20     -        July  18 

15     '.     July  27 

20     -  Auguft  19 

15     -Auguil30 

20     -    Sept.   20 

15     -  Sept.  27 

20  -    oa.  20 

1 5   -  oa.  29 

Three  per  cent,  to  be  allowed  for 
anticipating  the  payments  on  the 
annuities;  nothing  on  the  lottery, 
but  to  have  the  tickets  ns  foon  as 
they  can  be  got  ready,  Thofe  who 
had  fubicribed  for  5 col.  were  al- 
lowed 450I.  in  annuities,  and  50I. 
in  lottery  tickets. 

The    Hon.    Mr.    Finch  , 

and  the  Hon.  Mr.  Town-  3^^*^* 
fhend  having  propofed,  after  the 
ej>anip!e  of  his  grace  the  Duke  of 
Newcaftle,  to  give  two  prizes  of 
fifteen  guineas  each  '  to  two  fenlor 
bachelors  of  arts,  and  the  like  to 
two  middle  bachelors  of  the  uni- 
verfity  of  Cambridge,  who  fhall 
compofe  the  bed  exercifes  in  latin 
profe,  to  be  read  publickly  on  a 
day  hereafter  to  be  appointed 
near  the  commencement  ;  the  vice 
chancellor  gives  notice,  that  the 
fubjeas  for  this  year  are,  for  the 
fenior  bachelors  :  Vtrum  fumma 
hotninum  felicitas  juxta  Epicurum  in 
fmfiim  deledaiioKihu;  pr^cipue  po- 
7iatur.  For  the  middle  bachelors, 
Vtrum  di'verjarum  gentium  pores  \^ 
iajiitnta  a  diverfo  eorum  Jitu  expU- 
cari  prjjffit. 

Ages  of  ten  perfons  now  living 
in  the  parifli  of  Boughton  under 
Blean  in  the  county  of  Kent. 

Years,  qa. 
Thomas   Hawkins,  Efq; 

in  Nafli-Park  81      i 

A  woman  at  ihg  Oaks  in 

the  Park  80     i 

Carry  over     161     2 
Broughr 


92 


ANNUAL    REGISTER, 
i6i 


72 

0 

78 

0 

78 

0 

78 

0 

96 

G 

81 

2 

Si 

2 

78 

0 

804 

2 

Brought  over 
Kichard    Drury,     at  the 

fame  place 
His  wife 

Farmer  Kingfland,  join- 
ing to  the  park 
Hammon  Gooding^  near 

the  fame  place 
Goody  Blakenbury,    eafl 

of  the  Park 
Thomas   iiurley,   a  little 

further 
Mrs.  Ovendon 
Mrs.  Spurgeon 

In  all 
The  following  remarkable  account 
is  given  by  an  officer  on  board 
a  French    Eall-Indiaman,    in    a 
letter  to  a  friend  at  the  Hague. 

Jan.  20,  i;57. 
**  Jull    before  we     failed"    from 
Pondicheny,  fires  broke  out  on  the 
furface   of   the   fea   three    leagues 
from   that  place,  with  the  utmoft 
impetuofity,  throwing  up  pumice- 
ftones,  and  other  combulHbles,  and 
forming  an  ifland  of  a  league  long 
and  of  the  fame  breadth,  which  in- 
creafed  to  aconfiderable  height, with 
a  volcano,    making  a  mod  hideous 
noife,  like  thunder,  or  great  guns, 
and   a  cloud   proceeding  from    it, 
breaking    into  fmall  rain  of  fand 
inftead  of  water.  This  prodigy  was 
firft  feen  by  a  Ihip's  crew  belonging 
to  Pondicherry,  who  thought  atfirlt 
it    had   been   a    water-fpout  ;    but 
coming  near  it,  faw  a  prodigious 
flafhing    of   fire,    which    fmelt  of 
brimftor.e,  and  heard  a  mod  afto- 
niihing   noife  ;     afterwards  a    vaft 
quanticy  of  filh  was  perceived  dead 
on  the  fea,  and   appeared  broiled.. 
Sailing  a  liiile  farther,    they   met 
wuh    juch     quantities    of  pumice- 
llones,   that  it  was   hardly    poUible 
to  make  through  them  ;  at  the  farne 
time  they  diiocrned  hoc!,  biirit  ap- 
peared V}  thr.-n -u^;  a  duad   oi    fiiC 


and  fmoke  on  the  furface  of  the 
fea,  and  the  cloud  afcending  into 
the  air,  diftilled  in  (howers  of  rain, 
which  brought  abundance  of  fand 
on  their  Ihip's  deck,  and  being  nigh 
the  flafhes  of  fire,  and  hearing  the 
noife,  they  were  under  great  con- 
llernation  ;  but  it  pleafed  God  to 
fend  them  a  little  breeze  of  wind 
that  brought  them  from  it.  Another 
fhip  failed  round  it,  and  they  were 
fo  becalmed,  rhat  the  afhes  pro- 
ceeding from  the  vaft  fire  fell  on 
their  deck,  and  they  were  in  great 
danger  of  being  burnt." 

The  judges  report  of  the  ^  , 
feven  rioters  convidled  at  ^^. 
the  late  York  alfizes,  was  laid  be- 
fore his  majeity,  when  the  two 
ringleaders.  Cole  for  obltrucling 
the  miliria  a6l,  and  Berry  for  vio- 
lently taking  away  corn,  were  or- 
dered for  execution,  four  of  them 
to  be  tranfported  for  life,  and  one 
pardoned. 

Began  the  fale  of  the  ca-       ., 
•     t        II    o.-  r  T     I-  26th. 

pual  collection    oi  Italian, 

Flemifh  and  Dutch  paintings,  of 
Sir  Luke  Schaub,  and  continued 
the  two  following  days,  at  Mr. 
Langford's,  in  the  great  piazza, 
Covent-garden.  The  whole  col- 
ledion  was  fold  for  7784I.  5s.  ma- 
ny of  the  pictures  felling  tor  very 
extraordinary  prices,  particularly  a 
landfcape  and  figures  of  Claude 
Lorraine,  for  105 1. — A  man  pipe- 
ing  and  his  children  dancing,  by 
Le  Nain,  for  180I.  I2s. — Our  Sa- 
viour and  St.  John,  by  Guido,  for 
157I.  los.^ — St.  Sebaflian,  by  Guer- 
chino,  for  54'.  i2s. — Otir  Saviour 
healing  the  Jame,  by  Rubens,  for 
79I.  i6s. — A  landfcape  with  figures 
and  cattle,  by  D.  Teneirs,  for 
iiol.  1,5. — Sigilmunda  weeping 
over  the  heart  of  Tancred,  by  Cor- 


reggio,  for  404I.  5s.— A  lau< 


hing 
boy, 


CHRONICLE. 


91 


•boy  by  Vandyck,  for  126I — The 
bapiifm  of  our  Saviour,  by  Albano, 
for  120I.  15s. — Our  Saviour  afleep, 
and  the  Virgin  watching  over  him, 
by    Guido,    for   328I.    133. — The 
Virgin,  with  Jefus  afleep  in  her  lap, 
by  Vandyck,  forzul.    is. — Boors 
at  Cards,  by  D.  Teneirs,  for  85I. 
IS. — Four    pieces,   by    Paul  Brill, 
Rubens,  Gillis,  and  Van  Breughel, 
for  55  il.  5s. — Jacob  parting  from 
Laban,  by    F.   BafTano,  for   115I. 
I  OS.— Departure  of  Rinaldo  from 
Armida,  by  Le  Brun,  for  73I.  los. 
— A  landfcape  and    figures,  by  G. 
Pouflin,  for    109I.   4s. — The  Vir- 
gin, our  Saviour,  and  St.  John,  by 
Correggio,   for  220I,  10s. — A  con- 
verfation   of  boors,  by  D.  Teneirs, 
for  157I.  I  OS. — Tent  of  Darius,  by 
Le  Brun,  for  127I.    is. — St.  Peter 
repenting,  by    Guido,    for    2S8I. 
15s. — A     capital     pidure     of  an 
holy  family,  by  Raphael,  for  703I. 

IQ3, 

th  Whitehall.  An  exprefs 
°  arrived  with  advice  that 
Schweidnitz  furrendered  on  the 
16th  inilant,  and  the  garrifon  was 
forced  10  furrender  itfelf  prifoners 
of  war.  It  confilled  of  230  officers, 
and  3200  private  men.  The  block- 
ade has  befides  colt  the  enemy  3^00 
men,  who  have  penflied  by  dif- 
eafes. 

The  firft  Hone  of  a  new  bridge, 
to  be  built  in  purfuance  of  an  ad  of 
Parliament,  from  Brentford  to  Kew, 
was  laid  in  the  prefence  of  a  great 
number  of  perions  of  quality  and 
diiliudion,  ^ 


III 


M    A    y. 

The  trultees  of  Raine*$  hof- 
pital  met  in  purfuance  of  their 
advertiiement,  and  having  fele^ed 
fix  maidens  educated  therein,  who 
wereilrongly  recommended  by  their 


mailers  and  miftrefTes,  the  lot  was 
drawn  according  to  the  will  of  the 
founder,  in  the  prefence  of  a  polite 
and  numerous  aflembly,  for  the 
prize  of  lool.  for  a  marriage  por- 
tion, which  fell  upon  A"nne  Nether- 
land,  who  went  out  of  the  hofpital 
in  the  year  1 743,  and  is  to  be  mar- 
ried on  the  5th  of  November  next, 
when  5I.  as  by  him  direded,  will  be- 
expended  on  a  wedding  dinner; 
and  the  five  unfuccefsful  girls  will, 
with  another  then  to  be  added, 
draw  again  for  icol,  to  be  paid  on 
May-day  following. 

A  young  lady,  who  at  New-  , 
market  had  laid  a  confiderable  ^  * 
wager,  that  fhe  could  ride  looo 
miles  in  1000  hours,  finifhed  her 
matcU  in  a  little  more  than  two 
thirdsof  the  time.  Athercoming 
in,  the  country  people  ilrewed 
flowers  in  her  way. 

Florence  Henfey,  M.  D.  «  , 
who  had  been  fome  time  in  * 
cuftody  for  holding  a  treafonable 
correfpondence  withtheenemy,  was 
brought  before  the  court  of  King's 
Bench,  and  ordered  to  prepare  for 
trial  thefirllof  June. 

The  Marquis  du  Quefne,  chief 
d'Efcadre,  lately  taken  prifoner 
in  the  Foudroyant,  arrived  ia 
London. 

At  the  anniverfary  meeting     , 
of  theprefident  and  governors  ^ 
of  the  London  lying-in  hofpital  ia 
Alderfgaie-ftreet,  the  colledion  ac 
church  and   at  hall  amounted    to 
61 1\.  lOs. 

Was  held  the  annual  ge-  , 
neral  meeting  of  the  hofpital  ^°^"' 
for  the  mainienance  of  expofed  and 
deferted  young  children,  when  'a 
general  committee  for  the  year  en- 
fuing  was  eleded  by  ballot.  It  ap- 
pears, that  fince  ihischarity  has  been 
made  general  by  parliamentary 
provifion,  near  6000  infants  have 
annually 


94  ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


annually  been  taken  in;  one  third 
of  whom,  nearly,  have  died  at 
jiurfe.  A  matter  that  merits  a  par- 
liamentary enquiry. 

,  Ladders  and  gates   were 

'^  •  affixed  to  Eaft  Sheen  gate 
in  Surry,  in  order  for  foot  people 
.  to  go  into  Richmond  Park;  and  al- 
fo  at  Ham-gate  (purfuant  to  a  ver- 
did  laft  alTizes  at  Kingfton);  fo 
that  her  Royal  HighnefsthePrincefs 
Amelia  has  at  length  given  up  this 
long  contefted  affair  for  the  eafe 
and  convenience  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. 

,  Admiralty  Office.  In  pur- 

'^  fuance  of  the  King's  plea- 

fure,  Lord  Anfon,  Vice- Admiral  of 
Great  Britain,  and  Admiral  of  the 
White,  was  appointed  commander 
in  chief  of  a  fleet,  now  fitting  for 

the  fea. Advice  is  received  from 

Rear-Admiral  Broderick,  that  on 
the  13th  of  laft  month,  his  ma- 
jefty's  Ihip  Prince  George  of  80 
guns,  in  which  the  Rear-Admiral 
hoifted  his  flag,  took  fire  at  half  an 
hour  after  one  in  the  afternoon,  in 
lat.  48  :  and  after  burning  to  the 
water's  edge,  the  remnant  of  her 
funk  at  a  little  before  fix  in  the 
evening.  The  Admiral  fays,  he 
could  not  then  give  a  particular 
account  of  the  people  on  board, 
being  about  780  ;  but  he  feared  the 
number  loft  exceeded  the  number 
faved. 

His  majefty's  ihip  -Windfor,  of 
60  guns.  Captain  Faulkner,  with 
the  Efcorte  frigate,  being  fent  to 
intercept  two  French  frigates  and 
three  ftore-fliips  from  Dunkirk  road 
to  the  weivward,  on  the  27th  paft 
fell  in  with  them  about  16  leagues 
from  the  Ram-Head,  when  the  two 


came  within  about  two  gun  ftiot  of 
the  frigates,  they  made  all  the  fail 
they  could  towards  the  coaft  of 
France ;  upon  which  Captain 
Faulkner  fent  the  Efcorte  aft&r  the 
ftore-fliips,  while  he  gave  chace  to 
the  frigates,  and  continued  it  till 
four  in  the  afternoon  ;  when  finding 
they  greatly  outfailed  him  he  gave 
it  over,  and  made  after  their 
convoy,  which  could  then  but  juft 
be  difcerned  from  the  poop.  The 
next  morning  at  day-light  only  one 
of  them  was  to  be  fccn,  which  the 
Windfor  came  up  .vith  and  took. 
She  is  called  the  St.  Peter,  of  .near 
400  tons  burthen,  and  her  cargo 
confided  of  provifions,  and  icos 
ftand  of  arms,  intended  for  Quebec, 
Another  of  ihefe  ftore-fliips  was 
fallen  in  with,  the  fame  day,  by  a 
fquadron  of  his  Maiefty's  fbips  to 
the  wfftvvard,  commanded  by  Cap- 
tain Douglas  in  the  Alcide.  She  is 
called  the  Ba^en,  is  about  the  fame 
fize  with  the  other,  and  laden  with 
provifions. 

On  the  29th,  about  three  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon,  Capuin  Prattea 
feeing  a  fail  to  the  S.  W.  ijiade  a 
fignal  for  the  Dorfetfliire  of  70 
guni  and  520  men,  commanded  by 
Captain  Denis,  to  give  chace  ;  and 
ibon  after  obferving  the  chace  to 
be  a  large  fliip,  difpatched  the 
Achilles  of  60  guns,  commanded 
by  the  honourable  Captain  Barring- 
ton,  after  her,  and  then  followed 
them  with  the  reft  of  the  fquadron. 
About  feven  o'clock  the  Dorfetfliire 
came  up  with  the  chace,  which 
proved  to  be  the  Raifonabje,  a 
French  flijp  of  war  of  64  guns,  and 
630  men,  and  Captain  Denis  began 
to    crgagf;    her   very   clofely,    and 


frigates  brought  to  in  a  line,  as  if  they  continued  warmly  engaged 
they  intended  to  receive, him,  and  till  about  nine  o'clock,  when  the 
the  ftorc  fliips  continued  ftanding  enemy's  fliln,  commanded  by  the 
to  the  weftward.  When  the  Windfor     Pnncc  de  Moiiibazon,  Chevalier  de 

Rohan, 


CHRONICLE. 


95 


Rohan,  llruck,  having  fuffered 
greatly  in  her  hull,  and  had  6i  men 
killed,  and  lO'o  men  wounded.  She 
was  going  from  I'Orient  to  Breft,  a 
new  ihip,  not  above  four  or  five 
months  off  the  flocks.  The  Dorfet- 
ihire*s  mafts,  yards,  and  fails,  were 
greatly  Ihattered.  She  had  15  men 
killed,  and  21  wounded,  in  the 
action  }  and  one  of  the  wounded  is 
fmce  dead. 

By  the  French  accounts  the  Rai- 
fonable,  with  the  Hero,  Formidable, 
and  Intrepide,  and  two  frigates, 
were  defigned  for  Canada;  to  which 
place  and  Louifbourg  they  have  fent 
feveral  little  fquadrons,  at  different 
times;  one  under  M.  de  Baufiier 
failed  to  the  latter  place  on  the  5  th 
of  April. 

One  Robert  Anderfon  was  carried 
on  board  the  Norfolk  man  of  war. 
Commodore  Brett,  in  the  Downs, 
by  the  mafter  of  a  Deal  boat. 
The  account  he  gave  was  this ; 
that  about  three  months  ago,  he 
was  trepanned  into  the  Iriih  bri- 
gades in  the  French  king's  fervicej 
that  about  two  o'clock  on  the  nth 
in  the  morning,  when  he  was  re- 
lieved from  his  poll  of  centry  by 
the  water  fide  at  Graveling,  he 
feized  a  fmall  boat  within  ten  yards 
of  his  box,  came  down  the  canal 
two  miles,  in  which  he  paffed 
two  captains  guards,  and  feveral 
advanced  polls:  that  he  then  feiz- 
cd  a  fifhing  boat,  and  fet  fail  for 
our  ccall,  with  the  fmall  boat  in 
tow:  and  that  he  fleered  cHretUy 
for  the  Downs,  with  an  intention 
to  run  into  Ramfgate,  where  his 
wife  lives ;  but  was  boarded  by 
the  Deal  boat  as  above.  He  has 
brouoht  mufket,  bayonet,  and  all 
his  accoutrements  with  him  ;  is  a 
very  likely  fellow,  a  gardener  by 
trade,  and  all  the  knowledge  he 
had    of  a    boat    was   from   being 


often  a  fifhing  for  his  amufement. 
He  fleered  by  the  flars  till  day- 
light, and  then  had  the  fight  of 
ourcoall.  He  had  planned  his  de- 
fign  three  weeks  before,  and  had 
made  himfelf  perfe6tly  mailer  of 
the  canal  from  conllant  obferva- 
lion,  and  knew  by  the  fame  means 
the  Hated  times  when  the  filliermea 
arrived.  Sir  Piercy,  with  his  wont- 
ed good-nature,  ordered  the  boat 
to  be  fold  for  the  man's  benefit.— 
This  account  is  taken  from  part 
of  a  letter  from  an  officer  on  board 
the  Norfolk;  and  what  corrobo- 
rates it,  is,  an  imperfeft  relation 
from  Broad-Stairs,  of  the  Arrival 
there  of  a  French  fifhing-boat  with 
twoEuglifhmen  in  it,  and  a  Ger. 
man,  a  foldier  in  the  French 
King's  fervice,  who  allilled  the 
Englilhmen  to  make  their  efcapc, 
and  for  whofe  ufe  the  boat  was 
put  up  to  auftion,  and  fold  for 
^1.  5s. 

Twelve  flat-bottomed  boats,  , 
of  a  new  conflrudlion,  were  ^7^"' 
launched  at  Portfmouth,  to  be  em- 
ployed in  landing  the  troops  then 
going  on  theentcrprize  to  France. 
They  carry  63  men  each,  are  rowed 
with  12  oars,  and  draw  not  above 
two  feet  water. 

A  young  grenadier,  aged  ^, 
about  27,  was  (hot  at  Ply- 
mouth  fordeferiion  ;  what  is  remar- 
kable, being  to  receive  50olafhes  by 
the  fentence  of  a  regimental  court- 
martial,  be  chofe  to  appeal  to  a 
general  court-martial,  who  inflead 
of  confirming  hii  former  fentence, 
infiided  that  of  death.  The  young 
man  fufFered  with  great  fortitude, 
having  done  nothing,  he  faid,  to 
offend  his  Saviour. 

By  an  advertifementitap-       , 
peared,  that   933I.  7s.  6d.  '^^  * 
had  been  fubfcnbed   to  carry  Mr. 
Fielding's  plan  into  execution. 

By 


96         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


,  By   an  advertifement  re- 

^^'"'  fating  to  Mr.  Dingley's 
plan,  it  appears,  that  3114I.  17s. 
had  been  fubfcribed  to  carry  it  into 
execution. 

Four  French  fhips,  partoffeven- 
teen,  which  failed  the  firft  inftant 
from  Bourdeaux,  laden  with  provi- 
iions  and  llores  for  Canada,  and 
faid  to  be  under  convoy  of  a 
large  privateer  of  54  guns,  and  two 
frigates,  were  brought  into  Fal- 
mouth by  ComnTiOdore  Keppei^s 
f;^uadron. 

rt  An  account  was  received  of  a 
^^  *  dreadful  fire  at  Bridge-town  in 
Barbadoes,  which  in  February  laft 
had  confumed  120  houfes  ;  and  be- 
fides  that  the  crops  in  that  ifland 
were  very  ihort,  having  had  little 
rain  in  the  rainy  feafon. 

A  waggon  was  burnt  on  Salif- 
bury-plain,  laden  with  the  whole 
rich  wardrobe,  fcenery,  and  ap- 
paratus of  the  Bath  theatre ;  be- 
fides  the  entire  property  of  each 
performer  belonging  to  it.  Some 
miles  before  the  waggon  reached 
Salifbury,  a  fervant  of  the  theatre 
told  the  driver  that  the  wheel 
would  take  fire,  intreating  him  to 
Hop  and  unload;  but  th«  fellow  ftill 
perfifted  in  keeping  on  his  way, 
and  gave  for  reafon,  that  he  had 
driven  twelve  miles  with  his  wheels 
fmoaking.  About  three  miles  from 
this  city,  the  flame  burft  out,  and 
before  ten  boxes  could  bepreferved, 
the  whole  wasffon  was  confumed. 
The  damage  is  faid  to  amount  to 
2000I. 

,  Two    Stonehaven    boats 

^y  '  being  out  a  fifhing  about  fix 
leagues  from  the  land,  a  large 
French  privateer  brought  aboard 
both  their  crews,  ufed  them  civilly, 
paid  tbem  for  their  fi(h,  and  after 
deta'ning  tbem  two  hour?,-  difmif- 
led  them   when   About  nine  miles 


from  land.  The  filhermen  report, 
that  this  fhip  mounts  40  guns,  and 
carries  300  men,  befides  marines. 
There  were  no  ranfomers  on  board, 
and  it  appears  that  ihe  had  jult  be- 
gun her  cruise.  [Stonehaven  is 
about  ten  Scotch  miles  from  Aber- 
deen.] 

A  difcovery  of  the  higheft  utility 
has  lately  been  made  at  Edinburgh, 
and  already  fufficiently  confirmed  by 
anumber  of  fuccefsful  experiments : 
Dr.  Francis  Hume  has  inoculated 
for  the  meafles,  and  has  produced 
a  difeafe  free  from  all  alarming 
fymptoms. 

At  a  ftore  cellar  in  Pall- 
Malj.  Mrs.  Hucks's  cooper,  ^°^^- 
and  a  chairman,  who  went  down 
after  him,  were  both  fuffocated,  as 
fuppofed  by  thelleam  of  40  buts  of 
unftopped  beer.  [It  might  be  of  ufe 
to  the  public  if  fome  of  our  inge- 
nious correfpoitdents  would  account 
for  this  accident.] 

The  following  account  of  the 
ages  of  ten  perfons  in  the  borough 
of  Hoath  in  Kent,  eight  of  whom 
lived  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of 
each  other,  and  the  other  two  but 
at  a  fmnll  dillance,  is  attefted  by 
good  authority  ;  Thomas  Darby  89 
years  and  a  half;  Richard  Steed 
87  ;  William  Chandler  77  and  a 
half;  Ann  ChrilHan  76;  William 
Brice  79  and  a  half;  Sufanna  Wix 
87;  Jane  Thpmpfon  76;  Amy 
Matthews  82  and  a  quarter;  Eli- 
zabeth Brice  74  ;  and  Thcmas  Ca- 
rey 78  ;  in  ali  8c6  years  and  three 
quarters. 

A  fociety  has  been  lately  erefted 
at  Glaf'gow,  under  the  name  of 
the  Gla<gQw  charitable  marine  fo- 
ciety ;  .the  end  of  which  is  to  pro- 
vide fr.r  fuch  feamen  as  fhall  be- 
come old,  or  difabled  in  the  fervice 
oi  the  mercharis  of  that  city  ;  and 
alfo  to  affo.-d  lelicf  for  their  poor 
widows 


C    H   R    O   N   i    C   L   E, 


97 


tvidows  and  children.  A  truly 
laudable  charity. 

The  Weft  India  mail  brought  a 
confirmation  of  the  news  we  had 
heard  before  of  the  Buckingham 
and  Cambridge  attacking  and  level- 
ling with  the  ground,  a  fmall  fort 
in  Grand  Ance  bay  on  thejfland 
of  Martinico,  and  deftroying  three 
privateers, and  converting  the  fourth 
Into  a  tender.  But  what  does  the 
greateft  honour  to  Captain  Tyrrel, 
the  commodore,  is  the  following 
incident ;  when  the  fort  was  de- 
molifhed,  a  village  lituated  clofe  by 
it  was  a  ftrong  temptation  to  men 
fluflied  with  vidlory  to  attack,  and 
they  follicited  warmly  for  leave 
to  deftroy  it ;  but  their  brave  com- 
mander replied,  *  Gentlemen,  it 
'  is  beneath  us  to  render  a  num- 

*  ber   of   poor   people   miferable, 

*  by   deftroying  their  habitations 

*  and  little  conveniencies  of  life  ; 
'  brave  Engliftimen  fcorn  to  diftrefs 

*  even  their  enemies  when  not  in 

*  arms  againft  them :'  This  pre- 
vailed, and  faved  the  lives  of  the 
innocent  villagers. 

His  catholic  majefty  was  pleafed 
to  declare  the  Conde  de  Fuentes, 
who  is  appointed  ambaflador  to 
Great  Britain,  a  grandee  of  Spain, 
and  one  of  the  gentlemen  of  his 
bedchamber. 

JUNE. 

/,  The  felons  in  Newgate  in- 
tended for  tranfportation,  in 
order  to  make  their  efcape,  had 
fawed  thro'  eight  iron  bars,  each  as 
thickas  a  man's  wrift,  except  enough 
to  keep  them  together,  and  filled 
up  the  notches  with  dirt  and  iron 
ruft  to  prevent  a  difcovery,  but  not 
fuccecding  in  their  attempt,  the 
ringleaders  were  chained  to  the 
floor,  as  is  ufual. — Therclias  been 
Vo6.  I. 


a  fcheme  much  talked  of  for  pulling 
down  this  gaol,  and  rebuildine;  it 
in  a  ftronger  and  more  commodious 
manner. 

Florence  Hen  fey,  M.  D.  was 
brought  to  trial  at  the  court  of 
King's- bench  in  Weftminfter-hall^ 
on  an  indiftment  for  high  treafon, 
before  the  Lord  Chief  JufticeManf- 
field,  the  Judges  Dennifon,  Fofter^ 
and  Wilmot :  The  council  for  the 
crown  were  the  attorney  and  fo- 
licitor  general.  Sir  Richard  Lloyd, 
Mr.  Norton,  Mr.  Parratt,  Mr. 
Gould,  and  Mr.  Serjeant  Pool. 
The  council  for  the  prifoner  were 
Mr.  Moreton,  and  the  Hon.  Mr. 
Howard. 

Several  of  his  letters  were  pro- 
duced in  evidence  againft  him, 
in  one  of  which  he  follicits  em- 
ployment from  a  fellow- ftudent  at 
Leyden,  who  is  promoted  in  France, 
and  profefl'es  great  regard  for  the 
French  nation,  olFering  his  beft  fer* 
vices  not  only  from  intereft  but  in- 
clination. 

In  the  courfe  of  the  trial  it  ap- 
peared, that  foon  after  the  declara- 
tion of  war  in  1756,  he  became 
a  penfioncr  to  France,  and  agreed 
for  100  guineas  a  year,  to  give 
the  beft  intelligence  he  could  of 
the  ftate  of  affairs  in  this  king- 
dom. But  a  difference  afterwards 
arifing  about  his  falary,  which  he 
reprefented  as  too  fmall,  and  as 
an  argument  in  his  favour,  faid 
he  belonged  to  a  club  in  the  Strand 
(from  which  he  could  gain  great 
intelligence)  at  which  they  always 
drank  French  wine  at  dinner  ;  the 
correfpondence  appears  to  have 
been  fome  lime  difcontinued  :  but 
in  January  1757,  it  was  agreed, 
that  the  doftor  Ihould  receive  20 
guineas  a  month,  on  condition  of 
feoding  intelligence  every  poft,  but 
to  forfeit  a  guinea  for  every  omif- 

H  fion ; 


98        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175?. 


fion  ;  he  received  however  no  more 
than  one  monthly  payment,  and 
they  gave  for  reafon,  that  his  intel- 
ligence was  nothing  but  extracts 
from  the  news-papers. 

The  plan  for  carrying  on  this 
correfpondence  was  the  following  : 
The  dodor  wrote  a  common  lettei* 
with  ink,  and  between  each  line 
the  fecrets  of  England  in  lemon 
juice.  This  was  inclofed  under 
three  or  four  difierent  covers,  di- 
rected to  different  perfons,,  in  the 
fecret,  who  conveyed  them  from 
one  hand  to  another,  till  the  firfl 
inclofed  came  to  the  principal  for 
whom  it  was  defigned.  'He  has  a 
brother  who  is  a  jefuit,  and  was 
chaplain  and  fecretary  to  the  Spaniih 
ambaffador  at  the  Hague,  from 
whom  our  refident  at  that  court 
gained  a  knowledge  of  fome  fecrets 
relating  to  England,  even  before 
he  had  received  any  account  thereof 
from  his  own  court.  This  put  him 
upon  enquiry,  and  he  foon  learnt 
that  the  fecretary  had  a  brother,  a 
phyfician  in  London,  from  whom 
poITibly  he  might  get  intelligence ; 
fufpicion  being  thus  raifed,  the 
doaor  was  watched,  and  twenty- 
nine  of  his  letters  flopt. 

From  thefc  letters  it  appeared, 
that  he  gave  the  French  the  firil 
account  of  Admiral  Bofcawen's 
failing  to  North  America,  and  of 
the  taking  the  Alcide  and  Lys, 
with  every  minute  circumftance 
relating  to  it ;  and  from  that  time, 
of  the  failing  of  every  fleet,  and 
its  deftination  ;  and  was  fo  minute 
as  to  give  an  account  even  of 
the  launching  of  a  man  of  war  ; 
he  alfo  gave  an  account  of  all  dif- 
ficulties relating  to  raifing  money  ; 
and  particularly  defcribed  the' fe- 
cret expedition  in  1757,  affuring 
them  it  was  intended  agamft  Roch- 
fgn  orBreft,  but  gave  his  opinion 
4 


for  the  former.  And  in  one  of 
his  letters  he  particularly  advifed 
a  defcent  of  the  French  upon  our 
coaft,  as  the  moft  certain  method 
of  diftrefling  the  government  by 
affefting  the  public  credit,  and 
mentioned  the  time  when,  and 
the  place  where  it  would  be  moft 
proper. 

The  trial  began  at  half  an  hour 
after  ten  in  the  morning,  and  ended 
at  half  an  hour  after  eight  in  the 
evening;  <vhen  the  jury,  after  flay- 
ing out  about  half  an  hour,  brought 
him  in  guilty.  He  is  a  native  of 
Ireland,  aged  about  44,  and  has  a 
diploma  from  the  uniyerfity  of  Ley- 
den  to  pradife  phyfic. 

There  were  1 3 1  gentlemen  from 
different  places  in  the  county  of 
Middlefex  fummoned  on  the  jury, 
and  near  100  anfwered  to  their 
names.  The  do6lorobje£ledagainfl 
fifteen ,  and  the  council  for  the  crown 
ap'ainil:  three. 

o 

This  day  Florence  Henfey,  ; 
M.  D.  was  brought  to  the  ^^  * 
bar  of  the  court  of  King's-bench  to 
receive  fentence,  when  Lord  Manf- 
field,  after  a  very  moving  fpee.ch, 
pronounced  fentence  in  the  ufual 
form,  to  be  hanged,  drawn,  and 
quartered  at  Tybiirn,  on  Wednef- 
day  the  5th  of  July  next. 

Mr.  Lee,  a  wealthy  farmer,  at 
Wroxeter  in  Northaraptonfliire,  be- 
ing complained  to  by  his  neigh- 
bours for  keeping  a  vicious  bull, in- 
filled upon  it  that  he  was  not  vici- 
ous, and  went  to  him  himfelf  to 
convince  them  of  i;,  when  the  bull 
immediately  ran  at  him,  and  killed 
him  upon  the  fpot. 

The  honourable  houfe  of  y-  ■, 
coirimons  refolved,  that  an 
humble  addrefs  fhould  be  prefented 
to  his  majefty  (by  fuch  members 
of  that  houfe  as  are  of  the  privy 
council)  to  reprefent,  that  jthe  fa- 
'   laries 


CHRONICLE. 


99 


iaries  of  moft  of  the  judges  in  his 
majefty's  fuperior  courts  of  juftice 
in  this  kingdom,  are  inadequate 
to  the  dignity  and  importance  of 
their  offices ;  and  therefore  to  be- 
feech  his  majefty,  that  he  would  be 
gracioufly  pleafed  to  advance  any 
fum  not  exceeding  11,450!.  to 
be  applied  in  augmentation  of  the 
falaries  of  fuch  judges,  and  in  fuch 
proportions  as  his  majefty  fliould 
think  fit  for  the  prefent  year  ;  and 
to  aflure  his  majefty  that  the  houfe 
would  make  good  the  fame  to  his 
majefty. 

,       The  King  has  been  pleafed 

7  'to  appoint  the  Right  Honour- 
able George  William  EarlofBriftol, 
to  be  his  majefty's  ambaflador  ex- 
traordinary and  plenipotentiary  to 
the  Catholic  King. 

[The  reciprocal  appointment  of 
ambafTadors  by  the  courts  of  Madrid 
and  London,  deftroys  at  once  the 
credit  of  the  reports  induftrioufly 
propagated  of  late,  of  our  being 
upon  the  eve  of  a  Spanifti  war.] 

Came  on  in  the  court  of  King*s- 
bench  in  Weftminfter-hall,  before 
Lord  Chief  Juftice  Mansfield,  the 
trial  on  an  information  againft 
Doftor  Shebbeare,  for  writing  a 
pamphlet  called  a  fixth  Letter  to 
the  people  of  England  ;  when,  af- 
ter a  ftiort  hearing,  he  was  found 
guilty,  and  is  to  receive  fentence 
next  term. 

,       A  journeyman  barber  that 

^  *  lived  at  Wandfworth,  being 
under  fome  difcontent  of  mind,  cut 
his  throat  from  ear  to  ear.  There 
was  a  note  found  by  him  with  thefe 
words:  *'  I  have  wronged  no  man, 
nor  never  defigned  it ;  and  am  now 
gone  before  God.'* 

,       Was   the   hotteft  prefs    for 
*  feamen  on  the  Thames  that 
has  been  known  fmce  the  war  be- 
gan, no  regard  being  had  to  pro- 


teftions,  and  upwards  of  800  fwfept 
away.  The  crew  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  a  letter  of  marque  (hip,  ftood 
to  arms,  and  faved  themfelves  by 
their  refolution. 

Matthew  Weft,  butcher,  ^  j^ 
prifoner  in  the  New  Gaol,  ' 
and  ringleader  of  thofe  felons,  who 
lately  endeavoured  to  efcape  from 
that  gaol,  got  himfelf  loofe  from 
an  iron  collar,  in  which  his  neck 
was  faftened,  and  his  armsextefid- 
ed,  although  he  was  chained  down 
to  the  floor  in  the  condemned  room. 
When  he  got  himfelf  difengaged 
from  the  floor,  he  had  the  refo- 
lution to  wring  the  collar  from  his 
neck,  by  fixing  it  between  two  of 
the  bars  of  the  gaol-window,  and 
by  main  ftrength  broke  it  fhort  in 
two. 

Some  workmen  have  lately  dug 
up  nearCoIonna,  where  itisthought 
the  ancient  city  of  Laubicum  ftood, 
(about  14  miles  from  Rome)  an 
antique  Venus  of  white  marble, 
thought  to  be  of  more  exquifite 
workmanftiip  than  even  the  Venus 
of  Medicis,  and  a  fine  buft  of  Lucius 
Verus,  with  feveral  vafes,  lamps, 
coins,  and  other  antiquities ;  and 
a  Greek  infcription  has  been  dif- 
covered  near  the  great  buildings 
importing  that  there  was  in  that 
place  a  library. 

Ended  the  feflions  at  the 


Old  Bailey,  when  Jacob  Ro- 


29th. 


mart,  a  jeweller,  for  the  murder  of 
Theodore  Went  worth,  a  fejlow 
workman;  and  Henry  Carrier,  for 
publiftiingastrue,  an  acceptance  to 
a  bill  of  exchange,  with  intent  to 
defraud,  received  fentence  of  death; 
and  21  for  tranfporiation. 

JULY. 

Jacob  Romart  was  carried     ^ 
from  Newgate  to  Tyburn^  and    '   * 
H  2  exe- 


ipo       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 


executed  for  the  murder  of  Theo- 
dore Wentvvorth.  He  was  a  native 
of  Norway,  28  years  of  age,  and 
very  unhappy  in  his  temper  :  in  his 
confinement  he  had  taken  little  care 
to  make  a  proper  defence  on  his 
trial,  and  was  regardlefs  afterwards 
what  became  of  him,  being  pof- 
fefledof  a  fpiritofobftinacy  fcarcely 
to  be  paralleled  :  he  refufed  to  ac- 
knowledge that  he  repented  of  the 
crime  ;  but  infifted  he  had  a  com- 
miiTion  from  God  for  what  he  did* 
It  appears  from  the  ordinary  of 
Newgate's  account  that  he  was  a 
gloomy,  vifionary  enihufiaft ;  that 
he  had  twice  fafted  for  an  extraor- 
dinary length  of  lime;  and  that 
Wencworth  had  been  too  free  in 
joking  with  a  man  of  his  temper, 
chough, when  he  received  hisdeath's 
wound,  no  words  had  pafled  be- 
tween them. 

Arrived  at  St.  Helen's  Com- 
modore Howe,  with  his  fquadron 
of  men  ot  war  and  all  the  tranfports. 
1'hey  were  obliged  to  proceed  to 
St.  Helen's  for  want  of  provifjons 
for  the  men,  and  forage  for  their 
horfes. 

On  the  7th  the  troops  difcm- 
barked  and  encamped,  the  foot  on 
the  Ifle  of  Wigh::,  and  the  horfe 
on  South-fea  common,  at  Portf- 
mouth  ;  they  had  1200  fick,  oc- 
cafioned  by  the  inclemency  of  the 
weather. 

About  eight  o'clock  at  night, 
George  (alias  Captain)  Forreller, 
committed  feme  time  iince  to  Briftol 
gaol  fjr  forgery,  and  Captain  Mo- 
Jiere,  a  Frenchman,  for  ftealing  a 
diamond  ring,  afGited  by  feveral 
other  felons,  attempted  to  make 
their  efcape  out  of  the  gaol.  The 
fheriff,  with  forae  invalids,  came  ro 
the  affiftance  of  the  jailer,  and  were 
obliged  to  fire  thrice  among  them 
before  they  wpuld  Surrender,  after 


which  they  were  all  properly  f«- 
cured.  One  of  the  fhot  went  in  at 
Forrefter's  right  breaft,  and  came 
out  through  his  back,  and  lodged 
in  the  partition. 

A  reprieve  was  brought  to  t 
Newgate  for  Dr.  Hen  fey,  re-  ^^  * 
fpiting  his  fentence  for  a  fortnight, 
early  in  the  morning,  but  however, 
not  fo  foon  as  to  prevent  the  af- 
fembling  of  a  great  concourfe  of 
people  to  fee  him  executed,  who 
committed  fome  diforders.  The 
dodlor  has  fince  been  two  or  three 
times  under  examination,  and  it  is 
faid  has  made  great  difcoveries. 

Admiral  Saunders  arrived  at 
Spithead  from  the  Streights,  ia 
the  Monmouth,  with  the  Re- 
venge, Foudroyant,  and  Orpheus, 
and  brought  home  with  him  above 
1000  French  prifoners.  The  Fou- 
droyant is  a  iurprizing  84  gun  fhip, 
her  guns  are  on  two  decks,her  lower 
tier  monllroully  unwieldy,  and  not 
eafy  to  be  worked,  the  Ihot  weighing 
very  little  ihort  of  fifty  pounds  each. 
Notwithilanding  their  fuperiority  in 
bulk,  our  thirty-two  pound  lliot  are 
thought  by  all  judges  to  be  on  a 
par  with  them,  and  of  as  much 
efficacy  when  they  take  place.  Her 
larboard  fide  is  moil  terribly  mauled, 
there  are  feventy  Ihot  holes  on  that 
fide  plugged  up;  fhe  came  home 
under  jury  malb  :  Her  lower  tier 
abaft  the  main-maft  are  fine  braf* 
guns,  feveral  of  which  have  very 
fine  bullos  in  an  oval  compartment 
of  Lewis  XIV.  The  Orpheus  is  a 
fine  large  64  gun  fhip,  ilie  is  pep- 
pered very  well  too,  her  mafis  very 
much  wounded  ;  it  is  furprizing 
how  they  flood  home.  She  alfo 
has  feveral  fine  brafs  guns.  The 
prifoners  were  put  on  board  the 
Boyne,  and  froTn  thence  conveyed 
to  ?orcheller  caitlc. 

An 


CHRONICLE. 


i6i 


5  ,  An  old  lodging-houfe  in 
^^^'  Plumb-tree  court.  Broad  St. 
Gilci's,  fell  down,  by  which  acci- 
dent feveral  poor  wretches  were 
crufhed  to  death,  and  many  more 
defperately  maimed.  There  being 
other  houfes  in  the  court  in  the  like 
tottering  condition,  the  mob  afTem- 
bled  in  a  few  days  afterwards,  and 
pulled  them  down. 

,  Sir  John  Barnard,  Knt. 

^^^  *  father  of  the  city,  and  al- 
derman of  Bridge  ward  without, 
defired  the  court  of  aldermen 
would  permit  him  to  refign  his 
gown  on  account  of  his  age  and  bad 
Itate  of  heakh  ;  to  which,  after 
much  reludance,  and  many  impor- 
tunities ufed  by  the  aldermen  pre- 
fent  to  the  contrary,  the  court  con- 
fen  ted. 

John  Cole,  who  at  Chelmsford 
aflizes  received  fentence  of  death 
for  the  murder  of  Martha  Adams, 
at  her  houfe  at  Efcott  in  the  hun- 
dred of  Eflex,  was  this  day  exe- 
cuted at  Chelmsford,  when  John 
Loads,  who  came  to  fee  the  exe- 
cution, was  charged  by  Cole  at  the 
gillows  as  being  acceflary  in  the 
faid  murder  ;  he  was  immediately 
apprehended,  and  had  before  a 
magillrate,  where  he  confe/Ted  his 
guilt,  and  was  committed  to 
Chelmsford  gaol. 
J,,  An  experiment  was  made 

with  the  light  horfe  and  flat- 
bottomed  boats,  from  the  South-fea 
beach,  near  Portfmouth,  where  the 
horfe  lie  encamped;  12  horfes  were 
put  on  board  a  boat,  which  had 
a  platform  laid  in  it  railed  round. 
They  were  carried  to  Spiihead,  and 
hid  along-iide  a  tranfport  three 
miles  from  the  beach,  and  were 
flnng,  and  hoifled  into  the  fhip, 
and  re-imbarked  into  the  boats 
with  great  eafe.  Several  guns  were 
j|red  to  try  the  horfes,  which  they 


bore  very  patiently,  only  fnortrfig  a 
little  at  the  fmoke  flying  about 
them.  They  were  landed  on  the 
beach  again  in  extreme  good  order. 

Hia-  royal  Highnefs  Prince  1 
Edward,  who  had  been  fome  ^  * 
time  indifpofed,  arrived  at  Portf- 
mouth, and  embarked  on  board  the 
Eflex,  Commodore  Howe's  own 
fliip,  in  which  he  fails  as  a  volun- 
teer in  the  intended  expedition 
againft  France.  His  P.oyal  High- 
nefs went  from  the  dock-yard  in 
the  Efiex's  twelve-oared  barge,  at- 
tended by  Lord  George  Sackville, 
and  Admiral  Holbourne.  His  Royal 
Highnefs  had  the  ftandard  of  Eng- 
land flying  in  the  bow  of  the  boat. 
Admiral  Hoi  bourne's  barge  follow- 
ed with  his  flag  flying  in  rhe  bow 
of  his  boat,  and  all  the  captains 
according  to  their  feniority,  which 
made  a  very  agreeable  appear- 
ance. 

Was  held  a  court  of  com-  ^  v 
mon-council  at  Guildhall,  ^^  * 
when,  upon  the  motion  of  John 
Paterfon,  Efq;  it  was  refolved,  nem, 
con.  **  That  Sir  John  Barnard,  Knt. 
fojuftly  and  emphatically  (tiled  the 
father  of  this  city,  having  lately 
(to  the  great  and  lading  regret  of 
this  court)  thought  proper  to  re- 
flgn  the  office  of  alderman,  the 
thanks  of  this  court  be  given  him 
for  having  To  long  and  fo  faithfully 
devoted  himfelf  to  the  fervice  of 
his  fellow-citizens,  for  the  honour 
and  influence  which  this  city  has, 
upon  many  occafions,  derived  from 
the  dignity  of  his  charafter,  and 
the  wifdom,  (leadinefs,  and  inte- 
grity of  his  cordu6l:  for  his  firm 
adherence  to  the  conftitution  both 
in  church  and  (Ute,  his  noble  drug- 
gies for  liberty,  and  his  difuiterefted 
and  invariable  purfuit  of  the  true 
glory  and  prolperity  of  his  king 
and     country,    "Uninfluenced     by 

H  3  pov/cr. 


?92        ANNUAL  REGISTER,  1758, 

power,  unawed  by  clamour,  and 
^nbiafled  by  the  prejudice  of 
j)arty.'* 

.  ,$ir  Robert  Ladbroke,  at  tKe  faid 
court  declared  his  aflent  to  take 
upon  him  the  office  of  father  of  this 
jcity,  and  the  aldexmaniliip  of  Bridge 
^ard  without. 

A  motion  was  made  by  the  faid 
gentleman,  that  the  thanks  of  the 
foan  of  aldermen  ftiould  be  given 
to  Sir  John  J5arnard,  which  was  a- 
grted  to,  and  exprelled  in  the  fjol- 
Jowing  terms : 

'  It  is  j^nanimoufly  agreed  and 
f  ordered,  that  the  thanks  of  this 
f  court  be  given  to  Sir  John  Bar- 
f  nard,  Knt.  late  one  of  the  alder- 
'  men,  and  father  of  this  city,  for 
/  Jiis  cpnflant  attendance  and  falu- 
^  tary  counfels  in  this  court,  his 
f  ,wife^  vigilant,  and  impartial  ad- 
/  piiuiftration  of  juftice,    .hi§    un- 

*  wearied  '^eal  for  the  honour,  fafe- 

*  tj,  and  profperity  of  his  fellow-ci- 
f  tizens,  his  inviolable  attachment 

*  to  the  laws  and  liberties  of  his 
5  .country,  and  for  the  noble  ^X-- 
f  ample  he  has  fet  of  a  long  and 
f  ur.interrup;;;d  courfe  of  virtue  in 
f  private  as  well  as  public  life.' 

Tiiis  day  a  further  r^fpite  for 
pit.  Henfey  was  brought  to  JSfew- 
ga.te  till  the  ^th  of  November. 

The  fociety  for  the  encourage- 
ment pr  arts,  manufadures,  and 
commerce,  having  propofed  three 
medals  for  planting  acorns  for  tin}-. 
^er ;  a. gold  medal  was,  this  day  ad- 
jjudged  to  his  grace  the  Duke  of 
^eaufort,  for  planting  the  largelt 
ouantity  :  a  filver  medal  to  Phiiip 
,Carteret  Webb,  Efq;  for  the  ne^it 
iargell  quantity ;  anda/ilver  medal 
likewiie  to  John  Berney,  Efq;  for 
pJanting  the  third  largeli  quantity. 


j6,th. 


4t  a  committee  of  Chrift's 
hofpital„Sir  John  Barnard 
rejlgned  the  prefideatiiiip  of  th^t 


houfe,  on  account  of  his  great  aga 
and  infirmities. 

On  the  5th  of  this  month,  n 
Cardinal  Charles  Rezzoni-  ^ 
CO,  bifliop  of  Padua,  a  Venet;ian, 
was  defied  pope.  He  was  born 
on  the  7th  of  March  1693,  and 
was  formerly  auditor  of  the  Rota. 
fie  was  made  cardinal  by  Clement 
XII.  on  the  20th  of  Odlober,  1737, 
at  the  nomination  of  the  republic 
of  Venice.  He  had  the  title  of  St. 
Marl  d'  Ara  Cceli  (the  principal 
convent  of  the  Cordeliers)  and  was 
proteftorof  thelllyrian  nation,  the 
Pandours.  He  is  ill  favoured  and 
hunch  hacked;  but  of  a  flrong  vi- 
gorous conftitution  ;  a  frefh  com- 
plexion, walks  well  and  firm  ;  the 
honefteft  man  in  the  world  ;  a  moll 
exemplary  ecclefialHc;  ofthepureft 
morals  ;  devout,  fleady,  learned, 
diligent  J  in  (hort,  worthy  to  fuc- 
ceed  the  great  Benedift  XIV. 
though  no  body,  certainly,  ever 
thought  he  would  b?  called  to  fuc- 
ceed  him. 

The  following  is  a  true  copy  of 
the  manifefto,  which  his  grace  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough  publilhed  in 
Brittany  on  the  7th  of  June,  the 
fecond  day  after  the  landing  of  th^ 
troops  at  Cancalle. 

"  We  the  high  and  mighty 
Prince  Charles  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  .Marquis  of 
Biandford,  Earl  of  Sunder- 
land, Uaron  Churchill,  Knight 
pi  the  rnoft  noble  order  of  the 
.  Garter,  Privy- counfellor  to 
his  Britannic  Majefty,  Grand 
Mafter  of  the  Old  nance,  and 
commander  in  chief  of  his 
forces,  «lc. 
**  Make  known  to  all  the  inha- 
bitants of  Brittany,  that  the  defcent 
on  their  coall  with  the  powerful 
army  under  our  command,  and  our 
formidable  armament  by  fea,  is  n^t 

jnadc 


CHRONICLE. 


103 


made  with  an  intention  to  ntake 
war  on  the  inhabitants  of  the  coun- 
try, excepting  thofe  who  fliali  be 
found  in  arms,  or  fhail  otherwife 
oppofe  the  juft  war,  which  we  wage 
againft  his  majefty  the  mod  Chri- 
ilian  king. 

"  Be  it  known,  therefore,  to  all 
who  will  remain  in  peaceable  pof- 
fellion  of  their  habitations  and  ef- 
fedls,  that  they  may  ftay  unmolefted 
in  their  r6fpe£live  dwellings,  and 
follow  their  ufual  occupations ;  and 
that,  excepting  the  cuftoms  and 
taxes  which  they  pay  to  the  king, 
nothing  will  be  required  of  them, 
either  in  money  or  merchandizes, 
but  what  is  abfolutely  neceffary  for 
the  fubfiflence  of  the  army  ;  and 
that  for  all  the  provifjons  they  (hall 
bring  in,  they  fhall  be  paid  ready 
money. 

*'  On  the  contrary,  if  notwith- 
ilanding  this  declaration  which  we 
have  been  pleafed  to  make,  the  in- 
habitants of  the  towns  or  villages 
carry  away  their  furniture,  effeas, 
or  provifions,  and  abandon  their 
houfes  or  dwellings,  we  fhall  treat 
fuch  delinquents  as  enemies,  and 
deftroy  by  fire  and  fw'ord,  or  fuch 
other  methods,  as  fhaH  be  in  our 
power,  their  towns,  villages,  dwel- 
lings, or  houfcs.  Given  at  the  head 
quarters  at  Parame. 

June  7,     MARLBOROUGH.*' 

1758. 

By  hisgrace*s  command,  Bryant. 

His  grace  fent  at  the  fame  time 

the  following  letter  to  the  magi- 

ftrates  and  echevins  of  St.  Maloes. 

GenTLEiMEN, 

**  We  being  in  pofTcfllon  of  all 
the  country  between  Dinan,  Ren- 
nes,  and  Doll,  as  far  as  St.  Malo, 
and  finding  that  all  the  inhabitants 
of  the  towns  and  villages  in  this 
extent  of  country  have  abandoned 
their  habitations,  probably  to  avoid 


the  payment  of  the  ufual  contribu- 
tions :  and  as  we  are  informed  that 
the  inhabitants  have,  by  your  or- 
ders, been  compelled  to  go  to  St. 
Malo,  we  give  you  notice,  that  if 
they  do  not  return  peaceably  to  their 
houies,  and  (end  their  magiflrates 
to  our  head  quarters  to  fettle  the 
contributions,  we  fhall  think  our- 
felves  obliged  to  fet  fire  to  them 
without  further  delay. 

MARLBOROUGH.". 

AUGUST. 

In  the  pafl  month  of  July,  by  « 
an  exaft  meafurement,  above 
five  inches  of  rain  fell  in  London,  a 
quantity  furpaffiLg  any  in  the  fame 
month  perhaps  in  the  memory  of 
man.  The  mean  depth  in  England, 
one  year  with  another,  is  about  23 
inches  and  an  half,  of  which  a 
larger  proportion  ufually  falls  in 
the  winter  months. 

A  loan  to  his  majelly,  in  his 
quality  of  eledlor  of  Hanover,  for 
two  hundred  thoufand  pounds,  was 
opened  at  the  bank  ;  which  was 
immediately  filled  by  the  following 
gentlemen,  £» 

Sir  Jofhua  Van  neck  —  50000 
Meffrs.  Backvvell,  Hart 

and  Co.  50000 

Sampfon  Gideon,  Efq;  40000 

Nicholas  Magens,  Efq;  20COO 

George  Amyand,  Efq;  15000 

Bartholomev/  Burton,  Efq;  15000 
Thomas  Martins,  Efq;  5000 

Jofeph  Salvador®,  Efq;  5000 

200000 
And  MefTrs.  Amyand.  Backwell, 
Burton,  and  Magens,  are  appointed 
truftees  for  the  management  of  the 
faid  loan.  '  • 

A  great  number  of  fowls,  bcafts, 
&c.  which  came  over  in  the  Weft- 
India   fleet,  were  brought  to   St. 

H  4  James's, 


104     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


James's,  prefents  to  his  Royal  High- 
nefs  theDike  of  Cumberland. 

J  A.  Wigton  there  was  fuch 
^  '  a  fail  of  rain,  as  has  not  been 
known  in  the  memory  of  the  oldeft 
man  living.  Ic  fwelled  the  rivu- 
lets to  luch  a  tiegfee  in  that  town 
and  neighbou.hood,  that  five 
bridges  within  two  miles  of  the 
town  were  fwept  away  by  the 
flood.  In  feveral  hpufes  in  the 
town  the  water  was  fix  feet  deep 
the  day  after  the  flood, 
y.  1  Two  powder-mills  at  Houn- 
,  '  flow  blew  up  with  about  600 
weight  of  powder.    ■   -    ' 

The  lords  of  the  admiralty  re- 
ceived information,  that  a  Dutch 
ihip,  having  on  board  the  baggage 
of  the  Marquis  de  Pic^natelly,  mi- 
nifler  from  the  court  ofSpain  to  the 
court  of  Denmark,  and  feveral  of 
his  domdtic?,  was  on  the  30th  of 
June  lai!:,  boarded  three  times,  by 
the  crews  of  three  different  Englifli 
privateers  ;  that  fome  of  ihe  crews 
armed  with  cutlaiTes,  piilols,  and 
hatchets,  forced  open  the  hatch- 
ways, and  wentf  into  the  faid  ftiip's 
hold,  and  there  broke  open  two' 
trunks  belonging  to  the  Marquis 
de  Pignatelly,  wherein  were  rich 
cloaths  and  laced  liveries,  which 
they  carried  away  to  their  (hip  : 
and  that  whilft  they  were  fo  doing, 
the  crew  of  another  Englifh  veflel 
joined,  upon  which  the  faid  crews 
committed  very  great  outrages,  by 
J>rea king  open  all  the  faid  Marquis 
de  Pignatelly's  cafes,  and  trunks, 
and  la-king  and  carrying  away  all 
the  valu:  bie  effedls,  which  were  in 
fix  of  the  faid  cales  and  trunks,  and 
deftroying  or  damaging  the  reft  of 
thofe  etfeils ;  and  then  falling  upon 
his,  the  faid  •  mi n I fter's  officers,  beat 
them  in  a  very  cruel  and  (hameful 
jraanncr,  and  ilripping  them  of  their 


cloaths,  carried  them  off,  togethef 
with  their  letters  of  credit  and  a 
bill  of  exchange.  Their  lordihip?, 
therefore,  in  order  to  difcover  and 
bring  to  juftice  the  perfons  guilty 
of  the  piratical  offences  above-men- 
tioned, are  pleafed  to  promife  a  re- 
ward of  500I.  without  any  deduc- 
tion, unto,  or  amongft  fuch  per- 
fon  or  perfons,  as  ihall,  within 
three  months  from  this  time,  dif- 
cover any  two  or  more  of  the  offen- 
ders, concerned  in  committing  the 
piracies  above  mentioned. 

Advice  was  received,  that  „  t 
an  unfuccefsful  attempt  had 
been  made  on  the  illand  of  Goree, 
near  the  river  Senegal ;  but  that 
the  fhips  who  had  attacked  it,  had 
loft  but  a  few  men,  and  received 
very  little  damage. 

The  fame  day  an  account  was 
received  of  the  burning  the  Rofe, 
a  French  man  of  war  of  40  guns, 
by  the  Monmouth,  Captain  Her- 
vey,  in  the  ifland  of  Malta,  of 
which  infult  the  Mahefe  complain 
loudly. 

The  Magdalen   hofpital  , 

in  Goodman  s^nelds  tor  the 
reception  of  penitent  prouitutes  was 
opened,  when  fifty  petitions  were 
prefented,  and  feveral  of  the  peni- 
tents admitted. 

This  day  a  company  of  labour- 
ers, headed  by  fome  farmers,  af- 
fembled  in  a  riotous  manner,  and 
pulled  down  a  bridge  that  was 
building  near  Norwich,  and  after 
having  levelled  it  with  the  ground, 
they  broke  up  the  road,  and  then 
diiperfed. 

At  Poole,  in  the  county  , 

of  Montgomery,  whilft  the  * 

court  of  great  feUions  was  fitting  in 
the  hall  there  over  the  market 
place,  an  alarm  was  given  that  the 
floor  gave  way ;  which  occaiioned 

fo 


CHRONICLE. 


105 


fo  great  crouding  at  the  door  and 
ftairs,  that  fix  of  the  common  people 
were  trampled  to  death,  and  many 
others  bruifed. 

,  The  a(fizes  at  Lancafter 
^*  *  ended,  when  many  capital 
offenders  were  tried.  On  the  firft 
day  of  the  affize  an  account  was 
received  of  prodigious  riots  and 
tumults  in  and  about  Manchefter  ; 
that  near  10,000  manufafturers  had 
left  oiF  working,  and  entered  into 
a  combination  toraife  the  price  of 
wages  by  force  ;  that  large  fums  of 
money  were  colledled,  and  paid  into 
the  hands  of  fome  of  the  leaders, 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  poorer 
fort  while  they  rcfufed  to  work ; 
that  they  infulted  and  abufed  fuch 
as  would  not  join  in  the  combina- 
tion; that  incendiary  let:ers  were 
difperfed,  and  threats  of  vengeance 
denounced  againft  all  who  Ihould 
oppofe  them  ;  that  bufinefs  was  at 
a  ftand,  the  magiftrates  were  afraid 
to  adl,  and  every  thing  feemed  in 
great  confufion.  Lord  Mansfield 
adapted  part  of  his  charge  to  the 
importanceof  the  occafion,  and  rhe 
grand  jury,  upon  llrong  evidence, 
fingled  out  17  or  18  of  the  ri•^g- 
leaders,  againll  whom  they  found 
bills  of  indidtmenc ;  af:cr  which 
they  unanimoufly  jolrjed  hn  a  re- 
queil  to  his  lordthip  to  give  them 
in  writing  that  charge,  the  efFedis  of 
which  they  had  fo  powerfully  felt 
upon  thetnfelves,  and  which,  if 
made  public,  they  had  reafon  to 
hope  would  be  equally  felt  by  others 
in  chis  critical  period  ;  but  whether 
this  requell  was  complied  with,  or 
rot,  is  not  {-Aid. 

1 6th  ^  captain  ef  a  privateer 

was  taken  into  the  cuftody  of 
the  marfhal  of  the  admiralty,  near 
iheRoyal  Exchangc,on  an  informa- 
»ron  for  committing  feveraloutragei 


on    neutral  veflels  in   the  Britifh 
channel. 

Came  on  at  the  high  court  i 
of  admiralty  before  Sir  ' 
George  Let,  Knight,  feveral  trials 
with  regard  to  Dutch  and  Danifh 
fhips  taken  by  our  privateers;  and 
it  appearing  to  the  fatisfadion  of 
the  court,  that  their  cargoes  were 
French  property,  four  were  con- 
demned as  lawful  prizes;  and  the 
court  gave  orders  that  the  freights 
of  three  of  them  fhould  be  paid, 
and  the  fhips  fet  at  liberty;  but  a 
Dutch  veflcl  taken  by  the  Hawk 
privateer,,  and  carried  into  GibraU 
ter,  had  both  fhip  and  cargo  con- 
demned ;  fhe  is  a  very  valuable 
prize. 

Richard  Houfeman  of  Knarefbo- 
rough ,  was  committed  to  York  caftle 
on  fufpicion  of  murdering  Daniel 
Clark,  of  the  fame  place,  ihoe- 
maker,  about  14  years  ago:  thfe 
difcovery  was  remarkable.  Some 
workmen  digging  about  St.  Ro- 
bert's Cave  near  Knarefborough, 
found  the  remains  of  a  body,  which 
they  fuppofed  to  have  been  raur- 
dfe'fed ;  and  as  Daniel  Clark  had 
fuddenly  difappeared,  and  was  ge- 
nerally thought  to  have  been  mur- 
dered, they  imagined  it  might  be 
his  body,  and  therefore  apprehend- 
ed HouleiTvan,  and  carried  him  be- 
fore a  juftice,  as  it  was  recolleded 
that  he  was  one  of  the  laft  perfons 
fecn  in  Clark's  company.  On  his 
examination  he  faid  that  the  body 
found  was  not  Clark's  body,  for 
CLik  Was  buried  in  another  place, 
which  he  mentioned,  and  accord- 
ingly the  remains  of  another  body 
were  there  found,  on  which  he  wa« 
committed  as  above.  And  one 
Eugene  Aram  was  alfo  com.nitted 
on  fufpicion  of  being  an  accom- 
plice. 

A  prayer 


io6       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 

,  A  prayer  of  thanlcfgiving 

'  *  for  the  taking  of  Louifbourg, 
was  ufed  in  the  churches  an^.phapels 
throughout  the  kingdom.    .^    , 

Some  wicked  incendiaries  having 
attempted  to  fet  fire  to  the  new 
temporary  bridge,  a  flrong  guard  is 
placed  to  prevent  their  defign. 

Four  fhips  failed  from  Whitby 
on  the  Greenland  fifliery  ;  one  was 
loft  in  the  ice,  one  returned  without 
any  fifh,  and  two  brought  home 
three  whales  between  them.  Two 
fhips  of  ij^dinburgh  returned  with 
five  large  whales,  and  four  others 
returned  empty.  The  Ofwald,  of 
Borrowftownefs,  returned  with  two 
large  whales.  Many  have  arrived 
at  the  port  of  London  with  various 
fuccefs. 

On  the  nth  inftant  a  veflcl  ar- 
rived at  Cork  from  Fyal,  bound  for 

Bremen ;    fhe  failed  from  Rio  de 

Jeneiro  in  laft  January,   and  was 

there  in   0£lober,    when    general 

Lally,  With  five  French  men  of  war 

and  two  frigates,  put  in  there  in 

his  way   to  the  Eaft  Indies.     His 

fleet  had  loll  above  looo  men  from 

their  failing  from  France,  and  was 

then  Co  fickly,  that  General  Lally 

was  Ijeard  to  fay  that  he  could  not 

undertake   any   thing   againft  the 

E,nglifli'  fettlernents  without  a  rein- 
forcement. On  his  proceeding  from 

,thence,  he  left  an  officer  behind, 

who  took  bis  pafiage  in  the  above 

fhip   for  Europe,  and  died  on  the 

voyage.  *  On  examining  his  papers 

a  large  packet  of  letters  was  found, 

diretteci'for  the  Fri:nch  arrvbafiador 

a:  Lilbon,  to  be  forwarded  to  Ver- 

faillCiry  which'le tiers  were  lall  night 

forwarded  to  t^eir  excellencies  the 

Lordsjiiflicesof  this  kingdom.  The 
'abbv^  vefi'ei  on  her  pafTagc  met  with 

eleven  Spanilh  men  of  war,  on  the 

Z/fih  of  juiy,  in  lai.  40.  7, long.  23. 


25.  from  London,  (landing  to  the 
S.  E.  Note,  the  faid  fhips  were  all 
clean,  and  every  one  of  them  had 
new  fails. 

Heads  of  an  ad  pafTed  laft  feffions, 
topermit  the  importation  of  faked 
beef,  pork,  and  butter,  from  Ire- 
land, for  a  limited  time. 
That  it  Ihall  be  lawful  to  import 
faked  beef,  pork,  and  butter,  from 
Ireland,  for  fix  months,  to  com- 
mence the  24th  of  June,  and  expire 
the  24th  of  December  1758,  with- 
out being  fubjccl  to  any  penalties, 
forfeitures  or  other  duties,  on  the 
landing  thereof,  except  is.  3d.  per 
ct.  weight  for  beef  or  pork,  and  4d. 
per  ct.  weight  for  butter;  the  fame 
to  be  paid  to  the  Exchequer,  as 
part  of  the  duties  on  fait,  jaid  by 
theaftof  5  Geo.  II.  If  any  fliould 
be  landed  before  duty  is  paid,  the 
importer,  befides  the  forfeiture  of 
the  faid  commodities,  is  to  forfeit 
alfo  20s.  per  barrel,  and  fo  in  pro- 
portion for  any  greater  or  leifer 
quantity,  half  to  the  king,  half 
to  the  informer".  No  bounty  to  be 
allowed  on  the  exporting  it  from 
England. 

New  York, June  19. 
Captain  Smith  arrived  at  New- 
haven  the7th  inftant,  in  25daysfrom 
Antigua,  and  reports  that  about  a 
week  before  he  failed,  Commodore 
Moore  with  feven  fhips  of  the  line, 
and  two  frigates,  failed  from  thence 
on  fbme  fecret  defign,  thought  to  be 
againft  St.  Domingo. 

New  York,  July  3. 
A  few  days  flu ce  a  flag  of  truce 
(it  is  faid  of  30  men)  came  into 
Fort  Edward,  from  Canada,  to  de- 
mand the  return  ofthe  brave  Colonel 
Peter,  Schuyler,  of  New  Jerfey, 
agreeable  to  engagement,  Monl". 
Montcalm  having  rejeded  the  pro- 
pofals  that  were  offered  with  re- 
gard 


CHRONICLE. 


107 


gardtohis  exchange :  and  the  colo- 
nel, we  hear,  fet  out  yefierday  for 
i  Albany. 
A  woman,  who  ufcd  to  pafs  for 
a  perfon  of  quality,  and  went  by 
feveral  difFereot  names,  and  kept 
fervants  in  livery,  was  committed  to 
the  Gate-houfe  for  embezzling  the 
goods  entrufted  with  her  in  her 
♦  reidy-furniftied  lodgings  in  Dean- 
ilreet,  Soho.  She  was  carried  to 
gaol  in  a  chair,  attended  by  one  of 
her  footmen. 

A  quarrel  happening  inThomas- 
ftrect,  Drury-Iane,  between  John 
Garland,  a  bricklayer's  labourer, 
and  Thomas  Lockwbod,  a  fruiterer; 
the  former  ufed  the  latter  fo  cruelly, 
that  he  left  him  for^ead,  and  made 
his  efcape.  Lockwood  was  carried 
the  fame  night  to  the  Middlefex 
hofpital,  where  he  died  yefterday 
morning. 
j>  ,  A  man  was  obferved  to 

walk  to  and  fro  at  Tower- 
wharf  for  near  ay  hour  ;  and  when 
it  was  quite  dark  he  went  into  the 
farthermoft  boat, threw  himfelf  from 
thence  into  the  river,  and  was 
drowned.  He  was  a  tall,  thin,  well 
dreiTed  man. 

A  fervant  maid  at  Execution- 
dock,  delivered  herfelf  of  a  child, 
which  being  foon  difcovered  by  the 
people  of  the  houfe,  fearch  was 
made,  and  the  infant  was  found  torn 
in  two,  wrapt  up  in  a  flannel  petti- 
coat, and  hid  ur.der  the  bed.  She  is 
fecurcd. 

A  remarkable  carriage  fet  out 
from  AlJerfgate-ftrect  for  Birming- 
ham, from  which  towpk  a;  rived  the 
Thurfday  before,  full  of  paffengers 
and  baggage,  wi;hout  ur-.g  coomb, 
pr  any  oily,  unduous,  or  other 
liquid  matter  whatever,  to  the 
wheels,  or  axles;  its  conflru£lion 
being  fuch,  as  to' render  all  fuch 


helps  ufelefs.  The  Inventor  has  en- 
graved on  the  boxes  of  the  wheels, 
thef^  words.  Friction  Annihi- 
lated, and  it  is  affurcd  that  the 
carriage  will  go  as  long  and  as  eafy, 
if  not  longer  and  eafier,  without 
greafing,  than  any  of  the  ordinary 
ftagecarriages  will  do  with grealing. 
If  this  anfwers  in  common  pradlice, 
it  is  perhaps  the  mod  ufeful  inven- 
tion in  n.echanics  that  this  age  has 
produced.  ^ 

A  difpute  happened  be-  . 
tween  fome  officers  of  the  ^9^»'* 
cuftoms  and  the  mafter  of  a  veflel 
'arrived  from  Ireland  with  fait  beef, 
pork,  bacon,  and  neats  tongues, 
which  two  laft  articles  were  objedl- 
ed  to,  as  being  an  infringetnent  of 
the  adl  of  parliament  pafled  for 
allowing  faked  provifions  to  be 
brought  from  Ireland  ;  but  the  fame 
being  referred  to  the  proper  com- 
miirioners,it  was  agreed, that  thein- 
tcntandmeaningofthefaidaftwas, 
for  importing  all  falted  pork  and- 
beef  wh.itever  from  that  kingdom; 
and  that  bacon,  tongues,  and  hams, 
were  pans  of  beef  and  pork.  [This 
is  a  miflake,  but  the  point  is  now 
fettled  by  an  amendment  to  the  adl 
this  feffions.] 

Between  nine  and  ten  at  , 
night, afirebrokeoutamong  ^o^"; 
fome  new  cordage,  very  near  the 
ftorc- houfe  in  his  majefly's  yard  at 
Deptford,  on  which  all  the  alarm 
bells  were  rung,  and  the  gates  fet 
open,  when  great  numbers  of  the 
arificers  went  to  give  their  alliftance, 
by  whom  it  was  foon  extinguifhed. 
There  is  great  reafcn  to  believe  that 
this  fire  was  not  accidental ;  the  fpot 
where  the  difcovery  was  made  is 
not  25  feet  diftance  from  a  new  7^ 
gun  fhip  on  the  ftocks,  and  within 
16  feet  of  great  quantities  of  com- 
bulliblcs. 


io5      ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758, 


bullibles,  fuch  asrefin,  turpentine, 
&:c.  which  were  in  cellars  under  the 
ilore-houfe,  the  largeft  and  mofl: 
valuable  of  .any  belonging  to  the 
navy  j  fo  that  from  a  iofs  of  thefe 
ftores,  with  the  difappointment  that 
mull  have  naturally  followed,  the 
damage  done  to  the  fervice  would 
have  been  very  great ;  but  all  this 
was  happily  prevented  by  the  great 
vigilance  of  the  officers,  and  the 
uncommon  readinefs  and  aftivityof 
the  workmen  of  the  yard,  who  on 
tliis  occafion  performed  wonders, 
by  removing  almoft  inftantaneoufly 
great  pieces  of  timber.  Sec.  and  in 
feparating  and  rollingoff  large  coils 
of  cordage,  feveral  of  which  were 
then  on  fire  ;  fo  that  in  lefs  than  an 
hour  the  whole  was  extinguifhed, 
to   the   inexprelTible  joy   of  3000 

fpedtators. The  commiffioners 

of  the  navy  have  iince  promifed 
500I.  reward  to  any  perfon  concern- 
ed in  this  wicked  affair,  who  fhall 
make  difcovery  thereof,  except  the 
perfon  who  fet  the  faid  place  on 
fire. 


SEPTEMBER. 

,  A  fire  broke  oat  in  the  Am- 
J  '  flerdam  galley,  a  new  ihip  of 
250  tons  baithen,  in  the  port  of  Li- 
merick in  Ireland,  by  which  (he  was 
immediately  confumed,  and  by  the 
cxpiofion  of  fome  gunpowder,  the 
fails  and  rigging  were  blown  upon  a 
cotta^ge  upon  the  fliore,and  burnt  it 
to  the  ground.  She  had  fome  bale 
goods  on  board,  and  was  to  have 
taken  in  a  lading  of  beef  and  pork 
for  St.  Euftcia, 

^  ,       Whitehall.  The  King  having 

'  beenpleafed  to  order  the  colours 

taken    at  Louifbourg,  which  were 

lately  brought  to  the  palace  at  Ken- 


fington,  to  be  depofited  in  the  ca- 
thedral church  of  St.  Paul;  proper 
detachmentsofhorfe  and  foot  grena- 
diers were  ordered  to  parade  atKen- 
fmgton  at  ten  o'clock,  and  marched 
before  his  majefty  in  the  following 
order  : 

A  ferjeant,  and  twelve  horfe  gre- 
nadiers. 

A  field  officer,  and  officers  in  pro- 
portion. 

A  detachment  of  fourfcore  of  the 
horfe  grenadier  guards. 

Then  eighty  of  the  life-guards, 
with  officers  in  proportion,  with 
their  flandard,  kettle  drums  and 
trumpets. 

Then  a  ferjeant  and  twelvcgrcna- 
diers  of  the  foot  guards. 

Then  eleven  ferjeants  of  the  foot 
guards  carrying  the  eleven  French 
colours,  advanced. 

Then  the  four  companies  of  gre- 
nadiers of  the  foot  guards  clofed  the 
march. 

In  this  manner  they  proceeded 
from  Kenfmgton  through  Hyde- 
Park,  into  St.  James's  Park,  and 
through  the  Stable-yard  St.  James's, 
into  Pal!  mall,  and  foon  to  the  well 
gate  of  St. Paul's,  where  the  colours 
where  received  by  the  dean  and  chap- 
ter, attended  by  the  choir ;  about 
which  time  the  guns  at  the  Tower, 
and  in  St.  James's  Park,  were 
fired. 

Thefe  colours  are  put  up  near  the 
weft  door  of  the  cathedra),  as  a  laft- 
ing  mcrnorial  of  the  fuccefs  of  his 
nujefty's  arms,  in  the  redudion  of 
ficimporcanrfortrefsofLcuilbourg, 
and  the  iflands  of  CaptrBieton  and 
St.  John. 

Two  bricklayers  labourers  in      , 
djggingatthebackof  Mr.Pear-'      • 
fon's  houfe  inBroad-ftreet,  difcover- 
ed  two  veflels  with  ancient  coins  to 
a  confiderable  .value. 

At 


G    H    R    O    N    I    C    L    E. 


109 


At  the  anniverfary  feaft  of  the 
natives  of  Gloucefterlhire,  held  at 
Gloucefter,  for  the  putting  out  of 
poor  boys  to  trades,  157I.  was  col- 
Icdid  by  the  gentlemen  for  that 
laudable  purpofe. 

,  Soon  after  morning  fervice 
*°'"'  at  St.  John,  Wapping,  the 
neighbourhood  was  alarmed  with 
the  cry  of  fire,  which  fpread  a 
general  confternation  among  the 
inhabitants.  The  houfe  of  Mr. 
Hughes,  fail- maker,  adjoining  to 
Gun-dock,  was  all  in  flames  in  an 
inftant,  and  communicated  itfelf  to 
a  bifcuit  baker's  adjoining,  and 
with  irrefiftable"  fury  burnt  down 
15  houfes  on  both  fides  the  way 
before  water  could  be  had  to  fup- 
ply  the  engines,  it  being  then  ebb- 
tide. Numbers  of  the  unhappy 
fufferers  had  their  goods  carried  off 
by  perfons  who  pretended  to  affift 
them  in  their  diftrefs,  fome  of  whom 
are  in  cuftody.  A  large  fhip  that 
was  repairing  at  Gun-dock,  was 
fet  on  fire,  and  her  rigging  and 
tops  burnt  away,  and  had  they  not 
taken  the  precaution  to  cut  away 
her  bowfprit,  the  veiTel  muft  have 
been  entirely  burnt,  as  fhe  lay  clofe 
to  the  houfes. 

1  ith  ^  gentleman  was  ftopt  in 
*  Holborn  about  12  at  night 
by  two  footpads,  who,  on  the 
gentleman's  making  refiftance,  fhot 
him  dead,  and  then  robbed  him. 
The  villains  have  been  fince  appre- 
hended. 

1 2th  ^"  ^^^  afternoon,  the 
Shrew/bury  man  of  war 
joined  the  Unicorn  and  Lizard, 
and  fbon  got  fight  of  a  great 
number  of  fmall  coafting  vefTels, 
under  convoy  of  the  Calipfo  and 
Thetis  frigates,  and  an  armed  fnow, 
working  for  Brei!.  The  greateft 
part  efcaped  by  running  into  the 
pafs  of  Toulinguet ;  and  the  Lizard 


got  between  the  pafs  and  the  fri- 
gates, and  engaged  them  both 
bravely  for  above  two  hours,  when 
the  Thetis  fheered  off,  and  run  in 
for  the  rocks  at  the  mouth  of 
Pool  Davit,  and  the  Calipfo  with 
about  twenty  of  the  fmall  craft  run 
in  upon  the  rocks  near  Point  de 
Levun,  where  it  was  fuppofed  they 
muft  all  perifh,  it  being  a  lee  fhore, 
and  the  fwell  of  the  fea  very  great. 
The  Lizard  had  one  man  killed  and 
eight  wounded. 

His  majefty's  (hips  King-  1 

fton  and  Burford  arrived  at  ^  * 
Plymouth  from  Louifbourg,  with 
the  tranfports,  having  the  garri- 
fon  of  Louifbourg  on  board  under 

their  convoy. His  majefly  watf 

pleafed  to  make  a  prefent  of  500I. 
to  the  Captains  Amherft  and  Edge- 
combe, who  jointly  brought  the 
news  of  the  taking  of  this  im- 
portant fortrefs;  and  to  order  a 
further  fum  to  each  of  thofe 
gentlemen  to  purchafe  a  fword  and 
ring.  ^ 

While  two  ferjeants  and  , 
a  corporal  were  employed  ^ 
in  making  up  cartridges  in  the  ex- 
change at  Morpeth,  the  powder 
took  fire,  and  above  1000  car- 
tridges were  blown  up.  The  three 
men  were  terribly  burnt,  and  the 
recovery  of  one  of  the  ferjeants  it 
defpaired  of.  The  windows  of  the 
exchanged  were  much  {hattered,and 
the  confequences  would  have  been 
ftill  more  dreadful,  had  not  3000 
cartridges,  and  two  facks  of  powder 
which  were  upon  the  table>  provi- 
dentially efcaped. 

The  cannon  and  mortars    ^  , 
taken  at  Cherbourg  pafTed 
by  his  majefty,  and  fet  out  from 
Hyde- Park,  and  came  through  the 
city  in  grand  procelTion,  guarded 
by  a  company  of  matiofles,  with 

drums 


no        ANNU.AL    REGISTER,    1758 

The  foot  forces  employed 


drums  beating  and  iifes  playing  all 
the  way  to  the  Tower,  where  they 
arrived  about  four  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon.  There  were  23  car- 
riages, drawn  by  229  horfes,  with 
a  poUilion  and  driver  to  each  car- 
riage, in  the  following  nvanner ; 
the  firft  drawn  by  15  grey  horfes, 
with  the  Englifh  colours  and  the 
French  underneath ;  feven  .ditto, 
drawn  by  13  horfes  eaclv;  nine  ditto, 
by  9  horfes  each;  three  ditto  by  7 
horles  each  ;  one  ditto  by  five 
horfes  ;  then  the  two  mortars  by 
nine  horfes  each.  Thefe  pieces  are 
finely  ornamented  with  the  arms'of 
France,  and  other  hieroglyphics, 
fuch  as  trophies,  &c.  finiilied  in  a 
mailerly  manner:  their  nanic.% 
exa6l  weight,  and  nearly  their  bore, 
are  as  under : 

Inches  in  Ihche 

Cannon  wt,  bore 
Hecuba  4090  6 
Nitocris  4080  do 
Etnerilloii5820  do 
Temerare  56S0  do 
Angufta     5770    do 


Cannon  wt.  bore 

Antonin     5^40  6 

Ifif-nlible   5660  do 

Malfailant  5500  do 

Variqueur  5690  do 

Jude  5470  do 

In  the  fecond  line. 

Sage  43^6  5 

Viplente     4150  do 

Furieufe     4160  do 

Impeiieufe4i6o  do 

Divineieire4ooo  dp 


UlyHe  2353  4 
Fotiroyant33!  I  5 
lN.tnomyne3^367  do 
Ldb  ;ricux  3302  do 
Diligence  39^0  do 
Mnrefquc  398©  do 

The  two  mortars  had  not  their 
weight  expreffed.  All  the  pieces 
except  fix  remain  nailed  up,  as  they 
were  taken  at  Cberboarg. 

Eleven  feamen  accu fed  of  being 
concerned  in  the  prr.d^ices  com- 
plained of  by  theDutch  and  Danes, 
and  for  the  difcovery  of  whom  the 
government  ottered  a  coniiderable 
jeward,  were  broilght  up  the  river 
by^  king's  cutter,  ^ and  are  fince 
cornmittcd  to  the  Marihalfea  pri- 
fon;  Oneof  their  accomplices  has 
made  himfelf  an  evidence,  and 
has  impeached  feveral  not  yet 
taken. 


in  the  late  expedition  againft  " 
St.  Maloes,  were  difembarked  at 
Cowcs  in  the  Ifle  of  Wight,  and 
marched  direftly  for  Newport,  near 
which  they  encamped,  with  orders 
to  hold  themfelves  in  readinefs  at  a 
itioment's  warning.  The  light 
horfe  difembarked  at  Portfmouth, 
and  marched  to  the  quarter's  allot- 
ted them  at  Southampton,  Peters- 
field  and  Chichefler,  &c. 

His  Royal HighnefsPiince  « 
Edv/ard,  having  arrived  at 
Kew  from  Portfmouth  the  day  be- 
fore, waited  upon  the  King  at  Ken - 
fington  in  his  uniform.  His  ma- 
jefty  received  him  gracioufly,  and 
encouraged  him  tobehave valiantly. 
There  is  another  expedition  again (1: 
France  on  foot,  in  v;hich  thePjince 
is  to  be  engaged. 

The  boat-builders  atPortf-  ^, 
mouth  received  frefh  orders  ^  ^' 
to  put  in  hand  directly  a  number 
of  fiat- bottomed  boats,  to  repUce 
thofe  that  were  deftroyed  in  the  bay 
of  St.  Cas.  They  are  to  be  com- 
pfeated  in  ten  days,  about  which 
time,  it  is  fuppofed,  the  troops  will 
be  ready  to  embark. 

The  foldiers  of  the  firfl  ^,  , 
battalion  of  the  firfl:  regi- 
ment of  guards,  began  their  march 
from  the  Ifle  of  Wight  for  Lon- 
don. They  were  met  on  the  read 
by  proper  ofRcers,  with  cloathing 
and  other  neccffaries,  of  v»^hich 
they  were  in  great  want.  A 
draught  from  the  guards  has  al- 
ready been  made  to  fapply  their 
place,  as  well  as  of  thofe  who 
were  killed  or  taken  prifoners  in 
the  late  fkirmifh  on  the  coaft  of 
France. 

A  farmer  near  Bland  ford  in 
Dorfetfliiie  ploughing  up  part  of 
an  inclcfed  field,  ths  plouglhnre 
ftruck  ngainll  an  earthen  vc/IVI  or 

Uin» 


CHRONICLE. 


Ill 


urn,  and  broke  it  in  two,    being 
quite  rorten;  it  was  full  of  afhes 
and  pieces  of  human  bones,  among 
which  was  the  head  of  a  javelin, 
or  fpear,  of  an  uncommon  fize  and 
falhion,   much    too    heavy    to    be 
wielded  eafily  by  any  common  man, 
weighing  thirteen  pounds   and  an 
half,  and  twenty  eight  inches  long, 
the    focket    three    inches    and   a 
quarter  in  diameter.     There   was 
alfo  in  the  fame  veffel  an  helmet  of 
brafs,  which  feemed  to  have  been 
curioufly  wrought,   but   was  quite 
decayed  by  time,   the  ruft  having 
eaten  holes  through  it.     Its    dia- 
meter was  twelve  inches  and  three 
quarters,  and  it  weighed  near  eleven 
pounds. 
^  ,         Four  tea  dealers  were  tried 
before   the  commiffioners  of 
excife,  and  fined  in  the  penalty  of 
lol.  per  pound   for   felling  bohea 
tea  coloured    for   green  tea;    the 
colouring  ufed   for  this  purpofe   is 
fuppofed  to  be  Dutch  pink,  which 
will    make    bohea    tea  of    a  fine 
green. 

Was  ilTued  a  decree  of  the  Aulic 
council  of  the  Empire,  enjoining 
all  directors  of  circles,  all  imperial 
towns,  and  the  nobleffe  of  the  Em- 
pire, to  fend  to  Vienna  an  exadl  lift 
of  all  thofe  who  have  difobeyed  the 
Avocatoriaof  the  emperor, and  who, 
as  the  decree  exprefles  it,  adhere 
to  the  Eleftor  of  Brandenburgh*s 
rebellion,  among  whom  the  Elector 
of  Hanover  is  particularly  mention- 
ed. It  is  declared  that  their  reve- 
nues (hall  be  fequeflrated,  and  they 
punilhed  in  honours,  body,  and 
goods. 

A  letter  to  the  admiralty 


^       '        from  Captain  Kirk,  comman 


I 


29th 

dcrof  his  majefty*s  fhip  Lynn,  con 

voy  to  the  Jamaica  fleet,  confifting 

of  147  fail,  was  made  public,  com- 


plaining of  the  difregard  paid  to  his 
iignals  by  many  of  the  merchant- 
men,  and  of  the  obftinate  and  unto- 
wardly  behaviour  of  others,  by 
which  the  fleet  fufFered  much  ;  but 
more  particularly  complaining  of 
the  irregularities  committed  by  feve- 
ral  of  the  crews  in  the  Spanifh  fettle- 
men  ts,  where  they  were  obliged  to 
put  in.  for  water,  by  which  much 
offence  was  given  to  the  governor 
of  the  Havanna,  and  much  injury 
done  to  the  poor  people,  whofe 
cattle  and  hogs  they  killed  and  car- 
ried off^in  numbers  without  referve, 
after  they  had  hofpitably  fliewti 
them  where  they  might  be  fupplied 
with  water. 

The  plague  at  Smyrna  has  , 
continued  to  rage  with  fo  ^ 
much  violence  this  fummer,  that  by 
letters  received  from  thence  there  is 
advice,  that  there  are  fcarce  people 
enough  left  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
that  city  to  gather  in  the  fruits  of 
the  earth. 

Bitter  complaints  have  lately  been 
made  by  the  Spaniards  againft  the 
conduftofourprivateers, which  have 
latelyfeized  fomeof  their  (hips  under 
pretence  of  having  French  property 
on  board. 

By  advices  received  from  Genoa, 
the  chief  of  the  nialecontents,  de 
Paoli,  has  entered  the  province  of 
•  Cape  Corfoin  theifland  of  Coffica, 
and  with  2000  men  |aid  fiege  to 
Roglano,  to  facilitate  the  furrender 
of  which,  he  has  caufed  the  city  of 
Baftia  to  be  blockaded  with  1500 
men. 

There  are  divers  accounts  from 
Englifti  gentlemen  of  credit  in 
France, which  reprefent  the  ufage  of 
the  poor  prifbners  there  as  intole- 
rable ;  one,  in  particular,  renr.arks, 
that  the  numberthat  has  perilbed  by 
the  wretchcdncfs  of  their  condition 

in 


tii      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1758. 


in  that  country,  exceeds  that  of  the 
killed  by  fea  and  land  during  the 
prefent  war. 


OCTOBER. 

rt  His  Portuguefe  majefty 
*  coming  out  of  the  country 
in  the  evening,  attended  by  three 
of  his  domeftics,  was  fet  upon  by 
three  fellows  nearBelem,  in  alone- 
fome  place ;  two  of  them  had 
mulkets,  and  the  third  had  a  blun- 
derbufs  loaded  with  fmali  (hot ;  one 
was  difcharged  at  the  coachman, 
who  is  very  much  wounded  ;  the 
king  is  very  dangeroufly  wounded 
in  feveral  parts  of  his  body  and 
face,  and  his  right  arm  is  fo  much 
ihattered,  that  it  is  thought  his 
majefty  will  never  have  the  ufe  of 
it;  the  footman  was  raiferably 
wounded.  None  are  permitted  to 
fee  the  king  but  the  phyficians 
and  furgeons,  and  minifters  of  (late. 
The  queen  tranfafts  all  public  bu- 
finefs  during  his  majefty's  indifpofi- 
tion. 

A  part  of  the  battalion  of  militia 
for  the  county  of  Dorfet,  com- 
manded by  Edward  Hooper,  Efq; 
was  reviewed  near  Cranborn  by  the 
Right  Honourable  the  Lord  Lieu- 
tenant of  the  county.  The  men 
were  drefied  in  their  uniform,  made 
a  handfome  appearance,  and  per- 
formed their  exercife  with  great 
dexterity. 

In  other  counties  fo  few  gentle- 
men have  offered  to  ferve  in  the 
militia,  that  the  att  has  been  ob- 
liged to  be  fufpended  until  next 
year. 
,  Tiie  corps  of  an  undertaker 

and    pawnbroker  near  Moor- 
gate,    was   interred    in    Iflingto'n 
church  yard,  attended  -by  a  com- 
4 


pany  of  the  artillery,  who  were 
to  perform  the  ufual  ceremony  of 
firing  over  his  grave,  as  he  was 
a  member  of  their  body :  but  in 
the  proceffion  of  the  funeral  a  mob 
arofe,  and  committed  fuch  enor- 
mous outrages,  out  of  refentment 
to  the  deceafed,  that  the  c]er8:vman 
who  officiated  had  great  difficulty 
to  perform  his  office.  It  is  faid 
that  he  died  worth  feveral  thoufand 
pounds,  and  that  he  has  left 
upwards  of  200I.  t6  pay  to  the 
debtors  in  priion  at  his  fuit,  a  groat 
a  ^ay  each  for  their  maintenance, 
according  to  the  3d  of  parlia- 
ment. The  croud  was  fo  great 
that  feveral  perfons  were  much 
hurt. 

John  Houls,  a  farmer  at  ,  , 
Longhope  in  Gloucefterfnire, 
was  convided  of  drawing  a  narrow 
wheeled  waggon  on  the  turnpike 
road  with  more  than  four  horfes, 
and  paid  the  penalty  of  5I.  and 
his  fervant  who  drove  the  hrrrfes 
was  alfo  convifted  in  the  fame 
penalty,  and  for  want  of  ability  to 
pay  the  fame,  was  fent  to  the  hoi'fe 
of  corre<5lion  for  a  month;  which, 
''tis  hoped,  will  be  a  caution  to 
others. 

A  great  ftorm  of  wind  at  -  . 
W.  and  W.  by  S.  did  confi-  ^^"• 
derable  damage  to  the  ihipping 
in  the  Downs,  at  Portfmouth,  and 
in  many  other  places  on  the  fea 
coall.  At  the  ille  of  Wight,  a 
R(h  of  an  enormous  fize,  fuppof- 
ed  to  be  a  v/hale^  was  call  on 
riiore  near  Athenfield  rocks  in  that 
iiland,  where  he  difcmbogued  daily 
large  quantities  of  oil  into  the 
fea.  He  was  upwards  of  fixty- 
fix  feet  in  length,  and  had  part 
of  an  hawfer  or, cable  hoifted 
round  his  tail,  fo  that  it  is  fup- 
pofed    he  v.as  cut  loofe  from   the 

ilern 


C    H    R    O    N    I    G    L    E. 


'i? 


ft^rn  of  fome  Ihip,  to  prevent  her 
finking. 

,  A  fellow  was  committed 
^  '  to  the  New  Gaol  in  South- 
wark  for  felling  adulterated  tea  in 
the  Borough ;  a  vile  praftice  that 
feems  to  have  got  footing  in  the 
ihops  of  fome  confiderable  dealers 
in  this  city,  feveral  grocers  hav- 
ing been  lately  ccnvidled  before 
the  commiffioners  of  excife  of  fell- 
ing dyed  tea,  and  dying  it  with 
pernicious  drugs,  and  fined  in  large 
Aims.  Perhaps  the  legiflature  may 
take  this  practice  under  confidera- 
tion. 

,  .  Lord  Frederick  Caven- 
^'^"-  diOi,  and  Sir  Charles  Gil- 
more,  Bart,  arrived  at  court  on 
their  paroles  of  honour,  to  fettle 
the  exchange  of  prifoners. 

The  Briltol  merchant  (hip,  with 
wine,  grocery,  and  fpirits,  ran  a- 
ground  in  the  road  of  Liverpool, 
and  fince  bulged.  Part  of  her  lad- 
ing was  put  on  Ihore  on  the  Welch 
fide,  where  the  populace,  notwith- 
flanding  all  that  could  be  done  to 
prevent  it,  broached  the  wine  and 
fpirits,  got  immoderately  drunkj 
and  committed  the  moil  violent 
outrages. 

Doftor  de  Caftro,  a  member  of 
the  Royal  College  of  PhyficiaVis, 
and  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London,  feparated  himfelf  from 
the  community  of  the 'Jews,  by 
a  letter  which  he  wrote  to  the 
elders  of  the  fynagogue  in  the  fol- 
lowing words: 

*  Gentlemen, 

*  The  different  opinion  and 
'  fentiments  I  have  entertained 
'  longago,  entirely  difTenting  from 

*  thofe  of  the  fynagogue,  do  not 

*  permit  me   any   longer  to   keep 
'  the  appearance  of  a  member  of 

*  your  body  ;  I  now  therefore  take 

*  my   leave   of    you,    hereby  re- 
VOL.  J. 


'  nouncing  exprefly  that  commu- 

*  nion  in  which  I  have  been  con- 

*  fidered  with  yourfelves.    I  do  noi 

*  however  renounce  the  intercourfe 

*  f  may  have  with  yoa  in  the  ge- 
'  neral  fociety  of  men  of  Honour 

*  and  probity,  of  which  chara^er 
'  I  know  many  among  you,  and 

*  whom,  as  fuch,  I   (hall   always 

*  eftcem. 

*  I  have   fent  the    key  of   my 

*  drawer,  that  you  may  difpofe  of 
'  my  phce.' 

J.  De  Castro  Sarmento. 
The  public  was  in  great  .  , 
pain  for  the  Admirals  Bof-  ^ 
cawen  and  Hardy,  who  with  four 
ihips  of  the  line,  from  Cape-Breton, 
were  left  to  the  weftward  of  Scilly 
in  fight  of  fi^  large  French  (hips  of 
war ;  fome  (hots  were  exchanged, 
hm  the  French  were  far  from  feek- 
ing  an  engagement,  and  our  ad- 
mirals arrived  fafe  a  few  days' 
after* 

NOVEMBER. 

Dodor  Hen  fey  was  farther     . 
refpited  during  his  majefty's  ' 
pleafure. 

The  Dublin  Trader,  Captain 
White,  who  failed  about  the  latter 
tnd  of  laft  month  from  Park- 
Gate,  and  was  loil,  had  on  board 
for  the  linen  merchants  in  Ire- 
land about  70,000!.  in  money^ 
and  80, cool,  in  goods ;  above  fixty 
paffengers,  among  whom  v/ere  the 
Earl  of  Drogheda  and  his  fecond 
fon,  and  feveral  other  perfons  of 
fortune.; 

Began  the  drawing  of  the  » 

lottery  at  Guildhall,  when       ^ 
No.  38,500,  as  firft  drawn  ticket, 
was  entitled  to  500I. 

AdmiraIty-0(fice.  Captain  Sau- 
raa'rez,  of  his  majefly's  (hip  Ante- 
lope, having  received  intelligence 

I  in 


114        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    lys^^ 


in  King's  Road  on  the  31ft  paft, 
that  a  French  (hip  of  war  was  lying 
in  Lundy-Road,  he  weighed  and 
went  in  quell  of  her,  and  though 
the  wind  was  contrary,  and  blew 
hard,  he  blew  down,  channel,  and, 
on  the  firft  inftant,  faw  hor  at  an- 
chor at  Ilfracombe.  Upon  dif- 
ccvering  the  Antelope,  fhe  weigh- 
ed and  flood  towards  Ker,  and 
upon  coming  pretty  near,  hoifted 
her  colours,  and  feemed  prepared' 
to  engage,  but  foon  after  hauled 
them  down.  When  the  Antelope 
came  within  gun- (hot,  (he  (i red  at 
the  French  (hip,  which  (he  not  re- 
turning, Captain  S:iumarez  fent  a 
boat  with  his  firft  lieutenant,  to 
know  if  they  had  furrendered  ;  but 
finding  the  boat  did  not  return,  he 
bore  down  upon  her  ftern,  and 
aiked  if  fhe  had  ftruck,'  and  was 
anfwered  they  had.  She  proved  to 
be  the  Beiliquieux,  pierced  for  66 
guns,  and  had  64  mounted,  with 
417  men. 

r.  No.  49,711  "was  drawn  at 
*  Guildhall,  a  prize  of  io,oool. 

A  rule  was  given  in  the  great 
caufe  fo  long  depending  between 
the  Honourable  James  Annefley, 
Efq;  and  Richard  the  prefent  Earl 
of  Anglefey,  for  palling  publica- 
tion by  Mr.  Anneiley's  clerk  in 
court  ;  that  i»,  clofing  the  exa- 
mination of  witnelTes,  and  refting 
the  determination  of  the  caufe  on 
the  merits  of  the  evidence  given 
in. 

,  Both  houfes  of  parliament 
V  *  met  at  Weftrainfter,  when 
the  feflions  was  opened  by  com- 
milTion,  and  the  Lord  Keeper  by 
his  majeily's  command  made  this 
fpeech  ; 

My  Lords  and  Gentlemen, 

In  purfuance  of  the  authority 
given  to  us  by  his  majclly's  com- 
raiHion   under   the  great   feal,  a- 


mongft  other  things  to  declare  the 
caufes  of  his  holding  this  parlia- 
ment, his  majefty  hath  been  gra- 
cioufly  pleafed  to  direft  us  to  af- 
fure  you,  that  he  always  receives 
the  higheft  fntisfadlion,  in  being 
able  to  lay  before  you  any  events, 
that  may  promote  the  honour  and 
iiitereft  of  his  kingdoms. 

That,  in  confequence  of  your 
advice,  and  enabled  by  the  afnft- 
ance  which  you  unanimoufly  gave 
him,  his  majefty  has  exerted  his 
endeavours  to  carry  on  the  war, 
m  the  moil  vigorous  manner,  in 
order  to  that  deiirable  end,  al- 
ways to  be  wifhed,  a  fafe  and  ho- 
nourable peace.  It  has  pleafed 
the  Divine  Providence  to  blefs  his 
m.ijefly's  mcafurcs  and  arms  with 
fuccefs  in  feveral  parts  ;  and  to 
make  our  enemies  feel,  that  the 
llrength.  of  Great  Britain  is  not  to 
be  provoked  with  impunity. 

We  have  it  alfo  in  command 
from  his  majefty  to  acquaint  you, 
that  the  conqueft  of  the  ftrong 
fortrefs  of  Louifbourg,  with  the 
inlands  of  Cape  Breton  and  St. 
John  ;  the  taking  of  Frontensc, 
of  the  highefl  importance  to  our 
operations  in  North  America  j  and 
the  redu6lion  of  Sejiegal;  cannot 
fail  to  bring  great  diftrefs  upon 
the  French  commerce  and  colo- 
nies ;  and,  in  proportion,  to  pro- 
cure great  advantages  to  our  own. 
The  nation  has  alfo  been  made 
fenfible,  that  whilfl:  their  forces 
are  fent  forth  to  invade  and  ravage 
the  dominions  of  their  neighbours, 
their  own  coalls  are  not  inaccef- 
fible  to  his  majeity's  fleets  and 
armies.  This  they  have  experi- 
enced in  the  demolition  of  their 
works  at  Cherburg,  ere£led  at  3 
great  expence,  with  a  particular 
view  to  annoy  this  country  ;  and 
in  the  lofs  of  a  great  number  of 
,  (hips 


CHRONICLE, 


"J 


fhlps  and  vefTels ;  but  no  treatment, 
however  injurious  to  his  raajefty, 
could  tempt  him  to  make  retalia- 
tion on  the  innocent  fubjeds  of  that 
crown. 

In  Germany,  his  inajefty*s  good 
bro:her  the  King  of  Pruflia,  and 
Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunfwick, 
have  found  full  employment  for  the 
armies  of  France  and  her  confede- 
rates;  from  which  our  operations, 
both  by  fea,  and  in  America,  have 
derived  the  moft  evident  advantage. 
Their  fuccefTes,  owing,  under  God, 
to  their  able  condud,  and  the  bra- 
very of  his  majefty's  troops  and 
thofe  of  his  allies,  have  been  fig- 
nal  and  glorious. 

His  majefty  has  further  com- 
manded us  to  obferve  to  you,  that 
the  common  caufe  of  liberty  and 
independency  is  Hill  making  noble 
and  vigorous  efforts,  againft  the 
unnatural  union  formed  to  opprefs 
it.  That  the  commerce  of  his  fub- 
jeds,  the  fource  of  our  riches,  has, 
by  the  vigilant  protedlion  received 
from  his  majefty's  fleet,  flouriflied 
in  a  manner  not  to  be  paralleled 
during  fuch  troubles. 

In  this  ftate  of  things,  his  ma- 
jefty, in  his  wlfdom,  thinks  it  un- 
recefTary  to  ufc  many  words  to  per- 
fuade  you  to  bear  up  againft  all 
difficulties.;  effedtually  to  ftand  by, 
and  defend  his  majefty  ;  vigoroufly 
to  fupport  the  King  of  Pruflia,  and 
the  reft  of  his  majefty's  allies  ;  and 
to  exert  yourfelves  to  reduce  our 
enemies  to  equitable  terms  of  ac- 
commodation. 

Gentlemen  of  the  Houfe  of 
Commons, 

The  uncommon  extent  of  this 
war,  in  diff^erent  parts,  occafions  it 
to  be  uncommonly  expensive.  This 
his  majefty  has  ordered  us  to  de- 
clare to  you,  that  he  fincerely  la- 
raeuts,  and  feels  deeply  for  the  bur- 


dens of  his  people.  The  feveral  efti- 
mates  are  ordered  to  be  laid  before 
you  j  and  his  majefty  defires  only 
fuch  fupplies,  as'fliall  be  rcquifitc 
to  pufti  the  war  with  advantage, 
and  to  be  adequate  to  the  neccflary 
fervices. 

My  Lords,  and  Gentlemen, 

His  majefty  has,  in  the  laft  place, 
gracioufly  commanded  us  to  afl!urQ 
you,  that  he  takes  fo  much  fatif- 
fadion  in  that  good  harmony  which 
fubiifts  among  his  faithful  fub- 
jeds,  that  it  is  rnore  proper  for 
him  now  to  thank  you  for  it,  thaa 
to  repeat  lils  exhortations  to  it. 
This  union,  neceflary  at  all  times, 
is  more  efpecially  fo,  in  fuch  cri- 
tical conjunftures;  and  his  majefty 
doubts  not  but  that  the  good  effcds 
we  have  found  from  it,  will  be  the 
ftrongeft  motives  to  you  to  purfue 
it. 

Dr.  Shebbeare  received  «  , 
fe-iitence  for  a  libellous  pam- 
phlet, intituled,  A  Sixth  Letter  to 
the  People  of  England  ;  he  is  fined 
five  pounds  :  to  ftand  in  the  pillory 
Dec.  5,  at  Charing  Crofs ;  to  be 
confined  three  years;  and  then  to 
give  fecurity  for  his  good  behavi- 
our for  (even  years,  himfelf  bound 
in  500I.  and  two  others  in  2^ol. 
each. 

In  the  Canterbury  Mercury  of 
this  day's  date,  there  is  an  account 
of  the  difcovery  of  fome  remar- 
kable hum^n  ikelctons,  near  the 
road-fide,  at  c  place  called  Breech- 
Down  ;  the  firft  was  found  by  a 
labourer  widening  the  road,  and 
had.  round  his  neck  a  ftring  of 
beads  of  various  forms  and  llzes, 
from  the  bignefs  of  a  pigeon's 
egg  to  that  of  a  pea :  by  his  fide 
lay  three  inftroments  of  war,  one 
a  kind  of  fcimi:ar,  the  fecond 
what  the  Scots  call  a  dirk,  and  the 
third  a  fpcar.    Near  the  fame  place 

I  2  VYcrp 


ii6       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


were  afterwards  found  feven  other 
Ikeletons,  all  ranged  in  good  order 
at  about  a  yard  apart,  and  about 
two  feet  under  ground  ;  but  nei- 
ther of  thefe  had  any  thing  to  di- 
ftinguifh  them.  How  thefe  bodies 
came  to  be  depofited  in  this  place 
a!ffbrds  matter  of  /"peculation  to  the 
curious. 

A  melancholy  affair  happened  on 
board  a  Scotch  velTel,  laden  with 
corn,  which  was  juft  come  up  tlie 
river;  and  lay  off  Tower-whaif; 
the  captain,  on  their  coniing  up, 
would  have  had  his  people  go  on 
fhore  to  refrefh  themfelves,  which 
they  refufed,  and  remained  on 
board.  Soon  after  (whether  through 
wantonnefs,  or  cruelty,  is  not 
known)  fome  fellows  got  on  the 
deck,  faflened  their  hatches,  (topped 
up  their  funnel,  cut -their  cables,. 
and  fet  them  adrift.  In  running 
down  with  the  tide,  fne  fell  foul 
of  a  tier  of  Ihips,  the  people  of 
whom  feeing  her  without  any  body 
on  the  deck,  fufpedled  fomething. 
and  going  down  into  the  cabin, 
found  three  men  lying  dead,  and 
the  captain  and  jl  boy  near  ex- 
piring. The  funnel.  Sec.  being 
flopped,  occafioned  fuch  a  fmoke, 
as  fufFocated  the  three  poor  fcl-  - 
lows ;  the  captain  is  pretty  well  re- 
covered, but  there  are  very  little 
hopes  of  the  boy. 

,  Came  on  to  be  argued  be- 
^  *  fore  the  Lord  Chief  Baron  of 
the  Exchequer,  and  a  fpecial  jury  of 
gentlemen,  a  caufe  which  has  been 
depending  above  twelve  months  in 
thac  court ;  wherein  Edv;ard  Bur- 
row, Efq;  colle6k)r  of  his  majelly's 
cuftoras  at  Hall,  on  the  part  of  the 
King,  was  pjaintiff,  and  a  Dutch 
merchant  defendant,  touching  the 
Seizure  of  a  Du:ch  veffel,  for  im- 
porting French  brandy,  into  the 
I'on  of  Hull;   when   afl.er   many 


learned  arguments  on  both  fides, 
(during  the  fpace  of  fix  hours)  a 
verdidl  was  given  for  the  plaintiff 
without  the  jury  ever  flirring  out  of 
court. 

By  the  faid  determination  it  is  to 
be  hoped  a  flop  will  be  put  to  this 
particular  trade  of  our  good  friends 
the  Dutch. 

DECEMBER. 

Dr.  Shebbeare  flood  on  the      i 
pillory,  purfuant  to  his  fen-  ^ 
tence. 

Dr.  Henfey  was  farther  re-  ^  , 
fpited  to  January  21. 

No.  72,570  in  the  prefent       , 
lottery,  was  drawn  a  prize 

of   lOjOCOl. 

Tha  drawing  of  the  lottery  was 
finiflied,  when  No.  30,135,  being 
the  laft  drawn  ticket,  is  entitled  to 
I  cool. 

An  oak  in  Langley  woods,  near 
Dovvnton,  Wilts,  fuppofed  to  be 
near  1000  years  growth,  was  fold 
for  40I.  It  was  the  property  of  the 
Bifhop  of  Salifbury,  meafured  6 
feet  2  inches  in  diameter,  and  con- 
tained about  10  ton  of  timber. 

On  the  11th  inllant  the  old 
caftle  of  Douglas,  in  Scotland, 
the  refidence  of  the  Duke  of 
Douglas,  was  confumed  by  fire. 

Sunday  night,  the  26th  uk.  about 
nine  o'clock,  a  very  remarkable 
meteor  appeared  in  the  firmament, 
and  pafl'ed  over  the  city  of  Edin- 
burgh with  great  velocity.  It  was 
of  a  conic  form,  and  in  appear- 
ance about  four  or  five  inches  dia- 
meter at  the  bafe,  and  as  it  went 
along,  numbers  of  fparks  fell 
from  it,  like  thofe  of  a  rocket  when 
its  force  is  fpent.  A  moft  fur- 
prifmg  light  iffued  from  it,  fo 
Itrong,  that  while  it  lalled,  which 
was   for  five   or   fix  feconds,  one 

elfily 


CHRONICLE 


eafily  could  perceive  the  moft  mi- 
nute thing  upon  the  ftreer.  This 
meteor  was  lilcewlfe  feen  in  feveral 
parts  of  the  neighbourhood,  and 
in  appearance  was  much  the  fame 
as  above  deTcribed. 

This  meteor  was  alfo  feen  at 
Dublin,  Newcaflle,  Plymouth,  and 
by  three  gentlemen  in  Chelfeafields, 
near  London. 

Mr.  Speaker,  in  purfuanceof  the 
refolution  of  the  6th  inftant,  ad- 
drefl'ed  himfelf  to  Admiral  Bof- 
cawen,,  and  gave  him  the  thanks  of 
the  houfe,  as  he  flood  in  his  place, 
in  the  following  terms : 
Admiral  Bofcawen  ! 

The  houfe  have  unanimoufly  re- 
folved,  that  their  thanks  fhould  be 
given  to  you  for  the  fervices  you 
have  done  to  your  King  and  Coun- 
try in  North-America;  and  it  is 
my  duty  to  convey  their  thanks  to 
you. 

I  wifti  I  could  do  it  in  a  manner 
fuitable  to  the  occafion,  and  as  they 
ought  to  be  given  to  you,  now 
Handing  in  your  place,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  this  houfe. 

But  were  I  able  to  enumerate 
and  fet  forth,  in  the  beft  manner, 
the  great  and  exienfive  advantages 
accruing  to  this  nation  from  the 
conqueft  of  Louifbourg,  with  the 
iflands  of  Cape  Breton  and  St. 
John,  I  could  only  exhibit  a  repe- 
tition oi'  what  has  already  been, 
and  is,  the  genuine  and  unironn 
fenfe  and  language  of  every  part 
of  the  kingdom. 

Their  joy  too  has  been  equal  to 
their  fentiments  upon  the  inter- 
cfting  event:  and  in  their  fenci- 
mencs  and  joy  they  have  carried 
their  grhiirude  alfo  to  you,  Sir,  as 
a  principiil  inftrument  in  thefe  molt 
important  acquifitions. 

You  are  now  therefore  receiving 
the  acknowledgments  of  the  peo- 


117 

pie,  only  in  a  more  folemn  way— 
by  the  voice,  the  general  voice,  of 
their  reprefeni^tives  in  parli.;m'^nt 
— The  moll  honour; ble  fame  that 
any  man  can  arrive  at,  in  this,  or 
any  o:her  ecu n cry.  It  ia,  on  th'-^'C 
occafions,  a  national  honour,  froiri 
a  free  people  ;  ever  i  aut'ouflv  to  be 
conferred,  in  order  t®  be  the  more 
efteemed — tobe  thep^rcoter  reward  ; 
and  which  ougnt  to  be  referved  for 
the  moft  fignal  fervices  to  the  ftate, 
and  the  moft  approved  merit  in 
them  ;  fuch  as  this  houfe  has  ufu- 
ally,  and  very  lately,  made  their 
objeds  of  public  thanks 

The  ufc,  I  am  perfuaded,  you 
will  make  of  this  juft  tcftirr.ony, 
and  high  reward  of  your  fervices 
and  merit,  will  be  the  prelervini?;  in 
your  own  mind  a  lafting  inipreflion 
of  what  the  Commons  of  Geat 
Britain  are  now  tendering  to  you, 
and  in  a  conftant  continuance  of 
the  zeal  and  ardourfor  the  glory  of 
your  King  and  Country,  which 
have  made  you  to  deferve  it. 

In  obedience  to  the  commands 
of  the  houfe  I  do,  with  great  plea- 
fure  to  myfelf,  give  you  the  thanks 
of  the  houfe  for  the  fervices  you 
have  done  to  your  King  and  Coun- 
try in  North  America. 
To  which  Admiral  Bofcawen  ao- 

fwered. 

Mr.  Speaker ! 

I  am  happy  in  having  been  able 
to  do  nr.y  duty  ;  but  have  not  words 
to  exprefs  my  fenfe  of  the  diftin- 
guilhing  reward,  that  has  been 
conferred  upon  me  by  this  houfe  ; 
nor  can  I  enough  thank  you.  Sir, 
for  the  polite  and  elegant  manner, 
in  which  you  have  been  pleafed  to 
convey  to  me  the  refolution  of  the 
houfe. 

And  then  the  Speaker  acquaint- 
ed the  houfe,  that,  in  obedience  to 
their  commands  he  had  Signified  to 

I  3  Admiral 


Ji8     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


Admiral  Ofborn  their  thanks,  and 
had  received  ihe  following  anfwer: 

Sir,  I  want  words  to  exprefs  my 
fenfe  of  the  honour  the  houfe  of 
Commons  has  been  pleafed  to  con- 
ier  upon  me,  and  only  hope  that 
you,  Sir,  will  be  as  gracious  to 
|ne  in  rcprefentir.g  my  gratitude  to 
that  auguft  affembly,  as  you  have 
been  in  acquainting  me  with  their 
favourable  acceptance  of  my  fer- 
vices.  I  have  done  no  more  than 
my  duty.  I  have  only  been  the 
humble,  though  happy,  inftrument 
ojf  executing  the  wife  meafures  di- 
refted  by  his  majefty. 

I  have  no  title,  Sir,  to  any  glo- 
Iry,  but  wh;it  is  common  to  me  as  a 
teaman,  and  as  an  Englifliman  zea- 
lous for  the  fervice  of  my  country, 
which  is  pleafed  to  reward  me  with 
this  inftance  of  their  approbation. 
From  the  fituation  of  my  health, 
Sii->  I  can  flatter  myfeJf  with  hav- 
ing but  few  opportunities  of  em- 
ploying the  remainder  of  my  life, 
in  grateful  exertion  of  my  abili- 
ties" for  the  honour  and  intereil  of 
xny  country.  But  as  the  houfe  of 
Cotr^mons  is  fo  glorioufly  watchful 
to  encourage  thie  greaccft  merit,  by 
rewarding  the  Jeaft,  England  can 
never  wa-nt  good  Oificers;  and  how- 
fever  honoured  I  am  by  this  diftinc- 
tion,  may  my  fer vices  be  tl-e  n.ofl: 
Incdnfiderable,  that  ilhall  be  thus 
acknowledged.  I  am,  with  the 
^reateil  relpeft,  Sir, 
'  '  Vcur  moft  obedient^  and 
."Dec.  8,  ■  moft  humble  fervant, 
}7SS:"  HENRY  OSBORN. 

The  Englifti  prifoners  taken  at 
St.  |Cas,  arrived  at  Dover  from 
France.  -  / 

'  r  ' '  At  nig:fct,  about  twelve 
.  -^  *  o*cIock,  a  Hove  of  gunpow- 
-dpr  ftt  the  Powder-mills  on  Houn- 
Vlow'-heath',  belonging  to  Samuel 
pndeihiil,  El<^;  took  i&re,  and  blew 


up  ;  as  the  quantity  of  powder  that 
then  lay  drying  therein  was  great, 
confiftingof  lya.  weight,  the  ex- 
plofion  was  extremely  violent  and 
alarming,  infomuch  that  his  dwel- 
lirg-houfe  vyas  confiderably  da- 
maged thereby,  and,  though  at  near 
300  yards  diftance  from  the  works, 
fev?ral  of  the  windows  thereof  were 
fhattered  to  pieces,  fo^nc  furniture 
thrown  down,  particularly  a  repeat- 
ing clock,  part  of  the  gUis  of  a  fafh 
window  was  forced  upon  a  bed,  in 
which  a  gentleman  then  lay  afleep, 
but  happily  no  perfon  received  any 
hurt.  What  might  be  the  caufe  of 
this  accident  is  unknown  to  any 
one.  In  many  parrs  the  fhock  was 
fejt,  and  fuppoled  to  be  that  of  an 
earthquake. 

Tranilation  of  a  paragraph  ofadif- 
patch  wrote  by  M.  da  Cunha,  fe- 
cretary  of  ftate  in  Portugal  for 
foreign  affairs  and  at  war,  dated 
Belem,  Sept.  12. 
*  Lad  Sunday  the  King  had  a 
f  fall   in   his  palace,  by  which  he 

*  was  confiderably  hurt  in  his  right 

*  arm.     He  was  let  blood  on  Mon- 

*  day,  and  is  at  prefent  better.  His 
'  majefty,  being  prevented  by  this 

*  accident  from  attending  to  pub- 

*  lie  affairs  for  fcrrje  days,  has  em- 

*  powered  the  queen  to  (ign  dif- 
'  patches    and    other  inflruments, 

*  during  his  illnefs.' 

From  Lifbon  advice  has  been  re- 
ceived of  a  moit  wicked  and  daring 
attempt  on  the  life  of  the  King  of 
Portugal.  No  clear  and  authen- 
tic account  has  yet  been  received, 
either  of  the  p;irclculars  of  the 
ad^ion  itfe]f,"Gr  the  motives  to  it. 
Several  perfons  of  ri\e  mofl  diAin- 
guifhed  rank  in  that  kingdom,  have 
been  already  fecirtd  for  this  con- 
fpiracy ;  yet  every  thing  concern- 
ing it  is  flili  involved  in  an  impene- 
trable darkncfs,  which  all  reafon- 

ings 


CHRONICLE. 


119 


ings  and  conjedlures  have  hitherto 
conrpired  to  make  only  more  ob- 
fcure.  During  the  courfe  of  the 
cnfuing  year,  we  hope  to  receive 


fome  farther  light,  fo  as  to  enable 
us  to  give  our  readers  a  fatisfaftory 
account  of  this  very  extraordinary 
affair. 


After  the  remarkable  tranfaSlions  nf  the  year^  fomething  of  the  remarkable 
turns  of  humour  J  nf}hcther  real  or  fiBitiouSy  'which  difplay  themfelnjes  in 
the  public  papers f  <voill  not  'we  hope  pro  ve  difagreeable  to  our  readers. 


From  the  Daily  Advertifer. 

A  Young  lady,  juft  come  out  of 
Derbylhire,  ftrayed  from  her 
guardian  ;  ftie  is  remarkably  o;en- 
teel  and  handfome  ;  (he  has  been 
brought  up  by  a  farmer,  near  Derby, 
and  knows  no  other  but  they  are 
\iQx  parents ;  but  it  is  not  fo,  for 
fhe  is  a  lady  by  birth,  though  of  but 
little  learning;  flie  has  no  cloaths 
with  her, but  ariding  habit  fhe  ufed 
to  go  to  market  in  ;  Ihe  will  have 
a  fine  eftate,  as  (he  is  an  heirefs, 
but  knows  not  her  birth,  as  her 
parents  died  when  (he  was  a  child, 
and  I  had  the  care  of  her,  fo  fhe 
knows  not  but  I  am  her  mother  ; 
file  has  a  brown  filk  gown  that  (he 
borrowed  of  her  maid,  that  is  dyed 
filk,  and  her  riding  drefs  a  light 
drab,  lined  with  blue  tammy,  and 
it  has  blue  loops  at  the  button 
holes  ;  (lie  has  out-grown  it ;  and 
I  am  fure  that  (he  is  in  great  di- 
ftrefs  both  for  money  and  cloaths ; 
but  whoever  has  relieved  her,  I 
will  be  anfwerable,  if  thsy  will 
give  me  a  letter  wjiere  (he  may  be 
found  ;  fhe  knows  noc  her  own 
firname  ;  I  underftand  (he  has  been 
in  Northampton  for  fome  time  ; 
(he  has  a  cut  in  her  forehead. 
Whoever  will  give  u,e  an  account 
where  (he  is  to  be  found,  (hall  re- 
ceive twenty  guineas  reward.  Di- 
rect for  M.  W.  at  the  George  Inn, 
Derby. 

Ladies!     A   young'' gentleman, 
aged  25,  cafy  in  fortune,  happy  in 


temper,  of  tolerable  parts,  not  fu- 
perficially  polite,  but  genteel  ad- 
drefs,  fome  knowledge  of  the  world, 
and  littleacquaintance  with  theFair, 
prefumes  to  offer  his  fervices  to  one, 
not  exceeding  ten  years  older  than 
himfelf,  of  good  nature,  and  af- 
fable dilpofition,  abfolotely  miftrefs 
of  at  leaft  loool.  will  (ind  the 
utmoft  fincerity  from  one,  who 
would  make  it  the  ultimate  end 
of  his  ambition  to  render  the  mar- 
riage ftate  truly  happy.  Any  lady 
who  has  fpirit  enough  to  break 
through  the  idle  cuftoms  of  the  age, 
and  noc  give  trouble  out  of  mere 
curiofity,  inclined  to  anfwer  this, 
may  leave  a  line  for  X.  O.  at 
Gregg*sco(fee-houfeinYork-ftreet, 
Covent-garden,  (hall  receive  im- 
mediate anfwer,  and  be  waited  on 
in  perfon,  at  any  time  and  place  (he 
(hall  appoint.  The  moil  inviolable 
fecrecy  and  hgnour  will  be  punc- 
tually obforved. 

A  fingle  gentleman,  in  a  very 
good  way  of  bufmels,  and  can 
make  200  per  cent,  advantage  of 
it,  and  free  from  debts,  about  26 
years  of  age,  and  is  what"  the  flat- 
terer calls  genteel,  and  rather  hand- 
fome, of  a  chearful  difpofuion, 
and  a  very  affable  temper,  not  at 
all  given  to  drinking,  gaming,  or 
any  other  vice  that  a  lady  can  take 
umbrage  at;  one  that  would  rather 
endeavour  to  get  a  fortune  than 
fpend  one,  has  been  in  moft  parts 
of  England,  and   is  very  well  ac- 

I  4  <j'j  aimed 


120       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


quainted  with  London,  and  no 
ftranger  to  the  fair  fex,  but  entirely 
£0  to  any  one  he  would  prefer  for 
a  wife.  As  he  has  not  been  fo 
happy  as  to  meet  with  a  lady  that 
fui's  his  difpofition  as  yetj  a  cheax- 
£\x\  difpoiition,  and  free  from  the 
modern  vices ;  one  that  is  of  the 
church  of  England,  and  has  no 
pbjeftion  to  going  there  on  the 
fab  bath,  and  to  take  fome  care  for 
Z  future  happinefs  ;  one  that  would 
Ithihk  herfelf  rather  happier  in  her 
liuiband's  company,  than  at  public 
placrs ,  one  that  would  more  con- 
IuIl  the  interelt  of  her  family  than 
the  glafs  in  a  morning  ;  to  be  neat 
in  ptrfon  and  apparel  ;  and  as  to 
the  lady's  perfcn  it  wiH  be  more 
agreeab'e  ro  have  it  what  the  world 
pa!is  agreeable  than  a  beauty;  with 
any  fortuntj  not*  lefs  ihan  500 1.  at 
her . own  d  ifpp  fa  Ijt-xceptllie  has  good 
5ntereii,  then  iefs  will  be  agreeable. 
Any  lady  this  may  fuit,wili  be  wait- 
ed on  bv  di'-eding  a  line  to  G.  C.  at 
Peel's  ■i;ofFee-houfe  in  Flcet-ftreet. 

rnvioiabie  fecrecy  may  be  de- 
pendf"d  on,  as  the  gentleman  does 
ino:  chufe  a  feven  years  fiege. 

A  peiion  of  character,  candour, 
and  honour,  who  has  an  incire 
knowledge  of  the  world,  and  has 
great  intimacy'  with  both  fejces 
^moBg  the  nobility,  gentry,  and 
'p^rfons  of  tree ir  a:  d  reputation; 
land  as  it  often  happens,  that  many 
jdeferying  per  Ions  of  both  fexe  are 
deprived  of  the  opportunity  of  en- 
tering into  the  Jiait  of  matrimony, 
ty  being  unacquainteu  with  tiie 
imerits  preach  othpr,  thenfo  e  upon 
idirefting  a  line  for  A.  Z.  of  any 
one's  inienrion  of  enteri.ig  into  the 
above  ^ate,  to  the  advantage  of 
each,  to  ht  left  at  Mf.  Perry's, 
]P4iller's-court,  Alderniaubury,  fe- 
tt^cy  and  honour  will  be  obferved 


in  bringing  to  a  conclufion  fuch 
their  intention.  Any  perfon  who 
ihall  fend  a  letter,  is  defired  to 
order  the  bearer  to  put  it  into 
the  letter-box  for  fear  it  may  be 
miilaid :  and  it  is  defired,  that 
none  butthofe  who  are  fincere 
would  make  any  application  on 
the  above  fubjedl. 
In  the  Edinburgh  Courant  of  the 
28th  ult.  is  the  following  extra- 
ordinary advertifement. 

Glafgow,  Odl.  23. 
We  Robert  M'Nair,  and  Jean 
Holmes,  having  taken  into  confi- 
dcration  the  way  and  manner  our 
daughter  Jean  aded  in  her  tnar- 
riag:e,  that  fhc  took  none  of  our 
advice,  nor  advifcd  us  before  flie 
married,  for  which  reafon  we  dif- 
charged  her  from  our  family,  for 
more  than  twelve  months  ;  and 
being  afraid  that  fome  or  other  of 
our  family  may  alfo  prefume  to 
many  without  duly  advifing  us 
thereof;  we,  taking  the  affair  into 
oar  ferious  confideration,  hereby 
difcharge  all  and  every  one  of  our 
children  from  offering  to  marry 
without  our  fpecial  advice  and 
confent  firll  had  and  obtained;  and 
if  any  of  our  children  (hould  pro- 
pofe  or  prefume  to  offer  marriage 
to  any,  without,  as  aforefaid,  our 
advice  and  confent,  they  in  that 
cafe  fha-ll  be  banilhed  from  our  fa- 
mily twelve  months;  and  if  they 
fhouid  go  fo  far  as  to  marry  with- 
out our  advice  and  confent,  in  that 
cafe  they  are  to  be  banilhed  from 
the  family  fev»''n  years;  but  who- 
ever advifes  us  of  their  intention 
to  marry,  and  obtains  our  confent, 
fhali  not  only  lemain  children  of 
the  family,  but  alfo  fhall  have  a 
due  proportion  of  our  goods,  gear, 
and  eftate,  as  we  fliall  think  con- 
venient, and  as  the  bargain  re- 
quires f 


CHRONICLE 


I2t 


quires;  and  further,  if  any  one  of  our 
children  fhall  marry  clandelUnely, 
they,  by  fo  doing,  Ihall  lofe  all 
claim,  or  title,  to  oureffcds,  goods, 
gear,  or  eftate;  and  we  intimate 
this  to  all  concerned,  that  none  may 
pretend  ignorance. 
A  General  B  I L  L  of  all  the  Chrif- 

tenings  and  Burials  in  London, 

from  Dec.  13,  1757,  to  Dec.  12. 

17S8. 

ChriHened  Buried 

Males         7347       Males        8932 
jFemales     6862       Females     8644 


14209 


17576 


Decreafed  in  the  Burials  this  Year 

3737. 


:d  under  2  Year. 

5  of  A 

ge  5971 

Between  z  and 

5 

1795 

5  and 

10 

717 

10  and 

20 

556 

20  and 

30 

1362 

30  and 

40 

1589 

40  and 

50 

1606 

50  and 

60 

1368 

60  and 

70 

,   I203 

70  and 

80 

961 

80  and 

90 

370 

90  and 

100 

68 

>  , 

I02 

2 

» 

103 

I 

104 

I 

105 

r 

106 

I 

'7576 


The  follonving  remarkable  incident  <was  too  longy  and  indeed  of  too  extraordinary 
a  nature,  to  be  inferted  among  the  common  articles  of  the  Chronicle  ;  and  as 
it  does  not  naturally  fall  under  any  other  head  of  the  tuorky  'vce  ha've  there- 
fore chofen  to  place  it  here^  at  the  end  of  the  occurrences  of  the  year. 


An  account  of  fome  threatening  let- 
ters ft^nt  to  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough, and  aprofecutionwhich 
his  Grace  carried  on  againft  Wil- 
li r.m  Barnard,  fuppofing  him  to 
have  written  them. 

ON  the  29th  of  November  his 
Grace  the  Duke    of    Marl- 
borough received  the  following  let- 
ter, from  an  unknown  hand. 
To  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Marlbo- 

rou2;h,  with  care  and  ipeed. 

"My  Lord,  xxviiiNov. 

As  ceremony  is  an  id'e  thing 
upon  moft  occaiions,  more  cfpecially 
to  perfons  in  my  ftatc  of  mind,  I 
^ull  proceed  immediately  to  ac- 
c)uainc  you  wi:h  the  motive  and  end 
of  addreifing  thi|  epillle  to  you, 
which  is  equally  interefting  to  us 
both.  You  are  to  know,  then,  that 
wy  prefent  fuuation  in  life  is  fuch. 


iL 


that  I  (hould  prefer  annihilation  to 
a  continuance  in  it.  Defperate  dif- 
eafes  require  defperate  remedies ; 
and  you  are  the  man  I  have  pitched 
upon,  either  to  make  me,  or  to  un- 
make yourfelf.  As  I  never  had  the 
honour  to  live  among  the  Great, 
the  tenour  of  my  propofals  will  not 
be  very  courtly  ;  but  let  that  be  an 
argument  to  enforce  a  belief  of 
what  I  am  now  going  to  write.  It 
has  employed  my  invention  for 
fome  time,  to  find  out  a  method  to 
deftroy  another,  without  expofing 
my  own  life  :  that  I  have  accom- 
plifli  d,  nd  defy  the  law.  Now 
for  thf"  application  of  it.  I  am  def- 
perate, and  muft  be  provided  for. 
You  have  it  in  your  power,  it  is  my 
bufiM^is  to  make  it  your  inclination 
to  lerve  me  ;  which  you  muft  de- 
termine to  comply  with,  by  pro- 
curing  me  a  genteel   fupport  for 


122      ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758, 


my  life,  or  your  own  will  be  at  a 
period  before  this  feiiion  of  Parlia- 
ment is  over.  1  have  more  motives 
than  one  icr  fingling  you  out  firfV 
upon  thisoccafioji  ;  and  1  give  you 
this  fair  warning,  becaufe  the  means 
1  fball  make  ufe  of  are  too  fatal  to 
be  eluded  by  the  power  of  phyfic. 
If  you  think  this  of  any  confe- 
qaence,.you  will  not  fail  to  meet  the 
author  on  Sunday  next,  at  ten  in  the 
morning,  or  on  Monday,  if  the 
weather  fiiould  be  rainy  on  Sunday) 
wear  the  iirft  tree,  beyond  the  ftile 
in  Hide  Park,  in  the  foot  walk  to 
Kenlingtan.  Secrecy  and  com- 
pliance may  preferve  you  from  a 
Ajuble  danger  of  this  fort ;  as  there 
is  a  certain  part  of  the  world,  where 
your  death  has  more  than  been 
wifhed  for  upon  other  motives.  I 
know  the  world  too  well  to  trufi  this 
fecret  in  any  breaft  bi;t  my  own.  A 
few  days  determine  me,  your  friend 
or  enemy.  Felton. 

•*  You  will  apprehend,  that  I 
mea-n  you  fhould  be  alone  ;  and  de- 
pend upon  it,  that  a  difcovery  of 
any  artifice  in  this  affair  will  be  fatal 
to  you.  My  fafety  is  infured  by  my 
£lence,  for  coafefiion  only  can  con- 
demn me." 

In  confequence  of  this  letter,  his 
Grace  went  to  the  place  appointed 
at  ten  o'clock  on  the  Sunday  morn- 
jug.  He  was  oa  horfeback,  had 
pirtols  before  him,  and,  as  he  was 
without  a  great  coat,  his  ftar  was 
eafiJy  to  be  feen.  He  was  without 
afiv  attendant,  bat  had  a  friend  in 
ihe  Park,  who  kept  at  fuch  a  dif- 
tance,  as  Tcasce  ;p  be  noticed.  When 
fee  firil  can>e  up  to  the  tree  be.  uw 
BoboJy,  fcither  at  it  or  near  it, 
whom  he  could  fufpedl  to  be  the 
perfon.  He  continued  fome  time 
about  the  fame  fj?or,  but  nobody 
appearing,  he  rode  away.     It  hap- 


pened, that  when  he  came  to  Hyde 
Park  Corner,  and  turned  his  horfe, 
he  law  To  me  body  iland  loitering, 
and  looking  at  tiie  water,  over  the 
bridge,  wirhin  twenty  y^'-rds  of  the 
tree  ;  this  induced  him  to  ride  back, 
which  he  did  very,  ^^ently,  and, 
paffing  by  the  perfon,  exre(5led  him 
to  fpeak  to  him,  but  was  difap- 
poinied.  He  pafled  by  himafecond 
lime,  and  the  perfon  ilill  taking  no 
notice,  his  Grace  made  him  a  bow, 
and  aflced,  if  he  had  not  fomething 
to  fay  to  him.  He  replied.  No  ; 
'  I  don't  know  you.'  His  Grace 
then  faid,     •  I    am    the   Duke  of 

*  Marlborough  ;  now  you  know  me, 

*  I  imagine  you  have  fo.mething  to 

*  fay  to  me.'  He  replied.   *  No  ;  I 

*  have  not:'  and  his  Grace  then 
rode  away. 

The  next  day,  or  the  day  after, 
the  Duke  received  a  fecond  letter, 
as  follows : 

To  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Marlbo- 
rough. 

"  My  Lord, 

You  receive  this  as  an  acknow- 
ledgment of  your  punctuality,  as 
to  the  time  and  place  of  meeting 
on  Sunday  iaft,  tho'  it  was  owing 
to  you  that  it  anfwered  no  pur- 
pofe.  The  pageantry  of  being 
armed,  and  the  enfign  of  your  or- 
der, were  ufelefs,  and  too  confpi- 
cuouo.  You  needed  no  attendant: 
the  place  was  not  calculated  for 
niifchief,  nor  was  any  intended.  If 
you  walk  in  the  well  ifle  of  Weft- 
miniler  Abbey,  towards  eleven 
o'clock  on  Sunday  next,  your  faga- 
city  will  point  out  the  perfon,  whom 
you  will  addrefs,  by  aiking  his  com-, 
pany  to  take  a  turn  or  two  with 
you.  You'will  not  fail,  on  enquiry, 
tO'  be  acquainted  with  the  name, 
and  place  of  abode  ;  according  to 
which  diredions,  you  will  pleafe  to 

fend 


CHRONICLE. 


123 


fend  two,  or  three,  hundred  pound 
bank  notes,  the  next  day,  by  the 
penny-pofl.  Exert  not  your  curio- 
lity  too  early;  it  is  in  your  power 
to  make  mc  grateful  on  certain 
terms.  1  havefriends  who  are  faith- 
ful, but  ihey  do  not  baik  before 
they  bite.  I  am,  &c.  F." 

The  Duke  was  pleafed  to  attend 
a  fecond  time,  at  the  place  and 
hour  appointed,  and  walked  five  or 
fix  minutes  in  the  Abbey  before  he 
fiw  any  body  that  he  fufpeded. 
He  then  faw  the  fame  perfon  whom 
he  had  feen  before  in  Hyde  Park. 
He  came  in  with  a  good  looking 
man,  who  had  the  appearance  of  a 
fubltantialt:iadefman,and  they  went 
abour,  looking  on  the,  monuments. 
After  fome  time  the  llranger  went 
into  the  choir,  and  the  pei  fon  whom 
he  had  leen  before,  turned  back, 
and  came  towards  thcDuke.  The 
Duke  then  alkcd  him,  if  he  had 
any  thing  to  fay  to  him.  or  any 
commands  for  him  ?  afhd  he  re- 
plied, *  No,  my  Lord,  I  have  not.* 
The  Duke  then  faid,  *  Sure  you 
*  have?  But  he  replied  again  with 
the  fame  words,  *  No,  ray  Lord.' 
The  Duke  then  Ufi  him,  and  as  he 
continued  to  walk  «p  and  down  one 
fide  of  the  ifle,  his  Grace  walked 
up  and  down  the  other,  to  give  him 
a  little  more  time;  but  be  did  not 
fpeak.  The  Duke  had  then  feve- 
ral  perfons  difgulA^d  in  the  Abbey, 
who  were  to  have  take«i  up  the  per- 


:na 


ion  lie  was  to  meet,  if  me 
h^d  been  given  ;  but  the  Duke 
did  not  give  it,  becaufe,  though 
he  was  veiy  fure  the  perion  he  had 
fpoke  to  was  the  fame  he  had 
feen  in  the  Park,  yet  he  chofe 
rather  to  run  a  turther  r'lik  him- 
fel/,  than  to  take 
^an. 


up  an  innocent 


Very  foon  after  this  his  Grace 
received  a  third  letter,  as  follows. 

To  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough. 

*'  My  Lord, 

I  am  fully  convinced  you  had  a 
companion  on  Sunday.  1  interpret 
it  as  owing  to  the  weaknefs  of  hu- 
man nature;  but  fuch  proceeding 
is  far  from  being  ingenuous,  and 
may  produce  bad  elFefts,  whilft  it 
is  impoiTible  to  anfwer  the  end  pro- 
pofed.  You  will  fee  me  again  foon, 
as  it  were  by  accident,  and  may 
cafily  find  where  1  go  to  :  in  con- 
fequcnce  of  which,  by  being  fent 
to,  I  (hall  wait  on  your  Grace,  but 
expert  to  be  quite  alone,  and  to 
convcrfe  in  whifpers ;  you  will  like- 
wife  give  your  honour,  upon  meet- 
ing, that  no  part  of  the  converfa- 
tion  (hall  tranfpire.  Thefe,  and  the 
former  terms  complied  with,  enfure 
your  fafety :  my  revenge  in  cafe  of 
non-compliance  (or  any  fcheme  to 
expofe  me)  will  be  flower,  but  not 
lefs  fure  ;  and  ftrong  fufpicion,  the 
utmoil  that  can  poilibly  enfue  upoa 
it :  while  the  chances  woald  be 
tenfold  again  ft  you.  You  will  pof- 
fibly  be  in  doubt  after  meeting, 
but  it  is  quite  neceflary  the  out- 
fide  ihould  be  a  malk  to  the  in. 
The  family  of  the  Bloods  is  not 
extind,  though  they  arc  not  in  my 
fcheme.'* 

Thi?  letter,  by  the  expreflion 
*'  you  will  fee  me  again  foon,  as  it 
**  were  by  accident,"  feems  to  inti- 
mate, that  the  writer  had  not  only 
(een  the  Duke  but  that  the  Duke 
had  feen  the  writer  fo  as  to  know 
and  remember  him  ;  for  how  elfe 
could  his  Grace  fee  him  '*  as  it 
**  were  by  accident,'*  fo  as  to  note 
him,  and  find  out  whither  he  went? 

His 


124       ANNUAL    REG  I-STER,    1758. 


His  Grace  however  did  not  fee 
either  the  perfon  he  had  feen  before, 
or  any  other  perfon  whom  he  had 
the  leaft  reafon  to  fuppofe  to  be 
the  writer  of  the  letters ;  but  about 
two  months  afterwards  he  received 
the  following  letter  as  from  ano- 
ther band. 

To  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough. 

*'  May  it  pleafe  your  Grace, 
I  have  reafon  to  believe  that  the 
fon  of  one  Barnard,  a  furveyor  in 
Abingdon  buildings,  Weltminfter, 
is  acquainted  with  fome  fecrets 
that  nearly  concern  your  fafety  ; 
his  father  is  now  out  of  town, 
which  will  give  you  an  opportuni- 
ty of  queftioning  him  more  pri- 
vately ;  it  would  be  ufelcfs  to 
your  Grace,  as  well  as  dangerous. 
to  me,  to  appear  more  publicly  in 
this  afiair. 

Your  fincere  friend, 
Anon.ymous. 

"  He  frequently  goes  to  Sto- 
rey's-gate  cofFee-houfe.** 

About  ten  days  after  the  re- 
ceipt of  this  letter,  the  Duke  fent 
a  perfon,  whofe  name  is  Merrick, 
to  Story's  gate  coffee-houfe,  to 
tell  Mr.  Barnard,  that  the  Duke 
defired  to  fpeak  to  him.  The 
meffage  was  delivered  to  Mr.  Bar- 
nard on  Tuefday  the  25th  of 
April  in  the  evening  ;  and  he 
ient  word  by  the  meffenger,  Mr. 
Merrick,  that  he  would  wait  upon 
his  Grace  on  Thurfday  morning, 
follow'ing,  at  half  an  hour  after 
ten. 

On  Thurfday  morning,  at  the 
time  appointed,  he  went,  and  the 
Dukcj    who    inftantly  knew  him 


to  be  the  perfon  he  had  feen  be- 
fore in  the  Park  and  the  Abbey, 
took  him  into  a  room,  and  fl^ut 
the  door.  He  then  afked  him,  as 
he  had  done  at  their  former  meet- 
ings, whether  he  had  any  thing 
to  fay  to  him  ?  and  he  faid,  he 
had  nothing  to  fay.  The  Duke 
then  recapitulated  all  the  letters, 
beginning  with  the  firft,  and  Bar- 
nard liftened  v\it'i  attention  and 
furprife,  but  without  any  appear- 
ance of  fear.  The  Duke  obferved, 
that  it  feemed  to  him  a  firange 
thing  to  find  fuch  letters  as  thcfe 
written  with  the  correftnefs  of  a 
fcholar;  to  which  Barnard  replied, 
*'  That  a  man  might  be  very  learn- 
ed and  very  poor  :"  to  which  he 
might  have  added,  that  he  might  be 
very  daring  and  very  wicked.  The 
Duke  then  fhewed  him  the  fourth 
letter,  in  which  his  name  was  men- 
tioned ;  upon  which  Barnard  faid 
*♦  It  is  very  odd  ;  my  father  was 
then  out  of  town."  This  fpeech 
the  Duke  thought  remarkable  :  be- 
caufe,  though  Barnard  faid  his 
father  was  then  out  of  town,  the 
letter  was  without  a  date.  The 
Duke  then  told  him,  that  if  he  was 
innocent,  it  behoved  him,  more 
than  his  Grace,  to  difcover  the 
writers  of  the  letters,  efpecially 
the  laft;-  upon  which,  he  gave  the 
Duke  a  fmile,  and  went  away. 

How  thefe  circumftances  came 
to  the  knowledge  of  Mr.  Fielding 
does  not  appear  ;  but  Fielding  fooa 
after  took  Mr.  Barnard  into  cufto- 
dy,  and  he  was  tried  the  laft  (ef- 
fions  at  the  Old  Bailey,  for  fending 
a  threatening  letter,  contrary  to  the 
Hatute. 

In  the  account  of  the  trial,  as 
it  is  printed,  in  the  fefTions  paper, 
there  is  no  mention  of  any  evi- 
dence to  prove    the  letters    to  be 

Mr. 


CHRONICLE. 


125 


Mr. Barnard's  hand- writing*,  nor 
indeed  any  evidence  to  prove  that 
he  was  the  writer  of  them,  except 
his  being  in  Hyde  Park,  and  in  the 
Abbey,  at  the  times  when  the 
writers  of  the  ftrft  and  fecond  let- 
ters appointed  the  Duke  to  meet 
him  there. 

It  Teemed,  however,  to  be  incum- 
bent upon  Mr.  Barnard,  to  (hew 
how  he  came  to  be  at  thofe  places 
juft  at  thofe  times ;  and  this  he  has 
done  in  a  very  particular  manner, 
fupported  by  very  credible  tefti- 
mony. 

He  proved,  that  on  the  Sunday 
morning  mentioned  in  the  firll  let- 
ter to  the  Duke,  his  father  ordered 
him  to  go  to  Kenfington  to  the 
follicitor  of  the  turnpike,  to  know 
whether  the  treafurer  of  the  turn- 
pike had  not  paid  fome  money 
for  his  ufe  :  That  in  confequence 
of  this  ordery  he  did  go  to  Ken- 
fington, faw  the  follicitor  of  the 
turnpike  there,  dined  afterwards 
with  his  uncle,  at  his  houfe  at 
Kenfington,  in  company  with  fe- 
veral  other  perfons,  to  whom  he  re- 
lated the  particulars  of  the  Duke's 
coming  up  to  him  in  Hyde  Park, 
and  afjcing  if  he  had  any  thing 
to  fay  to  him.  This  is  attefted  by 
Barnard  the  father,  who  gave  him 
orders  to  go  to  Kenfington,  by 
the  perfon  to  whom  he  went,  by 
his  uncle,  with  whom  he  dined, 
and  feveral  others  that  were  at  the 
fame  table. 

As  to  his  being  in  the  Abbey, 
he  proved  that  Mr.  James  Green- 
wood, a  relation,  a  brewer  at 
Deptford,  being  at  breakfaft  with 
him,  on  the  Sunday  mentioned  in 
the  fecond  letter,  at  his  father's. 


where  he  had  Iain  the  night  before, 
defired  him  to  get  himfelf  drefTed 
and  go  with  him  into  the  Park : 
That  he  did  not  comply  till  after 
much  follicitation  ;  and  that  whea 
they  came  to  the  end  of  Henry 
the  Vllth's  chapel,  Mr.!  Barnard 
would  have  gone  into  the  Park 
without  going  through  the  Abbey, 
if  Mr.  Greenwood  had  not  infifled 
on  the  contrary,  as  he  had  never 
feen  General  Hargrave's  monu- 
ment. This  Mr.  Greenwood  was 
that  good-looking  man  whom  the 
Duke  fays  he  faw  come  into  the 
Abbey  with  Mr.  Barnard.  As 
Barnard  had  told  Greenwood  thf 
ftrange  circumftance  of  the  Duke's 
fpeaking  to  him  in  the  Park, 
Greenwood,  as  foon  as  he  faw  the 
Duke,  whom  he  knew,  told  Bar- 
nard who  he  was;  for  Barnard, 
being  very  near-fighted,  had  not 
feen  him,  and  if  he  had,  would  not 
have  known  him.  Mr.  Green- 
wood obferving  the  Duke  to  come 
up  to  him,  and  pafs  him  feveral 
times,  fuppofed  he  had  a  mind  to 
fpeak  to  Mr.  Barnard,  but  would 
not  do  it  till  he  was  alone;  and  for 
that  reafon  he  left  him,  and  went 
into  the  choir.  Thefe  fafts  are  at- 
tefted by  Mr.  Greenwood,  the  only 
perfon  to  whom  they  could  be 
known  ;  and  it  (hould  be  obferved, 
that  Mr.  Barnard  could  not  ap- 
point a  meeting  on  thefe  days, 
in  confequence  of  his  having  bufi- 
nefs  which  at  thofe  times  would 
call  him  to  the  places  mentioned, 
becaufe  he  did  not  know  of  his  go- 
ing either  to  the  Park  or  the  Ab- 
bey, till  the  very  days  on  which  he 
went. 

Mr.   Barnard    alfo  proved,    by 


*  The  three  letters  are  faid  to  have  been  written  in  print  hand,  which  ac- 
counts for  there  being  no  comparing  the  writing  in  the  ktteri  with  his  father's 
books,  or  with  any  other  writing  undu  his  hnnd. 

unex- 


126       ANNUAL    RE 

unexceptionable  witnefTes,  that  he 
mentioned  the  ftrange  circunfiflan- 
ces  of  the  Duke's  meeting  and 
fpeaking  to  him,  both  in  the  Park 
and  in  the  Abbey,  among  his 
friends  and  acquaintance,  openly 
oh  the  day  when  they  happened, 
and  very  frequently  afterwards : 
that  his  father  is  ellablifhed  in  a 
very  reputable  and  profitable  bufl- 
nefs,  in  which  his  fon  is  likely 
to  fucceed  hirft,  being  extremely 
capable  of  the  employment,  and 
very  diligent  in  it.  Ic  is  alfo 
proved  by  fcveral  perfons  of  the 
higheft  charader,  particularly  Dr. 
Markham,  the  prefent  worthy  maf- 
ter  of  Weflmi niter  fchool,  that  he 
is  in  plentiful  circurr.ftanceb, very  far 
from  being  in  any  exigence  which 
might  urge  him  to  obtain  money  at 
fuch  a  rifll,  not  only  of  his  reputa- 
tion but  his  life  ;  that  his  conduft 
had  always  been  irreproachable; 
and  his  fidelity  ofren  tried. 

The  fourth  letter  Hill  remains 
an  infcrutable  myftery.  No  man 
could  imagine,  from  what  Mr. 
Barnard  had  faid  from  time  to 
lime,  concerning  the  Duke's  be- 
haviour to  him,  that  *  he  was  ac- 
*  quainced  with  feme  fecrets  which 


GISTER,    1758. 

'  nearly  concerned  his  Grace's 
*  fafety  ;'  and  why  any  perfon,  who 
might  hear  that  the  Duke  had  re- 
ceived threatening  letters,  witiiout 
knowing  from  whom,  fhould  men- 
tion Mr.  Barnard,  cannot  eafily 
he  gueffed.  The  only  conjecture 
that  feems  probable,  if  on  fuch 
an  occafion  a  ccnjefture  may  b 
allov/ed,  is,  that  fome  officious 
perfon,  who  had  received  fome 
flight  inform.ation  of  the  Duke's 
bofinefs  at  the  Abbey,  and  obferved 
him  fpeaking  to  Mr. Barnard,  might 
watch  him  home;  and  taking  for 
granted  that  if  he  fhould,  in  con* 
fcquence  of  this  information,  be 
detedk-d  in  any  evil  defign,  the 
informer,  whenever  he  ihouid  think 
fit  to  reveal  himfelf,  would  he  re- 
warded, might  be  induced  to  make 
the  information  at  a  venture,  and 
conceal  himfelf  till  the  event  Ihould 
be  known.   ^ 

As  to  the  Duke,  he  appears  to 
have  a6ted  with  the  utmoft  tender* 
nefs  and  generofity  through  the- 
who'e  atfair,  to  have  undertaken 
the  profecution  purely  from  public 
principles,  and  to  have  been  more 
defirous  that  the  prifoner  fhould  ap- 
pear innocent  than  guilty. 


S  U  P- 


CHRONICLE, 


127 


SUPPLIES   granted  by  Parliament    for  the  fcrvicc 
of  the  year  1758, 


December  8,  1757. 

1,  That  60000  men  be  employed  for  the  fca  fer- 
vice  for  1758,  including  14,845  marines. 

2.  That  a  f u  n  not  exceeding  4I.  per  man,  per 
month,  be  allowed  for  maintaining  them  for  13 
months,  including  the  ordnance  for  fea  fervicc       — 

December   15. 

1.  That  a  number  of  land  forces,  including  4008 
invalids,  amounting  to  53,777  efFedive  men,  com- 
miiSon  and  non-commiflion  officers  included,  be  em- 
ployed for  the  fervice  of  1758. 

2.  That  for  defraying  the  charge  of  the  faid  num- 
ber of  landforces  for  guards  and  garrifons,  and  other 
his  majefty's  land  forces  in  Great  Britain,  Guern- 
fcy,  and  Jerfey,  for  1758,  there  be  granted  a  fum  not 
exceeding  '  ■  

3.  For  the  pay  of  the  general,  and  general  ftaff- 
officers,  and  officers  of  the  hofpitals  for  the  land  forces, 
for  1758  

4.  For  maintaining  his  majefty's  forces  and  garri- 
fons in  the  plantations  and  Gibraltar,  and  for  provi- 
fions  for  the  garrifons  in  Nova  Scocia,  Newfoundland, 
Gibraltar,  and  Providence,  for  1758 

5.  For  defraying  the  charge  of  four  regiments  of 
foot,  on  the  lri(h  eftabliihment,  ferving  in  North 
America,  and  the  Eaft-Indies,  for  1758  _ 


I- 


3120000    o    o 


125336S  18    6 


37452    3    4! 


—        623704 


December  20. 

1.  For  the  charge  of  the  office  of  ordnance  for  land 
fervice,  for  1758  —  _ 

2.  For  defraying  the  extraordinary  expence  of  the 
board  of  ordnance  for  land  fervice,  not  provided  for 
by  parliament  

3.  To  make  good  the  fum  which  had  been  iffued 
by  his  majefty's  orders  in  purfuance  of  the  addrefs  of 
that  houfe  .___  


January  23,  1758. 
I.  For   a  prefent  fupply  in  the  then  critical  exi- 
gency,  towards  enabling  his  majefty  to  fubfill,  and 
keep  together,    the   army    formed   laft   yeaj   in   his 


43968  4  z 
1958493  6  2 


18 


S^S 


10 


210301  17  5 


31000    o    o 
422807    7     3 


eledoral 


128        ANNUAL  REGISTER, 

cledloral  dominions,  and  then  again  put  into  mo- 
tion, and  actually  employed  againft  the  common 
enemy  in  concert  with  the  King  of  Pruffia,  agreed  to 
nem.  con.  =— 

2.  For  the  ordinary  of  the  navy,  including  half-pay 
to  the  Tea  officers,  for  1758  

3.  Towards  carrying  on  the  works  of  the  hofpital 
for  iick  and  wounded  Teamen,  building  at  Hafler,  near 
Gofport,  for   1758  — »— 

4.  Towards  carrying  on  the  works  of  the  hofpital 
for  lick  and  wounded  Teamen,  building  near  Ply- 
mouth, for  1758  ■■  • — 

5.  Towards  the  Tupport  of  the  royal  hofpital  at 
Greenwich,  for  the  better  maintenance  of  the  Teamen 
of  the  faid  hofpital,  worn  out  and  become  decrepit  in 
the  Tervice  of  their  country         ■ 


January  31. 

1.  Upon  account  of  the  reduced  officers  of  the  land 
forces  and  marines.  Tor  1758         —  

2.  For  defraying  the  charge  for  allowances  to  the 
feveral  officers  and  private  gentlemen  oT  the  two 
troops  of  horfe  guards,  and  regiment  oT  horfe  reduc- 
ed, and  to  the  Tuperannuated  gentlemen  of  the  four 
regiments  of  horfe  guards,  for  1758         '         " 

3.  For  the  paying  of  the  penfions  to  the  widows  of 
fuch  reduced  officers  of  the  land  forces  and  marines, 
as  died  upon  the  eftablifliment  of  half-pay  in  Great 
Britain,  and  who  were  married  to  them  before  Dec. 
25,  J716,  for  1758 


February  6. 
Towards  the  buildings,  rebuildings,  and  repairs  of 
his  majefty's  Ihips,  for  1758  ■■ 

February  23. 
For  defraying  the  charge  of  2120  horfe,  and  9900 
foot,  together  with  the  general  and  ftaff  officers,  the 
officers  of  the  hofpitals,  and  officers,  and  others,  be- 
longing to  the  train  of  artillery,  the  troops  of  the 
Landgrave  of  HefTe-CafTel,  in  the  pay  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, for  60  days,  from  Dec.  25,  1757,  to  Feb.  22, 
1758,  boih  incluTive,  together  with  the  TubTidy  Tor 
the  Taid  time,  purTuant  to  treaty  

March  7. 
Towards   enabling  the  governors  and  guardians  of 
the  hofpital  for  maintenance  and  education  oTexpofcd 


1758. 


100000     o 


224421     5 


I 0000    o 


locoo    o 


1 0000 


354421     5 


35662 


3098  17  II 


2226 


40926  17  II 


2COCCO 


38360  19  \o\ 


and 


CHRONICLE, 

artd  deferted  young  children,  to  receive  all  fuch 
children,  under  a  certain  age  to  be  by  them  limited*  as 
Ihall  be  brought  to  the  faid  hofpital,  before  Jan.  i, 
1759;  and  alfo  towards  enabling  them  to  maintain 
and  educate  fuch  children  as  were  then  under  their 
care,  and  to  continue  to  carry  into  execution  the 
good  purpofes  for  which  they  were  incorporated  ;  and 
that  the  fum  granted  fhould  be  ifTued  and  paid  for 
the  ufe  of  the  faid  hofpital,  without  fee  or  reward,  or 
any  deduftion  whatfoever  —  — 

March   13. 
Towards  paying  off  and  difcharging  the  debtof  thtf 

navy  *-  —        — 

March  21. 

1.  To  make  good  the  deficiency  of  the  grants  for 
the  fervice  of  the  year  1757  ■ 

2.  For  defraying  the  charge  of  2120  horfe,  and 
9920  foot,  together  with  the  general  and  ftafF  of- 
flters,  the  ofiicers  of  the  hofpital,  and  officers  arid 
others  belonging  to  the  train  of  artillery,  the 
troops  of  the  Landgrave  of  Hefie-cafl'el,  in  the  pay 
of  Great  Britain,  for  60  days,  from  Feb.  23,  1758^ 
to  April  23  following,  both  inclufive,  together 
with  the  fubfidy  for  the  faid  time,  purfuant  to 
treaty  ■ 

3.  Upon  account  for  out  penfioners  of  Chelfea-hof- 
pital,  for  1758  __  '■ 


April  6. 
) .  To  enable  his  Majefty  to  defray  the  like  fum 
raifed  in  purfuance  of  an  aft  made  in  the  laft 
fellion  of  parliament,  and  charged  upon  the  firft 
aids  or  fupplies,  to  be  granted  in  the  then  current 
fcflion  •  '  • — — 

2.  Upon  account  for  fupporting  and  maintaining 
the  fettlemenc  of  the  colony  of  Nova  Sco:ia,  for 
1758  -— 

3.  Upon  account  for  defraying  the  charges  incur- 
red by  fupporting  and  maintaining  the  faid  colony  in 
1756,  and  not  provided  for  by  parliament         — — 

4.  Upon  account  for  defraying  the  charges  of  the 
civil  eftablifhment  of  the  colony  of  Georgia,  and 
other  incidental  expenccs  attending  the  fame,  from 
June  24,  1757,  to  June  24,  1758  


i?9 


40000    o    p 


500000 


284802     I    c^ 


38360 

26000 


'9  icfj 


349163 


800000 


o  n- 


3902    5     o 


6626 


9   9f 


3557  10    o 


Vol.  I. 


K 


I30       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 


Aphil  20. 

1.  To  enable  his  majelly  to  make  good  his  engage- 
ments with  the  Kin^of  Fruliia,  pnrfuant  to  a  conven- 
tion between  his  majefty  and  the  King  of  Pruflia,  con- 
cluded April  II,  1758         ' 

2.  For  defraying  the  charge  of  38,000  men  of  the 
troops  of  Hanover,  Wo^fenbuitle,  Saxe-Gotha,  and 
the  Count  of  Buckeburgh,  together  with  that  of  ge- 
neral and  ftaff-oificers,  aAiially  employed  againft  the 
common  enemy,  in  concert  with  the  King  of  Pruflia, 
from  Nov.  28,  1757,  to  Dec.  24,  1758,  inclufive, 
to  be  iffued  in  advance  every  two  months,  in  like 
manner  as  the  pay  of  the  Heflian  forces  then  in  the 
fervice  of  Great  Britain,  the  faid  body  of  troops  to  be 
muflered  by  an  Englifh  commilTary,  and  the  efFedive 
ftate  thereof  to  be  alfo  afcertained  by  thefignature  of 
the  commander  in  chief  of  the  faid  forces,  the  further 
fum  of  '  — 

3.  In  full  fatisfadion  for  defraying  the  charges 
of  forage,  bread- waggons,  train  of  artillery,  and 
train  of  provifions,  wood,  flraw.  Sec.  and  all  other 
extraordinary  expences,  contingencies,  and  lofles 
whatfoever  incurred,  and  to  be  incurred,  on  account 
of  his  majefty's  army,  confining  of  38,000  men 
adually  employed  againft  the  common  enemy,  in 
concert  with  the  King  of  Pruffia,  from  Nov.  28 
laft,  to  Dec.  24  next,  inclufive,  the  faid  fum  to  be 
iffued  from  time  to  time,  in  like  proportions  as  the 
pay  of  the  faid  troops  •  ■ 

4.  For  defraying  the  extraoi-di nary  expences  of  the 
land  forces,  and  other  fervices  incurred  in  1757,  and 
not  provided  for  by  parliament  ■ 

5.  For  defraying  the  charge  of  what  remained  to 
be  paid,  for  2120  horfe  and  9900  foot,  together 
with  the  general  and  ftafF  officers,  ti.e  officers  of  the 
hofpital,  and  officers,  and  others,  belonging  to  the 
train  of  artillery,  the  troops  of  the  Landgrave  of 
Heffe-Caflfel,  in  the  pay  of  Great  Britain,  for  365 
days,  from  Dec.  25,  1757,  to  Dec.  24,  1758,  botli 
days  inclufive,  together  with  the  fubfidy  for  the  faid 
time,  purfuant  to  treaty 


£• 


670000 


463084    6 


!• 


386915   13     2 


145454  J 5    ci- 


6.  To  be  applied  towards  the  rebuilding  of  Lon- 
don-bridge ■  '   '  ' 


165175     4 


loi 


1 rooo     O 


845629   19    lo| 


May 


CHRONICLE 


May  2. 

Upon  account  towards  defraying  the  charge  of  pay 
and  cloathing  for  the  militia  for  1758,  for  defray- 
ing fuch  expences  as  were  aftually  incurred  upon  the 

account  of  the  militia  in  1757  — - 

May    4. 

Towards  carrying  on   the  works   for  forifying  and 

fecuring  the  harbour  of  Milford 

Juke   i. 

I.  For  reimbuifnig  to  the  province  of  MafTaLhufet's 
bay,  their  expences  m  furnifhing  provifions  and  llores 
to  the  troops  raifeJ  by  them,  for  his  majefly's  fervice, 
for  the  campaign  in  1756  — — • 

1.  For  reimburliij^  ».a  ihe  colony  of  Cv-)nne£licat, 
the  expence  of  furnifliin^  pf-ovifions  and  llores  to  the 
troops  raifed  by  them,  for  his  majefty*s  fervice^  for 
the  canipaign  in  1756  — — —  - — -i.^— 

3 .  For  repairing  the  parifh  church  of  Sr.  Margaret's 
Wellminftc^  • 


June   3. 

To  enable  his  majefty  to  defray  any  extraordinary 
expences  of  the  war,  incurred,  or  to  be  incurred,  for 
the  fervice  of  1758;  and  to  take  all  fuch  meafures  as 
may  be  neceflary  to  difappoinc  or  defeat  any  enter- 
prizes  or  defigns  of  the  enemies,  and  as  the  exigency 
of  affairs  may  require  ■•  •■ 

June  10. 

1.  Upon  account  to  be  paid  to  the  Eaft  India  com- 
pany, towards  enabling  them  to  defray  the  expence  of 
a  military  force  in  their  feitlements,  to  be  maintained 
by  them,  in  lieu  of  the  battalion  of  his  majefty*s  forces 
withdrawn  from  thofe  fettlements  

2.  To  be  employed  in  maintaining  and  fupporting 
the  Britifh  forts  and  fettlements  upon  the  coaft  of 
Africa  ■  ■ 


£■ 


loaoco    o    (5 


I 0000  0 

0 

27380  19 

III 

13736  17 

1 

4060  0 

0 

45117  i? 

(>\. 

800000    o    o 


20000    o    o 


10000     o     o 


;oooo 


Sum  total  of  the  grants  made  by  the  committee  of 


fupply 


fol. 


Granted  in  the  fame  feflion  by  an  addrefs,  as 
lows. 

Jane  16,  it  was  upon  motion  refolved.  That  an 
humble  addrefs  fhould  be  prefented  to  his  majcfty,  to 
reprefent,  that  the  falaries  of  moll  of  the  judges  in 
his  majefty'i  fuwrior  courts  of  julticc  in  this  kingdom 

K2 


10475007    O    I 


were 


132         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


were  inadequate  to  the  dignity  and  importance  of 
their  offices ;  and  therefore  to  befeech  his  majefty  that 
he  would  be  gracjoufly  pleafed  to  advance  any  fum, 
not  exceeding  1 1,450!.  to  be  applied  in  augmentation 
of  the  faJaries  of  fuch  judges,  and  in  fuch  propor- 
tions as  his  majefty,  in  his  great  wifdom,  fhould  think 
fit,  for  the  prefent  year ;  and  to  afTure  his  majefty, 
that  the  houfe  would  niake  good  the  fame  to  his  ma- 
jefty. 

And  on  the  19th,  the  Earl  of  Thomond  reported  to 
the  houfe,  that  the  faid  addrefs  had  been  prefented  to 
his  majefty,  and  that  he  had  commanded  him  to  ac- 
quaint the  houfe,  that  he  would  give  directions  as 
thereby  defired  ;  confequently  we  muft  add  to  the  above 
total  '  


/■ 


From  the  foregoing  articles  of  fupply  it  is  ohferved, 
that  for  the  fupport  of  our  connections  on  the  con  ti- 
nent>  the  following  fums  have  been  granted 

Jan.  23,  article  I.  ^ 


Feb.  23 
March  21 

April  20, 


,  art.  ri. 
art.  J. 
art.  II. 
art.  III. 
art.  V. 


Sum  total 


As  foon  as  the  houfe  had  agreed  to  the  rcfolutions 
of  the  committee  of  fupply  of  Dec.  8,  1757,  it  was 
lefolved,  that  the  houfe  would  next  morning  refolve 
itfelf  into  a  committee  of  the  whole  houfe,  to  con- 
iiderofways  and  mf^ans  for  raifing  the  fupply  granted 
to  his  majefty  j  from  which  time  this  committee  was 
continued  to  June  12,  1758,  and  in  that  time  the 
following  refolutions  were  agreed  to  in  the  committee, 
and  all  upon  the  report  agreed  to  by  the  houfe,  as 
follows. 

December  12,  1757. 

That'the  duties  on  ma-lt,  mum,  cyder,  and  perry, 
be  continued  and  charged  upon  all  malt  which  ftiali 
be  made,  and  all  mum  which  ftiall  be  made  or  im- 
ported, and  all  cyder  and  perry  which  ftiall  be  made 
for  fak  within  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  from 


d. 


1450     o     o 


Sum  total  of  the  grants  of  laft  feftion     —     104864.57     o     o 


I 00000 

0 

0 

38360 

19 

I  of 

58360 

19 

io| 

670000 

0 

0 

463084 

6 

10 

386915 

13 

2 

I65I75 

4 

loA 

1861897     4     8 


June 


CHRONICLE. 

Jane  23,   1758,  to  June  24,  1759.     The  produce  of 
which  is  computed  at  and  granted  for 

That  the  fum  of  4s.  in  the  pound,  and  no  more, 
upon  lands,  tenements,  hereditaments,  and  perfonal 
ertates,  and  alfo  the  fum  of  4s.  in  the  pound  upon 
offices  and  penfions,  be  raifed  in  that  part  of  Great 
Britain,  called  England,  Wales,  and  town  of  Ber- 
wick upon  Twetd,  within  the  fpace  of  one  year, 
from  March  25,  1758;  and  that  a  proportionable 
ctfi,  according  to  the  prh  article  of  the  treaty  of 
union,  be  laid  upon  that  part  of  Great  Britain  call- 
ed Scotland  ■  ■ 


£. 


^33 


750000    o    o 


2037874    I  10 


Of  which  fum,  there  was,  by  the  bill  brought  in 
and  paired  in  purfuance  of  this  refolution,  the  -fum 
of  1,989,9201.  8d.  to  be  raifed  in  England,  &c.  and 
47,9541.  IS.  2d.  to  be  raifed  in  Scotland. 
December  20. 

1.  That  the  fum  remaining  in  his  majefty*s  Ex- 
chequer, difpofable  by  parliament,  of  the  produce 
of  the  finking  fund  for  the  quarter  ended  Od.  10, 
1757,  be  iffued  and  applied  towards  making  good 
the  fupply  of  this  feifion.  ■  — 

2.  That  there  be  iffued  and  applied,  out  of  fuch 
monies  as  (hall  or  may  arife  of  the  furplus,  excefles, 
or  overplus  monies,  and  other  revenues,  compofmg 
the  finking  fund,  the  fum  of  — 


April  18,  1758.  — 

That  the  fum  remaining  in  his  majefty's  Exche- 
quer, difpofable  by  parliament,  of  the  produce  of 
the  finking  funk,  on  April  5,  1758,  be  ifiTued  and 
applied  towards  making  good  the  fupply  this  feffion 


April  22. 
1.  That  the  fum  of  4,500,0001.  be  raifed  by  an- 
nuities at  3I.  los.  per  cent,  per  ann.  and  the  fum  of 
500,0001.  by  lottery,  to  be  attended  with  annui- 
ties, redeemable  by  parliament,  after  the  rate  of  3I. 
per  cent,  per  ami.  the  faid  feveral  annuities  to  be 
transferrable  at  the  bank  of  England,  and  charged 
upon  a  fund  to  be  eftablilhed  in  this  feffion  of  parlia- 
ment for  payment  thereof;  and  for  which  the  fink- 
ing fund  (hall  be  a  collateral  fecurity ;  and  that  every 
perfon  fubfcribing  for  500I.  Ihall  beentituled  to45ol. 
19  aniiuitiesj  and  50L  in  lottery  tickets^  and  fo  in 

K  3 


9337»  >'  7i 


300000  o  o 
393371  II  7i 


492400  8  3 


proportion 


134        AN-NUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

proportion  for  a  greater  or  Icffer  fum  ;  that  the  faid 
lottery  fhall  confill  of  tickets  of  the  value  of  icl. 
pach,  in  a  proportion  not  exceeding  eight  blanks  to  a 
prize,  the  blanks  to  be  -f  the  value  of  61.  each;  the 
blanks  an4  prizes  to  bear  an  intereft  afcer  thie  rate  of 
3I.  per  cent,  per  ann.  to  com'm'*nce  from  Jan.  5, 
17  ^g;  and  that  the  fum  of  4  500,000!.  10  be  raifed  by 
annuiries,  bear  an  inttreft  aflei-  the  rate  of  3I.  los.  per 
cent,  per  anr.  from  July  5,  1758  ;  which  faid  annui- 
ties Ihall  ft  nd  reduced  ro  3I.  percent,  per  ann.  af- 
ter the  expiration  of  24  years,  to  be  computed  froii> 
July  5,  1758  ;  and  fhall  afterwards  be  redeemable  in 
the  whole,  or  in  pare,  by  funis  not  lefs  than  500,0001. 
at  one  time,  fix  months  notice  having  been  firll  given 
of  fuch  payment  or  payments  refpeftively  ;  that  any 
fubfcriber  niay,  on  or  before  April  29  inftant,  at  five 
o'clock  in  the  afcernoon,  make  a  depofu  of  lol.  per 
cent,  on  fuch  fums  as  he  fhall  chufe  to  fubfcribe  to- 
wards raifing  the  faid  fum  of  5,000,000!.  wjth  the 
cafhie!S  of  the  Bank  of  England,  as  a  fecuHty  for 
?naking  the  future  payments  on  the  days  herein  after 
appoif  ted.  On  the  5,000,000!.  lol.  per  cent,  de- 
pofu  on  or  before  April  29  inftant,  on  the  whole 
Jve  millions.  On  4,500,000!.  in  annuities  15  per 
cent,  on  or  before  May  30  next — 15  per  cent,  on  or 
before  June  28  next— 15  per  cent,  on  or  before 
July  27  next — 15  percent,  on  or  before  Auguft  30 
next — 15  per  cent,  on  or  before  September  27 
next — 15  per  cent,  on  or  before  Odlober  26  next, 
pn  the  lottery  for  500,000!.  20  per  cent,  on  or  be- 
fore Jnne  10  next— 15  per  cent,  on  or  before  July 
10  next — 15  per  cent,  on  or  before  Auguft  19  next— 
20  per  cent,  on  or  before  September  9  next— 20  per 
jent.  pn  or  before  Odober  9  next.  Which  feveral 
fums  fo  received  ihali  by  the  faid  cafniers  be  paid 
into  the  receipt  of  the  Exchequer,  to  be  applied, 
from  tirne  to  time,  to  fuch  fervices  as  fiiall  then  have 
been  voted  by  this  houfe  in  this  feflipn  of  parliament, 
and  npt  otherwife.  That  any  fubfcribcr  paying  in 
the  whole,  or  any  part  of  his  fubfcription,  previous 
to  the  days  apppinted  for  the  refpettive  payments, 
ihall  be  allowed  a  difconiit  after  the  rate  of  3!.  per 
cent,  per  ann.  from  the  days  of  fuch  refpedlive  pay- 
ments to  the  re(pe«ftive  times,  on  which  fuch  pay- 
ments are  direfted  to  be  made;  and  that  all  fuch 
pcrfons  as  Ihall  make  their  full  payments  on  the 
faid  lottery,  fhall  have  their  tickets  delivered  as  foon 
as  they  can  conveniently  be  made  oat.  >■>  »       50COOCO    o    o 

':''■■';'''•  ■    .  2.  Thai 


CHRONICLE, 


C- 


2.  That  there  be  ifTaed  ^nd  applied  out  of  fuch 
monies,  as  (hall  or  may  arife  of  the  furplnffss,  exceffes, 
or  overplus  monies,  and  other  revenues,  compofing 
the  finking  fund,  the  fum  of  1606076 


135 


5    'i 


Saturday,  April  29. 

1.  That  there  Ihould  be  paid  yearly  the  fum  of  is. 
in  the  pound  of  all  falaries,  fees,  and  perquifites  of 
offices  and  employments  in  Great  Britain,  and  on  ail 
penfions  and  other  gratuities  payable  out  of  any  re- 
venues belonging  to  his  majelly  in  Great  Britain,  ex- 
ceeding the  value  of  lool.  per  ann. 

2.  That  there  Ihall  be  paid  for,  and  upon  tv^ry 
dwelling-houfe  inhabited,  which  now  is,  or  hereafter 
Ihall  be  erefted  within  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain, 
the  yearly  fum  of  is.  over  and  above  all  duties  charge^ 
able  thereupon,  to  commence  from  the  fifth  day  cf 
this  inftant  April,   1758. 

3.  That  there  (hall  be  paid  for  every  window,  or 
light,  in  every  dwelling-houfe,  inhabited,  or  to  be 
inhabited,  within  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain, 
which  {hall  contain  15  windows  or  lights,  or  upwards, 
the  yearly  fum  of  6d.  for  each  window,  or  light  in 
fuch  houfe,  over  and  above  all  duties  chargeable 
thereupon,  to  commence  from  the  fifth  day  of  this  in- 
ftant April,   1758. 

May  2. 

1.  That  the  annuities  payable  purfuant  to  the  re- 
folution  of  this  houfe  of  April  22  laft,  be  charged 
upon  the  fevcral  additional  rates  and  duties  upoa 
offices  and  penfions,  and  upon  houfes  and  upon  win- 
dows or  lights,  which  were  granted  by  the  refoluiions 
of  this  houfe  of  Saturday  lall. 

2.  That  an  ad  made  in  the  9th  year  of  the  reign  of 
his  prefent  majefly,  entituled,  *'  An  Aft  for  further 
**  encouraging  and  regulating  the  manufadlure  of 
**  Britifli  made  Sail  Cloth,  and  for  the  more  efFec- 
"  tual  fecuring  the  Duties  now  payable  on  Foreign 
"  Sail  Cloth  imported  into  this  Kingdom,"  which 
was  to  continue  in  force  from  June  24,  1736,  for 
the  term  of  five  years,  and  from  thence  to  the  end  of 
the  then  next  fcflion  of  parliament,  and  which  by  fe- 
veral  fubfequent  adh  made  in  the  13th  and  24th 
years  of  the  reign  of  his  prefent  majefty,  was  further 
continued  until  Dec.  25,  1757,  and  from  thence  ro 
the  end  of  the  theti  next  feffion  of  parliament,  is  near 
expiring,  and  fit  to  be  continued. 

K4 


6606076     5     1 


That 


136        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

3.  That  an  aft  made  in  the  4th  year  of  the  reign 
of  his  prefent  majefty,  entituled,  **  An  A61  for 
**  granting  an  Allowance  upon  the  Exportation  of 
'*  Britifli  made  Gunpowder,"  which  was  to  continue 
in  force  for  five  years  from  June  24,  1731,  and  from 
thence  to  the  end  of  the  then  next  feflion  of  parlia-s- 
inent,  and  which  by  feveral  fubfequenc  afts  made  in 
the  loth,  1 6th,  and  24th  years  of  the  reign  of  his 
prefent  majefty,  was  further  continued  until  June  24, 
1757,  and  from  thcMce  to  the  end  of  the  then  next 
felTion  of  parliament,  is  near  expiring,  and  fit  to  be 
continued. 

4.  That  an  aft  made  in  the  6th  year  of  the  reign  of 
his  prefent  majefty,  entituled,  **  An  Aft  for  the  bet- 
*'  ter  fecuring  and  encouraging  the  Trade  of  his  Ma- 
^'  jefty's  Sugar  Colonies'  in  America,"  which  was  to 
continue  in  force  for  five  years,  to  be  computed  from 

June  24,  1733,  ^"^  ^°  ^^^  ^"^  °^  '^^  ^^^"  "^^^  ^^^" 
lion  of  parliamaft,  and  which  by  feveral  fubfequent 
afts  made  in  the  12th,  19th,  26ch,  and  29th  years 
of  the  reign  of  his  prefent  majefty,  was  further  con- 
tinued until  June  24,  1759,  is  near  expiring,  and 
lit  to  be  continued. 

5.  That  fo  much  of  an  aft  made  in  the  15th  and 
16th  years  of  his  prefent  majefty -s  reign,  entituled, 
"  An  Aft  to  impower  the  Importers  or  Proprietors  of 
"  Rum  or  Spirits  of  the  Britifti  Sugar  Plantations,  to 
*'  land  the  fame  before  Payment  of  the  Duties  of 
*'  Excife  charged  thereon,  and  to  lodge  the  fame  in 
"  Warehoufes  at  their  own  Expence,  and  for  the 
"  Relief  of  Ralph  Barrow,  in  refpeft  to  the  Duty  on 
*'  fome  Rock  Salt  loft  by  the  Overflowing  of  the  Ri- 
•'  vers  Weaver  and  Dane,"  as  relates  to  the  landing 
of  rum  or  fpirits  of  the  Britifti  fugar  plantations  be- 
fore payment  of  the  duties  of  excife,  and  to  the 
lodging  of  the  fame  in  warehoufes  at  the  expence  of 
the  importers  or  proprietors  thereof;  which  was  to 
continue  in  force  until  Dec.  29,  1749*  ^^^  f^^orn 
thence  to  the  end  of  the  then  next  feflion  of  parlia- 
ment, and  which  by  an  aft  made  in  the  23d  year  of 
the  reign  of  his  prefent  majefty,  was  further  qon tinn- 
ed from  the  expiration  thereof  until  Sept.  29,  1757, 
and  from  thence  to  the  end  of  the  then  nex,t  feflion 
of  parliament,  is  near  expiring,  and  fit  to  be  con- 
tinued. 

May  9. 
I.  That  the  dpty  of  6d.  per  ounce  Troy  on  all  fil- 
ver  plate,  made  or  wrought,  or  which  ought  to  be 


tp^ch^d. 


CHRONICLE.  137 

touched,  afTayed,  or  marked  in  this  kingdom,  grant- 
ed by  an  ad  made  in  the  fixth  year  of  his  late  ma-  •• 
jefty*s  reign,    (hall,    from   and  after  June  i,   1758, 
ceafe,  determine,  and  be  no  longer  paid. 

2.  That  in  lieu  thereof,  the  fum  of  40s.  yearly, 
fhall,  from  and  after  June  i,  1758,  be  paid  to  his 
majefty,  for  a  licence  to  be  taken  out  by  every  perfon, 
trading  in,  felling  or  vending  gold  or  lilver  plate. 

3.  That  the  fums  to  be  paid  for  the  faid  licences, 
fhall  be  applied  to  the  fame  ufes  and  purpofes,  as  the 
prefent  duty  on  filver  plate  made  or  wrought  in  this 
kingdom,  is  now  liable,  and  appropriated  unto,  and 
in  the  fame  manner. 

May  II. 
That  all  drawbacks  now  payable  on  the  exporta- 
tion of  filver  plate,  fhall,  from  and  after  June  i,  1758, 
ceafe  and  determine. 

June  i. 
That  from  and  after  July  5,  1758,   no  perfon  (hall 
be  permitted  to  fell   by  retail,    any   fweets   or   made 
wines,  without  having  firft  taken  out  a  licence  for 
retailing  wine. 

June  10. 
That  there  be   raifed   by  loans  or  Exchequer  bills, 
to  be  charged  on  the  firft  aids  to  be  granted  the  next 
feflion  of  parliament,  the  fum  of  800000    o    • 


Thefe  were  all  the  refolutions,  or  provi(ions   made 
by  this  committee,  amounti.ig  in  the  whole  to  1 1079722     6  10 

So  that  they  exceed  the  fum  total  granted  by  the 
pommittee  of  fupply  in  the  fum  of  '  .  595265     6    9 


-1 


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144      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


STATE     PAPERS 


Hague. 

ON  the  32d  Dec.  1758,  Major 
General  Yorke  delivered  the 
following  memorial  to  the  deputies 
of  the  States  General. 

*'  High  and  mighty  Lords, 

*'  I  had  the  honour  to  acquaint 
yoji,  at  the  conference  I  obtained 
of  your  high  mightineflfes  on  the 
7th  inftant,  that  the  king  my 
jnafter  had  authorized  and  inftruft- 
ed  me  to  enter  into  a  negocia- 
tion  with  fuch  perfons  as  your 
high  mightinefTes  Ihould  think 
proper  to  nominate  for  that  end  ; 
but  that,  as  the  affair  required  a 
minute  difcullion,  it  would  be  im- 
pollible  to  terminate  it  without 
fome  farther  explanations.  It  is 
with  the  highell  pleafure  that  I 
this  day  open  our  conferences  on 
this  important  fubjedl ;  and  I  flat- 
ter myfelf  that  if  your  high  mighti- 
neiles  are  as  defirous  of  a  reconcili- 
ation as  his  majefty  is,  it  will  Toon 
te  happily  concluded. 

By  the  two  refolutions  of  Sept. 
12,  and  Sept.  25,  which  were  de- 
livered to  me  the  day  following, 
your  high  mightinefies  thought 
proper  to  make  fome  difficulty  of 
receiving  the  declaration  which  I 
had  the  honour  to  prefent  to  you, 
in  the  King's  name,  againft  the 
trade  carried  on  by  your  fubjedts 
to  the  French  colonies  in  America, 
for  the  account  of  thofe  very  co- 
lonies. If  his  majefty,  on  being 
informed  thereof,  commanded  me 
to  declare  that  he  could  not  de- 
part from  his  preceding  declara- 
tion, it  was  becaufe  he  thought 
this  claim  had  no  foundation  in 


the  treaties  fubfiftinfr  between  him 
and  the  republic.  Befides,  (liould 
the  perfons  concerned  in  this  trade 
even  be  able  to  wreft  the  fenfe 
of  treaties  fo  as  to  deceive  their 
friends,  and  make  the  obftrudling 
of  it  by  England  pafs  for  a  griev- 
ance, ftill  his  majefty  is  perfuaded 
that  their  high  mightinefTes  will 
fee  with  pleafure  that  his  majefty 
fets  afide  the  difcuffion  of  this 
treaty,  which  is  connefted  with  (o 
many  others,  and  fets  himfelf 
wholly  to  do  the  fubjefts  of  his 
ancient  allies  all  the  fervice,  and 
to  grant  them  every  favour  that 
fhall  not  notably  prejudice  the 
welfare  and  fafety  of  his  people. 
It  is  in  this  light  that  his  majeily 
confiders  the  trade  direftly  or  in- 
diredly  to  the  French  colonies  in 
Am.erica. 

His     majedy     is    at    war    with 
the  moft  chriftian  king  :  he  can-         t 
not  hope   to  get  out  of  it    with        \ 
fafecy,    or    obtain    a    fpeedy    and        | 
lafting    peace,    which  is    his  ma- 
jefiy's  fole  aim,  if  the  princes  who 
have  declared   themfelves   neuter,       •  ■ 
inflead  of  contenting    themfelves        .; 
with  trading  as  ufual,  without  any 
rifk,  afTume  a  right  of  carrying  on 
that  trade   with    the    king's   ene- 
mies, which  is   not  allowed  them 
in  time  of  peace.      The  injuflice 
of   this    proceeding   is  too    appa- 
rent  to   require    more    to  be   fa'd 
on    it:    one  may  venture  to  ap- 
peal   to    your    high     mightinefl>5 
own  condudl  in  the  like  cafe.     A 
trade  of  this  nature  was  never  fuf- 
fered  by  you  ;  and  it  hath  been 

op- 


STATE     PAPERS. 


H5 


oppofed  by  the  Salus  Populi,  in  all 
countries,  in  likecircamilaaces. 

His  majefly  fees  with  plea- 
furc  the  trade  of  his  neighbours 
fl3urifh,  and  would  behold  its  in- 
creafe  with  fatisfaclion,  if  its  pro- 
fpericy  were  not  repugnant  to  this 
primary  law.  But  he  likewife  per- 
fuades  himfeir,  that  never,  for  the 
fake  of  fonie  tranfient  profit  to 
individuals,  will  his  ancient  allies 
be  the  firft  to  injure  England  in 
this  eilcntial  part.  Confidering  the 
thing  in  this  light,  I  cannot  doubt 
but  your  higH  mightinefles  will 
give  the  king  the  pieafure  to 
hear  that  they,  for  their  fubjefts, 
have  honellly  abandoned  it,  and 
that  this  ftumbling  block  is  for 
^  ever  removed.  In  fettling  this 
point,  his  majefty  commands  me 
to  include  in  it  the  change,  com- 
monly called  Overfcheepen,  which 
is  made  of  a  French  veffel  into 
a  Dutch  ve/Icl,  when  the  former 
dares  not  continue  her  courfe,  und 
endeavours  to  fave  hcrfeif  by  carry- 
ing neutral  colours,  in  order  to 
avoid  feizure  at  fea.  by  the  king's 
fhip'-".  Your  high  mightinelles, 
while  you  acknowledge  the  juftice 
of  my  firft  demand,  cannot  refufe 
the  iecond  ;  fince  that  would  be 
to  declare,  that  you  treat  with 
good  faith,  whilll,  at  the  fame 
time,  a  more  dangerous  door 
would  be  left  for  fraud.  Such  a 
condurt  is  unworthy  of  the  equity 
of  your  high  mightineiTes,  efpe- 
cially  in  the  prelent  cafe,  when 
the  queftion  is  the  prevention  of 
any  obje£l  of  future  difpute,  and  the 
reltoration  of  harmony  and  good 
neighbourhood  between  the  two 
powers. 

^  The  lad   point  of  my  inftruc- 
tions,  which   relates    to    the  ami- 
cable dem.inds    made   by  his  ma- 
jelly    to  your    high  mightineffcs, 
Vol.  I. 


requires  a  more  minute  confide- 
ration.  I  cannot  enter  upon  that 
fubjedl  yet ;  but  referve  it  till 
afterwards.  I  muft,  nevcrthelefs, 
obferve  to  you,  that  the  king 
has  feen,  not  without  pain,  yet 
without  giving  them  any  molefta- 
tion,  a  great  number  of  Dutch 
fhips  pafs  by  his  harbours,  fince 
the  commencement  of  the  war, 
laden  with  all  forts  of  materials 
for  building  and  repairing  his 
enemies  fleets.  His  majefty  afks  that 
certain  articles  of  naval  ftores 
may  be  comprehended  in  the  clafs 
of  contraband  :  but  he  will  fo 
fettle  it  with  your  high  mighti- 
nefles,  as  that  the  inofFenfive  trade 
of  your  fubjefts  to  the  north  of 
Europe  (if  1  may  ufe  that  term) 
Hiall  not  be  involved  in  this  ar- 
ticle. Your  high  mightineffes, 
who  are  yourfelves  a  maritime 
power,  and  know  how  to  contend 
for  -nd  defend  your  prerogatives  as 
fnch,  mull:  always  allow,  that 
ifj  the  prefentwar  againft  France, 
it  is  bof.h  the  king^^  intereft,  and 
his  duty,  not  only  to  hinder  the 
marine  of  his  enemy  from  be- 
coming too  formidable,  but  alfo  to 
employ  all  means  to  weaken  it^ 
Can  it  be  difputed  that  naval 
Hores  are  not,  in  this  view,  as 
prejudicial  as  balls  and  gun- 
powder. 

Let  France  be  without  ftilpi, 
and  her  warlike  ftores  will  never 
make  England  uneafy.  The  im- 
portance of  this  arricle  is  fo  evi- 
dent, that  the  king  ventures  to 
refer  it  to  the  judgment  of  your 
high  mightinefles.  Thefe,  my 
lords,  arc  my  inflruftions  with 
regard  to  the  fatisfaftion  which 
the  king  would  think  himfelf  en- 
titled to  require  from  the  friend- 
fhip  and  juftice  of  the  republic, 
if  hr  had  no  other  foundation  for 
L  his 


46       A  N  N  U  A  L    R  E  G  i  S  T  E  R,    J 


his  claim.  But  I  have  already  in- 
formed you,  that  it  is  his  majefty's 

'.iincere  ('efire  to  unite  his  own  fafcy- 

'With  the  convenience  of  your  high 
mightinefles ;  which  makes  it  un- 
receiTary  for 'me  to  enlarge  on  this 
head.      _  •••    ■■':1   ^ 

In  this  reprefentation  of  the 
points  on  which  I  have  orders  to 
mfift  with  your  high  mightinefle?, 
I  have  endeavoured  to  follow  the 
method  which  you  yourfelves  have 
begun  to  put  in  practice  ;  that  is 
to  fay,  firll  to  Ihue  the  claim,  and 
afterwards  propofe  the  expe- 
dients. 

J  come  now  to  the  articles  of 
your  re/olutions  of  the  25th  ofSep- 

.  tcmber  lal!. 

I.  As  to  the  demand  contained 
in  the  firfl  article,  I  muft  o^ferve 
to  your  high  mightineifes,  that 
this  very  treaty,  which  you  fo 
ftrongly  infift  on,  prefcribes  the 
manner  of  proceeding  in  cafe  of 
felzure  or  detention  ;  and  that  you 
cannot  claim  the  exercife  of  an 
extra-judicial  power  by  his  ma- 
jeAy,  vrhofe  hands  are  tied  with 
regard  to  his  own  fubjedls  by  the 
Jaws,  and  with  regard  to  foreign- 
ers by  treaties.  If  there  ha^'e 
"^been  any  irregular  ientences»  ei- 
ther the  judge  muil  have  been 
iniiled  by  appearances  at  the  hear- 
ing of  the  caufe,  or  delays  were 
made,  of  which  there  was  juft 
reafon  to  complain.  The  fupreme 
court,  eftablifned  for  judgiiig  In 
the  lafi:  refort,  hath  always  been 
ready  to  revife  and  corred  abufes, 
U  at  any  time  any  could  be 
difcovered  in  the  fehiences  of  the 
inferior  courts.  But  your  high 
jnightinelfes  will  give  me  leave 
to  obferve,  that  it  is  very  extra- 
oMinary,  that  not  one  appeal  hath 
5'et  been  thrown  in,  notwithliand- 
icg  the   ajfTurances  given   to  your 


high  mighrinelfes  by  many  pe.**- 
fons.  This  ii.  a  h€(  at  which  every 
body  in  Erjgland  is  2tlonillied.  And, 
doubtlefs,  had  the  appellants  bten 
delirous  to  be  lieard,  ihe  number  of 
complaints  would  have  been  greatly 
diminifhcd. 

Mean  while,  to  aiTiil  and  relieve 
the  fubjefts  of  your  high  mighti- 
nefTes  as  much  ss  poflible,  and 
to  avoid  confounding  the  inno- 
cent with  the  guil'y,  his  majefty 
hath  jull  now  ordered  an  exadt 
lift  to  bi>  delivered  to  him  of  all 
the  Dutch  ve/TvIs  detained  in  his 
harbours,  in '  order  tp  call  thole 
to  an  account  who  may  have 
brought  them  in  on  frivolous  pre- 
tences ;  to  oblige  them  to  releafe 
them,  and  to  haficn  the  finifiing 
of  the  trials  in  general.  If  there  j 
remains  any  thing  more  to  be  done 
for  the  further  facility  and  fecu-  .' 
riry  of  the  navigation  of  the  re- 
public, it  will  readily  be  agreed 
to  by  his  majelly.  The  nation 
is  defirous  to  fecond  the  king's 
good  intentions  on  this  head.  | 
flatter  myfelf  that  thefe  affurances 
will  be  lufiicient  to  diffipate  iho'fe 
ill-grr.undcd  fears  which  pofiefs 
certain  perfons  in  thefe  provnucs. 
A  mutual  confidence  and  a  de- 
fire  to  avoid  any  futjed  of  animo- 
fuy  are  highly  requifue  in  treating. 
of  matters  of  fuch  importance, 
and  of  fuch  a  complicated  m,- 
lure. 

IF.,  As  to  the  fecend  article  of 
the  laid  refolutions,  I  almoll  dare 
ventuje  to  a/fure  ycur  high 
mightinefles,  that  if  you  cordially 
intereft  yourfelves  in  hii!majeft)'s 
ficuation  in  the  prefent  war,  and 
difcover  a  readinefs  to  grant  the 
points  which  he  thinks  he  hath  a 
right  to  require  of  you,  you  will 
receive  all  pofiible  fatisfadion  and 
fecurity.  It  is  his  majelly's  in- 
tcniioh, 


STATE     PAPERS. 


U7 


tention,  that  the  fubjecls  of  your 
kigh  mightineffes  ihoald  fully 
enjoy  all  the  privileges  and  im- 
munities refuhingfrom  the  treaty  of 
1674,  fo  far  as  the  tenor  of  it  is  not 
derogated  from  by  the  prefent  ac- 
commodation. 

III.  As  to  the  third  article,  as 
foon  as  your  high  mightinefles 
ihall  have  agreed  with  his  majefly 
on  the  points  which  I  have  men- 
tioned in  his  name,  it  will  be  eafily 
fettled. 

IV.  The  fourth  article  contains 
complaints  for  which  perhaps  there 
is  too  much  foundation,  by  the 
violences  committed  by  Englilli 
privateers,  or  veflels  pretending  to 
be  fuch.  His  majefty  is  finccrely 
grieved  that  fuch  diforders  (hould 
have  been  committed,  to  the  dif- 
grace  of  his  rubjedts.  The  whole 
nation  joins  with  the  king  in  en- 
deavouring to  fupprefs  thofe  rob- 
beries. 1  take  the  liberty  to  com- 
municate to  you  the  orders  iflued 
by  the  admiralty  of  Great  Britain 
againft  fuch  behaviour;  and,  for 
the  honour  of  the  merchants  of 
London,  J  nn.ull  add  the  advertife- 
ment  publilhed  by  them,  offering 
a  reward  for  difcovering  the  of- 
fenders. His  majefty  inrreats  your 
high  mightineffes  to  affift  him  oa 
this  occalion,  by  exhorting  your 
fubjefls  to  bring  to  juftice  the 
authors  of  thofe  oftenccs :  in  which 
they  may  depend  on  the  utmoft 
proteflion  and  encouragement.  As 
to  the  reft,  the  king  is  aftoniftied, 
that  after  fo  many  applications 
made  here  for  obtaining  proofs  of 
the  fads  a  Hedged,  not  one,  not- 
withftanding  the  reward  offered, 
is  gone  over  to  England  to  give 
evidence. 

I  take  the  liberty  to  refer  to 
the  contents  of  my  firft  article 
for   an  anfwer   to  the   fifth  rofo 


lution  of  your  high  mightinefles ; 
only  adding,  that  his  majefty  will 
with  pleafure  agree  to  any  method 
that  fhall  be  propofed  to  him  for 
authenticating  the  genulnenefs  -of 
fhip-papers,  in  which  point  too 
many  abufes  have  been  committed." 
Hague,  Aug.  2. 

The  Count  d'Affry,  the  French 
ambaffador,  prefented  the  following 
memorial  to  the  States  General, 
July  25. 

"  High  and   Mighty  Lords, 

"  On  the  repeated  follicitations 
which  M.  de  Berkenrode  hath  been 
ordered  to  make,  and  on  thofe 
which  the  counfellor  penfionary 
hath  often  made,  particularly  of 
late,  that  the  king  ray  mafter  would  ^ 
be  gracioufly  pleafed  to  grant  a 
bounty  on  herrings  taken  by  the 
Dutch,  and  imported  into  France; 
his  majefty  authorifes  me  to  declare 
to  your  high  mightineffes,  that  he 
is  difpofcd  to  grant  your  fubjefts 
fuch  bounty;  which  fliall  be  imme- 
diately fettled  at  Paris,  agreeably 
to  the  inftru«rtions  which  your  high 
mightineffes  (hall  be  pleafed  to  fend 
on  that  head  to  Mr.  Berkenrode 
your  ambaffador. 

The  king  my  mafter  has  deter- 
mined to  grant  this  favour  to  the  re- 
public, from  his  friendftiip  for  her, 
and  his  affurance  that  the  republic 
will  never  depart  from  that  iyftem 
of  equity  and  neutrality,  which  ftie 
bath  adopted  with  regard  to  the 
prefent  war." 

The  Count  d'Affry,  the  French 
ambaffador,  prefented  to  the  States 
General  a  memorial  on  Jan.  25. 
ult.  from  which  we  fhall  give  fuch 
extrafts  as  are  a  reply  to  Colonel 
Yorke's  memorial. 

?*  Your  high  mightineffes  were 

informed  in  the  month  of  July  laft, 

that  the  king   my  mafter,  and  the 

emprcfs    queen  of    Hungary    and 

L  2  Bohc- 


X48 


ANNUAL 


REGISTER, 


•753, 


Bohemia  had  agreed  to  put  French 
gar;  ilons  into  Oftend  and  Nieuport. 
I'heir  majerties,  in  order  to  give 
your  republic  a  frefh  proof  of  their 
friendfliip    and    confidence,    were 
pleafed  at  that  time,  to  command 
their  refpedive  minifters  to  com- 
municate   to    your   high    mighti- 
nefTes,   by    the    prefident  of  your 
aflembly,    their    juft    reafons    for 
taking  this  refolution.    According- 
ly I  waited  on  him  the  i8ch  of  July, 
with  Baron  Reifchach,  and  we  de- 
clared to  him  I    That,  the  emprefs 
queen,    being    under    an    abfojute 
necelTity  of  employing  all  her  forces 
to  defend    her    hereditary    domi- 
nions   in  Germany,    was  obliged 
to  withdraw  her  troops  from  Oftend 
and  Nieuport.  That,  it  was  of  the 
jnore  importance  to  provide  for  the 
fafety  of  ihofe  two  places,  as  there 
was  great  reafon  to  believe  that  the 
court    of  London,    which    fought 
only  to  fpread  the  war,  and  perpe- 
tuate it,  had   formed    a   defign    to 
feize   them  ;    and    as   the  port    of 
Oftend   was  even   blocked   up    by 
feveral    Englifii    men  of   war  and 
frigates.     Thar,  in    thefe  circum- 
ilances  the   emprefs  queen  applied 
to  the  king,  as  her  ally  nearell  at 
hand,  to  furniih  troops  which  might 
be  fubftituted  in  Oftend  and  Nieu- 
port, in  the  room   of  the  emprefs 
queen's,  there  to  remain  only  whilft 
it  (hould  be  judged   necejTary  and 
convenient  for  their  reciprocal    in- 
tercfts.     That   the  emprefs   qv.ttn 
had  referved   to   herfelf,    in  tbofe 
two   towns,  the  free  and  entire  ex- 
crcife  of  all  the  rights  of  property 
and   fovereignty  ;  iuch  as   the  ad- 
jniniftration  of  juftice,  the  colleft- 
ing  of  the  revenue  and  taxes,  and 
the  difpoftrion  even  of  the  artillery 
$nd  ftoresofall  forts.     (Your  high 
piighrinelFes  know  that  according- 
ly ihc   coun:  de  la  Mothe  d'Ku- 


gues,  who  commands  the  k'ng'a 
troops  at  Oftend  and  Nieuport, 
took  an  oath  to  the  emprefs  queen, 
before  the  Count  de  Cobentzel, 
her  minifter  plenipotentiary.)  That 
the  friendlliip  of  the  king,  and 
the  emprefs,  for  your  high  mighti- 
ne/Tes,  was  a  full  fecurity  for  their 
majeftiesconftant  attention  to  main- 
tain the  beft  undcrftanding  with 
your  republic,  and  to  prevent  the 
regulation  in  queftion  from  doing  it 
any  prejudice,  or  giving  it  the  lealt 
uneannef^. 

.  It  ib  by  cxprefs  cornmand  of  the 
king,  my  mafter,  that  1  declare 
to  your  high  miuhtinefles,  That 
theintroduition  of  French  garrifons 
into  Oftend  and  Nieuport  had  no 
other  motive  than  what  I  have  juft 
mentioned  in  this  memorial:  Thac 
his  majefty's  troops  (hall  remain 
there  only  to  the  end  of  this  prefenc 
war;  and  that  they  (hail  even 
march  out  fconer  if  the  emprefs 
queen  defjre  it,  and  they  iliall 
march  out  that  very  moment  that 
il)e  fliall  intruft  the  guard  of  thofe 
two  places  to  her  own  troops.  The 
necelliiy  of  attending  to  their  pie- 
i'crvation  h  the  more  indifpenfaLK-., 
as  your  high  mightlnefles  cannot, 
doubtlefs,  be  ignorant,  that  if  the 
Low  Countries  have  any  thing  ro 
apprehend  for  their  fafety  aiivi 
qoii't,  it  i.«  againft  Etigland  alone 
that  the  powers  inierefted  ihereifj 
Oi>ght  to  take  precautions.  It  i. 
needlefs  to  enter  into  particulars  on 
this  head.  It  is  fu^cicnt  to  apprii.e 
your  high  mightintlfes,  that  oneoj 
the  projects  of  that  crown  is  to 
carry  the  war  into  the  neighbcur- 
hood  of  your  republic  ;  and  it  is 
but  too  probable  that  the  neutrality 
and  territory  of  your  high  mighli^ 
neft'es  would  perhap?  be  no  more 
legarded  on  this  occanon,  than  the 
law  of  nadons,  treaties,  aad  pr.rolf^ 

of 


STATE    PAPERS. 


149 


6f  honour  have  beeo  hitherto.  The 
king  perfuadcs  himfelf,  that  after 
a  declaration  (o  precife,  which  his 
majelly  has  been  induced  10  make 
only  by  his  affeftion  for  your  re- 
public, your  high  mighlinefles 
will  form  a  jull  notion  of  the  me- 
thods which  the  court  of  London 
is  inceffaiuly  employing,  to  make 
your  high  mightinefles  (hare  in 
the  calamities  and  dangers  of  a 
war  which  his  majefty  undertook 
with  regret,  and  not  till  he  was 
forced  thereto,  by  the  moft  unjull 
and  uncxpedfd  aggrefllon ;  and 
v/hich  he  continues  only  from  his 
fidelity  to  his  engagements,  and  to 
fulfil  the  duty  im'^>ored  upon  him 
by  his  quality  of  guarantee  of  the 
laws  and  liberties  of  the  Germanic 
body." 

Tranflation  of  the  famous  memo- 
rial prefented  to  the  Stares  General 
by  two  hundred  and  iixty-nine  mer- 
chants, which  is  kept  very  fecret 
in  Holland. 

*'  Wethe  underfigned  merchants, 
infurers,  and  others,  concerned  in 
the  commerce  and  navigation  of  the 
(late,  moft  humbly  reprefent.  That 
the  violences  and  unjuft  depreda- 
tions committed  by  Eng!i(h  men  of 
war  and  privateers  on  the  veiTels 
and  efFeif^s  of  the  fubjsfts  of  the 
ftate,  are  not  only  continued,  but 
daily  multiplied  ;  and  cruelry  and 
excefles  carried  to  fuch  a  height, 
that  the  petitioners  are  forced  to 
implore  the  afliftance  of  your  high 
mightinefles,  that  the  commerce 
and  navigation  of  the  republic, 
which  are  the  two  finewsofthe  ftate, 
may  fufler  no  interruption,  and  be 
protedled  in  the  moft  efficacious 
manner,  in  order  that  the  being  of 
the  ftate  may  be  prcfervcd,  and  that 
it  may  be  kept  from  compIca|  and 
final  roin. 


The  petitioners  (hall  not  infert 
here  a  long  recital  of  their  ftiips 
that  have  been  illegally  flopped  and 
feized,  nor  of  the  piracies  and  vio- 
lences that  have  been  committed  for 
a  confiderable  fpace  of  time,  on  the 
fubjeds  of  the  republic;  nor  of  the 
ads  of  inhumanity  with  which  they 
were  often  attended,  even  fo  far, 
that  lefi  cruelty  might  have  been 
expedled  from  a  declared  enemy, 
than  they  have  fufFered  from  the 
fubjeds  of  a  power  with  whom  the 
ftate  is  conneded  by  the  moft  fo- 
lemn  treaties  of  friendfhip.  The 
whole  is  public  and  notorious. 

Nor  will  the  petitioners  enlarge 
on  the  infults  offered  to  the  Dutch 
flag,  in  contempt  of  your  high 
mightineifes,  the  natural  protedorf 
of  the  fubjeds  of  the  rep«blic.  The 
fads  are  known  to  your  high  migh- 
tineftes. 

But  the  petitioners  beg  leave 
to  reprefent,  with  all  due  fubmif- 
fi'^n^  that  they  cannot  forbear  to 
lay  their  jijft  complaints  before  year 
high  mighlinefles,  who  are  the 
protedors  of  their  perfons,  iheir 
eftatcf,  their  commerce,  and  navi- 
gation ;  and  to  lay  before  you  the 
indifperfable  neceflity  of  putting  a 
ftop,  as  foon  as  poflible,  to  thofe 
depredations  and  violences.  The 
petitioners  offer  to  contribute  each 
his  contingent,  andto  arm,  attheir 
own  charge,  for  the  fupport  and 
protedion  of  their  commerce  and 
navigation. 

The  petitioners  flatter  themfelves 
that  their  toils  and  the  r'.Oc  to 
which  their  effeds  arc  cxpofed  oa 
the  feas,  will  have  their  proper 
influence  on  the  general  body  of 
the  ftate,  fince  the  traders  of  this 
country  finding  themfelves  left  to 
the  dil'crction  of  a  part  of  that  na- 
tion with  whom  the  ftate  is  moft 
L  3  in* 


150         ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 


Intimately  conneflecl,  thoufands  of 
iradefmen  and  others,  who  are  con- 
nf6led  with  rnerchauts  that  have 
hitherto  carried  on  a  flourifhing 
rrade,  will  be  reduced  to  dillrefs 
and  poverty;  thofe  connexions 
ceafing  by  the  extindion  of  the 
dilates  of  merchant?,  who  have  hI- 
wayii  approved  themfelvcs  faithful 
to  their  country,  thefe  will  be  forced 
to  abandon  it,  to  their  great  regret, 
and  feek  flielter  and  protedion  elfe- 
whcre;  which  will  give  a  mortal 
blow  to  the  principal  members  of 
the  ftate. 

For  thefe  juft  caufes,  the  peti- 
tioners have  recourfe  to  your  high 
mightinelTes,  moft  humbly  implor- 
ing them,  both  in  their  own  names, 
and  in  the  name  of  a  multitude  of 
unhappy  people,  who  are  on  the 
point  of  being  llript  of  all  their 
effeds,  of  finking  into  the  utmoft 
diftrefs,  and  being  reduced  to 
beggary,  that  it  may  pleafe  yoor 
high  mightinefles  to  grsnt  to  com- 
merce and  navigation  fuch  fpeedy, 
vigorous,  and  effedlual  protection, 
that  the  faithful  fubjeds  of  this  free 
ftate  may  enjoy  their  polTefficns  in 
full  fecurity. 

'.  And  your  petitioners,  &c." 
Memorial  which  the  Princefs 
Gonvernante  prefented  to  the  States 
General  on  the  7th  of  June,  relat- 
ing to  the  propofed  augmentation 
of  their  land  forces. 

**  High  and  mighty  Lords, 
'*  My  quality,  my  duty,  atid  my 
inclination,  lead  me  to  make  the 
following  reprefentation  to  your 
high  mightinefles.  I  had  the  honour 
to  reprefenc  to  you,  when  the  war 
•began  to  be  kindled  between  France 
and.  England,  about  the  limits  of 
their  territories  in'Amcrica,  that  this 
war:woald  undoubtedly  be  tranafer- 
«d  from  that  part  of  tke  vvoild  to 


Europe,  and  that  prudence  required 
that  an  augmentation  fliould  be 
made  in  the  land  forces  of  ihe  ftate, 
in  order  tO  reinforce  the  garrifons 
of  the  frontier  towns,  and  cover  the 
territories  of  the  republic  from  in- 
vafion. 

i  further   forefaw,  that  Europe, 
being    made    the    theatre    of  war, 
feveral  camps  would   be  formed  in 
Flanders,    on    the     banks    of  the 
Rhine,  and  in  the  duchy  of  Clever. 
The  event  having  fhewn  the  jullnefs      , 
of  thofe  conjedlures,  I  again  infifted     j 
upon    the  neceflity   of  making  this     ^ 
augmentation,     that    the    republic 
might  be   in  a   condition  to  caufe 
her  neutrality  to  be  refpedled,  and  to 
prevent  her  territories  from  being 
made  the  feat  of  war. 

The  provinces  of  Guelders  and 
Overyffel,  frighted  at  the  danger 
with  which  thofe  provinces  are 
threatened  by  the  proximity  of  two 
formidable  armies,  haverefolved  to 
demand  that  the  affair  of  the  aug- 
mentation of  the  republic's  forces 
may  be  taken  into  ferious  confide- 
ration  by  the  other  provinces,  and 
have  requeued  me  to  join  my  follr- 
citations  to  theirs,  that  this  aug- 
mentation may  take  place  ;  which 
I  do  the  more  readily,  as  I  am 
equally  fenfible  with  them  of  the 
extent  of  the  danger,  that  threatens 
the  republic,  cfpecially  fince  the 
Hanoverian  army  crolTed  the  Rhine. 
This  augmentation  is  the  more 
ncceffary,  as  it  behoves  the  ftate 
to  be  able  to  hinder  either  army 
from  retiring  into  the  territories  of 
the  ftate  if  it  (hould  be  defeated: 
for  in  that  cafe  the  conqueror, 
being  authorifed  to  purfue  his 
enemy  wherever  he  can  find  him, 
would  bring  the  war  into  the  heart 
of  our  country.  None  of  the  powers 
at   war  could   be  offended  at  the 

€ftl- 


STATE     PAPERS. 


ifft-: 


efBcacious  meafures  taken  by  the 
republic  to  caufe  her  neutrality  to  be 
refpedled,  and  to  hinder  her  terri- 
tories from  being  made  the  theatre 
of  war.^  The  good  faith  of  ihe 
Dutch  is  well  known  j  and  from 
the  aflurances  already  given,  thofe 
powfrs  will  reft  fatisfied,  that  the 
Duith  had  no  bad  intention,  and 
ti»at  their  defign  is  not  to  take  pare 
in  the  prefenc  troubles,  biit  wholly 
t  J  keep  the  war  at  a  diftance,  and 
prevent  their  country  from  being 
the  feat  thereof. 

Agreeable^  therefore,  to  the  re- 
quclt  of  the  provinces  of  Guelders 
and  Overyffel,!  jf^inmy  foUicitarion 
to-  theirs,  that  your  high  mighti- 
nefles  would  take  this  affair  into 
ferious  confideration,  and  that  in 
regard  to  the  crifis  in  which  the 
republic  is  at  prefent,  this  augmen- 
tation may  take  place. 

I  conclude  thefe  reprefentations 
with  praying  the  God  of  all  under- 
flanding  to  prefide  in  your  delibe- 
rations, and  that  he  would  infpire 
you  with  vigorous  refolutions  pro- 
portioned to  the.  dangers  that 
threaten  the  Itate,  and  conformable 
to  my  deli  res  and  wifhes." 

In  the  anfwer  which  thePrincefs 
Reuen:  gave,  on  the  7th  of  D^^ceni- 
ber,  to  the  fourth  deputation  of  the 
merchants,  llie  faid,  among  other 
things,-  *  That  (he  beneld  the  ilate 

*  of  trade  with  concern  ;  that  fhe 

*  was  as  much  moved  at  it  as  any 
'  of  the  merchants ;  that   its  want 

*  of  protedion  was  not  her  fault, 
'  but  that  of  the    towns  of  Dort, 

*  Harlem,  Amlterdam,  Tergaw, 
'  Rotterdam,  and  the  Britlle;  that 
'  had  it  not  been  for  thole  towns, 

*  the   forces  of  tire    ftate,  by   fea 

*  and  land,  would  have  bten  on  a 
'  better  footing';  and  that  (he  had 

*  never  ceafed  to  protcft  trade  ;   a 

*  proof  of  which  was  the  lef.cr  of 


*  the  king  her  father,  wherein  his 

*  md jelly    fays,    TJje   affair  of  the 

*  Dutch  is  nonv  under  con/iteration  ; 

*  and  Torke    'will  fpeedily     receive 
*■   the  necejfary  inJiru5iions  for  fettling 

*  it  amicably..     Some  method /hall  be 

*  thought  of  to  curb   the   infolence  of 

*  the  prfvateers.     That  (he  was  in- 

*  formed  that  Mr.  Yorke  had  afked 
'  a  conference  to  treat  of  this  mat- 

*  ter,  and   thar  Ihe  hoped  the  ne- 

*  gotiation  would  be  attended  with 

*  fuccefs.* 

The  deputies  were  afterwards  re- 
ferred by  her  royal  highnefs  to  M. 
de  la  Larrey,  who  now  does  the 
bufmefs  that  was  formerly  done 
by  M.  de  Beck.  The  merchants 
laboured  much  to  perfuade  this 
miniller,  that  the  augmentation  of 
the  land  forces,  and  the  equipment 
ofa  fleet,  were  matters  quite  diftindt 
from  each  other,  as  light  is  from 
darknefs;  that  there  was  no  pref- 
fing  motive  for  the  augmentation  $ 
whereas  innumerable  reafons  ren- 
dered the  fitting  out  of  a  fleet  a 
matter  of  the  moft  urgent  neceflity. 
M.  de  Larrey  contented  himfelf 
with  faying,  that  the  want  of  a  fuf- 
ficient  fleet  was  not  owing  to  her 
royal  highnefs ;  that  opinions  dif- 
fered on  this  head  ;  and  that  it  was 
a  fettled  point  at  prefent,  not  to  fit 
out  a  fleet  without  augmenting  the 
army. 

Whatever  may  be  in  this,  four 
days  after  the  fpeech  was  delivered^ 
her  royal  highnefs  carried  it  to  the 
aflembly  of  the  States  General, 
addrefling  herfelf  to  them  in  thefe 
words : 

**  High  and  Mighty  Lords, 
*♦  h  would  be  iujuilice  to  that 
zeal  and  vigilance  for  the  fafety 
of  the  flate,  of  which  your  high 
mightinefl'es  have  long  given  me 
convincing  proof,  to  endeavour  to' 
excite  you.  iiotv  to  greater  zeal  and 
L  4  "  vigi- 


152         ANNUAL    REGISTER,  175S. 


vigilance:  it  is  from  this  perfua- 
fion  I  appear  in  the  alTembly  of 
your  high  mightinefles,  to  repre- 
fent  to  you,  that,  feeing  your  ear- 
ned and  repeated  efforts  to  induce 
the  provinces  of  Holland  and  Well 
Frifeland^  of  Zealand,  andofFrife- 
knd,  to  agree  to  the  propofed  aug- 
mentation of  the  land  forces,  and 
equipment  of  a  -fleet,  have  been 
Jtieftedual,  your  high  mightinefles 
will  be  pleafed  to  conftder  of  a  way 
to  put  an  end  to  this  affair,  and  the 
fooner  the  better,  in  order,  on  one 
hand,  to  fatisfy  the  ftrong  and 
well-grounded  injlances  ofthe  pro- 
vinces of  Guelders,  Utrecht,  Over- 
yfi'el,  and  Groningen  ;  and  on  the 
other,  to  comply  with  the  ardent 
juftdefire  of  the  commercial  inhabi- 
tants of  this  country,  who,  though 
I  had  informed  them  of  the  nego- 
tiation between  Great  Britain  and 
your  high  mightineffes  to  accom- 
modate the  differences  that  have 
arifen,  and  of  my  own  affiduity  to 
forward  an  equitable  accommoda- 
tion, and  of  the  confequences  of 
the  fteps  I  thought  it  my  duty  to 
take,  have,  nenjertbelefsy  fent  me  a 
deputation  for  the  fourth  time  to 
infill  on  a  vzx'^  confiderable  aug- 
mentation of  the  naval  forces  of  the 
ftate. 

This  deputation  confifted  of 
forty  merchants;  a  number  that 
merits  attention  no  lefs  than  the 
fpeech  they  read  to  me,  of  which 
a  great  number  of  copies,  printed 
before-hand,  were  immediately 
dirtributed  on  all  parts.  I  fhall 
make  no  remarks  upon  that  fpeechj 
only  that  the  drift  of  it  did  not 
tend  to  facilitate  the  negotiations 
begun  with  England,  nor  to  in- 
duce the  nation  to  prefer  a  con- 
vention., to  a  rupture,  wich  that 
crown.  I  fliall  enter  no  farther  into 
this  fubjeft,  choofing  rather  to  refer 


the  whole  to  the  found  and  pene- 
trating judgment  of  your  high 
mighiinelTcs,  who  may  alfo  fee  by 
that  fpeech,  that  it  is  more  than 
time  to  finiQi  the  deliberations  on 
the  motion  for  augmenting  our 
forces  both  by  fca  and  land,  on 
which  I  have  always  infilled  with 
i\\Q.  greateft  earnellnefs ;  as  without 
ic,  I  am  convinced  in  my  confcience, 
the  Hate  is,  and  will  always  re- 
main, expofed  to  all  forts  of  misfor- 
tunes and  dangers,  both  now  and 
hereafter." 

In  confequence  of  this  fpeech, 
the  States  General  fent,  the  fame 
day,  the  following  letter  to  the 
States  of  Holland  and  Weil  Frife- 
land. 

**  Noble  and  Mighty  Lords, 
"  The  princefs  gouvernante  hav- 
ing come  toouraifembly  this  morn- 
ing, in  confequence  of  a  deputa- 
tion of  the  merchants,  who  had 
waited  on  her  a  few  days  before, 
to  infill  on  a  confiderable  aug- 
mentation of  our  naval  forces,  her 
royal  highnefs  again  reprefented 
to  us  the  urgent  neceffity  of  com- 
ing to  a  determination  both  with 
regard  to  the  augmentation  pro- 
pofed by  land,  and  with  regard 
to  an  equipment  by  fea ;  two 
points,  upon  which  her  royal 
highnefs  has  always  moil  earneltly 
infilled,  and  without  which  the 
Hate  is,  and  will  remain,  expofed 
to  all  forts ,  of  misfortunes  and 
dangers,  both  at  prefent  and  for  the 
future. 

We  thought  proper  to  fend  a 
copy  of  the  faid  propofnion  to 
your  noble  mightinefles,  and  alfo 
to  the  flates  of  the  provinces  of 
Zealand  and  Frifeland  ;  and  at  the 
fame  time,  to  reprefent  to  yoiJ, 
that  it  is  now  time,  if  ever,  to 
confider  ferioufly  of  thofe  two 
points    as    foon    as   poilible,    and 

carry 


STATE     PAPERS. 


^S3 


carry?  them  into  eiFefl  by  a  falutary 
and  unanimous  refoluiion.  It  would 
tie  both  fuperfluous  and  tirefome 
again  to  point  out  to  your  noble 
mighlineffes  the  dangerous  fitua- 
tion  of  the  republic  from  the  war 
which  hath  been  kindled  and  rages 
all  over  Europe,  and  which  hath 
fpread  to  the  very  frontiers  of  this 
ftaie  :  nor  is  there  ihefmalleft  prof- 
peft  of  feeing  it  extinguifhed  next 
year,  as  we  are  informed  from  all 
iides,  that  the  principal  powers  con- 
cerned are  taking  all  the  neceflary 
meafures  for  making  it  rage  next 
campaign,  with  greater  fury,  ifpof- 
fible,  than  ever. 

Every  one  who  confiders  how 
uncertain  the  confequences  of  a 
war  between  powerful  neighbours 
may  be  to  a  Hate  furrounded  on  all 
fides  by  foreign  troops,  muft  allow, 
that  it  were  greatly  to  be  wiihed 
the  republic  were  in  a  proper  pof- 
ture  ot  defence  whilft  the  war  is  on 
its  frontiers.  All  who  know  that 
the  happinefs  of  our  country  de- 
pends upon  the  fafety  of  trade, 
muft  be  equally  convinced,  that  an 
armament  by  fea  is  abfolutely  ne- 
ceflary in  this  critical  conjun<flure, 
when  our  navigation  is  dillurbed 
in  a  manner  unheard  of;  and  that 
the  neglect  of  our  naval  forces 
at  this  time,  would  be  wholly  un- 
juftifiable.  We  have  always  con- 
lidered  the  zealous  efforts  of  your 
noble  mighantlfes,  from  time  to 
time,  to  in<]uce  your  confederates 
to  confent  to  this  armament,  as 
highly  reafonable  ;  and  as  far  as  in 
us  lay,  we  always  endeavoured  to 
fccond  them. 

Nor  can  we  dlfapprove  of  the 
Hep  taken  by  the  merchants  in 
carrying  their  complaints  on  this 
head  wnere  thfy  ought  to  be  ear- 
ned, when  it  is  done  in  a  proper 


and  decent  manner  :  but  as  it  is 
the  duty  of  wife  and  faithful  rulers 
to  extend  their  care  not  only  to  a 
part  of  the  fubjeds,  but  alfo  to  all 
in  general  ;  and  as  the  principal 
aim  of  a  fovereign  ought  to  be, 
on  one  fide,  to  watch  over  the  hap- 
pinefs of  his  fubjeds,  and  on  the 
other  to  protedl  them  againll  all 
violence  from  without,  we  think 
that  in  fuch  a  fituation  as  that 
of  the  republic  at  prefent,  an  aug- 
mentation of  the  troops  of  the  Rate, 
for  the  defence  of  the  frontiers, 
is  unavoidable,  as  well  as  an  equip- 
ment by  fea  for  the  fecurity  of 
trade  ;  and  that  they  ought  to  go 
hand  in  hand.  The  ftates  of  the 
provinces  of  Guelders,  Utrecht, 
Overyffel,  and  Groningeji,  join  with 
her  royal  highnefs  and  us  in  the 
fame  opinion,  and  accordingly  have 
always  infifted,  by  divers  letters  and 
propolitions,  on  thofe  two  points  (o 
efleniial  to  the  public  intereft. 

We  doubt  not  but  the  faid  ftates 
will  explain  themfelves  to  your  no- 
ble mightineifes  on  this  head,  and 
at  the  fame  time  fignify  their readi- 
nefs  to  intereft  the.nfelves  in  the 
welfare  of  the  trading  inhabitants, 
in  cafe  your  noble  mightinefles  will 
alfo  effedually  provide  for  the  fafety 
of  their  inhabitants. 

When  we  refleft,  that  not  only 
the  intereft  of  the  republic  in 
general  requires  that  it  be  put  in 
a  proper  ftate  of  defence  both  by 
fea  and  land,  but  that  we  can  fee 
no  way  of  determining  this  mat- 
ter, unlefs,  by  a  reciprocal  indul- 
gence, one  of  the  confederates 
comply  with  the  fentiments  of  the 
other,  we  leave  your  noble  migh- 
tinefles  to  judge,  whether  by  a 
longer  delay  in  coming  to  a  con- 
ciulion,  both  wiih  regard  to  the 
augmentation   of    the  land  forces 

and 


154        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175S. 


and  the  equipment  of  a  fleet,  room 
will  hot  be  given  for  a  fchifm 
and  dangerous  divifioii  among  the 
confederaies,  the  confequences  of 
which  would  be  very  deplorable, 
while  the  republic  in  the  mean  time 
will  remain  in  a  defencelefs  Hate, 
bo:h  by  fea  and  land,  and  depend 
upon  the  arbitrary  power  of  its 
neighbours. 

We  therefore  moft  earneftly  in- 
treat  your  noble  mightinelTcs,  as 
ypu  value  the  fafety  of  the  country, 
and  all  that  is  dear  to  you,  as  you 
regard  the  proteftion  of  the  good 
inhabitants,  and  as  you  value  the 
concord  and  good  harmony,  which 
at  all  times,  but  cfpecially  in  the 
prefent  danger,  is  of  the  laft  ne- 
ceflity,  that  you  will  ferioufly  re- 
fled  upon  the  exhortations  of  her 
royal  highnefs,  and  on  the  in- 
ilances  of  the  majority  of  the 
confederates,  and  take  a  wife  and 
falutary  refoluiion  with  regard  to 
the  prcpofed  augmentation  of  the 
land  forces ;  fo  that  this  augmenta- 
tion, together  with  an  equipment 
by  fea,  may,  the  fooner  the  belter, 
be  urianimouny  brought. to  a  con- 
dition. 

Thus    concluding,     noble     and 
mighty  lords,    we  pray    God   Al- 
mighty to   keep  your  mightinefTes 
in  his  holy  protedlion,  &c.  &c.'* 
Hague,   Nov.  7. 
A  deputation  of  the   moft  cmi-. 
nent  merchants  of  Amfterdam  ar- 
rived here  j  and  after   vifiting  the, 
peniionary  and  the  prefident  of  the 
week,  waited  on  her  royal  highnefs 
the  princefs  regent,  to  whom  they 
delivered  the  following  memoriar. 

*•  The  merchants  of  this  pro- 
vince who  have  the  honour  to  ob- 
tain an  audience  of  your  royal 
highnefs.  for  the  ^hird  time,  find 
thenifelves  obliged  to  ren-ew  tH«rJr 


conipiaint   of    the    great     damage 
which  their  vefTelsand  cargoes  con- 
tinue to  fuffer  by  the  Enghih.    Th^ 
deputies  therefore  take  the  liberties 
to     put    your    royal    highnefs    in 
mind,     that    the  '  firft    time    that 
their  confidence  in  your  highnefs's 
equity,  led    them   to  have  recourfe 
to  you,   their  principalb,  who  had 
the  jufteft   ground    of   complaint, 
fojelavv     at     that     time    the    to:al 
ruin  of  our    navigation   and   com- 
merce :    That,    on     that   account, 
your  royal  highnefs  gracioufly  pro- 
mifed  powerfully  to  fupport   iheir 
juit  complaints  in  the  alfembly   of 
the    States   General,   and    even  to 
make   remonitrances  in   your  own 
name    to    the    Britifh    court,    pro- 
vided the   lofTes  were  properly  at- 
teiled:    That    the    merchants     of 
the     province     immediately    drew 
up  a   lift    of  the   vtiTcis    that   had 
been  carried  either    into   the  ports 
of  Great  Britain,  or   thofe  of  her 
colonies,  v^ith  an   eftimate   of  the 
value  of  the  cargoes,    and    a  de- 
tail   of     the    enormous    robberies 
committed    by    Englifh    privateers 
on  board  thofe  vellels ;  the  whole 
accompanied     with     original    and 
credible  atteftations  :      That,    not 
content    Vv-ith    having    refpe^lfully 
delivered  thofe  inconreftible  proofs' 
to  their  high  mightinefi'es,  and   to 
your  royal  highnefs  in  private,  the 
body  of  r>ierchants  took  the  liberty 
to  prefjnf  in  wiiting,  and  verbally, 
how  much  it  imported  the  weliare 
of  the  proji'inces  to  take  proper  mea- 
fures   tor   putting   an   end    10  fuch" 
unjufc  depredations,    and    for    ob- 
tainir.g    reparation     for    fo     great 
loffcs.     That    in    the    fecond    au- 
dience which   your  royal  highnefs 
was    pleafed    to    give    them,   upon 
frefn  complaints,  your   royal  high- 
nefs declared,  that  the  fubfequent 
damage' 


STATE    PAPERS. 


155 


damage  exceeded  what  you  could 
have  believed  :  That  your  royal 
highnefs,  in  your  aftonifhrnent, 
added,  in  terms  full  of  cordial  af- 
fection, that  if  things  (hould  conti- 
nue as  they  were,  your  dear  coun- 
try, in  whofe  welfare  you  took  fo 
much  concern,  having  adopted  it 
alone  for  ycur  country,  would  be 
ruined  :  That  you  would  einploy 
your  utmoll  endeavours  to  obtain 
reparation  of  pad  lofTej,  and  would 
immediately  take  fuch  means  for 
that  end,  as  fhould  be  confiftent 
with  the  honour  of  the  republic,  and 
the  advantage  of  commerce,  which 
fhould  always  have  your  proteilion  ; 
and  that  you  would  juftify  the  fince- 
rity  of  your  promifes  by  fadls. 

That  the  deputies,  on  their  re- 
turn home,  made  a  report  of  the 
fuccefs  of  their  commifTion  to  their 
principals,  who  were  equally  pleaf- 
cd,  and  certain  of  feeing  the  face  of 
afTairs  foon  changed  ;  but  their  joy 
and  expedation  is  turned  into  bit- 
ternefs,  which  is  the  more  fenfibly 
felt,  as  they  now  again  find  them- 
felves  under  a  neceffity  of  importun- 
ing your  royal  highnefs,  for  the 
third  lime,  by  exhibitting  a  lift  of 
fevenry  t)f  their  fhips  taken  by  the 
Englilh  fince  that  time,  amounting 
to  near  thirteen  millions  cf  florins  : 
That  thefe  vefTels  have  been  con- 
demned, fome  in  the  three  king- 
doms, others  in  the  Britilh  colo- 
nies, and  elfewhere,  under  the  moft 
frivoloas  pretences,  in  contempt  of 
all  law,  contrary  to  juflice  and 
reafon,  as  well  as  the  trcatfes  in 
force  between  the  two  nations  : 
That  being  informed  an  acrommo- 
darion  was  negotiating  with  the 
Britilh  niinillry,  the  body  of  mer- 
■b,  chants  flattered  themfelves  they 
^  fhould  obtain  by  this  treaty,  an  in- 
demnification of  their  great  Icfl*s  : 


but  that  not  one  merchant  had  as 
yet  reaped  the  fmalleft  fruit  from 
this  negotiation. 

That  with  grief  they  behold 
their  hopes  of  proteftion  diminifh 
daily,  rather  than  increafe :  That 
it  is  to  be  feared  the  evil  will 
grow  v/orfe  and  worfe,  and  rife  to 
the  utmoft  height  :  That  feveral 
fhips  of  war,  which  have  returned 
to  the  ports  of  the  republic  from 
their  voyages,  have  been  difarmed 
and  laid  up  without  being  re- 
placed by  others  :  That  it  is  evi- 
dent to  a  demonftration,  that  the 
aforefaid  illicit  pradices  muft  give 
a  mortal  blow  to  commerce  in 
general,  and  to  our  country  in 
particular  :  That  thoufands  of  pcr- 
fons,  who  were  pofTefted  of  great 
wealth,  or  in  eafy  circumftances, 
are  thereby  fallen  to  decay  ;  and 
if  a  fpeedy  remedy  be  not  ap- 
plied, not  only  eminent  merchants, 
but  fwarms  of  retail  traders,  will 
infallibly  be  ruined  :  That  by  this 
decay  of  trade  many  hundred  me- 
chanics are  deprived  of  work^ 
particularly  thofe  employed  in  the 
filk  way,  in  fugar-hoofes,  dying, 
&c.  who  confequently  languifh  ia 
idlencfs. 

That  at  prcfent  (and  what 
will  it  be  in  the  middle  of  winter  ?) 
a  great  number  of  creditable  tradef- 
men  are  forced  to  fubfift  on  the 
charity  of  their  refpeftive  com- 
panies, and  of  the  hofpitals :  That 
the  number  of  thefe  neceffitous 
people  increafes  daily,  whilft  the 
revenues  of  the  charitable  founda- 
tions decreafe,  becaufe  they  are 
obliged  to  give  alms  to  fuch  num- 
bers, and  becaufe  they  are  deprived 
of  the  contributions  they  ufed  to 
receive  in  better  titnej  :  That  ic 
is  natural  for  every  one,  who  fore- 
fees  a  threatning  lofs',  to  attend 
'     ^-  '  rather 


156        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


rather  to  his  own  prefervatlon,  than 
to  the  afliftance  of  thoTe  wbofe  un- 
happy tot  has  rendered  them  ob- 
jects of  companion  :  That  fruga- 
lity, thus  prevailing  over  libera- 
lity, people  continue  to  feel  the 
misfortunes  of  others,  but  are  little 
difpofed  to  rr'we  them  any  relief: 
That,confidering  on  theone  handall 
thefe  difarters,  and  on  the  other  the 
welfare  of  commerce  and  of  their 
country,  the  body  of  merchants 
have  thought  it  ihair  duty  again 
to  reprefent  to  your  royal  high- 
nefs,  that  if  redrefs  doth  not 
foon  fucceed  to  their  complaints, 
it  is  to  be  feared,  that  in  cafe  the 
lliips  expeded  home  fhould  be  taken 
like  the  others,  want  of  means  will 
force  the  merchants  to  give  up 
trade. 

For  thefe  reafons,  being  per- 
fuaded  of  your  royal  highnefs's 
clemency,  they  prefume  to  claim 
the  performance  of  the  promifes 
you  were  pleafed  to  make  them 
at  their  fecond  audience  ;  pro- 
mifes  fo  agreeable,  fo  full  of  ten- 
dernefs  and  regard,  and  fo  much 
confided  in  by  them,  that  they 
ftill  exped  to  feel  the  effeds  of 
them.  Accordingly,  they  moft 
humbly  fupplicate  your  royal  high- 
nefs,  to  be  gracioufly  pleafed  to 
Concur  in  the  neceiTary  meafures 
for  faving  the  commercial  fubjeds 
of  the  republic  from  a  calamity 
that  is  arrived  at  its  utmoil  pe- 
riod ;  and  to  confider,  that,  if  the 
rertitution  of  the  fhips  and  cargoes 
be  delayed,  the  one  will  go  to  de- 
cay, and  the  other  be  fpoilt.  They 
moreover  conjure  your  royal  high.- 
nefs  to  interpofe  your  good  offices 
in  fuch  a  manner,  that  the  E^iglilh 
nation  may  noake  good  the  immenfe 
lofies  they  have  fuffered,  and,abllain 
from  doing  them  farther  damage, 


to  the  hazard  of  totally  ruining  thtf 
republic. 

The  merchants  cannot  for- 
bear laying  before  your  royal 
highnefs  the  firm  refolution  ta- 
ken by  his  highnefs  the  late 
Prince  of  Orange,  your  illuftrious 
hulband,  of  molt  laudable  me- 
mory, to  employ,  had  Heaven 
been  pleafed  to  prolong  his  days, 
every  method  to  rellore  the  trade 
which  thefe  provinces  carry  on 
by  Hamburg,  to  its  former  flou- 
rifhing  flate.  They  moft  humbly 
recommend  to  your  royal  high- 
nefs this  branch  of  trade  which 
hath  coft  them  fuch  heavy  impo- 
fitions  during  fo  many  years,  and 
of  which  they  will  be  able  to 
continue  the  payment,  when  by 
the  fnterpofition  of  your  royal 
highnefs,  they  fhall  be  fo  happy 
as  to  enjoy  her  protedion  in  this 
lefped,  which  is  not  more  ncccf- 
fary  than  ardently  defired.  If 
that  ihould  fail,  the  merchant! 
muA  declare  upon  their  honour, 
that  the  commerce  of  thefe  pro- 
vinces in  general  will  be  at  an 
end  ;  and  that,  notwithHandir.g 
their  zeal  for  the  welfare  of 
the  commonwealth,  they  will  be 
unable  to  pay  taxes  much  lefs  ne- 
ceflary. 

To  thefe  humble  fupplications, 
the  merchants  add  the  moft  fin- 
cere  prayers  for  the  profperity  of 
your  royal  highnefs's  family,  whom 
moreover  they  requeft  to  preferve 
their  common  rights  and  liberties, 
purchafed  at  fo  dear  a  rate,  and 
to  maintain  them  againft  thofe 
who  feek  to  make  the  republic 
fuffer." 

They  write  from  Holland,  that 
the  princefs  gouvernante,  when  fhe 
went  to  the  aiTembly  of  the  States 
General,  and  delivered  the  famous 

me- 


STATE    PAPERS. 


»57 


m<?cnoriH]  «.f  the  merchants,  ex- 
prcfled  herlelf  to  the  following  pur- 
port. 

**  That  (he  came  not  to  the  af- 
fembly  to  ftir  np  the  zeal  of  their 
high  mighuneiTes  for  the  prefcrva- 
tion  of  their  country,  of  which  they 
had  given  evident  proofs  on  every 
occafion  ;  but  to  entreat  them  to 
take  into  their  ferious  confideration, 
the  augmentation  of  the  land  forces, 
which  was  fo  neceffary  in  the  pre- 
fent  critical  circumftances  of  the 
llate,  in  order  to  guard  its  frontiers 
from  infult.  That  with  regard  to 
the  fourth  deputation  of  the  mer- 
chants, and  the  fpeech,  of  which 
ihe  had  delivered  to  them  a  copy, 
ihe  had  as  yet  made  no  remarks  on 
it,  only  that  it  wa?  not  exprefied 
in  proper  terms  to  bring  things  to 
an  amicable  conclufion,  notwith- 
standing the  affurances  flie  had 
given  the  merchants.  That  fhc 
hoped,  by  her  repeated  follicita- 
tjons,  to  bring  matters  to  an  happy 
i/Tue  in  England  ;  that  fhe  therefore 
]aid  it  before  their  high  mighti- 
nefles,  and  left  it  to  them  to  do  in 
that  affair  as  they  lliould  think  pro- 
per :  That  the  time  became  more 
and  more  urgent,  for  thinking  of 
the  fafety  of  the  republic  :  That 
if  the  equipment  propofed  by  the 
merchants  (houid  be  judged  necef- 
fary,  it  ought  immediately  to  be 
carried  into  execution  jointly  with 
the  augmentation  of  the  land 
forces,  that  the  Hate  miglit  be  put 
on  a  rcfpeflable  footing  by  fea  and 
land  :  That  {"a^  therefore  hoped 
that  on  her  follicitation,  and  thit 
of  the  provinces  of  Gnelders,  U- 
tretcht,  OveryfTcl,  and  Groningen, 
their  mightinefTes  would  exhort  the 
province  of  Holland  to  defift  from 
irs  oppofition  to  the  faid  augmen- 
tation :  and  that  all  the  confede- 
jates  would  ucatiimoufly  cojafenc  to 


thofe  two  points  (o  effential  at  all 
times,  but  efpecially  in  the  prefent 
circumftances." 

Tranflation  of  a  refcript  fent  by 
Count  Kauniiz,  prime  minifler  to 
the  emprefs  queen,  to  the  imperial 
minifters  at  the  feveral  courts  of  the 
empire. 

**  The  unfortunate  iffae  of  the 
laft  campaign,  gave  the  enemy  a 
fine  game  to  play.  He  had  it  in 
his  power,  from  the  beginning  of 
fpring,  to  form  his  plan  of  often- 
live  operations  as  he  thought  bell. 
We,  for  our  part,  could  only  have 
one  principal  objed,  namely,  the 
putting  our  army  on  a  proper  foot- 
ing, and  endeavouring  to  make  in 
time  every  other  diipofr.ion  for  de- 
fence. This  was  accompliihed,  no 
labour  or  money  being  fpared,  to 
the  great  furprife  of  the  enemy 
himfelf :  in  a  few  months  our  army 
was  put  on  fuch  a  footing,  that  it 
did  not  hefitate  to  prefent  itfelf  be- 
fore the  enemy.  At  the  fame  time, 
a  negociation  was  commenced  with 
Rjffia,  to  induce  that  court  to 
march,  even  in  the  winter,  a  body 
of  30,000  men  llraight  into  Mora- 
via. That  court  was  fo  complai- 
fant  as  to  declare,  that  they  would 
march  a  body  of  30,000  freih 
troops,  either  to  be  employed  ia 
Moravia,  or  to  reinforce  the  im- 
perial army  of  Rufiia,  and  fo  pulh 
the  operations  of  the  war  with  vi- 
gour. Their  mar<:h  was  left  to  th^ 
option  of  the  court  of  Vienna. 
Though  at  that  tiaie  our  own  de- 
fenfive  operations  were  not  brought 
to  maturity,  their  imperial  majef- 
ties,  in  confideration  of  the  commou 
caufe,  generoufly  receded  from  their 
firft  demand,  and  fignified  that  the 
reinforcement  in  quelhon,  ought  ra-. 
ther  to  join  the  imperial  army  of 
Ruflia,  that  it  might  continue  to  adt 
vigoroufly. 

The 


158        ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758, 


The  crown  of  France  was  at  the 
fame  time  required  to  Tend,  pur- 
fuant  to  treaty,  an  auxiliary  body 
of  24,000  men  at  leaft.  It  is  unne- 
cefiary  to  mention  the  interelling 
circumflancesof  things  at  that  pie- 
cife  period  when  this  corps  ought  to 
have  m::rched  ;  and  though,  fome 
time  after  this,  it  was  very  uncer- 
tai-n  what  tarn  the  fiege  of  Olmutz 
would  take,  the  court  of  Vienna 
itfelf  iniifted  upon  poftponing  the 
inarch  of  thole  fuccours  till  ano- 
ther time;  and  laboured  to  concert 
new  meafures  to  divert  the  unfore- 
seen ftorm,  that- threatened  to  burft 
over  the  eftates  of  the  patriotic  and 
well-intentioned  members  of  the 
endpire  :  a  point  which  hath  been 
effectually  accomplillied. 

What  was  done  on  our  fide, 
during  thehegeof  Olrnutz,  is  gene 
rally  known.  The  enemy  retired 
through  Bohemia:  and  fcarce  had 
wc  enjoyed  the  fmiling  proiped  of 
our  hereditary  flates  being  entirely 
delivered  from  them,  when,  after 
mature  deliberation,  a  refolution 
was  taken  at  Vienna,  by  no  means 
to  march  the  imperial  and  royal 
army  into  Silefia,  but  to  cany  it 
diredly  into  Lufatia,  as  foon  as  the 
enemy,  in  abandoning  Bohemia, 
ihould  direft  his  march  that  way. 
The  principal  motives  which  deter- 
mined  us  to  take  this  refolution, 
were,  among  others,  that  by  fuch 
2.  motion  our  army  drew  nearer  to 
thofe  of  Ruflia  and  Sweden  ;  that 
It  opened  a  communication  with 
thofe  armies,  and  the  enemy  would 
be  molelled  in  the  center  of  his 
pofition.  Advice  was  immediately 
given  to  the  Rufli  in  generals  of  this 
refolution,  and  they  wpre  left  to 
draw  up  what  plan  of  operations 
they  fhould  think  proper.    . 

In  the   *T.ean  time  the  imperial 


army  of  Ruflia,  and  the  body  of 
reierve,  had  drawn  near  the  ellates 
of  the  enemy.  In  a  council  of  war 
it  was  debated  whether  they  ought 
to  advance  ftraight  to  Francfort:  on 
the  Oder,  or  towards  Lovver  Silefia, 
or  penetrate  by  the  Wartha  into 
the  New  Marche  Several  diffi- 
culties were  Itarted  with  regard  to 
the  two  former  projeAs,  both  with 
regard  to  the  fubliftence,  and  the 
neceflity  of  preferving  a  communi- 
cation with  the  kingdom  of  Pruf- 
fia.  The  third  projedl  was  there- 
fore made  choice  of,  and  execut- 
ed ;  which  the  court  of  Vienna 
learnt  with  the  greater  ratisra(5tion, 
as  it  had  conceived  fome  uneafmefs 
concerning  the  march  of  the  Ruf- 
fian army  towards  Francfort  on  the 
Oder,  or  towards  3iltfia  ;  fee- 
ing that  with  regard  to  the  hrft  cafe, 
the  corps  of  general  Dohna  was  al- 
ready alfembled  in  that  part ;  and 
on  the  other  hand,  the  King  of 
PruiHa  in  retiring  from-  Bohemia, 
was  marching  to  Silefia,  fo  ihat  he 
would  have  it  in  his  power  at  once 
to  employ  his  whole  force  joined 
to  Dohna  sx:orps,  againft  the  Ruf- 
fian army  ;  and  ihis  army,  by 
marching  towards  Lanfberg,  would 
be  removed  from  the  Pruiiians,  and 
would  moreover  have  the  Oder  and 
the  W.irtha  before  it. 

The  firft  news  of  the  part  taken 
by  the  Rufiian  generals  was  receiv- 
ed at  Vienna,  ac  the  time  that  Mar- 
fnal  Daun  was  already  advanced 
with  his  army  tov/ards  Gorlitz,  and 
almoll  at  the  fame  time  that  un- 
doubted intilligence  was  received 
from  feveral  quarters,  that  the 
King  of  Piuflia  in  perfon  was  in 
full  march  with  a  body  of  15  or 
16,000  men  to  join  General  Dohns, 
and  on  the  12th  of  Augull,  arrived 
near  Lignicz. 

it 


STATE 

}\  was  the  lefs  pcfTible  to  pre- 
vent or  hinder  this  march,  as  the 
ci^emy  had,  through  his  own  coun- 
try, ;i  mu(.h  i>iorter  road,  than  we 
had,  and  could  fcarce  be  at  any 
Jofs  for  fublillence  :  that,  befidcs 
the  RufTian  army,  by  iis  march  to 
Landfberg,  was  removed  farther 
from  our  army,  which  had  on  its 
flank,  on  the  fide  of  Silefia,  an 
army  of  30,000  of  the  enemy's 
troops. 

In  thef<?  circumflances,  the  fol- 
lowing  points  were  taken  into  con- 
fideration.  Whether  for  the  good 
of  the  common  caufe,  the  marflial 
ought  not  to  march  forward  with 
his  whole  army,  either  towards 
Berlin,  or  towards  Francfon  on  the 
Oder,  or  whether  he  ought  to  di- 
redl  his  operations  towards  Siiefia, 
or  towards  Saxony.  It  was  confi- 
dered  that  the  hrl^  of  thefe  projeds 
could  be  regarded  as  a  coup  de  main 
only,  and  by  no  means  as  a  decifive 
blow;  and  there  were  the  fewer 
motives  ro  follow  it,  as  it  was  eafy 
tp  imagine  that  the  Kfng  of  Pruffia 
would  give  battle  to  the  Ruffians 
before  we  could,  for  want  of  fub- 
fillencc,  get  into  the  Lower  Lufatia 
with  our  whole  force. 

It  feemed  at  the^  fame  time 
highly  improper  to  transfer  the 
theatre  of  war  into  Silcfia,  becaufe 
nothing  eflential  would  thereby  be 
gained,  and  it  would  give  to  the 
troops  of  the  enemy  that  were  left 
in  Silefia,  an  opportunity  of  taking 
an  advantageous  camp  near  fome 
fortrefs  in  that  duchy,  and  fo  pro- 
traft  our  operations.  The  court, 
therefore,  as  well  as  ^|ar(hal  Daun, 
thought  it  would  bs  bell  to  march 
town'-ds  Saxoay.  It  was  thought 
that  by  taking  this  IlepefTeniialad- 
yantagcs  would  be  gained,  or  that 
at  leaR  the  enemy  would  be  forced, 
by  the  apprehenfion  of  fufFering  a 


PAPERS. 


159 


very  fenfible  lo/s,  to  bring  all  hi* 
forces  into  Saxony  again  ft  the 
imperial  and  royal  army,  and  the 
combined  army,  and  by  that 
means  the  Ruffians  9nd  Swedes,  ai 
well  as  the  bodies  of  forces  left  on 
the  fronti-ers  of  Bohemia  and'Mo- 
ravia,  under  the  generals  Harfch 
and  De  Ville,  would  have  their 
hands  much  more  Utt,  to  acl  effi- 
caciouily. 

The  real  advantage  that  muft 
refult  from  a!!  this,  doubtlcfs  con- 
fifted  in  djilodging  the  army  under 
Prince  Henry,  and  delivering  Dref- 
den  and  the  greateil  part  of  Saxo- 
ny. 

To  attain  this  im.portant  en^, 
M.  Daun's  hrft  projed  was  to  ad^ 
yancewith  his  whole  army  ftraight 
toMeifien,  there  to  crofs  the  Elbe, 
and  at  once  march  up  to  the  enemy, 
at  the  fame  lime  that  he  fhould  be 
attacked  by  the  combined  army, 
and  thus  deprived  of  an  opportu- 
nity of  throwing  himfelf  intoDref- 
den.  But  at  that  time,  that  is  to 
fay,  on  the  3d  of  September,  Son- 
neftein  was  not  yet  in  our  pofTeffion, 
and  the  enemy  had  taken  fuch  an 
advantageous  pofition,  oppofite  to 
the  combined  army,  that  it  was 
thought  fcarce  feafible,  and  highly 
dangerous,  for  this  to  make  the 
iirll  attack  ;  and  yet,  unlefs  it  did 
fo.  Prince  Henry  would  Hill  have 
It  in  his  power  to  throw  himfelf 
into  Drelden,  whilft  the  imperial 
and  royal  ariiiy  pafTed  the  Elbe 
near  Meiffien,  and  to  maintain 
himfelf  on  this  fide  of  the  river, 
and  open  a  communication  with 
the  king, 

Marfhal  Daun  did  not  think  it 
confiltent  with  the  dignity  of  arms, 
or  the  interefl  of  the  fervice,  to 
make  ufeleis  marches,  and  to  take 
infigniiicant  pofiiions.  Nor  did  he 
thiok  it  prudent  to  remove  to  a 
greater 


i6o 


ANNUAL    RE 


greater  diftance,  either  from  the 
Ruffians  or  the  Swedes,  or  even 
from  Lufatia  or  Silefia  ;  he  there- 
fore Tuddenly  took  a  refolution  to 
draw  near  to  the  combined  army, 
and  to  dire6l  his  march  towards 
Stolpen  ;  and  this  the  rather,  as 
the  city  of  Drefden  could  not  be  at- 
tacked in  form,  and  as  the  news 
cf  an  entire  defeat  (as  it  was  falfely 
called)  of  the  Ruilian  army,  was 
jeceived  at  the  fame  time.  It  was 
therefore  very  natural  to  imagine, 
that  the  King  of  PrufTia  would  ha- 
Aen  baclcwitna  confiderablearmy, 
and  render  the  fiege  of  Drefden  of 
no  effeft. 

As  foon  as  the  imperal  and 
royal  army  had  fixed  its  camp  at 
Stolpcn,  the  field  marihal  employ- 
ed himfelf  in  reconnoitring  the  po- 
rtion of  the  enemy,  and  in  forming 
new  plans  to  give  him  an  efveAual 
blow.  On  the  9th  he  held  a  con- 
ference with  the  Prince  of  Deu?c- 
Ponts,  at  which  he  propofed  a  de- 
figa  a  little  too  bold  perhaps; 
namely,  that  this  prince  Ihould 
attack  the  enemy  next  day  j  that 
for  this  end  he  (the  marfiial)  would 
approach  that  very  night  to  the 
Elbe,  pafs  it  between  the  enemy's 
camp  and  Drefden,  laying  bridges 
between  two  fires  at  a  fmall  diftarice 
from  each  other;  and  carry  over  his 
whole  army ;  attack  the  enemy, 
and  cut  him  off  from  Drefden.  The 
JPrince  of  Deux  Fonts  entered  whol- 
ly into  this  plan  ;  only  he  found  it 
impoffibje  to  make  the  attack  next 
day,  becaufe  the  time  was  too  fhort 
to  make  the  necelTary  difpofitions, 
call  in  the  detached  pods,  and  em- 
ploy them  where  necefTary. 

/I'hough  the  marfnal  infilled  with 
the  more  vehemence  on  the  necef- 
fuy  of  making  hafte,  as  we  had  re- 
ceived fure  accounts,  that  the  king 
was  on  his  march  with  a  confidcr- 


GISTER,    1758. 

able  body,  and  there  was  not  a  mo- 
ment to  iofe,  he  faw  himfelf  forced, 
however,  by  the  obllacles  jull  men- 
tioned, to  defer  the  attack  till  the 
nth.  It  was  agreed  therefore, 
that  in  the  night  between  the  loth 
and  iiihj  the  imperial  and  royal 
army  ihould  approach  to  the  Elbe, 
and  lay  bridges  over  it;  that  t!^.e 
combined  army  fiiould  advance  in 
order  of  battle,  and-  make  ihofe 
movements  on  the  flanks  which 
ihould  be  deemed  proper ;  and  that 
at  ddy  break  it  Ihould  venture  to 
make  the  attack.  This  plan  of 
operations  was  executed,  excepting 
the  attack;  for  Marllial  Daun  re- 
ceived the  fame  day,  the  10th, 
certain  intelligence  that  the  king 
was  arrived  near  Drefden  with  a 
confiderable  body,  and  that  the 
rcil  of  the  enemy's  troops  were  not 
far  ofi^.  On  this  account,  it  was, 
after  mature  deliberation,  judged 
to  be  an  enterprife  too  rafh  to  at- 
tempt to  pafs  fuch  a  river  as  the 
Elbe,  between  the  army  of  Prince 
Henry,  and  the  city  of  Drefden, 
and  that  at  a  time  when  there  was 
another  army  behind  them  ;  that 
in  cafe  of  any  misfortune  the  impe- 
rial and  royal  army  would  be 
expcfed  to  total  ruin.  The  mar- 
fiial, agreeably  to  his  ufual  fore- 
fighi  and  experience  in  war,  came 
over  to  this  opinion,  and  faw  him- 
felf  obliged  to  fignify  to  the  Prince 
of  Deux  Fonts,  even  the  very  night 
in  which  the  attack  v\as  to  have  been 
made,  that  difiiculties  had  occurred 
in  relation  to  the  attack  which  had 
been  concerted,  and  even  in  fome 
mcafure  begun. 

Thus  one  principal  proje(^, 
namely,  ths  fpeedy  expullion  of 
Prince  Henry,  failed.  We  could 
not,  however,  have  hindered  him 
from  joining  the  king  3  little  further 
down  the  river,  and  from  oppofing 
2  4he 


STATE     PAPERS, 


i6i 


ihe  fiege  of  Drefden.  But,  on  the 
other  hand,  we  obtained  the  whole 
of  the  fecond  principal  objeft,  that 
is  to  fay,  the  drawing  the  enemy's 
forces  into  Saxony,  and  accordingly 
he  brought  into  Saxony  the  great- 
efl  part  of  thofe  troops  he  had  in 
Silefia,  as  well  as  a  numerous 
body  from  General  Dohna's  army ; 
and  thereby  he  has  left  himfelf 
more  and  more  expofed  in  other 
parts. 

Such  is  the  true  plan  of  the 
prefent  campaign :  and  though  the 
iffue  of  it  be  not  as  yet  intirely 
fatisfaftory,  and  fuch  as  might  be 
defired,  the  imperial  court  enjoys^ 
at  leaft,  the  fmcere  fatisfaftion  of 
reflecting,  that  according  to  the 
change  of  circumftances,  it  inftant- 
ly  took  the  moft  vigorous  refolu- 
tions,  and  that  it  was  never  defi- 
cient in  any  thing  that  might  con- 
tribute to  the  good  of  the  common 
caufe,and  that  it  is  ftill  making  at 
prefent  preparations  from  which  it 
n^ay  hope  for  the  moft  happy  con- 
fequences.  I  expeft  to  be  foon 
able  to  give  you  anacccfuiitof  them, 
being.   Sec,'* 

Declaration  delivered  the  1 2th  of 
Tune  to  all  the  foreign  miniHers  at 
'eteriburgli. 

**  The  Emprefs  having  engaged 
^  the  prefent  war,  in  order  to 
/ujcour  her  allies,-  has  their  intc- 
rclh  as  much  at  heart  as  her  own  : 
her  majeily  therefore  could  not, 
without  fome  concern,  hear  of  the 
convention  concluded  the  nth  of 
April  laft  in  London,  between  the 
King  of  Great  Britain  and  the 
King  of  Pruifia,  as  the  Britilh 
court  thereby  pretends  not  only 
to  make  the  war  kindled  up  by 
that  prince  her  own  quarrel,  but, 
in  all  appearance^  a  firm  refolu- 
Voi.  J. 


tion  is  alfo  taken  to  give  no  fatiA 
faftion  to  the  powers  fo  unjuftly  at- 
tacked and  fo  grievouily  wronged, 
and  to  carry  on  the  war  to  the  laft 
extremity.  *Tis  doubtlefs  on  this 
principle,  that  the  continual  de- 
vaftations  exercifed  by  the  King  of 
Pruflia,  even  in  fome  neutral  ftates, 
are  varnilhed  over  with  the  name  of 
defence  or  fupport  of  the  liberties. 
of  the  Germanic  body  ;  that  the 
oppofition  made  by  the  emprefs 
queen  againft  a  total  invafion  of  her 
hereditary  dominions,  is  termed  a 
dangerous-  defign  upon  the  prote- 
ftant  religion  ;  and,  in  fine,  that 
the  affiftance  gi^?en  to  that  princefs 
by  her  allies,  is  reprefented  as  an 
aggreffion  again  the  empire. 

It  is  true,  that  in  the  faid  con- 
vention her  imperial  majefty  of  all 
the  Ruflias  is  not  mentioned   by 
name.     But  the  King  of  Pruflia 
having  already  publilhed  laft  year,- 
as  foon  as  the  Ruflian  troops  en« 
tered  Pruflia,  a  particular  declara* 
tion  againft   her   majefty    (a   ftep 
which    he    did    not   take    againft 
France   when    her    army   entered 
his  territories,  though  it  was  no- 
torious that  flie,  as  well  as  Rufiia,- 
had  no  other  defign  bat  to  fuccour 
their  allies)  he  has  thereby  plainly 
fhewn  that  he  endeavours  if  pofli- 
blc  to  make  the  war  waged  in  his 
German  dominions  common  to  the 
whole  empire  ;  and  that,  on   the 
contrary,    by   entirely    excluding 
Pruflia,  he  ftrives  to  perfuade  neu- 
tral princes  that  he  is  Jiduated  by 
nothing  but  the  intereft  of  the  em- 
pire, and   that  it  is  only  in  this 
obje<3;  he  defires  their  concurrence. 
As  to  the  confervation  of  Pruflia, 
perhaps  he  thinks  himfelf  fingly 
ftrong  enongh  to  make  fure  of  it  > 
or  that,  ia  facrificing  it,  he  feeks 
JA  to 


i62         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

to  reprefent  the  part  the  emprefs 
takes  in  this  war  as  a  matter  quite 
foreign  to  the  common  caufe,  and 
no'  way  connedled  with  it,  to  the 
end  that  the  allies  may  lefs  miod 
it,  and  in  return,  that  his  party 
may  appear  the  (Ironger  for  it. 
But  befides  that  this  artifice  can- 
not impofe  upon  any  body ;  the 
emprefs  hopes  that,  with  the  help 
of  God,  her  troops  will  foon  enter 
the  provinces  of  the  king  of  Pruflia 
that  make  part  of  the  German  em- 
pire. 

And  as  on  this  occafion  one 
mull:  expcd  to  meet  with  all  the 
falfe  imputations,  which  the  em- 
prefs's  allies  are  obliged  to  bear,  as 
if  the  empire  was  invaded,  its  li- 
berties infringed,  and  the  protellant 
religion  menaced  ;  her  majeily  de- 
clares in  the  moft  folemri  manner, 
that  having  taken  part  in  the  pre- 
fent  war  only  by  virtue  of  her  an- 
terior engagements,  and  after  her 
reiterated  declarations,  that  fhe 
would  not  look  with  indifference 
on  any  invafion  that  Ihould  be  made 
by  the  king  of  Pruffia  in  the  do- 
minions of  her  allies,  but  would 
alfift,  with  all  her  power,  the  party 
attacked,  did  not  produce  the  efte(5t 
that  was  hoped  from  them  ;  and 
confidering  the  firm  refolution  tak- 
•  en  by  the  enemies  of  her  allies  to 
continue  an  unjuft  war,  (he  alfo 
becomes  more  and  more  fteady 
in  her  defigns,  as  well  as  in  her 
lincere  defii-e  to  aft  unanimoully 
with  them,  and  to  aflift  them  ef- 
ficacioufly  and  vigoroully,  in  order 
to  procure  juil  fatisfaclion  to  the 
parties  aggrieved,  and  to  fettle  the 
general  peace  on  terms  that  may 
be  produftive  of  a  folid  and  lafting 
tranquillity.  That,  towards  at- 
taining fo  falutary  anenxl,  the 
5 


troops  of  her  imperial  majefty  will 
endeavour  to  penetrate  into  the 
King  of  PruiTia's  G'jrman  domi- 
nions as  far  as  poflible.  That  every 
one  may  perfuade  themfelves  be- 
forehand, that  on  this  occafion 
there  will  be  no  violation  of  the 
laws  and  liberties  of  Germany  ; 
but,  on  the  contrary,  that  even  the 
inhabitants  of  the  enemy's  coun- 
tries Ihall  experience,  each  in  their 
ftation,  as  far  as  circumftances  may 
permit,  the  effedls  of  her  imperial 
majefty's  benignity,  as  appears 
already  by  the  permiflion  Ihe  has 
given  for  carrying  on  a  free  trade 
even  in  the  places  that  may  become 
the  feat  of  war:  That  as  on  the 
occafion  of  the  new  motions  the 
Ruffian  troops  are  going  to  make 
in  favour  of  the  emprefs's  allies, 
they  will  be  indifpenfably  obliged 
to  pals  through  the  territories  of 
the  republic  of  Poland,  her  impe- 
rial majefty  renews  the  alTurancc* 
fhe  has  more  than  once  given,  that 
neither  in  this  occafional  paiTag-;, 
nor  in  any  other  circumftance,  will 
they  ever  dream  of  violating  the 
rights  and  liberties  of  the  republic, 
whofe  tranquility  will  ever  be  dear 
to  the  emprefs:  in  fine,  that  what- 
ever may  be  the  always  uncertain 
e^^ents  of  war,  her  imperial  majefty 
can  beforehand  atfirm,  that  her  for- 
titude fhall  not  be  fhaken  by  them  : 
that  (he  never  will  recede  from  the 
engagements  fhe  has  entered  into 
with  her  allies,  not  to  treat  fepa- 
rately  about  a  truce  or  peace  ;  but 
that  her  majefty  will  faithfully 
and  punclually  perform  whatever 
fhe  has  once  promifed  and  de- 
clared." * 

Tranflation  of  the  brief,  which 
the  pope  addrefied  to  the  era'prefs 
queen,    when  he   conferred   upoa 

hsr 


STATE    PAPERS. 


163 


her  the  title  of  Apoftolical  Queen 
of  Hungary. 

**  The  Roman  pontifs,   whom 
we   have  fuccecded  notvvithftand- 
ing  our  want  of  merit,  wifely  nc- 
glefted  not,  greatly  to  their  ho- 
nour, am idft  different  regulations, 
paternally  to  dilHnguifh,  and  load 
with  favours,  as  occafion  offered, 
the  countries  fituated  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  the  perpetual  enemies  of 
the   Chriftian    name,    and  always 
rcgai  ccd  tliofe  countries  as  the  bul- 
warks,   which  alone  could  fecur? 
ChrilUanity  from  hoftiie  invafions. 
We  have   regarded  in    the    fame 
light,  the  molt  flourilhing  kingdom. 
of  Hungary,  poffefTed  by  our  dearly 
beloved  daughter  in  Chrift;  which, 
both    by     its     fituation    and    the 
bravery  of  the  people,  is  the  moft 
proper  for  the  propagation  of  the 
Chriitian  luftre  and  name.       All 
the   world   knows  how   the  noble 
Hungarians  have  contributed,  by 
their  valour,  to  the  extending  and 
defending  the  Chriftian  religion; 
and    how    often,    and  with    what 
fuccefo,   they  have  fought  againll 
its  hereditary  enemy.    Who  knows 
not  the  fignal  and  almoft  incredi- 
ble viftories  which  they  have  gain- 
ed, when  Chriilendom  was  in  dan- 
ger  of  being   totally  ruined  and 
overwhelmed  ? 

Thefe  actions  are'  generally 
known.  They  are  recorded  in  the 
moft  authentic  anjnals^  and  will  be 
tranfmitted  down  to  the  mofl  dif- 
tant  pofterity.  Mean  while  we 
ought  to  call  to  mind  St.  Ste- 
phen, that  valiant  fovereign  of 
Hungary,  whofe  memory  is  pre-- 
cious  to  the  church  ;  which  has 
been  infcribed  in  the  catalogue  of 
the  faints,  and  whom  we  particu- 
larly reverence.  We  talk,  even 
in  thefe  parts   (to  the  honour  of 


the  Hungarian  nation)  of  his  vir- 
tues, his  piety,  and  his  magnani- 
mity. The  princes  who  have  fuc- 
ceeded  him,  have  exerted  them- 
felves  at  all  times  to  imitate  his 
virtuous  example. 

No  wonder,  then,  that  the  fo- 
vereign pontifs.  having  regard  to 
the  lincere  and  unftiaken  attach- 
ment  of   the   princes    and   kings 
of  Hungary  to  the  catholic  faith, 
and    calling    to  mind   the  lervice 
they    have  'done     the     holy    fee, 
have,  from  time  to  time,   heigh- 
tened   their    merit,    and    granted 
them  particular  privileges.  Among 
other   privileges,   their  kings  en- 
joyed  that  of  having  a  crofs  car- 
ried before  them  by  a  biihop,  when 
they  appeared  in  public  on  folcmn 
occafions,  as  the  mofl:  erpinent  fign 
of  their  apolllefhip  ;   a  particular 
concefiion  of  the  holy  fee,    which 
would  thereby  (hew  that  the  Hun- 
garian nation,  and  its  kings,  glo- 
ried only  in  the  crofs  of  our  Sa- 
viour Chrifl,  and  have  always  been 
wont    to    fight  and    overcome  for 
the  catholic  faith,  under  this  holy 
banner* 

The  kings,  of  Hungary  have 
alfo,  at  diverfe  times,  acquired  the 
privilege  of  being  decorated  and 
honoured  with  the  glorious  and 
magnificent  title  of  Apoftolic  kings, 
though  the  true  origin  of  this,cuf- 
tom,  and  the  authenticity  of  fuch 
a  high  prerogative,  cannot  be  prc- 
cifely  difcovered. 

We,  for  our  part,  though  we 
cannot  manifefi:  the  true  fpirit  of 
our  predeccfTors,  have,  neverthe- 
lefs,  made  it  our  ccnftant  endea- 
vours to  follow  their  fentiments.  We 
cannot,  we  imagine,  more  advan- 
tageoufly  didinguifh  th-^  beginning 
of  our  pcntiiicate,  than  by  con- 
ferring all  poinbie  honours,  and  the 
M  2  ■    utmaft 


i64    ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


utmoft  fplendor  on  thofe  princes 
and  kings  whom  we  know  to  be 
attached    to    the   holy    {e6  ;    and 
therefore  we  have   thought  proper 
to  contribute   particularly   to   the 
exaltation  of  your  ApoftoUc  ma- 
jefly,    and    of  your    kingdom   of 
Hungary.     We     cannot    do    this 
more  efFe(5tualIy,  than  by  confirm- 
ing, as  far  as  in  us  lies,  by  our 
papal  authority   and    power,    this 
apoftoJical     denomination.,        We 
therefore,  of  our  own  proper  mo- 
tion, certain  knowledge,  and  ple- 
nitude of  apoftolic  authority,  in- 
vcfi,   honour,    and  decorate   your 
m/ijefty,   as   Queen   of  Hungary, 
and   your  fuccefibrs  in  that  king- 
dom, with   the  title   and  denomi- 
nation of  Apoftolic  Queen  ;  will- 
ing    that     all,     and     every    one, 
ihall  name  and  acknowledge  ^^ou, 
and  yoUr  fucceffors,  for  Apoftolic 
Queen. 

Receive    then,    dearly    beloved 
daughter  in  Chrill,  this  title  joy- 
fully;   not,  however,  as   a   mark 
of  that  power   which   the  vanity 
of  the  age,  and  a  deceitful  ambi- 
tion may  invent,  but  as  a  fymbol 
of  a  chriftian  fubmiifion  to  Jefus 
Chrift,    by  whom   alone   the   true 
glory  of  your  kingdom  can  fubfill 
for  ever.     I'his  title  you  receive 
as  a   teftimony  or  recompence   of 
your  zeal  for   the   propagation  of 
the  catholic  religion  ;  a  zeal ,  v/hich 
hath  been   tranfmitted  to  you  by 
a  long  feries  of  anceflrors,  which 
yoii    ha\'e    kept    up,     and    which 
increafes  in  you  more  and  more. 
Tranftnit  this  title  of  jionour  and 
fplendor  to  the   beft  and  beft-be- 
loved  of  fons,  that  fon  who  fliall 
poiTefs  the  whole  glory  of  his  mo- 
ther's  inheritance.     Receive    this 
hrief  as  the   pledge  and  the  firft- 
fruits  of  the  paternal  love  and  af- 
5 


fe«flIon,  which  we  bear  towards 
your  Apollolic  majelly;  and  we 
give  you,  dearly  beloved  daughter 
in  Chrill  Jefus,  moll  tenderly  our 
apollolic  benedidion. 
Rome,  Augull  25.'* 

Tranflation  of  the  inllrudions 
given  by  the  States  of  Courland 
and  Semigallia  to  Mr.  Schopping, 
whom  they  fent  as  their  deputy  to 
Warfaw,  about  the  eledion  of  a 
new  duke. 

"  I.  He  'fhall,  with  the  moft 
profound  refpe£l,  alTure  his  ma- 
jelly,  our  moft  gracious  king  and 
lord  paramount,  of  the  inviolable 
obedience  and  fidelity  of  thefe 
duchies,  and  moft  humbly  recom- 
mend them  to  his  majefty's  pa- 
ternal benevolence  and  protec- 
tion. 

2.  He  fhall  moft  refpedlfully 
befeech  his  majefty,  and  the  moll 
illuftrious  republic,  to  procure  the 
releafe  of  the  unfortunate  duke  and 
his  family, 

3.  His   excellency    Count  Ma- 
lachow&i,    high  chancellor  of  the 
crown,     having     written    to    the 
ftates,  that  it  was  in  vain  to  hope 
any  longer  for  the  releafe  of  that 
duke   and    his    male    ilTue:    and 
M.  SimoHn,  minifter-refident  from 
her  majefty  the  emprefs  of  all  the 
Ruftias    in    thefe  duchies,   having 
declared  and  confirmed   the  fame 
thing,  by  order  of  his  court,  add- 
ing, that  her  imperial  majefty  of 
all  the   Ruffias,  would  be  glad  to 
fee     his    royal     highnefs     Prince 
Charles  of  Poland  cledled   Duke 
of  'Courland  ;    and    her  imperial 
Czarilh  majefty  having  given  the 
like    inftrudions   to    her  minifter 
at  Warfaw;  the  deputy  muft  alfo 
repreren^l  to  the   high   chancellor 
of  the  crown,  that,  according  to 

the 


STATE    PAPERS. 


i6s 


the  precife  terms  of  the  conftitu- 
tions  of  our  government,  the  af- 
fembly  of  the  ftates  cannot  attempt 
any  thing  agalnft  the  inveftiture 
of  the  duchies  j  and  that  fo  long  as 
the  king  and  republic  do  not  declare 
the  feat  to  be  vacant,  we  murt,  ac- 
cording to  our  laws,  continue  to 
pray  for  our  unfortunate  lord  and 
his  family. 

4.  But,  whereas  his  royal 
highnefs  piince  Charles  has  gain- 
ed the  veneration  of  all  hearts 
by  his  great  qualities,  and  his 
gracious  deportment,  both  in  going 
to  and  returning  from  Peterfourgh, . 
the  deputy  is  to  make  known  the 
inclination  of  the  ftates  for  this 
prince  in  cafe  the  feat  of  the 
duchies  be  declared  vacant,  and 
iiitimate  that  they  fhould  deem 
themfelves  very  happy  if  his  royal 
highnefs  would  make  profeifion 
of  the  confeffion  of  Aug(burgh,  and 
thereby  impower  them  humbly  to 
beleech  his  majefty  to  grant  him 
the  fovereignty  of  thefe  duchies. 

5.  This  being  fuppoled,  then, 
if  his  royal  highnefs  will  be 
pleafed,  according  to  cuftom,  pre- 
vioully  to  fecuie  to  the  country, 
all  its  civil  and  religious  rights, 
the  deputy  Ihall  declare  that  the 
Itates  will  not  hefitate  a  moment 
to  take  advantage  of  the  difpo- 
fitions  of  the  emprefs  of  all  the 
KulTias  in  favour  of  this  prince, 
and  will  entreat  her  to  grant 
him  the  fovereignty  of  thefe  du- 
chies. 

6.  But  fince,  according  to 
the  compads  of  fubjeclion,-  the 
guaranties  of  religion,  and  othqr 
documents,  thefe  duchies  mull 
have  as  heretofore  a  Teutonic  ma- 
giftracy  of  the  confeffion  of  Augf- 
burgh ;  as  no  change  can  be  made 
ia  this  refpcd,  wiUiout  failing  in 


the  affurances  given  and  confirmed 
upon  oath  ;  and  as  Gothard,  firll 
Duke  of  Courland,  did  keep  to 
himfelf,  in  quality  of  grand  ma- 
iler, the  whole  adminiilration  of 
ecclefiaftic  aftairs,  which  the  pro- 
teilant  princes  have  alfo  done,  in 
confequence  of  the  compads  of 
fubjedion,  whofe  authority  ought 
to  be  immutable,  according  to  the 
conftitutions  of  the  government; 
the  deputy  fhall  conftantly  and 
moft  ftrenuou/ly  infill  on  this  ob- 
jeft,  mod  humbly  reprefenting  the 
firm  perfuafion  of  the  Hates  that 
his  majelly  and  the  illuftrious  re- 
public will  take  into  con fi deration 
the  faid  affurances  given  to  this 
country  by  his  majelly's  predecef- 
fors,  and  will  preferve  the  Teuto- 
nic magiflracy  which  ithas  had  ever 
fmce  its  fubjedion  to  the  republic, 
viz.  a  prince  of  the  confeffion  of 
Augiburgh. 

7.  As  for  the  rell,  the  flates 
will  always  continue  with  the  mofl 
inviolable  loyalty  to  live  under  the 
gracious  iupremacy  of  his  majefly 
and  the  illullrious  republic  of 
Poland,  and  never  will  they  wifh 
for  a  duke  that  is  not  agreeable 
to  their  gracious  lord  paramount. 
This  is  what  the  deputy  fliall  de- 
clare i  and  he  is  dcfired  to  conform 
exadly  to  his  inflrudtions,  without 
deviating  therefrom  in  any  one 
point.  XVhereupon  we  wifh  him  a 
good  journey,  and  a  happy  iffue  to 
his  negotiation," 

[Thefe  inilrudions  are  figned  by 
Chriflopher  Frederick  Sacken,  go- 
vernor ;  Otho  Chriflopher  von  der 
rioon,  chancellor;  Henry  Chrif- 
tian  Offenberg,  burgrave;  Francis 
George  Frank,  marflial;  all  mem- 
bers of  the  great  council ;  and  alfo 
by  twenty- five  deputies  of  the  par 
rifhes  of  Courland. 

M  3,  The 


i66      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758, 


The  dyet  of  Poland  breaking 
up  without  fettling  any  one  na- 
tional affair,  the  Courlanders  are 
juft  whe^e  tJiey  were  before  ;  for 
though  the  Emprefs  of  Ruffia  and 
King  of  Poland  , may  declare  the 
feat  of  their  duke  to  be  vacant,  the 
republic  muft  concur  in  this  ver- 
di€t  before  it  can  be  filled  up  ; 
and  ihould  thefe  two  fovereigns 
attempt  by  force  to  carry  an  elec- 
tion in  Courland  in  favour  of 
Prince  Charles,  it  might  pofTibly 
occafion  an  infurreftion  in  Poland. 
Befides,  the  chanp^e  of  religion 
required  for  qualifying  him  to  be 
a  candidate,  is  another  bar  to  his 
preferment:  But  this  might,  per- 
haps, be  got  over  with  the  help  of  a 
difpenfation  from  Rome,  allowing. 
him  to  keep  covenants  with  his 
fubjeifts  only  till  he  fhould  be  able 
to  break  them.] 

Tranflation  of  the  Univerfalia 
iffued  by  the  king  of  Poland,  for 
the  affembiing  of  a  general  dyet  of 
the  ftates  at  Warfaw. 

"  Augultus  III.  by  the  grace  of 
God,  King  of  Poland,  Grand  Duke 
of  Lithuania,  $iC. 
■  In  the  horrid  calamities  which 
have  fo  long  afHi^led  our  heredi- 
tary dominions,  the  happinefs  and 
profperity  of  the  republic  is  the 
greateft  alleviation  we  can  find  to 
the  grief  with  which  we  are  pene- 
trated. 

In  1756,  about  the  time  that 
was  fixed  for  the  ordinary  dyet, 
the  whole  force  of  the  enemy 
came  and  fell  upon  our  heredi- 
tary dominions,  and  at  one  in- 
ftant  prefented  us  with  a  profpeft 
of  all  the  misfortunes  that  were 
afterwards  to  enfue  to  that  unhap- 
py country. 

This  idea,  painful  as  it  was, 
would  not  fo  deeply  have  wounded 


our  paternal  breafl^y  if  the  army  of 
an  enterprizing  neighbour,  which 
furroundcd  us  on  all  fides,  had  not 
prevented  us  from  coming  to  you  at 
the  time  appointed  for  the  alTem- 
bling  of  the  ftates  of  the  republic  ; 
for  the  fight  of  that  affembly,  and 
of  a  people  that  have  been  ever 
dear  to  us,  would  have  affuaged 
our  other  forrows. 

The  tenor  of  the  laws  em- 
powers us'  to  convoke  the  general 
dyet  this  year  at  Warfaw,  in  or- 
der to  treat  there  of  the  feveral 
necefiities  of  the  republic  ;  there- 
fore waving  the  confideration  of  the 
toil  attached  to  this  obligation,  ^nd 
anim.ated  only  with  the  pleafing 
hopes  of  the  public  good,  which, 
through  your  unanimity,  may  per- 
haps refult  from  thence  to  the 
country,  we  fix  the  faid  ordinary 
dyet  at  Warfaw  on  the  2d  of 
Odober,  1758  ;  the  anti-comitial 
dyet  at  the  ufual  place  on  the  21ft 
of  Auguft;  and  that  of  the  gene- 
rality for  the  1 8th  of  the  fame 
month. 

As  in  former  dyets  we  never 
propofed  any  thing  relating  to  our 
own  private  intereflis,  or  thofe  of 
our  royal  family,  fo  we  now  fo- 
lemnly  proteft,  that  we  have  no 
fuch  views  in  this,  and  that  we 
are  very  far  from  feeking  our  own 
advantage  to  the  prejudice  of  Po- 
land, by  wanting  to  involve  it  in 
the  prefent  fatal.troubles  of  the  reft 
of  Europe. 

It  is  by  {o  upright  a  ccn- 
du(fl  that  we  hope  to  filence  all 
thofe,  who,  by  fecret  and  artful 
iniinuations,  endeavour  to  deftroy 
the  confidence  that  fubfifts  between 
ourfelves  and  the  ftates  of  the 
republic,  and  render  fufpicious 
our  mcft  falutary  meafures  for 
your  welfare,  that  they  may  per- 
petuate   diforder  in  the  country, 

overr 


STATE     PAPERS. 


%6j 


overturn  tlie  bafis  of  public  deli- 
berations, and  on  the  ruins  of 
Poland  ered  trophies  of  glory  to 
foreign  nations,  whofe  intereil  it 
may  be  to  fonient  and  keep  up 
thefe  divifions. 

Zeal  for  the  public  good 
alone,  the  motive  that  has  always 
influenced  our  adlions  hitherto, 
will  dired  and  animate  all  our 
deliberations  at  the  approaching 
dyet.  And  without  infilting  now 
upon  any  particular  propofitions, 
we  are  ready  even  to  go  contrary 
to  natural  fubordination,  in  con- 
forming ourfelves,  though  we  are 
the  father  of  the  country,  to  the 
defires  of  its  dear  children,  pro- 
vided that,  laying  afide  every 
other  fentiment,  the  three  eftates 
of  the  republic  will  unanimoufly 
concur  in  every  thing  that  (hall 
be  found  for  the  good  of  the 
country." 

Memorial  concerning  the  deftroy- 
ing  of  the  fuburb  of  Drefden. 
**  Marlhal  Daun  having  taken 
advantage  of  the  king's  abfence, 
who  W2is  gone  to  fight  the  Ruffians, 
to  fall  upon  Saxony  with  all  his 
forces,  in  the  mo-nth  of  Julylaft, 
the  army  of  the  empire  having 
entered  it  on  another  fide  by 
Peterfwalde,  Count  Schmettau, 
governor  of  Drefden,  thought  that 
place  in  fuch  imminent  danger, 
that  he  found  himfelf  indifpen- 
fably  obliged  to  take  every  pof- 
fible  meafure  to  guard  againft  a 
furprife,  and  to  hinder  the  Auf- 
trians  from  carrying  the  place  by 
a  coup  dc'inain.  An  enterprize  of 
this  nature  would  have  been  the 
more  eafy,  as  molt  of  the  houfes 
of  the  fuburbs,  from  the  gate  of 
Pima,  to  that  of  Wilfdorf,  ab- 
folutcly  command  the  body  of  the 


town,    both   by   their   prodigiou^ 
height,  being   fix  or  fcven  ftorie^ 
high,  and  by   their  proximity  to 
the  rampart.     From  this  confider- 
ation  Count  Schmettau  caufed  it  to 
be  declared  to  the  court  by  M.  de 
Bofe,    chief  cup-bearer,    that   as 
foon  as  the  enemy  fhould  make  a 
fhew  of  attacking  D  refden , he  fliould 
find  himfelf  under  the  difagreeablc 
neceffity  of  burning  the  fuburbs, 
and    that  for    that    end    he    had 
juft  put  combuftible  matters  in  the 
higheft  houfes,  and  thofe'nextto 
the  rampart,    that   his  orders  for 
that   purpofe    might   be   fpeedily 
executed,  whenever  the  reafons  of 
war  obliged  him   to  iffue  them  in 
his  own  defence.     The  fame  de- 
claration was  made  to  the  magi- 
ftrates,    the  governor  having  fent 
for  the    burgo-mafter   to  come  to 
him.      The    court   and   the    city 
earneftly  implored,  that  this  mif- 
fortune    might    be    averted    from 
the  inhabitants  ;   but  the  governor 
infilled  that  it  would  be  indifpen- 
\fably  neceflary  to  come  to  that  ex- 
tremity, if  the  enemy  themfelves 
would  pay  no  refpedl  to  the  royal 
refidence  ;   and  caufed  every  thing 
to  be  got  ready  for  the  execution  of 
his  threats. 

Meanwhile,  the  city  as  well  as 
the  ilates  of  Saxony,  who  were 
then  aflembled  at  Drefden,  fent  a 
deputation  to  M.  de  Borcke,  the 
king's  miniller,  to  iiitreat  him  to 
intercede  with  the  governor  in 
their  behalf.  M.  de  Borcke,  after 
conferring  v/ith  Count  Schmettau, 
anfwercd  them,  that  it  depended 
on  the.  court  and  the  city  them- 
felves, to  prevent  the  attacking  of 
Drefden  ;  but  that  if  the  Aultri- 
ans  ihould  attack  it,  it  would  be 
impoffible  to  fpare  the  fuburbs,  the 
houfes  of  which  commanded  the 
M  4     .  ram- 


i6S       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 


rampart,  the  governor  having  ex- 
prefs  orders  to  defend  himfelf  till 
the  lalt  extremity.  The  minifter 
at  the  fame  time  pointed  out  to 
them  the  imminent-  danger  to 
which  the  city  and  the  caftle,  and 
even  the  royal  family,  would  be 
cxpofed,  if  he  Ihould  be  forced  to 
come  to  that  extremity,  as  the  fire 
of  the  fuburbs  could  not  fail, 
without  a  miracle,  to  reach  the 
town,  and  make  terrible  havock  : 
He  at  the  fame  time  conjured  the 
deputies  of  the  ftates,  to  ufc  their 
ijtmoli  endeavours  to  divert  the 
florm,  and  not  to  conlider  the 
governor's  declaration  as  a  vain 
threat,  for  he  could  aflure  them 
upon  his  honour,  that  upon  the 
^ring  of  the  firft  cannon  againfl  the 
town,  they  would  fee  the  fuburbs 
on  fire. 

Marfhal  Daun  happily  changed 
his  refoiution  upon  the  king's  ap- 
proach, who  was  returning  vic- 
torious from  Zorndorff ;  and  the 
governor  of  Drefden,  yielding  to 
the  intreaties  of  the  inhabitants, 
ordered  the  combultible  matters 
with  which  he  had  filled  the  houfes 
to  be  removed.  But  marfhal  Daun 
rsturnin-g  a  fecond  time  into  Sax- 
ony, appeared  again,  namely  on 
the  6th  of  November,  within  fight 
of  Drefden,  with  a  formidable  army. 
This  army  having  made  a  mo- 
tion on  the  7th,  and  taken  a  camp 
on  this  fide  Lockowitz,  the  gover- 
nor, who  could  no  longer  doubt 
that  his  views  were  againfl  the 
capital,  caufed  the  combuftible 
matters  to  be  quickly  replaced  in 
the  houfes  of  the  fuburbs  which 
furrounded  the  town  ditch,  and 
commanded  the  rampart.  The  court 
was  immediately  informed  of  it 
by  M.  de  Bofe,  the  chief  cup- 
bearer, whom  Count  Schmettau 
fhj^rgtd  to  fcprefent  again  to  his 


court,  that  if  the  enemy's  army 
fhould  approach  the  fuburbs,  he 
would  that  inftant  fet  fire  to  them. 
It  was  anfwcred,  that  as  the  court, 
its  hands  being  tied,  was  obliged  to 
acqui^fce  in  all,  and  wait  the  laft 
extremities,  the  governor  was  free 
to  do  whatever  he  thought  he  could 
anfwer. 

The  fame  day  (Nov.  8.)  at  noon 
the  enemy's  advanced  troops  at- 
tacked fhe  huflars  and  indepen- 
dent bati:alions  which  were  poiled 
at  Streiflcn  and  Gruene-Wiefe. 
This  fkirmifh  continued  till  night 
came  on,  and  made  the  governor 
judge  that  it  might  have  confe- 
quences,  as  the  enemy  might  eafily 
repulfe  thofe  advanced  pofts,  and 
enter  pell-mell  with  them  into  the 
fuburb.  He  therefore  detached  next 
day  (the  9th)  in  the  morning  Colo- 
^nel  Itzenplitz  with  700  men,  and 
fome  pieces  of  cannon,  and  pofted 
them  himfelf  in  the  redoubts  that 
fgrrounded  the  fuburb,  that,  in 
cafe  of  need,  they  might  fupport 
the  huflars  and  the  independent 
battalions.  About  noon  he  fent 
for  the  magillrates  of  the  town  ; 
put  .them  in  mind  of  what  he 
had  faid  to  them  in  the  month 
of  July  laft;  and  told  them,  that 
the  enemy  having  evidently  a  real 
defign  againft  Drefden,  he,  gave 
them  notice  for  the  lafl  time,  that 
on  the  firlt  appearance  of  an  Au- 
ftrian  in  the  fuburbs,  they  would 
be  fet  on  fire.  The  magiflrates 
finfwered  by  only  flirugging  their 
fhoulders,  and  deploring  ihe  mif- 
fortune  of  their  fellow  citizens. 
The  governor  told  them,  that  they 
had  nothing  to  do  but  to  apply 
to  the  court,  who  alone  could  avert 
the  calamity. 

About   noon  the  Auflrian  van- 
guard attacked  the  advanced  polts. 


STATE    PAPERS. 


169 


repelled  the  hufTars,  whofe  number 
was  too  fmall  to  make  refiftance, 
and  even  forced  them,  as  well  as 
Monjou's  independent  battalion,  to 
quit  the  great  garden  and  gain  the 
fiiburbs.  The  enemy  immediately 
attacked  the  fmall  redoiJbts  where 
700  men  of  the  garrifon  had  been 
polled,  forced  three  of  them,  and 
penetrated  to  Zinzendorf-houfe, 
and  even  made  fuch  progrefs,  that 
an  Auftrianfoldier  was  killed  on  the 
drawbridge  of  Pirna-gate,  and  fome 
cannon  were  obliged  to  be  fired  on 
Zinzendorf-houfe  to  drive  out  the 
Auftrians.  During  this  attack,  the 
enemy's  cannon*  played  into  the 
town,  and  feveral  fix- pounders  fell 
in  the  arfenal,  in  the  Prince's  hotel, 
andinthehoufesofLoos,Mnifceck, 
and  Counfellor  Fritfch.  One  ball 
even  fell  before  the  houfe  of  Marlhal 
Count  Rutowfky. 

Notwithftanding  this  declared  at- 
tack againft  the  town  and  fuburbs, 
no  houfe  was  yet  on  fire;  a  plain 
proofthat  there  waslittle  inclination 
to  proceed  to  that  extremity.  The 
cannon  of  the  rampart  forced  the 
enemy  to  retire;  and  before  night 
even  all  the  redoubts  of  which  they 
had  got  poflelfion  were  retaken. 

Mean  while  the  army  of  General 
Itzenplitz  marched  through  the 
town,  paffed  the  Elbe,  and  encamp- 
ed under  the  cannon  of  the  new 
town  ;  and  General  Meyer  was  or- 
dered to  defend  the  fuburbs  with 
his  independentbattalions,  and  four 
others,  and  to  fee  fire  to  them  after 
giving  notice  to  the  inhabitants. 
One  of  this  general's  olficers  told 
the  governor,  about  midnight,  that 
iie  heard  men  at  work,  and  that 
the  enemy  fcemed  to  be  ereding 
batteries  and  planting  cannon.;  ac- 
cordingly, all  who  were  font  out 
beyond  the  barriers  to  reconnoitre. 


had  a  fmart  fire  to  fullain.    Thefe 
preparations,    added     to   the  pre- 
ceding affair,  giving  room  to  think 
that  at  day- break  the  enemy  would 
make  a  vigorous  attack,  and  make 
themfelves  mailers  of  the  fuburbs, 
into  which  the  cannon  of  the  town 
could  not  difpute  their  entrance, 
by  reafon   of  the   height   of    the 
houfes,  the  governor  had  no  other 
meafures  to  take  but  thofe  which 
the  intereft-of  hismafter,  reafons  of 
war,  and  his  own  honour,  didated. 
The  fjgnal  was' given  by  General 
Meyer,  and  immediately,  at  three 
in   the  morning  of  the   loth,   the 
greateft   part    of   the    fuburbs   of 
Pirna,  the  houfes  adjoining  to  the 
ditch,    and  two  in  the  fuburb  of 
Wilfdorff",    were  in  flames.     The 
fix  battalions  with  the  700  men, 
entered  the  town  by  the  three  gates, 
which  were  immediately  barricaded; 
and  after  fix  in  the  morning  there 
was  not  a  PrulTian  in  the  fuburbs, 
as  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  can 
teflify.     The  {lory  of  the  frequent 
fallies  of  the  Pruffians  to  light  up 
what  was    not   yet   confumed,    is 
void  of  all  foundation.     It  is  like- 
wife  abfolutely  falfe  that  the  inha- 
bitants had  not  timely  notice  given 
them.     Thefe  atrocious  calumnies 
are  fufficiently  confuted  by  the  an- 
nexed certificates  of  the  chief  cup- 
bearer De  Bofe,  and  of  the  magi- 
ilrates.     As  to  the  red  hot  bullets 
fired    upon    the   inhabitants,    the 
lighted     waggon,      the     children 
thrown  into  the  fire,  thefe  are  fo 
many  horrible  lies,  which  will  fall  of 
themfelves, when  the aforefaid certi- 
ficates of  the  court,  the  magiilrates, 
and  the  judges  of  the  fuburbs  are 
feen.     The    order   given    to    the 
burghers  to  remain  quiet  in  their 
houfes  was  intimated  only  to  the 
magiilrates  of  the  city,  in  the  month 

of 


170       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

of  July ;  and  not  to  thofe  of  the 
Suburbs  ;  and  there  w^s  nothing  in 
this  but  what  is  ufual.  What  hath 
been  faid  to  the  contrary,  is,  in 
fhort,  fo  falfe,  that  the  court  of 
Drefdcn  was  pleafed  to  thank  the 
governor  for  the  good  order  he 
caufed  to  be  obferved  during  thofe 
troubles ;  as  will  appear  by  the  an- 
nexed letter  of  De  Bofe  the  chief 
cup-bearer. 

It  only  remains  that  we  fliould 
fay  fomething.of  the  mCiTages  that 
pafTed  between  Marfhal  Daun  and 
Count  Schmettau,  by  the  interven- 
tion of  Colonel  Sawoifky.  After 
the  firft  compliments,  M.  de  Sa- 
woifky told  the  governor,  that  Mar- 
fhal Daun  was  extremely  furprifed 
at  the  burning  of  the  fuburbs;  that 
he  (Sawoifky)  was  defired  ta  en- 
quire whether  it  was  by  order  that 
this  was  done  in  a  royal  refidence, 
which  Was  a  thing  u'nheard  of 
among  chriflians  ;  and  that  he 
hoped  the  city  of*  Drefden  would 
not  be  treated  in  the  fame  manner. 
The  marfhal  then  made  his  com- 
pliments to  the  court;  and  added, 
that  the  governor  Jfhould  be  re- 
fponfible  in  his  perfon  for  v/hat 
had  been  done,  or  for  what  might 
he  done,  again  It  this  royal  refi- 
dence. 

The  colonel  received  foranfwer, 
in  prefence  of  Lieutenant-general 
Itzenplitz,  that  the  governor  had 
the  honour  to  be  known  to  the 
marfhal ;  that  he  had  oi-ders  to 
defend  the  town  to  the  lall  man  ; 
that  his  excellency  was  too  well 
acquainted  with  war,  to  be  ignorant 
that  the  deftruftion  of  the  fuburbs, 
which  the  marfhal  had  attacked, 
was  according  to  rule :  that  as 
to  what  concerned  the  town,  it 
depended  upon  his  excellency, 
fmce  if  he  attacked  it,'  the  go- 


vernor would  defend  himfelf  from 
houfe  to  houfe,  and  from  flreet  to 
ftreet ;  and  that  the  whole  infantry 
of  the  army  was  ready  to  defend 
the  city. 

^,  On  the  I  ith,  the  governor  hav- 
ing learnt  from  feveral  burghers  of 
the  fuburbs,  who,  at  their  own 
requeil,  had  been  brought  into  the' 
town  with  their  effects  by  water, 
that  the  enemy  had  thrown  into 
the  flames,  or  mafTacred  without 
pity,  fome  defencelefs  people  be- 
longing to  the  PrufSan  army,  who 
had  remained  behind,  particularly 
a  furgeon  ;  fent  at  noon  Captain 
Collas^  with  -a  trumpet  to  the  mar- 
fhal, with  orders  to  tell  him,  that 
his  excellency's  well  known  clia- 
radler  did  not  permit  ;t  to  be  be- 
lieved that  fuch  cruel  tics  were  com- 
mitted by  his  order ;  and  therefore 
to  demand  to  whom  they  were  to 
be  afcribed ;  that  as  to  the  de- 
ilrudion  of  the  fuburbs.  Colonel 
Sawoifky  had  already  carried  an 
anfwer  on  that  head  to  the  marfhal, 
but  that  this  opportunity  was  taken 
to  declare  to  his  excellency,  that 
if  he  defired  to  fave  the  refl  of  the 
fuburbs,  he  muit  hinder  his  troops 
from  appearing  in  them  ;  that  no 
body  had  the  prefervation  of  the 
town  and  fuburbs  more  at  heart 
than  the  governor,  as  far  as  was 
confident  wilh  his  duty,  and  his 
honour;  that  the  houfes  would  not 
have  been  fet  on  fire,  had  not  the 
troops  of  his  army  forced  their  v/ay 
into  the  fuburbs,  and  even  fired 
feveral  cannon  into  the  town  (which 
M.  Daun  pretended  not  to  know; 
faying,  that  it  had  been  done  with- 
out his  orders ;)  and  that  the  com- 
buftible  matters  were  ready  to  con- 
fume  what  was  left  of  the  fuburb, 
in  cafe  his  troops  fhould  again  enter 
it.      The    court   took    advantage 


STATE    PAPERS. 


171 


of  this  meffage  toaik  a  paffportfrom 
M.  Daun  for  bringing  fome  fheep 
and  fire-wood  into  the  town. 

His  excellency  anfwered  to  thefe 
three  heads.  That  he  had  no  irre- 
gular troops  with  him ;  and  that  he 
had  forbid  any  peffon  of  his  army 
to  approach  the  fuburbs ;  that  he 
did  not  apprehend  any  excefles  had 
been  committed;  but  in  cafe  there 
had,  he  defired  to  know  the  numbsr 
of  the  perfcns  mafiacrcd ;  that  he 
was  the  more  aftoniihed  at  thofe 
complaints,  as  he  never  fuifered 
fuch  difordcrs ;  that  he  abhorred 
them,  and  that  perhaps  the  burgh- 
ers had  no  foundation  for  what 
they  had  faid.  As  to  the  fub- 
urbs, M.  Daun  anfwered,  that  h6 
would  not  fuffer  rultfs  tp  be  pre- 
fcribed  to  him  ;  that  it  depended 
upon  hira  to  fend  troops  into  the 
fuburbs,  as  he  fliould  judge  proper, 
and  the  governor  might  do  as  he 
pleafed  ;  but  that  he  hoped  that  in 
the  mean  while  no  more  families 
would  be  made  wretched ;  and  that 
he  had  forbid  his  troops,  on  fevere 
penalties,  to  enter  the  fuburbs  to 
pillage.  As  to  the  demand  made 
by  the  court,  he  anfwered,  that  he 
would  pa?ticularly  attend  to  it ; 
and  affured  them  of  his  profound 
fefpedts. 

On  the  1 2th  his  excellency  fent 
an  officer  with  a  permit  to  deliver 
the  llieep  and  fire-wood  for  the 
court,  which  were  to  be  brought 
into  the  town  by  Pruffians  ;  and 
Captain  Collas  was  fent  to  regulate 
this  affair.  The  captain,  in  palTing 
through  the  fuburbs, '  ihewed  the 
lieutenant  fent  by  M.  Daun  the 
maroders  of  his  troops,  both  foot 
and  huflars,  who  exceeded  200  ; 
and  the  officer  promifed  to  make  a 
report  of  it  to  the  marflial.  The 
reit  of  the  time,  to  the  26th,  that 


the  enemy's  army  retired,  palTed  ia 
amazing  trar^uillity. 

C.  Count  de  Schmettau, 
Drefden,VDec.  5,  1758. 

No.  I.  Letter  from  M.  De  Bofe, 
chief  cup-bearer,  to  Couht 
Schnjettaa. 

I  have  the  honour  to  acquaint 
your  excellency,  in  anfwer  to  what 
you  wrote  me  this  day,  I  muft  own 
that  ever  fince  you  had  the  govern- 
ment of  Prefden,  I  informed  yoa 
of  all  that  his  royal  highnefs  - 
charged  me  to  tell  you  in  his  name, 
and  1  have  likevvife  reported  to 
his  highnefs  your  excellency's  an- 
fvvers. 

As  to, the  firft  point,  I  alfo  re- 
member very  v/ell  that  your  excel- 
lency charged  me,  in  the  month  of 
July,  to  reprefent  in  your  name  to 
his  royal  highnefs,  that  if  Mar- 
fhal  Daun  Ihould  attack  the  city, 
you  muft  fet  fire  to  the  fuburbs, 
particularly  the  houfes  that  adjoin- 
ed to  the  ditch;  into  which  houfes 
yoUr  excellency  immediately  or- 
dered combullibles  to  be  put.  I 
alfo  remember,  that  upon  the  folli- 
citations  which  his  royal  highnefs 
made,  by  me,  to  your  excellency, 
you  ordered  them  to  be  removed 
when  Marflial  Daun  retired  ;  and 
of  this  alfo  I  made  an  humble  re- 
port. 

It  is  alfo  true,  that  when  Mar- 
Ihal  Daun  was  at  Lockowitz,  on 
the  8th  of  November  laft,  your  ex- 
cellency charged  me  to  acquaint 
his  royal  highnefs  in  your  name, 
that  if  the, marflial  fhould  approach 
nearer  the  town  and  attack  it,  you 
ihould  be  obliged  to  burn  the 
fuburbs,  and  the  houfes  adjoining 
to  the  town  ditch.  Although  I 
made  feveral  remonltrances  to  your 
excellency  from  the  court,  you  de- 
claredf 


172  ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758. 


dared,  that  you  was  ordered  by  the 
king  your  mailer  to  defend  your- 
|felf  to  the  lall  extremity,  and  that 
'you  could  not  change  your  mea- 
fures,  unlefs  Marflial  Daun  fliould 
be  prevailed  with  not  to  attack  the 
town.  To  which  I  anfwered,  in 
bis  royal  highnefs's  name.  That  he 
knew  nothing  of  MaHhal  Daun's 
defigns ;  that  he  could  not  inter- 
meddle in  the  operations  of  war, 
and  would  confequently  ho.  oblig. 
cd  to  endure  what  he  could  not 
hinder. 

Laftly,  it  is  well  known  that  your 
excellency,  during  the  fire,  took 
every  poflible  meafure  in  the  town 
to  prevent  thofe  excefTes  and  dif- 
crders,  which  might  have  been  ap- 
prehended ;  and  his  royal  highnefs 
charged  me  to  return  you  his  thanks 
for  it.  I  have  the  honour  to  be, 
&e.      ' 

Joachim  Frederick  De  Bofe. 

Dec.  4,   1758. 

No.  II.  Certiiicate  of  the  Magi- 
ftrates  of  Drefden. 

In  confequence  of  orders  received 
from  his  excellency  Count  Schmet- 
lau,  lieutenant-general  and  gover- 
nor, we  certify  what  vveknow  con- 
cerning the  burning  of  the  fuburbs, 
viz. 

That  it  was  about  the  endof  July 
when  combuftibles  were  put  into 
the  new  built  houfes  on  the  counter- 
fcarp ;  that  upon  the  reprefentation 
made  thereupon  to  his  excellency, 
by  the  court  and  the  magiftrates, 
he  anfwered,  that  Our  court  itfelf 
had  given  its  confent  to  it ;  and 
that  if  the  enemy  did  not  approach 
he  would  not  caufe  the  houfes 
to  be  burnt.  Though  we  have 
fince  heard  that  thofe  combuftibles 
were  taken  away,  no  perfon  ever 
told  us,  nor  have  we  ever  heard 


that  any  one  fuifered  the  leaft  da^ 
mage  thereby. 

On  the  2d  of  November,  at  noon, 
his  excellency  ordered  the  burgo- 
marters  and  magillrates  to  come 
to  him,  and  told  us,  that  he  was 
commanded  by  the  king,  his  maf- 
ter,  to  defend  the  place  to  the  laft 
extremity  ;  that  though  the  new 
works  were  fufficiently  provided 
with  men,  he  Ihould  be  obliged, 
if  the  enemy  fhould  force  them, 
to  fet  fire  to  the  houfes,  and  had 
already  given  orders  accordingly. 
Though  we  made  the  moll  preffing 
intreaties  that  he  would  fpare  the 
town,  reprefenting  that  it  did  not 
belong  to  the  magiftrates,  but  to 
his  majelly  the  king  of  Poland, 
and  that  it  was  the  refidence  of  an 
eleftor ;  his  excellency  anfwered 
that  he  would  not  alter  his  meafures, 
were  it  the  relidence  of  the  em- 
peror himfeif;  that  it  was  notour 
fault ;  and  that  we  might  apply  to 
our  court,  who  had  drawn  thither 
the  enemy.  Upon  which  he  fent 
us  away,  and  would  not  hear  our 
rem  on  ft  ranees. 

Being  returned  to  the  town-houfe, 
■we  apprized  the  judges  of  the 
Fiihmongers  and  Ram  quarters,  of 
the  danger  with  which  the  fuburbs 
were  threatened ;  we  enjoined  ihem 
to  give  notice  to  the  judges  of 
the  other  quarters  to  repair  to  the 
town-houfe ;  and  we  told  thofe 
who  attended  there,  that  their 
fuburbs  were  in  the  greateft  danger 
of  being  fet  on  fire  ;  that  they 
muft  warn  their  burghers  to  be  on 
their  guard ;  to  provide  themfelves 
with  inftruments  againft  the  fire, 
and  mutually  to  alTift  each  other 
in  cafe  of  any  misfortune,  fince  no 
affiftance  could  be  expected  from 
the  town.     We  have  hejird,  fince 

the 


STATE    EPAPES. 


»73 


the  misfortune  happened,  that  this 
order  was  executed. 

This  fire  burnt  252  houfesof  the 
jurifdidlion  of  the  magiftrates, 
which  have  been  entirely  confum- 
ed,  and  two  more  were  much  da- 
maged. Thirty-one  houfes  of  the 
jurifdiftion  of  the  Bailiwic  were 
likewife  entirely  burnt  down. 

Two  perfons  were  burnt  to 
death,  two  killed,  three  hurt  by 
the  fire,  and  two  wounded  by  the 
foldiers. 

We  never  Heard,  in  any  fhape, 
of  a  waggon  full  of  goods  which 
they  were  endeavouring  to  fave, 
and  which  it  was  pretended  was 
covered  with  combuflibles,  and  fo 
fet  on  fire ;  nor  of  ninety  perfons 
faid  to  have  periflied  at  the  Hart, 
nor  of  the  Auilrian  troops,  who,  it 
is  pretended,  affiiled  in  extinguifh- 
ing  the  flames. 

Drefden,  Dec.  4,   1758. 
(LS.)  The  Magiftrates  of  Drefden. 

No.  III.  Certificate  of  the  Judges 
of  the  fuburb  of  Drefden. 
We  the  judges  of  the  fuburb  of 
Drefden,  certify  and  atteft,  that  at 
the  time  of  the  calamity  that  hath 
jull  happened,  things  pafledin  this 
manner. 

1.  In  the  month  of  July  com- 
buflibles were  placed  on  the  coun- 
terfcarp,  and  removed  in  the  month 
of  Auguft  following,  without  do- 
ing the  leaft  damage. 

2.  They  were  replaced  there  a 
fecond  time  on  the  7th  of  Novem- 
ber, about  fix  in  the  evening.  On 
the  7th,  about  three  in  the  after- 
noon, the  magiftrates  ordered  all 
the  judges  to  attend  them.  Ac- 
cordingly Simon  Steltzner,  judge; 
John  Chriftian  Dittritch,  alder- 
man  ;  John  Michael  Faber,  and 
John  ChriftiaiiKretfchmar,  judges; 
attended,  and  were  told  (being  en* 


joined  at  the  fame  time  to  acquaint 
the  other  j  udges  with  it)  to  provide  k 
the  houfes  with  water,  to  give  no- 
tice to  the  landlords,  and  keep  the 
pumps  ready,  and  endeavour  to 
affift  one  another,  bccaufe,  if  any  , 
misfortune  fhould  happen,  the 
people  of  the  town  could  not  come 
to  our  affiflance,  nor  could  we  go 
to  theirs  ;  and  of  this  we  informed 
all  the  burghers. 

3.  On  the  8th  and  9th  the 
Auftrian  army  approached  the 
town  ;  and  on  the  9th  the  Auftrian 
hufTars  forced  their  way  to  the 
fuburb  of  Pima  and  to  Zinzendorf- 
houfe. 

4.  On  the  loth,  at  two  in  the 
morning,  fire  was  fet  to  the  quar- 
ters of  Pima,  Ram,  and  WilfdorfF, 
which  confumed 

7  houfes  in  the  Fifhmongers 
quarter. 

141  in  Ram  quarter. 

82  in  Pima  quarter. 

1  — —  in  Halbe  Gafle  quar- 

ter. 

2  in  Seethor  quarter. 

9  — —  in  Poppitz  quarter. 

23  in  the  Bailiwick  quar- 
ter. 
I  The  excife-houle,  as  a^fo  the 
excife-houfe    and     guard - 
houfe  at   Pima  gate,   and 
the     excife     and     guard- 
—  houfes  at  Seethor. 
.    266  houfes  in  all. 
Pw  fons  who  loft  their  lives,  or  were 

hurt. 
In    Ram  quarter.     Two  perfons 
burnt. 

In  Pima  quirter. 
A  burgher,  named  Kammerling, 
killed  by  a  cannon-ball  fired 
from  the  town,  and  buried  at 
Pirna. 
A  girl  of  fourteen  wounded,  who 
was  removed  to  Pii'oa. 

A  widow 


174        ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758. 


A  widow  wounded,  carried  into  the 
town . 

In  Poppitz  quarter. 
One  woman  killed  by  the  inde- 
pendent battalion. 
There  have  been  therefore  in  all, 
two  perfons  burnt,  a  man  and  a 
woman  greatly  advanced  in  years, 
and  whom  it  was  impoffible  to 
fave ;  two  killed,  and  two  wound- 
ed. 

What  has  been  faid  of  a  waggon 
is  falfe  ;  and.  it  is  equally  falfe  that 
90  perfons  perilhed  at  the  Hart; 
only  four  perfons  in  all  having  loft 
their  lives,  as  we  have  juft  men- 
tioned. 

The  loth,  'in  the  morning,  there 
were  found  before  WilfdorfF  gate, 
.  among  fome  draw,  which  had  been 
unloaded  there  and  laid  before  the 
houfes,  fom^e  parcels  of  gunpow- 
der, which  a  burgher  threw  into 
the  water.  Two  rooms  in  the 
houfe  called  Jungfer  Palais  were 
fet  on  fire ;  but  it  was  foon  extin- 
guilhed. 

Laftly,it  is  falfe  that  the  Auftrian 
carpenters  ftffifted  us  in  extinguifh- 
ing  the  fire,.  We  never  faw  one  of 
them. 

We  certiify  that  all  the  above  is 
ilriftly  conformable  to  truth. 

Si  mon  Stelzner,  judge; 
Jo'hn  Chriftopher  Groll, 
G  odefroi  Schneider, 
C  .  Benjamin  Stamm, 
J(  )hn  Daniel  Karichs, 
John  Michael  Faber, 
Jolin  ChriftT  Grohmann, 
Jc  hn  George  Seyffert, 
John  Gottfried  Peter, 
]o  hn  Chrift.  Kretfchmar. 
Drefden;  Dec.  4,   1758. 

The  Saxon  account  of  the  damage 
done  bytlie  burning  of  the  fub- 
urbs  of  Drefden,  referred  to  in 
the  fever;  il  pafTages  of  the  fore- 


going memorial,  is  contained  in 
the  following. 
Tranflation  of  a  memorial  prefent- 
cd  on  the  24th  Nov.  to  the  dyet 
of  the  empire,  by  the  Saxori 
minifter. 

It  was  referved  for  the  hiftory  of 
the  war,  which  the  king  of  Pruffia 
hath  kindled  in  Germany,  to  tranf- 
mit  to  future  ages  an  aftion  of  fuch 
a  nature  as  is  that,  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  authentic  advices  that 
have  been  received  by  tlie  under- 
figned  miniller  of  his  majcfty  the 
King  of  Poland,  Elector  of  Saxony ^ 
Lieutenant  General  Schmettau,  the 
Pruflian  governor  of  Drefden,  hath 
juft  now  ordered  and  executed  in 
that  royal  refidence  and  in  the  fub- 
urbs.  The  proceeding  is  fo  atro- 
cious, ^that  he  thought  it  his  duty, 
without  waiting  for  his  mafter's 
orders,  moft  humbly  to  give  notice 
of  it  to  the  laudable  dyct  of  the 
empire.  Thofe  advices  are  dated 
the  14th  ult.  and  are  to  the  follow- 
ing effed. 

'  *  The  Auftrian  army  having  on 
the  9th  inftant  forcr^d  the  PrufTian 
corps  under  General  Jtzenplitz  to 
decamp  from  Gorlitz,  and  driven 
Meyer's  independent  battalion  out 
of  the  Great  Garden,  General  , 
Schm.ettau,  governor  of  Drefden, 
ordered  the  burghers  to  carry  a  vail 
quantity  of  ftraw  into  the  fuburbs, 
which  was  put  into  the  houfes  in 
truftes.  He  made  the  inhabitants 
perfeAly  eafy  by  making  the  ftrong- 
eft  proteftations  to  them,  that  they 
had  nothing  to  fear  ;  and  ordered 
them  to  remain  quiet  within  doors ; 
anc}  that  no  pcrfon  Ihould  be  feen 
in  the  ftrcets  in  the  night,  for  fear 
of  danger,  in  cafe  the  enemy  fliould 
make  an  attack. 

At  two  in  the  morning  a  can- 
non was  fired.      On  thisfigniij  the 
gunners  and  the  foldiers  of  the  in- 
dependent 


STATE    PAPERS. 


7S 


dependent  battalion  difperfedthem- 
felves  in  the  llreets  of  the  Pirna 
and  Wilfchen  fuburbs,  broke  open 
the  doors  of  the  houfes  and  fliops, 
fet  fire  to  the  ftraw,  added  frefh 
quantities  of  it,  and  increafed  the 
flames  by  torches  of  pitch,  and  af- 
terwards fhut  the  houfes. 

By  the  violence  of  the  flames, 
which  was  kept  up  by  red-hot  balls 
fired  into  the  houfes  and  along  the 
fl:reets,  the  whole  was  initantly  on 
fire.  Thofe  who  wanted  to  run 
out  of  their- hoilfes  were  in  danger 
of  being  killed  by  tjhe  fire  of  can- 
non and  fmall  arnis.  There  were 
even  fokliers  in  the  ftrects,  who 
pu&ed  down  with  their  bayonets 
inch  as  were  endeavouring  to  fave 
their  perfons  or  efteds.  By  this 
means  a  miUtitude  of  people  of  all 
ages,  who  inhabited  thofe  popu- 
lous fuburbs,  pe/iflied  araidft  the 
flames,  and  under  the  ruins  of 
houfes.  The  number  of  thofe  who 
were  killed  in  the  fingle  inn  the  hgn 
of  the  Golden  Hart,  amounted  to 
ninety  ;  and  upwards  of  two  hun- 
dred of  the  principal  houfes  have 
been  reduced  to  aihes.  Humanity 
is  fhocked  at  the  thought  of  the 
cruelties  committed  this  night  and 
the  two  following  days.  A  ihoe- 
maker,  who  was  running  away 
with  his  inf^int  on  a  pillow,  to  fave 
it  from  being  burnt  to  death,  was 
met  by  a  volunteer,  who  fnatched 
the  pillow  from  him,  and  threw 
the  bibe  into  the  flames.  Many 
perfons,  and  even  fome  of  diftinc- 
tion,  after  lofmg  all  their  eifeds, 
were  forced  to  make  their  cfcape 
jn  their  fliirts,  through  gardens,  to 
the  neighbouring  villages.  Others, 
who  had  faved  a  part  of  their  beds 
and  bedding  in  a  garden.  Taw  it  fet 
on  fire,  before  their  eyes,  with 
torches.  Some  poor  people  faved 
their  cloaths  and  a  few  other  things 


in  the  church-yard ;  but  even  there 
did  the  red-hot  balls  follow  them, 
and  fet  on  fire  their  little  furniture, 
and  even  the  coffins  of  the  dead. . 
One  man  had  got  his  things  i!\to  a 
waggon;  the  Pruffians  ftopt  it,  co- 
vered it  over  with  pitch,  and  fet  it 
on  fire. 

On  the  following  days,  fuch  as 
ventured  to  return  to  the  fuburbs  to 
fave  a  part  of  what  they  had  loft, 
were  fired  at.  Pruffian  foldiers  fal- 
lied  out, of  the  city,  from  time  to 
time,  to  fet  one  houfe  on  fire  after 
another  ;  niany  of  thefe  men  were 
feiJjed  by  the  Auftrian'  hufiars  and 
Croats,  who  difcovered  fo  much 
humanity  and  tendernefs  on  this 
occafion,  that  they  were  feen,  with 
tears  in  their  eyes,  readily  parting 
with  their  own  allowance  of  bread 
to  give  to  the  ftarving  fufl:erers  ; 
they  even  gave  them  money ;  and 
ventured  through  the  flames  with 
them,  honeiliy  to  afliil  them  in 
faving  their  effedls. 

The  Auitrian  army  beheld  thefe 
horrible  ads,  and  was  filled  with 
indignation  and  rage.  Its  generals 
melting  with  compaflion,  tried 
every  method  to  remedy  them. 
They  fent  300  carpenters  into  the 
fuburbs  to  endeavour  to  extinguifh 
the  flames.  The  A ullrians  brought 
away  all  the  inhabitants  that  had 
taken  refuge  in  the  Great  Garden, 
and  very  generoufly  fet  open  to 
them  their  magazines.  The  ge- 
neral oflicers  even  madeaconfider^ 
able  collcclion  for  them.  Field- 
Marflial  Count  Daun,  with  a  view 
to  flop  the  horrid  ravages  of  the 
enemy,  fent  M.  Sawoi&y,  a  co- 
lonel in  the  Polifli  fervice,  with  a 
trumpet,  to  General  Schmettau, 
the  Pruflian  governor  of  that  capi- 
tal, to  reprefent  to  him,  that  thefe 
proceedings  were  quite  unheard  of 
in  civilized  nations,  among  Chrifti- 


»7(S     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


ans,  and  even  among  Barbarians ; 
and  to  declare  to  hirp,  that  be 
ihould  be  refponfible  for  them  in 
his  perfon,  as  well  as  for  all  that 
might  happen  to  the  royal  family, 
the  rather  as  he  had  no  rcaion 
given  him  for  them  ;  as  he  had 
not  been  fummoned;  nor  had  one 
inch  of  ground  in  the  fuburbs  been 
taken,  nor  one  muiket  iired  into 
the  town.  To  which  the  Pruffiaii 
governor  anfwered,  7'hat  he  was  a 
foldier  ;  that  he  afted  according  to 
the  articles  of  war,  without  trou- 
bling himfelf  about  the  royal  fa- 
mily, or  the  fate  of  the  town'j  and 
that  what  he  did  was  by  exprefs 
order  of  his  matter. 

There  remains  to  be  added  to 
thefe  affl idling  advices,  that  the 
enormities  committed  even  in  the 
royal  re/idence  were  equal  to  thofe 
in  the  fuburbs.  We  have  been 
already  informed  that  perfons  per- 
fe«fily  innocept  have  been  expofed 
to  the  nioft  rigorous  treatment, 
and  tliat  feveral  houfes  have  been 
pillaged. 

What  moderation  foever  Ihall  be 
ofed  in  judging  of  thefe  horrible 
exceiles  committed  by  the  PralTian 
troops  in  a  royal  and  elefloral  re- 
fidence,  ftill  it  muft  be  acknow- 
ledged that  this  condu6l  is  very 
ftrange,  and  altogether  fingular. 
For  there  was  neither  reafon  nor 
ncceffity  for  committing  a  devafta- 
tion  fo  horrible,  and  accompanied 
with  the  Ihedding  fo  much  inno- 
cent blood.  It  ftiould  fcem  that 
pains'  were  taken  to  iHfle  the  voice 
of  humanity,  to  fill  the  numerous 
royal  family,  refiding  in  that  un- 
fortunate city,  with  the  -greateft 
terror,  and  to  put  their  Jives  in 
danger. 

It  is  unnecefTary  for  me  to  en- 
large farther  by  obferving  to  the 
laudable  dyet  of  the  empire,  that 


befides  the  cruelties  committed  ort 
this  occa/ion,  the  regard  due  to  the 
perfons  of  fovereigns,  their  fami- 
lies, and  refidences,  a  regard  which 
men  have  ever  held  facred  and  in- 
violable, v/as  trampled  on. 

John  George  Ponickau. 
Tranilation  of  the  memorial  pre- 
fcrttedon  the  27th  of  November, 
to  the  dyet  of  the  empire,  by 
M.  de  Pl6tho,  the  Brandenbourg 
minilier,  in  anfvver  to  that  of  the 
Saxon  miniiler. 

There  is  not  perhaps  an  inftance 
of  fuch  a  denunciation  to  the  dyet 
of  the  empire,  as  that  which  was 
made  in  relation  to  what  preceded 
the  burning  of  the  fuburbs  of  Drefi 
den,  by  the  Saxon  minifter,-  in  a 
memorial  dated  November  24,  in 
which  all  the  fadts  fet  forth  are 
founded  on  advices  pretended  to 
be  moft  authentic  :  yet  it  hath 
not  been  judged  proper  to  venture 
to  tell  whence,  or  from  whom,  thofe 
advices  were  received,  that  the  af- 
fembly  of  the  empire,  and  the  im- 
partial world,  might  judge  with 
certainty,  what  degree  of  credit 
they  deferved. 

The  Saxon  eledloral  miniflry 
ought  not  therefore  to  be  furprifed, 
if  on  this  occafion,  their  minifterial 
credit  ihould  receive  fome  check  ; 
and  if  blind  zeal  ihould  not  meet 
with  as  blind  credulity. 

We  are  therefore  obliged,  ort 
our  part,  to  give,  as  the  Saxon 
minifter  hath  done,  but  ftridlly  ad- 
hering to  truth,  the  authentic  pre- 
liminary advices  received  from  our 
court. 

[HereBaron  Plotho  inferts,  word 
for  word,  the  relation  of  what  palf- 
ed  at  Drefden,  and  before  that  city, 
from  the  8th  of  November,  till  the 
fending  of  M.  Sawoiiky.  See  page 
i68.  See] 
M.  Pl-otho  proceeds  thus: 

From 


STATE    PAPERS. 


177 


From  this  genuine  relation  of 
what  preceded  the  affair,  every  one 
will  eafily  judge,  that  nothing  was 
cone  but  what  neceflicy  and  the 
exigency  of  war  required.  It  is  cer- 
tainly moft  natural,  that  when  fiege 
is  laid  to  a  town  which  is  a  royal 
refidence,  he  that  defends  it  (hould 
cmj)loy  the  fame  precautions  in  its 
defence  that  are  ufed  in  ordinary 
fortrefles ;  and  we  cannot  conceive 
or;  what  foundation  the  befieged  can 
be  required  to  ufe  lendernefs  when 
none  is  (hewn  by  the  befiegers;  this 
would  be  to  carry  complaifance  too 
far. 

Meanwhile,  all  this,  alas!  is  the 
deplorable  effcft  of  the  war;  and 
thofe  who  will  not  agree  to  gentle 
methods,  butdemandfireandfword, 
and  infill  on  it,  fee  their  wifhes  and 
their  defires  fully,  and  more  than 
fully,  accomplilhed. 

The  underfigned  can,  neverthe^ 
lefs,  molt  folemnly  aiTure,  with  the 
preateft  truth,  that  the  King  of 
Pru(?ia,  from  his  great  love  to  man  • 
kind,  always  feels  the  greateft  emo- 
tion of  foul,  and  the  moll  exquifite 
concern  at  the  light  of  the  profufe 
efFufion  of  blood,  the  devailation 
of  cities  and  countries,  and  the 
inconveniencies  of  war,  by  which 
fo  many  thoufands  are  overwhelm- 
ed :  and  if  his  fmcere  and  honed 
inclination  to  procure  peace  to 
Germany,  his  dear  country,  could 
have  prevailed,  or  been  lillened 
to,  in  any  (hape,  the  prefenr  war, 
attended  with  fo  much  blood ilied, 
and  ruinous  to  fo  many  countries, 
would  have  been  prevented  and 
avoided. 

Thofe,  therefore,  (vho  ftirred  up 
the  prefent  war,  and  who,  inftead  of 
cxtinguifning  it  without  flieddingof 
blood,  took  mcafures  by  which  oil 
was  thrown  on  the  flames,  and  the 
Vol.  I. 


fire  rendered  fiercer,  have  to  anfwer 
to  God  for  fuch  a  profufe  efFufion  of 
blood,  for  the  ruin  and  devailation 
of  fo  many  countries,  and  for  the 
iofs  of  the  lives  and  efFccls  of  fo 
many  innocent  perfons. 

Ehrich  Chriftopher, 
Baron  PlothO. 

On  the  26th  of  July,  M.  Le 
Chevalier  Drucour,  Governor  of 
Louilbourg,  furrendered  that  place 
by  capitulation,  on  the  following 
articles,   viz. 

J.  The  garrifon  of  Louilbourg 
(hall  be  prilbners  of  war,  and  fliall 
be  carried  to  England  in  the  (hips 
of  his  Britannic  majedy. 

Jf.  All  the  artillery,  ammunition^ 
provifions,  as  well  as  the  arms  of 
any  kind  whatfoever,  which  are  at 
prefent  in  the  town  of  Louifbourg, 
the  idands  of  Cape  Breton  and 
St.  John,  and  their  appurtenances* 
(hall  be  delivered  without  the  lead 
damage,  to  fuch  commidTaries  as 
(hall  be  appointed  to  receive  them, 
for  the  ufe  of  his  Britannic  ma- 
jedy. 

III.  The  governor  (hall  give  his 
orders  that  the  troops  which  are  in 
the  ifland  of  St.  John,  and  its  ap- 
purtenances, (hall  go  on  board  fuch 
diip^ofvvar  as  the  Admiral  (hall 
fend  to  receive  them. 

IV.  The  gate  called  Port  Dau- 
phine,  Ihall  be  given  up  to  the 
troops  of  his  Britannic  majedy,  to- 
morrow ateighto'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, and  the  garrifon,  including  all 
thofe  that  carried  arms,  drawn  op  at 
noon,  on  the  Efplanade,  where  they 
ftiall  lay  down  their  arms,  colours, 
implements  and  ornaments  of  war. 
And  the  garrifon  (hall  go  on  board, 
in  order  to  be  carried  to  England  in 
a  convenient  time. 

V.  The  fame  care  (hall  be  taken 
of  the  fick  and  wounded  that  are  in 

N  the 


178        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175S. 


the  hofpitals,  as  of  thofe  belonging 
to  his  Britannic  majefty. 

Vr.  The  merchants  and  their 
clerks  that  Kave  not  carried  arms, 
Ihall  be  Tent  to  France,  in  fuch 
manner  as  the  admiral  fhall  chink 
proper. 

Louifbourg,  26th  July,  1758. 
(Signed)  Le  Chevalier  de  Drucour. 


Two  hundred  and  twenty-one 
pieces  of  cannon,  eighteen  mortars, 
with  a  confiderable  quantity  of 
ammunition  and  (lores,  had  been 
found  in  the  place,  and  it  was  ex- 
pedled  that  more  would  be  found. 
The  following  is  the  return  of  the 
ftate  of  the  garrifon  when  it  capitu- 
lated. 


State  of  the  garrifon  of  Louifbourg  the  26th  of  July  1758,   when  it 

capitulated.  ^ 

Names  of  the  Regiments. 

Twenty-four  companies  of  marines  of  the  ufual  ^ 

garrifon  and  two  of  the  artillery  — 
Second  battalion- of  Volontaires  Etrangers 
Second  battalion  of  Cambife  — 

Second  battalion  of  Artois  — 

Second  battalion  of  Bourgogne        — 

Total  of  the  garrifon         ■  214.     2374       453 
Sea  officers,  private  men,  and  marines  fit  for 
duty,  with  the  fick  and  wounded,  belong- 
ing to  the  fhips         135     1 1 24     1347 


2 

a 

alO 

^-a 

^  g 

0 

'5  S 

C/3  ^ 

h- 

76 

746 

195 

IOI7 

48 

402 

86 

526 

38 

466 

104 

608 

32 

407 

27 

466 

30 

353 

31 

4(4 

5^3 


•606 


Total  prifoners 


5637 


All  the  French  men  of  war  that 
were  in  the  harbour  have  been  taken 
and  deftroyed,  viz. 

Prudent,  74  guns,  burnt  by^the 
boats  of  the  fleet,  under  the  Captains 
Leforey  and  Balfour. 

Entreprenant,74guns,  blown  up 
and  burnt,  by  a  (hot  from  the  ma- 
rine battery. 

Capricieux  and  Celebre,  both 
64  guns,  burnt  by  the  Entrepre- 
uant. 

Bienfaifant,  64  guns,  taken  by 
the  boats  of  the  fleet,  and  towed 
from  under  the  walls  of  the  town 
into  the  eaft  harbour,  by  Captain 
Balfour. 

Apollo,  50  guns,  Chevre,  Biche, 
and  f  idelie  frigates,  funk  by  the 


enemy  acrofs  the  harbour's  mouth, 
to  prevent  the  fleet's  going  in. 

Diana,  36  guns,  taken  by  his 
majefty's  (hip  Boreas. 

Echo,  26  guns,  taken  by  his 
majefty's  Ihip  Juno. 

Of  his  Majefty's  forces  were  killed 
and  wounded  as  follows. 

Killed. 
Royal.  Lieut.  Fenton,  Lieutenant 

Howe. 
Gen.  Amherft's.  Lieut.  Nicholfon, 

Lieut.  Campbell. 
Gen.  Forbes's.  Capt.  Earl  ofDun- 

donald. 
Gen.   Webb's.      Enfign    Godfrey 

Rowe. 

CoL 


STATE     PAPERS. 


^79 


Col.  Monckton's.    Lieut.  Hart. 

Col.  Frafer's.  Capt.  Bailey,  Lieut. 
Curthbert,  Lieut.  Frafer,  Lieut. 
Murray. 

Capt.  Rcgers's  Rangers.  Enfign 
Francis  Caruthers. 

10  Non-commiffion  officers. 

146  Private  men. 

Artillery,  i  gunner,  and  3  matrof- 
fes. 

Wounded. 

Col.  Baftide,  engineer  in  chief. 

Royal.  Lieut. Fitz-Simmons,  Lieut. 
Bailey,  Lieut.  Afhe,  Enfign  Wa- 
terfon. 

Gen.  AmherH's.  Lieut.  Hamiltoo, 
Lieut,  and  Adjutant  Mukins, 
Enfign  Moneypenny. 

Gen.  Forbes's.  Capt.Rycaut,  Lieut. 
Francis  Tqw. 

Gen.  Whicmore's.  L*eut.  Pierce 
Butler,  Lieut.  John  Jermyn, 
Lieut.  William  Hamilton. 

Gen.  Bragg's.     Capt.  Browne. 

Gen.  Otvvay's.  Lieutenant  Allan, 
Lieut.  Brown,  Lieut,  and  Ad- 
jutant Cockburn,  Eiifign  Arm- 
ftrong. 

Gen.  Hodgfon's.     Lieut.  Lilly. 

Gen.  Webb's.     Lieut.  Hopkins. 

Col.  Anftruther's.     Capt.  Smith. 

Col.  Frafer's.  Captain  Donald 
M'DonaM,  Lieutenant  Alexan- 
der Campbell,  Lieutenant  John 
M'Donald. 

7  Non-commiffion  officers. 

2  Drummers. 

315  Private  men. 

Artillery,  i  corporal,  i  gunner,  3 
matroffes. 

Tranflation  of  a  letter  from  the 
Chevalier  Drucour,  late  governor 
of  Louilbourg,  to  a  friend  at 
Paris,  dated  Andover,  Odlober  i, 
1758. 

In/andum,  regina  jubes — I  vviih, 
5ir,   I   could  erafe  from  my  me- 


mory the  four  years  I  pafled  at 
Louilbourg.  The  bad  Hate  of  the 
place,  the  impoffibility  of  making 
it  better,  the  fubfiftence  of  a  gar- 
rifon  and  inhabitants  fupported 
there  at  the  king's  expence,  aad 
threattned  with  famine  once  a 
month,  gave  no  little  uneafinefs 
and  anxiety  to  all  who  were  charg- 
ed therewith.     This  fituation 

manet  alt  a  mente  repojium.  Many 
old  officers,  from  ail  the  provinces 
of  the  kingdom,  have  been  vvit- 
neffes  of  my  condud;  and  I  dare 
aflert  that  it  was  never  impeached* 
But  he  who  views  objeds  at  a 
diilance  only,  may  judge  different- 
ly. I  hope,  Sir,  this  was  not  your 
Cafe;  but  that  you  faid  *  It  mult 

*  have  been   impoffible    for   Dru- 

*  cour  to  ad  otherwife.'  Of  this 
I  cannot  fo  eafily  convince  you, 
tiil  1  have  the  pleafure  of  feeing 
you.  Mean  while,  know  that 
twenty-three  fhips  of  war,  eigh- 
teen frigates,  fixteen  thojfand  land 
forces,  with  a  proportionable  train 
of  cannon  and  mortars,  came  in 
fight  on  the  firft  of  June,  and 
landed  on  the  8th.  To  oppofe 
them,  we  had  at  moll  but  2500 
men  of  .the  garrifon,  and  300  mi- 
litia of  the  burghers  of  the  town 
and  St.  John's  ifland  ;  a  fortifica- 
tion (if  it  could  deferve  the  name) 
crumbling  down  in  every  flank, 
face,  and  courtine,  except  the  righc 
flank  of  the  king's  bai^ion,  which 
was  remounted  the  firil  year  after 
my  arrival.  The  covered-way  was 
covered  as  much  as  it  could  be, 
and  yet  was  commanded  and  en- 
filaded throughout,  as  well  as  the 
dauphin  and  king's  baftions.  In 
the  harbcur  were  five  men  of  war. 
This  was  our  force.  The  fuc- 
Cours  I  expefted  from  Canada  did 
not    arrive    till    the    end    of  the 

N  2  fie^e; 


i.8o 


ANNUAL    REGIS  TEI^,    1758. 


fiege;  and  confifted  of  about  3^0 
Canadians  only,  including  60  In- 
dians. 

The  enemy  was  at  firft  very  flow 
in  making  his  approaches ;  for  on 
the  15th  of  July,  he  was  three 
hundred  toifes  from  the  place.  He 
was  employed  in  fecuring  his  camp 
by  redoubts  and  epaulements, 
thinking  wc  had  many  Canadians 
and  Indians  behind  him.  We, 
on  our  parts,  ufed  every  method 
to  deftroy  and  retard  his  work, 
both  by  the  fire  of  the  place  and 
that  of  the  (hips  in  the  harbour. 
The  commodore  of  thofe  fhips 
warmly  folicited  leave  to  quit 
the  place;  but  knowing  the  im- 
portance of  their  Hay  to  its  fafety, 
I^refufed  it.  It  was  our  bufinefs 
to  defer  the  dec,ermination  of  our 
fate  as  long  as  pofiible.  My 
accounts  from  Canada  afTured  me, 
that  M.  de  Montcalm  was  marching 
to  the  enemy,  and  would  come 
up  with  them  between  the  15th 
and  20th  of  July.      I  faid,  then, 

*  If  the  Ihips    leave    the  harbour 

*  on  the  loth  of  June     (as    they 

*  defire)  the  Englifh  admiral  will 

*  enter  it  immediately  after ;  *  and 
we  fhould  have  been  loft  before 
the  end  of  the  month  ;  which  would 
have  put  it  in  the  power  of  the 
generals  of  the  befiegers  to  have 
employed  the  months  of  July  and 
Auguft,  in  fending  fuccours  to 
the  troops  marching  againft  Ca- 
nada, and  to  have  entered  the 
river  St.  Laurence  at  the  proper 
feafon.  This  objed  alone  feemed 
to  me  of  fufficient  importajice  to 
require  a  council  of  war,  whofe 
opinion  was  the  fame  with  mine, 
and  conformable  to  the  king's  in- 
tentions. The  fituation  of  the 
fhips  was  no  lefs  critical  than 
ours.     Four   of  them  were  burnt. 


with  two  corps  ofcaferns,  by  the 
enemy's  bombs.  At  laft,  on  the 
29th  of  July,  no  fhips  being  left, 
and  the  place  being  open  in  different 
parts  of  the  king's,  the  dauphin*s, 
and  the  queen's  Isaftions,  a  council 
of  war  determined  toafk  to  capitu- 
late. 

I  propofed  much  the  fame  articles 
as  were  granted  at  Portmahon  : 
But  the  generals  would  liften  to 
no  propofals,  but  our  being  pri- 
fonersofwar.  I  annex  their  letter, 
and  my  anfwer,  by  which  you 
will  fee  that  I  was  refolved  to 
wait  the  general  afTault,  when  Mr. 
Prevot,  commifTary-generalandin- 
tendant  of  the  colony,  brought 
me  a  petition  from  the  traders 
and  inhabitants,  which  determined 
mc  to  fend  back  the  officer  who 
carried  my  former  letter,  to  make 
our  fubmifTion  to  the  law  of  force  ; 
a  fubmilTion  v/hich,  in  our  condi- 
tion, was  inevitable.  This  con- 
dition was  fuch,  that,  for  eight 
days,  the  officers  had  not,  any 
more  than  the  private  men,  one 
moment's  reft,  norindeed  any  place 
in  which  to  take  reft.  In  all  be- 
fieged  towns  there  are  entrench- 
ments, where  thofe  who  are  not 
on  duty  may  retire,  and  be  covered 
from  the  enemy's  fire  ^  but  at 
Louifbourg  we  had  not  a  fafe  place 
even  for  the  wounded  ;  fo  that 
they  were  almoft  as  much  expofed 
every  minute  of  the  four  and 
twenty  hours,  as  if  they  had  been 
on  the  covered- v/ay.  Neverthelefs 
the  men  did  not  murmur  in  the 
leaft,  nor  difcover  the  fmalleft  dif- 
content  ;  which  was  owing  to  the 
good  example  and  exaft  difcipline 
of  their  officers.  None  deferted 
but  foreigners,  Germans  ;  one 
of  whom  prevented  an  intended 
fally.     As    he    had  gone   over  to 


STATE     PAPERS. 


iSi 


the  enemy  two  hours  before,  it 
was  not  thought  prudent  to  make 
it.  The  burning  of  the  fliips  and 
of  the  caferns  of  the  king's  and 
queen's  ballions,  hindered  our 
making  another.  A  third  had 
not  better  fuccefs  ;  we  proceeded 
no  farther  than  the  glacis  of 
the  covered-way,  having  mifled 
the  quay  of  a  fmall  paflage  which 
it  behoved  us  to  turn,  in  order  to 
take  the  enemy  in  flank:  fo  that 
of  four  fallies,  which  were  in- 
tended, only  one  fucceeded,  in 
which  we  made  30  grenadiers,  and 
two  officers  pri Toners,  befides  thofe 
that  were  killed,  among  whom 
was  a  captain.  We  had  about 
350  killed  and  wounded  during 
the  courfe  of  the  fiege,  including 
officers.  The  crews  of  the  king's 
fliips  are  not  comprehended  in  that 
number. 

As  to  the  landing,  it  mull  have 
been  efFeded,  by  lacrilicing  lives 
in  one  part  or  another  ;  it  being 
impoflible  to  guard  fuch  an  ex- 
tent of  coaft  with  a  garrifon  of 
3000  men",  and  leave  men  in  the 
place  for  the  daily  duty.  We 
occupied  above  two  leagues  and 
a  half  of  ground  in  the  moll  ac- 
cefiible  parts  :  but  there  were 
fome  intermediate  places  we  could 
not  guard  ;  and  it  was  preciiely  in 
oneofthefe  that  the  enemy  took 
pod. 

The  captain  of  a  Ihip  ftrikes 
when  his  veflel  is  difmalled,  his 
rigging  cut  to  pieces,  and  feve- 
ral  fhot  received  between  wind 
and  water.  A  governor  of  a  town 
furrenders  the  place  when  the 
breaches  are  pradlicable,  and  when 
he  has  no  refource  by  entrench- 
ing himfelf  in  the  gorges  of  baf- 
tions,  or  within  the  place.  Such 
was  the  cafe  of  Louifbourg.  Add 
to  this^  that  it  wanted  every  ne- 


ceiTary  for  fuch  operations :  Ge- 
neral Wolfe  himfelf  was  obliged 
to  place  centinels  on  the  ramparts ; 
for  the  private  men  and  the  futlers 
entered  through  the  breaches  and 
gaps  with  as  much  eafe,  as  if 
there  had  been  only  an  old  ditch. 
Of  52  pieces  of  cannon,  which 
were  oppofed  to  the  batteries  of 
the  befiegers,  40  were  difmounted, 
broke,  or  rendered  unferviceable. 
It  is  eafy  to  judge  what  condition 
thofe  of  the  place  were  in.  Was> 
it  poffible,  in  fuch  circumflance?, 
to  avoid  being  made  prifoners  of 
war  ?  I  have  the  honour  to  be, 
&c. 

Le  Chevalier  de  Drucour. 

General  Amherfl*s  letter  to  the  Go- 
vernor  of  Louifbourg  referred  to 
above. 

*  In  anfwer  to  the  propofal  I  have 
juft  now  had  the  honour  to  receive 
from  your  excellency,  by  the  Sieur 
Loppinot,  1  have  only  to  tell  your 
excellency,  thatHt  hath  been  deter- 
mined by  his  excellency  Admiral 
Bofcawen  and  me,  that  his  (hips 
Ihall  go  in  to-morrow  to  make  a 
general  attack  upon  the  town. 
Yourexcellency  knows  very  well  the 
fituation  of  the  army  and  the  fleet  ; 
and  as  his  excellency  the  admiral, 
a?  well  as  I,  is  very  defirous  to 
prevent  the  effufion  of  blood,  we 
give  your  excellency  one  hour  after 
receiving  this,  to  determine  either 
to  capitulate  as  prifoners  of  war,  or 
to  take  upon  you  all  the  bad  confe- 
quencesofadefence  againll  this  fleet 
and  army. 

BoSCAWEN. 

Jeff.  Amherst.' 

The  Governor's  anfwer  to  General 

Amherll. 

'  To  anfwer  your  excellencies  in 

as   few   words  as  poffible,  I  fhall 

N  3  have 


i82       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758, 


have  the  honour  to  repeat  to  you 
that  my  refolution  is  Hill  the  fame; 
and  that  I  will  fufFer  the  confe- 
quences,  and  fuftain  the  attack  you 
fpeak  of. 

Le  Chevalier  de  D  r  u  c  o  u  r  . ' 

A  piece  extrafled  from  authentic 
documents  of  the  f'rench  adrai- 
niftration  in  Hanover. 

One  Guatier,  a  farmer  of  Paris,  ar- 
riving at  Hanover  fome  days  be- 
fore Chriftmas,  and  there  fixing 
his  office,  there  appeared  a  de- 
cree of  council  of  the  King  of 
France,  dated  the  1 8 th  of  06lober, 
1757,  the  tenor  of  which  is  as 
follows : 

Extradl  from  the  reg^ifters  of  the 
council  of  ftate. 
The  king  having,  by  a  refult 
of  council  of  the  nth  of  this  in- 
Hant,  charged  John  Faidy,  citizen 
of  Paris,  to  take  upon  him,  on 
his  majefty's  account,  t^e  direc- 
tion, receipt,  and  adminiftration 
of  the  duties  and  revenues,  of 
what  nature  foever  they  may  be, 
without  any  exception,  and  under 
what  denomination  foever  they  may 
be  levied  and  colleded,  belong- 
ing to  his  majefty  in  the  elefto- 
rate  of  Hanover,  the  countries, 
flates,  provinces,  towns,  dillrifts, 
commonalties,  and  adminiftrations, 
conquered  from  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, Ele6lor  of  Hanover,  that 
have  been  fubjeded  to  his  majelly 
fi'nce  the  beginning  of  this  year's 
campaign,  or  may  hereafter  be 
fubjecl'jjd,  to  receive  and  bring  to 
account  all  futh  perfons  as  have 
had  the  diredHon,  receipt  and  ad- 
ininiftration  of  all  the  faid  revenues, 
of  what  kind  foever  they  may  be, 
fince  the  conqueft  of  the  eiedlo- 
rate   of   Hanover,   the   ccuiitrie?. 


Hates,  towns,  diftri£ls,  commonal- 
ties and  adminiftrations,  conquer- 
ed  from  the   King    of    England, 
Eledlor  of  Hanover,    for    all  the 
fums  which    they   fhall   have    re- 
ceived ;    to  bring,    in    like    man- 
ner,  to  account  all  perfons,  who, 
before  the  ele£lorate  of  Hanover, 
and  the  other  conquered  countries 
paffed   under   his   majefty's  domi- 
nion,  were  employed    in   the  di- 
reftion  and  receipt  of  the  revenues 
of     the    country,     whether    they 
farmed   them  on  a  leafe  for  a  cer- 
tain term,  or  had  the  receipt  and 
direction  thereof,  for  the  account 
of   the   preceding    fovereign :    In 
fhort,  to  receive  of  the   faid   per- 
fons the  fums  due  from  them  for 
the  value  of  their  farms,  as  well 
as  from    thofe  who  have    had  the 
direftion  and  receipt  of  the  revenues 
previous    to  the    pofleffion    taken 
for,   and  in  the  name  of  his  ma- 
jefty,   of  the    faid    deflorate    of 
Hanover,  the  countries,  ftates,  pro- 
vinces,   towns,  diftrifts,  common- 
alties,   and  adminiftrations:    And 
it    being  his   majefty's   will,    that 
the  faid   John   Faidy  be   put   into 
immediate   pofleflion    of  the    faid 
diredion   and  general   adminiftra- 
tion,  the  report  having  been  heard 
of  the  Sieur  Boulogne,  counfellor 
in  ordinary   to    the   royal  council, 
comptroller  general  of  the  finances, 
the  king  in   council   has  ordered, 
and  does  hereby  order,  that  in  the 
interim,  till  letters   patent,  fealed 
and    regiftered,    where    neceflary, 
fhill    be  iffued    forth,     in    confe- 
qucnce  of  the  refult   of  the  coun- 
cil  of  the    nth    inftant,    the  faid 
John  Faidy   be   put  into  poiTeffion 
of  the  diredion,  receipt,  and  ad- 
miniftration    of  all    the    revenues 
and  duties,  of  what  nature  foever 
they  be,    without    any   exception, 
^nd  under  what  denomination   fo- 


STATE     PAPERS. 


i«3 


ever  they  have  been  received,  le- 
vied, and  colledted,  or  may  here- 
after be  fo,  in  the  eleftorate  of 
Hanover,  countries,  Hates,  pro- 
vinces, towns,  diftridls,  common- 
alties, and  adminirtrations,  con- 
quered from  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, Eleftor  of  Hanover,  from  the 
time -they  have  been  fubjefled  to 
his  majefty :  It  is  his  majefty's 
will,  that  the  receipt,  direftioif, 
and  adminiftration  of  all  the  re- 
venues whatfoever,  be  in  the  hands 
of  the  faid  John  Faidy,  his  re- 
ceivers, diredtors,  attornies,  clerks, 
and  others  appointed  by  him  ; 
and  for  that  purpofe,  that  all  the 
regifters,  accounts,  papers,  efti- 
mates,  and  documents,  relating  to 
the  receipt,  direction,  and  main- 
tenance of  the  faid  duties  and  re- 
venues, be  delivered  to  him  by 
ihofe  in  whole  cuftody  they  (hall 
be  found,  or  who  fhall  have  been 
employed  in  the  receipt  and  di- 
redlion  of  the  faid  revenues, 
whether  they  have  enjoyed  the 
fame  as  farmers  upon  a  leafe  for 
a  certain  term,  or  have  been  em- 
ployed in  the  receipt  and  direc- 
tioii  thereof,  on  account  of  the 
preceding  fovereign,  before  the 
eledorate  or  other  countries,  con- 
quered from  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, Ele(!lor  of  Hanover,  piiflVd 
under  the  dominion  of  his  ma- 
jefty, and  by  thofe,  who,  fince  the 
pofieiRon  taken  of  the  faid  country, 
hav^  dire6led,  adminillered,  and 
received  the  revenues  of  the  faid 
eledorate,  countries,  provinces, 
towns,  dillrids,  commonalties,  afnd 
adminiftrations :  It  is  his  majelly's 
will  and  order,  that  all  ihofe,  who 
have  been  employed  in  the  receipt 
an.l  diredions  of  the  faid  rei'enues, 
under  what  title  foever,  be  oblig- 
ed to  account  to  the  faid  John 
Faidy,    or    to    the   diredors,    re- 


ceivers, and  cafhiers,  appointed  by 
him,  for  all  receipts  by  them  made, 
and  to  pay  the  fums  due  from 
them,  whether  as  farmers,  direc- 
tors, or  receivers ;  whereto  they 
ftiall  be  obliged  by  the  ordinary 
methods  ufed  in  the  king's  reve- 
nues and  affairs,  upon  complaints 
exhibited  again!!  them  by  the  faid 
John  Faidy,  or  his  attornies:  His 
majefty  orders,  that  the  receivers, 
of  whatfoever  kind  they  may  be, 
be  likewife  obliged  to  produce  and 
deliver  to  the  faid  John  Faidy,  or 
his  attornies,  upon  their  giving 
receipts,  the  accounts  they  have 
given  in,  their  regifters,  land-rolls, 
and  other  deeds,  by  virtue  where- 
of they  have  received  and  col- 
leded  the  duties  and  revenues  of 
the  preceding  fovereign,  and  thac 
the  faid  receivers  fhall  account  for 
what  they  have  received,  and  fhall 
pay  the  fums  ftill  remaining  due 
from  them,  under  pain  of  being 
obliged  thereto  by  the  aforefaid 
methods :  Hi«  majefty  empowers 
the  faid  John  Faidy  to  remove 
the  receivers,  and  all  other  per- 
fons  who  fhall  have  been  em- 
ployed in  any  part  of  the  direc- 
tion, receipt,  and  adminiftration  of 
the  duiies  and  revenues,  of  what 
nature,  and  under  what  denomi- 
nation foever  they  may  be,  of 
the  eledorate  of  Hanover,  ftatcs, 
countries,  provinces,  towns,  dif- 
trids,  commonalties,  and  adn)ini- 
ftrations,  and  to  placfc  others  in 
their  room,  his  majefty  referving 
to  hlmfelf  the  power  of  order- 
ing thj-  vouchers  of  thofe  in  em- 
ployment, who  may  he  removed, 
to  be  produced,  and  to  provide 
for  the  reimburhng  them  the  money 
they  faall  prove, to  have  paid,  in 
the  manner  he  fhall  judge  pro- 
per: His  mrj/fty  order.-,  that  all 
perfoDs,  of  vvhiit  rank  aud  coa- 
N  4  diiioa 


i84      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758, 


dition  foever,  who  have  been  en- 
trulled    under    the   preceding    go- 
vernment with  titles,    papers,  ac- 
counts, regifters,  eftimates,  and  in 
general,  any  thing  relative  to  the 
diredllon,  receipt,  and  adminiftra- 
tion  of  the  revenues   of  the  elec- 
torate of  Hanover,  the  countries, 
iiates,    provinces,    towns,  diftri^s, 
commonalties,  and  adminillrations, 
already  conquered  from  the  King 
of  England,  Elector  of  Hanover, 
or  thoie  that  may  hereafter  be  fo, 
to  communicate   the  fame    to  the 
faid    John     Faidy,    his    attornies, 
direftors,  and  officers,  and   to  de- 
liver them  authentic  copies  of  all 
the   papers    they    ihall    defire    to 
have,   without   any   exception    for 
fo  doing,    under  pain    of  difobe- 
dience  :  His  majelly   in  like  man- 
ner orders,     under  the   fame    pe- 
nalties, that  the  magillratej>  of  the 
towns,     thofe  of  the  diftrids   and 
commonalties,  theperfons  who  are 
at  the  head  of  the    particular   ad- 
minillrations  of  the  Uates   and  pro- 
vinces, ihall  deliver,   upon  the  firll 
requiiition  of  the  faid  John  Faidy, 
his  attornies,  diredor5,  and  officers, 
eftimates,  certified  by  them,  of  the 
produce   of  fix   years,    reckoning 
from  the  firft  of  January  1751,  to 
the  lalt   of  December    1756,    of 
the  dutie^  and  revenues  which  the 
faid  tov/ns,  dillrids,  commonalties 
and   iiates  of  the  provinces,    are 
in  pofleiTion  of;  that  they  likewife 
deliver  to  the  faid  John  Faidy,  his 
attornies,    diredors,    and   officers. 
Hates,   certified   by   them,    of  the 
funis  they   (hall  have   paid  to  the 
preceding  fovereign  during  the  faid 
iix  years,  and  ftates  of  the  charges 
necefiarily  incurred  during  the  faid 
.term,    independent    of  the    fums 
they  have  paid  :  It  is  his  majefty's 
intention   and  will,   that  the  faid 
John   Faidy    be   put    into   poffef- 


fion  and  enjoyment  of  the  houfes, 
offices,  and  utenfils  hitherto  made 
ufe  of  in  the  diredion    and  gene-» 
ral  management  of  the  duties  and 
revenues  of  all  kinds,  with  the  di- 
redion   and  adminiftration  where- 
of he  is  charged,  payment  being 
made   by   him    to   the  proprietors 
of  the  houfes  for  the  rent  thereof, 
upon  the  footing  they  (hall  agree  : 
His  majefiy   likewife   orders,  that 
the  receivers,    clerks,   and  in  ge- 
neral   all   thofe  who  are    adually 
employed    in '  the     diredion     and 
general   management  of  the  duties  ■ 
and  revenues   of  all  kinds,  of  the 
eledorate   of  Hanover,    countries, 
ftates,    pi  evinces,  towns,  diftrids, 
commonr.kies.  and  adniiniftrationa, 
may,  after  having  been  authorized 
thereto  by  the   faid    John  Faidy, 
his  diredors    and    attornies,    con- 
tinue to  ad   in  their  employments, 
without  being  obliged  to  take  any 
new  oaths,    and  that    ihofe,    who 
fhall    replace    them,    or    come    in 
upon   a  frefh  eftabliffiment,    fhall, 
be  admitted   without  any  charges 
to  take    the  oath,    and   difcharge 
the   duty  of  the   employments    to 
which  they   (hall  be  named,  upon 
the  fimplc  prefentation  of  the  faid 
John    Faidy,     or  of  his  diredor* 
and  attornies    or   upon  the  com- 
miffions   which    (hall    be   delivered 
to  ihem  :    His  majefty  orders,   that 
the  dates,  towns,  and  adminiftra- 
tions,  comjnonaliies,  farmers  upon 
leafe,    the  diredors  of  the   duties 
and  revenues,  treafurers,  receivers 
general,    and    particular  cafhiers, 
and  in  general  all  thofe  who  ihall 
be  accountable  and  iadebted  to  the 
duties  and   revenues,  of  what  na- 
ture  foever  they  be,  comprehend- 
ed  in   the  diredion    and    admini- 
ftration   with  which  the  faid  John 
Faidy    i?   charged,    Ihall    be    well 
and  truly  acquitted  and  difcha.'ged 
towards 


STATE    PAPERS. 


185 


towards  his  majefty  and  all  others, 
ot  whatioever   they   fliall  be  found 
to  owe,  by  producing  receipts  from 
the  faid  John  Faidy,  his  attornies, 
receivers,  and  general  cafhiers,  of 
the  accounts  they  fiiall  have  given 
in    at   the   time    they  (hall  be  ba- 
lanced and  acquitted  :   It  is  his  ma- 
jefly's  will,  that  any  difputes  that 
fhall  arife  with   regard   to  the  di- 
reflion,  receipt,  and  general  admi- 
riftration    of  the    duties   and   re- 
venues, of  what  nature  foever  they 
be,  of  the  ele£lorate  of  Hanover, 
countries.  Hates,  provinces,  towns, 
diHrids,  commonalties,  and  admi- 
nillrations,  wherewith  the  faid  John 
Faidy   is  charged,    appurtenances 
and     dependencies     thereof,      be 
brought   before  the  intendant  and 
commiffary,  who   has   the  depart- 
ment of  the    conquered    country, 
and  adjudged    by   him,  faving   an 
appeal  to  the  council,  his  m.ijefty 
referving  to  it   the  determination 
thereof,  and   forbidding  the  fame 
to  all  courts  and  judges :  His  ma- 
jefty    enjoins    the  faid    intendant 
and  commifiary    of    the    faid  de- 
partment, to  fupport  the  execution 
of  the  prefent  decree,  which  fhall 
be   executed,    notvvithftanding   all 
oppofuion     and     hindrances,       of 
which,  if  any  (hould  happen,   his 
majefty    referves    to    himlelf    and 
his  council    the    cognizance,    and 
forbids  the  fame  to  all  courts  and 
judges. 

Done  at  the  King's  council  of 
Hate,  held  at  Verfailles  the 
1 8th  of  the  month  of  Odober, 

J757- 

(Signed)  Eynard, 

and  compared  with  the  paraphe. 

It  appears  from  the  date  of  this 

decree,  and  by  what  is  faid  therein, 

that,     in    the    weeks    immediately 

fubfequent  to   the    convention  of 


Bremervorde,  the  council  of  Ver- 
failles  was  already  employed  in 
framing  it  ;  and  the  faid  decree 
implies  in  clear  and  precife  terms, 
that  it  was  determined  in  the 
council  of  Verfailles,  to  change 
the  government  and  fyftem  of  the 
eledlorate  of  Hanover,  notwith- 
ftanding  what  was  exprefly  pro- 
mifed  by  the  capitulation  made  .the 
gthofAuguft,  1757,  upon  the  fur- 
render  of  the  capital,  and  that  the 
adminiilration  herein  mentioned, 
with  which  the  faid  John  Faidy  it 
charged,  was  to  extend  itfelf  to  the 
countries  which  might  hereafter  be 
conquered. 

If  this  confeffion,  made  by  the 
crown  of  France  itfelf,  cannot  but 
be  confidered  as  an  undeniable 
proof,  that  the  fame  crown  had 
a  premeditated  defign  of  making 
an  ill  ufe  of  the  ceifation  of  arms, 
in  order  to  proceed  in  taking  pof- 
feflion  of  the  provinces  they  had 
not  yet  feized  upon,  when  the 
ceflation  of  arms  was  concluded, 
and  bring  to  utter  deftrudion  the 
eledlorate  of  Hanover,  without 
leaving  the  fovereign  thereof  any 
method  of  preferving  it  ;  neither 
can  any  onedifpute,  but  that  great 
weight  is  hereby  added  to  the 
motives,  which  have  induced  the 
king,  our  fovereign,  to  take  up 
arras  afrelh,  and  which  have  already 
been  laid  open  to  the  eyes  of  the 
public. 

Lewis  Fra.  Armand  du  Pleffis, 
Duke  de  Richelieu,  General  of  the. 
French  army  in  Germany. 

The  breaking  of  the  capitula- 
tion of  Ciofter-feven,  in  fpite  of 
the  moll  folemn  treaty,  and  the 
word  of  honour  given  by  the  gene- 
rals, renders  void  the  treaty  made 
with  the  country  of  Hanover,  when 

the 


i86      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


the  king's  army  entered  it ;  and 
this  infraction  of  good  faith  re- 
quires the  greateft  rigour  toward 
the  Hanoverian  army,  now  adually 
in  hoftilities. 

Wherefore  we  order,  that  all  the 
goods,  and  all  other  effeds  of  what 
nature  foever,  belonging  to  all  the 
officers  or  others  aftually  with  the 
faid  Hanoverian  army,  be  con  fifcated 
to  the  king's  ufe,  and  that  the  ad- 
miniftrator  general  of  the  con- 
quered countries,  take  poiTeffion 
thereof,  in  order  to  coiledl  the  re- 
venues arifing  therefrom,  which  are 
to  be  added  to  the  contributions, 
and  to  make  ufe  of  them  in  the  moft 
advantageous  manner  for  his  ma- 
jefty,  in  whatever  places  of  the 
conquered  countries  they  may  be 
fituaced. 

We  llriftly  require  Monfieur  le 
Due  de  Randan,  commander  in 
the  country  of  Hanover,  and  all 
other  commanders,  to  enforce  the 
execution  of  thefe  prefents,  and  to 
fupport  the  fame  as  far  as  it  may 
concern  them. 

Done  at  Zell,  Dec.  22,  1757. 
(Signed)  The  Marfhal  Due  de 
Richelieu. 
And  underneath,  Le  Lurez. 
Conditions  of  a  fubfidy  treaty,  de- 
livered on  the  18th  of  Odober, 
in  the  name  of  the  Landgrave  of 
Heffe   Caflel,    to  his  excellency 
the  Abbe  Count  de  Bernis,  mi- 
niiter  for  foreign  affairs,  by  M. 
Packbelle,   the  duke  de  Deux- 
Ponts'  miniller. 

His  moil  ferene  highnefs  the 
Landgra.ve  of  HefTe  Cafixl,  defnes 
liothing  more  ardently,  than  to  at- 
tach himfelf  wholly  to  France,  and 
to  make  a  treaty  with  the  king  for 
that  end.  It  (h.ould  feem  that  it 
might  be  concluded  on  the  foilpw- 
iiig  conditions ; 


L  The  bafis  and  foundation  6f 
it  (hall  be  the  laws  and  conftitutions 
of  the  empire,  and  the  treaties  of 
W^eftphalia,  of  which  his  majcfty  is 
a  guarantee. 

JL  The  landgrave  (hall  enter  into 
no  engagement  againft  the  king  and 
his  allies,  and  Ihall  never  give  any 
troops  to  ferve  againft  France  or  her 
allies,  nor  give  any  afliftance,  di- 
reftly  orindiredly,  to  the  enemies 
of  his  majefty  and  of  his  allies. 

III.  He  ihall  never  give  his  vote 
in  the  general  or  particular  aflem- 
blies  of  the  empire  contrary  to  his 
majefty's  intereit.  On  the  contrary^ 
he  fhall  employ  his  influence  jointly 
with  France,  to  put  an  end  to  the 
troubles  of  the  empire. 

IV.  For  this  end  his  moft  ferene* 
highnefs  ihall  put  his  troops  which 
have  ferved  in  the  Hanoverian  army, 
into  the  pay  of  France,  on  condi- 
tions that  fhall  be  agreed  on,  this 
condition  particularly,  that  they 
ihall  not  ferve  in  the  prefent  war 
againft  his  Britannic  Majefty. 

V.  His  majefty  ftiall,  in  return, 
as  foon  as  the  treaty  is  {igne6y  re- 
ftore  to  the  landgrave  his  eftates ; 
and  all  things  fhall  be  put  in  the 
condition  they  were  in  before  the 
French  troops  entered  them. 

VI.  Thofe  eftates  ihall  not  only 
be  evacuated  by  the  French  as  foon 
as  the  treaty  is  figned,  but  they 
ihall  in  confequence  thereof  be  ex- 
empted from  winter  quarters,  and, 
from  all  further  contributions,  either 
in  money,  grain,  forage,  wood, 
cattle,  or  any  thing  elfe,  though 
already  impofed  on  the  fuhjeib  of 
HefTe  :  but  his  mwjefty  ihall  like- 
wife  caufe  ready  money  to  be  paid 
for  provifions,  ?.nd  every  kind  of 
fubfjltence,  of  which  his  troops  may 
ftand  in  need  in  HeiTe  ;  upon  con- 
dition, however,  that  in  conlidera- 

tion 


STATE    PAPERS. 


187 


tion  of  all  this,  the  landgrave  fhall 
take  no  toll  tor  warlike  (lores  and 
provifions,  and  other  efFedls  of  that 
nature,  which  may  pafs  through  his 
country. 

VII.  The  king  (hall  guaranty  all 
the  cftates  which   his  moft  ferene 
highnefs  poff^ffed  before  the  French 
feized  them,  and  all  the  rights  of , 
the  houfe  of  Heffe  CaflTeJ. 

VIII.  His  majefly  (hall  guaranty 
to  that  prince  the  aft  of  a(rurance 
given  him  by  his  fon  the  hereditary 
prince  with  regard  to  religion  ;  and 
Ihall  not  fufFer  it  to  be  violated  by 
any  perfon,  or  under  any  pretext. 

IX.  The  moftchriftian  king  (hall 
ufe  hisintereft  with  the  emperor  and 
the  emprefs  queen,  that,  in  confi- 
deration  of  the  immenfe  lofles  and 
damages  his  moft  ferene  highnefs 
hath  fufFered  fince  the  French  enter- 
ed his  country,  and  of  the  great  fums 
he  lofes  with  England,  in  arrears 
and  fubfidies,  by  this  accommoda- 
tion with  his  moftchriftian  majefty, 
he  may  be  excufed  from  furnifhing 
his  contingent  to  the  army  of  the 
empire,  and  from  paying  the  Roman 
months  granted  by  the  dyet  of  the 
empire. 

X.  If,  in  refentment  of  this  con- 
vention, the  eftates  of  his  moll  fe- 
rene highnefs  (hail  be  attacked,  the 
king  (hall  give  the  moftlpeedy  and 
efticacious  fuccours. 

Tranflation  of  a  memorial  prefented 
in  November  to  the  dyet  of  the 
empire,  by  Baron  Gimmengen, 
cledloral  minifter  of  Brunfvvitk 
Lunenbourj^. 

His  imperial  majefly  hath  been 
pleafed  to  conimunicate  to  the  dyet 
pf  the  empire,  by  a  pretended  moll 
gracious  decree  of  the  Aulic  council, 
dated  the  28th  of  Augull  la!>,  man- 
(latc;  iiTu^d  the  21ft  of  the  fame 


month,  on  pain  of  the  ban  of  the 
empire,  and  with  avocatory  letters 
thereto  annexed,  againft  his  majefty 
the  King  of  Great  Britain,  my  moil 
gracious  mafter,  -and  alfo  againft 
fome  others  of  the  moft  refpeftable 
princes  of  the  Germanic  empire. 

There  is  not  an  example  of  this 
kind  in  the  hiftory  of  the  empire. 
His  Britannic  majefty,  during  the 
one  and  thirty  years  of  his  glorious 
reign,  hath  obferved  fo  unimpeach- 
able a  condu6l  towards  all  his  co- 
eftates  of  the  empire,  without  di- 
ftinftion  of  religion,  that  no  prince 
of  the  empire  hath  received  greater 
proofs  of  eileem  and  con(idence 
than  he  can  produce.  His  majefty 
hath,  as  much  as  the  weakeft 
ftates,  always  obferved  right  and 
juftice. 

On  the  death  of  the  emperor 
Charles  VI.  he  beheld  the  time, 
which  will  be  a  famous  aera  in  the 
hiftory  of  the  houfe  of  Auftria, 
when  the  crown  of  France  poured 
numerous  armies  into  the  empire  to 
exterminate  that  houfe,  and  make 
itfelf  mafterof  Germany.  His  ma- 
jelly,  in  his  double  capacity  of  king 
and  eledor,  put  himfelf  in  the 
breach  ;  he  led  in  perfon  the 
auxiliary  army  of  her  majefty  the 
emprefs  queen,  thegreatelt  part  of 
which  was  compofed  of  his  own 
trcops ;  at  the  battle  of  Dettingeri 
he  expofed  his  facred  perfon  for  that 
princefs,  and  his  royal  highnefs 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland  his  fon, 
ft:  11  bears  the  fears  of  wounds  there 
received. 

The  yean 745,  when  hisprefent 
imperial  msjcfty  w^s  chofen  Em- 
peror, is  ftill  recent  in  the  memory 
of  all  the  Uates  of  the  empire,  as 
well  as  the  pains  which  his  Britan- 
nic majefty  took  upon  that  occa- 
(ion.     H.e  purchafed  the  preferva- 

tion 


i88       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


tion  of  the  houfe  ofx^iuftria,  which 
wascffefted  by  the  peace  of  Aix-Ia- 
Chapelle,  with  the  blood  of  his 
fubjecls,  and  by  means  of  the  moft 
important  conquefts  of  his  crown. 
He  hath  e-ndeavoured  to  maintain 
the  imperial  crown  in  that  houfe, 
by  negotiations  for  the  eleftion  of  a 
king  of  the  Romans.  The  treaty 
of  fucceflion  concluded  with  the 
Duke  of  Modena,  and  theaggran- 
difement  refuUing  from  it  to  the 
Loufe  of  Auftria,  was  owing  to  his 
majefty's  friendfhip  for  it. 

Inllead  of  a  recompence,  inftead 
ef  performing  the  tender  protefta- 
tions  of  regard  and  gratitude,  which 
his  majefty  then  received  from  her 
majefty  the  emprefs  queen,  and 
which  his  magnanimity  hindershim 
from  making  public;  inftead  of  the 
obfervation  due  to  the  molt  folema 
treaties,  her  majefty  the  eniprefi 
queen  refufes  him  the  afliftance 
which  (he  ought  to  give  him  again  ft 
an  invafion,  proceeding  wholly 
irom  the  h-atred  of  France,  which 
his  Britannic  majefty  has  drawn 
upon  himfelf  by  his  friendlhip 
to  that  princer3;and  his  imperial 
majefty  even  denies  him  the  de- 
hortatorial  letters  he  folicited. 
The  court  of  Vienna  iigns  a  treaty 
with  the  crown  of  France,  in  March 
1757,  at  a  time  when  hismajefty's 
troops  were  quiet  in  his  own 
dominions,  by  which  the  French 
troops  were  to  pafs  the  Wefer 
the  loth  of  July,  and  enter  the 
eleftorate  of  Hanover.  She  joins 
her  troops  to  thofe  of  that  crown, 
gnd  ravages  the  king's  dominions 
worfe  than  the  French  troops 
had  done.  The  fame  Duke  of 
Cumberland  who  was  wounded  at 
pettingen  in  defendingherimperial 
majefty,  is  obliged  to  fight  at  Haf- 
lenbeck,  again  ft  the  troops  of  that 


princefs  which  attacked  the  king^s 
dominions. 

The  emprefs  queen  fends  com- 
miffaries  to  Hanover,  who  arc  to 
ftiare,  and  aftualiy  did  fhare,  with 
the  crown  of  France  in  the  contri- 
butions. She  rejecSls  all  propofals 
of  peace;  ftie  diimiff^s  the  king's 
minirters  from  her  court  j  and  after 
the  Divine  Providence,  according 
to  its  righteous  ways,  had,  by  a 
viftory  granted  to  the  king's  army, 
delivered  the  eledlorate  from  its 
enemies,  when  we  were  endea- 
vouring to  hinder  the  French 
troops  from  entering  it  a  fecond 
time,  as  they  threatened,  and  as 
all  the  world  knows,  his  imperial 
majefty,  who,  by  virtue  of  the  ca- 
pitulation which  he  has  fworn, 
ought  *  to  protect  the  empire,  and 

*  at  all  times  confider   the  eledors 

*  as  its  internal  members  and  main 

*  pillars,  and  oppofe  the  entrance 

*  of  foreign  troops  deftined  to  op- 

*  prefs  the  ftates  of  the  empire,* 
finds  it  his  duty,  without  making 
the  leaft  mention  of  this  invafion 
by  the  French  troops,  to  require 
h:s  majefty  to  withdraw  his  troops 
from  the  countries  where  they  then 
were,  to  put  a  ftop  to  all  his  war- 
like preparations,  and  by  that 
means  again  open  a  paftage  for  the 
French  army  to  enter  his  German 
dominions.  His  imperial  majefty 
thinks  proper  to  recall  the  king's 
troops,  to  i'educe  them  from  their 
allegiance  and  duty  to  his  ma- 
jefty ;  to  enjoin  them  never  more 
to  obey  his  orders,  but  to  abandon 
their  colours,  their  fervice,  and 
their  poft  ;  threatening  the  faid 
troops  with  puniftirnent,  in  body, 
honours,  and  eftates ;  and  the  king 
himfelf  with  being  put  under  the 
ban  of  the  empire,  which  is  not 
in  the  power  of  the  emperor  ;  and 

em- 


STATE    PAPERS. 


189 


employing  in  the  proceedings  on 
this  occaficn,  a  ftyle  proper  only  to 
be  ufed  to  a  Tufcan  or  an  Auftrian 
fubjea. 

The  public  has  already  judged  of 
thefe  proceedings,  and  hiflory  will 
tranfmit  ihem  to  pofterity,  with- 
out difguife,  but  with  indelible 
colours. 

His  Britannic  majefty  ftill  retains 
the  fame  veneration  for  the  Ger- 
manic body:  that  re fpeft  peculiar 
to  the  houfe  of  Brunfwick  Lunen- 
bourg,  which  will  always  hold  it 
inviolable,  is  become   habitual  to 
his  majefty  in  particular  :  accord- 
ingly  he  again   hath  recourfe,  in 
quality   of  elcftor,  to  the  dyet  of 
the  empire  by  means  of  this  memo- 
rial, though  previoufly  referving  to 
himfelf  a  power  to  do  it  hereafter 
in   a  more  ample   manner.     The 
records  of  the  empire  (hew  what  he 
has   done  for  Germany  in  fuch  a 
manner,  that  at  leaft  it  cannot  yet 
be  forgotten  in  that  country.     He 
hopes  that    upon   this   occafion  it 
will  have  fome  weight,  the  rather 
as    his   high   co-eftates    will  eafily 
confider,  that  what  is  now  endea- 
voured to  be  done  to  his  majefty, 
may  one  day,  and  perhaps  fooner 
than  they  think,  be  done  to  them- 
(clves. 

His  majefty,  as  eledlor,  is  charg- 
ed, I  ft,  With  not  conforming  to 
the  refolutions  taken  the  ijih  of 
January,  and  the  9ch  of  May,  laft 
year  ;  but  on  the  contrary,  refufing 
his  concurrence,  and  declaring  for 
a  neutrality.  2dly,  With  giving 
fuccours,  aid,  and  affiitance,  to  his 
majefty  the  Kingof  Pruffia,  enter- 
ing into  an  alliance  with  that  prince, 
joining  his  troops  to  thoie  of  Pruf- 
fia, under  the  command  of  a  ge- 
neral in  the  fervice  of  his  Pruffia n 
majcrty,  of  fending  Englifh  troop.^ 


into  Germany,  and  making  them 
take  pofleftion  of  the  city  of  Emb- 
den,  and  employing  the  auxilia- 
ry troops  of  fome  other  ftates  of 
the  empire :  And,  3dly/  It  is 
complained  that  contributions  had 
been  exafted  in  his  majefty '3 
name  of  divers  ftates  of  the  em- 
pire. 

With  regard  to  the  firft  charge, 
it  is  very   true,   in   the   delibera- 
tions held  at  the  dyet  of  the  em- 
pire the  beginning  of  laft  year,  it 
was  given  as  his  majefty's  opini- 
on, as  well  as  that  of  moft  of  his 
Proteftant  co-eftates,   that  the  pre- 
fent   troubles    ftiould  be  amicably 
terminated.     His    majefty  in  giv- 
ing this  opinion,  had,  as  ufual,  no 
other  view  than  what  equity  and 
the   good   of    the  Germanic  em- 
pire  feemed   to   him    to   require. 
Whatever  judgment  (hall  be  form- 
ed of  the  unhappy  war  that  hath 
broke  out,  the  public  will   always 
remember,  that  by  a  bare  declara- 
tion  of  her   majefty   the   emprefs 
queen,  *  That  (he  would  not  at- 
*  tack  his  Pruflian  majefty,' the  rup- 
ture would  have  been  avoided,  and 
the   efFu(5on  of    much    blood,    aa 
well  as  the  defolation  of  Germa- 
ny,   prevented.      The   ftates    that 
have  fuffered  by  the  calamities  of 
the    war,   may  judge  whether  the 
way  that  was  taken  was  the  (horteft 
for  the  re-eftablifhment  of  peace, 
fo  much  to  be  defired ;  and  whe- 
ther it  were  not  to  be  wifhed  that 
laying  afide  all  private  views,  hia 
Britannic    majefty's    propofal   had 
btren  followed. 

It  is  true,  his  majefty  took  no 
part  in  the  refolutions,  which  were 
contrary  to  his  fentiments.  But 
the  laws  of  the  empire  have  not 
thereby  received  the  leaft  infringe- 
ment.   ^The  queilion,  whether  7n 

matt' 


ipo     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


materia  colleSlarum,  the  majority  be 
fufficient,  has  been  referred  ad  co- 
mitia  imperii^  by  the  inj}rumentu?ny 
P.  PF.  Art.  V.  §  52.  and  is  yet  un- 
decided. It  is  not  by  the  plu- 
rality of  voices  that  it  can  be 
there  determined,  but  only  by 
means  of  an  amicable  accommo- 
dation ;  fince  otherwife  that  re- 
ference would  have  been  a  very 
ufelefs  courfe ;  and  it  is  well 
known,  at  the  negotiations  for  the 
peace  of  Weftphalia,  what  was  the 
tendency  of  the  opinion  of  the  ca- 
tholic ftates,  which  formed  the 
majority ;  thofe  very  ftates,  and 
all  other  members  of  the  empire, 
ought  however  to  confider  well, 
whether  it  be  their  elTential  inte- 
reft  to  acknowledge,  in  the  pre- 
fent  cafe,  that  every  ftate  in  the 
empire  is  obliged  to  fubmit  to  the 
majority  of  votes,  in  matters  of 
confent,  as  in  the  prefent  cafe  ; 
which  the  principal  catholic  elec- 
tors have  in  other  cafes  denied  ; 
and  which  will  certainly  be  re- 
torted upon  them  in  proper 
.time. 

But  whatever  principles  fhall  be 
affumed,  with  regard  to  this  quef- 
tion,  nothing  is  more  evident,  than 
that,  confidering  circumflances  and 
the  fuuation  of  the  affair  then  and 
DOW  in  queftion,  his  majefty  could 
never  be  required  to  give  his 
troops  to  comply  with  thofe  re- 
folutions  of  the  empire.  All  Ger- 
many knows,  though  the  decree 
of  the  Aulic  imperial  council  fays 
not  a  word  about  it,  that  at  the 
very  time  when  thofe  refolutions 
were  taken,  his  majefty's  eledloral 
dominions  were  moft  unjuftly  threat- 
ened with  an  invafion  by  France. 
In  the  month  of  March  that  year, 
the  court  of  Vienna  figned  a 
convention  with  France,    by  vir- 


tue of  which  the  enemy  was  to 
pafs  the  Wefer  in  the  month  of 
July,  and  enter  the  king's  terri- 
tories. This  invafion  was  made 
accordingly.  The  emprefs  queen 
joined  her  own  troops  to  thofe 
of  France ;  and  in  return  ftipu- 
lated  by  folemn  treaties,  figned 
beforehand,  to  have  half  of  the 
contributions  that  ihould  be  exact- 
ed. The  damage  which  the  king*s 
fubjedls  fuffered  by  the  firfl  inva- 
fion, exclufive  of  the  fums  which 
the  provinces  were  to  furnifti  (and 
which  have  been  paid  out  of  the 
royal  demefnes)  amounted  to  fp- 
veral  millions.  And  ftlll  the  un- 
juft  rage  of  his  majefty's  enemies 
was  not  exhaufted.  The  French 
army,  which  entered  on  the  other 
fide  under  the  command  of  the 
Prince  de  Soubife,  in  company 
with  the  troops  of  Wirtemberg, 
which  the  reigning  duke,  a  thing 
of  which  there  is  no  example, 
led  himfelf,  under  a  French  ge- 
neral, again  ft  a  co-eftate,  hath  a- 
gain  invaded,  for  the  fecond  time, 
his  majefty's  dominions  and  thofe 
of  his  allies;  exafted  infupport- 
able  contributions  ;  carried  off  the 
king's  ofiicers,  entirely  foraged  the 
country,  and  plundered  feveral 
places,  and  committed  the  greateft 
diforders,  whiift  the  court  of  Vien- 
na boafts  of  having  ordered  this  in- 
vafion (the  fole  end  of  which  was 
to  ravage  the  king's  dominions  and 
thofe  of  Heffe)  as  an  effeft  of  its 
magnanimity,  and  as  a  merit  with 
the  Germanic  body. 

If  in  fuch  circumftances  his  ma- 
jefty (hould  be  required  to  fufpend 
the  preparations  he  has  begun,  and 
join  the  troops  that  he  wants  for 
his  own  defence  to  thofe,  which, 
from  the  arbitrary  views  of  the 
court  of  Vienna,   are  led  againft 

his 

3 


S  T  AT  E    PAPERS. 


191 


his  Pruflian  majefty  by  a  prince 
who  doth  not  belong  to  the  ge- 
nerality of  the  empire,  and  on 
whom  the  command  hath  been 
conferred  without  a  previous  con- 
clufum  of  the  Germanic  body  ; 
the  right  of  the  Itates  of  the  em- 
pire to-  defend  themfelves  when 
fuch  defence  fquares  not  with  the 
views  of  the  imperial  court,  ought, 
at  the  fame  time,  to  be  fetiled.  It 
is  hoped  that  things  are  not  yet 
come  to  this  pafs  in  Germany. 
Self-defence  is  the  mod  urgent  du- 
ty. The  refolutions  of  the  empire 
cannot  deprive  the  meareft  man, 
much  lefs  a  free  ftate,  and  an  elec- 
tor of  the  empire,  of  his  right ; 
nor  require  him  to  join  the  troops 
he  wants  for  that. end,  to  thofe 
which,  jointly  with  the  troops  of 
France,  have  invaded  his  country, 
and  lliarrd  in  the  contributions 
there  extorted. 

In  the  fecond  place,  his  ma- 
jefty doth  not  deny  that  he  hath 
entered  into  an  alliance  with  the 
king  of  Pruflia,  which  is  entirely 
conformable  to  the  rules  of  right: 
but  as  he  is  accountable  to  God 
alone  for  what  he  doth  as  king, 
on  the  other  hand,  in  the  report 
made  of  what  he  has  done  as 
eledlor,  the  times  which  preceded 
have  been  confounded  with  tliofe 
that  followed  the  French  invafion. 
From  the  beginning  of  the  laft  year 
his  majefty  took  every  method  to 
fliew,  that  the  only  thing  he  aimed 
at,  without  taking  part,  other- 
wife,  in  the  war,  was  to  oppofe 
the  French  foreign  troops,  know- 
ing they  were  fent  only  to  in- 
v:ide  his  eleftorate,  as  indeed  they 
have  employed  themfelves  almoit 
wholly  in  ruining  eftates  compre- 
hended under  the  guaranty  of  the 
empire,  as  well  tho'e  of  the  Duke 
of   Saxony  of  the  Erneftine  line. 


of  the  Duke  of  Brunfwick  VVolfen- 
buttel,  the  Landgrave  of  Hcfle 
Caflel,  aind  the  count  of  Lippe 
Schaumbourg,  as  rhofe  of  his  ma- 
jefty. This  juft  intention,  founded 
on  the  law?,  from  which  his  ma- 
jefty hath  been  fo  far  from  dero- 
gating in  the  fmrjleft  matter,  that 
no  inftance  thereof  hath  been,  or 
can  be  brought,  did  not,  never- 
thelefs,  hinder  the  French  troops, 
who  were  furniflied  with  the  em- 
peror's letters  requlfitorial,  from 
entering  Germany  in  the  avowed 
quality  of  auxiliary  troops  to  the 
emprefs  queen,  in  company  with 
thofe  of  the  houfe  of  Auftria  and 
the  eledor  Palatine,  The  empire 
hath  already  been  informed,  on  the 
third  of  December  laft  year,  of 
the  firft  propofals  made,  both  to 
the  imperial  court,  and  the  courc 
of  France,  for  an  amicable  deter- 
mination of  differences  ;  propofais, 
which  could  not  have  been  re- 
jefted,  had  not  an  hoftiie  attack 
been  refolved  on.  Thefe  offers, 
which  from  the  manner  in  which 
they  were  received,  his  majefty 
hath  rcafon  to  regret  that  he  ever 
made,  leave  no  fiudow  of  plaufi- 
.  bility  to  the  reproaches  that  may 
be  made  on  account  of  the  engage- 
ment that  enfued,  in  whatever 
light  the  king  of  Prullia's  caufe 
may  be  confidered.  Kis  majefty 
is,  indeed,  fully  p^rluaded,  that 
he  might,  at  any  time,  have  en- 
tered into  an  alliance  with  that 
prince  for  their  common  defence  j 
but  no  one  can  doubt,  that  in 
this  urgent  neceflity,  when  he  was 
left  alone,  he  had  a  right  to  feek 
affiftance  where  it  could  be  got. 
No  fault  can  poffibly  be  found 
with  that  which  the  Kipg  cf 
Pruflia  gave  him  to  deliver  rhe 
eleftoral  ftaics  of  Brunfwick,  and 
thofe  cf  WoIfenbu:tcl,  Hcile,  ar\d 
LucLe- 


igz        ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1753. 


Buckebourg^.  The  very  nature  of 
this  deliverance,  and  the  prudence 
and  bravery  with  which  it  hath 
been  efFefted,  have  acquired  ini- 
mortal  glory  to  his  moil:  Terene 
highnefs  Duke  Ferdinand  of  Brunf- 
wick  Lunenbourgj  (who  doch  not 
command  the  King's  army  as  a 
Pruflian  general)  a.  glory,  which 
is  the  greater,  as  it  is  more  laud- 
able for  that  prince  to  have  deli- 
vered from  fuch  heavy  and  un- 
juft  oppreflion  the  dominions  of  a 
king  from  whofe  farnily  he  is  de- 
fcended,  and  principalities  in  which 
he  drew  his  firft  breath,  where  his 
anceftors  have  reigned,  and  where 
the  duke  his  brother  ftill  reigns. 
It  is  with  an  equally  juft  right 
that  this  duke,  with  the  duke  of 
Saxe  Gotha,  the  Landgrave  of 
HefTe  CafTel,  and  the  Count  of 
SchaumbourgLippe,put  their  troops 
into  his  majefty's  pay.  Pofterity 
will  hardly  believe,  that  at  a  time 
when  Auftrian,  Palatine,  and  Wir- 
temberg  auxiliaries  were  employed 
to  invade  the  countries  belonging 
to  the  dates  of  the  empire,  other 
members  of  the  Germanic  body 
who  employed  auxiliaries  in  their 
defence,  were  threatened  with  the 
ban.  His  majefty  ordered  the 
Englifh  troops'  to  be  fent  over, 
and  pofTeffion  to  be  taken  of 
Embden,  in  his  quality  of  king; 
and  hath  no  occafion  to  give  ac- 
count thereof  to  any.  Meanwhile 
the  laws  of  the  empire  permit  the 
ftates  thereof  to  make  ufe  of 
foreign  troops  in  their  own  de- 
fence ;  they  forbid  only  the  in- 
troduftion  of  them  into  the  empire 
to  invade  the  dominions  of  an- 
other, as  the  emprefs  queen  hath 
done. 

In  the  thi.rd  and  laft  place,  his 
majefty    the   King  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, Eledor  of  Brunfwick  Lunen- 
2 


bourg,  fent  minifters,  particularly 
to  the  Pal:itinate  court  and  that  of 
Cologne,  to  divert  them  from  join- 
ing in  the  defigns  of  France  a- 
gainft  his  dominions.  It  cannot 
therefore  be  doubled,  that  it  would 
have  been  highly  agreeable  to 
him,  if  thofc  courts  had  taken  mea- 
fures  that  would  have  freed  him 
from  the  burthen  of  the  war. 
But  none  can  expeft  that  his  ma- 
jefty fliould  with  indifterence  fee 
himfelf  treated  as  an  enemy  by 
hisco-eftates.  The  Eleflor  of  Co- 
logne and  the  Bifhop  of  Liege  had 
no  troops  that  were  wanted  in 
the  French  army  :  but,  in  confi- 
deration  of  fubfidies,  opened  to  it 
the  gates  of  their  towns,  and  gave 
it  all  the  afliftance  in  their  power  ; 
without  which  that  army  could 
not  at  that  time  have  proceeded  fo^ 
far  as  the  eleftoral  eilutei,  where 
the  Auftrian  and  Palatine  troops 
behaved  much  worfe  than  the 
French  themfelves.  How  can  it 
be  expeded  that  his  majefty,  after 
God  hath  blefled  his  arms  with 
fuccefs,  fhould  not  refent  this 
treatment?  The  laws  of  the  em- 
pire forbid  the  attacking  of  the 
ftates  of  the  empire;  but  they 
permit  defence  againft,  and  the 
purfuit  of  thofe  who  by  their  in- 
vafion  have  violated  the  public 
peace. 

If  the  crown  of  France  be  free 
to  ravage  the  dominions  of  the 
Duke  of  Brunfwick  and  the  Land- 
grave of  HelTe- CafTel,  becaufe  they 
have  given  the  king  auxiliary 
troops  :  if  the  emprefs  qu6cn  may, 
for  the  afliftance  (he  hath  lent  the 
French  king  to  attack  the  king's 
dominions,  appropriate  to  herfelf 
half  of  the  contributions  raifed 
there  ;  his  majefty  ought  to  be 
equally  permitted  to  make  thofe 
ftates,  who  have  favoured  the  unjuft 


STATE     PAPERS. 


'93 


entcrprizes  of  his  enemies,  feel  the 
burden  of  the  war. 

Thefe  are  fads  notorious  to  the 
whole  empire  :  his  majefty  hath 
too  good  an  opinion  of  the  pe- 
netration of  his  high  co-eftaces, 
to  doubt  of  their  perceiving  the 
importance  of  them,  and  laying 
to  heart  what  the  merit  he  has  ac- 
quired with  the  empire  might  have 
required,  and  flill  requires ;  and 
therefore  his  majefty  expedls  that 
the  dyet  will,  by  way  of  advice, 
propofe  to  his  imperial  majefty, 
to  annul  his  moft  inconfiftent 
mandates,  and  not  only  take  the 
moft  efFeftual  meafures  to  proteft 
the  eledorate  and  the  countries 
of  his  majefty,  and  thofe  of  Brunf- 
wick  Woifenbuttel,  Hefle  Caflel, 
and  Lippe  Schaumberg,  and  pro- 
cure them  a  proper  indemnification; 
but  alfo  give  orders  for  thofe  pro- 
ceedings againft  the  emprefs-queen, 
as  archdutchefs  of  Auftria,  the 
eledlor  palatine,  and  the  Duke  of 
Wirtemberg,  which  her  majefty, 
without  being  required  to  do  it, 
puts  in  force  againft  his  Britannic 
majefty,  Eleftor  of  Brunfwick 
Lunenbourg.  For  which  end  the 
underfigneJ  moft  humbly  requefts 
your  excellencies  to  a(k  immediate- 
ly neceffary  inftrudions  from  your 
principals. 

Can  it  be  faid,  that  this  was 
approving  of  a  convention,  and 
demanding  an  explanation  fo  im- 
portant, and  fo  contrary  to  its 
true  meaning  ?  His  majefty  the 
King  of  Denmark  had  too  great 
regard  for  the  king,  to  think  it 
juft  to  engage  him  to  fubfcribe 
to  that,  as  a  confequence  of  the 
treaty  figned  at  Clofter-feven.  If 
Marftial  R.ichelieu  did  not  mean 
'  by  his  pretended  words  of  honour, 
the  afl'urance  not  to  begin  hofti- 
lities   before   the    rupture    of   tht 

Vol.  I. 


negociation,  we  own  we  kno^ 
not  what  he  meant,  at  leaft  that 
is  the  fenfe  in  which  we  have 
ever  underftood  thofe  exprefiions, 
and  in  which  we  have  executed 
the  convention.  The  French  mi- 
niftry  know  very  well,  that  the 
chief  point  is  to  determine  how 
long  the  obligation  of  the  treaty 
ought  to  fubfift,  according  to  the 
views   of   the   contra6ling   parties. 

*  Hence,  fay   they,  it  is   evident, 

*  that  the   exprefllon   of  final   re- 

*  conciliation   is  made   ufe    of  ia 

*  Article  III.   only   to  denote  that 

*  Bremen     and    Verden    were    to 

*  remain    in    the    hands    of    the 

*  French   till    that  final  reconcili- 

*  ation    (hould   happen.      This  is 

*  the  fame  thing  as  if  it  had  been 

*  ftipulated,  that  the  French  ftiould 

*  remain     in     poflefllon     of    that 

*  country   till  a  peace.     That  the 

*  Duke  of  Cumberland  knew  \try 

*  well  that  his  moft  Chriftian  ma- 

*  jefty    had    formerly    refufed     to 

*  treat  with    him  about  a  neutrali- 

*  ty    for   Hanover ;    ihat    he    had 

*  therefore   left  out  the   condition 

*  of  a  feparaie  reconciliation,  fear- 

*  ing  that  his  propofal  might  have 

*  caufed   the   convention   to  be  re- 

*  jelled,    which  he    had   fo    much 

*  intereft  and   honour    to    obtain. 

*  That  it  is  plain,  from   the  pre- 

*  amble   to    the   convention,    that 

*  the  intention  of  it  was  to  hinder 

*  the  countries  of  Bremen  and  Ver* 

*  den   from   being  any  longer  the 

*  theatre  of  the  war.' 

His  royal  highnefs  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland,  fo  far  from  be- 
ing convinced  of  the  impoffibility 
of  obtaining  a  feparate  accommo- 
dation for  the  king,  knew  that 
the  court  of  Vienna  had  pro* 
mifed  her  ucmoft  efforts  to  bring 
it  about,  and  had  evtjn,  for  that  pur- 
O  pofe* 


194      ANNUAL    RE 

pofe,  fent  a  courier  to  Ver- 
failles  to  haften  its  conclufion. 
Thefe  promiies  were  the  more  to 
be  depended  on,  as  France  had 
all  along  pretended  in  her  writ- 
ings, that  her  fole  motive  in  not 
acceding  to  thefe  propofals,  was  be- 
caufe  {he  was  not  willi'.ig  to  do 
it  Tvitbout  the  concurrence  of  her 
allies.  The  final  reconcilianon  of 
the  two  foveieigns,  namely,  the 
king  as  eledor,  and  the  king  of 
France,'  had  certainly  no  relation 
to  a  general  peace.  The  pro- 
pofals made  to  France  of  an  ac- 
commodation, and  known  both 
to  Marfhall  Rich'iieu  and  Count 
Lynar,  could  leave  no  difficulty 
as  to  the  true  fenfe  of  the  term 
of  a  final  reconciliation.  She  may 
exaggerate,  as  much  as  fhe  will, 
the  dangerous  iltuation,  and  the 
extremity  to  which  the  king's 
army  was  reduced,  wKcn  the  fuf- 
penfion  of  arms  was  concluded  ; 
but  the  event  could  not  have 
been  more  fatal  than  that  which 
France  wanted  to  bring  about, 
as  the  intention  of  the  two  con- 
trading  parties  ;  for  by  her  prin- 
ciples the  ftates  of  the  king 
would  have  remained  in  the  hands 
pf  the  enemy,  as  long  as  the 
court  of  Verfailles  fiiould  have 
thought  proper  to  keep  them  ; 
the  auxiliary  troops  would  have 
been  difarmed,  and  thofe  of  the 
king  expofed  to  total  deftru(5lion. 
It  is  plain  that  the  preamble  to  the 
convention  fpeaks  only  of  the 
reafons  which  induced  his  Danifh 
majefty  to  interpofe  in  that  affair. 
The  king  gives  them  that  juftice 
vhich  they  deferye,  and  looks 
upon  the  care  of  the  King  of 
Denmark  as  a  proof  of  his  inefti- 
mablc  friend lliip,  and  at  the  fame 
time,    as    an   effeft  of  his    huma- 


G  I  ST  ER,    175S. 

nity,  and  of  the  generous  con- 
cern which  his  D^nilh  majefty 
took  to  prevent  the  cffufion  of 
blood,  and  to  ftop  the  fcourge 
of  war  ;  but  by  this  alfo  the 
king  is  perfuaded,  that  the  court 
of  Copenhagen  never  intended  to 
become  an  inflrument  to  France, 
to  make  the  king  fubmit  to  the 
{t\tTt  terms  wnich  the  latter 
wanted  to  impofe  upon  him,  un- 
der pretence  of  the  convention,  and 
by  means  of  pretended  neceflary  ex- 
planations. 

The  difarming  of  the  Heflians 
is  properly  the  rock  on  which, 
the  convention  fplit,  fo  the  French 
fpare  no  pains  to  give  a  colour 
to  this  pretence.  *  The  duke  of 
Brunfwick,      fay     they,      ratified, 

*  without  any  alteration,   the  con- 

*  vention  figned  at  Vienna,  relating 

*  to  the   difarming   of   his  troops. 

*  The     landgrave     had     formerly 

*  demanded  to  be   treated   as   that 

*  prince.      It  was    not   natural    to 

*  trull    to  a  confiderable  body   of 

*  troops,     which     fubmitted     only 

*  through  fear,    and   it  was  a  filly 

*  precaution     to    take     away     the 

*  means    of    offence,    without   be- 

*  ing   fure   of  tal5:ing  away  the  in- 

*  clination.      It    follows    evidently 

*  from   the   terms   of   the  conven- 

*  tion,     that    thefe    troops    being 

*  difbanded,  they  were  difengaged 

*  from    all    connexions    with    the 

*  King^    of    England,    Elector    of 

*  Hanover,    who  confequently  had 

*  no  right  to  retain  them,    and   to 

*  fleal   away   the  fon  of  the  Duke 

*  of  Brunfwick.     The  only  condi- 

*  tion   which  the  Hanoverian   ge- 

*  neral    had    a    right    to    demand 

*  for    the    auxiliary    troops,     was, 

*  that  they  fhould   not  be  regard- 

*  ed    as    prifoners    of     war  j     and 

*  he   could    not  pretend,  but    that 

*  they 


STATE    Papers. 


^95 


*  they    had   been   difarmed.     The 

•  condition  of   difarmed  troops  is 

•  by   no    means    equal    to   that  of 

*  troops  prifDHcrs  of  war.' 

It  is  not  our  purpofe  here  to 
examine  the  negotiations  which, 
it  is  pretended,  the  Landgrave, 
and  the  Duke  of  Brunfwick  en- 
tered upon  with  the  court  of 
^France ;  but  every  one  knows 
that  thefe  princes  thought  them- 
felves  in  no  wife  bound  by  what 
pafTed.  The  defign  of  fowing  dif- 
iidence  among  the  allies,  which 
France  had  certainly  in  view  by 
alledging  thefe  pretended  nego- 
tiations, will  net  have  its  defired 
effeft.  Nor  will  we  trouble  our- 
felves  to  examine  whether  the 
prudence  and  interell  of  the  court 
of  Verfailles  required  the  difarm- 
ing  of  the  auxiliary  troops  : 
Though  that  court  has  long  adopt- 
ed it  as  a  maxim  to  coniult  only 
her  own  intereft,  and  to  give  no 
other  reafon  but  her  own  conve- 
nience, without  confidering  whe- 
ther it  would  be  poflible  to  re- 
concile thefe  motives  with  the  laws 
of  juftice  and  equity ;  thefe  are 
not,  however,  fufficient  means  to 
jultify  to  the  eyes  of  the  public, 
the  pretenfions  formed  with  regard 
to  the  auxiliary  troops. 

Nor  need  we  enter  into  expla- 
nations with  France  about  the 
manner  in  which  the  Brunfwick 
troops  were  retained,  nor  of  that 
which  concerns  his  royal  high- 
nefs  the  hereditary  Prince  of 
Wolfcnbuttel.  It  would  be  very 
eafy  to  free  oar(eIves  from  all  re- 
proach on  that  head.  It  is  fuf- 
ficient that  thefe  two  articles 
were  amicably  terminated  with 
his  royal  highnefs  the  Duke  of 
Brunfwick.  The  qaellion  between 
the  king  and  France  is,  whether 
the   king    had    reafon    to    oppofe 


the  difarming  of  the  auxiliary 
troops,  and  whether  he  had  a 
right  to  keep  them  in  hi&  pay. 
We  need  only  fee  the  convention 
to  decide  in  favour  of  the  affirma- 
tive. It  does  not  contain  one 
word  which  can  naturally  mean  a 
difarming  ;  nor  does  it  contain 
any  tacit  confent  to  this  pretence. 
It  is  indeed  ilipulated,  that  the 
troops  Ihould  not  be  confidercd 
as  prifoners  ;  but  if  it  could  be 
concluded  from  hence  that  the 
difarming  had  been  granted,  it 
mud  at  the  fame  time  be  owned, 
that  the  convention  delivered  up 
thefe  troops  to  the  mercy  and 
difcretion  of  France.  The  French 
mlniftry  themfelves  would  not 
go  upon  fo  ftrange  a  fuppofi- 
tion. 

Thefe  troops,  in  quality  of 
troops,  and  confequcntly  armed, 
were  to  return  home,  and  there  to 
find  quarters.  It  was  in  confe- 
quence  of  this  regulation  that  ad- 
vice was  given  of  the  convention  to 
the  fovereigns  of  the  auxiliary 
troops.  It  is  abfurd  to  fay,  that  by 
this  means  they  had  been  difband- 
ed.  The  Landgrave's  troops  re- 
mained, notvvithftanding,  in  the 
pay  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  troops 
of  the  Dukes  of  Brunfwick  and  Go- 
tha,  and  alfo  thofe  of  the  Courit 
de  la  I.ippe,  never  loft  their  qua- 
lity of  iubfidiary  troops  of  the 
king,  as  eledt.or.  Ta  maintain  the 
contrary,  would  be  to  fay,  that  his 
majelly,  in  quality  of  king  and 
ele^or,  had  the  power  of  revoking 
the  treaties  of  fubfidy  concluded 
between  them,  without  confulting 
thefe  princes,  a  power  which  hia 
majerty  does  not  pretend  to,  and 
which  the  Duke  of  Cumberland 
neither  had,  nor  could  have,  a  de- 
fign to  make  ufe  of.  The  true 
fenfe  of  the  convention  certainly 
O  z  waSf 


1^6      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


was,  that  during  the  continuance 
of  the  fufpenfion  of  arms,  thefe 
troops  fhould  remain  quiet  in  their 
refpedlive  countries,  and  at  the  ex- 
pirption  of  the  Tufpenfion  they 
fhouid  be  at  liberty  to  renew  their 
fervices  by  virtue  of  treaties,  and 
in  confequence  of  their  quality  of 
fubfidiaries,  which  was  by  no  means 
dellroyed.  This  having  happened, 
it  would  be  ufelefs  to  examine  the 
extent  of  the  articles  of  the  conven- 
tion, with  regard  to  the  deftination 
of  the  Htffian  troops  in  the  pay  of 
England. 

The  French  miniftry  make  but  a 
very  Ihort  anfwer  to  the  accufations 
of  their  having  broke  the  conven- 
tion, fet  forth  in  the  Motiies  and 
General  Zaftrow's  letter  of.  Nov. 
14.   They  fay,  *  That  none  of  the 

*  reafons    allcdged    could  occafion 

*  the  breaking  of  the  convention  ; 

*  that  no  llipulation  had  been  made 

*  for  the  caftle  of  Schanzfeld,  nor 

*  the  rellitution  of  prifoners ;  that 

*  no  mention   had    been  made  of 

*  the  treatment  of  the  conquered 

*  countries;  and  laflly,  that  the 
«  things  fet  forth  in  M.  Zaftrow's 

*  letter  did  not  happen  till  after  the 

*  convention  had  been  firft  broken 

*  by  the  Hanoverians.' 

When  one  of  the  contradling 
parties  thinks  itfelf  authorifed  to 
break  a  treaty,  and  no  recourfe  can 
be  had  to  a  fuperior  judgment,  it  is 
jnoft  natural  for  the  other  to  think 
itfelf  equally  difengaged  from  all 
obligation.  It  is  true,  that  in  the 
treaty  of  Clofter-feven  no  mention 
had  been  made  of  prifoners  of  war  ; 
but  this  point  was  adjufted  fix  days 
after,  by  the  ad  of  accommoda- 
tion concluded  at  Bremerworde, 
the  16th  of  September,  1757,  be- 
tween General  Sporcken  and  Ge- 
ne; al  Villemur, 


The  fufpenfion  of  arms  had  put 
an  end  to  the  hoftilities  of  all  forts 
which  the  French  army  could  com- 
mit againft  the  king,  in  quality  of 
eledlor  ;  but  was  it  not  an  holliliiy 
to  take  by  affault  the  caftle  of 
Scharizfield,  to  plunder  it,  and 
carry  off  the  garrifon  prifoners  of 
war  ?  Was  it  not  an  hoftilty  to 
redouble,  after  figning  the  conven- 
tion, the  exadlions  and  violences 
toward  the  king's  fubjeds,  inftead 
of  granting  them  the  relief  which 
they  expeded  i"  When  a  people 
fubmits  and  ceafes  to  make  refift- 
ance,  they  have  a  natural  right  to. 
a  milder  treatment  from  the  con- 
queror, than  another  which  is  ftill 
in  feaj"  of  hoftilities.  The  fubjeds 
of  the  eledorate  tried,  though  im- 
poflible,  to  fatisfy  the  exadions 
shat  were  impbfed  upon  them; 
their  refignation  only  multiplied 
the  moft  exorbitant  demands,  ac- 
companied with  ihreatenings,  which 
but  too  plainly  fliewed,  that  the 
total  ruin  and  deftrudion  of  the 
country  would  be  the  confequences 
of  a  convention  concluded  to  pre- 
vent this  misfortune.  Laftly,  if  the 
other  breaches  by  the  French  had 
not  exifted  before  the  open  break- 
ing of  the  convention.  Genera! 
Zaftrow  would  have  no  reafon  to 
complain  of  them  in  his  letter  of  the 
14th  of  November. 

They  pretend  to  juftify  them- 
felves  by  faying,    *  That  the  pre- 

*  tence  of  difarming  the   Heflians 

*  had    been    taken    away    by  '  the 

*  king's  complaifance,  in  defifting 

*  from  that  condition  ;  that  what 

*  was    faid    in    the    Motixes   was 

*  falfe  ;  that   France  had  but  very 

*  lately   foftened  her  language  on 

*  that   head  ;  that  as  early  as  the 

*  2d  of  November,    Marftial    Ri- 

*  chelieu  had  declared  his  having 

'  defifttd 


STATE 

«  dcfifted  fi'om    them  by  virtue  of 

*  his  full  powers,  and  in  that  cafe 

*  the    Hanoverian   general  had  no 

*  pretence    left    for  executing    the 

*  convention  of  Clofler-feven.' 

On  the  17th  of  Odlober,  1757* 
Count  Lynar  wrote  to  his  majelly's 
clcftorsl  minifter,  that  Marfhal 
Richelieu's  courier  was  returned 
from  Verfallies  with  inltrudions, 
which  exprefsly  laid,  the  court 
would  hear  of  no  terms  of  peace  ; 
that  it  was  refolved  to  hold  to  the 
fcheme  of  explanation  ;  and  lallly, 
that  it  would  lefs  than  ever  defi ft 
from  the  condition  of  difarming 
the  Heffians,  and  that  it  had  re- 
jected the  offer  of  his  Danifh  ma- 
jefty,  to  receive  thefe  troops  into 
his  territories. 

It  was  therefore  neceflary  to 
come  to  a  determination  on  this 
head,  or  to  wait  to  fee  the  war 
kindled  up  a  frefh.  The  battle  of 
Roibach  happened  on  the  5th  of 
November,  ibon  after  the  arrival 
of  that  letter.  The  king  could 
not  forefee  that  France  would  then 
change  her  tone;  he  faw  himfelf 
obliged  to  take  meafures,  in  confe- 
quence  of  the  declarations  which 
he  had  been  informed  of,  by  the 
letter  of  Odlober  17,  nor  could  he 
afterwards  change  them,  when  it  at 
length  pieafed  the  court  of  Ver- 
failles  to  come  down,  though  very 
little,  from  her  unjuft  preienfions. 
On  one  hand,  he  had  already  ad- 
dreffed  himfelf  to  his  Prufiian  ma- 
jefty,  and  on  the  other,  the  pro- 
ceedings of  France  fiiewed  but  too 
plainly,  th.it  he  had  ■  reafon  to  be 
diffident  of  her  fidelity.  Befides, 
it  is  not  true,  that  fhe  defift-d  from 
the  difarming  of  all  the  auxiliary 
troops.  In  Marfiial  Richelieu's 
letter  of  November  o,  he  makes 
only  mention  of  the  HefCans,  and 
ii  filent  with  regard  to  the  fate  of 


miwick  ;    lailly, 


PAPERS. 

the  troops  of  BruniwicK  ;  laitiy, 
fhe  never  pronounced  her  preten- 
lions  to  keep  the  flates  of  the  king 
till  a  general  peace. 

It  is  plain,  that  during  the  con- 
tinuance of  a  negociation,  and  be- 
fore every  thing  be  regulated  and 
concluded,  the  two  parties  have  a 
power  to  renounce  their  engage- 
ments.  If  all  difficulties  had  been 
removed  '  by  the  convention  of 
Clofter-feven,  what  need  was  there 
of  a  new  negotiation  ?  France  per- 
lifting  to  want  further  claules  and 
explications  to  be  added  to  it,  gave 
the  king  an  inconteilible  right  to 
declare  himfelf  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  fubjed  and  circum- 
ftances. 

Not  content  with  having  com- 
bated the  motives,  which  engaged 
the  king  to  take  up  arms,  they 
criticife  violently  upon  the  manner 
in  which  that  was  executed,  *  Had 

*  there  been,  fay  they,  any  honour- 

*  able  way  of  withdrawing  from 
'   the  execution  of  that  foiemn  aft, 

*  it  would  have  been   to  declare  it 

*  void,    by   putting    themfelves   in 

*  the  fame  pofuion    they    were   be- 

*  fore   it  was  concluded  ;    but  in- 

*  ilead    of   that    the    moll    odious 

*  means   were  made  uCe  of  to  vio- 

*  lare  that  capitulation  fuccelfively 

*  and   with  impunity.     The    time 

*  was   fpun   oat  for   three  months, 

*  to   find  an    opportunity  to  break 

*  the    convention.       The    French 

*  army  was  fuffered  to  go  to   Hal- 

*  berltadt,    and   they  waited  till  it 

*  was  feparated   by  the  bad  feafon. 

*  They  feized  the  opportunity  of  a 

*  repulTe  to  come  out  of  the  limits 

*  prefciibed  them,   under  pretence 

*  of  exrendir^g  their  quarters.  They 

*  aUerwards      look      advanraaeous 

*  polls,  und-r  pretences  eqjally 
'  contrary  to  the  convention.  They 

*  made  all  the  difpofilions  for  the 

O  3  fiegc 


198       ANNUAL     RE 

*  fiege  of  HarHoiirg,  without   any 

*  previous  declaration  of  war  ;  and 

*  having   made  al|    thefe   prepara- 

*  tions,    and    when    they   thought 

*  the  enemy  fufficiently  weakened 

*  and  deceived,   to  fight  them  with 

*  advantage,  they  declared  that  ho- 

*  ftilities  Were   to  be  commenced, 

*  ^nd  that  they  confidered  the  con- 

*  vention    as    broken,    while   they 

*  were  marching  againft  them,  aijd 

*  attacking  their  pofts.' 

The  more  the  author  of  the  Pa- 
rallel exhaufts  his  rhetoric  in  this 
fort  of  declamation,  fo  much  the 
iefs  regard  doth  he  pay  to  truth. 
It  is  certain  and  incontelUble,  that 
the  Hanoverians  conformed  on  their 
part,  in  every  refpefl,  to  the  con- 
vention, as  it  was  figned.  It  was 
neither  the  king's  generals,  nor 
Marfhal  Richelieu,  who  caufed  it 
to  be  broken  by  their  declarations  j 
but  the  court  of  Verfailles,  which 
wbuld  not  look  upon  the  conven- 
tion as  obligatory,  unlefs  it  fhould 
be  extended  to  the  difarming  of 
the  auxiliary  troops,  and  uniefe  the 
king  would  leave  his  country  to 
the  difcretion  of  his  enemies,  till  a 
general  peace.  The  king,  there- 
fore, had  the  fame  right  to  look 
upon  this  affair  as  depending  upon 
the  refolution  of  the  refpedive 
courts,  and  to  take  his  meafures 
accordingly.  He  made  ufe  of  that 
right.  ,  It  was  natural  not  to  com- 
init  hollilities  as  long  as  Count  Ly- 
nar's  negotiation  lalted  ;  but  that 
minifler,  as  the  court  of  Verfailles 
well  knows,  could  never  bring 
about  negotiations  of  peace,  which 
was,  however,  the  true  intention 
of  the  fuipenfion  of  arras.  Could 
it  be  thought  ftrange,  if  the  king, 
by  virtue  of  the  right  which  ihe  in- 
flexible feverityof  his  enemies  gave 
him,  determined  him felf,  according 
to  the  events  that  happened,  and 


GISTER,    1758. 

the  vi«5lory  gained  over  the  Fr<?nch 
army  at  Rofbach  ?  This  event, 
however,  did  not  iniluence  his  ma- 
jefty's  refolutions.  If  any  one  will 
but  calculate  the  date  of  thefe 
events,  he  will  be  convinced  of  the 
contrary.  The  battle  of  Rofbach 
happened  on  the  5ih  of  Novem- 
ber, and  the  motions  o(  the  Hano- 
verian army  were  renewed  on  the 
26th  of  the  fame  month.  The  king 
could  not  not  have  been  informed  at 
London,  in  fo  ihort  a  time,  of  that 
fuccefs,  to  give  orders  to  his  mi- 
nifler  to  follicit  the  confent  of  his 
Fruflian  majefty,  with  regard  tp 
Prince  Ferdinand,  to  whom  the 
king  offered  the  command  of  the 
array,  fo  as  to  receive  th€  Kin^  of 
Pru Ilia's  anfwer,  to  hear  of  ihe 
prince's  arrival,  and  caufe  hoftili- 
ties  to  be  renewed.  If  the  ruies  of 
good  faith  had  not  been  fcrupu- 
Joufly  obferved,  the  French  army 
might  have  been  reduced  to  a  more 
dangerous  fituation  than  it  really 
was.  In  what  a  critical  fituatlon 
would  it  have  found  itfelf,  if  the 
'  king's  troops,  as  they  were  fully 
authorized  to  do,  had  marched,  on 
the  firfl  difcovery  of  the  defign  to 
difarm  the  auxiliary  troops,  and, 
at  the  fame  time  that  the  battle  of 
Rofbach  happened,  and  when  Mar- 
ihal  Richelieu  was  at  Halberfladt 
with  his  army,  had  attacked  him 
in  the  rear  ?  The  operations  of 
the  army  did  not  begin  till  after 
the  King  of  Pru/iia  was  gone  into 
Silefia,  and  when  the  French  were 
not  only  upon  their  guard,  but  the 
firft  columns  of  their  army  had 
even  advanced  beyond  Lunen- 
bourg,  with  defign  to  obtain,  by 
open  force,  the  unjull  conditions 
propofed  by  the  court  of  Verfailles, 
As  to  the  pretended  preparations 
for  the  fiege  of  Harbourg,  we  know, 
nothing  at  all  of  them.     We   do 

not 


STATE     PAPERS, 


99 


not  deny  but  the  quarters  of  the 
troops  were  extended  ;  but  that 
we  were  obliged  to  do  it  ihrough 
unavoidable  neccffity,  the  quarters 
dellined  to  receive  only  the  Hano- 
^  verian  troops,  not  being,  at  the 
fame  time,  fufficient  for  thofe  of 
HeiTe  and  Brunfvvick  alfo,  which  by 
a  natural  confequence  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  France,  could  not  be 
feparated  from  the  body  of  the 
army.  Neither  of  the  two  French 
detachments  were  -furprifed  ;  the 
two  armies  were  afl'eniblpd  when 
the  fcene  of  operations  was  ngain 
opened,  and  in  this  refpeCt  ihey 
uere  in  the  fame  fiiuation  as  at 
Cbfter-feven.  Nor  was  it  in  ihe 
year  1757,  but  the  year  following, 
that  the  French  army  was  driven 
out  of  his  majelly's  German  domi- 
nions. The  victory  gained  at  Rof- 
bach,  the  bad  feafon,  the  difeafes, 
and  decreafe  of  the  French  army, 
events  which  never  followed  f;orn 
the  king's  refolutions,  could  not 
oblige  his  majelly  to  maintain  a 
convention,  which  initfelf  was  not 
binding,  and  which  France  would 
rot  acknowledge  as  fuch,  when  it 
was  a  proper  time. 

We  flatter  ourfelves  we  have 
fully  anfwered  the  reproaches  of 
the  court  of  Verfailles  ;  at  leail 
none  of  the  objedions  that  relate  to 
the  decifion  of  the  fubjeft,  have 
been  wilfully  forgot.  We  do  not 
pretend  to  anticipate  the  judgment 
of  the  public  ;  we  lenvo  ic  to  pro- 
nounce, after  having  feen  a  true 
reprefentation  of  his  Britannic  ma- 
jclly's  condud,  whether  the  mi- 
niftry  of  Verfailles  are  in  the  right, 
when  they  fay,  *  That  fuch  odious 

*  principles    and    proceedings    can 

*  only  be  owing  to  the  artifices  and 

*  evil  counfels  of  fome  corrupt  mi- 

*  nifters.'  We  will  not  trouble  our- 
felves to  anfwer  this  abufire  lan- 


guage :  nor  will  we  retort  it,  but 
pafs  over  the  above,  as  well  as 
many  other  reproaches  equally 
odious  and  trifling.  The  French 
miniftry  cannot  be  fo  ignorant  of 
the  judgment,  which  their  own 
nation  forms  of  their  principles,  to 
doubt  that  we  might,  if  we  had 
a  mind,  reproach  them  with  their 
evil  counfels  and  meafures,  equally 
"  ruinous  to  France  and  Germany, 
in  a  manner  which,  even  in  France 
itfelf,  would  not  fail  to  make  an 
impreffion.  It  is,  however,  ne- 
ceffary  to  add  two  remarks  on  what 
has  been  faid.  Our  days  have  pro- 
duced a  phsenomenon,  of  which 
hillory  does  not  furnifh  us  with  an 
example  ;  we  have  feen  the  hcufeg 
of  Aullria  and  Bourbon,  uniting 
their  forces  to  give  chains  to  Eu- 
rope, and  efpecially  to  Germany. 
Providence  does  not  want  means  to 
prevent  thi?  misfortune.  This  do- 
minion fo  eagerly  fought  for  could 
not  be  exercifed  in  concert,  if  they 
Ihould  make  themfelvef  mafters  of 
it.  That  alliance,  the  firft  years  of 
which  hsve  flowed  with  rivers  of 
blood,  will  bccafion  no  lefs  blood- 
fhed,  when  it  comes  one  day  to  be 
broken  ;  but  the  violent  tumults, 
and  the  imminent  dangeri,  with 
which  the  politic  fyftem  of  Eu- 
rope, and  ib  many  kingdoms  and 
ftates  are  threatened  during  this 
crifis,  merit  the  moll  ferious  atten- 
tion of  thofe  who  are  at  the  helm 
of  government.  Efpecially  it  is 
manifeil  that  the  Proteftant  reli- 
gion is  in  inevitable  danger,  not- 
withilanding  the  falfe  proteftations 
given  to  the  profefTors  of  it.  The 
pretended  fchemes  of  feculari^ation 
afcribed  to  his  Britannic  majcfly 
and  the  King  of  Pruffia,  are  fo  ill- 
founded,  that  they  are  taken  upon 
the  a;uthority  of  an  obfcure  work, 
every  page  of  which  (hews  the 
O  4  author 


S!00        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


author  to  have  no  right  to  be  a 
negotiator  of  peace.  Never  had 
the  Catholic  religion  lefs  to  fear 
than  at  a  time  when  its  arms  are 
united,  and  difTcnfion  reigns  among 
the  Pjoteftants.  It  is  not  the  fame 
with  regard  to  what  the  latter  have 
to  fear  from  their  enemies.  The 
defigns  of  the  court  of  Vienna  to 
yender  the  Catholic  religion  predo- 
minant in  Germany,  have  been 
plainly  exhibited  by  the  reflexions 
and  the  advices  of  a  very  able  mi- 
nifter,  who  certainly  would  not 
have  impofed  upon  his  court,  and 
who  had  his  information  from  the 
fountain-head.  The  jullice  of  his 
difcoveries  has  been  proved  by  the 
event,  for  we  fee  not  one  Catholic 
Hate  of  the  empire,  but  what  have 
bowed  the  neck  to  this  new  fyftem, 
out  of  a  zeal  for  religion,  notwiih- 
ilanding  the  real  difadvantages  that 
muft  naturally  follow.  It  is  only 
anfwered  to  thefe  arguments,  that 
the  treaty  of  Verfailles  has  been 
founded  upon  the  treaty  of  Weft- 
phalia.  But  are  not  the  courts 
which  have  contradled  thefe  new 
engagements  free  to  change  them 
at  pleafure,  and  according  to  cir- 
cumftances  ?  Be/ides,  if  the  Pro- 
teflant  Hates,  as  they  pretend,  are 
bound  to  adopt  the  treaty  of  the 
peace  of  Weflphalia,  in  what  fenfe 
the  Catholics  pleafe  to  give  it,  it  is 
but  too  clear,  that  the  Proteftants 
are  already  divclled  of  the  rooft  im- 
portant privileges,  granted  to  them 
by  that  treaty. 

All  the  king's  meafures  will  ever 
tend  to  the  general  fafety  of  Eu- 
rope, to  the  liberty  and  indepen- 
dence of  the  empire,  and  the  main- 
tenance of  the  ProteiUnt  religion. 
Neither  the  mitfortune  which  his 
ellates  of  Germany  have  iuffered, 
nor  the  bafe  treatment  which  he 
iji^tl^  r^^e^ycd  froin   the    cciirt    of 


Vienna,  nor  the  condudl  of  feveral 
of  his  co-eftates,  which  favour  the 
unjuft  defigns  of  that  court,  will 
ever  be  able  to  divert  him  from  an 
end  fo  worthy  of  himfelf.  He 
hopes  that  the  Divine  Providence 
will  continue  to  blefs  the  arms 
which  he  has  taken  up  in  his  own 
defence,  and  that  it  v^ill  make  this 
the  means  of  procuring  peace  to 
the  empire,  and  alfo  of  blafting 
the  wicked  defigns  of  thofe  who 
hsive  brought  into  it  the  flame  of 
war,  and  have  opened  a  fcene  of 
calamities,  of  which  we  have  not 
feen  an  inftance  fmce  the  peace  of 
Weflphalia. 

E?ctraSl  from  the  manifejlo  of  the 
court  of  France^  lately  publijhed  by 
authority  at  Paris. 

THIS  fophiftical  and  fcurrilous 
piece  confifls  of  three  parts ; 
the  firft  contains  what  they  call  pre- 
liminary eclairciflements:  the  fecond 
is  called,  Parallel  of  the  king's 
condud  with  that  of  the  King 
of  England,  Eledor  of  Hanover : 
and  the  third  contains  the  vouchers 
of  the  hfXs  mentioned  in  the  two 
former. 

The  firft  labours  to  prove  the 
juftice  of  the  king's  fending  his 
armies  into  Germany,  and  attack- 
ing the  Eledor  of  Hanover  and 
Landgrave  of  Hefl*e  Caflel  ;  and 
the  reafoning  in  it  would  have 
fome  foundation,  if  they  had 
proved,  that  the  king  of  Pruflia 
was  the  firil  aggrelTor,  and  con- 
fequenily  the  firlt  infractor  of  the 
peace  of  the  empire.  But  this 
they  take  for  granted,  fo  that  the 
whole  is  founded  upon  a  petitio. 
princifiij  or  what  we  call  a  begging 
the  queftion,  therefore  deferves  no 
notice. 

As  to  the  fecond  part,  after  fome 
fcurrilous  ftridures   upon    the  conr 

ciui^ 


STATE    PAPERS. 


201 


duft  of  Hanover,  with  relation  to 
the  convention  of  Clofter-feven, 
they  proceed  as  follows : 

"  As  it  is  chiefly  from  the 
king's  alliance  with  the  Emprefs 
Queen  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia, 
that  the  King  of  England,  Elec- 
tor of  Hanover,  has  fought  to 
take  advantage  for  llirring  up  the 
ftates  of  Germany  againft  their 
xnoft  Chriflian  and  Imperial  Ma- 
jefties,  and  cover  with  a  fpecious 
pretext  his  pernicious  attempts 
againft  the  quiet  and  fafety  of  the 
empire;  the  firft  thing  muft  be  to 
deface  the  falfe  imprelSons  intend- 
ed by  him  to  be  made  on  the  pub- 
lic. 

To  this  end  it  will  be  demon- 
ftrated,  that  this  alliance  which  his 
Britannic  majelly  has  pretended  to 
be  fo  very  unnatural  and  fo  dan- 
gerous for  the  Germanic  liberty, 
has,  on  the  contrary,  been  quite 
natural ;  that  the  kings  of  England 
and  Pruffia  have  themfelves  ren- 
dered it  neceifary,  and  that  if  the 
liberty  of  the  Empire  is  threatened 
with  the  greateft  dangers,  it  is 
from  thofe  who  have  attacked  it, 
and  who  in  contempt  of  the  Ger- 
manic conftiturions,  and  of  what- 
ever among  fovereigns  is  moll  fa- 
cred,  labour  to  opprefs  it,  and  not 
from  thole  who  defend  it,  purfuant 
to  their  engagements,  in  confor- 
mity to  the  reloJutions  of  the  em- 
pire, and  at  the  hazard  of  their  own 
fafety. 

It  is  manifeft  that  on  the  firft 
hoftilities  in  North  America  of  the 
King  of  England  againft  the 
French,  the  kinjj  formed  the  de- 
fign  of  confining  himfelf  to  his 
own  defence  againft  the  Englilh, 
in  order,  were  it  poffible,  to  pre- 
ferve  to  Europe  in  general,  and 
the  Empire  in  particular,  the  ad- 
vantages of  peace,    of  which    he 


found  himfelf  deprived  by  the  in- 
juftice  and  ambition  of  his  ene- 
mies. 

But  very  different  were  the 
thoughts  of  other  powers ;  the 
King  of  Pruffia,  dazzled,  as  he 
himfelf  owns,  by  the  King  of  Eng- 
land's glittering  promifes,  quitted 
the  alliance  of  France  ;  and  fud- 
denly  came  to  light  a  particular 
treaty  betwixt  the  courts  of  Lon- 
don and  Berlin,  containing  the 
moft  dangerous  views,  and  which, 
among  other  objedts,  impofed  laws 
on  the  princes  of  Germany,  in- 
terdiding  them  the  liberty  of 
foreign  fuccours,  which  is  referved 
to  them  by  the  Germanic  conftitu- 
tions,  in  cafe  of  their  being  at- 
tacked. 

Thefe  two  courts  indeed  gave 
out  that  this  treaty  tended  only 
to  the  fupport  of  the  tranquillity 
of  Germany,  and  that  it  was  the 
motive  for  the  claufe  expreffing, 
that  they  would  fuffer  no  foreign 
troops  to  enter  it  under  any  pre- 
tence whatever;  but  as  the  Em- 
pire had  in  no  wife  commiffioned 
them  with  this  care,  and  the  King 
of  PruiTia,  in  concert  with  the 
King  of  England,  was  making 
immenfe  preparations  of  war,  at 
a  time  when  he  had  no  enemies 
to  fight,  it  was  eafy  to  judge, 
til  at  the  real  fcope  of  a  claufe  fo 
contrary  to  the  Germanic  confti- 
tuticns,  was  to  hinder  any  oppo- 
fition  coming  from  without  Ger- 
many to  the  war  which  thofe  two 
princes  had  determined  to  kindle 
within,  if  they  fliould  not  find  the 
court  of  Vienna  favourable  to  the. 
projedl  of  exciting  a  general  war, 
in  which  France  might  be  impli- 
cated. 

If  the  expreffion  of  this  claufe 
drew  a  fufpicion  on  their  views, 
they    were   entirely    laid   open    by 

ih 


20i         ANNUAL    REGISTER,  1758. 


the  omiffion  of  another;  that  is, 
by  their  affectation  ot  not  inferting 
into  the  treaty  of  Wellminfter,  the 
neutrality  of  the  Low  Countries^ 
in  favour  of  the  emprefs  queen, 
at  the  fame  time  as  that  of  Ger- 
many. The  public  foon  faw  into 
this  artifice.  The  King  of  Eng- 
land having,  to  no  purpofe,  ufed 
all  h\$  endeavours  with  that  prin- 
cefs,  for  drawing  her  into  the 
fcheme  of  the  general  war  which 
he  was  concerned  and  refolved  to 
bring  on  the  continent;  their  Bri- 
tannic and  PrufTian  majellies  con- 
trived the  expedient  of  leaving 
expofed  the  Low  Countries,  then 
very  thin  of  troops,  and  by  this 
bait  to  incline  France  to  attack 
them.  The  drift  of  thefe  two 
princes  in  the  fuppofition  of  fuch 
an  event  was  to  reap  a  double  ad- 
vantage froiTi  it,  to  alienate  the 
Dutch  from  the  neutrality,  and  to 
join  the  emprefs  queen  to  their 
ineafures  by  the  neceffity  of  defend- 
ing herfelf. 

The  good  faith  of  the  king 
and  the  emprefs  queen  fruftrated 
this  deceptive  projeft ;  the  king 
did  not  think  it  juft  to  /all  on 
the  Low  Countries,  becaufe  the 
Englilh  made  war  on  him  ;  the 
empire  held  it  unworthy  of  her 
to  join  in  the  defign  of  kindling 
a  general  war  to  ferve  the  ex- 
ceflive  ambition  of  England,  at 
the  expence  of  France,  sgainft 
whom  (he  had  no  caufe  of  com- 
plaint, and  to  the  prejudice  of 
the  quiet  and  fafety  of  the  em- 
pire. 

In  thefe  circum (lances,  the  king 
and  she  emprefs,  abandoned  at  the 
fame  time  by  their  principal 
allies,  could  no  longer  remain  un- 
der an  uncertainty  of  their  rcfpec- 
tive  deiigns  :  the  emprefs's  -  ter- 
jitory   lay   open   towards   France, 


^s  likewife  towards  the  King  of 
Pruffia,  and  the  King  of  England, 
Eledor  of  Hanover ;  his  majelty, 
on  his  fide,  might  fear  that  this 
critical  conjuncture  would  at  length 
oblige  the  emprefs  to  yield  to 
the  follicitations  and  menaces  of 
the  King  of  England.  The  fimi- 
larity  or  their  molt  Chriftian^  and 
Imperial  majeilies  fituation,  that 
of  their  zeal  for  the  general  tran- 
quillity, the  mutual  lentiments  of 
efteem  with  which  they  had  long 
before  infpired  each  other,  made 
thorn  open  their  eyes.  They  at 
length  perceived,  that  the  private 
ambition  of  princes  continually  in- 
lligating  one  againft  the  other, 
was  the  main  caufe  of  their  va- 
riances, and  of  the  wars  which 
had  fo  long  defolated  Europe ; 
and  efpecialiy  Germany  :  and  in 
order  to  deilroy  the  very  root  of 
the  evil,  their -majelties  united  to- 
gether -in  a  treaty  of  fricndfhip,-^ 
purely  defenfive,  and  in  a  con- 
vention of  neutrality  fDr  the  Low 
Countries,  and  their  refpedive  do- 
minions. 

Thus  had  the  kings  of  Eng- 
land and  Pruflia  the  art  of  bring- 
ing about  by  their  conduit  what, 
for  feveral  centuries  pall,  all  the 
efForts  of  policy  had  in  vain  been 
labouring  at,  and  what  for  the 
tranquillity  of  the  empire,  the  bell 
inclined  part  of  Germany  had  al- 
ways defired.  Thus  their  ambi- 
tion and  infidelity  proved  both  the 
natural  and  necelTary  caufe  of  the 
union  of  the  courts  of  France  and 
Vienna;  there,  and  there  only,  it 
is  to  be  fought  ft)r. 

All  the  liiofory  fufpicions,  all 
the  imaginary  fears,  which  the 
kings  of  Prufiia  and  England 
have  endeavoured  to  infnfe  into 
the  public  againft  the  union  of 
ibofc  two  powers,  as  comprehend- 
ing 


STATE       PAPERS. 


:oj 


ing  the  defign  of  injaring  the 
rights  of  the  "princes  of  the  em- 
pire, and  of  exalting  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion  on  the  ruin  of 
the  Proreftant,  are  mere  chimeras, 
forged  by  the  vexation  of  not 
having  been  able  to  arm  the 
courts  of  France  and  Vienna  a- 
gainlt  each  other  as  formerly,  and 
by  a  ftrong  impatience  to  remedy 
that  difappointment,  by  ftirring  up 
the  Proteltant  princes  againll  thofe 
courts,  under  the  malk  of  reli- 
gion. 

The  difference  of  the  conduit 
of  the  king  from  that  of  the 
kings  of  England  and  Pruffia, 
need  but  be  confidered,  to  know 
the  difference  of  their  intentions, 
and  to  be  convinced  of  the  truth 
of  what  is  here  alledged.  His 
majerty,  as  it  is  before  noticed, 
and  as  all  the  world  has  perceived, 
has  omitted  nothing,  that  the 
American  dillurbances  might  not 
reach  the  continent  of  Europe; 
and  whilft  their  Britannic  and 
Pruffian  majefties  left  no  ftone  un- 
turned for  drawing  the  war  into 
the  empire,  and  fubveriing  its  laws, 
his  majefty  was  intent  on  keeping 
off  the  conflagration,  and  preierv- 
ing  thofe  laws  from  utter  deftruc- 
tion. 

It  is  with  this  motive,  that  by 
means  of  the  convention  of  neu- 
trality which  the  king  has  con- 
cluded with  the  emprefs  queen 
for  the  Low  Countries,  and  of 
the  declaration  given  him  by  the 
States  General  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, he  has  fecured  peace  in 
that  p3rt  of  Europe,  which  had 
hitherto  been  moll  expofed  to  the 
flame  of  war  ;  which  had  gene- 
rally, if  not  always,  communicated 
it  to  Germany,  and  which  by  their 
Britannic    and    PruIHaa    majefties 


had  been   left   to  the  difcretion  of 
France. 

it  is  llkewife  with  the  fame 
motive,  that  the  kiiTg  and  the 
emprefs  have  made  known  to  all 
Earope,  that  the  principal  bbjeft 
of  their  union  was  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  laws  and  conftitution 
of  Germany  ;  that  in  confequence 
thereof  the  two  courts  have  taken 
for  the  bafis  of  the  treaty  of  Ver- 
failles  the  peace  of  Weftphalia,  ♦ 
which  is  the  fureft  barrier  of  the 
Germanic  liberty  :  and  that  his 
majefty,  together  with  Sweden, 
joint  guarantee  of  this  peace,  has 
declared  to  all  the  empire,  that 
he  would  ufe  his  utmoft  efforts 
for  maintaining  the  rights  of  the 
ftates,  and  particularly  of  the 
three  religions  eftabiilhcd  in  Ger- 
many. 

Had  the  kings  of  England  and 
Pruflia  been  pcffeffed  with  the  fame 
zeal  for  the  peace  of  Europe  as 
his  majefty,  the  treaty  of  Ver- 
failles,  the  neutrality  of  the  Lovir 
Countries,  and  that  of  Holland, 
could  not  have  raifed  in  them 
that  paffionate  refentment  which 
they  have  fhewn  at  it,  and  the 
empire  would  ftill  enjoy  the  raoft 
profound  calm,  fecured  from  the 
ftorms  which  have  broke  out  iti 
America  ;  but  the  projects  cf  thofe 
princes  were  not  coitipltiblc  either 
with  the  quiet  of  Europe,  or 
that  of  the  empire;  they  could 
not  do  without  a  continental 
war. 

The  ill  fuccefs  of  the  unjufl 
and  violent  enterprizes  of  the 
King^  of  England  againft  France, 
both  in  America  and  Europe,  hav- 
ing changed  the  brilliant  expec- 
tations with  which  that  prince's 
minifters  had  flattered  the  Britifh 
nation  into  real  lofTes  for  the  pre- 

fcnt. 


204       ANNUAL    REGISTER.    1758, 


fent,  and  apprehenCons  for  the 
future,  they  have  been  forced  to 
have  recourfe  to  frefh  expedients 
for  allaying  the  refentment  of  that 
nation,  and  efpecially  for  getting 
from  it  fuch  an  augmentation  of 
fubfidies  of  which  the  Ele«Slor  of 
Hanover  fhould  come  in  for  a 
part :  the  way  which  has  feemed 
to  them  the  iittefl  for  fettling 
their  aiFairs,  has  been  to  throw 
thofe  of  others  in  confufion,  and 
at  any  rate  to  kindle  a  war  in  Ger- 
many. 

The  King  of  England  and  his 
xninifters  have  done  fo  much  juftice 
to  the  king,  as  to  conclude,  that 
in  cafe  of  any  attack  made  on  the 
principal  ftates  of  the  empire  to 
which  he  was  united,  or  of  any 
violation  of  the  Germanic  laws 
andconftituiions,  his  majefty's  fide- 
lity towards  his  allies,  his  quality 
of  guarantee  of  the  treaty  of  Weft- 
phalia,  his  conftant  zeal  for  the 
quiet  and  fafety  of  Germany,  would 
induce  him  to  take  part  in  this  war, 
and  that  by  this  diverfion  they 
ihould  weaken  the  efforts  which 
France  was  obliged  to  make  by  fea, 
for  defending  itlelf  againil  theEng- 
Jifli. 

The  court,  of  Hanover  has  not 
forgot  its  advantages  in  the  plan 
which  it  has  formed  for  itfelf.  As 
the  interefts  of  the  Britifh  nation 
have  for  a  long  time  been  fubordi- 
nate  to  the  elector's  conveniency,  it 
had  two  views  relative  to  the  latter : 
thefirft  of  procuring  to  his  eledloral 
highnefs  large  fubfidies,  by  arming 
the  Hanoverians  for  foppcrting  the 
King  of  Prufiia's  enterprizes,  and 
thus  weaken  the  king's  operations 
fyr  the  defence  of  the  liberty  of  the 
pmpire,  and  that  of  li^e  Hates  of  the 
allies. 


The  fecond  view  has  been  to 
convert  the  war  in  Germany  into  a 
religious  war,  in  order  to  gain  to 
themfelves  the  fupport  of  the  Pro- 
teftant  princes;  hence  a  double  ad- 
vantage was  to  refult ;  if  thefe  prin- 
ces by  their  fuccours  facilitated 
the  execution  of  the  defigns  of  their 
Britannic  and  Prufiian  majefties,  an 
increafe  of  authority  and  power 
was  thus  procured  to  the  Eledlor 
of  Hanover,  to  the  detriment  of 
his  neighbours,  both  Catholic  and 
Proteftant ;  and  this  is  known  to 
have  long  been  the  favourite  objeft 
of  his  ambition  ;  if  on  the  other 
hand,  the  fucceffes  ihould  fail,  a 
great  part  of  the  damages  to  be 
fuftained  was  to  be  thrown  on  the 
allied  princes. 

A  project  of  fuch  danger  to  the 
empire  could  not  be  executed  but 
with  the  concurrence  of  the  King  of 
Pruffia,  and  this  the  King  of  Eng- 
land has  obtained  by  foothing  the 
ambition  of  that  prince  with  the 
hopes  of  a  new  acquifition  at  the 
expence  of  the  emprefs  queen, 
who  was  to  be  chaftifed  for  having 
dared  to  refufe  affifting  in  the 
execution  of  the  unjuft  projeds  of 
the  -King  of  England,  EleAor  of 
Hanover.  His  Prullian  majefty 
the  more  readily  came  into  Jiofe 
view*,  as  from  the  ideas  which 
he  had  formed  on  the  conjundlures 
of  Europe  at  that  time,  and  par- 
ticularly on  the  fituation  of  Sax- 
ony and  Bohemia,  as  defencelefs, 
he  imagined  that  he  ihould  pe- 
netrate to  Vienna  itfelf,  without 
meeting  ^  with  any  obltacles  of 
ftrength  to  Hop  him  ;  that  there 
he  fhould  didate  the  conditions  of 
peace  ;  that,  in  fine,  he  fhould  give 
laws  on  the  continent,  whilft  his 
BritiQi  majefty  did  the  like  on  the 
ocean;   and    that    to    the    public 

the 


STATE      PAPERS. 


205 


the  fuccefs  would  fufiiciently  juf- 
lify  the  enormity  of  the  attempt, 
and  all  the  odious  prafiices 
made  ufe  of  for  its  accomplifti- 
ment. 

Such  have  been  the  projefts  of 
the  two  kings;  fuch  is  the  whole 
myftery  of  this  unjuil  war,  fet  on 
foot  by  ihofe  princes,  in  contempt 
of  the  faith  of  treaties,  and  of  the 
laws  of  the  empire.  It  would  be 
in  vain  for  the  King  of  England, 
Eledor  of  Hanover,  to  alledge, 
as  he  before  has,  that  he  had  no 
hand  in  this  war,  and  that  he  even 
difapproved  of  it ;  the  contrary 
is  not  only  demonllrated  by  fads, 
but  there  .are  Hill  other  proofs, 
which  atteft  that  he  was  the  firll 
promoter  of  it,  and  they  are  fuch 
as  cannot  be  difpated,  proceeding 
direftly  from  the  Kings  of  England 
and  Pruflia;  thefe  two  princes 
have  laid  each  other  open  in  the 
declarations  which  pafTed  betwixt 
them  in  the  month  of  September 
laft. 

In  that  of  the  King  of  Pruflia,  on 
the  intelligence  he  had  received  of 
a  neutrality  propofed  by  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland  to  the  Marfhal  de 
Richelieu,  he  expreffes  himfelf 
thus  : 

**  I  juft  now  hear  that  the  bufinefs 
of  a  neutrality  for  the  eledorate  of 
Hanover  is  noc  yet  dropped  ;  can 
your  majelly  have  fo  little  conftancy 
and  firmnels,  as  to  be  difcouraged 
by  a  few  crofs  events?  Are  affairs 
fo  far  gone  that  they  cannot  be  re- 
trieved ?  Confider  the  Hep  which 
your  majelly  propofes  to  take,  and 
that  which  you  n?ade  roe  take. 
You  are  the  caufe  of  all  the  misfor- 
tunes now  impending  over  me.     I 


fliould  never  have  departed  from  the 
alliance  with  France  but  for  your 
many  magnificent  promifes.  I  do 
not  repent  of  the  treaty  which  I 
have  made  with  your  majefty  ;  but 
after  having  drawn  on  me  raoft  of 
the  forces  of  Europe,  do  not  meanly 
leave  me  to  themercy  of  my  enemies, 
I  make  account  that  your  majefty 
will  call  to  mind  your  engagements, 
which  have  been  renewed  no  longer 
ago  than  the  26th  of  the  laft  month, 
and  that  you  will  not  hearken  to 
any  accommodation  in  which  I  am. 
not  included."* 

The  King  of  Eng!and*s  anfwer  to 
this  declaration  confirms  the  truth 
of  its  contents,  as  this  prince  does 
not  contradidl  the  charge  brought 
againft  him  of  being  the  caufe  of  the 
war  in  Germany;  and  after  clearing 
himfelf  but  very  indifferently  of 
the  reproach  made  him  for  entering 
on  a  negociation  for  the  eleclorate 
of  Hanover,  he  concludes  with  thefe 
words: 

**  In  fuch  a  critical  fituation, 
whatever  might  have  been  the  fuc- 
cefs of  arms,  his  majefty  is  deter- 
mined fteadily  to  concur  with  the 
King  of  Pruflia  in  the  moll  effica- 
cious meafures  for  difappointing  the 
iniquitous  and  oppreilive  defigns  of 
their  common  enemies  ;  and  the 
King  of  Pruflia  may  afTure  himfelf 
that  the  crown  of  Great  Britain  will 
continue  religioufly  to  fulfil  its  en- 
gagements with  hisPruflian  m^efty, 
and  fupport  him  with  vigour  and 
conftancy." 

The  King  of  Proflia*s  declaration, 
and  the  King  of  England's  anfwer, 
having  been  inferted  in  the  public 
papers  without  any  contradidtioa 
from  them,  their  authenticity  is  not 

to' 


*  N.  B.  This  letter  was  difowned  and  declared  to  be  fnppofititious,  by  an  ar- 
ticle in  the  Berlin  Gazette,  ifter  the  H-uaovei  ians  hud  rek>lved  to  renew  kdib- 
iities. 


£o6      ANNU  A  L   kfiGIS  T  Eli,    175S, 


to  be  queftioned,  nor  confequently 
the  credit  of  what  they  contain. 

To  thefe  proofs  it  cannot  but  be 
pertinent  to  add  fome  ohfervaiions 
on  the  endeavours  put  in  pradice 
for  inlligating  the  Proieftants  of 
Germany  againft  France,  under  the 
falfe  pretence  that  it  has  defigns 
pernicious  to  their  religion. 

To  carry  this  point,  the  moft 
cxdious  devices  are  daily  employed. 
Licentioufnefs  has,  very  lately,  been 
carried  fo  far  as  to  infert  in  the 
public  news- papers  fidtitious  fafts, 
and  no  lefs  ridiculous  than  injurious, 
in  order  to  impofe  en  the  good 
faith  of  the  Proteftant  ftates,  and 
arm  them  againft  the  French  troops; 
but  the  motives  of  thofe  who  have 
invented  fuch  fables,  and  the  means 
they  make  ufe  of  for  gaining  them 
credit,  have  *  evidenced  to  the 
whole  empire,  that  the  intent  of 
making  a  religious  war  of  that 
which  has  been  ftirred  up  merely 
by  ambition,  is  only  to  aflbciate 
the  Proteftants  in  Germany  in  the 
bad  caufe  talcen  in  hand,  and  by 
their  fuccours  and  at  their  expence, 
procure  a  facility  of  carrying  it 
through. 

The  ftates  of  Saxony  are  particu- 
larly a  proof  and  inftance  of  this 
truth ;  the  Pruffians  have  by  the 
moft  flagitious  injuftice  forcibly 
made  ihemfelves  mafters  of  Saxony, 
which  has  been  the  nurfery  of  the 
Proteiiant  religion,  and  where  it 
fubfifts  in  the  greateft  vigour;  yet 
have  they  there,  againft  the  fovereign 
of  the  country,  againft  his  family 
and  his  fubjeds,  committed  fuch. 
violences  as  are  ftiocking  to  human 
nature. 

The  territories  of  the  Duke  of 
Mecklenburgh  have  had  the  fame 
fate.  The  Pruffians  entered  it  fword 
in  hand  without  any  reafon,  and  in 
contempt  of  the  public  peace.  The 


duke  they  have  obliged  to  feek  re- 
fuge at  Lubeck  ;  the  fortrefles  they 
have  taken  pofTcftion  of;  and  by 
defpotic  orders,  without  any  pay- 
ment, have  ma;le  themfelves  be  fup- 
plied  with  the  corn  and  forage';  the 
young  men  have  been  forced  away 
from  their  parents,  to  inlift  them 
and  make  them  ferve  againft  their 
own  fovereign  ;  in  a  word,  without 
the  flighteft  complaint  againft  the 
Duke  of  Mecklenburgh,  '^his  duchy 
is  treated  by  the  Pruffians  like  a 
conquered  country.  In  fine,  to  per- 
fuade  the  Proteftants  of  Germany 
that  their  religion  is  threatened; 
martyrs  of  it  have  been  made  ;  and 
the  authors  of  all  thefe  violences 
would  have  them  be  efteemed  as  pre- 
paratory ads  of  the  zeal  with  which 
they  are  animated  for  the  defence 
of  that  religion. 

One  muft  be  void  of  common 
fen/e  to  be  caught  by  fuch  coarfe, 
fpun  artifices  I^The  three  religions 
of  the  empire,  and  particularly  the 
Proteftant,  cannot  have  any  more 
fure  guarantees  of  their  rights  than 
thofe  of  the  peace  of  Weftphalia  ;  as 
in  thefe  are  united  both  the  intereft 
and  will  to  provide  for  the  conferva- 
tion  of  them. 

This  piece  the  king  has  taken 
for  the  bafis  of  his  treaty  with  the 
emprefs  queen.  He  has,  jointly 
with  Sweden,  declared,  that  he 
would  maintain  the  Germanic  li- 
berty, and  particularly  the  rights  of 
the  three  religions  rendered  facred 
by  the  treaties  of  Weftphalia;  and 
his  majefty  here  renews  the  au- 
thentic declaration,  that  he  never 
entertained  a  dcfign  of  doing  the 
leaft  hurt  to  either  of  thofe  three 
religions;  and  that  he  will,  with 
the  greateft  punduality,  fulfil  the 
engagements  which,  on  that  head, 
he  has  entered  into  with  the  crown 
of  Sweden  ;  what  greater  fecurity 

would 


STATE    PAPERS. 


would  the  proteftant  ftates  have, 
Ihould  they  after  this  fuifer  them- 
felvcs  to  be  drawn  in[o  real  calami 
tics  by  an  imaginary  fear  ;  a  fear 
fuggertcd  to  them  merely  as  a  veil 
to  iuch  ambitious  views  as  are 
highly  detrimental  to  the  whole 
empire? 

After"  this  difcuffion,    let  us  rc- 
affume  the    thread   of  the    events. 
When    the  war,    which    had   been 
meditated  by  the  King  of  England, 
Elector  of  Hanover,  in  concert  with 
the  King  of  Prufiia,  had  broke  out 
in  Germany  ;  the  ideas  which  thefe 
two   princes  had  formed  from   the 
king's   fidelity  to  his  engagements, 
were  not   miftaken.     The  ftates  of 
the  empire  attacked  by  the  King  of 
Pruffia,  together  with  the  princes, 
who  had  moft  at  heart  the  Germanic 
fyftem,  applied  for  affiftance  to  his 
majefty,  both  as  an  ally  of  the  em- 
pire and  guarantee  of  the  treaty  of 
Weftphalia,  as  in  virtue  of  his  alli- 
ances merely  defenfive  with  feveral 
courts   of  Germany  ;  and  tho*  the 
king  was  engaged  in  a  perfonaland 
onerous  war  with  England,  he  did 
not    hefitate  to  form  the  generous 
refolution  of  employing  the  greateft 
part  of  his  forces  in  the  defence  of 
his  allies,  and  the  maintenance  of 
the  laws  of  the  empire,  and  of  the 
Germanic  fyftem,  threatened  with  a 
total  fubverfion  from  their  Britannic 
and  Pruftian  majelUes,  both  as  kings 
and  eledlors. 

Sweden  being  joint  guarantee  of 
the  peace  of  Weftphalia,  together 
with  the  king,  was  required  to 
make  good  its  guaranty  ;  and  fuch 
was  its  magnanimity,  its  regard  to 
honour  and  good  faith,  that  imme- 
diately it  formed  the  fame  refolu- 
tion. 

The  king  at  the  fame  time  figni- 
fied  to  the  empire,  that  h*e  would  adl 
up  to  his  quahiy  of  guarantee  ;  he 


207 

exprefily  afTured  it  that  he  would 
fupport  the  liberty  of  the  three  re- 
ligions jointly  with  Sweden,  which 
has  always  been  the  moft  declared 
protedrefsof  the Proteftant  religion: 
and  his  majefty  made  all  the  necef- 
fary  preparations  for  fulfilling  his 
engagements  by  fending  a  confider- 
able  body  of  troops  to  the  Lower 
and  Upper  Rhine. 

Tihe  King  oF  England  was  con- 
fcious,  that  every  kind   of  reafoa 
authorifed  his  majefty  not  to  make 
the  chimerical  diftin£lion  he  was  for 
eftablilhing  betwixt  his  quality  of 
kin^  and  that  of  eleftor,  efpecially 
when  one  raifes  a  war  and  pays  the 
cofts,  and  the  other  takes  upon  him 
the  execution  of  it.  It  was  a  critical 
conjuncture  for  that  prince,  as  great 
part  of  the  Hanoverian  troops,  by 
the  allurement  to  the  ample  fubfidies  ■ 
which  the  elector  had  got  from  the 
parliament,  and  under  the  colour  of 
defending  the  Britifh  nation,   had 
been  drawn  over  to  England  ;  but 
this  nation  fending  them  back,  the 
eleftor    was     afraid     that    France 
would   march   a  detachment  of  its 
army  into  the  eleftorate  of  Hanover, 
before  the  Hanoverians,  who  were 
to  return  into  Germany,  Ihould  get 
back. 

It  was  in  thefe  moments  of  incer- 
titude and  dread,' that  the  ele<5lor 
caufed  fome  infinuations  to  be  made 
for  a  neutrality  of  his  German  do- 
minions. 

The  king  and  the  emprefs-queen, 
animated  with  an  equal  zeal  for 
the  good  of  the  empire,  were  dc-  ' 
firous  that  the  war  (hculd  not 
fpread  to  the  ftates  forbearing  to 
affift  the  infractor  of  the  public 
peace,  and  with  this  view  her  im- 
perial majefty  follicited  the  king  to 
grant  a  neutrality  for  the  cledtor  of 
Hanover. 

The 


268      ANNUAL    R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,  1758, 


The  propofal  was  not  without 
difficulty ;  the  forced  fituation  of 
that  prince,  and  the  inftance  of  the 
neutrality  in  1741,  no  fooner  con- 
cluded than  violated  by  the  Hanove- 
rians, raifed  fufpicion  of  the  fmce- 
rity  of  the  infinuation  made  by  his 
minifters.  It  was  natural  to  appre- 
hend that  their  own  drift  was  to 
difturb  the  operations  of  the  then 
opening  campaign,  to  procure  his 
eledoral  highnefs  time  for  llirring 
up  a  part  of  the  princes  of  Germany 
againit  the  king  and  the  emprefs, 
and  then  to  join  all  their  troops  to 
his,  in  order,  at  the  firft  favouraile 
opportunity,  fafely  to  fall  on  the 
French  army. 

Thefe  refleftions,  in  themfelves 
fo  juil,  and  of  which  the  folidity 
was  confirmed  by  paft  experience  in 
a  like  circumllance,  certainly  de- 
ferved  great  regard  ;  but  the  king's 
deference  for  an  ally  in  all  refpeds 
fo  faithful  and  refpeftable  as  the 
cmprefs-queen,  together  with  the 
fear  that  his  majeliy  might  one  day 
be  reproached  with  having  rejedled 
a  meafure  which  feemed  to  promife 
a  more  fpeedy  re  Iteration  of  the 
peace  of  the  empire,  prevailed  in 
his  mind  above  every  other  confide- 
ration,  and  he  confented  that  her 
imperial  majelty  would  offer  on  his 
part  a  neutrality  for  the  Hanoverian 
flates. 

The  eleftor  anfwered  it  in  the 
memorial  of  the  20th  of  February, 
hereto  annexed  ;  but  it  will  be  feen 
that  the  loftinefs  with  which  his 
eleftoral  highnefs  exprefles  himfelf 
in  it,  and  the  invedives  againft 
France  fcattered  throughout  it,  with 
fo  little  decency,  do  not  indicate 
very  fincere  intentions  towards  a 
neutrality.  The  truth  is,  this  prince 
had  almoft  at  fame  time  aiked 
and  obtained  from  his  parliament 
fubfidies  for  the  King  of  Pruffia, 


and  likewife  for  affembling  an  army 
compofed  of  his  eledloral  troops 
and  thofe  of  his  allies,  under  the 
name  of  an  army  of  obfervation,  in 
order  to  fupport  the  caufe  of  the 
infrador  of  the  public  peace  againft 
the  king's  troops  which  had  been 
fent  to  the  afilllance  of  his  allies, 
and  the  defence  of  the  liberty  of  the 
empire.  The  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land had  already  been  appointed 
for  commanding  this  army,  and  the 
8coo  Hanoverians  wereon  the  point 
of  pafling  from  England  into  Ger« 
many,fo  that  there  feemed  to  remain 
no  hope  for  the  fuccefs  of  the  ne- 
gotiation ;  yet  did  the  emprefs,  on 
frelh  infinuations  from  the  eledor, 
defire  that  the  king  would  impower 
her  to  make  new  trials  with  that 
prince.  The  courts  of  Ruffia  and 
Denmark  added  to  them  their  good 
offices  J  they  offered  their  guaranty, 
and  the  king  was  pleafed  again  to 
come  into  this  freih  negotiation, 
and  condefcend  to  the  conditions 
which  alone  could  render  the 
neutrality  folid  and  lading  ;  and  of 
which  a  copy  is  annexed  to  this  me- 
morial. 

The  eledor's  frefh  overtures  hav- 
ing no  more  finoerity  in  them  than 
the  former,  this  fecond  trial  had  no 
better  fate  than  the  firft  ;  the  Eledor 
of  Hanover  clamoured  againft  the 
conditions  propofed,  and  efpecially 
rejeded  that  of  the  free  pafage 
through  his  dominions y  and  the  pol- 
fefiion  of  Hamelen  for  a  cautionary 
town,  as  unjuft,  contrary  to  his 
honour,  and  containing  fufpicious 
views  ;  yet  that  he  might  not  feem 
totally  to  renounce  the  neutrality, 
his  eledoral  highnefs  propofed  to 
accept  of  it,  provided  that,  in- 
flead  of  the  king's  troops  palling 
through  his  dominions,  they  fhould 
take  their  way  thro'  the  countries  of 
Caffel,  Brunfwiwk,  Goihaand  Wei- 
mar \ 


STATE    PAPERS, 


209 


mar  ;  but  this  rout  being  naturally 
longer  and  more  difficult,  it  could 
not  be  accepted  of;  and  from  this 
time  the  elector  took  occafion  to 
break  off  the  negociation,  and 
throw  the  blame  on  the  pretended 
injullice  of  the  French  conditions.'* 

Then,  after  giving  fevcralrcafons 
why  the  King  of  England,  Eleftor 
of  Hanover,  ought  to  have  accepted 
of  the  terms  offered,  and  why  they 
could  not  accept  of  the  terms  he 
propofed,  they  proceed  thus  : 

**  From  the  concurrence  of  all 
thefe  reafons,  it  refults,  that  the 
Eledor  of  Hanover  in  his  overtures 
fona  neutrality,  aimed  only  at  get- 
ting time;  thdt  he  never  intended 
to  accept  of  it,  and  that  he  has  re- 
fufeditunjulllyandon  falfepreten- 
ces.  It  refults  further,  that  the  King 
of  England,  Elector  of  Hanover, 
having  been  the  author  of  this  war, 
and  having, to  the  neutrality  offered 
him,  preferred  the  party  of  fup- 
porting  the  King  of  Pruffia*s  caufc, 
and  to  take  up  arms  againfl  the 
king's  and  emprefs  queen's  troops, 
he  has  declared  himfelf  the  aggrcf- 
for  againft  their  moll  chriilian  and 
imperial  majeilies,  and  an  accom- 
plice of  the  breach  of  the  public 
peace,  and  that  he  was  to  be  treated 
as  fuch  by  the  king,^by  the  emprefs, 
and  bv  Uie  empire. 

This  propohtion,  befides  its  ad- 
herent juftice,  has  acquired  a  new 
degree  of  force  by  the  behaviour  of 
the  Hanoverian  troopa,  both  vvuh 
regard  to  thofc  of  the  king  and  of 
his  allies.  The  firll,  far  from  con- 
fining themfelves  according  to  the 
affurance  given  of  it  by  the  eleftor 
in  public  inftruments,  to  the  de- 
fence of  the  territories  of  the  elec- 
torate in  cafe  of  a  defign  to  attack 
them,  entered  with  open  force  into 
the  dates  of  the  Eledlor  of  Co- 
logne, where  thofe  of  France  were ; 
Vol.  I. 


they  pillaged  the  fubfiftences  defin- 
ed for  the  French  army,  carried  ofF 
the  grains  and  forage,  difperfed  the 
troops  of  the  empire's  contingent : 
in  a  word,  they  have  committed  all 
kinds  of  violences  in  the  flates  of 
the  Eledor  of  Cologne,  the  king'3 
ally;  yet  would  not  his  majefty  be- 
gin hoftilities  againft  the  Eleftor  of 
Hanover;  and  even,  if  poffible,  to 
avert  them  from  his  dominions,  he 
caufed  a  demand  to  be  made  by  the 
Marlhald'E trees  to  theHanoveriaa 
general,  of  a  free  and  amicable 
pajfage  through  his  eledoral  high- 
nefs'sterritQ.ry ;  but  that  prince  had 
already  difperfedmanifeftoes  againft 
the  entrance  of  the  French  troops 
into  Weftphalia  ;  and  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland  fent  anfwerby  Gene- 
ral Sporken,  that  he  was  ordered 
to  attend  to  the  defence  and  con- 
fervation  of  the  ftates  of  the  King 
of  Pruflia  and  of  his  allies,  and  to 
hinder  the  paffage  of  any  foreign 
troops  through  the  faid  ftates. 

At  length  the  Hanoverians  hav- 
ing provoked  his  majefty's  troops 
by  hoftilities  of  every  kind,  the 
moment  came  for  repelling  force  by 
force,  and  to  make  them  and  their 
allies  repent  of  their  outrages ;  and 
victory  feconded  the  juftice  of  the 
king's  arms,  by  the  fuccelSve  ad-  , 
vantages  which  the  French  troops 
obtained  over  them." 

They  then  come-  to  the  con- 
vention of  Cloftcr-feven,  as  fol- 
lows : 

**  But  the  king's  generous  fen- 
timents  have  never  fhone  with 
greater  luftre  than  in  the  capitula- 
tion of  Clofter-feven.  The  Hano- 
verian army  being  forced  to  fly  be- 
fore that  of  the  Marfhal  de  Riche- 
lieu, had  been  obliged,  as  its  laft 
Ihif t,  to  betake  itfelf  to  Stade.  In 
a  more  dangerous  condition  it' 
could  not  be.     It  was  the  concern 

P  of 


210        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  ge- 
neral of  the  Hanoverians,  beiides 
fearing  the  juft  difcontent  of  his 
allies,  which  was  near  breaking 
out,  to  fave  his  troops  from  the 
total  deftrut'lion  with  which  they 
were  threatened,  to  fecure  the  trea- 
fure  of  t^e  king  his  father,  and  to 
hinder  the  duchies  of  Bremen  and 
Verden  from  becoming  the  theatre 
of  war,  and  to  exempt  all  the 
King  of  England's  dominions  in 
Germany  from  the  mifcries  confe- 
cutive  to  a  general  defeat,  and 
which  by  a  concurrence  of  circum- 
ilances  would  have  been  but  too 
juftifiable. 

It  was  no  .favourable  conjun6Iure 
'lor  foftenirig  the  vidlor.  The 
King  of  England  was  fending  away 
a  v^ry  ftrong  fquadron,  with  land 
forces  for  a  defcent,  with  a  defign 
of  making  themfelves  mailers  of 
Rochefcrt,  or  at  leall  to  burn  the 
do(iks  and  flore-houfes;  in  a  word, 
to  com-mit  all  poflible  hoftilities  on 
the-coail  of  France. 

Beiides  many  fubjefts  of  appre- 
heriiions  for  the  defeated  party, 
there  was  one  of  greater  weight 
than  all  the  others ;  pall  experience 
{ecmed  to  have  infpired  a  grounded 
fniftruil  of  any  propofal  from  the 
King  of  England,  Ele<Slor  of  Ha- 
nover ;  of  this  the  Duke  of  Cum- 
berland had  recent  proofs.  After 
he  Ivad  been  c^oliged  to  retreat  into 
the-dachy  of  Bremen,  he  had  pro- 
pofed  a  neutriility,  and  it  was  re- 
fiifed  him  ;  he  had  acquainted  the 
French  minil^ry,  that  he  was  au- 
thorifed  by  full  powers  from  the 
king  his  father,  to  treat  of  a  peace, 
of  a  neutrality,  or  of  a  prelimi'- 
nary  accommodation,  and  the  king, 
faithful  to  his  allies,  would  hearken 
to  no  propofil  but  in  concerjc  v»'ith 
them. 

l?roma!l  thfefe reafons,  the  Duke 


of  Cumberland  did  not  believe  that 
he  ihould  -be  able,  by  himfelf,  to 
obtain  the  capitulation,  which  alone 
could  fecure  him  from  all  the 
feveral  dangers  he  had  to  fear  ; 
but  being  informed  of  the  king's 
great  regard  for  the  King  of  Den- 
mark, his  ally,  he  implored  the 
ailidance  of  that  prince,  and  got  a 
ceffation  of  arms  to  be  prcpoled  to 
the~Marfhal  de  Richelieu  by  the 
negotiation  of  the  Count  de  Eynar, 
the  King  of  Denmark's  miniftcr, 
and  under  his  Danifli  intijelty 's  gua- 
ranty. 

On  this  propofal  the  marfhal  de- 
liberated which  was  bcft  for  the 
empire,  to  grant  or  refufe  the  ca- 
pitulation. By  the  latter  he  an- 
fwered  the  king's  juft  vengeance  ; 
in  the  former  he  confidered  the  ad- 
vantages of  keeping  the  Hanove- 
rians and  their  allies  inadive  during 
the  remainder  of  the  war,  and  con- 
fequently  of  referving  his  troops 
for  marching  without  delay  to  Hal- 
beriiadt,  and  by  the  celerity  of  his 
operations  to  haften  the  evacuation 
of  Saxony,  and  the  reiloration  of 
the  peace  in  Germany.  As  the 
king's  fentimcnts  were  perfe^^Hy 
known  to  him,  he  immediately 
preferred  that  mcafure  which  he 
judged  might  be  moll  beneficial 
to  the  empire  and  the  allies  of 
France,,  and  he  granted  the  capitu- 
lation or  military  convention  which 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland  offered  to 
him  through  the  Count  de  Lynar. 
It  was  concluded  at  Clollerfeveii 
on  the  8th  of  September  :  and  the 
execution  of  it  was  fecured  both  by 
the  Marilia!  de  ^Is^ichclieu's  word  of 
honour  and  that  pf  the  Duke  of 
Cumberbnd,  lodged  in  the  Count 
de  Lynar's  hands",  and  by  the  en- 
gagement of  the  King  of  Den- 
mark's guaranty,  accepted  by  the 


tvvo  generals. 


A' 


STATE    PAPERS. 


2n 


Asiiithe  firftmomentof  thecon- 
clufion,  feveral  particulars  and  ex- 
planations in  favour  of  the  Hanove- 
rians and  their  auxiliaries  liad  been 
omitted,  the  Duke  of  Cumberland 
two  days  after,  and  by  the  media- 
tion of  the  Count  de  Lynar,  defired 
fuch  omiffionb  might  befupplied  by 
fome  feparr.te  articles,  which  Mar- 
fhal  Richelieu  made  nodifScuIty  of 
granting. 

After  fome  remarks  on  this  con- 
vention, they  proceed  thus  : 

**  The  king,  fuch  was  his  zeal 
for  his  allies  and  for  the  empire, 
approved  of  tht;  Marflial  dc  Riche- 
lieu's conduft,  and  to  (Irengthen 
the  capitulation,  propofed  the  add- 
ing cf  Tome  explications,  which 
fhould  fo  clearly  fix  its  meaning,  as 
to  obviate  any  mifinterpretations. 
Thefe  explications  were  of  the  fol- 
lowing tenor. 

1 .  That  the  cefTation  of  hoflilities 
Ihould  laft  during  the  whole  time 
of  the  prefent  war. 

2.  That  the  Hanoverian  troops 
which  were  to  go  on  the  other  fide 
of  the  Elbe  into  the  duchy  of 
Lawenburg,  Ihould  not  come  out 
of  it,  and,  together  with  the  troops 
remaining  on  this  fide,  fhould  not 
commit  any  holHlity  neither  againll 
the  king,  nor  againlV  his  allies  ; 
and  that  the  French  troops  likewife 
fhould  not  commit  any  hoiUiities 
againil  them. 

3.  That  no  Englifh  troops  fliould 
be  admitted  into  the  duchies  of 
Bremen  and  Verden. 

4.  That  the  troops,  both  the 
Hanoverians  and  thofe  of  the  auxi- 
liaries, Ihould  not  ferve  during  the 
prefent  war,  either  ag-J'ifl  the  king, 
or  againil  his  allies,  nor  join  thofe 
of  the  King  of  England,  nor  thofe 
of  his  allies. 

Had  there  on  the  fide  of  the 
court  cf  Hanover  been    the  f:ime 


good  faith  as  on  the  king's  fide, 
thefe  explications  would  have  met 
with  no  difficulty. 

The  fenfe  they  ofier  had  beeij 
contained  in  the  conventions  of  the 
?ih  and  lothof  September,  eithe|^ 
in  equivalent  terms,  or  by  a  naturaj 
inference;  and  fo  juft  were  they, 
that  the  Count  de  Lynar,  to  whon> 
they  were  delivered,  judged  them, 
to  be  the  true  meaning  in  which  the 
convention  had  been  underdood, 
and  the  court  of  Copenhagen  was 
of  the  fame  opinion. 

They  then  endeavoured  to  fhew, 
that  thefe  explications  were  virtu- 
ally contained  in  the  convention, 
that,  though  not  agreed  to,  the 
convention  remained  in  full  force, 
and  that  the  Danifh  minifter  was  of 
this  opinion.  After  this  they  go 
into  a  long  and  tedious  account  of 
the  "behaviour  of  the  Hanoverians, 
HefTians,  and  Wolfenbuttlers,  and 
the  methods  which  the  Hanoverian 
generals  took  to  deceive  the  French 
general  by  making  him  believe, 
that  they  were  refolved  to  obferve 
punctually  the  convention,  while  af 
the  fame  time  they  were  concerting 
with  the  King  of  Pruffia,  and  pre- 
paring to  recommence  hoiUiities,  as 
foon  as  they  fhould  find  a  favour- 
able opportunity,  by  the  French 
army's  being  difperfed  into  winter 
quarters ;  anithis  fecond  part  they 
conclude  as  follows. 

**  One  refledion  fhall  put  a  pe- 
riod to  this  detail.  If  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland  afked  to  capitulate,  it 
was  bccaufe  he  found  himfelf  in  a 
critical  pofition,  and  juflly  feared 
that,  fhould  the  Marihal  de  Riche- 
lieu attack  him,  he  would  ruin  the 
Hanoverian  army  irretrievably, and 
makehimfelf  malkrof  the  town  of 
Stade,  and  of  the  depofitum  lodged 
there.  Had  not  his  fituation  been 
fo  dangerous  in  eveiy  reipeii,  can 

?  2  '  it 


212       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175^. 


5tbe  fuppofed  that  a  prince,  vvhofe 
courage  all  Europe  has  beheld, 
would  have  afked  to  capitulate  at 
the  head  of  an  army  of  near  40,000 
men,  under  the  cannon  of  the  town^ 
ind  in  a  pod  of  difiicuk  a<;cefs  and 
Well  intrenched  ?  but  this  prince, 
whoiC  capacity  gave  him  to  per- 
ceive, that  no  retrear remained  for 
him  in  cafe  he  fnould  be  beaten, 
preferred  the  glory  of  faving  the 
king  his  father's  troops,  and  thofe 
6f  his  allies,  to  the  vain  honour  of 
lighting  the  king's  army,  without 
any  grounded  hopeof  fuccefs.  The 
more  of  his  felf-lcve  he  had  by 
this  f^ep  facrinced  to  the  good  of 
the  king  his  father,  the  more  fa- 
cred  and  inviolable  did  the  capitu- 
lation, which  he  had  alked  and  ob- 
tained, becomfe  to  him.  It  is  un- 
queftionable  in  the  rules  of  honour 
and  war,  that  a  capitulation  is 
never  to  be  afked  of  an  enemy  tiJl 
at  an  extremity ;  but  when  reduced 
to  it,  it  is  not  lawful  to  employ 
thofe  arms  again  ft  him,  which  by 
promife  were  to  be  laid  down.  Ho- 
nour would  look  on  fuch  a  proce- 
dure with  indignation  ;  and  if  pri- 
vate perlcns  dcteft  a  treachery  of 
this  r^aturc,  is  it  not  flill  more  un- 
worthy of  fovercigns,  who  are  the 
protestors  of  good  faith,  and  who 
are  more  concerned  than  private 
perfons  to  prcferve  their  glory  and 
reputation  ?  ' 

-  Accor-dingly  the  Duke  of  Cum- 
berland, by  laying  down  his  mili- 
tary employn:cnts,  was  for  faving 
himfelf  the  infamy  of  bre^.king  fuch 
facred  engagements ;  he  has  proved 
hy  that  pLcp  that  he  is  incapable  of 
being  fo  far  wanting  toMfnlelf  j  but 
in  fheltering  his  own  honour,  why 
has  he  not  been  afraid  of  expofmg 
that  of  the  king  his  father  ? 
_^  Tf  the  King  of  England,  Elei5ior' 
of  Hai:f)v«/-,  pn  i^iis  receiving  ad  vice' 
^6  ' 


of  the  capitulation,  had  difowned 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland  his  ge- 
neral and  fon,  llili  would  the  king 
have  had  caufe  of  complaint,  mili- 
tary conventions  not  requiring  a  ra- 
tification ;  but,  aileaft,  there  would 
have  been  in  this  proceeding  an  ap- 
pearance of  good  faith  ;  but  to  tem- 
porize during  near  three  months, 
in  feekingocc.fion  fcrbreaking  the 
capitulation  with  impunity,  let  ,the 
French  army  march  away  for  Hal- 
berlladt,  wait  till  it  was  feparated 
in  the  bad  leafon,  lay  hold  of  the 
circumfta;ices  of  a  check  to  come 
out  of  the  prefcribed  limits  undef 
pretence  of  extending  quarters,  af- 
terwards take  advantageous  ports, 
equally  contrary  to  the  convention  ; 
make  every  difpofition  for  the  fiege 
of  Harburg,  without  any  previous 
declaration  of  war ;  and  when  all 
thefe  preparations  are  mj^de,  and 
the  enemy  is  thought  to  be  fufh- 
ciently  weakened  and  deceived,  to 
be  fought  with  advantage,  to  de- 
clare to  him,  that  hoftilities  are  to 
be  renewed,  and  that  the  capitula- 
tion is  looked  on  as  broken,  at  the 
very  fame  moment  that  the  troops 
are  marching  to  him,  and  his  polls 
are  attacked ;  to  engage  one  prince, 
by  feducement,  to  violate  this  capi- 
tulation, and  to  hinder  another  by 
open  force  from  executing  it  ;  to 
imprifon  the  general  of  the  latter, 
and  detain  his  troops^  and  take 
away  his  fpn  from  him  ;  to  make 
him  ferve  as  an  inflrument  to  the 
treachery  ;  this  is  trampling  on  the 
laws  of  nations,  on  the  law.s  of 
jullice,  honour,  and  good  faith  ; 
the  rights  of  fovereignty  of  the 
ftate's  of  the  empire  ;  the  ties  of 
nature  and  of  blood  ;  it  is  to  fear 
neither  the  judgment  of  cotcmpo- 
raries,  or  of  pollerity  ;  it  is  wilfully 
branding  o;ne's  life  and  memory 
with  an  indeliblemark  of  infamy  ; ' 

in 


STATE     PAPERS. 


213 


rn  a  word  it  is  daring  to  fet  up  and 
give  a  fanftion  to  tlie  pernicious 
maxim,  **  That  every  meansis law- 
ful to  obtain  one's  end." 

Principles  and  procedures  fo 
heinous  are  to  be  attributed  only 
%o  the  artifices  and  evil  ccunfels 
of  corrupt  miniflers.  To  fufpe»5l 
princes  themfelves  of  them,  would 
be  wanting  to  the  refpedl  due  to 
them. 

After  the  preceding  faithful  re- 
prefentation  of  the  king's  conducft, 
and  that  of  the  King  of  England, 
Elector  of  Hanover,  all  Europe, 
and  efpccially  Germany,  may  ea- 
fiJyjudgeof  the  difterence  of  the  in- 
tentions of  thefe  two  princes  ;  and 
it  is  hoped,  that  tli£y  will  im.pute 
the  blame  of  the  confequences  of 
this  war  to  thofe  only,  who,  in  con- 
tempt of  all  laws  and  all  rules,  have 
again  taken  up  arms  to  hinder  tlie 
conclufion  of  it. 

Thisisthecaufeofall  fovereigns, 
but  efpecially  that  of  the  empire  ; 
it  being  the  bad  faith  of  the  Hano- 
verians which  has  retarded  the  fuc- 
cefs  of  the  king's  operations  for 
reiloring  the  peace  of  Germany ; 
and  their  unjuil  and  violent  pro- 
ceedings, both  towards  the  king 
and  the. Duke  of  Brunfwick,  are 
a  frelh  breach  of  the  public  peace, 
and  of  the  treaties  of  Wcftj  h.^lia. 

The  king  will  omit  nothing  to 
acquit  himfelf  of  what  he  owes  to 
his  dignity,  injured  by  the  outrage 
dohe  him  by  the  court  of  Hanover. 
As  to  the  Germanic  body,  his  ma- 
jeity  will  redouble  his  efforts  for 
prcferving  it  from  the  new  dangers 
with  which  it  is  threatened;  and 
fuiJil  the  engagements  he  has  en- 
tered into  both  with  his  allies  and 
the  empire,  ^e  is  perfuaded  thaj 
the  eletftors,  pi-inces,  and  dates, 
will  do  juftice  to  the  uprightncfs 
And  generohty  of  his   lejitiments ; 


and  he  with  the  greater  confidence 
hopes  they  will  fecond  his  meafurfs 
and  operations,  as,  agreeable  to  the 
wifh  and  refolution  of  the  dyer, 
they  tend  only  to  fuccour  the  allies 
of  France,  to  maintiain  the  Germa- 
nic fyftem,  and  to  rellore  order  and 
peace  in  Germany." 
Verfailles,  December 
the  30th,   1757. 

In  the  'appendix  to  the  Pr.rallel  of 
the  Conduct  of  the  two  Kings  is 
the  following  letter  (dated  Nov. 
27,  1757)   to  Prinze  Ferdinand^ 
from  the  rcignin^^  Duke  of  B'run* 
.   fwickhis  brotherjWhofenta  copy; 
cf  it, to  Marihal  Richelieu..   It 
fhevvs  thatPriuce  Ferdinand  con-. 
tributed  greatly  to  the  j  uil  refent- 
ment  which  had  been  Ihcwn  of 
the  French  infraflion  of  the  trea* 
ty  of  Cioller-feven.     It  ferves,^ 
too,  to  difcover  chat  duke's  cha- 
railer,  and  his  highcileemof  his 
brother  Ferdinand. 
SIR, 
.  I  know  you  too  well  to  entertaia 
a  doubt  that  the  fituation  we  are  in 
with  refpe£l    to   each  other  gives 
you  pain  ;  nor  can   you  have  any 
doubt  that  it  gives  me  concern  ;  in- 
deed it  aiHi6wS  me  greatly.      Mean 
while,  my  dcareft  brother,  I  could 
never  have  believed,  that  it  would 
be  you    who    fhould    carry    away 
from  me  my  eldeft  fon  :  and  how 
great   is  my  mortification  to  find 
myfelf  under  the  hard  ncceffi.ty  of 
telling  you,  that  this  Hep  is  contra- 
ry to  the  law  of  nations,  and  the 
conlHtution  of  the  empire  ;     and 
that  if  you  perfill  in   it  you  wiU 
difgrace  your  family,  and  bring  a 
ftain  upon  your   country,    which 
you  pretend  to  ferve.    The  heredi- 
tary prince  my  fon   was  at  Ham- 
burgh by  my  order  j  you  have  car- 
ried hira  to  Stade,     Could  he  dif- 
P  3  U-uil 


214     AN  NU  A  L  REG  I  S  T  E  R,    1758 


truil  his  uncle,  an  uncle,  who  hath 
done  fo  much  honour  to  his  houfe  I 
Could  he  beliei'c  that  this  uncle 
would  deprive  him  of  liberty  !  a 
liberty  never  refufed  to  the  loweft 
officer.  I  ordered  him  to  make  a 
tour  to  Holland  :  could  not  the 
loweil  officer  have  done  as  much? 
Let  us  fuppofe  for  a  moment,  that 
my  troops,  among  whom  he.ferved, 
were  to  have  ftaid  with  the  Ha- 
noverians, would  it  not  ftill  have 
been  in  my  power  to  give  an 
officer  leave  of  abfeijc  ,  or  even 
leave  to  refign  his  commiffion  ? 
And  would  you,  my  dear  brother, 
hinder  your  brother,  the  head  of 
your  family,  and  of  fuch  a  family 
as  ours,  to  cxercife  this  right  with 
rep:ard  to  a  fon  who  is  the  hercdita- 
fy  prince,  of  whofe  rights  and  pre- 
rogatives you  cannot  be  ignorant  ? 
It  is  impoffible  that  you  could  have 
conceived  fuch  defigns  without  the 
ftiggeftion  of  others.  Thofe  who 
did  fuggeil  them  have  trampled  on 
the  rights  of  nature,  of  nations,  and 
of  the  princes  of  Germany  :  they 
have  induced  you  to  add,  to  the 
infradion  of  all  thefe,  the  moll 
cruel  infult  on  a  brother  whom  you 
love,  and  who-  loves  you.  Would 
you  have  your  brother  lay  his  juft 
complaints  againft  you  before  the 
whole  empire,  and  all  Europe  ?  Is 
not  yopr  proceeding  without  exam - 


/  0* 

pie  ?  What  is  Germany  become  ! 
What  are  its  princes,  and  whnt  is 
our  houfe,  in  particular,  become! 
Js  it  the  inter  ell  of  the  two  kings, 
the  ciufe  of  your  country,  and  my 
caufe,  that  yoa  pretend  to  fupport  ? 
— Irepeat  it,  brother,  that  this  de- 
fign  cuuld  never  have  been  frame4 
by  you.  I  again  command  my  foil 
to  purfue  his  journey,  and!  cannot 
conceive  that  you  will  give  any  ob- 
ftruction.  If  you  (hculd  (v/hic^h  I 
pray  God  avert!)  I  folemnly  de- 
clare to  you,  that  I  Ihall  not  be 
conftrainedby  fuch  means,  and  that 
I  fliall  never  forget  what  I  owe  to 
myfelf. 

As  to  my  troops,  you  m:Ly  fee 
what  I  have  v/ritten  on  that  head 
to  the  Hanoverian  niinilh)  •  The 
Duke  of  Cumberland,  by  the  con- 
vention of  Clo^er-feven,  difmiffed 
them  and  fent  them  home  :  the  faid 
miniftry  gave  me  notice  of  this 
convention  as  what  bound  me  :  the 
march  of  the  troops  was  fettled  :  an 
incident  happening,  they  hailed  j 
the  obftacle  being  removed,  they 
were  to  have  continued  their  march. 
The  court  of  Hanover  will  no 
longer  be  bound  by  the  conven- 
tion ;  whilil  I  not  only  accepted  it 
on  their  word  ;  but  have  alfo,  in 
conformity  to  their  inliru<^lions,  ne- 
gotiated at  Verfaiiles  and  Vienna  *. 

After 


*  It  Ihould  f^em  that  the  Hanoverian  miniftry,  forefceing  what  would 
happen,  advifed  the  Duke  of  Brunfwick,  even  before  the  convention  of 
Cioiier-feven  was  concluded,  to  make  his  peace  with  France  ;  for  that 
convention  was  figned  Sept.  lo,  and  the  duke's  miniiler  ligned  at  Vien- 
na the  following  treaty  with  France,  ten  days  after ;  a  fpace  too  Ihort 
t(^  fend  from  Brunfwick  to  Paris,  and  from  Paris  to  Vienna. 

1.  The  king  Ihall  keep  pofleffion  of  the  cities  of  Brunfwick  and  Wol- 
fehbuttle,  while  the  war  hits  ;  and  the  general  of  his  majefly's  forces 
/hall  make  ufe  of  the  artillery,  arms,  and  military  ilores,  in  the  arfenals 
of  thofe  two  towns. 

2.  The  Duke  of  Brunfwick  Ihall,  when  his  troops  return  from  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland's  camp>  diHjand  them  in  his  own  country.    Their 

arms 


STATE     PAPERS.  215^ 

After  all  this,    they  would  have  fore,  mull  return  home,  agreeably 

me   contradict  myfelf,    break  my  to  what  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 

word,  and  iatirely  ruin  my  eftate  and,  the  Hanoverian  miniftry  itipu* 

and  mv  honour.  Did  you  ever  know  lated  with  regard  to   me  iu    the 

your  brother  guilty  of  fucli  things  ?  llrongeil  manner.    I  am  afraid  that 

It  is  true,  that  I  have,  as  you  fay,  the  true  circumftances  pi" things  are 

facriticed  my  all  ;  or  rather,  I  have  concealed  from  you. 

been  facrihced.     The  only   thing  Not  to  detain  your  exprefs  too 

left  me  is  my  "honour  :  and  in  the  long,  I  fhall  fend  you  by  the  poll 

unhappy  contrail  of  our  fjtuations,  copies  of  all  I  have  written  to  th« 

I  lament  both  you ,  and  myfclf,  that  Hanoverian  miniilry.  It  will  grieve 

it  fliould  be  from  you,    my   dear  your  honell  heart   to  read  it.      I 

brother,  I  ihould  receive  the  cruel  am,  with  a  heart  almoll  broken, 

advice  to  giva  up   my  honour.     I  yet    full    of  tendernefs    for  you, 

cannot  lilten  to  it:  I  cannot  recede  your*s,  &:c. 

from  my  promife ;  my  troops, there-  Blanckenbourg,  Nov.  27,  1757. 

arms  ftiall  be  depofited  in  the  aforefaid  arfenals  ;  and  the  general  and  fub- 
altern  officers  of  the  faid  troops  ihall  take  an  oath  not  to  ferve  ag-ainil  the 
king,  or  his  allies,  during  the  prefentwar. 

The  Duke  of  Brunfvvick  ihall,  neverthelefs,  be  permitted  to  keep,  if 
he  pleafes,  for  the  guard  of  his  perfon  and  callles,  a  battalion  of  foot, 
and  two  fquadrons  of  horfe. 

5.  The  regulations  made  by  Marfl^al  Richelieu,  and  the intendant  of 
hi.s  army,  Ihall  fubfill  on  their  prefent  footing. 

4.  The  Duke  of  Brunfvvick  Ihall  furnifh  his  contingent  in  money 
and  troops,  agreeably  to  the  laws  of  the  empire ;  his  troops  Ihall  im- 
mediately join  thofe  which  the  Germanic  body  has  affembled,  and  he 
fhall  order  his  minlller  at  Ratifbon  to  vote  conformably  to  the  refo- 
lutions  of  the  dyet  approved  and  confirmed  by  the  emperor.  On  thefe 
conditions  iheDuke  of  Brunfwick  ihall  be  reltored  to  the  king's  f^ivour; 
all  due  refped  ihall  be  paid  to  his  moll  ferene  highnefs,  and  all  the 
princes  and  princeiies  of  his  houfe  ;  neither  his  revenues  nor  his  treafure 
fliall  be  touched,  nor  iliall  the  adminiibation  of  jultice,  civil  or  eccle- 
fiallical,  be  exa<!iled,  and  winter  quarters  only  fhall  be  demanded  for  the  ' 
general  oHicers  and  regiments  which  iliall  winter  in  the  Duke  of  Brunf, 
wick's  country. 

The  aforcfaid  conditions  of  a  formal  convention  being  prefcnted  tome 
in  the  name  of  his  moll  chriilian  majelly,  by  his  excellency  the  Count  dc 
Siainvillc,  his  ambailador  at  the  imperial  court,  and  in  the  name  of  the 
emprefs  queen  by  his  excellency  Count  Kaunitz,  chancellor  of  ilate  ; 
and  notwithllanding  my  preffing  remonihance  and  felicitations  to  get 
fome  of  the  articles  changed  or  mitigated,  having  received  for  anfwcr 
that  they  were  the  tjtimatum,  I  declare,  by  virtue  of  the  full  powers  re- 
ceived from  his  moil  ferene  highnefs,  my  moll  gracious  mafler,  that  1 
accept  the  aforcfaid  conditions  ;  and  acknowledge  them  to  be  binding. 
In  witnefs  whereof  T have  hereto  I'et  my  name  and  arms. 

Vienna,  September  20,  1757. 

X<.  S,  Bernard  Paul  DE  MoLL» 

P  4  5^"^* 


2i6    ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


^hs  King  of  England^ s  Condii^i  as 
Eleifior  ff  Hano'ver  ;  in  anfiver 
to  the  Parallel  of  the  Conduit  of 
the  King  cf  France  <with  that 
of  the  King  of  England^  EleSior  of 
Hano'ver, 

THE  conduit  of  his  majefty  the 
Kingof  Great  Britain,  Eleftor 
of  Brunfwick  and  Lunenbourg, with 
regard  to  the  troubles  of  the  em- 
pire, gave  no  reafon  to  think  that 
France  could  hope  to  be  a  gainer 
by  a  parallel  of  that  conduft  with 
her  own.  She  has,  however,  un- 
dertaken this  comparifon.  The 
public  has  feen  the  memorial  pub- 
lifhed  by  France  under  the  title  of 
ui  Parallel  of  the  Kin£s  Condufi 
fivith  that  of  the  King  of  England , 
Xjelati'ue  to  the  breach  of  the  capi- 
tulation of  Clojler-fc-ven  by  the  Ha- 
7iQ'verians. 

In  the  introduftion  to  this  piece 
we  are  alTured,  that  it  was  merely 
from  moderation,  and  to  avoid  the 
kindling  of  animofities,  that  the 
publication  of  it  was  fo  long  delay- 
ed. '  Indeed,  in  feveral  places  of 
this  piece,  the  ftyle  and  expfeffions 
are  far  from  being  conformable  to 
that  regard  which  crowned  heads, 
though  at  war,  owe  one  to  another. 
As  to  the  things  themfeIves,fo little 
jegard  is  paid  to  truth,  that  we 
are  certain  they  will  not  have  the 
promifed  effecl. 

His  Britannic  majefty  has  too 
great  a  value  for  the  judgment 
which  the  public  forms  of  the  ac- 
tions of  the  greateft  monarchs,  and 
>vhich  pcflerity  will  make  with  ftill 
greater  freedom,  not  to  let  them 
know  the  motives  upon  which  he 
has'a«n:ed,  and  which  render  his 
fp,r)ducl  irreproachable.  It  is  there- 


fore, with  the  greateil  readinefs^ 
that  he  fcizes  an  opportunity  which 
France  furniihes  him,  to  expoie 
them  to  the  view  of  Europe.  Very 
different  from  thofe  who  have  at- 
tacked him  with  animofity^  ho 
will  ufe  the  language  of  modera- 
tion. The  truth,  fet  in  its  proper 
light,  carries  fo  llrong  convidlion 
with  it,  that  it  lofcs  nothing  by  a 
fimple  and  difpaffionate  relation. 
It  will  be  fufficientfimply  to  relate 
what  is  paft,  to  make  appear  which 
fidejuilice  is  on,  and  to  whom  are 
to  be  imputed  the  torrents  of  blood 
that  have  been  fpilt,  and  v/hich  in 
all  probability  will  yet  dye  the 
earth. 

The  troubles  appeafed  by  the 
late  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  are 
too  recent  to  be  yet  forgot.  France, 
which,  notwithftanding  the  conti- 
nual wars  which  Lewis  XIII.  Lewis 
XIV.  and  Lewis  XV.  made  on  the 
empire,  notwithftanding  the  defo^ 
lations  which  (lie  has  caufed, ,  and 
the  provinces  which  fhe  has  taken 
froni  it,  thinks,  however,  that  fhe 
may  give  herfclf  the  title  of  Jn^ 
cient  Friend  and  Ally  of  the  Empire  \ 
France,  which  makes  no  fcruple  to 
advance  that  the  private  ambition 
cf  princes,  who  continually  excited 
-the  two  houfes  of  France  and  Au- 
ftria  againll  one  another,  was  the 
chief  caufc  of  their  divifions,  and 
cf  the  wars  which  io  long  defolated 
Europe,  and  efpecialjy  Germany  ; 
France,  without  being  excitedthere- 
to,  attempted,  at  the  death  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  VI.  to  make  her- 
fclf miftrefs  of  that  fuperiority  of 
dominion  which  (lie  always  had  in 
view.  She  would  have  obtained 
her  end,  had  iTie  been  able  to  di- 
vide the  ellates  of  the  houfe  of 
A  uftria,  among  the  different  princes 
who  formed  pretcnfions  to  them, 

and 


STATE    PAPERS. 


217 


ard  of  whom  none   would  have 
been  in  a  condition  to  make  head 
againft  France.  To  defeat  this  pro- 
jcd,  the  king  then  took  part  with 
the  houfe  of  Auftria,  when  attacked 
on  all  fides,  and  abanndoned  by  eve- 
ry power.     He  took  that  part  with 
a  greatnefs  of  foul,  which,  though 
forgot  at  Vienna,  and  repaid  with 
ingratitude,  will  never  be  forgot 
in  hillory  ;  that  generous  monarch 
fought  in  perfon  for  the  cau.fe  of 
his  ally,  facrificed  the  blood  of  his 
fubjeds,  the  treaiures,    and  even 
the  moil  important  conquefi  of  his 
crown,    to  prevent  the  ruin  with 
which   fhe^  was  threatened  on  all  • 
hands.  Theeffetlsofthefemeafures 
are  known  to  the  whole  world.    It 
is   true,    that  the  emprcfs   queen 
yielded   up   by    the    moft    folemn 
treaties  the  duchy  of  Silelia  to  the 
king  of  Prufuaj  but  the  numerous 
armies  which  that  princefs  keeps  on 
foot  in  the  prcfcnt  war,  fufficiently 
ihew  that  the  houfe  of  Auilria  has 
preferved  fince  the  peace  of  Aix- 
ja-Chapelle,  the  power  which  was 
thought  neceffary  to  maintain  the 
balance  of  Europe,  in  hopes  that, 
conformable  to   the  laudable  ex- 
ample of  Leopold  I.  Jofephl.  and 
Charles  VI.  Ihe  would  make  ufe  of 
this  power  in  defence  of  the  com- 
mon liberty. 

The  conclufion  of  thefe  troubles 
convinced  France  that  fhe  could 
never  expe<ft  to  fucceed  in  her  de- 
figns,  while  Great  Britain  preferv- 
ed by  her  commerce,  fulHcient 
force  vigoroully  to  oppofe  her. 
Scarce  therefore  was  the  peace  of 
Aix-la-Chapei!e  concluded,  when 
fhe  fought  out  other  ways  to  ex- 
ecute her  projeds  which  that  peace 
had  defeated.  With  this  view,  (he 
began  to  diilurb  the  Englifh,  to 
hem    in     her     colonies     in    the 


new  world  on  all  fides,  in  con- 
tempt of  the  cleared:  articles  of  the 
peace  of  Utrecht,  in  order  to  put 
them  in  the  moft  critical  fiiua- 
tion,  and  take  away  the  ftrongeft 
fupport  of  the  liberties  of  Eu- 
rope. 

It  is  not  our  purpofe  here  10  de- 
fend the  rights  of  the  king  in  thefe 
differences,  they  have  been  made 
fiilHciently  manifeft :  but  we  cannot 
help  remarking,  that  the  caofe  of 
the  Britifh  crown  ought  naturally 
to  be  that  of  all  thofc  who  murt  ex- 
pedl  their  dependency  fr^m'  the 
common  liberty.  We  may  eafiJv 
fee  what  would  infallibly  happea 
in  Germany  and  elfewhere,  fliuld 
France,  with  the  forces  Ihe  has  at 
land,  ever  get  poffeffion  of  the  fo- 
vereignty  of  the  fea. 

His  majefty  therefore  had  good 
grounds  to  expe<ft  the  affiftance  of 
other  powers  in  the  differences  we 
have  jull  mentioned;  but  he  was 
far  from  dei  ring  to  in  vole  them 
unnecellarily  in  that  affair  ;  on  the 
contrary,  he  did  all  in  his  pov/er 
to  maintain  peace  on  the  conti- 
nent. 

None  but  fuch  as  are  unac- 
quainted vyith  the  maritime  force  of 
England,  can  believe  that,  without 
a  diverfion  on  the  continent,  to 
employ  part  of  the  enemy's  force, 
fhe  is  not  in  a  condition  to  hope 
for  fuccefs,  and  maintain  her  fupe- 
riority  at  fea.  England  had,  there- 
fore, no  intereft  to  foment  quarrcb 
or  wars  in  Europe;  but  for  the 
fame  reafon,  there  was  room  to  fear 
that  France  would  embrace  a  diffe- 
rent lyilem  :  accordingly  fhe  took 
no  pams  to  conceal  her  views,  and 
her  envoys  declared  publickly,  that 
a  war  upon  the  continent  was  inevi- 
table, and  that  the  king's  dominions 


2i8      ANNUAL   RE 

in  Germany  would  be  its  principal 
objed.  France  did  not  confine 
herfelf  to  bare  declarations ;  in  the 
autumn  of  the  year  1755  ^^^  ^^'^ 
the  French  troops,  affemble  upon 
the  Mofelle,  and  the  Upper  Rhine. 
It  could  not  be  affirmed  that  theie 
troops  were  dellined  to  maintain 
peace,  and  with  defenfive  viewi 
only,  as  no  one  could  think  of 
carrying  the  war  into  France. 
Thefe  grand  preparations  couid 
therefore  have  noother end,  but  that 
of  carrying  the  war  elfewhere  her- 
felf, and  of  entering  the  territories 
of  the  empire.  The  king,  in  thefe 
circumilances,  firfl  addrefled  him- 
felf  in  quality  of  king  and  eleclorj 
to  the  imperial  and  royal  court,  ft 
wj^s  certainly  the  emprefs  queen 
whom  this  affair  principally  re- 
garded. His  Britannic  majeiiyex- 
pedled  of  lier,  as  king  and  eledor, 
that  fhe  would  call  to  remembrance 
the  times  not  long  elapfed,  and  alfo 
the  accomplifhment  of  the  treaties 
which  the  king  had  fulfilled  with 
the  moft  fcrupulous  exaflnefs.  He 
might  above  all  have  expedled,  in 
quality  of  eleftor,  that  his  imperial 
jnajefty  would  execute  faithfully 
what  he  had  promifed  by  his  capi- 
tulation; 

He  might  perhaps  have  obtain- 
ed the  afTiftance  of  the  court  of 
Vienna,  had  he  been  willing  to 
enter  into  the  views  which  the 
minifters  of  that  court  had  fuffici- 
ently  made  known ;  but  the  king 
thought  them  as  improper  for  an- 
fwering  his  intention  to  maintain 
peace  in  Europe,  as  contrary  to 
juilice.  Hence  the  dry  and  unfa- 
tisfa<^oryanfwcrs  which  herecei\''ed 
from  Vienna;  anfwers  which -fiifH- 
ciently  difcovered  the  new  plan 
that  court  was  purfuing,  and  which 
was  totally  different  from  that  to 


which  the  houfe  of  Auf^riahad  been 
fo  often  iadebt?d  lor  its  preferva- 


tion. 
Such    w 


nrcuniitances 


when  a  fav.; arable  op pof  unity 
offered  for  con.lui'n>  wiih  Jiis 
Pruiuan  rosjellv  th-^  treaty  of  VVe."^- 
minller,  Jan.  16,  1*756.  Th-  two 
CjntraAing  ntonarcli.s  ccnfidcrea  it 
as  a  fure  means  -o  maintain  ?)ea:'e 
in  Europe,  and  ef^^eciaily  in  Ger- 
many. Then  it  vas  rhar  Fnnc^ 
faw  ihe  iv..p-s  vanifn  wi^h  which 
{hQ  had  fiaft'^r^i  herfelf,  •)f  being 
afTifted  by  the  king  cf  Pru^a  in  her 
views  againft  the  peace  of  Europe: 
No  body  then  thought,  that  the 
court  of  Vienna  woull,  in  order  to 
dbtain  its  ends,  make  an  alliance 
\viih  thatof  Verfuilles,  and  throw 
irfelf  into  the  danger  which  mull 
inevitably  follow.  Itfeemed,  there- 
fore, natural  to  hope,  that  France 
would  abandon  a  fcheme  which  Ihe 
wanted  allies  to  execute,  and  that 
the  peace  of  the  empire  would 
continue  undifturbed.  This  is  as 
evident  as  what  the  French  have 
advanced  in  their  memorial,  in 
order  to  throw  a  falfe  glofs  upon 
the  treaty  of  Wellminller,  is  weak, 
and  void  of  probiil^ility.  It  is  there 
faid,   '  That  the  kings  of  England 

*  and   Pruflia  had  no  ehemies  to 

*  contend  with  when  the  treaty  of 
'  Weftminilerwas  concluded.'  But 
is  not  the  contrary  known  to  all 
the  world?  Had  not  France  al- 
ready affembled  troops  in  1755', 
and  threatened  to  attack  the  king's 
German  dominions  ?  This  piece 
adds,  <  That  the  King  of  Great 

*  Britain  had  reafons  to  wifh  for 
'  a  war  upon  the  continent:   That 

*  the  operations  of  France  by  fea 

*  wouhl  thereby  be  weakened  : 
'   That     the     Hanoverian     troops 

*  would   obtain    fubfidies  :    That 

'■  en. 


STATE    PAPERS. 


2IM 


*  endeavours  were  ufed  ro  turn  the 

*  war  in  Germany  into  a  religious 

*  war,  in  order  to  gain  the  affillance 

*  of  .the  ProtelUnt  princes  :   That 

*  the  concurrence  of  the  king  of 

*  PruiTia  was  obtained  by  flatter- 
'  ing  his  ambition  with  the  hopes 

*  of  a  new  aegrandif  ment,  at  the 
'  expenceof  the  emprefs  queen  : 

*  and    that   the  King  of  P/uflia, 
^  in    a    public    news-paper,    rc- 

*  proaches  the  King  of  Great  Bri- 

*  tain    as  being,  the  fir  ft  mover  of 

*  this  war.* 

If  the  queftion,  which  of  the  two 
poweis  is  to  be  confidered  as  the 
author  -f  the  war  in  Germany,  is  to  ' 
be  decided  by  the  advantages  to  be 
rraped  from  it  by  fuch  party,  the 
impartial  public  would  beat  no  lofs 
to  give  it.,  judgment.  They  muft 
be  very  ignorant,  indeed,  >yho 
imagine  that  the  forces  of  England 
are  not  able  to  refift  thofe  of 
France,  unlcfs  the  latfer  be  hinder- 
ed from  turning  all  her  efforts  to 
the  fea.  Jn  cafe  of  a  war  upon  the 
continent,  the  two  powers  mull  pay 
fubfidies ;  only  with  this  diffe- 
rence, that  France  can  employ  her 
own  land  forces  and  afpire  at  con- 
quefts.  Nothing  can  be  more 
odious,  or  more  groundlefs,  than 
the  reproach  of  the  pretended  de- 
fjgn  to  procure  fubfidies  to  Hano- 
verian troops. 

The  king  defrayed  the  expences 
of  the  campaign  of  1757  ^^  ^^^ 
own  proper  charge,  and  except 
the  payment  which  the  Heffian 
troops  received  frpm  England,  that 
crown  contributed  only  200,000!. 
llerling  to  that  campaign  ;  a  fum 
which,  it  is  eafy  to  fee,  was  fulH- 
tient  but  for  a  fmall  part  of  the 
neceflary  expences.  Had  it  been 
in  the  power  of  the  king  to  (hun 
this  war,  the  Hanoverian  troops 
y/ou}d  h^vehadnaneed  of  fubfidies. 


Can  it  be  imagined,  that  the  king 
would  havedefired  lopurchafe  thefe 
fubfidies  at  the  price  of  the  danger 
to  which  he  expofed  his  German 
dominions,  in  cafe  the  French  ar- 
mies fhould  penetrate  to  the  heart 
of  the  empire?  Every  one  may  cafi- 
ly  fee  what  the  Proteftants  had  to 
expeft  from  the  court  of  Verfailles. 
It  was  not,  therefore,  without  rea- 
fon  that  this  objeft  was  recom- 
mended to  the  confideration  of  the 
Proteftant  powers  and  ftates  of  the 
empire  ;  but  the  king  was  fo  far 
from  ufing  this  motive  to  excite  a 
war  on  the  continent-,  that  he  had 
nothing  more  at  heart  than  to  pr(^ 
vent  it. 

The  King  of  Pruflia  has  pub- 
lifhed  to  the  world  the  reafons  that 
forced  him  to  take  arms.  We  leave 
the  impartial  to  judge,  whether 
thefe  reafons  were  rot  fufficicnt  of 
themfelves,  without  any  view  of 
aggrandifement,  to  kindle  up  a 
war  between  that  prince  and  the 
emprefs  queen ;  at  leaft  it  can 
never  be  imputed  to  the  king,  who 
expofed  his  facred  perfon,  and  alfo 
the  blood  and  treafure  of  his  fub- 
jeds,  to  favethe  houfe  of  Auftria, 
that  he  occafioned  the  prefent 
troubles,  that  lay  wafte  the  em- 
pire, with  a  view  to  dillrefs  that 
houfe. 

The  French  miniftry  are  very 
fenfible  of  all  the  weaknefs  of  thefe 
pretended  conjedures.  Hence  they 
have  re,courfe  to  a  letter  which  his 
Pruffian  majelly  is  faid  to  have 
written  to  the  king.  Can  there  be  a 
more  formal  acknowledgment  that 
they  want  folid  proofs,  than  their 
having  recourfe  to  a  writing  which 
bears  the  moft  evident  marks  of 
falfity  and  forgery,  and  which  only 
have  proceeded  from  the  wicked 
hearts  of  thofe  who  are  not 
afhamed  to  uf?  venal  pens,  to  forge 

pieces 


220     ANNUAL,   REGISTER,    1758, 


pieces  p^rpofely  to  impofe  upon  the 
abufed  andcreduious  public,  and  to 
anfwerthe  fmiller  ends  which  they 
hoped  to  make  of  it  at  a  proper  time 
and  place  ? 

It  is  faid  alfo,  in  the  memorial  of 
the  court  of  France,  *   That  the 

*  claufe  contained  in  the  treaty  of 

*  Weilminfter  to  oppofe  the  intro- 
'  duftion  of  foreign    troops    into 

*  Germany,  is  contrary  to  the  right 

*  which  the  Hates  have  to  make 

*  alliances  with  foreign  powers  ; 
'  and  that  it  had  France  principally 
'  in   view  :    That   his    Britannic 

*  majefty  was  not  ignorant,   that, 

*  by  virtue  of  his  dctenfive  treaties, 

*  and  his    guaranty    of  thofe  of 

*  Wellphalia,  the  king  of  France 
'  would  be  obliged,  at  the  requifi- 

*  tion  of  thofe  flates,  to  fend  troops 
'  to  their  afiiilance,  in  cafe  of  their 

*  being  attacked:  and  that  the  en- 

*  gagement  made  to  oppofe  thofe 


*  France,  by  this  faft,  to  attack 

*  thofe  countries,  in  order^  by  that 
'  means,  to  kindle  up  a  general 

*  war.' 

The  reafon  why  the  Auftrian 
Netherlands  were  not  compre- 
hended in  that  treaty  is  very  clear- 
ly explained  in  a  feparate  article. 
His  PrufTian  majcfty  was  not  oblig- 
ed by  the  peace  of  Drefden,  to 
guaranty  thefe  countries.  Befides, 
what  reafon  could  there  be  for 
fuch  a  guaranty  for  the  emprefs 
queen,  who  had  fignified  on  feve- 
ral  occasions,  that  fne  feared  no- 
thing fr  m  France?  Was  it  not  in 
the  power  of  his  moft  chrilHan 
majelly  not  to  attack  the  countries 
in  queiiion  ;  or  did  the  treaty 
of  Wellminiler  give  him  a  right 
to  invade  them?  At  Icall,  if  he 
had  taken  fo  unjull  a  reflation, 
it.  is  plain  that  his  Britannic  ma- 
jefty  would    not   have   been     an- 


troops,  was  a  nioll  unjuft  decla-  ^  fwerable  for  the  event.     However 


■*.  ration  of  war.' 

^  The  fecond  article  of  the  treaty 
of  Weflminfter  abfolutely  dePcroys 
this  objeftion.  It  fpeaks  only  of 
troops  that  ihould  come  to  dijiurh 
the  peace  of  the  einpire ;  for  what 
other  troops  could  be  then  thought 
of?  To  fuppofe  a  delign  had  been 
formed  to  attack  Saxony  and 
Bohemia,  and  to  exclude  the  en- 
tj^ance  of  lawful  fuccours,  is  to 
affert  the  very  thing  that  is  called 
in  queiiion,  and,  confidering.  the 
evidence  to  the  contrary,  is  intirely 
void  of  all  proof.  It  is  objected  in 
the  lafl  place,  '  Th^t  in  the  treaty 
*  cf  Wel!:iiiin/.cr  the  neutrality  of 


the  peace  of  thefe  provinces  was  no 
lef$*fecured  by  that  treaty,  than  if 
they  had  been  exprefsly  included. 
France  would  naturally  avoid  car- 
rying the  war  thither,  at  a  time, 
when,  by  her  own  confeflion,  fhe 
was  abandoned  by  her  ally,  and 
engaged  in  a  burthenfome  war. 
She  would  have  been  afraid  of 
drawing  upon  her  Auftria,  Hol- 
land, and  other  powers,  who,  both 
by  virtue  of  treaties,  and  alfo 
from  motives  of  felf-intereil:,  muil, 
in  that  cafe,  have  taken  part  in  the 
war. 

Nothing  then  can  be  more  unex- 
ceptionable than  the  king's  condud 


the  Low  Countries,  in  favour  of    wirh  regard  to  the  treaty  of  Weft 


the  emprefs  queen,  was  not  in 
ferted  with  that  of  Germany  : 
That  the  public  foon  difcovercd 
the  artifice ;  and  that  it  was  the 
intention  and  defig 
contrading  *  parties 


n    of.,  the 
to    oKcite 


miniler,  which  will  be  for  ever  an 
irreproachable  v,'itnefs  of 'the  care 
he  took  to  maintain  the  peace  of 
Europe. 

France  took  quite  diiFerent  mea- 
fuies  :  her  numerons    land  forces 

per- 


^TATE    PAPERS. 


Pcrfaaded  her  that  it  was  her  in- 
tereil  to  make  war  on  the  conti- 
nent. Her  envoys  made  no  fe- 
cret  of  her  defign,  as  we  have 
already  obfervcd.  The  prepara- 
tions which  fhe  made,  and  the 
troops  which  fhe  afTembledin  1755 
upon  the  Upper  Rhine  and  the 
Mofelle,  were  a  convincing  proof 
of  the  blow  which  ihe  meditated. 
She  even  induced  the  emprefs 
queen  to  make  a  treaty*  with  her, 
figned  at  Verfailles  the  firll  of 
May  1756.  Nothing  can  be  lefs 
^difKcuIt  than  to  difcover  the  views 
of  the  courts  of  Vienna  ^nd  Ver- 
failles, in  making  that  alliance, 
and  the  confequences  which  they 
promifed  therafelves  from  that 
fyllem.  France  v/anted  to  punifh 
tlie  King  of  Pruffia  for  jiaving 
dared  to  difpute  the  dependence 
which  Ihe  exacts  from  all  the 
».  courts  of  Europe,  and  for  having^ 
f  made  with  England  a  treaty,  which, 
though  inoffenlive,  was  inconfillent 
with  the  views  of  the  French  mi- 
nillry. 

She  above  all  flattered  herfelf, 
that  by  the  meafures  flie  had  pur- 
fued,  by  the  war  which  fhe  was 
going  to  make  on  the  continent, 
and  by  the  invafion  of  the  king's 
German  dominions,  he  would  be 
brought  to  make  a  peace  prejudi- 
cial to  his  crown,  or  in  cafe  he 
rcfufed  to  come  into  that,  defigns 
might  be  accomplilhed,  that  would 
include  the  ruin  of  the  houfe  of 
Hanover.  Thefe  are  not  mere  con- 
jeclurcs.  They  are  the  fentiments 
of  a  perfon  whofe  penetration, 
and  the  confidence  which  the  allied 
courts  juftly  put  in  him,  enabled 
him  to  difcover  the  truth,  and  who 
had  the  intelligence  which  he  ft-nt 
to  his  court,  from  the  fountain 
head. 


221 

The  following  is  part  of  a 
letter  from  Count  Fleming,  dated 
July  29,    1756.     '  If  the  court  of 

*  London  does  not  feparate  itfelf 
'  from  the  King  of  Prulfia,   and 

*  make  peace  with  France  on  the 

*  beft    terms    poffible,    tljie  latter 

*  will  go  on  from  fuccefs  to  fuccefs^ 

*  and    from    fcheme    to    fcheme, 

*  which  may  in  the  end  become, 

*  fatal  to  the  houfe  of  Hanover.' 
The  court  of  Vienna,  which  the 
king  hid  fo  faithfully  fuccoured, 
and  which,  in  confequence  of  the 
molt  folemn  treaties,  ought  to 
have  'defended  the  electorate  of 
Hanover,  made  fo  little  oppofition 
to  its  being  invaded,  that  Count 
Fleming  gave  the  following  opi- 
nion of  it  in  a  letter,  dated  June 
12,   1756.      *    I   think  (fays  he) 

*  that  it  \vouI<i  not  be  ill-timed, 

*  if  France,  the  more  to  embarrafs 

*  the^king  of  FruiTia,  fhould  fend 

*  an    army   of  60,000  men    into 

*  the  country  of  Hanover;  which 

*  would  greatly  facilitate  its  de- 

*  figns.'  The  fame  minifter  ia 
forms  his  court  of  his  reafons  for 
thinking  fo,  and  of  the  court  of 
Vienna's  motives  for  refufin»  to 
fuccour  the  king  in  cafe  of  an  hof- 
tile  invafion,  in  a  letter  dated  May 
10,  1756,  being  the  very  day  the 
treaty   of  Verfailles   was  figned. 

*  It    plainly    appears    (fays    he) 

*  that  fince  the  court  of  Vienna 

*  cannot  have  the  King  of  Pruffia 

*  for  the   objeft    of  the  war,    it 

*  will  no  longer  run  the  rifque  with 

*  Englr.nd,  againit  France,  which 
'  it   looks  upon  a«  a   much    lefs 

*  dangerous  enemy  than  the  King 

*  of  Pruffia.* 

His  difpatch  of  June  9,   1756, 

gives  the  following  account  why 

it  did  not  yet  fear  France  fo  much 

as  the  King  of  Pruffia :  *  Never- 

*  thelefs. 


222        ANNUAL  REGISTER,  1758. 


*  thelefs,   (fays  he)  it  is  but  too 

*  remarkable,  that  it  wants  to  get 

*  rid  of  all  thefe  difRculties,  and  is 
'  bent  on  giving  a  different  face  to 

*  the  affairs  of  religion  in  the  emr 

*  pire,  and  to  conquer  Silefia/  In 
a  difpatch  of  the  i6th  of  the  fame 
month,  he  iays,   *  I  am  more  and 

*  more  perfuaded,  that  the  rellec- 

*  tions  which  I  have  made  in  my 

*  former  letters,  and  efpecially  in 

*  that  of  the  9th  inftant,  are  not 

*  without  foundation,  and  I  can 

*  no  longer  doubt  that  the  court 

*  where  I  am  has  formed  a  fcheme, 

*  the  principal  objefts   of  which 

*  are,  religion,  and  the  recovery 

*  of  Silefia.' 

Lallly,  he  tells  us  the  manner 
in  which  this  fcheme  wds  to  have 
been  executed,  in  a  ktter  well 
worthy  of  attention,  dated  July  8, 
1756. 

*  They  know  very  well,   (fays 

*  the  count)    that  it  is  neceffary 

*  to  purfue,  without  interruption, 

*  the  meafures  already  begun,  that 

*  they  may  be  able  to  play  a  double 

*  game,  and  put  themfelves  in  fo 

*  good  a  condition,  that  the  King 

*  of  Pruffia  (hall  \be  thereby  oblig- 

*  ed  by  fupporting  his  armaments, 

*  and  the  augmentations  made  or 

*  to  be  made,  either  to  waile  away 

*  by  little  and  little,  or,  to  pre- 

*  vent  that  inconvenience^   fufTer 

*  hlmfelf  to  run  into  fome  preci- 

*  pitate  refolution,  which  to  me 
«  feems  to  be  the  very  thing  they 

*  expeft.' 

It  is  in  confequence  of  thefe  de- 
iigns,  and  by  thefe  means,  that  Ger- 
many is  become  the  unhappy  thea- 
tre of  war.  Does  Europe  at  pre- 
fent  fay  that  this  is  to  be  laid  to 
the  king's  account,  or  to  whom 
does  juftice  afcribe  it  ? 

The  conduft  of  the  king,  after 
6 


the  war  broke  out,  was  the  fame  ; 
always  juff  and  irreproachable. 
The  harmony  between  him  and  his 
Polifli  majeily  fubfifted  upon  its 
former  footing;  he  defired  peace; 
and  though  he  neither  could  nor 
would  engage  the  King  of  Pruffia 
to  negleft  the  neceffary  mean.s"of 
defence,  he  did  not  fail  to  remon- 
ftratc  to  that  monarch,  not  to  ufe 
them  but  in  the  utmoft  neceff.ty. 
The  king  was  at  peace  with  the 
emprefs  queen  ;  he  had  no  hand 
in  the  war  between  Pruffia,  Auftria, 
and  Saxony,  nor  had  he  ever  bceit 
follicited  by  the  King  of  Pruffia 
to  take  part  m  it.  This  has  been 
declared,  on  different  occafions, 
as  well  to  the  court  of  Vienna 
and  the  dyet  of  the  empire,  as 
to  the  principal  courts  of  Germa- 
ny, by  minifters  fent  exprefsly  fof 
that  purpofe. 

At  a  comitial  deliberation  of  the 
loth  of  January,  1757,  the  king, 
as  eledor,  gave  it  as  his  opinion, 
that  the  empire  ffiould  interpofe 
its  mediation  to  appeafe,  in  art 
amicable  manner,  the  troubles  in 
which  it  was  involved.  All  thefe 
things  are  publicly  known,  nor 
can  any  one  have  the  face  to  alledge 
the  leaft  fiep,  the  lead  meafure, 
from  which  the  contrary  can  be  in- 
ferred. 

The  winter  which  followed, 
hindered  France  from  fending  her 
troops  in  1756  againft  the  domi- 
nions of  his  Britannic  majcfty  ;  but 
at  the  fame  time  it  opened  a  new 
fcene  by  the  neutrality  offered  the 
king  for  thefe  dominions.  After 
fhewing  what  paffed  upon  this  oc- 
caiion,  we  ihall  draw  from  them 
the  confequences  which  naturally 
follow.  On  the  fourth  of  January, 
1757,  Count  Kaunitz  declared  to 
Baron  Steinberg,  the  Hanoverian 
minillcr 


STATE    PAPERS. 


223 


.1  Vienna,  that  he  had  a 
to  make  to  him  which  he 
.  o'c  exp?<rt;  that  the  cmprefs 
A  had  ordered  him  to  give  hiih 
.  nif  morial  (which the  count  at  the 
;.^:e  time  prefenteJ)  and  that  fhe 
d'-rired  that  his  court  would  return 
r.n  anlvver  to  it  as  Toon  as  pofiible. 
This  memorial  remarks,  that,  in 
offering  th'^t  neutrality,  all  the 
iecurities  and  jud  and  reafonable 
indulgencies  and  conditions  were 
required  for  the  emprcfs  and  her 
allies,  which  ought  to  follow  from 
fuch  an  engagement.  Nothing 
cculd  be  more  natural  than  for  the 
kiijg  to  defire  an  explcri.ition  of 
thofe  equivocal  terms,  which  were, 
fufcepnble  of  any  meaning'  that 
might  be  put  upon  them.  He  did 
fo,  ill  an  anfwer,  conformable  to 
the  fame  language  which  he  had 
always  ufed  in  quality  of  eledor, 
and  repeated^  with  that  freedom 
and  uprightnefs  from  which  he 
never  departed,  his  refoluiion  to 
ftop  the  French  troops,  and  to  talce 
no  other  ftiare  in  the  war..  Thefe 
aflurances  would  have  been  fuffici- 
cnt,  if  there  had  really  been  no  de- 
fign  to  injure  the  king's  dominions, 
and  thofe  of  his  allies,  as  long  as, 
in  quality  of  eledtor,  he  remained 
neuter. 

The  court  of  Vienna  had  pre- 
vioufly  anfwered,  that  it  would 
treat  with  France  concerning  that 
affair;  but  it  at  the  fame  time 
figned  a  convention  with  the  Count 
d'E trees,  by  virtue  of  which  the 
French  army,  was  to  pafs  the 
Wefer  the  loth  of  July.  This 
circumitancc,  afier  the  teftimony 
which  M.  d'  Etrees  himfelf  has 
given  of  it,  cannot  be  called  in 
quelHon. 

Inflcad  of  the  explanation  that 
was  expcded,  the  Count  de  Col- 


loredo  fent  to  London  in  the  month 
of  April  to  Baron  de  Munchaufen 
his  Britannic  majelty's  eleftoral 
miniller,  the  fcheme  of  a  treaty 
of  neutrality  ;  wherein  not  only 
a  paiTage  for  the  combined  army 
was  demanded,  but  it  was  alfo 
faid,  that  the  king  had  delivered 
up  his  ftrong  places  to  foreign 
troops ;  that  he  fliould  not  aug- 
ment nor  affemble  his  own ;  but 
ihould  difperfe  them  in  fuch  a 
manner  as  Oiould  be  agreed  on. 
The  king  by  fubmitting  to  thefe 
terms,  was  no  longer  mafter  of 
his  own  country,  nor  of'  his  own 
troops,  and  voluntarily  difarmed 
himfelf.  The  French  miniftry, 
however,  have  not  fcrupled  to  an- 
nex to  their  Parallel  the  piece 
which  contains  fuch  llrange  pro- 
pofitions.  The  confequences  were 
fuch  as  the  -court  of  Vienna 
might  naturally  exped,  and  which, 
after  figning  the  convention  with 
the  Count  d'  Etrees,  it  might  de- 
fire.  The  king  broke  oiFa  nego- 
tiation which  only  Ihewed  the  arro- 
gance of  the  courts  which  had  be- 
gun it. 

The  reader  is  now  able  to  judge 
of  that  part  of  the  memorial  of  the 
court  of  France,  that  regards  this 
article.  It  firft  endeavours  to  render 
the  king  fufpej^ed  by  his  allies, 
when  it  fays,  '  That  he  had  given 

*  in/inuations  for  the  neutrality  of 

*  his  German  dominions,  and  that 

*  afterwards  he   had   propofed  to 
'  admit  of  it,    provided  that  the 

*  French  troops,  inllead  of  paffrng 

*  through    his    dominions,    were 
'  made  to  pafs  through  the  coun-, 

*  tries  of  Cafiel,  Brunfwick,  Go- 

*  tha,  and  Weimar.** 
Certainly    the   author    of   the 

French  memorial,  when  he  wrote 
this,  forgot  til  jt  the  kind's  anfwer, 

an- 


224  ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758, 


annexed  to  the  Parallel,  deftroys 
both  thofe  reproaches.  The  king 
there  o'wns  with  what  fatisfaftion 
he  received  the  offer  which  had 
been  made  him,  and  fpeaks  of  it 
as  a  propofal  not  coming  from 
him,  but  folely  from  the  cmprefs 
queen :   *  His   majeity    (^^7^  ^^^.t 

*  paper)  has  heard,  with  as  great 

*  pleafure  as  regard  for  her  ma- 

*  jefty     the     emprefs     queen      of 

*  Hungary  and  Bohemia,  that  her 

*  imperial     and     royal      majefty 

*  wanted  to  hinder  the  countries 

*  belonging  to  his  Britannic  ma- 
«  jsily  in  Germany,  from  being 
'  involved  in  the  prefent  troubles. 

*  The  king  alfo  declares,  that  he 

*  perlifted  in  the  refolution  to  take 

*  all  poflible  meafurcs  to  keep  out 

*  foreign  troops  from  his  poffef- 

*  fions,  and  from  their  neighbour- 

*  hood,  mere  plFeftually  to  pre- 

<  vent  the   danger  whiqh   might 

<  threaten  them.' 

The  French  army  would  not  have 
been  far  from  the  king's  territo- 
ries, had  he  followed  the  path  which 
was  marked  out  for  him.  After 
fending  this  explanation  to  the 
court  of  Vienna,  it  was  necefTary 
to  wait  for  its  anfwer  before  paffing 
to  other  propofals.  This  anfwfer 
was  only  received  in  the  fcheme  of 
the  convention  ;  and  the  court  of 
Vienna  muft  own,  that  the  nego- 
tiation was  then  abfoiutely  broken 
off. 

The  court  of  France  is  very 
fenfible  that  thefe  obje^ions  have 
nothing  to  do  with  the  principal 
affair ;  but  that  the  queftion  pro- 
perly is,  whether  the  king  was 
obliged  to  accept  the  neutrality 
offered  him?  Whether  his  refufal 
of  it  juftifies  their  proceedings 
afterwards  towards  his  dominions, 
and    thofe   of   his    allies  ?     And 


whether  the  conditions  oiTefed 
him  are  not  the  cleareft  proof 
of  the  unjuil  defigns  the  French 
had  againll  him  ?  Thus  they  feek 
to  excufe  themfelves  ;  but  nothing 
can  be  more  weak  than  that  pre- 
tended juflification.     *  The  king, 

*  it  is  faid,  was  obliged  to  permit 

*  the  French  army  to  have  a  paf- 
'  fiige  through  his  dominions;  it 

*  could  take  no  other  rout  :  the 
'  conditions  ofl^"ered  had  nothing 
'  in  them  unjuil:,   diflionourable, 

*  ncr  dangerous,  as  it  was  propof- 
'  ed  to  put  the  fortren>  of  i^ame-' 
'  len  into  the  hands  of  the  emprefs 

*  of  Rufua,  or  of  the  king  of  Den - 

*  mark.' 

Nothing  can  be  worfe  founded 
than  the  pretended  obligation  o/ 
the  king,  to  permit  the  French 
army  a  paflage  through  his  domi- 
nions. According  to  the  law  of 
nations,  a,nd  that  of  the  Hates  of 
the  empire  with  regard  to  foreign 
powers,  no  flate  can  be  forced  to 
grant  a  palTage  to  the  troops  of 
another  ftate  through  its  territories ; 
much  lefs  ought  that  pifTage  to 
be  demanded,  when  it  might  give 
occafion  or  pretence  to  bring  the 
theatre  of  the  war  into  the  country, 
where  it  would  get  fooling. 
The  laws  of  the  empire  do  not 
allow  the  emperor  to  introduce 
foreign  troops  into  Germany,  with- 
out the  confent  of  the  dates.  In 
the  cafe  wherein,  by  the  conllitu- 
tion  of  the  empire,  the  ftates  ar« 
obliged  to  allow  fuch  paffage,  it 
is  not  to  be  done  with  prejudice 
or  danger  to  the  countries.  For 
this  reafon  it  is  ordained,  that 
firfl  of  all,  the  perfon  to  whom 
the  troops  belong  fnall  give 
fecurity;  to  caufe  the  troops  to 
march  in  fmall  bodies,  without 
caufing  any  damage  to  the  coun- 
try. 


STATE     PAPERS. 


225 


try,  and  paying  for  every  thing 
that  fhall  be  furnifhed  them  for 
their  fubliflcnce. 

To  apply  thefe  regulations  to 
the  paffage  demanded  of  the  king. 
The  empire  had  not  confented 
to  the  introduAion  of  the  French 
troops.  France  had  lately  iignified 
to  the  dyet,  that  Ihe  thought  it 
juft  to  take  what  revenge  ihe 
could  of  the  king's  ftates  in  Ger- 
many, on  account  of  the  differ- 
ences that  had  arifen  in  America. 
It  was  not  France  that  could  give 
fuch  fecurity ;  ftie  demanded  ifhe 
king  to  deliver  up  his  fortrefles, 
to  difaim  himfelf,  and  leave  it  to 
the  difcretion  of  France,  whether 
Ihe  fhould  think  proper,  under 
pretence  of  a  paffage,  to  exercife 
her  declared  revenge,  and  ruin  the 
eleftoral  flates  as  much  as  ihe 
could  by  an  open  war.  The  very 
demand  of  a  paffage  fufhciently 
proves,  that  this  was  the  defign  • 
of  France.  She  needs  only  throw 
an  eye  upon  a  map  to  be  con- 
vinced, that  the  fhorcefl  way  to  go 
from  France  to  Saxony  and  Bohe- 
mia, which  were  ihen  the  theatre 
of  the  war,  was  not  to  pafs  through 
the  territories  of  the  ^king  in 
Germany,  nor  thofe  of  his  neigh- 
bours. It  is  no  wonder  that 
France  finds  the  conditions,  which 
fhe  propofed  to  the  king,  neither 
dilhonourable,  unjufl,  or  danger- 
ous. Having  imbibed  ideas  of 
dcfpotifm,.  fhe  thinks,  that  all  other 
powers  ought  to  confider  every 
thing  that  fhe  thinks  fit  to  im- 
pole  upon  them,  as  equitable, 
juil,  and  proper.  Delicate  with 
regard  to  her  own  honour,  fhe 
would  have  others  to  be  indiffer- 
ent about  theirs  ;  but  fuch  no- 
tions will  never  alter  the  nature 
of  things,  nor  hinder  every  one 
from  being  periuaded,  that  there 
Vol.  I. 


is  nothing  more  hard,  more  un' 
juft,  or  more  incompuible  with 
the  dignity  of  a  free  ft  ate  of  the 
empire,  than  to  fee  that  power, 
that  ftrength,  and  Authority,  for 
which  fhe  is  alone  indebted  to 
Providence,  taken  fr  .m  her  by  the 
hand  of  a  flranger.  The  ftates 
of  the  empire  may  fee,  from  this 
example,  of  what  nature  »he  paf- 
fage is,  which  thecour:  of  F  ance 
thinks  fhe  has  a  right  to  denaud 
as  a  guarantee  Of  the  treaty  of 
Wertphalia,  and  with  the  appro- 
bation of  the  court  of  Vienna. 
The  imperial  town  of  Cologn  has 
experienced  it  in  this  war,  and  per- 
haps the  time  is  nearer  ar  hand 
than  they  expeft,  when  thofe, 
whofe  zeal  for  their  religion,  the 
fubfidies  which  they  receive,  and 
other  views,  make  them  look  up- 
on the  fufferings  of  their  co-eftates 
with  a  carelefs  indifference,  will 
themfelves  (hare  the  fame  fate  ia 
their  turns. 

We  flatter  ourfelves  that  we  have 
faid  enough  to  fet  the  conduft  of 
the  king  and  that  of  France,  with 
regard  to  the  neutrality,  in  a  clear 
light.  We  have  feen  that  the  king 
feized  the  offer  that  was  made  him 
to  repeat  the  affurances  that  he 
would  endeavour,  on  his  fide,  to 
maintain  peace  in  Germanv.  That, 
on  the  contrary,  the  courts  of  Vi- 
enna and  Verfailles  have  been,  from 
the  beginning,  very  equivocal  and 
fufpicious  ;  that  while  they  made 
a  fhew  of  procuring  the  neutrality 
of  the  eleftorate,  they  fjgned  a 
convention,  by  which  the  combined 
armies  were  to  enter  the  eleftorate 
after  <the  loth  of  July  ;  and  laftly, 
that  the  conditions  propofed  to  thi 
king,  were  fo  hard,  fo  dangerous, 
and  fb  inconfiftent  with  his  honour, 
that  they  were  only  intended  to 
make  him  rcjecl  them,  to  give  theji 
Q.  a  pre- 


ii6       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


a  pretence  for  executing  the  refola- 
tion  they  had  taken  to  invade  his 
majefly's  dominions,  in  contempt  of 
the  laws  of  equity  and  juftice. 

This  fatal  defign  was  foon  put 
into  execution.  Was  the  public 
ignorant  what  the  king*s  territo- 
ries have  foifered  by  that  invafion, 
we  could  give  it  a  long  detail  on 
this  head.  The  fuburbs  of  Zell 
burnt,  the  town  of  Hoy  almoft  re- 
duced to  alhes,  without  any  reafon 
of  war,  fomany  villages  plundered, 
fo  many  towns  ravaged,  almoft  all 
the  horfes  of  ihe  country  carried 
away,  the  country  foraged,  exac- 
tions amounting  to  immenfe  fums, 
indecencies  committed  with  regard 
to  the  king's  principal  officers  :  all 
thefe  horrors  will  tranfmit  to  the 
laceft  pofteriry,  the  remembrance  of 
aninvafion  equally  unjuft  andcruel. 
If  France  could  juftify  her  condudl 
in  the  eyes  of  the  world,  (he  would 
not  fail  to  give  valid  reafons  for 
the  invafion  of  the  eledlorate  ; 
but  r.o  fuch  thing  appears  in  the 
paper  publithed  in  her  defence.  It 
is  true,  Ihe  alledges  the  war  of 
England,  and  hoUilicies  commenc- 
ed, as  (he  fays,  by  the  Hanoverians ; 
but  fhe  yet  barely  touches  upon 
thefe  two  articles,  Ihe  fees  that 
this  would  be  an  open  violation  of 
the  beft  eftablifhed  maxims  of  the 
law  of  nations,  and  would  involve 
the  empire  in  continual  wars,  if  it 
might  be  maintained  that  the  ft-^tes 
of  which  it  was  compofed,  could  be 
attacked  for  quarrels  that  regard 
only  their  fovereigns  in  quality  of 
fove reign  powers. 

If  che  approach  c^f  a  numerous 
French  army  ought  not  to  be  con- 
fiJered  as  a  declaration  of  war,  at 
leaft,  they  cannot  deny,  but  that 
before  the  tvvo  armies  were  near 
enough  to  come  to  blows,  MarQial 
d'Etrees  committed  the  firlt  adU  of 


hoftility  in  the  county  of  Bentheira, 
of  which  the  king  was  in  poffeffion, 
and  which  France  thought  ihe  could 
put  into  the  hands  of  the  count  of 
that  name,  by  virtue  of  the  autho- 
rity which  Ihe  arrogated  of  fu- 
preme  judge  of  the  empire.  To 
colour  thefe  violences,  Ihe  had  na 
other  pretence  left  but  the  quality 
of  guarantee  of  the  peace  of  Weft- 
phalia.  She  pretends  that,  toper- 
form  this  obligation,  fhe  might  fend 
troops  into  Germany  ;  that  the  King 
of  Pruflia  had  invaded  Saxony  and 
Bohemia  ;  that  the  king  and  his 
allies,  by  fupporting  the  caufe.of 
his  Pruffian  majefty  with  an  army, 
had  formally  declared  themfelves 
adherents  to  the  breaker  of  the 
public  peace,  and  confequently 
their  countries  ought  to  be  treated 
as  thofe  of  enemies. 

It  is  true  that  it  is  againil  the 
Landgrave  of  HefTe-Caftel,  that 
this  pretence  of  guarantee  is  chief- 
ly urged  ;  but  as  no  betrer  reafon  is 
alledgedtojuftify  theinvalion  of  the 
different  ftates  of  the  empire,  as  the 
king  befides  confiders  the  condudl 
of  his  ferenehighnefs  theLandgrave 
of  Hefle  Caffel  as  both  juft  and 
glorious,  and  as  he  never  pretends 
to  feparate  the  caufe  of  that  prince 
from  his  own  ;  this  reafon,  which 
France  gives  for  her  condudt,  ought 
not  to  be  left  unanfwered. 

The  parallel  fuppofes  that  the 
King  of  PrufTia  was  the  aggrefTor 
in  the  war  with  her  majelty  the 
empiefs  queen,  and  that  he  had 
not  futiicient  reafon  to  take  up  arms 
in  his  own  defence.  How  many 
things  might  be  urged  in  anfwer  to 
this  imputation?  Count  Fleming's 
remarkable  letter  of  the  28th  of 
July  1756,  fpeaks  in  a  very  different 
itrain.  But  as  it  is  not  our  defjgn 
at  prefent  to  juflify  the  King  of 
Pruuia,  who  has  no  need  of  a  fo- 
reign 


STATE      PAPERS. 


tcign  pen  to  defend  him,  we  ihall, 
for  a  moment,  fuppofe  the  accufa 
tion  againft  him  well  founded.  To 
come  at  the  end  propofed,  it  will 
be  fufficient  to  make  two  remarks, 
which  will  wholly  expofe  the  cmp- 
tinefs  of  the  pretence  which  France 
has  thought  proper  to  make  ufe  of. 
Firft,  it  is  notorioufly  falfe,  that 
the  king  as  elector,  or  any  of  the 
other  princes  his  allies,  had  taken 
any  part  in  the  differences  between 
the  king  of  Pruflia  and  the  houfe 
of  Auftria,  before  they  were  invad- 
ed by  the  French.  The  king  had, 
on  feveral  occafions,  declared,  that 
he  had  nodefign  to  interfere  in  the 
war,  and  that  all  his  views  and 
meafures  fhould  only  be  to  keep  out 
of  his  poffeflions  and  their  neigh- 
bourhood the  foreign  troops  with 
which  tney  were  threatened.  No- 
thing can  be  more  conformable  to 
ihefe  declarations  than  the  meafures 
that  have  been  purfued,  nor  can 
any  thing  be  aliedged  to  infer  the 
contrary.  At  the  deliberations  of 
the  dyet  of  the  loth  of  January,  the 
king,  and  his  allies,  voted  for  an 
amicable  accommodation,  and  did 
not  join  in  the  meafures  approved 
by  the  majority.  But  the  peace  of 
Weftphalia  llipulates  that  all  mild 
methods  (hall  be  tried  before  the 
guarantees  are  aulhorifed  to  take 
up  arms.  Ic  fccures  the  ftates  of 
the  empire  an  entire  liberty  of  vot- 
ing, and  leaves  the  decifion  of  that 
quellion  to  the  dyet,  fo  that  the 
majority  of  voices  determines  with 
regard  to  colledlions  and  contribu- 
tions necefiary  for  the  expences  of 
a  war.  If  then  France  wanted  to 
take  advantage  of  her  quality  of 
guarantee  of  the  peace  of  Welt- 
phalia,  fhe  ought  not  to  have  ufed 
any  othc^r  means  but  thofe  pre- 
fcribed  by  treaty,  and  propofed  by 
his  Britannic  majelly;  but  fo  far 


227 

from  that,  (he  pretends  to  afTume 
the  right  of  executing  the  conclu- 
fions  of  the  empire,  and  ufurps  a 
moreextenfive  power  than  the  en- 
peror  himfelf  in  GTmany.  Bat 
in  the  fecond  place,  nothing  is  a 
ftronger  pr  of  of  the  motirtrous 
abufes  which  France  has  mad^  of  the 
guaranty  of  that  treaty,  than  hefr 
conduft  in  the  king's  territories, 
when  fhe  faw  herfelf  able  to  fpeak 
and  aft  as  their  miftrefs.  If  there 
be  any  one  who  doubts  that  fhe  had 
a  defign  to  revenge  herfelf  upon  the 
king's  German  dominioi  s  for  the 
differences  in  America,  by  fpoiling, 
ruining,  and  deftroying  his  ter-^Ito- 
ries,  and  thofe  of  his  allies,  and  by 
putting  it  out  of  their  power  to 
fuccour  the  Proteflant  religion,  and 
the  liber  y  of  Germany,  it  is  fuffi- 
ciently  ciemonflrated  to  them  by 
this  conduifl.  Scarce  were  the 
French  troops  in  poffeffion  of  the 
country,  bur,  not  content  with  raif- 
ing  heavy  contributions,  flie  took 
upon  her  the  regulation  of  the  re- 
venues, and  poured  in  a  croud  of 
placemen  and  commiifioners,  who 
followed  the  army,  to  whom  the 
adminiftration  was  entrufted  The 
country  changed  its  mafter,  and  in 
all  the  ordinances  publiilied  in  the 
name  of  the  inrendant,  or  of  the  ge- 
nerals, it  was  ftiled  a  country  of  hi» 
moflchridian  majelly  ;  the  town  of 
Ilamelen  was  even  fummoned  to 
take  the  oaths  of  allegiance  to  the 
King  of  France.  Notice  was  given 
to  his  Britannic  majelly's  minifters 
of  flate,  that  by  virtue  of  a  con- 
vention figned  between  France  and 
ths  emprefs  queen,  the  revenues 
and  contributions  ariiii^g  from  the 
eledtorate  fhould  be  divided  be- 
tween the  two  powers  ;  even  all 
the  conquered  countries,  and  thofe 
that  fliould  be  conquered,  belong- 
ing to  the  king,  as  clcftor  of  Ha- 
Q^a  nover. 


228      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


rover,  were  farmed  out  to  a  citizen 
of  Paris,  which  was  notified  by  a 
public  edid  to  the  whole  eleftorate, 
and  would  have  been  foon  put  in 
execution. 

To  maintain  that  thefe  are  pri- 
vileges which  a  guarantee  of  the 
treaty  of  Weftphalia  hath  a  right 
to;  to  pretend  that  France  had  no 
other  view  but  to  execute  the  laws 
of  the  empire,  and  to  put  the  King 
of  Poland  again  in  polTeflion  of 
Saxony,  is  contrary  to  theimprelfion 
which  plain  fads  mull  make  upon  the 
minds  of  the  moil  prejudiced.  It 
would  be  needlcfs  to  attempt  over- 
throwing a  pretence,  of  which  all 
the  world  fees  the  weaknefs ;  a  pre- 
tence of  which  France  did  not  avail 
herfcif  when  Ihe  Taw  herfelf  in  pof- 
feflion  of  Hanover  ;  a  pretence,  in 
Ihort,  which  fhe  has  refuted  in  the 
plainefl  manner  by  her  condud, 
when  the  king,  as  eledor,  caufed 
propofdls  of  peace  to  be  made  to  her. 
We  come  now  to  examine  the  reft 
of  thefe  meafures,  the  convention  of 
Cloller-feven,  and  the  objedioris  to 
which  it  has  given  occufion. 

On  reading  what  the  court  of 
France  fays  of  that  convention,  one 
would  think  that  this  is  the  article 
on  which  Ihe  laid  thegreateft  llrefs. 
It  is  plain,  however,  that  the  plan 
which  it  has  followed  in  this  affair 
is  mod  unjullifiable,  and  that  the 
king's  condudl  here, as  in  every  other 
refped,  is  void  of  all  juft  cenfure. 
To  prove  this  we  (hall,  as  the  moil 
proper  way,  relate  the  whole  mat- 
ter of  fad.  We  Ihall  fii  il  (htw  it 
to  the  public  in  the  moft  natur^al 
light,  and  then  anfwer  the  t>bjec- 
lions  made  by  France. 

After  the  affair  of  Haftenbeck  on 
the  26Lh,of  July  1757,  wherein  ihe 
two  armies,  though  very  ,tine|ual 
in  numbers,  fought  long  wiih 
doubifui  fuccefs  till  the  weakell  was 


obliged  to  retreat,  by  reafon  of  the 
too  great  fuperiority  of  the  enemy's 
troops  over  thofe  of  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland  ;  the  greateft  part  of 
the  king's  German  territories,  and 
alfo  thofe  of  the  Landgrave  of  Heffe- 
Caffel  and  of  the  Duke  of  Brunf- 
wick,  fell  into  the  enemy's  hands, 
who  made  them  feel  all  the  hard- 
fhips  of  war.  They,  however,  al- 
ways pretended,  that  thefe  mis- 
fortunes were  a  confequence  of  the 
meafures  taken  by  his  majefty,  who 
would  not  grant  the  peace  intended 
for  his  Hates,  and  thofe  of  his  allies. 
His  majefly  then  refolved,  in  qua- 
lity-of  eledor,  to  make  propofals  of 
peace  to  the  craprefs  queen  and  the 
court  of  France.  He  faw  that  the 
efforts  which  he  had  made  to  flop 
the  French  army  had  been  ineffec- 
tual ;  his  paternal  heart  was  fen- 
fibly  affeded  to  fee  the  oppreffion 
and  ruin  of  his  faithful  fubjeds. 

The  feverity  with  which,  they 
aded  with  regard  to  his  allies,  ex- 
cited in  his  foul  fentiments  of  the 
moft  fin  cere  compaffion  ;  he  then 
repeated  his  former  declarations, 
that  he  would  obferve  the  moft  ftrid 
neutrality  as  eledor,  during  the 
troubles  of  Germany,  and  prom  i  fed 
to  feparate  his  army,  on  condition 
that  his  ftates,  and  thofe  of  his  al- 
lies, were  delivered  from  the  yoke 
under  which  they  groaned.  Thefe 
offers  were  absolutely  all  that  the 
courts  of  Vienna  and  Verfailles  had 
demanded,  and  the  latter  efpecially 
could  not  rejed  them,  without 
taking  off  t'ne  mafk,  difcovering 
her  defign  to  make  conquefts  in 
Germany,  and  of  deftroying,  con- 
trary to  all  the  laws  of  nations,  the 
eledorate  of  Hanover,  incorporat- 
ed v/ith  the  empire,  and  taking  no 
part  in  thefe  quarreb  on  account 
of  the  war  in  America.  The  two 
courts  had  as  yet  given  no  definitive 
anfwer. 


STATE    PAPERS 


anfwer,  when  his  royal  highnefs 
the  Duke  of  .Cumberland,  by  the 
mediation  of  Count  de  Lynar,  con- 
cluded the  truce  of  Sept.  8,  1757. 
We  only  know,  that  the  court  of 
Vienna  had  afiured  Baron  de  Stein- 
berg, envoy  from  the  king,  as 
eleftor,  to  that  court,  that  when 
the  firft  overtures  were  made  of  a 
peace,  it  had  given  orders  to  Count 
de  Stahremberg  to  fupport  them  at 
Verfailles.  That  convention  bore, 
that  hodilities  fhould  ceafe  on  both 
fides  ;  and  that  the  auxiliary  troops 
fhould  return  into  their  own  coun- 
tries :  that  the  Hanoverians  fhould 
be  placed  in  the  part  of  his  majefty*s 
dominions  which  fliould  be  affigned 
them,  and  that  the  French  fhould 
pofTefs  the  reft  till  a  final  reconcilia- 
tion. The  moft  remarkable  of  thefe 
feparate  articles  is  that,  wherein  it 
is  declared,  that  the  allies  Jhould 
nr)t  be  looked  upon  as  prifoners  of 
IV  ar. 

It  needs  but  little  attention  to 
difcover  the  nature  and  end  of  this 
convention  :  it  is  a  fufpenfion  of 
arms,  a  military  regulation,  which 
the  French  minifterhimfelfdrewup: 
it  was  to  continue  till  the  ifTue  of  a 
negotiation,  begun  by  hi^  Britannic 
majedy  in  the  quality  of  Eledorof 
Hanover,  and  upon  the  declaration 
of  the  courts  of  Vienna  and  Ver- 
failles which  was  expeded.  This 
was  the  reafon  why  it  was  not 
thought  necefiary  to  fix  the  time 
the  fufpenfion  of  arms  was  to  lalK 
It  was  drawn  up  by  th<*  generals  of 
the  two  armies,  who  mutually  agreed 
that  it  might  be  concluded  without 
the  ratificatiori  of  he  two  courts: 
and,  indeed,  they  might  well  agree 
to  a  truce,  which  was  to  lall  only 
fora  (hort  time;  but  it  is  impoflibie 
to  fuppofe  that  they  had  power  to 
make  a  treaty  by  which,  without 
tjic  ratification  of  the  foverei^ns. 


229 

the  king's  dominions  fliould  be  de- 
livered up  into  the  hands  of  fo- 
reigners, till  a  general  peace,  of 
which  there  was  not  the  leaft  ap- 
pearance. It  is  a  thing  unheard  of 
to  give  the  general  of  an  army  {o 
extenfive  an  authority. 

The  conduft  of  Hanover,  im- 
mediately after  it  was  figned,  (hews 
frill  more  clearly  the  meaning  and 
end  of  the  convention  :  not  only 
the  inftru<5lions  given  to  the  king's 
envoys,  but  the  original  letters 
which  remain  in  the  hands  of  the 
moft  refpecftable  minil^ers  who  were 
employed  in  this  afi^alr,  teftify  to 
the  whole  world  the  truth  of  what 
we  have  here  advanced.  His  royal 
highnefs  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
in  the  firft  memorial,  delivered  to 
Count   de    Lynar,    informs    him, 

*  that  he  had  a  view  to  procure, 
'  by  means  of  the  convention,  a 

*  fufpenfion  of  arms  on  both  fides, 
'  as  the  firft  means  of  a^reconcilia- 
'  tion.'  Baron  deSchwegeld,  his 
Britannic  majefty's  minifter,  writes 
the  loth  of  Sepic  Tiber,  the  fame 
day  the  convention  was  figned,  to 
Baron  de  BernftoriF,  his  Danifh 
majefty's  minifter  of  ftate,  as  fol- 
lows ;  *  I  need    not  enter   into   a 

*  detail  of  a  negotiation  of  which 

*  your  excellency  will   be  already 

*  fully  informed  by  Count  de  Ly- 

*  nar.     You  v/ill  fee.  Sir,  by  the 

*  account  which  he  will  give  you, 

*  that  nothing  but  the  hopes  that 
'  this  firft  ftep  would  ferve  as  a 
'  foundation    and    introdu<^ion   to 

*  other  meafurcs,   made    us  over- 

*  look  numberlefs  confiderations, 
'  which  otherwife  would  have  me- 

*  rited  the  moft  fcrious  confidera- 
'  tion  in  many  rcfpcdls.'  Baron  de 
Steinberf^,  minifter  of  ftate,  wrore 
in  the  following  terms  to  the  Count 
de  Lynar,  who  had  fen t  the  fcheme 
of  explanation.   This  letter  is  dated 

0.3  Sep. 


ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1758. 


23Q 

September  28.     *  Your  excellency 

*  has    cpo    well    obferved,    during 

*  your   refidence  here,  how  faith- 

*  fullv  we  have  adl^d,  and  how  ar- 

*  deiitly  wehavedefired  io  continue 
'  the    negotiation    begun,  to  pave 

*  the  way  to  more  particular  expla- 

*  nations,  and   10  the  relief  which 

*  the    ftaces  of  ihe  king  fland   fo 

*  iiiuch  in    need  of.     Your  excel- 

*  iency,    I    iay,   has  tO"*   well    ob- 

*  fi  rvsd  all   this,  to  make  the  leafl; 

*  doubt  that  the   hopes  which  you 

*  gi>^\fe   ocfafion   to,   in  your  letter 
'  of    the    27ih,    are    not    entirely 

*  agreeable   to    the    miniflry,  who 
'  are  under  the  greateft  obligations 

*  to    your  excellency   for  the  zeal 

*  which  you  fhew  in  this  affair,  and 

*  the   care    which    you    have  pro- 

*  mifed  to  take.    As  to  a  more  par- 

*  ticular  convention  mentioned  to 

*  us   by   your   excellency,    I    fhall 

*  conform  entirely  to  what  his  royal 
'  highncfs  the  Puke  of  Cumberland 

*  (hall  fignify  on  that  head.     1  add, 

*  however,    that    the    king^s    mi- 

*  nifter  has   fecn,  with  great  plea- 

*  furc,  the  efforts  which  your  ex- 

*  cellency,  who  hath  fo  fure  and  ex- 
'  tenfive  a  knowledge,  hath  made 

*  to  bring  things  to  a  formal 
'  negotraiion.  And  as  there  is  the 
?■  greateft  reafon  to  think,  that  the 
^  exhibition    of    full  powers    will, 

*  with  this  view,   be  infilled  upon, 

*  the    miniftry     make     no    doubt 

*  but    your    excellency    will    take 

*  aP   pofljbie   care  to   caufe   thofe 

*  of"  Marflial  Richelieu,  or  of  any 
'  other 


'  negotiation  aJ  interim 


to  extend  farther  than  to  a 

and  con- 

feq^ently  to  an  entire  conciufion 

*  of  ihe  accommod3tion  v/hich  they 
'  have  in  view.  I'he  articles  con- 
^  tained  in  your  excellency's  fcheme 

*  of  exp^lanation  will  furn-ifh  fuf- 
'  ficient  arguments   on   this  head, 

*  S3  evtry  furpcnfion  of  arms  un- 


'  determined  with  regard  to  time, 

*  firft   fuppofes  that   the   principal 

*  negotiation  will  follow,   and  that 

*  equitable  terms  will  be  granted 
'  on  both  fides.  The  promife  of 
'  the  King,  the  Duke  of  Brunfwick, 
'  and    the    Landgrave    of  Heffe, 

*  not  to  employ   their  troops  du- 

*  ring  the  prefent  troubles,  niuft  be 
'  founded  upon  the  hopes,  that  in 
'  confideration   thereof  their  ftates 

*  fhall  be  delivered  from  the  op- 

*  preflion  under  which  they  at  pre- 

*  fent  groan,  and  that  no  pretences 
'  fhall  be  made  to  put  off  this  con- 

*  dition  till  a  general  peace,  which 

*  a  feries  of  unforefeen  events,  of 

*  which  the  prefent  year  has  fur- 

*  nifhed  fo  great  a  number,  may 

*  long  prevent.' 

Laftly,  it  is  plain  that  France 
herfelf  underftood  the  convention 
in  the  very  fame  fenfe.  For  whe- 
ther the  hands  of  the  Hanoverians 
were  tied  up  by  the  fufpenfion  of 
arms  concluded  at  Clofter-feven, 
till  a  general  peace,  or  whether  the 
ftate  of  inaflion  was  only  to  lail 
till  it  fhould  be  feen  whether  the 
king,  as  eleftor,  could  obtain  a 
particular  accommodation  :  In  the 
former  cafe,  and  if  that  obligation 
exifted  already,  why  did  France  in- 
fill upon  having  it  flipulated  by  the 
fcheme  of  explanation  propofed  by 
Count  de  Lynar.  And  in  the  other, 
the  king  muft  have  been  at  liberty 
to  put  an  end  to  the  truce  when 
there  were  no  hopes  left  of  obtain- 
ing a  particular  peace.  In  a  word, 
if  we  but  fimply  confider  the  con- 
vention of  Clofter-feven,  both  thefe 
points  are  inconteftible.  If  the 
convention  was  a  fufpenfion  of 
arms,  a  military  regulation,  the 
duration  of  which  depended  upon 
the  fuccels  of  the  propcfals  for 
a  particular  peace,  it  might  then 
be  revoked  when  the  courts  of 
Vienna 


STATE    PAPERS. 


231 


Vienna  and  Verfailles  had  rejefted 
thefe  propofals.  If,  on  the  con- 
trary, it  was  a  formal  treaty,  by 
virtue  of  which  the  king's  domini- 
ons were  to  remain  in  the  enemy's 
hands,  till  an  entire  reconciliation 
of  the  fovereigns,  which  was  at  a 
great  diftance,  it  required  the  rati- 
fication of  the  king,  which  had  ne- 
ver been  obtained. 

The  court  of  France  has  fur- 
nifhed  the  king  with  many  other 
reafons  for  regarding  the  conven- 
tion as  null  and  void.  Scarce  was 
the  news  of  it  received  at  Pari^, 
but  they  thought  they  had  gained 
the  point  fo  long  defired,  and  that 
they  were  able  to  make  the  king  ac- 
cept the  mod  unfupportable  terms. 
They  not  only  declared,  that  they 
would  abfolutely  hear  no  terms  of 
peace,  but  even  protefted  again  ft  the 
validity  of  the  convention,  and  re- 
fufed  to  accept  the  guaranty  of  the 
King  of  Denmark,  anlefs  the 
troops  fhould  take  a  folemn  engage- 
ment not  to  ferve  during  the  war 
againft  France  or  her  allies.  This 
is  formally  declared  in  the  poftfcript 
to  a  letter  to  Count  de  Lynar. 
Another  equally  authentic  proof  of 
this  faft,  is  found  in  a  letter  of 
Marfhal  Richelieu  to  General  de 
Zaftrow.  The  difarming  of  the 
troops  was  alfoinfifted  upon,  though 
by  the  advice  of  France  herfelf,  the 
convention  had  obferved  a  profound 
filence  on  that  head.  This  pre- 
tenfion  was  fo  obftinately  main- 
tained, that  the  propofal  made 
without  the  concurrence  of  his  Bri- 
tannic majefty,  by  his  majefty  the 
King  of  Denmark,  to  receive  thefe 
troops  into  his  dominions,  was 
rejeded . 

The  weight  of  the  yoke  impofed 
upon  the  eleftorate  of  Hanover  was 
doubled,  by  giving  it  in  farm  to  a 


citizen  named  Faidy  :  fo  that  the 
fentiments  of  humanity  which  a 
people  reduced  to  the  laft  extremity 
might  expeft  from  fome  placemen 
of  France,  were  more  efFeilually 
ftifled  by  the  avarice  of  the  farmer, 
whofe  intereft  rendered  him  deaf  to 
prayers  and  remonftrances.  To 
leave  no  doubt  of  the  ambitious 
views  of  the  court  of  Verfailles  ;  to 
Ihew  that  it  expeded  10  make  new 
conquells  over  the  king,  the  faid 
Jean  Faidy  obtained  by  patent  the 
farm  of  the  territories  of  his  Br  it  an  ^ 
nic  majejiy,  ijuhich  <ujere  conquer ea  or 
to  he  conquered. 

The  convention  was  infringed 
in  numberlefs  other  refpedls  by 
France,  of  which  an  ample  ac- 
count was  given  in  a  piece,  inti- 
tuled. Previous  expojuions  of  the 
reafons  nvhich  induced  his  Britannic 
majefyy  in  quality  of  EUSlor  of  Ha- 
no'ver,  to  take  up  arms  againf  the 
French  army,  which  is  again  in 
motion. 

The  king's  territories  and  thofe 
of  his  allies  were  threatened  with 
the  moft  fevere  treatment.  They 
even  threatened  to  rafe  and  reduce 
to  aihes  the  royal  palaces,  and 
thofe  of  the  king's  minifters,  in 
cafe  they  fhould  make  the  lead 
difficulty  to  fubfcribe  blindly  to 
the  will  and  orders  of  the  court  of 
France.  Of  this  Count  Lynar's 
letter  gives  fufficient  proof.  As  to 
the  court  of  Vienna,  it  fpared  no 
pains  to  fecond  the  unjuft  deligns 
of  its  ally.  After  the  exampje  of 
the  latter,  it  declared  that  it  was 
not  a  feparate  peace  that  would  be 
fought:  and  that  the  king  might 
not  change  his  premeditated  defign 
of  putting  the  lall  hand  to  it,  the 
Aulic  and  Imperial  Councils  ought 
to  interpofe  on  thisoccalion  The 
Prince  of  Touf-Tajf  had    tlfo  the 

0^4  credit 


23a        ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1758, 


credit  and  influence  at  Vienna, 
precifely  in  ihefe  circumftances,  to 
•brirg  about  the  mofl  unjuft  and 
illegal  proceedings  againjft  his  Bri- 
ts nr^ic  majcily  in  the  affair  of  the 
polls. 

rhe  .king  eaiily  perceived  to 
whac  ihethieatcnings  6f  his  enemies 
tended.  They  wanted  to  throw 
an  indelible  ftain  upon  his  arms, 
•by  cifarrr>>ing  tjie  auxiliary  troops 
who  had  no  other  reiburce  Jeft  but 
either  to  diiband  or  enter  into  the 
French  armies.  The  Hanoverian 
•troops-were  confi.ncd  in  fo  narrow  a 
fpace,  that  it  woi^ld  have  been  im- 
pofiibie  for  them  to  fubfift  long, 
but  muft  have  perilhed  in  mifery. 
Bciides^  tlie  king,  by  fubfcribing 
to  the  "new  terms  which  they 
ivanted  lo  impofe  upon  him,  could 
not  afterwards  have  claimed  the 
afliliance  of  the  Britifh  nation  for 
tWt  eledlorate.  The  revenues  of  his 
.German  dominions  would  have  been 
feized^  and  the  country  exhaufted  in 
fuch  a  manner,  that  nothing  could 
Jiave  been  expected  from  it  in  a 
long  courfe  of  years.  The  king 
would  then  have  feen  himfeif 
unabje  to  maintain  either  his  own 
or  fubfidiary  troops,  which  by  a 
natural  coaftquence  he  had  been 
forced  to  difband.  Then  would  his 
majefty's  eneirres  have  acco'mplilh- 
ed  the  dangerous  fchemes  which 
jCoant  Fleming  foretold,  might 
'one '  day  Income  fatal  to  the  houfe  of 
'  Hano'ver.   ' 

-^  Let  any  one  but  examine  this 
pifture,  whole  natural  colous  are 
jnuch  ftronger  than  here  reprefent- 
ed}  jet  him  but  liften  to  the  voice 
of  reafon,  juflice,' and  equity  ;  let. 
Jiinijin  O^ort,  but  put  himfeif  in 
the  king's  place,  it  will  be  impof- 
iiblc  for  him  to  hefitate  a  moment, 
uhat  part  the  king  had  to  take  in 
5       ' 


thefe  circumftances.  The  court  of 
France  itfelf  acknowledged,  that 
the  laft  conditions  propofed  did  not 
exift  in  the  treaty  of  Clofler-feven, 
as  it  wanted  them  to  be  granted  by 
new  conventions.  The  king  had 
therefore  an  undoubted  right  to 
reje6l  them.  France  alfo  maintain- 
ed, that  the  convention,  before  i.t 
could  become  obligatory,  wanted 
thie  ratification  of  his  moft  chriftian 
majefty.  The  king,  therefore,  had 
an  equal  power  to  grant  his,  or  to 
refufe  it.  Was  he  to  renounce  this 
power,  and  abandon  his  country 
and  people  to  the  difcretion  of  an 
enemy,  who  fought  their  total  ruiii 
and  deflruftion  ? 

The  king,  then,  took  the  moft 
juft  meafures,  and  the  moft  agree- 
able for  his  own  dignity  and  prefer- 
vation ;  the  only  meafures  which 
the  arrogance  of  his  enemies  had 
permitted  him  to  take  ;  meafures, 
in  Ihort,  which,  however  dangerous 
and  uncertain  they  then  appeared, 
could  not  poflibly  prove  more  fatal, 
than  the  equally  heavy  and  (hame- 
ful  yoke  which  France  wanted  to 
impofe  upon  the  king,  by  the  new 
convention.  He  refolved  to  try, 
what  was  poflible,  to  deliver  his 
eftates,  iand  thofe  of  his  allies, 
from  tyranny  and  oppreflion,  ancl 
for  this  purpofe,  and  to  defend  him- 
feif, to  join  in  quality  of  elector, 
with  his  PrulTian  majefty.  He  or- 
dered a  perfpn  of  confidence  to  b^ 
fent  to  that  monarch,  to  defire 
him  to  permit  Prince  Ferdinand  of 
Brunfwick,  a  prince  of  the  blood- 
royal,  to  take  the  command  of  his 
army.  This  was  the  firft  of  Nov. 
and  confequently  five  days  before 
the  battle  of  Rofoach,  when  Majqr 
Qeneral  Count  de  Schulembourg 
departed  from  Stade,  to  go  to  the 
King  of  Pruffia.  In  the  mean  tim^, 
'  "  the 


STATE    PAPERS. 


^3i 


the  generals  and  minifters  had  not 
yet  received  orders  to  commence 
•hoftiiiiiejt.  The  king  would  not 
pern;it  them  to  purfue  any  meafures 
which  might  give  France  room  to 
think  that  he  was  difpofed  to  enter 
into  her  views.  General  Zaftrow*s 
letter,  annexed  to  the  Parallel,  (hews 
that  they  conformed  cxadtly  to  his 
majefty's  intentions,  and  that  they 
iigr.ified  that  they  thought  the  king 
was  refolved  henceforward  to  regard 
the  convention  as  null  and  void. 
As  foon  as  we  were  fure  of  a  ge- 
neral, a  refolution  was  taken  to 
march  againft  the  enemy.  Duke 
Ferdinand  gave  notice  of  this  to 
Marlhal  Richelieu,  by  a  letter  of 
the  28th  of  November. 

The  king  gave  all  the  world  an 
account  of  the  jult  motives  of  this 
conduft  in  a  memorial  publiflied 
the  26th  of  that  month,  and  holli- 
lities  were  renewed  on  both  fides. 
This  is  the  juftell  idea  that  can  be 
given  of  an  eveat,  which  will  ferve 
as  an  eternal  monument  of  France's 
manner  of  adling  as  foon  as  fhe 
thinks  fhe  has  the  fuperiority  on 
her  fide;  her  condu£l  will  convince 
all  the  Hates  of  the  empire,  that 
there  is  nothing  to  be  gained  by 
yielding  to  her,  and  that  the  pride, 
and  the  abufe  of  her  flrength,  in- 
creafe  in  proportion  as  they  become 
abje<5l. 

We  Ihall  examine  as  we  go 
along,  and  diffipate  the  fallhoods 
with  which  the  court  of  France  has 
fought  to  amufe  the  public  with 
reg;ird  to  this  event,  and  the  fo- 
phillry  which  fhe  has  made  ufe  of 
for  her  juHificaiion.  It  is  impof- 
fible  in  doing  this,  not  to  fall  into 
Tome  repetitions.  The  French  mi- 
niftry  begin  with  an  exaggerated 
defcription  of  the  condition  of  the 
"Hanoverian  army  at  the  figning  of 


the  convention.     It  is  faid  in  the 
Parallel,  *  That  the  generous  fen- 

*  timents  of  the  King  of  France 

*  were    never    more    confpicuous 

*  than  in  the  capitulation  of  Clo- 

*  fler-feven  :  That  the  Hanoverian 

*  army,  forced  to  fly    before  that 

*  of  Marfhal  Richelieu,  had  been 

*  obliged  to  retire  to  Stade,  where 

*  it  was  ia  the  moft  dangerous  fi- 

*  tuation.' 

It  will  be  eafily  granted,  that  at 
the  time  of  nriaking  the  convention, 
we  had  no  hopes  of  foon  delivering 
the  king's  dominions,  and  thofe  of 
his  allies,  by  force  of  arms,  be- 
caufe  we  faw  an  army  making  head 
againft  us,  greatly  faperior  to  ours 
in  number.  But  had  not  Marfhal 
Richelieu  reafon,  on  the  other 
hand,  to  fear  a  reverfe  of  fortune; 
if  he  was  refolved  to  drive  an  army 
of  forty  thoufand  men  to  defpair, 
whofe  valour  he  had  experienced  at 
the  affair  of  Haftenbeck  ?  Befides, 
it  was  that  marfhal,  and  not  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland,  who  was  in- 
formed of  the  march  of  the  King 
of  Pruflia  againft  the  Prince  of  Sou- 
bjfe.  So  there  is  not  the  leaft 
mention  made  of  the  hafte  with 
which  the  French  army  flew  to  the 
aflirtance  of  the  latter,  immediately 
after  figning  the  convention.  As 
to  the  reft,  it  is  impofTible  to  con- 
ceive that  this  convention  can  ferve 
as  an  example  of  the  generous  fen- 
timents  of^his  moft  chriftian  ma- 
jefty.  They  ingenuoufly  own,  that 
Marlhal  Richelieu  granted  the  ca- 
pitularion  of  his  own  accord,  with- 
out confultiog  his  court.  As  to 
the  new  conditions  propofed  by  the 
court  of  Vcrfailles,  and  with  which 
fhe  connected  her  ratification,  it 
would  be  abfurd  to  maintain  that 
they  were  didnted  by  fentimentsof 
generofity. 

The 


234      ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758, 


The  court  of  France  faw  very 
well  that  Ihe  could  not  claim  the 
right  of  refufing  the  capitulation 
of  the  treaty  of  Clofter-feven  with- 
out giving  the  fame  right  to  his 
Britannic  majefly.  In  order,  there- 
fore, to  throw  a  falfe  glofs  upon 
the  explanation  of  the  treaty,  it 
pretends,  'That the Kingof France, 

*  out  of  his  zeal  for  his  allies  and 

*  the  empire,  approved  of  the  con- 

*  duft  of  Marfhal  Richelieu  ;   and 

*  to  render  the  capitulation  more 

*  folid,  his  majefty  propofed  to  add 

*  to  it  fome  explanations,  to  fix  the 

*  fenfe  of  it  in  fo  clear  a  manner, 

*  as  to  obviate  every  falfe  interpre- 

*  tation  ;    explanations  which   the 
'  court  of  Copenhagen  and  Count 

*  Lynar  had  found  conformable  to 

*  the  true  fenfe  of  the  capitulation.' 

But  this  tale  is  abfolutely  con- 
trary to  the  true  ftate  of  things. 
The  court  of  France  declared,  that 
it  would  not  acknowledge  the  vali- 
dity of  the  convention^  unlefs  the 


new  terms  which  it  intended  to  add 
were  agreed  to,  and  the  auxiliary 
troops  were  difarmed.  This  cir- 
cumftance,  which  is  moft  clearly 
related  in  Count  de  Lynar's  letter, 
which  is  known  to  the  court  of  Co- 
penhagen, and  which  was  the  caufe 
that  the  guaranty  of  that  court  was 
not  fought,  is  alfo  mentioned  in 
Marfhal  Richelieu's  own  letter,  an- 
nexed to  the  Parallel.  His  words 
are   as  follow:  *  His  Danilh  ma- 

*  jefty  having  offered  to  guaranty 

*  them  (the  articles  of  the  conven- 

*  tion)  the  king  my  matter  thinks, 

*  that   before  he  figns  his  accept- 

*  ance  of  them,  it  will  be  proper 
'  to  obviate  fome  obfcurities  which 
'  might  occafion  difficulties  in  the 

*  execution,  which  has  been  fuf- 

*  pended  reciprocally  upon  words  of 
'  honour,  to  make  no  alteration  in 
'  their  fubftance,  and  always  to  ex- 
'  ecute  them,  when  both  fides  have 
'  come  to  an  underftanding  relating 

*  to  any  doubts  that  may  arife.' 


C  H  A. 


[  235  ] 


CHARACTERS 


WE  have  fet  apart  this  article,  for  fome  remarkable  charac- 
ters of  thofe,  whether  in  the  political  or  literary  world, 
whether  living  or  dead,  who  have  been  diftinguifhed  by  fuch  talents 
as  merit  the  public  attention.  The  three  firft  are  drawn  by  hands 
altogether  worthy  their  fubje£^s  ;  neither  are  the  others  contemptibly 
executed.  If  the  firft  of  thefe  pi6^ures  inclines  fomewhat  towards 
panegyric,  and  if  the  fecond  fliould  bethought  to  partake  of  fatyre, 
the  reader  will  not  therefore  think  either  of  them  lefs  juft. 


An  fjfay  towards  the  charaSler 
of  the  King  of  PruJJta,  tranjlat- 
ed  from  the  French  of  M.  Mau- 
pcrtuis. 


T 


HE  moft  faithful  and  fcrupu- 
lous  hiftorian   would  be  the 


with  rapidity,  and  improves  with 
fkill,  the  ihort,  favourable,  and 
often  decifive  moments  of  battle. 
Modeft  'and  magnanimous  after 
viftory,  he  becomes  the  generous 
proteftor  of  his  fubdued,  and  cap- 
tive enemies.     Refolute  and  unde- 


bell  panegyrift  of  Frederick  king  of    jefted  in  misfortunes,  he  has  arifen 
Prufiia.     I  pretend  to  be  neither  ;     fupcrior  to  diftrefles,  and  llruggled 


I  only  attempt  the  out-lines  of  his 
charafter,  which  even  cotemporary 
jealoufy,  envy  and  malignity,  are 
forced  to  admire,  and  which  more 
impartial  pofterity,  if  it  can  believe, 
will  almoll  adore. 

By  the  mere  natural  flrength  and 
fuperiority  of  his  genius,  without 
experience,  he  broke  out  at  once, 
a  general  and  a  hero.  He  diftin- 
guifhed with  precifjon,  what  in- 
ferior minds  never  difcover  at  all, 
the  difference  between  great  diffi- 
culties and  impoffihilities,  and  being 
never  difcouraged  by  the  former, 
has  often  feemed  to  execute  the 
latter. 

Indefatigably  laboriou?  and  ac- 
tive, ccoliy  intrep'd  in  a£lion,  he 
difcerns,    as    by    " 


with  difficulties,  which  no  courage, 
no  conftancy  but  his  own  would 
have  refilled,  nor  could  have  fur- 
mounted. 

But  as  he  cannot  always  com- 
mand the  fuccefs  which  he  always 
deferves,  he  may  perhaps  be  ob- 
liged to  yield  at  laft  to  the  fupe* 
rior  numbers  of  almoft  all  Europe 
combined  again  ft  him  ;  their  legi- 
ons may  perhaps  conquer,  but  his 
virtues  muft  triumph. 

As  a  king,  he  is  a  man^  a  citizen, 
a  legiflator,  and  a  patriot.  His 
own  extenfive  mind  forms  all  his 
plans  of  government,  undebafed  by 
felfifh  minifterial  interefts  and  mif- 
reprefentations.  Juftice  and  huma- 
nity are  his  only  minifters  *. 

In 


as    Dy   intuition,    feizes 

*  The  following  account,  the  truth  of  which  is  not  difputed,  will  ferve  to 
give  fome  idea  of  tl)at  great  prince  in  that  part  of  liis  charailer. 

An  Knglifh  lady  being  poircfied  of  alliens  [fliares]  in  the  Embden  com- 
pany, and  having  occa^on  to  raifc  money  on  tJiem,  icpaiced  to  Antwerp,  and 

made 


236        ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758. 

In  his  own  dominions  he  has  reformed  the  law,  and  reduced  it 
to  equity,    by  a  code  of   his  own  digelling.       He  has  thrown  cavil 

out 

made  application  for  that  purpofe  to  a  direftor  of  the  company,  eftabllflicd  there 
by  the  King  of  Pruflia,  for  tne  managing  all  affairs  relating  thereto.  This 
perf'on  very  willingly  entered  into  treaty  with  her:  but  the  fum  he  offered  to  lend, 
being  far  Ihort  of  what  the  aftions  would  bear,  and  alfo  infilling  on  forfeiture 
of  her  right  in  them,  if  not  redeemed  in  twelve  months,  fhe  broke  off  with  him, 
and  had  recourfe  to  fome  merchants  at  Antwei*p,  who  were  inclinable  to  treat 
with  her  on  much  more  equitable  terms.  The  proceeding  necefTari'y  brought 
the  parties  before  this  dire6lor  for  receiving  his  fanfiion,  which  was  eflential 
to  the  folidity  of  the  agreement;  and  he,  finding  he  was  like  to  lofe  the  advan- 
tage he  had  flattered  himfelf  with,  difputed  the  authenticity  of  the  aftions,  and 
thereby  threw  her  into  fuch  difcredit,  as  to  render  all  attempts  to  raife  money  on 
them  ineffeclual.  Upon  this  the  lady  wrote  a  letter  by  the  common  poll  to  his 
majefty  of  PruiHa,  accompanied  with  a  memorial,  complaining  of  the  treatment 
Ihe  had  received  from  the  dire6lor ;  and  likewife  inclofed  theailions  themfelves, 
in  another  letter  to  a  friend  at  Berlin.  By  the  return  of  the  poil,  his  majefty 
condefcended  to  anfwer  her  letter  ;  and  the  a6lions  were  returned  authenticated, 
which  fo  reftored  her  credit,  that  in  a  few  hours  all  difficulties  were  removed,  re- 
lating to  the  tranfa6lions  fhe  had  in  hand  ;  an^  it  is  more  than  probable,  thedi- 
re6lor  has  felt  his  majefly's  refentment  for  his  ill  behaviour. 

A  tranjlation  of  the  Uidfs  letter* 

S    I    R     By  ' 

Having  had  the  happlnefs  to  pay  my  court  to  your  majefly,  during  a  pretty  long 
refidence  at  Berlin,  and  to  receive  inch  marks  of  favour  from  their  majeilies  the 
queens,  as  I  fhall  ever  retain  a  grateful  fenfe  of,  I  prefume  to  flatter  myfelf  that 
your  majefty  will  not  be  offended  at  the  refpe^lful  liberty  I  take,  in  laying  before 
you  my  complaints  againfi  one  Van  Ertborn,  a  direilor  of  the  Embden  China 
company,  whofe  bad  behaviour  to  me,  as  fet  forth  in  my  memorial,  hath  forced 
me  to  make  a  very  long  and  expenfive  ftay  at  this  place  ;  and  as  the  confider- 
able  interefl  I  have  in  that  company  may  further  fubjefl  me  to  his  caprices,  T  can- 
tiot  forbear  laying  my  grievances  at  the  foot  of  your  majefty's  throne,  mofl  refpe6l- 
fuUy  fupplicating  your  majefty,  that  you  would  be  gracioufly  pleafed  to  give  or- 
ders, that  thisdireftor  fhould  not  aft  towards  me  for  the  future,  as  he  hath  done 
hitherto.  '  . 

I  hope  for  this  favour  from  your  majefty's  fovereign  equity ;  and  I  fhall  never 
teafe  offering  up  my  ardent  prayers  for  the  profperity  of  your  glorious  reign  j 
having  the  honour  to  be,  with  the  moft  rcfpeftful  zeal,  SIRE, 

Your  majcfty's  moft  humble, 
moft  obedient, 

and  mofl  devoted  fervant, 

#    *    *    *^ 

Tranjlation  of  his  PrufTian  majeffs  anf^^j-er, 
MadatUi 
I  received  the  letter,  of  the  1 9th  inftant,  which  you  thought  proper  to  write  me, 
and  was  not  a  little  difpleafed  to  hear  of  the  bad  behaviour  of  one  of  thedire«5lors 
of  the  Afiatic  company  of  Erabderf  towards  you,  of  which  you  were  forced  tQ 
complain.  I  fhall  dire6l  your  grievances^o  be  examined,  and  have  juft  now  dif- 
patched  my  orders  for  that  purpofe,  to  Lentz,  my  prefident  of  the  chamber  of 
Eaft  Friefland.  You  may  aifure  yourfe-lf  the  ftri'aeft  jufttce  fhall  be  done  you 
that  the  cafe  will  admit.  '  God  keep  you  in  his  holy  prote^ion; 

Potfdam.  ;    .  "  FuEDEJUCK. 

Feb.  a6,  1756. 


CHARACTERS. 


"^Zl 


out  of  the  fliiftlng  and  wavering 
fcales  ofjuftice,  and  poized  them 
equally  to  all. 

Indulgent  to  the  various  errors 
of  the  human  mind,  becaufe  tainted 
with  fo  few  himfelf,  he  has  efta- 
blifhed  uninjerfal  toleration^  that 
decifive  charadleriftic  of  true  re- 
ligion, natural  juftice,  focial  bene- 
volence, and  even  good  policy.  He 
equally  abhors  the  guilt  of  making 
martyrs,  and  the  folly  of  making 
hypocrites. 

Greatly  above  all  narrow  local 
prejudices,  he  has  invited  and  en- 
gaged, by  a  general  indifsriminat- 
ing  naturalization f  people  of  all 
nations  to  fettle  in  his  dominions. 
He  encourages  and  rewards  the 
induftrious,  he  cherilhes  and  ho- 
nours the  learned  ;  and  man  as  many 
wherever  oppreffed  by  civil,  or 
perfecuted  by  ecclefiaftical  tyranny, 
lindsafure  refuge  in  his  fentiments 
ofjuftice  and  humanity,  which  the 
purple  robe  has  not  been  able  to 
fmother. 

A  philofopher  undazzled  with 
the  fplendor  of  the  heroic  parts  of 
this  charader,  nfay  perhaps  inquire 
after  the  milder  and  focial  virtues 
of  humanity,  and  feek  for  the  man. 

He  will  find  both  the  man  and 

the  philofopher  too  in  Frederick, 
unallayed  by  the  king,  and  unful- 
iied  by  the  warrior. 

A  patron  of  all  liberal  arts  and  . 
fciences,  and  a  model  of  moft.  In 
a  more  particular  manner  culti- 
vating, adorning  and  adorned  by 
the  belles  lettres.  His  early  and 
firft  attempt  was  a  refutation  of 
the  impious  fyftem  of  Machiavel, 
that  celebrated  profefTor  of  poli- 
tical iniquity ;  nobly  confcious 
that  he  might  venture  to  give  the 
world  that  public  pledge  of  his 
future  virtue.     His   memoirs,  in- 


tended to  ferve  only  as  materials 
for  a  future  hiilory  of  the  houfe 
of  Brandenbpurg,  are  fuch  as  mull 
neceifarily  defeat  his  own  purpofe, 
unlefs  he  will  write  the  hiftory  too, 
himfelf.  There  are  alfo  fpeci- 
mens  enough  of  his  poetical  ge- 
nius to  ihew  what  he  ipight  be  as  a 
poet,  were  he  not  fomething  greater 
and  better. 

Neither  the  toils  of  war,  nor 
the  cares  of  government,  engrofs 
his  whole  time,  but  he  enjoys 
a  confiderable  part  of  it  in  familiar 
and  eafy  converfation  with  his 
equals,  men.  There  the  king  is 
unknown,  and  what  is  more,  un- 
felt.  Merit  is  the  only  diftinftion, 
in  which  his  unafferted,  but  con- 
fefTed,  and  undecided  fuperiority, 
flatters  a  mind  formed  like  his 
much  more  delicately,  than  the 
always  cafual,  and  often  unde- 
ferved,  fuperiority  of  rank  and 
birth. 

But  not  to  fwell  an  efTay  to- 
wards a  charader,  to  the  bulk 
of  a  finilhed  character,  ilill  lefs 
to  that  of  a  hiftory  ;  I  will  con- 
clude this  Iketch  with  this  obfcr- 
vetion  :  Many  a  private  man  might 
make  a  great  king,  but  whei-e 
is  the  king  who  could  make  a 
great  private  man,  except  Fre- 
derick .^ 


The  follo^wing  chara£ler  of  M.  de 
Voltaire y  isfaid  to  haije  been  lurit- 
ten  by  a  P-    ■  ce. 

MDe  Voltaire  is  below  the 
.  ftature  of  a  tall  man,  or,  in 
other  words,  he  is  a  little  above 
thofe  of  a  middling  fize:  he  is 
extremely  thin,  and  of  an  aduft 
temperament,  hot  and  atrabilious  ; 
his  vifage    is    meagre,    his  afpeft 

ardent 


238        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


ardent  and  penetrating,  and  there 
is  a  malignant  quicknefs  in  his 
eye  ;  the  fame  fire  that  animates 
his  works  appears  in  his  adlions, 
which  are  lively  even  to  abfur- 
dity ;  he  is  a  kind  of  meteor, 
perpetually  coming  and  going  with 
ft  quick  motion,  and  a  fparkling 
light  that  dazzles  our  eyes.  A 
man  thus  conftituted,  cannot  fail 
of  being  a  valetudinarian  :  the 
blade  eats  away  the  fcabbard  ;  gay 
by  complexion,  grave  by  regimen  ; 
open  without  franknefs,  politic 
without  refinement,  fociable  with- 
out friends :  He  knows  the  world, 
and  he  forgets  it;  in  the  morn- 
ing he  is  Ariftippus,  and  Dio- 
genes at  night ;  he  loves  gran- 
deur, and  defpifes  the  great ;  with 
his  fuperiors  his  carriage  is  eafy, 
but  with  his  equals  conftrained ; 
he  is  firft  polite,  then  cold,  then 
difgufting.  He  loves  the  court, 
yet  makes  himfelf  weary  of  it ;  he 
has  fenfibility  without  connefli- 
ons,  and  is  voluptuous  without 
paffion.  He  is  attached  to  nothing 
by  choice,  but  to  every  thing  by 
inconftancy.  As  he  reafons  with- 
out principle,  his  reafon  has  its 
fits  like  the  folly  of  others.  He 
has  a  clear  head,  and  a  corrupt 
heart ;  he  thinks  of  every  thing, 
and  treats  every  thing  with  de- 
rifion.  He  is  a  libertine  without 
a  conftitution  for  pleafure,  and  he 
knows  how  to  moralize  without 
morality.  His  vanity  is  exceflive, 
but  his  avarice  is  yet  greater  than 
his  vanity ;  he  therefore  writes 
lefs  for  reputation  than  money, 
for  which  he  may  be  faid  both  to 
hunger  and  thirft.  He  is  in  hafte 
to  work  that  he  may  be  in  halle  to 
live:  he  was  made  to  enjoy,  and 
he  determines  only  to  hoard.  Such 
is  the  man,  and  fuch  is  the  author. 


There  is  no  other  poet  in  the 
world,  whofe  verfes  coft  him  fo 
little  labour:  but  this  facility  of 
compofition  hurts  him,  becaufe  he 
abufes  it;  as  there  is  but  little 
for  labour  to  fupply,  he  is  con- 
tent that  little  fhould  be  wanting, 
and  therefore  almoft  all  his  pieces 
are  unfinifhed.  Buttho'he  is  an 
eafy,  and  ingenious,  and  elegant 
writer  of  poetry,  yet  his  principal 
excellence  would  be  hirtory,  if  he 
made  fewer  refledlions,  and  drew 
no  parallels  ;  in  both  of  which, 
however,  he  has  fometimes  been 
very  happy.  In  his  laft  work  he 
has  imitated  the  manner  of  Bayle, 
of  whom,  even  in  his  cenfure  of 
him,  he  has  exhibited  a  copy.  It 
has  long  been  faid,  that  for  a 
writer  to  be  without  paffion,  and 
without  prejudice,  he  mull  have 
neither  religion  nor  country,  and 
in  this  refped  Mr.  Voltaire  has 
made  great  advances  towards  per- 
fedlion.  He  cannot  be  accufed 
of  being  a  partifan  to  his  nation  ; 
he  appears  on  the  contrary  to  be 
infeded  with  a  fpccies  of  madnefs 
fomewhat  like  that  of  old  men, 
who  are  always  extolling  the  time 
pad,  and  bitterly  complaining  of 
the  prefent.  Voltaire  is  always 
diflatisfied  with  his  own  country, 
and  lavifli  in  his  praife  of  thofe 
that  are  a  thoufand  leagues  off. 
As  to  religion,  be  is  in  that  re- 
fpedl  utterly  undetermined,  and 
he  would  certainly  be  the  neutral 
and  impartial  being,  fo  much  de- 
fired  for  an  author,  but  for  a 
little  leaven  of  anti-janfenifm  which 
appears  fomewhat  too  plainly  dr- 
flinguilhed  in  his  works.  Voltaire 
has  much  foreign  and  much  French 
literature;  nor  is  he  deficient  in 
that  mixed  erudition  which  is  now 
fo  much  in  fafhion.  He  is  a  pro- 
5  litician^ 


CHARACTERS 


litician,  a  natural  ill,  a  geometri- 
cian, or  whatever  elfe  he  pleafes ; 
but  he  is  always  fupeificial,  be- 
caufe  he  is  not  able  to  be  deep. 
He  could  not,  however,  flourifti 
as  he  does  upon  thefe  fubjefts 
without  great  ingenuity.  His  tafte 
is  rather  delicate  than  juft  ;  he  is 
an  ingenious  fatyrift,  a  bad  critic, 
and  a  dabler  in  the  abftradled  fci- 
ences.  Imagination  is  his  element, 
and  yet,  ftrange  as  it  is,  he  has 
no  invention.  He  is  reproached 
with  continually  paffing  from  one 
extream  to  another ;  now  a  Pbil- 
anthropijlt  then  a  cynic  ;  now  an 
exceflive  encomi^ft,  then  an  out- 
rageous fatyrift.'  In  one  word, 
Voltaire  would  fain  be  an  ex- 
traordinary man,  and  an  extra- 
ordinary man  he  moft  certainly 
is  ! 


Anecdotes  of  the  Life  of  Baron  Mon- 
tefquieu,  author  of  the  Spirit  of 
Laws. 

From  the  French  of  M.  D*  Alemhert. 

CHarles  de  Secondat,  Baron  of 
la  Brede  and  Montefquieu, 
prefident  a  mortier  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Bourdeaux,  member  of 
the  French  academy,  of  the  royal 
academy  of  fciences  and  belies 
lettres  at  Berlin,  and  of  the  royal 
fociety  of  London,  was  defcended 
of  a  noble  family  in  Guienne, 
and  born  at  the  cattle  of  la  Brede, 
near  Bourdeaux>  on  the  28th  of 
January,  1689.  His  father  was 
a  younger  brother,  and  ferved , 
fome  time  in  the  army,  from  which 
he   foon  retired.     Young  Montef- 


quieu  gave  early  proofs  of  his 
fuperior  talents,  and  his  father 
was  diligent  to  improve  them.  At 
the  age  of  twenty  he  was  employ- 
ed in  preparing  the  materials  of 
his  Spirit  of  Laws,  by  judicious 
extrafts  from  the  immenfe  volumes 
that  compofe  the  body  of  civil 
law.  Jurifprudence,  though  lefs 
dry  to  him  than  to  moft  who 
apply  to  it,  becaufe  he  cultivated 
it  as  a  philofopher,  was  not  fuf- 
ficient  for  his  extenfive  and  aftive 
genius.  He  entered,  at  the  fame 
time,  into  the  depths  of  the 
moft  important  and  delicate  fub- 
jedls  f ,  and  treated  them  with 
that  judgment,  decency,  andjuft- 
nefs,  which  diftinguifh  all  his  writ- 
ings. 

His  father's  brother,  prefident 
a  mortier  of  the  parliament  of 
Bourdeaux,  who  was  the  eldeft 
branch  of  the  family,  lofing  his 
only  fon,  left  his  fortune  and  his 
office  to  M.  Montefquieu,  who 
had  been  admitted  a  counfeller 
in  the  parliment  of  Bourdeaux, 
Feb.  14,  1714,  and  was  received 
prefident  a  mortier  July  13,  17 16. 
In  1722,  during  the  king's  mi- 
nority, he  was  deputed  by  the 
parliament  to  make  remonftrances 
againft  a  new  oppreffive  tax.  He 
difcharged  this  commiffion  with 
fo  much  boldnefs  and  addrefs, 
that  the  tax  was  aboliftied.  April 
3,  1 7 16,  he  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  infant  academy  of 
Bourdeaux,  and  diverted  the  fo- 
ciety from  the  ftudy  of  the  fine 
arts,  which  can  feldom  be  culti- 
vated to  advantage  but  in  the 
capital,  to  the  more  ufeful  ftudy  of 
phyfic. 


t  This  was  a  trafl  in  the  form  of  letters  ;  defigned  to  fliew  that  the  idolatry 
of  jnoft  of  the  Pagar-s  did  not  defervc  eternal  damnation.- 

Iq 


24b       ANNUAL    RfeGISTER,    1758. 


In  1721,  when  he  was  32  years 
of  age,  he  publilhed  his  firil  work, 
intituled,  Perfian  Letters  [Leifres 
Perfannes.'\  In  thefe  he  expofes, 
with  great  fprightlinefs  and  energy, 
the  cuftom  of  the  French,  to  treat 
the  moll  trifling  things  with  feri- 
oufnefs,  and  turn  the  mod  im- 
portant into  ridicule  ;  their  con- 
ver ration  To  noily  and  frivolous ; 
their  languor,  even  in  the  lap  of 
pleafure;  their  prejudices  and  their 
aftions  in  continual  con  tradition 
to  their  underftanding;  their  ar- 
dent love  of  glory  joined  to  the 
raoft  profound  homage  to  the  idol 
of  court- favour  ;  their  courtiers  fo 
fervile,  and  yet  fo  vain  ;  their* 
outward  politenefs  to,  and  their 
innate  contempt  of  foreigners,  or 
afFefted  partiality  towards  them; 
the  extravagance  of  their  tafte, 
than  Vk'hicb  nothing  can  be  more 
contemptible,  except  the  eage^  nefs 
of  all  Europe  to  adopt  it;  their 
barbarous  difdain  of  the  moft  re- 
fpcdtable  occupations  of  a  citizen, 
namely,  commerce  and  the  admi- 
niflraiion  ofjuftice;  -their  literary 
difpuies,  fo  warm  and  yet  fo  ufe- 
lefs ;  their  rage  of  writing  with- 
out thought,  and  judging  v/idiout 
knowledge.  To  this  lively  por- 
trait he  oppofes,  in  the  apologue 
of  the  Troglodites,  a  reprefenta- 
tion  of  England,  which  he  calls  a 
virtuous  nation  made  wife  by  mis- 
fortunes. 

Though  this  piece  had  the 
greateft  fuccefs,  it  was  not  owned 
by  the  author.  There  were  fe- 
veral  free  expreiTions  in  ir,  relat- 
ing not  to  the  effentials  of  Chrif-^ 


tianity,  but  to  things  that  manf 
people  lludy  to  confound  with' 
Chrillianity  ;  concerning  the  fpirit 
of  perfecution,  with  which  fo 
many  Chriftians  have  been  ani- 
mated: the  temporal  ufurpations 
made  by  the  clergy  ;  and  the  ex- 
celTive  multiplication  of  monafteries, 
.which  leiTens  the  number  of  fub- 
jedls  in  the  ftate,  without  increaf- 
ing  the  fincere  worfhippers  of  God. 
Thefe  and  Tome  other  points  being 
mifreprefented  to  the  miniilry, 
when  M.  de  Montefquieu  ftocd 
candidate  for  a  place  in  the  French 
academy,  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Mi  de  Sacy^,  it  was  iignified  to  the 
members,  that  the  king  would 
not  approve  of  the  elcdion  of 
the  author  of  the  Lettres  Per- 
fannes.  M.  de  Montefquieu  faw 
the  confequence  of  this  blcv/,  to 
his  perfon,  his  family,  and  the 
tranquillity  of  his  life.  He  con- 
fidered  perpetual  exclufion  froai 
the  academy,,  efpeciallyirom  fuch 
motives,  as  an  injury.  He  waited 
on  the  minilter;  reprcfent;  d  that 
for  private  reafons  he  did  not 
acknowiedp-e  him felf  to  be  the 
author  of  the  Lettres  Per/anneiy 
but  that  there  was  nothing  in 
them  he  was  afliamed  of;  and 
that  he  ought  to  have  been  judg- 
ed not  upon  the  repefentation 
of  an  informer,  but  upon  a  can- 
did perufal  of  his  work*.  The 
miniilers  did  what  they  ought 
to  have  done  at  firft-:  they  read 
the  book,  and  liked  the  author, 
and  learned  where  to  place  their 
confidence.  France  retained  a  fub- 
jed  whom  fuperllition  and  calumny 


*  Voltaire  fays  (Siecle  de  Louis  XIV.  edit.  i75''>.)  that  Montefquieu  caufed  a 
new  edition  of  his  book  to  be  printed  oft'  in  a  few  d:  ys  ;  in  v/hich  he  either 
omitted  or  foftened  whatever  couJd  give  oftence  to  Cardinal  Fleury,  and  carried 
the  book  to  him  himfeif.  The  Cardinal,  who  fcarce  ever  read,  curforily  looktil 
into  fome  parts  of  it,  and  the  air  of  confidence  Montelquieu  aflumed,  joined  to 
the  foilicitations  of  fome  perfons  of  high  rank,  made  hiiu  drop  his  oppofuion. 

\StTQ 


C  H  A  R  A 

wfcre  oh  the  point  of  making  her 
lofe.  For  M.  de  Montefquieu  de- 
clared, that  after  fuch  an  affront, 
he  would  feek  among  ftrangers, 
who  held  out  their  arms  to  re- 
ceive him,  that  fecuricy  and  quiet, 
and  perhaps  thofe  recompences, 
which  he  might  have  hoped  for  in 
his  own  coantry.  He  was  re- 
ceived into  the  academy,  Jan.  24, 
1728. 

The  new  academician  was  the 
more  deferving  of  that  title,  as 
he  had  a  little  before  quitted  every 
other  employment  to  follow  en- 
tirely his  genius  and  tafte.  He 
was  fenfible  that  he  could  be  more 
fervrceable  to  his  country,  and  to 
mankind,  by  his  writings,  than  by 
deciding,  in  obfcuriry,  private  con- 
tentions. He,  therefore,  deter- 
mined to  fell  his  place  ;  and  ceaf- 
ing  to  be  a  judge,  devoted  his  time 
to  letters  only. 

But  to  be  ufeful  to  different 
nations,  it  was  neceifary  that  he 
fhould  know  them.  With  this 
view  he  fet  out  on  his  travels. 
H3  went  firll  to  Vienna,  where  he 
often  faw  the  celebrated  Prince 
Eugene.  This  hero  fo  fatal  to 
France  (to  which  he  might  have 
been  ufeful)  after  bringing  Lewis 
XfV.  into  jeopardy,  and  humbling 
the  Ottoman  pride,  lived,  in  time 
of  peacej  without  pomp,  a  lover 
and  encourager  of  letters,  in  a 
court  where  little  honour  is  paid  to 
them,  and  fet  an  example  to  his 
mailers  to  patron ife  them. 

M.  de  Montefquieu  went  next 
to  Hungary,  an  opulent  and  fertile 


C  T  E  R  S.  1^41 

country,  inhabited  by  a  proud  urA 
generous  people,  the  fcourge  o^ 
tyrants,  and  the  fuppor'ers  o'"  their 
fov'reigns.  As  this  country  is  little 
known,  he  is  very  full  on  it  ia 
the  account  of  his  travels,  which 
are  not  yet  publifh^d.  He  went 
next  to  Italy.  At  V'e^ict  he  faW" 
the  famous  Law,  who  had  nothing 
left  of  his  former  grandeur,  but 
projects  that  were  happily  deftin- 
ed  to  die  with  him,  and  a  dia- 
mond which  he  oftien  pledged  to 
raife  money  to  play  at  games  of 
chance.  One  day  the  converfa- 
tion  turned  on  the  famous  fyfteni 
invented  by  Lav/,  the  asra  of  the 
rtiin  and  the  Opulence  of  many 
people  in  France,  and  of  a  re- 
markable corruption  of  manners 
in  that  kingdom.  Law  met  with 
oppofition  to  his  fcheme  from  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  are  the 
immediate  depofitaries  of  the  laws 
during  a  minority.  M.  de  Mon- 
tefquieu afked  him  why  he  did 
not  try  to  gain  them  by  that 
which  proves  infallible  in  Eng-^ 
land,  money  ?  *  The  members  of 
<  your    parliament,    replied   Law, 

*  have  lefs  fire  and  generofity  than 

*  my  countrymen  ;   but   they  have 

*  more  integrity,*  *  Another  per- 
fon  not  lefs  famous,  whom  Mon- 
tefquieu faw  often  at  Venice,  was 
Count  Bonneval.  This  man,  fd 
well  known  by  his  adventures, 
which  were  not  yet  brought  to 
their  final  period,  pleafed  to  have 
a  judge  that  deferved  fo  well  to 
hear  him,  took  great  pleafure  in 
giving    M.  de  Montefquieu  a  de- 


♦  M.  D'Alembert's  remark  on  this  pafTage,  is  as  follows  : 

*  Wefliall  add,  without  any  prejudice  from  national  vanity,  that  a  body  which 
is  free  for  a  fliort  time  only,  muft  refift  corruption  better,  than  a  body  which  is 
always  free  :  thefjiit,  jif  it  fells  its  liberty,  I  les  itj  the  fecond  only  lends  it 
(if  I  may  be  allowed  the  expreflion)  and  exercifes  It  even  in  pledging  it.  Thus 
the  vices  and  virtues  of  nations  aiife  from  cii  cumftanccs  and  the  nature  or  the 


government. 

Vol.  I. 


tail 


242        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


tail  of  his  very  extraordinary  life, 
of  the  military  adlions  he  had  a 
part  in,  and  the  characters  of  the 
generals  and  minillers  he  had 
known.  Montefquieu  often  le- 
called  to  mind  thofe  converraiions, 
and  related  many  pafTages  of  thim 
to  his  friends. 

irom  Venice  he  went  to  Rome. 
In  this  anjcient  capital  of  the  world, 
which  is  flill  fo  in  fome  refpedls,  he 
particularly  attended  to  that  by 
w/hich  it  is  at  prefent  diflinguifli- 
ed,  the  works  of  Raphael,  Titian, 
and  Michael  Angelo.  He  had 
never  particularly  ftudied  the  fine 
tarts  :  but  the  exprefTion  that  fhines 
forth  in  the  malter-pieces  of  that 
kind,  never  fails  to  ftrike  every 
man  of  genius.  Accuftomed  to  at- 
tend to  nature,  he  knows  her  when 
he  fees  her  imitated  ;  as  a  good 
likenefs  flrikes  all  to  whom  the 
original  is  familiar. 

After  travelling  through  Italy, 
M.  de  Montefquieu  went  to  Swit- 
zerland, and  carefully  examined  the 
vaft  countries  that  are  watered  by 
the  Rhine.  There  remained  no- 
thing more  in  Germany  for  him  to 
fee  ;  for  Frederick  was  not  yet  come 
to  the  crown.  After  Haying  fome 
time  in  theUnited  Provinces,  which 
are  an  admirable  monument  of 
what  Indv.Jiry  can  do  animated  by 
the  love  of  Liberty,  he  came  over 
to  England,  where  he  rcfided  two 
years.  He  had  nothing  to  regret, 
but  that  he  did  not  come  fooner ; 
Locke  and  Newton  were  both  dead. 
But  he  had  often  the  honour  to 
wait  on  their  proteftrefs.  Queen 
Caroline,  who  cultivated  philofo- 
phy  on  the  throne,  and  had  a  juft 
relifh  for  M.  de  Montefqaieu's 
converfation.  He  was  equally  well 
received  by  the  nation  ;  who  in  this 
inftance  did  not  want  to  have  the 
example  fet  them  by  the  conrt.    At 


London  he  formed  connexions  with 
men  accuftomed  to  meditation,  who 
qualified  themfelves  for  great  ac- 
tions by  ftudy.  From  them  he  in- 
formed himfelf  ofthe  nature  of  the 
Englifh  government,  and  acquired 
a  perfeft  knowledge  of  it.  Ger- 
many, he  faid,  was  fit  only  to  travel 
in,  Italy  to  rcfide  in,  England  to 
think  in,  and  France  to  live  in. 

On  his  return  to  France,  he  re- 
tired for  two  years  to  his  feat  at 
la  Brede,  and  put  the  laft  hand  to 
his  work,  of  the  caufes  of  the  rife 
and  fall  of  Rome,  Sur  la  cauje  de 
la  grandeur t  CSf  de  la  decadence ,  des 
Romains  :  which  appeared  in  1734. 
It  might  juftly  have  been  intituled, 
The  Roman  Hijiory  for  the  ufe  of 
Statefmen  and  Philojophers. 

How  much  reputation  foever  he 
might  have  gained  by  this  and  his 
former  works,  he  had,  as  yet,  only 
cleared  the  way  for  a  much  greater 
undertaking,  that  which  ought  to 
immortalife  his  name,  and  render 
his  memory  refpeftable  to  future 
ages.  He  had  long  before  this 
time  formed  the  defign  of  it  :  he 
had  meditated  on  the  execution  of 
it  for  twenty  years,  or  rather  his 
whole  life  was  one  continued  medi- 
tation. He  firll  made  himfelf,  as  it 
were,  a  ftranger  to  his  own  country, 
that  he  might  know  it  better.  He 
next  vifued  Europe,  and  with  the 
deepeft  attention  ftudied  the  charac- 
terifticks  of  the  difi^erent  nations  by 
which  it  is  inhabited.  That  famous 
ifland,  which  glories  fo  much  in  its 
laws,  and  makes  fuch  bad  ufe  of 
them,  was  to  him,  in  this  long  tour, 
what  the  ifle  of  Crete  was  formerly 
to  Lycurgus,  a  fchool  wheie  he  im- 
proved in  knowledge,  without  ap- 
proving of  the  whole.  In  fine,  he  had 
examined  and  judged  nations  and 
eminent  men  that  nolongerexift,  but 
in  the  annals  of  the  world.  Thus  he 

gradu- 


CHARACTERS. 


gradually  rofe  to  the  higheft  title  a 
wife  man  can  arrive  at,  that  of 
Legiflator  of  nations. 

If  he  was  animated  by  the  im- 
portance of  his  fubjed^,  he  was  dif- 
couraged  by  its  extent;  he  abandon- 
ed and  refumed  it  feveral  times. And 
at  length,  encouraged  by  his  friends, 
he  muflered  all  his  ftrength,  and 
gave  the  public  his  Spirit  of  Laivs. 

Among  the  authors  by  whom  he 
was  afTilled,  and  from  whom  he 
borrowed  fome  of  his  fentiments, 
the  principal  are  the  two  of  decpeft 
meditation,  Tacitus  and  Plutarch  : 
but  though  a  philofopher  who  reads 
two,  may  difpenfe  with  many 
others,  Montefquieu  neglefted  or 
flighted  none  that  could  beof  ufe. 
*The  Spirit  of  LaiJus  difcovers  im- 
menfe  reading  :  and  the  judicious 
ufe  which  the  author  made  of  the 
prodigious  mafs  of  materials  will 
appear  ftill  more  furprifing,"  when 
it  is  known  that  he  was  almoil  whol- 
ly deprived  of  fight,  and  obliged  to 
make  ufe  of  other  peoples  eyes. 

Though  M.  de  Montefquieu  did 
rot  long  furvive  the  publication  of 
his  Efrit  des  Loix^  he  had  the  fa- 
tisfadion  to  fee  the  beginning  of 
its  efFefts  upon  the  French  nation  ; 
the  natural  love  of  the  French  to 
their  country,  turned  to  its  proper 
objed  ;  a  ta'fte  for  commerce,  agri- 
culture, and  the  ufeful  arts,  be- 
ginning to  fpread  throughout  that 
kingdom  ;  and  that  general  know- 
ledge of  the  principles  of  govern- 
ment, which  renders  the  people 
more  attached  to  what  they  ought 
to  love. 

Neverthelefs  a  multitude  of  pieces 
appeared  in  France  againll  his 
book.  The  anonymous  author  of 
at  periodical  work,  who  imagined 
himfelf  the  fucceffor  of  Pafchal, 
becaufe  he  fucccedt^i  to  his  opi- 
nions^  ihoirgh:  to  ruin  M.  de  Mon- 


tefquieu, but  was  the  occafion  of 
new  luflre  being  caft  on  his  name, 
as  a  man  of  learning,  by  pro- 
voking him  to  write  a  Defence  of 
his  Spirit  cfLanvs.  This  work  may 
ferve  as  a  model  on  account  of 
the  moderation,  truth,  and  hu- 
mour that  appear  throughout  the 
whole  of  it.  M.  de  Montefquieu 
could  eafily  have  rendered  his  ad- 
vcJrfary  odious  ;  but  he  chofe  rather 
to  make  him  ridiculous.  What 
adds  to  the  value  of  this  excellent 
piece,  is,  that  the  author,  without 
thinking  of  it,  has  in  it  drawn  a 
true  pidure  of  himfelf:  thofe  who 
knew  him  imagine  they  hear  him 
fpeak ;  and  pofterity,  when  they 
read  his  Defence,  will  fee  that  his 
converfation  was  not  inferior  to  hia 
writings. 

While  the  infeds  thus  buzzed 
about  and  molefted  him  in  his  own. 
country,  M.  Daflier,  famous  for 
his  medals  of  illuflrioUs  men,  went 
from  London  to  Paris,  1752,  to 
ftrike  a  medal  of  M.  de  Montef- 
quieu. M.  de  la  Tour,  alfo,  an 
eminent  painter,  was  very  defirous 
to  paint  the  author  of  the  Spirit  of 
La'ws :  but  M.  de  Montefquieu 
conftantly  refufed,  in  3  polite  man- 
ner, his  preffing  folicitations.  '  M. 
Daffier  met  with  the  fame  difficul- 
ties at  firft  :  *  Don't  you  think  (faid 
he  one  day  to  Montefquieu)   *  that 

*  there  is  as  much  pride  in  refofing 

*  my  requeft,  as  there  would    ap- 

*  pear  in  granting  it  ?*  Difarmed 
by  this  pleafantry,  he  fufFered  M. 
Daflier  to  do  what  he  pleafed. 

He  was  at  lall  in  peaceable  pof- 
feflion  of  the  glory  he  fojuftly  ac- 
quired, when  he  was  taken  ill  ia 
the  beginning  of  February.  His 
health,  naturally  delicate,  had  long 
before  begun  to  break  by  the  flow 
and  almoll  imperceptible  effcds  of 
his  clofe  lludy,  the  chagrin  give^ 
R  2  him 


24+        ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758. 


him  on  account  of  his  work,  and 
the  multiplicity  of  company  that 
crowded  to  him  at  Paris.  His  end 
was  worthy  of  his  life.  Oppreffed 
by  grievous  pain,  and  at  a  diftance 
from  a  family  he  loved,  he  breath- 
ed his  lart  with  the  tranquillity  of  a 
good  man,  confcious  of  having  de- 
voted his  talents  to  the  fervice  of 
virtue  and  mankind.  He  died  on 
the  10th  of  February,  1755,  uni- 
verfally    and    fincerely    regretted. 

*  His  virtues  ((ays  Lord  Chefter- 
fiQld)  *  did  honour   to   human  na- 

*  ture,    his    writings   juftice.      A 

*  friend    to   mankind,  he   a/Terted 

*  their  undoubted  and  unalienable 

*  rights  and  freedom,  even  in  his 

*  country,  whofe  prejudice  in  mat- 

*  ters  of  religion  and  government 

*  he  had  long   lamented,  and  en- 

*  dcavoured  (not  without  fome  fuc- 

*  cefs)  to  remove.     He  well  knew, 

*  and    juftly    admired    the   happy 

*  conftitution  of  this  country,  where 

*  fixed    and    known    laws  reftrain 

*  monarchy  from   tyranny,  and  li- 

*  berty  from  licentioufnefs.  His 
'  works  will  illuftrate  his  name, 
«  and  furvive  him  as  long  as  right 

*  reafon,  moral  obligation,  and  the 

*  true  fpirit  of  lawS^fhall  be  under- 

*  flood,  refpeded, and  maintained.' 
With  regard  to  iiis  private  life. 

In  company  he  was  always  pleafant 
and  gay  :  his  converfation,  by  the 
many  men  and  nations  he  had  con- 
verfed  with,  was  fprighcly,  agree- 
able, and  in{lru£live.  It  was  ab- 
rupt, like  his  ftyle;  full  of  piquant 
Tallies,  without  bitiernefs  or  fatire. 
Nobody  told  a  ftory  with  more 
life,  readinefs,  and  grace,  and  lefs 
formality  ;  he  knew  that  the  con- 
clufion  of  a  pleafant  ftory  is  the 
chief  point,  and  he  haftened  to  it, 
and  produced  the  defired  efte&., 
without-ha-'ing  promifed  it.  The 
pleafure    found   in    his  company 


was  not  the  efFedl  of  his  temper  and 
genius,  but  of  a  kind  of  regimen, 
alfo,  which  he  obferved  in  his  Ilu- 
dies  ;  though  capable  of  deep  and 
long-continued  meditation,  he  ne- 
ver e.xhaufled  his  ftrength  j  but  al- 
ways quitted  labour  before  he  felt 
any  fenfation  of  fatigue. 

Nothing  does  more  honour  to 
his  memory,  than  his  ceconomy  ; 
which  was  thought  too  great  in 
an  age  of  avarice  and  diiripation, 
when  its  motives  were  not  perceiv- 
ed,  nor  if  perceived,  could  have 
been  felt.  Beneficent,  and  confe- 
quently  jud,  M.  de  Montefquieu 
would  take  from  his  family  nothing 
of  what  he  gave  to  relieve  the 
diflrefied,  nor  of  the  large  expences 
cccafioned  by  his  long  travels,  the 
diforder  in  his  eyes,  and  the  print- 
ing of  his  works.  He  left  to  his 
children  the  inheritance  of  his  fa- 
ther, without  diminution,  and  with- 
out  increafe. 

He  married,  in  1715,  Jane  de 
Lartigue,  daughter  of  Pierre  de 
Lartigue,  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
regiment  of  Maulevrier  ;  by  whom 
he  had  two  daughters,  and  a  fon, 
who  by  his  charafter,  his  manners, 
and  his  writings,  hath  faewn  him- 
felf  worthy  of  fuch  a  father. 

We  omitted  to  mention  in  its 
place  fome  of  the  author's  iefs  con- 
fiderable  works,  which  ferved  him 
for  relaxation.  The  moil  remark- 
able of  thefe  is  the  Temple  de  Guide, 
which  appeared  foon  after  the 
Lettres  Perfannes.  In  this  piece  he 
paints  the  delicacy  and  naivety  of 
paftoral  love,  as  it  appears  m  a 
mind  uncorrupted  by  the  commerce 
of  the  world.  He  concludes  in  the 
preface,  in  which  he  reprefents  the 
woikasa  tranflation  from  theGreek, 
with  thefe  words :  *  if  grave  peo- 

*  pie  fli-.uld    defire  of  me  a  lefs 

*  frivolous   work,     I    can    fatisfy 

*  ihem  : 


CHARACTERS. 


245 


*  them  :     I  have  been    employed 
'  for  thefe  thirty  years  on  twelve 

*  pages,  which  are  to  contain  all 

*  that  we  know    of    metaphyfics, 

*  politics,    and    morsis  ;    and   all 

*  that   very    great     authors     have 

*  forgotten  in   the    volumes    they 

*  have  written  on  thofe  fciences.* 


Some  remarkable  parages  of  the  life 
and  death  of  the  celebrated  Dr. 
Boerhawve, 

IT  was  the  daily  pradice  of  that 
eminent  phy^cian.  Dr.  Boer- 
haave,  through  his  whole  life, 
as  foon  as  he  rofe  in  the  morning, 
which  was  generally  very  early,  to 
retire  for  an  hour  to  private  prayer, 
and  meditation  on  fome  part  of  the 

fcriptures. He   often    told    his 

friends,  when  they  afkcd  him  how 
it  was  pofTible  for  him  to  go 
through  fo  much  fatigue  ?  that  it 
was  v^V  which  gr.ve  him  fpiritand 
vigour  in  the  bufinefs  of  the  day. 
This  he  therefore  recommended  as 
the  bejl  rule  he  could  give  ;  for  no- 
thing, he  faid,  could  tend  more  to 
the  health  of  the  body,  than  the 
tranquillity  of  the  mind  ;  and  that 
he  knew  nothing  which  could  fup- 
port  himfelf,  or  his  fellow-crea- 
tures, amidft  the  various  diftreiTes 
of  life,  but  a  well  grounded  con- 
fidence in  the  Supreme  Being  upon 
the  principles  of  Chriftianity.  This 
remark  of  the  dodor's  is  undeni- 
ably juft;  for  a  benevolent  manner 
of  acting,  and  a  true  greatnefs  of 
foul,  can  never  flow  from  any  other 
fource  than  a  confcioufncfs  of  the 
divine  favour  and  affiitance. — This 
was  Urongly  exemplified  in  his  own 
illnefs  in  1722,  which  can  hardly 
be  told  without  horror,  and  by 
which  thecourfe  of  his  ledures  as 
well  as  his  pradice  was  long  inter- 


rupted. He  was  for  five  months 
confined  to  his  bed  by  the  gout, 
where  he  lay  upon  his  back  without 
daring  to  attempt  the  leafl  motion, 
becaufe  any  effort  renewed  his  tor- 
ments, which  were  fo  exquifue, 
that  he  was  at  length  not  only  de- 
prived of  motion  but  of  fenfe.— 
Wtxii  his  medical  art  was  at  a 
Rand,  nothing  could  be  attempted, 
becaufe  nothing  could  be  propofed 
with  the  leaft  profpe^l  of  fuccefs. 
But  having  (in  the  fixth  month  of 
his  illnefs)  obtained  fome  remif- 
fion,  he  determined  to  try  whether 
the  juice  of  fumitory,  endive,  and 
fuccory,  taken  thrice  a  day  in  a 
large  quantity  (viz.  above  half  a 
pint  each  dofe)  might  not  contri- 
bute to  his  relief,  and  by  a  perfe- 
verance  in  this  method  he  was  won- 
derfully recovered.  This  patience 
of  Boerhaave's  was  founded  not  on 
vain  reafonings,  like  that  of  which 
the  Stoicks  boafted,  but  on  a  reli- 
gious compofure  of  mind,  and 
chriftian  refignation  to  the  will  of 
Goo. 

Of  his  fagacity  and  the  wonder- 
ful penetration  with  which  he  often 
difcovered  and  defcribed,  at  the 
firft  fight  of  a  patient,  fuch  diftem- 
pers  as  betray  themfelves  by  no 
fymptomsto  common  eyes,  fuch  fur- 
prifing  accounts  have  been  given 
as  fcarcely  can  be  credited,  though 
attefted  beyond  all  doubt. — Yet  this 
great  mailer  of  medi«  al  knowledge 
was  fo  far  from  a  prefumptuous 
confidence  in  his  abilities,  or  from 
being  puffed  op  by  his  riches,  that 
he  was  condefcendme  to  all,  and 
remarkably  diligent  in  his  pro(ef- 
fion  ;  and  he  often  ufed  to  fay,  that 
the  life  of  a  patient  (if  trifled 
with,  or  ncgledtd)  would  one  day 
be  required  at  the  hand  oi  the 
phyfitian. — He  always  called  the 
R  3  poor 


246       ANNUAL   REGISTE  R,    175S. 

poor  his  beft  patients,     for  God, 
faid  he,  is  their  pay-mafter. 

The  adlivity  of  his  mind  fparklcd 
vifibly  in  his  eye.>.— He  was  always 
chearful,  and  defirous  of  promot- 
ing every  valuable  end  of  conver- 
fation  ;  and  the  excellency  of  the 
chriftian  religion  was  frequently 
the  fubje£l  of  it ;  for  he  afTerted  on 
all  proper  occafions,  the  divine  au- 
thority and  facred  efficacy  of  the 
fcriptur.es ;  and  maintained,  that 
they  only  Could  give  peace  of  mind, 
that  fweet  and  facred  peace  which 
pafieth  all  underltanding  ;  fince 
none  can  conceive  it,  but  he  who 
has  it;  and  none  can  have  it,  but 
by  divine  communication.  He 
never  regarded  calumny,  nor  de- 
traftion,  (for  Boerhaave  himfelf  had 
enemies)  nor  ever  thought  it  ne- 
ceflary  to  confute  them.    *  They  are 

*  /parks ^  faid  he,  njohich  if  you  do 

*  not    hlo-iv   'will    go   out    of  theni- 

*  fel-ves. — The  fureji   remedy  againji 

*  fcandal,  is  to  live  it  down 
^  by  a  perfe<verance  in  <well  doing ; 

*  and  by  praying    to     God  that    he 

*  nvould  cure  the  dijiempered  minds 

*  of  thofe  <whQ   traduce^  and  injure 

*  us,*  An  excellent  method  this : 
efpecially  as  it  keeps  cur  minds 
contented  and  unruffled,  whilft  the 
hearts  of  our  enemies  are  overflow- 
ing with  rancour,  envy,  and  other 
diabolical  paffions. 

He  was  not  to  be  over-awed  or 
deprefTed  by  the  prefence,  frowns, 
or  infolence  of  great  men,  but  per- 
fifted.  on  all  occafions  in  doing  what 
was  right,  regardlefs  of  the  confe- 
quences.— He  could,  too,  with  un- 
common readinefs,  and  almoft  to  a 
certainty,  make  a  conjecture  of 
mens  inclinations  and  capacity  by 
their  afped. — A  fa^acity  perhaps 
unequalled,  and  which  often  fur- 
prifed  even  his  moil  intimate   ac- 


quaintance,    though   they  fo   well 
knew  his  talents. 

Being  once  afked  by  a  friend,  who 
had  often  admired  hia  patience  un- 
der great  provocations,  whether  he 
knew  what  it  was  to  be  angry,  and 
by  what  means  he  had  lo  entire- 
ly fupprefl'ed  that  impetuous  and 
ungovernable  paffion  ?  Dr.  Boer* 
haave  anfwered,  with  the  utmoft 
franknefs  and  fmceriry,  that  he 
was  naturally  quick  of  refentment, 
but  that  he  had,  by  daily  prayer 
and  meditation,  at  length  aaained 
to  this  mattery  over  himfelf.  But 
this  he  faid  was  the  work  of  God^s 
G'ace;  for  he  was  top  fenfible  of 
his  own  weakncfs  to  afcribe  any 
thing  to  himfelf,  or  to  conceive 
that  he  could  fubdue  paillon,  or 
withftand  temptation,  by  his  otvn 
natural  po^ver :  -  he  attributed 
every  good  thought,  and  every 
laudable  aflion,  to  the  Father  of  . 
goodnefs. 

To  the  will  of  God  he  paid  an 
abfolute  fubmiilion,  without  en- 
deavouring to  difcover  the  reafons 
of  his  unfearchable  determinations ; 
and  this  he  accounted  the  firft  and 
moll  inviolable  duty  of  a  chrif- 
tian. 

About  the  middle  of  the  year 
1737,  he  felt  the  iirft  approaches  of 
that  fatal  iilnefs,  which  brought 
him  to  the  grave,  viz.  a  diforder 
in  his  breaft,  which  was  at  times 
very  painful  ;  often  threateprt'd  him 
with  immediate  fuffocation  ;  and  , 
terminated  in  an  univerfal  dropfy  ;  \ 
but  during  this  afflidtive  and  lin- 
gering illnef?,  his  conftancy  and 
firmnefs  did  not  forfake  him.  He 
neither  intermitted  the  neceflary 
cares  of  life,  nor  forgot  the  proper 
preparations  of  death.  About  three; 
weeks  before  his  dilTolution,  when 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Schultens,  one  of  the 

mod 


CHARACTERS. 


247 


moil  learned  and  exemplary  divines 
of  the    age,  attended    him  at    his 
country-houfe,    the  dodlor    defired 
his  prayers,  and  afterwards  entered 
into  a    moll  remarkably  judicious 
difcourfe  with  him  on  the  fpiritual 
and  immaterial  nature  of  the  foul  ; 
and  this  he  illuftrated  to  Mr.  Schul- 
tens    with    wonderful    perfpicuity, 
by  a  defcription  of  the  effefts  which 
the  infirmities  of  his  body  had  upon 
his   faculties  ;   which   yet  they  did 
not  fo  opprefs  or  vanquilh,  but  his 
foul    was    always   mafter  of  itTelf, 
and  always  reAgned  to  the  pleafure 
of  its  maker— and  then  he  added, 
**  He  ivho  lo'ves  God  ought  to  think 
**  nothing  defirable  hut  'what  is  mofi 
**  pleafing  to   the  fupreme  goodnefs.^^ 
Thefe    were   his    fentiments,     and 
fuch  was  his  condudl  in  this   ftate 
of  weaknefs  and   pain.     As    death 
approached  nearer,  he  was   fo  far 
from   terror  or  confufion,  that    he 
feemed  lefs  fenfible  of  pain,   and 
more  chearful  under   his  torments, 
which  continued    till  the    23d  day 
of  September,    1738,  on  which  he 
died   (much  honoured  and  lament- 
ed) between    four  and  five   in   the 
morning,  in  the  70th  year  of  his 
age — often    recommending  to    the 
by-Ilanders    a    careful    obfervanon 
of  St.  John's    precepts  concerning 
the  love  of  God,  and  the  love  of 
Man^    as   frequently  inculcated    in 
his  firft  epiftle,  particularly  in  the 
5th  chapter. 

Such   were   the  qualities  of  the 

great  Boerhaave. So  far  was 

this  truly  eminent  man  from  being 
made  impious  by  philofophy,  or 
vain  by  his  extraordinary  genius 
for  phyfic,  that  he  afcribed  all  his 
abilities  to  the  bounty,  and  all  his 
goodnefs  to  the  grace  of  Gon 
May  his  example  extend  its  in- 
fluence to  his  admirers  and  follow- 
ers !  May  thofe  who  fludy  his  writ- 


ings as  a  phyfician,  imitate  his  life 
as  a  chriftian  !  And  thus,  while 
they  arc  endeavouring  after  his  me- 
dical knowledge,  be  afpiring  like- 
wife  to  his  exahed  piery,  as  he 
was  ^o  admirable  a  pattern  of  pa- 
tience, fortitude,  cheirfulnefs,  cha- 
rity, candour,  humility,  and  de- 
votion. 

His  funeral  oration  was  fpoken 
in  Latin  before  the  univerfity  of 
Leyden,  to  a  very  numerous  au- 
dience, by  Mr.  Schultens,  and  af- 
terwards publilhed  at  their  particu- 
lar deiire. 


After  thefe  remarkable  charadcrs,  in 
tuhich  the  advantages  of  birth  or 
education  hai'e  joined  to  adorn  and 
perfe^  natural  genius^'  ^we  prefent 
the  reader  nuith  as  remarkable  an 
injlance  of  the  poiver  of  natural 
capacity  and  application  contending 
njoilh  e<very  difficulty^  and  ^without 
any  of  thefe  ad'vantages  arriv- 
ing at  a  <very  high  point  of  eru- 
dition. After  this  nve  ha've  placed 
one  of  the  moft  curious  accounts 
that  perhaps  e-ver  <u'as  publijl^nd. 
As  in  the  cafe  rf  John  Ludnvtgt 
one  fees  the  triumph  of  indujiry 
and  perfei'erance  o-jer  all  the  ob- 
Jlacles  of  a  hard  fortune  :  in  the 
cafe  of  a  lady  n.vho  fuffered  by 
the  frnall  pox,  <we  have  a  firong 
infance  of  the  poiver  of  thefe 
'virtues  in  onjercoming  e<ven  natu- 
ral  defe£is,  in  Jupp lying  the  luant 
of  fever al  '  of  the  fenfes  them- 
felves,  and.  of  thofe  fenfes  tc9 
nvhich  are  the  general  inlets  of 
knonfjledge. 

An  account  of  fohn  Ludiuig, 

IT  is  ufoal  for  the  commiiTarles 
ofexcifein  Saxony  to  appoint 
a  peafant  in  every  village  in   their 
R  4  dillria 


248 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


diitrifl  to  receive  the  e^cife  of  the 
place,  for  which  few  are  allowed 
more  than  one  crown,  and  none 
more  than  three.  Mr.  Chrillian 
Gothold  HofFman,  who  is  chief 
comrnKfary  of  Drefden  and  the  vil- 
lages adjacent,  when  he  was  au- 
diting the  accounts  of  feme  of  ihefe 
peafants  in  175^,  was  told  that 
there  was  one  John  Ludwig  among 
them,  a  ftrange  man  j  who,  though 
he  was  very  poor  and  had  a  family, 
was  yet  continually  reading  in 
books,  and  very  often  flood  the 
greateft  part  of  rhe  night  at  his 
door,  gazing  at  the  ftars. 

Thisaccountraifed  M.  MofTman's 
curiofity,  and  he  ordered  the  man 
to  be  brought  before  him.  Hoff- 
man, who  expelled  fomething  in 
the  man's  appearance  that  corre- 
fponded  with  a  mind  fuperior  to 
''^  his  flation,  was  greatly  furprifed 
to  fee  the  mofl  rultic  boor  he  had 
ever  beheld.  His  hair  hung  over 
his  forehead  down  to  his  eyes,  his 
afpe£t  was  fordid  and  flupid,  and 
his  manner  was,  in  every  refpefl, 
that  of  a  plodding  ignorant  clown. 
Mr.  Hoffman,  after  contemplating 
this  unpromifing  appearance,  con- 
cluded, that  as  the  fuppofed  fupe- 
riority  of  this  man  was  of  the  intel- 
ledlual  kind,  it  would  certainly  ap- 
pear when  he  fpoke  ;  but  even  in 
this  experiment  he  was  alfo  difap- 
pointed.  He  afked  him,  if  what 
his  neighbours  had  faid  of  his  read- 
ing and  fludying  was  true  ?  and  the 
man  bluntly  and  coarfely  replied, 
*'  What  neighbour  has  told  you 
that  1  read  and  lludied  :  If  I  have 
fludied,  I  have  fludied  for  myfelf, 
and  I  don't  defire  that  you  or  any 
body  elfe  fl^ould  know  any  thing  of 
the  matter."  Hoffman,  however, 
continued  the  converation,  not- 
\vithftanding  his  difappointment, 
f^id   afked   feveral  aueflipns    ccp- 


cerning  arithmetic  and  the  firft 
rudiments  of  aflronomy  ;  to  which 
he  now  expeded  vague  and  con- 
fufed  replies.  But  in  this  too  he 
had  formed  an  erroneous  prog- 
noflic  ;  for  Hoffman  was  flruck 
not  only  with  afloniihment  but 
confufion,  to  hear  fuch  definitions 
and  explications  as  would  have 
done  honour  to  a  regular  academi- 
cian in  a  public  examination. 

Mr.  Hoffman,  after  this  conver- 
fation,  prevailed  on  the  peafant  to 
ftay  fome  time  at  his  houfe,  that  he 
might  further  gratify  his  curiofity 
at  fuch  times  as  would  be  mofl  con- 
venient. In  their  fubfequent  con- 
ferences he  propofed  to  his  guefl 
the  moll  abllraiied  and  embarraf- 
fing  queflions,  which  were  always 
anfwered  with  the  utmofl  readinefs 
and  precifion.  The  account  which 
this  extraordinary  perfon  gives  of 
himfelf  and  his  acquifitions,  is  as 
follows : 

John  Ludwig  was  born  the  24.th 
of  February,  1715,  in  the  village 
of  Coffe-daude^  and  was,  among 
other  poor  children  of  the  village, 
fent  very  young  to  fchool.  The  Bi- 
ble, which  was  the  book  by  which 
he  was  taught  to  read,  gave  him 
fo  much  pleafure,  that  he  conceiv- 
ed the  molt  eager  defire  to  read 
others,  which,  however,  he  had 
no  opportunity  to  get  into  his  pof- 
feffion.  In  about  a  year  his  mailer 
began  to  teach  him  to  write,  but 
this  exercife  was  rarher  irkfome 
than  pleafing  at  firil ;  but  when  the 
firfl  difiiculty  was  furmounted,  he 
applied  to  it  with  great  alacrity, 
efpecially  as  books  were  put  into 
his  hand  to  copy  as  an  exercife  ; 
snd  he  employed  himfelf  almofl 
night  and  day,  not  in  copying  par- 
ticular paiTagcs  only,  but  in  form- 
ing coliedions  of  fentences,  or 
events  that   were    connected   with 

each 


CHARACTERS. 


249 


each  other.  When  he  was  ten  years 
old,  he  had  been  at  fchool  four  years, 
and  was  then  put  to  arithmetic, 
but  this  embarraffcd  him  with  in- 
numerable difficulties,  which  his 
mafter  would  not  take  the  trouble  to 
explain,  expelling  that  he  fhould 
content  himfelf  with  the  implicit 
pradice  of  pofitive  rules.  Ludwig, 
therefore,  was  fo  difgufted  with 
arithmetic,  that  after  much  fcolding 
and  beating  he  went  from  fchool, 
without  having  learnt  any  thing 
more  than  reading,  writing,  and 
his  catechifm. 

He  was  then  fent  into  the  field  to 
keep  cows,  and  in  this  employment 
he  foon  became  clownifh,  and  neg- 
ligent of  every  thing  elfe;  fo  that 
the  greateft  part  of  what  he  had 
learnt  was  forgotten.  He  was  afTo- 
ciated  with  the  lordid  and  the  vici- 
ous, and  he  became  inlenfibly  like 
them.  As  he  grew  up  he  kept 
company  with  women  of  bad  cha- 
rafter,  and  abandoned  himfelf  to 
fuch  pleafures  as  were  within  his 
reach.  But  a  defire  of  furpafling 
others,  that  principle  which  is  pro- 
dudive  of  every  kind  of  greatnefs, 
was  ilill  living  in  his  breall;  he 
remembered  to  have  been  praifed 
by  his  mafter,  and  preferred  above 
his  comrades  when  he  was  learning 
to  read  and  write,  and  he  wa?  ftill 
defirous  of  the  fame  pleafure, 
though  he  did  not  know  how  to  get 
at  it. 

In  the  autumn  of  1735,  ^^^^^  he 
was  about  twenty  years  o!d,  he 
bought  a  fmall  Bible,  at  the  end  of 
which  was  a  catechifm,  with  refe- 
rences to  a  great  number  of  texts, 
upon  which  the  principles  contain- 
ed in  the  anfwers  were  founded. 
Ludwig  had  never  been  ufed  to 
take  any  thing  upon  truft,  and  was 
therefore  continually  turning  over 
the  leaves  of  his  bible,  to  find  the 


paffages  referred  to  in  the  cate- 
chifm ;  but  this  he  found  fo  irkfome 
a  talk,  that  he  determined  to  have 
the  whole  at  one  view,  and  there- 
fore fet  about  to  tranfcribe  the  cate- 
chifm, with  all  the  texts  at  large 
brought  into  their  proper  places. 
With  this  exercife  he  filled  two 
quires  of  paper,  and  though  when 
he  began,  the  charafter  was  fcarcc 
legible,  yet  before  he  had  finilhed  it 
was  greatly  improved;  for  an  art 
that  has  been  once  learnt  is  eafily 
recovered. 

In  the  month  of  March  1736,  he 
was  employed  to  receive  the  excife 
of  the  little  diftriA  in  which  he 
lived,  and  he  found  that  in  order  to 
difcharge  this  office,  it  was  necef- 
fary  for  him  not  only  to  write,  but 
to  be  mafter  of  the  two  firft  rules 
of  arithmetic,  addition,  and  fub- 
ftradion.  His  ambition  had  now 
an  objed;  and  a  defire  to  keep  the 
accounts  of  the  tax  he  was  to 
gather,  better  than  others  of  his 
Itation,  determined  him  once  more 
to  apply  to  arithmetic,  however 
hateful  the  ta{k,and  whatever  labour 
it  might  require.  He  now  regretted 
that  he  was  without  an  inftruftor, 
and  would  have  been  glad  at  any 
rate  to  have  praclifed  the  rules  with- 
out firft  knowing  the  rationale. 
His  mind  was  continually  upon  the 
ftretch  to  find  out  fome  way  of  fup- 
piying  this  want,  and  at  laft  he 
recolledcd  that  one  of  his  fchool- 
fellows  had  a  book,  from  which  ex- 
amples of  feveral  rules  were  taken 
by  the  mafter  to  exercife  the  fcho- 
lars.  He,  therefore,  went  imme- 
diately in  fcarch  of  tiiis  fchool- 
fellow,  and  was  overjoyed  to  find 
upon  enquiry,  that  tne  book  was 
flill  in  his  prfT-.-fTion.  Having  bor- 
rowed this  iniportMnt  voiume,  he 
returned  home  with  it,  and  begin- 
ning his  fludics  as  he  went  along, 

le 


250       ANNUAL    RE 

he  purfued  them  with  fuch  applica- 
tion, that  in  about  fix  months  he 
was  mailer  ot"  the  rule  of  three  with 
fradions. 

The  reludance  with  which  he 
began  to  learn  the  powers  and  pro- 
perties of  iigures  was  now  at  an 
end;  he  knew  enough  to  make  him 
earneftly  defirous  of  knowing  more; 
he  was  therefore  impatient  to  pro- 
ceed from  this  book  to  one  that 
was  more  difficult,  and  having  at 
length  found  means  to  procure  one 
that  treated  of  more  intricate  and 
complicated  calculations,  he  made 
himielf  mafter  of  that  alfo  before 
the  end  of  the  year  1739.  He  had 
the  good  fortune  foon  after  to  meet 
with  a  treatife  of  geometry,  written 
by  Pachek,  the  fame  author  whofe 
arithmetic  he  had  been  ftudying; 
and  finding  that  this  fcience  was 
in  fome  meafure  founded  on  that 
which  he  had  learnr,  he  applied  to 
his  new"  book  with  great  affiduity 
for  fome  time;  out  at  length,  not 
being  able  perfectly  to  comprehend 
the  theory  as  he  went  on,  nor  yet 
to  difcover  the  utility  of  the  prac- 
tice, he  laid  it  afide,  to  which  he 
was  alfo  induced  by  the  neceffity  of 
his  immediate  attendance  to  his  field 
and  his  vines. 

The  fevere  winter  which  happen- 
ed in  the  year  1740,  obliged  him 
to  keep  long  within  his  cottage, 
^nd  having  there  no  employment 
either  for  his  body  or  his  mind, 
he  had  once  more  recourfe  to  his 
book  cf  geometry  ;  and  having  at 
length  comprehended  fome  of  the 
leading  principles,  he  procured  a 
little  box  ruler  and  an  old  pair  of 
compaflcs,  on  one  point  of  which 
he  mounted  the  end  of  a  quill  cut 
into  a  pen.  With  ihefe  infiruments 
he  employed  himfelf  incelTantly  in 
making  various  geometrical  figures 
pn  pacer,  to  iliuilrate  the  theory 


GISTER,    175S. 

by  a  folution  of  the  problems.  Hq 
was  thus  bufied  in  his  cot  till  March, 
and  the  joy  arifing  from  the  know- 
ledge he  had  acquired  was  exceed- 
ed only  by  his  defire  of  knowing 
more. 

He  was  now  necefTarily  recalled 
to  that  labour  by  which  alone  he 
could  procure  himfelf  food,  and 
was  befides  without  money  to  pro- 
cure fuch  books  and  inllruments  as 
were  abfolutely  neceffary  to  purfue 
his  geometrical  lludies.  However, 
with  the  aflillance  of  a  neighbour- 
ing anificer,he  procured  the  figures, 
which  he  found  reprefented  by  the 
diagrams  in  his  book,  to  be  made 
in  wood,  and  with  thefe  he  went  to 
work  at  every  interval  of  leifure, 
which  now  happened  only  once  a 
week,  after  divine  fervice  on  a  Sun- 
day. He  was  ftill  in  want  of  a 
new  book,  and  having  laid  by  a 
little  fum  for  that  purpofe  againft 
the  time  of  the  fair,  where  alone  he 
had  accefs  to  a  bookfeller's  ihop, 
he  made  a  purchafe  of  three  fmall 
volumes,  from  which  he  acquired  a 
complete  knowledge  of  trigonome- 
try. After  this  acquifition  he  could 
not  reft  till  he  had  begun  to  fludy 
aftronomy  ;  his  next  purchafe  there- 
fore was  an  introduction  to  that 
fcience,  which  he  read  with  inde- 
fatigable diligence,  and  i.-ivented 
innumerable  expedients  to  fupply 
the  want  of  proper  inftruments  in 
which  he  was  not  lefs  fuccefsful 
than  Robinfon  Crufoe,  who  in  an 
ifland,  of  which  he  was  the  only 
rational  inhabitant,  found  means  to 
fupply  himfelf  not  only  with  the 
nece/Taries  but  the  conveniencies  of 
life. 

During  his  ftudy  of  geometry  and 
aftronomy,  he  had  frequently  met 
with  the  word  philofcphy^  and  this 
became  more  and  more  the  objedt 
of  his  attention.  He  conceived  thav 

id 


CHARACTERS. 


251 


l(  was  the  name  of  fome  fcience  of 
great  importance  and  extent,  with 
which  he  was  as  yet  wholly  unac- 
quaimed  ;  he  became  therefore  im- 
patient in  the  highefl  degree  to  get 
acquainted  with  philofophy  ;  and 
being  continually  upon  the  watch 
for  fuch  aifillance  as  offered,  he  at 
laft  picked  up  a  book,  called  An  in- 
irodudion  to  the  kno^wledge  of  God,  of 
rnatiy  andofthe  uni^jerje.  In  reading 
this  book  he  was  ftruck  with  a  va- 
riety of  objtfts  that  were  equally 
interefting  and  new. 

But  as  this  book  contained  only 
general  principles,  he  went  toDref- 
den,  and  enquired  among  the  book- 
fellers  who  was  the  moft  celebrated 
author  that  had  written  on  philofo- 
phy. By  the  bookfellers  he  was 
recommended  to  the  works  of  Wol- 
fius  written  in  the  German  lan- 
guage ;  and  Wolfius  having  been 
mentioned  in  feveral  books  he  had 
read,  as  one  of  the  moft  able  men 
of  his  age,  he  readily  took  him  for 
his  guide  in  the  regions  of  philofo- 
phy. 

The  firft  purchafe  that  he  made  of 
Wolfius*s  works,  was  his  logic,  and 
at  this  he  laboured  a  full  year,  ftill 
attending  to  his  other  ftudies,  fo 
as  not  to  lofe  what  he  had  gained 
before.  In  this  book  he  found 
him felf  referred  to  another,  written 
by  the  fame  author,  called  Maihe- 
ipatical  Principles,  as  the  iitreft  to 
give  juft  ideas  of  things,  and  facili- 
tate the  pradlice  of  logic  ;  he  there- 
fore enquired  after  this  book  with  a 
defign  to  buy  it,  but  finding  it  too 
dear  for  his  finances,  he  was  obliged 
to  content  himfelf  with  an  abridg- 
ment of  it,  which  he  parchafed 
in  the  autumn  of  1745.  From 
this  book  he  derived  much  pleafure 
and  much  profit,  and  it  employed 
him  from  Oftober  1743  to  February 
>745- 


He  then  proceeded  to  metaphy- 
fjcs,  at  which  he  laboured  till  the" 
Oftober  following,  and  he  would 
fain  have  entered  on  the  Rudy  of 
phyfics,  but  his  indigence  was  aa 
infuperable  impediment,  iand  he 
was  obliged  to  content  himfelfwith 
his  author's  morality,  politics,  and 
remarks  on  metaphyfics,  which 
employed  him  to  July  1746;  by  this 
time  he  had  fcraped  together  a  fum 
fufficient  to  buy  the  phyfics,  which 
he  had  fo  earneftly  defired^  and 
this  work  he  read  twice  within  the 
year. 

About  this  time  a  dealer  in  old 
books  fold  hirn  a  volume  of  Wol- 
fius's  Mathematical  Principles  at 
large,  and  the  fpherical  trigonome- 
try which  he  found  in  this  book  was 
a  new  treafure,  which  he  was  very 
defirous  to  make  his  own.  This 
however  coft  him  incredible  labour, 
and  filled  every  moment  that  he 
could  fpare  from  his  bufinefs  and 
his  fleep  for  fomething  more  than 
a  year. 

He  proceeded  to  the  ftudy  of 
KahrePs  Law  of  Nature  and  Nati- 
ons, and  at  the  fame  time  procured 
a  little  book  on  the  terreftri  il  and 
celellial  globes.  Thefe  books  with 
a  {t\y  that  he  borrowed  were  the 
fources  from  which  he  derived  fuch 
a  (lock  of  knowledge,  as  is  feldom 
found  even  among  thofe  who  have  - 
afl^Kiated  with  the  inhabitants  of  a  ♦ 
univerfity,  and  had  perpetual  accefs 
to  public  libiaries. 

jVIr.  Hoffman,  during  Ludwig's 
refidence  at  his  houfe,  dreflfed  him 
Tn  his  own  gown  with  other  proper 
habiliments,  and  he  obferves  that 
this' alteration  of  his  drefs  had  fuch 
an  efFed,  that  Hof/man  could  not 
conceive  the  man's  accent  or  dia- 
lei5l  to  be  the  fame,  and  he  felt 
himfelf  fecretly  inclined  to  treat 
him    with    more    deference    than 

whea 


252        ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758, 


when  He  was  in  his  peafant's  drefs» 
though  the  alteration  was  made  in 
his  prefence  and  with  his  own  ap- 
parel. 

It  happened  alfo  that  before  Lud- 
wig  went  home  there  was  an  eclipfe 
of  the  fun,  and  Mr.  Hoffman  pro- 
pofed  to  his  guefl  that  he  fhould 
obferve  this  phaenomenon  as  an 
aftronomer,  and  for  that  purpofe 
furnilhed  him  with  proper  inftro- 
inents.  The  impatience  of  Ludwig 
till  the  time  oi  the  eclipfe  is  not  to 
be  exprpfled  ;  he  had  hitherto  been 
acquainted  with  the  planetary 
world  only  by  books  and  a  view  of 
the  heavens  with  the  naked  eye  ; 
he  had  never  yet  looked  through  a 
telefcope,  and  the  anticipation  of 
the  pleafure  which  the  new  obferva- 
tion  would  yield  him,  fcarce  fuf- 
fered  him  either  to  eat  or  fleep ; 
but  it  unfortunately  happened,  that 
juft  before  the  eclipfe  came  on,  the 
£ky  became  cloudy,  and  continued 
{o  during  the  whole  time  of  its  con- 
tinuance: this  misfortune  was 
more  than  the  philofophy  even  of 
Ludwig  could  bear;  as  the  cloud 
camp  on  he  looked  up  at  it  in  the 
agony  of  a  man  that  expected  the 
diiTolution  of  nature  to  follow ; 
when  it  came  over  the  fun,  he  ftood 
jfixed  in  a  confternation  not  to  be 
flefcribed,  and  when  he  knew  the 
fBclipfe  was  pall,  his  difappointment 
and  grief  were  little  fhort  of  diftrac- 
tion. 

Mr.  Hoffman  foon  after  went  in 
his  turn  to  vifit  Mr.  Ludwig,  and 
;ake  a  view  of  his  dwelling,  his 
library,  his  fludy,  and  his  in(lru- 
pients.  He  found  an  old  crazy  cot- 
tage, the  infide  of  which  had  been 
?ong  blacked  with  fmokt  ;  the  walls 
were  covered  with  propofuions  and 
giagrams  written  with  chaik.  In 
pne  corner  was  a  bed,  in  anoiher  a 
^radle,  and  uiider  a  Uttl?  window  at 


the  fide,  three  pieces  of  board,  laid 
fide  by  fide  over  two  trufTels,  made 
a  writing  table  for  the  philofopher, 
upon  which  were  fcattered  fonie 
pieces  of  writing  paper  con:aining 
extradls  of  books,  varir>us  calcula- 
tions and  geometrical  figures ;  the 
books  which  have  been  mentioned 
before  were  placed  on  a  fhelf  with 
the  compafs  and  ruler  that  have 
been  described,  which,  with  a  wood- 
en fquare  and  a  pair  of  fix  inch 
globes,  conllituted  the  library  and 
mufeum  of  the  truly  celebrated 
John  Ludwig. 

In  this  hovel  he  lived  till  the  year 
1754,  and  while  he  was  purfuing 
the  fludy  of  philofophy  at  his 
leifure  hours,  he  was  indefatigable 
in  his  day  labour  as  a  poor  peafant, 
fometimes  carrying  a  balket  at  his 
back,  and  fometimes  driving  a 
wheel  barrow,  and  crying  fuch  gar- 
den-ftufF  as  he  had  to  fell  about 
the  village.  In  this  flate  he  was 
fubjeft  to  frequent  infults,  •*  fuch 
as  patient  merit  takes  of  the  un- 
worthy,*' and  he  bore  them  with- 
out reply,  or  any  other  mark  either 
of  refentment  or  contempt,  when 
thofe  who  could  not  agree  with 
him  about  the  price  of  his  commo- 
dities ufed  to  turn  from  him  with 
an  air  of  fuperiority,  and  call  him 
in  derifion  jH/j  clown  and  a  flupid 
dog. 

Mr.  Hoffman,  when  he  difmifTed 
him,  prefented  him  with  a  hundred 
crowns,  which  has  filled  all  his 
wiHics,  and  made  him  the  happiefl 
man  in  the  world:  with  this  fum 
he  has  built  himfelf  a  more  com- 
modious habitation  in  the  middle 
of  his  vineyard,  and  furniflied  it 
with  many  moveables  and  utenfils, 
of  which  he  was  in  great  want;  but 
above  all  he  has  procured  a  very 
confiderable  addition  to  his  library, 
^a  artklc  fo  effenu  *1  **3  his  happi- 
ness. 


C  H  A  R  A 

nefs,  that  he  declared  to  Mr  Hoff- 
man, he  would  not  accept  the  whole 
province  in  which  he  lived  upon 
condition  that  he  (hould  renounce 
his  ftudies,  and  that  he  had  rather 
live  on  bread  and  water  than  with- 
hold from  his  mind  that  food  which 
hii  intelleiftual  hunger  perpetually 
required. 


An  account  of  fomt  nmarkahle  par- 
ticulars that  happened  to  a  lady  after 
having  had  the  iOiiJluent  kind  of  the 
fmall-pox. 

IN  the  courfeofthis  difeafe,  during 
which  the  lady  was  attended  by 
the  late  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  feveral 
threatening  fymptoms  appeared, 
which,  however,  were  at  length 
overcome;  and  the  patient,  being 
thought  out  of  danger,  took  feveral 
dofes  of  fuch  purgative  medicines  as 
are  ufualiy  adminiftered  in  the  de- 
cline of  the  difeafe,  without  any  bad 
confequence. 

But  in  the  evening  of  the  day  on 
which  (lie  had  taken  the  lall  dofe 
that  was  intended  to  be  given  her 
on  that  occafion,  flie  was  fuddenly 
feized  with  pains  and  convulfions 
in  the  bowels  ;  the  pain  and  other 
fymptoms  became  gradually  lefs 
violent,  as  the  force  of  the  medicine 
abated,  and  by  fuch  remedies  as 
were  thought  bell  adapted  to  the 
cafe,  they  fecmedat  length  to  be  in- 
lirely  fubdued. 

They  were,  however,  fubdued 
only  in  appearance  ;  for  at  eleven 
o'clock  in  the  forenoon  of  the  next 
day  they  returned  with  great  vio- 
lence, and  continued  fonie  hours  ; 
when  they  went  off,  they  left  the 
mufcles  of  the  lower  jaw  fo  much 
relaxed,  that  it  fell  down,  and  the 
chin  was  fupported  on  the  breall. 
The  ftrength  of  the  patient  was  fo 


C  T  E  R  S.  253 

much  exhaofted  during  this  parox- 
yfm,  that  (he  lay  near  two  hours 
with  no'oiher  fign  of  life  than  a  very 
feeble  refpiration,  which  was  oftea 
fo  diinculc  to  be  difccrned,  that 
thofe  about  her  concluded  /he  was 
dead. 

From  this  time  the  fits  returned 
periodically  tvtry  day,  at  about  the 
fame  hour.  Ai  firll  they  feemed  to 
affedl  her  nearly  in  the  fame  degree  ; 
but  at  length  all  the  fymptoms  were 
aggravated,  the  convulfions  became 
more  general,  and  her  arms  were 
fometimes  convulfed  alternately;  it 
alfo  frequently  happened,  that  the 
am  which  was  lalt  convulfed  re- 
mained extended  and  inflexible 
fome  hours  after  the  ftruggles  were 
over  Her  neck  was  often  twifted 
wi^h  fuch  violence,  that  the  face 
looked  diredly  backwards,  and  the 
back  part  of  the  head  was  over  the 
breall  ;  the  mufcles  of  the  counte- 
nance were  alfo  io  contra£led  and 
writhed  by  the  fpafms,  that  the 
features  were  totally  changed,  and 
it  was  impoflible  to  find  any  re- 
femblance  of  her  natural  afpefl  by 
which  Ihe  could  be  known.  Her 
feet  were  not  lefs  divorced  than  her 
head,  for  they  were  twifted  almoll 
todiflocation  at  the  in  Hep,  fo  that 
(he  could  not  walk  but  upon  her 
ancles. 

To  remove  or  mitigate  thefe  de- 
plorable fymptoms,  many  remedies 
were  tried,  and,  among  others,  the 
cold  biith  ;  but  either  by  the  natural 
effect  of  the  bath,  or  by  fome  mif- 
managemcnt  in  the  bathing,  the 
unhappy  patient  firil  became  blind, 
and  foon  afterwards  deaf  and  dumb. 
It  is  not  eafy  to  conceive  what 
could  increafe  the  mifery  of  deaf- 
nefs,  durabnefs,  blindnefs,  and  fre- 
quent paroxyfms  of  excruciatirg 
pain;  yet  a  very  con fiderable  ag- 
gravation was  added  -,  for  the  lofs  of 

her 


254        ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758. 


her  fight,  her  hearing,  and  her 
fpeech,  was  followed  by  fuch  a 
ffrifture  of  the  mufcles  of  her 
throat  that  Ihe  could  not  fwallow 
any  kind  of  aliment,  either  folid  or 
liquid.  It  might  reafonably  be  fup- 
pofed  that  this  circumilance,  though 
it  added  to  the  degree  of  her 
mifery,  would  have  fhortened  its 
duration  ;  yet  in  this  condition  fhe 
continued  near  three  quarters  of  a 
year,  and  during  that  time  was  fup- 
ported,  in  a  very  uncommon  man- 
ner, by  chewing  her  food  only, 
which  having  turned  often,  and 
kept  long  in  her  mouth,  ihe  was 
obliged  atlaft  to  fpit  out.  Liquors 
were  likewife  gargled  about  in  her 
mouth  for  fome  time,  and  then  re- 
turned in  the  fame  manner,  no  part 
of  them  having  pafTed  the  throat 
by  an  aft  of  deglutition  :  fo  that 
whatever  was  conveyed  into  the 
ftomach,  either  of  the  juices  of  the 
folid  food,  or  of  liquids,  was  either 
gradually  imbibed  by  thefponginefs 
of  the  parts,  which  they  moiftened, 
or  trickled  down  in  a  very  fmall 
quantity  along  the  fides  of  the 
veflels. 

But  there  were  other  peculiari- 
ties in  the  cafe  of  this  lady,  yet 
more  extraordinary.  During  the 
privation  of  htrjight  and  hearings 
her  touch  and  her  Jtnell  became  fo 
exquifite,  that  Ihe  could  diftinguifti 
the  different  colours  of  fiJk  and 
flowers,  and  was  fenfible  when  any 
ilranjjer  was  in  the  room  .  with 
her. 

After  (he  became  blind,  and  deaf, 
and  dumb,  it  was  not  eafy  to  con- 
trive any  method  by  which  a  quellion 
could  be  afked  her,  and  an  anfwer 
received.  This  however  was  at  laft 
cfFeded,  by  talking  with  the  fingers, 
at  which  Ihe  was  uncommonly 
ready.  Bat  thofe  who  converfed 
with  her  in  this  manner,  were  obli- 
2 


ged  to  exprefs  therafelves,  by  touch"! 
ing  her  hand  and  fingers  inftead  o' 
their  own. 

A  lady  who  was  nearly  related  to 
her,  having  an  apron  on,  that  was 
embroidered  with  filk  of  different 
colours,  afked  her,  in  the  manner 
which  has  juft  been  defcribed,  if 
Ihe  could  tell  what  colour  it  was  ? 
and  after  applying  her  fingers  at- 
tentively to  the  figures  of  the 
embroidery,  fhe  replied,  that  itwas 
red,  and  blue,  and  green,  which 
was  true,  but  whether  there  were 
any  other  colours  in  the  apron,  the 
writer  of  this  account  does  not  re- 
member. The  fame  lady  having  a 
pink-coloured  ribbon  on  her  head, 
and  being  willing  dill  farther  to 
fatisfy  hercuriofity  and  her  doubts, 
afked  what  colour  that  was  ?  her 
coufin,  after  feeling  fome  time,  an- 
fwered  that  it  was  pink  colour  ;  this 
anfwer  was  yet  more  aftonifhing, 
becaufe  it  fhewed  not  only  a  power 
ofdiftinguifhing  different  colours, 
but  different  kinds  of  the  fame 
colour;  the  ribbon  was  not  only  dif- 
covered  to  be  red,  but  the  red  was 
difcovered  to  be  of  the  pale  kind, 
called  a  pink. 

This  unhappy  lady,  confcious  of 
her  own  uncommon  infirmities,  was 
extreamly  unwilling  to  be  feen  by 
flrangers,  and  therefore  generally 
retired  to  her  chamber,  where  none 
but  thofe  of  the  family  were  likely 
to  come.  The  fame  relation,  who 
had  by  the  experiment  of  the  apron 
and  ribbon  difcovered  the  exquifite 
fenfibility  of  her  touch,  was  foon 
after  convinced  by  an  accident,  that 
her  power  of  fmelling  was  acute 
and  refined  in  the  fame  allonifhing 
degree. 

Being  one  day  vifiling  the  fa- 
mily, fhe  went  up  to  her  coufin's 
chamber,  and  after  making  herfelf 
known,  fhe   in  treated   her   to    go 

down. 


CHARACTERS. 


255 


down,  and  fit  with  her  among  the 
reft  of  the  family,  affuring  her,  that 
there  was  no  other  perfon  prefent  ; 
to  this  fhe  at  length  confenied,  and 
went  down  to  the  parlour  door  ; 
but  the  moment  the  door  was  open- 
ed, fhe  turned  back,  and  retired  to 
her  own  chamber  much  difpleafed, 
alledging,  that  there  were  ftrangers 
in  the  room,  and  that  an  attempt 
had  been  made  to  deceive  her.  It 
happened,  indeed,  that  there  were 
ftrangers  in  the  room,  but  they  had 
come  in  while  the  lady  was  above 
ftairs  :  To  that  ftie  did  not  know 
they  were  there.  When  Ihe  had 
fatisfied  her  coufin  of  this  particular, 
fhe  was  pacified  ;  and  being  after- 
wards afked  how  fhe  knew  there 
were  flrangers  in  the  room,  fhe  an- 
fwered,  by  the  fmell. 

But  though  fhe  could  by  this 
fenfediflinguifh  in  general  between 
perfons.with  whom  fhe  was  well 
acquainted,  and  flrangers,  yet  fhe 
could  not  fo  eafily  diilinguifh  one 
of  her  acquaintance  from  another 
without  other  affiflance.  She  ge- 
nerally diflinguifhed  her  friends  by 
feeling  their  hands,  and  when  they 
came  in  they  ufed  to  prefent  their 
hands  to  her,  as  a  means  of  making 
themfelves  known  ;  the  make  and 
warmth  of  the  hand  produced  in 
general  the  difFerences  that  fhedif- 
tinguifhed,  but  fomerimes  fhe  ufed 
to  ipan  the  wrifl  and  meafure  the 
fingers.  A  lady  with  whom  flie 
was  very  well  acquainted,  coming 
in  one  very  hot  day,  after  having^ 
walked  a  mile,  prefented  her  hand, 
as  ufual  ;  fhe  felt  it  longer  than 
ordinary,  and  feemcd  to  doubt 
whofe  it  was ;  but  after  fpannirg 
the  wrifl,  and  meafuring  the  fingers, 
fhe  faid,  **  It  is  Mrs.  M.  but  fhe  is 
"  warmer  to-day  than  ever  I  felt 
"  her  before." 


To  amufe  herfelf  in  the  mourn- 
ful and  perpetual  folitudeand  dark* 
nefs  to  which  her  diforder  had  re- 
duced her,  fhe  ufed  to  work  much  at 
her  needle  ;  and  it  is  remarkable, 
that  her  needle- work  was  uncom- 
monly neat  and  exaft  ;  among  many 
other  pieces  of  her  work  that  are 
preferved  in  the  family,  is  a  pin- 
cufhion,  which  can  fcarce  be  equal- 
led. She  ufed  alfo  fometlmes  to 
write,  and  her  writing  was  yet  more 
extraordinary  than  her  needle- 
work ;  it  was  executed  with  the 
fame  regularity  and  exadlnefs  ;  the 
charadler  was  very  pretty,  the  lines 
were  all  even,  and  the  letters  plac- 
ed at  equal  diftances  from  each 
other  ;  but  the  fnoft  aftonifhing 
particular  of  all,  with  refpedl  to 
her  writing,  is',  that  fhe  could  by 
fome  means  difcover  when  a  letter 
had  by  fome  miflake  been  omitted, 
and  would  place  it  over  that  part 
of  the  word  where  it  fhould  have 
been  inferted,  with  a  caret  under 
it.  It  was  her  cutlom  to  fit  up  in 
bed  at  any  hour  of  the  night,  either 
to  write  or  to  work,  when  her 
pain  or  any  other  caufe  kept  her 
awake. 

Thefe  circumftances  were  fo  very 
extraordinary,  that  it  was  lOng 
doubted  whether  fhe  had  not  fome 
faint  remains  both  of  hearing  and 
fight,  and  many  experiments  were 
made  to  afcertain  the  matter  ;  forr.e 
of  thefe  experiments  fne  acciden- 
tally difcovered,  and  the  difco- 
very  always  threw  her  into  violent 
convulfions.  The  thought  of  being 
fufpedled  of  infincerity,  or  fuppof- 
ed  capable  of  ading  fo  wicked  a 
part  as  to  feign  infirmities  that 
were  not  infiidled,  was  an  addition 
to  her  mifery  which  fhe  could  not 
bear,  and  which  never  failed  to 
produce  an  agony  of  mind  not  lefs 

vinbie 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


256 

viiible  than  thofe  of  her  body.  A 
clergyman,  who  found  her  one 
evening  at  work  by  a  table  with  a 
candle  upon  it,  put  his  hat  between 
her  eyes  and  the  candle,  in  fuch  a 
manner  that  it  was  impoffible  fhe 
could  receive  any  benefit  from  the 
light  of  it  if  fhe  had  not  been 
blind.  She  continued  flill  at  her 
work,  with  great  tranquility,  till 
putting  up  her  hand  fuddenly  to 
rub  her  forehead,  flie  ftruck  it 
againft  the  hat,  and  difcovered 
what  was  doing  ;  upon  which  fhe 
was  thrown  into  violent  convulfions, 
and  was  not  without  great  difficulty 
recovered.  The  family  were,  by 
thefe  e?fperiments,  and  by  feveral 
accidental  circumllances,  fully  con- 
vinced that  Hie  was  totally  deaf  and 
blind,  particularly  by  fitting  uncon- 
cerned at  her  work,  during  a  dread- 
ful florm  of  thunder  and  lighten- 
ing, though  fhe  was  then  facing  the 
window,  and  always  ufed  to  be 
touch  terrified  in  fuchcircumflances; 
but  Sir  rians  Sloane,  her  phyfician, 
being  flill  doubtful  of  the  truth  of 
fadlr,  which  were  fcarce  lefs  than 
miraculous,  he  was  permitted  to 
fatisfy  himfelf  by  fuch  experiments 
and  obfervations  as  he  thought  pro- 
per ;  the  ifTue  of  which  was,  that  he 
pronounced  her  to  be  abfolutely 
deaf  and  blind. 

She  was  at  length  fent  to  Bath, 
where  fhe  was  in  fome  meafare  re- 
lieved, her  convulfions  being  lefs 
frequent,  and  her  pains  lefs  acute  ; 
but  fhe  never  recovered  her  fpeech, 
her  fight,  or  her  hearing,  in  the 
leaft  degree. 

Many  of  the  letters,  dated  at 
Bath,  in  fome  of  which  there  are  in- 
ft  nces  of  intclineations  with  a  ca- 
ret, the  writer  of  this  narrative 
hath  feen,  and  they  are-  now  in 
the  cuf^ody  of  the  widow  of  one  of 
her  brothers,  who,  with  many 
3 


other  perfons,  can  fupport  the  fafla 
here  related,  however  wonderful, 
with  fuch  evidence  as  it  would 
not  only  be  injullice,  but  folly,  to 
difbelieve. 


The  follonjoing  characters  of  Lord 
Somersy  the  Duke  and  Duchefs  of 
Marlborough, Lord  Godolphin, Lord 
Sunderland^  Lord  Wharton,  Lord 
Copper,  the  Earl  of  Nottmgham» 
and  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  are  ex- 
traded  from  the  hijlory  of  the 
four  laj}  years  of  the  queen,  by 
Dr.  S^Lvift,  nxjho  profeffes  to  de- 
fcribe  thofe  qualities  in  each  of 
them,  nxihich  feiv  of  their  ad- 
mirers 'will  deny,  and  nxhich  ap- 
peared chiefly  to  ha'ue  influenced 
them  in  aCiing  their  fe'veral parts 
upon  the  public  ft  age  :   *  For  I  do 

*  not  intend  (fays  he)  to  draiv 
'  their  charaBcrs    entire,    nvhich 

*  nvould  be  tedious,  and  little  to  the 

*  purpofe  ;  but  ftjall  only  fngle  cut 
'  thofe  pafflons,  acquirements,  and 
'  habits,    nvhich  the  o=vjners  ivere 

*  moft  likely   to  transfer  into  their 

*  political  fc hemes,  and  ivhich 
'  nvere  moft  fubferuient  to  the 
'  defgns   they  feemed  to  ha've  in 

Thefe  charaSlers,  and  the  hiftory 
from  nvhence  they  ha^ve  been  ex- 
traded,  are  far  from  giving  us 
a  njcry  juft  idea  of  the  times,  or 
the  perfons  they  profefs  to  df- 
fcribe  ;  they  may  be  read  very 
ufefully  not'-withftanding  this  de- 
fed.  For  they  may  Jerve  as  a 
flriking  example  of  the  melancholy 
effeds  of  prejudice^  and  party  zeal; 
a  zeal  tvhich,  'ixjhilft  it  corrupts 
the  heart,  vitiates  the  underftand- 
ing  itfelf',  and  could  miflead  a 
^writer  of  fo  penetrating  a  genius 
as  Dr.  Stvift,  to  imagine  that 
poflerity  voould  accept  fat  ire  in  the 
place 


CHARACTERS. 


257 


place  of  hijiory,  and  nuouU  read 
'with  fatisfaition  a  performance 
in  'which  the  courage    and    mili- 
Uiryjkill   of  the   Duke  of  Marl- 
borough    is    called    in    quejiion. 
The  real  charaSer  of  thefe  great 
men  'was  not  'what  the  lo'W  idola- 
try of  the  one  faSiiontOr  the  ma- 
lignity of  the  other y  'would  repre- 
fent    it.     They    'were  men    'whoy 
fwith  great  'virtues  and  great  ta- 
lents, mixt  fwith  fome  human  in- 
firmities, did  their  country   much 
fer'vice  and  honour.     Their  talents 
fwere  a  public  benefit ;  their  fail- 
ings fuch    as   only   affeSled  their 
pri'vate  charaSier.     The  difplay  of 
this  mixture  had  been  a  'very  pro- 
per tafk  for   an  impartial  hifio- 
rian  ;  and  had  pro'ved  equally  a- 
greeable   and  infiru£ii've     to    the 
reader  'in  fuch  hands.     But  thefe 
charaSers  before  us,  ha've  all  the 
figns  of  being  'written,  as  Tacitus 
calls  it,  recentibus  odiis.     In  all 
other  refpe^s  the  piece  feems  to  be 
a  fwork  not  un'worthy  of  its  au- 
thor ',  a  clear  and  firong,   though 
not  an  eh'vated  fiyle  ;  an    entire 
freedom  from  e'very  Jort  of  affe5led 
ornament ;  a  peculiar  happinefs  of 
putting  thofe  he  'would  fatirize  in 
the  mofi  odious  and   contejnptible 
light,  'without  feeming  direSily  to 
intend  it. 
Thefe    are  the  charaBerifiici  of  all 
S'wift^s  fworks,  and  they  appear 
as  firongly    in   this    as  in    any  of 
them.     If  there  be  any  thing  dif- 
ferent in  this  performance,  from 
the  manner  of  his  'works  publijhcd 
in    his  life  time,    it    is  that  the 
file  is  in  this   thro-vjn  fomething 
more  backivards,  and  has  a  more 
antique  cafi.     This   probably  he 
did  dcjignedly,  as  he  might  think 
it  ga've   a  greater  dignity   to  the 
fwork.     He  had  a  firong  preju- 
dice in  fafvour  of  the   language 
Vol.  X. 


as  it  fwas  in  ^een  Elizabeth* s 
reign  ;  and  he  rated  the  fiyle  of 
the  authors  of  that  time  a  little 
abo've  its  real  'value.  Their  fiyle 
nvas  indeed  fufiiciently  bold  and. 
ner'vous,  but  deficient  in  grace  and 
elegance. 

THE  Lord  Somers  may  very 
defervedly    be    reputed    thi 
head  and  oracle  of  that  party  ;  he 
hath  raifed  himfelf  by  the  concur- 
rence  of  many    circum fiances,   to 
the  greateft  employments   of    the 
ftate,      without    the    lead    fupport 
from    birth    or   fortune :  he   hath 
conftantly,  and  with  great  fteadi- 
nefs,    cultivated    thofe    principles 
under  which  he  grew.     The  acci- 
dent which  firft  produced  him  into 
the  world,  of  pleading  for  the  bi- 
ihops,    whom    King     James    had 
fent    to   the   Tower,    might    have 
proved    a  piece  of  merit    as    ho* 
nourable  as  it  was  fortunate  ;    but 
the    old    republican    fpirit    which 
the  revpliltion  had  reflored,  began 
to  teach  other  lefTons  ;  that  fince 
we  had  accepted  a  new  king  from 
a  calviniftical  commonwealth,    we 
muil   alfo  admit    new  maxims  in 
religion  and  government :  but  fince 
the  nobility  and  gentry  would  pro- 
bably   adhere    to    the    eftablillied 
church,   and  to  the  rights  of  mo- 
narchy   as    delivered    down    from 
their  anceftors  ;  it  was  the   prac- 
tice of  thofe  politicians  to  intro- 
duce   fuch  men   as  were    perfedly 
indifferent  to  any   or  no  religion, 
and  who  were  not    likely   to    in- 
herit much  loyalty  from  thofe   to 
whom  they  owed  their  birth.     Of 
this  number  was  the  perfon  I   am 
now   defcribing.      I    have    hardly 
known  any  man  with  talents  more 
proper  [to    acquire    and    preferve 
iiic  lavuur  of  a   prince,  never  of« 
fending  in  word  or  geflure,  which 
S  art 


2;:8         ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758. 


2fr6  ifi  the  ^ighef?  degree  cotfrteous 
and   complaifant,  \vh6reMi    he    fet 
ati  excellent  example  to   his  col- 
leagues, which  they   did  hot  think 
iit  to   foilovy  ;    but  v  this    extreme 
civility    isf    ufiiverfal    arvd    undif- 
tinguilhed,    and   in    private    c^n- 
verration,    where    he  obferveth    it 
as  inviolably  as  if  he  ^c{fe  in  the 
greatell  aifefubly,    it  is  Toj^ietinies 
cenfured   as:  formal  :  two    rt;afons 
are.  aiHgned    for   this  .  be.havioitf .; 
iiril,,  from  the  confcioufBefs  ofhis. 
humble   original,    he    keepe^h   ell 
familiarity  at  the  utmoft  .diiUnjqe, 
whidi  otherwire  might;  b6  apt  to 
intrude  ;    the    fecond*  that    being 
ieriiible     how    (ubjeji     he    is    to 
violent  ipiffions,  he    avoide-th    all 
incitements  to    them,  by  reaching 
thofe  he.converfes  with,  from  his- 
dwri  example,  to  keep  a  great  way 
within    the  bounds  of  decency   and 
refpedl,  and  it    is,,  indeed,     true, 
that    no  man  is  more  apt:  to   take 
iire   upon   the  Jeaft   appearance  of 
pi-Gvocation,    which.,  temper    he 
ftrives   to  fuhdue  with   the  utmoft 
violence  t6    himi'elf :  fo    that  his 
breaft    has    bj^en    feen    to   heave, 
and  bis   eye?  to   fparkle  with  rage, 
in  thofe '  very  moments,   when  his 
wordsy   and    the    cadence   of   his 
voice   were    in    the   humbled   and 
foftefc  manner  ;  perhaps  that  force 
upon   his   nature,  may   caufe  that 
iafatiable  love   of  revetJge,    which 
l)k   derradors    lay    to  hife.  charge, 
tt'ho   conrcquently  reckofl-difTirnu- 
lation  among  his  chiefpsrfeftions. 
Avarice  he   hath  none  •;    and   his 
ambition  is  gratified,  by  being  the 
URccntelied     head     of    his   pany. 
With  an   excellent  underitancingji 
adorned  by  all    t^ie  polite  parts  of 
learning,  he  hath   very  little  tafte 
for  converfation,  to  whiaii  lit.- pre-; 
fers   the  plcafure    of  reading  and 
thinking ;  and  in  the  intervals  of 


his  time  amufeth  hirafelf  with 
an  illiterate  chaplain,  an  humble 
companion,  or  a  favourite  fer- 
vant. 

Thefe  are  Tome  few  difiinguifli- 
iog  marks  in  the  charadler  of  that 
perfon  who  now  prendeih  over 
the  difcontented  party  :  although 
he  be  not  aufwerable!  for  all  their 
miftakes  ;  and  if  his  precepts  had 
been,  more  flriclly  followed,  per- 
haps their  power  would  not  have 
been  (o  eaiily  ihakeifj.  I  have 
been  aflured>  and  heard  him  pro- 
fefs,  that  he  was  again  ft  cngagi^og 
in  that  fooliQi  prolecution  of  0r. 
Sacheverel,  as  what  hp  forefaw 
was  likely  to  end  in  their  ruin  ; 
that  he  blamed  the  rough  de- 
meanour of  fome  perfons  to  the 
queen,  as  a  great  failure  in  pru- 
dence ;  and  that  when  it  appeared, 
her  majefty  was  firmly  refolved 
upon  a  treaty  of  peace,  he  ad- 
Vifed  his  friends  not  to  oppofe  it 
in  its  progrefsy  but  find  fault  with 
it  after  it  was  made,  which  would 
be  a  .  copy  of  the;  like  ufage 
themfeives  had  met  with  after  the 
treaty  of  Ryfwlck  ;  and  rhe  fafeft, 
as  well  as  the  moft  probable  way 
of  difgracing  the  promoters  and 
advifers.  I  have  been  the  larger 
in  i-eprefenting  to  the  reader  fome 
idea  of  this  extraordinary  genius, 
becaafe  whatever  atiempt  hath 
hiiherto  been  made  with  any  ap- 
peiirance  of  condudl,  or  probabi- 
lity of  fuccers,  to  reftore  ihe  do- 
minion of  that  party,,  was  infal- 
libiyi  contrived  byjiim  :  and  I 
prop.befy  the,  fame  for  the  future, 
as  .long  as  his  agf  and  infirmi- 
ties ,vviil  leive  him  capable  of  bu- 
finefs. 

The    Duke    of   Marlborough's 

character    haih  been    fo  varioully 

drawn,  and  is  indeed  of  fo  mixed 

a./iattire 


CHARACTERS. 


259 


a  nature  in  itfelf,  that  it  is  hard 
to  pronounce  on  either  fide  with- 
out the  fufpicion  of  flattery  or  de- 
tradion.  I  ftiall  fay  nothing  of  his 
military  accotnplifhments,  which 
the  oppofue  reports  of  his  friends 
and  enemies  among  the  foldiers 
have  rendered  problematical  :  but 
if  he  be  among  thofe  who  delight 
in  war,  it  is  agreed  to  be,  rot 
for  the  reafons  common  with  other 
generals.  Thofe  maligners  who 
deny  him  perfonal  valour,  feem 
not  to  confider,  that  this  accufa- 
tion  is  charged  at  a  venture  ;  fince 
the  perfon  of  a  wife  general  is 
too  feldom  expofed  to  form  any 
judgment  in  the  matter  :  and  that 
fear,  which  is  faid  to  have  fome- 
times  difconcerted  him  before  an 
aftion,  might  probably  be  more 
for  his  army,  than  for  himfelf.  H2 
was  bred  in  the  height  of  what 
is  called  the  tory  principles,  and 
continued  with  a  ftrong  bias  ihat 
way,  till  the  other  party  had  bid 
higher  for  him  than  his  friends 
could  afford  to  give.  His  want 
of  literature  is  in  feme  fort  fup- 
plied  by  a  good  underftanding,  a 
degree  of  natural  elocution,  and 
that  knowledge  of  the  world  which 
is  learned  in  armies  and  courts. 
We  are  not  to  take  the  height 
of  his  ambition  from  his  follicit- 
ing  to  be  general  for  life:  I  am 
perfuaded  his  chief  motive  was 
tne  pay  and  perquifites,  by  con- 
tinuing the  war ;  and  that  he  had 
then  no  intentions  of.  fettling  the 
crown  in  his  family,  his  only  fon 
having  been  dead  fome  years  bcr- 
fore.  He  is  noted  to  be  matter 
of  great  temper,  able  to  govern 
or  very  well  to  difguife  his  paf- 
fions,  which  are  all  melted  down 
or  extinguiftied  in  his  love  of 
wealth.  That  liberality  which  na- 
ture has  denied  him,  with  refped 


of  money,  he  makes  up  by  a  great 
profufion  of  promifes;  but  this 
perfedion,  fo  neceifary  in  courts, 
is  not  very  fuccefsful  in  camps 
among  foldierj,  who  are  cot  Re- 
fined enough  to  underiland  or  .to 
reiiih  it. 

His  wife  the  duchefs  may 
jullly  challenge  her  place  in  ^his 
lift.  It  is  to  her  the  duke ,  is 
chiefly  indebted  for  his  greatgefs 
and  his  fall  ;  for  above  20  y^ars 
fhe  pofleffed,  without  a  rival,  the 
favours  of  the  moft  indulgent  njif- 
trefs  in  the  world,  nor  ever  ipif- 
fedone  fingle  opportunity  that  fell 
in  her  way  of  iniproving  it  tojher 
own  advantage.  She  hath  /^pre- 
ferved  a  tolerable  court-reput^.tion, 
with  refped  to  loye  and  gallantry  ; 
but  three  furies  reigned  in -her 
breaft,  the  mod  mortal  enemie^  of 
all  fofter  paflions,  which  were/or- 
did  avarice,  difdainful  pride,  and 
ungovernable  rage  ;  by  the  laft  of 
thefe  often  breaking  out  in  failies 
of  the  mofl  unpardonable  fort,  (he 
had  long  alienated  her  fovereign's 
mind,  before  it  appeared  to  the 
world.  This  lady  is.,  not  without 
fome  degree  of  wit,  and  hath  in 
her  time  afFeded  the  charade^  of 
it,  by  the  ufual  method  of  argu-* 
ing  againft  religion,  and  proving 
the  dodrines  of  chriftianity  io  be 
impoiTible  and  abfurd,  .  Imagine 
what  fuch  a  fpirit,  irritated  by  the 
lofs  of  power,  favour,  and -em- 
ployment, is  capable  of  ading  or 
attempting,  and  then  (  have  faid 
enough. 

The  next  in  order  to  be  men- 
tioned is  the  Earl  of  Godolphin. 
It  is  faid  he  was  originally  in- 
tended for  .  a  -trade,  "before  his 
friends  preferred  him  to  be  a  page 
at    court,    which    fome  hiive.very 

S  2  un- 


26o     ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 


Unjuftly  objefted  as  a  reproach. 
He  haih  rifen  gradually  in  four 
reigns,  and  was  more  conllant  to 
liis  fecond  mailer  King  James, 
than  feme  others  who  had  received 
much  greater  obligations  ;  for  he 
attended  the  abdicated  King  to  the 
Yea-fide,  and  kept  conftant  corre- 
fpondence  with  him  till  the  day 
of  his  death.  He  always  profefled 
a  fort  of  paffion  for  the  queen 
at  St.  Germain*s  ;  and  his  letters 
were  to  her  in  the  ftyle  of  what 
the  French  call  double  entendre. 
In  a  mixture  of  love  and  refped, 
he  ufed  frequently  to  fend  her 
from  hence  little  prefents  of  thofe 
things  which  are  agreeable  to  ladies, 
for  which  he  always  aflced  King 
William's  leave,  as  if  without  her 
privity  ;  becaufe,  if  ihe  had  known 
that  circumftance,  it  was  to  be  fup- 
pofed  fhe  would  not  accept  th«m. 
Phyfiognomifts  would  hardly  dif- 
cover,  by  confulting  the  afpeft  of 
this  lord,  that  his  predominant 
palTions  were  love  and  play  ;  that 
he  could  fometimes  fcratch  out  a 
fong  in  praife  of  his  miftrefs  with 
a  pencil  and  card  ;  or  that  he  hath 
tears  at  command  like  a  woman, 
to  be  ufed  either  in  an  intrigue 
of  gallantry  or  politics.  His  alli- 
ance with  the  Marlborough  fa- 
mily, and  his  paffion  for  the  du- 
chefs,  were  the  cords  which  drag- 
ged him  into  a  party,  whofe 
principles  he  naturally  dilliked, 
and  whofe  leaders  he  perfonally 
hated,  as  they  did  him.  He  be- 
came a  thorough  convert,  by  a 
perfect  trifle,  taking  fire  at  a  nick- 
name (Volpone)  delivered  by  Dr. 
Sacheverel,  which  he  applied  to 
himfelf  :  and  this  is  one  among 
many  inflances  given  by  his  ene- 
mies, that  magnanimity  isnonc  of 
his  virtues* 


The  Earl  of  Sunderland  is  an- 
other of  that  alliance.  It  feems 
to  have  been  this  gentleman's  for- 
tune to  have  learned  his  divinity 
from  his  uncle,  and  his  politics 
from  his  tutor  Dr.  Trimnel,  fince 
bifhop  of  Winton).  It  may  be 
thought  a  blemifh  in  his  charac- 
ter, that  he  hath  much  fallen  from 
the  height  of  thofe  republican 
principles  with  which  he  began  ; 
for  in  his  father's  life-time,  while 
he  was  a  member  of  the  houfe  of 
commons,  he  woujd  often  among 
his  familiar  friends  refufe  the 
title  of  Lord  (as  he  hath  done  to 
myfelf),  fwear  he  would  never 
be  called  otherwife  than  Charles 
Spencer,  and  hoped  to  fee  the 
day  when  there  fhould  not  be  a 
peer  in  England.  His  underftand- 
ing,  at  the  beft,  is  of  the  middle 
fize  :  neither  hath  he  much  im- 
proved it,  either  in  reality,  or, 
which  is  very  unfortunate,  even 
in  the  opinion  of  the  world,  by 
an  overgrown  library.  It  is  hard 
to  decide,  whether  he  learned  that 
rough  way  of  treating  his  fovereign 
from  the  lady  he  is  allied  to,  or 
whether  it  be  the  refult  of  his  own 
nature.  The  fenfe  of  the  inju- 
ries he  had  done,  renders  him  (as 
it  is  very  natural)  implacable  to- 
wards thofe  to  whom  he  had  gi- 
ven great  caufe  to  complain  ;  for 
which  reafon  he  will  never  forgive 
either  the  queen,  or  the  prefent 
treafurer. 

The  Earl  of  Wharton  hath 
filled  the  provinces  allotted  fiim 
by  his  colleagues,  with  fufficiency 
equal  to  the  ablefl  of  them  all. 
He  hath  imbibed  his  father's  [the 
carl,  his  father,  was  a  rigid  Pref- 
byterian]  principles  in  government, 
but  dropt    his  re^ligion,    and  took 

up 


CHARACTERS. 


261 


wp  no  other  in  its  (lead  ;  except- 
ing that  circumftance,  he  is  a  firm 
Prefbyterian.  He  is  perfedly  (kill- 
ed in  all  the  arts  of  managing 
at  eledlions,  as  well  as  in  large 
baits  of  pleafure  for  making  con- 
verts of  young  men  of  quality, 
upon  their  full  appearance  ;  in 
which  public  fervice  he  contra<5led 
fuch  large  debts,  that  his  brethren 
were  forced,  out  of  mere  juftice,  to 
Jeave  Ireland  at  his  mercy,  where 
he  had  only  time  to  fet  himfelf 
right.  Although  the  graver  heads 
of  his  party  think  him  too  pto- 
liigate  and  abandoned,  yet  they 
dare  not  be  alhamed  of  him  ;  for 
befides  his  talents  above-mention- 
ed, he  is  very  ufefal  in  parliament, 
being  a  ready  fpeaker,  and  con- 
tent to  employ  his  gift  upon  fuch 
occafions,  where  thofe  who  con- 
ceive they  have  any  remainder  of 
reputation  or  modefty  are  afhamed 
to  appear.  In  (hort,  he  is  an  un- 
conteftible  inftance  to  difcover  the 
true  nature  of  faftion  ;  fince,  be- 
ing over-run  with  every  quality 
which  produceth  contempt  and 
hatred  in  all  other  commerce  of 
the  world,  he  hath  notwithftanding 
been  able  to  make  fo  conliderable  a 
figure. 

The  Lord  Cowper,  although  his 
merits  are  later  than  the  reft,  de- 
ferveth  a  rank  in  this  great  coun- 
cil. He  was  confiderable  in  the 
ftation  of  a  pradifing  lawyer : 
but  as  he  was  raifed  to  be  a  chan- 
cellor and  a  peer,  without  pafling 
through  any  of  the  intermediate 
iteps,  whick  in  the  late  times 
have  been  the  conftant  practice, 
and  little  {killed  in  the  nature 
of  government,  or  the  true  inte- 
refts  of  princes,  further  than  the 
municipal,  or  common  law  of 
England;  his  abilities^  as  to  foreign 


affairs,  did  not  equally  appear  in 
the  council.  Some  former  paflagei 
of  his  life  were  thought  to  dif- 
qualify  him  for  that  office,  by 
which  he  was  to  be  the  guardiaa 
of  ihe  queen's  confcience  :  but 
thefe  difficulties  were  eafily  over- 
ruled by  the  authors  of  his  pro- 
motion, who  wanted  a  perfon  that 
would  be  fubfervient  to  all  their 
defigns,  wherein  they  were  not 
difappointed.  As  to  his  other  ac- 
complilhments,  he  was  what  we 
ufually  call  a  piece  of  a  fcholar, 
and  a  good  logical  reafoner,  if  this 
were  not  too  often  allayed  by  a 
fallacious  way  of  managing  an  ar- 
gument, which  makes  him  apt  to 
deceive  the  unwary,  and  fometimes 
to  deceive  himfelf. 

The  laft  to  be  fpoken  of  in 
this  lift,  is  the  Earl  of  Notting- 
ham, a  convert  and  acquifition  to 
that  party  fince  their  fall,  to  which 
he  contributed  his  affiftance.  I 
mean  his  words,  and  probably  his 
wifties ;  for  he  had  always  lived 
under  the  conftant  vifible  profef- 
fion  of  principles  diredly  oppofitc 
to  thofe  of  his  new.  friends  :  his 
vehement  and  frequent  fpeeches 
againft  admitting  the  Prince  of 
Orange  to  the  throne,  are  yet  to 
be  feen ;  and  although  a  nume- 
rous family  gave  a  fpecious  pre- 
tence to  his  love  of  power  and 
money,  for  taking  an  employment 
under  that  monarch  ;  yet  he  was 
allowed  to  have  always  kept  a 
referve  of  allegiance  to  his  exiled 
mafter,  of  which  his  friends  pro- 
duce feveral  inftances,  and  fome 
while  he  was  fecretary  of  ftate  to 
King  William.  His  outward  re- 
gularity of  life,  his  appearance  of 
religion,  and  feeming  zeal  for  the 
church,  as  they  are  an  efFe6l,  fo 
they  are  the  excufe  of  that  ftiiF- 
§  I  nefs 


26,2  .  _   ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


uefsan^  formality  with  wl»ich   his 

nature  is  fraught.  His  aduft  com- 
plexion difpoi'eth  him  to  rigour 
and  feverity,  which  his  admirers 
palliate  with  the  name  of  zeal. 
No  man  had  ever  a  iincerer  coun- 
tenance,- or  more  truly  reprefent- 
in*  his  mind  and  manners.-  He 
hath  fome  knowledge  in  the  law, 
very'  amply  faHicient  to  defend 
his  property  at  leaft  :  a  facility  of 
utterance,  defcended  to  him  from 
his  father,  and  improved  by  a 
few  fprinklings  of  literature,  hath 
brought  himl'elf,  and  fome  few 
admirers,  into  an  opinion  of  his 
eloquence.  Ke  is  every  way  in- 
ferior'to  his  brother  Guernfey, 
but  chiefly  in  thofe  talents  which 
he  moft  values  and  pretends  to  ; 
over  whom,  neverthelefs,  he  pre- 
ferveth  an  afcendant.  His  great 
ambition  was  to  be  the  head  of 
thofe  who  were  called  the  church- 
party  :  and,  indeed,  his  grave  fo- 
lemn  deportment  and  countenance, 
feconded  by  abundance  of  profef- 
fions"  for  their  fervice,  had  given 
many  of  them  an  opinion  of  his 
veracity,  which  he  interpreted  as 
their  i'enfe  of  his  judgment  and 
wifdom  ;  and  this  miftake  lal^ed 
till  the  time  of  liis  defedion,  of 
which  it  was  partly  the  caufe  ;  but 
then  it  plainly  appeared,  that  he 
had  not  credit  to  bring  over  one 
fingle  profelyte,  to  keep  himfelf  in 
countenance. 

^he  fcllo'whg  chnraSIer  is  alfo   hy 
the  fame   hand^    aftd  an    infiance 
,  equally  Jlrong^  of  the  fame  party 
blindnefs. 

Sir  Robert  Waipole  was  a  per- 
fon  hiac'h  careffed  by  the  oppofers 
of  Qaeen  Arine  and  her  minl^ry, 
having  been  fir/l  drawn  into  their 
party   by  his  indiiFerence  to  any 


principles,  and  afterwards  kept 
ileady  by  the  lofs  of  his  place  [of  •(" 
fecretary  at  war.]  His  bold  for- 
ward countenance,  altogether  a 
ftranger  to  that  infirmity  which 
makes  men  baOiful,  joined  to  a 
readinefs  of  fpeaking  in  public, 
hath  juftly  intitled  him,  among  , 
thofe  of  his  fadion,  to  be  a  fort  of 
leader  of  the  fecond  form.  The 
reader  muft  excufe  me  for  being  fo 
particular  aboat  one,  who  is  other- 
wife  altogether  obfcure. 


//  is  not  foreign  to  the  plan  of  this 
article  to  infer t  the  follonx'ing  de- 
fcription  of  the  court  and  psrfon 
of  ^  Elizabeth^  from  the  journey 
into  England y  of  Paul  Hentzert  in 
1598. 

Minds  of  a  much  deeper  turn 
than  the  author  of  this  itine- 
rary fee  ms  to  hai^e  beeny  may  find 
matter  of  agreeable  refleSlion  in 
his  account  of  England,  as  it  ap- 
peared  under  i^  Elizabeth.  7 bat 
great  princefs  had  as  much  fate 
and  magnificence  in  her  court,  as 
ivifdom     and  fieadinefs     in    her 

.  governments  She  kncnv  that  it 
njuas  necefjary  to  fir  ike  the  ima- 
gination as  ivell  as  to  purfue  the 
real  interefi  cf  her  people.  Thus 
foe  threnu  a  'Veil  o'ver  the  foibles 
of  her  perfonal  charaSier^  and 
p  re-vented  the  tiveak  'vanity,  cf  an 
old  coquette  from  ecUpfing  the  vir- 
tues of  a  great  9^een,.  Our  tra- 
njeller  is  "a  ^ery  minute  painter  ; 
but  e-ven  minute  things,  ^^here 
they  concern  great  characters ^  feem 
to  quit  their  nature,  and  become 
things  of  confequcnce  ;  befides  that 
they  bring  us  nearer  to  the  times 
and  p  erf  on  s  they  defcrihe.  It  'ujill 
be  equally  agreeable  in  his  charac- 
ter of  the  Englifiy,  to  trace  the 
difference  wohich  increafe  cf  riches, 
refinement  J    and  even  time  iffilft 


ha've  made  in  the  manners  and  tajla 
cf  the  p eople  ;  and  no  lej's  foj  to  cb' 
Jerve  thutground-^jcork  ofcbaraHer, 
^-juhich  is  the  fame  in  the  people  of 
thnfe  day  J  and  of  ours ,  and  it^ich 
no  accidental  circumjiances  qre  Able 
totally  to  alter. 

WE  arrived  next  at  the  royal 
palace  at   Greenwich,    re- 
ported   to    have    been    origioalJy 
buil:  by  Humphry  Duke  of  Glou- 
cefter,  and   to   have  received   very 
magnificent  addicions  from  W^wxy 
Vli.    It  was   here  Elizabeth,    the 
prefent  Qaecn,  was  born  ;  and  here 
£^^    generdljy   rcfides,  particularly 
in    fummer,  for  the  deiightfuinefs 
of  its   fuuation.     We  were  admit- 
ted,  by  an  order   Mr.  Rogers  had 
procured   from    the    lord-chamber- 
lain,   into    the    prefence-chambcr, 
hung'  with  rich   tapcllry,  and   the 
floor    after    the    Engiifh    falliion, 
i^rewcd   with  hay,   through  which 
the    queen    pafi'ss    in    her  vv^y  to 
chapel;  at  the  door  Hood  a  gentle- 
man drelTed  i;i  velvet,  with  a  gold 
chain,  whofe  ofiice  was  to  intro- 
duce  to  the  queen   any  perfon  ,of 
dillindion    that  came    to  wait  on 
her:  it  was  Sunday,  when  there  is 
ufually    the   greateft  attendance  of 
nobilky.     In   the   fame  hall  were 
the  Archbifiiop  of  Canterbury,  the 
Biiliop  of  London,  a  great  num- 
ber of  counfello.rs  offtate,  officers 


C  H  A  R  A  C  T  E  j^  S'  a5j 

ftudded  vvith  golden  fleurs  de  lis, 
the  point  upwards ;  next  came  the 
queen,  in  tf  e  fuity-fifth  year  of  her 
age,  we  are  "told,  very  majeftic; 
her  face  oblong,  fair,  but  wrinkled; 
her  eyes  fpiall,  yet  black  and  plea^ 
Tant^Vhej  npfe  a  little'hooked;  her 
lips  narrow,  ^nd.her  teeth  black  (a 
defcd  the  Erjgljlh  {zzm  fubjed  to. 


of  the  crown,  and  gentlemen  who 
waited  the  queen's  coming  outj 
which  fhe  did  from  her  own  apart- 
ment, when  it  was  .time  to  go  to 
prayers,  attended  in  the  follow- 
ing manner;  firlt  went  Gentlemen, 
Barons,  Earls,  Knights  of  the  gar- 
ter, all  richly  cireQed,  and  bare- 
headed; next  came  the  chancellor 
bearing  the  fealh  in  a  red  filk  purfe 
between  two;  one  of  which, carried 
the  royal  fceptex,  -the  other  the 
fword  of  ilatc,  vx  a  rsd  fcabbard 


from  their  too  great  ^{t  of  fugar)  ; 
fha  had  in  her  ears  two  pearls,  with 
very  rich  drops ;  fhe  wore  falfe  hair, 
and  that  red;  upon    h6r  head  (he 
had  a  fmall   crown,  reported  to  bs 
made  of  fome'of  the  gold  of  the  ce- 
lebrated Lunebourg  table:   her  bo- 
fom  was  uncovered,  as  all  the  Eng- 
lilli  have  it^till  they  marry  ;  and  (he 
had   on   a    necklace  of  exceeding 
fine  jewels;  her  hands  were  fmall, 
her    fingers  long,  and    her  (lature 
neither  tall  nor*  \ofi  \  her  air  was 
ilately,  and  her  manner  of  fpcaking 
mild  a,ad  obliging.     That  day  (he 
was  drefTed  in  white  filk, 'Bordered 
with  pearls  of  the  fizc  of  beans ; 
and   over    it  a    mantle   of   black 
filk,  fhot  with  filver  threads;  her 
train    vyas  very  long,   the  end    of 
it  borne  by  a  marchionefs ;  inftsad 
of  a   chain,    Ihc   had    an   oblortg 
col|.ir  of  gold  and  jewels.     As  (he 
went  along  in    all  this  ftate  and 
m.agnificencc,  (lie  fpoke  very  gra- 
ciouily,  "firll  to  one,  then  to  ano- 
ther,    whether    fjprcign     minifters, 
or  thof?  who  attended  for  difFe^-ent 
reafons,    i/i    Engluli,  French,  and 
Italian;    for,     bcfid'cs'  bein^    vyell 
|killed  .in   Greek,.  L^^tjp,  gnd  the 
Unguag.es  I  hav^  ni^atrphed,  (h>  is 
miitrefs   of  SpapiOi,'  3'cotch,  ,^nd 
putch:  wlioqver  fp^eak's  to.  her,  it 
is  kneeling;  n'.;iw'an.i..thcn  'J]]e,rai- 
(es  fome  with.  TV^  hand.  While  we. 
were  th.ere,  W.  SUvy^ta,  a  Bohe- 
mian baron,  had  letters  to  prefent 
to  her ;  and  (he,  after  pulling  off 
her  glove,  gave  iim  h^r  hand  to 
S  4  *■  kifs, 


464        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


Icifs,    fparkling    with    rings    and 
jewels,    a  mark  of  particular   fa- 
vour.    Wherever    Ihe    turned   her 
face,  as  fhe  was  going  along,  every 
body   fell   down   on   their   knees. 
The  ladies  of  the  court  followed 
next  to  her,    very  handfome   and 
well-lhaped,  and,  for  the  moft  part, 
drefled  in  white ;  Ihe  was  guarded 
bn  each  fide  by  the  gentlemen-pen- 
fioners,  fifty  in   number,  with  gilt 
battle-axes.    In    the    anti-chapel, 
next  the  hall,  where  we  were,  pe- 
titions were  prefented  to  her,  and 
Jhe  received  them  moft  gracioufly, 
which  occafioned  the  acclamation 
of  Lon^  li<ve  ^een  Elizabeth!  ihe 
anfwered  it  with,  /  thank  joUf  my 
pood  people.     In  the  chapel  was  ex- 
tellent  mulic  ;    as  foon  as  it  and 
the  fervice  was  over,  which  fcarce 
exceeded  half  an  hour,  the  queen 
returned  in  the  fame  ftate  and  order, 
and  prepared  to  go  to  dinner.  But, 
while  Ihe  was  ftill  at  prayers,  we 
faw  her  table  fet  out  with  the  fol- 
lowing  folemnity:    A   gentleman 
entered  the  room  bearing  a  rod,  and 
along  with  him  another  who  had  a 
table-cloth,  which,  after  they  had 
.  both  kneeled  three  times,  with  the 
utmoll  veneration,  he  fpread  upon 
the    table  J    and,    after    kneeling 
again,    they   both  retired.'     Then 
came  two   others,    one   with   the 
rod  again,  the  other  with  the  falt- 
feller,    a  plate,  and   bread;  when 
they   had   kneeled,    as  the  others 
had    done,    and  placed  what  was 
brought  upon  the  table,  they  two 
retired  with  the   fame  ceremonies 
performed   by   the   firft.      At  laft 
came     an     unmarried     lady     (we 
were  told  (he  was  a  countefs)  and 
along    with  her   a    married    one, 
bearing  a  tailing  knife ;  the  former 
was   dreffed   in   white  filk,    who, 
when    fhe    had    proftrated    herfelf 
three  times,  in  the  moil  graceful 


manner,  approached  the  table,  rub- 
bed the  plates  with  bread  and  fait, 
with  as  much  awe  as  if  the  queen 
had  been  prefent;  when  they  had 
waited  there  a  little  while,  the  yeo- 
men of  the  guard  'entered,  bare- 
headed,   clothed   in  fcarlet,   with 
golden    rofes    upon    their    backs, 
bringing  in  at  each  turn  a  courfe  of 
twenty-four  dirties,  ferved  in  plate, 
moft  of  them   gilt;    thefe   dirties 
were  received  by  gentlemen  in  the 
fame  order  they  were  brought,  and 
placed  upon  the  table,    while  the 
lady    tafter   gave    to   each  of  the 
guard   a    mouthful   to  eat  of  the 
particular  dirti  he  had  brought,  ifor 
fear  of  poifon.     During  the  time 
that  this  guard,  which  confifts  of 
the   talleft  and   ftouteft  men    that 
can  be  found  in  all  England,  being 
carefully  felefted  for  this  fervice, 
were  bringing  dinner,  twelve  trum- 
pets, and  two  kettle-drums,   made 
the  hall  ring  for  half  an  hour  toge- 
ther.    At  the  end  of  all  this  cere- 
monial,   a    number   of  unmarried 
ladies  appeared,   who  with   parti- 
cular folemnity,  lifted  the  meat  off 
the  table,  and  conveyed  it  into  the 
queen's    inner    and    more   private 
chamber,    where,    after    ftie    had 
chofen  for  herfelf,  the  reft  goes  to 
the  ladies  of  the  court.   The  queen 
dines  and  fups  alone,  with  a  very 
few  attendants;     and  it    is    yfcry 
feldom  that  any  body,  foreigner  or 
native,   is   admitted  at  that  tin)e, 
and  then  only  at    the  interceflion 
of  fomebody  in  power. 


Defcripticn  of  Theobalds   and  Non- 
fuchf  frotu  Hentzer, 

THeobalds  belongs  to  Lord 
Burleigh  the  treafurer.  In 
the  gallery  was  painted  the  genea- 
logy of  the    kings    of  England ; 

from 


CHARACTERS. 


265 


from  this  place  one  goes  into  the 
garden,    encompaffed  with    water, 
large   enough  for  one  to  have  the 
pleaiure  of  going  in  a  boat,    an4 
fowing  between   the  (hrubs ;  here 
are   a    great  variety    of  trees   and 
plants,    labyrinths    made    with    a 
great  deal  of  labour,  a  jet  d^eau, 
with    its  bafon    of  white  marble, 
and  columns  and  pyramids  of  wood, 
and  other  materials,  up  and  down 
the    garden  ;    after    feeing    thefe, 
we     were     led    by    the    gardener 
into    the    fummer-houfe,     in    the 
lower  part  of  which,  built  femi- 
circularly,  are   the    twelve  Roman 
emperors   in   white  marble,  and  a 
table   of  truck-ftone ;    the    upper 
part  of  it  is  fet  round  with  cifl^rn? 
of  lead,  into  which  the  water  is 
conveyed    through   pipes,    fo    that 
iilh  may  be  kept  in  them,  and,  in 
fummer  time,  they   are  very   con- 
venient  for   bathing ;    in    another 
room,  for  entertainment,  very  near 
this,  and  joined  to  it   by  a  little 
bridge,  was  a  noble  table  of  red 
marble.     We  were  not  admitted  to 
fee  the  apartments  of  this  palace, 
there   being  nobody  to  ihew  it,  as 
the  family  was  in  town  attending 
the  funeral  of  their  lord. 

Nonfuch  is  a  royal  retreat,  in  a 
place  formerly  called  Cuddinglon, 
a  very  healthful  fituation,  chofen  by 
IC.  Henry  VIII.  for  his  pieafureand 
retirement,  and  built  by  him  with 
an  excefs  of  magnificence  and  ele- 
gance, even  to  oftentation  ;  one 
would  imagine  every  thing  that 
architedure  can  perform,  to  have 
been  employed  in  this  one  work : 
there  are  every  where  fo  many 
(latues  that  feem  to  breathe,  fo 
many  miracles  of  confummate  art, 
fo  many  charts  that  rival  even  the 
perfection  of  Roman  antiquity,  that 
It  may  well  claim  and  juilify  its 


name  of  Nonfuch,  being  without 
an  equal,  as  the  poet  fung  : 

This  nxibich  no  equal  has  in  art  or. 
fame, 

Britons  defer<vedly  a  Nonfuch  name. 

The  palace  of  itfeif  is  lo  encom- 
paffed with  parks  full  of  deer,  deli- 
cious gardens,  groves  ornamented 
with  trellis-work,  cabinets  of  ver- 
dure, and  walks  fo  embrowned  with 
trees,  that  it  feems  to  be  a  place 
pitched  upon  by  Pleafure  herfelf, 
to  dwell  in  along  with  Health. 

In  the  pleafure  and  artificial 
gardens  are  many  columns  and 
pyramids  of  marble,  two  foun- 
tains that  fpout  water,  one  round 
the  other,  like  a  pyramid,  upon 
which  are  put  fmall  birds  that 
ftream  water  out  of  their  bills ;  in 
the  grove  Diana  is  a  very  agree- 
able fountain,  with  Aftaeon  turned 
into  a  (lag,  as  he  was  fprinkled  by 
the  goddefs  and  the  nymphs,  with 
infcriptions. 

There  is  befides  another  pyramid 
of  marble,  full  of  concealed  pipes, 
which  fpout  upon  all  who  comci 
within  their  reach. 

Prom  the  fame  itinerary  ixje  Jhall  pre- 
fent  our  readers  <vjith.  the  manner 
of  celebrating  har'vejl  -  home  in 
England,  in  our  author's  time. 

AS  we  were  returning  to  our 
inn,  we  happened  to  meet 
fome  country  people  celebrating 
harveft  -  home :  their  lail  load  of 
corn  they  crown  with  flowers,  hav- 
ing befides  an  image  ricl^ly  dreffed, 
by  which  perhaps  they  would  fig- 
nify  Ceres ;  this  they  keep  moving 
about,  while  men  and  women,  men 
and  maid  fervants,  riding  through 
the  ftreets  in  the  cart,  fhout  as 
loud  as  they  can,  till  they  arrive 
at  the  barn ;  the  farmers  here  do 

not 


266        ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


not  bind  up  their  corn  in  flieaves, 
as  they  do  with  us,  but  diredly  as 
they  have  reaped  or  mowed  it,  put 
it  into  carts,  and  convey  it  into 
their  barns. 


He  gives  the  foil ovjing  account  of  the 
7?iamiers  qf  our  a?icefors, 

THE  Englilb  are  ferious,  and, 
like  the  Germans,  lovers  of 
ihow;  liking  to  be  followed  where- 
ever  they  go    by  whole  troops  of 
fervants,    who  v/ear  their   mafters 
arms  in  lilver,  faftened  to  their  left 
arms  ;  a  ridicule  they  very  deferv- 
edly  lay  under.  They  excel  in  dan- 
cing and  mufic,  for  they  are  a6live 
and   lively,    though    of  a   thicker 
make  than  the  French.     They  cut 
their  hair  clofe  on  the  middle  of  the 
head,  letting  it  grow  on  either  fide. 
They  are  good  faiJors,  and  better 
pirates,  cunning,  treacherous,  and 
thievilTi;  above  *300  are  faid  to  be 
hanged  annually  in  London.     Be- 
heading w'th  them  is  lefs  infamous 
than  hanging.    They  give  the  wall 
as  the  place  of  honour.     Hawking 
is  the  general  fport  of  the  gentry. 
They  are  more  polite  in  eating  than 
the  French,  devouring  lefs  bread, 
but  more  meat,  which  they  roall  in 
perfedion.     They  put  a  great  deal 
of  fugar  in  their  drink.    Their  beds 
are  covered    with     tapeflry,    even 
thofe  of  farmers.     They  are  often 
molefted   with   the  fcurvy,  faid  to 
have  firft  crept  into  England   with 
the  Norman  conqueft.  Their  houfes 
are  commonly  of  two  ftories,    ex- 
cept in  London,    where    they  are 
of  three  and  four,  though  but  fel- 
dom  of  four;    they  are   built   of 


175  s. 

wood,  thofe  of  the  riche)-  fort  with 
bricks ;  their  roofs  are  low,  and 
where  the  owner  has  money,  cover- 
ed with  lead. 

They  are  powerful  in  the  field, 
fuccefsful  againil  their  enemies,  im- 
patient of  any  thing  iike  fJavcry ; 
vaftly  focd  of  great  noifej  that  fill 
the  ear,  fuch  as  the  firing  of  can- 
non, drums,  and  the  ringing  of 
bells,  fo  that  it  is  common  tor  a 
number  of  them,  that  have  got  a 
glafs  in  their  heads,  to  go  up  into 
(ome  belfry,  and  ring  the  bells  for 
hours  together,  for  the  iake  of  ex- 
ercife.  If  they  fee  a  foreigner  v^ry 
well  made,  or  particularly  hand- 
fome,  they  will  fay  it  is  a  pity  he 
is  not  an  Englilhman. 


5^/6/?  tnju9  follo-ivivg  pieces  halving  ap- 
peared <u>ithin  the  laji  ycar^  a?2d 
the  fir fi  thro'Mi:tgfo?7ie  light  on  an- 
cient cufiomsy  and  the  latter  con- 
taining fome  particulars  of  a  "very 
re/nar liable  pcrJonagCi  nve  thought 
it  befi  to  infert  thsm  here. 

Order  of  King  Henry  VI 11.  for  the 
fupply  of  Lady  Lucy^s  table,  taken 
from  a  colic  fiicn  vf  letters  and  fate 
papers,  from  the  original  manu^ 
fcripfs  of  feveral  prin-es  and  great 
p  erf  OK  ages  in  the  t=wo  laf  centuries. 
Compiled  by  L.  Hovjard,  D.D. 

HENRY.     ,        BytlicIIing. 

WE  wol  and  cpmmaunde  you 
to  allowe  dailly  from  hens- 
forth,  unto  our  right  dere  and 
Vi'el  beloved,  the  Lady  Lucye,  in- 


*  Although  it  is  likely  that  the  people,  b^ing  then  poor  to  what  they  are  r\6^?r 
were  more  addifted  to  theft,  us  it  ufually  happens  ;  yet  this  account  of  execu- 
tions mult  certainly  be  exaggerated <  As  to  the  cunning  and  treachery  lie  men- 
tions, it  fecms  never  to  have  been  the  real  characTrtr  of  the  EngHfli, 

to 


CHARACTERS. 


267 


to   her   chambre,    the    dyat    faire 
hereafter  enfuying  : 

Furft,  Every  morning  at  breke- 
faft,  oon  chyne  of  beyf  at  our 
kechyn,  oon  chete  lofF  and  ooh 
niannchet  at  our  panatrye  barr, 
and  a  galon  of  ale  at  oui-  buttrye, 
barr : 

Item,  At  dyner,  a  pefe  of  beyf, 
a  ftroke  of  rolle,  and  a  rewarde 
at  our  faid  kechyn,  a  call  of  chete 
bread  at  our  panatrye  barr,  and 
a  galoa  of  ale  at  our  buttrye 
barr: 

Item,  At  after  none,  a  mannchet 
at  our  panatrye  barr,  and  half 
a  galon  of  ale  at  our  buttrye 
barr ; 

Item,  At  fuppcr,  a  niefs  of 
porage,  a  pefe  of  mutton,  and  a 
rewarde  at  our  faid  kechyn,  a 
caft  of  chete  bread  at  our  panatrye, 
and  a  galon  of  ale  at  our  but- 
trye: 

irem.  At  after- fupper,  a  chete 
luff  and  a  mannchet  at  our  pana- 
trye barr,  a  galon  of  ale  at  our 
buttrye  barr,  and  half  a  galon  of 
wine  at  our  feller  barr  : 

Itenn,  Ev'ry  morning  at  our 
wood- yard,  four  tail  lliyds  and 
tv.'oo  taggots  : 

Item,  At  our  chaundrye  barr  in 
winter,  Qv^ry  night,  oon  picket 
and  four  fyfes  of  waxe,  with  eight 
candells,  white  lights  and  oon 
torch  : 

Item,  Atourpicker-houfe,  week- 
ly,  ^ix^  white  cuppas  : 

Item,  At  ev'ry  time  of  our  re- 
moval, oon  hool  carte  for  the  car- 
riage cf  her  llufF. 

And  thcfe  our  letters  ihall  be 
your  fuHicient  warrant  and  dif- 
charge  in  this  behalfe,  at  all  tymes 
hereafter.  Given  un.?er  our  fegnet 
at  our  manour  at  Eilhampllede, 
the  17th  day  of  July,  the  14th 
ycre  of  our  reign. 


To  the  lord  Jlenuard  of  our 
houjhold^  the  treafurer^  comp- 
troller ^  cofferer y  clerks  of  the 
greene  clothe ^  the  clerks  0/  our 
kechyn f  and  all  other  our  hed 
officers  ofourfaidhoujholdf  and 
to  ev^ry  of  them. 


The  charaSier  of  Oliver  Cromnvell 
may  be  feen  in  the  folloiving 
extra^  from  the  faid  fate  pa^ 
pers. 

To  his  bighnefs  the  Lord  ProteSior  of 
the  common  ^wealth  of  England^ 
Scotland f  and  Ireland, 

The  humble  petition  of  Marjery, 
the  nvife  ofWiiliam  Beacham, 
mariner  J 

Sheweth, 

THAT  your  petitioner's  huf- 
band  hath  been  aftive  and 
faithful  in  the  wars  of  this  com- 
monwealth both  by  fea  and  land, 
and  hath  undergone  many  hazards 
by  imprifonment  and  fights  to  the 
endangering  of  his  life,  and  at  laft 
loft  the  ufe  of  his  right  arm,  and 
is  utterly  difabled  from  future  fer- 
vice,  as  doth  appear  by  the  certi- 
ficate annexed,  and  yet  he  hath  no 
more  than  forty  ihillings  peniioa 
from  Chatham  by  the  year  : 

That  your  petitioner  having  one 
only  lonne,  who  is  tradable  to  learn, 
and  not  having  wherewith  to  bring 
him  up,  by  reafon  of  their  prefent 
low  eftate,  occalioned  by  the  pub-r 
lique  fervice  aforefaid  ; , 

Humbly  prayeth.  That  your 
Highnefs  would  vouchfafe  to 
prefent  her  faid  fonne  Ran- 
dolph Beacham,  to  be  fchol- 
ler  in  Sutton's  hofpital  call- 
ed the  Charter-houfe. 

OLIVER 


a69       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    175I 


OLIVER,  P. 

We  referre  tliis  pttidon  and  cer- 
tificate to  the  commiffioners  of  Sut- 
ton's hofpital. 

July  28,   1655. 

Copy  of  a  letter  fent  hy  Oliver  to 
his  fecretary  on  the  above  peti- 
tion» 

You  receive  from  me  this  28th 
inftant,  a  petition  of  Marjery 
Beacham,  deiiring  the  admiffion  of 
her  fon  into  the  Charter-houfe.  I 
know  the  man  who  was  employed 
one  day  in  a  very  important  fecret 
fervice,  which  he  did  efFedually 
to  our  great  benefit,  and  the  com- 
monwealth's". The  petition  is  a 
brief  relation  of  a  faft,  without 
any  flattery.  I  have  wrote  under 
it  a  common  reference  to  the  com- 
piiffioners,  but  I  mean  a  great  deal 
more,  that  it  Jhall  be  dom^  with- 
out their  debate  or  conjideration  of 
the  mattery  and  fo  do  you  privately 
hint  to  *  *  *  * 

I  have  not  the  particular  Ihin- 
ing  bauble  or  feather  in  my  cap, 
for  crouds  to  gaze  at,  or  kneel  to; 
but  I  have  power  and  refolution  for 
foes  to  tremble  at:  to  be  ihort,  1 
know  how  to  deny  petitions ;  and 
whatever  I  think  proper,  for  out- 
ward form,  to  refer  to  any  officer 
or  ofiice,  I  expert  that  fuch  my 
compliance  with  cuftom  fhall  be 
alfo  looked  upon  as  an  indication 
of  my  will  and  pleafure  to  have  the 
thing  done.  See  therefore  that  the 
boy  is  admitted. 

Thy  true  friend. 


July  28,  1655, 


OLIVER,  P. 


An  account  of  the  origin^  and  manners 
and  cuftoms  of  the  Calmucks  and 
Coffacksy  nvho  have  lately  commit- 
ted fuch  outrages  on  the  fubjeds  of 
the  King  of  FruJJia.  From  an  ac- 
count given  by  the  Chevalier  de 
PolignaCy  Secretary  to  King  Sta- 
nijlaus ;  voritten  in  1750. 

As  this  is  a  good  account  of  tvjo  very 
remarkable  nations,  nvhich  the  pre- 
fent  troubles  have  brought  much 
into  converfation,  voe  thought  it 
naturally  referable  to  this  head. 

THAT  thefe  people  are  Tar- 
tars, and  that  the  Tartars 
are  of  Scythian  original,  is  evident 
from  their  fentiments  and  manners 
at  this  day.  The  Scythians  facri- 
ficed  to  their  gods  the  prifoners 
taken  in  war.  The  Tartars  do  not 
indeed  deprive  their  prifoners  of 
life,  but  they  make  death  prefer- 
able, by  felling  them  to  mailers 
that  equal  themfelves  in  cruelty. 
The  ancient  Scythians  lived  on 
mares  milk,  applied  themfelves  to 
the  feeding  of  cattle,  and  negleA- 
ed  tillage.  They  had  no  other  ha- 
bitations but  tilted  waggons,  which 
were  drawn  from  pafture  to  pafture 
as  herbage  failed,  and  necefiity  re- 
quired. Their  cloathing  was  the 
flcins  of  beafts.  They  made  ufe  of 
poifoned  arrows.  To  crofs  a  river 
they  filled  facks  with  cork,  on 
which  they  placed  themfelves,  and 
were  drawn  over  by  horfes  which 
they  held  by  the  tail.  They  had 
no  written  laws,  but  adminiflered 
juilice  according  to  the  natural 
dictates  of  reafcn.  Thefe  cuftoms 
ftill  fubfifl,  with  little  variation, 
among  the  Tartars.  There  was  \ 
one  very  fingular  cuilom  among  the 
Scythians :  when  two  friends  want- 
ed to  fwear  a  lading  friend fhip, 
they  made  incuions  in  their  fingers, 

and 


CHARACTERS. 


2^9 


and  received  the  blood  in  a  cup. 
Both  dipt  the  point  of  their  fwords 
in  it,    and    lifting  them  to   their 
heads  eagerly  fucked    it.      When 
the  modern  Tartars  take  an  oath, 
they  dip  their  fabres  in  water,  which 
they  afterwards  drink.     The  bar- 
barity of  fome  of  their  cuftoms  ap- 
.  pears    to   have   been   foftened    by 
time  ;  but  one  thing  that  has  re- 
mained invariable  in  the  charadler 
of  thefe  people,  is  their  rage  of  in- 
vading the    neighbouring    nations 
upon  every  opportunity  that  offers, 
and  often  of  falling  upon  one  ano- 
ther,   when  they   are   confined  in 
their  own  country  by  fuperior  force 
or  fear.     Their  wars,    their  incur- 
fions,  their  ravages,  differ  in  no- 
thing from  thofe  ,of  the  Scythians. 
We  may  apply  to  them  what  the 


fortune.  He  conquered  the  Indies, 
fubdued  Perfia,  vanqaifhed  the 
Turks,  and  ravaged  all  Egypt.  Hi« 
name  and  his  reputation  have 
reached  nations  to  whom  his  coun- 
try is  dill  unknown. 

The  Tartars  arc  generally  di- 
vided into  three  diftinft  powers : 
the  firft  are  thofe  known  by  the 
name  of  Tartars ;  the  fecond  are 
the  Calmucks ;  and  the  third  the 
Moungals. 

The  Tartars  properly  fo  called, 
live  to  the  weft  of  the  Cafpian  fea. 
The  moft  confiderable  of  them  are 
the  Ufbecs ;  the  Kara  Kallpacks  ; 
the  Nagais,  who  are  fubjeft  to  Ruf^ 
fia  ;  the  Bafkirs,  who  alfo  hold  of 
that  empire ;  and  the  Dagheflans, 
who  depend  on  no  power,  and  who 
are  more  favage  than  any  of  thofe 


prophet  Jeremiah  faid,  fpeakingof    jull  named. — The  Nagais,  who  at 
the  irruption  of  their  anceftors  into     prefent  occupy  the  lands  of  Aftra- 


Judea :  Their  chariots  are  as  a 
fwhirl-wind ;  their  horfes  are  fwifter 
than  eagles,  and  their  qui'ver  is  as  an 
openfepulchre,  iv.    13. 

Afia  hath  often   felt    that  they 
have  loft  nothing  of  the  brutal  im- 
petuofuy  of  their  anceftors.     Their 
fuccefs  is  lefs  furprifing  than   that 
continuance  of  their  valour,  which, 
though  not  always  fufficient  to  prc- 
ferve  their  conquefts,  ftill  kept  up 
in  them  a  define  to  recover  them. 
Thus,    though  expelled   China  in 
1363,    after   polTelfing  it  above  a 
century,    they   never   ceafed    their 
efforts  to  recover  it,  and   in    1644 
reduced  it  in  fuch   a  manner,  that 
they  have  no  reafon  to  apprehend 
a  fecond  expulfion.     The  exploits 
of  Tamerlane*,  the  chief  of  one 
of  their  rulers,  are  well  known.  He 
was  equal  to  Caefar  in  courage,  and 
not  inferior  to  Alexander  in  good 


can, bet  ween  the  Jaick  and  the  Wol- 
ga,  and  the  Bafkirs,  who  are  fituated 
in  the  eaftcrn  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  Cafan,  between  the  Wolga  and 
the  river  Kama,  formerly  received 
tribute  from  Ruflia,  which  the  Great 
Duke  of  Mufcovy  carried  to  them 
annually  upon  his  own  horfes.     He 
was   obliged  to  walk  on  foot,  fol- 
lowed by  the  principal  perfons  of 
his  court,  to  meet  the  perfons  who 
came  to  demand  this  tribute,  who 
were  the  pooreft  and  moft  wretched 
of  all   the  tribes.     John   or  Iwan, 
Duke  of  Mufcovy,   furnamed  the 
Great,  was  the  firf^,  who,    to  free 
himfelf  from  this  fliam^ful  mark  of 
fervitude,  attempted  to  bring  the 
Tartars  under  fubjeftion.     His  foa 
Bafil  continued    to    reduce   them  ; 
but  the  final  blow  was  given  them 
by  John  Bafilides,  a  prince  detefted 
for  his  barbarity,  but  refolute  and 


•  The  Orientals  call  him  Timyr-lang,  that  is,  Tamur  the  lame.  He  in  faft 
halted,  by  reafon  of  a  wound  received  in  his  youth.  He  was  born  in  14.52,  r«ign- 
•d  fix  and  thirty  jears,  and  died  at  the  age  of  63. 

6  yaliant. 


270  ANNUAL  REGISTER,   175S, 


valiant.  He  extended  his  power 
even  over  the  moil  diflanC  of .  th^ir 
hords. 

The  Kan  of  the  Calmucks,  who 
occupy  a  great  part  of  the  country, 
which  lies  between  the  Moungal 
and  the  Wolga,  is  fo  rich  and 
powerful,  that  it  is  faid  he  can 
luring  an  army  of  an  hundred  thou- 
fand  men  into  the  field.  There  is 
always  a  body  of  them  in  the  Ruf- 
fian army.  I  have  feen  them,  and 
can  therefore  defcribe  them.  They 
are  rather  Ihort  than  tall ;  but 
ftrong,  robuft,  courageous,  and  in- 
ured to  fatigue.  Their  complexion 
is  tawny  ;  their  faces  flat,  and  their 
nofes  funk  to  a  level  with  their 
cheeks  ;  only  their  two  noftrils  are 
ftriking,  becaufe  larger  than  their 
eyes  ;  thefe  are  fo  fmall,  that  they 
could  not  be  perceived,  if  they 
were  not  extremely  black  and  bril- 
liant. They  have  fcarce  any  beard  ; 
arid  their  hair,  of  which  they  wear 
only  a  tuft  on  the  crown  of  the 
head,  is  rough  like  a  horfe*s  mane. 
They  wear  a  round  bonnet  with 
a  border  of  fur  in  the  Polifh  man- 
nei*,  and  a  kind  of  loofe  coat  of 
fheep-fkins,  which  comes  down  to 
the  middle  of  their  leg.  They 
ferve  only  on  horfeback  ;  their  arms 
are  a  bow  which  is  larger,  and  ar- 
rows which  are  longer  than  ufual. 
It  is  Taid  that  their  arrows  are  fo 
fiiarp-pointed,  and  that  they  make 
them  fly  with  fuch  force,  that  they 
will  pierce  a  man  through.  They 
carry  alfo  a  fufee,  which  .hangs  by 
their  lide ;  and  a  lance,  which 
they  handle  with  great  dexterity. 
They  are  all  pagans:  the  name 
Calmucks  is  a  kind  of  nick-name 
given  thei\i  by  the  Mahometan 
Tartars,  with  which  they  are  much 
offended.  They  want  to  be  called 
Mogoulj. 


Thofe  Tartars  who  are  at  prefent 
'  called  Moungals,  are  fituated,  on 
one  fide,  between  thefe  laft  people 
and  the  fea  of  Japan,  and  on  the 
other  between  China  and  Siberia* 
It  is  of  little  importance  to  men- 
tion their  feveral  tribes. 

Thofe  that  He  next  to  Poland, 
and  who  by  their  incurfions  into 
that  kingdom, have  made  themfelves 
better  known  than  the  others,  are 
called  Little  Tartars,  todillinguilh 
them  from  thofe  of  Afia.  Like  thefe  ; 
they  are  divided  into  feveral  hords,  'i 
each  forming  a  different  nation  : 
The  Kubans ;  the  Tartars  of  the 
Crimea  or  Perecop ;  the  hord  of 
Oczakow  ;  and  that  of  Buoziack. 

Befides  thefe  four  fpecies  of  Little 
Tartars,  there  is  another  very  fm-  [ 
gular  one,  of  which  it  may  not  be 
improper  to  take  notice.  They  are  \ 
fituated  in  the  heart  of  Lithuania,  j 
Some  tribes  of  this  people  formerly  j 
threatened  that  duchy  :  Vitoldus,  j 
uncle  of  Flagcllon,  a  bold  and 
haughty  prince,  marched  again il 
them,  and  fucceeded.  He  led  cap- 
tive into  Lithuania  many  thoufands 
of  thofe  Tartars  of  both  fexes.  He 
treated  them  mildly,  and  afligned 
them  lands  near  Vilna  to  cultivate, 
which  their  pofterity  poflefs  at  this 
day.  They  have  retained  Maho- 
metanifm,  and  all  their  ancient 
culloms ;  but  they  are  Itfs  barba- 
rous than  thofe  of  the  Crimea  and 
its  neighbourhood.  They  love 
work,  are  very  fober,  and  of  in- 
violable fidelity.  The  grandees  of 
Poland  are  fond  of  having  them  in 
their  fervice.  They  have  efcorted 
me  in  many  journies,  and  it  is  from 
them  I  have  received  the  following 
portrait  of  the  prefent  Tartar?,  who 
were  originally  one  and  the  fame, 
people  with  themfelves.  They  come 
into    the    world  with    their    eye^ 

lida: 


CHARACTER   S. 


271 


lids  clofed  together  fo  faft,  that  for 
fOiT.c  days  ihey  cannot  open  thern. 
Tt.cy  are  thick-let,  with  broad 
fliouiders,  and  extremely  ftrong  and 
vigorous.  They  have  a  lliort  neck 
and  large  head,  a  flat  face  almoft 
round,  a  large  forehead  well  (hap- 
^,  bright  eyes,  a  fhort  nofe,  a 
little  mouth,  white  teeth,  an  olive 
<;pmplexion,  rough  black  hair,  and 
fcarce  any  beard.  They  clip  the 
hind  partof  their  head,  leaving  only 
a  tuft  before.  They  never  till  the 
.  ground,  and  are  ilrangers  to  all  the 
arts  of  luxury  and  eifeminacy. 
They  know  nothing  of  the  fciences. 
Their  laws  are  fin; pie  ;  and  are  de- 
rived /rom  plain  good  fenfe,  as 
^>uch  as  from  cuilom..  Gentle  and 
afiablfr  among  ihemrcK'es,  they  are 
fo  iikcwife  to  thofe  whom  trade 
brings  into  their  country.  They 
have  no,  law-fuits  nor  quarrels 
among  .ihem.  If  any  one  has  3 
claim  upon  another,  he  goes  to 
one  of  the  principal  men,  called 
Murzas>  who  determines  it  with- 
out long  difcodon,  and  without 
formality.  Prejudiced  in  favour  of 
the  principles  cf  Mahomet's  law, 
which  they  proiefs,  they  abhor  all 
Chriftians;  and  in  their  invafions, 
covering  their  avarice  with  a  religi- 
ous motive,  they  make  a  merit  of 
caufing  Chriltians  to  fpel  all  the 
ferocity  of  their  character. 

They  arc  broupht  op  very  har- 
dy. Deftined  to  a  lifeof  toil,  they 
are  inured  to  it  from  their  infancy. 
Mothers  often  wafli  their  children 
in  cold  water,  mixed  with  fait,  to 
harden  their  fkios  ;  hence,  in  the 
depth  of  winter,  they  fwim  acrofs 
rivers  without  fuffering  any  ijicon^ 
vcnience.  To  teach  them  to  be 
markfmen,  they  receive  no  food 
alter  they  are  (even  years  old,  but 
what  they  kill  with  their  arrovtj. 


Their  cloathing  is  fheep-fkins. 
In  winter,  they  wear  the  wool  next 
to  them  ;  but  in  fummer,  or  whea 
it  rains,  they  wear  the  other  fide 
next  them.  The  Kan  and  all  his 
family  are  cloathed  in  filk,  which 
they  ufually  receive  in  prefents  from 
the  neighbouring  nations,  particu- 
larly Poland;  and  the  officers  wear 
cloth.  They  wear  no  turban,  but 
bonnets  of  the  Polilh  falhion. 

Their  arms  are  a  crooked  fabre, 
a  lance,  and  a  bow.  They  are 
afraid  of  fire-arms.  They  fight  at 
a  diflance,  and  even  in  their  flight 
they  let  fly  their  arrows ;  but  if 
they  cannot  avoid  a  clofe  fight, 
they  ufe  their  fabres  with  fuch  dex- 
terity, that  it  is  not  eafy  to  parry 
them.  In  their  flight  they  are  very 
fwift,  and  their  purfuers  run  a  great 
rifk,  not  fo  much  from  their  ar- 
rows, as  from  their  unexpected  re- 
turn. They  all  carry  a  knife  and 
an  awl  to  make  leather  flraps  to 
bind  their  prifoners.  They  often 
poifon  the  points  of  their  arrows. 

Their  horfes  dre  extremely  brilk 
and  nimble  runners;  and  as  inde- 
fatigable as  their  riders ;  but  they 
make  no  fhew  :  the  Tartars  often 
make  them  travel  fifty  or  fixty 
miles  without  halting.  They  cut 
the  cartilr:ge  which  feparates  their 
noftrils,  that  breathing  more  eafily 
they  may  be  lefs  apt  to  give  out, 
however  violently  they  may  be  rode. 
They  always  lead  feveral  in  their 
hands,  and  when  one  is  tired,  they 
fpring  on  the  back  of  another  with- 
out flopping  a  moment. 

The  ufual  food  of  thefe  Tartars, 
and  that  of  which  they  are  moft 
fond,  is  horfe-fiefii.  Bread  and 
mutton  are  rcferved  for  the  rich, 
and  for  the  wealthy  burgherj,  that 
live  in  their  towns  vVithout  ever 
taking  the  field.  The  poorer  fort 
>  bakd 


272     Annual  re 

bake  under  afties,  cakes  made  of 
millet,  barley,  or  Sarrazin  corn, 
which  grows  fpontaneoufly.  The 
Poles  call  this  bread  Tatarka.  Tho* 
fome  become  fervants  to  others, 
yet  moft  of  them  choofe  rather  to 
fcek  their  food  by  rapine,  than  to 
cam  it  by  an  ignominious  fubjec- 
tion.  It  is  fcarce  conceivable,  con- 
fidering  their  indefatigability  in 
war,  how  lazy  and  flothful  they  are 
in  their  families,  where  they  fpend 
their  days  in  the  molt  contemptible 
indolence.  When  they  kill  a  horfe, 
they  firll  thruft  a  knife  into  his 
throat,  and  carefully  faving  the 
blood,  they  mix  it  with  flour  of 
millet,  and  make  a  kind"  of  pud- 
ding, which  they  hold  to  be  deli- 
cious. They  afterwards  cut  the 
horfe  into  four  quarters.  The  maf- 
ter  referves  one  only  for  himfelf, 
and  fends  the  other  three  as  pre- 
fents  to  his  friends  or  neighbours, 
who  make  returns  in  kind. 

Their  ufual  drink  is  water.  In 
fome  parts  of  their  country  there  is 
none,  and  they  either  have  not  the 
fenfe  to  dig  pits,  or  they  negled  it 
through  indolence.  Snow,  how- 
ever, in  the  winter,  fupplies  the 
defe£l.  Thofe  who  live  more  com- 
fortably than  the  reft,  make  a  kind 
of  drink  of  boiled  millet.  It  is  of 
the  confiftence  and  colour  of  milk, 
and  drank  to  excefs  will  intoxicate. 
However,  they  efteem  nothing 
comparable  to  mares  milk,  which 
they  chiefly  ufe  when  they  crofs 
defarts  to  make  war.  Being  Ma- 
hometans, they  abftain  from  wine, 
or  drink  it  only  by  ftealth  ;  but 
they  think  the  frequent  ufe  of 
l^randy  no  breach  of  their  laws. 


GtSTER,    1758. 

When  they  find  themfelves  in- 
difpofed,    they  open  a  vein  of  a 
horfe,  drink  the  blood  hot,  and  fa- 
tigue themfelves  as  much  as   pofli- 
ble,  by  galloping  *.     Ifanyoneis 
fo  weak  that  he  cannot  ufe  this  ex- 
crcife,  two  of  them  get   on  horfe- 
back,  and  holding  him  each  by  aa 
arm,  make  him  ride  at  full  fpeed. 
There  are  few  ailments  which  they 
do   not    actually    cure,  or   believ« 
they  cure,  by  this  remedy.     With- 
out any  other  occafion,  than  to  ap- 
peafe  their  hunger  or  thirft,   when 
they  have  nothing  elfe,  they  bleed 
their  horfes,  and  drink  the  blood. 
This  likewife  was  the  cuftom  of  the 
ancient  Scythians.     They  all  carry 
meal  of  millet  with  them  when  they 
go  to  war.     They  mix  it  with  wa- 
ter ;  and  this  fupports  them  in  their 
painful  marches,  and  extremely  i-c- 
frefties   them   in    the  great    heats. 
Pojifli  lords,  who  have  been  oblig- 
ed to  follow  them,  have  often  ex- 
perienced what  I  fay  ;  and  it  is  up- 
on their  tellimony  I  relate  it. 

Ever  ready  to  make  incurfioni 
among  their  neighbours,  becaufe 
they  have  no  other  way  of  fupply- 
ing  themfelves  with  what  they 
want,  they  are  not  apprehenfive  of 
being  attacked  in  their  turn.  They 
truft  to  the  power  of  the  Turks  for 
their  protedlion. 

When  they  are  preparing  for  ah 
expedition,  they  fend  their  horfes 
for  fome  time  to  grafs  in  the  fields 
to  fatten  :  their  Kan  holds  council 
with  the  Galga,  or  general  of  the 
army  :  they  afl'emble  their  chief 
Murzas :  they  draw  up  the  plan  of 
operations,  or  rather  of  the  ravages 
to  be  committed.    If  the  Kan  com- 


*  Perfon*  of  credit  have  affiired  n^e  (fays  M.  Polignac)  fliat  when  Charles- 
XII.  was  at  Bender,  the  Swe  les  of  his  retinue  having  neither  furgeons  nor 
phyficiansto  attend  them  inthea-  iili  efs,  made  ufe  of  this  remedy,  and  were  all 
cured  by  it, 

inand.8 


CHARAGTERS. 


jnands  in  perfon,  all  muft  march 
with  him  ;  none  muft  ftay  even  to 
guard  their  country  ;  nor  are  the 
infirmities  of  old  age,  admitted  as 
an  excufe.  On  theTe  occafions,  the 
army  amounts,  as  1  have  faid,  to 
»oo,ooo  Trten,  and  2  or  300,600 
horfes  ;  for  each  Tartar  has  two 
or  three. 

They  crofs  rivers  in  a  very  ex- 
traordinary manner.  Every  one 
gathers  rufties  or  reeds,  which  he 
faftens  to  two  long  poles,  and 
makes  a  kind  of  raft,  on  which  he 
places  his  cloaths  and  arms.  He 
ties  thefe  poles  to  the  tail  of  one  of 
his  horfes,  whofe  mane  he  holds 
with  one  hand,  and  holding  a  rod 
in  the  other  to  guide  the  horfe,  he 
fwims  with  his  feet,  and  pafTes  the 
river  quite  naked.  As  to  the  reft, 
thefe  rafts,  thoogh  made,  in  hafte, 
are  fo- well  joined  and  fo  firm,  that 
they  carry  fafely  fuch  of  their  (laves 
as  cannot  fwim. 

If  they  have  effe^s  which  water 
itiight  damage,  they  kill  four  horfes 
that  are  nearly  of  a  fize  ;  and  pre- 
ferving  the  fkins  whole,  after  tak- 
ing out  the  flefti  and  bones,  they 
blow  them  like  bladders,  and  place 
them  on  fledges,  or  waggons,  of 
which  they  take  off  the  wheels, 
ijeveral  Tartars  fwim  at  the  fides  ro 
fecure  this,  floating  machine,  which 
is  drawn  by  two  horfe?,  each  of 
which  hath  a  condudor  to  guide 
him  to  Ihore. 

They  are  more  eager  to  make 
incurfions  in  winter  than  in  fum- 
mer,  becaufe  in  that  feafcn  they 
find  'u^  the  houfes  of  the  pt-afants, 
all  the  provifions  which  in  fummer 
they  muft  colled  in  the  fields,  and 
the  rivers  and  marfhes  being  frozen, 
they  can  go  any  where  without 
hindrance ;  the  fnow  too  renders 
the  roads  more  convenient  for  their 
horfr.«,  which  they  never  fhbe. 
Voh.  L 


The  feeding  of  their  horfes  gives 
them  no  more  trouble  than  the  feed- 
ing of  themfclves ;  they  require 
neither  provifions  nor  magazines. 

Mofs,  bark  of  trees,  and  poor 
herbs,  are  to  them  as  good,  and  fop- 
port  them  as  well  as  thechoiceft  fo- 
rage ;  and  in  the  winter  they  feek 
their  food  under  fnow,  which  they 
remove  with  their  feet. 

The  Tarta:rs  in  their  expeditions 
never  follow  the  ufual  beiren  paths. 
They  always  choofe  the  leaft  known 
and  moft  difficult  roads  ;  and  to  co- 
ver their  march  ftill  more,  they  ne- 
ver make  fires  in  their  camp.  By 
thefe  means,  they  furprifeeven  thofe 
who  are  moft  upon  their"  guard 
againft  thefe  incurfions. 

When  they  arrive  within  three 
or  four  leagues  of  the  country  into 
which  they  intend  to  penetrate, 
they  halt  for  fome  days  to  reft. 
They  then  divide  into  three  bo- 
dies ;  two  of  which  compofe  the 
main  body  of  their  army  :  the  third 
is  fubdivided,  and  forms  a  large 
detachment  at  each  fide.  In  this 
order  they  enter  the  country.  The 
center  advances  in  a  parallel  line 
with  the  right  and  left ;  but  the 
whole  marches  night  and  day,  with- 
out halting  abov6  an  hour  at  mol^. 

After  marching  fixty  or  eighty 
leagues  into  the  country  (which 
trad  they  fpare  at  prefent,  pafTing 
through  it  only  as  travellers)  the 
two  wings  are  ordered  to  difperfe 
themfelves  fix  leagues  round.  Di- 
vided again  into  ten  or  twelve  bri- 
gades, of  about  5  cr  600  men  each, 
and  thefe  into  feveral  others  as  th^y 
advance,  they  make  what  haft^ 
they  can  to  pillage  the  courtry  ; 
and  joining  again  by  degrees  and 
in  the  /ame  order  in  which  they 
feparated,  they  carry  the  booty  to 
the  main  body  of  the  army,  which 
during  this  time  kept  together  to 
T  repel 


274        ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758. 


repel  the  inhabitants,  who  might 
aiTemble  to  attack  them.  Two  new 
corps  are  detached  to  icour  the 
parts  where  the  former  had  been  ; 
and  in  the  inftant  thef'e  return,  a 
third  detachment  is  feni  out  to  ga- 
ther the  gleaning  the  others  may 
have  left. 

Thefe  barbarians  fpare  none. 
They  cut  the  throats  of  infants  and 
old  people ;  but  men  and  women, 
boys  and  girls,  they  compel  to 
follow  them.  The  number  of 
their  captives  hath  fometimes  ex- 
ceeded 50,000.  They  gen'craliy 
burn  the  houfes  they  have  plunder- 
ed, and  turn  the  moft  pleafant  and 
fruitful  countries  into  a  frightful 
defart. 

The  fame  havock  which  they 
make  round  the  places  they  fix  for 
the  limits  of  their  incurfions,  they 
make  alfo  in  their  return  in  thofe 
parts  which  they  fpared  at  hrll,  pro- 
vided they  be  not  purl'ued.  When 
they  pafs  the  frontiers  and  get  to  a 
place  of  fafety,  they  repofe  them- 
felves  and  divide  the  booty,  of 
which  one  tenth  is  always  referved 
for  the  Kan.  They  cruelly  feparate 
all  the  members  of  one  family  ;  the 
hufband  from  the  wife,  the  children 
from  the  parents,  allotting  them  to 
different  perfons,  and  felling  them 
into  different  countries.  They  fell 
many  of  ihem  to  the  Turks,  who 
employ  them  on  board  their  gal- 
lies  ;  but  they  referve  the  young 
women  to  be  the  unfortunate  vic- 
tims of  their  brutality.  Tho*  they 
arrive  in  a  country  all  together, 
yet  in  going  back  they  march  in 
feveral  divifions,  that  thofe  who 
follow  them,  feeing  feveral  tracks, 
may  not  know  precifely  which  road 
they  have  taken.  On  thefe  occa- 
fions,  the  CofTacks,  who  have  al- 
moft  as  rn'-Jch  ferocity,  and  no  lefs 
love  of  plunder,  generally  lay  am- 


bufcades  for  them.  They  wait  for 
them  in  defiles,  or  even  in  the 
midft  of  plains,  where  they  march 
in  tabort ;  that  is  the  name  they 
give  to  their  manner  of  travelling 
between  two  rows  of  waggons, 
which  enclofe  them  :  and  from 
thence  they  fire  on  the  Tartars  with 
fmall  arms.  It  feldom  happens, 
but  that  the  whole  army  is  put  into 
diforder.  They  fly  in  fuch  con- 
fufion,  that  one  runs  over  another, 
without  refpeft  even  to  their  lead- 
ers. Each  runs  whither  his  fears 
carry  him  :  and  if  they  are  purfued, 
they  gradually  throw  away  all  they 
carry.  They  ftrew  effefts  in  the 
way,  to  amufe  the  enemy.  They 
throw  away  even  their  arms,  and  of- 
ten, without  ceafing  to  run,  they 
cut  the  girts  of  their  faddles,  and 
let  them  fall  off,  in  order  to  re- 
lieve their  horfes,  that  they  may 
run  more  fwiftly. 


The  follo^i7ig  remarkable  part  ivas 
aSied  in  Dublin,  by  a  per/on 
n.vho  has  a5ied  'very  remarkable 
parts  ^vherenjer  he  has  appeared-, 
njoho  has  good  humour  enough  to 
77iake  a  life  of  dijppation  and 
frolic,  fer-ve  as  a  fort  of  jnerit  ; 
'-jjho  has  great  talents  for  mi- 
mickry,  ivithout  being  an  aSior, 
and  '■vjho  has  a  confiderable  Jhare 
of  ^vit  and  hutnour,  <vjhich  could 
acquire  him  the  reputation  of  a 
cwriter.  But  he  has  made  more 
noife  than  tnany  nvho  ha<ve  had 
a  larger  pare  of  thefe  talents, 
nvhich  is  all  he  feems  to  defire. 
In  a  <word,  he  is  the  moji  fingular 
man  in  this  age,  and  is  able  to 
appear  in  a  greater  'variety  of 
charailsrs  than  any  body  elfe, 
lecaufe  he  has  no  chara^er  ofhiT 

C-lkJU, 

Fro^tnr 


CHARACTERS. 


FfDt>i  Dronthsiyn  in  Nornj^ayf  hav- 
ing alfo  mijited  in  his  tour  the 
cities  of  Peterjburghy  Hamburgh, 
Amjlerdamy  and  London ,  (from 
muhich  lajt  capital  he  is  juji  ar- 
rived) Ulan  Smolenxco  Czcrn- 
xnigorffj  the  celebrated  Laplander , 
hor?z  ivitbin  the  confines  of  the 
Ardic  circle, 

HE  tells  things  paA,  prefent, 
and  to  come,  by  means  of 
a  quobdas,  kannuS)  or  drum, 
handed  down  from  nine  generations 
from  his  great  anceftor  Ulan  GorfF, 
who  in  the  reign  of  Svvein,  King 
of  Norway,  was  burnt  for  being 
a  wizard,  being  charged  by  fome 
miffionaries  with  having  a  fami- 
liar, but  was  in  reality  no  other 
than  a  Gam,  or  good  genius,  which 
is  a  coniUnt  attendant  on  the 
chief  fire  of  each  tribe  of  the 
Laplanders  and  mod  of  the  ab- 
origines or  old  inhabitants  of  Scan- 
dinavia, and  all  the  regions  of  the 
north. 

His  life  hath  been  devoted  to  the 
Hudy  of  aftrology  ;  and  he  here- 
by informs  the  learned,  that  his 
chief  reafon  of  his  prefent  vifit 
to  thefe  fouthern  regions  of  the 
globe,  is  to  have  the  opportunity 
of  beholding  and  obferving  the 
expeded  amazing  comet,  or  blaz- 
ing ftar,  whofe  appearance  was 
predicted  by  him  in  his  Ephemeris 
Septeatrionalis,  publillied  at  Co- 
penhagen and  S'^ockholm  in  1745, 
the  tranfu  of  which,  being  by  him 
and  Dr.  Haliey  laid  down  to  the 
fouth  of  the  equinodial  line,  could 
not  be  obferved  in  his  own  coun- 
try, the  latitude  or  altitude  of  the 
pole  being  there  73  degrees  north, 
confequently  the  comet's  path  be- 
ing below  the  horizon  of  Lapland, 
that  ilupendous  phaenomenon  will 


be  invifible  to  all  the  inhabitants 
thereof. 

He  begs  leave  to  acquaint  the 
public,  that  he  hath  by  frequent 
converfe  with  fome  Bramins  (who, 
by  means  of  the  Ruifian  caravans 
from  China  and  India,  have  paficd 
from  the  eait  into  Norway)  ac- 
quired all  the  wifdom  of  the  ori- 
ental Magi  or  Gymnofophifts,  the 
fame  as  that  of  the  ancient  footh- 
fayers,  modern  rofycrufians,  or  fol- 
lowers of  Peter  Lully,  the  firlt 
European  profeflbr  of  the  cabalif* 
tical  and  hermetic  arts,  derived  ori« 
ginally  from  the  Pythagorean  fed; 
and  hath,  according  to  the  unalter- 
able rule  and  law  of  the  original 
founder,  condemned  himfelf  to  a 
feptennial  filence  and  ceffation  of 
fpeech,  but  utters  his  refponfes  ia 
writing,  void  of  all  ambiguity,  and 
cafy  to  be  comprehended  by  the 
meaneft  capacity. 

He  therefore  profefTes  and  un- 
derdands  all  the  myfteries  of  chy- 
romanchy,  aledromanchy,  and  ca* 
toprromanchy,  he  having  a  magi- 
cal g'afs  to  bcconfuhed  upon  fome 
extraordinary  occafions.  He  caa 
alfo  divine  either  by  hydromanchy 
or  necromancy,  and  is  full/ 
poffefTed  of  the  art,  called  by  the 
Greeks,  oneiocritira,  or  the  inter- 
pretation of  dreams  :  and  will 
prove  to  the  virtuofi,  that  he  hath 
the  true  feHnites  laclunje,  or  moon- 
ftone,  proper  for  the  making  of  ta- 
lifnians,  orly  to  be  found  genuine 
near  the  dreadful  volcano  of  Mount 
Hecla  in  Iceland  ;  anu  though  he 
alfo  hath  in  his  mufeum  feveral  of 
the  myftical  knots  and  magical  darlt 
of  his  countrymen,  the  Samoides 
and  finlanders,  he  Hicks  chieily 
to  his  drum. 

From    ail    which    it   is  evident, 

(even    to    the  literati   tbemfclvcs) 

T  2  that 


276        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758 


that  he  can  inform  mankind  whe- 
ther life  be  happy  or  unhappy  ? 
Suits  at  law,  who  (hall  overcome  ? 
If  the  party  is  to  be  rich,  and 
how  wealth  may  lawfully  be  ob- 
tained ?  He  aafwers  to  all  quef- 
tions,  relating  to  love,  gallantry, 
and  marriage,  as  what  manner  of 
pcrfon  one  fhall  be  courted  by,  and 
he  married  unto  ?  Whether  at  pre- 
fent  bachelor,  maid,  hufband, 
wife,  widower,  or  widow  ?  Whe- 
ther the  party  be  beloved  or  not  ? 
Children,  their  number  and  fex  ? 
nlfo  the  difeafes,  crofTes,  accidents, 
or  other  fortunate  and  unfortunate 
adventures  and  events,  he,  Ihe,  or 
they  Ihail  meet  with,  or  be  incident 
unto,  with  the  means  of  prevent- 
ing  and  avoiding  them  ;  and  can 
foretel  moll  people's  bulinefs,  even 
before  they  deliver  any  queftions  ; 
2II  which  he  performs  with  due 
regard  to  honour  and  the  ftridleft 
fecrecy. 

*^*  He  fells  prolific  drops  for 
barrcnnefs  in  women,  the  true  ar- 
canum by  which  the  northern 
hive  hath  anciently  poured  forth 
its  fwarms  over  the  reft  of  Europe, 
the  ufe  of  them  counierading  the 
inclemency  of  that  climate,  and 
invigorates  cold  and  languid  con- 
flitntions.  Price  of  ihe  bottle  half 
a  guinea,  with  complcat  diredions 
for  ufe. 

f-l-f  He  haih  a  few  remaining 
bottles  of  his  grand  cofmetic  wafh, 
for  the  invention  of  which  her 
Sej-ene  Highuefs  the  Archdachefs 
of  Livonia  prefented  him  with  a 
veft  of  fables ;  and  honoured  him 
with  a  feal  ring  from  her  own 
iinger,  and  500  Livonian  Ducats. 
Price  of  this  ineftimable  fecret  one 
guinea. 

"  He  is  to  be  fpoke  with  at  his 
lodgings  at  Mr.  Tucker's,  a  por- 
trait painter,  at  the  houfewith  the 


Venetian  window  in  Uflier's  ftrcef, 
»the  back  of  Uflier's.  quay,  from 
the  hours  of  feven  till  nine,  on 
the  evenings  of  Mondaye,  Tuef- 
days,  Thurfdays  and  Fridays  only, 
the  other  parts  of  his  time  being 
devoted  to  aftrology  and  the  ftudy 
of  the  occult  fciences,  when  he  will 
not  be  interrupted  on  a^iy  account 
vvhatlbever. 

Dublin,  Dec.  14. 
Yefterday  morning  the  learned 
world  was  deprived  of  one  of  its 
moft  ufeful  ornaments  by  the  death 
of  the  celebrated  Lapland  philo- 
fopher  and  virtuofo,  Ulan  Smo- 
lenzco  CzernznigorfF,  who  is  great- 
ly lamented  by  perfons  of  all 
ranks,  fexes,  and  dillinftions.  His 
difTolution,  which  was  long  fince 
predidled  by  himielf,  was  occa- 
fioned  by  an  atrophy  contracted  by 
intenfe  iludy.  He  was  attended 
by  feveral  eminent  phyficians, 
whom  he  difcovered  by  his  arc 
to  have  miftaken  the  ftate  of  his 
cafe.  Many  divines  remarkable 
for  their  learning  and  piety,  waited 
alfo  upon  him,  and  exhorted  him 
to  make  a  full  and  ample  con- 
feffion  of  his  mifdeeds,  as  they 
were  perfuaded  that  he  had  cer- 
tainly pradifed  the  black  art,  and 
deal:  with  the  devil,  and  more 
efpecially,  as  he  gave  each  of 
them  a  fuccind  account  of  all  their 
mod  fecret  tranfadions ;  but  he 
perfifling  to  the  laft,  that  all  his 
knowledge  was  obtained  by  means 
of  the  Gam  or  good  geniLss,  that 
inhabited  his  drum,  they  denounc- 
ed an  anathema  againil  him,  and 
refufed  him  the  rites  of  their  func- 
tion. He  has  given  all  the  pro- 
g.udl  of  his  gain,  fince  his  arrival 
in  this  kingdom,  to  charitable 
ufes,  and  bequeathed  many  legacies, 
particularly  his  quobdas  or  drum, 
to  be  placed  ia  our  mufeum.     To 

his 


CHARACTERS. 


277 


Ms  trufty  and  well-beloved  faithful 
fervant  Peter,  he  has  left  a  great- 
number  of  original  letters  and  que- 
ries, fromdodors  of  divinity,  phyac 
and  law,  lords  and  efquires,  ladies, 
widows,  lawyers,  kept-miftrefies, 
politicians,  courtezans,  attofnies, 
waiting-womeD,  civil  and  military 
officers,  belles,  beaus,  fpruce  cu- 
rates, and  many  others  ol  all  ranks, 
ages,  denpminations,  and  (exes  j 
together  with  feveral  horofcopes 
ready  drawn  for  perfons,  who,  he 
underftood  by  his  art,  intended  to 
favour  him  with  their  company, 
many  of  which  laft  will  be  fent  by 
the  faid  Peter  to  theil*  refpeflive 
owners.  The  memoirs  of  feveral 
tranfa^lions  that  befel  him;  fincehis 
arrival  in  this  metropolis,  being  a 
com  pleat  fecret  hiilory  of  all  the 
private  intrigues,  anecdotes,  &c. 
ih^ereof,    he   hath    ordered    to   be 


printed  under  the  infpeclion  of  an 
eminent  bookfeller  who  lately  went 
to  vifit  him  ;  fo^that  the  public  may 
fliortly  expeft  to  fee  feveral  curious^, 
ufeful.and  truly  valuabledifcoveries, 
the  benefit  of  which  works  is  to  go 
alfo  to  his  man  Peter.  It  appears  by 
a  {ketch,  found  among  his  papers, 
that  he  had  formed  the  plan  of  an 
academy  for  inlhu^ing  the  youth 
of  this  kingdom  in  the  Pythagorean 
philofophy  ;  and  particularly  in  the 
judicious  y^r/  of  holding  the  tongue, 
which  it  is  thought  would  prove  of 
great  and  fingular  advantage  to  feve- 
ral perfons  who  fpeak  in  public;  and 
that  fo  ufeful  an  inllitution  may  not 
be  loft,  it  is  hoped,  that  fuch  gen- 
tlemen as  have  the  reputation  of 
this  country  at  heart,  will  appoint 
fome  place  of  meeting  to  confider 
of  proper  ways  and  means  to  carry 
this  important  defign  into  execution. 


E  X- 


278         ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 

Extraordinary  Adventures. 


PERHAPS  the  human  mind  can  have  no  entertainment  at 
once  more  congenial  and  more  ufefql  to  it,  than  fuch  ftories  as 
compofe  the  following  article  5  ftories  of  extraordinary  diftrefTes, 
and  wonderful  deliverances.  In  the  former  part  our  humanity  is 
cultivated  5  in  the  latter  is  infpired  a  fpirited  hope  and  a  truft  in 
Providence,  which  may  enable  us  to  a6t  with  refoiution  in  the  try-^ 
ing  emergencies  of  life.  They  have  the  efFedt  which  Ariftotle  atr< 
tributes  to  good  tragedy,  in  corre(5iin^-  the  paffions  by  terror  and 
pity.  They  give  us  ftriking  examples  of  the  refources  in  which 
ingenious  diftrefs  is  fruitful ;  and  inftances  as  remarkable  of  mag- 
nanimity and  virtue,  fometimes  even  in  rude  minds,  and  where  it 
might  leaft  be  expe(3:ed^  For  thefe  reafons  we  have  not  confined 
ourfqlves  wholly  to  the  publications  of  the  laft  year,  for  narratives 
of  that  kind,  but  have  collected  from  thofe  of  the  preceding,  fuch 
as  we  though^  moft  memorable. 


A  genuine  narratkoe  of  the  /uffer- 
^"i^  ^f  ^he  perfons  'njoho  ivere 
confined  in  the  prifon  called  the 
Black  Hole,  in  Fort  William  at 
Calcutta,  in  the  kingdom  of  Ben- 
gal, after  the  Jurrender  of  that 
place  to  the  Indians  in  June 
'756,  from  a  letter  of  J.  Z. 
Holwell,  Efq\  to  William  Dwvis, 

TH  E  ill  condua  of  Drake, 
the  late  governorof  Calcutta, 
who  had,  among  other  things,  un- 
juftly  imprifoned  a  very  confiderable 
merchant  of  the  country,  vvhofe 
name  was  Omychund,  and  who  was 
a  Gentoo,  having  drawn  the  refent  - 
inent  of  the  viceroy  upon  the  fac- 
tory, he  marched  againll  it  in  per- 
fon,  wirh  a  Very  confiderable  force, 
and  lajd  fiege  to  the  fort. 

D'  ke,  who  had  brought  on  this 
inisfortune,  no  fooner  faw  it  ap- 
proach, than  he  deferted  hisllaticn, 
§nd  jgft  the  gentlemen  of  the  fa^ory 


3 


and  the  garrifon  to  (hift  for  them- 
felves.  As  foon  as  Drake  was  gone, 
Mr.  Holwell,  from  whofe  letter 
this  account  is  taken,  took  the 
command  upon  himfelf,  and  re- 
folved  to  defend  the  place  as  long 
as  he  was  able.  This  voluntary 
oppofition  of  Mr.  Holwell  incenfed 
the  viceroy  againft  him  ;  and  fup- 
pofing,  that  he  would  nor  have  uur 
dertaken  a  work  of  fupe  re  rogation, 
attended  with  fuch  fatigue  and  dan- 
ger, upon  difinterelled  principles, 
he  made  no  doubt  but  that  there 
were  very  great  treafures  in  the 
fort,  in  which  he  was  deeply  con- 
cerned as  a  proprietor ;  he  there- 
fore pu filed  on  the  fiege  with  great 
vigour. 

A  '^^^y  ^^^'^  account  of  the   tuhole 
trayijaition  is  gi-ven   by    Mr.  Hoi- 
nvell  hiiftfelf,    in    the   follonxjing 
manner. 
**  The     fuha,      or    viceroy    of 

Bengal,  and    his  troops,   were   in 

pof- 


EXTRAORDINARY     ADVENTURES.       279 


pofleifion   of  the  fort,    before  fix 
in  the  evening.     At  a  third  inter- 
view  with   him,    before  feven,  he 
repeated  his   afiurances  to  me,  on 
the    word    of   a   foldier,    that    no 
harm    fliould    come    to    us :     and, 
indeed,   I   believe   his  orders  were 
only  general,   that   we  (hould   for 
that    night    be    fecured;  and    that 
what    followed    was    the    refult  of 
revenge    and    refentment    in    the 
brealls  of  the  lower  Jemmautdaars, 
or  Serjeants   (to  whofe  cuftody  we 
were   delivered)    for    the    number 
of   their  order    killed    during    the 
fiege.     Be  this  as  it  may,  as   foon 
as  it  was  dark,  we  were  all,  with- 
out   diftindlion,     direded    by    the 
guard  fet  over  us  to  coliedl  ourfelves 
into  one   body,  and  fit   down  qui- 
etly under  the  arched  Veranda,  or 
Piazza,  to  the  well  of  the  Black- 
hole   prifon,    and  the  barracks  to 
the   left   of  the   court   of    guard. 
Jud   as    it   was   dark,    about   400 
or  5C0   men,  who  were  drawn  up 
upon    the   parade,    advanced,  and 
ordered  us  all  to  rife  and  go  into 
the  barracks.     We  were  no  fooner 
all    within   them,    than  the  guard 
advanced  to  the  inner  arches  and 
parapet-wall  ;  and  with  their  mufk- 
ets    pre  fen  ted,    ordered    us    to   go 
into    the  room    at    the  fouthern- 
xnoft    end    of    the    barrack,  com- 
monly called  the    Black-hole  pri- 
fon.    Few    amongft    us,    the    fol- 
diers  excepted,  had    the  leaft  idea 
of  the   dimenfions  or  nature  of  a 
place  we   had  never  feen  ;     for  if 
we  had,  we   fhould,  at  all  events, 
have  rufhed   upon    the  guard,   and 
been,  as  the  lefler  evil,  by  our  own 
choice  cut  to  pieco^. 

Amongrt  the  firft  that  entered 
were  myfelf,  Meflieurs  Baillie, 
jenks  Cooke,  T.  Coles,  Enfign 
Scott,  Revely,  Law,  Buchanan,  &c. 
I  got  poffeiiion  of  the  window  near- 


eft  the  door,  and  Meffieurs  Coles 
and  Scott  into  the  window  with  me, 
they  being  both  wounded  (the  firit 
I  believe  mortally,)  The  rclt  of 
the  above  mentioned  gentlemen 
were  dole  round  about  me.  it  was 
now  about  eight  o'clock. 

Figure  to  yourfeif,  my  friend, 
if  polTible,  the  firuation  of  a  hun- 
dred and  forty-fix  wretches,  ex- 
haulied  by  continual  fatigue  and 
aftion,  crammed  together  in  a  cube 
of  eighteen  feet,  in  a  clofe  fultry 
night,  in  Bengal,  Ihut  up  to  the 
eaitward  and  fouthward  (the  only 
quarters  from  whence  air  could 
reach  us)  by  dead  walls,  and  by 
a  wall  and  door  to  the  north, 
open  only  to  the  well  ward  by  two 
windows,  flrongly  barred  with  iron, 
from  which  we  could  receive 
fcarce  any  the  leaft  circulation  of 
frefti  air. 

What  muft  enfue,  appeared  to 
me  in  lively  and  dreadful  colours, 
the  inftant  I  call  my  eyes  round 
and  favv  the  fize  and  fituaiion  of 
the  room.  Many  unfuccefbful  at- 
tempts were  made  to  force  the 
door  ;  for  having  nothing  but  our 
hands  to  work  with,  and  the  door 
opening    inward,    all    endeavours 

were  vain  and  fruitlefs 

Amongll  the  guards  ported  at 
the  windows,  I  obfeved  an  old 
Jemmautdaar  near  me,  who  feeined 
to  carry  fome  compalhon  for  us 
in  his  countenance.  I  called  him 
to  me,  and  prefled  him  to  endea- 
vour to  get  us  feparated,  half  in 
one  place  and  half  in  another, 
and  that  he  Ihould  in  the  morn- 
ing receive  a  thoufand  rupees  for 
this  at\  of  tendernefs.  He  with- 
drew ;  but  in  a  few  minutes  re- 
turned, and  told  me  it  was  im- 
poiTible.  I  then  thought  1  had 
been  deficient  in  my  o(Fer,  and 
promifed  him  two  thoufand  ;  he 
T  4  with- 


28o       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


withdrew  a  fecond  time,  but  return- 
ed foon,  and  (with,  I  believe,  much 
real  pity  and  concern)  told  me,  that 
it  could  not  be  done  but  by  the  fu- 
ba*s  order,  and  that  no  one  dared 
awake  him. 

We  had  been  but  few  minutes 
confined  before  every  one  fell  into 
a  perfpiration  fo  profufe,  ycu  can 
form  no  idea  of  it.  This  brought 
on  a  raging  thirft,  which  increafrd 
in  proportion  as  the  body  was  drain- 
ed of  its  moifture. 

Various  expedients  were  thought 
of  to  give  more  room  and  air.  To 
obtain  the  former,  it  was  moved 
to  put  off  their  cloaths ;  this  was 
Approved  as  a  happy  motion,  and 
in  a  few  minutes  I  believe  every 
man  was  ftripped  (myfelf,  Mr. 
Court,  and  the  two  young  gentJe- 
iiien  by  me  excepted.)  For  a  little 
time  they  flattered  themfelves  with 
having  gained  a  mighty  advantage; 
every  hat  was  put  in  motion  to 
produce  a  circulation  of  air.  and 
Mr.  Bailliepropofed  that  every  man 
ihould  fit  down  on^his  hams:  This 
expedient  was  feveral  times  put  in 
praftice,  and  at  each  time  many 
of  the  poor  creatures,  whofe  natural 
Hrength  was  lefs  than  that  of  others, 
or  who  had  been  more  exhaufled 
and  could  not  immediately  recover 
their  legs,  as  others  did  when  the 
word  was  given  to  rife,  fell  to  rife 
no  more ;  for  they  were  inliantly 
trod  to  death  or  fuffocated. 
When  the  whole  body  fat  down, 
they  were  fo  clofely  wedged  to- 
gether, that  they  were  obliged  to 
ufe  many  efforts  before  they  could 
put  themfelves  in  motion  to  get  up 
again. 

Before  nine  o'clock  every  man's 
thirft  grew  intolerable,  and  refpi- 
ration  difficult.  Efforts  were  made 
again  to  force  the  door,  but  in 
vain.     M^ny  inful^s  were  uied  to 


the  guard  to  provoke  them  to  fire 
in  upon  us.  For  my  own  part, 
1  hitherto  felt  little  pain  or  un- 
eafinefs,  but  what  refuhed  from 
my  anxiety  for  the  fufferings  of 
thofe  within.  By  keeping  my  face 
between  two  of  the  bars,  I  ob- 
tained air  enough  to  give  my  lungs 
eafy  play,  though  my  peripiraiion 
was  exccffive,  and  thirll  commenc- 
ing. At  this  period,  fo  ftrong  a 
urinous  volatile  eiHuvia  came  fiom 
the  prifon,  that  I  was  not  able 
to  turn  my  head  that  way,  for 
more  than  a  few  feconds  at  a 
time. 

Now  -every  body,  excepting 
thofe  fuuated  in  and  near  the 
windows,  began  to  grow  out- 
rageous, and  many  delirious: 
IFater,  ^a.ter,  became  the  genft- 
rai  cry.  And  the  old  Jemuiiut- 
daar  before  mentioned,  taking  pity 
on  us,  ordered  the  people  to  bring 
fome  ikin^  of  water.  This  was 
what  I  dreaded.  J  forefaw  it 
would  prove  the  ruin  of  the  fmall 
chance  left  us,  and  effayed  many 
times  to  fpeak  to  him  privately 
to  forbid  its  being  brought;  but 
the  clamour  was  Jo  loud,  it  be- 
came impoffible.  The  water  ap- 
peared. Words  cannot  paint  to 
you  the  univerfal  agitation  and 
raving  the  fight  of  it  threw  us 
into.  I  flattered  myfelf  that 
fome,  by  preferving  an  equal  tem- 
per of  mind,  might  out-live  the 
night;  but  now  the  reflection, 
which  gave  me  the  greateft  pain, 
was,  that  I  faw  no  poffibility  of 
one  efcaping  to  tell  the  difmal 
ta'e. 

Until  the  water  came,  I  had  my- 
felf not  fuffered  much  from  thirft, 
which  inftantly  grew  exceffive. 
We  had  no  means  of  conveying 
it  into  the  prifon,  but  by  hats 
forced  through  the  bars ;  and  thus 

myfelf 


EXTRAORDINARY    ADVENTURES.        j8i 


royfelf  and  Meffieurs  Coles  and 
Scott  (notwithftanding  the  pains 
chey  fuffered  from  their  wounds) 
Supplied  them  as  faft  as  pofiible. 
But  thofe  who  have  experienced 
intenfe  thirft,  or  are  acquainted 
with  the  caufe  and  nature  of  this 
appetite,  will  be  fufiicientJy  fenfi- 
ble  it  could  receive  no  more  than  a 
momentary  alleviation;  the  caufe 
flill  lubfiiled.  Though  we  brought 
full  hats  within  the  bars,  there  en- 
fued  i'uch  violent  Ihuggles,  and  fre- 
quent contells  to  get  at  it,  that  be- 
fore it  reached  the  lips  of  any  one, 
there  would  be  fcarcely  a  fmall  tea 
cup  full  left  in  them.  Thefe 
fupplies,  like  fprinkling  water  on 
iire,  only  ferved  to  feed  and  raife 
the  flame. 

Oh  1  my  dear  Sir,  how  fhall 
I  give  you  a  conception  of  what 
I  felt  at  the  cries  and  ravings  of 
thofe  in  the  remoter  parts  of  the 
prifon,  who  could  not  entertain  a 
prt)bable  hope  of  obtaining  a  drop, 
yet  could  not  diveil  themfelves  of 
expeftation,  however  unavailing! 
and  calling  on  me  by  the  tender 
confideraiions  of  friendlhip  and  af- 
fedlion,  and  who  knew  they  were 
really  dear  to  me!  Think,  if  pof- 
fible,  what  my  heart  mull  have 
fuffered  at  feeing  and  hearing  their 
dillrefs,  without  having  it  in  my 
power  to  relieve  -them  :  for  the 
confufion  now  became  general  and 
horrid.  Several  quitted  the  other 
window  (the  only  chance  they  had 
for  life)  to  force  their  way  to  the 
water,  and  the  throng  and  prefs 
upon  the  window  was  beyond  bear- 
ing ;  many  forcing  their  paflage 
from  the  further  part  of  the  room, 
prefled  down  thofe  in  their  way, 
who  had  lefs  ftrength,  and  tram- 
pled them  to  death. 


From  about  nine  to  near  eleyen, 
I  fuAained  this  cruel  fcene  and 
painful  fituation,  iVill  fupplying 
them  with  water,  though  my  le^s 
were  aimoil  broke  with  tl?e  weigtit 
againll  ihem.  By  this  time  I  my- 
felf  was  near  prefled  to  death,  and 
my  two  companions,  with  Mr. 
William  Parker  (who  had  forced 
himfelf  into  the  window)  were 
really  fo.  .  .  . 

For  a  great  while  they  pre- 
ferved  a  refpedl  and  regard  to 
me,  more  than  indeed  I  could 
well  expeft,  our  circuraftances 
confjdered  ;  but  now  all  di- 
^indion  was  loft.  My  friend 
BaiUie,  Meflrs.  Jenks,  Revely, 
Law,  Buchanan,  Simpfon,  and 
feveral  others,  for  whom  I  had  a 
real  efteem  and  affedtion,  had  for 
fome  time  been  dead  at  my  feet: 
and  were  now  trampled  upon  by 
every  corporal  or  common  fol- 
dier,  who,  by  the  help  of  more 
robuft  conftitutions,  had  forced 
their  way  to  the  window,  and 
held  faft  by  the  bars  over  me, 
till  at  laft  I  became  fo  prefled 
and  wedged  up,  I  was  deprived 
of  all  motion. 

Determined  now  to  give  every 
thing  up,  I  called  to  them,  and 
begged,  as  the  laft  inftance  of 
their  regard,  they  would  remove 
the  preffure  upon  me,  and  per- 
mit me  to  retire  out  of  the  win- 
dow, to  die  in  quiet.  They 
gave  way  ;  and  with  much  diffi- 
culty I  forced  a  pafTage  into  the 
center  of  the  prifon,  where  the 
throng  was  lefs  by  the  many  dead, 
(then  I  believe  amounting  to  one 
third)  and  the  numbers  who  flock- 
ed to  the  windows ;  for  by  this 
time  they  had  water  alfo  at  the  other 
window. 

In 


282        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


In  the  black-hole  there  is  a 
platform  *  corresponding  with  that 
in  the  barrack  :  I  travelled  over 
the  dead,  and  repaired  to  the  fur- 
tS^r  end  of  it,  jull  oppofite  to  the 
other  window.  Here  my  poor 
friend  Mr.  Edward  Eyre  came 
ftaggering  over  the  dead  to  me, 
and  with  his  ufual  coolnefs  and 
good-nature,  aOced  me  how  I  did  r 
but  fell  and  expired  before  I  had 
time  to  make  him  a  reply.  I  laid 
myfelfdown  on  feme  of  the  dead 
behind  me,  on  the  platform  ;  and, 
j-ecotmmcnding  myfelf  to  heaven, 
had  the  comfort  of  thinking  my 
fufFerings  could  have  no  long  dura- 
tion. 

My  thirft  grew  now  infupport- 
able,  and  the  difficulty  of  breathing 
much  increafed  ;  and  I  had  not  re- 
mained in  this  fituation,  J  believe, 
ten  minutes,  when  I  was  feized 
with  a  pain  in  my  breaft,  and  pal- 
pitation of  heart,  both  to  the  moit 
exquifite  degree.  Thefe  roufed  and 
obliged  me  to  get  up  again  ;  but 
Hill  the  pain,  palpitation,  third, 
and  difficulty  of  breathing  increaf- 
ed. 1  retained  my  fenfes  notwith- 
ilanding ;  and  had  the  grief  to 
iee  death  not  fo  near  me  as  I 
hoped  ;  but  could  no  longer  bear 
the  pains  I  fuffered  vviihout  at- 
tempting a  relief,  which  I  knew 
frelh  air  would  and  could  only 
give  me.  1  inllantly  determined 
to  puili  for  the  window  oppofite 
to  me  ;  and  by  an  effort  of  double 
the  ftrength  I  had  ever  before 
pofTefled,  gained  the  third  rank  at 
it,  with  one  hand  feized  a  bar,  and 
by  that  means  gained  the  fecond, 
though  1  think   there  were  at  leaft 


fix  or  feven  ranks  between  me  and 
the  window. 

In  a.  few  moments  the  pain,  pal- 
pitation, and  difficulty  of  breath- 
ing ceafed;  but  my  thirft  continued 
intolerable.  I  called  aloud  for 
Water  for  Go^^s  fake.  I  had  been 
concluded  dead ;  but  as  foon  as 
they  found  me  amongft  them,  they 
ftill  had  the  refpeft  and  tendernefs 
for  me,  to  cry  out,  Gi^e  him  njcater, 
gi<ve  him  nuater  !  nor  would  one  of 
them  at  the  window  attempt  to 
touch  it  until  I  had  drank.  But 
from  the  water  I  had  no  relief; 
my  thirft  was  rather  increafed  by 
it  ;  fo  I  determined  to  drink  no 
more,  but  patiently  wait  the  event ; 
and  kept  my  mouth  moifl  from 
time  to  time  by  fucking  the  perfpi- 
ration  out  of  my  Ihirt-ileeves,  and 
catching  the  drops  as  they  fell,  like 
heavy  rain,  from  my  head  and  face  ; 
you  can  hardly  imagine  how  un- 
happy I  was  if  any  of  them  efcaped 
my  mouth. 

I  came  into  the  prifon  without 
coat  or  waiftcoat ;  the  feafon  was 
too  hot  to  bear  the  former,  and  the 
latter  tempted  the  avarice  of  one 
of  the  guards,  who  robbed  me  of 
it  when  we  were  under  the  Ve- 
randa. Whilft  I  was  at  this  fecond 
window,  I  was  obferved  by  one  of 
my  miferable  companions  on  the 
right  of  me,  in  the  expedient  of 
allaying  my  thirft  by  fucking  my 
fhirt-lleeve.  He  took  the  hint, 
and  robbed  me  from  time  to  time 
of  a  confiderable  part  of  my  ftore  ; 
though  after  1  detefted  him,  I  had 
even  the  addrefs  to  begin  on  that 
lleeve  fiift,  when  I  thought  my 
refer voirs   were    fufficienily    reple- 


*  This  plntform  was  ralfed  between  three  nnd  four  feet  from  tlie  floor,  open 
underneath ;  It  extended  the  whole  length  of  the  ealt  fide  of  the  priibn,  and  was 
above  fix  f<;et  wide, 

ni  filed  J 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES.    2S3 

and  vigour  left,   made  a  lad  efFor 


■ifhcd  ;  and  our  mouths  and  nofes 
often  met  in  the  conteft.  This 
plunderer  I  found  afterwards  was  a 
worthy  young  gentleman  in  the 
fervice,  Mr.  Lulhingion,  one  of 
the  few  who  efcaped  from  death, 
and  fince  paid  me  the  compliment 
of  affuring  me,  he  believed  he 
owed  his  life  to  the  many  comfort- 
able draughts  he  had  from  my 
fleeves.  Before  I  hit  upon  this 
happy  expedient,  I  had  in  an  un- 
governable fit  of  thirft,  attempted 
drinking  my  urine  ;  but  it  was  fo 
intenfely  bitter,  there  was  no  en- 
during a  fecond  tafte,  whereas  no 
Briftol  water  could  be  more  foft  or 
pleafant  than  what  arofc  from  per- 
fpiration. 

By  half  an  hour  part  eleven, 
the  much  greater  number  of  thofc 
Jiving  were  in  an  outragous  de- 
lirium, and  the  others  quite  un- 
governable ;  few  retaining  any 
calmnefs,  but  the  ranks  next  the 
windows.  They  all  now  found, 
that  water,  inftead  of  relieving,  ra- 
ther heightened  their  uneafinefTes  ; 
and,  jiir,  air^  was  the  general 
cry.  Every  infolt  that  could  be 
devifed  againft  the  guard,  all  the 
opprobrious  names  and  abufe  that 
the  fuba,  Monickchund,  &c.  could 
be  loaded  with,  were  repeated  to 
provoke  the  guard  to  fire  upon  u?, 
every  man  that  could,  rufhing  tu- 
multuoufiy  towards  the  windows, 
with  eager  hopes  of  meeting  the 
firll  fliot.  Then  a  general  prayer 
to  heaven  to  haftcn  the  approach 
of  the  flames  to  the  right  and  left 
of  us,  and  put  a  period  to  our  mi- 
fery.  But  thefe  failing,  they  whofe 
ilrength  and  fpirits  were  quite  ex- 
haufted,  laid  themfeives  down  and 
expired  quietly  upon  their  fellows  : 
pthers  who  had  yet  fome  ilrcngth 


for  the  windows,  and  feveral  fuc- 
ceeded  by  leaping  and  fcrambling 
over  the  backs  and  heads  of  thofe 
in  the  firll  ranks  ;  and  got  hold  of 
the  bars,  from  which  there  was  no 
removing  them.  Many  to  the  right 
and  left  funk  with  the  violent  pref- 
fure,  and  were  foon  fuiFotated  ;  for 
now  a  fleam  arofe  from  the  living 
and  the  dead,  which  afl^edled  us  in 
all  its  circunr.flances,  as  if  we  were 
forcibly  held  by  our  heads  over  a 
bowl  of  flrong  volatile  fpirit  of 
hartfhorn,  until  fuffbcated  ;  nor 
could  the  eflluvia  of  the  one  be  di- 
ftinguiflied  from  the  other  ;  and 
frequently  when  I  was  forced  by 
the  load  upon  my  head  and  fliouU 
ders,  to  hold  my  face  down,  I  was 
obliged,  near  as  I  was  to  the  win- 
dow, inftanily  to  raife  it  again,  to 
cfcape  lufFocaiion. 

I  need  not,  my  dear  friend,  afk 
your  commiferation,  when  I  tell 
you,  that  in  this  plight,  from  half 
an  hour  after  eleven  till  near  twoia 
the  morning,  I  fuftained  the  weight 
of  a  heavy  man,  with  his  knees  on 
my  back,  and  the  preflTure  of  hi* 
whole  body  on  my  head  ;  a  Dutch 
ferjeant,  who  had  taken  his  feat  up- 
on my  left  flioulder,  and  a  Topaz  * 
bearing  on  my  right  :  all  which, 
nothing  could  have  enabled  mc 
long  to  fupport,  but  the  props  and 
preflure  equally  fullaining  me  all 
around.  The  two  latter  1  frequent- 
ly diflodged,  by  fliifting  my  hold 
on  the  bars,  and  driving  my  knuc- 
kles into  their  libs  ;  lut  my  friend 
above  ftuck  fafl,  and,  as  he  held  by 
two  bars,  was  immoveable. 

The  repeated  trials  and  eflbrts 
I  made  to  diflodge  this  inTuiFcrablc 
incumbrance  upon  me,  at  lafl  quite 
cxhauiled  me,  and  towards  two  o'- 
clock. 


A  black  chriftian  foldjcr  i  ufually  termed  fubjeft^  of  Portugal. 


2.84        A  N  N  U  A  L   R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,  1758. 


clock,  frndingl  muftquit  the  win- 
dow, or  firik  where  I  was,  I  refolv- 
ed  on  the  former,  having  borne, 
trul-y  for  the  fake  of  others,  infi- 
nitely more  for  life,  than  the-beil 
of  it  i«  worth. 

In  the  rank  clofc  behind  m^ 
was  an  officer  of  one  of  the  Ihips, 
whofe  name  was  Carey,  and  who 
behaved  with  much  bravery  during 
the  fiege,  (his  wife,  a  fine  woman 
tho'  country  born,  would  not  quit 
him,  but  accompanied  him  into  the 
prifon,  and  was  one  who  furvlved.) 
This  poor  wretch  had  been  long 
raving  for  water  and  air  ;  I  told 
him  1  was  determined  to  give  up 
life,  and  recommended  his  gaining 
uiy  ftation.  On  my  quitting,  he 
made  an  attempt  to  get  my  place  ; 
but  was  fupplanted. 

Poor  Carey  exprelTed  his  thank- 
fulnefs,  and  faid  he  would  give  up 
life  too  ;  but  it  was  wiih  the  ut- 
moft  labour  we  forced  our  way 
from  the  window  (feveral  in  the 
inner  ranks  appearing  to  me  dead 
ftanding  f.)  He  laid  himfelf  down 
to  die  :  and  his  death,  I  believe, 
was  very  fudden,  for  he  was  a 
fliort,  foil,  fanguine  man  :  his 
ftrength  was  great,  and  1  imagine 
had  he  not  retired  with  me,  I 
fhould  never  have  been  able  to  have 
forced  my  way. 

I  was  at  this  tinle  fenfible  of 
no  pain,  and  little  uheaiinefs.  I 
found  a  ftupor  coming  on  apace, 
and  laid  royfelf  down  by  that  gal- 
lant old  man,  the  reverend  Mr. 
Jervas  Bellamy,  who  lay  dead  with 
his  fon  the  lieutenant,  hand  in 
hand,  near  the  fouthernmoft  wall  of 
the  prifon. 

When  I  had  lain  there  fome 
little  time,  I  dill  had  reflexion 
enough  to  fufFer  fome  uncafinefs  in 


the  thought  that  I  Ihould  be  tranT* 
pled  upon,  when  dead,  as  I  niyielf 
had  done  to  others.  With  fome 
difficulty  1  raifed  myfelf  and  gain- 
ed the  platform  a  fecond  tim€, 
where  I  prefently  loft  all  fenfation  i 
the  laft  trace  of  fenfibiliry  that  I 
have  been  able  to  recolleft  after 
my  lying  down,  was,  my  falh  being 
uneafy  about  my  waift,  which  lun- 
tied  and  threw  from  me.  Of  what 
psfTed  in  this  interval  to  the  time 
of  my  refurredtion  from  this  hole 
of  horrors,  I  can  give  you  no  ac- 
count. 

When  the  day  broke,  and  the 
gentlemen  found  that  no  intreaties 
could  prevail  to  get  the  door  open- 
ed, it  occurred  to  one  of  tnem  (I 
think  to  Mr.  Secretary  Cooke),  to 
make  a  fearch  for  me,  in  hopes'! 
might  have  influence  enough  ■  to 
gain  a  releafe  from  this  fcene  of 
mifery.  Accordingly  Meflrs.Lu^h,-, 
ington  and  Wakot  undertook  the 
fearch,  and  by  my  {hirt  diicovercd 
me  under  the  dead  upon  the  «'Lu- 
form.  They  took  me  from  thence, 
and  imigining  1  had  fonie  figns  of 
life,  brought  me  towards  the  win- 
dow 1  had  firrt  poffeffion  of. 

But  as  life  was  equally  dear  to 
every  man  (and  the  ilench  arising 
from  the  dead  bodies  was  grown  io 
intolerable)  no  one  would  give  up 
his  ftation  in  or  near  the  window  : 
fo  they  were  obliged  to  carry  me 
back  again.  But  foon  after  Captain 
Mills,  (now  captain  of  ihe  com- 
pany's yacht)  who  was  in  pofleffion 
of  a  feat  in  the  window,  had  the 
humanity  to  offer  to  refign  it.  I 
was  again  brought  by  the  fame 
gentlemen  and  placed  in  the  win- 
dow. 

At  this  junfture  the  fuba,  who 
had  received  an  account  of  the  ha- 

vock 


t  Unable  to  fall  by  the  throng  and  equal  preflure  round. 


EXTRAORDINARY   ADVENTURES. 


2S5 


vock  death  had  made  amongft  us, 
fent  oneof  hi5  Jemmautdaars  to  en- 
quire if  the  chief  furvived.  They 
ihewed  me  to  him  ;  told  1  had  ap- 
pearance of  life  remaining  ;  and 
believed  I  might  recover  if  the  door 
was  opened  very  foon.  This  anfwer 
being  returned  to  the  fuba,  an  order 
came  immediately  for  our  releafe, 
it  being  then  near  fix  in  the  morn- 
ing. 

As  the  door  opened  inwards,  and 
as  the  dead  were  piled  up  againft 
it,  and  covered  all  the  reft  of  the 
floor,  it  was  impoffible  to  open  it 
by  any  efforts  from  without ;  it  was 
therefore  necefTary  that  the  dead 
(hoold  be  removed  by  the  few  that 
were  within,  who  were  become  fo 
feeble,  that  the  tafk,  tho'  it  was 
the  condition  of  life,  was  not  per- 
formed without  the  utmoft  difficulty, 
and  it  was  20  minutes  after  the  order 
came  before  the  door  could  be 
opened. 

About  a  quarter  afrer  fix  in  the 
morning,  the  poor  remains  of  146 
fouls,  being  no  more  than  three  and 
twenty,  came  out  of  the  Black- 
hole  alive,  but  in  acondition  which 
made  it  very  doubtful  whether  they 
would  fee  the  morning  of  the  next 
day  ;  among  the  living  was  Mrs. 
Carey,  but  poor  Leech  was  among 
the  dead.  The  bodies  were  dragged 
out  of  the  hole  by  the  foldiers, 
and  thrown  promifcuoufly  into  the 
ditch  of  ao  unfinilhed  ravelin, 
which  was  afterwards  Hlled  with 
earth. 

Mr.  Holwell,  Mr.  Court,  Mr. 
Walcot,  and  Mr.  Burdet,  were  or- 
dered into  the  cadodyofan  officer, 
and  the  reft  wore  immediately  fet  at 
liberty,  except  poor  Mrs.  Carey, 
whofe  youth  and  beauty  caufed  her 
to  be  detained  for  the  conqueror,  or 
feme  officer  of  Hate. 


Mr.  Holwell  when  he  came  out  of 
the  prifon,  was  in  a  high  fever,  and 
not  able  to  Hand  ;  he  was,  however, 
fent  for  to  be  examined  by  the 
viceroy,  and  was  in  this  condition 
carried  to  his  prefence.  It  was 
fome  time  before  he  could  fpeak, 
but  as  foon  as  he  was  able,  he 
began  to  relate  the  fufterings  and 
death  of  his  unhappy  companions. 

The  viceroy  without  taking  any 
notice  of  this  tale  of  dillrefs,  ilopt 
him  fhort,  by  telling  him,  that  he 
had  been  informed,  there  was 
treafure  to  a  very  confiderable  value 
fecrcted  in  the  fort,  and  that  if  he 
did  not  difcover  it,  he  muft  expeft 
no  mercy.  Mr.  Holwell  replied, 
that  he  knew  of  no  fach  treafure  : 
and  then  began  to  remind  him  of 
his  afTurance  the  day  before,  that  no 
hurt  ftiould  come  either  to  himfelf 
or  his  friends.  To  this  remonftrance 
he  paid  no  more  regard  than  he  had 
done  to  the  complaint,  but  proceed- 
ed in  his  enquiry  concerning  the 
treafure  ;  and  when  he  found  no  in- 
telligence could  be  got,  he  ordered 
the  ^neral  of  his  houfliold  troops, 
whofe  name  was  Mhir  Muddon,  to 
take  charge  of  Mr.  Holwell  as  his 
prifoner. 

Among  the  guard  that  marched 
before  Mr.  Holwell,  when  he  went 
out  from  the  prefenceof  the  viceroy, 
there  was  a  man  who  carried  alarge 
Moratta  battle-ax  on  his  Ihoulder, 
which  occafioned  a  report,  firft,  that 
his  head  was  to  be  llruck  off,  and 
afterwards  that  the  fcntcncc  was 
executed. 

It  happened  unfortunately,  that 
Mr.  Holwell,  in  the  hurry  and  con- 
fufion  of  iheXiege,  after  the  fort  had 
been  deferted  by  Drake,  forgpt  to 
fet  Omychund,  the  black  merchant, 
whom  Drake  had  injuriouily  im- 
prifoncd,  at  libj-tv.     This  negled: 

Omy. 


286 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,  1758. 


Omychund  refented  as  an  aft  of 
wilful  injuftice,  and  Mr.  Holwell  is 
of  opinion,  that  if  it  had  not  been 
for  Omychund*s  infinuations,  he 
ihould  have  been  difcharged  with 
the  reft,  notwithftanding  the  offence 
he  had  given  to  the  viceroy  by  de- 
fending the  fort  ;  and  the  notion 
that  prevailed  of  his  being  privy  to 
the  concealnment  of  money  ;  and  in 
this  opinion  he  fays  he  is  confirmed 
by  the  confinement  of  the  three 
gentlemen,  who  were  detained  with 
him,  who  were  all  of  them  perfons 
againft  whom  Omychund  was  known 
to  have  conceived  a  particular  re- 
fen  tment. 

Mr.  Holwell,  and  his  affociates  in 
captivity,  were  conveyed  in  a  kind 
of  coach,  drawn  by  oxen,  called  a 
hackery,  to  the  camp,  where  they 
were  loaded  with  fetters,  and  lodged 
in  the  tent  of  a  Moorifh  foldier, 
which  being  no  more  than  4  feet 
by  3  feet,  they  were  obliged  to  lie, 
fick  as  they  were,  half  in  and  half 
out  the  whole  night,  which  happen- 
ed to  be  very  rainy  ;  yet  the  next 
day  their  fever  happily  came  to  a 
crifis,  and  boils  broke  out  on  every 
part  of  their  bodies,  which,  though 
they  were  extremely  painful,  were 
the  certain  prefages  of  their  reco- 
very. The  next  day  they  were 
removed  to  the  coaft,  and  by  order 
of  General  Mhir  Muddon,  were 
foon  after  fent  by  fea  10  Maxadavad, 
the  metropolis  of  Bengal,  to  wait 
the  viceroy's  return,  and  be  dif- 
pofed  of  as  he  fhould  farther  deter- 
mine. 

At  Maxadavad  they  arrived,  after 
a  voyage  of  13  days,  in  a  large 
boat,  in  which  they  had  no  better 
provifion  than  rice  and  water,  and 
no  fofter  bed  than  feme  bamboos 
Jaid  on  the  bottom  timber  of  the 
veffel  ;  they  were,  bcfides,  expofcd 


alternately  to  cxceflive  heat  and 
violent  rains,  without  any  covering 
but  a  bit  of  old  mat  and  fome 
fcraps  of  facking.  The  boils  that 
covered  them  were  become  running 
fores,  and  the  irons  on  their  legs 
had  confumed  the  fielh  almoft  to  the 
bone. 

When  they  arrived  at  Maxada- 
vad, Mr,  Holwell  fent  a  letter  to 
Mr.  Law,  the  chief  of  the  French 
fadory,  with  an  account  of  their 
diftrefs,  and  Mr,  Law,  with  great 
politenefs  and  humanity,  fent  them 
not  only  cloaths,  linen,  provifion 
and  liquors,  in  great  plenty,  bat 
money. 

About  4  o'clock  on  the  7th  of 
July,  they  landed,  and  after  march- 
ing a  confiderable  way  as  a  fpedacle 
to  the  multitude  that  thronged  round 
them,  they  were  depofiied  under 
an  open  flied,  not  far  from  the 
palace. 

In  this  place  they  received  every 
pofiible  relief,  not  only  from  the 
great  kindnefs  of  the  French  and 
Dutch  chiefs,  but  from  the  Arabian 
merchants. 

On  the  iSth  of  July,  the  viceroy 
arrived, and  theprifoners  then  learn- 
ed that  he  had  enquired  for  them, 
in  order  to  fet  them  at  liberty  before 
he  left  Calcutta,  and  was  offended 
with  Mhir  Muddon  for  having  fo 
haftily  removed  them  to  Maxadavad. 
He  did  not,  however,  order  their 
immediate  difcharge  when  he  ar- 
rived, which  it  is  natural  to  fuppofe 
he  would  have  done,  if  they  had 
been  detained  in  cuftody  contrary  to 
his  inclination. 

On  the  25th  they  were  condufl- 
ed  to  the  palace,  to  have  an  au- 
dience, and  to  know  their  fate  ; 
but  they  could  have  no  audience 
that  day,  which,  as  it  happened, 
was  a  favourable  circumftancf,  for 

at 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES. 


287 


at  night  the  viceroy's  grandmother 
foHcited  their  liberty,  at  a  feaft, 
to  which  (he  was  invited  on  his  fafe 
return,  and  the  viceroy  promifed 
that  he  would  relc^fe  thera  on  the 
morrow. 

On  the  morrow,  about  five  in 
the  morning,  they  were  waked,  and 
told  that  the  viceroy  would  in  a 
few  minutes  pafsby  to  his  palace  of 
Mooteejeel.  Upon  this  intelligence 
they  got  up,  and  when  the  viceroy 
came  in  fight,  they  paid  him  the 
ufual  homage,  and  uttered  their 
benediflion  aloud.  He  looked  at 
them  with  flrong  marks  ofcompaf- 
fion  io  his  countenance,  and  order- 
ing his  litter  to  Hop,  he  called  them 
to  "him,  and  having  heard  a  fhort 
extemporary  petition,  which  was 
fpoken  by  Mr.  Holwell,  he  made 
no  reply,  bu:  ordered  two  of  his 
officers  to  fee  their  irons  inftantly 
ftruck  off,  and  conduft  them  fafely 
wherever  they  chofe  to  go,  giving 
thera  a  ftri<^  charge  to  fee  that  they 
fufFered  no  injury  or  infult  by  the 
way. 

This  a£l  of  mercy,  however  late, 
or  from  whatever  motive,  was  the 
more  meritorious,  as  great  pains 
were  taken  by  fome  time-ferving 
fycophants  to  prevent  it  ;  they  told 
the  viceroy,  that  Mr.  Holwell, 
Eotwithftanding  his  lofles,  was  ftill 
pofl!efled  of  enough  to  pay  a  con- 
siderable fum  for  his  freedom  ;  to 
which  the  viceroy  nobly  replied, 
«*  If  he  has  any  thing  left,  let  him 
keep  it  ;  his  fufFerings  have  been 
great,  and  he  ihall  have  his  liber- 
ty." 

Mr.  Holwell  and  his  friends  being 
thus  difmified,  immediately  took 
boat,  and  foon  after  arrived  fafe  at 
the  Dutch  Settlement  at  Corcema- 
dad,  where  he  afterwards  embarked 
for  England. 


An  authentic  narrative  of  thi  lofs 
of  the  Doddington  Indiamant  and 
of  the  adventurei  of  thofe  en  board 
nuho  ftirvi<,ed  the jhip-~Mreck  ;  from 
the  journal  of  one  of  the  furi;i\.ing 
officers, 

TH  E  Doddington,  Captain 
Samfon,  failed  from  the 
Downs  on  the  23d  of  April  1755, 
in  company  with  the  Pelham,  the 
Houghton,  the  Streatham,  and  the 
Edgecourt,  all  in  the  fervice  of  the 
Eall-India  Company,  and  in  about 
feven  days  got  clear  of  the  channel  ; 
during  this  time  Captain  Samfon 
perceived  that  his  Ihip  failed  falter 
than  any  of  the  others,  and  he  was 
unwilling  to  lofe  the  advantage  of 
this  fuperiority  by  keeping  them 
company  :  he  therefore  flood  on 
alone,  and  having  very  foon  K)ll 
fight  of  them,  he  made  Bonaviila, 
one  of  the  Cape  de  Vcrd  iflands, 
lat.  16  North,  on  the  20th  of  May, 
and  on  the  2 ill  he  got  into  Poito 
Prior  bay.  It  now  appeared  either 
that  he  had  been  mirtakcn  in  fup- 
pofing  his  (hip  to  ouifail  the  red  of 
the  fleet,  or  that  he  had  loft  time 
by  the  courfe  he  had  fteered,  for 
he  found  the  Pelham  and  the 
Streatham  had  reached  the  bay  two 
hours  before  him.  The  Houghton 
arrived  foon  afterwards,  but  the 
Edgecourt  did  not  come  in  till  the 
26th. 

On  the  27th  of  May,  the  Dod- 
dington, Pelham,  Streatham,  and 
Houghton,  having  taken  in  their 
water,  proceeded  on  the  voyage 
together,  leaving  the  Edgecourt  in 
the  road  ;  they  continued  in  com- 
pany rteering  S.  by  E.  I  E.  till  the 
28th,  when  Capt.  Samfon  thinking 
the  courfe  too  far  eallerly,  ordered 
the  Doddington  to  be  kept  South, 

which 


2Sg        ANNUAL    REGISTER, 

which  again  feparated  her  from  the 
je|l  of  the  fleet,  and  after  a  fine 
voyage  of  feven  weeks  fhe  made  the 
lawd  of  the  Caffe  cf  Good  Hopt. 
Having  jull  dqubled  the  Cape,  a 
new  depanure  was  taken  from  de 
Agulhas  on  the  8th  of  July  *  and 
the  veffel  having  lieered  eaftward 
about  tvVenty-four  hours,  between 
the  latitude  of  35  d.  30  m.  and  36 d. 
the  captain  ordered  her  to  be  kept 
E.  N.  E. 

In  this  courfe  (he  continued  till 
about  a  quarter  before  one  in  the 
inorning  of  Thurfday,  July  17,* 
when  flieftrUck  :  the  officer  from 
whofe journal  this  account  is  taken, 
^as  then  a/lecp  in  his  cabbin,  but 
being  fuddenly  awaked  by  the 
ftiock,  he  flaried  up  in  the  utmoft 
confternation,  arid  made  all  the 
hafte  he  could  to  get  upon  deck  ; 
here  all  the  terrors  of  his  fituation 
lulhed  upon  him  at  once  ;  he  faw 
the  men  dafhed  to  and  fro  by  the 
violence  of  the  fea  that  rolled  over 
them,  and  the  fliip  breaking  to 
pieces  at  every  ftroke  of  the  furge  ; 
he  crawled  over,  with  great  dilh- 
culty,  to  the  larboard  fide  of  the 
quarter-deck,  which  lay  the  highelt 
out  of  water,  and  there  he  found  the 

captain,   who  faid  very   little  more 

than  they  mull  all  perifh  ;  in  a  few 

minutes  a  fea  parted  them,  and  he 

faw  him  no  more.     He'made  a  fiiift 

to  get   back   to  the   quarter-deck, 

but  he  was  very  much  bruifed,  and 

the  fmall  bone  of  his  left  arm  wa: 

broken  ;  all  the  reft  of  the  fhip  was 

under  water,  and  iliaifered  to  pieces. 

Jn  this  dreadful  fituation,  expeding 

every  momenc  to   be  fwallowed  up, 

he  heard  fomebody  cry  out,  Land  ! 

upon    this  he  looked  eagerly  about 

him,  but  though  he  faw  fomething 

which    he  fuppofed  was   taken  for 

land,   he  believed  it  only  the  range 

of  the  fea  on  the  other  fide  Of  the 


175S. 

breakers  ;  at  the  fame  moment  the 
fea  broke  over  him  with  great 
violence,  and  not  only  forced  hini 
from  his  hold,  but  dunned  him  by  a 
violent  blow  upon  his  eye.  Though 
from  this  time  he  lay  infenfible  tilt 
after  day-light,  yet  he  continued 
upon  the  wreck,  and  when  he  re- 
covered he  found  himfelf  made  fait 
to  a  plank  by  a  nail  that  had  been 
forced  into  his  Ihoulder.  Befides 
the  pain  that  he  felt  from  his  wounds 
and  bruifes,  he  was  now  fo  benumb- 
ed with  cold,  that  he  could  fcarce 
move  either  hand  or  foot :  he  called 
out  as  loud  as  he  could,  and  was 
heard  by  the  people  on  the  rocks, 
but  they  could  give  no  affiftance,  fo 
that  it  was  aconfiderabletime  before 
he  could  difeftgage  himfelf,  and 
crawl  on  fiiore. 

This  fliore  was  a  barren  uninha- 
bited rock,  in  the  lat.  of  33  d. 
44  m.  South,  and  diftance  about  250 
leagues  Eaft  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Here  were  now  met  Mr. 
Evan  Jones,  chief  mate,  Mr.  John 
Collet  2d.  Mr.  William  Webb  3d, 
and  Mr.  S.  Powell  5th  mate  ;  Ri- 
chard Topping,  Carpenter;  Neal 
Bothwell  and  Nathaniel  Chifliolm, 
quarter  mailers  ;  Daniel  Ladova, 
the  captain's  fteward  ;  Henry 
Sharp,  the  furgeon's  fervant ;  Tho- 
mas Arnold,  a  black,  and  John 
Mackdowal,  fervants  to  the  cap- 
tain ;  Robert  Beafeley,  John  King,- 
Gilbert  Chain,  Terence  Mole,  Jo- 
nas Rofenbury,  John  Glafs, 

Taylor,  and.  Hendrick  Scantz, 
feamen  ;  John  Vers,  micifhipman  ; 
and  John  Lifter,  RrJph  Smith,  and* 
Edward  Dyfoy,  mt^trcfles.  Thefe 
perfons,  being  23  in  number,  were 
all  that  remained  of  270  fouls  that 
were  on  board  when  the  fliip 
ftruck. 

Their    firft    care  was    to    fenrch; 
among  the  things  which  had  been 

thrown" 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES, 


(289 


thrown  upon  the  rocks  from  the 
ihip,  for  fomething  to  cover  them, 
in  which  they  fucceeded  beyond 
their  hopes.  The  next  thing  they 
felt  the  want  of  was  fire  :  and  this 
was' not  (o  eafily  fupplied  ;  fome 
of  them  attempted  to  kindle  two 
pieces  of  wood,  by  rubbing  them 
together,  but  without  fuccefs ; 
others  went  peeping  about  among 
the  rocks  to  pick  up  fonaething  that 
might  ferve  for  a  flint  and  Heel  ; 
after  long  fearch  they  found  a  box 
that  contained  two  gun  flints  and 
a  broken  file  ;  this  was  a  joyful 
acquifition,  but  Itill  they  had  no- 
thing that  would  kindle  from  a 
fpark,  and  till  fomething  like  tin- 
der could  be  procured,  the  flint 
and  Heel  were  ufelefs  ;  a  farther 
fearch  was  therefore  undertaken 
with  inexpreflible  folicitude  and 
anxiety;  a  cafk  of  gun-powder  was 
at  lall  difcovered,  but  to  their 
great  difappointment  it  proved  to 
be  wet  ;  however,  upon  a  near 
examination,  a  fmall  quantity  was 
found  at  the  bottom  of  the  caflc 
which  had  fufFered  no  damage. 
Some  of  this  they  bruifed  on  a 
linen  rag,  which  ferved  them 
very  well  for  tinder,  and  a  fire 
was  foon  made  ;  the  bruifed  and 
wounded  gathered  about  it,  and 
the  rell  went  in  fearch  of  other 
neceflaries,  without  which  the  rock 
could  afford  them  but  a  fhort  refpite 
from  deflru6tion.  In  the  afrernoon 
a  box  of  wax-candles,  and  a  calk 
of  brandy  were  brought  in  :  bo>h 
very  extremely  welcome,  especially 
the  brandy,  of  which  every  one 
thought  it  advifeable  to  take  a 
dram.  Soon  after  fome  others  of 
the  party  returned  with  an  account 
that  they  had  difcovered  a  cafk 
almoft  full  of  frelh  water,  which 
was  yet  of  more  confequence  than 
the  brandy,  and  Mr.  Jones  brought 
Vol..  1. 


in  fome  pieces  of  fait  pork,  and 
foon  after  fome  others  arrived, 
driving  before  them  feven  hogs, 
which  had  come  on  fliore  alive  ^ 
fome  caiks  of  beer,  water,  flour, 
were  alfo  feen  at  a  diftance,  but 
it  was  not  then  poflible  to  gee 
them  over  the  rocks.  The  ap- 
proach of  night  made  it  neceffary 
to  provide  fome  (heker  ;  all  hands 
therefore  were  employed  to  make 
a  tent  of  fome  canvas  that  had 
been  thrown  on  fhore,  which  was 
at  laft  effeded,  though  it  was  (o 
fmall  for  want  of  more  fail-cloth, 
that  i:  would  _nX)t  hold  tliem  all. 
The  ifland  waa  much  frequented 
by  a  kind  of  water- fowl  fome- 
thing larger  than  a  duck,  called  a 
gannet,  and  the  higheft  part  of  it 
was  covered  with  their  dung  ;  upon 
this  part  they  were  obliged  to 
build  their  tent,  for  fear  of  being 
overflowed,  and  they  plaqed  thofe 
who  could  not  walk,  under  the 
tent,  and  kindled  a  fire  near  them  ; 
but  as  they  had  paffed  the  day 
without  food,  they  pafTed  the  night 
without  rell ;  for  befides  that  they 
were  funk  a  foot  in  the  fowls  dung, 
the  wind  was  fo  tempeftuous  that 
the  wind  blew  about  their  fire; 
and  before  it  could  be  fcraped 
together  again,  the  rain  put  it 
out^ 

Jn  the  morning,  which  was 
Friday,  July  the  16th,  thofe  that 
were  able  went  again  about  the 
rock,  to  fee  what  could  be  faved 
from  the  wreck,  but  to  their  grea£ 
mortification,  they  found  all  the 
cafks  which  they  had  feen  the  night 
before,  except  one  of  beer,  and 
one  of  flour,  ftaved  to  pieces 
againfl  the  rocks;  foon  after  thefe 
were  fecured  the  tide  flowed  up, 
and  put  a  flop  to  the  work  of  that 
day.  The  company  therefore  wa* 
called  together  to  eat  their  firll 
U  meaU 


29Q        ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758. 


ineal,  and  fome  rafhers  of  pork 
\veit  broiled  upon  the  coals  for 
dinner. 

The  fitting   down    thus  defolate 
and    forlorn,     to    a  repaft,  which 
they  ufed  to  fhare  in  the  convivial 
chcarfuinefs  which  naturally   arofe 
from  the   confcioufnefs   of  prefent 
plenty,    with    the    hope  of  future, 
itruck  them  with   fuch   a  fenfe  of 
their  condition,  that  they  burft  into 
paffionate  lamentations,    wringing 
their   hands,     and    looking   round 
them  with  all   the  wildnefs  of  de- 
fpair.    In  fuch  tumult  of  mind,  our 
thoughts  hurry  from  one  objeft  to 
another,   to    fix,  if  pofiible,   upon 
fomeihing  that  may  afford  comfort ; 
and  one  of  the  company  recolleft- 
ir;g,  that  as  the  carpenter  was  among 
them,   they   might    build  a  ftrong 
floop,  if  they  could  procure  mate- 
rials and  tools^  mentioned  this  as  a 
fubjedl  of  hope  to  the  relh     Every 
man's    attention   was    immediately 
turned  upon  the  carpenter,  who  de- 
clared that  he  had  no  doubt  but  he 
Ihould  be  able  to  build  a  floop  that 
would  carry   them  all  to  fome  port 
of  fafety,     if  tools  and   materials 
could  be  found  ;  at   that  time  in- 
deed, they  had  no  rational  profpecl 
of  procuring  either,   any  more  than 
of  being  able  to  vidual  a  floop,  if 
they  had  had  one  ready  built  ;  yet 
they  had  no  focner  placed  their  de- 
liverance one  remove  beyond  total 
impoffibility,   than   they  ieemed   to 
think  it  neither  improbable  nor  dif- 
ficult ;  they  began  to  eat   without 
farther  repining,  and  that  moment 
the  boat  engroffed  their  whole  con- 
verfation  ;  and  they  not  only   de- 
bated upon  the  fize  aftd  manner  of 
rigging  her,  but  to  what  port  they 
fhould    fleer  her,    whether   to  the 
CapeorDelagoe. 

As  foon  as  they  had  finiflied  their 
repaft,    fome   went    in   fearch    of 
z 


tools,  others  to  mend  the  tent  j 
no  tools  however  were  found  that 
day. 

Saturday,  July  19,  they  fecured 
four  butts  ot  water,  one  cafk  of 
flour,  one  hogfhead  of  brandy,  and 
one  of  their  little  boats,  which  had 
been  thrown  up  by  the  tide,  in  a 
fhattered  condition  ;  but  they  found  - 
no  tools  except  a  fcraper. 

Sunday,  July  20,  they  had  the 
good  fortune  to  find  a  hamper,  in 
which  there  were  files,  fail-needles, 
gimblets,  and  an  azimuth  compafs- 
card.  They  alfo  found  two  qua- 
drants, a  carpenter's  adze,  a  chifTel, 
and  three  fword-blades,  and  a  cheft 
of  treafure.  This  fearch  was  made 
very  early  in  the  morning,  as  there 
had  been  a  prodigious  furf  rolling 
in  all  the  day  before,  by  which 
it  was  reafonable  to  fuppofe  fome- 
thing  would  be  thrown  up.  At 
ten  o'clock  they  all  afTembled  to 
prayers,  and  did  not  go  out  again 
till  after  dinner,  when  they  found 
mod  of  the  packets  of  letters  be- 
longing to  the  king  and  the  com- 
pany ;  thefe  they  carefully  dried 
and  laid  by. 

The  fame  day,  as  they  were 
fearching  about  the  beach,  they 
found  the  body  of  a  gentlewoman, 
which  they  knew  to  be  that  of 
Mrs.  Collet,  the  wife  of  their  fe- 
cond  mate,  who  was  then  at  a 
little  diftance  from  the  fpot.  The 
mutual  affedion  of  this  couple  was 
remarkably  tender^  and  Mr.  Jones, 
the  firfl  mate,  immediately  flepped 
afide  to  Mr.  Collet,  and  found 
means  to  take  him  to  the  other  fide 
of  the  rock,  while  the  other  two 
mates,  the  carpenter,  and  fome 
others,  dug  a  grave  in  the  bird's 
dung,  in  which  they  depohted  the 
"body,  reading  over  it  the  burial 
fervice,  from  a  French  prayer-bock, 
which  had  driven  aihore  with  her 

fro  fa 


EXTRAORDINARY     ADVENTURES.      I91 


from  the  wreck.  Having  thus  paid 
the  debt  of  humanity  to  the  dead, 
and  concealed  from  Mr.  Collet  a 
fight  which  would  mod  fenfibly,  if 
not  fatally,  have  affed^ed  him,  they 
found  means,  after  fome  days,  to 
difclofe  to  him  by  degrees  what 
they  had  done,  and  to  give  him 
the  vyeddirig  ring,  which  they  had 
taken  from  her  finger.  He  received 
it  with  great  emotion,  and  after- 
wards fpent  many  days  in  raifing  a 
monument  over  the  grave^  by 
piling  up  the  fquareft  ftones  he  could 
find,  on  the  top  of  which  he  fixed 
an  elm  plank,  and  infcribed  it  with 
her  name,  her  age,  the  time  of 
her  death,  and  fome  account  of 
the  fatal  accident  by  which  it  was 
occafioned. 

On  Monday,  July  21,  they  fe- 
cured  fome  more  water  and  pork, 
and  found  fome  timber,  plank, 
cordage,  and  canvas.  Thefe  they 
fecured  with  great  joy  foT  the  boat, 
though  as  yet  they  were  in  want 
of  many  implements,  without 
which  it  was  impoflible  for  the 
carpenter -to  work.  He  had  jull 
finiihed  a  faw,  but  he  had  neither 
hammer  nor  nails.  It  happened, 
however,  that  one  of  the  leamen, 
Hendrick  Scantz,  a  Swede,  having 
picked  up  an  old  pair  of  bellov^s, 
brought  them  to  his  companions, 
and  told  them,  that  he  had  been  by 
profelFion  a  Imith,  and  that  with 
thefe  bellows  and  a  lorge,  which 
he  hoped  they  would  be  able,  by  his 
diredlion,  to  build,  he  could  furnifli 
the  carpenter  with  all  the  tools  he 
would  want,  nails  included,  as 
plenty  of  iron  might  be  obtained 
by  burning  the  timber  which  had 
come  on  iliore  from  the  wreck* 
This  account  was  received  with 
a  tranfport  of  joy  ;  the  fiv.ith  im- 
mediately applied  himfelf  to  mend 
the  bellows,  and   the  three  follow- 


ing days  were  fpent  in  building  a 
tent  and  a  forge,  in  bringing  toge- 
ther the  timber  and  plank  for  the 
carpenter's  ufe,  who  was  alfo  bufy 
in  getting  ready  the  few  tools  he 
had,  that  he  might  begin  the  boat 
as  foon  as  poflible. 

Thurfday,  July  24,  the  carpen- 
ter, affifted  by  Chelholm  the  quar- 
ter-mafter,  began  to  work  upon  the 
keel  of  the  boat,  which  they  had 
determined  fhould  be  a  floop,  thirty 
feet  long,  and  twelve  wide.  This 
day  alfo  the  fmith  finifhedhis  forge, 
and  laid  in  a  quantity  of  fir  for  fuel. 
From  this  time  the  carpenter  and 
fmith  continued  to  work  with  inde- 
fatigable diligence,  except  when 
they  were  prevented  by  the  wea- 
ther ;  the  fmith  having  fortunately 
found  the  ring  and  nut  of  a  bowcf 
anchor,  which  ferved  him  for  an 
anvil,  fupplied  chilTels,  axes,  ham- 
mers, nails,  as  they  wanted,  and 
the  carpenter  ufed  them  with  great 
dexterity  and  difpatch,  till  the  31ft, 
when  he  fell  fick. 

As  the  lives  of  the  whole  com- 
pany depended  upon  the  carpenter, 
they  watched  his  recovery  with  the 
utmoll  impatience  and  anxiety,  and, 
to  their  unfpeakable  joy,  he  was  i'o 
far  recovered  on  the  2d  of  Auguft, 
as  to  return  to  his  work. 

In  the  mean  time  the  ftores  v^hich 
they  had  faved  from  the  wreck  were 
fo  near  exhaufled,  that  they  came 
to  an  allowance  of  two  ounces  of 
bread  a  man  per  day,  and  had  no 
fait  pork,  except  what  they  were 
determined  to  keep  10  victual  .the 
boat  ;  water  alfo  fell  fliort.  In  this 
dillrels  they  had  recourfe  to  feve- 
ral  expedients  ;  they  dug  a  well', 
in  hop6s  to  find  a  fpring  ;  but  were 
difaopoinied  j  they  attempted  ta 
knock  dovvn  fome  of  the  ganreis 
that  fettled  on  he  top  of  the  reck, 
and  in  this  they  bad  fome  fuccefs  ; 
U  2  but 


29 


ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758. 


but  they  found  the  fleih  very  rank, 
of  a  fifhy  talle,  and  as  black  as  a 
Ihoe.  They  alfo  made  a  raft  or 
float,  called  a  catamaran,  on  which 
they  purpofed  to  go  out  a  fiQiing, 
with  fuch  hooks  and  lines  as  had 
come  afhore.  They  killed  alfo 
fonie  feals,  but  all  thofe  who  eat  of 
them  were  fick. 

When  they  were  driven  to  great 
diilrefs,     they    killed    a  hog,    but 
they  had  generally  fuccefs  in  fifliing 
on  a  float,  and  they  fometimes  fenc 
out  two  at  a  lime.     It  happened, 
however,  that  Mr.  Collet  the  fe- 
cond   mate,    and     Mr.    Yets    the 
'midlhipman,  were  very  near  being 
driven  out   to  fea  on  one  of  thefe 
floats,  where  they  would  inevitably 
have   perifhed. — On    the    2Dth  of 
Auwuft  they  had  been    fifliing   all 
the  afternoon,  til  labour  four  o'clock, 
when    they  weighed,    and  endea- 
voured to  come  in  again,   but  the 
wind  fuddenly  frefliening  up  to  the 
weilward,  they  found,  that  inftead 
of  gaining  a-head,   they  drove  out 
very   faft.       The    people  on   fliore 
perceived   their  diltrefs,  but  knew 
not    how   to  affiil  them  j    at  laft, 
however,     they   fent   out    another 
float,  with  killicks  and  ropes,  which 
they  hoped  would  enable  them    to 
ride   till   the    wind     became  more 
moderate ;     but    the    furf  was    fo 
great,  that  it  overfet  three  times, 
and    the    men     were    obliged    to 
fwim    back.      In  the   mean   time, 
they  faw   their  friends  driving  out 
to  fea  at  a  great  rate,    and  were 
juft  giving  them   up  to  inevitable 
deftruftion,     when    the   carpenter 
fent    them   word,    that   he   would 
make  the  little-  boat  fo  tight,  that 
ftie    fhould     not    take    in    water, 
fafler  than  one  man   could  lave   it 
out.     This  gave  them  frefli  hope, 
»nd  every  one  was  ready  to  ven- 
tre out   for  the    deliverance    of 


their  friends.  The  carpenter  dif- 
patched  the  boat  in  a  quarter  of  an 
hour,  and  flie  foon  overtook  the 
float,  and  took  Collet  and  Yets 
on  board.  They  foon  found,  how- 
ever, that  the  water  gained  very 
faft  upon  them,  notwithftanding 
their  utmofl:  efforts,  and  when  ftie 
came  in,  flie  was  lo  full  of  water, 
that  in  a  few  minutes  flie  mull  have 
funk. 

As  they  were  now  afraid  of  ven- 
turing any   more  on  the  raft,  the 
carpenter  went  again   to  work  on 
the   little  boat,   and  put  her  into 
com  pleat  repair.      Their  fuccefs  in 
fifliing  was  very  uncertain  ;  fome 
times    they   took  great   quantities, 
and  fometimes  they  took  none.  Nor 
were  the  fupplies  they  gained  on 
fliore  lefs   precarious ;    the  gannets 
would  fometimes  fettle  in  amazing 
numbers  like  a  cloud,  and  fome- 
times   they   would     totally   difap- 
pear  for  feveral  days  together.  This 
made  them  very  defirous  of  finding 
fome  way  to  preferve  the  food  they 
caught    from     putrefaction,      that 
they    might    lay    by    the    furplus 
of  a  fortunate  day,  to  ferve  them 
when     neither    gannets    nor    fifli 
were   to   be  caught.      They  made 
feveral  attempts  to  cure  both  their 
fifli  and  their   fowl    by    fmoaking 
it,  but  without  fuccefs.    They  then 
attempted  to  make  fait,    but    this 
had    like    to    have  been    fatal   ta 
them  all.     The  fmith  had  mended 
a  copper  veflel  for  the  experiment, 
and   they    immediately    began    to 
work,  without  knowing   that  their 
procefsin  falt-making  would  difl'olve 
the  forface  of  the  copper,  into  ver- 
digreefe,  and  that  this  folution  or 
ruft  of  copper   was   poifon.     Salt, 
however,    was   procured,    but    the 
quality  that  made  it  poifonous  hap- 
pened   to    abound  in   fuch    a  de- 
gree, as  to  make  it  intolerably  of- 

fcnfivc 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES. 


93 


fenfive  to  the  tafle;  it  was  therefore 
thrown  away,  but  thofe  who  had 
ventured  to  palate  i'l,  were  feized 
with  violent  cholics,  cold  fweats, 
and  retchings,  which  fufficiently 
convinced  them  of  the  danger  they 
had  efcaped. 

Wednefday,  Sept.  3.  They  had 
now  been  inhabitants  of  this  de- 
folate  rock,  ever  fmce  the  17th 
of  July,  near  feven  weeks,  and 
during  this  time  they  had  often 
feen  a  great  fmoke  on  the  main 
land,  which  made  them  very  de- 
sirous to  fend  the  boat,  to  try 
what  afliftance  might  be  obtained 
from  thence.  On  this  day,  there- 
fore, Bothwell,  Rofenbury,  and 
Taylor,  fet  out  on  the  difcovery, 
and  at  night  the  people  on  fhore 
made  a  large  fire  on   the  hioheil 


the 


rocic,  as  a 


iignal 


to 


part   of 
them. 

While     they    were    waiting  the 
return  of  the  boat,    they  were  all 
thrown   into  the  utmort  conJderna- 
tion    by  an    accident  which   hap- 
pened  to   the  carpenter,    who   un- 
fortunately   cut    his    leg    with  an 
adze,    in   fuch  a   manner    that  he 
was    in  great  danger  of   bleeding 
to  death,  they  having  no  furgeon 
among  them,  nor  any  ching  propei- 
to  apply  to  the  wound.     At  length, 
however,  tho'  with  much  difficulty, 
the  blood  was  ftaunched,    and   the 
wound    healed    without    any    bad 
fymptom  intervening. 

Saturday,  Sept.  6.  The  weather 
having  been  fair  for  48  hours, 
they  impatiently  expeded  the  re- 
turn of  the  boat.  At  noon  they 
became  very  uneafy  at  having  feen 
nothing  of  her;  but  juft  as  they 
were  fitting  down  to  dinner,  they 
were  agreeably  furprifed  by  two  of 
their  people,  who  came  running 
over  the  rock,  crying  our,  t/hn 
hoat !  the  boat!   They    all   darted 


up,  overjoyed  at  the  found,    and 
ran  to  fee  her  come  in,    with  great 
hopes    that    (he    had     fucceeded ; 
but  they   foon  diftinguifhed,    that 
fhe  was  rowed  only   by   one  man, 
who   plied  both  oars  :    they   con- 
cluded,   therefore,    that  the  other 
two   were   loft   or  detained ;     but 
prefently  they  faw  another  get  up 
from     the    bottom   of    the     boat, 
where  it  was  fuppofed  he  had  lain 
down  for  a  fhort  refrefliment,  and 
then  the  boat  came  forward  fome- 
what  fafter,  though  ftill  at  a   flow 
rate.      The  dinner  was    now    en- 
tirely forgot,    and  after  they  had 
waited  an  hour  on  the  beach  with 
the    utmoft  impatience,    the   boat 
came    in.       The    two   men   were 
Rofenbury   and  Taylor,    who,  the 
moment  they  ftept  on  Ihore,  threw 
themfelves  on  their  knees,    and  ia 
fhort    but  earnell  ejaculations   re- 
turned thanks   to  God  for  having 
once     more    fet    them    fafe    upon 
this  place,  which,  barren    and  de- 
folate    as  it    was,    they  now    con- 
fidered   as  an  afylum   from  a  fitu- 
ation    of    much    greater    diftrefs. 
Having  exerted  their  utmoft  effort 
to  bring  the  boat  in,  their  ftrength 
forfook  them  at   once,    and    they 
werenotable  to  rife  from  theground 
without  afliftance. 

As  foon  as   they   were  got  over 
to  the  tent,  every  body  was    bufy 
to  procure  them   fome  refrefhment, 
for  they  found  that  the  boat  was 
quite    empty     both    of  provifions 
and    water.      They   dreffed    them 
fome  fifh,  with  as    much  hafte  as 
they   could  ;    and    perceiving  that 
they    were    quite   exhaufted    with 
watching  and  labour,  they  left  them 
when  they  had  eaten  their   meal, 
without  aflcing  any  queftions,  and 
they      immediately      fell     afleep. 
The    behaviour    of    thefe    honeft 
failors   to    their  mefs- mates,    was 
y  3  an 


294       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


an  uncommon  inftanceof  hearty 
kindnefs,  and  generous  felf-denial  ; 
the  impatience  of  their  curiofity 
muil  have  been  both  increafed 
andjuftified  in  proportion  as  they 
were  interefted  in  the  account 
that  was  to  gratify  it ;  yet  even  this 
curiofity,  in  which  life  itfelf  was 
concerned,  they  had  the  kindnefs 
and  the  fortitude  to  reprefs,  rather 
than  delay  the  refrefliment  of  others 
for  its  gratification. 

The  accouj[it  which  was  given  by 
the  two  adventurers  when  they 
awoke,  was  to  this  eitedi : 

About  three  o'clock  on  the  day 
they  fet  out,  they  got  round  a 
point,  about  fix  leagues  eaft  of  the 
rock*  ;  as 'they  approached,  it  had 
the  appearance  of  a  double  point, 
which  encouraged  them  to  hope, 
that  between  the  two  points  they 
Ihould  find  an  harbour  ;  but  in  this 
hope  they  were  difappointed,  for 
they  found  a  large  furf  all  along  the 
coaft.  However,  about  five  o'clock, 
having  feen  only  one  of  the  na- 
tives, they  ventured  to  pull  in  for 
the  fliore,  but  the  moment  they 
got  into  the  furf,  the  boat  over- 
fet.  By  this  accident  poor  Both- 
well  was  drowned,  and  the  other 
two,  who  reached  the  fhore  in  an 
exhaufted  and  feeble  condition, 
were  left  deftitute  of  every  kind 
of  provifion,  except  a  fmail  keg 
of  brandy.  As  foon  as  they  had 
a  little  recovered  their  llrength, 
they  crawledf  along  the  Ihore  to 
feek  for  the  boat,  having  no  other 
hope  of  fhelter  from  the  wild  beafls, 
which  might  be  expeded  to  come 
abroad  in  the  night.  After  fome 
fearch  they  found  her,  but  they  were 


too  weak  to  get  her  up,  and  dark- 
nefs  coming  on,  they  were  obliged 
to  lie  d  >wn  upon  the  fand,  with 
no  other  coverino:  than  the  branrhes 
of  a  tree,  ar.d  in  this  condition 
they  pafi"ed  the  night.  As  foon 
as  thf  morning  dawned,  they  went 
again  to  look  for  the  boat,  which 
the  furf  had  driven  from  where 
they  left  her.  As  they  walked 
along  the  coaft  they  faw  a  man, 
and  advanced  towards  him,  upon 
which  he  ran  away  into  the  woods, 
that  lay  near  the  beach,  and  were 
very  thick.  They  went  on,  and 
foon  after  difcovered  the  body  of 
their  companion  Bothwell,  which 
had  been  dragged  up  the  fand  a 
confiderable  diftance  from  the 
water,  and  torn  to  pieces  by  fome 
wild  beaft.  This  terrified  them 
exceedingly,  arid  having  found  the 
boat,  the  dread  of  pafling  another 
night  on  {here  determined  them 
immediately  to  return.  They  were, 
however,  prevented  in  the  attempt 
by  a  frefli  gale  at  well,  and  be- 
fore they  could  put  back,  the  boat 
overfet  with  them  a  fecond  time, 
and  drove  with  them  along  the 
fhore.  After  much  firuggling  and 
fwimming,  they  got  once  more 
fafe  on  the  land  :  but  as  they 
had  now  been  failing  ever  fince 
three  o'clock  the  day  before,  they 
were  fainting  with  hunger  and 
fatigue.  It  happened,  however, 
that  they  met  with  a  fruit  re- 
fembling  an  apple,  which  they 
eagerly  gathered  and  cat,  without 
knowing  either  its  name  or  its 
quality.  By  good  fortune  it  did 
them  no  harm  ;  and  being  fome- 
what  rcfrelhed  by    their  antcdilu- 


*Itdoesnot  appear  by  any  map,  that  in  lat.  33.  ^o.  250  leagues  eaft  of 
the  Cape,  the  Aippofed  fituation  of  their  rock,  theyconld  be  within  fix  leagues 
of  any  part  of  the  main  land'j  they  muft  tlierefore  be  all  miitaken  in  iheir 
reckoning. 

•■*  ■  viari 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES 


vian  repall,  they  made  fhift  to 
haul  the  boat  on  fhore,  and  turn- 
ing it  upfide  down,  they  crept 
under  it  to  deep,  being  thus  very 
well  fheltered  from  the  fun,  and 
fccured  againft  the  wild  beafts. 
Thofe  who  know  the  irrefiftiblc 
power  of  fleep,  after  long  watch- 
ing and  excefiive  labour,  will  not 
conclude  that  their  firft  flumber 
was  Ihort,  becaufe  their  fituation 
was  incommodious  or  infecure ; 
they  waked,  however,  before  the 
next  morning,  and  peeping  under 
the  edge  of  the  boat,  they  could 
difcern  the  feet  of  feveral  creatures, 
which  by  their  claws  they  fuppof- 
ed  to  be  tygeri,  pafs  by  th^m 
to  and  again.  This  was  a  fuffi- 
cient  motive  to  remain  in  their 
refting- place  till  the  morning,  when 
they  looked  out  again,  and  faw 
the  feet  of  a  man.  Upon  this  dif- 
covery  they  came  from  under  the 
boat,  to  the  great  allnoilhment  of 
the  poor  favage,  and  two  other 
men  and  a  boy,  who  were  at  fome 
diliance.  When  they  had  got  all 
together,  and  were  a  litil^  recover- 
ed from  their  furprife,  they  made 
figns  to  the  failors  to  go  away, 
which  they  endeavoured  to  do, 
though  they  were  able  to  move 
"but  very  (lowly.  Before  they  had 
gone  far  from  the  b^at,  a  confider- 
able  number  of  the  natives  ran 
down  upon  them  with  their  launces. 
It  happened  that  Rofenbury  had 
picked  up  the  mail  of  the  boat 
and  a  piilo!  which  had  been  waih- 
cd  on  (hore,  as  he  went  along ; 
being  thus  armed,  when  the  In- 
dians came  down  upon  him,  and 
being  befides  unable  to  run,  he 
imprudently  turned  about,  and  ex- 
erting all  his  llrength,  advanced  to- 
wards them  in  a  threatning  manner, 
fuppofing  they  would  have  been 
(eized  with  a  panic  and  recreated 


295 

into  the  woods.  It  happened,  how- 
ever, that  he  was  miftaken  ;  for 
inftead  of  running  away  they  fur- 
rounded  him,  and  began  to  whet 
their  launces.  Taylor  thought  it 
was  now  time  to  try  what  could 
be  done  by  fupplication  ;  he  there- 
fore threw  himfelf  on  his  knees,  and 
in  a  piteous  tone  cried  out  for  mer- 
cy; but  Rofenbury  took  refuge  in 
the  water.  The  favages  irjn medi- 
ately came  up  to  Taylor,  and  began 
to  ftrip  him  ;  he  fufFered  them 
quietly  to  take  his  (hoes  and  his 
(hirt,  but  when  they  attacked  his 
trowfers  he  made  fome  refiftance, 
and  by  his  gellures,  inireated  they 
would  not  leave  him  quite  naked, 
upon  which  they  thought  (it  to  defjft. 
They  then  made  figns  for  Rofen- 
bury to  come  to  them,  who  was  all 
this  while  fwimming  about  in  the 
fea  ;  but  he  refufed,  and  made  fi^ns 
that  they  would  kill  him.  They 
then  pointed  to  Taylor,  intimat- 
ing that  they  had  not  killed  him  : 
upon  this  he  came  forward,  and 
having  (irft  thrown  them  his  piftol, 
and  all  his  cloaths  but  his  Ihirt,  he 
ventured  to  put  himfelf  in  their 
hands.  When  he  came  up  they 
offered  him  no  violence,  only  held 
the  boat's  maft  and  the  piftol  to 
him,  by  way  of  deriding  the  folly 
of  his  attempt  to  frighten  them. 
They  fecmed  to  be  very  much  pleaf- 
ed  with  the  cloaths,  which  they 
divided  among  them  as  far  as  they 
would  go.  Then  they  began  to 
rifle  the  boat,  and  having  taken 
all  the  rope  they  could  find,  and 
the  hook  by  which  the  rudder 
huog  to  the  Itern-polt,  they  began 
to  knock  the  ftern  to  pieces,  for 
the  iron  which  they  faw  about 
it.  Next  to  knocking  the  poor 
wretches  on  the  head,  this  was  the 
word  thing  they  could  do,  and, 
rough  as  they  were,  they  burft  into 
U  4  tcan 


296       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 

tears  at  the  injury  that  was  offered  to 
their  boat,  and  intreated  the  favages 
to  liefill,  with  fuch  agony  ol  diilrefs 
that  they  fuffcied  the  boat  to  re- 
main as  they  found  it.  Encouraged 
by  this  appearance  of  placability 
and  kindnef>,  and  urged  by  hun- 
ger, they  aflced  by  figns,  for  fome- 
thing  to  eat  ;  this  requeft  was  alfo 
granted,  and  having  given  them 
Jome  roots,  they  again  made  figns 
for  them  to  depart  ;  upon  which 
they  once  more  launched  their  boat, 
and  got  into  it,  but  the  wind  blow- 
ing itrong  from  the  weft,  they  could 
not  put  off.  The  natives  per- 
ceiving that  they  were  willing  to 
comply  with  their  defires,  but  not 
able,  covered  them  with  the  boat 
to  fleep  under,  and  left  them  as  they 
had  found  them.  The  next  morn- 
ing, the  weather  being  fine,  and  the 
wind  eafterly,  they  launched  the 
boat  a  third  time,  and  returned 
back  to  the  rock. 

From  this  time  till  Sunday  the 
jgth  of  September,  the  carpenter 
and  fmith  continued  to  work  upon 
the  boat,  and  the  people  were 
buiy  in  getting  in  from  time  to 
time  what  was  thrown  up  from  the 
wreck,  particularly  cordage  and 
canvas,  to  rig  the  boat,  and  fome 
cafks  of  frefli  water,  which  they 
were  very  follicitous  to  keep  for  fea- 
flores,  as  their  efcape  in  the  boat 
{"carce  depended  lefs  upon  frelh  wa- 
ter than  upon  the  fails  themfelves. 
On  this  day,  after  they  had  been  at 
prayers,  a  duty  which  was  regular- 
ly and  publicly  performed  every 
Sunday,  the  officers  difcovered  that 
the  .cheft  of  treafure  had  been 
broke  open,  and  the  greater  part 
of  'it  taken  away  and  concealed. 
It  may  perhaps  be  thought  Itrange, 
that  people,  whom  danger  had 
made  religious,  ihould  at  the  fame 
time  be  guilty  of  theft ;  but,  upon 


this  occafion,  it  fhould  i»e  remem- 
bered, that  as  foon  as  the  (hip  is 
loft,  the  failors  lofe  their  pay,  'and 
the  captain  his  command  ;  every 
diftindiion  and  fubordination  that 
fubfifted  on  fhip-board  is  at  an  end  ; 
and  whacever  is  calt  on  fhore  from 
the  wreck  is,  by  the  failors,  con- 
fidered  as  common  property.  The 
men  therefore,  who  thought  fit 
fecretly  to  take  what  they  deemed 
their  Ihare  of  this  treafure,  were 
not,  in  their  own  opinion,  guilty 
of  dilhonefty,  but  intended  only 
to  fecure  what  they  feared  the  offi- 
cers would  monopolize,  and  by 
this  means  prevent  difputes,  which, 
in  their  circumftances,  might  pro- 
duce fatal  effefts.  The  officers, 
however,  when  they  difcovered 
what  had  been  done,  and  found 
that  nobody  would  own  they  knew 
any  thing  about  it,  propofed 
to  write  thef  form  of  an  oath, 
and  adminifter  it  feparately  to 
every  individual,  the  officers  to 
take  it  firft.  But  to  this  the  ma- 
jority immediately  objefted ;  for 
though  they  might  not  fuppofe 
they  had  committed  a  crime  by 
taking  the  treafure,  they  knew  it 
would  be  not  only  immoral,  but 
impious,  to  fwear  they  had  not 
taken  it.  As  the  minority  were  not 
in  a  condition  to  fupport  their  mo- 
tion, the  affair  was  fuffered  to  reft, 
without  further  enquiry  or  renion- 
ftrance. 

On  the  6th  of  Odober  they 
found  a  fowling-piece  ;  this  was 
a  joyful  acquifition,  and  though 
the  barrel  was  much  bent,  it  was 
foon  made  ferviceable  by  the  car- 
penter, and  ufed  with  great  fuc- 
cefs  in  (hooting  the  birds,  which 
before  they  had  no  way  of  taking 
but  by  knocking  them  down  with 
a  ftick. 

Pa 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES.   297 


On  Friday,  Oftober  ii,  they 
perceived  the  gannets,  which  had 
of  late  forfaken  them,  to  hover 
again  about  the  rock  in  great 
numbers,  and  were  in  hopes  they 
would  fettle  to  lay  their  eggs,  in 
which,  to  their  great  joy,  they 
were  not  dilappointed  :  for  after 
this  time  they  were  conftanily  fup- 
plied  with  eggs  in  great  plenty, 
till  the  beginning  of  January,  when 
the  feafon  cf  laying  was  pall. 

On  Sunday,  October  20,  Mr. 
Collet,  Mr.  Webb,  and  two 
others,  ventured  out  once  more 
on  the  float,  but  the  wind  fpring- 
ing  up  very  frelh,  the  float  broke 
Joofe,  and  drove  them  to  the  other 
fide  of  the  rocks.  The  wind  ftill 
rifing  and  the  fea  running  very 
high,  it  was  impofiible  for  the 
boat  to  put  out ;  they  were  there- 
fore obliged  to  remain  all  night 
among  the  feals  on  the  rocks,  with- 
out any  flielter  or  refrefhment. 
But  in  this  fituation,  however 
dreadful,  they  received  great  com- 
fort, from  reflefting  how  much 
more  dreadful  it  would  have  been, 
if  inftead  of  being  driven  to  the 
rocks,  their  float  had  been  carried 
out  to  fea.  It  was  noon  the  next 
day  before  the  wind  abated,  and 
then  the  boat  ventured  ofl^;  but  as 
the  waves  Itill  ran  high,  it  could 
bring  in  no  more  than  two  at  a 
time,  leaving  the  float  behind 
them.  They  had  now  fome  rainy 
weather,  which  proved  very  ac- 
ceptable, as  they  contrived  to  fave 
fome  of  the  water  for  fea-ftores  ; 
but  they  were  dill  in  great  want 
of  bread,  having  lived  many  days 
on  fliort  allowance.  As  a  laft  re- 
fource,  they  thought  of  building 
^n  oven,  for  they  had  fome 
barrels  of  flour,  though  they  had 
no  bread :  in  this  attempt  they 
fucceeded,    beyond     their    expec- 


tations, and  were  able  to  convert 
their  flour  into  a  tolerable  bifcuit. 

This  bifcuit,  however,  was  at 
length  fo  near  exhaulled,  that  they 
were  obliged  to  live  upon  a  few  oun- 
ces a  day,  without  brandy,  of  which 
only  a  fniall  qyantity  remained, 
and  this  they  preferved  inviolable 
for  the  ufe  of  the  carpenter.  They 
were  alfo  fo  fliort  of  water,  that  of 
this  they  were  allowed  but  half  a 
pint  a  day. 

In  this  condition,  however,  they 
happily  in  a  great  degree  preferved 
their  health  and  vigour,  and  on 
the  16th  of  February  they  launch- 
ed their  boat,  and  called  her  the 
Happy  Deli<verance,  On  the  I7th 
they  got  their  Uttle  pittance  of 
ftores  on  board,  and  on  the  i8th 
they  fet  fail  from  the  rock,  on 
which  they  had  lived  juft  feven 
months,  and  to  which  at  parring 
they  gave  the  name  of  Bird  IJland. 


A  fwonderful  and  affeSing  account  of 
the  pre/ervation  of  three  perfons 
buried  about  fi've  Fweeks  in  fnoiv 
fxty  feet  deep  ;  by  Dr.  Jofeph^ 
Bruni^  prfcjfor  of  philofophy  at 
Turin.  From  the  Philofophicah 
Tranfaclions, 

ASnaall  clufter  of  houfes  at  ^ 
place  called  Bergemolcttq 
near  Demonic  in  the  upper  val- 
ley of  Stura,  was  on  the  19th  of 
March  1755,  entirely  overwhelm- 
ed by  two  vaft  bodies  of  fnovv  that 
tumbled  down  from  a  neighbour- 
ing mountain.  All  the  inhabitants 
were  then  within  doors,  except 
one  Jofeph  Rochia  and  his  fon,  ^ 
lad  of  i^,  who  were  on  the  roof 
of  their  houfc  clearing  away  the 
fnow  which  had  fallen  for  three 
days   inceflantly.     A  prieft  going 


298       A  N  N  U  A  L    R  E 

by  to  mafs,  advifcd  them  to  come 
down,  having  juft:  before  obi'ervcd 
a  body  of  fnow  tumbling  from  the 
mountain  towards  them.  The  man 
defcended  with  great  precipitation, 
and  fled  with  his  fon,  he  knevv 
not  whither  ;  but  fcarce  had  he 
gone  30  or  40  (leps,  before  his 
ion,  who  followed  him,  fell  down: 
on  whrich  looking  back,  he  faw 
his  own  and  his  neighbours  houfes, 
in  which  were  22  perfons  in  all, 
covered  with  a  high  mountain  of 
fiow.  He  lifted  up  his  fon,  and 
rcfletling  that  his  wife,  his  filler, 
two  children  and  all  his  efte«Els  were 
thus  buried,  he  fainted  away;  bu-t 
foon  reviving  got  fafe  to  a  friend's 
houfe  at  fome  diftance. 

Five  days  after,  Jofeph  being 
perfedlly  recovered,  got  .upon  the 
fnow,  with  his  fon,  and  two  of  his 
wife's  brothers,  to  try  if  he  could 
find  the  exaft  place  where  his 
houfe  ftood  ;  but  after  many  open- 
ings made  in  the  fnow  they 
could  not  difcover  it.  The  month 
of  April  proving  hot,  and  the  fnow 
beginning  to  foften,  he  again  ufed 
his  utmoft  endeavours  to  recover 
his  efteds,  and  to  t^ury,  as  he 
thought,  the  remains  of  his  family. 
He  made  new  openings  and  threw 
in  earth,  to  melt  the  fnow, 
which  on  the  24th  of  April  was 
greatly  diminifhed.  He  broke 
through. ice  fix  Englifli  feet  thick, 
with  iron  bars,  thrud  down  a 
long  pole,  and  touched  the  ground, 
but  evening  coming  on,  he  de- 
fifted. 

His  wife's  brother,  who  lived 
at  Demonte,  dreamed  that  nighr, 
that  his  filler  was  fliil  alive,  and 
begged  him  to  help  her  j  the 
vnan,  affe^ed  by  his  dream,  rofe 
»arly  in  the  morning  and  went 
o  Bergemoletto,  where  Jofeph 
yas ;    and  after  refting  hinifelf  a 


G  1ST  ER,    1758. 

lictle,  went  with  him  to  work  upon 
the  fnow,  where  they  made  an- 
other opening,  which  led  them 
to  the  houfe  ihey  fearched  for : 
but  finding  no  dead  bodies  in  its 
ruins,  they  fought  for  ihe  ftable, 
v.'hich  was  about  240  Englifli  feet. 
dlllant,  which  having  found  they 
heard  a  cry  of,  Help,  my  dear 
brother.  Being  greatly  furprifed 
as  well  as  encouraged  by  thefe 
words,  they  laboured  with  all  di- 
ligence till  they  had  made  a  large 
opening,  through  which  the  bro- 
ther who  had  the  dream  imme- 
diately went  down,  where  the  filler 
with  an  agonizing  and  feeble 
voice  told  him,  /  have  alivays 
irufted  in  God  and  you^  that  you 
njuould  not  forfake  me.  The  other 
brother  and  the  hu/band  then  v.ent 
down,  and  found  Rill  alive  the 
wife  about  45,  the  filler  about 
35,  and  a  daughter  about  thirteen 
years  old.  Thefe  they  raifed  on 
their  fhoulders  to  men  above, 
who  pulled  them  up  as  if  from 
the  grave,  and  carried  them  to  a 
neighbouring  houfe :  they  were 
unable  to  walk,  and  io  walled, 
that  ihey  appeared  like  mere  fkele- 
tons.  They  were  immediately  put 
to  bed,  and  gruel  of  rye- flour  and 
a  little  butter  was  given  to  reco- 
ver them.  Some  days  after  the 
intendant  came  to  fee  them,  and 
found  the  wife  ftill  unable  to  rife 
from  bed  or  ufe  her  feet,  from  the 
intenfe  cold  fhc  had  endured,  and 
the  uneafy  pofture  fhe  had  been 
in.  'I'he  filler,  whofe  legs  had 
been  bathed  with  hot  wine, 
could  walk  with  fome  difficulty  ; 
and  the  daugncer  needed  no  farther 
remedies. 

On  the  Jntendant's  interrogat- 
ing the  women,  they  told  him, 
that  on  the  morning  of  the  19th 
of  March  they  were  in  the  liable 

with 


EXTRAORDINARY     ADVENTURES.-     299 


witli  a  boy  of  fix  years  old,  and  a 
girl  of  about  thirteen  :  in  the  fame 
liable  were  fix  goats,  one  of  which 
having    brought     forth    two   dead 
kids   the  night   before,  they  went 
'to  carry   her  a  fmall  veflel  of  rye- 
flour    gruel ;    there    were   alfo    an 
afs  and  five  or  fix  fowls.  They  were 
iliehering    themfelves   in    a    warm 
corner  of  the  llab'e  till  the  church 
bell  (hould  ring,  intending  to  at- 
tend the  fervice.  The  wife  related, 
that  wanting  to  go  out  of  the  ftable 
to  kindle  a  fire  in  thehoufe  for  her 
bulband,    who  was  clearing  away 
the  fnow  from   the  top  of  it,  fne 
perceived  a  mafs  of  fnow  breaking 
down  towards  the  eail,  upon  which 
fhe  went  back  into  the  ftable,  fliut 
the  door  and  told  her  filler  of  it. 
In  lefs  than  three  minutes  they  heard 
the  roof   break  over   their    heads, 
and  alfo  part  of  the  ceiling.     The 
fiiUr  advifed  to  get  into  the  rack 
and  manger,  which  they  did.  Thp 
afs  was  tied  to  the  manger,  but  got 
Ipofe   by   kicking   and   ftruggling, 
^nd  threw    down   the  little  veflel, 
which   they  found,  and  afterwards 
ufed    to     hold    the    melted    fnow, 
which  ferved  them  for  drink. 

Very  fortunately  the  manager  was 
under  the  main  prop  of  the  ftable, 
and  fo  refilled  the  weight  of  the 
fnow.  Their  firft  care  was  to  know 
vyhat  they  had  to  eat.  The  fifter 
faid  fhe  had  fifteen  chefnuts  in  her 
pocket  ;  the  children  faid  they  had 
breakfafted,  and  fhould  want  no 
more  that  day.  They  remembered 
there  were  thirty -fix  or  forty  cakes 
in  a  place  near  the  liable,  and  en- 
deavoured to  get  at  ihem,  but  were 
not  able  for  the  fnow.  They  called 
often  for  help,  but  were  heard  by 
none.  The  fifter  gave  two  chef- 
nuts  to  the  wife,  and  eat  two  her- 
ielf,  and    they    drank    fomc  fno.v 


water.  The  afs  was  reftlefs,  and 
the  goats  kept  bleating  for  fomc 
days ;  after  which  ihcy  heard  lio 
more  of  them.  Two  of  the  goats, 
however,  being  left  alive,  and  near 
the  n)anger,  they  felt  them,  and 
found  that  one  of  them  was  big, 
and  would  kid,  as  they  recolledled, 
about  the  middle  of  April  ;  the 
other  gave  milk,  wherewith  they 
preferved  their  lives.  During  all 
the  time  they  faw  not  one  ray  of 
light,  yet  for  about  20  days  they 
had  fome  notice  of  night  and  day 
from  the  crowing  of  the  fowls,  tili 
they  died. 

The  fecond  day,  being  very  hun- 
gry, they  eat  3|1  the  chefnuts,  and 
drank  what  milk  the  goat  yield- 
ed,v  being  very  near  t\yo  pounds  a 
day  at  fi/ft,  but  it  foon  d^creafed. 
The  third  day  they  attempted  again, 
but  in  vain,  to  get  at  the  cakes  ; 
fo  refolved  to  take  all  poflible  card 
to  fifed  the  goats ;  but  jgft  above 
the  manger  was  a  hay-lofr,  whence 
through  a  hole  the  fifter  pulled 
down  hay  into  jthe  rack,  and  gave 
it  to  the  goats  as  long  as  fhe  could 
reach  it,  and  then,  when  it  was 
beyond  her  reach  the  goats  climbed 
upon  her  fhoulders,  and  reached  it 
themfelves. 

On  the  fixth  day  the  boy  ficken- 
ed,  and  fix  days  after  defired  his 
mother,  who  all  this  time  had  held 
him  in  her  lap,  to  lay  him  at  his 
length  in  the  manger.  She  did 
fo,  and  taking  him  by  the  hand, 
felt  it  was  very  cold  ;  fhe  then 
put  her  hand  to  his  mouth,  "and 
finding  that  cold  fikewife,  fhe  gave- 
him  a  little  milk;  the  boy  then 
Cried,  O  my  father  is  in  the  fnoij  I, 
O  father,  father !  and  then  ex- 
pired. 

la    the    mean    while    the   goats 
milk    diminiftied    daily,    and    the 

fowls 


^00        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758, 


fowls  foon  after  dying  they  could 
no  longer  diilinguiOi  night  from 
day ;  but  according  to  their  reck- 
oning the  time  was  near  when  the 
other  goat  Ihould  kid,  which  at 
length  they  knew  was  come,  by 
its  cries :  the  filler  held  it,  and 
they  killed  the  kid,  to  fave  the 
milk  for  their  own  fubfiftence :  To 
they  found  that  the  middle  of  April 
was  come.  Whenever  they  called 
this  goat,  it  would  come  and  lick 
their  faces  and  hands,  and  gave 
them  every  day  two  pounds  of 
milk,  on  which  account  they  ftill 
bear  the  poor  creature  a  great  af- 
feiflion. 

They  faid,  that  during  all  this 
time,  hunger  gave  them  but  little 
uneafinefs,  except  for  the  firft  five 
or  fix  days ;  and  their  greateft  pain 
was  from  the  extreme  coidnefs  of 
the  melted  fnow  water,  which  fell 
on  them,  from  the  ftench  of  the 
dead  afs,  goats,  fowls,  &c.  and 
from  lice ;  but  more  than  all  from 
the  very  uneafy  pofture  they  were 
confined  to,  the  manger  in  which 
they  fat  fquatting  againft  the  wall, 
being  no  more  than  three  feet  four 
inches  broad. 

After  the  firft  two  or  three  days 
they  had  no  evacuation  by  ftool. 
The  melted  fnow  water  and  milk 
were  difcharged  by  urine.  The 
mother  faid  (he  had  never  flept, 
but  the  fifter  and  daughter  declared 
|hey  had  flept  as  ufual. 

Attejied  before  the  intendant  by  the 
/aid  ixjomen   the   i6tb  rf  May, 

1755- 


Extras  of  a  letter  from  Portfmouth, 
Feb.   13,    1758. 

YEllerday    arrived    here,    with 
a  meffenger  bringing  to  the 


admiralty,  in  the  greateft  hafte,  a 
perfon  who  was  immediately  intro- 
duced,   by  orders    from  above,  to 
Admiral   Bofcawen.     The  follow- 
iM<y  particulars  concerning  him  have 
tranfpired.  He  was  feme  time  fince 
mafter  of  an   Englifli  veil^l,  trad- 
ing  from    port   to  port  in    North 
America,  particularly  up  the  river 
St.  Laurence ;   but  being  taken  by 
the  enemy,  has  been  prifoner  with 
General  Montcalm  and  others  near 
three  years,  who  would  not  admit 
of  any  exchange  for   him,  on  ac- 
count  of  his  extenfive  knowledge 
of  all  the  coaft,  more  particularly 
the  ftrength  and  foundings  of  Que- 
bec and  Louiftjourg.     They  there- 
fore came   to  a  refolution  to  fend 
him    to   Old   France,  in   the  next 
packet-boat,  there   to  be  confined 
till  the  end  of  the  war.     He  was 
accordingly    embarked,    (the  only 
Englilhman)  and   the   packet    put 
on  board.     In  their  voyage  he  was 
admitted  to  the  cabin ,  where  he  took 
notice  one  day,  that  they  bundled 
up  the  packet,  and    put  it  into  a 
canvas  bag,  having  previoufly  made 
it  ready   to  be  thrown  over- board, 
upon  any  danger  of  being  taken. 

They  were  conftrained  to  put 
into  Vigo  for  fome  provifions,  as 
alfo  to  gain  fome  intelligence  of 
the  ftrength  of  the  Englifti  in  thofe 
feas ;  there  they  found  one  or  more 
Englifh  men  of  war  at  anchor. 
The  prifoner  thought  this  a  proper 
opportunity  of  putting  the  fol- 
lowing fcheme  in  execution. 
One  night  taking  the  opportunity 
of  all  but  the  watch  being  in  a 
found  fleep,  he  took  the  packet 
out  of  the  bag ;  and  having  fixed 
it  in  his  mouth,  he  filently  let 
himfelf  down  into  the  bay  ;  and 
to  prevent  noife  by  Avimming, 
floated   upon    his   back    into   the 

wake 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES. 


301 


wake  of  the  Englifh   man  of  war, 
where  he    fecured    himfelf   by  the 
hawfer,  and  upon    calling  out    for 
afliftance,   was   immediately   taken 
on  board  with  the  pacquet.     The 
captain  examined  him,  treated  him 
with  great  humanity,    gave  him  a 
fuit  of  his    own    cloaths,     fcailet 
trimmed  with  black  velvet,  which 
he    appeared   in,     tranfcribed   the 
pacquet,  which  is  faid  to  be  of  the 
utmoft    importance    in    regard     to 
our  fuccefs  in  North  America,  and 
then  fent  him   poll  over  land  with 
the   copy   of  the   pacquet  to  Lif- 
bon,  from  whence  he  was  brought 
to  Falmouth  in  afloopof  war,  and 
immediately   fet  out  poll  for  Lon- 
don.    Upon  his  arrival  in  town,  he 
was  examined  by  proper  perfons  in 
the  adminiftration,   and    rewarded 
with  a  prefent  fupply  ;  and  by  his 
own  defire,   was  immediately   fent 
to  Portfmouth,  to  go  out  on  board 
Admiral  Bofcawen's  own  Ihip,  up- 
on the  prefent  expedition  to  North 
America, 


A  faithful  narrative  of  the  dan- 
gers y  fufferingSy  and  deli<veranccs 
of  Robert  Eajiburn^  and  his  rap- 
ti^vity  among  the  Indians  in  'North 
America. 

Robert  Eaftburn,  with  about 
thirty  other  traders,  fet  out 
from  Philadelphia  for  Ofwego, 
early  in  the  fpring  of  the  year 
1756,  and  on  the  28th  of  March 
arrived  at  Captain  Williams's  forr, 
where  they  propofed  to  take  up 
their  lodging  for  that  night  ;  but 
Captain  Williams  inforniiog  them 
that  there  was  not  convenient  room 
for  them,  they  pafled  the  nieht  in 
a  building  called  the  Indian  houfe, 
at  a  fmaU  diRance  from  the  fort. 


At  ten  o'clock  in  the  mornin^ 
of  the   next   day,   Eaftburn   bein^ 
Hill   at  the  Indian  houfe  where  h® 
had    lodged,    was    alarmed    by    a 
negro    man,    who    came   running 
down    the   road,    crying  out  that 
feveral  of  the  Englilh    had   been 
taken    by    the  enemy,    who   were 
coming    forward.       Eaftburn    not 
thinking  himfelf  fafe  at  the  Indian 
houfe,  joined  a    fmall  detachment, 
confining  of  a  ferjeant  and  twelve 
men,   whom   Capt.   Williams    had 
difpatched   to  fee  if  the  report  of 
the    negro  was   true,    and    having 
marched  with  them  about  a  quarter 
of  a  mile,  he  heard    the  report  of 
a  mufquct,' which  was  inftantJy  fol- 
lowed by  the  cries  of  a  dying  man. 
As  foon   as  his    firll    furprife  was 
over,  he  advanced   to  difcover  the 
enemy,   and    foon    perceived   they 
were  too  well  prepared  for  the  re- 
ception of  his  party.     In  thefe  cir- 
cumllances  of  imminent  danger,  he 
placed  himfelf  behind  a  large  pine- 
tree,   which  he  faw  at  a  fmall  dif- 
tance,   and  while  the  enemy  were 
viewing  his  party,  he  difcharged  his 
piece    among  them,    by  which  he 
wounded  one  and   killed   another ; 
at  the  fame  time    his  party  fired, 
but   finding  it  impoflible   to  make 
a  Hand  againll  fuch  a  fuperiority  of 
numbers,  they  retreated  as  foon  as 
they  had  made  their  fire,  and  Eaft- 
burn *s  fituation  behind  the  tree  be- 
ing fuch  as  made  it  impoftible  for 
him  to  join  them,  he  was  compelled 
to  retreat  a  difi^jrent  way. 

Some  of  the  Indians  feeing  him 
go  off,  followed  his  track  in  a  light 
fnow,  but  it  is  probable  he  might 
yet  have  efcaped,  if  he  had  not  un- 
fortunately fallen  into  a  deep  bog, 
where  he  was  foon  difcovered  and 
furrounded. 

He 


301       ANNUAL    R  E  G  I  ST  E  R,  1758. 

He  was  taken  out  and   dragged 

back  to   the  main   body,    where  he 

was   inftantly    flripped     of  all    his 

cloaths,  except   a  flannel    vvaiftcoat 

without  fleeves  ;  a  rope   was    then 

put  round  his  neck,  his   arms  vveie 

pinioned  behind   him,  a  band  was 

taftened  round  his  body,  and  a  heavy 

load  placed  on  his  back  ;  in  this  con- 

dition  one  of  the  favages  Ilruck  him 

a  fevere  blow  on  his  head,  and  then 

drove  him  through  the  woods  before 

them. 

He  was    foon  after  joined  by  i8 

unhappy  wretches,  who  had  likewife 

been  made  prifoners  by   this  party, 

which  confided  of  about  loo  men  : 

they  did  not  piirfue  their  route  to- 
wards Capt.  Williams's  fort,becaufe 

Eallburn,  being  aiked  by  them  con- 
cerning its  ftrength,  gave  them  fuch  . 

an  anfwer  as  difcouraged  them  from 

attempting  It.     They  determined, 

however,   to    deftroy   another    fort 

called   Bull's  fort,  fituated    at    the 

head  of  Wood's  creek,   which  they 

foon  effeded,  and,  except  five  per- 

fons,  put  every  foul  they  found  in  it 
to  the  fword. 

After  this  exploit  they  retired  to 
the  woods  and  joined  their  main 
body,  which  confided  of  400  Frenth 
and  3C0  Indians,  commanded  by 
one  of  the  principal  gentlemen  of 
Quebec  ;  as  foon  as  they  got  to- 
gether they  threw  themfelves  on 
their  knees,  and  returjied  thanks  to 
God  for  their  vidory  ;  an  example, 
fays  Eadburn,  well  worthy  of  imi- 
tation. 

I'hey  continued  their  march  thro' 
the  woods  about  four  miles,  and 
then  it  being  dark,  and  feveral  of 
the  Indians  being  drunk,  they  en- 
camped, 

The  Indians,  according  to  their 
cudom,  foon  made  a  fire,  and 
Itrewed  round  it  fome  branches  of 


green  hemlock  to  fit  upon  ;  they 
then  went  up  to  Eadburn, and  untied 
h;s  arms,  after  which  they  tied  the 
two  ends  of  a  dring  that  was  faden- 
cd  to  the  band  which  went  round 
his  middle  to  two  trees;  two  of 
them  then  fac  down  on  the  green 
boughs,  one  on  each  fide  of  him, 
with  the  dring  that  was  fadcned 
to  his  band  under  them,  to  prevent 
his  efcape,  and  having  covered  him 
with  an  old  blanket  they  went  to 
fleep. 

They  encamped,  and  reded  much 
in  the  fame  manner  the  night  fol- 
lowing ;  and  the  next  mornings 
Sunday  the  28th,  they  rofe  very  early 
and  retreated  hadily  towards  Ca- 
nada, for  fear  of  General  Johnfon, 
who,  as  they  were  informed,  was 
on  his  march  againd  them. 

Eadburn  having  on  thisoccafion 
been  fent  for  by  the  commanding 
officer,  and  afkcd  many  quedions, 
the  officer  at  length  difcovered  that 
he  was  a  fmith,  a  circumdance 
which  probably  induced  his  ene- 
mies to  fpare  his  life,  in  hopes  that 
he  might  be  ufeful  to  them,  and  he 
was  advifed  to  fettle  in  Canada 
and  fend  for  his  wife,  with  pro- 
mifes  of  great  advantages,  which 
however  herefufed.  In  his  march 
he  fuffered  incredible  fatigue  and 
harddiip,  travelling  aln:olt  naked 
through  deep  fnow,  and  being  fre- 
quently obliged  to  wade  through 
nverr,  the  water  of  which  wanted 
but  little  of  being  as  cold  as  ice. 
Under  thefe  feveritles  he  fell  fick, 
and  had  the  mortinjaiion  to  fee  one 
of  his  friends,  who  was  in  the  fame 
circum dances,  killed  and  fcalped 
by  the  Indians,  ^becaufe  he  was  no 
longer  able  to  keep  pace  with- 
them  :  o  him,  however,  they  were 
more  merciful,  for  perceiving  that 
he  could  not  Iwallovv   their  coarfc 

food. 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES.  303 

was  appointed  to  go  in  a  battea" 
with  eight  Indians,  one  of  whom 
was  the  very  man  he  had  woanded, 
when  he  fired  from  behind  the  pine 
the  day  he  was  taken.  He  con- 
trived to  efcape  the  notice  of  this 
man  by  wrapping  himfelf  up  in  the 
old  blanket  that  had  been  given 
him  to  fleep  under  while  they  were 
in  the  boat,  but  when  they  went  on 
fhore  he  was  difcovered.  The  In- 
dian caft  his  eyes  upon  him  with  a 
kind  of  malignant  joy,  and  imme- 
diately taking  away  his  blanket  or- 
dered him  to  dance  round  the  fire 
barefoot,  and  fing  the  prifoncrsfong. 
With  this  order  Eaftburn  abfolutcly 
refufed  to  comply,  becaufe,  as  he 
fays,  he  thought  the  compliance 
finful  ;  this  fo  enraged  the  Indian, 
that  he  endeavoured  many  times  to 
pufh  him  alive  into  the  fire,  which 
he  avoided  by  jumping  over  it ;  and 
his  enemy  being  weak  with  his 
wound,  and  not  being  fecondedby 
his  aflbciates,  at  length  defifted  from 
his  attempts  ;  and  after  a  painful 
journey,  fomctimes  on  the  water, 
and  fometimes  on  the  fnow,  they 
came  at  length  to  the  upper  part  of 
Canada.  Here  it  was  Eaftburn'a 
hard  fortune  to  be  quartered  at  a 
Frenchman's  houfe,  where  his  old 
enemy,  the  wounded  Indian,  again 
appeared,  and  related  to  the  French- 
man thecircumftance  of  his  refufing 
to  dance  and  fingf.  Upon  this  the 
good  Frenchman  afiiOed  his  friend 
the  Indian  to  ftrip  pcor  Eaftburn  of 
his  flannel  veft  without  fleeves,  the 
only  garment  that  was  then  left  him. 
It  was  then  infifted  both  by  the 
F/enchman  and  Indian  that  he 
fiiould  abfolutely  dance  and  fing, 
and  upon  his  refufal  they  ufed  him 
with  great  cruelty,  and  would  pro- 
bably have  murdered  him,  if  he  had 
nor  been   refcutd  from  hi?  perfecu- 

tor*- 


food,  th^y .boiled  him  fome  choco- 
late, and  Teemed  pleafed  when  they 
perceived  that  he  eat  it. 

But  there  were  other  circum- 
ftances,  befides  cold,  and  naked- 
nef^,  and  ficknefs,  and  fatigue, 
which  made  this  march  flill  more 
dreadful  to  poor  Eaftburn.  He 
was  appointed  to  march  behind  an 
Indian,  who  had  a  large  bunch  of 
green  fcalps  hanging  at  his  back, 
which  was  increafed  as  often  as 
fome  ftraggling  wretch  was  over- 
taken, whole  fcalp  was  immediately 
added  to  the  reft.  This  objefl  be- 
ing perpetually  before  his  eyes, 
while  his  ears,  frequently  wounded 
with  the  infernal  yell  which  they 
called  the  dead  Ibout,  and  which 
they  never  fail  to  utter  when  a 
vidim  falls  into  their  hands,  filled 
him  at  once  with  grief  and  horror, 
and  aggravated  the  fufferings  of  his 
body  by  fuch  anguilh  of  mind  as 
thole  only  can  conceive  who  have 
felt. 

After  a  match  of  feven  days  they 
arrived  at  Lake  Ontario,  where 
they  were  met  by  fome  French 
batteaus  with  a  large  fupply  of 
provifions,  of  which  they  had  been 
in  fo  much  wan^  that  they  had 
fubfifted  during  fome  part  of  their 
inarch  upon  horfe-flefh,  and  had 
even  devoured  a  porcupine  with- 
out any  other  drefling  than  fufficed 
juft  to  fcorch  otF  the  hair  and 
quills. 

Eaftburn,  after  a  tedious  voyage 
with  part  of  this  company,  ar- 
rived at  Ofwegotchy,  an  Indian 
town,  where  he  hoped  to  continue 
till  warm  weather,  but  to  his 
inexpreflible  difappointment,  he 
was  ordered  the  next  day  to  pro- 
ceed 200  miles  farther  down  the 
ftream. 

To  aggravate  this  misfortune,  he 


304       ANNUAL     REGISTER,   1758. 


tors  by  the  compaffihn  of  fome 
women,  who  had  been  witneffes  of 
his  ill  treatment. 

On  the  nth  of  April  they  came 
within  fight  of  the  town  of  Conafa- 
danga,  where  they  were  foon  fur- 
rounded  by  a  large  company  of  In- 
dians, who  orc^ered  all  the  prifoners 
to  dance  and  fing  ;  many  complied, 
but  Eaftbtrn  flill  refufed  ;  he  could 
not  however  avoid  a  very  difagree- 
able  ceremony,  which  was  perform- 
ed immediately  after  the  dance  and 
fong  were  ended. 

The  dancing  and  fmging  was  as 
ufual  performed  in  the  middle  of  a 
large  circle  of  Indians,  at  a  confi- 
derable  dillance  from  an  Indian 
houfe,  the  door  of  which  was  fet 
open  ;  as  foon  as  the  fong  was 
ended,  the  circle  opened,  and  the 
prifoners  were  to  run  the  gauntlet 
to  this  houfe  ;  while  they  were  run- 
ning, the  Indians  continued  a  moll 
Vociferous  Ihout,  and  beat  them  fo 
violently  upon  the  head,  that  many 
dropped  down,  but  when  they  had 
entered  the  houfe  they  were  to  be 
beaten  no  more.  Eallburn  received 
feveral  blows  in  this  diabolical  race, 
which  he  felt  long  afterwards, 
but  he  was  notwithftanding  one  of 
the  firft  that  entered  the  afylum  ; 
he  was  treated  with  great  kindnefs 
by  the  women,  who  gave  him  and 
his  companions  boiled  corn  and 
beans,  and  warmed  them  at  a  good 
fire,  though  Hill  he  was  without 
cloaths. 

After  he  had  continued  ten  cays 
at  this  place,  he  was  fent  by  water 
with  a  fmall  parly  of  Indians  to 
another  town  called  Cohnewago, 
and  obliged  to  leave  all  his  compa- 
nions behind  him.  When  the  party 
that  efcorted  him  came  near  the 
town,  they  fhouted  to  give  notice 
that  they  had  a  prifoner^  upon  which 


the  whole   town  came  out  to  meet 
him  ;  as  the   batteau  in   which  he 
was   fitting   came    near  the   fliore, 
a  young  lodian  rudely   hauled   him 
out  of  it  into  the  water,  which  was 
knee-deep,  and  \&ry  cold.     As  foon 
as   he  had  got  on  fliore  he  was  fur- 
rounded  by  a  ring  of  Indians  to  the 
number  of  500,    who   ordered  him 
again  to  perform  the  ceremony    of 
the  fong  and  dance,    which  was  to 
be  followed  by  the  fame  race  which 
he   had 'run  at  his  former  lodging  ; 
he  did  not,  he   fays,  indulge    this 
party  by  dancing  any    more    than 
the  others,    but   he  acknowledge;d 
thai  he ^ampea/,   which,   as  he  fays, 
was    to  prepare  him   for   his  race, 
and    after   fome   time    the  Indians, 
either  »niftaking   this   ftamping  for 
dancing,    or  difpenfing   with   their 
command,    made  way   for    him  to 
run.     When  he  fet  off,    about  150 
boys,  who  had    been   prepared  for 
that  purpofe,  pelted  him  with  ftones 
and  dirt  ;  but  he  would   not   have 
received   much  damage  from   this 
volley,  if  an  Indian,  grudging  him 
his  good  fortune,  had  not  flopped 
him  as   he  was  running,  and   held 
him  till  the  boys  had  armed  them- 
felves  with  more  dirt  and  ftones  ; 
by  this  fecond  volley  he  was  wound- 
ed in  I  the  right  eye,   and  his   head 
and  face   were  fo  covered  with  diit 
that  he  could  not  fee  his   way  ;  he 
was  however    again   delivered    by 
fome    women,    who  took   pity  on 
him,   washed  his  wounds,  and  gave 
him  food. 

The  next  day  he  was  brought  to 
the  center  of  the  town,  and  there  de- 
livered to  three  young  Indians  to  be 
adopied,  and  fent  200  miles  farther 
up  the  flream,  to  a  town  called  Of- 
wegotchy. 

Thefe  young  men,  as  foon  as 
they  had   received   hiai,  told  him 

he 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES.       305 


he  was  their  brother,  and  fet  out 
with  him  for  the  place  of  their  de- 
ilination. 

When  he  arrived  at  Ofwegotchy 
he  was  adopted  by  an  old  Indian 
and  his  wife,  who,  becaufe  he  re- 
fufed  to  go  to  mafs,  employed  him 
in  hard  labour,  and  treated  him 
with  great  unkindnefs.  As  he  con- 
fidered  himfelf  to  be  fuftering  for 
confcience  fake,  he  fubmitted  with- 
out murmuring,  and  fulfilled  his 
talk,  however  fevere,  with  fuch 
diligence  and  afiiduity,  that  the  re- 
fentment  of  his  new  parents  fub- 
fided,  and  they  treated  him  like 
their  fon. 

After  he  had  continued  fome 
time  in  this  fituation,  he  faw  at 
Montreal  fome  Indians  who  were 
in  friendftiip  with  the  Englifh,  and 
had  come  thither  wiih  fome  com- 
plaint to  the  governor,  and  he 
found  means  by  fome  of  thefe  In- 
dians to  fend  a  letter  to  his  friends, 
informing  them  where  he  was,  and 
in  what  fituation. 

It  happened,  however,  that  hav- 
ing been  foon  after  detefted  in  a 
projeft  to  €fcape,  he  was  removed 
from  this  place  to  Cohnewago,  un- 
der a  itrong  guard  ;  but  at  Cohne- 
wago he  was  in  a  better  fituation 
than  before,  for  he  worked  at  his 
trade  with  a  French  fmith,  who 
paid  him  6  livres  5  fous  per  week, 
and  he  alfo  obtained  leave  of  the 
captain  of  the  guard  to  walk  where 
he  would.  , 

After  having  worked  fome  time 
at  this  place,  he  obtained  leave  to 
go  to  Montreal,  where  he  hoped 
to  get  higher  wages  ;  and  foon 
after  his  arrival  there,  he  entered 
into  partnerlhip  with  an  Englifh 
fmith,  and  continued  to  work  with 
him  till  he  heard  that  the  French 
had   made  themfekes    mailers    of 

Vol.  I. 


Ofwego,  and  foon  after  faw  the 
Britifli  ftandards  and  prifoners 
brought  into  the  town. 

Eallburn  looked  upon  thefe  tro^ 
phies  of  his  enemies  with  a  heavy 
heart,  and  as  he  was  mufing  on  the 
misfortunes  of  himfelf  and  his  coun- 
trymen, he  difcovered  among  the 
prifoners  his  own  fon,  a  lad  about 
17  years  of  age  ;  the  fon  at  the  fame 
time  fixed  his  eyes  on  his  father, 
and  the  emotions  of  both  were  fuch 
as  can  better  be  conceived  than 
defcribed,  efpecially  as  it  was  im- 
poffible  for  them  at  that  time  to 
come  near  enough  to  fpeak  to  each 
other,  and  in  fome  degree  uncer- 
tain whether  they  friould  ever  meet 
again. 

Eaftburn,  however,  foon  after  had 
the  good  fortune  to  obtain  his  fon's 
liberty.  The  officers  belonging 
ta  Ofwego  would  fain  have  had 
them  both  with  them,  for  they 
were  to  be  fent  to  Philadelphia  ;  but 
this  was  not  permitted  to  the  father, 
becaufe  he  was  an  Indian  prifoner, 
and  the  fon  refufed  to  be  reieafed 
without  him.  From  thefe  gentle- 
men, however,  he  received  many 
a6ls  of  kindnefs,  fome  giving  him 
money,  and  others  cloaths,  which 
were  yet  mo-e  welcome. 

Eallburn  having  continued  with 
his  fon  among  the  French,  and  the 
French  Indians,  till  the  22d  of  Ju- 
ly, 1757,  was  then  reieafed  on  a 
cartel,  and  arrived  at  Philsdelphia 
after  many  hardlhips  and  delays 
for  want  of  money,  on  the  26th  of 
Noveir.ber  following,  where  he  was 
relieved  with  great  liberality  by 
thofe  to  whom  his  merit  and  his 
fufFerings  were  known  ;  for,  though 
he  was  poor,  he  was  a  man  of  good 
repute,  and  much  refpeded  by  his 
fuperlors,  particularly  the  reverend 
Mr.  TenQant>   who  has  written   a 

X  recom- 


3o6       ANNUAL    RE'GISTER,    1758, 


recommendatory  preface  to  the  nar- 
rative of  his  fufferings,  from  which 
this  account  is  extradled,  and  which 
was  publifhed  at  Philadelphia  for 
the  benefit  of  himfelf  and  his  fami- 
ly, who  were  in  his  abfence  rediiced 
to  the  moil  pitiable  diftrcfs. 


^s  the  burning  of  the  Prince  George 
77tan  of  ivar.  Admiral  Broderick' s 
oivn  Jhipt  the  fate  offome  part  of 
the  cre-iUf  and  the  extraordina- 
ry efcape  of  fame  particulars,  are 
mojl  affeBing  events ;  nve  ha'ue 
gi'ven  them  in  <zvhat  appears  to  us 
the  mojl  affeSiing  manner  ;  in  the 
I'jords  of  thofe  nvho  had  them- 
fel^ves  a  part  in  that  terrible  ca- 
la7nity. 

From    the    Reverend    Mr.    Sharp , 
Chaplain. 

Glafgoiv,  offLifjon,  Jpril  20. 

ON  Thurfday  the  13th  inlL  at" 
half  an  hour  paft  one  in  the 
afternoon,  word  was  paiTed  into  the 
wardroom,  by  the  centry,  that  the 
fore  part  of  our  fhip  the  Prince 
George,  was  on  fire.  The  lieute- 
nants ran  immediately  forward,  and 
myfelf  with  many  others,  went  di- 
reftly  on  the  quarterdeck,  when 
we  found  the  whole  fhip's  crew 
was  alarmed.  The  pumps  were 
harded  out,  engines  and  buckets 
carried  forward,  and  every  imme- 
diate remedy  applied.  The  ad- 
miral, with  the  lieutenants  on 
watch,  kept  the  quarter  deck,  from 
whence  he  fent  fuch  orders  as  he 
thought  mod  expedient  for  the  pre- 
iervation  of  the  ihip,  and  the  fouls 
in  her.  Captain  Payton,  and  the 
lieutenants,  on  fearch,  found  that 
the  fire  broke  out  firft  in  the  boat- 
fvsain's  ilore-room,  to  which  place 


large  quantities  of  water  were  ap- 
plied,  but  In  vain  ;   for  the  fmoke 
was  fo  very  great  and  hot,  that  the 
poor  creatures   could  not  get  near 
enough  to  the  flr.mes  for  their  la- 
bour to  have  any  cffedt.   On  which 
Captain  Payton  ordered  fcuttles  to 
be  n^ade,  that  the  water  might  be 
poured  in  by  that  means ;  but  there 
he  was  defeated  likewife,  for  only 
two  carpenters  could  be  found,  and 
they  had  nothing  to  work  with  for 
a  long   time    but  a  hammer  and 
chifiel  each.     The  lower-gun  deck 
ports   were   then   opened,  but  the 
water  that  flowed  in  was  not  fuffi- 
cient  to  (lop   the   violence  of  the 
flames.     He  ordered  likewife  the 
powder  room  to  be  wetted,  left  the 
Ihip  fliouid  immediately  be  blown 
up,  and  every  foul  perifli  in  an  in- 
ftant.     This  had  the  defired  efi^eft, 
and  for  fome  minutes  we  had  glim- 
mering hopes.  I  mention  the  above 
particulars,  as  I  was  below  myfelf, 
worked  with  the  men   as  long  as  I 
could  fl:andit,  went  up  for  air,  and 
returned  again  inftantly,  and  con- 
fequently  an  eye  witnefs,  therefore 
declare  them  as  fa£ls.  The  fire  foon 
increafed,  and  raged  violently   aft 
on   the   larboard   fide  ;  and  as  the 
deflrudlion    of  the   fhip    was    now 
found   inevitable,  the  prefervation 
of  the  admiral   was  firlt  confulted. 
Captain  Payton  came  on  the  quar- 
ter deck,  and  ordered  the  barge  to 
be  manned,  into  which  the  admiral 
entered  with  near  forty  more ;  for 
now  there  was  no  difiindlion,  every 
man's    life   was   equally   precious. 
The  admiral     finding    the    barge 
would  overfct,  ftripped  himfelf  na- 
ked, and  committed  himfelf  to  the 
mercy  of  the  waves,  and  after  toil- 
ing an  hour  he  was  at  length  taken 
up  by  a  merchantman's  boat.  Cap- 
tain Payton  kept  the  quarter-deck 

an 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES.  307 

guifh  it,  but  the  fmoke  was  fo  vio- 
lent,   no   perfbn    could    get  near 
enough  to  find   where  the  fire  was- 
About  half  pall  two   we  made  the 
fignal  of  diftrefs ;  but  to  render  our 
fituation    more  wretched,  the  fog 
came  on  very  thick,  and  the  wind 
frefhed,  and  it  was  near  four  before 
the  Glafgow  and  Alderney  got  in- 
telligence of  our  condition;  when 
they   repeated  the  fignal,    hoilled 
out  their  boats,  and  Hood  towards 
us ;  but  they  not  knowing  we  had 
taken    care   to  float   our    powder, 
were   under  fad  apprehenfions  we 
might  blow  up,  and  therefore  could 
not  (confident  with  their  own  fafe- 
ty)  give   us   the  aflillance  our  de- 
plorable condition   rendered  us  fo 
much   in  need  of.     We  attempted 
to  fcutlle  the  decks  to  let  the  water 
on  the  fire,  but  the  people  could 
not  ftancl  a  minute   without    being 
near   fuffocated.     About   halfpait 
four  the  fmoke  increafed,  and  the 
flames   began  to  break   out ;    the 
admiral  then  ordered  the  boats   to 
be  hoirtedour,  got  the  barge   out, 
and  went  off,  promifing  to  bring  a 
Ihip  along-fide  of  us.     I   obferved 
her  fofuU,  her  gunwale  was  almoft 
with  the  water,  and,  in  a  few  mi- 
nutes after,  faw'her  fink  at  fome 
diilance  a  ftern,  and  not  above  three 
or  four   were    faved   out   of   near 
forty,  among  whom  it  pleafed  God 
to    preferve    the    admiral.      The 
weather  was    now   become    clear, 
but    none    of    the    merchantmen 
would  come  near  us.     Our  officers 
behaved  well,  and  endeavoured  to 
keep  the  people  to  the  pumps  and 
drawing  water,  but  they  now  were 
become  quite  ungovernable.  About 
a  quarter  before  five  Captain  Pay- 
ton  left  the    l.'ip,  and  promifed  as 
the  admiral  ;   but  was  not  able    to 
accomplifh  it.  About  five  the  long- 
X  3  boat 


an  hour  after  the  admiral  left  it, 
when  he  happily  got  into  a  boat 
from  the  ftern-ladder,  and  was  put 
fafe  on  board  the  Alderney  floop. 
t  mull  be  deficient  even  to  attempt 
a  defcription  of  the  melancholy 
fcene  that  was  before  me  ;  Ihriek- 
ings,  cries,  lamentations,  bemoan- 
ings,  raving,  defpair,  and  even 
madnefs  itfelf  prefented  thenj-felves. 
It  was  now  high  time  to  think  of 
taking  care  of  myfelf.  I  looked 
from  every  part  of  the  fhip  for  my 
prefervation,  and  foon  faw  three 
boats  ofi^  the  ftern  of  the  fliip.  I 
went  immediately  to  my  cabin, 
and  offered  up  my  prayers  to  God, 
particularly  thanking  him  for  giv- 
ing me  fuch  refolution  and  com- 
pofure  of  mind.  I  then  jumped  in- 
to the  fea  from  one  of  the  gun-room 
ports,  and  fwam  to  a  boat,  which 
put  me  fafe  on  board  the  Alderney 
floop.  There  are  near  300.  people 
faved,  and  more  might  have  been 
faved,  had  the  merchantmen  behav- 
ed like  human  creatures ;  but  they 
kept  a  long  way  to  windward  the 
whole  time;  and  if  poflible,  to  their 
greater  fliame  be  it  fpoken,  inftead 
of  faving  the  men  that  fwam  to 
their  boats,  they  were  employed  in 
taking  up  geefe,  fowls,  tables, 
chairs,  and  whatever  elfe  of  the 
kind  came  near  them. 

From  Mr.  Parry,    an  officer,  dated 
as  abo've. 

A  Bout  half  pad  one  at  noon, 
being  in  the  office  adjoining 
to  the  cabin,  I  faw  the  admiral 
runout,  with  two  or  three  officers  ; 
on  enquiring  the  caufe,  I,  was 
alarmed  with  the  (hip's  being  en 
fire  forwards,  and  it  was  believed 
in  the  boatfwain's  fore  ftore-room  ; 
every  method  was  taken  to  extia- 


3o8     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175S. 


boat  was  endeavoured  to  be  got 
out,  in  which  were  near  a  hundred 
people  ;  but  as  they  were  hoiftlng 
her  out,  one  of  the  tackles  gave 
way,  by  which  (he  overfet,  and 
almoft  every  foul  periflied.  We 
were  now  reduced  to  the  greateft 
drftrefs.  You  may  have  fome  idea 
of  our  miferable  condition,  when 
I  tell  you  the  (hip  began  to  be  in 
flames  fore  and  afc,  fpreading  like 
flax ;  people  dillraded,  not  know- 
ing what  they  did,  and  jumping 
overboard  from  all  parts.  I  was 
reduced  to  the  melancholy  choice 
of  either  burning  with  the  fliip,  or 
going  overboard.  Very  few  that 
could  fwim  were  taken  up,  and  I 
that  could  not  fwim  mull  have 
little  hopes  indeed.  About  a  quar- 
ter paft'  five,  I  went  into  the  ad- 
miral's ftern-gallery,  where  two 
young  gentlemen  were  laftiing  two 
tables  together  for  a  raft ;  I  affift- 
ed  them,  and  one  of  them  propof- 
ed  to  make  fall  the  laftiing  to  the 
gallery,  and  lower  ourfelves  down 
to  the  tables,  then  cut  the  lafliing, 
and  commit  ourfelves  to  the  mercy 
of  Providence  ;  we  hoifted  over 
the  tables,  but  being  badly  laflicd, 
one  of  them  we  loft  ;  as  foon  as  the 
other  was  down,  I  propofed  to 
venture  firft,  which  they  readily 
confented  to;  there, were  now  three 
,  boats  a-ftern,  this  was  the  time  or 
never,  down  I  went  by  the  rope ; 
but  as  there  was  a  great  fwell  of 
fea,  it  was  impoffible  for  any  one 
to  follow  me,  and  I  was  turned 
adrift.  By  the  cries  of  the  people 
from  the  fhip  to  the  boats,  in  about 


five  minutes  I  was  taken  up,  very 
near  drowned  *. 

From  a  Miifjhipman,  dated  as  ahonje. 

ON  Thurfday  the  13th,  about 
half  an  hour  paft  one  in  the 
afternoon,  we  were  alarmed  with 
fire  in  the  boatfwain's  fore  ftore- 
room,  which  put  us  all  into  great 
diforder;  and  it  being  a  very  thick 
fog,  w-e  could  not  fee  one  ihip  in 
the  fleet.  We  kept  firing  guns  of 
diftrefs,  and  no  fliip  appearing  in 
fight  for  an  hour,  we  were  all  in 
the  greateft  confternation  ;  but  the 
fog  then  difpelling,  the  Glafgow 
hailed  us,  to  whom  we  told  our 
condition,  and  earneftly  begged  of 
them  to  fave  our  lives. 

The  fire  ftill  increafmg,  we  were 
obliged  to  holft  out  our  boars, 
which  from  the  confufion  were  near 
three  hours  fixing  to  the  tackles, 
ISc.  every  body  being  engaged  in 
preparing  to  fave  himfelf.  The 
poop,  ftern,  and  quarter  galleries, 
were  lined  with  men  and  boys, 
crying  out  in  a  moft  moving  man- 
ner to  be  afiifted.  During  this 
time,  out  of  twenty-three  lail  of 
fliips,  wehadbut  three  boats  to  our 
aftiftance,  and  thofe  would  not 
come  near  the  fliip  for  fear  of  be- 
ing funk,  the  poor  fellows  conti- 
nually jumping  over-board  ;  great 
numbers  of  whom  were  drowned  in 
our  fight. 

We  got  our  boats  out,  which  ne- 
ver returned  after  going  once.  By 
this  time  the  fire  had  communicated 
itfelf  to  the  middle  gun-deck,  and 


715  complement. 
30  paflengers  to  Gibraltar. 


745 


260  faved. 
48  5  loft. 

745 


nobody 


EXTRAORDINARY  ADVENTURES.       309 


nobody  could  go  down  below,  eve- 
ry one  expelling  his  death  every 
minute,  either  by  fire  or  water,  and 
were  taking  leave  of  each  other. 
Scon  after  going  out  of  the  ad- 
miral's cabin,  I  faw  the  flames 
coming  out  of  the  hatchway  of  the 
upper  gun-deck;  I  returned  imme- 
diately, and  took  my  leave  of  the 
petty  officers  thar  were  there,  and 
went  over  the  llarboard  Hern  lad- 
der, to  fave  myfelf  by  fwimming, 
and,  thanks  to  the  Almighty  God  ! 
reached  a  boat,  and  was  taken 
up. 

I  had  juft  got  clear  of  the  (hip, 
when  the  flames  became  general, 
and  thofe  poor  unhappy  wretches 
that  could  not  fwim,  were  obliged 
to  remain  upon  the  wreck,  with 
the  fire  falling  down  upon  them. 
Shortly  after  the  rnalh  went  away, 
and  killed  numbers,  and  thofe 
that  were  not  killed  by  the  mafts, 
thought  themfelves  happy  to  get 
Hpon  them.  But  the  fhip  rolling 
by  reafon  of  the  great  fea,  the  fire 
had  communicated  itfelf  to  the 
guns,  which  fwept  them  off  the 
deck  in  great  numbers,  they  being 
all  loaded  and  fhotted. 

Such  a  terrible  fight  the  oldeft 
men  in  the  fleet  fay  they  never 
faw.  Thus,  ended  our  unhappy 
(hip,  after  burning  about  fix  hours 
and  a  half,  who  had  as  compl-te 
a  crew,  and  was  as  well  manned  as 
'any  (hip  that  ever  failed  from  Eng- 
land. 

Letter  from  the  tnajier  of  a  merchant- 
man, under  co7i'Voy  of  Admiral 
Broderick, 

THurfday,  April  13th,  Ulhant 
bearing  Eaft,  fixiy  leagues 
dillance,  at  noon,  I  faw  Admiral 
Brodcrick  hoilt  a  fignal  of  diihefs  -, 


upon  which   I   made   what   fail  I 
could,    and   went  down   on    him. 
At  one  in  the  afternoon  I  could 
difcern  the  Prince  George  on  fire; 
at  t^vo  drew  pretty  near  her,  but 
thought  they  might  have  quenched 
the  fire.     At  three  o'clock  I  law 
plainly  there  was  no  quenching  it, 
I  was  within  a  hundred   yards   of 
her    ftern,  but   durli    not    venture 
alorg-fide,     the    fea    being    high; 
befiJes  the  going  off  of  her  guns, 
and    danger  of  blowing   up.     At 
four  in   the  afternoon  the  admiral 
was  taken  up  fwimming  by  a  mer- 
chant-lhip's  boat,  as  then  the  Ihips 
that  had  boats   were  all  out,  and 
a  good  many  of  them  loft.     The 
weather  proving  bad,  towards  night 
I  was  within  piflol-fliot,  and  there 
remained  fome  time  ;  and  picked 
up   four   of  her   crew  :    and    had 
not  two  of  my  men  run  away  with 
my  boat  the  night  before  we  fail- 
ed from  St.  Helen's,  I  am  confi- 
dent I  could  have  faved   fixty  or 
eighty  of  them  at  leaft,  as  I  was 
ali   the  time  nearer  to  them  than 
any  lliip  in  the  fl?et.     What  made 
me   venture    fo  near  was,    that  I 
knew  my  ihip  went  well,  and  was 
under   good    command.      At   fix, 
what  a  difmal  fight !  the  mafts  and 
fails  all  in  a  blaze;  hundreds  of 
louls  hanging  by  the  ropes  along- 
fide,  I  could  count  fifty  of  them 
hanging  over  in   the  ftern-ladder, 
others    in     the    fea    on    oars    and 
pieces    of   wood  ;    a    melancholy 
fpedacle  !   befides  the  difmal  cries 
from  the  (hip,  which  ftill  ring  in 
my    ears.     Half  an  hour  paft:  fix 
the  flames  broke  out  at  her  brOad- 
fiJe,   and  in  lefs  than  five  minutes 
every    bit    of  her  was    in    flames, 
and  fo  continued  till  feven,  when 
flie  overfer,  but  did  not  fink.     I 
then   ran   within  twenty  yards  of 
•X   3  hQT, 


3IO       ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758, 


her,  but  my  people  compelled  me 
to  go  further  ofF,  for  fear  of 
flriking  on  the  wreck.  All  I  can 
farther  fay  of  it,  there  never  was 
a  more  Ihocking  fight ;  pray  God 
that  I  may  never  fee  the  like 
again !  It  was  very  grievous  to 
me  that  I  could  not  fave  more  of 
her  men,  without  running  the  rilk 
of  fharing  her  fate.  The  eigh- 
teenth of  April  the   Glafgow^  a 


twenty  gun  Ihip,  hoifted  the  fignal 
for  all  matters  of  merchant- fhips  to 
come  on  board,  where  the  admiral 
had  his  flag  hoifted,  to  know  how 
many  people  we  had  faved  amongft 
us,  and  to  deliver  them  up.  By 
the  then  lift  it  appeared,  that  the 
Admiral,  Capt.  Payton,  and  about 
two  hundred  and  fifty-three  roeij 
were  faved. 


Lite- 


311 


Literary  and  Mifcellaneous  E'fTays. 


THIS  head  of  our  colle£lion  is  not  of  fo  uniform  a  nature 
as  the  foregoing  divifions.  But  we  have  endeavoured  at  as 
much  order  in  thcdifpofition  of  the  feVeral  pieces  which  compofe 
it,  as  the  diverfity  of  the  fubjeds  would  admit.  The  firft  piece 
we  give  is  upon  the  fubjecSl  of  Tafte.  It  is  faying  enough  in  its 
praife,  to  fay  it  is  written  by  Monf.  de  Mojjtefquieu,  who  fo  hap- 
pily employed  philofophy  to  illuftrate  and  improve  the  laws  of  all 
the  nations  of  the  world.  So  far  as  this  piece  goes,  (for  It  is  but 
a  fragment)  he  employs  philofophy  with  equal  happinefs  to  ex- 
plain and  improve  the  polite  arts.  As  the  piece  is  long,  we  have 
in  fome  places  abridged  it.  In  fome  few  places  it  may  poflibly  feem 
a  little  obfcure.  If  any  blame  fliould,  on  that  account,  be  laid  on 
the  tranflator,  we  muft  not  forget  that  the  excellent  author  him- 
felf,  through  an  extreme  refinement,  was  not  wholly  free  from 
obfcurity. 


An  Essay  on  Taste. 

TASTE,  in  the  moft  general 
definition  of  it,  without  con- 
fidering  whether  good  or  bad,  juft 
or  not  juft,  is  that  which  attaches 
us  to  a  thing  by  fentiment ;  which 
does  not  hinder  its  being  applied 
to  intelledlual  things,  the  know- 
ledge of  which  gives  fo  much  plea- 
fure  to  the  foul,  that  it  was  the 
only  happinefs  that  certain  philo- 
fophers  could  conceive.  The  foul 
receives  her  knowledge  through  her 
ideas  and  through  her  fentiments; 
ihe  receives  certain  pleafures  thro* 
thefe  ideas  and  thefe  fentiments. 
For  although  we  oppofe  idea  to' 
fentiment,  yet  when  the  foul  fees  a 
thing,  (he  feels  it ;  and  there  is 
nothing  fo  intelle«^ual,  that  fhe 
does  not  fee,  or  thinks  Cne  fees, 
and  confequently  that  fhe  does  not 
ftel. 


Of  curlojity. 

Our  foul  is  made  for  thinking ; 
that  is  to  fay,  for  making  difcove- 
ries.  Such  a  being  ought  then  to 
have  curiofity  ;  for  as  all  things  are 
in  a  chain,  where  each  idea  pre- 
cedes one,  and  follows  another  idea, 
you  cannot  leave  the  fight  of  one 
thing  without  having  a  defire  to  fee 
another  ;  and  if  we  had  not  this 
defire  of  feeing  more,  we  lliould 
not  have  had  any  pleafyre  in  feeing 
what  we  do  fee.  Thus  when  a 
part  of  a  pidture  is  fhewn  to  us,  our 
defire  to  fee  the  part  which  is  yet 
concealed,  is  in  proportion  to  the 
pleafure  we  have  had  in  what  was 
fhewn  to  us. 

It  is  then  the  pleafure  we  have 
in  one  objeft  that  leads  us  towards 
another.  Hence  it  is,  that  the 
foul  always  feeks  novelty,  and  is 
never  at  reft.  Thus  will  you  be 
fure  to  delight  the  foul,  when  you 

^  4  make 


312      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


make  it  fee  many  things,  or  more 
things  than  (he  expefted. 

From  this  appears  the  reafon 
why  we  are  pleafed  when  we  fee 
a  garden  that  is  very  regular  ;  and 
why  we  are.  alio  pleafed  when  we 
fee  a  fpot  that  is  rough  and  wild. 
Tr>e  fame  caufe  produces  thefe  ef- 
feas. 

As  we  love  to  fee  a  great  num- 
ber' of  objefts,  we  would  enlarge 
our  view,  we  would  be  in  many 
places,  w.e  would  lun  over  more 
fpace.  In  fine,  our  foul  hates  to 
be  bound,  and  {he  would  as  it  were 
enlarge  the  fphere  of  her  pre- 
fence.  Thus  it  is  a  great  pleafure 
for  her,  to  extend  her  view  to 
a  diftance.  But  how  fliould  fhe 
do  it  ?  In  towns  our  view  is 
bounded  by  houfes ;  it  is  fo  in  the 
country,  by  a  thoufand  obftacles : 
fcarcely  can  we  fee  three  or  four 
trees.  Art  comes  to  our  aid,  and 
difcovers  nature,  who  hides  her- 
felf  from  us.  We  love  art,  and  we 
love  it  better  than  nature,  that  is 
to  fry,  better  than  nature  when  it 
is  hid  from  our  eyes.  But  when 
we  find  fine  fituations,  when  our 
jQght  at  liberty  can  fee  at  a  diftance 
rivers,  hilJs,  meadows,  and  their 
difpofitions,  which  are,  as  one 
may  fay,  erefled  for  the  purpofe, 
fhe  is  enchanted  in  quite  a  different 
manner,  than  when  fhe  fees  the 
gardens  of  Le  Notre  ;  becaufe  na- 
ture copies  herfelf:  whereas  art 
has  al.vays  a  famenefs.  It  is  for 
this  reafon  that  in  painting  we  are 
better  pleafed  with  a  landfcape, 
than  wiih  the  plan  of  the  fineil  gar- 
den in  the  world. 

What  commonly  makes  a  great 
thought,  is  when  a  thing  is  faid, 
that  makes  us  fee  a  great  number  of 
Other  thing?  ;  and  dif:overs  to  us 
all  ^t  once,  what   we  could   not 


have  expedled  to  have  attained  but 
by  long  ftudy. 

Florus  in  a  few  words  reprefents 
to  us  all  the  faults  of  Hannibal, 
*'  While,"  fays  he,  *' he  might 
*'  have  made  advantage  of  the  vic- 
'*  tory,  he  chofe  rather  to  enjoy 
*'  it."  Cum'ui^oria poffetatiy  Jfrui 
maluit. 

He  gives  us  an  idea  of  the 
whole  war  of  Macedon,  in  faying, 
**  To  enter  it,  was  to  conquer  it." 
IntroiJ/e  nji^oria  fuit» 

He  gives  us  an  entire  view  of 
the  life  of  Scipio,  when,  fpeaking 
of  his  youth,  he  fays,  **  This  fball 
**  be  Scipio,  who  is  growing  up  for 
"  the  del^ruftion  of  Africa."  Hicerit 
Scipio,  qui  in  exitium  Jpices  crefcit. 
You  imagme  before  your  eyes  a 
child,  who  is  rifing  up  and  grow- 
ing like  a  giant.  Finally  he  fhews 
us  the  great  charafter  of  Hannibal, 
the  condition  of  the  univerfe,  and 
all  the  grandeur  of  the  Roman 
people,  when  he  fays,  "  Hannibal, 
*'  driven  from  his  country,  fought 
**  through  the  univerfe  an  enemy 
**  to  the  Roman  people."  ^i 
profugus  ex  Africa  hoftem  populo  Rof 
mano  toto  or  be  quarebat. 

Of  the  pleafure  that  order  gives. 

It  is  not  fulficient  to  fhew  the  foul 
many  things  ;  they  muft  be  fhewn 
in  order;  for  then  we  recoiled 
what  we  have  feen  ;  and  we  begin 
to  imagine  what  we  (hall  fee.  Our 
foul  congratulates  herfelf  on  her 
extent,  and  on  her  penetration. 
But  in  a  work  where  there  is  no 
order,  the  foul,  at  every  turn, 
perceives  that  the  order  fhe  would 
eflabliih  is  difturbed.  The  ar- 
rangement that  the  author  has 
made,  and  that  which  we  make 
for  ourfeives,  are  confounded  with 

one 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS 


one  another ;  the  foul  retains  no- 
thing, forefees  nothinjj  ;  fhe  is 
humbled  by  the  confufion  of  her 
ideas,  by  the  inanity  that  is  left 
upon  her;  (he  is  fatigued  to  no 
purpofe,  and  can  tafte  no  pleafure. 
For  this  reafon,  except  when  the 
deiign  is  to  exprefs  or  (hew  con- 
fufion,  they  always  put  an  order 
even  in  confufion  itfelf.  Thus  the 
painters  groupe  their  figures.  Thus 
ihofe  who  paint  battles,  place  the 
thing  which  the  eye  is  todirtingui(h, 
in  the  front,  and  tho^  the  confu- 
fion in  the  bottom  and  deepenings 
of  their  pidures. 

Of  the  phafutes  that  variety  gi<ves. 

But  if  order  is  nece(rary,  fo  alfo 
is  variety.  Wiihout  rhis  the  foul 
langailhes.  For  things  that  are 
alike,  feem  to  her  to  be  the  fame. 
And  if  one  par.  of  a  pi£lure  was 
difrovered  to  us,  refembling  an- 
other which  we  had  feen,  that  ob- 
jedl  would  be  new  without  Teeming 
fo,  and  would  give  no  pleafure : 
and  as  the  benuties  of  the  works 
of  art,  which  refemble  thofe  of  na- 
ture, confill  only  in  the  pleafures 
that  they  raife  in  us ;  they  muft  be 
inade,  as  much  as  poffible,  capable 
of  varying  thefe  pleafures.  The 
foul  muft  be  (hewn  things  fhe  has 
not  feen  ;  fhe  mull  have  fentimen:s 
impreffed  on  her  different  from  chofe 
fhe  had  before. 

It  is  thus  that  hillory  pleafes  us 
from  the  variety  of  its  accounts  ; 
romance,  from  the  varietv  of  its 
prodigies ;  theatrical  pieces,  from 
the  variety  of  paflions  that  they 
caufe  ;  and  'tis  from  hence  th^.t 
thofe  who  know  how  toinllrud  us 
modify,  as  much  as  they  can,  the 
uniform  tone  of  inltruition. 

A  long  uniformity  makes  every 
thing    iufupportable  ;     the    fame 


order  of  periods  long  continued, 
wearies  in  an  harangue.  The 
fame  number  and  the  fame  cadences 
tires  one  in  a  long  poem.  If  it 
is  true,  that  a  long  al'ey  is  made 
from  Mofcow  to  Peterfburgh,  the 
traveller  muft  be  tired  to  death, 
fhut  up  between  the  two  fides  of 
that  alley.  And  he  whofhould  live 
for  any  time  in  the  Alp.s,  would 
come  down  difgufted  with  thehap- 
pieft  fituations,  and  the  moft  charm- 
ing profpe^s. 

The  foul  loves  variety ;  but  we 
have  faid  fhe  loves  it  only  as  fhe  is 
made  for  knowledge  and  difcover)'. 
She  muft  then  fee ;  and  variety  muft 
not  prevent  her  feeing;  that  is, 
a  thi r.g  muft  be  fimple  enough  to 
be  feen,  and  have  variety  enough 
to  be  feen  with  pleafure. 

Some  things  feem  to  have  great 
variety,  and  have  it  not ;  and  fome 
feem  uniform,  and  have  ,great  va- 
riety. 

The  Gothic  architedlture  feems 
to  hnve  great  variety;  but  the  con- 
fufion of  its  ornaments  fatigues 
by  their  littlenefs ;  which  makes 
it  impoftible  to  diftinguifh  any  one 
from  the  reft  ;  and  their  number  is 
fo  great  that  it  is  impoflible  for  the 
eye  to  re(\  on  any  of  tbem.  So 
that  it  difpleafes  through  the  very 
means  that  were  chofen  to  m^ke  it 
agreeable. 

A  Gothic  building  is  a  kind  of 
:cnigma  to  the  eye ;  and  the  foul 
is  embarrafTed,  as  when  ftieis  pre^ 
fented  with  an  obfcure  poem. 

The  Grecian  architecture,  on  the 
contrary,  feems  uniform;  but  as 
it  has  the  divifions  that 'are  necef- 
fary,  and  as  many  as  are  necefTary 
to  let  the  foul  fee  clearly  fo  much 
as  (lie  can  without  fatigue,  and  ye: 
enou;;h  to  employ  her,  fhe  has  that 
variety  which  makes  her  look  on  it 
wiih  pleafure.    ' 

The 


314       ANNUAL,  REGISTER,    1758, 


The  Grecian  architedlure  which 
has  few  and  great  diviiions,  imi- 
tates great  things.  The  foul  re- 
ceives a  certain  dignity  that  reigns 
throughout.  ^ 

Of  the  pleafures  that  Jymmetry  gi'ves. 


Ih 


ave 


faid  that  the  foul  loves 
variety ;  yet  in  moil  things  ihe 
likes  to  fee  a  fort  of  fymmetry ; 
this  feems  a  contradidion.  I  ex- 
plain it  thus. 

One  of  the  •principal  caufes  of 
the  pleafures  of  the  foul  in  feeing 
objefts,  is  the  eafe  with  which  fhe 
difcovers  them ;  and  the  reafon 
why  fymKietry  is  fo  pleafing  to  the 
foul,  is,  that  it  faves  her  trouble, 
that  it  eafes  her,  and,  as  one  may 
fay,  cuts  off  half  the  work. 

From  whence  we  may   draw  a 
general  rule. — Wherever  fymmetry 
is  ufeful  to  the  foul,  and  may  affilt 
her  funftions,   it  is   agreeable   to 
her;  but  wherever  it  is  ufelefs,  it 
becomes  diftafteful,  becaufe  it  takes 
away   variety.      Therefore    things 
that   we  fee  in  fucceilion  ought  to 
have  variety  ;    for    our   foul    has 
no  difHcuhy  in  feeing  them  ;  thofe 
on  the  contrary  that  we  fee  at  one 
glance,  ought  to  have  fymmetry. 
Thus  at  one  glance  we  fee  the  front 
of  a  building,  a  parterre,  a  tem- 
ple;  in  fuch  things  there  is  always 
a  fymmetry,  which  pleafes  the  foul 
by  the  facility  it  gives  her  of  tak- 
ir.gjhe  whole  objed  at  once. 

As  the  objed  that  is  to  be  feen  at 
one  glance  ought  to  be  fimple,  fo 
it  ought  to  be  one,  and  the  parts 
ihould  all  refer  to  the  main  objed; 
it  is  for  this  too  that  fymmetry  is 
agreeable,  it  unites  all  the  parts 
into  one  whole. 

.  It  is  in  nature  that  every  whole 
fhculd  be  finilhed  ;  and  the  foul 
that  fees  the  whole,  will  npt  that 


any  part  fhould^be  imperfed,  and 
this  again  makes  fymmetry  fo  love- 
ly ;  there  muft  be  a  fort  of  equal 
weight  and  balance  ;  and  a  build- 
ing with  one  wing,  or  with  one 
wing  fhorter  than  the  other,  is  as 
far  from  being  finilhed,  as  a  body 
with  one  arm,  or  with  one  arm  too 
Ihort. 

Of  contrafls. 

The  foul  loves  fymmetry  —  (lie 
loves  contrails  alfo  ;  this  requires 
explanation.     For  example.— — If 
nature  demands  that  painters  and 
fculptors    fliould   preferve   a   fym- 
metry in  the  parts  of  their  figures, 
Ihe  requires  too  on  the  other  hand, 
that  they  Ihould  make  a  contrail  in 
their  attitudes.     One  foot  fet  like 
the  other  ;  one  member  placed  juft 
like  the  other,  are  infupportable  ; 
the  reafon    of  which  is,  that  this  \ 
fymmetry   makes  the  attitudes  al- 
moin always  alike,  as  we  fee  in  the 
Gothic  figures,  which  are  by  that 
means  all  alike.     Thus   there   re- 
mains no  longer  any  varieties  in 
the  produdions  of  art.     Moreover 
nature    has    not    fo    formed    us ; 
ihe  has  given   us  motion,  ihe  has 
not  fixed  us  in  our  adions  and  our 
manners  like  Pagods;  and  if  men 
thus  bound  up  and  conllrained  are 
infupportable,  what  muft  fuch  pro- 
dudions of  art  be  ? 

The  attitudes  then  muft  be  con- 
trailed,  efpecially  in  works  of  fculp- 
ture,  which  from  its  natural  cold- 
nefs  admits  of  no  fire  by  force  of 
contraft  and  fituation. 

But  as  I  have  faid,  that  the  va- 
riety which  they  have  endeavoured 
to  put  into  the  Gothic,  has  given 
it  an  uniformity,  fo  it  often  hap- 
pens that  the  variety  which  they 
h:ive  endeavoured  at  by  means  of 
the  contrail,  is  become  a  fymmetry 


and  a  vicious  uniformity. 


This 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.       315 


This  is  perceivable,  not  only  in 
certain  works  of  fculpture  and 
painting  ;  but  alfo  in  the  rtyle  of 
fome  writers,  who  in  every  phrafe 
contraft  the  beginning  with  the 
end,  by  a  continual  antithefis, 
fuch  as  St.  Auguftine,  and  other 
of  the  later  Roman  writers;  and 
fome  moderns,  as  St.  Evremont. 

The  turn  of  phrafe  always  the 
fame,  and  always  uniform,  is  ex- 
tremely difpleafing.  This  perpe- 
tual contraft  becomes  a  fymmetry, 
and  that  afFeded  oppofitlon  becomes 
uniformity. 

The  mind  finds  fo  little  variety 
there,  that  when  you  have  feen 
one  part  of  the  phrafe,  you  always 
guefs  the  other:  you  fee  words  that 
are  oppofed  to  one  another,  but 
oppofed  in  the  fame  manner ;  you 
fee  a  turn  in  the  phrafe,  but  it  is 
always  the  fame. 

Many  painters  have  fallen  into 
the  fault  of  making  contrafts  every 
where,  and  without  art,  fo  that 
when  you  fee  one  figure,  you  guefs 
immediately  at  the  difpofition  of 
the  one  that  is  near  it.  This  con- 
tinual diverfity  became  fomething 
like  it:  whereas  nature,  who  throws 
things  into  diforder,  never  fhews 
any  affedlation  of  continued  con- 
traft ;  not  to  fay  that  (he  does  not 
put  all  bodies  in  motion,  and  in  a 
forced  motion  too.  She  is  more 
varied  than  that ;  fhe  leaves  fome 
^t  reft,  and  gives  others  different 
forts  of  motion. 

Of  the  f  ha  fur ei  offurprize. 

That  difpofition  of  the  foul, 
which  always  inclines  her  to  diffe- 
rent objefts,  makes  her  tafte  all 
the  pleafures  that  come  from  fur- 
prize;  which  isafenfation  pleafing 
to  the  foul,  both  from  the  view  it- 
felf,  and- from  the  quicknefs  of  thd 


aftion  ;  for  fhe  fees  or  feels  a  thing 
that  fhe  did  not  expeCl,  or  in  a 
manner  fhe  did  not  expert. 

A  thing  may  furprize  us,  not 
only  as  it  is  marvellous,  but  alfo 
as  new,  and  even  as  unexpedled. 
And  in  this  laft  cafe,  the  principal 
fentiment  is  joined  to  an  acceffary 
fentiment,  founded  on  the  thing's 
being  new,  or  unexpedled. 

It  is  from  hence  that  the  game  of 
hazard  afFedts  us  ;  it  lets  us  fee  a 
continual  fuccefTion  of  unexpeded 
events. 

It  is  from  hence  too,  that  thea- 
trical pieces  pleafe  us  ;  they  fhew 
themfelves  by  degrees,  they  con- 
ceal the  events  till  they  happen; 
always  preparing  for  us  new  caufe 
of  furprize,  and  often  ftrike  us  in 
letting  us  fee  them  fuch  as  we 
might  have  forefeen  them. 

Surprize  may  be  produced  by 
the  thing,  or  by  the  manner  of 
perceiving  it ;  for  we  fee  a  thing 
as  greater  or  fmaller  than  it  really 
is,  or  different  from  what  it  is,  or 
we  fee  the  thing  itfelf,  but  with  aa 
acceffary  idea  that  furprizes  us,  fuch 
as  the  difficulty  of  making  it;  or 
the  perfon  who  made  it ;  or  the 
time  when  it  was  made  ;  or  the 
manner  in  which  it  was  made ;  or 
fome  other  circumftance  that  is 
joined  to  it. 

Suetonius  defcribes  the  crimes  of 
Nero  with  acoldncfs  that  furprizes 
us,  in  making  us  almoft  believe 
that  he  does  not  feel  the  horror  of 
what  he  is  relating :  all  at  once  he 
changes  his  ftyle,  and  fays,  **  The 
**  univerfe  having  fufFered  this mon- 
*'fter  for  1 4  years,  at  laft  gave  him 
"up.'*  Tale  monjlrum  per  quatuorde- 
cim  annos  perpfjfus  terrarum  or  bis  y  tan~ 
de7n  dsjlituit.-  This  produces  in  the 
mind  different  forts  of  furprize;  we 
are  furprized  at  the  change  of  the 
author's  ftyle ;  at  the  diicovery  of 
"?  his 


3i6        ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758, 


his  difFerent  way  of  thinking ;  at 
his  manner  of  telling  in  fo  few 
words,  the  event  of  fo  great  a  revo- 
lution, fo  that  the  mind  finds  agreat 
Dumber  of  difFerent  fentiments  that 
concur  to  fhake  her,  and  to  com- 
pofe  a  pleafure  for  her. 

Of  the  different   caufes   nvhich    fnay 
produce  a  fentiment. 

It  muft  be  remarked,  that  a  fen- 
timent is  not  commonly  produced 
in  our  foul  by  one  iingle  caufe.  \t 
is,  if  I  may  venture  upon  the  term, 
a  certain  dofe,  which  at  once  pro- 
duces Itrength  and  variety.  Genius 
confills  in  Ttriking  many  organs  at 
once  ;  and  if  the  feveral  writers  are 
examined,  perhaps  it  will  be  feen, 
that  the  beft,  and  thofe  who  have 
pleaied  moft,  are  thofe  who  have 
excited  in  the  foul  the  greateft 
number  of  fenfations,  at  one  and 
the  fame  time. 

We  love  play  becaufe  it  fatisfies 
cur  avarice  ;  that  is  to  fay,  our  de- 
lire  of  having  more  :  it  flatters  our 
vanity  by  the  idea  of  preference  , 
that  fortune  gives  us,  and  of  the  ar- 
tention  that  othciS  pay  to  our  fuc- 
cefs.  It  fatisfies  our  curiofity,  in 
giving  us  afpedtacie.  In  fhort,  it 
gives  us  the  difFerent  pieafures  of 
furprize. 

Of  delicacy. 

Delicate  people  are  thofe  who, 
to  every  idea,  or  to  every  tafle,  join 
pany  acceffary  ideas,  or  many  ac- 
ceiTary  tafles.  Grofs  people  hav^ 
but  cue  Tenfaticn  ;  their  ibul  can 
ngajher  compound  nor  diffolve ; 
they  neither  add  any  thing  to,  nor 
take  any  thing  away  from  what  nar 
ture  gives ;  whereas  delicate  peop'e, 
yvhp  are,  in  love,  by -co:^',pbfition 
form  almoft  all  the  pleasures  that 
^rc   to  be  found  in  love.     Pblix- 


ene  and  Apicius  carry  to  their 
tables,  taftes  that  are  unknown  to 
us  vulgar  eaters  :  and  thofe  who 
judge  the  works  of  wit  with  tafte, 
have  and  make  to  themfelves  an 
infinity  of  fenfations  that  other 
men  are  (Grangers  to. 

The  Je  m  fcai  quoi,  in  perfons 
and   in   things,  is  often    an   invi- 
fible  charm,  a  natural  grace,  that 
cannot    be  defined,  and  which  we 
have  been  forced  to  call  the  Je  ne 
fcai  quoi.     I  take  it  to  be  an  cfFeft 
principally  founded  on  furprize;  we 
are  touched  by  being  more  pleafed 
with  a  perfon   than  we  at  firft  ex- 
pelled  to  be ;  and  we  ^re   agree- 
ably furprized  to  find  thofe  faults 
overcome,  which  our  eyes  pointed 
out  to  us,  but  which  our  hearts  no 
longer  acknowledge.     This  is  the 
reafon  why  ugly  women   arc  very 
often   poii'efFed  of  the  graces,  and 
that  it  is  but  feldom  that  beautiful 
women  have   them.       Graces    are 
oftener  found  in  the  wit  than  in  the 
face  ;  for  a  fiue  face  is  feen  at  once, 
and  fcarce  any  of  it  is  concealed  ; 
but  wit  fhews  irfelf  by  little   and 
little,  jufl  when  it  chufes,  and  jufl 
as  much  as  ic  chufes ;  it  can  conceal 
itfelf,  and  make  its  appearance  give 
that  fort  of  furprize  which  confli- 
tutes  the  graces. 

The  graces  are  not  fo  much  in 
the  features  of  the  face,  as  in  the 
manners;  for  the  manners  are  every 
inllant  new,  and  may  every  moment 
create  furpiize. 

Progrefs  of  furprize. 

What  makes  the  greateft  beauty, 
is  when  a  thing  furprizes  but  mo- 
derately at  firft,  but  keeps  up  that 
furpri'z^,  increafes  it,  and  at  !aft 
leads  to  admiration.  The  woiks 
of  Raphael   flrike  but  little  at  firft 


fight  i 


but 


an  extraordinary  ex  pre  f- 
fion 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS. 


fion,  a  ftrong  colouring,  an  un- 
common attitude  of  a  worfe  paint- 
er, feizes  us  at  the  firft  glance, 
becaufe  it  is  what  we  have  not  been 
ufcd  to  fee.  Raphael  may  be  com- 
pared to  Virgil,  and  the  painters  of 
Venice  with  their  forced  attitudes 
to  Lucan  :  Virgil,  more  natural, 
ftrikes  lefs  at  firft,  to  ftrike  the 
more  forcibly  afterwards  ;  Lucan 
ftrikes  more  at  firft,  and  affects  us 
lefs  afterwards. 

The  exadl  proportion  of  the  fa- 
mous church  of  St.  Peter,  makes 
it  not  appear  at  firft  fo  great  as  it 
really  is;  for  we  do  not  fee  imme- 
diately where  to  fix  ourfelves  to 
judge  of  its  grc.^tnefs..  H  it  was  lefs 
in  breadth,  we  ftiould  be  ftruck 
with  the  length  ;  if  it  was  iliorter,  we 
ihould  be  ftruck  with  its  breadth  ; 
but  as  we  continue  our  examinati».n 
it  grows  upon  the  eye,  and  the  arto- 
nilhmentincreafes.  It  may  be  com- 
pared to  :he  Pyrenees,  where  the  eye 
that  thinks  it  {ces  all  at  firft,  difco- 
\ers  mountain  behind  mountain, 
and  lofes  itTelf  more  and  more. 

It  ofteii  happens  that  our  foul 
feels  a  pleafure  when  /he  has  a  fen- 
timont  that  rtie  cannot  herfelf  un- 
fold, and  th:it  a  thing  feems  to  her 
abfolutely  c liferent  from  what  it  is, 
which  gi  es  her  a  fen  iment  of  fur- 
prize,  wiiich  ftie  cannot  get  out  of. 
This  is  an  example  of  it.  It  is 
known  tha:  Michael  ^ngelo,  feeing 
the  Pantheon,  which  was  the  great- 
eft  temple  at  Rome,  faid  he  would 
make  one  like  it,  but  that  he 
Wou!d  place.  ;t  in  the  air.  Upon 
this  mcidel  then  he  miide  the  dome 
of  St.  Peter ;  but  he  made  the  pil- 
lars fo  maflive,  that  that  dome, 
which  is  like  a  mountain  over  one's 
head,  appears  light  to  the  eye  that 
co.ifiders  it.  The  mind  a^  the  time 
remains  uncert.iin,  between  what 
(he  iees,  and  what  ftie  knows,  and 


3^7 

remains  furprized  to  fee  a  mafs  at 
once  fo  vaft,  and  fo  light. 

Of  the  beauties  luhich  refult  from  a 
certain  embarraj/ment  of  the  foul. 

The  foul  is  often  furprized  from 
not  being  able  to  reconcile  what 
ftie  now  fees,  with  what  fhe  has 
fecn.  There  is  a  great  lake  in 
Italy  called  Lago  Maggiore.  It  is 
a  little  fea,  whofe  fhores  (hew  no- 
thing but  what  is  entirely  favage. 
Fifteen  miles  within  the  lake  are 
two  ifles  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
round,  called  the  Barromes,  which, 
in  my  opinion,  is  of  all  the  world 
the  fpot  the  moft  delightful  ;  the 
foul  is  aftoniftied  in  the  romantic 
contraft,  from  a  pieafing  recollec- 
tion of  the  wonders  of  Romana, 
where  having  pafTed  by  ro:ks  and  a 
dry  country,  you  find  yourfelf  in  a 
fairy  land.  Contrafti  always  ftrike 
us,  becaufe  the  two  things  always 
r. 


heighten  one  anoth 

Thefe  forts  of  furprizes  "^make 
the  pleafure  that  is  found  in  all  op- 
pofitions,  in  all  antithefes,  and  fucb 
like  figures.  When  Florus  fays, 
*'  Sora  ^  algidum!  who  would  be- 
lieve it  had  been  formidable  to  us! 
Saticula  and  Corniculum  were  once 
provinces.  We  blufti  for  the  Bori- 
lians  and  Virulani,  but wetriumoh- 
ed  over  them.  In  fhort,  Tibur 
our  fuburb,  Prenefte  where  our 
houfes  of  pleafure  are,  were  once 
the  obje-ils  of  the  vows  we  made  at 
the  Capitol.'*  This  author,  I  fay, 
(hews  us  at  once  the  grandeur  of 
the  Romans,  and  the  littlenefs  of 
their  beginnings,  and  thefe  two 
things  here  raife  our  wonder. 

It  may  be  here,  remarked,  how 
wide  the  difference  is  between  the 
antithefis  of  ideas,  and  the  antithe- 
fis  of  cxpre/fion.  The  antithefis  of 
expreflipn  is  never  concealed ;  that 
3  of 


3i8       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175S, 


of  ideas  is.  One  has  always  the 
fame  drefs,  the  other  changes  when 
you  plcafe.  The  one  is  varied,  the 
other  is  not. 

The  fame  Florus,  in  fpeakingof 
the  Samnites,  fays,  **  Their  towns 
"  were  deftroyed,  that  it  is  at  this 
•*  day  difficult  to  find  the  fubjeft.of 
•*  four-and-twenty  triumphs."  Ut 
non  facile  appareat  rnateria  quatuor 
it  ''viginti  triumphorum.  And  by 
the  fame  words  that  mark  the  de- 
ftruflion  of  that  people,  he  lets  us 
fee  the  greatnefs  of  their  courage 
and  their  firmnefs. 

One  of  the  things  which  pleafes 
OS  moft,  is  the  fimple,  but  it  is 
alfo  the  moft  difficult  ftyle,  becaufe 
it  is  precifely  between  the  noble 
and  the  mean  ;  and  is  fo  near  the 
mean,  that  it  is  very  difficult  to 
keep  always  on  the  brink  of  it 
without  fometimes  falling  into  it. 

The  muficians  have  owned,  that 
the  mufic  which  is  eaiicll  fung  is 
moft  difficult  to  compole :  a  fare 
proof  that  our  pleafures,  and  the 
art  which  gives  them,  lie  between 
certain  boundaries. 

When  a  thing  is  ffiewn  us  with 
certain  circumftances  or  acceffaries 
which  aggrandize  it,  it  appears 
noble  to  us.  This  is  more  parti- 
cularly obfervable  in  comparifons, 
where  the  mind  ihould  always  gain 
and  never  lofe  ;  for  the  comparifon 
Ihould  always  add  fomething,  to 
ihew  it  in  more  grandeur ;  or,  if  it 
is  not  grandeur  that  is  required, 
more  fine  or  more  delicate. 

When  a  thing  is  to  be  ffiewn  fine, 
the  foul  would  rather  fee  a  manner 
compared  with  a  manner;  an  ac- 
tion with  an  aftion  ;  than  a  thing 
with  a  thing  ;  as  an  hero  to  a  lion, 
a  woman  to  a  ftar,  a  nimble  man 
to  a  ftag. 

Michael  Angelo  is  the  m.after  who 
has  thrown  fomethincr  noble  into 


all  his  fubjeds.  In  his  famous  Bac- 
chus, he  has  not,  like  the  Flemiftl 
painters,  ihevvn  a  tottering  figure, 
and  which  is  as  it  were  in  the  air  ; 
that  would  be  unworthy  the  majefty 
of  a  god  ;  he  paints  him'  firm  on 
his  legs:  but  he  fo  happily  gives 
him  the  gaiety  of  drunkennefs,  and 
fuch  a  joy  in  feeing  the  liquor  run 
that  he  pours  into  his  cup,  that 
there  is  nothing  fo  admirable. 

In  the  Paffion,  that  is  in  the 
gallery  at  Florence,  he  has  paint- 
ed the  Virgin  ftanding,  who  looks 
upon  her  crucified  Son,  without 
grief,  without  pity,  without  regret, 
without  tears.  He  fuppofes  herin- 
ftrufted  in  the  great  myftery,  and 
thereby  makes  her  fupport  with 
grandeur  the  fight  of  that  death. 

Julio  Romano,  in  his  chamber  of 
giants  at  Mantua,  where  he  repre.- 
fents  Jupiter  throwing  down  his 
thunder  on  them,  lets  us  fee  all  the 
gods  affrighted ;  but  Juno  is  near 
Jupiter ;  with  an  affured  air  ihe 
points  out  to  him  a  giant,  againft 
whom  he  ought  to  launch  his  thun^ 
der;  by  this  he  gives  her  an  air  of 
grandeur,  that  the  other  gods  have 
not.  The  nearer  they  are  to  Jupi- 
ter,  the  more  affured  they  are  ;  and 
that  is  very  natural,  for  in  a  battle, 
the  fear  ceafes  near  him  who  has 
the  advantage. 


After  this  general  theory  ofTaJiet  an 
application  of  fome  of  the  moft 
firiking  rules,  in  the  pradice  of 
one  of  the  mojl  agreeable  of  all 
arts^  that  of  laying  cut  gardens , 
njjill  not  pro've  difagreeahle  to 
the  reader.  It  'will  not  be  the 
Icfs  agreeable,  that  the  obfernja^ 
tiofis  an  drawn  from  a  country ,  ■ 
ivhich  'while  it  is  fo  remote  from  us 
in  fituaticn  manners,  and  cufotns, 
prejerijes   fo  firong   a   conformity 

in 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.       319 

The  perfeftion  of  their  gardens 
confirts  in  the  number,  beauty,  and 
diverfity  of  thefe  fcenes.  The  Chi- 
nefe  gardeners,  like  the  Euro- 
pean painters,  colledl  from  nature 
the  moll  pleafing  obje^s,  which 
they  endeavour  to  combine  in  fuch 
a  manner,  as  not  only  to  appear  to 
the  beft  advantage  feparately,  but 
likewife  to  unite  in  forming  an 
elegant  and  ftriking  whole. 

Their  artifts  diftinguifh  three  dif- 
ferent  fpecies  of  fcenes,  to  which 
they  give  the  appellations  of  pleaf- 
ing,  horrid,  and  enchanted.  Their 
enchanted  fcenes  anfwer,  in  a 
great  meafure,  to  what  we  call 
romantic,  and  in  thefe  they  make 
ufe  of  feveral  artifices  to  excite 
furprize.  Sometimes  they  make 
a  rapid  flream,  or  torrent,  pafs 
under  ground,  the  turbulent  noife 
of  which  llrikes  the  ear  of  the 
new  comer,  who  is  at  a  lofs  to 
know  from  whence  it  proceeds. 
At  other  times  they  difpofe  the 
rocks,  buildings,  and  other  objects 
that  form  the  compofition,  in  fuch 
a  manner,  as  that  the  wind  pafling 
through  the  different  interftices 
and  cavities,  made  in  them  for 
that  purpofe,  caufes  ftrange  and  un- 
common founds.  They  introduce 
into  thefe  fcenes  all  kinds  of  extra- 
ordinary trees,  plants,  and  flowers, 
form  artificial  and  complicated 
echoes,  and  let  loofe  different 
forts  of  monilrous  birds  and  ani- 
mals. 

In  their  fcenes  of  horror,  they 
introduce  impending  rocks,  dark 
caverns,  and  impetuous  cataradls 
rufhing  down  the  mountains  from 
all  fides ;  the  trees  are  ill  formed, 
and  feemingly  torn  to  pieces  by  the 
violence  of  tempefts ;  fome  are 
thrown  down,  and  intercept  the 
courfe  of  the  torrents,  appearing 

as 


in  this  article  y  nvith  the  be  ft  ideas  ^ 
nvhich  the  impro'vement  of  tajle 
has  introduced  among  ft  us  in  Eng- 
land. This  piece t  ijue  may  <venture 
to  fay\  is  much  the  beft  <which 
has  e<ver  been  nuritten  on  this 
fubjeS, 

Of  the  art  of  layi?ig  out  gardens 
among  the  Chinefe,  by  Mr.  Cham- 
bers. 

THE  gardens,  fays  he,  which 
I  faw  in  China,  were  very 
fmall ;  neverthelefs  from  them,  and 
what  could  be  gathered  from  Lep- 
qua,  a  celebrated  Chinefe  painter, 
with  whom  I  had  feveral  conver- 
fations  on  the  fubjed  of  gardening, 
I  think  I  have  acquired  fufhcient 
knowledge  of  their  notions  on  this 
head. 

Nature  is  their  pattern,  and  their 
aim  is  to  imitate  her  in  all  her 
beautiful  irregularities.  The  firft 
confideration  is  the  form  of  the 
ground,  whether  it  be  flat,  floping, 
hilly,  or  mountainous,  extenfive,  or 
of  fmall  compafs,  of  a  dry  or  mar(hy 
nature,  abounding  with  rivers  and 
fprings,  or  liable  to  a  fcarcity  of 
water;  to  all  which  circumftances 
ihey  attend  with  great  care,  chufing 
fuch  difpofitions  as  humour  the 
ground,  can  be  executed  with  the 
leaft  expence,  hide  its  defefts,  and 
fet  its  advantages  in  the  moft  con- 
fpicuous  light. 

As  the  Chinefe  are  not  fond 
of  walking,  we  feldom  meet  with 
avenues  or  fpacious  walks,  as  in 
our  European  plantations.  The 
whole  ground  is  laid  out  in  a  va- 
riety of  fcenes,  and  you  are  led,  by 
winding  paffages  cut  in  the  groves, 
to  the  different  points  of  view, 
each  of  which  is  marked  by  a  feat, 
a  building,  or  fome  other  objeft. 


S20      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1758. 


as  if  they  had  been  brought  down 
by  the  fury  of  the  waters ;  others 
look  as  if  (battered  and  blafted  by 
the  force  of  lightning  :  the  build- 
ings are  fome  in  ruins,  others  half- 
confumed  by  fire,  and  fome  mife- 
rable  huts  difperfed  in  the  moun- 
tains ferve  at  once  to  indicate 
the  exiflence  and  wretchednefs  of 
the  inhabitants.  Thefe  fcenes  are 
generally  fucceeded  by  pleafing 
ones.  The  Chinefe  artifts,  know- 
ing how  powerfully  contrail  ope- 
rates on  the  mind,  conftantly  prac- 
tife  fudden  tranfitioiis,  and  a  ftrik- 
ing  oppofition  of  forms,  colours, 
and  Ihades.  Thus  they  condudt 
you  from  limited  profpeds  to  ex- 
tenfive  views ;  from  objefts  of  hor- 
ror to  fcenes  of  delight ;  iVom  lakes 
and  rivers,  to  plains,  hills,  and 
woods  ;  to  dark  and  gloomy  colours 
they  oppofe  fuch  as  are  brilliant, 
and  to  complicated  forms  fimple 
ones;  diftributing,  by  a  judicious 
arrangement,  the  different  mafTes 
of  light  and  fhade,  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner as  to  render  the  compofition  at 
once  diftindl  in  its  parts,  and  ftrik- 
ing  in  the  whole. 

Where  the  ground  is  extenfive, 
and  a  multiplicity  of  fcenes  are  to 
be  introduced,  they  generally  adapt 
each  to  one  fingle  point  of  view  : 
but  where  it  is  limited,  and  affords 
no  room  for  variety,  they  endea- 
vour to  remedy  this  defe6l,  by  dif- 
pofing  the  objefts  fo,  that  being 
viewed  from  different  points,  ihey 
produce  different  reprefentations  ; 
and  fometimes  by  an  artful  difpofi- 
lion,  fuch  as  have  no  refemblance 
to  each  other. 

In  their  large  gardens  they  con- 
trive different  fcenes  for  morning, 
noon,  and  evening;  eredling  at 
the  proper  points  of  view,  build- 
ings adapted  to  the  recreations  of 


each  particular  time  of  the  day.j 
and  in  their  fmall  ones  (where,  as 
has  been  obferved,  one  arrange- 
ment produces  many  reprefenta- 
tions) ihey  difpofe  in  the  fame 
manner,  at  the  feveral  points  of 
view,  buildings  which,  from  their 
ufe,  point  out  the  time  of  day 
for  enjoying  the  fcene  in  its  per- 
fection. 

As  the  climate  of  China  is  ex- 
ceeding hot,  they  employ  a  great 
deal  of  water  in  their  gardens. 
In  the  fmall  ones,  if  the  fituation 
admits,  they  frequently  lay  almoft 
the  whole  ground  under  water ; 
leaving  only  fome  iflands  and 
rocks :  and  in  their  large  ones  they 
introduce  extenfive  lakes,  rivers, 
and  canals.  The  banks  of  their 
lakes  and  rivers  are  variegated  in 
imitation  of  nature  ;  being  fome- 
times bare  and  gravelly,  fometimes 
covered  with  woods  quite  to  the 
water's  edge.  In  fome  places  flat, 
and  adorned  with  flowers  and 
flirubs  ;  in  others  fteep,  rocky, 
and  forming  caverns,  into  which 
part  of  the  waters  difcharge  them- 
felves  with  noife  and  violence* 
Sometimes  you  fee  meadows  co- 
vered with  cattle,  or  rice  grounds 
that  run  out  into  the  lakes,  leaving 
between  them  pafl'ages  for  veffels  ; 
and  fometimes  groves,  into  which 
enter,  in  different  parts,  creeks, 
and  rivulets,  fufficiently  deep  to 
admit  boats ;  their  banks  being 
planted  with  trees,  whofe  Ipreading 
branches,  in  fome  places,  form 
arbours,  under  which  the  boats  pafs. 
Thefe  generally  condudl  to  fome 
very  interefting  objeft  ;  fuch  as  a 
magnificent  building ;  places  on 
the  top  of  a  mountain  cut  into 
terrafles  :  a  cafme  fituated  in  the 
midft  of  a  lake;  a  cafcade ;  a 
grotto  cut  into  a  variety  of  apart- 
ments } 


MISCELLANEOUS     ESSAYS. 


liienls;  an  artificial  rock;  and  many 
other  fuch  inventions. 

Their  rivers  are  feldom  ilraight, 
,  but   ferpeniine,    and    broken    into 
many  irregular  points  ;    fometimes 
they  are  narrow,  noify,  and  rapid  ; 
at  other  times   deep,    broad,    and 
flow.       Both    in   their   rivers    and 
Jakes  are    feen    reeds,    with  other 
aquatic  plants    and  flowers  ;    par- 
ticularly the  Jyen  hoa,    of  wliich 
they    are    very    fond.      They  fre- 
quently   ered    mills,     and    other 
hydraulic   machines,    the    motions 
of  which  enliven  the  fcene.    They 
have  alfo  a  great  number  of  velleis 
of  different  forms  and   fizes.       In 
iheir  lakes  they  inierfperfe  iflands  ; 
Ibme   of  them   barren,     and   fur- 
rounded    with   rocks    and    ihoals ; 
others  enriched  with   every  thing 
that  art    and    nature    can    furniili 
mod  perfed.     They  likcvvife  form 
artificial   rocks;    and   in   confipbfi- 
tions    of  this    kind    the    Chmefe 
furpafs    all  other   nations.       The 
making  them  is  a  diftinct  profef- 
fion  :  and  there  are  at  Canton,  and 
probably    in    mod  other. cities    of 
China,  numbers  of  artificers  con- 
ftantly   employed  in  this  bufinefs. 
The  done  they  are  made  of  comes 
from  the  fouthern  coalls  of  Ch^na  : 
it  is  of  a  bluifh  cafl,  and  worn  into 
irregular  forms  by  the  adion  of  the 
waves.     The   Chintfe  are  exceed- 
ing nice  in  the  choice  of  this  llonc, 
inlomuch  that   I  have  feen  feveral 
tael  given  for  a   bit  no  bigger  than 
a  man's  fift,   when  it  happened    to 
be  of  a  beautiful  form,  and   lively 
colour.      But    thefe    Cck6\    pieces 
they     ufe  in    landfcapes    tor   their 
apartments;  in   gardens  they  em- 
ploy   a    coarfer    fort,     which  they 
join    with    a    bluiih   cement,    and 
form  rocks  of  a  confiderable  fizc. 
1  have  fecn  fome  of  thefe  exqui- 
fileiy  fine,  and  fuch   as  difcovcred 
Vol..  J. 


^21 

an  uncommon  elegance  of  talle  in 
the  con:river.  When  they  are 
large  they  make  in  them  caves 
and  grottos,  with  openings, 
through  which  you  difcover  diilant 
profpedls.  They  cover  thetn  in 
difierent  places  with  trees,  Ihrubs, 
briars,  and  mdfs ;  placing  on  their 
tops  litile  temples,  or  other  build- 
ings, to  which  you  afcend  by 
rugged  and  irregular  fteps  cut  in 
the  rock. 

When  there  is  a  fufHcient  fupply 
of  water,    and  proper  ground,  the 
Chinefe  never  fail  to  form  cafcades 
in   their  gardens.     They  avoid  all 
regularity  in  thefe  works,    obferv- 
ing  nature  according  to  her  opera- 
tions in  that  mountainous  country. 
The  waters  burft  out  from  among, 
the  caverns   and  windings   of  the 
rocks.      In    fome    places    a   large 
and  impetuous    cataract   appears ; 
in .  others   are    feen    many     Jeiler 
falls.     Sometimes  the  view  of  the 
cafcade   is    intercepted     by    trees, 
whofe    leaves    and    branches    only 
leave  room  to  difcover  the  waters, 
in  fome  places,  as  they   fall   down 
the  fides  of  the  mountain.     They 
frequently     throw     rough   wooden 
bridges  from  one  rock  to  another, 
over    the     iteepell     part     of     the 
catarad ;    and  often    intercept   its 
paffage    by    trees    and     heaps    of 
(lones,    that    feem     to    have   been 
brought  down    by   the  violence  of 
the  torrent. 

In  their  plantations  they  vary 
the  forms  and  colours  of  their 
trees,  mixing  fuch  as  have  large 
and  i'prcading  branches  with  thole 
of  pyramidical  figures,  and  dark 
greens  with  brighter,  interfperfing 
among  them  fuch  as  produce 
flowers,  of  which  they  have  fome 
that  fiourifh  a  great  part  of  the 
yea;.  The  weeping  willow  is  one 
of  their  favourite  trees,  and  always 
Y  among 


322        ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758, 


among  thofe  that  border  their 
lakes  and  rivers,  being  fo  planted 
as  to  have  its  branches  hanging 
over  the  water.  They  likewiie 
introduce  trunks  of  decayed  trees, 
fonietimes  eretl:,  and  at  other  times 
lying  on  the  ground,  being  very 
nice  about  their  forms,  and  the 
colour  of  the  bark  and  mofs  on 
them. 

Various  are  the  artifices  they 
employ  to  furprize.  Sometimes 
'  they  lead  you  through  dark  caverns 
and  gloomy  paflages,  at  the  iflue  of 
which  you  are,  on  a  fudden,  flruck 
with  the  view  of  a  delicious  land- 
fcape,  enriched  with  every  thing 
that  luxuriant  nature  affords  moit 
beautiful.  At  other  times  you  are 
conducted  through  avenues  and 
walks,  that  gradually  diminifti  and 
grow  rugged,  till  the  paflage  is 
at  length  iniirely  intercepted  and 
rendered  impradicable,  by  buflies, 
briars,  and  ftones ;  when  unex- 
pedledly  a  rich  and  extsnfive  pro- 
fpetl  opens  to  view,  fo  much  the 
more  pleafing,  as  it  was  lefs  looked 
for. 

Another  ,  of  their  artifices  is  to 
hide  fome  part  of  a  compofition  by 
trees  or  other  intermediate  objedts. 
This  naturally  excites  die  cunofity 
of  the  fpeftator  to  take  a  nearer 
view  ;  when  he  is  furprifed  by 
fome  unexpes^ed  fccne,  or  foine 
reprefentation  totally  oppofiie  to 
the  thing  he  loo'ied  for.  The 
termination  of  their  lakes  they 
always  hide,  leaving  rooai  for  the 
imagination  to  work  ;  and  the  fame 
rule  they  obferve  in  other  compo- 
litions  wherever  it  can  be  put  in 
praflice. 

Though  the  Chinefe  are  not 
well  verfed  in  optics,  yet  experi- 
ence has  taught  them  that  cbjids 
appear  lefs  in  fize,  and  grow  dim 
in  colour,   in  proportion   as  they 


are  more  removed  from  the  eye  of 
the  fpedlator.  Thefe  difcoveries 
have  given  rife  to  an  artifice,  which" 
they  fometimes  put  in  praifcice.  It 
is  the  forming  profpeds  in  per- 
fpe«Slive,  by  introducing  buildings, 
vefiels,  and  other  objeds,  leflened 
according  as  they  are  more  dillant 
from  the  point  of  view  ;  and  that 
the  deception  may  be  llill  more 
ftriking,  they  give  a  greyifli  tinge 
to  the  dillant  parts  of  the  compofi- 
tion, and  plant  in  the  remoter  parrs 
of  thefe  fcenes  trees  of  a  fainter  co- 
lour, and  fmaller  growth,  than 
ihofe  that  appear  in  the  front,  or 
fore-ground  ;  by  thefe  means  ren- 
dering what  in  reality  is  trifling 
and  limited,  great  and  confidera- 
ble  in  appearance. 

The  Chinefe  generally  avoid 
flraight  lines ;  yet  they  do  not  ab- 
folutely  rejedl  them.  They  fome- 
times  make  avenues,  when  they 
have  any  interelHng  objed  to  expofe 
to  view.  Roads  they  always  make 
flraight,  unlefs  the  unevennefs  of 
the  ground,  or  other  impediments, 
afford  at  lead  a  pretext  for  doing 
otherwife.  Where  the  ground  is 
entirely  level,  they  look  upon  it  as 
an  abfurdity  to  make  a  ferpentine 
road  :  for  they  fay,  that  it  mufl: 
either  be  made  by  art,  or  worn  by 
the  conllant  paffage  of  travellers : 
in  either  of  which  cafes  it  is  not  na- 
tural to  fuppofe  men  would  chufe  a 
crooked  line,  when  they  might  go^ 
by  a  ftraight  one. 

What  we  call  clumps,  theChinefe 
gardeners  are  not  unacquainted 
with;  but  they  ufe  them  fomewhat 
more  fparingly  than  we  do.  They 
never  fill  a  whole  piece  of  ground 
with  clumps;  they  confider  a  plan- 
tation as  painters  do  a  pidure,  and 
groupe  their  trees  in  the  fame 
mannfr  as   thefe  do  their  figures, 

having 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.      323 


having  their  principal  and  fubfer- 
vient  maffes. 

This  is  the  fabftance  of  what  I 
learnt  during  my  Iby  in  China, 
partly  from  my  ownobferration,but 
chiefly  from  the  leffons  of  Lepqua. 
And  from  what  has  been  faid  ic  may 
be  inferred,  that  the  art  of  laying 
out  grounds  after  the  Chinefe  man- 
ner is  exceedingly  difficult,  and  not 
to  be  attained  by  perfons  of  narrow 
intelleds :  for  though  the  precepts 
are  fimple  and  obvious,  yet  the 
putting  them  in  execution  re- 
quires genius,  judgment,  and  ex- 
perience, Ilrong  imagination,  and 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  human 
mind  ;  this  method  being  fixed  to 
no  certain  rule,  but  liable  to  as 
many  variations  as  there  are  diffe- 
rent arrangements  in  the  works  of 
the  creation. 


Defcription  of  Lciigh-lane,  or  the 
lake  of  Killarney^  in  the  barony 
of  Maguniby^  in  the  county  of 
Kerry y  in  Ireland.  From  Mr. 
Smithes  ingenious  account  of  that 
county f  lutely  printed  at  Dub- 
lint 

THE  mountain  of  Mangerton, 
which  Hands  fouth-eaft  of 
Lough-lane,  is  efteemed  one  of  the 
higheft  in  this  kingdom  :  by  the 
experiment  of  the  baroitieter,  its 
altitude  was  found  to  be  one 
thoufand  and  twenty  yards,  perpen- 
dicular, above  the  lake  of  Killar- 
ney,  which  is  confiderably  higher 
than  the  fea ;  for  that  lake  in  dif- 
charging  itfelf,  runs  a  courfe  of 
forae  miles,  and  forms  what  is 
called  the  river  Lane,  before  it 
joins  the  oceati.  The  mountains 
called  the  Reeks,  which  lie  to  the 
weftward  of  Mangerton,  feem,  by 
the  eye,  to  be  rather  higher  than 


that  mountain  ;  but  hills  which  are 
conical,  and  terminated  in  points, 
appear  higher  at  a  diftance,  than 
thofe  mountains  which  have  a  large 
furface  on  their  tops :  as  (leeples, 
which  are  terminated  by  fpires, 
feem  to  be  higher  than  thofe  cover- 
ed with  domes,  the  points  of  the 
former  being,  as  it  were,  more  hid, 
and  loft  in  the  atmofphere,  than 
the  other.  They  are  fteeper  than 
Mangerton,  and  have  more  terrible 
precipices,  and  declivities  j  fo  that 
It  was  in  a  manner  impoffible  to 
determine  the  height  by  the  baro- 
meter. On  the  weft  fide  of  that 
mountain,  is  a  large  and  deep  hole, 
filled  with  water,  which  they  call 
the  DeviPs  punch  bowl:  it  over- 
flows, and  makes  an  agreeable 
cafcade,  down  the  fide  of  the  moun- 
tain, in  view  of  Mucrufs-houfe, 
the  feat  of  Edward  Herbert,  Efq; 
by  opening  a  large  cut  on  the  fide 
of  this  bafon,  there  would  be  a 
broader,  more  Conftant  and  nobler 
fopply  of  water,  which  might  afford 
a  beautiful  cataraft  for  the  greateft 
part  of  the  year.  This  water 
fupplies  the  mills  for  the  iron 
works,  and  then  falls  into  Lough - 
lane,  which  beautiful  lake  I  am 
now  about  to  defcribe.  One  of 
the  beft  profpefts  which  it  affords, 
39  on  a  rifing  ground,  near  the 
ruined  cathedral  of  Aghadoe  :  rot 
but  there  are  many  other  fine  views 
of  it  from  tvtry  other  fide,  but 
few  of  them  take  in  fo  many  par- 
ticulars as  may  be  obferved  from 
that  ftation.  For  from  hence  is  to 
be  feen,  one  of  the  moft  delicious 
landfcapes  in  Ireland  :  and  perhaps, 
few  countries  in  Earope  afford 
better.  But  this  is  fuch  a  mafter- 
piece,  that  even  the  Poufiins,  Sal- 
vator  Rofa,  or  the  moft  eminent 
painter  in  that  way,  might  here 
turn  ilhhimfelfwithfufiTticnt  matter, 
Y  2  not 


SU        ANNUAL    RE 

not  only  to  form  one,  but  feveral 
entertaining  profpefts.     From  this 
eminence    a  fiirvey  may  be  taken 
x>f  the  grcateil  part  of  this  beautiful 
lake ;    and  likewife    of   that    llu- 
pendous  amphitheatre  of  mountains 
which    are   ranged    along  the  op- 
,  pofite  fhore.     Towards  the  fouth- 
eaft,    (lands    the  above-mentioned 
mountain,  called  Mangerton,  whofe 
feet  the  lake   vvalhes,    and    whofe 
fummit    is '  generally  loll    in    the 
clouds,    it  being,  from  the  above 
recited  experiment,  juftly  efteemed 
one   of   the    higheil  mountains  in 
Ireland.     More  towards  the  center 
lake,  is  an  high  mole,  called  Turk, 
whofe  fides,    down  to  the  verge  of 
the  water,  are  beautifully  cloathed 
with  groves,    of  various  kinds  of 
trees.     One  part  of  this  hill  Hopes 
away  like  a  promontory,  terminat- 
ing in  the  lake,  forming  one  fide 
of  a  canal,    which    is    a    pafTage 
into  the  upper  lake  ;    as  doth  the 
point   of  another  mountain  called 
.  Glenna,    the   other    fide    of    this 
.  ftrait,  which  is  adorned  alfo  with 
fortill    trees.     As    a    fine    contrail 
to    this  verdure,    at    the 'back  of 
tiefe      mountains      Hand     others, 
Ihaped  into  pyramids,  being  only 
naked    rocks    of    a    vail    height. 
The    grandeur    and    magnificence 
of  thele  mountains,    ivot  only  en- 
tertain  and  furprize   the  fpedtaior, 
but    he   mud     be     alfo   agreeably 
amufed  in  contemplating   the  in- 
finite  variety  of  beautiful  colour- 
ing they  afford.     For,  in  one  part 
may  be    feen    the.   gaytll  verdure, 
blended    with     fca  let    fruit,    and 
fnowy  bloffoms,  well  known  pro- 
perties   of   the-  arbutus;    and    in 
other  places,  the  moft, elegant  va- 
riety  of  brown  and    yellow  itints, 
caufec)  by  other  kinds  of  trees  and 
fhiubs,  appectrs  :  all  thefe  ure  in- 
termixed with  rock  work  ;  and  to 

2 


GISTER,    1758. 

foften  the  whole,  a  deep,  fn^ootli,   - 
and  noble  bafon  ol  water,  extends 
itfelf  beneath  this  fcenery.     But  to 
give   the  reader  an   adequate  idea 
of  this  place,     would    require  the 
pencil   of  fome   excellent  painter, 
rather  than  the  pen  of  any   profe 
writer.     To  the  wed    of  Glenna, 
Hands  the  lofty  pike  called  Tomifh, 
variegated  half  way  to  its  top,  with 
a  waving  forell ;  and   down  whofe 
fides,  efpecially  after  rains,  run  very 
confiderable  cataracts  into  the  great 
lake.     There  are  many  other  iiills 
Hill  running  more  well,    as  far  as 
the  eye  can  trace  for  many  miles; 
the  neareil  and  moft  furprizing  for 
their  loftinefs,  are   the   Reeks    al- 
ready mentioned,    whofe  tops  re- 
femble  fo  many  pinnacles  or  rather 
fpires   loll   in  the  clouds.       The 
water  is  light  and  pure,  and  not- 
withllanding    the   great  variety  of 
minerals  wJiich  furround  this  lake, 
it  doth  not  feem  to  be  impregnated 
with  any  of  them.     The  ancient 
verfes  of  Ninius,  who  wrote  in  the 
ninth   century,     and    which     Mr, 
O'Flaherty,    in    his  Ogygia,  alfo 
cites,  make  mention  of  them. 

Mamonia  flagnum,  Lochknius  unJtque 

Zonis 
^atuor  ambiiur  :  prior  eji  ex  isre^ 

fecunda 
Fliinibea^    de  rigido  ccnfiatur  tertia 

ferro  : 
^aria  remdenti  pallej.it  line  a  Jl  an- 


As  for  copper,  few  mines  in 
Europe  have  produced  fuch  quan- 
tity of  ore,  as  that  work  lately 
difcovered,  near  Mucrufs ;  having 
afforded,  in  the  fpace  of  a  yea/ 
after  its  working,  three  hundred 
feventy  five  tons  of  ore,  which 
produces  from  an  ounce  of  the 
general  fample,  five  penny  weight, 

eight 


MISCELLANEOUS   ESSAYS.       325 


eight  grains  of  copper,  being  con- 
fiderably  more  than  a  fourth  part 
of  pure  metal  of  a  very  fine  qua- 
lity; and  the  Briiiol  company,  to 
whom  the  proprietors  of  this  work 
fold  it,  niuft  have  extraded  a  great- 
er proportion  of  copper,  as  it  is 
well  known  from  the  laws  of  at- 
traiflion,  that  a  large  portion  of 
ore  will  yield  more  on  the  affay, 
than  a  fmall  quantity.  Lead  ore 
hath  been  alfo  difcovered  near  this 
lake;  ^nd  the  adjacent  mountains 
all  abound  with  iron.  As  to  tin  ore, 
there  hath  been  no  difcovery  made 
yet  to  any  purpofe  ;  although  I  do 
not  queftion,  but  it  will  be  alfo 
found,  for  I  have  picked  up  fmall 
fpecimens  of  ore,  which  contain 
fome  tin,  at  no  great  diftance  from 
this  lake ;  and  thus  far  are  the 
above  antient  verfes  verified.  O- 
Flaherty  alfo  takes  notice,  that 
pearls  have  been  found  in  this  lake, 
*'  Et  in  eo  Jiagno  mar  gar  it  ce  mult  a 
repcriuntur^  quas  potiunt  reges  in  au- 
ribus  fuis.^^  But  becaule  of  the 
great  depth  of  the  lough,  they  are 
not  fo  frequently  found  in  it,  as  in 
the  river  Lane  which  runs  out  of 
it.  As  one  fide  of  this  lake  con-, 
fills  of  the  above-mentioned  range 
of  formidable  hills,  'i^i  the  oppofite 
fide  is  adorned  with  a  level  and 
beautiful  country,  with  the  town 
of  Killarney,  and  the  habitations 
and  improvements  of  feveral  gen- 
tlemen, at  different  diflances.  But 
before  I  defcribe  thefe,  it  will  be 
neceffary  to  mention  fomewhat  of 
the  feveral  iflands,  which  lie  beau- 
tifully fcaiiered  over  the  lake;  as 
alfo  of  the  furprifing  echoes  that  it 
affords.  The  moil  noted  of  thefe 
i^ands  is  that  of  Rof?,  which  is 
rather  a  peninfula,  being  only  fepa- 
r^ted  by  a  fmall  cut  through  a 
morafs,  from  the  main  land,  over 
which  is  a  bridge.  On  it  Hands  an 


ancient  caftie,  formerly  the  feat  of 
O-Dcnaghoe  Rofs,  which  hath  a 
new  barrack  adjoining  to  if.  This 
place  hath  been,  for  fome  yeats 
pad,  a  military  garrifon,  having  a 
governor  appointed  for  it,  upon  the 
ellablilhmcnt.  Before  the  cafile, 
are  a  few  old  difmounted  iron  guns, 
which  give  it  fomething  of  the  air 
of  a  fortification.  The  caftie  had 
been  flanked  with  round  turrets, 
which,  together  with  its  fituation, 
rendered  it  a  place  of  fome  ftrengrh. 
In  the  wars  of  164J,  it  furrender- 
ed  to  Ludlow,  who  was  attended 
in  the  expedition  by  Lord  Broghill 
and  Sir  Hardrefs  Waller  ;  and  was 
the  laft  place  that  held  cut  in 
Munfter  againll  the  Englifh  par- 
liament. The  greateft  part  of  this 
ifland  is  covered  with  wood  ;  and 
it  is  no  difagreeable  fpot,  for  fuch 
gentlemen  of  the  army  quartered 
here,  who  are  fond  of  fifhing, 
hunting,  or  fowling.  The  ifland 
of  Innis-fallen,  is  next  to  Rofs  in 
quantity  of  land  ;  in  it  are  the  ruins 
of  a  very  ancient  religious  houfe, 
founded  by  St.  Finian,  furnamed 
the  Leper,  who  flouriflied  towards 
the  middle  of  the  fixth  century.  He 
is  the  patron  faint  of  thefe  parts, 
and  to  him  the  cathedral  of 
Aghadoe  is  alfo  dedicated.  The 
remains  of  this  abbey  are  very  ex- 
tenfive,  although  the  walls  in  many 
places  are  levelled  to  the  ground  ; 
its  fituation  was  extremely  roman- 
tic and  retired.  Upon  the  diflblu- 
tion  of  religious  houfes,  the  poflef- 
fions  of  this  abbey  were  granted 
to  Captain  Robert  Collam.  This 
ifland  contains  about  twelve  acres, 
and  hath  feveral  very  plcafant  coves, 
agreeably  wooded,  for  landing 
upon  it.  It  yields  fo  great  a 
profufion  of  fweet  herbage,  that 
the  kine  which  are  put  into  it  to 
fatten,  thrive  fo  prodigioully,  that 
Y  3  their 


326 


ANNUAL    RE 


their  fat  becomes  a  kind  of  rich 
marrow,  in  a  very  Ihort  time.  The 
more  flffliy  parts  are  in  a  manner 
marbled  with  fat,  but  their  tallow 
is  too  foft  to  make  candles,  tho'  it 
is  proper  enough  for  foap.  On  the 
caft  fide  of  the  illand,  the  walls  of 
an  old  chapel  have  been  lately  re- 
paired by  fome  gentlemen,  who 
frequently  ufe  it  as  a  banqueting- 
houfe.  There  are  befides  timber 
trees,  the  remains  of  feveral  fruit 
trees,  as  plumbs,  pears,  &c.  which 
have  outlived  the  defolation  that 
hath  feized  on  the  cells  of  thofe 
reclufes  who  firft  planted  them. 
Many  of  thefe  trees  had  fruit  rips 
on  them  when  I  was  in  the  iHand  ; 
the  plumbs  in  particular,  being  of 
a  large  red  kind,  were  very  iin«. 
Here  are  alfo  the  fruit  of  the 
forbus  or  fervice  tree,  likewife  the 
arbutus,  and  other  ihrubs,  which 
were  all  planted  by  the  monks, 
tho*  the  neighbouring  inhabitants 
will  have  them  to  be  the  fpontane- 
ous  produ6lion  of  the  foil.  In 
fliort,  it  is  a  beautiful,  romantic 
wildernefs,  decorated,  at  prefent, 
with  thefe  plantations,  and  its 
venerable  ruins,  which  are  no  fmall 
addition  to  the  beauties  of  Lough- 
lane..  Rabbit-Ifland  ftands  to  the 
weft  of  Innis-fallen,  and  is  chieHy 
remarkable  for  its  quarries  of  good 
lime-ftone.  An  infinite  number  of 
illands  of  a  fmailer  fize",  fpangle 
and  adorn  this  lake,  moft  of  which 
are  covered  with  the  arbutus,  and 
feveral  other  beautiful  ihrubs.  One 
of  them  from  a  fancied  reprefenta- 
tion,  refembles,  at  fome  diftance, 
the  figure  of  an  horfe,  in  a  drinking 
pollure  ;  another  is  called  O-Dona- 
ghoe's  prifon  ;  and  a  third  his 
garden.      Moft    of   them    are    of 


GISTER,    175S. 

marble,  cloathed  with  ever-grecn 
flirubs,  growing  out  of  the  crevices 
of  the  rocks.  Some  of  the  illand? 
in  the  upper  lake  are  of  fuch  a  ftu- 
pendous  height,  that  they  refemble, 
at  a  dillance,  fo  many  lofty  towers 
ftanding  in  the  water,  and  being 
many  of  them  crowned  with 
wreaths  of  arbutus,  reprefent  the 
ruins  of  ftately  palaces.  Their 
edges  are  fo  much  worn  by  the 
daihing  of  the  water  againft  their 
fides,  and  by  frequent  rains  uafhing 
away  the  earth,  and  time  hath  fo 
disjointedmany  of  the  marblerocks, 
that  feveral  of  them  hang  in  a  mol| 
furprifing  and  tottering  manner, 
and  reprefent  a  rude  kind  of  con- 
fufed  architedlure,  almoft  without 
foundations.  In  others  of  them, 
the  waters  have  worn  pafTages  fufii- 
ciently  large  for  boats  to  go  through 
thefe  tottering  arches,  which  in 
fome  places  (thoiigh  they  are  of  aa 
immenfe  weight)  are  only  upheld 
by  very  flender  pillars. 

The  arbutus  which  cloaths  thefe 
iflands,  gives  even  the  haggard 
winter  the  beautiful  appearance  of 
fpring,  for  in  that  mehncholy 
feafon,  this  tree  puts  on  its  higheft 
bloom  ;  which  rarely  growing  ia 
other  places,  is  more  likely  to  be 
admired  by  ftrangcrs  in  this.  The 
preparation  of  charcoal,  for  the  iron 
works,  hath  been  the  occafion  of  a, 
great  delirudion  of  this  beautiful 
tree  in  other  parts  of  the  country  : 
and  it  is  faid,  that  even  here,  it 
fuffered  muchTjy  an  accidental  fire 
that  laid  wafte  a  great  part  of  a 
foreft.  Its  growth,  upon  rocks  of 
marble,  where  no  earth  appears,  and 
fo  high  above  the  furface  of  the 
wa  er,  renders  it  a  matter  of  both 
furprize  and  pleafure*. 

This 


*  The  arbutus,  faith  Sir  Thomas  Mollneux,  (in  th?  Phllofophical  Tranfac- 
jtJons,  No.  22  j)  is  not  to  be  found  any  where,  of  fpontaneous  growth,  nearer 

to 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.      327 


This  tree  is  extremely  agreeable 
in  every  different  circumllance  of 
vegetation,  for  it  hath,  at  one  and 
the  fame  time,  ripe  and  green  fruit 
upon  its  branches,  which,  as  they 
approach  to  ripenefs,  from  green  be- 
come yellow,  and  at  length  termi- 
nate in  a  fine  fcarlet  colour,  re- 
fembling  in  form  a  field  flrawber- 
ry,  though  in  fize  that  of  the  beft , 
garden  kind. 

The  bloflbms  grow  in  clufters 
of  fmall  white  bells,  not  unlike 
ihofe  of  the  lilly  of  the  valley  ;  and 
in  fuch  great  abundance,  as,  in  that 
refped  alone,  to  be  equal  in  beauty 
to  the  lauruftinus,  and  in  other 
refpefts,  much  fuperior  to  it ;  for 
the  agreeable  verdure  of  the  leaves, 
not  much  unlike  the  bay,  the 
fcarlet  hue  of  the  tender  part  of 
the  ftalk,  and  all  the  different 
(lages  of  vegetation,  at  one  and 
the  fame  time,  from  the  knitting 
fruit  to  perfefl  ripenefs,  cannot 
but  be  exceeding  agreeable  to  the 
£urious  obferver. 

Upwards  of  forty  iflands  in  this 
lake  are  covered  with  an  intermix- 
ture of  thefe  trees  and  other  fhrubs ; 
befides,  at  leall  a  fourth  part  of  the 
afcent  of  the  mountains,  the  verges 
of  whofe  bafes,  like  that  of  Man- 
gerton,  and  others  abovementioned, 
are  waflied  by  the  water  of  this 
lake. 

Thus   having   mentioned    what 


was  remarkable  of  the  mountains 
which  furround  it,  and  of  the  lake 
itfelf,  and  its  iflands,  I  fhall  beg 
leave  to  apply  the  following  lines 
of  the  poet,  whofe  defcription  of 
the  lake  Fergus  is  no  ill  pidure  of 
Lough-lane. 

■  Non  ilia  plura  cajiJlro4 

Carmina  Cignorum  labentibia  audit  ■ 

in  undfs, 
Silva    coronat  aquas,    cingens    latus 

omne  ;  fuijque 
Frondibus^  ut  -velo^  Phabeos  fubmovet 

ignes. 
Frigora  dant  rami,     Tyrios    humut 

hiifnida  fioreSy 
Ferpetuum  <v€r  ej}. 

Ovid.  Metam.  Lib.  V. 

The  principal  inhabitants  of 
thefe  lofty  modntains,  except  a  few 
woodmen,  kept  in  thefe  forefts  by 
the  lord  of  the  foil,  are  great  herds 
of  red  deer  ;  the  chace  of  which  af- 
fords a  much  higher  gratification  to 
the  fportf.xen  than  in  mod  other 
places.  And  when  a  ftag  is  hunted 
near  this  lake,  nothing  is  more 
agreeably  furprifing,  than  the  re- 
peated echoes:  it  being  fcarce 
poffible  to  dillinguilh  the  real  clan- 
gor of  the  French  horns,  or  the 
true  cry  of  the  dogs,  from  the  num- 
berlefs  reverberations  of  them  a- 
mong  the  rocks  and  mountains. 

The  echoes  which  are  caufed  by 
this  fport,    reverberate    the  found 


to  Ireland  than  the  moft  foxithern  parts  of  France,  Italy,  and  Sicily ;  and  there 
too,  it  is  never  known  but  as  a  frutex  or  fhiub  ;  whereas  in  the  rocky  parts  of 
the  county  of  Keny,  about  Lough-lane,  and  in  fome  of  the  rocky  mountains 
adjacent,  where  the  people  of  the  country  call  it  the  cane  apple,  it  flouriflies 
naturally  to  that  degree  as  to  become  a  large  tall  tree.  Petrus  Bellonius  ob- 
ferves,  that  it  doth  fo  in  mount  Athos  in  Macedonia  ;  and  Juba  is  quoted  by 
PJiny,  as  mentioning  it  as  a  thing  extraordinary,  that  the  arbutus  grows  to 
an  high  tree  in  Arabia.  Dr.  Molineux  adds,  that  the  trunks  of  the  trees  of 
Ireland  have  been  frequently  four  feet  and  a  half  in  circumference,  or  i8  inches 
diameter  ;  and  that  the  trees  grow  to  about  nine  or  ten  yards  in  height,  and  in 
liich  plenty,  that  many  of  them  have  been  cut  down  to  melt  and  refine  the  ore 
of  filver  and  lead  mines  difcovcred  near  Rofs  caftle. 


in 


328 


ANNUAL  RE 


in  a  manner  not  to  be  defcribed, 
nr>r  bclitved  by  any  but  by  thofe 
wbo  have  heard  them  ;  the  whole 
durdtion  of  a  fmgle  found  being 
ne-^r  a  minuie;  and  yet  the  reper- 
cufllons  are  innumerable,  and  the 
variety  inconceivable.  But  the  rea- 
der may  from  this  imagine,  that 
a  moft  furprifing  mufical  elFe^l 
iTiuft  arife  from  the  variety  of  notes 
iffuing  from  the  throats  of  a  large 
pack  of  buck-hounds,  enlivened  by 
the  cheating  fliouts  of  the  fporti- 
inen,  and  the  noife  of  the  horns. 

From  the  mountains  the  flag  of- 
ten flies  to  the  foil  for  refrelhment, 
where  he  is  fometimes  taken  by 
perfons  who  attend  in  boats  to  call 
a  rope  over  the  horns ;  or  the  poor 
animal  is  purfued  to  fome  illand, 
where  he  is  killed ;  or  being  re- 
frefhed  by  fwimming,  is  hunted 
again  to  the  mountains ;  in  all,  and 
every  of  which  places,  particularly 
towards  the  upper  lake,  the  echoes 
are  prodigious  grand. 

But  the  moll  aftonifhing   founds 
are  thofe  made  by  the  difcharge  of 
cannon  placed  in   a   proper  fitua- 
tion,  upon  the  points  of  fome  par- 
ticular iflands,  which  may  bell  an- 
fwer  to   the   concave  fides   of  the 
mountains.       When    the   piece    is 
firll  exploded,  there  is  no  return  of 
any  particular  found  for  near  a  mi- 
nute ;    but    then    a    loud   clap    of 
thunder  which  laili  for  feveral  fe- 
conds   enfues;    and   after  a   Ihort 
paufe,    a  fecond,    and   fo   on,   for 
leveral  repetitions  ;  like  volleys  of 
imall  arms,  which  are  alternately 
anfwered   from    the    neighbouring 
niounrains  and  valleys^and  at  length 
die  away,  with  a  nolle  refembling 
that  of  the    waves  of   the   o(!ean 
beating   againll   a   concave   (here. 
^Nothing   would  be  more  pleafant 
than  the  ringing  of  a  peal  of  bell:?, 
placed    in    a    fmall  iiland  in  this 


G  I  STER,    175S. 

lake,  which  would  fcem  to  he  more 
numerous  than  all  thofe  of  a  gieat 
city,  by  bei rg  aiifwcied  by  nuni- 
berlefs  imagniary  bells  from  the 
neighbouring  rocks.  But  thijg,  with 
feveral  other  methods  of  improv- 
ing the  natural  beauties  of  tlie 
lake,  particularly  the  placing  tame 
fwans  on  it,  and  other  embcllifh- 
menis,  is  fubmitted  to  its  owner : 
"who  by  adding,  if  pofTible,  to  its 
native  elegancy,  might  render  it 
more  pleafing  to  tiavellers,  who 
may  be  induced,  out  of  curiofity, 
to  vifit  it,  and  which  would  be  of 
great  advantage  to  the  adjacent 
town  of  Killarney. 

There  have  been  but  few  coun- 
tries in  Europe  that  have  not  con- 
trived means  to  draw  a  concourfe 
of  people  to  vifit  them,  whofe  very 
travelling  and  intercourfe  increafe 
wealth  and  trade  ;  and  are  a  fecret 
motive  to  induce  inhabitants  to 
come  and  fettle  in  them. 

A  river  falls  from  the  upper  into 
the  lower  lake,  difcharging  itfelf 
between  the  mountains  of  Glenna 
and  Turk,  between  which  hills  is 
one  of  the  moft  romantic  glins  that 
can  be  conceived.     The    trees  on 
boch  iides  feem  to  cverlhadow  this 
paffage,  which  is  a  kind  of  watry 
defile  for  fome  miles  in  length,  and 
admits   of  a    confiJerable    variety, 
being    deep  and    fmooth   in   fome 
places,    and  in    others    rocky   and 
ftiallow  ;  at  which  Ui\,  the  paffen- 
gers  difembark,    and   the    boat  ii 
forced  by   (Irength  of  men's  arms, 
under  a  kind  of  arch.     The   ufing 
of  fails  is  here  dangerous,  on  ac- 
count of  the  mountain  fqualls,  their 
fides  hanging  diredlly  over  the  river, 
which,  in  this  place,  is  almofl  too 
narrow  even  for  oars.    The  flupen- 
dous  rock,  called  the  Eagle's  Nell, 
noted, alfo  for  a  fine  echo,  is  com- 
monly a  place   of  refrefliment  tQ 
paffengcrs 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS,    ^^cj  - 


p^ffengers,  who  here  enjoy  the 
grateful  flude  of  the  arbutus,  yews, 
hollies,  and  many. other  trees,  tha^ 
cover  the  rocks  in  this  canal,  feve- 
ral  of  which  hang  dreadfully  over 
its  fides  ;  and  no  doubr,  had  a 
perfon  fufHcient  Icifare,  thoroughly 
to  fearch  up  the  fides  of  this  glin, 
and  the  adjacent  places,  v^hich 
would  require  vallly  more  tinie, 
labour  and  expence,  than  the  en- 
couragement given  t(^  works  of  this 
nature  will  afford,  abundance  of 
cprious  difcovcries  might  certainly 
be  made  here  in  the  botanical  way, 
cfpecially  in  the  adjacent  foreds. 

The  boatmen  have  given  imagi- 
nary names  to  thefe  rocks,  as  to 
one,  the  Man  of  War ;  a  rock, 
which  in  fome  fort  reprefents  the 
hull  of  a  large  veflel,  the  mad  and 
rigging  of  which  is  no  other  than 
a  large  branching  yew  at  the  top. 
Having,  at  length,  pafied  this  long 
and  narrow  ilrait,  the  upper  lake 
is  difcovered,  which  is  furrounded 
Qn  all  fides  with  mountains  of  an 
amazing  height,  beautified  alfo  with 
woods^  For  here,  according  to 
JVIilton, 

Over  head  up  grow 

Infuperable  height  of  loftielt  Ihad'e, 
Cedar,    and   pine,    and   hr,    and 

branching  palm, 
A   fyivan    icer.ej  and  as  the  ranks 

afccnd 
Shade  above  (hade,  a  woody  theatre 

Of  llatelieil  view 

Luxuriant:  Mean  while  murmuring 

waters  fall 
Dowp  the  Hope  hills,  difperll,  or 

in  a  lake, 
~ — Uuite  their  ftreams : 

Paradife  Loft,  Book  IV. 

This  upper  lake  is  an  oblong 
fquare,  extending  north  and  fouth, 
but  is  not  a  third  of  tlie  area  of  the 
lower  lake.    The  rocks  and  iflands 


are     here     inhabited     by    eagles, 
"cfpreys,  hawks,  and  oth<ir  birds  of 
prey  ;  as  are  the  forelt>  on  the  ad-  • 
jacent  mountains  with  led  deer. 

.  In  certain  fcafons  very  copfsder- 
able  water- fails  and  cai'cades  tumble 
from  the  mountains  into  thi*  up- 
per lake,  which*  wiiii  the  echoes, 
and  delightful  fcenery  of  the  pro- 
fped,  arc  alio  the  chief  entertain- 
ment of  this  place,  as  in  the  lower 
lake.  In  one  of  ihefc  iflands  tra- 
vellers generally  take  a  repaft,  for 
few  people  go  fo  far  into  ihefii 
wilds  without  laying  in  provifions 
before-hand.  The  manner  of  re- 
turning is,  either  back  through 
the  fame  fcene,  or  on  horfeback 
over  the  mountain,  on  a  new  road, 
which  was  made  by  fubfcription  of 
the  principal  gentlemen  of  the 
county. 

Towards  the  fouthern  part  of  the-  x 
lake,  fituated  on  a  kind  of  penin- 
fula.  Hands   Mucrufs,    the   feat  of 
Edward   Herbert,  Efq.  a  fituation 
whete  nature,  in  her  native  attire, 
very  little  afiided   by  art,  < .  tdocs 
every  thing  that  human  fancy,  fup- 
ported    with    the  highefl:  expence, 
hath    yer    performed ;  for  whether 
we    firil    refled   en  the    delightful 
profpetSls   that  this  feat  affords,  as 
the  lofty  mountains    hanging  over 
the  lake,  wooded    almoft   to  their 
fummits  ;  cafcades   potjring   dowQ 
from  feveral  of  them,  particularly 
that  afready  noticed  from  Manger- 
ton,  which   fends  down  a  roaring 
torrent  not  far  difiant ;  the  beauti- 
ful expanie  cf  water  which  waflies 
the  verge  of  tliis  gentleman's  gar- 
dens and   improvements,  fcattfcred 
over  with  iflands,  fo  wooded  as  to 
reprefent     feveral     weli-cultivated 
fpots;  alfo  a  particular  lake  called 
Mucrufs  lake,  divided  by  that  pen- 
infula    from    the    great    one ;    and 
on  the  oppofite  ftiore,  a  level,  well 

iin- 


330       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


improved  country  :  I  fay,  whether 
we  take  in  at  one  view  all  this  in- 
chanting  fcenery,  or  flop  to  admire 
the  particular  beauties  of  the  feat 
itfelf,  we  ftiall  find  fufficient  mat- 
ter for  pleafure  and  admiration. 
.  The  natural  appearance  of  this 
place,  before  it  was  adorned  by 
any  improvement,  was  that  of  a 
luxuriant  garden,  where  a  great 
variety  of  trees  and  fhrubs,  the  pro- 
duce cnly  of  a  more  favourable 
clime,  flourilhed  fpontaneoufly,  as 
the  arbutus,  juniper,  yew,  buck- 
thorn, fervice,  and  others,  found 
growing  among  the  crevices  of 
marble  rocks ;  the  feeds,  and  ori- 
ginal plantation  of  which  I  fufped 
to  have  been  laid  here,  many  cen- 
turies ago,  by  the  monks  of  the 
adjacent  abbeys;  where,  meeting 
with  a  foil  and  climate  favourable 
to  their  prefervation  and  propaga- 
tion, they  have  wonderfully  flou- 
rilhed ever  fince,  without  any  affift- 
ance  from  art. 

Thefe  natural  gardens,  there- 
fore, \«:nted  little afliflance  tc  beau- 
tify them,  except  an  enclofure  to- 
wards the  land,  and  the  lopping 
away  part  of  their  luxuriance,  to 
form  avenues  and  walks  through 
them,  befides  the  addition  of  fuch 
exotics  as  have  been  but  of  late 
years  introduced  into  Ireland  ; 
among  which  there  have  been  plant- 
ed a  confiderable  number  of  vines, 
which  are  now  fpreading  their 
branches,  and  crawling  up  feveral 
Hoping  rocks  of  variegated  marble. 

It  was,  indeed,  an  handfome 
compliment  which  was  paid  to  this 
place,  by  a  late  Right  Rev.  Pre- 
late *,  whofe  high  tafte  in  the 
beauties  of  art  and  nature,  as  well 
as  goodnefs  of  heart,  and  folid 
learning,  all  the  world  equally  ad- 


mired  and  acknowledged ;  who 
being  aflced  what  he  thought  of 
this  feat,  immediately  anlwered, 
that  the  French  Monarch  might 
poffibly  be  able  to  ere«5l  another 
Verfailles,  but  could  not  with  all 
his  revenues  lay  out  another  Mu- 
crufs 

The  gardens  of  this  feat  extend 
to  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  friery 
called  Irrclagh,  i.  e.  on  the  lough, 
founded  by  Donald,  fon  of  Thady 
Mac  Carty,  in  the  year  1440, 
for  Minorite  ,  or  conventual  Fran- 
cifcans,  and  repaired  by  him  ia 
1468,  the  year  of  his  death.  It 
was  again  re-edified  in  the  year 
1602,  but  foon  after  fufFered  to 
go  to  ruin.  The  walls  are  fur- 
rounded  by  a  venerable  grove  of 
afli-trees,  which  are  very  tall,  and 
in  fome  places  grow  fpontaneoufly, 
from  the  ruins  of  the  abbey.  The 
choir,  nave,  and  fteeple,  flill  re- 
main entire,  in  which  are  feveral 
decayed  tombs.  The  cloyflers  are 
likewife  entire,  in  which  are  feve^ 
ral  Gothic  arches  of  folid  marble, 
which  incloi'e  a  fmall  fquare,  in 
the  center  of  which  ftands  one  of 
the  talleft  yew-trees  I  have  ever 
feen  ;  its  fpreading  branches,  like 
a  great  umbrella,  overfhadow  the 
niches  of  the  whole  cloyller,  form- 
ing a  more  folemn  and  aweful  kind 
of  covering  to  it  than  originally 
belonged  to  the  place.  The  lleeple 
was  fmall,  and  capable  of  con- 
taining only  a  fingle  bell ;  and  it 
is  fupported  by  a  Gothic  arch  or 
vault.  The  bell  was,  not  many 
years  ago,  found  in  the  adjacent 
iough,  and  by  the  infcription,  was 
known  to  have  belonged  to  this 
priory,  which  from  the  time  of 
its  foundation,  hath  been  the  ce- 
metery  of  the  Mac  Carty-Mores, 

and 


Dr.  Berkley,  the  late  Bi/hop  of  Cloyne, 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS. 


33» 


and  other  families.  Upon  the  dif- 
folution  ofreligious  houfes,  the  re- 
venues and  fcite  of  this  abbey  were 
granted  to  Captain  Robert  ColJam, 
who  affigned  them  to  Bilhop 
LVoibie. 

The  town  of  Killarney  is  a  fmall 
thriving  place,  being  confiderably 
improved  fince  the  minority  of  its 
prefent  owner,  the  Lord  yifcount 
JCenmare,  who  hath  encouraged 
ieveral  inhabitants  to  fettle  in  it, 
and  hath  erected  fome  houfes  for 
Jinen  manufafturers,  about  a  mile 
from  the  town.  -There  are  already 
four  new  roads  finifhed  to  this 
town,  one  from  ihecoupty  of  Cork, 
which  leads  to  that  city  ;  a  fecond 
from  Caflle-Ifland,  which  proceeds 
towards  Limerick  ;  the  third  is  that 
to  the  river  of  Kenmare  before- 
pientioned  ;  and  a  fourth  is  lately 
made  to  Caftlemain  ;  from  which 
lart  place  new  roads  have  been  car- 
ried to  Tralee  and  Dingle.  The 
neighbourhood  of  the  mines  affords 
employment  for  feveral  people, 
and  will  confequently  caufe  a  con- 
fiderablefum  of  money  to  be  fpent 
in  it.  A  new-Ilreet,  with  a  large 
commodious  inn,  are  defigned  to 
be  built  here  ;  for  the  curiofities  of 
the  neighbouring  lake  have  of  late 
drawn  great  numbers  of  curious  tra- 
vellers to  vifit  it,  and,  no  doubt, 
many  more  will  go  thither  to  par- 
take of  the  diverfions  and  amufe- 
ments  of  that  place,  when  they  can 
be  afiured  of  being  commodioufly 
and  cheaply  entertained. 

The  principal  ornament  of  Kil- 
Jarney  is  the  feat  and  gardens  of 
Lord  Kenmare,  planted  with  large 
nurferici  of  fruit  and  timber-trees. 
Hi:  lorlftiip  propofes  to  enlarge  a 
canaly  which  runs  through  his  gar- 
dens, aid  to  make  it  communicate 
with  the  lake,  which  will  not  only 
render  them  more  beautiful,    but 


will  alfo  add  to  the  convenience  of 
water-carriage  to  and  from  the  lake. 
Not  far  from  the  houfe  is  a  large 
and  pleafant  park,  well  wooded, and 
Hocked  with  deer,  which  he  hath 
alio  in  plenty  in  the  forefls  of  the 
adjacent  mountains. 


The  natural  hijiory  of  Hartz  Forefl, 
in  his  Majefty^s  German  dominions. 
Written  in  German  by  H.  Ebrens^ 
M.  D, 

Of  the  cavern  at  $charzfeU, 

TH  E  cavern  at  Scharzfeld  it 
well  worth  feeing,  being  caves 
remarkable  for  feveral  rarities  ;  the 
country  people  call  it  the  Dwarf- 
holes,  It  is  fituated  in  the  Lower 
Hartz,  in  the  county  of  Hohnilein, 
in  a  wood  not  far  from  the  caftle  of 
Scharzfeld.  Whoever  wants  to  fee 
this  cavern,  goes  to  the  village  of 
Scharzfeld  to  look  out  for  a  guide. 
Then  you  proceed  through  a  wood 
and  a  thicket,  and  coming  near  the 
cavern,  you  muft  get  down  by  the 
knots  and  branches  of  a  large  tree 
with  fome  trouble  and  danger,  to 
come  to  the  mouth  of  it.  When 
you  are  on  the  ground,  there  ap- 
pears to  your  view  a  laroe  cleft  in 
a  rock,  about  fourteen  feet  high  ; 
the  infide  of  it  is  lined  all  about 
with  a  thick  and  fhining  Drop-Jione. 
Now  you  advance  a  pretty  way 
forwards,  and  muft  creep  a  confi- 
derable  length,  till  you  come  into 
the  fecond  cave,  which  for  heigh: 
and  bignefs  is  not  inferior  to  the 
firft.  From  hence  you  creep  again 
with  fome  trouble  into  the  third, 
and  from  thence  to  the  fourth  cave, 
and  fo  on  ;  and  in  this  manner, 
fome  guides  lay,  one  may  go  five 
or  fix  Englifh  miles  underground, 
without  coming  to  ihe  end. 

The 


332,        .A^.N,NU.AL    I^EGISTER,   1758. 


The  cold  is  very  intenfe  in  this 
cavern,  arid  rather  greater  than  in 
the  Baumans  cnve.  To  let  in  fome 
light,  there  are  feveral  round  and 
fquare  holes  in  the  roof,  fome  of 
which  are  flopped  up  with  ftones 
and  other  rnbbilh.  The  connmon 
people  imagine  the  dwarfs  went  in 
and  out  of  thefe  openings,  but  it 
is  more  probable  they  were  made 
for  air  holes.  There  are  fuch  num- 
bers of  paflages  and  turnings,  that 
it  45  almoft  impoflible  to  count 
them ;  fome  running  forwards,  fonie 
iideways,  and  others  acrofs,  all 
communicating  with  one  another 
in  the  manner  of  a  labyrinth,  for 
which  reafon  it  is  very  difficult  to 
find  one's  way  out  of  it  again  with- 
out a  guide.  Moft  of  thefe  pa/Tages 
are  as  clean  as'  if  they  were  fwept 
with  a  broom,-  and  fome  are  tilled 
up  with  rubbilh  by  thofe  that  6\}g 
there,  either  for  ore,  or  the  fofiiie 
unicorn. 

The  Drof-^one  is  found  in  feveral 
of  thefe  caves,  although  the  top  of 
the  mountain  where  the  cavern  is, 
be  a  dry  lime-ftone.  The  water 
drops  continually  from  the  roof, 
fo  thick  tliat  .it  feems  as  if  ir  rain- 
ed ;  and  when  thefe  drops  fall  on 
your  cloaths,  and  grow  dry  upon 
them,  they  turn  to  white  fpots, 
and  a  white  powder  like  chalk 
comes  from  it. 

It  is  reported,  that  once,  on 
the  eve  of  St.  Peter  and  Paul, 
twenty-five  perfons  bound  them- 
felves  by  oath  to  each  other  to  go 
into  this  cavern,  and  not  to  come 
oat  of  it  again  »ill  they  had  view- 
ed all  the  curicfities  therein,  and 
found  out  the  end ;  therefore  they 
provided  themfelves  wivh  a  num- 
ber of  candles,  a  ladder,  and 
firings,  and  provifion  for  feveral 
days.  '. 


When  they  were  advanced  about 
nine  hundred  fathoms,  they  found 
nsany  curiofities,  large  places  like 
palaces,  all  forts  of  figures,  formed 
by  ihe Drop  Jione I  alfo  fome  fprings, 
running  waters,  quantities  of  hu- 
man bones,  fome  of  a  ^i^antic  fize. 
Then  creeping  again  through  other 
narrow  pafTages,  they  came  into 
fpacious  places,  where  twenty- five 
could  walk  a-breall.  Thus  they 
went  on  till  they  could  go  no  far- 
ther;  by  following  the  thread 
which  they  had  tied  to  the  entry  of 
the  cavern,  they  found  their  way 
back  again  without  difficulty  ;  but 
by  the  coldnefs  of  the  place,  and 
many  frights,  they  were  become  fo 
pale,  and  their  countenances  fo  al^ 
tered,  that  their  friends  hardly  knew 
them  again. 

Here  is  alfo  found  the  foffile 
unicorn,  but  not  near  in  fuch  quan- 
tity as  formerly,  becaufe  the  pea- 
fants,  who  ufed  to  dig  for  it,  and 
to  fell  it  to  the  apothecaries  and 
drugglfts,  have  alraoft  cxhaufted 
the  place.  This  foflile  is  of  dif- 
ferent ftiapes  J  fometimes  'tis  form- 
ed like  a  flraight-horn,  a  fcull,  a 
jaw-bone,  a  ftioulder-blade,  and  a 
back-bone,  a  rib,  a  tooth,  a  thigh- 
bone, and  all  other  forts  of  bones 
both  of  men  and  bealls ;  and  there 
is  fome  found  like  an  unlhapen  lump 
or  mafs  of  ftone,  having  no  refem- 
blance  to  any  bone  at  all. 

There  have  been  great  difputes 
among  the  learned  about  thisfoffile  : 
fome,  confidering  that  there  are 
pieces  fo  exadlly  like  true  bones, 
affirm  they  mult  really  have  been 
part  of  fome  animal  ;  and,  that 
thofe  of  an  anomalous  form  are  of 
the  mineral  kind.  But  others  re- 
ply, that  upon  examination  they 
cannot  find  thai:  great  likenefs  to 
bones  as  thci-fcidverfaries  arepleafed 

to 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.      333 

of  BrunfnL'kky  that  one  time  there 
was  found  in  the  Bauinans  cave 
an  human  fcuil  of  a  gigantic 
fjze. 

But  the  bignefs  of  fome  of  thefe 
bones,  feems  to  argue  that  they 
could  not  be  human,  and  there- 
fore *tis  probable  they  either  have 
increafed  under  ground,  or  elfe  are 
a  lufus  r.aturre :  for  the  talleil  man 
we  know  of,  was  Og  of  Bafan, 
whofebed  is  faid,  in  Deuteronomy, 
chap.  iii.  to  have  been  eighteen  feec 
long  :  now,  allowing  the  bed  to 
be  but  one  foot  longer  than  the 
man,  he  was  feventeen  feet  high. 
But  if  the  head  and  tooth  found 
by  the  Swedes  had  belonged  to  a 
regularly  -  proportioned  man,  he 
mud  have  exceeded  Og  by  a  vatt 
deal  ;  for  the  tooth  is  faid  to  have 
weighed  five  pounds  and  a  half, 
and  fuppofing  that  of  a  commoa 
man  to  weigh  half  an  ounce,  which 
is  too  much,  then  the  giant  muft 
have  had  a  height  anfwerable  to 
176  times  the  bulk  of  a  middle- 
fized  man. 

Others  cannot  comprehend  how 
thefe  fuppofed  bones  (hoold  have 
been  brought  together  in  fuch  quan- 
tities into  thefe  caverns;  nor  will 
they  be  fatisfied  with  the  reafons 
fome  naturalilh  give  for  their  man- 
ner of  petrifadion  ;  wherefore  Sen- 
nertus,  in  his  Epitome  Scienti a  natu- 
ralise lib.  V.  cap.  4.  Schraeder,  in 
his  Pharmacopceia  medica^  and  Lau- 
rentius  Baulchius,  in  his  Scbedi' 
am/a  Curiofum  de  Unicornu  fojjiliy 
and  others,  count  it  among  the 
minerals. 

Klrcher,  in  his  Mundus  fuhter- 
ranejtSy  lib.  viii.  c.  8.  makes  this 
diltindtion  betwixt  bones-ofa  mi- 
neral produce,  and  petrified  ones  ; 
he  fayr,  the  firft  are  folid  through- 
out, but  the  latter  hollow.  Which 
obfervation  i  have  found  hot  to  be 

infal- 


to  fancy  :  in  particular  they  fay, 
that  thofe  bones  of  the  folfile  uni- 
corn, which  are'  called  the  jaw- 
bone, have  fuch  apophyfes  as  are 
never  to  be  met  with  in  the  natural 
way  ;  and  that  fome  being  like  no 
bone  at  all,  they  fcruplenot  to  con- 
clude the  whole  to  be  a  lufus  natu- 
ray  or  an  accidental  produce  of  na- 
ture. Moreover,  they  add,  that 
granting  fome  to  be  like  true  bones, 
it  cannot  be  inferred  from  thence 
that  they  were  really  fo  ;  becaufe 
elfe  it  would  follow,  that  the  figures 
reprefented  in  fome  pieces  of  flate, 
and  the  Cornua  Ammonis^  were  once 
real  ;  which  are  now  allowed  on  all 
hands  to  be  flones  of  a  particular 
kind. 

Conrlngius,  in  his  differtation 
De  ant i quo  Helmiadiji Jiatu,  thinks 
the  foffile  unicorn  were  petrified 
bones.  And  Otto  de  Querick,  in 
his ExperimentaMagdcburgicay  main- 
tains the  fame  opinion.  That  there 
had  been  fuch  animals  as  unicorns, 
he  pretends  to  corroborate  by  the 
following  fad  :  he  fays,  that  anno 
1663,  in  a  lime-pit  near  Quedlin- 
burg,  there  was  found  an  entire 
ficeleton  of  an  unicorn,  which  had 
fixed  to  its  forehead  a  long  bone, 
or  horn,  as  thick  as  a  man's  thigh- 
bone, and  was  prefented  to  the 
Abbefs  of  Quedlinburg  ;  and,  that 
thefe  bones  had  been  conveyed  to 
this  place  in  the  general  flood,  is 
proved  fufficiently  by  the  various 
bones  dug  up  in  moll  parts  of  the 
world.  The  Theatrum  Europauniy 
part  V.  mentions,  that  anno  1645 
the  Swedes  dug  up,  near  Crems  in 
Auftrin,  a  giant's  fKcleton,  whofe 
head  was  as  big  as  a  middle-fized 
table,  and  one  tooth  weighed  five 
pounds  and  a  half,  and  the  bone 
of  his  arm  as  big  as  a  man*s  middle. 
Eckdormius  alfo  confirms  it,  with 
the    author     of     the    Tcpographia 


334       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175S. 


infallible,  having  ken  fome  bones 
€f  the  mineral  kind  that  were  con- 
cave, as  if  they  had  formerly  con- 
tained marrow. 

Thus  has  this  controverfy  been 
canvaffed  pro  and  con  ;  but  as  I 
have  had  the  opportunity  of  exa- 
mining great  quantities  of  this 
foflile,  particularly  in  my  father^s 
cabinet,  who  had  various  pieces  of 
it,  I  have  found  moll  of  that  dug 
about  the  Hartz  to  be  of  a  mineral 
kind.^ 

This  being  taken  for  granted,. 
we  are  next  to  confider  the  matter  it 
IS  compofed  of.  Some  think  with 
Libavius,  Part  3.  Singular.  1.  j8. 
c,  17.  that  it  is  a  bituminous 
earth  ;  and  others  fay  it  is  a  kind  of 
agate  petrified  :  but  to  me  it  feems 
mofl:  probable  that  it  is  made  of  a 
clay,  or  fattifh  earth,  called  in 
Latin  Marga,  or  Marlt  which  is 
very  plentiful  in  this  country,  and 
ferves  to  manure  the  ground,  in- 
Head  of  dung.  According  to  the 
figure  this  earth  lies  in  under- 
ground, when  the  petrifying  water 
comes  to  it,  and  caufes  it  to  grow- 
hard,  fo  it  remains,  and  thus  be- 
comes fometimes  a  well-lhapen 
bone,  and  often  a  lump  of  matter 
of  no  diftindl  form  at  all.  This 
formation  is  not  perfeiSled  atcnce  ; 
for  it  is  obfervcd,  that  fome  pieces 
lying  in  a  place  where  there  is  room 
for  increafe,  will  grow  to  a  mon- 
ilrous  fize. 

This  foflile  haih  feveral  names, 
viz.  Unicomu  mintrak,  Ebur  fcffAe^ 
Q/Ieitest  Monocsros  'vulgi,  Litho- 
piarga  alba,  &c.  The  moft  com- 
mon term  it  is  known  by,  is  TJnicor- 
•nu  fojjile  ;  but  I  can  fee  no  reafon 
why  it  lliould  rather  be  called  Uni- 
forn  than  any  other  animal,  fince 
it  is  found  of  all  forts  of  forms,  and 
chofe  pieces  refembling  the  horn  of 
an  unicorn  but  very  rarely  to  be  met 
with. 


It  is  moll  commonly  of  a  lighf 
grey,  black,  or  yellowiih  colour, 
and  very  feldom  perfedly  white  : 
fometimes  it  is  as  hard  as  a  flonc, 
and  other  times  foft  like  clay,  ami 
grows  harder  the  longer  it  is  ex- 
pofed  to  the  air.  It  has  commonly 
neither  fmell  or  tafte,  yet  fome- 
times 1  have  found  it  with  a  fcent 
like  that  of  quinces  ;  which  pro- 
bably might  proceed  from  a  bitu- 
minous •  fubflance  mixed  with  the 
petrifying  water.  It  is  introduced 
in  the  Materia  Medica,  and  the 
white!!  and  melloweft  is  reckoned 
the  beft  for  that  purpofe.  The 
common  people  try  it  by  putting 
it  into  cold  water  ;  and  that  which 
caufes  moll  bubbles  to  rife,  they 
count  for  the  bed  fort.  The  rea- 
fon of  the  riling  of  thefc  bubbles 
is,  becaufe  as  this  foflile  is  full  of 
pores,  wherein  air  is  contained, 
the  water  getting  into  them,  drives 
out  the  air,  which  being  fpecifi- 
cally  lighter  than  the  water  rifes 
in  the  form  of  thofe  bubbles  to  the 
furface. 

The  common  people  looked  for- 
merly upon  it  as  a  medicine  of  ex- 
traordinary efficacy,  thinking  it 
to  be  the  true  unicorn  ;  but  lince 
it  is  come  to  be  common,  it  hath 
loll  much  of  its  repute.  It  ope- 
rates very  like  the  Terra  figillata, 
abforbs,  aftringes,  and  promotes 
perfpiration,  (Vide  Francifc.  Joel. 
Praft.  torn.  5.)  and  is  one  of  the 
ingredients  of  the  Bezoardic  pow- 
der defcribed  by  D.  Ludovici  in 
Pharmaccpasia  tnoderno  faculo  appli- 
cauda,  and  produces  a  very  good 
ef^ed,  unlels  a  fymptomatic  coltive- 
nefs  forbids  its  ufe.  Externally  it 
ferves  in  puflulary  eruptions  and 
eroiions  about  the  pudendum  and 
fundament  in  children,  and  in  eye- 
waters. Lallly,  D.  Hoffman,  in 
hia     Clavis    Sehratkrianaf    admo- 

ftillie* 


MISCELLANEOUS     ESSAYS.       335 


hifhes  people  to  try  the  folTile  uni- 
corn firll  upon  a  dog,  before  it  is 
made  ufe  of  in  medicine,  becaufe 
he  thinks  it  is  fometimes  of  a  poi- 
fonous  nature  ;  which  however  is 
never  obferved  in  any  found  in  or 
near  Hartz  foreft. 


prom    Mr.    Grojfe  s    'voyage    to    the 
.Eaji  Indies. 

Account  of  a  very  remarkable    JJIand 
near  Bombay  in  the  EaJi  Indies, 

OVer-againft  the  caftle  of  Bom- 
bay, about  the  diftance  of  five 
miles,  lies  the  very  fmall,  but  fa- 
mous, ifland  of  Elephania.  It  can 
at  moll  be  but  about  three  miles  in 
compafs,  and  confifts  of  almoft  all 
hill  :  at  the  foot  of  which,  as  you 
land,  you  fee,  j all  above  the  fliore, 
on  your  right,  an  elephant,  coarfe* 
ly  cut  out  in  (lone,  of  the  natural 
bignefs,  and  at  fome  little  diftance 
not  impoflible  to  be  taken  for  a 
real  elephant,  from  theftone  being 
naturally  of  the  colour  of  that 
beaft.  It  ftands  on  a  platform  of 
flones  of  the  fame  colour.  On  the 
back  of  this  elephant  was  placed 
Handing,  another  young  one  ap- 
pearing to  have  been  all  of  the 
fame  (looe,  but  has  been  long 
broken  down.  Of  the  meaning, 
or  hiilory  of  this  image,  there  is  no 
tradition  old  enough  to  give  any 
account. 

Returning,  then  to  the  foot  of 
ihe  hill,  you  afcend  an  cafy  flant, 
which  about  half  way  up  the  hill 
brings  yoa  to  the  opening  or  portal 
of  a  large  cavern  hewn  out  of  a 
folid  rock,  into  a  magnificent 
temple  :  for  fuch  furely  it  may  be 
termed,  confidering  the  immenfe 
workmanftiip  of  fuch  an  excava- 
tion i  and  ieems  to  roe  a  far  aiore 


bold  attempt,  than  that  of  the  py- 
ramids of  Egypt.  7'here  is  a  fair 
entrance  into  this  fubterraneous 
temple,  which  is  an  oblong  fquare, 
in  length  about  80  or  90  feet,  by 
40  broad.  The  roof  is  nothing 
but  the  rock  cut  flat  at  top,  and  ia 
which  I  could  not  difcern  any  thing 
that  did  not  Ihow  it  to  be  all  of  one 
piece.  It  is  about  ten  feet  high, 
and  fupported  towards  the  middle, 
at  equi-diftance  from  the  fides,  and 
from  one  another,  with  two  regu- 
lar rows  of  pillars  of  a  fingular  or- 
der. They  are  very  maffive,  ihort 
in  proportion  to  their  thicknefs, 
and  their  capital  bears  fome  refem- 
blance  to  a  round  cufhion,  prelTed 
by  the  fuper-incumbent  mountain, 
with,  which  they  are  alfo  of  one 
piece.  At  the  further  end  of  this 
teipple  are  three  gigantic  figures, 
the  face  of  one  of  them  is  at  leall 
five  feet  in  length,  and  ofajjro- 
portionable  breadth.  But  thefe  rc- 
prefentations  have  no  reference  or 
connexion,  either  to  any  known 
hiftory,  or  the  mythology  of  tkc 
Gentoos.  They  had  continued  in 
a  tolerable  Aate  of  prefervatloa 
and  vvholenefs,  confidering  the  r*- 
motenefs  of  their  antiquity,  until 
the  arrival  of  the  Portuguefe,  who 
made  themfelves  mafters  of  th« 
place,  and  in  the  blind  fury  of  their 
bigotry,  not  fuffering  any  idols 
but  their  own,  they  mufl  have  bcea 
at  even  fome  pains  to  maim  and 
deface  them,  as  they  now  remain, 
confidering  the  hardnefs  of  the 
ilone.  It  is  faid  they  even  brought 
field-pieces  to  the  demolition  of 
images,  which  fo  greatly  deferved  to 
be  fpared  for  the  unequalled  curio- 
fity  of  them.  Of  this  Qjiteen  Ca- 
therine of  Portugal  was,  Jt  fcems, 
fo  fenfible,  that  ihe  could  not  con- 
ceive that  any  traveller  would  re- 
turn from  that  fide  of  India,  with- 
out 


336       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

out  vifiting  the  wonders  of  this  ca- 
vern ;  of  which  too  the  fight  ap- 
peared to  me  to  exceed  all  the  dc- 
Icriptions  I  had  heard  of  them. 
About  two -thirds  of  the  way  up 
this  temple  on  each  fide,  and  front- 
ing each  other,  are  two  doors  or 
•outlets,  into  fmaller  'grots  or  exca- 
vations, and  freely  .open  to  the  air. 
Near  and  about  the'  door- way,  on 
the  right  hand,  are  alfo  Tcveral  mu- 
'tilated  images, fingleand  in  groupes. 
7n  one  of  the  lad,  I  remarked  a 
'kind  of  refemblance  to  the  ftory  of 
'Solomon  dividing  the  child,  there 
'(landing  a  figure  with  a  dravVn 
/word,  holding  in  one  hand  an  in- 
fant with  the  head  downwards, 
*which  it  appears  in  aft  C  to  cleave 
through  the  middle.  The  outlet 
of  the  other  on  the  left  hand,  is 
into  an  area  of  about  20  feet  in 
length,  and  12  in  breadth,  at  the 
upper  end  of  which,  as  you  turn 
to  the  right,  prefents  itfelf.a  co- 
lonnade covered  at  top,  of  10  or 
12  feet  deep,  and  in  length  anfwer- 
ing  to  the  breadth  of  the  area  ;  this 
joins  to  an  apartment  of  the  mod 
regular  architedlure,  an  oblong 
fquare,  with  a  door  in  perfed  fym- 
metry  ;  and  the  whole  executed  in 
quite  a  contrary  tafte  and  manner 
from  any  of  the  old  eft  or  bell  Gen- 
too  buildings  any  where  extant. 
I  took  particular  notice  of  fome 
paintings  round 'the  cornices,  not 
for  any  thing  curious  in  the  defign, 
but  for  the  beauty  and  frefhnefs  of 
the  colouring,  which  muft  havd 
lalled  fome  thoufands  of  years,  on 
fujipofiiig  it,  as  there  is  all  reafon 
to  fuppofe  it,  cotemporary  with  the 
building  itfelf.  The  floor  of  the 
apartment-  is  generally  full  of  water, 
its  pavement  or  ground-work  not 
permitting  it  to  be  drawn  off,  or 
to  be  foaked  up.  For  it  is  to  be 
obferved,  that  even  the  cavern   it- 


felf is  not  vifitable  after  the  rains,' 
until  the  ground  of  it  has  had  time 
to  dry  into  a  competent  hardnefs. 

The  reader  too  will  plcafe  to  ob- 
ferve,  that  in  thedimenfions  I  have 
ventured  to  give,  I  am  far  from 
warranting  the  exaiftnefs,  any  fur- 
ther than  to  the  bell  of  my  grols 
guefs  by  the  eye  ;  and  if  any  one 
lliall  hereafter,  on  a  perfonal  fur* 
vey,  or  on  a  competent  draught  of 
it,  think  I  have  exaggerated  its 
importance,  I  hope  he  will  only 
pity  my  mifapprehenfion,  and  ac- 
quit me  of  any  defign  of  impofing 
on  him,  by  dealing  in  the  marvel- 
lous, nothing  being  more  certain, 
than  that  I  have  faid  no  more  of  it, 
than  as  it  ftruck  me  at  the  fight 
of  it,  and  Hill  remains  on  my  me- 
mory. 

This  place  too  being  fo  near 
Bombay,  affords  the  Englifh  inha- 
bitants, not  only  an  eaiy  opportu- 
nity of  gratifying  their  curiofity, 
in  vifiting  fo  remarkable  a  fpot, 
but  occafionally  a  very  agreeable 
party  of  pleafure*  Sometimes,  in 
their  way  thither,  they  dine  at  But- 
cher's Ifland,  which  is  two  miles 
nearer  to  Bombay,  on  account  of 
the  conveniency  of  the  officer's 
houfe  to  receive  them^  an  enfign's 
guard  being  kept  there.  Others 
again  prefer  carrying  their  provi- 
fions  with  them, and  dine  in  the  cave 
itfelf,  than  which,  in  the  very  <ul- 
trieft  days  of  the  heats,  there  cannot 
be  imagined  a  cooler  pleafanter  re- 
treat. For  though  the  air  be  almoil 
on  fire  round  you,  you  are  no  fooner 
entered  the  cave,  tfjan  you  are  re- 
frefhed  with  a  fenfible  coolnefs  ; 
the  three  openings  above  mention- 
ed not  only  furnlfhing  fufficient 
light,  but  a  thorough  draft  of 
air,  that  does  not  fo  much  convey 
frellinefs  into  the  cave,  as  it  receives 
it  from  conUant  temperature,  pre- 

ferved 


MISCELLANEOUS   ESSAYS.     "337 


ferved  to  it  by  its  impenetrability  to 
the  fun,  from  the  thicknefs  of  the 
mountainous  mafs  above  it.  And 
even  the  light  that  comes  into  it 
through  the  portals  has  loft,  by  the 
way,  all  the  force  of  thofe  fiery 
particles  to  which  it  gives  fo  great 
an  aftivity.  For,  itisobferved  in 
India,  as  well  as  in  all  hot  coun- 
tries, that  the  exclufion  of  light  is 
in  fome  meafure  an  exclufion  of 
heat,  and  that  but  darkening  an 
apartment  only,  fenfibly  cools.  This 
rule  too  admits  of  no  exception, 
except  in  places  where  the  foil  and 
fituation  areof  fuch  a  nature,  as  to 
continue  the  heat  even  after  the 
adlual  prefence  of  the  fun  is  with- 
drawn ;  as  in  Gambroon  on  the 
coaft  of  Perfia,  for  example,  where 
a  high  maifive  hill  behind  it,  to 
which  it  is  a  kind  of  focal  point, 
and  the  bituminous  qunlity  of  the 
earth,  are  circumftances  that  do  not 


allow  of  the  air's  cooling  between 
the  fun-fet  and  fun-rife. 

But,  afklng  pardon  for  this  di- 
grefTion,  and  refuming  my  prefent 
fubje^t,  1  am  to  obferve  that,  for 
the  reft,  this  ifland  contains  no- 
thing more  that  is  worthy  of  njDtice. 
There  are  not  -above  two  or  th'ee 
huts  upon  it;  which  is  not  fur- 
prifmg,  confidering  the  little  land 
there  is  to  cultivate,  and  that  there 
is  no  water  on  it,  but  what  is  favcd 
from  the  rains.  The  growth  of 
the  hill  iifelf  is  only  uijderwood, 
and  grafs,  which  in  the  dry  feafoa 
is  often  fet  on  fire,  and  will  conti- 
nue burning  for  three  or  four  days  ; 
which  has  this  benefit,  of  fertii  zing^ 
any  cultivable  fpots  on  it,  and  of 
the  faks  being  waftied  down  by  the 
rains  into  the  lower  grounds,  a 
practice  that  is  much  followed  in 
all  thofe  countries  ;  which  they  call 
burning  the  land. 


An  Ejfay  on  the  ^antity  or  Meafure  of  Englijh  Verfe, 

Miltofz. 


The  Examples  from 


I.  The  meafure  of  Englijh  Heroics ,  and  of  the  Iambic^ 
II.  The  fyllaha  hypercatakBicay  or  redundant  fy liable » 

III.  Of  the  Trochee. 

IV.  Of  the  Spondee. 
V.   Of  the  Pyrrhic. 

Vr.   Of  ^veryjhort  Syllables, 
VJI.   Of  the  Anapaji, 
VIII.   OftheDatlyle, 
IX.   Of  Apharefis. 
X.  Many  like  feet  in  the  fame  ^verfe, 
XI.  Many  different  feet  in  the  fame  'verfe,    - 

I.  The  meafure  of  Englijh  Heroics ,  and  of  the  Iambic, 

TH  E  Engllfti  Heroic  verfe  is  an  Iambic  of  five  feet,  fometimes 
pure,  as. 

His  only  Son,  on  earth  he  firft  beheld 
about  him  all  the  sanftities  of  heav'n. 
Vol.  I.  Z  in 


338        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

in  heav*n  or  earth,  or  under  earth  in  hell 

This  one,  this  easy  charge  of  all  the  trees,  &c. 
Sometimes  nearly  fo,  as 

To  their  defence  who  hold  it,  here  perhaps 

Prcfcrlb'd,  no  bars  of  hell,  nor  all  the  chains  ^ 

among  the  groves,  the  fountains  and  the  flowers 

My  only  Son,  and  on  my  holy  hill 

Re-enter  heav'n,  or  elfe  in  fome  mild  %5ne 

His  anger,  and  perhaps  thus  far  remov'd 

The  dark,  unbottom'd  Infinite  abyfs. 

Outlhone  the  wealth  of  ormus,  and  of  ind. 
From  thefe  laft  inftances,  where  the  fyllables  not  marked  are  by  de- 
rivation, nature,  or  pofition,  long,  yet  in  the  found  and  meafure  of  the 
verfe  are  (hort,  I  obferve,  that  the  quantity  of  Englifh  fyllables  is  not 
meafured  by  the  rules  of  Latin  and  Greek  Profody,  but  by  the  tone  cf  the 
voice,  or  accent,  which  generally  rifes  at  every  fecond  fyllable,  and  there- 
fore I  call  long  ;  the  intermediate  fyllables,  over  which  we  haften  to  come 
at  it,  I  caliper/,  whatever  their  quantity  may  be  with  refpedl  to  confo- 
nants,  vowels,  or  diphthongs  ;  thus. 

While  fmooth  adonis  from  his  native  rock, 
is  a  very  mufic^  Englilh  Iambic,  though  four  out  of  the  five  (hort  fyllables 
are  naturally  long  ;  ^vhile^wd  tvve  by  the  final  e,  and  nis  and  his  long  by 
pofition.     Indeed  an  Englifh  Iambic  may  be  jufl:  meafure,  and  yet  have 
never  a  fyllable  in  it  (hort,  according  to  the  rules  of  Profody,  as. 

With  floods  and  whirlwinds  5f  tempeftuous  fire. 
And  the  profodeal  ftiort  fyllables  may  become  long  in  the  Englifh 
meafure,  as. 

Quiet  tho  fad  B.  1 1. 

By  pray'r  th'  oiiended  deity  t*appeafe  ii. 

Lament  not  eve,  but  patiently 'refign  ii. 

Our  fecond  adam  In  the  wildernefs  1 1. 

IL   Of  the  fyllable  hypercataleSlica,  or  redundant  fyllable, 

A  redundant  fyllable  is  often  added  at  the  end  of  an  Iambic  with  grace 
in  blank  verfe,  as,     ^ 

of  heav'n  recelvM  iis  falling,  and  the  thunder. 

In  rhyme  it  grows   ofi^enlive,  or  burlefque,  as  it   creates  a  double 
jingle. 

Perhaps  many  Alexandrines  may  be  befl:  accounted  for  from  fuch  re- 
dundant fyllables.     [See  §  VI.  of  very  fliort  fyllables.] 

III.  Of  the,  Trochee, 

The  moft  common  and  mufical  variation  of  this  meafure  is  by  fubfli- 
tuting  a  Trochee  inftead  of  an  Iambic. 

imo  loco  Myftical  dance,  which  yonder  ftarry  fphere  5. 

Ceafe  i  to  wander  where  the  mufes  haunt  3. 

Nor 


MISCELLANEOUS   ESSAYS.      339 

Kor  is  this  always  accidental,  but  often  by  choice,  as, 

■  that  God's  own  ear 

Liftens  delighted 5. 

Wherever  a  foot  ends  at  the  paufe,  a  Trochee  will  follow  gracefully, 
as. 

2do  loco  Thus  said.  Native  of  heav*n,  for  other  place  5. 

iindeck'd,  save  with  herself,  more  \dvelf  fair         5. 

His  feed,  when  is  not  set,  ihall  bruife  my  head     10. 

3tio  in  myftic  dance,  not  without  song,  refound  5. 

Faireft  of  ftars,  laft  in  the  train  of  night  5, 

With  the  f  ixt  ftars,  fixt  in  their  orb  that  flies        5. 

4to  Thefe  are  thy  glorious  works,  parent  5f  good        5. 

Each  in  their  cryftal  fluice  ;  he  ere  they  fell  5. 

and  choral  symphonies,  day  without  end  5. 

Now  on  the  polar  winds,  now  with  quick  fan        5. 

^to  SpoilM  principalities  and  powers,  triumph'd        10. 

A  Trochee  is  not  common  in  this  place;  in  moll  cafes  where  a  word, 
which  in  ordinary  pronunciation  is  a  Trochee,  ends  the  verfe,  Milton 
throws  the  accent  on  the  laft  fyllable,  which  makes  it  an  Iambic ;  and  in- 
deed I  believe  it  is  fo  in  this  very  verfe,  for  I  remember  elfewhere  he  ac- 
cents triumph  after  the  Latin. 

A  Trochee  is  not  fo  harmonious  if  no  comma  or'  paufe  precedes,  as, 
in  their  triple  degrees,  regions  to  which  5. 

Law  and  edidl  on  us,  who  without  law  5. 

and  thou  Moon  in  the  vale  of  ajalon  2. 

That  when  fair  m5rning  f  irft  fmiles  on  the  world  5. 
Drew  after  him  the  third  part  of  heaven's  hoft.      5. 
I  meet  with  a  line  of  Mr.  Pope's  in  the  eighth  Odyffey,  where  perhaps 
It  may  be  allowable,  as  exemplifying  the  fpring  he  mentions. 

None  in  the  leap  fpring  with  fo  ftronga  bound,  v.  loj. 
but  then  we  are  forced  to  ftop  at  leap,  where  there  is  no  comma. 

IV.  Of  the  Spondee. 

This  foot  is  admitted  into  every  one  of  ibe  five  places;  as, 
imo  Thus  they  in  heav*n  ;  above  the  ftarry  fphere        3, 

Smooth,  easy.  Inoffensive  down  to  hell  10. 

2do  account  me  man  I  for  his  sake  will  leave 

at  such  bold  w5rds,  vouch'd  with  a  deed  s£>  bold    5, 

Taftes  not  well  joinM  inelegant,  but  bring  5. 

and  ye  five  other  wandring  fires  that  m5ve  5. 

3tio  a  cloudy  fp5t,  down  thither  prone  in  flight  5. 

and  faithful  now  prov'd  falfe:  bat  thirk  not  here  6. 

Reserv'd  him  to  more  wrath  :  for  novv  the  thought  6. 
4^0  and  reft  can  never  dwell,  hope  never  comes  1, 

While  day  arises,  tha:  fwcet  hour  of  prime  5, 

in  curls  on  either  cheek  play'd,  wings  he  wore       3. 

Kitting  from  me ;  on  your  joint  vigor  now  10. 

2^  2  Silence 


340       ANNUALREGISTER,    1758. 

5to  Silence,  ye  troubled  waves ;  and  thou,  deep  peace  7. 

Nor  lawful  to  reveal ;  yet  for  ihy  good  5; 

So  fcentcd  the  grim  feature  and  up  turn'd  10. 

The  Spondee  is  often  produced  by  the  emphafis  falling  on  a  fyllable 
that  fhould  regularly  be  Ihort,  as, 

account  me  man,  T  for  his  sake  will  leave 

Taftes  not  well  joln'd  inelegant 
Often,  when  the  emphafis  placed  on  a  fhort  fyllable  lengthens  that  foot 
into  a  Sporidee,  it  fliortens  the  preceding  foot  into  a  Pyrrhic,  as, 

t'lnds  no  acceptance  nor  can  find  ;  for  how  5. 

1  offer,  on  me  let  thine  anger  fall  3. 

His  other  half  in  the  great  zone  of  heav*n  5. 

V.  Of  the  Pyrrhic, 

This  foot  alfo  is  found  in  every  of  the  {\v^  places : 
Ittio  in  his  own  ftrength,  this  place  may  lie  exposed      2. 

on  the  proud  creft  of  Satan,  that  no  sight  6, 

Unmufical  when  not  balanced  by  a  Spondee,  as. 

By  the  waters  of  life,  where-e*er  they  sate  10. 

2do  Difperfe  it,  as  now  light  difpels  the  dark  5. 

Happinefs  in  his  pow'r,  left  W^z  to  will  5. 

Springs  lighter  the  green  ftalk,  fiom  thence  the  leaves 

Eve  easily  may  faith  admit,  that  all  11. 

3tIo  Converfe  with  adam  in  what  bow'r  or  Ihade  5. 

Finds  no  acceptance  nor  can  find  ;  for  how  5* 

of  eafy  thorowfare.     Therefore,  while  1  10. 

4to  Forthwith  behold  the  excellence,  the  pow'r  6. 

By  pray'r  th*  oifended  deity  t'  appeafe  11. 

510  His  danger,  and  from  whom,  what  enemy  5, 

Had  to  her  center  fhook.     What  wonder,  when 

Millions  —  

By  Eve,  tho  all  unweeting,  seconded  10. 

The  Pyrrhic  is  generally  ballanced  by  a  Spondee,  unlefs  in  the  fifth 
place,  or  at  the  paufe,  where  a  Trochee  follows:  otherwife  unmufical, 
perhaps  it  is  falfe  quantity,  as  in  Paradife  Regained, 

With  them  from  bllfs  to  the  bottomlefs  deep. 
Or  perhaps,  if  any  quick  motion,  or  remarkable  fhortnefs  was  to  be  de- 
fcribed,  it  might  be  introduced  ;  but  I  can  recolledl  no  inftances. 
(Mr.  Pope,  when  very  young,  wrote  fuch  a  verfe, 
**  So  imperceptible  was  the  motion.") 

VI.  Of 'very  Jhort  Syllables, 

The  Spondee  increafed,  and  the  Pyrrhic  leflened,  the  quantity  of  the 
meafure  in  the  verfe;  but  when  mixt  and  ballanced  in  the  fame  verfe,  it 
was  reduced  to  true  time.     The  Anapseft  and  Daft)  le  have  each  of  them 

an 


MISCELLANEOUS   ESSAYS.      341 

cxcefs  of  a  fhort  fyllable,  unlefs  we  meafure  them  by  mufical  times, 

JS. 

Iambic.  Trochee.  Spondee.     Pyrrhic.     Anapaeft.         Da£lyle. 


^^^^^^^5 


Quin£tllian  mentions  fyllables  that  are  brevibus  bre'viores,  and  this  I 
thitik  is  the  cafe  in  '.he  E-glilh  Anapaeft  and  Daily  le,  in  which  we  are  apt 
to  crufh  the  two  fhort  fyllables  into  one,  which  has  produced  the  Syncope, 
fo  commonly  marked  in  our  verfe,  for  which,  I  think,  juft  occafion  is  not 
fo  frequent ;  the  fyllables  might  generally  be  pronounced  diftind,  though 
quick^  and  wrote  full. 

and  flow'ring  odors,  cafsia,  nard,  and  balm,  5. 

Why  is  flow*ring  fyncopated  ?  if  to  avoid  the  redundant  fyllable  that 
would  make  an  Anapceft,  why  is  not  caffia  fyncopated  into  cafs'a  ?  if  the 
rcafon  is,  thatyJ'^  is  pronounced  as  two  very  jbort  fyllables,  which  will 
not  hurt  the  quantity  ;  for  the  fame  reafon  we  may,  and,  I  think,  ought 
to  read, 

and  flowering  5dors,  cafsia,  nard  and  balm. 
How  would  the  following  verfes  look  or  found,  'if  we  were  to  crowd 
the  two  fhort  fyllables  into  one  ? 

No  ingratefii'  food,  and  food  alike  thofe  pure 

N'  ingrateful  food,  &c. 

Two  5nly  who  yet  by  sovereign  gift  pofsefs 

Two  onl',  who  yer,  &c. 
li  in  thefe  and  many  other  cafes  we  mufl  write  and  pronounce  the 
fyllables  diflinclly,  why  not  in  many  others  where  we  generally  ufe  the 
Syncope.^  thus, 

and  diilates  to  me  flumb'ring,  or  infpTres  9. 

Heroic  deed,  chief  maftery  to  difsedl  9. 

in  billows,  leave  I'th'midlt  a  horrid  vale  I. 

Why  is  not  the  Anapaeft  admitted  here  as  well  as  in  the  foregoing 
inftances  ? 

And  diftates  to  me  fliimbering,  or  infpires 

Heroic  deed,  chief  maftery  to  difsedl 

in  billows,  leave  in  the  midft  a  horrid  vale, 
e  in  f^the  participle,  and  the  praeier  lenfe,  may  ftill  fufFer  Syncope,  as 
we  frequently  leave  it  out  in  profe  and  difcourfe  :   but  heaven,  and  fpirits, 
and  powers,  &c.  which  arc  generally  wrote  in  verfe,  heav'n,  and  fp'rits, 
and  pow'rs,  &:c.  are  often  two  fyllables,  as, 

as  may  comport  with  heaven  ;  and  to  tafte  5. 

Spirits  odoroiis  breathe^,  &c. 
and  may  generally  be  confidered  as  fuch,  and  wrote  full  in  moft  inftances^ 
thus. 

Bane,  and  in  heaven  miich  w5rfe  would  be  my  ftatc  9. 

Sing,  heavenly  mufc,  that  on  ihe^eciet  top  i. 

0  myriads  of  immortal  Iplrits,  6  po,vtrsl 

Z  3  To 


342      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

To  my  ear  this  verfe  would  have  been  truer  had  it  been  ye  powers ; 
otherwife  we  muft  fay  that  a  redundant  fyllable  mull  be  left  at  the  end  oJr 
a  paufe,  as  well  as  of  a  verfe  :  or  elfe  in  this,  as  well  as  perhaps  in  the 
following  and  fome  like  inftmces,  fpirit  makes  but  one  fyllable. 

To  fpriiiaal  natures  ;  only  this  i  know  5. 

My  likening  fpritual  t5  corporeal  forms  5. 

unlefs  we  admit  feet  of  four  fyllables,  which  I  think  we  muft  in  the  two 
following  verfes. 

Comes  thundering  back  wnh  dreadful  revolution    10. 

For  Solitude  sometimes  is  beft  Society. 
Perhaps  the  two  laft  fyllables  in  thefe  verfes  are  'very  JJwrt  ones,  and 
amount  to  no  more  than  the  hypercataleclica  or  redundant  one  at  the  end 
of  a  verfe,  and  mufl  not  be  confidercd  as  Alexandrines. 

VIT.  Of  the  Anapcsft, 

This  foot  is  admitted  into  every  one  of  the  live  places ;  and  is   th^ 

moil  mufical  after  the  Iambic  and  Trochee,  but  is  leaft  fo  in  the  firft 
feat,  as, 

I  mo  ophmsa,  biit  ftill  greatell,  he  the  mldft  lo. 

IS  his  wrath,  also  ?  Be  it,  man  is  not  so  10. 

To  evangelize  the  nations  then  on  all  12. 
The  reft  are  more  harmonious,  as, 

ado  of  many  a  colour'd  plume,  fprinkled  with  gold  3. 

So  saying  a  noble  ftroke  he  lifted  high  6. 

of  mercy  and  juftice  In  thy  face  difcern'd  3. 

Already  in  part,  tho  hid  in  gloomieft  (hade  10. 

Stood  to  entertain  his  guell  frdm  heaven,  no  veil  5- 

3tio  in  emulation  opposite  to  heaven,  2. 

of  birds  on  every  bough  ;  so  miich  the  more  5. 

Near  that  bitiiminous  lake  where  Sodom  flam'd  10. 

and  fcourg'd  with  many  a  ftroke  the  indignant  waves  iq. 

of  unoriginal  night,  and  chaos  wild  10. 

4tio  Lament  not  eve,  but  patiently  resign  10. 

Throws  his  fteep  flight  in  many  an  aery  wheel  3. 

The  earth  to  yield  unsavory  food  perhaps  5. 

5to  Hypdcrisy,  the  only  evil  that  walks  3. 

By  day  a  cloud,  by  night  a  pillar  of  fire  \^>, 

The  bird  of  Jove  iloopM  from  his  aery  tour  11. 

Hurrd  headlong  flaming  from  the  ethereal  fky;        i, 

VIII.     Of  the  Daayle. 

This  is  ufed,  I  think,  only  in  the  fi;:!  four  places, 
imo  Myriads  tho  bright:   If  he  whom  mutual  leagqe       i. 

Many  a  dark  league  reduc'd  in  careful  watch  10. 

Shadowy  sets  6fF;he  face  of  things  "in  vain  5. 

Following  above  the  olympian  hill  1  soar  7. 

Timely  interposes,  and  her  monthly  round  3. 
"       ■'                                                                     With 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.      343 

2do           With  impetuous  recoil,  and  jarring  found  2. 

and  Tiresias  and  Phineiis,  prophets  old  3. 

and  corporeal  to  Inc6rp5real  turn  5. 
gtio           Morejulliy,  seat  worthier  of  gods  is  built 

410            jn  sight  6t  God*s  high  throne  glorioufly  bright  3. 

Before  thy  fellows,  ambitious  to  win  6. 

ammonian  Jove  or  Capitoline  was  seen  9. 

over  the  vext  abyfs,  following  the  traft  10. 

For  that  coeleftial  light.     Be  it  so,  oince  He  i. 
In  the  fifth  place  I  recollect  no  inllance,  but  can  conceive  it  in  two 
cafes ; 

I.  After  three  Iambics  and  a  paufe,  then  a  Trochee  and  a  Paftyle ; 
Z.  After  four  Iambics  and  a  paufe,  then  a  Dadlyle. 

IX.    Jpharejis, 

A  word,  which  is  an  Iambic  in  found,  muft  fufFer  Aphserefis,  rather 
than  be  Ihortened  to  make  the  two  firlt  fyllables  of  an  Anapa^ft. 
BJaft  now  with  beafl'  gan  war,  and  fdwl  with  fowl  10, 

X.  Many  like  ftet  in  the  fame  <verfe, 

A  verfe  will  admit  not  only  one,  but  fometimes  two,  and  fometimcs 
three  Trochees  ;  thus, 

2.  Tioch.  Miniilring  fpirits,  train'd  up  in  feaft  and  fong        6. 

3.  Troch.  Shoots  Inviftble  virtue,  e'cn  to  the  deep  3. 

And  likewife  two  or  three  Spondees ; 

2.  Spond.  and  the  dire  klfs  renewed,  and  the  dire  form         10. 

3.  Spond.  Rocks,  caves,  lakes,  fens,  bogs,  deas,  and  ihades  of  death 

So  alfo  two  or  three  Anapaefts ; 

2.  Anap.  Celeftial,  whether  among  the  thrones  or  named      n. 

3.  Anap.  O'er  many  a  frozen  many  an  aery  alp  2. 

I  belirve  never  more  than  two  Pyrrhics,  becaufe  they  generally  require 
to  be  mixc  with  fpondees,  and  would  therefore  leave  no  Iambic  in  the 
verfe. 

Nor  do  I  recoiled  more  than  two  Dadlyles, 

Little  inferior  by  my  adventure  hard.  10. 

XI.   Many  different  feet  in  the  fa7ne  'verfe. 

This  has  already  appeared  in  feveral  of  the  foregoing  inftances,  and 
foraetimcs  leave  only  two,  fometimes  only  one  Iambic  in  a  verfe:  thus 
under  oblervation  X  we  had  a  Dacftyle,  and  two  Trochees ;  a  Trochee, 
and  two  Spondees ;  and  in  the  following,  a  Pyrrhic,  a  Spondee,  a 
Trochee. 

and  country  whereof  here  needs  no  account  4. 

Sometimes  only  one  Iambic  is  left ;  thus  we  had  obfervation  X  three 
Trochees  and  a  Dailyle ;  and  in  the  following,  one  Trothee,  one  Spondee, 
two  Anapaefts. 

Z  4  ,  Throw 


344 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


Throws  his  deep  flight  in  many  an  aery  wheel 
Two  Spondees,  one  Pyrrhic,  one  Trochee, 

Drew  after  him  the  third  part  of  heav'n's  hoft 
,  Two  Trochees,  one  Pyrrhic,  one  Spondee, 

P-ofperous  or  adverfe,  so  fhalt  thou  lead 
And  many  other  varieties  needlefs  to  note.  " 


II, 


From  the  Gentleman' s  Magazine. 

Staffor^Jhire,  SepL  24,  1757. 

THE  Roman  numerals,  though 
found  to  be  greatly  inferior 
in  point  of  utility  to  the  Arabic  cha- 
rafters,  by  which  all  operations  in 
arithmetic  are  now  ufually  perform- 
ed, are  yet  retained  in  ufe  in  fome 
cafes ;  but  I  much  queftion,  whether 
it  be  generally  known,  or  at  leaft 
agreed  upon,  how  they  originally 
received  their  value. — The  reafon 
why  M  and  C  fhould  fignify  the  one 
■ahundred,and  theotherathoufand, 
33  very  obvious,  they  being  the  ini- 
tial letters  of  M/A?  and  Centutn.  But 
why  does  D  ftand  for  five  hundred, 
t.  for  fifty,  X  for  ten,  and  V.  for 
five?  The  folution  ofthis  difficulty, 
to  me  appears  to  be  this  j  the  old 
antique  way  of  writing  the  letter  M 
was  thus. 


ra 


or  rather 


.has,  00 


which  being  cut  in  two  in  the  mid- 
dle, by  a  perpendicular  line/ leaves 
two  D's,  each  of  which  expreffes 
juft  half  the  value  of  M,  The  like 
reafoning  will  hold  good  in  regard 


to  the  letter  L,  for  if  ih 


..(^be 


horizontally  diflefted,  the  lower 
part  makes  an  L,  two  of  which  are 
equal  to  C. — As  to  the  letter  V, 
I  think  it  may  be  accounted  for 
thus ;  the  words  quinque,  quifquisy 
^uc^ni^m,  and  many  giherb,  begin- 

3 


ning  with  q,  were  anciently  writ- 
ten with  C,  as  may  be  feen  in  the 
old  copies  of  Plautus,  and  other 
authors ;  now  as  they  had  already 
made  ufe  of  C  to  reprefent  a  hun- 
dred, it  could  not  again  be  ufed 
here,  therefore  it  is  probable  they 
took  the  next  letter,  which  hap- 
pens to  be  U,  or  V,  as  it  was  for^ 
merly  written.  This  being  admit- 
ted, the  X  may  be  eafily  made 
out,  by  joining  the  V's  together,- 
the  pofition  of  the  lower  being 
only  inverted.  Thefe,  Mr.  Urban, 
are  my  conjedlures  upon  this  fub- 
jeifl ;  if  you  think  they  have  any 
degree  of  probability  in  them,  or 
may  excite  others  to  give  us  a 
better  rationale,  you  are  at  liberty 
to  make  ufe  of  them  as  you  thinfc 
proper, 

Philarithmus. 

Mr.  Urban, 

YOUR  correfpondent,  Phila- 
rithmus, has  endeavoured  to 
fliew  how  the  Roman  numeral  let- 
ters received  their  value  j  and  tho' 
his  hypothefis  is  ingenious,  yet  I 
think  I  can  ihew  that  he  is  radically 
miftaken,  by  proving,  that  there 
js  great  reafon  to  believe  the 
Romans  never  expreifed  any  num- 
bers by  letters,  except  as  the  cha- 
racters which  they  ul'ed  to  exprefs 
numbers,  became  letters  by  acci- 
dent. 

In  the  firft  place,  however,  I  am 
ready  to  acknowledge,  that  the 
Greeks,  and  ether  eaitern  nations. 


MISCELLANEOUS   ESSAYS.      345 


did  ufe  their  letters   for  numerical 
chara£lers ;  but  from   the  manner 
in  which   they  ufed  them,  I  draw 
my  firft  argument,  to  prove  that 
letters  were  not   thus  ufed  by  the 
Romans.  Every  letter  in  the  alpha- 
bet was  ufied  to  denote  fome  num- 
ber by  the  Greeks  and  Orientals, 
and  each  letter  denoted  a  lefs  or 
greater  number,  as  it  was  nearer  or 
more  remote  from  the  firft  letter  in 
their   alphabetical  order,    and  no 
letter,  which  in  the  order  of  the 
alphabet  (lands  after  another,  ever 
denoted  a  number  lefs  than  the  let- 
ter that  (lands  before  it.     Now,  if 
the   Romans,    who    derived    their 
letters  '^riginally  from  the  Greeks, 
had  d.  rived   alfo  their  numeration 
by  letters,  it  is  in  the  higheft  de 
gree  probable,  that  thele  particu- 
lars  would  have  been  the  fame  in 
both:  but  as   not  one  third  of  the 
Roman  letters  are  numerals,  fo  nei- 
ther is  the  numeral  value  of  thofe 
that  are  fo,  more  or  lefs,  accord- 
ing to   their  place   in    alphabetic 
order ;    for  D   and   C,  which   are 
among  the  (irft  letters  of  the  alpha- 
bet, and  M   and  L,  which  are  in 
the  middle,  are  of  much   greater 
numeral  value    than    X    and   V, 
which  are  near  the  end. 

But  it  has  been  fuppofed  that  the 
Romans  ufed  M  to  denote  looo, 
becaufe  it  is  the  firft  letter  ofMil/e, 
which  is  Latin  for  looo}  and  C  to 
denote  loo,  becaufe"  it  is  the  firft 
letter  of  Centum,  which  is  Latin  for 
100.  Your  correfpondent  alfo  fup- 
pofes,  that  D  being  formed  by 
dividing  the  old  M  in  the  midd!e, 
was  therefore  appointed  to  ftind  for 
500,  that  is,  half  as  much  as  the 
M  Itood  foAvhen  it  was  whole;  and 
that  L  being  half  a  C,  was,  for  the 
fame  reafon,  ufed  to  denominate 
50.  But  what  reafon  is  there  to 
luppofe,  that   1000  and  loo  were 


the  numbers  which  letters  were  firft 
ufed  to  exprefs  ?  And  what  reafon 
can  be  affigned  why  D,  the  firft 
letter  in  the  Latin  word  decemy  ten, 
fhould  not  rather  have  been  chofen 
to  ftand  for  that  number  than  for 
500,  becaufe  it  had  a  rude  refem- 
blance  to  half  an  M  ?  But  if  thefe 
queftions  could  be  fatisfaftorily  an- 
fwered,  there  are  other  numeral 
letters,  which  have  never  yet  been 
accounted  for  at  all.  I  think  thefe 
confiderations  render  it  probable, 
that  the  Romans  did  not,  in  their 
original  intention,  ufe  letters  to 
exprefs  numbers  at  all ;  the  moft 
natural  account  of  the  matter  feems 
to  be  this  : 

The  Romans  probably  put  down 
a  fingle  ftroke  I  for  one,  as  is  ftill 
the  practice  of  thofe  who  fcore  on 
a  (late,  or  with  chalk  ;  this  ftroke 
I  they  doubled,  trebled,  and  qua* 
drupled,  to  exprefs  2,  3,  and  4: 
thus,  II.  III.  IV.  So  far  they 
could  eafily  number  the  minums, 
or  ftrokes,  with  a  glance  of  the 
eye,  but  they  prefently  found,  that 
if  more  were  added,  ic  would  foon 
be  necefTary  to  tell  the  ftrokes  one 
by  one  :  for  this  reafon,  when  they 
came  to  5,  they  expreffed  it  by 
joining  two  ftrokes  together  in  an 
acute  angle,  thus  V,  which  will 
appear  the  more  probable,  if  it  be 
confidered,  that  the  progrelFion  of 
the  Roman  numbers  is  from  5  to  5, 
/".  e,  from  the  fingers  on  one  hand 
to  the  fingers  on  the  other. 

Ovid  has  touched  upon  the  ori- 
ginal of  this  in  his  Fajiofum,  lib. 
iii.  and  Vitruv.  lib.  c.  i.  has  made 
the  fame  remark. 

After  they  had  made  this  acute 
angle  V.  for  five,  they  added  fingie 
ftrokes  to  it  to  the  number  of  4, 
thus,  VI.  Vil.  VIII.  Villi,  and 
then  as  the  minums  could  not  be 
further  multiplied   without  confu- 

iion. 


346      ANNUAL   REGISTER,   i7s8, 


fion,  they  doubled  their  acute 
angle,  by  prolonging  the  two 
lines  beyond  their  in  terfedlion  j  thus 
X,  to  denote  two  fives,  or  ten. 
After  they  had  doubled,  trebled, 
and  quadrupled  this  double  acute 
angle  thus,  XX.  XXX.  XXXX. 
they  then,  for  the  fame  reafon 
which  induced  them  firft  to  make 
a  lingle  angle,  and  then  to  double 
it,  joined  twofingle  llrokes  in  ano- 
ther form,  and,  inllead  of  an  acute 
angle,  made  a  right  angle  L,  to 
denote  fifty.  When  this  50  was 
doubled,  they  then  doubled  the 
right  angle  thus  E,  to  denote  100 ; 
and  having  numbered  this  double 
right  anr^le  four  times,  thus,  EC. 
EEE.  EIXE.  when  they  came  to 
the  fifth  Dumber,  as  before,  they 
reverted  it,  and  put  a  fmgle  ftrokc 
before  it,  thus,  13,  to  denote  500; 
and  when  this  500  was  doubled, 
then  they  alfo  doubled  their  double 
right  angle,  fetting  two  double 
right  angles  oppofite  to  each  other, 
>vith  a  fingle  ftroke  between  them, 
thus  EO  to  denote  one  thoufand: 
when  this  note  for  1000  had  been 
four  times  repeated,  then  they  put 
down  13ZI  for  5,000,  EEI'Jl  for 
10,000,  and  0!11I  for  50,000, 
JXCliyJ  for  100,000,  0333  for 
500.000,  and  EEEEI3333  for  one 
million. 

Th^t  the  Romans  did  not  origi- 
nally write  M  for  leoo,  and  C 
for  100,  but  fquare  charadlers,  as 
they  are  written  above,  we  are  ex- 
prefsly  informed  by  Paulus  Manu- 
tius;  but  the  corners  of  the  an- 
gles being  cut  off  by  tranfcribers 
for  difpatch,  thefe  figures  were 
gradually  brought  into  what  are 
now  numeral  letters.  When  the 
corners  of  EI3  were  made  round, 
it  ftood  thus  ciD.  which  is  fo  near 
the  Gothic  00,  that  it  foon  deviated 
into  (hat  letter ;  fo  13  having  the 


corner  made  round  ftood  thus  la. 
and  then  eafily  deviated  into  D. 
E  alfo  became  a  plain  C  by  the 
fame  means  ;  the  fingle  redangle 
which  denoted  50,  was,  without 
alteration,  a  capital  L  j  the  double 
acute  angle  was  an  X  ;  the  fingle 
acute  angle  a  V  confonant;  and  a 
plain  fingle  ftroke,  the  letter  I. 
and  thus  thefe  feven  letters,  M, 
D,  C,  L,  X,  V,  I,  became  nu- 
merals. 

And  as  a  further  proof  of  this 
hypothefis,    let   it    be   confidered, 
that  CID    and   lo    are  ftill  ufed  for 
1000  and  500,  inftead  of  M   and 
D  ;  and  this  mark  CO,  or  this  CO, 
denote  1000,  which  may  be  eafily 
derived  from  thi?  figure  EI3,  but 
cannot  be  deviations  from,  or  cor- 
ruptions of  th^'.  Roman  letter  M. 
I  am,  Mr.  Urban,  yours, 
and  Philarithmus's 
very  humble  Servant, 
A.  B, 


u^n  account  of  fe'Viral  ^ju ojic^ erf td  par- 
ticularities difconjered  on  opening  a 
hi've  that  had  afe'vj  days  before 
recei'ved  a  young  Jnxjarjn, 

from  Dr.   Sivammerdam^s    Book    of 
Nature  J  or  Hijiory  of  Infeds. 

HAppening  to  be  in  the  country 
on  the  ?5th  of  July,  1  ob- 
ferved  a  great  fwarm  of  bees, 
which,  on  its  hanging  to  an  elm, 
I  ordered  to  be  received  into  a 
hive;  but  in  a  little  time  they  all 
left  this  new  habitation,  and  fled 
back  to  the  elm,  where  they  hung 
entangled  by  each  others  legs. 
The  female  bee  had  not  dropt  from 
the  hive  with  the  others  :  I  was 
therefore  obliged  to  have  recourfe 
to  another  ihaking ;  when  having 
brought  the  female  into  the  hive, 
all  the  reft  followed* 

Oq 


MISCELLANEOUS     ESSAYS.       347 


pn  the  26th  of  July  the  weather 
|was  tolerably  good,  with  a  bright 
i"unihine;  the  27th  cloudy;  the 
28th  and  29th  rainy  :  on  the  30th, 
on  examining  the  hive,  I  found, 
where  it  flood,  a  piece  of  a  honey- 
comb, which  had  fallen  thither,  ci- 
ther becaufe  it  had  not  been  ftrong- 
ly  enough  faftened  to  the  cop  of  the 
hive,  or  becaufe  too  many  bees  had 
lighted  upon  it  at  one  time.  This 
piece  of  a  comb  contained  418  cells 
of  the  working  bees ;  fome  were 
building,  and  others  were  finiftied, 
and  there  were  alfo  ten  eggs  flicking 
to  the  wax  by  one  of  their  ends. 
All  the  forenoon  of  the  31ft  it  was 
fainy,  and  about  mid-day  very 
cloudy  and  windy,  with  fome  rain. 
Jn  the  evening  I  ordered  the  hive 
to  be  taken  into  my  chamber^  in 
order  to  examine  what  the  bees  had 
done  in  the  fpace  of  thefe  fix  days. 

But  as  I  was  afraid  of  being 
ftung  in  this  enterprize,  I  refolved 
to  have  all  the  bees  killed  before  I 
went  to  handle  or  infpe£l  them  ; 
for  this  reafon  I  fumigated  them 
with  a  bundle  of  lighted  matches 
rolled  up  in  linen  rags,  to  fuch  a 
thicknefs,  that  it  would  juft  fit  in 
the  upper  opening  of  the  hive. 
AH  my  endeavours  to  kill  thefe 
bees  this  way  were  however  to  no 
purpofe  ;  for  after  plying  them  with 
this  fume,  from  eight  o'clock  to 
eleven,  lighting  the  matches  from 
time  to  time,  as  they  went  out, 
the  bees  continued  alive;  but  they 
feemed  grievoufly  complaining  of, 
and  refented  the  injury  offered  them, 
with  the  moll  horrid  noife  and 
loudefl  buzzings. 

The  next  morning  all  was  quiet 
again,  fo  I  removed  the  hive,  at 
the  bottom  of  which  I  found  fome 
hundreds  of  bees  lying  dead  upon 
the  ground  ;  but  the  greatell  part 


of  them  were  flill  alive,  and  fome 
of  them  were  beginning  to  fly- 
away. I  therefore  refolved  to  fu- 
migate the  hive  a  fecond.time,  and 
I  gave  its  inhabitants  liberty  to  ef- 
cspe  while  it  was  doing.  For  fear 
of  being  flung  on  this  occafion,  I 
took  a  half  pint  bottle,  and  having 
rolled  fome  fofc  paper  about  the 
neck  of  it,  thruft  it  into  the  open- 
ing of  the  hive,  taking  care  after- 
wards to  flop  all  gaps  between  the 
door  and  opening  of  the  hive,  and 
the  neck  of  the  bottle,  with  more 
paper  of  the  fame  kind.  As  fooa 
as  the  fulphureous  vapour  began  to 
fill  the  hive,  the  bees  in  the  greatefl 
hurry  and  confufion,  and  with  the 
mofl  dreadful  buzzing,  rufhed,  to 
the  number  of  1898,  in  a  manner 
all  at  once  into  the  bottle,  which  { 
then  removed  to  fubHitute  another 
in  its  place  ;  and  by  repeating  the 
operation  in  this  manner,  I  at  lafl 
fo  thoroughly  accomplifhed  my 
purpofe,  that  not  the  leaft  noife 
could  be  heard  in  the  hive. 

Having  then  turned  the  hive  up- 
fide  down,  I  found  the  queen  lying 
dead,  in  appearance,  upon  the 
ground,  and  fome  of  the  others 
which  had  fallen  upon  the  ground, 
killed  downright,  and  wet  all  over  ; 
whilfl  fome  other  bees  that  had  re- 
mained in  the  upper  part  of  the 
hive  were  quite  dry,  and  when  put 
into  the  bottles  flew  about  as  briflcly 
as  if  they  had  not  received  the  leaft 
harm. 

I  next  poured  fome  water  upon 
the  prifoners  I  had  in  the  bottle  j 
by  this  means  rhey  were  all  drowned 
in  a  very  (liort  time.  I  then  made 
my  examination,  and  found  the 
fwarm  confilled  of  5669  bees,  and 
was  therefore  a  very  good  one, 
according  to  the  judgment  I  had 
formed  of  it  on   its  Erfl  appear. 

ance. 


348       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


ance.  Neverthelefs,  as  the  feafon 
was  very  far  advanced,  and  the  fpot 
the  bees  lighted  upon  very  ill  fur- 
niflied  with  materials  for  making 
honey,  I  thought  it  worth  while  to 
facrifice  them  to  the  curiofity  I  had 
of  knowing  what  work  fuch  a  num- 
ber could  perform  in  fo  Ihort  a 
time,  and  withal  in  fo  unfavourable 
weather. 

Among  this  great  multitude, 
there  was  but  one  female  bee.  The 
greateft  number  of  them  were  work- 
ing bees,  which  are  neither  males 
Dor  females;  and  there  were  befides 
ihefe  and  the  female  bee  already 
mentioned,  only  33  male  bees,  pre- 
pofteroufly  called  by  the  vulgar 
hatching  bees ;  for  the  young  bees 
are  hatched  by  the  mere  heat  of  the 
fummer,  and  that  which  is  caufed 
by  the  perpetual  hurry  and  motion 
of  the  old  bees  flying  about,  or 
working  in  the  hive.  It  is  very 
remarkable,  that  the  bottle  into 
which  the  firil  1898  bees,  driven 
cut  of  the  hive,  had  been  received, 
was  thoroughly  heated  by  the  per- 
petual motion  of  thefe  imprifoned 
creatures,  and  the  warm  vapours, 
which  exhaled  from  their  bodies. 

The  number  of  waxen  cells  be- 
gun and  finilhed,  including  thofe 
of  the  comb  I  had  found  on  the 
ground  on  my  firll  examining  the 
hive,  amounted  to  3392:  they  were 
all  of  the  fi^me  fize  and  form,  and 
were  intended  only  for  nefts  to 
hatch  the  working  bees.  In  236 
of  the  cells  fome  honey  had  been 
ftored  up,  but  it  had  been  after- 
wards made  ufe  of,  as  very  little 
could  be  then  gathered  abroad.  It 
was  no  difRcult  matter  todiitinguifh 
the  ceils  thus  mr.de  ufe  of  from  the 
others,  for  they  had  received  a  yel- 
low ti;fj<iUire  from  the  honey  depo- 
iited  in  them  ;  whereas  thofe  which 


had  not  as  yet  been  employed  this 
way  were  of  a  fhining  white. 

There  were  alfo  62  of  thefe 
cells,  in  which  the  bees  had  alrea- 
dy begun  to  lay  up  their  ordinary 
food  or  bread  called  erithace. 
This  fubftance  was  of  a  change- 
able colour,  between  a  yellow  and 
a  purplifh  red  ;  but  perhaps  this 
tinge  might  be  owing  to  the  fumi- 
gation ;  the  whitenefs  of  the  un- 
employed wax  was  in  fome  parts 
alfo  impaired  by  the  fame  means; 
coloured  and  covered  befides  with 
black  fpots. 

In  35  cells  I  found  as  many  eggs 
fixed  in  them  at  one  end  ;  (o  that 
including  the  eggs  found  in  the 
comb,  which  had  fallen  to  the 
ground  as  already  mentioned,  there 
were  45  eggs  in  all.  There  were- 
befides  in  150  of  the  cells  fo  many 
new-hatched  worms,  but  thefe  lay 
almoll  infenfible  and  motion 'efs. 
They  were  of  different  fizes.  All 
thefe  worms  were  furrounded  with 
that  kind  of  food  which  the  moll 
expert  obfervers  of  bees  think  is 
honey  thrown  up  by  the  old  ones, 
out  of  their  ftomachs.  This  kind 
of  honey  is  white,  like  a  folution 
of  gum  tragacanth,  or  ftarch  dif- 
folved  in  water,  and  is  almoft  infi- 
pid  ;  it  fhews  nothing  remarkable 
on  being  viewed  by  the  micro- 
fcope.  In  the  worms  themfelves  I 
could  perceive  pulmonary  tubes  of 
a  filver  whitenefs,  running  moft 
beautifully  on  each  fide  through 
their  little  tranfparent  bodies. 

I  examined  attentively  the  wax 
cemented  by  way  of  foundation  to 
the  top  of  the  hive,  but  I  could 
find  no  difference  between  that  and 
the  other  wax  of  which  the  ct'lls 
confirt.  They  appear  both  to  have 
the  fame  nature  and  properties.  I 
couid  not,    however,    but  admire 

this 


MISCELLANEOUS   ESSAYS.      349 


this  Ilrong  union  or  faftening  ;  this 
fubftance  beirg  juft  fpread  upon 
the  hive  like  a  cruft,  and  confe- 
quently  faftened  to  it  by  a  very 
fmall  portion  of  its  furface  ;  where- 
as the  reft  of  the  wax  hung  per- 
pendicularly from  this  founda- 
tion,  without  any  lateral  or  other 
fupport  whatfoever,  as  if  a  wooden 
bowl  were  fixed  to  a  plain  ceiling 
by  a  fmall  part  of  its  circumfe- 
rence. 

This  hive  contained  the  rudi- 
ments of  a  gre^t  many  more  fuch 
combs  of  wax,  of  an  oval  form, 
and  full  of  cells  on  each  fide  ; 
the  empty  fpaces  left  between  the 
combs,  for  the  bees  to  pafs  and 
repafs,  did  not  exceed  half  an  inch 
in  breadth  ;  fo  that  it  is  plain  the 
comb  I  found  open  upon  theground, 
and  in  which  I  reckoned  418  cells, 
had  been  torn  from  its  foundation 
by  its  own  weight,  and  that  of  the 
bees  walking  upon  it.  Hence  it 
appears  with  what  good  reafon 
thofe  who  keep  bees,  place  fticks 
crofs-ways  in  their  hives,  that  the 
combs  may  have  the  more  fup- 
porc :  and  accordingly  we  obferve 
that  in  thefe  hives,  the  bees  them- 
felves  on  each  fide  fufpend  their 
combs  to  thefe  fticks. 

Confidering  the  great  multitude 
of  bees  employed  in  building  the 
waxen  cells,  which  I  have  been 
juft  examining,  there  is  no  great 
reafon  to  be  furprifcd  at  their 
having  done  fo  much  work  that 
way,  though  the  time  they  had  to 
do  it  in  was  fo  ftiort,  and  the 
weather  fo  unfavourable.  But  it 
is  really  more  aftoniftiing  to  think 
how  a  fingle  female  could  lay  fo 
many  eggs  in  the  fame  fmall  inter- 
val, and  withal  depofit  every  egg 
in  a  feparate  cell,  and  there  firm- 
Iv  faften  it.     We  muft  alfo  allow 


fome  time  for  laying  the  perpen- 
dicular foundations.  It  is,  more- 
over, very  furprifinghow  thefe  eggs 
ihould  fo  fpeediiy  turn  to"  worms, 
and  how  thofe  worms  ftiould  grow 
fo  very  fuddenly  to  their  ftate  of 
change.  But  I  muft  now  con- 
clude, and  I  fhall  do  it  with  the 
following  account  of  what  the  hive 
I  have  been  defcribing  contain- 
ed. 

33  males. 
I  female. 
5635  working  bees. 
3392  wax  cells,  for  the  ufe  of 
the  working  bees, 
45  eggs. 
150  worms. 

62  cells  containingbees bread. 
236  cells  in  which  honey  had 
been  laid  iip. 


j^n'  account  of  an  extraordinary 
Jhoiver  of  black  duji,  that  fell  in 
the  ijland  of  Zetland^  051.  20, 
1755.  Being  the  extraSl  of  a 
letter  from  Sir  j^ndrenv  Mitchtll, 
of  JVeJlJhore,  Bart.  to  John 
Pringle,  M.  D.  F.R.S, 

IN  compliance  with  your  defire, 
I  made  particular  enquiry, 
whether  at  or  about  the  time  the 
earthquake  happened  at  Lift>on, 
Nov.  I,  1755,  any  uncommon 
phacnomena  were  obferved  to  ap- 
pear in  the  iflands  of  Orkney  or 
Zetland,  as  fuch  had  happened 
about  that  time  in  other  parts  of 
Scotland.  From  Orkney  I  was 
informed,  that  nothing  particular 
had  happened,  only,  that  abouc 
the  time  mentioned,  the  tides  were 
obferved  to  be  much  higher  than 
ordinary.  I  received  fioni  Zetland 
a  letter,  dated  May  28,  1756,  from 

Mr. 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


350 

Mr.  William  Brown,  mafter  of  the 
grammar-fchool  at  Scarroway  in 
that  country,  a  fenfible  and  obferv- 
ing  man  ;  wherein  he  writes  ver- 
batim as  follows :  **  BleiTed  be  God, 
iiotwithilandiiig  the  great  devaf- 
tations  that  have  been  made  in 
other  parts  of  the  world  by  earth- 
quakes, we  have  been  entirely  free 
from  any  difafter  of  that  nature : 
Nor  has  any  thing  extraordinary 
happened  in  this  country  fince 
you  left  it,  only  on  Monday,  Oc- 
tober 20th  laft,  between  the  hours 
of  three  and  four  in  the  after- 
Doon,  the  ficy  being  very  hazy, 
as  it  ufes  to  be  before  a  ftorm 
of  thunder  and  lightning,  there 
fell  a  black  dull  over  all  the  coun- 
try, though  in  greater  quantities 
in  fome  places  than  in  others.  It 
was  very  much  like  lamp-black, 
but  fmelled  llrongly  of  fulphur. 
People  in  the  fields  had  their 
faces,  hands,  and  linen  blackened 
by  it.  It  was  followed  by  rain. — 
Some  people  aflign  the  caufe  of 
it  to  fome  extraordinary  eruption 
of  Hecla.  But  I  (hall  trouble  you 
no  more  about  it,  as  no  doubt 
fome  of  your  friends  have  writ- 
ten to  you  of  it  fome  time 
ago."— 

In  June,  1756,  I  returned  to 
Zetland  ;  and  upon  further  en- 
quiry, found  what  Mr.  Brown  had 
written  to  me  was  acteded  by  Mr. 
Mitchell,  parfon  of  the  parilh  of 
Tengwall,  and  by  feveral  gentle- 
men of  credit  and  reputation,  who 
had  feen  and  obferved  the  fame 
phaenomenon  in  different  parts  of 
the  country  at  the  time  above- 
mentioned. 

Mr.  Brown  having  omitted  to 
mention  how  the  wind  did  blow 
i'.t  the  time  the  black  d-uft  was 
obr£r7cd,    I  made    particular  en- 


quiry about  that  circamftance,  an^ 
found  it  was  from  the  S.  W. 
which  does  not  feem  to  favour 
the  opinion,  that  the  duft  pro- 
ceeded from  an  eruption  of  mount 
Hecla,  which  lies  about  N.  W. 
from  Zetland,  unlefs  it  may  be 
fuppofed  that  a  north  wind  hap- 
pening juft  before,  had  carried  this 
duit  to  the  fouthward,  and  the 
fouth-weft  wind  immediately  fol- 
lowing had  brought  it  back  to 
the  northv/ard.  But  in  this  cafe, 
would  not  this  black  duft  have 
been  obferved  in  Zetland  at  its 
firft  travelling  to  the  fouthward  ? 
Upon  enquiry,  I  did  not  hear  it 


was. 


T/je  method  of  culti'Vating  madder 
in  England^  from  ?nany  experi- 
ments ^  made  in  the  courfe  of  thirty. 
yea^Sy  on  the  culture  of  that  ufeful 
plant,  Extraded  from  a  treatife 
latth  publijhed  on  that  fubje^i 
by  Philip  Miller,  F.  R.  S. 

THIS  piece  is  dedicated  to 
Lord  Folkftone,  prefident 
of  the  fbciety  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  arts,  manufadures,  and 
commerce.  The  author,  in  his 
preface,  imputes  the  total  negled: 
of  cultivating  madder  in  England, 
for  a  great  number  of  years,  to 
the  many  difputes  occafioned  about 
afcertaining  the  tithes  upon  it;  a 
negled  the  Dutch  availed  them- 
feives  of,  by  whom  it  is  culti- 
vated with  the  utmoft  diligence, 
and  alinoft  monopolized.  This 
ingredient  is  fo  very  elTentia!  in 
dying  of  doth  and  ftaining  of 
linen,  that  neither  can  be  carried 
on  without  it  ;  and  the  Dutch 
have  received  from  us,  for  many 

year? 


Miscellaneous  essays,    sst 


years  paft,  upon  an  average,  more 
than  180,000 1,  per  ann.  for  that 
commodity.  In  England  there  is 
ground  better  adapted  to  the  growth 
of  madder,  than  the  beft  land  they 
have  in  Holland,  and  it  may  be 
raifed  at  lefs  expence.  The  legifla- 
ture  have  been  To  well  convinced, 
therefore,  of  the  tiational  utility 
of  railing  madder,  as  10  pafs  two 
laws,  in  the  laft  feffion,  toafcertain 
the  tithes  for  14  years ;  and  the 
fociety  for  the  encouragement  of 
arts,  &c.  have  oiFered  a  handfortie 
premium  to  promote  the  planting 
thereof. 

The  root  of  the  cultivated  mad- 
der (our  author  fays)  is  compofed 
of  many  long  fibres  larger  than  a 
goofe  quill ;    they   are   taper   and 
much  branched,  of  a  brown  colour 
oa  the  outfide,  but  clear,  tranfpa- 
rent,    and   of    an   orange    colour 
within,    having   a   tough    flender 
pith  in  the    middle,    of  a  bright 
yellow  colour,  of  a  fweetifh  talle, 
mixed  with   a  little  bitter  ;   from 
thefe    arife     many    four-cornered 
ftalks,    which  grow   from  four  to 
fix  or  (even,  feet  high,  according 
to  the  goodnefs  of  the  land  ;  tliey 
are  armed  with   ihort  herbaceous 
fpines,  and  at  each  joint  are  gar- 
nilhed  with  five  or  fix  fpear-fhaped 
leaves,    about   three  inches  long, 
and  almoft  one  broad  in  the  mid- 
dle, drawing  to  a  point  at  each  end ; 
their   upper  furfaces  are    fmooth, 
but   their  mid-rib   o^i    the    under 
fide  is  armed  with  (hort,  crooked, 
herbaceous  fpines,  which  fallen  to' 
the  clothes  of  thofe  who  rub  againft 
them.     The  leaves  are   placed  in 
whorls  round    the  ftalks,    fpread- 
ing  out  every  way  like  the  points 
of  a  liar.     From   the  fide  of  the 
ft:alk,  at  each  joint,  come  out  the 
tbotiialks  which  fupport  the  Hovvers  j 


they  are  oppofite  on  each  fide 
the  ftalk,  and  branch  into  fc- 
veral  divifions,  having  a  few  fmall 
leaves  at  bottom,  in  fliape  like 
the  oiher ;  there  aie  fometimcs 
three  of  thefe  at  the  fame  joint, 
and  at  others  but  two.  The 
flowers  are  fmall,  of  a  bright  yel- 
low colour,  and  have  but  one  pe- 
tal or  leaf,  which  is  cut  into  four 
parts,  which  fpread  open.  Thefe 
appear  in  July,  and  are  fometimej 
fucceeded  by  fmall,  rough,  burry 
feeds,  growing  by  pairs,  which 
never  ripen  in  this  country.  The 
ftalk  or  haulm  of  this  plant  de- 
cays in  autumn,  and  new  fhoots 
arife  in  the  fpring ;  the  roots  fend 
oat  many  fide  fibres  to  a  good  dif- 
tance,  and  thefe  alfo  put  out 
fhoots,  whereby  the  plants  propa- 
gate  greatly. 

The  country  where  this  plant 
grows  naturally,  h  fuppofed  to  bei 
the  Levant.  I  was  informed  by  a 
gentleman,  who  brought  over  fe- 
veral  fpecimens  of  the  plant  to 
the  late  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  that  he 
gathered  them  "between  Scanderoon 
and  Aleppo,  where  he  faw  the 
plants  growing  v/ild  without  cul- 
ture. 

Mr.  Miller  next  gives  a  curious 
account  of  the  culture.  Sec.  of  this 
plant,  as  pra<^ifed  by  the  Dutch, 
with  dravfcings,  viz.  plan  of  the 
cold  ftove,  fe«5tion  of  the  kiln- 
room  and  kiln,  plan  and  fe^tion 
of  the  drying  tower,  and  plan  and 
feftion  of  the  pounding-houfe.  His 
method  of  cultivating  it  in  Eng- 
land, take  in  his  own  words,  as 
follows. 

**  The  land  upon  which  I  have 
found  madder  thrive  beft,  is  a  foft 
fxiidy  loam  ;  and  if  it  has  been  in 
tillage  Tome  years,  it  will  be  better 
than    that  which   is  in^ih   broken 

up* 


352     ANNUAL    REGIS  TER,    1758. 

up.  This  (hould  have  at  leafl  a 
depth  of  two  feet  and  a  half,  or 
three  feet  of  good  earth,  that  the 
roots  may  run  down  without  ob- 
ftrudtion,  and  mull  be  quite  clear 
from  couch,  or  the  roots  of  any 
bad  weeds  ;  for  as  the  roots  of 
madder  fliould  remain  three  years 
in  the  ground,  fo  where  there  are 
any  of  thofe  weeds  which  fpread 
and  multiply  at  their  roots,  they 
will  intermix  with  the  madder 
roots,  and  in  three  years  will  have 
taken  fuch  pofTeffion  of  the  ground 
as  to  greatly  weaken  the  madder, 
and  render  it  very  troublefome  to 
feparate  when  the  madder  is  taken 
up. 

The  ground  (hould  be  ploughed 
deep  before  winter,  and  laid  in 
very  high  rough  ridges  to  mel- 
low ;  and  if  it  is^  not  too  ftrong, 
there  will  be  no  neceflity  ^or 
ploughing  again,  till  juft  before 
the  time  of  planting  the  madder, 
when  the  land  ihould  be  ploughed 
as  deep  as  the  beam  of  the  plough 
will  admit ;  and  '  there  fhould  be 
men  following  the  plough  in  the 
furrows,  who  fhould  dig  a  full  fpit 
below  the  bottom  of  the  furrow, 
and  turn  it  up  on  the  top.  By 
preparing  the  ground  of  this  depth, 
the  roots  of  the  madder  will  ftrike 
down  and  be  of  greater  length, 
in  which  the  goodnefs  of  the  crop 
chiefly  confifls.  The  land  being 
thus  prepared  and  made  level>  will 
be  -fit  to  receive  the  plants.  The 
beft  time  for  planting  the  madder, 
is  about  the  middle  or  latter  end 
of  April,  according  as  the  feafon 
is  more  or  lefs  forward,  which  muft 
be  determined  by  the  young  (hoots ; 
for  when  thefe  are  about  an  inch 
and  a  half,  or  two  inches  above 
ground,  they  are  io  the  beft  (late 
for  planting.    When  the  (hoots  are 


longer,  they  are  very  apt  to  droop 
upon  being  moved,  efpecially  if 
the  feafon  (hould  prove  warm  and 
dry;  and  if  their  tops  wither  and 
decay,  the  roots  will  be  greatly 
weakened. 

In  the  taking  up  of  thefe  (hoots 
for  planting,  the  ground  (hould  be 
opened  with  a  fpade,  that  they 
may  be  feparated  from  the  mother 
plants  with  as  much  root  as  pof- 
(ible;  for  if  the  roots  are  broken 
off,  they  will  not  fucceed.  Thefe 
plants  (hould  be  drawn  up  no 
fafter  than  they  are  planted,  for 
if  they  lie  long  above  ground,, 
they  will  (brink,  and  their  tops 
wither,  and  then  they  often  mif- 
carry ;  therefore  if  they  are  brought 
from  a  diftant  place,  the  (lips  (hould 
be  taken  off  as  foon  as  they  begin 
to  Ihoot,  for  the  lefs  top  they 
have,  the  better  they  will  bear 
carriage ;  there  fhould  be  great  care 
taken  in  the  packing  of  them  up 
for  carriage;  efpecial  regard  (hould 
be  had  not  to  pack  them  fo  clofe, 
or  in  fo^reat  quantity,  as  to  caufe 
them  to  heat,  for  that  will  foon 
fpoil  them  ;  but  if  they  are  a  little 
withered  by  lying  out  of  the 
ground,  their  roots  (hould  be  fet 
upright  in  water  for  a  few  hours 
before  they  are  planted,  which 
will  (lifFen  and  recover  them  a- 
gain. 

In  the  planting  of  madder,  there 
are  fome  who  make  the  rows  but 
one  foot  afunder,  others  one  foot 
and  a  half,  fome  two  feet,  and 
others  who  allow  them  three  feet 
diftance  ;  I  have  made  trial  of  the 
three  laft  diftances,  and  have  found 
when  the  roots  have  been  left  three 
years  in  the  ground,  that  three 
feet  diftance  row  from  row  is  the 
beft  ;  but  if  they  are  taken  up 
in   two  years,    two   feet    afunder 

may 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS. 


mny  do  very  well  ;  and  thediftance 
iiitherovvi,  plant  from  plant,  (hould 
be  one  foot,  if  to  rtand  two  years, 
or  a  foot  and  a  half  if  to  Itand 
three. 

If  there  is  no  danger  of  the 
ground  being  too  wet  in  winter, 
the  plants  may  be"  planted  on  ti)e 
level  ground  ;  hut  if,  on  the  con- 
trary, the  ground  lliould  be  raifed 
in  ridges  where  each  row  of  plants 
is  to  be  fet,  that  their  roots  may 
not  reach  the  water  in  winter,  for 
if  they  do^  it  will  ftop  their 
downright  growth  ;  and  this  is  the 
rcafon  why  the  Dutch  who  plant 
madder  in  the  low  Counrries,  be- 
tween Helvoetfluys  and  the  Bnll, 
rai/e  their  lidges  fo  high  as  two 
or  three  ftet,  but  in  Zealand, 
where  the  ground  is  drier,  they 
do  not  raife  the  beds  n.cre  than 
four  or  five  inches  above  the  in- 
tervals, that  the  wet  may  drain  off 
from  the  beds  where  the  madder  is 
planted. 

The  method  of  planting  the 
madder  on  level  ground  is  as 
follows,  viz.  The  ground  being 
made  fmooth,  a  line  is  drawn  crofs 
it  to  mark  out  the  rows,  tnar  they 
may  be  ftra'ght  for  ihe  more  con- 
vrnifnt  cleaning,  and  for  the  better 
digging  or  ploughing  the  ground 
beivveen  the  rovvs  ;  then  wi'.h  an 
iron-fhod  dibble,  holes  are  made 
at  the  diliancc  which  the  planes 
are  to  li>r.d  from  each  cihtr. 
The  dt'pih  of  the  holes  muil  be 
in  proportion  to  the  length  of  the 
roo'.s  of  the  plants,  vhich  mull 
be  planted  the  fame  depth  in  the 
ground  which  they  h^d  been 
while  they  were  upon  the  mother 
plants,  for  if  any  part  of  the 
root  is  left  above  ground,  the  fun 
and  wind  will  dry  it,  which  will 
retard  the  grcwih  of  the  plants  ! 
and,    Ihould     anv     part     of    the 

Vol.  ;. 


353 

green  be  buried  in  the  ground  it 
will  not  be  fo  well,  tho',  of  .the 
two,  the  latter  will  be  lefs  preju- 
dicial, efpeciiilly  if  there  be  not  too 
much  of  the  grceiT buried.  When 
the  plants  are  put  into  the  holes, 
the  earth  fhoold  be  prefTed  clofe  to 
them  to  fecure  them  from  being 
drawn  out  of  the  ground,  for 
crows  and  rooks  frequently  draw 
the  young  plants  out  of  the  ground, 
before  they  get  new  roots,  where 
there  is  not  this  care  taken  ;  fo 
that  in  two  or  three  days,  I  have 
known  half  the  plants,  on  a  large 
piece  of  land,  dellroyed  by  thefe 
birds. 

if  there  happens  to  be  fbme 
fnowers  of  rain. fall  in  a  day  or 
two  after  the  plants  are  planted, 
it  wiil  be  of  great  fervice  to  theib, 
for  they  will  prefently  put  out 
new  roots,  and  become  ftrong,  fo 
that,  if  dry  weather  ftiould  after- 
wards happen,  they  wiil  not  be 
in  fo  much  danger  of  fuifcring 
thereby,  as  thofe  that  are  later 
planted.  There  are  fome  who, 
from  a  covetous  temper  of  making 
moil  ufe  of  the  ground,  plant 
a  row  of  dwarf  peas,  or  kidney- 
beans,  between  each  row  of  madder, 
and  pretend  that  hereby  the  land 
is  kept  cleaner  from  weeds-;  bat 
I  am  very  certain  the  crop  of 
madder  is  injured  thereby  much 
more  than  the  value  of  thofe  things 
which  grow  between  the  rov\S'  as 
1  have  experienced  ;  tS^refore  I 
advife  thofe  perfons  who  pbnt 
n.addef,  never  to  fow  or  plant  any 
thing  between  the  rows,  but  to 
keep  the  madder  quite  clean  from 
weeds,  or  any  other  kind  of  vege* 
table. 

In   order    to  keep    the    ground 

thus  clean,    it    fliould    be  Ictfiied 

over  with  a    Dutch  hoe,    as    foon 

as  the  young  weeds  appear  in   the 

A  a  fpri"i5» 


354        ANNUAL    RE 

fpring,  when  a  man  can  perform 
a  great  deal  of  this  work  in  a 
day,  and  if  it  is  done  in  dry 
weather,  the  weeds  will  die  as  fall 
as  they  are  cut  down  ;  whereas, 
whea  the  weeds  are  left  to  grow 
fo  long  as  to'  get  ftrength,  they 
are  not  fo  foon  deflroyed,  and  the 
expence  of  hoeing  the  ground 
then  will  be  more  than  treble  what 
it  might  be  performed  for  early 
in  the  fealon  ;  befides,  there  will 
btj  danger  of  cutting  down  forne 
of  the  weaker  plants  with  the 
weeds,  if  the  perfons  employed  to 
perform  this  work  are  not  very 
careful,  therefore  it  is  much  cheaper 
as  alfo  better  for  the  madder, 
to  begin  this  work  early  in  the 
fpring,  and  to  repeat  it  as  often 
as  the  weeds  render  it  neceffary  ; 
ior  by  keeping  the  ground  thus 
tonftantly  clean,  the  madder  will 
thrive  the  better,  an4  the  expence 
in  the  whole  year  will  be  lefs, 
for  when  weeds  are  fufFered  to 
grow  large,  they  are  not  eafily  fub- 
dued. 

During  the  firft  fummer,  the  only 
culture  which  the  madder'requires, 
is  that  of  keepin-g  it  clean  in  the 
manner  before  di reeled,  and,  when 
the  (hoots  or  haulm  of  the  plants 
decay  in  autumn,  they  fhould  be 
raked  off  the  ground  ;  then  thx;  in- 
tervals between  the  rows  Ihould 
cither  be  dug  with  a  fpade,  or 
ploughed  with  a  hoeing  plough, 
laying  up  the  earth  over  the  heads 
of  the  plants  in  a  roundifh  ridge, 
which  will  be  of  great  fervice  to  the 
roots.  The  Dutch  cover  the  haulm 
of  their  madder  with  earth,  leaving 
it  to  rot  upon  the  ground  ;  this 
perhaps  may  be  nec^iTary  in  their 
country,  to  keep  the  froit  out  of  the 
ground  ;  but,  as  I  have  never  found 
that  the  fevercll  winti^rs  have  ever 
injured  the  madder  roots  iuEngland, 


GISTEK,   1758. 

fo  there  is  not  the  fame  neceflity  for 
that  pradice  here. 

The  following  fpring,  before  the 
madder  begins  to  fhoot,  the  ground 
Ihould  be  raked  over  fmooth,  tHal 
the  young  fhoots  may  have  no  ob- 
llruftion,  and,  if  there  fhould  be 
any  young  weeds  appearing  on  the 
ground,  it  Ihould  be  firft  fcuffled 
over  todeftroy  the  weeds,  and  then 
raked  over  fmooth  ;  after  this  the 
fame  care  mufi  be  taken  in  the 
following  fummej,  as  in  the  former, 
to  keep  the  ground  clean  from 
weeds,  and,  if  it  is  performed  by 
the  hoe-plough,  the  earth  of  the 
intervals  fhoald  be  thrown  op 
again  ft  one  fide  of  the  ridges, 
which  will  earth  up  the  roots,  and 
greatly  increafe  their  ftr-ength  j 
but,  before  the  ground  of  one  in- 
terval is  fo  hoed,  the  haulm  of  the 
plants  faould  be  turned  over  to 
the  next  adjoining  interval,  and, 
if  they  are  permitted  fo  to  lie  for 
a  fortnight  or  three  weeks,  and 
then  turned  back  again  on  thofe 
intervals  which  were  hoed,  ob- 
ferving  firft  to  fcuifie  the  ground 
to  deftroy  any  young  weeds,  which 
may  have  appeared  fince  the  ftir- 
ring  of  the  ground,  then  the  alter- 
nate intervals  fhould  be  ploughed 
in  like  manner,  turning  the  earth 
up  againft  the  oppofite  fides  of  the 
roots;  by  this  method  the  intervals 
will  be  alternately  ploughed,  and 
the  plants  earthed  up,  whereby  the 
ground  will  be  kept  clean  and 
Itined,  which  will  greatly  promote 
tlie  growth  of  the  roots,  and  by 
this  method  the  fuperficial  fhoots 
will  be  fubdued,  and  the  principal 
roots  greatly  ftrengthened.  The  fol- 
lowing autumn  the  ground  fhould 
be  cleared  of  the  haulm  and  weeds, 
and  the  earth  raifed  in  ridges 
over  the  roots,,  as  in  the  foregoing 
year.- 

The 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.      :is5 


The  third  Tpring  the  roots  will 
furnilh  a  greac  fupply  of  young 
plants,  bur,  before  thefe  appear,' 
the  ground  Ihould  he  cleaned  and 
raked  fmooth.  that  the  ihoots  may 
have  no  obilruftion  to  their  com- 
ing up:  and,  when  the  young 
plants  are  Ht  to  take  ofF,  it  Ihould 
be  performed  with  great  care, 
always  talcing  oft  thofe  which  are 
produced  at  the  greatcft  diilance 
from  the  crown  of  the  mother- 
plants,  firft,  becaufe  thofe  are  what 
rob  them  mod  of  their  nourilh- 
ment,  and  the  wounds  made  by 
feparatii)g  them  from  the  old  roots 
are  not  near  fo  hurtful  as  thofe 
near  the  crown,  for  the  ftripping 
off  too  many  of  the  Ihoots  there 
will  retard  the  growth  of  the 
plant. 

The  culture  of  the  madder  in 
the  third  fummer  mull  be  the  lame 
as  'the  fecond,  but,  as  the  roots, 
will  then  be  much  ftronger,  the 
earth  fhould  be  laid  up  a  little 
higher  to  them  at  the  times  when 
the  ground  is  cleaned  and  ploughed, 
and,  if  all  the  diilant  fuperficial 
flioots,  which  come  up  in  the  in- 
tervals, are  hoed  or  ploughed  oiF, 
it  will  be  of  fervice  to  ttrengtherl 
the  larger  downright  roots,  and, 
as  the  haulm  will  now  be  very 
firong  and  thick,  the  frequent  turn- 
ing it  over,  from  one  interval  to 
another,  will  prevent  its  rotting, 
for  if  it  lies  long  in  the  fame  po- 
fiiion,  the  fticots,  which  are  near 
the  ground,  where  there  will  be 
always  more  or  Itfs  damp,  and 
being  covered  wiih  the  upper 
IhooLS,  the  air  will  be  excluded 
from  them,  which  will  cauie  them 
to  rot,  for  the  fiioots  of  madder 
are  naturally  difpofed  to  climb 
upon  any  neighbouring  fiipport, 
and  in  places  where  they  have 
been  fupportcd,  I  have  fccn  theni 


more  thaa  ten  feet  high,  but  the 
expence  of  flaking  the  plants  to 
fupport  their  Ihoots  would  be 
much  too  great  to  be  pradlifed  in 
general,  therefore  the  other  method, 
of  turning  the  haulm  over,  from 
one  interval  to  th6  other,  will 
be  found  of  great  ofe,  for  hereby 
it  is  kept  from  decaying,  and  by 
fo  doing  the  fun  is  alternately  ad- 
mitted to  each  fide  of  the  roots> 
which  is  of  more  confequence  to 
the  growth  of  the  madder  thaa 
mod  people  conceive ;  and  from 
many  repeated  trials  1  have  found, 
that  where  the  haulm  has  decay- 
ed or  rotted  in  fummer,  it  has 
greatly  retarded  the  growth  of  the 
roors.  There  have  been  fome 
ignorant  pretenders  who  have  ad- 
vifed  the  cutting  of  the  haulnm 
in  fummer,  in  order  to  ftrengiheii 
the  roots,  but  whoever  pradifes 
this,  will  find,  to  their  coll,  the 
abfurdity  of  this  method,  for  I 
have  fully  tried  this  many  yeaVs 
ago,  and  have  always  found  that 
every  other  root,  upon  which  this 
was  pradlifed,  was  at  leaft  a  third 
part  fmaller  than  the  intermediate 
roots,  whofe  haulm  was  left  en- 
tire. The  occafion  of  iirfl  makirg 
this  experiment  was,  becaufe  the 
plants  had  been  fet  too  rear  each 
other,  and  the  feafon  proving  moid 
had  increafed  the  number  and 
ilrength  of  the  fhoots,  fo  that  ihey 
became  fo  thick,  as  that  many  of 
them  began  to  rot  :  to  prevent 
which,  1  cut  ofF  the  Ihoots  of  every 
other  plant  to  give  room  for  fpread- 
ing  the  others  thinner,  but  fooii 
af(cr  this  was  done,  the  plants  pro- 
duced.a  greater  number  of  fhoots 
than  before,  but  they  were  weaker, 
and  the  effe£l  it  had  uppn  the  roots 
was  as  before  related,  and  fince 
then  I  have  frequently  repeated  the 
experiment  on  a  a  few  roots,  and 
A  a  2  have 


35S        ANNUAL  RE 

have  always    found  the  efteft   the 
fame. 

As  foon  as  the  haulm  of  the 
madder  begins  to  decay  in  autumn, 
the  roots  may  be  taken  up  for  ufe, 
becaufe  then  the  roots  have  done 
growing  for  that  feafon,  and  will 
then  be  plumper,  and  lefs  liable 
to  fhrink,  than  if  they  are  dug  up 
when  the  plants  are  growing  ;  Tor  I 
havd  always  found  that  the  roots 
of  every  kind  of  plant,  which  are 
taken  but  of  the  ground  during 
the  time  of  their  growth,  are 
Very  apt  to  flirink,  and  lofe 
much  of  their  weight  in  a  Ihorc 
lime. 

When    the    feafon    for    digging 
up  the  madder  roots   is   come,  it 
fliould    be  done  in    the  following 
manner,  viz,   A  deep  trench  ftiould 
be   dug  on  one  fide  of  the  ground 
next   to  the    firil  row   of  madder, 
to    make   a    fufiicieut  opening    to 
receive  the  earth,  which   mull  be 
laid    therein    in    digging    up  the 
row    of  roots,     fo    that    it  ihould 
be    at   leail  two    feet   broad,  and 
two  fpits,  and  two  fhovelings  deep, 
and  fhould  be  as  clofe  as   pofuble 
to  the  roots,  without  breaking  or 
cutting   them  in   doing    it  ;     then 
the    row     pf  roots    muft  be  care- 
fully   dug    up,     turning   the   earth 
into  the  trench  before  mentioned. 
Jn   the  doing   of  this    there  (hould 
be  to  every  perfon  who  digs,    two 
or    three  perfons    to    take  out  the 
roots,  that  none  may   be   loft,  and 
as    much  of  the  earth    (hould    be 
.  ihaken  out  of  the  roots  as  poiBble  ; 
and   after  the    principal   roots    are 
taken   u^p,  there   will  be  many  of 
the  long   fibres  rem.aiaing  below, 
therefore,  in  order  to  get  the  roots 
a«'  clean  as  pofiible,  the  whole  I'pot 
of  "ground    fl^ould    be  dug  of  the 
fame  depth  as  thefirft  trench,   and 
the  pickers  muft  follow  the  diggers 


GISTER,    1758. 

to  get  tnem  all  out  to  the  bot- 
tom. As  the  digging  of  the  land 
to  this  depth  is  neceflary,  in 
order  to  take  up  the  roots  with 
as  little  lofs  as  polTible,  it  is  a  fine 
preparation  for  any  fucceeding 
crop  ;  and  I  have  always  found 
that  the  ground,  where  madder 
has  grown,  produced  better  crops 
of  all  kinds  than  land  of  equal 
goodnefs,  which  had  not  the  like 
culture. 

After  the  root?  are  taken  up,  the 
fooner  they  are  carried  to  the  place 
of  drying,  the  finer  will  be  their 
colour,  for  if  they  lie  in  heaps, 
they  are  apt  to  heat,  which  will 
difcolour  them,  or  if  rain  (hould 
happen  to  wet  them  much,  it  vvifl 
have  the  fame  elfed,  therefore  no 
more  roots  (hould  be  taken  up  than 
can  be  carried  under  ihelter  the 
fame  day. 

The  firll  place,  in  which  the 
roots  Ihould  be  laid  to  try,  muft  be 
open  to  admit  the  air,  but  covered 
on  the  top  to  keep  out  the  wet. 
If  a  building  is  to  be  erected  new, 
fuch  as  the  tanners  have  for  drying 
their  fkins  will  be  as  proper  as  any, 
for  thefe  have  weather-boards  from 
top  to  bottom,  at  equal  diftancfes, 
to  keep  out  the  driving  rain,  but 
the  fpaces  between  being  open, 
admit  the  air  freely  :  and  if  inllead 
of  plank  floors  or  ilages  above  each 
other,  they  are  laid  with  hurdles  or 
bafket-work,  upon  which  the  roots 
are  laid  to  dry,  the  air  will  have 
fre^r  palTage  to  the  uuder-fide  of 
the  roots,  which  will  dry  them 
more  equally. 

In  this  place  they  may  remain 
three  or  four  days,  but  the  roots 
(hould  be  turned  over  once  or 
twice,  that  every  part  may  dry 
equally,  by  which  time  the  earth, 
which  adhered  to  the  roots,  will  be 
fo  dry  as  ealily  to  rub  off,  which 

(hould- 


MISCELLANEOUS   ESSAYS. 


2S1 


fhould  be  done  before  the  roots  are 
removed  to  the  cold  ftove  ;  for  the 
flower  the  roots  are  dried,  the  lefs 
they  will  fhrink,  and  the  better 
vviJl  be  the  colour  of  the  madder  ; 
and  the  cleaner  the  roots  are  from 
earth,  the  better  the  commodity 
will  be  for  the  ufe  when  pre- 
pared . 

Wherever  there  are  any  large 
barns  or  other  buildings,  whofe 
fides  are  open  to  admit  the  air, 
there  will  be  no  occafion  for  creel- 
ing buildings  for  this  purpofe  ;  be- 
caufe  thefe  will  anfwer  full  as  well ; 
but  if  there  are  different  ftages  of 
hurdles  erefled  in  thefe  buildings, 
at  three  or  four  feet  above  each 
other,  to  lay  (he  roots  upon  them, 
the  hurdles  being  open,  will  admit 
the  air  to  the  under  fide  of  the 
roots,  whereby  they  will  dry  more 
equally  than  when  they  are  fpread 
on  a  clofe  fl-^or,  and  hereby  a  much 
greater  quantity  of  roots  may  be 
dried  under  the  fame  roof.  During 
the  time  they  remain  here,  the 
doors  and  all  other  apertures  of 
the  building  fliould  be  kept  con- 
ftantly  open,  for  the  greater  quan- 
tity of  {x^t  air  is  admitted  to  the 
roots,  the  better  ihey  will  dry  ;  and 
the  flower  they  dry  at  nrft,  the  lefs 
of  their  weight  will  be  diminiflied, 
and  the  colour  will  be  the  better  ; 
but  they  muft  he  guarded  from  wet, 
which  will  be  very  prejudicial  to 
the  colour.  When  the  roots  have 
lain  in  this  place  fo  long  as  to  dry 
their  outfides  fufficiently  to  rub  off 
the  dirt  which  adhered  to  them, 
then  they  Ihould  be  carried  to  the 
kiln  to  be  farther  dried  j  and  as 
there  are  in  moft  pans  of  Eng- 
land kilns  already  built  for  dry- 
ing of  malt  and  hops,  they  may 
be  ufed  for  drying  of  madder  ; 
but  if  there  were  ventilators  fixed 
(0  thefe  kilris,  for  blowing  a  fufii- 


cient  quantity  of  air  through  the 
roomb  where  the  madder  roots  are 
drying,  in  the  manner  direded  by 
the  Reverend  Dr.  Hales  for  drying 
of  malt  and  hops,  it  will  be  found 
a  much  belter  method  than  that, 
which  is  pradifed  by  the  Dutch, 
and  will  fave  a  great  expence  of 
fuel. 

When  the  outfide  of  the  roots 
have  been  fufficiently  dried  in  this 
cold  ftove  or  kiln,  they  fliould  be 
removed  to  the  threfl^iing-floor, 
which  may  be  the  fame  as  in  a 
common  barn  where  corn  is  threfli- 
ed.  The  floor  of  this  fliouId  be 
fwept,  and  made  as  clean  as  poffi- 
ble  ;  then  the  roots  fliouId  be  threfli- 
ed  to  beat  ofF  their  fkins  or  out- 
fide coverings;  this  is  the  pare 
which  is  prepared  feparately  from 
the  inner  part  of  the  root,  and  is 
called  mull,  which  is  fold  at  a  \txy 
low  price,  being  the  worft  fort  of 
madder,  fo  cannot  be  ufed  where 
the  permanency  or  beaaty  of  the 
colours  are  regarded  ;  thefe  hufks 
are  feparatcd  from  the  roots,  pound- 
ed by  themfelves,  and  are  after- 
wards packed  up  in  fepsrate  caflcs, 
and  fold  by  the  title  of  mull.  If 
this  is  well  prepared,  and  not  mix- 
ed with  dirt,  rt  may  be  fol^  for 
about  fifteen  fliiliings  per  hundred 
weight,  at  the  price  which  madder 
now  bears,  and  this,  as  is  fuppofed, 
will  defray  the  whole  expense  of 
drying  the  crop. 

After  the  mill  is  feparated  from 
the  roots,  they  muft  then  be  re- 
moved to  the  kiln  again,  which 
muft  now  have  a  greater  heat  than 
before,  where  they  muft'be  dryed 
with  care,  for  if  the  heat  is  too 
great,  the  roots  will  dry  too  faft, 
whereby  they  will  lofe  much  in 
weight,  and  the  colour  of  the  mad- 
der will  not  be  near  fo  bright  :  to 
avoid  which,    the   roots  Ihould   be 

A  a  3  '  frequently 


358 


ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1758. 


frequently  turned,  while  they  re 
rnain  in  this  Hove,  and  the  fires 
muft  be  properly  regulated,  and  a 
fufficient  quantity  of  ireih  air  blown 
through  the  kiln,  which  will  drive 
out  the  foul  air,  occafioned  by  the 
perfpiration  of  the  roots,  which 
will  be  found  very  gfeful  in  preferv- 
ing  their  colour.  If  feme  trials 
sre  made  by  fixing  a  good  thermo- 
meter in  the  room,  the  necefiary 
heat  may  be  better  afcertained  than 
<:an  be  done  any  other  way,  but 
thi«  will  require  to  be  greater  at 
fome  times  than  at  others,  accord- 
ing as  the  roots  are  more  or  Icfs  fuc- 
culent,  or  the  weather  more  or  Icfs 
cold  or  damp,  but  it  will  always  be 
better  to  have  the  heat  rather  lefs 
than  over  hot,  for  though  the  roots 
may  require  a  longer  time  to  dry 
with  a  flow  heat,  yet  the  colour 
will  be  better. 

When  the  roots  are  properly 
dried  in  this  (love,  they  muft  be 
carried  to  the  pounding  -  houfe, 
where  they  muft  be  reduced  to 
powder ;  but  whether  it  is  necef- 
fary  to  feparate  the  kraps  from 
the  gemeens,  as  is  now  pradifed  by 
the  Dutch,  the  confumers  of  mad- 
der will  be  better  judges  than  my- 
lelf. 

The  expence  in  erefting  of  the 
pounding- houfes  in  Holland  is  very 
gjeat,  fo  need  not  be  built  here, 
ior  any  common  building  will 
ferve  for  this  purpoi'e,  where  there 
is  room  to  fix  up  the  apparatus  for 
pounding  the  roots ;  the  blocks  for 
this  purpofe  (hould  be  like  thofe 
ufed  in  Holland,  as  fhould  alfo  be 
the  Itampers,  which  are  bound 
round  at  bottom  with  thick  iron 
bands,  framed  like  the  points  of  a 
ftar  J  for  if  the  furface  of  the  Ham- 
pers are  fmooih  and  even,  jhe 
madder    will    adhere    to    them   fo 


puiverife  the  roots  properly.  The 
11am pers  may  be  fo  coniriv.ed  as  to 
be  worked  by  water  where  there 
is  conveniency,  or  perhaps  by  wind; 
but  if  it  is  done  by  horles,  as  in 
Holland,  there  need  not  be  fo  great 
an  apparatus,  for  no  doubt  many 
of  our  mechanics,  when  they  fee  the 
Dutch  plans,  can  make  great  im- 
provements to  them." 

Mr.  Millar,  at  the  clofe  of  his 
performance,  anfvvers  futh  objec- 
tions as  have  been  made  againft  re- 
trieving the  cultivation  of  madder 
in  England,  and  gives  a  fliort  ab- 
ftract  of  the  two  ads  mentioned 
above;  and  we  hope,  for  the  ho- 
nour and  intereft  of  this  country,  a 
fpirit  of  emulation  will  be  exerted 
to  recover  fo  valuable  a  branch  of 
agriculture. 


^he  J}  range  effeSls  of  fame  effewe/cent 
mixtures.  In  a  letter  from  Dr, 
James  Mounfey,  Phyfician  of  the 
PruJ/ian  army,  and  F.  R.  S.  to 
Mr.  Henry  Baker,  F.  R.  S,  Com- 
tnunicated  by  Mr.  Baker. 

From  the  Philofophical  TranfaSiions. 

Mofconx;,   Sept.  20,  1796. 

MR.  Butler,  a  paper-ftainer, 
trying  to  make  fome  difco, 
verles  for  the  better  fixing  of  co- 
lours, was  put  in  great  danger  of 
his  life  by  the  following  experi- 
ments. 

Having  put  into  one  gallipot  a 
quarter  of  an  ounce  of  verdegris, 
and  into  another  pot  two  leaves  of 
falie  gold-leaf,  to  each  he  poured 
about  a  fpoonful  of  aquafortis. 
They  began  immediately  to  fer- 
ment, efpecially  the  gold-leaf.  He 
was  very  alliduous  in  ftirring  them. 


to  make  the  folution  perR«^.   Hav- 
clpfelv,  as  to  render  it  impoiTibleto    ing  nothing  ^\k  at  hand,  he  did 

^-■-  v"   -     '  •  ■■  ■     ■-     •  •    ■  ■       this 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS. 


359 


tills  with   a  pair  of  fmall  fciflars, 
at   arms  length,  carefully    turning 
away  his  face,  to  prevent  the  fumes 
from  enrering   h-is  lungs.      He  was 
called  away,  about  other  bufinefs, 
before  he  had  quite  ended  his  pro- 
cefs,  and    foon   after    waflied    and 
fhifted  himfelf;  but  he  had  fcarce 
finiihed,  before  he   felt  a   burning 
pain  in  the  ring  finger  of  his  right 
hand,    «/hich    he  imputed    to  his 
having  inadvertently    touched   the 
aqua  for tis.     This  incrcafed  every 
momenr,    and   afFeded    the  whole 
hand  with  burning  pain  and  fwel- 
ling,    which   very    foon    fuhfidcd : 
but  then  it  flew  into  the  left  hand, 
and  a  few  minutes  afterwards,  into 
the  infides  of  his  legs,  as  if  fcald- 
ing  water   had    been    thrown     on 
them.     His  ftockiniis  being  imme- 
diately  pulled  oft,  there  appeared 
a  great  many  red  fpots,  as  large  as 
fixpences,  fomething  raifed  above 
the  fkin,  and  all  covered  with  very 
fmall  blifters. 

In  about  two  hours  after  the  ac- 
cident, I  firll  Taw  him  :   he  was  very 
uneafy,  complaining  of  pain,   and 
great   anxiety,     at    the  pit  of  the 
Itomach,  as  if  a   burning  hot   iron 
w«s  laid  on  it  ;  (o  he  exprefled  him- 
felf.    His  pulfe  was   regular,    but 
flower  and   weaker  than   natural  : 
he  had  a  naufea,  and  complained  of 
a  very  coppery  fmell  and  talle.     I 
ordered  him  fome  alcaline  volatile 
medicines,  and  to  drink  fmall  fack- 
whey.     He  vomited  once,  and  had 
four  or  five  ftools,  and  then  his  Ho- 
mach  grew  eafy.   But  the  fcene  foon 
began  again  v.ith  lancing  p.-iins  in 
the  left  eye.   He  continued  the  fame 
medicines,  drank  plentifully  of  the 
whey,  and  was  kept  in  a  breathing 
fweat,  by  which  he  found  fome  cafe 
at  night:  but  whenever  the  fweat- 
ing  lefiened,  the  burning  pains  rq- 
lurncd  in   broad  flakes,  changing 


from  one  part  of  the  body  to  the 
other  ;  fometimes  with  ihootings  in 
his  eye.  and  fometimes  along  the 
penis,  but  he  had  no  heat  of  urine. 
His  pulfe  continued  regular,  but 
weak  ;  and  in  feveral  places  of  his 
bodyfuch  kind  of  fpots  llruck  out 
as  thofe  in  his  legs. 

Monday,  the  third    day  in    the 
morning,    after  fleeping  well,  his 
pulfe  was  fomewhat  raifed,  and  he 
continued   eafy    till   about    eleven 
o'clock,    when   the  burning  pains 
returned,    ftiooting  from   place   to 
place ;    but  always   fo   fuperficial, 
that  he  could  not  diftinguilh  whe- 
ther it  was  in  or  under  the  (kin. 
Rubbing  the  partaiFeded  with  one's 
hand    gave   eafe  ;     but    when    the 
fweating  went  ofl^,  and  the  burnings 
and  fliooting  became   infufFerable, 
I  always  put  him  into  a  bath  of  hot 
water,  with  fome  wood  alhes,  kept 
ready    in   the  room,    which    gave 
him  great  relief.     This  afternoon 
he  felt  violent  burning  pain  in  his 
great   toes,    and  fometimes  in  his 
left  hand,  with  fliootings  up  to  the 
fhoulder.     Once  he   cried  out,  in 
great  pain,  that   his  fliouldcr  was 
burll ;  for  he  felt  fomething  fly  out 
with  a  fort  of  explofion  j  but,  ex- 
amining the  part,  I  found  nothing 
particular.    He  obferved,  when  the 
flaky  burnings    began,     tliey  were 
as    if   they  kindled  from   a  point, 
and    fiafhed    like  lightning,  as  he 
termed  it.     He  was  very  often  tor- 
mented with  fuch  pains  on  the  pit 
of  the  flomach  ;    and   this  evening 
had  lliootings  thro*  the  back,   with 
a  pain  in  the  belly.  He  complained 
of  a  ftrong  fulphurcous  fmcU,  which 
he  faid,  was  like  to  fuffocate  him  ; 
though  his  breathing  feemed  eafy, 
and  his  lungs  no  way  afl^eded.     In 
the    night    he     was    felzed     with 
great  pain   about   the  heart,    and 
cried  out  violently,  that  his  heart 
A  a  4  was 


360 


ANNUAL    REGISTER 


-0 


was  on  fire  ;  but  after  taking  a  dofe 
of  nervous  medicines,  and  being 
put  into  the  bath,  he  was  foon 
freed  from  this,  and  pafTed  the  rell 
of  the  night  tolerably  well.  At  the 
time  of  fuch  violent  attacks  the 
pulfe  continued  regular,  but  Hill 
flower  and  fofcer  than  ufual. 

Tuefday.  He  complained  mott 
of  his  toes,  and  now  and  then'burn- 
ing  pains  in  the  forehead. 

Wednefday.  This  whole  day  it 
continued  raofl:  in  the  toes  of  the 
left  foot ;  but  in  the  evening  the 
pain  on  the  llomach  returned, 
which  lanced  to  the  left  fide,  with 
dartings  inwardly.  He  became  fo 
uneafy  and  reftlefs,"  that  I  was 
obliged  to  add  fome  opium  to  the 
other  medicines  5  which  anfwered 
very  well. 

Thurfday.  The  pains  kept  moft 
in  the  toes  of  the  left  foot, 

Friday.  Nothing  particular,  ex- 
cept his  feeling  with  fharp  pain, 
a  fpark  (as  he  called  it)  fly  out  of 
his  right  cheek,  in  the  fame  way, 
he  faid,  as  that,  which  burll  on  his 
ihoulder,  but  much  lefs.  He  per- 
ceived no  pain  in  that  part  before 
this  ;  nor  any  thing  after,  belides 
a  forenefs,  which  lalled  for  fome 
days.  Hitherto -he  had  been  kept 
in  a  continual  fweat :  his  appetite 
was  greater  than  his  allowance; 
his  digeftion  good  ;  and  his  reil  in- 
different. From  this  time  he  was 
not  attacked  with  any  violent  fymp- 
tom?,  and  could  be  quiet  though 
he  did  not  fweat. 

On  Sunday  he  began  to  get  out 
of  bed,  but  was  often  feized  with 
glowing  pains,  fuddenly  affcding 
different  parts  of  the  body,  which 
feldom  continued  an  hour  in  one 
part,  but  fli  if  ted  from  place  to 
place  :  ihefe  he  was  troubled  with 
in  a  lefs  degree  even  loivg  after  he 
went  sibroad. 


By  care  and  watchfulnefs  the  vio- 
lence of  the  iymptoms' were  kept 
under  ;  and  by  the  ufe  of  antidotes 
for  poifons,  of  the  nature  of  what 
he  received  this  from,  the  drfeafe 
was  overcome,  and  the  patient  re- 
covered his  perfi;d  health  and 
flrength. 


^  remarkable  cafe  cf  the  efficacy  of 
the  bark  in  a  mortification.  In  a 
letter  to  iJ^illijm  Wutjon,  M.  D. 
F.  R.S.  from  Mr.  Richard  Grin- 
Jail,  Surgeon  to  the  London  Hof- 
pital.  Read  before  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, Dec.  8,   1757. 

AuJiinTrlarSy  Dec.  7,  1757. 
SIR, 

THE  following  cafe,  being  ve- 
ry fingular,  has  induced  me 
to  lay  it  before  the  Royal  Society. 
Although  numerous  inftances  are 
related  in  the  records  of  medicine, 
of  the  great  danger  in  interrupting 
nature  in  her  operations,  there  is 
not  one  (fo  far  as  I  know)  in  which 
more  violent  and  extraordinary  ef- 
fedf  have  been  produced  than  in 
the  following. 

It  may  happen  alfo,  that  thi?  in- 
ftance  may  be  of  fervice  in  afcer- 
taining  the  virtue  of  the  medicine 
in  intermittent^,  wliqn  in  the  hands 
of  men  of  judgment. 

Oh  the  28th  of  ]une,  1757, 
Mary  Alexander,  of  the  parilli  of 
Whitechapel,  aged  31*  years,  was 
brought  into  the  London  hofpital, 
having  a  mortification  in  both 
hands,  which  reached  about  an 
inch  and  a  half  above  the  wrifts. 
All  her  toes,  and  about  an  inch  of 
one  foot  beyond  the  lad  joint,  were 
mortified  ;  her  nofe  was  alfo  intire- 
lydellroyed  by  a  mortification;  and 
all  thefe  happened  at  the  fame 
tii^e.    Upoix  inquiry  into  the  caufe 

cf 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.        361 


of  this  misfortune,  I  found  that  on 
Monday  the  30th  of  May  fht^  was 
feized  with  a  quotidian  ague,  which 
ufually  began  about  three  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon,  and  laftcd  near 
two  hours,  which  was  fucceeded  by 
a  hot  fir,  and  tlien  a  violent  fweat. 
And  in  this  manner  (he  was  afilicled 
for  feven  days,  without  any  mate- 
rial alteration  ;  when,  being  in- 
formed by  a  neighbour  of  a  perfon 
who  had  an  infallible  remedy  for 
the  cure  of  an  ague,  fhe  applied  to 
him.  He  brought  her  two  phials^ 
containing  about  an  ounce  and  half 
each,"'  of  a  pale  yellowifh  liquor  ; 
one  of  which  he  diredled  ,her  to 
take  diredlly,  promifmg,  that  fhe 
fhould  have  no  return  of  the  fit  of 
confequence  ;  and  that  if  (he  had 
any  fmall  return,  the  fecond  bottle 
fhould  cure  her  effeftually.  In  con- 
fequence of  which  (he  took  one 
dofe,  which  was  at  the  time  the 
cold  fit  had  been  on  about  a  quar- 
ter of  an  hour  :  (he  had  no  fooner 
fwallowed  it,  but,  as  fne  fays,  her 
fiomach  was  on  fire,  and  tck  as  if 
(lie  had  (wallowed  the  ilrongeft 
dram  po(rible.  The  cold  fit  left  her 
inftantly  ;  but  (he  w'as  immediately 
fe'zed  with,  fo  violent  a  fever,  as  to 
rr.ake  her  burn  and  be  extremely 
thirfty  all  the  following  night  ; 
much  mere  than  ever  (he  had  been 
before,  till  the  next  morning,  when 
a  fvveat  a  little  relieved  her  trom  the 
violent  heat.  When  fhe  rofe  in  the 
morning  fhe  was  much  troubled 
with  a  great  itching  in  the  hand^s, 
feer,  and  nofe  ;  and,  Toon  after,  all 
thofe  parts  began  ro  feel  numbed, 
or,  as  fhe  riel'cribes  it,  as  if  her 
hands  and  feet  were  aflecp  ;  which 
fhe  took  hut  little  notice  of  till  the 
evening  of  that  day,  when  (he 
found  the  nails  of  both  hands  and 
i^ci  were  turning  black,  and,  at  the 


fame  time,  feeling  great,  pain  ia 
both,  as  alfo  in  her  nofe,  and  that 
they  appeared  of  a  darkifh  red  co- 
lour, like  the  (]::n  in  cold  weather. 
Upon  which,  at  nine  o'clock  that 
night,  fhe  fent  for  an  apothecary, 
from  whom,  I  have  fince  been  in- 
formed,the  perfon  before  mentioned 
had  bought  the  medicine,  which 
he  gave  her.  The  apothecary  was 
nor  at  home  ;  his  journeyman  went, 
and  finding  the  woman  had  a  difii- 
culty  of  breathing,  ordered  her  a 
mixture  with  fperma  ceti  and  am- 
moniacum,  to  be  taken  occaiional- 
ly.  The  apothecary  did  not  fee 
her  himfelf  till  the  i6th  of  June, 
when,  finding  her  in  a  very  bad 
condition,  that  her  hands  and  feet> 
and  nofe,  were  entirely  black,  and 
had  many  veficles  or  fmall  bladders 
upon  them,  filled  with  a  blackifh 
bloody  water,  he  opened  them, 
and  let  out  the  fluid,  and  dre/Ted 
them  with  yellow  bafilicon  :  and 
in  this  manner  continued  treating 
her  till  the  20th  of  the  fame  month, 
when  finding  no  material  alteration 
for  the  becier,  he  ordered  her  a 
hrownidi  mixture,  of  which  fhe  was 
to  take  four  fpoonfuls  every  four 
hours,  which,  he, informed  n;e,  was 
a  deco6tion  of  the  bark  ;  and  fays, 
on  taking  this,  (he  was  better,  as 
the  moniiication  feemed  inclined 
to  (lop.  But  as  it  was  a  bad  cafe, 
he  advifed  the  woman  to  be  carried 
to  an  hof;iitaI ;  and  in  this  cohdir 
tion  fl,c  was  brought  in,  when  (he 
V^as  iir.niedictely  put  into  a  courfe 
of  the  baik,  taking  a  drachm  of 
the  powder  every  four  hours ;  and 
in  forty-eight  hours  taking  it  there 
was  a  perfect  feparation  of  all  the, 
mortified  parts.  She  was  then  or- 
dered to  take  it  only  three  times 
in  twenty-four  hours  ;  and,  -pur- 
fuing  this  method  for  eight  days, 

there 


362        A  N  N  U  A  L   R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,  1758. 


there  was  a  very  good  digeftion 
from  the  parts  above  the  /nortlii- 
cation. 

'1  he  mortified  parts  became  now 
fo  on"cnfive,  that  the  poor  woman 
prcfled  me  much  to  take  off  her 
Bands,  afTuring  me  (he  would  go 
through  the  operations  with  good 
courage,  being  very  defirous  to 
live,  though  in  this  miferablc  con- 
dition. 

On  the  i2thof  July  I  took  ofF 
both  her  hands ;  1  had  very  little 
more  to  do  than  faw  the  bones,  na- 
ture having  flopped  the  bleeding 
when  fhe  flopped  the  mortification. 
In  a  day  or  two  after,  I  took  off 
all  the  toes  from  both  feet,  and  now 
difcontinued  the  bark,  the  parts 
appearing  in  a  healthy  and  healing 
condition  ;  which  went  on  fo  for 
five  weeks,  when  on  a  fudden,  the 
parts  began  to  look  livid,  her  fio- 
mach  failed  her,  and  (he  was  fe- 
verifh  ;  but  upon  taking  an  ounce 
of  the  bark,  in  thirty -fix  hours  her 
fores  began  again  to  look  well.  She 
was  not  fufFered  to  leave  off  the 
bark  fo  foon  this  time,  but  conti- 
nued taking  it  twice  a  day  for  a 
month.  She  is  now  almoll  well  : 
;hat  part  of  her  face,  from  whence 
the  nofe  mortified,  was  healed  in 
jeven  weeks,  the  flumps  of  both 
arms  are  entirely  healed,  and  both 
feet  are  well,  only  waiting  for  one 
piece  of  bone  fcallng  off,  which  1 
believe  will  be  in  a  very  fhort  time, 
and  fhe  is  now  in  good  health. 

The  perfon  who  gave  her  this 
medicine  is  a  barber  and  peruke- 
maker  at  Bow.  I  applied  to  him 
feveral  times,  to  inform  me  what  it 
was  he  had  given  her.  '1  he  ail^'air 
was  talked  of  fo  much  in  his  neigh- 
bourhood, and  the  man  threatened 
by  the  woman's  hufband,  that  for 
a  long  time  I  could  not  get  him  to 


tell  me,  till  I  told  him  I  had  been 
inforiiicd  where  he  bought  the  me* 
dicin'-^^:;  and  the  time  of  the  day 
that  he  had  them  correfponding 
with  the  time  of  his  giving  them 
to  the  woman,  and  that  1  knew  it 
was  tindlure  of  myrrh,  he  at  lad 
told  me,  that  he  had  frequently 
given  the  above  quantity  of  an 
ounce  and  half  of  it  in  an  ague, 
that  it  had  never  done  any  harm, 
and  hardly  ever  failed  to  cure. 
Upon  whi;:h  information  I  carried 
fome  tindure  of  myrrh  to  the  wo- 
man, who  tailed  it,  and  is  well 
afTored  it  is  the  fame  liquor  the 
barber  gave  her  in  her  ague-fit.  I 
am,  with  refpecl, 

Your  obliged, 

and  obedient  fervant, 

R.  Grindall. 


^«  account  of  the  political  ejlahlijh.^ 
ment  of  the  Jejuits  in  Paraguay. 

From    the    Spanijh    of    Don    forge 
fuan,  is'c, 

THE  territories  of  the  miffions 
of  Paraguay  comprehended 
not  only  the  province  of  that 
name,  but  alfo  a  great  part  of  the 
provinces  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la 
Sierra, Tucuman, and  Buenos  Ayres, 
The  temperature  of  the  air  is 
good,  though  fomewhst  moifl,  and 
in  fome  parts  rather  cold  :  the  foil 
in  many  places  is  fertile,  and  pro- 
duces in  gieat  abundance  not  only 
the  fruitj  and  vegetables  peculiar 
to  America,  but  alfo  thofe  of  Eu- 
rope, which  have  been  introduced 
there.  The  chief  articles  of  their 
commerce  are,  cotton,  tobacco, 
fome  fugar,  and  the  herb  called 
Paraguay.  Evory  town  gathers 
annually  more  than    200   arrobas 

of 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS. 


3^3 


of  cotton,  of  a  quarter  of  a  hun- 
dred weight  each, which  the  Indians 
rrionufadure  into  lluffs.  ThcJe  arc 
alfo  g>ca:  quantities  of  tobacco 
produced:  but  the  chief  article  ip 
ihe  herb  Paraotiay,  tor  it  jjTrows 
only  lo  the;  diliriiSls  of  the  nniiibns, 
and  there  is  a  vail  coniumption  of 
this  herb  in  all  the  provinces  of 
Chili  and  Peru,  efpeciully  of  that 
called  Caonini,  which  is  the  pure 
leaf,  the  infufion  of  which  is  calJcd 
mate,  and  is  drank  by  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Lima  twice  a  day  in  lieu  of 
tea  or  chocolate  :  the  mare,  which 
is  made  by  theiofufion  ofrhellalk, 
is  notfo  muchefteemed. 

'Tis  now  about  a  century  and  a 
half  fince  thefe  millions  were  firlt 
fet  on  foot  by  the  Jefuits :  the  bad 
management  of  the  Portuguefe 
greatly  favoured  the  views  of  thefe 
fathers.  There  was  a  nation  of 
Indians  called  Guaranies,  fome 
whereof  were  fettled  upon  the  banks 
of  the  rivers  Uruguay  and  Parana, 
and  others  an  hundred  leagues 
higher  up  in  the  country  to  the 
north-well  of  Guayra  :  the  Portu- 
guefe frequently  came  upon  ihemi 
and  by  force  carried  away  as  many 
as  they  thought  proper  to  their 
plantations,  and  made  ilaves  of 
them  :  offended  by  fuch  treatment 
the  Guaranies  refolved  to  quit  their 
foltlements  in  the  reigbbourhood  of 
the  Portuguefe,  and  to  remove  into 
the  province  of  Paraguay.  Accord- 
i'Tgly  a  migration  of  izcoo  perfcns 
evit  and  (mall  enfued.  Thefe  the 
jeluits  foon  converted,  and,  hav- 
ing had  the  like  fuccefs  in  con- 
verting about  en  equal  number  of 
the  natives  of  Tape,  a  diltrid  in 
Paraguay,  they  united  the  two  na- 
tions, and  laid  the  foundation  of 
their  future  dominion.  Thefe  fa- 
thers feem  to  have  trod  in  the  fteps 


of  the  £rft  Incas,  and  to  have  ci- 
vilized nations,  and  converted  fouls, 
in  order  to  acquiie  fubjefts. 

According  to  a  very  exad  ac- 
count, taken  in  the  year  1734., there 
were  ,then  32  towns  oi  the  Guara- 
nies, which  were  reckoned  to  con- 
tain about  30,000  families ;  and  as 
the  new  converts  were  continually 
increafing,  they  were  then  about 
laying  the  foundations  of  three  ee«v 
towns.  There  were  alfo  then  feven 
very  populous  towns  inhabited  by 
the  converted  Chiquito  Indians, and 
they  were  preparing  to  build  others 
for  the  reception  of  the  new  con- 
verts of  that  nation  which  were 
daily  made. 

The  miffions  of  Paraguay  are 
furrounded  on  all  fides  with  wild 
Of  unconverted  Indians  ,  fome  of 
whom  live  in  friendfliip  with  the 
towns,  but  others  harrafs  them  by 
frequent  incurfions.  The  father 
miffionaries  frequently  vifit  thefe 
Indians,  and  preach  to  them,  and 
from  thefe  expeditions  they  feldoni 
return  without  bringing  along  with 
them  fome  new  converts  to  incor- 
porate with  their  civilized  fubjefts. 
in  the  performance  of  this  duty 
they  fometiincs  penetrate  an  hun- 
dred leagues  into  the  wild  uncul- 
tivated trails,  where  wild  Indians 
range,  and  it  is  obfcrved  that  they 
meet  with  the  leall  fuccefs  amonglt 
thofe  nations  with  whom  any  fugi- 
tive Mefiizos,  or  Span; fn  criminals, 
have  taken  refuge.  The  diligence 
of  thefe  fathers  is  certainly  worthy 
the  imicaiion  of  the  Protellant 
clergy. 

Every  town  has  its  curate,  who 
is  afiifted  by  one,  and  very  often  by 
two  priefts  of  the  fame  order, 
according  to  the  largenefs  and  ex- 
tent of  the  town  and  its  diftrift. 
Thefe  two  or  three  pricfts,  toge- 
ther 


364        ANNUAL    RE 

ther  with  fix  boys,  who  aflill  them 
in  the  fervice  of  the  church,  ibrni 
a  fraall    college    in    every     town, 
wherein  the  hours  and    other  exer- 
cifes  are   regulated  with  the  fame 
formality  and    exadnefs  as  in   the 
large   colleges  in  the  cities  of  Peru 
and  Chili.     The  mod  troublefome 
part   of  the   duty  of  the    affiltant 
prieih  are   the  perfonal  vifitations, 
which  they  are  obliged  to  make  to 
the  Indians  to  prevent  their  giving 
themfelves  up  to  idlenefs  :  for  fuch 
is  the  flothfulnefs  of  the  Guaranies, 
that  if  they  are   not  very  carefully 
looked  after,   the  fociety  would  re- 
ceive no  benefit  or  advantage  from 
them— They   alfo  attend  the  pub- 
lic ihambles,   where  the  cattle  ne- 
ceffary  for  the  fuftenance  of  the  In- 
dians are    daily    flaughtered,    and 
diftribute  the  flefh  aajongft  all  the 
families  in  the  town,  in  proportion 
to  the  number  of  perfons  whereof 
each  family  confifts ;  fo  that  all  may 
have  what  is  neccflary,  none    what 
is  fuperfluous.     They  alfo  vifit  the 
fick,  and  fee  that  they  are  properly 
taken  care  of.     They  are  generally 
employed  the   whole  ^ay   in  thefe 
affairs,   fo    that    they  have   feldom 
time   to  affift  the  curate. in   his  fpi- 
ritual  fundlions.     All  the  boys  and 
girls  in    the    parilh    go  to    church 
every  day  in  the  week    (except  on 
feftivals  and   Sundays),  where  they 
are    inftrudted   by  the  curate  :  on 
Sundays   the  whole  parifli   goes  to 
the  church  to  be  inftruded.     The 
curate    is    befides    obliged    to    go 
to  confefs    the  fick,  and  to   admi- 
nifter    the  viaticum  to   thofe    who 
defire    it,  and  alfo   to  perform  all 
the  other  fundions  peculiar  to  his 
office. 

In  ftridnefs  the  curates  fhould  be 
appointed  in  this  manner.  The 
fociety  v^ould  nominate  three  per- 


GfSTER,    175S. 

fons  to  the  governor  of  Buenos 
Ayres  (in  whofe  government  the 
niiirions  of  Paraguay  a's  incJudcd) 
as  being  vice-patron  of  the  miffions, 
that  he  may  chufe  one  of  them 
for  curate  ;  and  the  curates  ihould 
be  inilru6\ed  in  the  dories  of  their 
office  by  the  bifhop  ;  but  as  the 
provincials  of  the  order  can  beft 
judge  who  are  properly  qualified  Ibr 
the  office,  the  governor  and  bifhop 
have  ceded  their  rights  to  them, 
and  by  them  the  curates  are  always 
appointed. 

The  miffions  of  the  Guaranies, 
and  the  miffions  of  the  Chiquitos, 
into  which  the  miffions  of  Paraguay 
are  divided,  have  each  their  diftind 
father-fuperior,  by  whom  the  co- 
adjutors or  affillant-curates  of  the 
feveral  towns  in  their  refpedivedi- 
vifions  are  appointed.  Thefe  fupe- 
riors  are  continually  vifiting  the 
towns  to  fee  that  they  be  well  go- 
verned, and  to  endeavour  to  im- 
prove and  augment  them  :  they 
like  wife  from  tinje  to  time  take 
care  to  fend  out  foine  fathers  of  the 
order  into  the.  countries  of  the  wild 
Indians  to  make  nevv  converts.  7'he 
better  to  enable  him  to  difcharge 
thefe  duties,  the  fuperior  of  the 
Guaranies  is  affiHed  by  two  vice- 
fuperiors,  one  of  whom  refides  in 
Parana,  the  other  upon  the  banks 
of  the  river  Uruguay,  and  the  fu- 
perior himfelf  refides  in  the  town 
of  Candelaria.  The  poll  of  fipe- 
rior  of  the  Chiquitos  is  not  near  fo 
troublefome  as  that  of  the  fupe- 
rior of  the  Guaranies,  for  the  Chi- 
quitos are  not  lefs  numerous,  but 
much  more  docile  and  induiUious 
than  the  Guaranies,  fo  thalth?y 
need  not  be  continually  watched 
and  attended  in  order  to  prevent 
their  idlenefs. 

The  king  allows  an  annual    fti- 
pend 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS 

pcnd  of  300  pezos  to  each  curate 
of  the  Guaranies,  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  himfelf  and  his  affiftants : 
the  money  is  paid  to  the  fuperior, 
who  ilTues  out  monthly  to  each  cu- 
rate as  much  as  is  necefTary  for 
his  fubfiibnce,  and  when  rhey  want 
any  thing  extraordinary,  their  wants 
are  fupplied  upon  application  to 
hira.  But  the  Chiquitos  maintain 
their  own  curates.  In  every  town 
there  is  a  plantation  fet  apart  for 
the  maintena-ce  of  the  curate, 
which  is  cultivated  by  the  joint  la- 
bour of  all  the  inhabitants.  The 
produce  of  thefe  plantations  is  ge- 
nerally more  than  fuiiicient  for  the 
fubfiUence  of  the  curates,  and  the 
furplus  is  fold  10  buy  ornaments  for 

the  churches. 

Nor  are  the  curates  fpiritual  rec- 
tors of   the  towns   only,  they   are 

alfo  in   eifedl  the  civil  governors. 

It  is  true,  there  are  in  every  town 

of  the  miflions    a  governor,  regi- 

dores,  and  alcades,  as  there  are  in 

the  other  towns  and  cities  under  the 

Spaniih  government.     But  though 

the  governor  is  elefled  by  the  In- 
dians, he  muft  be  approved  by  the 

curate   before   he  enters   upon    his 

office,  nor  can  he  chailife  or  punifti 

delinquents    without    the    curate's 

permiffion.     The  curate  examines 

thofe  who  are  accufed  of  oiFences, 

and  if  he  finds   them  guilty,  deli- 
vers them  to  the  governor  to  be  pu- 

nilhed,     according    to    the    nature 

and  quality    of  the  offence   com- 
mitted.       He     fometimes      orders 

them  to  be    imprifoned  for  a  few 

days,   fometimes  to  faft,  and  when 

the    fault    is    conliderable    to     be 

whipped,  which  is  the  fjvcrt-ll  pu- 

nllhment  that  is  ever  inflided  ;  for 

the  regulations   and    inltrudions  of 
the    curates    have    been    fo    tffica- 

cious,  that  murder  aud  fuch.  like 


3^5 

heinous  crimes  are  never  here 
committed  ;  and  even  before  they 
undergo  thefe  gentle  correftions, 
the  curate  difcourfes  the  offenders 
in  a  mild  friendly  manner,  and 
endeavours  to  excite  in  them  a 
due  fenfe  of  their  crime,  and  of 
the  ill  confequences  that  might 
flow  from  it,  and  to  convince  them 
that  they  merit  a  much  greater  pu- 
nifhment  than  is  inflidled.  This 
mild  treatment  prevents  tumults 
and  infurredions,  and  acquires  the 
curates  univerfal  veneration  and 
elleeni.  The  alcades  are  chofen 
annually  by  the  regidores.  The 
governor,  regidores,  and  alcades, 
are  all  Indians  of  the  beft  capaci- 
ties, and  are,  in  efTefl,  fo  many 
overfeers  appointed  by  the  curate, 
and  dignified  with  thefe  empty 
titles. 

Every  town  has  its  armoury, 
or  magazine,  in  which  are  lodged 
the  fire-arms  and  other  weapons, 
wherewith  the  militia  are  armed 
when  they  take  the  field,  to  repel 
the  irruptions  of  the  Portuguefe 
and  wild  Indians.  The  militia 
are  very  dextrous  and  expert  in 
the  management  of  their  arms, 
and  are  exercifed  on  the  eves  of 
feftivals,  in  the  fquares  or  public 
places  of  the  towns.  The  militia 
is  compofcd  of  all  thofe  who  are 
able  to  bear  arms  ;  they  ar6  formed 
into  companies,  which  have  each 
a  proper  number  of  officers  chofen 
from  amongft  thofe  who  are  mod 
diftinguifhed  for  judgment  and  con* 
dutt.  The  drefs  of  the  officers  is  ■ 
ricn,  adorned  with  gold  and  filver 
arid  the  device  of  the  town  to 
which  they  belong;  they  always 
appear  in  their  uniforms  on  fef- 
tivals, and  on  the  days  of  military 
exercifcs.  The  governor,  alcades, 
and    regidores,    have   alfo    proper 

robes 


365        ANNUAL    RE 

robes  and  drefles  fuitable  to  their 
refpedive  offices,  in  which  they  ap- 
pear on  public  occafions. 

There  are  fchools  in  every  town 
in  which  the  common  people  are 
taught  reading  and  writing,  and 
alfo  raufic  and  dancing,  in  which 
arcs  they  become  very  Ikilful. 
The  Jefaits  are  very  careful  in 
confulting  the  natural  bent  and 
genius  ot  their  fcholars,  and  ia 
direding  their  ftudics  and  appli- 
cation accordingly.  The  lads  of 
the  moll  promifing  genius  are 
taught  the  Latin  tongue  with  great 
fuccefs.  In  one  of  the  court  yards 
bf  every  curate's  houfe  are  the  va- 
rious fliops  or  woikhoufes  of  pain- 
ters, or  carvers,  gilders,  filver- 
fmiths,  carpenters,  weavers,  and 
clockmakers,  and  of  feveral  other 
mechanics  and  artizans,  who  daily 
work  for  the  public  under  the 
direction  of  the  coadjutors,  and  at 
the  fame  time  teach  the  youth 
their  refpedive  arts,  and  occupati- 
ons. 

The  churches  are  large,  well 
built,  finely  decorated  and  enlight- 
ened, and  not  inferior  to  the 
richeft  in  Peru.  Each  church  has 
a  choir  of  mufic,  compofed  of  in- 
ftruments  of  all  forts,  and  very 
good  voices,  fo  that  divine  fervice 
is  celebrated  here  with  as  much 
pomp  and  folemnity  as  in  cathe- 
drals :  nor  are  the  public  procef- 
fions  lefs  fplendid,  efpecially  that 
of  the  hoft,  which  whenever  it  is 
carried  abroad,  is  attended  by  the 
governor,  alcades,  and  regidores, 
in  their  robes,  and  alfo  by  the  mi- 
litia in  a  body. 

The  houfes  of  the  Indians  are 
as  well  built  and  as  well  furnifn- 
ed  as  moil  of  the  Spanifli  houfes 
in  Peru.  The  greateft  part  indeed 
have   mud  walls,  others   are  built 


GiSTER,  175S. 

with  brick,  and  fome  with  fione, 
but  are  all  covered  with  tiles.  In 
every  town  there  is  a  houfe  where 
gun-powder  is  made,  that  they 
may  never  want  it  when  they  are 
obliged  to  take  arms,  and  always 
have  it  ready  to  make  artificial 
fireworks  on  rejoicing  days ;  for 
all  feftivajs  are  here  obferved  with 
as  great  ceremony  and  c^aitnefs  as 
in  the  greatelt  cities.  Upon  the 
proclamation  of  a  new  king  in 
Spain,  the  governors,  alcades,  re- 
gidores,  and  officers  of  the  militia, 
appear  drcffcd  in  new  robes  and 
uniforms  of  a  different  fa Ih ion  from 
ihofe  they  wore  before. 

There  is  a  fort  of  convent  in 
every  town,  in  one  part  whereof 
are  confined  women  of  an  ill 
life,  and  the  other  part  is  dcltincd 
for  the  reception  of  married  women 
who  have  no  family,  and  who  re- 
tire thither  when  their  huibands 
are  abfent  ;  for  the  maintenance 
of  this  houfe,  and  for  the  fup- 
port  of  orphans,  and  of  old  and 
infirm  people,  all  the  inhabitants 
of  the  town  work  two  days  in 
every  v^eek,  and  the  profits  of  their 
labour,  which  is  called  the  labour 
of  the  community,  are  fet  apart  for 
this  purpofe.  If  the  produce  of 
this  labour  be  more  than  is  neceflary 
for  their  fubfillence,  the  furplus  is 
laid  out  to  buy  ornaments  for  the 
churches,  and  cloaths  for  the  or. 
phans  and  aged,  and  infirm  people: 
fo  that  here  are  no  beggars,  nor 
any  who  want  the  neceffarits  of  life. 
In  Ihort,  by  the  wife  policy  and 
prudent  regulations  of  the  Jefuits, 
the  whole  community  enjoys  peace 
and  happinefs. 

7'he  Guaranies  are  fo  profufe 
and  negligent,  that  the  curates 
are  obliged  to  take  into  their 
hands    all    their  goods   and  ftuffs, 

as 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.       367 


as  foon  as   they  are  manufaftured 
and  made    ready  for   {alct    other- 
wife  they  would  wafte  and  deltroy 
ihem,  and  not  be  able  to  maintain 
themfelves.     The  Chiquitos  on  the 
contrary,  are  diligent  and  frugal, 
fo  that   the  curates  have  no  other 
trouble  with  them   than   the  affill- 
ing  them  in   the  difpofal  of  their 
goods,    and  procuring    returns  for 
them.     For  this  purpofe,    the  fo- 
cicty  keeps  a  faclor   or  ,  procurator 
at  Santa  Fie,    and  Buenos   Ayres, 
to    whom    the  merchandife  of  the 
miflions  is  fent  to  be  difpofed  of, 
and  thefe  fadlors  return  the  value 
to    the    fathers,    in    fuch    forts    of 
European  commodities  as  are  want- 
ed.    The    goods    of    every    town 
are  kept  feparate,   and    the   royal 
taxes  are  taken  out  of  them  with- 
out any  other  difcounts,  or  allow- 
ances, fave  the  llipends  of  the  cu- 
rates of  the  Guaranies,  and  the  pen- 
fions  of  the  caciques.     The  fathers 
choofe   to   manage  the   commerce 
of  their    fubjeds    themfelves,    left 
they  fliould  contrad  vices  by  their 
communication  with   other  people. 
In   this  refped   the   fathers   are  fo 
careful   that    they    will    not    fuffjr 
any  of  the  people  of  Peru,  whether 
they    be    Spaniards,    Mellizos.    or 
Indians,    to  enter  into    the    terri- 
tories of  the  miflions.     They  fay 
that  the  Indians  are   but  juft  reco- 
vered from   a   barbarous  and   dif- 
folute  way   of  life,  and  that   their 
manners   are  now  pure    and  inno- 
cent; but  that  if  Grangers  are  fuf- 
fered    to   come  among   them,   the 
Indians    would    foon    become    ac- 
quainted with  people  of  Joofe  lives; 
and    as    the    Guaranies    efpecially 
are   very  prone   to  vice  and  wick- 
ednefs,     difjrder     and      rebellion 
would  foon  be  introduced,  ihe  fo- 
ciety  would  lofe  all  the  fouls  they 
have  converted,  and  their  little  re- 


public would  be  utterly  fubverted. 
However  there  are  feme  who  fuf- 
ped  that  thefe  are  all  fpecious 
pretences,  and  that  the  fociety's 
real  motive  for  prohibiting  all  inter- 
courfe  with  ftrangers,  is  the  fear 
of  rivals  in  the  beneficial  commerce 
of  Paraguay,  which  is  now  entirely 
in  their  hands. 


From  the  Uni'ver/al  Weekly  Chronicle, 

— In  <vuium  libertasexcidit  (ff  ^vim 
^  Dignum  lege  regi.  Hor, 

SIR, 

I  AM  engaged  in  a  vifit  at  a 
friend's  houfe  in  the  country, 
where  I  promifed  myfelf  much  fa- 
tisfadtion.  I  have  however  been 
greatly  difappointed  in  my  expeft- 
ations ;  for  on  my  arrival  here,  I 
found  a  houfe  full  of  children,  who 
are  honoured  beyond  meafure,  and 
indeed,  abfolutely  fpoiled  by  the 
ridiculous  indulgence  of  a  fond  mo- 
ther. This  unlucky  circumftancc 
has  fubjeded  me  to  many  inconve- 
niencies ;  and  as  I  am  a  man  of  a 
grave  referved  difpofition,  has  been 
a  perpetual  fource  of  embarra/T- 
ment  and  perplexity.  The  fecond 
day  of  my  vifit,  in  the  midft  of 
dinner,  the  eldeft  boy,  who  is  eight 
years  old,  whipped  off  my  perriwig 
with  great  dexterity,  and  received 
the  applaufe  of  the  table  for  his  hu- 
mour and  fpirit.  This  lad,  when 
he  has  reached  his  fourteenth  year, 
and  is  big  enough  to  lie  without 
the  maid,  is  to  be  fent  to  a  fchool 
in  the  neighbourhood,  which  has 
no  other  merit  than  that  of  being 
but  feven  miles  off.  Six  of  the 
children  are  permitted  to  fit  at 
table,  who  entirely  monopolize  the 
wings  of  fowls,  and  the  moll  deli- 
cate morfeh  of  every  difh  ;  becaufc 

the 


368         ANNUAL   REGISTER,    175S, 


the  mother  has  difcovered,  that  her 
children  have  not  jiroug  Itomachs, 
In  the  morning  before  my  friend 
is  up,  I  generally  take  a  turn  upon 
the  gravel  walk,  where  I  cogld 
'^  wifh  to  enjoy  my  own  thoughts 
without  interruption  ;  but  I  am 
here  inilantly  attended  by  my  little 
tormentors,  who  follow  me  back- 
wards and  forwards,  and  play  at 
what  they  call  Running  after  the 
Gentleman.  My  v^hip,  which  was 
a  prefent  from  an  old  friend,  has 
been  lafhed  to  pieces  by  one  of  the 
boys  who  is  fond  of  horfes,  and 
^  the  handle  is  turned  into  a  hobby- 
horfe.  The  main-fpring  of  my  re- 
peating watch  has  been  broke  in 
the  nurfery,  which,  at  the  mother's 
requert,  I  had  lent  to  the  youngeft 
boy,  who  was  juft  breeched,  and 
who  cried  to  wear  it.  The  mother's 
attention  to  the  children  entirely 
deftroys  all  converfation  :  and  once 
as  an  amufement  for  the  evenings, 
we  attempted  to  begin  reading  Tom 
yonesy  but  were  interrupted,  in  the 
fecond  page,  by  little  Sammy,  who 
is  fuiFered  to  whip  his  top  in  the 
parlour.  I  am  known  to  be  trou- 
bled with  violent  head-achs;  not- 
withftanding  which,  another  of  the 
boys,  without  notice  given,  or  any 
regard  paid  to  the  company,  is  per- 
mitted to  break  out  into  the  bray- 
ing of  an  afs,  for  which  the 
ftrength  of  his  lungs  is  commend- 
ed ;  and  a  little  mifs,  at  break- 
faft,  is  allowed  to  drink  up  all  the 
cream,  and  put  her  fingers  into  the 
fugar-difh,  becaufe  (he  was  once 
Jtc'dy.  I  am  tCazed  with  familiari- 
ties, which  I  Can  only  repay  «.vith  a 
frown  ;  and  peftered  with  the  pe- 
tulence  of  ludicrous  prattle,  in 
which  I  am  unqualified  to  join.  It 
is  whifpered  in  the  family,  that  I 
am  a  mighty  good  fort  of  a  man, 
.    but  that  I  cannot  talk  to  children. 


Nor  am  I  the  only  perfon  who  fuf- 
fers  from  this  folly  ;  a  neighbour- 
ing clergyman,  of  great  merit  and 
modefty,  and  much  acquainted 
in  the  family,  has  received  hints 
to  forbear  coming  to  the  houfe, 
becaufe  little  Sukey  always  cries 
when  flie  fees  him,  and  has  told 
her  mama,  flie  can't  bear  that  ugly 
far/on. 

Mrs.  Qnalm,  my  friend's  wife, 
the  mother  of  this  hopeful  ofFtspring, 
is  perpetually  breeding ;  or  rather 
her  whole  exiftence  is  fpent  in  a 
feries  of  great  bellies,  lyings-in, 
yifitings,  churchings,  and  chriften- 
ingt.  Every  tranfatlion  of  her  life 
is  dated  from  her  feveral  pregnan- 
cies. The  grandmother,  ai:d  the 
man-midwife,  a  ferious  fenfible 
lijan,  conftsntly  refide  in  the  houfe, 
to  be  always  ready  on  thefe  folemn 
occafions.  She  boalls,  that  no  fa- 
mily has  ever  fent  out  more  nume- 
rous advertifemenrs  for  nurfes  n.vith 
ajine  hreaji  of  milk.  As  her  long- 
ings have  of  late  been  in  the  vege- 
table way,  the  garden  is  cultivated 
for  this  purpofc  alone,  and  totally 
filled  with  forward  peafe,  and  me- 
lon-glafTes,  in  hopes  that  fhe  may 
luckily  long  for  what  is  at  hand. 
She  prefervei',  to  the  utmoft,  the 
prerogative  of  frequent  pregnancy, 
and  corifcioul  of  the  dignity  and  im- 
portance of  being  often  big,  exerts 
an  abfolute  authority  over  her  huf- 
band.  He  was  once  a  keen  fox- 
hunter,  but  has  long  ago  dropped 
his  hounds  ;  his  wife  having  re- 
monftrated,  that  his  early  rifing  dif- 
turb;;"!!  the  fannly  unfeafonably,  and 
having  dreamed,  that  he  broke  his 
leg  in  leaping  a  ditch. 

I  revere  Mrs  Qualm  as  a  mo- 
ther, and  only  vviihT  could  recom- 
mend her  as  the  manager  of  chil- 
dren. I  hope  this  letter  may  fall 
into  htr   hands,   to   convince    her 

how 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.      369 

which,  according  to  vulgar  appre- 
henfions,  fwept  away  his  head  ;  the 
follower  of  Berkky,  who,  while 
he  fits  writing  at  his  table,  declares 
that  he  has  neither  table,  paper, 
nor  fingers  ;  have  all  the  honour 
at  Jeaft  of  being  deceived  by  falla- 
cies not  eafily  detedled,  and  may 
plead  that  they  did  not  forfake 
truth,  but  for  appearances  which 
they  were  not  able  to  diftinguiih 
from  it. 

But  the  man  who  engages  In  a 
party  has  feldom  to  do  with  any 
thing  remote  or  abftrufe.  The  pre- 
fent  ftate  of  things  is  before  his 
eyes ;  and  if  he  cannot  be  fatis- 
fied  without  retrofpedion,  yet  he 
feldom  extends  his  views  beyond 
the  hiilorical  events  of  the  lait 
century.  All  the  knowledge  that 
he  can  want  is  within  his  attain- 
ment, and  moft  of  the  argunrrents 
which  he  can  hear  are  within  his 


how  abfurd  it  is  to  fuppofe,  that 
others  can  be  as  much  i-ntcrefted 
in  her  own  children  as  herfelf.  I 
would  teach  her,  that,  what  1  com- 
plain of  as  matter  of  inconvenience 
may,  one  day,  prove  to  her  a  fe- 
vere  trial;  and  that,  early  licen- 
tioufnefs  will,  at  laft,  mock  that 
parental  affedion,  from  whofe 
miftaken  indulgence  it  arofe. 

lam  yours,  &c. 

X.  y.  z. 


The    IDLER. 

CRedulity,  or  confidence  of  opi- 
nion too  great  for  the  evidence 
from  which  opinion  is  derived,  we 
find  to  be  a  general  weaknefs  im- 
puted by  every  fe<fl  and  party  to  all 
others,  and,  indeed,  by  every  man 
to  every  other  man. 

Of  all  kinds  of  credulity  the  moft 
obllinate  and  wonderful  is  that  of 
political  zealots;  of  men,  who, 
being  numbered,  they  know  not 
how  nor  why,  in  any  of  tiie  parties 
that  divide  a  ftate,  refign  the  ufe 
of  their  own  eyes  and  cars,  and  re- 
folve  to  believe  nothing  that  does 
not  favour  thofe  whom  they  profefs 
to  follow. 

The  bigot  of  philofophy  is  fe- 
duced  by  authorities  which  he  has 
not  al.'ays  opportunities  to  exa- 
mine, is  intangled  in  fyftems  by 
which  truth  and  fallhood  are  inex- 
tricably complicated,  or  undertakes 
to  talk  on  fubjeds,  which  nature 
did  not  form  him  able  to  compre- 
hend. 

The  Cartefian,  who  denies  that 
his  horfe  feels  the  fpur,  or  that  the 
hare  \^  afraid  when  the  hounds  ap- 
proach her  ;  the  difciple  of  Male- 
branche,  who  maintains  that  the 
roan  was  not  hurt  by  the  bullet. 
Vol.  I. 


capacity. 

Yet  foit  is,  that  an  Idler  meets, 
every  hour  of  his  life,  with  men 
who  have  different  opinions  upoa 
every  thing  pall,  preient,  and  fu- 
ture ^  who  deny  the  molt  notorious 
fads,  contradid  the  moll  cogent 
truths,  and  perlift  in  afTerting  to- 
day what  they  afierted  yeilerday, 
in  defiance  of  evidence,  and  con- 
tempt of  confutation. 

Two  of 'my  companions,  who 
are  grown  old  in  idlenefs,  are  Torn 
Tempeji  and  Jack  Sneaker.  Both  of. 
them  men  who  confidex  themfelvcs 
as  neglected  by  their  parties,  and 
therefore  intitled  to  credit,  as  hav- 
ing no  motive  to  favour  ingrati- 
tude. They  are  both  men  of  inte- 
grity where  no  faitious  interell  is  to 
be  promoted,  and  both  lovers  of 
truth,  when  they  aie  not  heated 
with  political  debate. 


Bb 


Tom 


3^o       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


Tom  Tempejl  is  a  fteady  friend  to 
the  hoafe  of  Stuart.  He  can  recount 
the  prodigies  that  have  appeared  in 
the  fky,  and  the  calamities  that  have 
afHifted  the  nation  every  year  from 
the  revolution,  and  is  of  Opinion, 
that  if  the  exiled  family  had  con- 
tinued to  reign,  there  would  have 
neither  been  worms  in  cur  fliips 
nor  caterpillars  in  oar  trees.  He 
wonders  that  the  nation  was  not 
aw.iked  by  the  hard  froll  to  a  revo- 
cation of  the  true  king,  and  is 
hourly  afraid  that  the  whole  ifland 
will  be  loft  in  the  fea.  He  believes 
that  King  William  burned  White- 
hall that  he  might  ileal  the  fur- 
niture, and' that  Tillotfon  died  an 
atheilt.  Of  Queen  Anno  he  fpeaks 
with  more  tendernefs,  owns  that 
fhe  meant  well,  and  can  tell  by 
whom  and  why  fhe  was  poifoned. 
In  the  fucceeding  reigns  all  has 
been  corruption,  malice,  and  de- 
fign.  He  believes  that  nothing  ill 
has  ever  happened  for  thefe  forty 
years  by  chance  or  error.  He  holds 
that  the  battle  of  Dettingen  was 
won  by  miftake,  and  that  cf  Fon- 
tenoy  loft  by  contrail ;  that  the 
Fi^ory  was  funk  by  a  private  or- 
iler ;  that  Cornhiil  was  burnt  by 
emiflaries  from  the  council  ;  and 
the  arch  of  Weftminller- bridge  was 
fo  contrived  as  to  fink  on  purpofe 
that  the  nation  might  be  put  to 
charge.  He  confiders  the  new  road 
to  Iflington  as  an  encroachment 
on  liberty,  and  often  afferts  that 
broad  <whecls  will  be  the  ruin  of 
England. 

Tom  is  generally  vehement  and 
noify,  but  neverthelefs  has  fome 
fecrets  which  he  always  communi- 
cates in  a  whifper.  Many  and  many 
a  tioie  has  Tom  told  me,  in  a  cor- 
ner, that  our  miferies  werealmoft 
%t  an  end,  and  that  we  ihould  fee  t 


in  a  month,  another  monarch  onr 
the  throne  :  the  time  elapfes  with- 
out a  revolution  ;  Tom  meets  me 
again  with  new  intelligence,  the 
whole  Scheme  is  now  fettled,  and 
we  (hall  fee  great  events  in  another 
month. 

Jack  Sneaker  is  a  hearty  adherent 
to  the  preient  ellablilhment ;  he  has 
known  thofe  who  faw  the  bed  into 
which  the  pretender  was  conveyed 
in  a  warming  pan.  He  often  re- 
joices that  the  nation  was  not  en- 
ilaved  by  the  Irifli.  He  believes 
that  King  William  never  loft  a 
battle,  and  that  if  he  had  lived  one 
year  longer  he  would  have  con- 
quered France.  He  holds  that 
Charles  the  firft  was  a  papiil.  He 
allows  there  were  fome  good  men 
in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  but 
the  peace  of  Utrecht  brought  a 
blaft  upon  the  nation,  and  has  been 
the  caufe  of  all  the  evil  that  wc 
have  fuffered  to  the  prefent  hour. 
He  believes  that  the  fcheme  of  the 
South  Sea  was  well  intended,  but 
that  it  mifcarried  by  the  influence 
of  France.  He  confiders  a  ftand- 
ipg  army  as  the  bulwark  of  liberty, 
thinks  us  fecured  from  corrup- 
tion by  feptennial  parliaments,  re- 
lates how  we  are  enriched  and 
ilrengthened  by  the  electoral  do- 
minions, and  declares  that  the 
public  debt  is  a  bleffing  to  the 
nation. 

Yet  amJdft  all  this  profperity, 
poor  Jack  is  hourly  dillurbed  by 
the  dread  of  popery.  He  wonders 
that  fome  ftridter  laws  are  not  made 
againft  papifts,  and  is  fometimes 
atraid  that  they  are  bufy  with 
French  gold  among  the  billiops  and 
judges. 

He  cannot  believe  that  the  non- 
jurors are  fo  quiet  for  nothing,  they 
niuft  certainly  be  forming  fome  plot 

for 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.      371 


for  theeftablifhment  of  popery  ;  he 
does  not  think  the  preient  oaths 
fufficiently  binding,  and  wilhes  that 
fome  better  fecurity  could  be  found 
for  the  fuccefiion  of  the  houfe  of 
Hanover.  He  is  zealous  for  the 
naturalization  of  foreign  prore- 
ftants,  and  rejoiced  at  the  admif- 
fion  of  the  Jews  to  the  EngliOi  pri- 
vileges, becaufe  he  thought  a  Jew 
would  never  be  a  papilK 


The    IDLER. 

MANY  naturalifts  are  of  opi- 
nion, that  the  animals  which 
we  commonly  confider  as  mute, 
have  the  power  of  imparting  th:'ir 
thoughts  to  one  another.  That  they 
can  exprefs  general  fenfations  is 
very  certain  ;  every  being  that  can 
utter  found  1  has  a  different  voice 
for  plciifure  and  for  pain.  The 
hound  informs  his  fellows  when  he 
fcents  his  game  ;  the  hen  calls  her 
chickens  to  their  food  by  her  cluck, 
and  drives  them  from  danger  by 
her  fcream. 

Birds  have  the  greattll  variety  of 
notes ;  thoy  have  indeed  a  variety, 
which  feems  almolt  fufficient  to 
make  a  fpeech  adequate  to  the 
purpofes  of  a  life,  which  is  regu- 
lated by  inllii)d,  and  can  adinit 
ittle  change  or  improvement.  To 
the  cries  of  birds,  curiofiry  or  fu- 
perftltion  has  been  alway>  atten- 
tive, many  have  lludied  the  lan- 
guage of  the  feathered  tribes,  and 
fome  have  boailed  that  they  under- 
ilood  it. 

Themoft  fkilful  or  moft  confident 
interpreters  of  the  fylvan  dialogues 
have  been  commonly  found  among 
the  philofophers  of  the  call,  in  a 
country  where  the  calmnefs  of  the 
air,  and  ihcmildnefs  of  ihefeafons, 


allow  the  ftudcnt  to  pafs  a  great 
part  of  the  year  in  groves  and  bow- 
ers. But  what  may  be  done  in  one 
place  by  particular  opportunities, 
may  be  performed  in  another  by 
peculiar  c'iligence.  A  fhepherd  of 
Bohemia  has,  by  long  abode  in 
the  forelh,  enabled  himfelf  to  un- 
derftand  the  voice  of  birds,  at  Icalt 
he  relates  with  great  confidence  a 
Itory  of  which  the  credibility  may 
be  confidered  by  the  learned. 

As  1  was  fitting  (faid  he)  within 
a  hollow  rock,  and  watching  my 
fheep  that  fed  in  the  valley;  I 
heard  two  vultures  interchangeably 
crying  on  the  fummit  of  the  clifF, 
Both  voices  were  earneft  and  deli- 
berate. My  curiofity  prevailed  over 
my  care  of  the  flock  ;  I  climbed 
flovvly  and  fiiently  from  crag  to 
crag,  concealed  am  -ng  the  fhrubs, 
til)  1  found  a  cavity,  where  1  might 
fit  and  liiten  without  fuffering,  or 
giving  diilurbance. 

I  foon  perceived,  that  my  labour 
would  be  well  repaid  ;  for  an  old 
vulture  was  fitting  on  a  naked  pro- 
minence, with  her  vourg  about 
her,  whom  Oie  was  mflrucHng  in 
the  arts  of  a  vulture's  life,  and  pre- 
paring, by  the  lall  k£lure,  for  their 
final  difmiflion  to  the  mountains 
and  the  Ikies. 

My  children,  faid  the  old  vul- 
ture, you  will  lefs  want  my  in- 
flrudions,  becaufe  you  have  had 
my  pradice  before  your  eyes  ; 
you  have  feen  me  fnatch  from 
the  farm  the  houfhold  fowl  ;  you 
have  feen  me  feize  the  leveret  in 
the  bulh,  and  the  kid  in  the  p<if- 
ture ;  you  know  how  to  fix  your 
talons,  and  how  to  balance  your 
flight  when  you  are  laden  with 
your  prey.  B  it  you  remember 
the  talle  of  more  delicious  food  ; 
1  have  often  regaled  you  with  the 
B  b  2  flefh 


ANNUAL     REGISTER,    i^sS. 


3T^ 

flelh   of  man.     Tell  us,    faid   the 
young  vultures,  where  man  may  be 
found,  and  how  he  may  be  known  ; 
his  flefh   is  furely  the  natural  food 
,  of  a    vulture.       Why     have    you 
never    brought    a    man     in    your 
talons    to    the    nefl  ?     He    is   too 
bulky,  fald  the  mother  ;  when  we 
find    a   man,      we  can   only     tear 
away  his  flefh,  and  leave  the  bones 
upon    the  ground.     Since   man   is 
fo  big,  faid  the  young  ones,  how 
do  you  kill  him  r  You   are   afraid 
of  the  wolf  and  of  the   bear  ;  by 
what    power   are  vultures   fuperior 
to  man  ?  Is  a  man  more  defencelefs 
than  a  flieep  ?  We    have  not   the 
ilrength  of  man,  returned  the  mo- 
ther, and  1  am  fometimes  in  doubt 
whether    we     have   the   fubtilty  ; 
and    tlie     vultures    wouldi    feldom 
feall  upon  his   flefh,  had  not  na- 
ture,   that   devoted    him    to    our 
ufes,    infufed   into   him   a  ftrange' 
ferocity,  which  I  have  never  ob- 
served   in    any   other    being    that 
feeds  upon  the  earth.    -Two   herds 
of  men  will  often  meet  and   fliake 
the  earth   with  noife,  and  fill   the 
air    with    lire.       V/hen    you   hear 
noife    and    fee    fire  with    flaihes 
along  the  ground,    haiten   to   the 
place  with  your  fwifteft  wing  ;   for 
men  are  furely  deilroying  one  ano- 
ther ;     you     will     then     find     the 
ground  fmoaking  with  blood  and 
covered    with   carcafes,    of  which 
many  are  difmerabered  and  mang- 
led for  the  convenience  of  the  vul- 
ture.    But  when  men  have  killed 
their    prey,    fays  the   pupil,    why 
do  they    not  eat  it  ?     When   the 
wolf  has  killed  a  fheep,  he  fuffers 
not  the  vulture  to  touch  it  till  he 
has  fatisfied  himfelf.     Is   not  roan 
another  kind  of  wolf.?  Man,  faid 
the  mother,  is  the  only  beafl  who 
kills  that  which  he  does  not  de- 


vour, and   this  quality  makes  him 
fo  much  a  benefa(ftor    to  our    fpe- 
cies.     If   men    kill  our  prey    and 
lay  it  in  our  way,  faid   the  young 
one,  what  need   fhall  we  have  of 
labouring  for  ourfelves  ?    Becaufe 
man   will  fometimes,    replied    the 
mother,    remain   for   a  long    time 
quiet  in  his  den.'    The  old  vul- 
tures will  tell  you   when   you    are 
to  watch  his  motions.     When   you 
fee    men   in    great   numbers  mov- 
ing clofe  together,    like    a   flight 
of  ilorks,  you  may  conclude  that 
they    are    hunting,    and   that  yoii 
-will  foon   revel    in  human    blood. 
But   flill,  faid    the    young  one,    1 
would  gladly    know  the  reafon  of 
this    mutual    flaughter;     I    could 
never  kill   what    1  could  not  eat. 
My  child,  faid    the    mother,  .  this 
is  a  queftion   which  1  cannot   an- 
fwer,  tho'  I  am  reckoned  the  moft 
fubtle  bird  of  the  mountain.  When 
I  was  young  I   ufed  frequently  to 
viflt  the  airy   of  an    old   vulture, 
who   dwelt  upon    the    Carpathian 
rocks;    he  had    made    many   ob- 
fervations ;     he    knew    the    places 
that  afiforded  prey  round    his    ha- 
bitation,     as    far     in'  every    di- 
redion  as    the  ilrongeft   wing  can 
fly  between  the  rifing  and   fitting 
of  the   fummer    fun  ;     he  had  fed 
year  after  year  on  the  entrails  of 
men.  His  opinion  was,    that  men 
bad  only  the  appearance  of  animal 
life,  being  really   vegetables  with 
a  power  of  motion  ;    and   that   as 
the  boughs  of  an  oak  arc  dafhcd 
together  by   the  ftorm,  that  fwine 
may  fatten  upon  the  falling  acorns, 
fo    men   are    by   fome   unaccount- 
able    power    driven     one    againfl: 
another,    till    they  lofe  their   mo- 
tion,     that  vultures   may    be   fed. 
Others  think   they   have   obferved 
fomething  of  contrivance  and  po- 
licy 


MISCELLANEOUS   ESSAYS.       373 


licy  among  thofe  mifchievous  be- 
ings ;  and  thofe  that  hover  nnore 
clofely  round  them,  pretend,  that 
there  is  in  every  herd,  one  that 
gives  diredions  to  the  reft,  and 
leems  to  be  more  eminently  de- 
lighted with  a  wide  carnage.  What 
it  is  that  entitles  him  to  fuch  pre- 
eminence we  know  not ;  he  is  fel- 
dom  the  biggeft  or  the  fwifteft  ; 
but  he  fhews  by  his  eagernefs  and 
diligence  that  he  is,  more  than 
any  of  the  others,  a  friend  to  vul- 
tures. 


T^e  humble  remonjlrance  of  the  mob 
of  Great  Britain,  againji  the 
importation     of     French     luords, 

IT  is  with  infinite  concern  that 
we  behold  an  inundation  of 
French  words  pouring  in  upon  us, 
and  this  at  a  time  too  when  there 
is  fome  fort  of  merit  in  detell- 
ing  every  thing  that  is  French. 
In  regard  to  ourfelves,  we  are 
daily  infuhed,  by  fome  of  the 
lineil  lips  in  the  world,  with  the 
opprobrious  term  of  Canaille  :  we 
cannot  refent  the  infult  from  them, 
as  they  are  too  facred  for  our 
unhallowed  hands ;  befides,  they 
are  fufiicientiy  punifhed,  by  the 
mirth  they  afford  to  the  Made- 
moifdks,  when  they  attempt  to  pro- 
nounce the  uncouth  word  ;  for 
Canaille,  from  Engljfn  lips,  founds 
Canal.  But  as  moU  things  are 
pardonable  to  the  pride  of  the 
creation,  we  fnould  readily  excufe 
them,  if  the  infedion  had  not 
fpread  among  the  officers  of  our 
army  ;  and  as  we  chiefly  compofe 
the  numerous  fquadrons  that  are 
to  guard  the  liberties  of  Britain, 
we  cannot  conceive  that  we  ought 


to  have  any  more  to  do  with 
their  language,  than  we  have  with 
their  religion.  All  onr  bufinefs  is 
to  beat  them,  and  that  we  can  do 
in  plain  Englifh  :  if  our  ofiicers 
order  us  to  form  a  line,  we  can. 
do  it ;  but  if  they  call  that  line  a 
Cordon,  we  mufl  be  obliged  to  ap- 
ply to  the  chaplain  for  a  Denoue- 
ment of  the  myllerious  word.— — 
Ccup  de  main,  and  Manceu^vre, 
might  be  excufable  in  Marfhal  Saxe, 
as  he  was  in  the  fervice  of  France, 
and  perfectly  acquainted  with  both  ; 
but  we  cannot  fee  what  apology 
can  be  made  for  our  officers  lug- 
ging them  in  by  head  and  fhoul- 
dcrs,  without  the  leaft  neceffity,  as 
a  fudden  ftroki  might  have  done 
for  one,  and  a  proper  motion,  for 
the  other.'"— Reconnoitre  is  another 
favourite  word  in  the  military  way  ; 
and  as  we  cannot  fi;^^  out  that  it 
is  much  more  fignificant  than  take 
a  'vienxj,  we  beg  leave  it  may  be 
fent  home  again.  We  fhould  not 
have  troubled  the  public  with  this 
addrefs,  if  we  had  not  received 
a  frefh  infult  by  the  papers  of 
Saturday  laft,  in  a  fuppofed  letter 
from  Germany,  where  the  inge- 
nious author  tells  us,  fpeaking  of 
the  intended  operations  of  war, 
that  the  general's  intention  re- 
mains perdu  ;  which,  we  are  in- 
formed, fignifies /(J/?.  Inwhatfenfe 
we  are  to  underftand  this  gentle- 
man, we  cannot  fay  ;  his  meaning 
indeed  feems  perdu;  he  may  per- 
haps give  us  to  underfland,  by 
printing  the  word  in  Italics,  that 
the  army  and  treafure  fent  to 
Germany,  is  all  perdu  :  the  word 
then  wants  a  little  epaulement,  to 
fupport  it,  or  rather  a  little  eclair- 
ciffement  ;  for,  in  the  prefent  ap- 
plication of  it,  it  is  ark  and  my- 
flerious. 

B  b  3  We 


374       ANNUAL    REGISTER,  1758. 

We  muft  beg  the  gentlemen  of 
the  army  pardon,  if  next  to  them 
we  fhould  take  the  liberty  of 
mentioning  the  barbers;  a  fet  of 
gentlemen  very  ufeful  in  their  fta- 
tion,  but  under  no  abfolure  ne- 
ceffity  of  hanging  out  faiTe  French 
upon  their  figns  ;  it  may  indeed 
become  a  French  frifeuvy  to  ac- 
quaint the  public  that  he  makes 
a  tete  de  tnouton^  or  fimply  a  tete  ; 
but  we  are  a  little  offended  when 
an  Englilh  tonfor,  under  the  Agn  of 
a  thing,  which  in  fome  countries 
might  be  called  a  periwig,  fhall 
write  ladies  taites^  or  tates,  or 
taetSf  or  taitSy  or  taites's  made 
here ;  it  looks  as  if  they  meant  a 
refleftion  upon  the  ladies  of  Great- 
Britain,  by  acquainting  the  pub- 
lic, that  their  heads  were  made 
in  barbers  fhops,  and  to  be  had 
either  in  Middle-row  or  Rag- fair. 
Now  their  intended  purpofe  of 
ferving  the  community  would  cer- 
tainly be  better  anfwered  if  they 
would  fufFer  their  figns  to  f peak 
plain  Englifh,  and  inform  the 
world  \.\\2X  Jheeps  heads  (which  we 
are  told  is  the  meaning  of  the 
three  French  words  above)  were 
fold  there,  as  by  that  means  they 
would  bid  fair  to  ferve  gentlemen 
as  well  as  ladies,  who  were  not  al- 
ready provided. 

Jene-fcai-qmy,  though  of  French 
extraflion,  we  fliall  not  prefume 
to  find  fault  with,  becaufe  it  has 
been  naturalized,  and  productive 
of  infinite  good  in  England  ;  it 
has  helped  many  an  unfortunate 
girl  to  an  hufband  ;  it  has  indeed 
fqmetimes  parted  man  and  wife, 
but  has  foon  brought  them  toge- 
ther again  ;  feldom  fails  of  heal- 
ing up  the  breaches  it  had  made 


i 


between  friends ;  has  fitted  out 
fleets  and  armies,  and  brought 
them  home  igain ;  has  been  a 
theme  for  orators  in  velvet  and 
crape,  and  has  furnilhed  matter  for 
many  volumes. 

Chicane,  we  dare  not  meddle 
with,  as  we  are  told  the  lawyers 
have  taken  it  under  their  immediate 
protedion  ;  but  as  quirks  and 
tricks  are  as  foreign  to  their  pro- 
feffion,  as  ambition  and  avarice 
to  that  of  a  more  venerable  order, 
we  fuppofe  the  charge  is  without 
foundation. 

Bagatelky  or  irijiey  we  fliall  leave 
to  the  fmarts,  as  it  would  be  a  pity 
to  rob  them  of  the  chief  objeft  of 
their  ftudy. 

Pet-en-Vairy  may  fuit  very  well 
with  French  effronterie  ,  for  if  the 
ladies  of  that  country  make  no 
fcruple  of  watering  their  ruelles 
before  the  gentlemen  who  attend 
their  let'ces,  I  fee  no  reafon  why 
they  fliould  be  afiiamed  of  a  f — tj 
but  as  no  fuch  oft'enfive  wind  is 
ever  fuppofed  to  blow  from  fair 
Englifh  b— ms,  we  could  wifh 
they  had  found  a  name  of  a 
little  more  delicacy  for  this  gar- 
ment. 

We  therefore  humbly  pray,  that 
French  words,  as  well  as  French 
drefs  and  French  manners,  may  be 
laid  afide,  at  leaft  during  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  prefent  war  ;  for 
we  are  apprehenfive,  fhould  their 
language  and  cuftoms  defcend  to 
us,  we  (hould  be  taught  by  their 
example,  on  the  day  of  battle  to 
,  J' te  le  camp. 

For  thefe  reafon s  we  pray  as 
above:  and  fliall,  as  in  duty  bound, 
hold  them  in  everlailing  abhorn 
rence. 

JLEGION, 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.      ^75 

To  the  K—^s  moji  excellent  M y. 


The  humble  petition  of  P  *  •  ♦  E. 
of  C*  *  **,  Knight  of  the  moft 
noble  order  of  the  Garter y 

Shenvefh, 

THAT  your  petitioner  being 
rendered  by  deafnefs,  as  ufe- 
Icfs  and  inefficient,  as  moii  of  his 
cotemporaries  areby  nature,  hopes, 
in  common  with  them,  to  ihare 
your  niajerty*s  royal  favour  and 
bounty,  whereby  he  may  be  en- 
abled to  fave  or  fpend,  as  he  may 
think  proper,  a  great  deal  more 
than  he  poflibly  can  at  prefent. 

That  your  petitioner  having  had 
the  honour  to  ferve  your  majelly 
in  feveral  very  lucrative  employ- 
ments, feems  thereby  entitled  to  a 
lucrative  retreat  from  bufinefs,  and 
to  enjoy  otium  cum  dignitate^  that  is, 
leifure  and  a  large  peniion. 

Your  petitioner  humbly  apprel 
hends  that  he  has  a  juftifiable 
claim  to  a  confiderable  peniion,  as 
he  neither  wants,  nor  deferves,  but 
only  defires,  and  (pardon,  dread 
Sir,  an  expreffion  you  are  pretty 
much  ufed  to)  infilis  upon  it. 

Your  petitioner  is  little  apt,  and 
always  unwilling,  to  fpeak  advan- 
tageoufly  of  himftilf;  but  as  fome 
degree  of  jurtice  is  due  to  one's 
felfas  well  as  to  others,  he  begs 
leave  to  reprefenr,  that  his  loyalty 
to  your  majefty  has  always  been 
unfhaken,  even  in  the  word  of 
times :  That  particularly,  in  the 
late  unnatural  rebellion,  when  the 
young  pretender  had  advanced  as 
far  as  Derby,  at  the  head  of  an 
army  of  at  lead  three  thoufand 
men,  comp?fed  of  the  flower  of 
the  Scotch  nobility  and  gentry, 
who  had  virtue  enough  to  avow, 
and  courage  enough  to  venture 
riieir  lives  in  fupport  of  their  real 


principles,  your  petitioner  did  not 
join  him,  as  unqueftionably  he 
might  have  done,  had  he  been 
fo  inclined  ;  but,  on  the  contrary, 
raifed,  at  the  public  expence,  fix- 
teen  companies,  of  one  hundred 
men  each,  in  defence  of  your  ma- 
jefty's  undoubted  right  to  the  im- 
perial crown  of  ihefe  realnns  ; 
which  fervice  re^nains  to  this  hour 
unrewarded. 

Your  petitioner  is  well  aware, 
that  your  majelly's  civil  lift  mull 
necefTarily  be  in  a  very  weak  and 
languid  condition,  after  the  various 
and  profufe  evacuations  it  has  un- 
dergone ;  but,  at  the  fame  time, 
he  humbly  hope?,  that  an  argu- 
ment which  does  not  feem  to  have 
been  urged  againft  any  other  perfon 
whatfoever,  will  not,  in  a  fingu- 
lar  manner,  be  urged  againft  him, 
efpecially  as  he  has  fome  reafons 
to  believe,  that  the  deficiencies  of 
the  penfion  fund  will  by  no  means 
be  the  laft  to  be  made  good  by 
parliament. 

Yt)ur  petitioner  begs  leave  to  ob- 
{^rvzy  that  a  fmall  penfion  is  dif- 
graceful,  as  it  intimates  oppro- 
brious indigence  on  the  part  of  the 
receiver,  and  a  degrading  fort  of 
dole  or  charity  on  the  part  of  the 
giver;  but  that  a  great  one  implies 
dignity  and  affluence  on  the  one 
fide,  on  the  other  efteem  and  con- 
fideration ;  which  doubtlefs  your 
majefty  muft  entertain  in  the  high- 
eft  degree  for  thofe  great  perfon- 
ages,  whofe  reputable  names  glare 
in  capitals  upon  your  cleemofynary 
lift. 

Yonr  petitioner  humbly  flatters 
hin:irelf,  that  upon  this  principle, 
lefs  than  three  thoufand  pounds  a 
ye.ir  will  not  be  proposed  to  him, 
and  if  madegold  the  more  agreeable. 

Your  petitioner  perfuades  him- 
fclf.  that  your  majefty  will  flot  im* 

B  b  4  putc 


376        ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758. 


pute  this  his  humble  application  to 
any  mean  inierefted  motive,  of 
which  he  has  always  had  the  utmoll 
abhorrence. 

No,  Sir  !  he  confefTes  his  weak- 
nefs — Honour  alone  is  his  objedl, 
honour  is  his  paflion — that  honour^ 
which  is  facred  to  him  as  a  peer, 
and  tender  to  him  as  a  gentleman  ; 
that  honour^  in  fhort,  to  which  he 
has  facrificed  all  other  confidera- 
tions.  It  is  upon  this  fingle  prin- 
ciple, that  your  petitioner  follicits 
an  bonoiiry  which  at  prefent  in  fo 
extraordinary  a  manner  adorns  the 
Britifli  peerage,  and  which,  in  the 
moll  fhining  periods  of  ancient 
Greece,  diftinguilhed  the  greateft 
men,  who  were  fed  in  the  Pryta- 
neum  at  the  expence  of  the  public. 

Upon  this  honour^  far  dearer  to 
your  petitioner  than  his  life,  he 
begs  leave  in  the  moft  folemn  man^ 
Her,  to  affure  your  m.-ijefty,  that 
in  cafe  you  fhall  be  pleafed  to  grant 
this  his  moft  modeft  requeit,  he 
will  honourably  fupport  and  pro- 
mote, to  the  utmoll  of  his  abilities, 
the  very  worft  meafures,  that  the 
very  worfl  minifters  can  fuggell; 
but  at  the  fame  time  ftiould  he  un- 
fortunately, and,  in  a  fingular  man- 
ner, be  branded  by  a  refufal,  he 
thinks  himfelf  obliged  in  honcnr  to 
declare,  that  he  will, with  the  utmoll 
acrimony,  oppofe  the  very  beil  mea- 
fures which  your  majefty  yourfelf 
fliall  ever  propofe  or  promote. 


fo   the  R^t  R d  the   D—n 

and   C- r    of  W****,     the 

h'umhle    petition    of    P  O  S  T E- 

RITT, 

Sbe'wethi 
/•"T""'  H  AT  your  petitioners  humbly 
.  ^     apprehend  your  reverences  are 
1:^0  other  than  ir^ilees  for  us  your 


petitioners,  in  the  fame  manner  as 
your  predeceflbrs  were  truftees'  for 
the  times  fucceeding  them. 

That  your  petitioners  obferve 
with  great  concern  the  late  imnno- 
derate  increafe  of  funeral  monu- 
ments within  your  abbey  and  the 
precinfls  thereof,  to  the  great  en- 
couragement of  family  vanity,  hif- 
torical  falQiood,  jobbing  articles, 
and  ignorant  ftatuaries  ;  as  well  as 
to  the  difgrace  of  national  talie, 
and  the  deftrudion  of  various  kinds 
of  marble,  which  ought  to  have 
remained  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth 
for  the  ufe  of  your  petitioners,  who 
hope  to  employ  the  art  of  fculp- 
ture  with  more  credit  to  their 
country. 

That  your  petitioners  obferve, 
vyith  concern,  the  vail  profufion  of 
money  which  the  prefent  war  re- 
quires, and  apprehend  that  when 
it  (hall  be  their  turn  to  ferve  their 
country,  no'hing  will  remain  for 
their  rewards  but  honorary  monu- 
ments;  and  it'is  wiih  the  grcattll 
regret  they  fee  the  pavement  and 
walls  of  your  ;.bbe\  aheady  poileil 
by  names  of  Geneiais,  never  knov^ji 
but  by  their  preferments  ;  Poets 
never  meniioned,  but  for  their  dul- 
nefs  ;  Patriots  never  heard  of,  but 
by  their  polls ;  and  Orators  never 
known  to  pronounce  a  figniHcant 
word  but  the  moncfyjlable^.  Aye 
and  No.  Your  petitioners,  there- 
fore, apprchenfive  that  the  revenue 
of  fame  may  be  as  much  anticipat- 
ed within  your  abbey,  as  that  of 
money  is,  in  an  adjoining  chapel  ; 
and  that  therefore  they  may  be  re- 
duced to  the  melancholy  condition 
of  neither  being  rewarded  while 
living, nor  remembered  when  dead; 
moll  humbly  beg  leave  to  reprefent 
to  your  reverences  this  their  un- 
comfortable profped, 

Your 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.    377 


Your  petitioners  are  tKe  more 
emboldened  to  make  this  applica- 
tion, as  they  are  fully  fenfible  and 
afhamed  of  the  cowardice  and  mi f- 
management  of  their  prefent  prede- 
ceflbrs,  and  are  refolved  to  do  all 
they  can  to  efface  the  memory  of 
their  mifdeeds,  by  a  fincere  attach- 
meftt  to  the  fervice  of  their  coun- 
try ;  and  therefore  yogr  petitioners 
mull  be  the  more  ferifible  of  the 
mortification  and  difgrace  to  which 
they  mull  be  reduced,  by  their  be- 
ing obliged  to  mingle  their  duft,  or 
their  names,  or  both,  with  fuch 
company  as  are  already  in  poffeffion 
of  your  walls  and  pavements  ;  tho' 
your  petitioners  acknowledge,  that 
many  of  them  are.  fuch  as  your  pe- 
titioners propofe  as  models  for  their 
own  conduct. 

That  your  petitioners  obferve, 
with  great  concern,  many  heathen 
deities  have  been  introduced  within 
your  walls,  to  adorn  the  tombs  of 
ihofe  who  were  Ilrangers  to  all 
heathen  virtues ;  and  as  your  peti- 
tioners are  not  afliamed  of  their  re- 
foluiion  to  live  and  die  Chriftians, 
they  hope  your  reverences  will  have 
fome  regard  to  the  tendernefs  of 
their  confciences  in  this  refpedt,  ef- 
pecially  as  there  is  a  fufiiciency  of 
Chriitian  attributes  to  ferve,  if  in- 
geniouily  and  properly  applied,  all 
the  purpofcsof  fculpture,  in  embej- 
liftiing  the  monuments  of  the  Chrif- 
tian  dead. 

Your  petitioners  beg  leave  far- 
ther to  reprefent  to  your  reverences, 
that  the  wifeft  nations  of  antiquity 
looked  upon  the  conferring  monu- 
mental honours  as  a  public  concern, 
and  the  nobleft  incitement  to  vir- 
tuous deeds;  and  that  as  foon  as 
they  ceafed  to  be  frugal  of  thofe 
honours,  when  they  proftituled 
them  to  flattery,  or  fold  them  for 
lucre,  their  public  fpirit  fled  ;  and 


tho*  your  petitioners  have  the  high- 
eft  opinion  of  the  difintereftednef? 
and  judgment  of  your  reverences,  yet 
they  think  they  cannot  be  too  watch- 
ful in  a  matter  that  fo^.'ghly  con- 
cerns them,  efpecially  (according  to 
what  your  petitioners  have  hinted 
above)  as  this  will  probably  be  the 
only  return  our  country  will  be  able 
to  give  them  for  their  fervices. 
And  your  petitjuners  fliall  ever, 
pray,  &c. 


J  remarkahh  ^yi^g  fpeech  of  Mr* 
Cujfvt  Secretary  to  the  Earl  of 
Ejjcxt  ivbo  tvas  executed  in  the 
reign  of  ^een  Elixaheih^  for  the 
fame  offence  nvhicb  brought  his 
majier  to  tfje  block, 

I  Am  here  adjudged  to  die  for 
ading  an  ad  never  plotted,  for 
plotting  a  plot  never  aded.  Juftice 
will  have  her  courfe  ;  accufers  mufl: 
be  heard  ;  greatnefs  will  have  the 
vidory  ;  fcholars  and  manialifts 
(though  learning  and  valour  fliould 
have  the  pre-eminence)  in  England 
muft  die  like  dogs,  and  be  hanged. 
To  miflike  this,  were  but  folly  ; 
to  difpute  it,  but  time  loft  ;  to  al- 
ter it,  impoflible  :  but  to  endure  it, 
is  manly  :  and  to  fcorn  it,  magna- 
nimity. The  Queen  is  difpleafed, 
the  lawyers  injurious,  and  death 
terrible  :  but  I  crave  pardon  of  the 
Queen  ;  forgive  the  lawyers,  and 
the  world  ;  deflre  to  be  forgiven  ; 
and  welcome  death. 


The  foUonx'ing  moji  excellent  letter 
^voas  ivrotey  in  the  reign  of  ^een 
Elizabeth,  by  the  gallant  and  re^ 
nonvned  Earl  of  Effex,  to  his  bo- 
fom  friend  the  Earl  of  Soutbarpp- 
tan. 

My 


378         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


My  Lord, 

AS  neither  nature  nor  cuftom 
ever  made  me  a  man  of  com- 
pliment, fo  now  I  fliall  have  lefs 
will  than  ever  for  to  ufe  fuch  cere- 
monies, when  I  have  left  with  Mar- 
tha to  be  SoUicitus  circa  multa^  and 
believe  with  Mary  Vnum  f'-Jicit .  But 
.it  is  no  conipliment  or  ceremony, 
but  a  real  and  neceiTary  duty  that 
one  friend  oweth'to  another  in  ab- 
fence,  and  efpecially  at  their  leave- 
taking,  when  in  man's  reafon  many 
accidents  may  keep  them  long  di- 
vided, or  perhaps  bar  them  ever 
meeting  till  they  meet  in  another 
world  ;  for  then  (hall  I  think  that 
my  friend,  vyhofe  honour,  whofe 
perfon,  and  whofe  fortune  is  dear 
unto  me,  (hall  profper  and  be  hap- 
py, whereever  he  goes,  and  what- 
ever he  takes  in  hand,  when  he 
is  in  the  favour  of  that  Gody  under 
whofe  protection  there  is  c/z^  fafety, 
and  in  whofe  fervice  there  is  only 
//v^^  happinefs  to  be  found.  What 
I  think  of  your  natural  gifts  or  abi- 
lity in  this  age,  or  in  this  ftate,  to 
give  glory  to  Gody  and  to  win  ho- 
nour to  yourfeif,  if  you  employ  the 
talents  you  have  received  to  their 
befl  ufe,  I  will  now  tell  you  ;  it 
fuSiceth,  that  when  I  was  fiirthcll 
of  all  times  from  difTembling,  I 
^ake  truiy,  and  have  wiinefs 
enough  :  but  thefe  things  only  I 
will'  put  your   Lordfhip    in   mind 

FifO,  That  you  have  ^o/i^Z/Tg- that 
you  have  not  received. 

Secondly,  That  you  poffefs  them 
not  as  Lord  over  them,  but  as  an 
u^ccowpant  Sot  them. 

Thirdly,  \S  you  employ  them  to 
ferve  this  world,  or  your  own  world- 
ly delights  (which  the  prince  of 
this  world  will  fcek  to  entertain 
you  with)  it  is  ingratitude,  it'js  in- 
jullice,  yea,  it   is  perfidious    trea- 


chery ;  for  what  would  you  think 
of  fuch  a  fervant  of  yours,  that 
ftiould  convert  your  goods,  com- 
mitted to  his  charge,  to  the  advan- 
tage or  fervice  of  your  greateft 
enemy  ;  and  what  do  you  lefs  thaji 
this  with  Gody  fince  you  have  all 
from  him,  and  know  that  the 
world,  and  princes  thereof,  are  at 
a  continual  ei?»nity  with  him  ?  And 
therefore,  if  ever  the  admonition 
of  your  trueft  friend  fliall  be  heard 
by  you,  or  if  your  country,  which 
you  may  ferve  in  fo  great  and  many 
things,  be  dear  unto  you  ;  if  your 
God,  whom  you  mud  (if  you  deal 
truly  with  yourfelf)  acknowledge 
to  be  powerful  over  all,  and  juft  in 
all,  be  feared  by  you  ;  yea,  if  you 
be  dear  unto  yourfelf,  and  prefer 
an  everlafiing  happinefs  before  a 
pleafant  dream,  which  you  muft 
Jhortly  awake  out  of,  and  then  re- 
pent in  the  bitternefs  of  your  fou!  ; 
if  any  of  thefe  things  be  regarded 
by  you,  then  I  fay,  call  yourfelf  to 
account  for  what  is  pall,  cancel  all 
the  leagues  you  have  made  without 
the  warrant  of  a  religious  con- 
fcience,  make  a  refolute  covenant 
with  your  Gody  to  {zx\^  him  with 
all  your  natural  and  fpiritual,  in- 
ward and  outward  gifts  and  abili- 
ties, and  then,  he  that  is  faithful 
(and  cannot  lie)  hath  promifed  to 
honour  them  that  honour  him  ;  he 
will  give  you  that  inward  peace  of 
foul,  and  true  joy  of  heart,  which 
till  you  have,  you  Ihall  never  reft, 
and  which,  when  you  have,  you 
iliall  never  be  (hak?n,  and  which 
you  can  never  attain  to  any  ofhcr 
way  than  this  that  I  have  fhewcd 
yon. 

I  know  your  Lordfhip  may  fay 
to  yourfelf,  and  cbjeft  to  me,  this 
is  but  a  vapour  of  melancholy,  and 
the  i^ile  of  a  prlfoner,  and  that  I 
was  fir   enough   from  it,    when  i 

lived 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.     379 


lived  In  the  world  as  you  do  now, 
and   may  be  fo   again,    when  my 
fetters  be  taken   from  me.     I   an- 
fwer,  though  your  Lordfhip  fliould 
think    fo,  yet   cannot  I  dilhuit  the 
goodnefs  of  my  Godj  that  his  mercy 
will  fail  me,  or  his   grace  forfake 
me;   I  have  fo  deeply  engaged  my- 
felf,  that  I  {hould    be  one   of  the 
moll  miferable   apollates  that   ever 
was  :  I  have  fo  avowed  my  profef- 
fion,  and  called  fo  many  from  time 
to  time,  to  witnefs  it,   and    to  he 
watchmen   over  me,  that  I  ftjould 
be  the  hollowell  hypocrite  that  ever 
was  born  :  but  though  I  (hould  pe- 
ri(h  in  my  own  fin,  and  draw  upon 
myfelf  my  own  damnation,   Ihould 
not  you  take  hold  of  the  grace  and 
mercy  in  God,  which  is  offered  unto 
you,  and  make  your  profit  of  my 
fearful  and   wretched   example  r  I 
was    longer  a  flave  and  fervant  to 
the  world,   and  the  corruptions    of 
it,  than  you  have^been,  and  there- 
fore could  hardly  be  drawn  from  it. 
I    had    many  calls,   and    anfwered 
fome  of  them    flowly,    thinking    a 
foft  pace  faft   enough    to  come   to 
Chrift,  and  myfelf  forward  enough 
when  I  faw   the  end  of  my  journey, 
though   I    arrived    not  at  it  ;  and 
therefore    I  have  been,    by    God's 
providence,  violently    pulled,  haul- 
ed,   and    dragged    to  the  marriage 
feall,    as  the  world   haih    lecn.     It 
was  juft   with  God  to  afflidl  me  in 
this   world  tliat   he  might  give  me 
joy    in   another.     I  had    too   much 
knowledge    when  I  performed   too 
little  obedience,   and  was  therefore 
to  be  beaten   wii;»  double   llripes: 
God  grant    your  Lorddiip  may  feel 
the  comfort  I  now  enjoy  in  my  un- 
feigned convcrfion.but  that  you  may 
never  feel  the  torments  |   have  fuf- 
f^red  for  ray  too  long  delaying  it. 
I  had  none  but  divines  to  call  upon 
111?,  to  whom  1  faid,    if  my  ambi- 


tion could  have  entered  into  their 
narrow  hearts,  they  would  not  have 
been  fo  humble  ;  or  if  my  delights 
had  been  tailed  by  them,  they  could 
not  have  been  fo  precife  :  but  your 
Lordfhip  hath  one  to  call  upon  you, 
that  knows  what  it  is  you  now  en- 
joy, and  what  the  greatell  fruit  and 
end  is  of /a// the  contentments  that 
this  world  can  afford.  Think 
therefore,  dear  Earl,  that  I  have 
flaked  and  buoyed  all  the  ways  of 
pleafure  to  you,  and  left  them  as 
fea  marks  for  you  to  keep  the  chan- 
nel of  religious  virtue  ;  for  fhut 
your  eyes  never  fo  long,  they  muji 
be  open  at  laj}  ;  and  then  you  muft 
fay  with  me,  there  is  no  peace  to  the 
ivicked. 

I  will  make  a  covenant  with  my 
foul,  not  to  fufi:"er  my  eyes  to  fleep 
in  the  night,  nor  my  thoughts  to 
attend  the  firft  bufinefs  of  the  day, 
till  I.  have  prayed  to  my  GW,  that 
your  Lordfhip  may  believe  and 
make  profit  of  this  plain,  but  faith- 
ful admonition  ;  and  then  I  know 
your  country  and  friends  fhail  be 
happy  in  you,  and  yourfelf  fuc- 
cefsful  in  all  you  take  in  hand  ; 
which  fhall  be  an  unfpeakable  com- 
fort to 

Your  Lord(hip*s  coufin, 
and  true  friend, 

whom  no  worldly  caufe 
can  divide  from  you, 

ESSEV. 


Jn  extraordinary  fe'tnon  ha-ving  ap- 
peared^ intituled^  Conjugal  Loie 
and  Duty  :  A  Di/cpur/e  upon 
Heb.  ^iii.  4.  Preached  at  St. 
Ann'j  in  Dublin,  Sept.  1 1,  1757. 
By  Dr.  Brett.  With  a  dedication 
to  the  Right  Honourable  Lady  Ca- 
roline Ruffel,  aj/trting  the  prerc- 
gatiue  of  beauty^  and  -vindicating 
the  priiiliges  of  tije  fair  j'ex  ;  an 
cxtraJi 


33o        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758, 


fXtraSi  or  tavo  from  the  dedication^ 
and  the  fermon  it/elf ,  ive  prefume 
nxjtll  not  be  dijagreeable  to  our 
readers, 

MA  D  A  M,  there  is  an  Italian 
proverb,    which    fay?,    that 
kandjhne    girls    are    born  married  : 
The  meaning  wl^ereof  is  not  what 
hath  been*  vulgarly  fuppofed,    that 
marriages     are     made    in    hea-ven  : 
But,    that    fuch     is    the    power  of 
beauty  over   the  human   heart,  that 
when  they   luill,   they  ^nay.     This 
being   (o,    the  intimation    to   your 
Ladylhip,  is  to  look  out,  and  pro- 
vide   for  a   change    of    coridition. 
To    remain    fingle,    will    not    be 
long   in   your   power,     for    beauty 
that  ftrikes  every  eye,   will  necef- 
farily  charm  many  hearts  :  Nature 
ordained    it    univerfal    fway,    and 
the  corruptions  of  nature,    multi- 
plied  as   they   have  been  through 
a  feries  of  5000  years,  have  even 
yet   been  able   to  give  it  but  one 
rival.     In  the  human  heart  (I  fpeak 
it    to   their    fliame)   temples    have 
been  ereded  to  the  god  of  wealth  : 
Many    fair  vidtims   have  we    feen 
bleeding  at  his  altars  ;  and,    what 
is  worfe,  the  very   hand  now  writ- 
ing  to  your  Ladyfhip,  hath   fome- 
times    been    the  facrificer.     What 
therefore   you    have    to    learn,    is 
only  to  chufe   with  difcretion  ;  to 
jnaintain  with   dignity    the    prof- 
fered fovereignty    which  contend- 
ing fuppliants  will  intreat  you  to 
accept. 

All  the  great  heroes,  the  mofl 
renowned  in  their  generations,  the 
fcripture  worthies  in  particular, 
have  had  their  Dalilahs,  to  vvhbfe 
bewitching  charms  they  one  and 
2^11  yielded  ;  reludantly  fome,  and 
fondly  others  :  The/e  proving  their 
¥vifdom,  and  thofe  their  folly,  fince 
there     is     no     inchantment     againji 


beauty^  nor  any  thing  which  it 
cannot  inchant.  He  muft  be  fome- 
thing  more,  or  fomeihing  worfe, 
than  a  man  —  /,  e,  a  god  or  a  devil, 
who  hath  efcaped,  or  who  can  re- 
fill its  power  :  The  goas  of  the 
heathens  could  not :  Jupiter,  Mars, 
Mercury,  Apollo,  their  amours  are 
as  famous  as  their  names  :  So 
that  that  fturdinefs  in  human  na- 
ture, wherever  it  is  found,  which 
can  refift,  argues  plainly  how  much 
of  the  devil  is  wrought  up  in  the 
compofition  :  If  the  native  power 
were  not  fo  great  as  it  is,  fo 
many  ans,  fo  many  opportunities 
to  footh  and  to  perfuade,  would 
make  it  impoffible. 

This  prating  old  man  !  will  he 
never   have  done  ?  Not  yet  ;  for  to 
you,  madam,    and  of  you    1  could 
prate  for  ever.      Garrulity  is  indeed 
the  vice  of  old    age  :  The   highell 
honorary   tribute    that  youth    pays 
to   it,  is    patient  attention  :     VVe 
grow  fond   of  prating,    when    we 
are  good  for  nothing  eife.     Befides, 
madam,  it  is,  though  I  am  forry  to 
remind  you  of  it,  a  vice   common 
to  both  fexes ;  old  women  can  prate  - 
as  well  as  old  men  ;  and    the  lame 
allowance  en  your  part,  if  ever  you 
come  to  it,  will  be  demanded  :  and, 
alas  !  young,    gay,    and   blooming 
as  you  are,  to  this  you  will  come  at 
laft  :   lovely  as  that  form  is,  it  will 
wrinkle  and    wither,   that    vermi- 
lion will    be  turned  into  palenefs, 
thofe  brilliant  eyes   grow    dim  and 
faint  :    in  the  gazing    crowd,  that 
now  furrounds  ycu,   notwithltand- 
ing  the  blaze  you  make,  the  luftre 
with   which  you  enamel  and  gild 
the   fpot    you  Hand    upon  ;  thpugh 
you  reanimate,  give  life,  fenfation, 
appetite,  a  kind  of  rejuvenefcence, 
a  defire  at  lead,  a  wilh  to  live  and 
be  young  again,  to  every  thing  you 
touch  or  look  upon,  the  meanell  of 

your 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.       381 


your  admirers,  even'I,  wizened  and 
worn  out  by  labour,  age,  nay  worfe 
by  difappoiniments,  in  the  courfe 
of  a  few  Tuns  and  moons,  will  be 
as  much  refpe^led,  heeded,  liftcn- 
ed  to.  Pity  indeed  ic  is !  but  it 
moll  be  fo.  What  are  you  then  to 
do  ?  why  briefly  this,  look  as  well 
into  yourfelf  as  at  yourlelf,  and 
thence  learn  how  to  preferve  and 
improve  the  authority  which  beau- 
ty gives,  to  make  it  indefeftible, 
and,  as  I  maintain  it  may,  inter- 
minable. 

[From  the  Sermon  itfel/,^ 
The  humour   of  ridiculing  this 
rite  [of  marriage]  was  introduced, 
and  became  famionable,  under  the 
example    of    a    diffolute    prince ; 
which  encouraged  fuch  licentiouf- 
nefs  in  the  ftage,  as  loon  corrupted 
the  general   tafte,    to  the   degree, 
that  hardly  any  thing  entertained, 
or  was  received  there  with  applaufe, 
that  was  not  falted  with  fome  ob- 
fcene  raillery.     In   confeq-jence  of 
which,  not  only  the  thing,  but  even 
the    perfons    who    made   it    their 
choice    were    laughed     at.     They 
were  objeds  of  pity,  the   butts  of 
fneer,    whom   necelfity  had  forced 
into  it.     A  humour  fo  inconfiltcnt 
with  common   fenfe,  and  every  fe- 
cial   dear   regard,  could    not  hold 
long.     The  pulpit,  which  in   that 
univcrfal    degeneracy    of  men  and 
manners,  was    not  filent,    got,  in 
this  inliance,  the  better  of  the  llage, 
and,  at  lail,  happily  reformed  it. 
To  the  honour  of  the  prefent  age, 
the  few  patrons  it  hath  are  as  def- 
picable,  as  they  are  diflbfute :  but 
it  may  be  obferved,  that  the  pains 
taken  to  corred  it,  had  poflibly  met 
with  quicker  fuccefs,  had    not  the 
fair  (ex,  by  a  lewd  and  wanton  be- 
haviour, contributed  to  keep  it  up: 
without  encowagement  from  them 
it  could  never  have  run  to  ihe  ex- 


travagance it  did  ;  for  how  little 
foever  fome  of  them  may  fufpe<fl 
or  believe  it,  they  are  the  only  fure 
guardians  of  men's  virtue,  and  have 
more  power  to  reform  than  either 
prieft  or  magiftraie  can  pretend  to. 
If  therefore  the  manners  of  the  age 
fliould  ever  take  the  fame  difa^ree- 
able  turn,  though  they  may  be  ;he 
principal.  fufFerers,.  they  mud  bear 
the  blame  of  it,  and  ihe  infamy  too; 
for  this  reafon,  that  it  was  always 
in  their  power  to  fupport  the  ho- 
nour and  dignity  due  to  the  mar- 
ried ftate,  from  the  influence,  which, 
few  of  ihem  want  to  be  told,  they 
have  over  the  afFe6tions  and  incli- 
nations of  mankind.     I  will  offer 
no    apology    therefore    for  telling 
them,  that  if  their  difcretion  was 
equal  to  their  charms ;  if  they  were 
at   equal  pains  to  embellifli  their 
minds,  as  they  are  to  adorn  their 
bodies,  they  might  go  near  to  re- 
verfe  the  cuftoms  of  the  world,  and 
the  maxims  of  nature  ;  might  fway 
the  fcepters  of  kingdoms,  and  be 
the  law-givers  and  governors  both 
of  ftraes  and  families,  without  either 
wearing  of  arpis,  or  changing  ap- 
parel.— If    modefty,     good    fenfe^ 
and  the  general   praSice  of  virtue, 
met  with  proper  diilindion  in  fe- 
male  regard,  men  would  certainly 
take  more  pain?,  than  they  ufually 
^o,  to  cultivate  thoi*  graces  ;  for 
where  we  court,  we  wifh  to  be  ap- 
proved, and  naturally  purfue   fuch 
courfes,  as  we  judge  will  bell  re- 
commend  us :    But  whim  womea 
are  fo  infenfible,  and  blind  to  their 
ov^n   iniereft  and  happinefs,  as  to 
encourage  thofe  mdll,  who  ufe  this 
holy  inllitute  to   bafe   and  dilho- 
nourable  purpofesj  whilft  they  pre- 
fer empty  and  profligate  rakes,  to 
virtuous  and  honourable  lovers,  they 
may  thank  thcmfi'Ives  for  a  great 
flure  of  that  mifery  to  which  they 

are 


382      ANNUAL    RE 

are  tied,  and  we  fliall  in  vain  hope 
to  fee  the  evil  of  this  cafe  ever  cor- 
reded. 


The  copy  of  the  <voill  of  a  citizen  in 
Bern^  in  Suoitzerland. 

AT  the  city  of  Bern  in  Switzer- 
land, a  man  of  bufinefs,  by 
luccefs  in  his  way  of  trade,  had  ac- 
quired a  confiderable  real  and  per- 
gonal eUate;  being  grown  in  years, 
and  having  no  family,  he  made  a 
will  to  the  following  efFed,  viz. 

**  Being  anxious  for  my  fellow- 
citizens  of  Bern,  {who  have  often 
fuffered  by  dearth  of  corn  and 
wine)  my  will  is,  thar,  by  the 
permilfion  of  Providence,  they  fhall 
never  for  the  future  fufFer  again 
under  the  like  calamity  ;  to  which 
end  and  purpofe  I  give  my  eftate, 
real  and  perfonal,  to  the  fenate  of 
Bern,  in  truft  for  the  people  ;  that 
is  to  fay,  that  they  receive  the  pro- 
duce of  ray  ellate,  till  it  fhall  come 
to  the  fum  of  [fuppofe  two  thou- 
fand  pounds;]  that  then  they  Ihall 
lay  out  this  two  thoufand  pounds 
in  building  a  town-houfe,  accord- 
ing to  the  plan  by  me  left :  the 
lower  ftory  whereof  to  con  fill  of 
large  vaults  or  repofitories  for  wine ; 
the  ftory  above  i  dired  to  be  form- 
ed into  a  piazza,  for  fuch  perfons 
as  ftiall  come  to  market  at  Bern, 
for  difpofing  of  their  goods,  free 
from  the  injuries  of  the  weather  ; 
above  that  1  direft  a  council  cham- 
ber to  be  erected,  for  the  com- 
mittee of  the  Senate  to  meet  in 
from  lime  to  time,  to  adjuft  my 
accounts,  and  to  direft  fuch  things 
as  may  be  neceilary  for  the  charity  ; 
and  above  the  council-chamber  as 
many  floors  or  granaries  as  can  be 
conveniently   raifed,    to  depofit  a 


G  IS  T  ER,    1758. 

quantity  of  corn  for  the  ufe  of  the 
people,  whenever  they  ihall  have 
occafion  for  it.  And  when  this 
building  fhall  be  ereded,  and  the 
expence  of  it  difcharged,  I  dire6\ 
the  fenate  of  Bern  to  receive  the 
produce  of  my  ellate,  till  the  fame 
Ihall  amount  to  the  fum  [fuppofe 
two  thoufand  pounds ;]  and  when 
the  price  of  corn  fhall  be  under 
the  mean  rate  of  the  laft  ten  years^ 
one  fourth  part,  they  fiiall  then  lay 
out  one  thoufand  pounds  in  corn, 
and  flow  it  in  my  granaries;  and 
the  fame  in  wine,  when  under  one 
fourth  of  the  mean  rate  of  the  1  aft 
ten  years;  and  my  will  is,  that 
none  of  the  faid  corn  or  wine  fhall 
be  fold  until  the  price  of  corn  or 
wine  fhall  exceed,  at  the  common 
market,  one  fourth  of  the  mean 
rate  for  the  laft  ten  years ;  and  then 
every  citizen  of  Bern  fhall  demand 
daily  (or  proportionably  weekly) 
as  many  pounds  weight  of  wheat, 
and  as  many  pints  of  wine,  as  he 
hath  mouths  in  his  family  to  con* 
fume,  and  no  more;  and  that  for 
the  fame  he  pay  ready  money,  after 
the  mean  rate  that  it  has  been  at 
for  the  laft  tea  years  paft,  a  due 
proportion  being  allowed  for  wafte, 
and  that  to  be  fettled  by  the  Senate  ; 
and  that  each  houfholder  fhall  be 
fo  fupplied,  as  long  as  the  price  of 
corn  or  wine  fliall  continue  above 
the  rate  of  one  fourth  more  than 
the  mean  rate  ;  and  whatfoever  in* 
creafe  fliall  be  made  of  the  capital, 
it  fhall  be  laid  out  under  the  fame 
reftridions,  in. adding  to  the  ftock 
of  corn  and  wine;  which,  under 
the  blefTing  of  God,  will,  I  hope, 
in  a  certain  time,  reduce  thefe 
two  necelTary  articles  of  life  ta 
very  near  a  fixed  price,  to  the  glory 
of  God,  and  ioi  the  benefit  of  the 
poor," 


MISCELLANEOUS     ESSAYS. 


3^3 


This  legacy  has  fubfifted  near 
two  hundred  years,  and  has  had 
the  defired  efftd  at  Bern. 

An  Englifh  merchant  returning 
from  Aleppo,  by  Bern,  took  this 
hint,  and  lettled  a  fum  of  money, 
for  the  ufe  of  the  poor  at  Kingfton- 
on-Thames,  for  the  purchal'e  of 
coals  in  the  fame  manner.  The 
Right  Honourable  Arthur  Onflow, 
Speaker  of  the  Honourable  Houfe 
of  Commons,  and  Nicholas  Har- 
dinge,  Eiv];  (lately  deccafed)  were 
two  of  the  truftees,  under  whofe 
aufpices  the  poor  were  abundantly 
fupplied,  and  the  fund  greatly  aug- 
mented. 

About  five  years  ago  the  hint 
was  given,  and  fome  gentlemen  in 
Northampton  colleded  a  fum  of 
money,  for  purchafmg  fuel  at  prime 
Coll,  and  felling  to  the  poor  at  the 
fame  rate  ;  which  anfwered  perfed- 
ly  well. 


Method  of  taking  off  paintings  in  oil, 
from  tht  cloths  or  ivood  on  ivhich 
they  lAjere  originally  done ;  and 
transferring  them  entire,  and  ivith- 
cut  damage,  to  ne<w  pieces, 

THE  art  of  removins;  paint- 
ings in  oil,  from  the  cloth 
or  wood  on  which  they  are  origi- 
nally done,  and  transferring  them 
to  new  grounds  of  either  kind  of 
fubflance,  is  of  very  great  ufe ;  as 
not  only  piftures  may  be  preferved, 
where  the  canvas  is  fo  decayed  and 
damaged,  that  they  would  other- 
wife  fall  to  pieces,  but  paintings  on 
ceiling  or  wainfcot,  which,  when 
taken  away  from  the  places  where 
they  were  originally  placed,  would 
have  little  value,  may  be  conveyed 
to  cloths  ;  and  by  being  thus 
brought  to  the  ftate  of  pitSlures, 
becoine  of  equal  worth  with  thofe 


painted  originally  on  canvas.  The 
manner  in  which  this  is  done  is  by 
cementing  the  face  of  the  pidure 
to  a  new  cloth,  by  means  of  fuch 
a  fubflance  as  can  afterwards  be 
difTolved  and  confequently  taken 
off  by  water ;  deftroying  the  tex- 
ture of  the  old  cloth,  by  means  of 
a  proper  corroding  fluid  ;  and  then 
feparating  the  corroded  parts  of  it 
entirely  from  the  painiipg:  after 
which  a  new  cloth  being  ceinent- 
ed  to  the  rcverfe  of  the  painting  in 
its  place,  the  cloth  cemented  to  the 
front  is  in  like  manner  to  be  cor- 
roded and  feparated ;  and  the  ce- 
mented matter  cleanfed  away  by 
diflblving  it  in  water,  and  rubbing 
it  off  from  the  face  of  the  pidure. 
The  particular  method  of  doing 
this,  with  moll  convenience,  is  hs 
follows : 

Let  the  derayed  pidure  be 
cleanfed  from  all  greafe  that  may 
be  on  its  fuiface,  which  miy  be 
done  by  rubbing  it  very  gently 
with  crumb  of  flale  bread,  and 
then  wiping  it  with  a  very  fine 
foft  linen  cloth.  Ft  mull  then 
be  laid,  with  the  face  downwards, 
on  a  fmooth  table  covered  with 
fan  paper,  or  the  India  paper  ;  and 
the  cloth  on  the  reverfe  muft  be 
well  foaked  with  boiling  water, 
fpread  upon  it  by  means  of  a 
fponge,  till  it  appear  pertedly  folt 
and  pliable.  The  pidure  is  thea 
to  be  turned,  with  the  face  up- 
wards; and,  being  ftretched  in  the 
moll  even  and  flat  manner  on  the 
table,  muft  be  pinned  down  to  it 
in  that  flate,  by  nails  driven  in 
through  the  edge,  at  proper  di- 
flances  from  each  other.  A  quanti- 
ty of  glue  fhould  then  be  melted, 
and  Itrained  through  a  flannel 
cloth,  to  prevent  any  gravel,  or 
other  impurities,  from  lurking  in 
it ;  and  when  it  is  a  little  (liffciied, 

a  parL 


384        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 


a  part  of  it  fiiould  he  fpread  on 
a  linen  cloth,  of  the  fize  of  the 
painting,  where  it  ihould  be  fuf- 
fered  to  fet  and  dry  ;  and  then  an- 
other coat  put  over  it:  when  this 
is  become  Itiif  alfo,  the  glue  Ihould 
be  again  heated;  and  while  it  re- 
mains of  fuch  heat  as  to  be  eaiily 
fpread,  it  fhouM  be  laid  over  the 
face  of  the  pidure,  and  a  linen 
cloth  immediately  put  over  it  in 
the  moll  even  manner,  and  nail- 
ed down  to  the  picture  and  table 
ac  the  edge  Iikewife.  The  glue 
Ihould  not  be  ufed  boiling  hot, 
as  that  would  hazard  fome  of  the 
delicate  colours  of  the  painting  ; 
and  the  linen  cloth  ftiould  be  fine 
and  half  worn,  that  it  may  be  the 
ibfter,  and  lie  the  flatter  on  the 
furface  of  the  pidlure  ;  in  order 
to  which  it  is  proper  to  heat  it 
till  the  ghie  be  foft  and  pliable 
before  it  be  laid  on,  and  to  com- 
prefs  each  part  gently  with  a  ball 
formed  of  a  linen  rag  tied  round 
with  thread.  The  table,  with  the 
picture,  cloth,  &c.  nailed  down  to 
it  in  this  ftate,  ihould  be  then 
expofed  to  the  heat  of  the  fun,  ih 
a  place  where  it  may  be  fecured 
from  rain;  .a^d  there  continued 
till  the  glue  be  perfeiily  dry  and 
hard;  at  which  tia»e  the  nails 
Ihould  be  drawn,  and  th«  pi»Sture 
and  linen  cloth  taken  off  from  the 
table.  The  picture  mult  now  be 
again  turned  with  the  face  down- 
wards, and  llretched  and  nailed  to 
the  table  as  before  ;  and  a  border 
of  wax  muft  be  raifed  round  the 
edge,  in  the  fame  manner  as  is 
direded  for  the  copper  -  plates, 
forming  as  it  were  a  Ihailow  trough 
with  the  furface  of  ihe  pidure ; 
into  which  trough  ftiould  be  pour- 
ed a  proper  corroding  fluid,  to  eat 
iind  deftroy  the  thread  cf  the  ori- 
ginal canvas  or  cloth  of  the  pic- 


ture. The  corroding  fluid  ufed 
for  this  purpole,  may  be  either  oil 
of  vitriol,  aquafortis,  or  fpirit  of 
fait;  but  the  laft  is  preferable,  as 
it  will  more  eftedually  deltroy  the 
thread,  vvhen  it  is  io  weakened  by 
the  admixture  of  water  as  not  to 
have  any  efi-ed  on  the  oil  of  the 
painting  ;  which  ever  is  ufed,  it  is 
neceflary  they  -{hould  be  properly 
diluted  with  water ;  to  £nd  the 
due  proportion  of  which,  it  is 
expedient  to  make  fome  previous 
trials  ;  and  when  they  are  found 
to  be  of  fuch  flrength,  as  to  de- 
ltroy the  texture  of  thread,  with- 
out difcolouring  it,  they  are  in 
the  due  Itate.  When  the  corrod- 
ing fluid  has  done  its  office,  a 
pafTage  muft  be  made  through  the 
border  of  wax  at  one  end  of  it ; 
and  the  fluid  muil  be  poured  off,  by 
inclining  the  table  in  the  requiflte 
manner:  and  the  remaining  part 
muft  be  wafhed  away,  by  putting 
repealed  quantities  of  frefti  water 
upon  the  cloth.  The  threads  of 
the  cloth  muft  then  be  carefully 
picked  out  till  the  whole  be  taken 
away  :  but  if  any  part  be  found 
to  adhere,  all  kind  of  violence, 
even  in  the  leaft  degree,  muft  be 
avoided  in  removing  them :  in- 
ilead  of  which,  they  ihould  be  again 
touched,  by  means  of  a  pencil, 
wiih  the  corrofive  fluid  lefs  diluted 
than  before,  till  ihey  will  readily 
come  off  from  the  paint.  The  re- 
verfe  furface  of  the  painting,  be- 
ing thus  wholly  freed  from  the 
old  cloth,  muit  be  then  wafted 
with  water,  by  means  of  a  fpcnge, 
tiii  the  corroding  ilaid  employed  be 
thoroughly  cleanfid  away;  when 
being  wiped  wiih  a  foft  fponge 
till  ail  the  moifture  that  may  be 
colleded  by  that  means  be  taken 
off,  it  muft  be  left  till  it  be  per- 
fedly   dry.     la   the  mean   time  a 

nevv 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.      3S5 

fpread  and  rubbed  on  the  fur  face 
by  a  fponge-;  which  Ihould  be 
cleanfed  frequently  during  the  ope- 
ration, by  dipping  and  fqueezing 
it  in  clean  water.  The  painting 
may  afterwards  bs  varniihed  as  a 
new  pidure :  and  if  the  opera- 
tion is  well  conduced,  it  will  h*f 
transferred  to  the  new  cloth  in  » 
perfed  llat«. 

When  the  painting  is  original- 
ly on  wood,  it  muft  be  firll  de- 
tached from  the  ceiling  or  wain- 
fcot  where  it  was  fixed  ;  and  the 
furface  of  it  covered  with  a  linen 
c!cth,  cemented  to  it  by  means  of 
glew,  in  the  manner  before  di- 
reded  for  the  paintings  on  canvas. 
A  proper  table  being  then  pro- 
vided, and  overfpread  with  a 
blanket,  or  thinner  woollen  cloth, 
if  laid  feveral  doubles,  the  paint-' 
ing  muft  be  laid  upon  it  with 
the  face  downwards,  and  fixed 
fteady ;  and  the  boards  or  wood 
on  whi^ch  it  was  done  muft  be 
planed  away,  till  the  (hell  remain 
as  thin  as  it  can  be  made,  without 
damaging  the  paint  under  it.  The 
proceedings  muft  afterwards  be  the 
fame  as  was  before  pradifed  in 
the  cafe  of  the  paintings  on  can- 
vas, till  that  on  the  wood  be  in 
like  manner  transferred  to  a  cloih  or 
canvas. 

The  whole  of  the  above  ope- 
ration muft  be  managed  with  the 
greateft  care,  otherwife  the  paint- 
ing will  receive  fome  damage* 
and  fo  much  nicety' is  required 
in  the  corrofion,  and  taking  off 
the  threads  of  the  cloth,  that  it 
can'fcarcely  be  performed  rightr 
]y,  but  by  fuch  as  have  had  fome 
experience  in  the  matter.  It  is 
proper,  therefore,  for  any  perfon 
who  would  pradife  it  in  the  cafe 

C  c  of 


new  piece  of  canvas  muft  be  cut. 
of  the  fize  of  the  painting,  v/hicK 
now  remains  cemented  to  the  linen 
cloth  put  on  the  face  of  it;  and 
the  reverfe  of  the  painting  being 
dry,  and  fpread  over  by  fome 
hoc  g'ew,  purified  as  before,  and 
melted  mih  a  little  brandy,  or 
fpirit  of  wipe,  the  new  canvas 
muft  h«  laid  on  it,  in  the  moft 
even  manner,  while  the  glew  yet 
remains  hot,  and  fettled  to  it  by 
comprefTion  :  which  may  be  per- 
formed by  thick  plates  of  lead,  or 
i^at  pieces  of  poliftied  marble. 
Great  care  ftiould  however  be  taken 
in  the  laying  them  on  to  prevent 
the  edge  fjom  cutting  or  bruifing 
the  paint;  as  alfo  during  the  fet- 
ting  of  the  glew  to  take  them 
off;  and  wipe  them  at  proper  in- 
tervals, to  prevent  their  adhering 
to  the  cloth  by  means  of  the  glew, 
which  may  be  preifed  through  it. 
The  lead  or  marble,  by  vvhich 
the  comprelTure  is  made,  being 
removed  when  the  glew  is  let, 
the  cloth  muft  be  kept  in  the 
fame  ftate,  tilT  the  glew  be  pcr- 
fedly  dry  and  hard.  Then  the 
whole  muft  be  again  turned  with 
the  other  fide  upwards,  and  the 
border  of  wax  being  replaced, 
the  linen  cloth  on  the  face  of 
the  painting  muft  be  deftroyed  by 
means  of  the  corroding  fluid,  in  the 
fame  manner  as  the  canvas  was 
before:  but  greater  care  muft  be 
taken  with  refped  to  the  ftrength 
of  the  corroding  matter,  and  in 
the  picking  out  the  threads  of  the 
cloth  ;  becaufe  the  face  of  the 
painting  is  defended  only  by  the 
coat  of  glew  which  cemented  the 
linen  cloth  to  it.  The  painting 
muft  then  be  fi-ee  from  the  glew, 
by  waftiing  it  with  hot  water. 
Vol.  I. 


386       ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758, 


of  valuable  paintings,  to  try  it  firft 
with  fome  old  piftures  of  little 
value,  till  they  find  they  have  the 
right  method  of  proceeding :  and 
even  then,  in  fome  inflances,  where 
the  coats  of  paint  lie  very  thin  on 
the  cloth,  it  is  fcarcely  pradlicable 
without  mifcarriage.  But  as  in  the 
cafe  of  pidurcs  greatly  decayed, 
or  paintings  on  wood  taken  from 


buildings  that  do  not  admit  of  being 
commodioully  replaced  elfewhere, 
there  can  be  no  grrat  lofs  if  a  fai- 
lure fhould  happen':  and  a  corfider- 
able  advantage  may  accrue,  if  the 
experiment  fucceeds ;  for  which 
there  is  good  chance  if  the  operation 
be  properly  condufted,  and  the  fub- 
jeft  favourable ;  and  it  is  very  w^l 
worth  while  to  make  the  trial. 


POETRY, 


t  3»r  ] 


POETRY. 


WE  have  the  advantage  of  beginning  our  colle£lion  in  a 
year  which  has  produced  fo  many  elegant  pieces  of  poetry, 
that  we  are  not  under  a  neceflity,  in  order  to  make  this  article 
full,  of  inferting  any  mean  performance. 


Melpomene  :  on  the  Regions  of  Terror  and  Pity.     An  Ode* 

By    R.    DODSLEY. 


I. 

OUEEN  of  the  human  heart!  at  whofe  command 
The  fwelling  tides  of  mighty  paffion  rife; 
Melpomene,  fupport  my  venc*rous  hand. 
And  aid  thy  fuppllant  in  his  bold  emprife. 
From  the  gay  fcenes  of  pride 
Do  thou  his  footfteps  guide 
To  Nature's  awful  courts,  where  nurs'd  of  yore. 
Young  Shakespear,  Fancy's  child,  was  taught  his  various  lore. 

II. 

So  may  his  favourM  eye  explore  the  fource. 

To  few  reveaPd,  whence  human  forrows  charm  : 
So  may  his  numbers  with  pathetic  force. 
Bid  Terror  fhake  us,   or  CompaJJiou  warm. 
As  different  ftrains  coniroul 
The  movements  of  the  foul, 
Adjuft  its  paffions,  harmonize  its  tone. 
To  feel  for  others*  woe,  or  nobly  bear  its  own, 

III. 
Deep  in  the  covert  of  a  fhadowy  grove. 

Mid  broken  rocks  where  dafhing  currents  play : 
Dear  to  the  penfive  Pleafures,  dear  to  Love, 

And  Damon^s  Mufe,  that  breathes  her  melting  lay. 
This  ardent  prayer  was  made. 
When  lo  !  the  fecret  fliade. 
As  confcious  of  fome  heavenly  prefence,  (hook— — 

Strength,  firmnefs,  reafon,  all my'  ailonifh'd  foul  forfook. 

C  c  2  IV.  Ah ! 


588      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175^. 

IV. 

Ah  !  whither,  Goddefs !  whither  am  I  borne  ?_ 

To  wh*t  wild  region's  necromantic  fhore  r 
Thefe  panics  whence  ?   and  why  my  bofom  torn 
With  fudden  terrors  never  felt  before? 
Darknefs  inwraps  me  round, 
While  from  the  vaft  profound 
Emerging  fpeftres  dreadful  Ihapes  affun^e. 
And,  gleaming  on  my  fight,  ad4  horrof  to  the  gloom. 

V. 

Ha !  what  is  He  whofe  fierce  indignant  eye, 

Dciii^uncing  vengeance,  kindles  into  flame  3 
Whofe  bt)ifterous  fury  blows'  a  ftorm  fo  high. 
As  with  its  thunder  (hakes  his  labouring  frame. 
What  can  fuch  Rage  provoke  ? 
His  words  their  paiTage  choak : 
His  eager  fteps  nor  time  nor  truce  allow. 
And  dreadful  dangers  wait  the  menace  of  his  brow. 

VI. 
|*rote£l  me,  Goddefs !  whence  ifhat  fearful  fliriek 
'    Of  confternation  ?   as  grim  death  had  laid 
His  icy  fingers  on  fome  guilty  cheek. 

And  all  the  powers  of  manhood  ihrunk  difmayM 

Ah  fee  !  befmearM  with  gore,  , 

Revenge  Hands  threatening  o'er 
A  pale  delinquent,  whofe  retorted  eyes 
III  vain  for  pity  call the  wretched  vi£^im  dies. 

vir. 

Nor  long  the  fpace— abandon 'd  tp  defpair. 

With  eyes  aghaft,  or  hopelefs  fixt  on  earth. 
This  Have  of  palTion  rends  his  fcatter'd  hair. 
Beats  his  fad  breaft,   and  execrates  his  birth  ; 
While  torn  within,  he  feels 
The  pangs  of  whips  and  wheels ; 
And  lises,  or  fancies,  all  the  fiends  below, 
Beckoning  his  frightful  foul  to  realms  of  endlefs  woe 

vriT. 

Before  my  wondering  fenfe  new  phantoms  dance. 

And  ftamp  their  horrid  Ihapes  upon  my  brain 

A  wretch  with  jealous  brow,  and  eyes  afkance, 
feeds  all  in  fecret  on  his  bofom  pain. 
Fond  love,  fierce  hate,  afiail ; 
Alternate  they  prevail : 
While  confcious  pride  and  fhame  with  rage  coiifpire. 
And  urs^e  the  latent  fpark  to  flames  of  torturing  fire. 

•  IX.  The 


POETRY.  389 

IX. 

The  ftorm  proceeds his  changeful  vifage  trace  : 

From  rage  to  madnefs  every  feature  breaks. 
A  gro\ying  phrenzy  grins  upon  his  face. 

And  in  his  frightful  ftare  Dillradlion  fpeaks: 
His  fti;aw-in  veiled  head 
Proclaims  all  reafon  fled  ; 

And  not  a  tear  bedews  thofe  vacant  eyes 

But  fongs  and  Ihouts  fueceed,  and  laughter-mingled  Cgha. 

X. 

Yet,  yet  again! a  Murderer's  hand  appears 

Grafping  a  pointed  dagger  ftain'd  with  blood! 
His  look  malignant  chills  wiih  boding  fears. 
That  check  the  current  of  life's  ebbing  flood. 
In  midnight's  darkell  clouds 
The  dreary  mifcreant  Ihrowds 

His  felon  ftep^ as  'twere  to  darknefs  given 

To  dim  the  watchful  eye  of  all-pervading  Heaven. 

XI. 
And  hark !  ah  Mercy  I  whence  that  hollow  found  ?         ^ 

Why  with  llrange  horror  ftarts  my  briftling  hair ; 
Earth  opens  wide,  and  from  unhallovV'd  ground 
A  pallid  Ghoft  flow-riiing  fteals  on  air. 
To  where  a  mangled  corfe 
Expos'd  without  remorfe 
Lies  fhroudlefs,  unentomb'd,  he  points  the  way 
Points  to  the  prowling  wolf  exultant  o'er  his  prey. 

XII. 
*'  Was  it  for  this,  he  cries,  with  kindly  (hower 

"  Of  daily  gifts  the  traytor  I  carcfs'd  ? 
'*  For  this,  arrayed  him  in  the  robe  of  power, 
**  And  lodg'd  my  royal  fecrets  in  his  breali  j 
"  O  kindnefs  ill  repay'd  ! 
"  To  bare  the  murdering  blade 
*'  Againft  my  life  !  ■■      may  Heav'n  his  guilt  explore^ 
^*  And  to  my  fufTering  race  their  fplendid  rights  rcilore.*^ 

Kin. 

He  faid,  and  ftalk'd  away.- — Ah  F  Goddefs,  ceafe, 

.  Thus  with  terrific  forms  to  rack  my  brain  ; 
Thefe  horrid  phantoms  make  the  throne  of  Peace, 
And  Reafon  calls  her  boalled  powers  in  vain: 
Then  change  thy  magic  wand. 
Thy  dreadful  troops  difband, 
.  And  gentler  fhapes,  and  fofter  fcenes  difclofe. 
To  meic  the  feeling  heart,  yet  foorh  its  tendered  woe's. 

C  c  3  XIV<  Tht 


390        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 

XIV. 

The  fervent  prayer  was  heard With  hideous  found 

Her  ebon  gates  of  darknefa  open  flew  ; 
A  dawning  twilight  chears  the  dread  profound. 
The  train  of  Terror  vanifties  from  view. 
More  mild  enchantments  rife  ; 
New  fcenes  falute  my  eyes. 
Groves,  fountains,  bowers,  and  temples  grace  the  plain. 
And  turtles  cooe  around,  and  nightingales  complain. 

XV. 
And  every  myrtle  bower  and  cyprefs  grove. 
And  every  folemn  temple  teems  witli  life ; 
Here  glows  the  fcene  with  fond  but  haplefs  love. 
There  with  the  deeper  woes  of  human  ftrife. 
In  groups  around  the  lawn. 
By  fre(h  difafters  drawn. 
The  fad  fpeflators  feem  transfix'd  In  woe. 
And  pitying  fighs  are  heard,  and  heart-felt  forrows  flow* 

xvr. 

Behold  that  beauteous  maid  !  her  languid  head 
Bends  like  a  drooping  lily  charg'd  with  rain  ; 
With  floods  of  tears  fhe  bathes  a  Lover  dead, 
^     In  brave  aflJertion  of  her  honour  flain. 
Her  bofom  heaves  with  fighs. 
To  Heaven  fhe  lifts  her  eyes. 
With  grief  beyond  the  power  of  words  oppreft. 
Sinks  on  the  lifelefs  corfe,  and  dies  upon  his  breaft. 

XVII. 
How  ftrong  the  bands  of  Friendfhip  !  yet,  alas ! 

Behind  yon  mouldering  tower  with  ivy  crown'd. 
Of  two,  the  foremoft  in  her  facred  claff. 

One  from  his  friend  receives  the  fatal  wound  I 
What  could  fuch  fury  move  ? 
Ah,  what  but  ill-ftar'd  love  ! 
The  fame  fair  objeft  each  fond  heart  enthralls. 
And  he,  the  favoured  youth,  her  haplefs  vidim  falls. 

XVIII. 

Can  aught  fo  deeply  fway  the  generous  mind 
To  mutual  truth,  as  female  truft  in  love? 
Then  what  relief  fliall  yon  fair  mourner  find. 

Scorned  by  the  man  who  fhould  her  plaints  remove  ? 
By  fair,  but  falfe  pretence. 
She  loft  her  innocence  ; 
And  that  fweet  babe,  the  fruit  of  treacherous  art, 
Clafp'd  in  her  arms  expires,  and  breaks  the  parent's  heart. 

XIX.     Ah 


POETRY.  39^ 

XIX. 
Ah  !  who  to  pomp  or  grandeur  would  afpire  ? 

Kings  are  riot  raised  above  Misfortune's  frown. 
That  form  fo  graceful  even  in  mean  attire, 
Sway'd  once  a  fcepter,  once  fuftain'd  a  crown. 
From  filial  rage  and  ftrife. 
To  fcreen  his  clofing  life. 
He  quits  his  throne,  a  father's  forrow  feels. 
And  in  the  lap  of  want  his  patient  head  conceals. 

XX. 

More  yet  remained but  lo!  the  pensive  Queen 

Appears  confeft   before   my  dazzled  fight; 
Grace  in  her  fteps,  and  foftnefs  in  her  mien. 
The  face  of  forrow  mingled  with  delight. 
Not  fuch  her  noble  frame. 
When  kindling  into  flame. 
And  bold  in  Virtue's  caufe,  her  zeal  afpires 
To  waken  guilty  pangs^  or  breathe  heroic  fires. 

XXI. 
Aw*d  into  fllence,  my  rapt  foul  attends  ' 

The  Power,  with  eyes  complacent  fajv  my  fear  3 
And,  as  with  grace  ineffably  fhe  hends, 
Thefe  accents  vibrate  on  my  liftening  ear. 
**  Afpiring  fon  of  art 
"  Know,  though  thy  feeling  heart 
*'  Glow  with  thefe  wonders  to  thy  fancy  (hewn, 
•*  Still  may  the  Delian  God  thy  powerlefs  toils  difown. 

XXII. 
"  A  thoufand  tender  fcenes  of  foft  diftrefs 

"  May  fsvell  thy  bread  with  fympathetic  woes, 
**  A  thoufand#fuch  dread  fprms  on  fancy  prefs, 
•*  As  from  my  dreary  realms  of  darknefs  rofe, 
**  Whence  Shakespear's  chilling  fears, 
**  Whence  Otway's  melting  tears — —  1 

'*  That  awful  gloom,  this  melancholy  plain, 
*'  The  tj/ies  of  every  t/yeme  that  fuits  the  tragic  strain. 

XXIII. 
"  But  doft  thou  worfliip  Nature  night  and  morn, 

*'  And  all  due  honour  to  her  precepts  pay? 
**  Canft  thou  the  lure  of  AfFeflation  fcorn, 

**  Pleas'd  in  the  fimpler  paths  of  Truth  to  flray  ? 
*'  Haft  thou  the  Graces  fair 
"  Invok'd  with  ardent  prayer  ? 
"  'Tis  they  attire,  as  Nature  mu;l  impart, 
•**  The  fentiment  fublime,  the  larg  jage  of  the  hcirt. 

Cc4  XXIV.  '«  Thea 


39t        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175S. 

XXIV. 
**  Then  if  creative  Genius  pour  his  ray, 

**  Warm  wilh  inrpirino  influt-nce  on  thy  breaft  ; 
«'  Tafte,  judgment,  fancy,  if  thou  can'A  difplxy, 
**  And  the  deep  fource  of  pafiion  itand  confeft  ; 
*'  Then  may  the  liftening  train, 
"  AfTefted,  feel  ihy  ftrain  ; 
*•  Feel  Grief,  or  Terror,  Rage,  or  Pity  move  ; 
«*  Change  with  thy  varying  fccnes,  and  every  fcene  approve.*^ 

XXV. 
Humbled  before  her  fight,  and  bending  low, 

I  kifsM  the  borders  of  her  crimfon  veil ; 
Eager  to  fpeak,  I  felt  my  bofom  glow. 
Bat  fear  upon  my  lip  her  fcal  impreft. 
While  awe-ilruck  thus  I  flood. 
The  bowers,  the  lawn,  the  wood. 
The  Form  celestial,  fading  on  my  fight, 
DiiTolv'd  iR  liquid  air,  and  fleeting  gleams  of  light. 


Ode  far  his  Majeftf^i  Birth-Day,  No'v.  10,  1758. 

Written  by  William  Whitehead,  Efq  ;  Poet-Laureat,  and  fet  to  mn- 
flc  by  Dr.  Boyce,  Mafter  of  the  King's  Band.  The  vocal  parts  by 
Meff.  Beard,  Savage,  Wafs,  Cowper,  Barrow,  and  the  reft  of  the 
gentlemen  and  children  of  the  chapel  royal  ;  the  inllrumental  by  his 
Majefty's  band,  &c. 

Argument. 

About  the  year  965,  OttobertOy  of  the  family  ofEfe^  paffed from  Italy  into 
Germany y  imth  the  Emperor  Otho  the  Great.  Azo,  his  de/cenda?it,  in  the. 
next  century  y  by  a  marriage  ivith  the  daughter  of  IV elf  us  Count  Alt  dor f 
inherited  the  dominions  of  that  family  in  Suabia.  WelfuSy  a  fen  of  that 
marriage,  in  the  year  1 06 1 ,  recei-ved  the  Dukedom  of  Ba^uaria  frorn  the 
Emperor  Henry  the  IVth.  The-defcendants  of  JVelfus  became  aftcr^vards 
pojejjed  of  thcfe  Duchies  ivhich  lie  befvoeen  the  Elbe  and  the  Weftr 
(Brunfwick,  Wolfenbuttle,  Lujienburgh,  Zell,  Hano^ver,  tffc.J  and  in  the 
year  17 14  George  thefirji^  Dvke  atid  EleSor  of  Hano'uer,  fucceedcd  to  tba 
throne  of,  Great  Britain . 

I. 

^ry  HEN  Othbert  left  th'  Italian  plain, 
^^     And  foft  Atefte's  green  domain 
Atiendant  on  Imperial   fway 
Where  Fame  and  Otho  led  the  way. 

The' 


POETRY.  393 

The   Get^ius  of  the   Julian  hills  ^ 

(Whofe  piny  fummits   nod  with  fnow,; 
Whofe  Naiads  pour  their  thoufand  rills 

To  fwell  th*  exulting  Po) 
An   eager  look  prophetic  call. 
And  hail'd  the  Hero  as  he  pafs'd. 

Hail,  all  hail,  the  woods  replyM, 

And  Echo  on  ^her  airy  tide 
Roird  the  long  murmurs  down  the  mountain's  4de, 

II. 
The  voice  refam*d  again.     "  Proceed, 
Nor  caft  one  Hng'ring  look  behind ; 
By  thofe  who  toil  for  virtue's  meed 
Be  every  fofter  thought  relign'd  ; 
Nor  fecial  home,  nor  genial  air. 
Nor  glowing  funs  are  worth  thy  care; 
New  realms  await  thee  in  a  harlher  fky. 
Thee,  and  thy  chofen  race  from  Azo's  nuptial  tic. 

m. 

'Tis  Glory  wakes;    her  aftive  flame 

Nor  time  fhall  quench,  nor  danger  tame, 

Nor  *  Boia's  ampleft  range  confine, 

Tho'  Guelpho  reigns,  the  Guelphic  line. 
Yon  Northern  Star,  which  dimly  gleams 

Athwart  the  twilight  veil  of  eve. 
Mull  point  their  path  to  diftant  ftreams. 

And  many  a  wreath  (hall  Vid'ry  weave. 
And  many  a  palm  fhall  Fame  difplay 
To  grace  the  warriors  on  their  way. 

Till  regions  bow  to  their  commands 

Where  Albis  widens  thro'  the  lands. 
And  vaft  Vifurgis  fpreads  his  golden  fands. 

IV. 
Nor  reft  tHey  there.     Yon  guiding  fire 

Still  fhines  aloft,  and  gilds  the  main  I 
Not  Lion  t  Henry's  foft  defire 

To  grafp  th'  Italian  realms  again, 

*  Bavaria. 

f  Henry  the  Lion,  Duke  of  Bavarin,  Saxony,  &c.  was  one  of  the  greateft 
heroes  of  the  Xllth  century.  He  united  in  his  own  perfon  the  hereditary  do- 
minions of  five  families.  His  claims  upon  Italy  hindered  him  from  joining  with 
the  Emperor  Frederick  I.  in  his  third  attack  upon  the  Pope  j  tho'  he  had  afliftcd 
him  in  the  two  former.  For  which  he  was  Itripped  of  his  dominions  by  that 
Emperor,  and  died  in  1195,  poilefled  only  of  thofe  duchies  wl)ich  lie  between 
the  Elbe  and  the  Wefer. 

From  this  Henry,  and  a  fifler  or  daughter  of  Henry  II,  of  England,  his  pre- 
fent  Majefty  is  lineally  defcended. 

Nor 


394       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

Nor  warring  winds,  nor  wintry  feas 
Shall  flop  the  progrefs  Fate  decrees : 
For  lo  !  Britannia  calls,  to  happier  coafts. 
And  vales  more  verdant  far  than  foft  Atelle  boafls  I 

V. 
Behold,  with  Euphrafy  I  clear. 
Thy  vifual  nerve,  and  fix  it  there. 
Where,  crown'd  with  rocks  grotefque  and  lleepi 
The  White  Ifle  rifes  o'er  the  deep  ! 
There  Glory  refts.     For  there  arrive 

Thy  chofen  fons ;  and  there  attain 
To  the  firft  title  Fate  can  give. 

The  father  Kings  of  free-born  men  I 
Proceed.     Rejoice.     Defcend  the  vale. 
And  bid  the  future  monarchs  hail ! 

Hail,  all  hail,  the  Hero  cry*d. 
And  Echo  on  her  airy  tide 
Purfu'd  him  murmuring  down  the  mountain's  fide* 

vr. 

'Twas  thus,  O  King,  to  Heroes  old 

The  mountains  breath'd  the  ftrain  divine, 
'Ere  yet  her  volumes  Fame  unroU'd 
To  trace  the  wonders  of  thy  line  ; 
'Ere  Freedom  yet  on  Ocean's  breaft 
Had  northward  fix'd  her  halcyon  neft  ; 
Or  Albion's  oaks  defcending  to  the  main. 
Had  roU'd  her  thunders. wide,  and  claim'd  the  watry  reign* 

VII. 
But  now  each  Briton's  glowing  tongue. 
Proclaims  the  truths  the  Genius  fung  ;  < 

On  Brunfwick's  name  with  rapture  dwells. 
And  hark,  the  gen'rous  Chorus  fwells  1 
**  May  years  and  happy  years  roll  o'er, 
'Till  glory  clofe  the  Ihining  page. 
And  our  ill-fated  fons  deplore 

The  ihortnefs  of  a  Neftor's  age ! 
Hail,  ail  hail,  on  Albion's  plains 
The  friend  of  man  and  freedom  reigns ! 

Echo  waft  the  triumph  round, 
'Till  Gallia's  utmoft  fhores  rebound. 
And  all  her  bulwarks  tremble  at  the  found.'- 


OJg 


POETRY.  395 

Ode  for  the  Nenv  Tear   1759. 

Written  by  William  Whitehead,  Efq;    Poet  Laureat,  and  fet  by  Dr, 
Boyce,  Majier  of  his  Majejiy^s  band  of  mujtc. 

The  njocal  farts  by  Mejf.  Beard,  Savage,  Baildon,  Wafs,  Barro-w,  Ladd, 
Denhaniy  Co'vjper^  and  the  other  gentlemen  and  children  of  the  chapel  royal. 
The  inflrumental  by  Dr.  Nares,  the  King's  band^  ^c. 

Strophe. 

XT  E  guardian  Powers,   to  whofe  command 
*       At  Nature's  Birth,  th'  Almighty  Mind 

The  delegated  tafc  aflignM 
To  watch  o'er  Albion's  favour'd  land. 
What  time  your  hofts  with  choral  lay. 
Emerging  from  its    kindred  deep, 
Applaiifive  hail'd  each  verdant  fteep. 
And  white  rock,  glitt'ring  to  the  new-born  day! 
Angelic  bands,   where'er  ye  rove, 

Whilft  lock'd  in.fleep  creation  lies. 
Whether  to  genial  dews  above 

You  melt  the  congregated  fkies. 
Or  teach  the  torrent  ftreams  below 

To  wake  the  verdure  of  the  vale. 
Or  guide  the  varying  winds  that  blow 
To  fpeed   the  coming  or  the  parting  fail. 
Where'er  ye  bend  your  roving  flight, 
Whilft  now   the  radiant  Lord  of  light 

Winds  to  the  North   his  Aiding  fphere. 
Avert  each  ill,  each  blifs  improve. 
And   teach  the  minutes  as   they  move 
To  blcfs  the  opening  year. 

Antiftrophe. 

Already  Albion's  lifted  fpear 

And  rolling  thunders  of  the  main. 

Which  Juftice'  facred  laws  maintain. 
Have  taught  the  haughty  Gaul  to  fear. 
On   other  earths,   in  other  Ikies, 

Beyond   old  Ocean's  weftern  bound, 

Tho'  bleeds  afreOi   ih'  eternal  wound. 
Again  Britannia's  crofs  triumphant   flies. 

To  Britifti  George,  the  King  of  Ifles, 
The  tribes  that  rove   th'  Acadian  fnows, 

Redeem'd   from  Gallia's  poliih'd  wiles. 

Shall  breathe  their  voluntary  vows : 

WKsre 


396      ANNUAL    REGISTER,   175?. 

Where  Nature  guards  her  laft  retreat. 

And  pkas'd  iVftraea  lingers  ftill, 
While  Faith  yet  triumphi  o'er  Deceit, 
And  Virtue  reigns,  from  ignorance  of  ill. 
Yet  Angel-pow'rs,  tho'  Gallia  bend, 
Tho*  Fame,  with  all  her  wreaths,  attend 

On  bleeding  War's  tremendous  fway. 
The  fons  of  Leifure  ftill  complain. 
And  mufing  Science  fighs  in  vain. 
For  Peace  is  ftill  away. 
Epode. 
Go,  then,  ye  faithful  guides 
Of  her  returning  fteps,  angelic  band^; 
Explore  the  facred  feats  where  Peace  refides^ 
And  waves  her  olive  wand. 
Bid  her  the  waftes  of  War  repair. 
— -  O  fouthward  feek  the  flying  Fair, 
For  not  on  poor  Germania's  harrafs'd  plain. 

Nor  where  the  Viftula's  proud  current  fwells. 
Nor  on  the  borders  of  the  frighted  Seine, 

Nor  in  the  depths  of  Ruflia's  fnows  fhe  dwells  j 
Yet  O,  where'er,  deferting  Freedom's  ifle. 
She  gilds  the  flave's  delufive  toil. 
Whether  on  Ebro's  banks  ftie  ftrays. 
Or  fighing  traces  Taio's  winding  ways^ 
Or  foft  Aufonia'e  fhores  her  feet  detain, 
O  bring  the  wand'rer  back,  with  Glory  in  her  train. 

P'erfestothe  People  of  England,  1 75  8.  ^_yWM .  Wh  i  t  i-  h  e  a  d,  i?/f.  Poet  Laufeat 

-----  Mures  animos  in  martia  Bella 
Ferjibus  exacuit. Hor, 

BRITONS,  roufe  to  deeds  of  death  ? 
Wafte  not  zeal  in  idle  breath, 
Nor  lofe  the  harveil  of  your  fwords 
in  a  civil-war  of  words ! 

Wherefore  teems  the  Ihamelefs  prefs 
With  labour'd  births  of  emptinefs  .^ 
Reas*m7igs  which  no  fads  produce  5 
Eloqjiencey  that  murders  ufe  ; 
Ill-tim'd  Humour^  that  beguiles 
Weeping  ideots  of  their  fmiles ; 
Wity  that  knows  but  to  defame  ; 
And  Satire,  that  profanes  the  name. 

Let  th'  undaunted  Grecian  teach 
The  ufe  and  dignity  of  fpe^ch. 
At  whofe  thunders  nobly  thre  vn 
Shrunk  the  Man  of  Macs. don. 


If 


POETRY. 

Jf  the  ftorm  of  words  muji  rife. 
Let  it  blaft  our  enemies. 
jSure  and  nervous  be  it  hurPd 
On  the  Philips  of  the  world. 
Learn  not  vainly  to  defpife 
(Proud  of  Edward's  vidories  1) 
Warriors  wedg'd  in  firm  array. 
And  navies  powerful  to^difplay 
Their  woven  wings  to  every  wind. 
And  leave  the  panting  foe  behind. 
Give  to  France  the  honours  due, 
France  has  chiefs  and  ftatefmen  too; 
Breafts  which  patriot-paflions  feel. 
Lovers  of  the  common- weal. 
And  when  fuch  the  foes  we  brave. 
Whether  on  the  land  or  wave. 
Greater  is  the  pride  of  war. 
And  the  conqueft  nobler  far. 

Agincourt  and  Crejfy  long 
Have  flouriftiM  in  immortal  fong  ; 
And  lifping  babes  afpire  to  praife 
The  wonders  of  Eliza's  days. 
And  what  elfe  of  late  renown 
Has  added  wreaths  to  Brilain^a  crown; 
Whether  on  th'  impetuous  Rhifie 
She  bade  her  harnefs'd  warriors  Ihine, 
Or  fnatchM  the  dangerous  palm  of  praife 
Where  the  Sambre  meets  the  Mae/e  i 
Or  Danube  rolls  his  wat'ry  train  ; 
Or  the  yellow-trefled  Mayne 
Thro'  Dtttingen&  immortal  vale.        » 
Even  Fonunoy  could  tell  a  tale. 
Might  modell  Worth  ingenuous  fpeak. 
To  raife  a  blufh  on  Vidory's  cheek  ; 
And  bid  the  vanquilh'd  wreaths  difplay 
Great  as  on  Ciilloden'%  day. 

But  glory,  which  afpires  to  laft. 
Leans  not  meanly  on  the  paft. 
*Tis  the  prefent  Now  demands 
Britijh  hearts,  and  Briti/h  hands. 
Curll  be  he,  the  willing  flave. 
Who  doubts,  who  lingers  to  be  brave. 
Curll  be  the  coward  tongue  that  dare 
Breathe  one  accent  of  defpair. 
Cold  as  Winter's  icy  haqd 
Tu  chill  the  Genius  of  the  land. 


S97 


Chieflv 


398       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

Chiefly  you,  who  ride  the  deep. 
And  bid  our  thunders  wake  or  fleepj^' 

As  Pity  pleads,  or  Glory  calls 

Monarchs  of  our  wooden-walls ! 
*Midft  your  mingling  Teas  and  (kles 
Rife  ye  Blakes,  ye  Raleighs  rife  ! 
Let  the  fordid  luft  of  gain 
Be  baniihM  from  the  liberal  main. 
He  who  ftrikes  the  generous  blow. 
Aims  it  at  the  public  foe. 
Let  Glory  be  the  guiding  ftar. 
Wealth  and  honours  follow  her. 

See!  flie  fpreads  her luftre  wide 
O'er  the  vaft  Atlantic  tide ! 
Conftant  as  the  folar  ray 
Points  the  path,  and  leads  the  way ! 
♦  Other  worlds  demand  your  care. 

Other  worlds  to  ^r/Vfl/«  dear; 
Where  the  foe  infidious  roves 
O'er  headlong  ftreams,  and  pathlefs  groves  5 
And  Juftice  fimple  laws  confounds 
With  imaginary  bounds. 

If  protected  Commerce  keep 
Her  tenor  o'er  yon  heaving  deep. 
What  have  we  from  War  to  fear  ? 
Commerce  fleels  the  nerves  of  War; 
Heals  the  havoc  Rapine  makes. 
And  new  ftr^ngth  from  conqueft  takes. 

Nor  lefs  at  home  O  deign  to  fmile, 
Goddefs  of  Britannia^  ifle  ! 
Thou,  that  horn  her  rocks  furvey'ft 
Her  boundlefs  realms  the  wat'ry  wafle; 
Thou,  that  rov'ft  the  hill  and  mead 
Where  her  flocks  and  heifers  feed  ; 
Thou,  that  chear'il  the  induftrious  fwain 
While  he  llrovvs  the  pregnant  grain  ; 
Thou,  that  hear'ft  his  caroU'd  vows 
When  th'  expanded  barn  o'erflows ; 
Thou,  the  bulwark  of  o;ir  caufe. 
Thou,  the  guardian  of  our  laws. 

Sweet  Liberty  ! O  deign  to  fmile, 

Goddefi  of  Britannia's  ifle  ! 

If  to  us  indulgent  Heaven 
Nobler  feeds  of  ftrength  has  given, 
,  Nobler  fliould  the  produce  be  ; 

Brave,  yet  gen'rous,  are  the  iree. 
Come  then,  all  thy  powers  diffufe, 
Goddefs  of  extended  views! 

3  Ev'ry 


P    O,    E    T    R    Y,  399 

Ev'ry  bread  which  feels  thy  flame 
Shall  kindle  into  martial  fame, 
'Till  fhame  fhall  make  the  coward  bold, 
And  Indolence  her  arms  unfold  : 
Ev'n  Avarice  Ihall  proteft  his  hoard. 
And  the  plough-fhare  gleam  a  fword, 

Goddefs,  all  thy  powers  difFufe  ! 
And  thou,  genuine  British  Muse, 
NursM  amidft  the  Druids  old 
Where  De'va*s  wizard  waters  roll'd. 
Thou,  that  bear'ft  the  golden  key 
To  unlock  Eternity, 
Summon  thy  poetic  guard 
Britain  ftill  has  many  a  bard^ 
Whom,  when  Time  and  Death  fhall  join 
T*  expand  the  ore,  and  damp  the  coin. 
Late  pofterity  fhall  own 

Lineal  to  the  Mufe's  throne 

Bid  them  leave  th'  inglorious  theme 

Of  fabled  fhade,  or  haunted  flream. 

In  the  dalfy-painted  mead     ' 

'Tis  to  Peace  we  tune  the  reed; 

But  when  fVar^s  tremendous  roar 

Shakes  the  ifle  from  fhore  to  fhore. 

Every  bard  of  purer  fire 

7yrtaus-\ike  fhould  grafp  the  lyre; 

Wake  with  verfe  the  hardy  deed, 

Qr  in  the  generous  flrife  like  f  Sidney  bleed. 


t   Sir  Philip  Sidney,   mortally  wounded  in  an  aftlon  near  Zutphen,   >n 

ciderhnd. 


Ode 


K 


40O        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 

Ode  a  S.  M.  le  Koi  ^tf  Prusse. 
Par  M.  DE  Voltaire. 


Ode  to  the  Kinj^  <?/  P  r  u  s  s  I  a  . 
By  M.  DE  Voltaire. 


•pRINCE  valllant  &  niagnaninpe, 
*     Afiailli  d'ennemis  cruels 
Dont  tu  fais  arracher  Teftime, 
Heros  digne  de  leurs  autels  : 
Je  lens  une  fiireur  divine 
Qui  rae  prefi'e,  qui  me  doraiiie, 
Je  cede  a  fa  bruiante  ardeur. 
Recois  mon  homage  fmceiQ : 
Grand  Frederic !  0  doit  de  plaire, 
C'eft  le  pur  homage  du  coeur.  . 

Deja  la  politique  afFreufe, 
Monftre  afFame  de  grands. forfaits, 
Dans  fa  caverne  tenebreufe 
A  concu  les  phis  noira  prafets. 
L' Ambition  a  Toeil  perfide, 
La  Jaloufie  au  teint  livide, 
Dnt  prefide  dans  fon  confeil. 
Beilone,  fombre  &  menacante, 
D'une  guerre  irijufte  &  fanglante 
Prepare  rhorribieappareil. 

De  trois  puiflances  redoqtable 
Je  vois  s'unir  les  etendarts  : 
Du  foldat  les  cris  eflVoyables 
RetentifTent  de  toute  part : 
Plein  d'une  courage  mercenaire, 
II  arme  fon  bras  ianguinaire. 
Ah  !  mon  coeur  ell  faifi  dVfFroi— « 
Prince  !  Tennemi  t'environne — 
11  va  t'en}ever  la  couronne. 
Qjii  la  meritc  mieux  que  toi  ? 

Dans  une  tranquille  retraite 
Goutant  les  douceurs  de  la  paix, 
5i  grande  ame  ne  s'inquicte 
Que  du  bonheur  de  fes  fujets. 
La  fondre  gronde  lur  fa  tete. 
La  plus  effrayante  tempete 
Soulevc  conue  lui  les  flots  : 
II  perce-enfin  I'epais  nunge, 
Son  oeil  etonne  voit  Forage, 
Mais  il  le  contemple  en  heros. 

p  vous  dont  Tardeur  temeraire 
Va  femcr  le  trouble  &  Thorreur, 
Un  foi  que  fen  peupis  revere, 
Un  roi  qu'il  porte  dans  fon  cocur, 
Tombera-t-il  votre  viflime  ? 
Kt  fera-t-il  dit  que  le  crime 
Js'immcie  toutes  les  vertus  ? 


Nons 


r\  Thou  !  ^A'hoft:  mighty  mind  difdalns 
^^  Of  life  the  frauds,  and  fears,  and 

pains  ; 
Thou,  whom  thy  foes,  in  fpite  of  hate, 
Kevere  at  heart,  and  call  The  Great, 
I  feel  the  facred  phrenzy.llrong, 
Which  rules  ine  and  coaipels  thefong; 
Accept  the  Ihains  that  iiow  fmcere. 
Such  fb-^tt«  thy  virtues  ought  to  hear. 


Deep  in  ^ev  gloomy  cdl  retir'd. 
With  tuft  of  dreadful  mffchiefs  fir'd. 
Fell  Cunning  plots  tocurfe  mankind, 
With  half  the  powers  of  hell  combined: 
Ambition  with  her  double  view. 
And  Jealoufy  of  pallid  hue  ; 
The  project  form'd,  Ectkna  rears 
Her  horrid  front  diffufing  fears, 
For  War  prepares,  injurious  War, 
And  frowning  mounts  her  iron  car. 

Three  mighty  pov/'rs  t4ieir  ftandards 
bring. 
The  foldiers  fhout,  the  valleys  ring  j 
The  ruthlefs  hand  which  fights  for  hire, 
Is  ftretch'd  to  fee  the  work!  on  fire : 
Fear  chills  my  heart  and  dims  my  eyes  j 
O  Prince,  thy  foes  furround thee!  rife! 
They  come  tofnatch  thy  crown!  beware! 
For  who  thy  crown  deferves  to  wear  ? 


Reclin'd  in  foft  fcrene  repfjfe, 
And  bleil  with  all  that  Peace  bcftows ; 
The  Prince  no  asxious  cares  diftreil, 
Ey  bleffing  wifliful  to  be  bldl, 
VVhen  o'er  his  head  the  thunder  roars. 
The  founding  billows  laAi  the  ftiorcs. 
The  clouds  difpart,  the  ftorm  appears, 
He  fees  furpriz'd,  furpriz'd  he  hears  j 
Yet  with  calm  wonder  weighs  thefcenc, 
As  heroes  ufe,  fedatc  1  fcrene  I 

Ye  hoftile  bands,  who  raflily  dare 
To  fcntter  wide  the  pl.igues  of  war. 
Can  Frederic  fall  by  your  dccl-ces, 
Who  lives  in  ev'ry  heart  he  fees  ? 
For  Vice  fhall:  every  Virtue  die. 
To  pile  her  impious  altars  high  ? 

Ko  I 


POETRY 


k 


Non  :  Trederic  a  vu  Ifs  trames 
Onrdies  an  fond  de  vos  ames  : 
Tous  vos  projets  fent  confondus. 

Soldats,  un  ennemi  parjure, 
Dont  rambiiion  eft  la  loi, 
Vous  fait  la  plus  fanglante  injure, 
II  ofe  attaquer  votre  Roi. 
11  vient  fe  montrer  a  vos  portes  s 
Deja  fes  nombreufes  cohortes 
Repandent  partout  la  terreur  ; 
Soutenez  la  plus  jufte  caufe, 
Sur  vous  Frederic  fe  repofe  j 
Si  vous  Taimez  il  eft  vainqueur. 

II  dit.     Son  courage  intrepide 
PaflTe  dans  Tame  des  foldats  : 
Et  chacun  d'eux,  nouvel  Alcide, 
Brule  de  voler  aux  combats. 
Autrichien  vain  &  farouche, 
Oui,  rinfolence  eft  dans  ta  bouche, 
Mais  TepouvaTite  eft  dans  ton  cceur  ; 
Francois,  ta  valeur  fi  vantee 
Devant  le  Pruflien  eft  glacee  : 
Tout  difparoit  jufqu'a  rhonneur. 

Jadis  les  enfans  de  la  terre, 
Les  tyrans  fiers  audacieux, 
Oferent  declarer  la  guerre 
Au  iouverain  maitre  des  dieux  : 
Deja  leu    fureur  arrogante 
Levoii  une  main  triomphante. 
Jupiter  tonne,  ils  font  vaincus. 
Toi,  Frederic  J  en  ta  colere 
Tu  jettes  un  regarde  fevere, 
Tes  ennemis  font  eptrdus. 

Aux  plaintes  de  la  Germanic 
L'orgueil  Francois  eftccrafe  ; 
Frederic  vole  en  Silefie, 
L' Autrichien  eft  terraffe ; 
Ses  foldats  lancent  ils  la  foudre  ? 
lis  paroiftent,  tout  eft  en  poudre. 
La  viftoire  eft  devant  leurs  pas, 
Non,  il  n'eft  rien  la  qui  m'etonne. 
II  faut  que  les  fucces  couroniie 
Des  heros  que  foutient  fon  bras. 

Et  toi,  feroce  Mofcovite, 
Tu  ciains  d'afFrontcr  fa  valeur  : 
Une  prompte  et  heureufe  fuite 
Te  fouftrait  a  fon  bras  vangeur. 
Va  raconter  dans  les  provinces 
Que  le  plus  augufte  de  princes 
A  ()our  foldats  des  demi  dieux  : 

Vol.  I.  Que 


401 

No,  Frederic  fees  the  latent  fnare. 
And  all  your  projefts  mix  with  air* 


Soldiers,  faid  he,  alawlefs  powV 
With  war  profines  the  peaceful  hour; 
Your  King  afTails,  invades  his  gates, 
An"<  fhakei  with  terror  all  his  ftates. 
Support  my  caufe,  my  caufe  is  juft  $ 
In  you  your  Frederic  puts  his  truft  ; 
Of  all  his  wifti,  your  love,  poffcft. 
Of  conqueft  fure,  your  King  is  bleft. 


He  faid,  and  foon  the  facred  fire 
Thatwarmshisbreaft,histroop8  acquire, 
A  new  Alcides  now  in  might. 
Each  burns  impatient  for  the  fight. 
Proud  Aujiria  ftill  in  threats  is  brave. 
But  finks  at  heart ;  to  fear  a  flave  j 
Oi France  the  boaftcd  valour's  fled  [dread: 
The  Pruffian  comes,  (he's  chill'd  with 
Even  honour  frighted,  quits  her  breaft. 
Her  lov'd,  her  long  familiar  gueft. 

When  erft  the  fons  of  Earth  arofe. 
Of  mighty  Jo've  th'audacious  foes. 
The  God  ferene,  in  awful  ftate. 
Launched  the  red  bolt,  their  inftant  fate; 
So  when  with  headlong  fury  fir'd. 
To  Fredericks  crown  his  foes  afpirM, 
The  hero  frowj^'d  with  martial  grace. 
And  fwift  they  vanilh'd  from  the  place. 


Germania  fighs,  her  voice  is  heard. 
And  France  chaftis'd,  no  mpre  is  fear'd; 
To  aid  Silejxaj  Frederic  flies, 
An.i  low  on  earth  proud  Aujiria  lies. 
Does  ^oo'^  his  troops  wit.;  thunder  truft? 
They  march— and  foes  andtow'rs  arc  duft. 
Before  them  Vift'ry  wings  her  way. 
And  ftays  where'er  the  heroes  ftay. 
What  fecret  caufe thefe  wonders  breeds? 
No  wonders  thefe— For  Frederic  leads. 

Fierce  RuJ^a  fear'd  his  piercing  fight. 
And  fav'd  her  troops  by  timely  flight. 
Ye  fugitives,  proclaim  around 
What  demi-gods  corabin'd  ye  found  ; 


Bd 


That 


402       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 


Que  fon  nom  feul  en  fon  abfence, 
ProdXiit  i'cfFet  de  fa  preferice, 
Et  que  fon  ame  vlt  en  eux. 


Ces  evenemens  mcmorables 
Que  celebra  Tantiquite 
Ne  feront  plus  d'illuflres  fables 
Aux  yeux  de  la  polterite. 
Hommes  courages  invincibles, 
Tous  vos' fairs  Incomprehenftbles 
Etonneroient-ils  nos  efprits 
Quand  nous  voyons  de  votre  glolre 
Les  rayons,  epars  dans  Thiftoire, 
En  Frederic  feul  reunls. 

Met's  fin  a  tres  travaux  fans  nombre, 
Termine  tes  exploits  guerriers, 
Et  viens  te  repofer  a  Tombre, 
Frederic,  de  tant  de  lauriers, 
Donne  a  TEurope  defolee 
Une  paix  que  foit  alfuree, 
Qu'elie  la  tienne  du  vainqueur. 
Le  triumphe  le  plus  illuftie 
N'aquiert-il  pas  fon  dernier  luftre 
Quand  il  ramene  lebonheur  ? 

De  tout  un  peuple  qui  t'adore 
Lorlique  les  voeux  font  exauces, 
Voudroistu  qu'il  fremit  encore 
En  voyant  Jes  jours  expofes  ? 
Acheve  la  plus  belle  vie, 
En  eclairant  par  ton  genie 
Des  fujefts  fauves  par  ton  bras. 
Remonte  la  lyre  d'Horace, 
Sois  Apollon  furle  Parnaffe 
Comme  tu  fus  Mars  aux  combats. 


That  Frederic''^  name  his  place  lupplies* 
And  withers  nations  as  they  rife  j 
•That  all  his  foul  difFusM  infpires 
Eachbreaft  with  more  than  mortal  fires* 

What  raptur'd  bards,  in  times  of  old. 
Of  demi-gods  and  heroes  told, 
No  more  fhall  pafs  for  Iplendid  dreams^ 
Inf^ir'd  by  rich  Pierean  itieams. 
Ye  mighty  dead,  we  doubt  no  more 
The  feats  your  arms  atchiev'd  of  yore  j 
Your  envy'd  glory's  fcatter'd  rays, 
Combin'd  in  Frujfia's  monarch,  blaze. 


O  Frederic,  fpeed  the  blifsful  hour. 
When  all  thy  foes  ftiall  own  thy  ppw'ri 
When  yet  once  more  at  eafe  reclin'd. 
Thy  tranquil  fmileslhallblefs  mankind. 
Her  peace  from  thee  let  Europe  claim. 
Peace  gives  the  vi6lor's  utmoft  fame  : 
That  fame  which  conquefts  ne'er  be- 

flow, 
Won  but  to  wafte  the  world  below. 


O  !  why,  belov'd,  admlr'd,  adcr'd. 
Thy  life  with  endlefs  pray'rs  implor'd  ? 
Why  ftiould  whole  realms  with  panting 

breath. 
Still  watch  thee  thro'  the  fields  of  death  ? 
O  let  thy  days  in  peace  decline. 
Thy  life  and'  death  alike  divine  ; 
Whom  valour  fav'd,  let  genius  cheer, 
Refume  the  lyre  we  joy  to  hear  j 
And  beam  around  thy  lov'd  domain 
The  rays  of  mental  light  again. 
Thy   world's    great   Phcebus,    known* 

from  far. 
Its  Mars  before  fupreme  in  war. 


"I'he 


POETRY.  403 


The  following  Copy  of  Ferfes  of  the  King  of  PruJJia,  were  prefented  hy  him  to 
Mr,  Profejfor  Qottfched at  Leipfic^  the  I'^th  day  ofOMer,  1 757. 

T    E  Ciel,  en  difpcnfant  fes  dons 

-■-^  Ne  les  prodigue  point  d'une  main  liberalc, 

II  nous  refufe  plus  que  nous  ne  recevons  : 

Pour  tout  peuple  a  peu  pres  fa  faVfeur  eft  egalc. 

Les  Francors  font  legeres,  les  Anglois  font  profonds  ; 

Et  s*il  denie  a  Tun  ce  qu'il  accorde  a  Tautre  ; 
L'amour  propre,  en  changeant,  en  roies  fes  chardons, 

Au  talent  du  voifin  fait  prefere  le  notre. 

Sparte  pofledoit  la  valeur, 

Mars  fe  plut  d'y  former  de  fameux  Capitaines, 
Tandis  que  la  molle  douceur 

Des  arts  &  des  talens  rcfpiroit  dans  Athenes. 

Dc  Sparte  nos  vaillans  Gcrmains 
Ont  recueilli  Tantique  gloire : 
Combien  des  grands  exploits  ont  place  en  leurhiftoire. 

Mais  s'ils  ont  trouve  les chemins, 
A  travers  les  perils,  au  temple  de  Memoire, 

Les  ileurs  fe  fanent  dans  leurs  mains 
Dont  ils  couronnentla  vidoire. 

C*eft  a  toi,  le  Cygne  Saxon 

D*arracher  ce  talent  a  la  nature  avare, 

D'adoucir,  par  tes  foins,  d*une  langue  barbare 
La  dure  apretc  de  fes  tons ; 

Ajoute  par  les  chants  que  ta  mufe  prepare, 

Aux  lauriers  des  vainqueurs,  dont  le  Germain  fe  pare 
Les  plus  beaux  lueriers  d'Apollon. 


D  d  z  Paredit 


404       ANN;UAL  REGISTER,   1758, 


Parole  fur  Us  Vers  precedens, 

T   E  Ciel  en  difpenfant  fes  dons, 

^^  Fut  prodiguc  pour  vous,  Monarque  incomparable! 

Par  les  talens  de  Mars,  &  par  ceux  d  Apollon, 

Aux  iiecles  a  verir  il  vous  rend  refpeftable. 

Si  d'un  Francois  leger,  d'un  Anglois  tres  profond, 

Le  charaftere  outre  leur  attire  dii  blame  ; 

Le  votre  en  equilibre,  et  toujours  fans  paflion, 

Ne  nous  trace  partout  que  fens  &  grandeur  d'ame. 

C*eft  fous  vosetendarts,  Monarque  valeureux. 
Que  Mars  forme  a  prefent  de  fameux  Capitaines  : 
Vos  Germains,  animes  par  vos  faits  glorieux, 
TernifTent  tout  I'eclat  de  la  grandeur  Romainc, 
Les  arts  &  le  favoir  dans  Athenes  nourris, 
Vont  chercher  au  milieu  de  vos  braves  cohortes 
Un  afile  aflure,  et  fiers  de  cette  efcorte 
Suivent  tranquillement  leur  protcfteur  cheri. 
C'eft  ainfi,  Prince  unique  en  vos  travaux  guerriers, 
Qu'  avcc  un  livre  en  main  vous  cueilles  des  lauriers, 
LaiiTant  a  ces  temoins  d'une  immortelle  gloire^ 
Le  foin  de  mediter  la  plus  parfait  hiftoire. 
Ufez  de  ces  talens  I  mais  que  bientot  vos  faits 
Ceignent  fe  front  facre  de  I'olive  de"paix  ! 
Donnez  nous  la,  Grand  Roi ;  furmontes  toutobflaclfy 
£t  laiiTez  nous  le  foin  de  crier  au  miracle. 


Tranjlation  of  the  King  of  Prujpa's  Verfes  to  Profejfor  Gottfchel 

WITH  bounteous  yet  with  frugal  hand. 
Its  mental  gifts  judicious  Heav'n 
Deals  near  alike  to  every  land, 

Tho*  diiFcrent  kinds  to  each  arc  giv'n. 

The  French  of  airy  genius  prove, 

Britannia^  fons  profound  are  known  : 
CharmM  by  the  magic  of  felf-love, 

£ach  prizes,  each  prefers  his  own* 


Irt 


POETRY.  405 

In  Sparta,  once  for  arms  renown'd. 

Mars  train'd  his  nobleft  fons  of  fame ; 
Politeft  arts  and  manners  crown'd, 

With  Attic  fweets,  the  Athenian  name. 

From  LaceJdemon*&  hardy  race 

Our  Germans,  fir'd  with  martial  rage, 
Daunrlefs  to  fame,  thro'  danger,  preft. 

Ennobled  in  th'  hilloric  page. 

Bat  foon  their  flow'ry  garlands  fade. 

And  wither  from  the  public  view  ; 
No  tuneful  bard*s  reforming  aid 

Their  harih  neglected  language  knew. 

This  talk,  Saxonian  Sivan  /  be  thine  ; 

Thy  native  tongue,  with  powerful  art. 
In  niggard  nature's  fpight,  re$ne. 

And  fweetly- melting  founds  ippart. 

In  Heliconian  ftrains  aflume. 

And  fwell  our  German  Heroes  praife  : 
Immortal  (hall  their  laurels  bloom, 

Entwin'd  with  thy  ParnaJJian  ba^s. 


The  Profejfor'*!  Anfwer. 

HEaven  that  dillinguifhes  but  few. 
Was  lavilh,  matchleifs  Prince  !  tp  ypu  ; 
It  graced  you  with  the  mingled  charms. 
Of  wifdom,  poetry,  arid  arms. 
And  bade  you,  thus  adorn'd,  engage 
The  wonder  of  each  future  age  : 
It  form'd  you  in  that  happy  mean 
Thofe  blameable  extremes  between. 
Of  Britijh  genius  too  profound. 
And  French,  for  levity  renown'd,  , 

Hence,  nicely  poiz'd,  and  well  refin'd* 
True  grandeur  dignifies  your  mind  ; 
No  clouds  of  paffion  ever  roll, 
T*  obfcure  the  brightnefs  of  your  foul. 

Mars  now,  where- e*er  your  ftandards  fly. 
Submits  to  your  corrective  eye, 
And  forms,  as  in  his  nobleil  fchools. 
Hit  heroes  by  your  better  rules  ; 

D  d  3  And 


4o6         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

And  hence  your  Germans  rife  in  fame 
Superior  to  the  Roman  name. 
Long  exilM  fronr»  their  native  home 
TWJthenian  Mu/es  forc*d  to  roam 
In  fear<;h  of  fome  beloved  retreat, 
Amidft  your  cohorts,  fix  their  feat, 
Tranfported,  your  behefts  obey. 
And  follow  where  you  lead  the  way. 
Fami's  g  eeneft  laureat-wreath  you  feize. 
And  pluck,  ferene  in  learned  eafe. 
Leaving  th'  hiftorians  of  your  age, 
T'  infcribe  you  on  th'  inimorfal  page. 
Thefe  godlike  talents  ufe — and  foon 
May  fmiling  Peace^   (celeftial  boon  !) 
Her  blooming  olives  all  divine 
Around  )our  facred  temples  twine. 
This  blefling,  mighty  Prince  !     bellow. 
And  every  obftacle  overthrow, 
While,  with  poetic  raptures  warm*d, 
I  fing  the  wonders  you*ve  perform'd. 


Rotterdam,  Jan.   24,    1758.  B.  S< 


Ode  in   the  Second  A&  of  Jgis,   a  Trizgedy,  as  it  nvas  performed  at  tht 
Theatre- Royal  in  Drury-lane, 


Mrs,  Prltchard. 
'1117' OES  approach,  till  now  unknown, 
^^     Difcord  (hakes  the  Spartan  throne, 
Keav'n  avert  the  ills  we  fear  ! 
Jove,  from  high  Olympus,  hear  ! 

Chorus. 
Ever  may  his  mighty  arm 
Save  the  Spai-tan  (late  from  harm  1 
Ne'er  may  proud  invaders  boaft 
Glory  from  our  glory  loft. 
Light,  O  Jove,  that  facred  fire 
Which  did  Sparta's  fons  infpire. 
When  the  Prince  and  People  flrove. 
Burning  with  their  country's  love. 
yi.t^y,e^iy  lord  of  great  alarms, 
Xerxes  rouz'd  the  world  to  arms. 

Plied  of  Jupiter,   Mr.  Champnefs. 
The  earth   was  troubled  at  ^is  hoft, 
The  fprings  were  dry'd,  the  rivers  loft : 

Eat 


POETRY.  407 

But  Spartan  valour  check'd  his  pride, 
A   flender  band  his  boll  defy'd  : 
Thermopylie,   (immortal   name  !) 
Beheld  the  Perlian  tyrant's  ftiame. 

Chorus  of  all. 
There  the  brave  three  hundred  dy'd. 
Faithful  by  their  Prince's  fide, 
There  they  conquer'd   tho'  they  dy*d. 
pried  of  Hercules,  Mr.  Beard* 
On  earth  below,  in  heav'n  above, 
Rever'd,  vidorious,  ion  of  Jove  ! 
Htar,  Alcides,  hear  our  pray'r. 
Thy  godlike  offspring  claims  thy  care. 

Chorus. 
Agis  of  thy  race  divine, 
Try'd  in  labours  like  to  thine. 
Undaunted,  like  thee,  with  monfters  he  flrives  ; 
The  fierceft  of  Hydras  in  fadlion  revives. 
J;'  he  falls  a  facrifice. 
Never  more  iball  Sparta  rife  ! 

Ode  in  the  Fifth  Aa. 

Mr.    Garrick, 

MOURN,  ye  fons  of  Sparta,  mourn^ 
Pour  the  fad  lamenting  ftrain, 
Wrrtched  people  !  land  forlorn  1 
Mourn   the  beft  of  Princes  (lain. 

Prieft  of  Jupiter,   Mr.   Champnefs, 
He  fell  not  as  the  warrior  falls, 
Whofe  bread  defends  the  native  walls  j . 
To  treafon  Agis  bow'd  his  head. 
And  by  his  guilty  fubjedls  bled  : 
Betray'd  by  thofe  his  mercy  fpar'd  ; 
Ingratitude  was  his  reward. 

Prieft  of  Hercules,  Mr.  Beard» 
Yet  Agis  triumph'd  in  his  fall  ; 
For  Virtue  triumphs  over  all  ; 
Great,  fuperior  to  his  fate. 
He  only  griev'd  for  Sparta's  ftate  : 
"When  Jove  decrees  a  nation's  doom. 
He  calls  their  heroes  to  the  tomb. 
Fearlefs  they  fall,  immortal  rife. 
And  claim  the  freedom  of  the  fkies. 

Chorus. 
Agis  triumph'd  in  his.  fall. 
Virtue  triumphs  over  all  ! 
Such  a  King  fliall  ne'er  return. 
Our  country  and  ourfelvei  we  mourn, 

D  d  4  Chorus 


4oS         ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758. 

Chorus  of  all. 

Now  in  peace  our  hero  lies, 
Ceas'd  his  toil,  his  race  is  run  j 
Freedom  is  the  glorious  prize 
Agis  for  his  people  won. 

An  Epitaph  upon  JohnnY  A-rmstrong. 

HERE   lies  the  mortal  part  of  poor  Johnny  Armftrong, 
Who  from  his  fetting  out  in  life 
Gave  an  early  promife  of  what  he  after  wardi?  pcrfornied. 
He  enter'd  upon  the  ferviceof  the  field 
With  incredible  intrepidity. 
And  run  for  a  few  years 
Almoftan  uninterruptedcourfe  of  vidlories. 
He  got  the  ftart  of  every  thing  that  oppos'd  him, 
Was  more  expeditious, than  Caifar, 
And  was  never  known  to  infult  thofe  he  had  conquered  ; 
Or  detraft  from  thofe,  who  were  fuperior  to  himfelf. 
His  temper  was  always  equal. 
Never  too  much  elated  with  fuccefs. 
Or  dejeded  in  diftrefs  : 
His  numerous  conquefts  tcftify  the  former, 
And  the  fcarcity  of  his  defeats  is  fufficient  to  certify  the  latter. 
He  wanted  no  other  four. 
Than  his  own  ambition  ^nd  thiril  of  glory  : 
If  they  at  any  time  hurried  him  on  too  raflily. 
He  could  patiently  bear  the  curb  of  him. 
Who  was  fet  over  him. 
To  fum  qp  his  public  charader  in  a  few  words ; 
If  any  body  ever  was. 
He  certainly  was  cut  out  by  Nature  for  the  field. 

In  which  fervice  he  perfevered  to  his  dying  day, 
A  credit  to  his  mafter,  and  an  honour  to  his  country. 

Reader,  however  you  may  admire  his  public  charader,  hi^  private  life  will 
much  more  charm  you.  All  his  good  qualities  were  entirely  the  gift  of 
Nature;  and  like  a  true  Houyhnhmny  he  never  fpoke  the  thing  which  was 
not.  Want  of  humanity  was  never  objeded  to  him  by  fuch  as  properly 
confidered  the  rank  of  life  he  filled.  He  was  moderate  ;  neither  coflly, 
nor  mean  in  his  diet;  fober  even  to  abftinence,  for  he  was  never  known 
to  drink  a  glafs  of  wine  in  his  life ;  or  eat  of  more  than  one,  or  two 
things  at  molt  at  a  meal ;  fo  virtuous  that  he  never  knew  woman.  He 
was  rather  tall  in  his  perfon,  of  excellent  parts,  well  proportioned,  and 
of  a  beautiful  complexion.  If  he  had  any  religion,  it  was  the  religion  of 
nature  ;  but  the  whole  tenor  of  his  life  fhews  he  was  no  atheift.  And  if 
he  did  not  live  in  the  obfervance  of  all  the  commandments,  it  is  but 
juftice  to  bis  afhes  to  fay,  he  never  broke  one  of  them  to  his  dying  day. 
Wind/or,  Tranjlation, 


POETRY,  465 

Tranjlatiou  of  a  French  Ode  in  hloyd^s  E<vemng-Poft» 

SOUBISE  and  Lorrajn  in difpute 
Concerning  their  haplefs  mifchance : 
To  the  gcn'ral  of  Auftna,  thus  fald 
The  doughty  commander  of  France. 

*  That  you  alyvays  are  vanquifli'd,  d,ear  Charles, 

*  Surprifes  m,e  nor,  by  my  trptji : 
<  F^^r  Frederic,  you  know,  eutre  nms, 

*  Is  more  than  a  match  for  us  both. 

*  But  at  Breilau  how  came  you  to  leave 

*  So  many  brave  men  in  difgrace  ? 

*  Maifoi !  I'd  have  led  them  all  off, 

*  It  I  had  been  th^ere  in  your  place.' 

"  True,  anfwer'd  Lorrain,  I  agree, 

**  This  yoa,  with  your  Frenciimen,  had  done: 

**  And  mine  too  had  got  clear  away, 
*•  li  they,  like  the  French,  could  have  raw.'* 

Ode  on   Death,     Tranjlated  from  the  French  pf  the  King  ^  Pruffta,  fy 

Dr.     HaWK£3  WORTH. 

YET  a  few  years,  or  days  perhaps. 
Or  moments  pafs  in  filent  lapfe. 
And  time  to  me  fliall  b?  no  more; 
No  more  the  fun  thefe  eyes  (hall  view ; 
Earth  o'er  thefe  limbs  her  duft  Ihall  Ilrew, 
And  life's  f^ntaftic  dream  be  o'er, 

Alas!  I  touch  the  dreadful  brink. 
From  Nature's  verge  impell'd  I  fink. 

And  endlefs  darknefs  wraps  me  round ! 
Yes,  death  is  ever  at  my  hand. 
Fall  by  my  bed  he  takes  his  (land. 

And  conflant  at  my  board  is  found. 
Earth,  air,  and  fire,  and  water  join 
Againll  this  fleeting  life  of  mine. 

And  where  for  fuccour  can  I  fly  ? 
If  Art  with  flatt'ring  wiles  pretend 
To  fhield  me  like  a  guardian  friend. 

By  Art,  ere  Nature  bids,  I  die, 

I  fee  this  tyrant  of  the  mind. 
This  idol  flefh,  to  dull  confign'd. 

Once  call'd  from  dull  by  Pow'r  divine ; 
Its  features  change,  'tis  pale,  'tis  cold— • 
Hence,  dreadful  fpedlre  !  to   behold 

Thy  afpeA,  is  to  make  it  mine. 

And 


410     A  N  N  U  A  L   R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,    1758. 

And  can  I  then  with  guilty  pride, 
Which  fear  nor  fliame  can  quel!  nor  hide. 

This  flefh  iHli  pamper  and  adorn ! 
Thus  viewing  what  I  (oon  Jhall  he ^ 
Can  what  I  am  demand  the  knee, 

Or  look  on  aught  around  with  fcorn  ? 

But  then  this  fpark  that  warms,  that  guides, 
That  lives,  that  think%  what  fate  betides  ? 

Can  this  be  duft,  a  kneaded  clod  ! 
This  yield  to  death  !  the  foul,  the  mind. 
That  meafures  heav'n,  and  mounts  the  wind. 
That  knows  at  once  itfelf  and  God  ! 

Great  Caufe  of  all,  above,  below, 
Who  k'^ows  Thee,  mull  for  ever  know. 

Immortal  and  divine  ! 
Thy  image  on  my  foul  impreft. 
Of  endlefs  being  is  the  tell. 

And  bids  Eternity  be  mine! 

Tranfporting  thought ! — but  am  I  fure 
That  endlefs  life  will  joy  fecure? 

Joys  only  to  the  juft  decreed  ! 
The  guilty  wretch,  expiring,  goes 
Where  vengeance  endlefs  life  beftows, 

That  endlefs  miiery  may  fucceed. 

\ Great  God  !  how  awful  is  the  fcene  ! 
A  breath,  a  tranfient  breath  between  ; 

And  can  I  jeft,  and  laugh,  and  play  ? 
To  earth,  alas!  too  firmly  bound, 
Trees  deeply  rooted  in  the  ground. 

Are  fhiver'd  when  theyVe  torn  away. 

Vain  joys,  which  cnvy'd  greatnefs  gains. 
How  do  you  bind  with  filken  chains. 

Which  alk  Herculean  ftrength  to  break ! 
How  with  new  terrors  have  ye  arm'd 
The  pow'r  whofe  flighteft  glance  alarmM  ! 

How  many  deaths  of  one  ye  make. 

Yet,  dumb  with  wonder  I  behold 
Man's  thoughtlefs  race,  in  error  bold. 

Forget  or  icorn  the  lanvs  of  Death  ; 
With  thefe  no  projefts  coincide. 
Nor  vows,  nor  toils,  nor  hopes,  //^^  guide,  • 

Each  thinks  he  draws  immortal  breath. 

Each,  blind  to  fate's  approaching  hour. 
Intrigues,  or  fights,  for  wealth  or  pow'r, 

5  And 


POETRY.  411 

And  flumb'ring  dangers  dare  provoke  ; 
And  he,  who  tottering  fcarce  fuftains 
A  cent'ry's  age,  plans  future  gains. 

And  feels  an  unexpeded  llroke. 

Go  on,  unbridled  defp'rare  band. 

Scorn  rocks,  gulphs,  winds,  fearch  fea  and  land. 

And  fpoil  new  worlds  wherever  found. 
Seize,  hafte  to  feize,  the  glitt'ring  prize. 
And  fighs  and  tears,  and  pray'rs  defpife. 

Nor  fpare  the  temple's  holy  ground. 
They  go,  fucceed  ;  but  look  again. 
The  defp'rate  band  you  feek  in  vain. 

Now  Irod  in  dull  the  peafant's  fcorn. 
But  who  that  faw  their  treafures  fwell. 
That  heard  the  infatiate  vow  rebel, 

Wou'd  e'er  have  thought  them  mortal  born? 
See  the  world's  Vidor  mounts  his  car. 
Blood  marks  his  progrefs  wide  and  far. 

Sure  he  fhall  reign  while  ages  fly; 
No,  vanifliM  like  a  morning  cloud. 
The  Hero  was  but  juft  allow'd 

To  fight,  to  conquer,  and  to  die. 
And  is  it  true,  I  alk  with  dread. 
That  nations  heap'd  on  nations  bled 

Beneath  his  chariot's  fervid  wheel, 
"With  trophies  to  adorn  the  fpoc 
Where  his  pale  corfe  was  left  to  rot. 

And  doom'd  the  hungry  reptile's  meal? 

Yes,  Fortune,  weary'd  with  her  play. 
Her  toy,  this  Hero,  cafts  away, 

And  fcarce  the  form  of  Man  is  feen  ; 
Awe  chills  my  breaft,  my  eyes  o'erflow. 
Around  my  brows  no  rofes  glow. 

The  cyprefs  mine,  funereal  green ! 

Yet  in  this  hour  of  grief  and  fears. 
When  awful  Truth  unveil'd  appears. 

Some  pow'r  unknown  ufurps  my  breaft  ; 
Back  to  the  world  my  thoughts  are  led  ! 
My  feet  in  Folly's  lab'rinth  tread. 

And  Fancy  dreams  that  life  is  bleft. 
How  weak  an  Emprefs  is  the  Mind, 
Whom  Pleafure's  flow'ry  wreaths  can  bind. 

And  captive  to  her  alrars  lead  ! 
Weak  Reafon  yields  to  Phrenzy's  rage. 
And  all  the  world  is  Folly's  ftage. 

And  all  that  adt  arc  fools  indeed. 

And 


412       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

And  yet  this  ftrange,  this  fudden  flight. 
From  gloomy  cares  to  gay  delight. 

This  ficklenefs,  fo  light  and  vain. 
In  life's  deluiive  tranfient  dream. 
When  men  nor  things  are  what  they  feem. 

Is  all  the  real  good  we  gain. 

EpiPle  from  the  King  o^  Prussia,  to  Monfieur  Voltaire. 
Tranjlated  by  J.  G.  Cooper,  Efq, 

"frOLTAIRE,  believe  me,  were  I  now 
^    In  private  life's  calm  ftation  plac'd, 
Let  heav'n  for  nature's  wants  allow. 
With  cold  indifF'rence  wouM  I  view 
Departing  Fortune's  winged  hafte. 
And  at  the  Goddefs  laugh  like  you. 
Th'  iniipid  farce  of  tedious  ftate. 
Imperial  duty's  real  weight. 
The  faithlefs  courtier's  fupple  bow. 
The  fickle,  multitude's  carefs, 
And  flatt'rer's  wordy  emptinefs. 
By  long  experience  well  1  know ; 
And,  tho'  a  Prince  and  Poet  born. 
Vain  blandifhments  of  glory  fcorn. 
For  when  the  ruthlefs  iheers  of  fate 
Have  cut  my  life's  precarious  thread. 
And  rank  me  with  th'  unconfcious  dead. 
What  will't  avail  that  I  was  great. 
Or  that  th'  uncertain  tongue  of  Fame 
In  Mem'ry's  temple  chants  my  name  ? 
One  blifsful  moment  whilft  we  live 
Weighs  more  than  ages  of  renown  ; 
What  then  do  Potentates  receive 
Of  good  peculiarly  their  own  ? 
Sweet  eafe,  and  unafFefted  joy, 
Domeftic  peace  and  fportive  pleafure. 
The  regal  throne  and  palace  fly. 
And,  born  for  liberty,  prefer 
Soft  filent  fcenes  of  lovely  leifure 
To,  what  we  Monarchs  buy  fo  dear. 
The  thorny  pomp  of  fcepter'd  care. 
My  pain  or  blifs  fliall  ne'er  depend 
On  fickle  Fortune's  cafual  flight. 
For,  whether  ftie's  my  foe  or  friend. 
In  calm  repofe  I'll  pafs  the  night : 
And  ne'er  by  watchful  homage  own 
I  court  her  fmile,  or  fear  her  frown. 
But  from  our  Nations  we  derive 
Unerring  precepts  how  to  live  j 

5  And 


POETRY.  413 

And  certain  deeds  each  rank  calls  forth. 

By  which  is  meafurM  human  worth. 

Voltaire,  within  his  private  cell. 

In  realms  where  antient  honefty 

Is  patrimonial  property. 

And  facred  Freedom  loves  to  dwell. 

May  give  up  all  his  peaceful  mind. 

Guided  by  Plato's  deathlefs  page. 

In  filent  folitude  reilign'd 

To  the  mild  virtues  of  a  fage : 

But  I,  'gainfl  whom  wild  whirlwinds  wage 

Fierce  war  with  wreck-denouncing  wing. 

Mull  be,  to  face  the  tempeft*s  rage, 

In  thought,  in  life,  and  death  a  King. 

Winter,  a  Poem,  heing  a  Tranjlation  of  Mr,  William  Thompsoh's 
Ode  Brumalis. 

By  the  Reverend  Mr*  Tatteksal,  late  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge, 

ALAS!  no  longer  now  appear 
The  fofter  feafons  of  the  year. 
Of  fports  and  loves  what  Mufe  now  fings  ? 
Away  my  lyre ;— boy,  break  the  firings. 

Old  joylefs  Winter,  who  difdains 
Your  fprightly,  flow*ry,   Attic  llrain?. 
Wrapt  into  fable,  calls  for  airs. 
Rough,  gloomy,  as  the  rug  he  wears. 

Pleafare,  for  ever  on  the  wing. 
Wild,  wanton,  relllefs,  fluti'ring  thing, 
Airy  fprings  by  with  fudden  fpeed. 
Swifter  than  Maro's  flying  ileed. 

Ah  !  Where  is  hid  the  fylvan  fcene. 
The  leafy  Ihade,   the  vernal  green  ? 
In  Flora's  meads  the  fvveets  that  grew, 
Coldurs  which  Nature's  pencil  drew, 
C  haplets,  the  bud  of  Pope  might  wear. 
Worthy  to  bloom  around  lanthe's  hair  ? 

Gay-mantled  Spring  away  is  flown. 
The  filver  trefled  Summer's  gone. 
And  golden  Autumn  ;  naught  remains 
But  Winter  with  his  iron  chains. 

The  feather- footed  hours  that  fly. 
Say,  <<  Human  life  thus  pafles  by.'' 

What 


414  ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1758. 

I 


\ 


What  (hall  the  wife,  the  prudent  f  they 
Will  feize  the  bounty  of  to-day, 
And  proftrate  to  the  Gods  their  grateful  homage  pay. 

The  man  whom  Ifis*  ftream  infpires. 
Whom  Pallas  owns,  and  Phoebus  fires. 
Whom  Suada,  fmiling  goddefs,  deigns 
To  guide  in  fwect  Hyblaeaii  plains. 
He  Winter's  ftorm,  undaunted  ftill,  fuftains. 

Black  louring  Ikies  ne'er  hurt  the  bread 

By  white-rob/d  Innocence  poffeft. 

Roar  as  ye  lift,  ye  winds, — — begin, — — 

Virtue  proclaims  fair  Peace  within  ; 
Ethereal  power  1  *tis  you  that  bring 
The  balm/  Zephyrs,  and  reftore  the  Spring. 

ne  Pkafures  of  the  Mind, 

KIND  Nature  with  a  mother's  joys 
Her  every  art  to  charm  employs. 
For  man  the  golden  King  of  day 
Pours  light,  health,  beauty,  in  his  ray. 
The  morn  in  filver  trefTes  bright. 
With  milder  charms  falutes  his  fight, 
And  Night  her  fhadowy  curtain  draws. 
Indulging  fleep's  refreming  paufe  : 
For  man  the  purple-finger'd  Hours 
Drefs  beauteous  Spring  in  new-born  flowers; 
Teach  her  to  breathe  a  rich  perfume, 
A  fmile  with  eye-enchanting  bloom. 
Than  ripe  in  beauty's  glowing  pride, 
Bliihe  Summer,  SoV^  refulgent  bride. 
Bids  Plenty  revel  o'er  the  plains. 
And  carol  heart-enlivening  ftrains. 
Next  Autumn  calls  ihe  fylvan  powers. 
To  lay  him  foft  in  fhady  bow'rs, 
Where  grape  and  nectarine,  plumb  and  peach. 
May  tempting  hang  within  his  reach  ! 
Lalt,  Winter  comes  to  rule  the  year. 
In  fweet  viciflitude  fevere  ; 
See  him  on  Zembla'*s  mountains  (land. 
He  flretches  out  his  palfied  hand, 
And  all  his  magazines  unfold 
Their  copious   hoards  of  ice  and  cold  ; 
The  hail  in  vollies  rattles  round. 
The  fnow  delcending,  (hrouds  the  ground; 
Deep-bellowing  burfts  ot  thunder  roll,  * 

And  pleaiine  horror  fwells  the  foul. 

.  ^  With 


POETRY.  415 

With  dill  iniprovM  delight,  the  Mind 

Beholds  her  powers  unconfinM. 

She  roves  with  Nature,  and  explains^ 

What  virtues  live  in  fecret  veins 

Of  herbs  ;   bids  fIora*s  children  rife 

In  naked  beauty  to  her  eyes. 

To  the  foft  ferenade  of"  gales 

Thro* .Ocean's  liquid  realms  fhe  fails. 

Thro'  pearly  worlds,  thro'  coral  groves. 

Where  every  fcaly  wonder  roves  : 

With  Phabust  in  his  chariot  driven. 

She  journeys  thro'  th'  expanfe  of  heav'n  ; 

Now  rolling  round  on  Saturn's  ring. 

Now  roving  on  the  comet's  wing. 

And  Urging  ftiil  her  airy  flight. 

She  gains  thofe  fmiling  realnjs  of  light. 

Where  fons  of  blifs,  immortals  dwell. 

In  golden  groves  of  Afphodel. 

Now  confcious  of  celeftial  fkill. 

Her  forming  pow'r  flie  tries  at  will. 

Her  pencil  weds  afienting  dies. 

And  fee  a  new-born  world  arife. 

Here  charms  the  eye  the  bloflbm'd  grove. 

Where,  looking  blifs,  young  lovers  rove; 

There  ferpentine  the  river  glides. 

And  nibbling  flocks  adorn  its  fides. 

Soft'ning  to  flefti  the  marble  lives. 

And  takes  each  attitude  fhe  gives  : 

Here  nerv'd  to  ftrength  the  hero  ftands. 

There  orators  extend  their  hands  ; 

The  patriot  here,  by  Freedom's  fide, 

Smiling  pours  out  the  vital  tide; 

Here  Beauty  charms  the  gazing  eye, 

The  Loves  and  Graces  waiting  by : 

Is  it  the  breeze  that  wakes  the  fpring  ? 

Or  fay,  does  Philomela  fing. 

And  bid  the  liftn'ing  ear  rejoice? 

*Tis  Mufic  tunes  her  heav'nly  voice. 

Her  voice  of  fweeteft  Ikill  to  raife 

The  drooping  heart  ten  thoufand  ways. 

Now  heav'n-x:aught  furj^  fires  the  foul. 

And  fpurning  oft  earth's  dull  controul, 

Vent'rous  fhe  wings  her  full-plum'd  flight, 

Detedls  new  regions  of  delight ; 

Led  by  enchantrefs  Fancy  roves 

The  Mufes  gay  ideal  groves, 

Where  countlefs  beings  flrike  her  eye, 

Confus'd  in  glitt'ring  novelty  j 

But 


4i6        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 

But  what  the  varied  year's  delight. 

Or  what  the  mental  ken  fo  bright. 

Or  what  the  kind  infpiring  Mufes, 

To  blifs  that  genuine  love  transfufes  I 

The  parent's  fond  impaflion'd  flow. 

The  filial,  duteous,  grateful  glow. 

Congenial  friendfhip,  heav'nly  true. 

And  pity  prefling  balmy  dew  ; 

The  feart  of  Converfe,  that  difpenfes 

Blifs  to  the  heart,  and  all  the  fenfes, 

Wher«  Reafon,  Mirth,  Good-humour  fit. 

And  beauty  fparkles  into  wit. 

Here  too,  as  in  the  natural  fcene. 

Triumphs  the  Mind,  creative  queen  ; 

Here  Fancy,  with  illufion  kind, 

Indulges  every  longing  mind. 

Brings  to  the  lov«r  in  defpair 

His  mutually-impaflion'd  fair, 

Adorns  the  meaneft  female  face 

With  beauties  cuUM  from  ev'ry  grace  j 

Inftrudls  Ambition's  flave  to  nod. 

And  bids  the  reptile  foar  a  God, 

Applauds  the  bard's  profaic  fongs. 

Gives  eloquence  to  ftamm'ring  tongues. 

Lets  Ocean's  fons  their  haven  gain. 

Unbinds  the  captive's  galling  chain; 

On  Poverty  each  joy  beftows, 

From  rich  humanity  that  flows. 

Gives  her  at  once  herfelf  to  blefs. 

And  charm  the  virtues  in  diftrefs,  < 

Yet  ftill  referves  the  fapient  mind. 

Her  darling  free-born  joy  behind. 

When  with  fond  eyes  fhe  loves  to  trace 

The  beauties  of  her  moral  race, 

And  with  blithe  confidence  can  fay 

She  liv'd  with  Virtue  ev'ry  day, 

That  IHII  (he  urg'd  life's  great  defign. 

To  fit  herfelf  for  blifs  divine. 

Then  Confcience  lends  the  plaufive  note 

Thro'  ev'ry  fenfe  of  joy  to  float, 

Strikes  mufic  from  each  vital  ftring. 

That  envies  not  when  angels  fing, 

DilTolv'd  in  ecftacy  flie  lies, 

And  fweetly  pre-enjoys  the  ikies, 

r^    P  E  A  C  E. 
/^OME  Joyely  gentle  Peace  of  mind 
^   With  all  thy  fmiling  nymphs  around. 
Content  and  Innocence  combin'd. 
With  wreaths  of  facred  olive  crown'd.  Come 


POETRY.  417 

Come  tliou,  that  Iov*ft  the  walk  at  eve. 

The  banks  of  murmuring  ftreams  along. 
That  Iov*ft  the  crowded  court  to  leave. 

And  hear  the  milk-maid*s  fimple  fong  ; 

That  lov'ft  with  Contemplation's  eye 

The  headlong  catara6l  to  view  ; 
That  foams  and  thunders  from  on  high. 

While  echoes  oft  the  found  renew  ; 

That  lov'ft  the  dark  fcquefter'd  wood. 

Where  Silence  fpreads  her  brooding  wings. 

Nor  lefs  the  lake's  tranflucent  flood. 
The  mofly  grotts  and  bubbling  fprings. 

With  thee  the  lamp  of  Wifdom  burros. 

The  guiding  light  to  realms  above  ; 
With  thee,  the  raptur'd  mortal  learns 

The  wonders  of  celeftial  love. 

With  thee,  the  poor  have  endlefs  wealth. 

And  facred  freedom  glads  the  flave. 
With  thee,  the  fick  rejoice  in  health. 

The  weak  are  ftrong,  the  fearful  brave»         ♦ 

O  lovely  gentle  peace  of  miud  ! 

Be  thou  on  earth  my  conftant  gueft. 
With  thee,  whate'er  on  earth  I  find. 

The  pledge  of  heaven,  ihall  make  me  bleft. 

To  a  Kinfman,  on  his  intended  Marriage » 

I. 

CE  E  !  the  wild  herds  of  nymphs  and  fwains  ! 

*^     A  defpicable  throng  : 

See  !  how'  they  llrive  in  Hymen's  chains. 

And  drag  their  plagues  along. 
2. 
Keen  Anguifh,  Hate,  or  wafting  Care 

On  every  footftep  treads. 
While  pining  Want,  and  black  De(pair, 

Hang  hov'ring  o'er  their  heads. 

3- 
Yet  fools  in  crowds  are  following  ftill 

Through  the  fame  thoughtlcfs  road. 
Which  leads  far  wide  from  Wilidom's  hill. 

To  Sorrow's  dark  abode. 

4- 
See  I  how  they  ruih  before  the  prleft. 

And  bid  his  altars  fmoke  : 
He  deems  them  juft  above  the  beaft. 
The  fitter  for  the  yoke. 
Vol.  I.  Ee  5.  Fondly 


4id  ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1758, 

Fondly  they  view  the  golden  gate. 

And  halle  to  enter  in. 
Where  Mirth  dilplays  its  guileful  bait. 

And  veils  the  fnare  within. 
6 
Blind  Cupid  helps  the  dire  deceit. 

As  Folly  guides  his  hand. 
And  laughing  Momus  hides  the  cheat, 

Till»Fancy  ties  the  band. 

.     .7-. 
Then  for  a  while  in  giddy  noife 

The  revels  fhake  the  plain  : 

One  hour  is  fpent  in  empty  joys. 

And  all  beyond  is  pain. 

8. 

The  dawn  appears  !   the  fhades  retire  I 

^    And  the  gay  vifion  flies : 

Loft  are  the  dreams  of  fond  defire : 

But  folid  v/oes  arife, 

9- 

In  ftrong  tumultuous  paflions  tort. 

Their  comforts  foon  arc  dead  : 
Fair  Peace  and  Happinefs  are  loil, 
'  And  Hope  for  ever  fled, 

A  10. 

Juft  is  their  doom.     'Tis  luft  ;'  'tis  gold  ; 

'Tis  Sex  alone  can  pleafe  ; 
While  mercenary  Love  is  fold. 

And  pairs  fuch  minds  as  thefe. 
II. 
The  village  fwain  thus  views  his  flock. 

And  governs  abfolute  : 
Whilft  he  attentive  rears  his  ftock. 

And  couples  every  brute. 
12. 
Such  common  things  may  well  be  bound 

With  any  of  their  kind  : 
Bat  who,  young  kinfman,  fliall  be  found 

To  match  thy  nobler  mind  ? 

The  brighteft  nymphs  who  crowd  our  fcene*^ 

And  bid  the  world  admire. 
Are  but  fome  finer  clay  machines. 

Void  of  celeftial  fire. 
14. 
Thus  China's  v^fes  give  delight ; 

Trim,  gaudy,  fmooth,  and  gay  ; 
Whilft  gazing  females  blefs  the  fight. 

And  wiftv  thek  hearts  away. 

ic.  So 


Poetry.  41^ 


So  fhinc  theirirelves  in  Beauty's  drefs ; 

As  clear  their  polifh'd  fkin  ; 
But  elfe  'tis  all  vaft  emptinefs. 

Or  duil  and  filth  within. 
16. 
Ufelefs  alike  the  painted  jar. 

And  (howy  tinfel  maid  : 
Both  charm  the  fenfes,  view'd  afar. 

And  pall  when  near  difplay'd. 

Blufties  and  Virtue  hence  are- fled. 

In  thefe  degen'rate  days : 
This  huge  rotundity  we  tread. 

And  loft  mankind  decays. 

Few  lieavenly  forms  adorn  the  ftagc, 

Since  Nature  waxes  old  : 
One  is  the  labour  of  an  age 

Wrought  in  a  perfed  mould. 
19. 
Could  I  but  find  that  fmgle  She, 

incomparable  Boy  ! 
Stamp'd  with  the  hand  which  faftiion'd  Thee, 

And  pure  without  alloy. 
20. 
Then  fliould  my  Mufe  to  Hymen  bend. 

And  fhout  his  wheels  along, 
With  eager  joy  his  fteps  attend. 

And  tune  the  grateful  fong. 
21. 
And  lo  !  propitious  to  my  vows. 

Behold  !  the  God  appears, 
Sifiiling  he  leads  thy  deftin'd  fpoufc. 

And  chifes  all  my  fears. 
22. 
Fair  Virgin,  hail!  haij,  blooming  Fair  I 

Thrice  hail  !  exalted  Maid  1 
High  as  my  warmell  wifties  were. 

They  nobly  liere  are  paid. 

Bleft  are  mine  eyes  which  view  the  light ; 

But  doubly  bleft  is  He 
Who  gives  thy  gentle  thoughts  delight. 

And  reils  his  foul  on  Thee. 
24.  . 

With  confclous  Innocence  (he  moves 

Where  Honour  points  the  way; 
Sage  Pallas  all  her  fteps  approves. 

And  glads  the  nuptial  day. 

&«2 


420         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    if^i. 

I 

Here  praife  is  weak  ;  here  words  are  vain ; 

Let  Fancy  reign  fupreme  : 
Since  Pope,  in  his  fublimefl  ftrain. 

Mull  link  beneath  the  theme. 

The  latter  part  of  Chap.  VI.  of  St.  Matthew,  Paraphrafed. 
By  the  late  celebrated  Mr.  Thonison,  Author  of  the  Seasons, 

WH  E  N  my  breaft  labours  with  opprefiive  care. 
And  o'er  my  cheek  defcends  the  falling  tear. 
While  all  my  warring  paiflions  are  at  ftrifc. 
Oh,  let  me  Hllen  to  the  word  of  life  ! 
Raptures  deep-felt  his  doftrines  did  impart. 
And  thus  he  rais'd  from  earth  the  drooping  heart. 
Think  not,  when  "all  your  fcanty  ftores  afford 
Is  fprcad  at  once  upon  the  fparing  board  ; 
Think  not,  when  worn  the  hcniely  robe  appears. 
While  on  the  roof  the  howling 'tempell  bears ; 
What  farther  Ihall  this  feeble  life  fuftain. 
And  what  fhall  rloath  thefe  fhivering  limbs  again. 
Say,  does  not  life  its  nourilhment  exceed  ? 
And  the  fair  body  its  inverting  weed  ? 
Behold  !  and  look  away  yOur  low  defpair 
See  the  light  tenants  of  the  barren  air  : 
To  them,  nor  ftores,  nor  granaries  belong. 
Nought  but  the  woodland,  and  the  pleaiing  fong  ; 
Yet,  your  kind  heavenly  Father  bends  his  eye 
On  the  leaft  wing  that  flits  along  the  Iky. 
To  him  they  fing,  when  Spring  renews  the  plain 
To  him  they  cry  in  Winter's  pinching  reign  ; 
Nor  is  their  mufic,  nor  their  plaint  in  vain  : 
He  hears  the  gay,  and  the  diltrefsful  call. 
And  with  unfparing  bounty  fills  them  all. 
•  Obferve  the  riling  lily's  fnowy  grace, 
Obferve  the  various  vegetable  race  ; 
They  neither  toil  nor  fpin,  but  carelcfs  grow. 
Yet  fee  how  warm  they  blulh !  how  bright  they  glow  f 
What  regal  vellments  cAn  with  them  compare  I 
What  King  fo  Ihining  !  or  what  Queen  fo  fair  ! 
If,  ceafelefs  thus  the  fowls  of  heav'n  he  feeds. 
If,  o'er  the  fields  fuch  lucid  robes  he  fpreads  ; 
Will  he  not  care  for  you,  ye  faithlefs,  fay  '. 
Is  he  unwife,  or  are  you  lefs  than  they  ? 


On 


POETRY.  421 

On  reading  Hutchinson  on  the  Pajjions . 

THOU  who  thro*  Nature's  various  faults  canft  rove. 
And  fhew  what  fprings  our  eager  paffions  move^ 
Teach  usi%o  combat  anger,  grief,  and  fear. 
Recall  the  /igh,  and  drop  the  falling  tear. 
Oh  !  be  thy  foft  philofophy  addrelt 
To  the  untroubled  ear  and  tranquil  breafc  ! 
To  thefe  be  all  thy  peaceful  maxims  taught. 
Who  idly  roam  amidl?  a  calm  of  thought ; 
Whofe  fculs  were  ne'er  by  love  or  hate  pofleft. 
Who  ne'er  were  wretched,  and  who  ne'er  were  bleft  ; 
Whofe  fainter  wifhes,  pleafures,  fears,  remain. 
Dreams  but  of  blifs,  and  fliadows  but  of  pain. 
Serenely  ftupid — •*  So  fome  fhallow  ftream 
**  Flows  gently  thro'  the  valley,  dill  the  fame  ; 
"  Whom  no  rude  winds  can  ever  difcompofe, 
**  Who  fears  n©  winter  rains,  nor  falling  fnows, 
"  But  flowly  down  its  fiow'ry  border  creeps, 
**  While  the  foft  zephyr  on  its  bofom  fleeps." 
Oh  !  could'll  thou  teach  the  tortur'd  foul  to  know. 
With  patience,  each  extreme  of  human  woe  ; 
To  bear  with  ills,  and  unrepining  prove 
The  frowns  of  fortune,  and  the  racks  of  love  ; 
Still  ihould  my  breaft  fome  pious  moment'lhare. 
Still  rife  fuperior  to  each  threatening  care. 
Nor  fear  approaching  ills,  or  diftant  woes, 
But  in  Philemon's  abfence  find  repofe. 

Ephelinda. 

To     FEAR. 

C\  Thou,  dread  foe  to  honour,  wealth  and  fame, 

^^   Whofe  tongue  can  quell  the  llrong,  the  fierce  can  tame, 

Relentlefs  Fear  !  ah  !  why  did  fate  ordain 

My  trembling  heart  to  own  thy  iron  reign  ? 

There  are,  thrice  happy  !  who  difdain  thy  fway. 

The  merchant  wand'ring  o'er  the  wat'ry  way  ; 

The  chief  ferene  before  th'  afiaulted  wall ; 

The  climbing  ftatefman,  thoughtlcfs  of  his  fall  ; 

All  whom  the  love  of  wealth  or  pow'r  infpires. 

And  all  who  burn  with  proud  Ambition's  fires : 

But  peaceful  bards  thy  conftant  prefence  know, 

O  thou  of  ev'ry  glorious  deed  the  foe  ! 

Of  thee  the  filent  ftudious  race  complains. 

And  Learning  groans  a  captive  in  thy  chains. 

The  fecrcC  wifh  when  fome  fair  objed  moves. 

And  cautious  Reafon  what  we  wilh  approves, 

E  c  3  Thy 


42?  ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1758, 

Thy  gorgon  front  forbids  to  grafp  the  prize. 
And  leas  are  fpread  betwixt,  and  mountains  fik. 
1  hy  magic  arts  a  thoufand  phantoms  raife. 
And  fancyM  deaths  and  dangers  fill  our  ways  ; 
With  fmiling  Hope  you  Wage  eternal  ftrifc. 
And  envious  fnatch  the  cup  of  joy  from  life. 
O  leave,  tremendous  pow*r  !  the  blamelefs  breaft. 
Of  guilt  alone  the  tyrant,  and  the  guell ; 
Go,  and  thy  train  of  fable  horrors  fpread 
Where  Murder  meditates  the  future  deed. 
Where  Rapine  watches  for  the  gloom  of  night. 
And  lawlefs  Paflion  pants  for  others  right ; 
Go  to  the  bad-   but  from  the  good  recede. 
No  more  the  foe  of  ev'ry  glorious  deed. 

T^e   Lover    CtJred. 

Imitated  from  the  Italian  of  MzTAsr  as  lO. 

npHE  indulgent  gods  unveiling  thy  deceit, 
-■■       Nice,  at  length  have  pity'd  the  diftreft  : 
The  wretch  fo  late  a  captive  in  thy  net. 

Is  now  with  freedom,  real  freedom,  bleft. 
No  more,  to  hide  my  love,  defpair  and  fhame. 

My  brow  difTembled  airs  of  fcorn  difplays ; 
No  more  my  colour  changes  at  thy  name. 

Nor  beats  my  heart  tumultuous  when  I  gaze. 
Dream  I  ?  no  more  in  dreams  thy  form  I  fee  : 

No  more  thy  charms  my  earlieft  thought  employ  ; 
Thou'rt  abfent,  I  perceive  no  wifh  for  thee  ; 

Thou*rt  prefent,  and  I  feel  nor  pain,  nor  joy. 

Calm  I  can  meet,  and  calm  can  pafs  thee  by  ; 

Unhumbled  can  reflcdl  1  fail'd  to  pleafe;  " 
Can  talk  about  thy  lip  or  radiant  eye ; 

Nay,  talk  with  rivals,  and  yet  talk  with  eafe. 
Frown*ft  thou  difdainful  ?  know  thy  frowns  are  vain  1 

SmiPft  thou  ?  thy  fmiles  no  ecftacies  impart : 
Thofe  lips  no  more  their  wonted  pow'r  retain; 

Nor  find  thofe  eyes  a  paffage  to  my  heart. 

If  now  of  gay  or  gloomy  mood  I  be  : 

Nor  thou  the  blifs  creat'ft,  nor  thou  the  care  : 
Hills,  woods,  and  meads  can  pleafe  tho*  far  from  thee  ; 

Nor  lours  the  defart  lefs  when  thou  art  there. 
Still,  when  I  view  thee,  I  confcfs  thee  fair  i^ 

Yet.  equal  charms  in  other  nymphs  allow  : 
And  (may  thy  ear  the  rude  expreffion  bear  !) 

That  face,  once  faultlefs,  is  not  faultlcfs  now. 
.  -  z 


Whci 


POETRY.  423 

'When  from  my  tortured  heart  the  fhaft  I  drew. 

Sighs,  ftruggling  after  iighs,  convuirive  ftole  ; 
For  oh  1  'twas  hard  thy  empire  to  fubdue  ; 

'Twas  hard  th'  impetuous  pafllon  to  controul. 
The  linnet,  fluttering  on  the  bird-lime  fjprays. 

Thus  leaves  his  captiv'd  feathers,  and  is  free  ; 
But  foon  his  little  wings  new  plum'd  difplays. 

And  flies  with  caution  by  the  fatal  tree. 
So  much  of  freedom  and  of  eafe  I  boaft; 

Miftaken  Nice  thinks  I  Hill  adore  : 
But  do  not  thofe  declaim  on  hardfhips  moft. 

Who  moft  have  felt  them,  and  who  feel  no  more  ? 

The  warrior  thus  describes  th'  embattled  plain  ; 

Thus  bares  his  fears,  thus  fights  his  perils  o'er : 
Thus  the  freed  flave  o'erjoy'd  points  out  the  chain. 

Which  late  he  dragged  on  Afric's  hoftile  (bore. 
I  fpeak  of  freedom,  'tis  the  theme  I  love. 

Nor  care  if  Nice  credit  what  I  fay  ; 
I  fpeak,  nor  curious  afk,  if  flie  approve. 

Or,  when  fhe  names  me,  if  flie's  grave  or  gay. 

Thus  part  a  fickle  fair,  and  lover  true  ; 

Let  thofe,  who  lofe  the  moft,  the  moft  regret ! 
A  heart  fo  faithful  thou  can'ft  ne'er  fubdue  ; 

It  is  not  hard  to  find  a  new  coquet. 

The  Indian  Philosopher, 

I. 

TXTHY  fliould  our  joys  transform  to  pain  > 
^^    Why  gentle  Hymen's  filken  chain 

A  plague  of  iron  prove  ? 
Good  Gods !  'tis  ftrange  the  chain  that  binds 
Millions  of  hands,  fhould  leave  their  minds 
At  fuch  a  loofe  from  love  ! 

2. 
In  vain  I  fought  the  wond*rous  caufe, 
Search'd  the  wide  fields  of  nature's  laws, 

And  urg'd  the  fchools  in  vain ; 
Till  deep  in  thought,  within  my  brcaft 
My  foul  retir'd,  and  Slumber  dreft 

A  bright  inftrudivc  fcene. 

O'er  the  wide  land,  and  crofs  the  tide. 
On  Fancy's  airy  wing  I  ride  ; 

Sweet  rapture  of  the  mind  ! 
Till  on  the  banks  of  Ganges'  flood. 
In  a  tall  antient  grove  I  flood. 

For  facred  ufe  defign'd. 

E  «  4  4.  Hard 


4H      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

Hard  by  a  venerable  prieft, 

Ris'n  with  his  God,  the  Sun,  from  reft. 

Began  his  morning  fong  : 
Thrice  he  conjur'd  the  murmuring  ftream. 
The  birth  of  fouls  was  all  his  theme. 

And  half  divine  his  tongue. 

He  fang  th'  eternal  rolling  flame. 

That  vital  mafs  that's  Hill  the  fame,      ,    ' 

Does  all  our  minds  compofe ; 
Whence  ihap'd  ip  twice  ten  thoufand  frames. 
Whence  differing  fouls  of  different  names 

And  diiferent  paflions  rofe. 

6. 
The  mighty  Pow'r  that  form'd  the  mind. 
One  mould  for  ev'ry  two  deiign'd ; 

Then  bleft  the  new-born  pair  : 
This  be  a  match  for  this,  he  faid  : 
Then  down  he  fent  the  fouls  he  made. 

To  feek  them  bodies  here. 

7- 
But  parting  from  their  warm  abodes. 
They  loft  their  fellows  on  the  roads. 

And  never  join'd  their  hands  : 
O  cruel  chance,  and  crolTrng  Fates  ! 
Our  Eaftern  fouls  have  loft  their  mates 

On  Europe's  barbarous  lands. 

8. 
Thus  fung  the  wond'rous  Indian  bard  5 
My  lift'ning  ear  attentive  heard  ; 

Whilft  Ganges  ceas'd  to  flow  ; 
Sure  then,  faid  I,  could  I  but  fee 
The  gentle  Nymph  that  twin'd  with  me, 

I  might  be  happy  too. 

9- 
Some  courteous  angel  tell  me  where. 
What  diftant  lands  the  unknown  fair. 

Or  diftant  feas  detain  : 
Swift  as  the  wheel  of  nature  rolls, 
I'd  fly  to  meet  and  mingle  fouls. 

And  \vear  the  joyful  chain. 


POETRY.  425 

ToM^Nymphc/*?***  Waters. 

KttXiTov  u'lPeip  tTTt  ytttatv  h^iy,  Horn. 


I. 

r\  Greeii-ftord  Nymph,  whofe  fount  rellor'd  my  fair, 
^^     When  ficknefs  crop'd  the  beauties  of  her  face ; 
Ne'er  may  the  rainy  South  thy  pow'rs  impair. 
Nay  never  reptile  foul  thy  ftream  difgrace. 

II. 

While  on  the  T deep  harrowing  Winter  reigns,         / 

Not  the  leaft  wrinkle  may  thy  furface  know  ; 

And  while  the  north  binds  E —  in  icy  chains. 
In  lapfe  unfettered  may  thy  waters  flow. 

III. 
May  Spring's  lirfl  cowflips  on  thy  borders  bloom ; 

Thy  bankb  firft  echo  to  the  cuckoo's  lay  ; 
Firft  round  thee,  Fragance  fling  each  rich  perfume ; 

Thy  thickets  firft  exclude  the  noon-tide  ray, 

IV. 

What  time  blythe  Auguft  on  thy  margin  plays. 
To  thee,  fweet-featured  Nymph  (lb  Jove  ordains) 

Each  year  bland  Health  a  folemn  viiit  pays. 

And,  while  thy  groves  are  green,  with  thee  remains, 

V. 

O  may  no  wayward  hags,  of  afpefl  foul. 

Brew  their  dire  potions   near  thy  willowed  /pring ; 

Nor  melt  the  waxen  femblance,  as  they  howl 
Dread  orgies  to  their  grimly-fmiling  king. 

VI. 
But  oft  when  Night  has  hung  with  black  the  fky. 

And  only  Hefper  ftieds  his  filent  ray. 
May  dapper  Fays  around  their  revels  ply. 

Till  Chanticleer  awake  the  dawn  of  day, 

VII. 
Oft  may  their  muflc  lonely  trav'lers  cheer. 

And  fwains  belated  oft  their  lights  perceive  3 
Thy  rills  fliali  Hop  their  dimply  courfe  to  hear. 
And  love-lorn  Philomel  forget  to  grieve. 

VIII. 

May  gay-dreft  TIeafure  wanton  on  thy  plains. 
May  vaft  increafe  thy  ploughman's   toil  repay ; 

May  never  clarion  fright  thy  peaceful  fwains. 
Nor  battle  tear  them  from  their  wives  away. 

IX.  Thy 


426      ANN  UAL   REGISTER,    1758. 

IX. 

Thy  healing  powers  the  Youth  fliall  yearly  fing. 
And  age,  recruited,  wreaths  on  thee  bellow  : 

For,  trull  the  prefcient  Mufe,  Q  virtuous  Spring  \ 
While  murmurs  Helicon,   thy  fount  lliall  flow. 

X.   • 
Not  mine,  be  told  the  truth,  not  mine  the  lays ; 

Unheard,  the  favour  of  the  Nine  I  fue  ; 
Love  cullM  this  chaplet  of  immortal  praife. 

And  grateful  fprinkled  with  Caftalian  dew. 

^       AnEpifide,     From  Kvo"^  %  a  Poem y   in  three  parts. 

IN  ages  paft,  as  holy  bards  record, 
Locrine  of  fair  Loegria's  fields  was  lord; 
JFrom  Brutus  he ;  who  fpread  at  Heaven's  command 
His  fated  fails  for  Albion's  happy  land; 
His  fails  the  valiant  Corinaeus  bore 
His  bold  afTociate  to  the  chalky  fhore. 
Tho'  much  the  chief  for  arduous  deeds  might  claim. 
His  daughter's  beauty  match'd  his  arms  in  fame. 
Yet  lovely  as  Ihe  fhone,  fhe  Ihone  in  vain 
To  Locrine*s  eyes,  and  met  with  cold  difdain: 
Tho-  to  give  firmnefs  to  the  tott'ring  throne. 
And  make  her  father''^  dreaded  pow'r  his  own. 
The  Prince  with  pray'rs  and  policy  comply*d. 
And  made  the  flighted  Gueldolen  his  bride. 
Peace  took  her  flight,  for  Love  had  never  fpread 
His  joyous  pinions  o*er  the  nuptialbed. 
But  foon  th'  ill-fated  chief  was  doom'd  to  prove 
The  power  of  charms  and  tyranny  of  love. 
When  fled  the  Hun  before  his  conqn'ring  hofl. 
And  left  his  name  to  boifl:'rous  Humber's  coafl, 
A  Nymph  as  Summer  warm,  and  fweet  as  Spring, 
Enrich'd  the  fpoils  of  fair  Loegria's  King. 
The  vigor's  eye  the  lovely  captive  feiz'd, 
At  once  Ihe  painM  him,  and  at  once  flie  pleased. 
Diftrefs  had  foften'd  ev'ry  tender  grace. 
And  pour'd  reflftlefs  languor  o'er  her  face. 
Love  made  th'  afiault,  and  foon  at  large  poflefs'd. 
With  ajl  a  conqueror's  pomp,  his  yielding  breaft  j 
While  her  great  father's  awful  power  alone 
Secur'd  the  flighted  Gueldolen  the  throne ; 
With  her  awhile  the  glitt'ring  pride  remain'ti. 
But  bright  Eilrildis  only  charm'd  and  relgn'd. 
The  fair,  not  confcious  of  the  facred  claim, 
Approv'd  his  paCion,  as  flie  fliar'd  his  flame. 
But  Locrine  fought  the  fylvan  fnade  among, 
Studious  of  peace,  and  mindful  of  the  wrong. 


POETRY.  427 

jSome  dill  retreat ;  remov'd  from  curious  eyes 
p£  the  fierce  rival,  or  afliduous  fpies. 
As  flies  the  parent  bird  on  wings  of  fear. 
And  anguifli'd   fees  the  watchful  ihcpherd  near. 
Now  flops,  and  looks,  and  heaves  the  downy  breaft. 
Then  trembling  hurries  to  the  fccret  neft  : ' 
3o  the  fond  Prince  his  cautious  vifits  paid  : 
So  fear'd  obfervance,  and  fo  watchM  the  fliade. 
Their  paflion  here  the  lovely  Sabra  crown'd. 
In  life  as  hlamelefs,  as  in  death  renown'd. 
Behold  the  fweet  but  unexpanded  rofe. 
Behold  in  bright  effulgence  when  it  glows : 
The  Virgin  thus  gave  hints  of  ev'ry  grace 
That  time  had  open'd  in  her  parent  face. 
Harmonious  health  of  mind  and  body  blefs'd 
Her  days  with  pleafure,  and  her  nights  with  reft ; 
No  care  had  love  for  her,  no  torments  hate. 
No  charms  ambition,  or  allurements  flate. 
Sv/eet  were  thy  days  ere  Locrine?s  reftlefs  mind 
Difdain'd  the  grant  of  even  a  blifs  confin'd. 
But  tho^  iife'^  gid^y  cup  we  wifely  blend. 
Folly's  light  froth  will  yet  at  lafl  afcend. 
Thus  when  the  ^een,  enough  diflrefs'd  to  prove 
The  fharp  refledion  of  rejefted  love. 
Wept  her  greatyfr^,  who  full  of  years  and  praife 
Had  feal'd  the  glorious  records  of  his  days; 
He  gave  the  fcepter  to  the  fav*ritey^<7/r. 
That  ope  the  kingdom,  and  the  King  might  Ihare, 
The  facred  vows  of  holy  love  abus*d. 
Her  glory  darkened,  and  her  crown  refus'd. 
Her  charms  detefted,  and  a  rival  blefs'd. 
Were  wrongs  the  ^een  in  tented  fields  redrefsM  ; 
There  flern  Re<venge  dug  Locrine's  early  grave, 
.  And  funk  the  Jair  beneath  th*  avenging  wave. 
Enough  is  given  to  lo^je,  enough  Ko  pride, 
Kftrildis  wrong'd  thee,  and  Eflrildis  died, 
lnfcitiatey«r)'"  what  has  Sabra  done  ? 
Or  wherefore  expiates  errors  not  her  own  ? 
See  Death's  dread  agents  hide  their  reeking  hands. 
And  Hart  with  horror  at  the  dire  commands. 
O  feel  her  tears  1  O  read  her  fuafive  eyes  I 
But  what  can  ruthlefs  jealoufy  fuffice  ? 
For,  trembling  as  it  flow'd,  the  fedgy  ftream 
Receiy'd  the  virgin,  and  retain'd  her  name. 


Verfu 


428         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    17; 


Fer/es  nuritten  at  t/je  Gardens  of  William  Shenstoi^e,  E/^;    near 
Birmingham ,   1756. 

Ilh  terrarum  mihi  prater  omnes 
Jngulus  ridct.  ^  HoR. 

WOULD   you  thefe  lov'd  recefl'es  trace. 
And  view  fair  Nature*s  modeft  face  ? 
See  her  in  ev'ry  iield-flow'r  bloom  ? 
O'er  ev'ry  thicket  Ihed  perfume? 
By  verdant  groves,  and  vocal  hills. 
By  mofly  grots  near  purling  rills. 
Where* er  you  turn  your  wondering  eyes. 
Behold  her  win  without  difguife  ! 

What  tho'  no  pageant  trifles  here. 
As  in  the  glare  of  courts,  appear; 
Tho'  rarely  here  be  heard  the  name 
Of  rank,  of  title,  pow'r,  or  fame  ; 
Yet,  if  ingenuous  be  your  mind, 
A  blifs  more  pure  and  unconfin'd 
Your  fleps  attend — Draw  freely  nigh. 
And  meet  the  bard*s  benignant  eye : 
On  hiin  no  pendant  forms  await : 
No  proud  referve  fhuts  up  his  gate  -, 
No  fpleen,  no  party-views  controul 
That  warm  benevolence  of  foul. 
Which  prompts   the  candid  friendly  part  j 
Regardlefs  of  each  gainful  art ; 
Regardlefs  of  the  world's  acclaim  ; 
And  courteous  with  no  felfilh  aim. 
Draw  freely  nigh,  and  welcome  find, 
Jf  not  the  coftly,  yet  the  kind  : 
O  !  he  will  lead  you  to  the  cells 
Where  every  Mufe  and  Virtue  dwells  ; 
Where  the  green  Dryads  guard  his  woods,  -, 

Where  the  blue  Naiads  guide  his  floods ; 
Where  all  the  After  Graces,  gay, 
.  That  fhap'd  his  walk's  meand'ring  wr.y. 
Stark  naked,  or  but  wreath'd  with  flow'rs, 
»  Lie  numbering  foft  beneath  his  bow'r.s. 

Wak'd  by  the  flock-dove's  melting  ivrain 
Behold  thetn  rife  !  and,  with  the  train 
Of  nymphs  that  haunt  the  iiream  or  grovCj, 
Or  o'er  the   flow'ry  champain  rove. 

Join  hand  in  hand,  attentive  gaze 

And  mark  the  Dance' %  myftic  maze. 

**   Such  is  the  nva^ving  line,  they  ci:y,  , 

**  For  ever  dear  to  Fancy's  eye  -, 

3  "   YOQ 


POETRY.  429 

*'  Yon  llream  that  wanders  down  the  dale, 

•*  The  fpiral  wood,  the  winding  vale, 

**  The  path  which,  wrought  with  hidden  ikill, 

**   Slow  twining  fcales  yon  diftant  hill 

•'  With  fir  inve!led— — all  combine 

**  To  recommend  the  nua'ving  line. 

**  The  wreathing  rod  of  Bacchus  fair, 
**  The  ringlets  of  Apollo's  hair, 
*'  The  wand  by  Maia*?  oifspring  borne, 
•*  The  fmooth  yolutes  of  Ammon^s  horn, 
**  The  ftrufture  of  the   Cyprian  dame, 
"  And  each  fair  female's  beauteous  frame, 
"  Shew,  to  the  pupils  of  defign, 
**  The  triumphs  of  the  nva'ving  Itne.^' 

Then  gaze,  and  mark  that  union  fweet. 
Where  fair  ,Con\'ex  and  Concave  meet : 
And  while,  quick-fhifting  as  you  ftray. 
The  vivid  fcenes  on  fancy  play. 
The  lawn  of  afped  fmooth  and  mild  ; 
The  foreft  ground  grotefque  and  wild  ; 
The  Ihrub  that  fcents  the  mountain-gale  ; 
The  ilream  rough-dafliing  down  the  dale. 
From  rock  to  rock,  in  eddies  toft  ; 
The  diftant  lake,  in  which  'tis  loft  ; 
Blue  hills,  gay  beaming  thro*  the  glade ; 
Lone  urns  that  folemnize  the  fhade  ; 
Sweet  interchange  of  all  that  charms 
In  groves,  meads,  dingles,  rivMets,  farms ! 
If  aught  the  fair  confufion  p/ea/e. 
With  lafting  health,  and  lafting  ea/e. 
To  him  who  form'd  the  blifsful  bow'r. 
And  gave  thy  life  one  tranquil  hour ; 
Wifli  peace  and  freedom — thefe  pofieft. 
His  temperate  mind  fecures  the  reft. 

But  if  the  foul  {wzh  hlifs  defpife. 
Avert  thy  dull  incurious  c)'es ; 
Go  fix  them  there,  where  gems  and  gold, 
Improv'd  by  art,  their  pow*r  unfold; 
Go  try  in  courtly  fcenes  to  trace 
A  fairer  form  of  Nature's  face ; 
Go  fcorn  Simplicity !  but  know. 
That  all  our  heart-felt  joys  below. 
That  all. our  virtue  loves  to  name. 
Which  Art  conligns  to  lafiing  faire. 
Which />«  Wit,  or  Beauty's  throne. 
Derives  its  fource  from  her  alone. 

Arcadio, 


43d       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

To  the  Rc'v,  Dr.  Warhurton,  Dean  of  BriJioU  on  reading  his  DiJ/ertkiion 
on  the  Sixth  Btok  of  Virgil. 

By  Richard  B — r — ng — r,    Efq. 

IN  Learning's  maze  low  critics  ftray. 
And  blindly  bold  miftake  their  way  i 
Supplying  want  of  tafte  and  fenfe 
With  confidence  and  falfc  pretence ; 
Still  darker  each  dark  paffage  make. 
Then  confecrate  their  own  miftake  ; 
Till  by  their  notes  with  learning  fraught 
O'erlaid  expires  the  haplefs  thought. 

Thus  med'cine  quacks  prefume  to  give. 
And  murder  thofe  they  mean  to  live. 

Such,  Virgil,   fuch,  for  many  an  age 
Have  mangled  thy  celeftial  pape ; 
Thy  nobler  meaning  left  unknown. 
And,  harder  ftill,  imposM  their  own  : 
Sure  in  that  *  hell,  which  you  defign'd 
For  mifcreants  vile  of  ev'ry  kind. 
Bad  critics  well  deferve  a  place. 
Nor  mercy  e'er  fhould  find,  nor  grace, 
Tranflators  too  thofe  realms  (hould  hold, 
^  Who  put  off  drofs   inftead  of  gold  : 
Chief  thofe  who  thy  bright  Mufe  difgracc^,' 
And  hide  with  ftains  her  beauteous  face. 
There  creeping  f  Lauderdale  Ihould  be. 
Cold  f  Trapp,  and  murd'ring  f  Ogilby^ 

But  fee  I   again  the  heav'n-born  maid 
With  joy  triumphant  lifts  her  head  I 
For  to  confute,  expofe,  chaftife,  / 

Behold  !  her  great  avenger  rife  ! 
Behold  1  great  bard,  thy  fame  to  clear/ 
Behold!  thy  Warburton  appear! 

And  worthy  he  in  thofe  bleft  plains  § 
To  ihare  the  blifs  which  Virtue  gains. 
*  With  thofe  who  toil'd  to  blefs  mankind, 

And  form  to  Wifdom's  lore  the  mind. 
Where  TuUy,  Plato,  range  the  glade 
With  Thine  and  J  Pitt's  attendant  fhade.- 

As  the.fam'd  ||  chief  could  ne'er  have  feen' 
The  regions  fway*d  by  Pluto's  Queen, 
Without  that  wond'rous  +|:  branch  whofe  rind' 
Radiant  with  gold  immortal  Ihin'd : 

♦  Vide  Six^h  Book,      f  Tranflators  of  Vire:il.     §  Vide  Sixth  Book.     %  A  liioi? 
excellenr  Tranflator  of  Virgil's  ^neid.     ||  JEncaS,     \%  Vide  Sixth  Book. 

A  bough 


POETRY.  431 

A  bough  of  power  not  lefs  divine, 

O  much-learn'd  Warburton  !  is  thine  : 

Which  theu  from  that  fair  f  tree  didfl:  pull, 

Whofe  heavenly  fruit  thou  lov'ft  to  cull  : 

Hence  hell's  thick  gloom  thou  couldH  pervade. 

Without  the  Sybil's  potent  aid. 

Each  myftic  fcene  there  comprehend. 

And  trace  their  latent  caufe  and  end  ! 

And  hence,  while  wanting  this  fure  guide. 

Others  in  darknefs  wander 'd  wide. 

And  truth  from  error  could  not  fee. 

But  all  was  doubt  and  myftery. 

To  thy  enlighten'd  mind  alone 

The  myfteries  themfelves  ||  were  none. 


^ear,   at 


The follo<v:ing  Verfes,  dropt  in  Mr.  Garrick'/  Temple  of  Shakefpt^, ,  «( 
Hampton,  are  /aid  to  have  been  ^written  by  a  Gentleman,  niohofe  poetical 
produStions  ha've  been  'very  defer'vedly  adtnired, 

"l^THILE  here  to  Shakespear  Garrick  pays 
^^     His  tributary  thanks  and  praife. 
Invokes  the  animated  ftone. 
To  make   the  poet's  mind  his  own ; 
That  he  each  character  may  trace 
With  humour,  dignity^  and  grace. 
And  mark,  unerring  mark,  to  men. 
The  rich  creation  of  his  pen : 

Prefer'd  the  pray'r — the  marble  god, 
.  Methinks  J   fee  ail'enting  nod  ; 
And  pointing  to  his  laurel'd  brow. 
Cry — **  Half  this  wreath  to  you  I  owe. 
Loft  to  the  ftage,  and  loft  to  fame, 
Murder'd  my  fcenes,  fcarce  known  my  name. 
Sunk  in  oblivion  and  difgrace 
Among  the  common  fcribbling  race, 
Unnotic'd  long  thy  Shakefpear  lay. 
To  Dulnefs  and  to  Time  a  prey  ; 
But  lo  !  I  rife,  I  breathe,  I  live 
In  you,  my  reprefentative  ! 
Again   the  hero's  breaft  I  fire. 
Again  the  tender  figh  infpire. 
Each  fide,  again,  with  laughter  (hake. 
And  teach  the  villain's  heart  to  quake  ; 
All  this,   my  fon,    again  I  do, 

I, no,  my  fon — 'tis  I  and  You." 

Whilft  thus  the  grateful  ftatue  fpeaks, 
A  blufh  o'erfpreads  the  fuppliant's  cheeks : 

t  Of  knowledge,  alluded  to  above.  (|  Vide  PliTcrtation . 

««  What! 


432'      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 

"  What!  Iialf  thy  wreath?  Wit's  mighty  chief ? 
O  grant!   (he  cries)  one  lingle  leaf! 
That  far  o'erpays  his  humble  merit. 
Who's  but  the  organ  of  thy  fpirit." 
Phcebus  the  gen'rous  conteft  heard. 
When  thus  the  God  addrefs'd  the  bard, 
**  Here !  take  this  laurel  from  my  brow ; 
On  him  your  mortal  wreath  beftow  ; 
Each  matchlefs,  each  the  palm  Ihall  bear  ; 
In  heav'n,  the  bard ;  on  earth,  the  play'r." 

Prologue  to  the  Tragedy  of  A  g  i  s.      Written  by  a  Friend.      Spoken  hy 

Mr.  Garrick. 

IF  in  thefe  days  of  luxury  and  eafe, 
A  tale  from  Sparta's  rigid  ftate  can  pleafe  ; 
If  patriot  plans  a  Britifti  breaft  can  warm  ; 
If  Kings  afTerting  liberty  can  charm  ; 
If  virtue  ftill  a  graceful  afpefl  wear ; 
Check  not  at  Agis'  fall  the  gen'rous  tear. 

He  view'd  his  fubjedts  with  a  parent's  love ; 
With  zeal  to  fave  a  finking  people   ihove ; 
Strove  their  chang'd  hearts  with  glory  to  inflame  ; 
To  mend  their  morals ;  and  reftore  their  name; 
Till  Faflion  rofe  with  Murder  at  her  fide; 
Then  mourn'd  his  country ;  perfever'd;  and  died. 

That  country  once  for  virtue  was  rever'd  ; 
Admir'd  by  Greece ;  by  haughty  Afia  fearM. 
Then  citizens  and  foldiers  were  the  fame; 
And  foldiers  heroes ;  for  their  wealth  was  fame. 
Then  for  the  brave  the  fair  referv'd  her  charms ; 
And  fcorn'd  to   ciafp  a  coward  in  her  arms. 
The  trumpet  calPd  ;  Ihe  feized  the  fword  and  fhield; 
Array'd  in  hafte  her  hufhand  for  the  field  ; 
And  fighing,  whifper'd  in  a  fond  embrace, 
*«  Remember!  death  is  better  than  difgrace.** 
The  widow'd  mother  fliew'd  her  parting  fon 
The  race  of  glory  which  his  fire  had  run  ; 
"  My  fon,  thy  flight  alone  I  ftiall  deplore, 
'*  Return  viftorious  !  or  return  no  more  !  " 

While  Beauty  thus  with  patriot  zeal  combin'd. 
And  round  the  laurel'd  head  her  myrtle  twin'd  ; 
While  all  confeft  the  Virtuous  were  the  Great ; , 
^  Fame,  valour,  conqueft,  grac'd  the  Spartan  ftate. 
'  Her  pow'r  congenial  with  her  virtue  grew. 
And  Freedom's  banner  o'er  her  phalanx  flew  ; 
But  foon  as  Virtue  dropt  her  fick'ning  head. 
Fame,  valour,  conqueil,  pow'r  and  freedom  fled. 

May 


POETRY.  433 

May  this  fad  fcene  improve  each  Briton's  heart ! 
koufe  him  with  warmth  to  aft  a  Briton*s  part  1 
Prompt  him  with  Sparta's  nobleft  fons  to  vie; 
To  live  in  glory,  and  in  freedom  die  I 

Epilogue  to  Agis.    Spoken  hy  Mrs,  Pritchard. 

A  King  in  bloom  of  youth  for  freedom  die  ! — -^ 
Oar  bard,  tho' bold,  durft  not  have  foar'd  fo  high. 
This  is  no  credulous  admiring  age  ; 
But  facred  fure  the  faith  of  Plutarch's  page. 
In  fimple  ftyle  that  ancient  fage  relates 
The  tale  of  Sparta,  chief  of  Grecian  Hates : 
Eight  hundred  years  it  flouriih'd,  great  in  arms. 
On  dangers  rofe,  and  grewamidit  alarms. 
Of  Sparta's  triumph  you  have  heard  the  caufe. 
More  ftrong,  more  noble,  than  Lycurgus'  laws  : 
How  Spartan  dames,  by  Glory's  charms  infpir'd, 
Thefon,  the  lover,  and  the  hulband  fir'd. 
Ye  fair  of  Britain's  ifle,  which  jullly  claims 
The  Grecian  title,  land  of  lovely  dames, 
In  Britain's  caufe  exert  your  matchlefs  charms. 
And  roufe  your  lovers  to  a  love  of  arms. 
Hid,  not  extinft,  the  fpark  of  valour  lies  ; 
Your  breath  Ihall  raife  it  flaming  to  the  fkies. 
Now  Mars  his  bloody  banner  hangs  in  air, 
And  bids  Britannia's  fons  for  war  prepare  ; 
Let  each  lov'd  maid,  each  mother  bring  the  fhield. 
And  arm  their  country's  champions  for  the  field. 
Arm'd  and  inflam'd  each  Biitifli  breaft  (hall  barn. 
No  youth  unlaurel'd  fhall  to  you  return. 
Then  fhall  we  ceafe  t'exult  at  trophies  won, 

In  Glory's  field,   by  heroes not  oiir  own. 

France  then  fhall  tremble  at  the  Britilh  fword. 
And  dread  the  vengeance  of  her  ancient  Lord. 

rrokgue  to  the  Tragedy  o/*Cleone,  by  William  Melmoth,  Efif\ 
Spoken  hy  Mr,  Ross. 

''TpWAS  once  the  mode  inglorious  war  to  wage 

'■'     With  each  bold  bard  that  durfl  attempt  the  Hage, 
And  prologues  were  but  preludes  to  engage. 
Then  mourn'd  the  Mufe,  no:  flory'd  woes  alone, 
Condcmn'd,  with  tears  unfcign'd,  to  weep  her  own. 
Pall  are  thofe  hoflile  t'^ays :   and  wits  no  more 
One  undiftinguifh'd  fate  with  fcols  deplore. 
No  more  the  Mufe  laments  her  long-felt  wrcngs. 
From  the  ^ude  liteace  oi  tumultuous  torgue? ; 

Vol.  I.  1^  i  In 


434       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175,8. 

In  peace  each  bard  prefers  his  doubtful  claim. 
And  as  he  merits,-  meets,  or  miilcs,  fame. 
'Twas  thus  in  Greece  (when  Greece  fair  Science  bleft. 
And  heav'n-born  Arts  their  chofen  land  pofTell) 
Th'  aflembled  People  fat  with  decent  pride. 
Patient  to  hear,  and  Ikilful  to  decide  , 
Lefs  forward  far  to  cenfure  than  to  praife. 
Unwillingly  refus'd  the  rival  bays. 
Yes  ;  they  whom  candor  and  true  tafteinfpire 
Blame  not  with  half  the  paffion  they  admire  ; 
Each  little  blemilh  with  regret  defcry. 
But  mark  the  beauties  with  a  rapturM  eye. 
Yet  model}  fears  invade  our  Author's  breaff. 
With  Attic  lore,  or  Latian,  all  unbleft  ; 
Deny'dby  fate  thro*  claflic  fields  to  ftray, 
-     Where  bloom  thofe  wreaths  which  never  know  decay  f 

Where  arts  from  kindred  arts  new  force  acquire, 
,    And  Poets  catch  from  Poets  genial  fire  : 

Not  thus  he  boafls  the  breaft  humane  to  prove, 

And  touch  thofe  fprings  which  generous  paffions  move. 

To  melt  the  foul  by  fcenes  of  fabled  woe. 

And  bid  the  tear  for  fancy *d  forrows  flow  j. 

Far  humbler  paths  he  treads  in  quell  of  fame,  ' 

lAnd  trufts  to  Nature  what  from  Nature  came.* 

Epilogue  to  Cleone.     As  origitially  written  ^William  Shekstgnz,        j 
Efq-,  fpoken  by  Mrs.  Bellamy.  j 

WELL,  ladies fo  much  for  the  tragic  llile 
And  now,  the  cu (lorn  is to  make  you  fmile.  i 

**  To  make  us  fmile,  I  hear  Flippanta  fay, 

<«  Yes we  have yz«//V indeed — thro'  half  the  play  ;. 

**  We  alnxjays  laugh  ;  when  bards,  demure  and  fly, 

«*  Beftow  fuch  mighty  pains to  make  us  ery. 

•*  And  truly  to  bring  forrow  to  a  crifis, 

«*  Mad-folks,  and  murder'd  babes  are  _/^r^w^ devices. 

**  The  Captain  gone  three  years and/^f«  to  blame 

**  The  veftal  condu6l  of  his  virtuous  dame  ! 

<*  ^\i2ii French,  what  EngliJhhY\^e.  would  think  it  treafon, 

**  V/hen  thus  accusM to  give  the  brute  fomereafon  ? 

**  Ojt  of  my  houfe this  night,  forfooth depart ! 

**  A  fnodern  wife  had  faid With  all  my  heart: 

•«  But  think  not,  haughty  Sir,  I'll  go  alone  I 

•*  Order  your  coach conduifl  me  fafe  to  town 

•*  Give  me  my  jewels — wardrobe — and  my  maid — 
**  And  pray  lake  care,  my  pin-money  be  paid. 

**  Elfe  know,  I  wield  a  pen and,  for  its  glory, 

**  My  dear^s  doniieflic  feats may  fliine  in  ftory  ! 

«*Thwi 


1 


POETRY.  435 

**  Then  for  the  Child—the  tale  was  truly  fad — — 
**  But  who  for  fuch  a  bantling  would  run  mad  ? 
«<  What  wife,  at  midnight  hour  inclin'd  to  roam^ 
**  Would  fondly  drag  her  little  chit  from  home? 
**  What  has  the  mother  with  her  child  to  do  ? 
•«  Dear  brats— the  Nur/ery^s  the  place  for  you  1" 

Such  are  the  ftrains  of  many  a  modifh  Fair  I 
Yet  memoirs — not  of  modern  growth — declare 
The  time  has  leen,  when  modefty  and  truth 
Were  deem'd  additions  to  the  charms  of  youth ; 
Ere,  in  the  dice-box  ladies  found  delight; 
Or  fwoon'd  for  lack  of  cards,  on  Sunday  night ; 
When  women  hid  their  necks,  and  veil'd  their  faces, 
Norromp'd,  nor  rak'd,  norftar*d,  at  public  places ; 

Nor  took  the  airs  of  Amazons forgraces  ! 

When  plain  domeftic  virtues  were  the  mode  ; 
And  wives  ne'er  dreamt  of  happinefs  abroad. 
But  cheerM  their  offspring,  fhun'd  fantafticairs ; 
And  with  \.\iQJoys  of  wedlock,  mixt  the  cares. 
Such  modes  are  paft— yet  fure  they  merit  praife  5 
For  marriage  triumph'' d  in  thofe  waffel  days  : 
No  virgin  figh'd  in  vain  ;  no  fears  arofe, 
Left  hoftile  wars  (hould  caufe  a  dearth  of  beaux  ; 
By  chafte  decorum,  Each,  affeftion  gained  : 
By  faith  and  fondnefs,  what  (he  won,  maintain*d. 

'Tis  yours,  ye  Fair !  to  mend  a  thoughtlefs  age^ 
That  fcorns  the  prefs,  the  pulpit,  and  the  ftage  ! 
To  yield  frail  Hufbands  no  pretence  to  ftray  : 
(Men  will  be  rakes,  if  women  lead  the  way), 

Tofooth But  truce  with  thefe  preceptive  lays ; 

The  Mufe,  who,  dazzled  with  your  ancient  praife. 
On  prefent  Worth  and  modern  Beauty  tramples, 
Muii  own,fhe  ne'er  could  boaft  more  bright  examples J^ 

*  Addrefllng  the  boxes. 

/^fFA^fILIAR  Epistle,  from  a  Clergyman  to  a  young  Gentleman  of  tht 

Law, 

TN  great  Augtiftus*  golden  days, 
•*■   When  Horace  held  the  feal  of  baysj 
And  fagely  made  reports  of  cafes. 
To  ferve  all  future  times  and  places ; 
'Twas  found  thatf  not  a  human  wight, 
(If  I  conceive  his  meaning  right) 
LivM  eafy  in  his  own  eftate, 
But  always  prais'd  his  neighbour's  fate. 

:  t  Vide  Sat.  I.  Lib.  i. 

F  f  2  Snccccdifz 


43«J      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758, 

Succeeding  times  with  facred  awe 
Have  the  prefcription  held  as  law  5 
And  to  this  day  you  cannot  find 
One  creature  that  with  patient  mind. 
Endures  for  better  and  for  worfe. 
His  proper  life's  determin'd  courfe. 

Thus  the  fond  country  darafel  prays 
For  balls,  and  mafquerades,  and  plays ; 
Whilft  your  town  ladies  wilh  to  rove 
Thro*  the  green  glade  and  Ihady  grove  ; 
Thus  damns  the  Captain,  blood  and  fire,. 
And  longs  to  reft  an  eafy  'Squire  ; 
Whilft  the  fierce  'Squire  impatient  glows 
To  meet  in  arms  his  country's  foes : 
And  thus  to  cut  the  matter  fhort, 
(For  why  in  long  exampling  fport 
When  one  home  cafe  the  truth  will  (hew  ?)t- 
You  like  the  church,  and  I  the  law. 

But  fince  no  pow'r  propitious  hears 
The  peevifh  tenor  of  our  pray'rs, 
And,  fpiteof  all  our  noife  and  din, 
You  muft  read  briefs,  I  rail  at  fin  ; 
Let  us,  my  friend,  with  nicer  eye. 
The  nature  of  our  flations  try  ; 
See  if  the  mafs  we  fo  deplore 
Contain  not  Tome  intrinfic  ore  : 
Some  latent  principle  of  good. 
Sure  to  be  prized  when  underflood. 

And  firft,  t'obferve  an  order  due, 
'Tis  proper  my  own  cafe  to  view  ; 
As  children  of  diftinguifh'd  tafte. 
Still  eat  the  daintieft  bits  the  laft. 
'Tis  true,  from  crape  fome  torment  fprings ;: 
Lean  curacies  are  hateful  things ; 
Dillreffing  cramps  to  gen'rous  fpirit  ; 
You  fcarce  can  treat  a  friend  of  merit ; 
And  then  your  rufty  wig  and  gown 
Excite  the  laugh  of  ev'ry  clown. 
But  when  fome  years  have  roll'daway. 
Some  patron  of  benignant  clay 
(Time  move  thy  lazy  pinions  quicker  j) 
May  fet  me  down  a  thankful  vicar. 
Now  fee  the  profpeft  brighten  round, 
Unnumber'd  comforts  flrait  abound  ; 
A  fair  three  hundred  pounds  a  year. 
Good  books,  neat  houfe,  and  dainty  cheer, 
A  mettled  nag,  perhaps  a  chair,  . 
To  ride  abroad  and  take  the  air  ; 

"In 


POETRY.  457 

**  In  fummer,  (hade  ;  in  winter,  fire." 
And  Sunday,  dinners  with  th  'Squire. 
Mean  while,  my  ev'ry  blifs  I'improve, 
With  life's  be(i  cordial,  gen'rous  love. 
Some  fair  Selinda,  lovely  name. 
May  gradual  catch  the  tender  flame. 
And  yield  the  treafure  of  her  charms 
"With  fweet  reladance  to  my  arms. 
If  then  my  friend  (houlJ  Ileal  from  town, 
And  all  the  anger  of  the  gown. 
And  fee  hi«  parfon  in  good  cafe, 
Bleft  with  th*  efteem  of  all  the  place; 
See  the  dear  partner  of  my  heart. 
All  foftnefs,  adl  the  kindeft  part ; 
See  young- Selindas,  good  and  fair, 
Climb  up  ifty  knee  the  kifs  to  Ihare ; 
Pray  how  could  Fortune  more  prefent  ? 
What  rocfm  for  pining  difcontent  ? 

Proceed  we  now  to  place  the  next 
(Like  good  dividers  of  a  text)  .^ 

In  which  the  Mufe  fliall  make  appear 
You've  much  to  hope  and  naught  to  fear  : 
Where  G^rrick  holds  his  mimic  reign 
(Mere  mortals  call  it  Drury-lane) 
You've  feen,  the  firft  or  fecond  night, 
A  new-bdrn  piece  produc'd  to  light. 
Scene  firll,  a  friend  o'  th'  hero  fays 
Something  that  puts  you  in  amaze. 
Of  great  events  impending  near, 
Ana  dangers  threaten'd  to  his  dear: 
But  for  your  life  you  can't  divine. 
Where  tends  this  ftrange  involv'd'defign ! 
The  plotfucceeds  ;  you've  got  a  clue 
That  guides  the  whole  performance  thro' ; 
And  plain  as  nofe  upon  your  face 
You  ev'ry  turn  and  winding  trace. 
Hear,  gentle  friend,  th'  inftruftive  lay  j 
Your  law  refembles  juft  the  play. 
At  wri/,  ejeSIment,  certiorari » 
Tro'ver,  and  fcirefacias  Hare  ye  ? 
Have  patience  ;  mark  with  eye  profound  ; 
And  foon  you'll  tread  on  clearer  ground. 
What  vifion's  that  ?  In  court  you  Hand, 
With  nervous  tongue  and  waving  hand, 
Pleading  the  injur'd  orphan's  caufe, 
Whilll  ilill  Attention  fpeaks  applaufe. 
And  now  Britannia's  patriots  join 
To  bid  you  in  ihe  fen  ate  fhinc  : 

F  f  3  With 


^138       ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1758, 

With  all  a  Pitt's  undaunted  force. 
You  ftem  Corruption's  headlong  courfe  ; 
^         Break  the  vile  chain  by  Slav'ry  worn. 
And  blefs  the  ages  yet  unborn. 
P  may  I  live  to  fee  the  day. 
When  crowds  Ihall  hail  you  on  your  way. 
For  felfifh  fchemes  of  feigning  good. 
Of  frontlefs  Rapine  juft  fubdu'd  ; 
The  Mufe  ihall  pour  her  ftrongeft  lays. 
And  grow  immortal  by  your  praife. 

Thus  ev'ry  flate,  at  diftance  due. 
If  we  the  piece  attentive  view. 
Shews  tints  in  fweet  alTemblage  laid. 
Nor  all  is  light,  nor  all  is  Ihade. 

Then  let  us,  to  our  lot  refign'd. 
All-patient  ply  with  fteady  mind 
The  prefent  oar,  howe'er  it  teize  us  ;• 


The  reft  when  heav'n-born  Fortune  pleafes. 

/ 

S'he following  Fable  nvas  'written  by  the  Ingenious  Mr.  Christopher 
S  MART,  late  of  Pembroke  Hally  Cambridge y  nvhen  his  Grace  the  Duke 
of  Devonjhlre  (then '  Lord  Hartlngton)  <was  appointed  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  ir  eland. 

The  Englljh  Bull  Dogy  Dutch  Maflff,  and  ^aih     A  Fable. 

A  RE  we  not  all  of  race  divine, 
•^^  Alike  of  an  immortal  line  ? 
Shall  man  to  man  afFord  derilion. 
But  for  fome  cafual  divifion, 
To  malice  and  to  mifchief  prone. 
From  climate,  canton,  or  from  zone  I 
Are  all  to  idle  difcord  bent, 
Thefe  Kentifh  men,  thofe  men  of  Kent, 
And  parties  and  diftinftion  make 
For  parties  and  dillinftion  fake  ? 
Souls  Tprung  from  an  sethereal  flame. 
However  clad,  are  ftill  the  fame  ; 
Nor  fhould  we  judge  the  heart  or  head. 
By  air  we  breathe,  or  earth  we  tread. 
Dame  Nature,  who,  all  meritorious. 
In  a  true  Englifhman  is  glorious, 
Is  lively,  honell,  brave,  and  bonny, 
in  Monfieur,  Taffy,  Teague,  and  Sawny, 
pive  prejudices  to  the  wind. 
And  let's  be  patriots  to  mankind. 
Bigots,  avaunt !  Senfe  can't  endure  ye, 
^Bt  Fabulifls  fiiould  try  to  cure  ye. 

A  fnub- 


POETRY.  439 

A  fnub-nosM  dog  to  fat  inclin'd. 
Of  the  true  hogan-raogan  kind, 
The  fav'rite  of  an  Rnglirti  dame, 
Mynheer  Van  Trumpo  was  his  name, 
One  morning  as  he  chanc'd  to  range. 
Met  honeft  Towzeron  the  change. 
And  who  have  we  got  here,  I  beg  ? 
Quoth  he,— and  lifted  up  his  leg; 
An  Englifh  dog  can't  take  an  airing 
But  foreign  fcoundrels  muft  be  flaring. 
I'd  have  your  French,  and  all  your  Spaniih, 
And  allthe  Dutch,  and  all  the  DanilTi, 
By  which  our  fpecies  is  confounded. 
Be  hang'd,  bepoifon'd,  or  be  drowned. 
Well,   of  all  dogs  it  is  confefs'd. 
Your  Englifti  bull-dogs  are  the  bed. 
I  fay  it,  and  will  fet  my  hand  to't, 
Camden  records  it,  and  I'll  ftand  to't. 
'Tis  true,  we  have  too  much  urbanity. 
Are  overcharg'd  with  foft  humanity,    ^ 
The  beft  things  muft  find  food  for  railing. 
And  ev'ry  creature  has  its  failing. 

And  who  are  you,  reply'd  Van  Trump, 
(Curling  his  tail  upon  his  rump) 
Vaunting  the  regions  of  diftradlion. 
The  land  of  party  andof  faftion  ? 
In  all  fair  Europe  who  but  we 
For  national  oeconomy, 

For  wealth  and  peace,  that  have  more  charms 
Than  learned  arts,  or  noify  arms  i 
You  envy  us  our  dancing  bogs, 
With  all  the  muficof  the  frogs, 
Join'd  to  the  Tretchfcutz,  bonny  loon. 
Who  on  the  cymbal  grinds  the  tune  ; 
For  poets,  and  the  mufes  nine. 
Beyond  comparifon  we  Ihine  ; 
Oh  !  how  we  warble  in  our  gizzards. 
With  XX's,  HH's,  and  with  ZZ's. 
For  fighting — now  you  think  Tna  joking. 
We  love  it  better  far  than  fmoaking  ; 
Aik  but  our  troops  from  man  to  boy. 
Who  all  furviv'd  at  Fontenoy  ; 
'Tis  true  as  friends,  and  as  allies. 
We're  ever  ready  to  devife 
Our  love,  or  any  kind  affiftance 
That  may  be  granted  at  a  diftance  ; 
^nd  if  you  go  to  brag,  good  bye  to'ye, 
Npr  dare  to  brave  the  high  and  mighty. 

F  f  4  Wrong 


it40      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 

Wrong  are  you  both,  rejoins  a  Quail, 
Confin'd  within  its  wirey  jail; 
Frequent  from  realm  to  realm  Pverang'd, 
And  with  the  ieafons,  climates  chang'd. 
Mankind  is  not  fo  void  of  grace, 
But  good  I've  found  in  ev'ry  place. 
I've  feen  fincerity  in  France, 
Among  the  Germans  complaifance  ; 
In  foggy  Holland  wit  may  reign, 
I've  known  humility  in  Spain  : 
Freed  was  I  by  a  turban'd  Turk, 
Whofe  life  was  one  entire  good  work  ; 
And  in  this  land,  fair  Freedom's  boaft. 
Behold  my  liberty  is  loft. 
Defpis'd  Hibernia  have  I  feen, 
Pejefted  like  a  widow'd  que;n. 
Her  robe,  with  dignity  long  worn. 
And  capof  liberty  were  torn. 
Her  broken  fife  and  harp  unftrung, 
On  the  uncuhur'd  ground  were  flung, 
Pown  lay  her  fpear,  dcfil'd  withrult. 
And  book  of  learning  in  the  duft. 
Her  loyalty  ftill  blamelefs  found. 
And  hofpitality  renown'd. 
No  more  the  voice  of  fame  engrofs'd. 
In  difcontent  and  clamour  loft. 
Ah  !  dire  Corruption,  art  thou  fpread 
V/here  never  viper  rear'd  its  head  ? 
Arid  did'ft  thy  baleful  influence  fow 
Where  hemlock  nor  the  night-ihade  grow  } 
Haplefs,  difconfolate,  and  brave, 
Hibernia,   who'll  Hibernia  fave  ? 
Who  fliall  affift  thee  in  thy  woe  r 
Who  ward  from  thee  the  fatal  blow  ? 
'Tis  done,  the  glorious  work  is  done. 
All  thanks  toHeav'nand  Hartington, 

0«  thfr^  Fit  of  tU  GOUT. 

C\  Thou  !  to  man  the  earneft  of  fourfcore, 
^^   Gueft  of  the  rich,  unenvied  by  the/)fiior, 
.  *I'hou  that  great  Efculapius  doft  deride. 
And  o'er  his  galley-pots  in  triumph  ride; 
^hou  that  was  wont  to  hover  near  the  throne. 
And  underprop  the  head  that  wears  the  croivn  ; 
Thou  that  doft  oft'  in  priv.y  coujicils  wait, 
And  guard  from  fleep  the  drowfy  eyes  o^ ft  ate  y 
^hou  that  upon  the  bench  art  mounted  high. 
And  w§rn*ft  i\it  judges  when  ihey  tread  awry  ? 

Thoit 


POETRY.  441 

Thou  that  dofl  oft'  from  pamper'd  prelates  toe. 
Emphatically  urge  the  pains  below  ; 
Thou  that  art  always  half  the  city's  grace. 
And  add'ft  to  folemn  nodcile  folemn  pace  ; 
Thou  that  art  us'd  to  fit  on  lady's  knee. 
To  feed  on  jellies,  and  to  drink  cold  tea : 
Thou  whofe  luxurious  fenfe  can  fcarcely  bear 
The  velvet  flipper  and  the  feather'd  chair; 
Whence  does  thy  mighty  condefcenfion  flow, 
To  vifif  my  poor  tabernacle  ?--Oh  ! 
Her  knee  indulgent  here  no  lady  lends. 
To  watch  thy  looks  no  liv'ry'd  train  attends. 
No  coftly  jellies,  and  no  chairs  6f  down. 
Invite  foft  flumbers,  or  the  banquet  crown. 
•  Yet  what  I  have  for  folace  or  for  ftate, 

J'give,  and  envy  for  thy  fake  the  great. 

Jove,  who  vouchfaf'd  in  ancient  times,  'tis  (aid. 
At  poor  Philemon's  cot  to  take  a  bed  ; 
Pleas'd  with  the  mean,  but  hofpitable  feaft, 
Firft  bid  hiiti  aflc,  and  granted   his  requeil— ^ 

0  !  then  (for  thou  art  of  the  race  divine. 
Begot  on  Venus  by  the  God  of  wine) 
Since,  not  incognito  thy  viflt  paid, 

1  meet  thee  confcious  of  my  wants  difmay'd. 
Do  thou  to  entertain  thee  give  mey?or^. 

Or  with  thy  prefence  honour  nie  no  more, 

J  Sea  Chaplain's  Petition  to  the  Lieutenants  in  the  Ward-rocfft,  for  the  U/e 

of  the  ^tarter  Gallery, 

In  the  Manner  o/'Sv/iET, 

V^  O  U  that  can  grant  or  can  refufe  the  pow'r, 
^     Low  from  the  item  to  drop  the  golden  fliowV, 
When  Nature  prompts, — O  patient  deign  to  hear. 
If  not  a  parfon's — yet  a  poet's  pray'r  ! 
Ere  taught  the  def'rencc,   to  commifllons  due, 
Prefumptuous  I'a(plr'd  to  mefs  with  you  : 
But  fince  the  diffrence  known'  'twixt  fea  and  (here. 
That  mighty  happinefs  I  urge  no  more. 
An  humble  boon,  and  of  adifF'renc  kind, 
:    (G:ant,  heav'n,  a  diS^'rent  anfwerit  may  find) 
Attends  you  now     .  ■      excufe  the  rhyme  I  write, 
./Vnd  iho'  I  mefs  not  with  you,  let  me  111 — te. 

When  in  old  bards,  Arion  tajjes  his  fong. 
The  raviPa'd  dolphins  round  the  vefTel  throng, 
VpriV  fdoth'd  of  old  the  mpnllers  of  the  fea, 
i-et  then  \^hat  fav'd  Ario.i^  plead  for  me  : 

And, 


H2         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175S. 

And,  if  my  Mufe  can  aught  of  truth  divine, 

The  boon  the  Mufe  petitions  Ihall  be  mine  : 

For  fure  this  anfwer  would  be  monft'rous  odd, 

Sh — te  with  the  common  tars,  thou  man  of  God  ! 
Of  thofe  more  vulgar  tubes  that  downward  peep. 

Near  where  the  lion  awes  the  the  paging  deep. 

The  waggifh  youths,  I  tell  what  I  am  told. 

Oft  fmear  the  fides  with  excremental  gold  ; 

Say  then,  when  peafe  within  the  belly  pent. 

Roar  at  the  port,  and  and  flruggle  for  a  vent. 

Say— (hall  I  plunge  on  dung  reniifsly  down. 

And  with  unfeemly  ordure  {lain  the  gown  P 

Or  fhall  I  (terrible  to  think)  difplode, 

Againfl  th'  unbuttonM  plufh  the  fmoaky  load  ? 

The  laugh  offwabbers— ■ — heav'n  avert  thejeft? 

And  from  th'  impending  ftorm  preferve  yourprieft! 

But  grant  that  Cloacina,  gracious  queen  ! 

Should  keep  her  od'rous  fhrine  for  ever  clean. 
Yet  frequent  muft  I  feel  the  offenfive  fpray, 

When  tlie  tofs'd  vefiel  ploughs  the  fwelling  fea  ; 

And,  as  I  fit,  inceffant  mull  I  hear 

The  language  of  the  naufeous  galley  *  near, 

'Where  blockheads  by  the  liiVning  prieft  unaw'd, 
.    Tho'  uncommiffion'd  dare  blafpheme  their  God  I 
Happy  the  man  f  admitted  oft  to  ride 

Within  the  ward- room,  where  his  tools  abide. 

The  man  of  leather— he,  when  Nature  calls. 
Can  for  the  needful  fpace  repofe  his  awls. 
And,  while  I  fqueeze  o'er  fome  ignoble  feat. 
Can  difembogue  his  vile  burgoo  in  (late; 
While  peeping  Nereids  fmoke  the  Chrillian  jell. 
The  honour'd  cobler  and  neglefted  prieft, 
And  fwear  by  Styx,  and  all  the  pow'rs  below. 
In  good  old  heathen  days  'twas  never  fo. 

Ah  1  what  avails  it,  that  in  days  of  yore, 
Th'  inftruclive  lafhes  of  the  birch  I  bore  I 
For  four  long  years  with  logic  ftufF'd  my  head. 
And  feeding  thought  went  fupperlefs  to  bed. 
Since  you  with  whom  my  lot  afloat  is  thrown, 
(O!  elegance  of  tafte  to  land  unknown) 
Superior  rev'rence  to  the  man  refufe. 
Who  mends  your  morals,  than  who  mends  your  flioes.— 

But  Crifpin  faves  your  purfe,  you  anfwer — True, 
Nor  does  your  prieft  without  his  offerings  fue  : 
Whene'er  compell'd  to  ufe  the  fragrant  hole. 
In  fome  bye  nook  I'll  leave  a  moral  fcroll: 

*  A  place  near  the  cook-room  always  throng'd  with  the  fhip's  people. 
t  A  cobler  vwho  ufed  to  mead  the  lieutenants  (hoes  in  the  quarter  gallery. 

The 


POETRY,  443 

The  moral  fcroll  who  next  fucceeds  may  reach. 

And  to  his  brains  apply  it,  or  his  br h  ; 

Thus  fhall  your  fingers  find  a  juft  excufe, 
And  one  fea  chaplain  bead  his  works  of  ufe. 

And  as  yourfelves  from  time  to  lime  repair,  \ 

To  drop  the  reliques  of  digeftion  there. 
Still  may  your  pork  an  eafy  exit  gain. 
Nor  make  you  form  one  ugly  face  in  vain. 
Still  may  your  flip,  refin'd  to  amber  flow. 
In  llreams  falubrious  to  the  brine  below  ; 
Nor  ever  in  too  hot  a  current  hifs, 
But  may  all  holes  prove  innocent  like  this : 
Thus  grant  my  fuit,  (as  grant  unhurt  you  may) 
Your  chaplain  then  without  your  groats  will  pray.* 

Jtt  Efitaph  out  of  a  Church -yard  in  Dor/etjhiret  anfwered  By  a  Gentleman 
on  the  Widower's  marrying  again  in  a  fortnight  * 

Epitaph, 
For  me  deceas'd  weep  not,  my  dear, 
I  am  not  dead,  but  fleepeth  here: 
Your  time  will  come,  prepare  to  di«  ; 
Wait  but  awhile,  you'll  follow  I. 

Anfnuer. 
I  am  not  griev'd,  •  my  deareft  life  ; 
Sleep  on — I've  got  another  wife  : 
And  therefore  cannot  come  to  thee, 
for  I  muft  go  to  bed  to  Ihe, 

A  Gentleman  has  caufed  a  marble  to  he  ereBed  in  St.  Anne^i  church-yard^ 
Weftminfter,  for  the  late  King  Theodore,  Baron  Neuboff,  *with  the  follow^ 
ing  infcription. 

Near  this  place  is  interred 
Theodore,  Kingof  Corfica, 
Who  died  in  this  parifli  Dec.  ii,   1756, 
Immediately  after  leaving 
The  King's  Bench  prifon. 
By  the  benefit  of  the  late  ait  of  Infolvency : 
In  confequence  of  which 
He  regillered  his  kingdom  of  Corfica 
For  the  ufe  of  his  creditors. 

The  grave,  great  teacher,  to  a  level  brings 
Heroes  and  beggars,  galley-flaves  and  kings; 
That  Theodore  this  moral  Icarn'd,  ere  dead, 
fate  pour'd  its  leflbna  on  his  living  head, 
Beftow'd  a  kingdom,  and  deny'd  him  bread. 

*  Every  common  feaman  pays  a  groat  a  moqth  out  of  his  pay  to  the  chaplain, 
but  the  lieutenants  pay  notbinij. 

An 


444      ANNUAL    REGISTER. 


1755. 


An  Account  of  Books  publiilied  in  1758 


An  Eft  i mate  of  the  Manmrs  and  Pritt' 
ciples  of  the  Times,  by  the  Author  of 
Effays  on  the  Charaderiftia,  Davis 
and  ileymers. 

FE  W  books  have  met  with  a 
warmer  reception  or  fererer 
ccnfurethan  the  work  before  os.  Its 
great  fuccefs  arofe  parily  from  the 
circumftances  of  the  time  when  it 
.  appear?dy  P^.rtly  froauts  own  merit, 
jt  appeared  at  a  time  when  our  ill 
fuccefs  in  the  war  had  infufed  fo 
general  a  difcontent  into  the  minds 
of  all  people,  that  ev^n  a  fevere 
jia  ionai  fatire  was  not  thendifagree- 
able  to  the  public  <difpdfitIon.  And 
as  ro  the  work  itfelf,-  thougK  the 
obfervations  it  contains  were  many 
cf  them  not  abfolutely  ne\v  ;  yet 
they  were  fo  methodized,  the  con - 
ncdion  and  relation  of  the  feveral 
reigning  vices  and  follies  were  fo 
well  marked,  and  their  necefTary 
infioence  o"ri  tlie  profperity  of  the 
llaie  wer«  fo  well  difplayed,  that  it 
h?.d  an  appearance  of  being  both 
JiCvV  and  ufeful. 

'1  hedii'advantageousplduregiven 
of  fnoderr)  time?  in  this  work,  re- 
vived a  topic  which  has  often  been 
fiifcufled  with  far  more  zeal  and 
^uriofity  ihaa  real  advantage  ;  the 
juifpute  concerning  the  preference  of 
ancient  and  modern  times.  Vetera 
f.dniirariy  pr^fentia  fequi,  has  ever 
been  the  difpofition  of  mankind. 
Always  difcontented  with  the  pre- 
fcnt  ftate  of  things,  to  which  how- 
Cpver  we  always  conform  ourfelves, 
■,ue  naturally  lament  thofc  periods  of 
vjDur  lives  which  we  havepaiTed,  and 
the  ages  that  have  paiTcd  before  us. 
Wie  are  apt  to  take  our  examples 


of  what  we  ought  to"  fhun  from 
prefent,  and  therefore  more  odious 
vice;  and  our  examples  of  what 
we  ought  to  follow  from  dep;,rted, 
and  therefore  lefs  envied  and  more 
venerable  virtue.  Thefe  difpofiii- 
ons  have  led  feveral  to  throw  virtue 
as  far  backward  as  pofiible,  and 
very  extravagantly  to  maintain  that 
the  world  is  continually  degenerat- 
ing- 

Another  fortof  pliilofophers  have 
however  lately  appeared,  who  take 
a  \try  different  courfe ;  they  affert 
that  they  can  difcover  no  fuperio- 
ricies  that  any  former  age  has  over 
the  pt-efent.  That  the  degeneracy 
of  the  times  has  been  the  complaint 
even  of  the  times  which  we  admire. 
uSfas  parent ium  '  pgor  a^vis  tulit, 
iSc.  is  one  of  the  oldelt  complaints 
in  the  world.  That  if  we  were 
to  fuppofe  mankind  proceeded  in 
an  uniform  progrcfs  in  degeneracy 
and  corruption,  it  is  inconceivable 
how  human  fociety  could  have 
fubfilkd  to  this  time.  On  the 
whole,  they  conclude  that  the  race 
of  men  has,  been  much  the  fame  in 
all  ages. 

This  opinion,  full  as  extravagant 
as  the  former,  is  much  more  per- 
nicious; it  has  been  found  one  of 
the  moil  ufeful  topics  for  fpread- 
ing  vice  and  corruption,  and  in 
its  bell  confequence  can  only  inr 
duce  a  dull  acquiefcence  in  cur 
prefent  condition.  An  uniform 
progrelTion  in  vice  is  an  opinion 
lupported  by  no  reafon  :  and  can 
only  be  conlidered  as  a  poetical  ex- 
aggeration :  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
a  man  mull  Ihut  his  eyes  in  good 
earnell,  not  to  perceive  that  nation  . 

ai 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOK^. 


4-1 


at  one  period  ftrongly  marked  with 
all  the  charaiflers  of  vice  and  bar- 
barifm,  by  fome  happy  conjunc- 
ture emerge  to  light  at  another  ; 
and  diftinguifli  themfelves  by  vir- 
tce,  by  patriotifm,  by  thofe  arts 
that  improve  and  adorn  life ; 
ihefe  nations  fall  again  into 
corruption,  vice,  and  ignorance. 
Shall  it  be  faid  that  the  Ro- 
mans were  the  fame  kind  of 
people  in  the  flourifhing  times  of 
their  commonwealth  that  they  were 
under  Nero,  or  even  under  Trajan 
or  Antoninus  ?  or  the  fame  that 
we  find  them  at  this  day  ?  How- 
ever, this  degeneracy  is  by  no 
means  in  an  even  courfe,  fome 
commonwealths  having  been  moft 
glorious  in  their  beginnings ; 
ethers  after  they  had  long  conti- 
nued. 

The  work  before  us  no  otherwife 
inclines  to  the  former  party,  than 
by  a  tendency  to  (hew  the  pi<Sure 
of  the  prefent  times  in  the  moft 
difadvantageous  point  of  light; 
It  is  indeed  throughout  a  moft 
fevere  invedlive  againft  the  manners 
and  principles  of  the  times  in  our 
country.  The  work  difcovers 
reading  and  reflexion  ;  the  charac- 
ters are  ftrongly  marked,  the  ftile  is 
elegant,  pointed,  and  lively.  But 
the  author  feems  fometimes  too 
minute  in  his  paintings,  fometimes 
overcharges  them ;  and  fcveral 
have  obferved  that  a  certain  air  of 
arrogance  and  fuperiority  prevails 
through  the  whole  work.  Thefe 
were  the  blemilhes  which  took 
fomething  from  the  reputation 
which  this  piece  had  at  firft  gene- 
rally and  juftly  acquired,  on  account 
of  thofe  beauties  which  we  have 
mentioned. 

The  firft  volume  of  this  work  was 
"rinted  the  year  before  ourdefign  ; 
out  as  the  fecond  canivot  be  well  un- 


derftood  without  fome  knowledg** 
of  that  to  which  it  chiefly  refers^ 
we  thought  it  not  amifs  ta  give 
fome  account  of  it. 

Our  author  lays  it  down  as  the 
corner  ftone  of  his  flroftarc,  that  a 
vain,  luxurious,  and  MfiCa  efFemi-- 
nacy  is  the  character  of  the  prefent 
timfs ;  and  the  defign  is  to  fiiew 
how  far  the  prefent  ruling  manners 
and  principles  of  the  naron  may 
tend  to  its  continuance  or  deftrut- 
tion. 

The  more  fulfy  to  delineate  the 
reigning  manners,  he  takes  the- 
modern  man  even  in  his  cradle, 
where  he  finds  the  firft  feeds 
of  his  effeminacy  f(5wn,  and  fol- 
lows him  through  his  education, 
his  travels,  and  his  appearance 
in  town,  and  finds  every  thir,o-, 
in  all  calculated  to  form  him 
to  folly,  effeminacy,  and  diffipa- 
tion.  Here  he  confiders  the  fri- 
volous vein  of  commor\  converfa- 
lion,  the  trifling  amufcments  irr 
faftiion,  and  the  predominant  luft 
of  gaming.  From  the  amufc'ments 
he  paffes  to  che  learning  of  thr 
times. 

**  A  knowledge  of  books  fay» 
he,  a  tafte  in  arts,  a  proficiency 
in  fcience,  was  formerly  regarded 
as  a  proper  qualification  in  a  iijao 
of  faftiion.  The  annals  of  oyr 
country  have  tranfmirted  to  us  the 
name  and  memory  of  men,  as 
eminent  in  learning  and  talle,  as 
in  rank  and  fortune.  It  will  nor, 
I  prefume,  be  regarded  as  any 
kind  of  fatire  on  the  prefent  aoe, 
to  fay,  that,  among  the  higher 
ranks,  this  literary  fpirit  is  gene- 
rally vaniftied.  Rcadirg  is  new 
funk  at  beft  into  a  morning's 
amn/ement  ;  till  the  important  liour 
of  drefs  comes  on.  Bocks  are  no 
longer  regarded  as  the  repofitcrits 
of  tafte  and   knowledge ;  but  .ire 

rather 


^46       ANNUAL    REGlSTfiR,   1758, 


rather  laid  hold  of  as  a  gentle  re- 
laxation from  the  tedious  round  of 
pleafure. 

He  then  proceeds  to  examine  the 
prevailing  tafte  in  hiufic,  painting, 
and  theatrical  entertainments. 

**  No  wonder,  if  thefe  leading 
characters  of  falfe  delicacy  influence 
cur  other  entertainments,  and   be 
attended  with  a  low  and   unmanly 
talle    in  mujic.      That  divine  art, 
capable   of  infpiring   every  thing 
that  is  great  or  excellent,  of  rouzing 
every  nobler  paflion  of  the  foul,  is 
at  length  dwindled  into  a  woman's 
or    an    eunuch's    effeminate    trill. 
The    chafte    and    folemn    airs    of 
Corelli,  of  Geminiani,    and  their 
beft  difciples ;  the  divine  and  lofty 
flights  of  Caldara   and  Marcello  ; 
theelegant  fimplicity  of  Bononcini ; 
the  manly,  the  pathetic,  the  afto- 
nifhing  ftrains  of  Handel,  are  neg- 
leded  and  defpifed  :  while   inftead 
of  thefe,  our  concerts  and  operas 
are  difgraced  with  the  loweit  infi- 
pidity   of  compolition,     and     un- 
meaning fing-fong.      The  queflion 
now   concerns  not    the  expreflion, 
the  grace,  the  energy,  or  dignity  of 
the   mufic  ;    we  go  not  to  admire 
the  compofition,   but  the  tricks  jof  the 
performery  who  is  then  furefl  of  our 
ignorant  applaufe,  when   he   runs 
thro'  the  compafs  of  the  throat,  or 
traverfes  the  finger  board  with  the 
fiwifteft  dexterity. 

While  mufic  is  thus  debafed  into 
effeminacy,  her  filler  art  oi painting 
cannot  hope  a  better  fate  :  for  the 
fame  dignity  of  manners  mully«/- 
port ;  the  fame  indignity  deprefs 
them,  ConnoifTeurs  there  are,  in- 
deed, who  have  either  tafte  qx 'vani- 
ty :  yet  even  by  thefe,  the  art  is 
confidered  as  a  matter  of  curiofuy, 
not   of  influence  \     a   circumflance 


which  proves  their  tafte  to  be  fpu- 
rious,  undirefted,  or  fuperficial. 
But  with  regard  to  the  public  eye  3 
this  is  generally  depraved.  Neither 
the  comic  pencil,  nor  the  ferious  pen 
of  our  ingenious  countryman  *< 
have  been  able  to  keep  alive  the  tafte 
of  nature,  or  of  beauty.  The  fan- 
taftic  and  grotefque  have  banilhed 
both.  Every  houfe  of  faftiion  is 
now  crowded  with  porcelain  trees 
and  birds,  porcelain  men  and 
beafts,  crofs-leggcd  Mandarins  and 
Bramins,  perpendicular  lines  and 
ftifF  right  angles:  every, gaudy 
Chinefe  crudity,  either  in  colour, 
form,  attitude,  or  grouping,  is 
adopted  into  fafliionable  ufe,  and 
become  the  ftandard  of  tafte  and 
elegance. 

Let  us  then  fearch  the  theatr* 
for  the  remains  of  manly  tafte  :  and 
here,  apparently  at  leaft,  it  muft 
be  acknowledged  we  ihall  find  it. 
A  great  genius  hath  arifen  to  dig- 
nify the  ftage  ;  who,  when  it  was 
finking  into  the  loweft  infipidity, 
reftored  it  to  the  fulnefs  of  its  an- 
cient  fplendor,  and,  with  a  variety 
of  powers  beyond  example,  efta- 
blifhed  Nature^  Shakefipear,  and 
Wmfielf. 

But  as  the  attradlions  of  the 
theatre  arife  from  a  complication  of 
caufes,  beyond  thofe  of  any  other 
entertainment;  fo  while  the  judi- 
cious critic  admires  his  original  ex- 
cellencies, it  may  be  well  queftion- 
ed  whether  the  crowd  be  not  drawn 
by  certain  fecondary  circumltances, 
rather  than  by  a  difcernment  of 
his  real  powers.  Need  we  any 
other  proofs  of  this  than  the  con- 
duct of  his  fa-ftiionable  hearers  ? 
who  fit  with  the  fame  face  of  admi- 
ration at  Lear,  an  Opera,  or  a  Pan- 
tomime. 


♦  Mr,  Hogarth's  treat^is  on  the  principles  of  beauty, 


Thei 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


Thefe  fcem  to  be  the  main  and 
leading  articles  of  our  unmanly 
winter-delicacies.  And  as  to  our 
fummer-amufements,  they  are  much 
of  the  fame  tnaket  only  lighter , 
and,  if  poflible,  more /r;j^/«^.  ^As 
foon  as  the  feafon  is  grown  fo 
mild,  as  that  the  man  of  falhion 
can  Itir  abroad,  he  is  feen  lolling  in 
\i\z  pojl- chariot ^  ikiO^MX  the  purlieus 
of  the  town.  The  manly  exercife 
of  riding  is  generally  difufed,  as 
too  coarfe  and  indelicate  for  the 
line  gentleman.  The  metropolis 
growing  thin  as  the  fpring  ad- 
vances, the  fame  rage  of  pleafure, 
drefs,  equipage,  and  dilfipaiion, 
which  in  winter  had  chained  him 
to  the  town,  now  drives  him  to 
the  country.  For  as  a  vain  and 
empty  mind  can  never  give  enter- 
tainment to  itfelf;  fo  to  avoid 
the  taedium  of  folitude  and  felf- 
converfe,  parties  of  pleafure  are 
again  formed  ;  the  fame  efiimina- 
cies,  under  new  appearances,  are 
adled  over  again,  and  become  the 
hujtnefs  of  the  ^feafon.  There  is 
hardly  a  corner  of  the  kingdom, 
where  a  fummer  Jcene  of  public 
dijjipation  js  not  now  eftabliftied  : 
Here  the  parties  meet  till  the 
winter  fets  in,  and  the  feparate 
focieties  are  once  more  met  in 
London. 

Thus  we  have  attempted  a  fimple 
delineation  of  the  ruling  manners 
of  the  times  :  if  any  thing  like  ri- 
dicule appears  to  mix  itfelf  with 
this  review,  it  arifeth  not  from  the 
aggravation,  but  the  natural  difplaj 
oi  folly. 

It  may  probably  be  aflced,  why 
the  ruling  manners  of  our  women 
"have  not  be,en  particularly  deline- 
ated ?  The  reafon  is,  becaufe  they 
areeffentially  the  fame  with  thofeof 
rthe  men,  and  are  therefore  included 
in   this  Ellimate.     The  fcxes  have 


447 

now  little  other  apparent  diftinc- 
tion,  beyond  that  of  perfon  and 
drefs  :  their  peculiar  and  charadle- 
rillic  manners  are  confounded  and 
lolt  ;  the  one  fex  having  at  once  ad- 
vanced into  holdnefs,  as  the  other 
f u  n  k  i  n  to  effeminacy . ' ' 

After  the  manners,  he  examines 
the  principles  of  the  times,  which 
he  fhews  mull  be  greatly  influenced 
by  them.  The  principles  he  conii- 
ders,  are  thofe  which  tend  to  coun- 
terwork the  felfilh  paffions  ;  the 
principles  of  religion,  honour,  and 
public  fpirit.  As  in  his  firll  pare 
our  author  endeavours  to  ellabiilh 
the  general  predominance  of  felriih 
manners,  it  follows  that  the  princi- 
ples which  are  to  counter-work  thcra 
mull  be  weak.  He  finds  little  re- 
ligion or  honour  in  the  nation,  and 
no  public  fpirit. 

In  his  fecond  part  he  difcourfes- 
on  the  public  eiFed  of  thefe  mannerj 
and  principles,  as  they  operate  on 
the  national  capacity  ;  the  national 
fpirit  of  defence  ;  and  the  national 
fpirit  of  union  ;  all  which  he  endcn- 
vours  to  (hew,  they  have  weaken- 
ed and  deflroyed.  On  the  fpirit 
of  union  his  remarks  are  juil  and 
fine. 

**  When  the  fpirit  of  union  is 
checked,  and  divifions  arife,  from 
the  variety  and  freedom  of  opinion 
only;  or  from  the  contefled  rights 
and  privileges  of  the  difFertnt  ranks 
or  orders  of  a  flate,  not  from  the 
detached  and  felfilh  views  of  indivi- 
duals ;  a  republic  is  then  in  its 
llrength,  and  gathers  warmth  and 
fire  from  theie  collifions.  Such  was 
the  ftate  of  ancient  Rcme,  in  the 
fimpler  and  more  difinierefted  pe- 
riods of  that  republic. 

But  when  principle  is  weskered 
and  manners  lofl^  and  faiSHony  rwn 
high  from  felf  Ih  an)bition,  revenge, 
or  ttVariwC,  a  republii  i*  then  on  rh«? 

very 


448         ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1758, 


Very  eve  of  its  deftru(^Ion  :  and 
fuch  was  the  ftate  of  Rome,  in  the 
times  of  Marius  and  Sylla,  Pompey 
and  Csefar,  Anthony  and  Auguf- 
tus. 

Therefore,  before  we  can  deter- 
mine whether  the  fa<^ions  that  divide 
a  free  country  be  falutary  or  dan- 
gerous, it  is  neceflary  to  know  what 
is  their  foundation  and  their  objeft. 
If  they  arife  from  freedom  of  opi- 
nion, and  aim  at  the  public  welfare, 
they  are  falutary  :  if  their  fource  be 
felfifhintereft,  of  what  kind  foever, 
they  are  then  dangerous  and  de- 
itrudive." 

He  concludes  with  the  following 
very  juft  remark. 

"  That  when  fai^ions  arife  from 
the  excefs  of  military  fpirit  and 
ambition  of  dominion,  they  increafe 
the  national  capacity  and  fpirit  of 
defence :  on  t'-e  contrary,  where 
iadlions  arife  from  felfifh effeminacy, 
the  national  capacity  and  fpirit  of 
defence  will  certainly  be  weakened 
ordeltroyed." 

In  his  fourth  part  are  confidered 
the  fources  of  thefe  manners  and 
principles,  which  he  chiefly  derives 
from  exorbitant  trade  and  wealth  ; 
which  naturally,  in  a  country 
conllituLed  like  ours,  produces 
luxury,  avarice  and  effeminacy 
in  manners  ;  and  a  deficiency 
if  not  a  profligacy  in  principles. 
He  fums  up  the  whole  in  the  con- 
clufion. 

**  From  thefe  accumulated  proofs, 
fays  the  author,  then,  it  feems  evi- 
dent, that  our  prefent  effeminate' 
manners  and  defedof  principle  have 
arifen  from  our  exorbitant  trade  and 
wealth,  left  without  check,  to  their 
natural  operations  and  uncontrouled 
influence.  And  that  thefe  manners, 
and  this  defcdl  of  principle,  by 
weakening  or  deilroyin'g  the   nati- 


onal capacity,  fpirit  of  defence,  and 
union,  have  produced  fuch  a  general 
debility  as  naturally  leads  to  de- 
ftrudion. 

We  might  now  proceed  to  con- 
firm thefe  reafonings,  by  examples 
drawn  from  hijlory.  For  there  is 
hartlJy  an  ancient  or  modern  ftate 
of  any  note  recorded  in  flory, 
which  would  not,  in  one  refped  or 
other,  confirm  the  leading-prin- 
ciples on  which  this  argument  is 
built. 

In  thefe,  throughout  their  feveral 
periods,  we  (hould  fee  trade  and 
wealth,  or  (which  is  in  this  refpeft 
equivalent)  conquert  and  opulence, 
taking  their  progrefs  :  at  one 
period  polifliing  and  ftrengthening  j 
at  another,  refining,  corrupting, 
weakening,  deilroying,  the  ftate 
that  gave  them  entrance  :  working 
indeed  in  different  ways,  and  under 
a  variety  of  appearances ;  by  avarice, 
by  fadion,  by  effeminacy,  by  pro- 
fligacy ;  by  mixture  and  combina- 
tion of  all  thefe  evils  ;  fometimes 
dividing  a  nation  againfl  i;felf  ;  at 
others,  quelling  its  fpirit,  and 
leaving  it  an  eafy  prey  to  the  firft 
invader  :  fometimes  checked  by  a 
rifing  patriot,  or  counterworked  by 
national  misfortunes:  in  one  country 
corrupting  manners  !  in  another, 
principles;  in  a  third,  both  manners 
and  principles:  rencieringone  people 
blind,  another  cowardly,  another 
treacherous  to  itfelf:  ftealing  fe- 
cretly  and  infenfibly  on  one  na- 
tion ;  overwhelming  another  in  cer* 
tain  deftrudion. 

But  to  enlarge  on  thefe  fubjeds 
in  that  vague  and  undiilinguilhing 
manner,  which  moft:  writers  have 
purfued  in  treating  them,  though  it 
might  QTivry  x\iQ  appearance  ai  rea* 
foning,  would  i;i  rroth  be  no  more 
than  Declamation  in  difguife.     And 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


449 


to  develope  and  unravel  the  parti- 
cularity of  caufes  and  efFefts,  thro* 
all  their  variety  of  combination  and 
mutual  influence,  as  it  would  ex- 
tend this  Ellimate  beyond  its  de- 
figned  limits,  mull  be  left  to  make 
a  part  of  fome  future  enquiry." 

Notwithftanding  this  ftriking  pic- 
ture of  a  degenerate  age,  the  author 
allows  us  fome  virtues;  and  admits 
that  we  ftill  pofTefs  the  fpirit  of  li- 
berty, the  fpirit  of  humanity,  and 
public  juftice  in  an  high  degree. 

The  fecond  volume  of  this  work 
contains  retradlions  of  fuch  miftakes 
as  the  author  thinks  he  has  com- 
mitted in  his  firft  volume  ;  proofs 
of  his  aflertions ;  illuftrations  of 
what  had  not  been  fully  explained; 
replies  toobjedllons  ;  and  fuch  fur- 
ther confequences  as  may  be  de- 
duced from  his  principles.  He  con- 
cludes this  volume  with  two  pic- 
tures ;  one  of  a  great  minifter,  the 
other  of  a  true  political  writer,  for 
the  originals  of  either  the  reader 
cannot  poflibly  be  at  a  lofs  :  of  the 
minifter  he  fays : 

**  He  will  not  only  have  honeft 
intentions  of  mind,  but  wifdom  to 
plan,  and  courage  to  execute* 

He  will  regard  the  interefts  of  the 
prince  and  people,  as  infeparably 
and  in^^ariably  united. 

He  will  to  the  utmoft  of  his 
power,  abolifh  minillerial  influence 
on  parliament,  and  difcourage  par- 
liamentary influence  among  the 
great. 

He  will  endeavour  to deftroy  party 
diftinftions;  and  to  unite  all  men, 
in  the  fupport  of  the  common  and 
national  welfare. 

In  confequence  of  this,  he  will 
be  hated  by  the  corrupt  part  of  the 
kingdom,  high  and  low/,  becaufe 
their  expedlations  of  advantage,  can 
onlyarife  fromthofe  diftinftionsand 

Vol.  I. 


that  influence  which  he  labours  td 
abolilh. 

The  honeft  and  unprejudiced  part 
of  the  nation  will  adore  him,  for 
the  contrary  reafon. 

He  will  be  remarkable  rather  for 
his  knowledge  in  the  great  princi- 
ples of  wifdom  and  virtue,  than  in 
the  oblique  ways  and  myfteries  of 
felfifti  cunning. 

He  may  be  difplaced  once,  or 
more  than  once,  by  the  power  of 
faftion  ;  but  the  united  voice  of  ani 
uncorrupt  people  \v\\\  reflore  him  to 
the  favour  of  the  Sovereign  ;  efpe- 
cially  in  a  time  of  danger.  And 
the  oftcner  he  is  cut  down  by  cor- 
rupt power,  the  deeper  root  he  will 
take  in  the  afi^eftions  of  the  prince 
and  people,  and  rife  and  flourifli 
with  renewed  vigour* 

His  private  life  will  be  confident 
with  his  public  conduft :  he  will 
not  adopt,  but  fcorn  the  degenerate 
manners  of  the  times.  Above 
luxury  and  parade,  he  will  be  nio- 
deft  and  temperate;  and  his  con- 
tempt of  wealth  will  be  as  fignal  as 
his  contempt  of  luxury. 

He  will  be  diftinguiftied  by  hfs 
regard  to  religion,  honour^  and  his 
country. 

He  will  not  defpife,  but  honour 
the  people,  and  liften  to  their  unit- 
ed voice. 

If  his  meafures  are  not  always 
clear  to  the  people  in  their  Means^ 
they  will  always  be  fo  in  \,\i^\xEnh\ 
In  this  he  will  imitate  agreatQneen, 
or  her  great  minifter,  '  whofe  po- 
'  licy  was  deep,  and  the  means  (he 
'  employed  were  often  very  fecret; 

*  but  the  ends  to  which  this  policy 
'  and   thefe  means  were  direded, 

*  njoere  ne<ver  equi<valent.* 

As  a  natural  and  happy  confe- 
quence  of  this    conduft,    ftiould 
he  happen  either   to  trr  in  a  df 
G  g  Jign^ 


450       ANNUAL    RE 

Z^t  or  fail  in  its  executton,  an 
uncorxupt  people  will  ftill  confide 
in  him.  They  will  continue  to  re- 
pofe  on  his  general  wifdom  and  in- 
tegrity ;  will  regard  him  as  a  kind 
and  watchful  father;  yet,  tho'  *wi/e, 
not  infallible. 

He  will  \Qokfor*tvaril,  rather  than 
to  what  is  pa/l;  and  be  more  zea- 
lous to  fele<^  and  reward  thofe  who 
may  do  well,  than  to  profecute 
thofe  whom,  in  his  own  opinion,  he 
may  think  delinquents. 

His  principles  and  condmSk,  as 
they  will  be  hated  by  <iiile,  (o 
they  will  be  derided  by  vMrrotv 
minds,  which  cannot  enlarge  their 
conceptions  beyond  the  beaten  track 
of  prefent  praftice.  Prince  Mau- 
rice was  ridiculed  in  his  firji  at- 
temptSy  for  thofe  very  expedients  by 
which  he  drove  the  Spaniards  out  of 
his  country. 

if  his  little  or  no  influence  in 
parliament  be  objefted  to  him,  he 
will  anfwer  as  Henry  tfie  Great 
did  with  regard  to  Rochelle,  *  I 
'  do    all    I    defire    to    do    there, 

*  in  doing  nothing  but  what  I 
'  ought.' 

He  will  pradife,  *  that  double 
'  oeconomy,  which  is  fo  rarely 
"  found,  or  even  underftood.  I 
'  mean  not  only  that  inferior 
'  oecofjomy,  which  coniifls  in  the 
**'  management  of  the  receipts  and 

*  ijK'ues  of  the  public  revenue ; 
•'  but     that     fuperior     oeconomy, 

*  which  confifts  in  contriving  the 
"  great  fchcmes  of  negotiation  and 
/  adlion.' 

The  laws  he  frames,  will  be  ge- 
nerous and  com prehen five  ;  that  is, 
i^n  Lord  Verulam's  nervous  expief- 
fion-,  *  deep,  not  vulgar  ;  not  made 

*  upon  the  fpur  of  a  particular  oc- 

*  cafion  for  the  prefent,  but  out  of 
providence    of   the    future ;    to 


GISTflR,    1758. 

'  make  the  ellate  of  the  people  ftill 

*  more  and  more  happy,  after  the 
'  manner  of  the  legiflators  in  an- 

*  cient  and  heroical  times.' 

Above  all,  he  will  ftudy  to  re- 
ilore  and  fecure  upright  manners  and 
principles  j  .knowing  thefe  to  be  the 
very  Jirength  and  njitals  of  e^ery 
Jlati, 

k%  by  all  thefe  means  he  will 
put  the  natural  and  internal  fprings 
of  government  into  adlion  ;  fo  he 
will  keep  up  that  adlion  in  its 
full  vigour,  by  employing  ability 
and  merit :  and  hence,  men  of 
genius,  capacity,  and  virtue,  will 
of  courfe  fill  the  moll  important 
and  public  ftations,  in  every  depart- 
ment. 

To  fulfil  this  great  purpofe,  he 
will  fearch  for  men,  capable  of  fcrv- 
ing  the  public,  without  regard  to 
wealth,  family,  parliamentary  inte- 
reft,  or  connexion. 

He  will  defpife  thofe  idle  claims, 
of  priority  of  rank,  or  feniority  in 
ftation,  when  they  arc  imfupportea 
hy  fer'vices  performed  in  that  rank 
and  ftation:  he  will  fearch  for  thofe, 
wherever  they  are  to  be  found, 
vvhofe  adlive  fpirits  and  fuperior  ca- 
pacity promife  advantage  to  the 
public. 

He  will  not  abufe  thiy  pawer 
indulged  to  him,  of  fuperfeding 
fuperior  rank,  by  preferring  his 
own  favourites.  U  he  finds  the 
appearance  of  ability  and  worth 
among  the  friends  or  dependents 
of  his  enemies,  he  will  truft  them 
with  the  execution  of  his  moft  im- 
portant defigns,  on  the  fuccefs  of 
which,  even  his  own  charafler  may 
depend. 

Having  no  motive,  but  the  wel- 
fare of  his  country;  if  he  can- 
not accomplilh  thatf  by  fuch  mea- 
furcs    as   his   heart   approves,    he 

will 


Account  of  books. 


451 


iVill  hot  ftruggle  for  a  continuance 
In  power,  but  bravely  and  peaceably 
rejign. 

Whether  fuch  a  character  as  is 
here  delineated,  may  ever  arife,  is 
a  queftion  which  it. were  fuperfluous 
for  the  writer  to  determine:  if  ever 
fuch  a  minifter  appears,  he  will  beft 
be  feen  by  his  own  luftre. 

There  is  another  charafler  be- 
longing indeed  to  a  much  lower 
walk  in  life,  which  might  be  no 
lefs  ftrange  than  that  which  is 
here  delineated.  I  mean  the  cha- 
rafter  of  a  political  writer,  not 
only  intentionally  t  but  mfail  impar- 
tial. 

This  is  a  character  which  hath 
never  yet  exifted;  nor  probably, 
will  ever  appear,  in  our  own  coun- 
try. However,  let  us  attempt  a 
Ucetch  of  this  ideal  portrait,  for 
the  ufe  of  thofe  who  may  afpire  to 
impartiality;  and  confider,  by  *what 
'  charadleriftics  he  would  bediflin- 
*  guiihed.' 

He  would  chufc  an  untrodden 
path  of  politics,  where  no  party- 
man  ever  dared  to  enter. 

He  would  be  difliked  by  party- 
bigots  of  every  denomination : 
who,  while  they  applauded  one 
page  of  his  work,  would  execrate 
the  next. 

The  undifguifcd  freedom  and 
boldnefs  of  his  manner,  would 
pleafe  the  brave,  aftonifti  the 
weak,  difgult  and  confound  the 
guilty. 

Every  rank,  party,  and  profef- 
fion,  would  acknowledge  he  had 
done  tolerable  ju (lice  to  every  rank, 
party,  and  profefllon,  their  own 
only  excepted. 

He  would  be  called  arrogant  by 
thofe  who  call  every  thing «rrfl»^<2»r/ 
that  is  not  fertility. 

If  he  writ   in  a  period,  when 


his  country  was  declining ;  while  he 
pointed  out  the  means  from  whence 
alone  honeft  hope  could  arife,  he 
would  be  charged  by  fcribbling  fy- 
cophants  with  plunging  a  nation  in 
defpair. 

While  he  pointed  out  the  abufes 
of  freedom,  and  their  fatal  efFefts, 
he  would  be  blackened  by  defigning 
whifpers,  as  the  enemy  of  freedom 
itfelf. 

The  worthlefs  of  every  profeffion 
would  be  his  fworn  enemies  ;  but 
moft  of  all,  the  worthlefs  of  his 
own  profeffion. 

As  he  would  be  reviled  and  de- 
famed by  the  dijfolute^rts^ly  without 
caufe,  fo  he  would  be  applauded 
by  an  honefl  people,  beyond  his  de- 
fervings. 

Tho'  his  abilities  were  fmall,  yet 
the  integrity  o"f  his  intention  would 
make  amends  for  the  mediocrity  of 
his  talents. 

As  fuch  a  writer  could  have 
little  pretenfions  to  literary  fame, 
fo  he  would  not  be  intoxicated 
with  the  fumes  of  literary  vanity  5 
but  would  think  with  Sheffield, 
th^t 

One  moral,    or    a  mere  weU-nature4. 

deed, 
Does  all  defert  In  fciences  exceed, 

Yet  though  he  fcorned  the  gild- 
ings of  falfe  ambition,  and  riches 
acquired  by  adulation  ;  he  might 
not,  poffibly,  be  unconfcious  of  that 
un fought  dignity,  that  envyM  fu- 
periority  to  wealth  and  titles  which 
even  the  love  of  wifdom  and  virtue 
give. 

Should  any  ef  the  great,  there^^ 
fore,  affeft  to  difdain  him,  on 
account  of  his  private  ilation, 
he  might  perhaps  reply  w^th  ^ef » 
diu. 


452        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

I  was  not  much  afraldi  for  once  or    profpe£l  we  now  have,    that 


twice 
I  was  ahout  to  fpcak,  and  tell  him 

plainly, 
The  felf-fame  ftin  that  fhines  upon  his 

palace, 
Hides  not  his  heavenly  vifage  from  my 

cottage, 
2ut  looks  on  both  alike. 

His  free  and  unconquercd  fpirit 
would  look  down  with  contempt 
on  views  of  intereft,  when  they 
came  in  competition  with  views  of 
duty. 

Nay,  were  he  called  to  fo  (evcre  a 
triaj,  he  would  even  dare  to  make 
the  greatefl  and  the  rarcfl  of  all  ho- 
ned facriiices,  thatof  friendjQiip  it- 
felf,  to  truth  and  virtue. 

Should  the  fenfe  of  his  duty  tp 
his  country  determine  him  to  a  far- 
ther profecution  of  his  labours,  he 
would  fay. 

If  fuch  his  fate,  do  thou,  fair  Truth, 

defcend. 
And  watchful  guard  him  in  an  honeft 

end; 
Kindly  fevere,  inftru6l  his  equal  line. 
To  court  no  friend,  nor  own  a  foe,  but 

thine. 
But  if  his  giddy  eye  Ihould  vainly  quit 
Thy  facred  paths,  to  run"  the  maze  of 

wit  i 
If  his  apoftate  heart  Ihoiild  e'er  incline 
To  offer  incenfe  at  corruption's  ftirine. 
Urge,  urge,  thy  power  j  the  black  at- 
tempt confound } 
Oh,;  dafii  the  rinoak4<ig  cenfcr  to  the 

groqnd  j 
Tht^s  awM  to  fear,  inftrufted  man  may 

.'  ite  ^  ' 

Thjit  guilt  is  doomed  to  fink  in  Infamy. 


^  difcourfi  on,  the  ^tu4y  of  the  LarjOy 
read  in  the  public  fchools  ai  Oxfcrd, 
Oa.  24,  1758.      Oaa^vQ. 

"VXTE    cannot     help     congratu- 
»  "^     lating  the  public  on  the  fair 
6 


one 
learned  foundation  at  leaft:  will  fully 
anfwer  jhe  intention  of  the  founder. 
The  difcourfe  before  us  is  a  folid, 
judicious  and  elegant  oration,  con- 
taining at  once,  an  hiftory  of  our 
law,  a  iufl  panegyric  on  it,  argu- 
ments for  putting  the  ftudy  of  it 
nnder  proper  regulations,  and  a 
fpiritedperruafivetomakethatitildy 
fo  regulated,  a  confiderable  part 
of  academical  education,  efpeciaily 
for  perfons  of  rank.  After  Itrongly 
urging  this  to  eenilemen  in  gene- 
ral, he  particularly  applies  to  the 
nobility. 

**  What  is  faid  ofour  gentlemen 
in  general,  and  the  propriety  of 
their  application  to  the  iludy  of  the 
laws  of  their  country,  will  hold 
equally  flrong  or  ftili  llronger  with 
regard  to  the  nobility  of  this  realm, 
except  only  in  the  article  of  ferving 
upon  juries.  But  inflead  of  this, 
they  have  feveral  peculiar  provinces^ 
of  far  greater  confequcnce  and 
concern;  being  not  only  by  birth 
hereditary  counfeilors  of -Jie  crown, 
and  judges  upon  their  honour  of 
the  lives  of  their  brother  peers, 
but  alfo  arbiters  of  the  property  of 
all  their  fellow-fubjeds,  and  that 
in  the  lall  refort.  in  this  their  ju- 
dicial capacity  they  are  bound  to 
decide  the  nicefl  and  moft  critical 
points  of  law  ;  to  examine  and  cor- 
real fuch  errors  as  haveefcaped  the 
mofl  experienced  fages  of  the  pro- 
feflion,  the  lord-keeper,  and  the 
judges  of  the  courts  at  Weftminfter. 
Their  fentence  is  final,  deciiive, 
irrevocable  :  no  appeal,  no  correc- 
tion, not  even  a  review  can  be  had  : 
and  to  their  determinacTon,  what- 
ever it  be,  the  inferior  courts  of 
juilice  rauft  conform  ;  otherwife  the 
rule  of  property  would  no  longer 
be  uniform  arid  lleadj^. 

Should 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


453 


Should  a  judge  in  the  moft  fub- 
ordinate  jurifdi£lion  be  deficient  in 
the  knowledge  of  the  law,  it  would 
refled^  infinif^  contempt  upon  him- 
ielf,  anrl  difgrace  upon  thofe  who 
eniploy  him.  And  yet  the  confe- 
qucnce  of  his  ignorance  is  compa- 
ratively very  trifling  and  fmal! :  his 
judgment  may  be  examined,  and 
his  errors  redified  by  other  cour:s. 
But  how  much  more  ferious  and 
afFefting  is  the  cafe  of  a  fuperior 
judge,  if  without  any  (kill  in  the 
Jaws,  he  will  boldly  venture  to 
decide  a  quertion,  upon  which  the 
welfare  and  fubliftence  of  whole 
families  may  depend  !  where  the 
chance  of  his  judging  right,  or 
wrong,  is  barely  equal ;  and  where, 
if  he  chances  to  judge  wrong,  he 
does  an  injury  of  the  moft  alarming 
nature,  an  injury  without  poffibility 
of  redrefs  ! 

Yet,  vaft  as  this  truft  is,  it  can 
no  where  be  {o  properly  repofed  as 
in  the  noble  hands  where  ouf  ex- 
cellent conftitution  has  placed  it; 
and  therefore  placed  it,  becaufe, 
fVom  the  independence  of  their 
fortune,  and  the  dignity  of  their 
ftation,  they  are  prcTumed  to  em- 
ploy that  Icifure  which  is  the  con- 
sequence of  both,  in  artaining  a 
more  exter.five  knowledge  of  the 
Jaws  than  perfons  of  an  inferior 
rank  :  and  becaufe  the  founders  of 
our  policy  relied  upon  that  delicacy 
of  fentimcnt,  fo  peculiar  to  noble 
birth  ;  which,  as  on  the  one  hand 
it  will  prevent  either  intcreft  or  af- 
fection from  interfering  in  queftions 
of  right,  foon  the  other  it  will  bind 
a  peer  in  honour,  an  obligation 
which  the  law  cileems  equal  to 
ano'.hej's  oath,  to  be  mafter  of  thofe 
points  upon  which  it  is  his  birth- 
right to  decide. 

The  Roman  panders  will  furnifh 


us  with  a  piece  of  hiftory  not  un- 
applicable  to  our  prefent  purpofe. 
Servius  Sulpicius,  a  gentleman  of 
the  patrician  order,  and  a  cele- 
brated orator,  had  occafion  to  take 
the  opinion  of  Quintus  Mutius 
Scaevola,  the  oracle  of  the  Roman 
law;  but  for  want  of  being  conver- 
fant  in  that  fcience,  could  not  Co 
much  as  underftand  even  the  tech- 
nical terms,  which  his  counfel  was 
obliged  to  make  ufe  of.  Upon 
which  Mutius  Scaevola  could  not 
forbear  to  upbraid  him  with  this 
memorable  reproof,  '  that  it  was 

*  a  fhame  for  a  patrician,  a  noblc- 

*  man,  and  an  orator,  to  be  igno- 

*  rant  of  the  law  under  which  Kc 

*  Jived.'  Which  reproof  made 
fo  deep  an  impreflion  on  Sulpicius, 
that  he  immediately  applied  him- 
I'elf  to  the  ftudy  of  the  law ;  wherein 
he  arrived  to  that  proficiency,  that 
he  left  behind  him  about  a  hundred 
and  fourfcore  volumes  of  his  own 
compiling  upon  the  fubjeft  ;  and 
became,  in  the  opinion  of  Cicero, 
a    much    more    compleat    lawyer 

'  than  even  iVlutius  Scaevola  him- 
felf." 

The  caufe  of  the  negled  of  the 
ftudy  of  the  common  law  in  our  uni- 
verfities,  he  delivers  thus : 

**  That  ancient  colledion  of  un- 
written maxims  and  cuftoms,  which 
is  called  the  common  law,  how- 
ever compounded,  or  from  what- 
ever fountains  derived,  had  fub- 
fifted  iromemorially  in  this  king- 
dom ;  and,  though  fomewhat  al- 
tered and  impaired  by  the  vio- 
lence of  the  times,  had  in  great 
meafure  weathered  the  rude  fhock 
of  the  Norman  conqueft.  This 
had  endeared  it  to  the  pc'ople  in 
general,  as  well  becaufe  its  deci- 
sions were  univerfally  known,  as 
becaufe  it  Was  found  to  be  ex- 
G  g  3  celientl/ 


454       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

pellently  adapted  to  the  genius  of 
theEnglifti  nation.  In  the  know- 
ledge of  this  law  confided  great 
part  of  the  learning  of  thofe  dark 
ages  :  It  was  then  taught,  fays 
tAr,  Selden,  in  the  monaileries, 
tH  the  univerfitiesy  and  in  the  fa- 
milies of  the  principal  nobility. 
The  clergy  in  particular,  as  they 
then  engrofied  almoft  every  other 
branch  of  learning,  fo,  like  their 
predeceffors  the  Britifh  druids, 
they  were,  peculiarly  remarkable 
for  their  proficiency  in  the  ftudy 
of  the  law.  ,  Nullus  clerkus  niji 
caufidicus;  is  the  charader  given 
of  them  foon  after  the  donqueft 
by  William  of  Malmfcury.  The 
judges  therefore  were  ufuallycreated 
o»t  of  the  facred  order,  as  was 
Hkewife  the  cafe  among  the  Nor- 
mans ;  and  all  the  inferior  offices 
were  fuppHed  by  the  lower  clergy, 
which  has  occafioned  their  fuccef- 
fors  to  be  denominated  clerks  to  this 
day. 

But  th^  common  law  of  England, 
being  not  committed  to  writing, 
but  only  handed  down  by  tradi- 
tion, ufe,  and  experience,  was  not 
fo  heartily  reliihed  by  the  foreign 
clergy;  who  came  over  hithfer 
in  (hoale  during  the  reign  of  the 
Conqueror,  and  his  two  fons,  and 
were  utter  ftrangers  to  our  con- 
ilitution  as  well  as  our  language. 
And  an  accident,  which  foon  after 
!|iappened,  had  nearly  compleated 
its  ruin.  '  A  cppy  of  Juftinian's 
pandeds,  being  newly  difcovered 
at  Amalfi,  foon  brought  the  civil 
Jaw  into  vogue  all  ov^r  the  weft 
of  Europe,  where  before  it  was 
^uite  laid  afide  and  in  a  manner 
forgotten;  though  fome  traces  of 
its  authority  remained  in  Italy 
and  the  eaftern  provinces  of  the 
scnpirc.     This    now    became    in 


a  particular  manner  the  favourite 
of  the  popifh  clergy,  who  bor- 
rowed the  method  and  many  of 
the  maxims  of  their  canon  law 
from  this  original.  The  ftudy  of 
it  was  introduced  into  feveral 
univerfities  abroad,  particularly 
that  of  Bologna;  where  exercifes 
were  performed,  lectures  read,  and 
degrees  conferred  in  this  faculty, 
as  in  other  branches  of  fcience; 
and  many  nations  on  the  continent, 
juft  then  beginning  to  recover 
from  the  convulfions  confequent 
upon  the  overthrow  of  the  Roman 
empire,  and  fettling  by  degrees 
into  peaceable  forms  of  govern- 
ment, adopted  the  civil  law,  (being 
the  beft  written  fyftem  then  extant) 
as  the  bafis  of  their  feveral  confti- 
tutions ;  blendingand  interweaving 
it  amon^  their  own  feodal  cuftoms, 
in  fome  places  with  a  more  exten- 
five,  in  others  a  more  confined  au- 
thority. 

Nor  was  it  long  before  the 
prevailing  mode  of  the  times 
reached  England.  For  Theobald, 
a  Norman  abbot,  being  clefted  to 
the  fee  of  Canterbury,  and  ex- 
tremely addicted  to  this  hew  ftudy, 
brought  over  with  him  in  his  re- 
tinue many  learned  proficients 
therein  ;  and  among  the  reft  Roger 
firnamed  Vacarius,  whom  he  placed 
in  the  univerfity  of  Oxford,  to 
teach  it  to  the  people  of  this 
country.  But  it  did  not  meet 
with  the  fan.e  eafy  reception  in 
England,  where  a  mild  and  ra- 
tional fyftem  of  laws  had  long  been 
eftablifhed,  as  it  did  upon  the  con- 
tinent; and,  though  the  monkifh 
clergy  (devoted  to  the  will  of  a 
foreign  primate)  received  it  with 
eagernefs  and  zeal,  yet  the  laity, 
who  were  more  interefted  to  pre- 
ferye  ;Iie  old  conftitution,  and  had 
already. 


ACCOUNT   OF    BOOKS. 


45f 


il ready  fcverely  felt  the  effcft  of 
many  Norman  innovations,  con- 
tinued wedded  to  the  ufe  of  the 
common  law.  King  Stephen  im- 
mediately publifhed  a  proclamation, 
forbidding  the  ftudy  of  the  laws, 
then  nevAy  imported  from  Italy  ; 
which  was  treated  by  the  monks  as 
a  piece  of  impiety,  and  though  it 
might  prevent  the  introduftion  of 
the  civil  law  procefs  into  our  courts 
of  juftice,  yet  did  not  hinder  the 
clergy  from  reading  and  teaching  it 
in  their  own  fchools  and  monalte- 
Ties. 

From  this  time  the  nation  feems 
to  have  been  divided  into  two 
parties;  the  bilhops  and  clergy, 
piany  of  them  foreigners,  who 
applied  themfelves  wholly  to  the 
ftudy  of  the  civil  and  canon  laws, 
which  now  came  to  be  infeparably 
interwoven  with  each  other:  and 
tha  nobility  and  laity,  who  adhered 
with  equal  pertinacity  to  the  old 
common  law  ;  both  of  them  re- 
ciprocally jealous  of  what  they  were 
unacquainted  with,  and  neither  of 
them  perhaps  allowing  the  oppofite 
fyftem  that  real  merit  which  is 
abundantly  to  be  found  in  each. 
This  appears  on  the  one  hand  from 
the  fpleen  with  which  the  monadic 
writers  fpeak  of  our  municipal 
Jaws  upon  all  occafions ;  and,  on 
the  other,  from  the  firm  temper 
which  the  nobility  ihewed  at  the 
famous  parliament  of  Merton  ; 
when  the  prelates  endeavoured  to 
procure  an  aft,  to  declare  all  baftards 
legitimate  in  cafe  the  parents  in- 
termarried at  any  time  afterwards ; 
allcdging  this  only  reafon,  becaufe 
holy  church  (that  is,  the  canon 
law)  declared  fuch  children  legi- 
timate :  but,  '  all  the  earls  and 
*  barons  (fays  the  parliament  roll) 
-'  with   one    voice  anfvvercji,   that 


*  they  would  rot  change  the  laws 
'  of  England,  which  have  hitherto 
'  been  ufed  and  approved.*  And 
we  find  the  fame  jealoufy  prevail- 
ing above  a  century  afterwards, 
when  the  nobility  declared  with  a 
kind  of  prophetic  fpirit,  '  that  the 

*  realm  of  England  hath  never 
'  been  unto  this  hour,  neither  by 

*  the  confent  of  our  lord  the  king 

*  and  the  lords  of  parliament  fhall 

*  it   ever    be,    ruled  or  governed 

*  by  the  civil-  law.'  And  of  this 
temper  between  the  clergy  and 
laity  many  more  inftances  might 
be  given. 

While  things  were  in  this  fitua- 
tion,  the  clergy  finding  it  impof- 
fible  to  root  out  the  municipal  law, 
began  to  withdraw  themfelves  by 
degrees  from  the  temporal  courts ; 
and  to  that  end,  very  early  in  the 
reign  of  King  Henry  the  third, 
epifcopal  conftitutions  were  ppb- 
lilhed,  forbidding  all  ecclefiailics 
to  appear  as  advocates  in  foro 
feculari\  nor  did  they  long  con- 
tinue to  a6l  as  judges  there,  not 
caring  to  take  the  oath  of  ofHce 
which  was  then  found  neceflary  to 
be  adminiftered,  that  they  fhould  in 
all  things  determine  according  to 
the  law  and  cullom  of  this  realm ; 
though  they  dill  kept  po/Teffion  of 
the  high  office  of  chancellor,  an 
office  then  of  little  juridical  power; 
and  afterwards,  as  its  bufinefs  in- 
creafed  by  degrees,  they  modelled 
the  procefs  of  the  court  at  their 
own  difcretion. 

But  wherever  they  retired, 
and  wherever  their  authority  ex- 
tended, they  carried  with  them 
the  fame  zeal  to  introduce  the 
rules  of  the  civil,  in  exclufion  of 
the  municipal  law.  This  appears 
in  a  particular  manner  from  the 
^  %\  f^iri^ual 


456       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


fpiritual  courts  of  all  denomina- 
tions, from  the  chancellor's  courts 
in  both  our  univerfities,  and  from 
the  high  court  of  chancery  before 
mentioned  ;  in  all  of  which  the 
proceedings  are  to  this  day  in  a 
courfe  much  conformed  to  the  civil 
Jaw :  for  which  no  tolerable  reafon 
can  be  afligned,  unlefs  that  thefe 
courts  were  all  under  the  imme- 
jdiate  diredion  of  the  popifh  eccle- 
iiaftics,  among  whom  it  was  a  point 
of  religion  to  exclude  the  municipal 
law  J  Pope  Innocent  the  fourth 
having  forbidden  the  very  reading 
of  it  by  'the  clergy,  becaufe  its 
decifions  were  not  founded  on  the 
imperial  conftitutions,  but  merely 
on  the  curtorns  of  the  laity.  And 
if  it  be  confidered,  that  our  uni- 
verfities began  about  that  period  to 
receive  their  prefent  fprm  of  fcho- 
laftic  difcipline;  that  they  were 
then,  and  continued  to  be  till  the 
time  of  the  reformation,   entirely 

,  under  the  influence  of  the  popifh 
clergy  :  (Sir  John  Mafon  the  iirft 
Proteilanr,  being,  alfo  the  firft  lay 
chancellor  of  Oxford)  this  will 
lead  us  to  perceive  the  reafon, 
why  the  rtudy  of  the  Roman  laws 
was  in  thofe  days  of  bigotry  pur- 
sued with  fuch  alacrity  in  thefe 
feats   of  learning;    and   why  the 

J  common  law  was  entirely  defpifed, 

:  and  efteemed  little  better  than  here- 

*  tical. 

Andjiince  thereformation,many 

■  caufes  have  confpired  to  prevent 
lis  becoming  a  part  of  acade- 
mical education.  As,  firft,  long 
ufage  and  eftablifhed  cuftom ; 
which,  as  in  every  thing  elfe,  fo 
efpecially  in  the  forms  of  fcho- 
lallic  exercife,  have  juftly  great 
weight  and  authority.  Secondly, 
the  real  intrinfic  merit  of  the  civil 
laWj  confidered  upon  the  footing 


of  reafon  and  not  of  obligation, 
which  was  well  known  to  the  in- 
ftrudtors  of  our  youth  ;  and  their 
total  ignorance  of  the  merit  of 
the  common  law,  though  equal 
at  leaft,  and  perhaps  an  improve- 
ment on  the  other.  But  the  princi- 
pal reafon  of  all,  that  had  hindered 
the  introduftion  of  that  branch  of 
learning,  is,  that  the  ftudy  of  the 
common  law,  being  baniflied  from 
hence  in  the  times  of  popery,  has 
fallen  into  a  quite  different  channel, 
and  has  hitherto  been  wholly  cul- 
tivated in  another  place.  But  as 
this  long  ufage  and  eftablifhed 
cuftom,  of  ignorance  of  the  laws 
of  the  land,  begin  now  to  be 
thought  reafonable  ;  and  as  by  this 
means  the  merit  of  thofe  laws  will 
probably  be  more  generally  known  ; 
we  may  hope  that  the  method 
offtudying  them  will  foon  revert 
to  its  ancient  courfe,  and  the 
foundation  at  leaft  of  that  fcience 
will  be  laid  in  the  two  Univer- 
fities ;  .without  being  exclufively 
confined  to  the  channel  which  it  fell 
into  at  the  times  I  have  been  juft 
defcribing. 

For,  being  then  entirely  aban- 
doned by  the  clergy,  a  few  ftrag- 
glers  excepted,  the  iludy  and  prac- 
tice of  it  devolved  of  courfe  into 
the  hands  of  laymen  ;  who  en- 
tertained upon  their  parts  a 
mofi  hearty  averfion  to  the  civil 
Jaw,  and  made  no  fcruple  to  pro- 
feCs  their  contempt,  nay  even  their 
ignorance  of  it,  in  the  moft  public 
manner.  But  ftill  as  the  ballance 
of  learning  was  greatly  on  the 
fide  of  the  clergy,  and  as  the 
common  law  was  no  longer  taught ^ 
as  formerly,  in  any  part  of  the 
kingdom,  it  muft  have  been  fub- 
jeded  to  many  inconveniencies, 
and  perhaps  would  have  been 
gradually 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


457 


gradually  loft  and  over-run  by  the 
civil,  (a  fufpicion  well  juflified 
from  the  frequent  tranfcripts  of 
JuiHnian  to  be  met  with  in  Brac- 
lon  and  Fleta)  had  it  not  been 
for  a  peculiar  incident,  which  hap- 
pened at  a  very  critical  lime,  and 
contributed  greatly  to  its  fup- 
port. 

The  incident  I  mean  was  the 
fixing  the  court  of  common  pleas, 
the  grand  tribunal  for  difputes  of 
property,  to  be  held  in  one  cer- 
tain fpot ;  that  the  feat  of  ordi- 
nary juftice  might  be  permanent 
and  notorious  to  all  the  nation. 
Formerly  that,  in  cor.jundion  with 
all  the  other  fuperior  courts,  was 
held  before  the  king*s  capital 
jufticiary  of  England,  in  the  aula, 
regist  or  fuch  of  his  palaces  where- 
in his  royal  perfon  refided,  and 
removed  wiih  his  houlhoJd  from 
one  end  of  the  kingdom  lo.  the 
other.  This  was  found  to  occaiion 
great  inconvenience  to  the  fuitors ; 
to  remedy  which  it  was  made  an 
article  of  the  great  charter  of 
liberties,  both  that  of  King  John 
and   King   Henry  the  third,  that 

*  common  pleas  fhould  no  longer 

*  follow  the  king's  court,    but  be 

*  held  in  fome  certain  place :' 
in  confequcnce  of  which  they  have 
ever  fince  been  held  (a  few  ne- 
cefl'ary  removals  in  times  of  the 
plague  excepted)  in  the  palace  of 
Weltminfter  only.  This  brought 
together  the  profcfTors  of  the  mu- 
nicipal law,  who  before  were  dif- 
perfed  about  the  kingdom,  and 
formed  them  into  an  aggregate 
body  :  whereby  a  fociety  was  cfta- 
bliflied  of  perfons,  who  (asSpel. 
man  obfeiveb)  addicUng  themf<^lves 
wholly  to  ihe  ftudy  of  the  laus  of 
the  land,  and  no  longer  confider- 
jng  it  as  a  mere  fubordinate  fciencc 


for  the  amufementofleifure  hours, 
foon  raifed  thofe  laws  to  that  pitch 
of  perfedion,  which  they  fuddenly 
attained  under  the  aufpices  of  our 
Englifhjuftinian,  King  Edward  the 
firft. 

In  confequence  of  this  lucky  af- 
femblage,  they  naturally  fell  into 
a  kind  of  collegiate  order ;  and 
being  excluded  from  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  found  it  neceffary  to 
eftablilh  a  new  univerfity  of  their 
own.  This  they  did  by  purchaf- 
ing  at  various  times  certain  houfes, 
(now  called  the  inns  of  court  and 
of  chancery)  between  the  city  of 
Weftminfter,  the  place  of  holding 
the  king's  courts,  and  the  city  of 
London ;  for  advantage  of  ready 
accefs  to  the  one,  and  plenty  of 
provifions  in  the  other.  Here  ex- 
ercifes  were  performed,  ledlures 
read,  and  degrees  were  at  length 
conferred  in  the  common  laws,  as 
at  other  univerfities  in  the  cannon 
and  civil.  The  degrees  were  thofe 
of  barrifters  (firil  ftiled  apprentices, 
from  apprendrct  to  learn)  who  an- 
fwered  to  our  bachelors ;  as  the 
ftate  and  degree  of  a  ferjeant,y^r- 
njientis  ad  legem,  did  to  thac  qf 
doaor." 

The  author  has  alfo  the  follow- 
ing moft  ufcful  remarks  on  cer- 
tain illiberal  notions  and  pra£lice$ 
with  regard  to  a  legal  educa- 
tion. 

**  The  evident  want  of  fome 
afliftance  in  the  rudiments  of  legal 
ktiowledge,  has  given  birth  to  a 
pradice  which,  if  ever  it  had 
grown  to  be  general,  muft  have 
proved  of  extremely  pernicious 
confequence:  1  mean  the  cuftom, 
by  fome  very  warmly  recommend- 
ed, to  drop  all  liberal  education, 
as  of  no  ufc  to  lawyers;  and  to 
place  them,    in  its   flead,    at  the 

deik 


458       ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1758, 


defk  of  fome  fkilful  attorney ;  in 
order  to  initiate  them  early  in  all 
the  depths  of  pradlice,  and  render 
them  more  dexterous  in  the  mecha- 
nichal  part  of  bufinefs.  A  few  in- 
ftances  of  particular  perfons,  (men 
of  excellent  learning  and  unble- 
miftied  integrity)  who,  in  fpite 
of  this  method  of  education,  have 
ihone  in  the  foremoft  ranks  of  the 
bar,  have  afforded  fome  kind  of 
fandion  to  this  liberal  path  to  the 
profeffion,  and  biafled  many  parents 
of  ihort-fighted  judgment,  in  its 
favour:  not  confidering,  that  there 
are  fome  geniufes,  formed  to  over- 
come all  difadvantages,  and  that, 
from  fuch  particular  inftances  no 
general  rules  can  be  formed  ;  nor 
obferving  that  thofe  very  perfons 
have  frequently  recommended  by 
the  moft  forcible  of  all  examples, 
the  difpofal  of  their  own  offspring, 
a  very  different  foundation  of  legal 
ftudies,  a  regular  academical  edu- 
cation. Perhaps  too,  in  return,  I 
could  now  direft  their  eyes  to  our 
principal  feats  of  juflice,  and  fug- 
gefl  a  few  hints,  in  favour  of  uni- 

verfal  learning: but  in    thefe 

all  who  hear  me,  I  know,  have  al- 
ready prevented  me. 

Making  therefore.all  due  allow- 
ance for  one  or  two  fhining  ex- 
ceptions, experience  may  teach  us 
to  foretel,  that  a  lawyer  thus  edu- 
cated to  the  bar,  in.fubfervience  to 
attornies  and  follicitors,  will  find  he 
has  begun  at  the  wrong  end.  If 
praftice  is  the  whole  he  is  taught, 
praftice  muft  alfo  be  the  whole  he 
will  ever  know  :  if  he  be  inftrudl- 
ed  in  the  elements  and  firfl  prin- 
ciples upon  which  the  rule  of  prac- 
tice is  founded,  the  leaft  variation 
from  eftablifhed  precedents  will 
totally  diftrad  and  bewilder  him  : 


ita  lex  fcripta  ej}  is  the  utmoft  hn 
knowledge  will  arrive  at  j  he  mail 
never  afpire  to  form,  and  feldom 
exped  to  comprehend,  any  argu- 
ments drawn  a  priori y  from  tlie  ipi- 
rit  of  the  laws  and  the  natural  foun- 
dation of  juftice. 

Nor  is  this  all ;  for  (as  fev/  per- 
fons of  birth,  or  fortune,  or  even 
of  fcholaftic  education,  will  fub- 
mit  to  the  drudgery  of  fervitude, 
and  the  manual  labour  of  copying 
the  traih  of  an  ofHce)  (hould  this 
infatuation  prevail  to  any  confider- 
able  degree,  we  muft  rarely  expefl 
to  fee  a  gentleman  of  diltindibn  or 
learning  at  the  bar.  And  what  the 
confequence  may  be,  to  have  the 
interpretation  and  enforcement  of 
the  laws  (which  include  the  entire 
difpofal  of  our  properties,  liberties, 
and  lives)  fall  wholly  into  the 
hands  of  obfcure  or  illiterate  men, 
is  a  matter  of  very  public  con- 
cern." 


^he  Hijiory  of  the  Life  and  Reign  of 
Philip  King  ofMaccedcn,  the  Fa- 
ther of  Alexander.  By  Tho.  Le- 
landy  D.  D.  Fellonjj  of  Trinity- 
College^  Dublin.  Johnlton,  Paul's 
Church  yard.       T^wo  Vol.  ^arto. 

THE  tranflation  of  the  orations 
of  Demofthenes  by  Dr.  Le- 
land,  was  fo  well  executed,  that 
the  public  cx'pefted  to  (ct  the  life 
of  Philip,  the  illuftrious  antago- 
nift  of  that  great  orator,  handled 
with  equal  ability  ;  andtheaftions 
of  the  one  as  well  delivered  as  the 
eloquence  of  the  other.  Nor  were 
the  expedlations  of  ,  the  public 
difappointed.  From  fcattered  paf- 
fages  in  prators  and  hiilorians,  by 
the  united  efforts  of  great  labour 

anci 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


4S9 


ane!  gteat  judgment,  we  have  a 
well-connefted,  clear,  and  fpirited 
hiflory  of  one  of  the  moil  extra- 
ordinary men  whom  Greece,  or 
perhaps  any  other  country,  has 
ever  produced ;  as  well  for  the 
greatnefs  of  his  talents,  as  the 
ftrength  both  of  his  virtues  and  his 
vices.  The  author  has  thoroughly 
Audied  the  conilitution  of  ancient 
Greece,  with  an  account  of  which 
he  very  judicioufly  begins  his  work. 
We  fhall  give  it  as  a  fpecimen  of 
his  ftyle  and  manner  of  writing. 

**  AncientGreece  was  inhabited 
by  people,  whofe  origin  and  lan- 
guage were  the  fame;  but  their 
manners,  cudoms,  inflitutions,  and 
forms  of  government,  in  many 
refpefts  totally  different.  Yet,  a- 
inidft  this  diverfity,  their  general 
principles  were  alfo  the  fame,  an 
ardor  for  liberty,  and  a  flriil  regard 
CO  the  public  good.  .  .  . 

'*  A  number  of  neighbouring 
focieties,  thus  formed  and  model- 
led, became  gradually  to  be  con- 
sidered as  one  body  or  nation,  com- 
pofed  of  fo  many  diftinft  members, 
all  united  and  connefted  together 
by  intereft  and  afFeftion.  As  the 
good  of  each  individual  was  fub- 
lervient  to  that  of  his  community, 
(b  the  good  of  each  community 
was  conlidered  as  fubordinate  to 
(hat  of  the  tvhole  nation.  Hence 
arofe  a  familiar  fpecies  of  WW/Vy, 
if  it  may  be  fo  called,  which  each 
fociety  owes  to  the  general  aflem- 
blage.  Even  amidft  thofe  contefts 
?ind  diforders  which  unruly  paffions, 
or  the  accidental  cla(hing  of  inte- 
refts,  might  produce,  war  had  its 
laws  and  limitations  ;  the  univcrfal 
intereft  of  Greece  was  profefTedly 
at  leaft  the  firil  and  greateft  objed 
of  attention  ;  the  attempt  of  any 
ilaie  to  extend  its   power  beyond 


the  juft  and  equitable  bounds,  was 
confidered  as  an  injury  to  Greece 
in  general ;  juftice,  moderation, 
equality,  were  ever  ftrenuoufly  en- 
forced, and  all  military  contefts 
carried  among  the  Greeks  in  a 
manner  fomewhat  fimilar  to  judi- 
cial controverfies  in  private  Socie- 
ties :  and,  while  it  was  allowed 
thus  to  feek  redrefs  of  peculiar 
injuries,  the  general  rights  of  the 
contending  parties  were  fee u red  by 
national  laws,  and  demanded  a 
juft  and  fcrupulous  attention,  even 
amidftall  the  confufion  and  violence 
of  arms.  Thus  the  great  Athenian 
orator  defcribes  the  principles  and 
fentiments  of  the  Greeks,  fpeaking 
of  the  ancient  wars  of  Athens  ana 
Sparta.     OJt6>   S^'etpyjiiu^   eiycvt 

ij.a\hov  <r€    noAiTiKns,  ^V* 

»/«    Xpi1fJLAj6>V    cSvei^cft     'JTef.p     »/€- 

voi  «Av'  ct\?C  eiveti  NOMIMOM 
Til'et  J^  -Brpoo^i'^  rov  '7roK*lAOV. 
Such  nvas  their  Jimplicity^  or  rather 
their  civility,  (that  is,  their  defer- 
ence to  the  general  laws  of  Greece, 
and  their  attention  to  the  commoa 
good  of  that  nation)  that  corruption 
tvas  ne*ver  made  the  injirument  of 
their  fuccefs  :  but  they  carried  on  a 
legal  and  open  'war. 

While  thefe  principles  preferv- 
ed  their  due  vigour  and  influence, 
Greece  continued  a  really  united 
body,  happy  in  itfelf,  and  formi- 
dable to  its  enemies.  Many  cir- 
cumftances  contributed  to  form  this 
union  :  and  many  inftitutions  were 
fuggefted,  by  the  fagacity  of  ftatef- 
men  and  legiflators,  to  iecure  and 
confirm  it.  Ofthefe  the  famous  <-^««- 
cil of  AviphiSlyons  deferves  particular 
regard  ;  whofeorigin  and  conftituti- 
on  are  here  to  be  explained,  that  the 
reader  may  come  duly  prepared  to 
underftand  the  hiftory  now  prcfent- 
ed  to  him,  in  which    this  auguft 

body 


460       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175S, 


body  makes  fo  confiderable  a  fi- 
gure. 

The  council  of  Amphidyons, 
like  other  inftitutions  of  the  fame 
kind,  was  at  iirft  but  inconfider- 
able  ;  nor  did  it  arrive  to  its  full 
flrength  and  luftre  but  by  gradual 
advances,  and  in  a  long  feries  of 
years.  Its  firft  original  we  are  to 
afcribe  to  Amphidiyon,  the  fon 
of  Deucalion,  an  ancient  king  of 
Theffaly,  as  the  authority  of  the 
Arundelian  Marbles  warrants  us  to 
determine. 

The  intention  of  Amphiftyon, 
in  inllituting  this  aflembly,  was, 
that  the  children  of  Deucalion, 
who  at  his  deceafe  divided  the 
kingdom  between  them,  fhould 
have  a  common  tribunal,  to  which 
they  might  appeal  in  all  private 
conteils;  and  a  council,  in  which 
they  might  concert  all  meafures 
neceffary  for  their  defence  againft 
their  foreign  enemies.  And  for 
thefe  purpofes,  befides  thofe  laws 
by  which  each  particular  city  was 
governed,  he  enafted  others  of  ge- 
^neral  force  and  obligation  to  all, 
which  were  called  Amphiftyonic 
laws.  By  means  of  thefe,  faith 
Dionyfius,  the  people  thus  united, 
continued  in  ftri«^  and  mutual  ami- 
ty ;  regarded  each  other  as  real 
brethren  and  countrymen  ;  and 
y/ere  enabled  to  annoy  and  ftrike 
tprror  into  their  barbarous  enemies. 
Thermopyls  was  the  limit  which 
divided  the  territories  of  Amphic- 
tyon  and  Hellen,  the  two  brothers ; 
here,  therefore,  they  built  a  tem- 
ple to  Ceres,  at  the  common  charge, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  ^fo- 
pus,  in  which  the  members  of  the 
Amphiftyonic  council  affembled  to 
cifer  their  facrifices,  and  to  confult 
about  their  common  intereft,  twice 
in  every  year,  in  fpring  and  au- 


tumn ;  and  hence  the  names  Uv 
^aia.  Sctp/J'ji  ^  /u<i]orrei)f,iP?j  the 
vernal  and  autumnal  convention. 

The  aflembly,  thus  formed,  was 
at  firft  but  fmall,  being  wholly 
compofed  of  thofe  people  whom 
Deucalion  had  commanded,  and 
who  from  his  Ton  Hellen,  were 
called  'EAAHNF.2.  The  Do- 
rians and  lonians,  who  were  def- 
cended  from  the  poflerity  of  this 
Hellen,  as  yet  had  no  being ;  nor 
were  any  of  the  Pe!eponncfians 
now  accounted  Hellenes,  but  were 
called  Pelafgi  ;  nor  were  they  dif- 
pofed  to  unite  with  the  fohs  of 
Deucalion,  by  whom  they  had  been 
deprived  cfTheilaly,  and  all  chat 
part  of  Greece  which  lay  beyond 
theifthmus.  As  Greece  improved, 
and  the  Hellenes  increafed  in  num- 
ber, new  regulations  became  ne- 
cefTary:  and  accordingly  we  find, 
that  in  fome  time  after  the  origi- 
nal inlHtution,  Acrifius,  king  of 
Argos,  when,  through  fear  of 
Perfeus,  (who,  as  the  oracle  declar- 
ed, was  to  kill  him)  he  retired  into 
Thefialy,obfervedthedefe6l3  of  the 
Amphictyonic  council,  and  under- 
took to  new-model  and  regulate  it; 
extended  its  privileges;  augmented 
the  number  of  its  members;  ena<^ted 
new  laws,  by  which  the  collediive 
body  was  to  be  governed  ;  and  af- 
ligned  to  each  ftate  one  fingle  depq- 
ty,  and  one  fingle  voice,  to  be  en- 
joyed by  fome,  in  their  own  fole 
right ;  by  others,  in  conjundion 
with  one  or  more  inferior  Hates: 
and  thus  came  to  be  confidered  as 
the  founder  of  this  famous  reprefen- 
tative  of  the  Hellenic  body. 

From  the  time  of  Acrifius,  the 
Amphidyons  ftillcontinued  to  hold 
one  of  their  annual  councils  at 
Thermopylae,  that  of  autumn.  But 
it  was  now  made  a  part  of  their 
fun^tica 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS, 


4.61 


funcllon  (and,  in  time  of  peace,  be- 
came the  molt  confiderable  part  of 
it)  to  ^uard  and  protect  the  national 
religion.  Th; vernal aflembly  there- 
fore was  held  at  Delphi,  the  great 
feat  of  the  Grecian  religion  ;  the 
object  ofuniverfal  veneration  ;  whi- 
ther all  people,  Greeks  and  Barba- 
rians, reforted  to  feek  the  advice 
and  direftion  of  the  famous  Pythian 
oracle.  The  immenfe  quantity  of 
wealth,  the  number  of  rich  votive 
offerings,  which  the  fuperftition 
of  fo  many  ages  and  nations  had 
lavilhed  on  the  temple,  demanded 
the  exa<^eft  care  and  moft  vigorous 
protedlion.  The  prodigious  con- 
courfe  which  attended  there,  at 
particular  feafons,  naturally  pro- 
duced many  contefts,  and  required 
a  well-regulated  polity,  and  the  fre- 
quent interpofiticn  of  a  refpeftable 
and  powerful  jurifdiftion.  TheDel- 
phians  themfelves  were  intrufted, 
with  the  pofTellion  and  general  guar- 
dianfliip  of  the  temple:  they  attend- 
ed entirely  on  the  fervice  of  the 
Ipod,  and  were  folely  employed  in 
rheceremonials  of  his  religion :  they 
were  accounted  in  fome  fort  fa- 
cred  ;  the  priefts,  the  attendants, 
and  as  it  were  the  family  of  Apol- 
lo. So  they  are  called  by  Lucian 
(in  Phalarid.    1.)   npoi  Tg   x^  -syjt- 

Kot  x}  ouopo(piot.  But  although 
they  enjoyed  certain  powers  and 
privileges  with  refpeft  to  the  tem- 
ple, and  could  even  graat  fome 
honours  and  favours  to  particular 
perfons,  fuch  as  that  of  the  Upo- 
fy.av}H!tf  or  jight  of  precedence  in 
confulting  the  oracle,  as  appears 
from  an  imperfedl  infcription  pre- 
ferved  by  Spon  and  Wheeler,  and 
quoted  by  V.'>.n  Dale  :  yet  ftill 
were  they  fubjedl  to  the  infpeftion 
and  jurifdidion  of  the  Amphidy- 


ons,  who  were  the  great  conferva- 
tors  and  protestors  of  the  (hrine  ; 
and  who,  bcfides  their  general  care, 
appointed  certain  of  their  members, 
either  by  lot  or  rotation,  to  pre- 
fide  over  the  temple ;  an  honour 
which,  according  to  Van  Dale, 
was  alfo  called  by  the  name  ripb- 
fJLeti'leia..  .  .  . 

The  whole  nation  of  Greece  was 
divided  into  twelve  diftrids  or  pro- 
vinces :  each  of  thefe  contained  a 
certain  number  of  Amphiftyonic 
flates,  or  cities,  each  of  which  en- 
joyed an  equal  right  of  voting  and 
determining  in  all  affairs  relative 
to  the  general  intereft.  Other  infe- 
rior cities  were  dependent  on  fome 
of  thefe,  and  as  members  of  their 
community,  were  alfo  reprefented 
by  the  fame  deputies :  and  thus  the 
affembly  of  the  Amphiftyons  be- 
came really  and  properly  the  re- 
prefentative  of  the  whole  Hellenic 
body.  .  .  . 

Each  of  thofe  cities,  which  had 
a  right  to  affilt  in  the  Amphiftyonic 
council,  was  obliged  to  fend  it's 
deputies  to  every  meeting ;  and 
the  number  of  thefe  deputies  was 
ufually  and  regularly  two;  the  one 
entitled  hieromnemon,  to  whom 
was  particularly  entrufted  the  care 
of  religion  and  its  rites.  His  office 
was  annual,  as  appears  from  fcveral 
decrees,  in  which  his  name  is  join- 
ed with  that  of  the  Athenian  ar- 
chon  sTaJt'u/y.cf  ;  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  lot.  The  other  deputy 
was  called  by  the  general  name  py. 
lagoras,  and  was  chofen  by  eledion 
each  particular  meeting.  Each' of 
thefe  deputies,  however,  differing 
in  their  funftions,  enjoyed  an  equal 
power  of  determining  all  affairs 
relative  to  thegeneral  intereft.  And 
thus  the  citief  which  they  repre- 
fented. 


4^2     ANNUAL    REGIS  tER,    1^55. 


fented,  without  any  diftinftion  or 
fubordination,  each  gave  two  voices 
in  the  council  of  the  Amphi'dyons, 
a  privilege  known  by  the  name  of 
the  double  fuffrage  \  which  term.  To 
frequent  in  the  ancient  writings,  is 
thus  fully  explained,  without  any 
refinement  or  difficulty. 

When  the  deputies,  thus  ap- 
pointed, appeared  to  execute  their 
commiffion,  they  in  the  firft  place 
offered  up  their  folemn  facrificcs  to 
the  gods ;  to  Ceres,  when  they 
aflembled  at  Thermopylae :  when 
at  Delphi,  to  Apollo,  Diana,  La- 
tona,  and  Minerva  :  and,  before 
they  entered  on  their  funftion, 
each  deputy  was  obliged  to  take  an 
oath,  which  ^Efchines  hath  pre- 
served, or  at  leaft  fome  part  of  it ; 
and  which  was  conceived  in  thefe 
terms : 

•  I  fwear  that  I  will  never  fub- 

*  vert  any  Amphidyonic  city;    I 

*  will  never  Hop  the  courfes  of  their 
'  waters,  either  in  war  or  peace. 
'  If  any   fuch  outrages   fhould  be 

*  attempted,    I    will  oppofe  them 

*  by   force  of  arms,    and  dellroy 

*  t^oic  cities  who  maybe  guilty  of 

*  fuch  attempts.     If  any  devafta- 

*  tions  fhall   be  committed  in  the 

*  territory  of  the  god  ;  if  any  fhall 

*  be  privy  to  fuch  offence,  or  enter- 

*  tain  any  defign  againft  the  temple; 

*  I  will  make  ufe  of  my  feet,  my 
^  hands,  my  whole  force,  to  bring 

*  the  offending  party  to  condign 

*  punifhment.* 

To  render  this  oath  ftill  more 
folemn,  the  following  awful  impre- 
cations were  fubjoined : 

*  If   any  one  fhall  violate   any 

*  part  of  this  folemn  engagement, 

*  whether  citv,  private  perfon,  or 


'  country,    may  fuch  violators  lie 

*  obnoxious    to   the  vengeance  of 

*  Apollo,  Diana,  Latona,  and  Mi- 

*  nerva  the  provident.     May  their 

*  lands  never  produce  their  fruits  5 
'  may    their   women   never  bring 

*  forth  children  of  the  fame  nature 

*  of  their  parents,  but  offsprings 

*  of  an  unnatural  and   monflrous 

*  kind :  may  they  be  for  ever  de- 

*  feated   in   war,  in  judicial  con- 

*  troverfies,   and  in  ail  civil  tranf- 

*  adlions;  and  may  they,  their  fa- 

*  milies,  and  their  whole  race,   be 

*  utterly  dertroyed  :  may  they  ne- 
'  ver  offer  up  an  acceptable  facrifice 
'  to  Apollo,  Diana,  Latona,  and 

*  Minerva  the  provident;  but  may 

*  all  their  facrcd  rites  be  for  ever 
'  rejefted.* 

S«ch  was  the  conftitution  of  this 
famous  Grecian  council.  As  to 
the  difputes  of  particular  perfonsj 
it  was  accounted  beneath  the  dig- 
nity of  the  Amphidlyons  to  take 
the  cognizance  of  them;  Nor  do 
we  hear  of  any  private  man  fum- 
moned  to  appear,  or  condemned  in 
this  affembly,  except  Ephialtes, 
who,  when  the  Spartans  poffeffed 
themfelves  of  Thermopylae,  under 
the  command  of  Leonidas,  con- 
duced the  Perfians  over  the  Oe- 
tean  mountains  into  Greece.  But 
all  offences  againft  rebgion,  all  in- 
ftances  of  impiery  and  profariation^ 
all  contefts  between  the  Grecian 
ftates  and  cities,  came  under  the 
particular  cognizance  of  the  Am- 
phiftyons,  who  had  a  right  to  de- 
termine, to  impofe  fines,  and  even 
to  levy  forces,  and  to  make  war  on 
thofe  who  prefamed  to  rebel  againll 
their  fovcreign  authority. 


'Th 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


4^3 


ne  Life  of  Erafmus.  By  Dr.  Jortin, 
WhilloniiW  White,  FUet-^Jireet, 
1758.     ^arto, 

THE  life  of  no  author  is  bet- 
ter calculated  to  intereft  our 
curiofity  than  that  of  Krafmus.  He 
lived  at  the  firft  dawn  of  literature, 
and  was  himfelf  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal lights  which  difpelled  that 
gloom  of  ignorance  and  barbarifm, 
which  had  overfpread  the  world  for 
(q  many  ages.  There  is  alfo  fome 
variety  in  the  events  of  his  life, 
which  was  more  diverfified  than  is 
common  with  the  lives  of  literary 
men.  And  there  is  the  fame  va- 
riety in  hischarader,  that  is  found 
in  his  fortune:  a  genius,  as  well  as 
a  profound  fcholar  ;  and  a  man  of 
wit  and  humour,  as  well  as  an  able 
divine.  The  work  before  us  is 
the  joint  produce  of  two  very 
learned  men,  Le  Clerc  and  Dr. 
Jortin.  The  latter  of  thefe  wri- 
tcrs  has  followed,  but  he  has  im- 
proved and  enlarged  the  plan  of  the 
former.  It  is  therefore  not  to  be 
wondered,  that  this  work  is  exe- 
cuted with  uncommon  diligence, 
fkill,  and  accuracy.  It  -not  only 
contains  an  account  of  the  life  of 
lirafmus,  but  of  all  the  eminent 
men,  in  whatever  branch  of  litera- 
ture, who  adorned  that  period. 
Dr.  Jortin  has  followed  Le  Clerc, 
in  diYpofing  his  fads  and  obferva- 
tions  by  the  years  of  the  author's 
age,  whofe  life  they  write.  This, 
with  deference  to  the  learned  au- 
thor's judgment,  we  do  not  think 
the  happieft  method.  Qreat  affairs 
may  be  digefted  into  the  form  of 
annals,  becaufe  they  engage  by 
their  own  importance,  and  the  time 
in  which  they  happened  is  necpflary 


to  be  known :  but  in  biography, 
efpecially  of  this  kind,  fuch  an  ar- 
rangement renders  the  narration 
broken  arid  tedious.  In  fliort,  as 
the  work  now  flands,  it  may  ra- 
ther be  coniidered  as  an  excellent 
colledion  of  materials  for  the  life 
of  Erafmus,  than  the  hiftoryofhis 
life.  Such  a  hiftory  would  prove 
a  much  more  agreeable  entertain- 
ment to  the  generality  of  readers, 
though  it  may  not  perhaps  afford 
quite  fo  much  matter  to  the  inqaU 
fitive  and  learned. 

It  were  to  be  wifhed,  that  the 
learned  author  had  been  a  little 
more  attentive  to  his  ftyle,  parti- 
cularly that  he  had  purged  it  ot 
certain  low  familiar  words  and 
modes  of  expreffion,  fuch  as,  *  The 
author  of  the  paraphrafe  fo  bedajhed 
by  Gardner.'  •  Like  the  candle's 
end  burning  in  a  focket,  foon 
ceafe  both  to  blaze  and  ftink.' 
*  There  was  a  brace  of  mopks.* 
'  Seriouflyitis  adifagreeablething 
%Q  be  in  the  condition  t)f  Gil  Bias, 
and  conneded  with  one  who  will 
take  it  in  dudgeon^  if  you  do  not 
fmoke  hini  with  as  much  incenfe 
as  would  fatisfy  three  or  thrice  three 
goddefles.' 

As  a  fpeclmen  of  the  author's 
general  manner  of  writing  we  give 
the  following  paflage ;  efpecially  as 
it  ferves  to  iJluftrate  the  charac- 
ter and  way  of  life  of  Erafmus, 
which  was  by  no  means  fo  happy 
and  independent,  as  his  great  parts 
and  virtues  deferved. 

"  Collet  had  told  him,  that  lie 
would  give  him  a  fmail  matter,  if 
he  would  beg  with  humility,  and 
alk  with  modedy ;  had  advifed 
him  to  imitate  Diogenes,  and  had 
hinted  to  him,  that  he  was  too 
querulous  and   greedy.     It  feema 

they 


464        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    lys^. 


they  bantered  him,  becaufe  he  was 
frequently  importuning  his  friends. 
Erafmus  in  his  anfwer  tells  him, 
that  in  the  opinion  of  Seneca,  fa- 
vours were  dearly  purchafed,  which 
were  extorted  by  begging.  So- 
crates, talking  once  with  fome 
friends,  faid,  1  would  have  bought 
me  a  coat  to-day,  if  I  had  had 
money.  They,  lays  Seneca,  who 
gave  him  what  he  wanted,  after 
he  had  made  his  fpeech,  fliewed 
their  liberality  too  late.  Another 
feeing  a  friend,  who  was  poor  and 
fick,  and  too  modeft  to  make  his 
wants  known,  put  fome  money  un- 
der his  pillow,  whim  he  was  afleep. 
When  I  ufed  to  read  this  in  the 
days  of  my  youth,  fays  Erafmus,  I 
was  extremely  ftruck  with  the  mo- 
defty  of  the  one,  and  the  genero- 
fity  of  the  other.  But,  fince  you 
talk  of  begging  without  Ihame, 
who,  I  befeech  you,  can  be  more 
fubmiflive  and  more  fhamelefs  than 
xnyfelf,  who  live  in  England  upon 
the  foot  of  a:^fmblic  beggar  ?  I  have 
received  (o  much  from  the  arch- 
bifhop,  that  it  would  be  fcandalous 
to  take  any  more  of  him,  though 
he  were  to  offer  it.  I  afked  N. 
with  fufficient  effrontery.  And  he 
refufed  me  with  flill  greater  impu- 
dence. Even  our  good  friend  Li- 
nacer  thinks  me  too  bold,  who 
knowing  my  poor  ftate  of  health, 
and  that  I  was  going  from  London 
with  hardly  fix  an.gels  in  my  pocket, 
and  that  the  winter  was  coming  on, 
yet  exhorted  me  mofl  prefTmgly  to 
fpare  the  archbifhop  and  Lord 
Montjoy,  and  advifed  me  to  re- 
trench, and  learn  to  bear  poverty 
with  patience.  A  moft  friendly 
counfel !  For  this  reafon  above  all, 
I  hate  my  hard  fortune,  becaufe  (lie 
will  not  fuffer  me  to.be  modeft. 
Whilft  I  had  health  and  ftrengch. 


I  ufed  to  diffemble  my  poverty  * 
now  I  cannot,  unlefs  I  would  rifque 
my  life.  But  I  am  not  fuch  a 
beggar  neither,  as  to  afk  all  things 
from  all  perfons.  To  fome  I  fay 
nothing,  becaufe  I  would  not  be 
refufed  ;  and  I  have  no  pretence 
to  folicit  you,  who  do  not  fuper- 
abound  in  wealth  But,  fince  you 
feem  to  approve  of  impudence,  I 
will  end  my  letter  in  the  mofl 
impudent  manner  lean.  I  have  not 
a/Turance  enough  to  alk  you  for  any 
thing  J  and  yet  I  am  not  fo  proud, 
as  to  rejedl  a  prefent,  if  a  friend 
like  you  fhould  offer  it  to  one  in 
my  circumflances.     Ep.  150. 

One,  who  could  talk  at  this  rate, 
muft  be  reduced  to  hard  necefTity, 
Unlefs  he  were  a  bad  manager,  ic 
is  fcarcely  to  be  conceived,  how  a 
fingle  man,  and  a  learned  man, 
could  have  found  it  fo  difficult 
to  maintain  himfelf  «/  fhat  titne  in 
England,  partly  by  his  pupils,  and 
partly  by  the  prefents  which  were 
made  to  him.  However  that  be, 
there  feems  to  be  fome  reafon  to 
fufped  that  Erafmus  underf^ood 
not  the  important  art  of  paying 
his  court  to  the  great ;  and  that 
there  was  fomething  in  his  man- 
ner, which  difgulled  fome  of  thofe 
to  whom  he  made  his  applications; 
fo  that  he  was  more  agreeable  to 
them  in  his  writings,  than  in  his 
perfon  :  and  this  might  fpoil  his 
fortunes.  Perhaps  alfo  he  talked 
too  freely,  as  he  confellts  in  the 
charafter  which  he  hath  given  of 
him.felf,  in  the  Cotnpendium  of  his 
life. 

Yet  Erafmus,  though  open  and 
facetious,  was  good  tempered  ; 
and  good  temper  is  a  natural  po- 
litenefs,  which  to  reafonable  per- 
fons is  more  acceptable,  than  that 
which  is  artificial :  as,  on  the  con- 
trary^ ■ 


ACCOUNT 

trary,  the  politenefs  of  an  ill-na- 
tured man  is  (hocking,  for  it  is  hy- 
pocrify  faperadded  to  malignity* 

As,  by  being  converfanc  with  an- 
tiquity, he  knew  many  things, 
which  others  knew  not,  and  was 
difpofed  to  jefting,  he  could  hard- 
ly refrain  from  ridiculing,  at  one 
time  or  other,  the  follies  of  the 
age,  and  of  a  certain  fet  of  people. 
It  is  well  known,  that  this  tem- 
per fails  not  to  give  offence,  ef- 
pecially  to  thofe  who  exped  that 
their  weakneffes  or  vices  flrould  be 
fpared  on  account  of  their  ttation 
and  charader,  elfe  the  king,  the 
courtiers,  and  the  biihcps,  who 
often  bellowed  preferments  upon 
drones  void  of  all  capacity  and 
merit,  and  fometimes  loaded  them 
with  pluralities,  might  eafily  have 
given  him  fomething  in  the  church, 
without  cure  of  fouls,  which  would 
have  afforded  him  leifure  to  ftudy, 
and  means  to  live.  But  perhaps 
he,  who  hated  confinement  on  any 
account,  did  not  care  to  be  con- 
nefted  with  monks  and  chapters 
of  canons.  As  theCe  people  were 
excelfively  envious,  they  would 
have'  teized  h.m  with  their  chica- 
neries upon  every  occafion.  He 
had  long  perceived,  and  declared 
to  the  world,  that  the  religion  of 
ihcfe  ecclefiaftics  confiHied  entirely 
in  minute  obfervances  and  formal 
grimaces,  with  which  the  wicked 
can  comply,  as  well  as  the  good. 
He,  on  the  contrary,  made  reli- 
gion to  confift  in  fuch  things,  as 
none,  except  worthy  perfons,  ever 
obferve  ;  in  the  exercife  of  thofe 
chrilHan  virtues,  which  are  formed 
ill  the  mind,  from  a  knowledge  of 
our  duty,  and  a  perfuafion  of  its 
importance.  A  man  fixed  in  thefe 
Tt^niiments,  and  continually  occu- 
pied in  learned  iludies,  would  have 

Vol.  I. 


OF    BOOKS.  465 

found  it  very  difficult  to  praftifc  the 
rites  and  ceremonies  with  which 
religion  was  over-run  and  choaked 
up  in  thofe  days.  This  negled  in 
England,  as  in  all  other  places, 
was  accounted  a  far  more  heinous 
crime  than  the  vileft  immoraliiy 
and  debauchery.  The  monks, 
above  all  others,  were  inexorable 
upon  this  article,  and  doubdefs 
oppofed  and  harrafTed  openly  and 
fecretly  all  who  were  not  in  their 
way  of  thinking  and  adling.  So 
that  to  fet  Eralmus  thoroughly  at 
eafc,  Henry  Vill.  ought  to  have  be- 
llowed a  handfome  penfion  upon 
him,  which  would  have  exempted 
him  from  worldly  cares  and  avo- 
cations, and  furnifhed  him  with 
books,  and  leifure,  and  the  con- 
veniencies  of  life.  But  this  the 
king  would  not  do  ;  and  if  he  af- 
terwards invited  Erafmus  again 
to  his  dominions,  it  was  at  a  time 
when  that  learned  man  was  not  able 
to  undertake  the  journey." 

Towards  the  end  of  the  work 
are  fome  curious  particulars  con- 
cerning the  charadler  of  Erafmus, 
and  a  very  good  defence  of  fome 
parts  of  learning  which  he  particu- 
larly cultivated. 

**  Bayle  hath  obferved  of  Eraf- 
mus, that  he  had  rather  too  much 
fenfibility  when  he  was  attacked 
by  malicious  and  incunfiderable 
adverfaries,  made  too  many  com- 
plaints of  them,  and  was  too  rea- 
dy to  anfwer  them.  It  is  true.  He 
wanted  fome  friend  to  over-rule 
him,  and  to  fay  to  him,  L-et  thoft 
men  alone  :  they  caymot^  li've  in  their 
cwn  ^writings',  and  nvhy  jhould 
they  live  in  yours  ?  Yet  thus 
much  may  be  obferved,  by  way  uf 
excufe,  that  he  was  fightii  g  for 
his  honour,  and  for  his  life,  being 
often  accufid  of  nothing  Icf  than 
ij  h  heicrodcx/ 


466  ANNUAL    RE 

heterodoxy,  im piety >  and  blafphe- 
my,  by  men  whofe  forehead  was  a 
rock,  and  whqfc  tongue  was  a  ra- 
zor. To  be  mifreprefented,  as  a 
pedant  and  a  dunce,  this  is  no 
great  matter  ;  for  time  and  truth 
put  foily  to  flight :  to  be  accufed 
of  herefy  by  bigots,  hypocrites, 
politicians,,  and  infidel?,  this  is  a 
ferious  affair;  as  they  know  too 
well,  who  have  had  the  misfortune 
to  feel  the  effects  of  it. 

The  celebrated  Peter  Ramos 
never  replied  to  the  invectives  of 
his  numerous  adverfaries :  and  the 
writer  of  his  life  mentions  it  as  an 
inilance  of  his  uncommon  patience 
•  and  prudence 

The  ftyle  of  Erafmus  is  that  of 
a  man  who  had  a  ftrong  memory, 
a  natural  eloquence,  lively  fancy, 
and  3  ready  invention,  who  com- 
pofed  with  great  facility  and  ra- 
pidity, and  who  did  not  care  for 
the  trouble  of  revifmg  and  correft- 
ing  ;  who  had  fpent  all  his  days 
in  reading,  writing,  and  talking 
Latin  ;  for  he  feems  to  have  had 
no  turn  for  modern  languages,  and 
perhaps  he  had  almoft  forgotten  his 
mother  tongue.  His  Ityle  there- 
fore is  always  unafFedcd,  eafy,  co- 
pious, fluent,  and  clear;  but  not 
always  perfectly  pure  and  ftridly 
claflical.  fie  hath  been  cenfured, 
as  a  dealer  in  barbarifms,  by  perfons 
who  not  only  had  not  half  of  his 
abilities  and  erudition,  but  who 
did  not  even  write  Latin  half  io 
well  as  he. 

His  verfes  are  plainly  the  com- 
pofitions  of  one,  who  had  much 
learning  and  good  fenfe,  and  who 
underltood  profody,  or  the  techni- 
cal art  of  poetry  ;  but  who  had 
not  an  equal  elegance  of  tafte,  and 
an  ear  for  poetical  numbers.  So 
that  upon  the  whole  he  is  rather  a 
verilfier  than  a  poet,  and  is  not  to 


GISTER,    1758, 

be  ranked  amongft  the  Italian  poets 
of  thoie  days,  Sannazarius,  Fracaf- 
torius,  Vida,  &c.  many  of  whom 
write  better  than  any  of  the  an- 
ciants,  except  Lucretius,  Virgil, 
Horace,  and  a  few  more. 

Erafmus  ufed  to  dine  late,  that 
he  might  have  a  long  norning  to 
ftudy  in.  After  dinner  he  would 
converfe  chearfully  with  his  friends 
about  all  forts  of  fubjeds,  and  de- 
liver his  opiuions  very  freely  upon 
men  and  things.  So  fay?  Mili- 
chius,  who  was  a  fiudciit  at  Fri- 
burg,  and  there  had  ih-t  pleafure 
of  being  well  acquainted  with  Eraf- 
mus. 

Erafmus,  in  the  earlier  part  of 
his  life,  carefully  fludied  the  Greek 
and  Latin  grammar,  read  leftures 
upon  them,  and  tranflated  Greek 
books  into  Latin.  This  was  laying 
a  right  foundation  for  criticifm  and 
philology;  and  it  is  much  to  be 
wilhed,  that  our  young  lludents  of 
promifing  abilities  would,  in  fome 
meafure,  follow  his  example.  Be 
you  ever  fo  ingenious  and  induf- 
trious,  yet  if  you  negled  to  cul- 
tivate and  preferve  this  humble 
part  of  knowledge,  you  will  be 
perpetually  ftumbling,  when  you 
tread  on  clafiic  ground,  when  you 
attempt  to  explain,  to  tranflaie,  or 
to  corredt  ancient  authors,  or 
to  difcufs  any  learned  fubject,  or 
to  compofe  a  few  pages  in  Latin 
in  profe,  or  in  verfe.  Then  be- 
ware of  blunders ;  and  think  not  to 
make  amends  for  them  by  infulting 
and  ridiculing  grammarians,  fcho- 
liaftsjCommentators,  lexicographers, 
verbal  critics,  word  catchers,  fyl- 
lable  mongers  and  poachers  in  Sto- 
bxus  and  Suidas. 

*  It  is  a  wonder  that  no  bookfel- 

*  ler  could   be  found,  who  would 

*  venture  to  print  the  commentary 
«  of  Meziriac   upon  /^poUodorus. 

*  The 


ACCOUNT    OF  BOOKS. 


*  The  tafte  for  this  kind  of  eru- 

*  dition  is  entirely  extind;  and  if 

*  Mezinac  were  to  return  to  life 

*  in  thele  days,   he  niight  ftay  long 

*  enough  at  Breife,  before  he  would 

*  receive  ^n  invitation  to  be  a  mem - 

*  ber  of  the  French  academy.  The 

*  fame    qualifications,    which  for- 

*  roerly    procured    him     that    ho- 

*  nour,   would   now  fuffice  to  ex- 

*  clule   him.     It  was  not  the  po- 

*  litenefs    of    his     ftyle,    or    the 

*  beauty     of    his    verfes,     which 

*  made     him     accounted     worthy 

*  of    being    an    academician,     for 

*  in  this  refpeft  he  was  inferior  to 

*  mod   of  the    fraternity ;    but    it 

*  wa&  his  reputation  fjr   learning, 

*  and    the    proofs    which    he   had 

*  given  of  a  vail  erudition.    Times 

*  are  altered  :  no  regard  is  paid  to 

*  an  author   who   perfediy  under- 

*  ftands   mythology,    Greek  poets 

*  and  fcholialts,  and  by  his  know- 

*  ledge  can  clear  up  difficulties  in 
'  chronology,    geography,     gram- 

*  mar,  &c.  Not  only  compolitions 

*  without  the  lead  tindure  of  li- 

*  terature    are     preferred    to    the 

*  works  of  fuch  an  author,  but  he 

*  is   treated    as    a    mere    pedant : 

*  and  this   is   the  fure  way  to  dif- 

*  courage    all    young    men,    who 

*  have    talents     for    the   ftudy    of 

*  humanities.       There    is    iome- 

*  thing   odious    and    contemptible 

*  in  ^he  very  name  of  pedantry  ; 
'  and.who  would  take  pains  to  ac- 

*  quitse; nothing  bcfides  fcorn  and 

*  infamy'ljy  becoming  very  learned 

*  and  appearing  to   be  well  verfed 

*  in    the    works    of  the  ancients  ? 

*  Nothing  hath  more  contributed 
'to  bring  literature  into  cootempr, 
'than  the  cullom  which    the  wits 

*  and    the    fine    geniufes,   real   or 

*  pretended,     have     taken    up    to 

*  condemn,  as  fchool  learning  and 
<  pedantry,   citations    from   Latin 


467 

and  Greek  authors,  and  philo- 
logical remark?.  They  have 
been  fo  unjuft,  as  to  deride 
even  thofe  fcholars,  who  had, 
befides  erudition,  a  politenef$ 
and  a  knowledge  of  the  world  ; 
Collar,  for  example.  Had  they 
been  contented  to  ridicule  thole 
who  to  make  a  parade  of  their 
reading,  cite  a  Plato,  a  Varro, 
and  an  Arillotle,  either  to  prove 
nothing  at  all,  or  to  confirm 
fomething,  which  no  man  ever 
denied,  and  which  every  man 
knows,  they  had  not  done  amifs: 
but  with  difdainful  airs  and  ia- 
folent  feoffs  they  had  banifhed 
from  the  polite  world  all  thofe 
who  dared  to  fliew  that  they  had 
made  collections  from  the  an- 
cients ;  they  have  laughed  at 
the  Collars,  and  even  at  thofe 
letters  of  Voiture  which  are 
fprinkled  with  Latin.  Thefe 
cenfures  have  had  the  mere  ef- 
fe£l,  becaufe  there  is  fomething 
plaufible  in  them  ;  and  it  is 
certainly  true  that  men  (h- uld 
be  more  careful  to  polifli  their 
mind,  and  to  form  their  judg- 
ment, than  to  load  their  memory 
with  the  remarks  and  fay.ngs  of 
other  people.  The  more  truth 
there  is  in  this  maxim,  the  more 
it  charms  and  feduces  the  con- 
ceited, the  fuperticial,  and  the 
lazy,  and  incites  them  to  turn  to 
ridicule  every  thing  that  is  call- 
ed erudition.  Perhaps  at  the  bot- 
tom, the  principal  motive  is  to 
depreciate  the  goods  of  their 
neighbours,  with  a  view  to  en- 
hance the  .value  of  their  own  : 
for  if  one  was  to  fay  to  them. 
You  condemn  fuch  and  fuch  au- 
thors for  citing  Latin  and  Greek  ; 
lay  your  hands  upon  your  hcarr, 
and  tell  me  wh^iher  you  would 
not  do  ;he  fame  if  you  were 
H  h  a  *  able; 


468       ANNUAL    REGISTER,  1758. 


*  able;   we  ftiould   put  their   fin- 

*  cerity  to  hard   trial. Now 

*  things  are  come   to   fuch  a  pafs 
(that  is.  A.'  17O0)   *  that,    as   we 

*  are  informed,    the  Bookfeller  at 

*  Paris,  who  defigns  to  print  ma- 

*  dam  Dacier's  tranfladon  of  Ho- 

*  mer,  dares  not  join   the  original 

*  to  it,  left  the  very  fight  of  Greek 

*  fhould  difcourage  and  difguft  his 

*  cuftomers. J'^^ge  by  this  of 

*  the  reigning  tafte,   and  conclude 

*  that  the  commentary  upon  Apol- 
*'  lodorus  would  be  hilled  off  the 
'  jage  at  Paris.  It  contains  too 
'.inuch  erudition.'  Bayle  Meziriac, 
not.  c. 

In  Erafmus  we  behold  a  man, 
who  in  the  days  of  his  youth, 
lying  under  no  fmall  difadvantages 
of  birth  and  education,  deprefled' 
by  .poverty,  friendlefs  and  unfup-' 
ported,  or  very  flenderly  fup- 
ported,  made  his  way  through  all 
thcfe  obftacles,  and,  by  the  help  of 
bright  parts  and  conftant  applica- 
tion, became  one  of  the  moft  con- 
fidsrable  fchohrs  of- the  age,  and 
acquired  the  favour  and  the  pro- 
tection,of  princes,  nobles,  and  pre- 
lates of  the  greatcll  names  in  church 
and  ftate. 

Every  man  of  letters  muft  not 
indulge  the  vain  hope,-  though  he 
fliould  be  as  learned,  as  ingenious, 
and  as  induftrious  as  Erafmus,  to 
be  as  much  favoured  and  encourag-' 
ed  as  he  was. — — But  this  is  not 
a  fufficient  caufe  to  deter  any  perfon 
from  a  Ibadious  life.  Learning  is 
in  Tnany  refpecls  its  own  reward  : 
learning  applied  to  ufeful  purpo- ' 
fes,  and  adorned  with  good  man- 
ners. Without  thefe,  though  it  may 
be  of  fome  fervice  to  the  public,  it 
will  be  of  fmall  comfort  to  the 
pro  fe  (Tor. 

«  After  perfonal  merit,  (fays  Bru- 
yere)    *  it  muft  be  confelTed  that 


high  rtations  and  pompous  titles 
are  the  principal  and  the  moft 
fplendid  marks  of  diftindion  : 
and  he  who  cannot  be  an 
Erafmus,  muft  think  of  bein?  a 
bilhop.' 


Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  nvith  bis  hijlory  of  Utopia^ 
tranfated  into  Englijh  by  Ferdi- 
nando  Warner ^  L.  L.  D.  London' 
printed  for  Davis  and  Reymers. 
Ot^a'VQ, 

THERE  are  no  fort  of  books 
more  ufeful   towards   form- 
ing the  mind   and  manners,   than 
the    lives    of   good    and    eminent 
men.      The    book    before    us,    is 
one  of  thofe.  The  fubjed  of  it,  Sir- 
Thomas  More,  though  a  man  ad- 
di£led  much  to  contemplative  piety, 
lived  much  in  the  world,   and  filK 
ed  with  great  credit    for  abilities 
and  integrity  the  higheft  offices  in 
the   ftate ;    he  refigned    them   too 
with    a   dignity  no   ways  inferior 
to  that    in   which  he    held  them, 
and  at  length  gave  up  his  life,  as 
he  had    his  employments,     rather 
than  fubjedl  his   confcience  to  the 
will  of  an  arbitrary   prince.     We 
are  obliged   to  Dr.   Wafner  for  a 
well-digefted   and    fatisfattory   ac- 
count of  this  great  man.     Nothing 
of   the    kind    had    been    executed 
before.     The  learned  hiftorian  be- 
fore us   is   interefting  in    his   nar- 
rative,   makes  a  good  choice,  and 
apt  diftribution    of  his    fafts,  and 
interfperfes  them  with   feveral  per- 
tinent   and    ufeful    rcfleOions.      k 
were  to  be  wifhed   indeed,  that  he 
had  intirely  foreborn  all  thofe  that 
might  be  Cf>nhdered  as  perfonal  in- 
vedtives  ;   and  that  he  had  Conf.ned  ■ 
his  thoughts  to  the  times  of  which 
he  wrote. 

Sir 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


4% 


Sir  T.  More  gave  in  the  courfe 
of  his  ftudies,  and  at  his  entrance 
b(nh  into  domellic  and  public  life, 
itrong  marks  of  the  charader 
which  dilUnguidied  hira  to  the 
Jalh 

**  At  the  time  of  his  refiding 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  as  a  ftudent,  he 
read  a  public  ledure  in  St.  Auftin 
de  civitate  Dei  ;  to  which  ahnoft 
all  the  learned  men  of  the  city 
of  London  reforted.  The  repu- 
tation which  he  acquired  by  thefe 
public  leftures,  procured  him  the 
place  of  reader  at  Furnival*s-lnn  : 
in  which  he  continued  with  the 
fame  reputation  for  fome  time : 
and  then  giving  himfelf.up  to 
devotion  in  the  Charter- houfe,  he 
lived  there  as  a  religious  about 
four  years,  though  without  any 
vow,  abftrafted  entirely   from   the 

world,  and   from    all  fcience. 

It  is  wonderful  how  a  man  of  his 
turn  of  mind,  of  fuch  prodigious 
lively  parts,  and  fo  much  activity 
and  facetioufnefs,  could  feclude 
himfelf  fo  long  from  bufinefs  and 
affairs  to  be  Ihut  up  in  a  cloifler. 
But  in  order  to  take  off  the  fur- 
prife,  we  mufl  recolledl  the  piety 
that  was  then  in  fafhion  ;  to 
which    he   had    likewife    notwilh- 

ftanding  his  pleafantry fup- 

pofed    abfurdly     by   the   world   to 

be    incompatible a   ftrong  and 

natural  inclination.  He  was  fated 
ha.  ever  at  laft  with  this  inactive 
uleiefs  way  of  life :  and  having 
been  often  prefled  by  Mr,  Colt, 
of  New- Hall  in  EiTex,  who  de- 
lighted much  in  his  company,  to 
live  with  hirn,  our  author  left  the 
Charier- houfc,  and  went  to  make 
him  a  vific.  His  friend  had  three 
dau^^hters,  who  were  all  accom- 
plitlied,  handfome,  and  well-beha- 
ved young  ladies ;  and  giving  him 


his  choice  of  flhefe  for  a  wife,  the 
confequence  of  this  vifit  was,  that 
he  married  the  eldeil,  merely  for 
being  fuch,  that  it  might  be  no 
vexation  or  difgrace  to  her  to  be 
pafTed  by;  but  his  fancy  led  him 
to  prefer  the  fecond.  Upon  his 
marr'lage  with  this  lady,  who  lived 
with  him  about  fcven  years,  he 
took  a  houfe  in  Buckler's-bury, 
and  profccuted  his  Itudy  and  prac- 
tice of  the  law  at  Lincoln's- 
Inn. 

Whilfl   he   was    thus    employed 
in  fitting  himfelf  for  his  profllTion, 
he   was  elcdled   a  burgv-fs,    before 
he   was   two  and   twenty  years  of 
age,  in   the  reign   of  Henry    Vlf. 
The  defign  of  the  king  in   calling 
this   parliament,  was  to  demand  a 
fubiidy  and  three  fifteenths,  for  the 
marriage  of  his  eldeil  daughter  to 
the  King  of  Scotland:   And  when 
it  was  moved  in  the  houfe  of  com- 
mons,   thojgh    the    majority   were 
.  againft   the  demand,  yet  many  of 
the    members   being  afraid  of  the 
king's  difpleafure,  and  others  hav- 
ing reafons  not  more  juflifiable  nor 
important,  they   made   no  oppofi- 
tion    to  it.     Here  was  therefore   a 
fair  occafion  for  Mr.  More,  to  fhew 
his  courage  and  in:egrity  in  defence 
of  liberty  and  his  country  ;  and  this 
occafion  he  took.     He  argued  with 
fuch  ftrength   and  clearnefs  againft 
this  unj'jfl  and  arbitrary  impontion, 
though  he  was  then  lb  very  young, 
that  his  raajeily's  demand  was    in 
the  end  rejeded.     Upon  thii   Mr. 
Tyler,    one    of  the    king's    privy 
council,  who  was  prefem    in    the 
hcufe  of  commons  when  thi^  fpeech 
was  made,  went  immediacely  lo  the 
king,  and   told  him  *  that  a  beard- 
Uii    boy   had  difappoinied  all  his 
purpofc.* 

H  h  3  This 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


470 

This  was  giving,  his  country  a 
very  early  pledge  indeed  of  that 
patriotifm  and  probity,  from  which 
nothing  could  ever  feduce  him 
whilft  he  lived.  He  had  too  much 
intrepidity  to  be  deterred  by  power, 
and  too  great  a  contempt  for  the 
things  of  the  world  to  be  allured 
by  the  proipeft  of  wealth  or  ho- 
nour. But  a  prince  fo  tyrannical 
and  avaricious  as  Henry  VII.  could 
not  fail  to  be  much  incenfed  at 
this  vigorous  oppofitlon  to  a  de- 
mand  of  money~. — the    favourite 

meafure  of  his  reign in  fo  young 

a  man:  and  we  are  not  to  wonder 
that  he  fhould  be  determined  to 
be  revenged  on  him  in  fome  fhape 
or  other,  that  fo  the  courage  of 
this  rifmg  lawyer  might  give  him 
no  more  dillurbance.  As  our  pa- 
triot, however,  having  nothing, 
could  lofe  nothing,  the  king  was 
obliged  to  pretend  a  quarrel  with- 
out any  caufe,  againft  Sir  J;;hn 
More,  his  father ;  whom  his  ma- 
jefty  ordered  to  be  imprifoned  in 
the  Tower,  till  he  had  paid  a  fine 
of  an  hundred  pounds 

Soon  after  this  offence  had  been 
given  the  king  in  the  houfe  of 
commons,  Mr.  More  having  feme 
buiinefs  with  Fox,  Biihop  of  Win- 

chefter the  favourite  miniiter 

of  Henry  V]I.-« his  Lordfhip 

took  him  afide ;  and  pretending 
great  kindnefs  to  him,  affured  him 
that  if  ic  would  be  ruled  and 
take  his  advice,  he  would  remove 
the  ki'ig's  refentmeht,  and  refrore 
him  to  his  majel^y's  favour :  In- 
tending, as  it  was  conjeftufed 

in    a    way   not    unufual    with    this 

prelate to  get  him  to  confefs 

fome  perfonal  enmity  to  the  king, 
that  a  punifhment  might  be  in- 
fiifled  upon  him  not  without  fome 
fhew  of  reafon.  But  he  was  not 
caught  in  the  bifhop's  fnare;  and 


dcfired  fome  time  to  confider  what 
he  fhould  do.  When  he  had  taken 
his  leave  with  this  anfwer,  he 
went  to  his  lordlhip's  chaplain, 
who  was  his  intimate  friend,  and 
afked  his  advice  upon  the  propofal 
that  had  been  made  him.  The 
chaplain,  being  a  much  honefter 
and  a  much  better  man  than  his 
lordfhip,  difTuaded  him  with  great 
earnertnefs  from  following  the  bi- 
fhop's counfel ;   *  For  my  lord  my 

*  mafter,'    fays   he,  *  to   ferve  his 

*  majefly's  turn,  wi!l  not  ftick   to 

*  confent  to  his  own  father's  death.* 
Upon  this  we  may  be  fure  he  i-e- 
turned  no  more  to  this  righteous 
bithop :  'and  he  was  once  on  the 
point  of  going  abroad,  as  thinking 
it  would  not  be  fafe  for  him  to 
live  in  England,  thus  expofed  to 
the  indignation  of  an  arbitrary  re- 
vengeful king.  For  during  this 
time,  he  was  obliged  to  lay  afide 
his  praflice,  and  to  live  in  a  re- 
tired manner  at  home  ;  where  he 
diverted  himfelf  with  mufic,  arith- 
metic, geometry,  allronomy,  and 
ftudying  French  ;  and  in  this  re- 
tirement he  made  himfelf  a  perfeft 
mafler  of  hillory. 

Of  his  refolute  and  prudent  be- 
haviour when  fpeaker  of  the  houfe 
of  commons,  befides  others  he 
gives  the  following  remarkable  in- 
fiances. 

**  It  happened,  however,  that  a 
great  fubfidy  having  been  demand- 
ed by  the  king,  which  Wolfey  ap- 
prehended would  meet  with  great 
oppofjLion  in  the  lower  houfe,  he 
was  determined  to  be  prefent  when 
the  motion  Ihould  be  made,  in 
order  to  prevent  its  being  reje<5l- 
ed.  The  houfe  being  apprized  of 
his  refolution,  it  was  a  great  while 
under  debate,  whether  i't  was  bell 
to  receive  him  with  a  few  of  his 
Lords  only,  or  with  his  whole  train. 
•  The 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


47 » 


The  majority  of  the  houfe  inclined 
to  the  firit ;  upon  which  the  fpeaker 
got  up,  and  laid,    * GentJe- 

*  men ;     forafmuch    as    my     lord 

*  cardinal     hath    not    long    fince, 

*  as  you    all   know,     laid    to    our 

*  charge,  '    the    iightnefs    of    our 

*  tongues   for    things    fpoken    out 

*  of    this  houfe,     it    (hall    not  in 

*  my  judgment  be    amifs    to    re- 

*  ceive  hiro  with  all    his    pomp; 

*  with  his  maces,  his  pillars,  his 

*  poll-axes,    his  crolFes,    his    hat, 

*  and  his  great  feal  too  ;  that  (o^  if 

*  he  blames  us  hereafter,  we  may 

*  be  the  bolder  to  excufe  ourfelvcs, 

*  and  Jay  it  upon  ihofe  his  grace 

*  Ihall  bring  hither  with  him.* 
The  houfe  being  pleafed  with  the 
humour,  as  well  as  the  proprie- 
ty, of  the  fpeaker*s  motion,  the 
cardinal  was  received  according- 
ly :  And  having  (hewn  in  a  fo- 
lemn  fpeech,  how  neceffary  it  was 
for  the  king's  affairs  that  the  fub- 
iidies  moved  for  (hould  be  grant- 
ed, and  that  a  lefs  fum  would 
not  anfwer  his  majefty's  purpofe 
at  that,  time;  but  finding  that 
no  member  made  any  anfwer,  nor 
llievved  the  leafl  inclination  to 
comply  with  what  he  aficed,  he 
faid,  with  fome  emotion,  *  Gentle- 

*  men  ;  you  have  many  wife  «nd 

*  learned  men  amongft   you  ;  and 

*  fmce  I    am    fent    hither    immc- 

*  diately  from  the   king,    for  the 

*  prefervation    of   yourfelves    and 

*  all  the  realm,    I    think  it  meet 

*  that   you  give   me   a  reafonable 

*  anfwer  to  my  demand.'  But 
every  body  being  ftill  filent,  he  ad- 
drefied  himfelf  particularly  to  Mr. 
Murray  ;  who  making  no  anfwer, 
he  put  the  fame  queftion  to  fe- 
veral  other  members,  that  were 
cileemed  the  greaiell  men  in  the 
houfe  ;  and  none  of  thefe  mak- 
ing any  anfwer  neither— it  being 
before  agreed,  as  the  cudom  was, 


to   give    him   an  anfwer  by   theif 

fpeaker the  cardinal    lofl    his 

temper  at  this  contemptuous  treat- 
ment, and  with  great  indignation 
faid    to    them    further:     '  Gf^ntle- 

*  men  ;  unlefs  it  be  the  man.ner  of 

*  your  houfe,  as  perchance  it  may, 

*  to  exprefs    your  minds    in    fuch 

*  cafes     by    your    fpeaker     only, 

*  whom  you  have  chofen  for  trufty 

*  and  wife,  as  indeed  he  is,  here 

*  is  without    doubt,    a    furprifing 

*  obftinaie  filence.'  He  then  re- 
quired the  fpeaker  to  give  him  an 
anfwer  to  the  demand,  which  he 
had  made  in  the  king's  name,  of 
the  houfe.  The  fpeaker  having 
firft,  with  great  reverence  on  his 
knees,  excufed  their  filence,  as 
being  abafhed  at  the  prefencc  of 
fo  noble  and  extraordinary  a  per- 
fonage,  proceeded  then  to  (hew 
him  by  many  arguments,  that  it 
was  not  expedient  or  agreeable  to 
the  ancient  liberty  of  the  houfe, 
to  make  an  anfwer  to  his  majefly's 
meflage,  by  any  other  perfon, 
how  great  foever,  than  fome  of 
their  own  members :  And  in  con- 
clufion     he    told     his     eminence, 

*  that     though    they     had   trufled 

*  him  with  their  voices,  yet  except 

*  every  one    of    them    could    put 

*  their  feveral  judgments  into  his 

*  head,  he  alone  in    fo  weighty  a 

*  matter  was  not  able  to  make  a 

*  fumcient  anfwer  to  his  grace.* 
The  cardinal  taking  offence  at  the 
fpeaker  for  this  evafive  anfwer,  and 
for  not  promoting  the  fubfidy, 
rofe  up  on  a  fudden,  and  departed 
in  great  difpleafure  with  the  whole 
houfe. 

It  is  very  certain  that  Sir  Thomas 
More  had  feconded  the  motion 
for  complying  with  the  king's 
demand,  when  it  was  firfl  moved 
in  the  houfe,  and  thought  it  abfo- 
lutely  neceffary  for  carrying  on  the 
war.  But  he  bad  a  mindabfolutely 
H  h  4  to 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


472 

to  diftinguifh  between  the  realbn- 
ab^e  demands  of  ihe  king,  and  the 
iniblenceot  his  minjfler;  and  there- 
fore played  off  this  farce  againft 
him  in^  the  hoafe  of  commons. 
Nor  was  this  done  perhaps  with 
a  view  of  mortifying  the  cardinal, 
but  It  might  be  alfo  probably  to 
let-his  majefty  fee,  by  this  contu- 
melious uiage,  that  the  perfon  of 
his  minifter  was  not  acceptable  to 
the  parliament.  But  be  this  as  it 
might.  The  fpeaker,  in  a  few  days 
after,  being  in  Wolfey's  gallery  at 
Whitehall,  his  eminence  complain- 
ed to  him  of  this  ill  treatment 
with  great  vehemence  ;  and  re- 
proaching him  for  his  ingratitude, 
laid,    *  Would    to  God    you    had 

*  been  at  Rome,  Mr.  More,  when 

*  1  made  you  fpeaker.'  To  this 
Sir  Thomas  replied,    *  Your  grace 

*  not  offended,  fo  would  I  too, 
'  my  loro.'  And  then  to  divert 
him  from  his  ill  humour,  which 
would  probably  have  vented  itfelf 
in  fome  indecent  language,  he  be- 
gan to  commend  the  cardinal's  gal- 
lery, and  faid  that  he  liked  it  bet- 
ter than  his  other  gallery  at  Hamp- 
ton-court." 

There  are  feveral  inflances  of  his 
difintereftedcondu6t,andofthe  fere- 
Bity  and  good  humour  with  which  he 
refjgned  the  greateft  employments. 

«*  About  the  tim.e  of  his  refig- 
nation,  died  in  extreme  old  age  his 
father  Sir  John  More;  w.hom  he 
often  vifiied  and  comforted  in  his 
illncfs,  and  to  whom  he  expreffed 
the    urmoll    tendernefs   and  affec- 


outlived  Sir  Thomas  many  years ; 
and  therefore  he  enjoyed  but  little 
inheritance  from  his  father.  When 
he  had  delivered  up  the  Teal,  he 
wrote  an  apology  forhimfeif;  in 
which   he  declares  to  the    public, 

*  that   all  the  revenues  and   pen- 

*  fions  which  he  had,  by  his  father, 

*  by  his  wife,  or  by  his  own  pur- 

*  chafe,  except  the  manors    given 

*  him  by  the  king  of  his  mere  li- 

*  bcrality' — which  from  a  king  to 
fuch  a  lervant  are  not  worth  the 
naming — *did  not  amount  to  the 
'  value  of  fifty  pounds  a  year.' — 
Strange  indeed  it  will  appear  in  this 
age,  that  a  privy  couulellor,  who 
hitd  gone  through  fo  many  great 
oihcci,  as  we  have  feen,  for  above 
twenty  ye^rs,  and  who  had  been  all 
his  life  an  ablleraioui  man,  fhould 
not  have  been  able  to  purchafe  an 
hundred  pounds  a  year.  But  fuch 
was  his  great  charity,  and  fuch  his 
greater  contempt  of  iscney  ! 

The  day  after  he  had  refigned 
the  feal,  which  his  own  family 
knew  nothing  of,  he  went  as  ufual, 
it  being  an  holy-day,  to  Chelfea 
church  with  his  wife  and  daugh- 
ters :  and  after  mafs  was  over — it 
being  cuilomary  for  one  of  the  gen- 
tlemen to  go  to  his  lady  to  tell  her 
the  chancellor  was  gone  out  of 
church— he  went  himlelf  to  the 
pew-door;  and  making  her  a  low 
bow,  faid,  »  Madam,  my  lopd  is 
*  gone.'  But  fhe  knowing  his 
pieafantry,  and  apprehending  this 
to  be  fome  joke,  took  little  notice 
of  it.       However,      as    they   were 


tion  of  filial  piety    in  his    expir-  walking  home,  he  affured  her  very 

ingmomcntf.     This  was  an  event,  fericufly,    that   what  he  had  faid, 

however,     which    brought    him   a  was  true ;  having  rehgned   his  of- 

V€Ty  inconfiderable  increafe  of  for-  hce     of     lord-chancellor     to     the 

tune  ;  becaule  the  greateft  part  of  king  the  day   before.      When  fhe 

his  father'r  eftate,  with   his  feat  at  found  that  he  was  in  earned,  and 

G-ubbitis    in     Hertford fh ire,'     was  as  Ihe  was  a  worldly-minded    wo- 

fettled  upon  his  fecond  wife,    who  man,  being     much    chagrined    at 

it. 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS 


it,  (he  replied  in  htr  accuftomed 
manner,     *  Tilly  Vally,  what  will 

*  yoQ  do,  Mr.  More  ?  Will  ypu  fit 

*  an<l  make  gofiings  in  the  aihes  ? 

*  What,  is  it  not  better    to   rule 

*  than  to  be  ruled  ?'  But  to  divert 
the  ill-humour  which  he  faw  (he 
was  in,  he  began  to  find  fault 
with  her  drefs  ;  which  fhe  chiding 
her  daughters  for  not  feeing,  and 
they  affirming  that  there  was  no 
fault  to  be  found,  he  replied  with 
great  mirth,  *  Don't  you  perceive 

*  your  mother's   nofe  is  fomewhat 

*  Tiwry  r*  Upon  which  (he  went 
from  him  in  a  pallion.  It  muft  be 
confeffed  that  this  is  a  trifling 
ilory  to  relate  in  the  life  of  fo 
great  a  man  :  But  the  reader  mull 
obferve,  that  the  chara(5lers  of  men 
are  learnt  beft  from  trifles.  It  is 
related  here  however  to  ihew,  that 
his  facetious  humour  was  naturial 
to  him  without  any  afi*e6lation  ; 
and  that  powers,  honours,  and 
great  revenues,  had  not  charms  for 
him,  who  could  part  with  them  fo 
freely,  and  with  fuch  a  mirthful 
temper  of  mind.  It  will  likewife 
Ihew,  it  was  his  opinion,  that  in  his 
condud  asa  ftatefman,  his  lady  had 
no  right  to  be  confalted,  or  to  in- 
termeddle. 

The  firft  thing  that  he  fet  about 
after  the  furrender  of  his  office, 
was  to  provide  places  for  ail  his 
gentlemen  and  fervants  among  the 
nobility  and  the  bilhops  ;  that 
they  might  not  fufter  by  any  aft 
of  his.  This  being  done  to  his 
fatisfadtion,  he  next  called  all  his 
children  and  their  hufbands  round 
him  ;  and  telling  them  that  he 
could  not  now,  as  he  was  wOnt 
and  Itill  gladly  would,  bear  all 
their  expcnce  himfelf,  afked  their 
advice  what  they  flioulddo  that 
they  might  continue  to  live  toge- 
ther, as    he    much    defired  :  And 


473 

finding  them  all  filcnt,  he  told 
them,  that  thougli  he  had  beea 
brought  up  from  the  loweft  de- 
gree to  the  higheft,  yet  he  had 
now  in  yearly  revenues  left  him 
but  a  very  little  above  an  hundred 
pounds  a  year;  fo  that  hereafter, 
if  they  lived  together,  they  mull 
be  contented  to  become  contri-. 
butors.  Notwithftanding  the  king 
had  taken  him  from  his  profeffion, 
and  employed  him  in  the  molt  im- 
portant fervices  to  himfelf  anu  the 
kingdom,  during  the  beft  part  of. 
his  life,  yet  he  made  fo  little  ad- 
vantage of  his  roajefty's  lervice 
or  that  of  the  public,  that  all  the 
land  which  ever  he  purchafed^ 
— and  he  purchafed  it  all  be- 
fore he  was  Lord  Chancellor — 

was  not  above  the  value  of  twenty 
marks  a  year  :  and  after  all 
his  debts  were  paid  when  he  rc- 
ijgned  that  office,  he  had  not  left 
in  gold  and  filver,  his  chain  ex- 
cepted, the  worth  of  one  hundred 
pounds." 

The  fcene  between  him  and  his 
daughter,  after  his  fentence,  is  ex- 
tremely pathetic  and  well  painted. 

*•  Having  taken  his  leave  of  the 
court  in  this  folemn  manner,  he, 
was  conduded  from  the  bar  to  the- ' 
Tower,  with  the  axe  carried  be- 
fore him  in  the  ufual  manner 
after  condemnation  :  And  when 
he  came  to  the  Tower  wharfe, 
his  favourite  daughter  Mrs.  Roper, 
thinking  this  would  be  the  lall 
opportunity  Ihe  fhould  ever  have, 
was  waiting  there  to  fee  him.  As 
Toon  as  he  appeared  in  fight,  fhe 
burll  through  the  throng  and 
guard  that  lurrounded  hiai ;  and 
having  received  his  blefling  upon 
her  knees,  (he  embraced  him  ea- 
gerly before  them  all ;  and  amidft 
a  flood  of  tears  and  a  thoufand 
kiffes  of  tendernefs  and  afFeftion, 

•    her 


474      ANNUAL     REGISTER,    1758, 

her  heart  being  ready  to  break 
with  grief,  the  only  words  that  Ihe 
could  utter  were,  *  My   father,  oh 

•  my  father  !*  If  any  thing  could 
have  Ihaken  his  fortitude,  it  muft  be 
this.  But  he  only  took  her  op 
in  his  srms,  and   told,  her,  *  that 

•  whatfoever     he      fliould     fuffer, 

•  though  he  was  innocent,  yet  it 

•  was    not    without     the    will    of 

•  God,  to   whofe  blefTed  pleafure 

•  ihe  (hould  conform  her  own  will ; 

•  that  (he  knew   well   enough  all 

•  the   fecret    Heps    of  his    heart, 

•  and  that  Ihe  muft  be  patient  for 
«  her  lofs.*  Upon  this  Ihe  parted 
from  him  ;  but  fcarce  was  fhe 
turned  afide,  before  her  paffion  of 
grief  and  love  became  irrefiftible  ; 
and  (he  again  fuddenly  burft 
through  the  croud,  ran  eagerly 
upon  him  a  fecond  time,  took  him 
round  the  neck,  and  hung  upon 
him  with  her  embraces,  ready  to 
die  with  forrow.  This  was  rather 
too  much  for  a  man  to  bear  ;  And 
though  he  did  not  fpeak  a  word, 
yet  the  tears  flowed  down  his 
cheeks  in  great  abundance  ;  till  (lie 
took  her  laft  kifs  and  left  him. 
In  this  tender  moment  his  heart 
may  be  faid  to  fail  him  ;  and  it 
was  a  fcene  which  did  him  honour. 
Here  was  a  favourite  daughter  of  ve- 
ry extraordinary  accomplifhments, 
and  by  nature  and  education  modefl; 
who  without  care  of  her  perfon, 
or  any  confideration  of  her  fex, 
moved  by  the  deepeft  forrow  and 
the  moft  tender  affection  for  him, 
furmounted  every  obftacle  of  fear, 
of  danger,  and  of  difficulty  to  fee 
him  ;  who  when  (he  had  feen  him, 
and  taken  her  leave  of  him  in  th,e 
moft  palTionateand  heart-diftradling 
fituation,  (hook  off  all  the  regards 
of   modefty   and    peril    a   fecond 


time,  and  pouring  out  her  foul 
into  his  bofom  could  not  be  fepa- 
rated  from  him  without  force.  It 
was  impo(rible  for  humanity  to  be 
more  unmoved  at  fuch  a  fcene  than 
only  to  ftied  filent  tears  :  The 
fenfations  of  his  heart  muft  have 
been  exquifite,  how  much  foever 
his  fortitude  enabltd  him  to  fup- 
prefs  thdm,  when  he  heard  him- 
felf  addrelled  with  that  pathetic 
eloquence  which  defcribed  all  her 
agony  at  once,  *  My  father,  oh 
•  my  father!'  If  a  few  filent  tears 
in  this  diftrefsful  fcene,  owing  to 
the  tendernefs  of  nature  in  a  parent's 
breaft,  were  all  the  figns  of  dejec- 
tion or  difpiritednefs  which  Sir 
Thomas  More  (hewed  at  a  fate 
which  was  fo  deplorable,  and  yet 
fo  unmerited and  it  is  un- 
certain that  thefe  were  all,  from 
the  time  of  his  commitment  to   the 

laft    minute  of  his  life then 

he  inftruded  the  world  as  well 
by  this  circumftance  of  his  leaving 
it,  as  by  the  whole  courfe  of 
his  living  in  it.  This  great  ex- 
ample will  teach  us  a  leffon  of 
fortitude,  under  fufFerings  for  con- 
fcience  fake  ;  of  contempt  of  a 
life  of  fle(h  which  is  in  itfelf  (hort 
and  tran(itory  ;  and  of  refignation 
to  the  will  of  heaven  under  the 
moft  trying  aiflidions  of  morta- 
lity." 

It  were  ufelefs  to  fay  any  thing 
of  the  celebrated  Utopia,  whic!)  is 
annexed  to  his  life.  The  tranfla- 
tion  was  made  by  Bi(hop  Burnet, 
and  corrected  by  Doflor  Warner, 
and  is  executed,  as  it  might  be 
expedted,  in  a  very  mailerly  man- 
ner. 


J  Cat  a- 


ACCOUNT    OF   BOOKS. 


475 


J  Catalogue  of  the  Royal  and  Noble 
Author i  of  England ^  'vjith  Lijls  of 
their  ^Forks.  In  z  'vols*  Duodecimo. 
Dodfley. 

THERE  never  was  a  time  in 
which  anecdot^es,  efpecially 
literary  anecdoLes,  were  read  ^vith 
greater  eagernels  than  they  are 
now.  Such  reading  rulise;{tnemely 
well  with  thefpint  onndolent  cu- 
riofity  and  learned  loitering,  which 
is  fo  much  the  character  of  thefe 
times.  The  prefentwork  isceri^inly 
one  of  the  beU  of  that  kind.  By 
confining  himieif  to  thefp  noble 
and  royal  perfonages  who  have 
applied  their  leifure  to  literature, 
he  has  certainly  not  given  us  the 
account  of  thofe  auihors  whole 
works  are  the  moil  valuable.  But 
the  large  (hare  which  many  of 
them  have  had  in  the  traniadlions 
of  public  life,  affords  a  greater 
variety  of  materials  for  agreeable 
biography,  than  could  be  expect- 
ed from  the  lives  of  far  better 
authors  of  lower  rank.  Very  few 
writers,  however,  could  have  had 
the  happy  fecret  of  making  out 
of  fo  dry  a  matrer  fo  agreeable 
an  entertainment ;  and  of  uniting 
fo  much  laborious  induftry  in  the 
compiling,  with  fo  much  wit  and 
fpirit  in  the  execution.  It  were 
to  be  wifhed  that  the  author  had 
indulged  himfelflefs  in  points  and 
turns. 

Some  of  the  mod  remarkable 
lives  which  may  ferve  to  mark 
the  moft  ftriking  aeras  in  literature, 
are 

Anthony  WiDviLLE  Earl  Rivers. 

**  Though  Caxton  knew  *  none 
*  like  to  the  Erie  of  WorceAer,' 
and  though  the  author  lall  quoted 
thinks  that  all  learning  in  the 
nobility  perifhcd  with  Tiptoft,  yet 


thefe  flouriflied  at  the  fame  period 
a  noble  gentleman,  by  no  means 
inferior  to  him  in  learning  and  po- 
litenefs,  in  birth  his  equal,  by  al- 
liance his  fuperior,  greater  in  feats 
of  arms,  and  in  pilgrimages  more 
abundant  :  this  was  Anthony  Wid- 
ville  ear!  Rivers,  Lord  Scales,  and 
Newfelis,  lord  of  the  Ifle  of  Wight, 

*  defenfeur   and   diredeur     of  the 

*  caufes  Apoftolique  for  our   holy 

*  fader  the  Pope  in  his  royame 
'  of  Englond,   and   uncle  and  go- 

*  verfiour    to    my  Lord  Prince  of 

*  Wal.es.* 

He  was  fon  of  Sir  Richard 
Widyille  by  Jaqueline  of  Luxem- 
burgh  duchefs  dowager  of  Bedford, 
anxl  brorher  of  the  fair  lady  Gray, 
who  captivated  that  monarch  of 
pleafare  Edward  the  fourth.  When 
abpuL  feventeen  years  of  age  he 
was  taken  by  force  from  Sandwich 
with  his  father,  and  carried  to 
Calais  by  fomc  ol  the  oppofitc 
fadion.  The  credit  of  his  fifter, 
the  countenance  and  example  of 
his  prince,  the  boilleroufnels  of 
the  times,  nothing  foftened,  no- 
thing roughened  the  mind  of  this 
amiable  Lord,  who  was  as  gallant 
as  his  luxurious  brother-in-law, 
without  his  weakneifes  ;  as  brave 
as  the  heroes  of  either  rofe, 
without  their  favagenefs  ;  ftudious 
in  the  intervals  of  bufineis>  and 
devout  after  the  manner  of  ihofe 
whimfical  times,  when  men  chal- 
lenged others  whom  they  never 
faw,  and  went  bare- footed  to  vifit 
fhrines  in  countries  of  which  they 
had  fcarce  a  mi  p.  In  (hort. 
Lord  Antony  was,  as  Sir  Thomas 
More  fays,  *  Vir  baud  facile  difcer- 

*  nas,   manuve  aut  confilio  promp- 

*  tior.' 

He  diftinguifhed  himfelf  both  as  , 
a   warrior  and  a  ilatefman  :     The 
Lancailrians  making  an  infurredion 

in 


476        x\NNUAL   R  EG  I  S  T  E  R,  1758. 


in  Northumberland,  he  attended 
the  king  into  there  parts,  and  was 
a  chief  commander  at  the  liege  of 
Alnwick  caftle  ;  foon  after  which 
he  was  eleded  into  the  order  of 
the  garter.  In  the  tenth  of  the 
fame  reign  he  defeated  the  Dukes 
of  Clarence  and  Warwick  in  a 
Ikirmifh  near  Southampton,  and 
prevented  their  feizing  a  great  ihip 
called  the  Trinity  belonging  to  the 
latter.  He  attended  the  kihg" 
into  Holland  on  the  change  of  the 
fcene,  returned  with  him,  and  had 
a  great  fhare  in  his  vidories,  and ' 
was  conftituted  governor  of  Ca- 
laiis,  and  captain-general  of  all  the 
king's  forces  by  fea  and  -  land. 
Hi  had  before  been  fen t  embaf- 
fador  to  negotiate  a  marriage 
between  the  king's  filler  and  the 
Diike  of  Burgundy  ;  and  in  the 
fame  character  concluded  a  treaty 
between  King  Edward  aitd  the 
Duke  of  Breiagne.  On  Prince- 
Edward  being  created  Prince  of 
Wales,  he  was  appointed  his  go- 
vernor, and  bad  a  grant  of  the ' 
C/fRce  of  chief  butler  of  England  j 
and  was  even  on  the  point  of  at- 
taining the  high  honour  of  efpouf- 
ing  the  Scottifh  princels,  filler  of 
King  James  the  Third  ;  the  bifliop 
of  Rochefter,  lord  privy  feal,  and 
Sir  Edward  Widville,  being  dif- 
patched  into  Scotland  toperfed  that 
marriage  *. 

A  remarkable  event  of  this  carl's 
life  was  a  perfonal  viftory  he  gain- 
ed in  a  tournament  over  Antony 
Count  de  la  Roche,  called  the 
Ballard  of  Burgundy,  natural  fon 
of  Duke  Philip  the  Good.  This 
illuftrious  encounter  was  performed 


in  a  folemn  and  magnificent  tilt 
held  for  that  purpofe  in  Smith- 
field  :  Our  earl  was  the  challen- 
ger ;  and  from  the  date  of  the 
year  and  affinity  of  the  perfon 
challenged,  this  ceremony  was  pro- 
bably in  honour  of  the  afore-men- 
tioncd  marriage  of  the  lady  Mar- 
garet the  king's  filler,  with  Charles 
the  Hardy,  laft  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. Nothing  could  be  better 
adapted  to  the  humour  of  the 
age,  and  to  the  union  of  that  hero 
and  virago,  than  a  fingle  combat 
between  two  of  their  near  rela- 
tions. In  the  Biographia  Britan- 
nica  is  a  long  account  extradled 
from  a  curious  manufcript  of  this 
tournament,  for  which  letters  of 
fafe  conduct  were  granted  by  the 
king,  as  appears  trom  Rymer's 
Fcedera ;  the   title    of  which    are, 

*  Pro     baltardo    Burgundice    fuper 

*  pundlis  arniorum  pirficicndis.* 
At  thefe  juils  the  Earl  of  Wor- 
celler  (before- -r*entioned)  prefided 
as  lord  high  con  liable,  i».:.d  at- 
telled      the    queen's     giving     T/ye 

Jisiver  of  Scn^venance  tt)  the  Lord 
Scaler,  as  a  charge  lo  undertake 
the  enterprize,  and  his  delivery  of 
it  to  Cheiter- herald,  that  he  might 
carry  it  over  to  be  touched  by 
the  Baftard,  in  token  of  his  ac- 
cepting the  challenge.  '  This  prize 
was  a  collar  of  gold  with  the 
rich  flower  of  Souvenance  enamel- 
led, and  was  failened  above  the 
earl's  knee  by  fome  of  the  queen's 
ladies  on  the  Wcdnefday  after  the 
feaft  of  the  Refurredion.  The 
Baftard,  attended  by  four  hundred 
lords,  knights,  fquires,  and  he- 
ralds, lanaed   at  Gravefend  ;    and 


*  The  queen  had  before  projecled  to'maVry  him  to  that  great  heirefs  Mary  of 
Burgundy,  who  at  the  lame  time  was  fought  by  Clarence  j  a  circumftance  that 
mult  have  heightened  that  prince's  averhon  to  the  queen  and  heitamily. 


at 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


47 


at  Blackwall  he  was  met  by  the 
lord  high  conllable  with  fevea 
barges  and  a  galley  full  of  atten- 
daniSj_richIy  covered  with  cloth  of 
gold  and  arras.  The  king  pro- 
ceeded to  London  ;  in  Flect-ltreet 
the  champions  folemnly  met  in  his 
prefence  :  and  the  palaces  of  the 
Bifhops  of  Salifbury  and  Ely  were 
appointed  to  lodge  thefe  brave 
fons  of  holy  church  ;  as  St.  Paul's 
cathedral  was  for  holding  a  chap- 
ter for  the  folution  of  certain 
doubts  upon  the  articles  of  com- 
bat. The  timber  and  workman- 
fhip  of  the  lifts  coft  above  200 
marks.  The  pavilions,  trappings, 
&c.  were  fumptuous  in  propor- 
tion. Yet,  however  weighty  the 
expence,  the  queen  could  not  but 
think  it  well  beftowed,  when  ihe 
had  the  fatisfaftion  of  beholding 
her  brother  viftorious  in  fo  fturdy 
an  encounter  ;  the  fpike  in  the 
front  of  the  Lord  Scales's  horfe 
having  run  into  the  noilril  of  the 
Bartard's  horfe,  fo  that  he  reared 
an  end  and  threw  his  rider  to  the 
ground.  The  generous  conqueror 
difdained  the  advantage,  and  would 
have  renewed  the  combat,  but  the 
Ballard  refufed  to  fight  any  more 
on  horfe-back.  The  next  day  they 
fought  on-  foot,  when  Widville 
again  prevailing,  and  the  fport  wax- 
ing warm,  the  King  gave  thefignal 
to  part  them. 

Karl  Rivers  had  his  fhare  of  his 
filler's  afflidions  as   well  as  of  her 


triumphs  j  but  making  a  right  ufe 
of  adverfity,  and  underllanding 
that  there  was  to  be  a  jubilee 
and  pardon  at  St.  Jarhes's  in  Spain 
in  1473,  he  failed  from  Southamp- 
ton,   and  for  fome  time  was  *  full 

*  vertuoufly    occupied  in  going    of 

*  pilgrimages  to  St.  James  in  Ga- 

*  lice,  toRome,  andto  SeintNicho- 

*  las  de  Bar  in  Puyle,  and  other  di- 

*  v€r(Q  holy  places.     Alfo  he  pro- 

*  cured   and   got   of  our  holy    fa- 

*  ther  the  Pope  a  greet  and  large 

*  indulgence,  and  grace  unto  the 
'  chapel  of  our  lady  of  the 
'  Piewe  by  St.  Stephen's  at  Weil- 

*  menllre.' 

The.difmal  cataftrophe  of  this 
accomplifhed  Lord,  in  the  forty- 
fixth  year  of  his  age,  is  well 
known. 

*  — —  Rivers,  Vaughan  and  Gray*, 

<  Ere  this  He   fhorter  by  the  heads  at 
Pom  fret.' 

The  works  of  this  gallant  and 
learned  perfon  were  ; 

I.  «  The  dides  and  fayinges  of 

*  the  philofophers  ;   tranfiated  cut 

*  of  Latyn  into  Frenlhe  by  a 
«  worfliipful    man    called    Meflire 

*  Jehan    de  Teonville,  Provoft  of 

*  Paris;'  and  from  thence  ren- 
dered into  Englilh  by  our  Lord 
Rivers,  who  failing  to  the  SpaniHi 
Jubilee,  *  and  layckyng  fyght    of 

*  all  londes,  the  wynde  Dcing  good 


•  Qnecn  Elizabeth  Gray  is  dcfervedly  pitied  for  lofing  her  two  fons,  but  the 
royalty  of  their  birth  has  fo  engrofled  the  attention  of  hiftqrians,  that  they  never 
reckon  into  the  number  of  her  misfortunes  the  murder  of  this  her  lecond  fon  Sir 
Richard  Gray.  It  is  remarkable  how  flightly  the  death  of  our  Earl  Rivers  is 
always  mentioned,  though  a  man  invtfted  with  fuch  high  offices  of  trull  and  dig- 
nity J  and  bow  much  we  dwell  on  the  execution  of  the  lord  chamberlain  Haftings, 
a  man  in  every  light  his  inferior.  In  truth  the  generality  draw  cheir  ideas  of 
En^lifli  ilory  Frura  the  tragic  rather  than  the  hitloric  authors. 

'and 


478 


ANNUAL    RE 


«  and   the  weder   fayr,  thenne  for 

•  arecreacyon  and  paflyng  of  time, 

•  had  delyte  and  axed  to  rede  feme 

•  good     hiftorye.       A   worlhipfull 

*  gentlyman  called  Lovvys  de  Bre- 

•  taylles,'  Jent  him  the  abovemen- 
tioned  treatife,   which  when  he  had 

•  hieded  and  looked  upon,  as  he 
«  had    tyme    and     fpace,  he   gaaf 

*  thereto    a  veray   affection  ;    and 

•  in  fpecial  by  caufe  of  the  holfom 
«  and    fwete    fanges    of  the    Pay- 

*  nems,  which   is   a   glorious  fair 

*  myrrour    to     all    good    Chriften 

*  people  to  behold  and  under- 
<  flonde.*  And  afterwards  being 
appointed  governor  to  the  prince, 
he  undertook  this  tranflation  for 
the  ufe  and  inftruftion  of  his  royal 
pupil.  The  book  is  fuppof- 
ed  to  be  the  fecond  ever  printed 
in  England  by  Caxton  ;  at  lead 
the  firil  which  he  printed  at  Weft- 
minfter,  being  dated  November 
18,  1477.  A  fair  manufcript  of 
this  tranflation,   with  an  illumina- 

'♦  tion  reprefenting  the  earl  introduc- 
ing Caxton  to  Edward  the  fourth, 
his  queen  and  the  prince,  is  pre- 
ferved  in  the  archbifhop's  library 
at  Lambeth. 

The  moft  remarkable  circum- 
ftance  attending  this  book  is  the 
gallantry  of  the  earl,  who  omitted 
to  tranflate  part  of  it,  becaufe  it 
contained  farcafms  of  Socrates  a- 
gainft  the  fair  fex  :  And  it  is  no 
lefs  remarkable  that  his  printer 
ventured  to  tranflate  the  fatire,  and 
added  it  to  his  lordlliip's  perform- 
ance ;  yet  with  an  apology  for  his 
prefumption. 

11.  *  The  moral  proverbs  of 
«  Chriftinaof  Pyfe  ;'  another  tran- 

*  flation.  The  authorefs  Chriftina 
was  daughter  of  Thomas  of  Pifa, 
otherwile  called  of  Boulogne, 
whither  her  father   removed  ;  and 

5 


GISTER,  1758. 

though  fhe  fViled  her(elf  a  woman 
Ytalien,  yt-i  Ihe  wrote  in  Freoch, 
and  fiouriilied  aboui  the  year  1400. 
In  this  tranflation  the  earl  diico- 
vered  new  talents,  turrintr  he 
work  into  a  poem  of  two  hundred 
and  three  lines,  the  greateft  part 
of  which  he  contrived  to  make 
conclude  with  the  letter  E  :  an  in- 
Itance  at  once  of  his  lorUfiiip's  ap- 
plication, and  of  the  bad  tafte  of 
an  age,  which  had  witticifms  and' 
whims  to  ftruggle  with  as  well  as 
ignorance.  It  concludes  with  two 
ftanzas  of  feven  lines  each,  begin- 
ning thus  ; 

*  The  grete  vertus  of  our  elders  not- 

able 

*  Ofte  to  remembre  is  thing  profitable  ; 

*  An  happy  hous  is,   where  dwelleth 

piudence, 

*  For  where  (he  is,  reafon  is  in  prefence, 

EXPLICIT. 

*  Of  thefe  fayyinges  Criftyne  was  the 

au6lurefle, 

<  Which   in   makyn  had  fuch  intelli- 

gence, 

*  That  therefore  flie  was  mireur  and 

maiUreffe  ; 

*  Her  werkes  teftifie  the  experience  ; 

*  In  Frensfh  language  was  written  this 

fentence  ; 
«  And  thus  englifiied  doth  hit  reherfe 

*  Antoin  VVidevyll  therle  Ryvers. 

Caxton,  infpired  by  his  patron's 
mufe,  concludes  the  work  thus  ; 

<  Go  thou  lltil  quayer  and  recomraaund 

me 
'  Unto  the  good  grace  of  my  fpecial 

Lorde 
«  Therle  Ryveris,  for  I  have  emprinted 

the 

<  At   his   commandement,    following 

evry  worde 

<  His  copye,  as  his  fecretary  can  re- 

corde  j 

«  At 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


479 


'  At  Weftmcnfter,  of  Feverer  the  xx 

dav, 
«  And  of  King  Edward  the  xvH  yere 

vraye. 

*  Emprinted  by  C  A  X  T  O  N.' 
*  In  Feverer  the  colde  feafon.' 

III.  The  book  named  *  Cordial, 
«  or  Memorate  noviflima  ;*  a  third 
tranflation  from  the  French  ;  the 
original  author  not  named  :  begun 
to    be    printed    by    Caxton    *   the 

*  morn    after    the    purification    of 

*  our    bliflid    Lady    in    the    yere 

*  1478,  which    was   the   daye   of 

*  Seint  Bafe,  biftiop  and    martir  : 

*  and  finilhed  on  the  even  of 
«  thannunciation  of  our  faid  bliffid 
«  Lady  in  the  xix  yere  of  Kyng 
«  Edward  the  fourth,  1480.'  By 
which  it  feems  that  Caxton  was 
above  two  years  in  printing  this 
book.  I:  does  not  appear  that  he 
publiflitd  any  other  work  in  that 
period  :  yet  he  was  generally  more 
expeditious  ;  but  the  new  art  did 
not,  or  could  not  multiply  its  pro- 
daaiqns,  as  it  does  now  in  its  ma- 
turity. 

Thefe  are  all  the  remains  of  this 
illuftrious  Lord,  though,  as  Cax- 
ton   fays,     •   notwithftonding    the 

*  greet  labours  and  charges  he 
«  had  in  the  fervice  of  the  King 
«  and    of  my    faid    Lord  fPrince, 

*  which  hath  been  to  him  no  little 

*  thought    and     bifinefs,  yet    over 

*  that,    tenrich    his  vertuous    dif- 

*  pofition,  he  put  him   in  devoyr 

*  at  all  lymes,    when     he    might 

*  have    a    leyfer,  wliich    was    but 

*  ftarte  mete,  to   tranflate    diverfe 

*  bookes  out  of  French  into  Eng- 
"*  liih.*     He  then  mentions   thofe  I 

*  have  recited,  and  adds, 

«'1V.  Over  that  hath  made  di- 


*  vers  balade  ayenft  the  feven  dede- 

•  ly  fynnes.* 
It  is  obfervablc  with  what  timi- 
dity and  lowlinefs  young  Learning 
ventured  to  unfold  her  recent  pi- 
nions, how  little  (he  dared  to  raife 
herfelf  above  the  ground.  We 
have  feen  that  Earl  Tiptoft  and 
Earl  Rivers,  the  reftorers  and  pa- 
trons of  fcience  in  this  country, 
contented  themfelves  with  tranflat- 
ing  the  works  of  others  ;  the  lat- 
ter condefcending  even  to  tranflate 
a  tranflation.  But  we  muft  re- 
member how  fcarce  books  were  ; 
hovi?  few  of  the  daflic  flandards 
were  known,  and  how  much  ief» 
underflood.  Whoever  confidert 
the  account  which  Caxton  gives 
of  his   meeting    *  with    the   lytyle 

*  book    in  Frenftie,  tranflated  out 

*  of  Latyn   by    that   noble  Poete 

*  and  grete  Clerke  Virgyle,'  will 
not  wonder  that  invention  did  not 
exert  itfelf.  Whatever  was  tranf- 
lated, was  new,  and  a  real  prefent 
to  the  age.  Invention  operates 
only  where  there  is  no  pattern,  or 
where  all  patterns  are  exhaufted. 
He,  who  in  the  dawn  of  fcience 
made  a  veriion  of  Chriftina  of  Pifa, 
in  its  vigorous  maturity  would  tranf- 
late Montefquieu — and,  I  truft, 
not  in  metre  ! 

I  have  dwelled  the  longer  on  the 
articles  of  thefe  two  lords,  as  they 
are  very  flightly  known,  and  as  I 
think  their  country  in  a  great  mea- 
fure  indebted  to  them  for  the 
reftoration  of  learning.  The  coun- 
tenance, the  example  of  men  in 
their  fituation,  mull  have  operated 
more  flrongly  than  the  attempts 
of  an  hundred  profeflbrs,  bene- 
didtincs,  and  commentators.  The 
fimilitude  of  their  ftudies  was  ter- 
minated by  too  fatal  a  refemblance 
in  their  cataftrophe  ! 

Henry 


480 


ANNUAL  RE 


Henry  Howard  Earl  of  Surry. 

*'  We  now  emerge  from  the 
twilight  of  learning  to  an  almoft 
dajQic  author,  that  ornament  of  a 
boifterous,  yet  not  unpoliined  court, 
the  Earl  of  Surry,  celebrated  by 
Drayton,  Dryden,  Fenton,  and 
Pope,  illuftrated  by  his  own  mufe, 
and  lamented  for  his  unhappy  and 
unmerited  death  :  *  a  man,*  as  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  fays,  *  no  lefs  va- 

*  Haot  than  learned,  and  of  excel - 

•  lent  hopes.* 

He  was  fon  and  grandfon  of 
two  lord  treafarers,  dukes  of 
Norfolk,  and  feemed  to  have  pro- 
mife  of  fortune  as  illuftriou?,  by 
being  the  friend,  and  at  length 
the  brother-in-law  of  the  Duke  of 
Richmond,  Henry*s  natural  fon. 
I  But    the  cement  of  that 

tinion  proved  the  bane  of  her  bro- 
ther !  He  fhone  in  all  the  accom- 
plifhments  of  that  martial  age  ;  his 
name  is  renowned  in  its  tourna- 
ments and  in  his  father's  battles  : 
In  an  expedition  of  his  own  he 
was  unfortunate,  being  defeated 
endeavouring  to  cut  off  a  convoy 
to  Boulogne  :  a  difgrace  he  foon 
repaired,  though  he  never  recover- 
ed the  king's  favour,  inwhofeeyes 
a  moment  would  cancel  an  age  of 
fervices  ! 

The  unwcildy  king  growing 
diftempered  and  froward,  and  ap- 
prehenfive  for  the  tranquility  of  his 
boy-fncceilbr,  eafily  conceived  or 
admitte^d  jealoulies  infiifed  into 
him  by  ihe  earl  of  Hertford  and 
the  Protellant  party,  though  one 
of  the  lall    adls  of  his  fickle  life. 


GISTER,   1758. 

was  to  found  a  convent  !  Rapln 
iays,  he  apprehended  if  the  popifli 
party  Ihould  prevail,  that  his  mar- 
riage with  Catharine  of  Arragon 
Wfuld  be  declared  good,  and  by 
confcquence  his   fon  Edward  baf- 

tardized. A  moll  inaccurate 

conclufion  1  It  would  have  afFedled 
the  legitimacy  of  Elizabeth,  whofe 
mother  Was  married  during  the  life 
of  Catherine,  but  the  latter  was 
dead  before  the  king  married  Jane 
Seymour:  An  odd  circumllance  is 
recorded,  that  Boleyn  wore  yel- 
low for  mourning  for  her  pre- 
deceflbr. 

It  feems  that  the  family  of 
Howard  were  greatly  at  variance  ; 
the  duke  and  his  fon  had  been 
but  lately  reconciled  ;  the  duchef* 
was  frantic  with  jealoufy,  had  been 
parted  four  years  from  her  hufband, 
and  now  turned  his  accufer  ;  as 
her  daughter  the  duchefs  of  Rich- 
mond, who  inclined  to  the  Proteft- 
ants,  and  hated  her  brother,  de- 
pofed  againft  him.  The  duke's 
miflrefs  too,  one  Mrs.  Holiand, 
took  care  to  provide  for  her  own 
fafety,  by  telling  all  fhe  knew. 
That  vyas  little,  yet  equal  to  the 
charge,  and  coincided  with  it. 
The  chief  accufation  againft  the 
earl  was  his  quactering  the  arms 
of  Edward  the  Confeffor  :  The 
duke  had  forborne  them,  but  left 
a  blank  quarter,  Mrs.  Holland 
depofed,  that  the  duke  difapproved 
his  fon's  bearing  them,  and  for- 
bad her  to  work  them  on  the 
fijrniture  of  his  houff.  The  Du- 
chefs of  Richmond's  tellimony  was 
fo  trifling,  that  flie  depofed  her 
brother's  giving  a  coronet  *,  which 


*  This  fliews  that  at  that  time  there  was  no  eftablinied  rule  for  coronets.  I 
cannot  find  when  thofe  of  Dukes,  MarquiiTt^sand  Earls  were  fettled  :  Sir  Ro'.  crt 
Cecil  Earl  of  Salifbury,  when  vilcount  Cranborn,was  the  firft:  of  that  degree 
that  bore  a  coronet.-     Barons  received  theirs  fiom  Charles  the  Second; 


to 


Account  of  books.     4S1 


k6  tier  judgment  feemed  a  clofe 
crown,  and  a  cypher  which  (he 
took  to  be  the  king's :  and  ihat 
he  difTuaded  her  from  going  too 
far  in  reading  the  fcripture.  Some 
fwore  that  he  loved  to  converfe 
with  foreigners ;  and,  as  if  ridi- 
culous charges,  when  multiplied, 
would  amount  to  one  real  crime, 
Sir  Richard  Southwell  affirmed, 
without  fpecifying  what^  that  he 
knew  certain  things^  which  touch- 
ed the  earl's  fidelity  to  the  king. 
The  brave  young  lord  vehement- 
ly affirmed  himfelf  a  true  man, 
and  offered  to  fight  his  accofer 
in  his  (hirt;  and  with  gfeat  fpirit 
and    ready  wit,    defended  himfelf 

againflallthe  witnefTes to  little 

purpofe !  When  fuch  accufations 
could  be  alledged,  they  were  fure 
of  being  thought  to  be  proved. 
Lord  Herbert  infinuates,  that  the 
earl  would  not  have  been  con- 
demned, if  he  had  not  been  a 
commoner  and  tried  by  a  jury. 
On    what  could   he    ground  this 


favourable  opinion  of  the  peers? 
What  twelve  tradefmen  could  be 
found  more  fervije  than  almoft  eve- 
ry court  of  peers  during  that  reign  ? 
Was  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  was 
Anne  Boleyn  condemned  by  a  jury, 
or  by  great  Lords  ?  * 

The  duke,  better  acquainted 
with  the  humour  of  his  mafter, 
or  fonder  of  life  as  it  grew  nearer 
the  dregs,  figned  a  moil  abj eft- 
con  feffian,  in  which  however  the 
greateft  crime  he  avowed  was  hav- 
ing concealed  the  manner  in  which 
his  fon  bore  his  coat-armOur— 
an  offence  by  the  way  to  which 
the  king  himfelf  and  all  the  court 
muft  long  have  been  privy.  As 
this  is  intended  as  a  trcatife  of 
tiirioftty^  it  may  not  be  amifs  ttf 
mention,  that  the  duke  prefented 
another  petition  to  the  Lords,  de- 
firing  to  have  fome  books  from 
Lambeth,  without  which  he  had 
not  been  able  to  i-ecompofe  him- 
felf to  fleep  for  a  dozen  of  years. 
He   defired  leave  too  to  buy    St. 


*  The  parliaments  of  that  reign  were  not  lefs  obfequions  than  the  peers 
diftinftively  :  *  The  Countefs  of  Salifbury,  fays  Stowe,  in  his  annals,  p.  581. 

*  was  condemned  in  parliament,  though  ffie  was  never  arraigned  nor  tried  be- 

*  fore.     Catherine  Howard   was  attainted  by  parliament,  and  fuffered  without 

*  trial.     Cromwell  Earl  of  EfTex,  though  a  lord  of  parliament,  was  attainted 

*  without  being  heard.'  The  power  granted  to  the  king  of  regulating  the  fuc- 
ceflion  by  his  will  was  an  unheard  of  abufe.  If  we  pals  from  the  peers  to  the 
houfe  of  commons,  and  from  thence  to  the  convocation,  we  fhail  find  that  juries 
by  no  means  deferved  to  be  ftigmatized  for  peculiar  fervility.  The  commons  he- 
fought  the  king  to  let  hismarriage  with  Anne  Cleves  be  inquired  into.  Thedif- 
folution  of  that  marriage  for  iuch  abfurd  reafons  as  his  majetty  vouchfafed  to 
give  ;  a:  ker  being  no  'virgin^  v/hich  it  feems  he  difcovered  by  a  peculiar  lecret  of 
his  own,  without  ufing  the  common  method  of  knowing*  j  and  his  whimlical 
inability,  which  he  pretended  to  have  in  vain  attempted  to  remove  by  taking 
phyfic  the  more  to  enable  hini }  that  dilTohuion,  I  fay,  was  an  inltance  of  th« 
groffeft  complaifance  J  as  Cranraer's  having  before  pronounced  the  divorce  fioui 
Anne  Boleyn  was  an  cffe6l  of  the  rnofi  wretched  timidity. 

*  In  the  cafe  of  his  next  nvift  it  pronged  ho^w  had  a  judge  he  ivas  of  thofe 
matters  ;  nay^  fo  humble  did  be  groiu  on  that  bead^  and  corfeqitevtly  jo  uncer- 
tain did  his  conforming  parliament  immediately  think  that  diji^uijition^  that  an 
ail  ivas  pafed  to  oblige  any  ivoman^  before  jht  jhculd  efpoufe  a  kingy  To  de- 
clare whether  (he  was  a  virgin  or  not. 

Vol.  I.  I i  Auftln, 


48i         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758, 

Autlin,  Jofephus  and  Sabellicus*  ; 
and    he    begged    for    fonie  flieets. 

So  hardly  was  treated  a  man, 

who  had  married  a  daughter  f  of 
Edward  the  fourth,  who  had  enjoy- 
ed fuch  dignities,  and  what  was 
ftill  more,  had  gained  fuch  vido- 
ries  for  his  matter  ! 

The  noble  earl  periflied ;  the 
father  efcaped  by  the  death  of  the 
tyrant. 

We  have  a  fmall  volume  of 
elegant  and  tender  fonnets  com- 
pofed  by  Surry  ;  and  with  them 
J  fome  others  of  that  age,  parti- 
cularly af  Sir  Thomas  Wyat  the 
elder,  a  very  accomplifhed  gentle- 
man, father  of  him  who  fell  in 
a  rebellion  again  It  Queen  Mary. 
Francis  the  firll  had  given  a  new 
air  to  literature,  which  he  en- 
couraged by  mixing  gallantry  with 
it,  and  producing  the  ladies  at  his 
court  along  with  the  learned. 
Henry,  v\ho  had  at  leafl  as  much 
tafte  for  women  as  letters,  and 
was  fond  of  fplendor  and  feats  of 
arms,  contributed  to  give  a  ro- 
mantic turn  to  compofition  ;  and 
Petrarch,  the  poet  of  the  fair, 
was  naturally  a  pattern  to  a  court 
of  that  complexion.  In  imitation 
of  Laura,  our  earl  had  his  Geral- 
dine.  Who  ihe  was,  v.e  are  not 
tolddiredlly  ;  himfelf  mentions  fe- 
vcral  particulars  relating  to  her, 
but  not  her  name.  The  author 
of  the  laft  edition  of  his  poems, 
fays,  in   fome  fhort  notes  on  his 


life,  that  flie  was  the  greatefl  beauty 
of  her  time,  and  maid  of  honour  to 
Queen  Catharine  ;  to  which  of  the 
three  queens  of  that  name  he  does 
not  fpecify.  I  think  I  have  very 
nearly  difcovered  who  this  fair  per- 
fon  was ;  here  is  the  earl's  defcrip- 
tion  : 

*  From  Tufcane  came  my  ladies  worthy 

*  race, 

*  Fair  Florence  was   fometyme  her  || 

*  auncient  feate  j 
«  The  weilern  ylewhofe  pleafant  fliore 

*  doth  face  "" 

*  Wild  Camber's   clrfFs,    did  give  her 

*  lyvely  heate : 

*  Foftered  (it«  was  with  milkeof  Irifhe 

*  breft  : 

*  Her  fire,  an  earl  j  her  dame,  of  princes 

*  blood  } 

*  From   tender  yeres  in  Britaine   flic 
■  *  doth  reft 

*  With  kingeschilde,  where  ihe  taftcth 

*  coftly  foode. 
'  Honfdon  did  firft  prefent  her  to  mync 

*  yien  j 

*  Bright  is   her   hewe,  and  Geraldine 

*  (lie  hight, 

*  Hampton  me  taught  to  wllh  her  firft 
'  for  mine, 

*  And  Windfor  alas  !  doth  chafe  me 

*  from  her  fight. 

*  Her  beauty  of  kinde,  her  vertue  from 

*  above, 

*  Hflppy   is   he,    that  can  obtain  her 

*  love.' 

I  am  inclined  to  think  that  her 
poetical  appellation  was  her  real 
name,  as  every  one  of  the  cir- 
cumftances    tally.      Gerald    Fitz- 


*  The  artful  Duke,  though  a  flrong  papift,  pretended  to  afk  for  SabeU 
Ileus  as  the  moft  vehement  deteftor  of  the  ufurpations  of  the  biftiop  of 
Rome, 

f  His  firft  wife  was  the  Lady  Anne,  v^ho  left  no  iflue.  His  fecond  was  daugh- 
ter of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham. 

J  The  earl  was  intimate  too  with  Sir  Thomas  More  and  Erafmus ;  and 
built  a  magnificent  houfe,  called  Mount  Surry,  on  Lennard's  Hill,  near  Nor- 
wich, •    - 

Jl  /  ^ould  read  thefr. 

gerald 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


483 


gefald  Earl  of  Kildare,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  the  Eighth,  mar- 
ried to  his  fecond  wife  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Gray  Mar- 
quis of  Dorfet ;  by  whom  he  had 
three  daughters.  Lady  Margaret, 
who  was  born  deaf  and  damb, 
(probably  not  the  fair  Geraldine;) 
Elizabeth  third  wife  of  Edward 
Clinton  Earl  of  Lincoln,  and  the 
Lady  Cicely. 

Our  genealogifts  fay,  that  the  fa- 
mily of  Fitzgerald  defcended  from 
the  Dukes  of  Tufcany,  who  in  the 
reign  of  King  Alfred  fettled  in 
England,  and  from  thence  tranf- 
planted  therafelves  into  Ireland. 
Thus, 

*  From  Tufcane  came  his  Lady's  noble 
*  race*  ' 

Her  fire  an  earl,  and  her  be- 
ing foftered  with  milk  of  Irilh 
breaft,  follow  of  courfe.  Her 
dame  being  of  prince's  blood  is 
as  exaft ;  Thomas  Marquis  of 
Dorfet  being  fon  of  Quees  Eliza- 
beth Gray,  daughter  of  the  Du- 
chefa  of  Bedford,  of  the  princely 
houl'e  of  Luxemburg.  The  only 
queftionis,  whether  the  Lady  Eliza- 
beth Fitzgerald,  or  her  filler  Lady 
Cicely,  was  the  fair  Geraldine:  I 
fhould  think  the  former,  as  it  is 
evident  that  fhe  was  fettled  in  Eng- 
land. 


The  clrcumftance  of  his  firft  fee- 
ing her  at  Hunfdon,   indifferent  as 
it  feems,  leads  to  a  itrong  confirma- 
tion of  this  conjecture  ;  Sir  Henry 
Chauncy  fays,  that  Hunfdon-houle 
in  Hertford  {hire  was  built  by  Henry 
the   Eighth,    and  deftined   to  the 
education    of  his    children.     The 
Lady    Elizabeth    Fitzgerald     was 
iecond   coufin    to     the     Princeffes 
Mary  and  Elizabeth,  and  it   was 
very   natural    for    her  to    be  edu- 
cated with  them,  as  the  fonnet  ex- 
prefly  fays  the  fair  Geraldine  was. 
The  Earl   of  Surry    was  in   like 
itianner  brought  up  with  the  Duke 
of  Richmond   at  Windfor*;  here 
the  two  circumftances  clearly  cor- 
refpond  to   the   earl's   account  of 
his    firft    feeing    his     miftrefs   at 
Hunfdon  f ,  and  being  deprived  of 
her  by  Windfor  ;  when  he  attend- 
ed the   young  Duke   to   vifit   the 
PrincefTes,  he    got   fight   of  their 
companion  ;  when  he  followed  him 
to  Windfor,    he   loft  that  oppor- 
tunity.    If  this  afTumption  wanted 
any    corroborating  incidents,  here 
is  a  ftrong  one  j  the  Lord  Leonard 
Gray,    uncle   of   the  Fitzgeralds, 
was  deputy  of  Ireland  for  the  Duke 
of  Richmond,   and  that  connexion 
alone  would  eafily  account  for  iht 
earl's  acquaintance    with   a-young 
lady  bre^  up  with    the    royal  fa- 
mily. 


*  One  of  the  moft  beautiful  of  Lord  Surry's  compofitions  h  a  very  tender  eJc?^y 
written  by  him  when  a  piifoner  at  Windfor,  lamenting  th«  happier  days  bp  for- 
merly paffed  there.     His  punifliment  was  for  eating  flefti  in  Lent. 

f  Strype  has  preferved  a  curious  letter,  relating  to  the  maintenance  of  the  Lady 
Elizabeth  after  the  death  of  her  mother.  It  is  writteif  from  Hunfdon  by  Mar- 
garet Lady  Bryan,  governefs  to  the  Princefs,  and  who,  as  (he  fays  herfeif,  had 
been  made  a  baronefs  on  her  former  preferment  to  the  fame  port  about  the  Lady 
Mary  j  a  creation  which  feems  to  have  efc.iped  ail  our  writers  on  the  peerage. 
The  letter  mentions  the  untovLardly  and  gentle  conditions  0^  ker  grace.  Vol.  i. 
Nop  Ixx,     In  the  fame  colic^lion  are  letters  of  Print«  JSdward  fiom  Hunfdon, 


H  t 


Robert 


484       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1758. 


Robe  rtD  EVE  RE  ux  Earl  of  Ess  EX. 

To  enter  into  all  the  particulars 
of  this  remarkable    peribn's    life, 
would  be  writing  a  hiftory  of  the 
fixteen  or  eighteen  Jaft  years  of  the 
reign  of  Queen   Elizabeth :  yet  I 
Ihall  touch  many  paiTages  of   his 
Iiory,  and  enter  into  a  larger  dif- 
cufiion  of  fome   circumftances  re- 
lating to  him,  than  may  be  agree- 
able to  perfons  who  are  not  curi- 
ous about  fuch  minute  fafts  as  do 
i»qt  compofe  the  hiftory  of  illuf- 
trious  men,  though  they  in  a  great 
meafure   compofe   their   character. 
It  is  effential  to  the  plan  of  this 
work  to  examine  many  particulars 
of  this  lord's  ftory,  becaufe  it  was 
not  choice  or  private  amufement, 
but  the  caft  of  his  public  life  that 
converted  him  into  an  author.  Hav- 
ing   confuked   a  great  variety  of 
writers,  who  defcribe  or  jnention 
him,    1  may  perhaps    be   able   to 
unfold    fome   of  the  darker  parts 
of    his    hiftory :     at    leaft,     fome 
anecdotes,    though    of    a   trifling 
fort,  will  appear  in  a  flronger  light 
than    I    think  they   have  hitherto 
done.     Thefe  Iheets  are  calculated 
for  the  clofets  of  the  idle  and  in- 
qutfitinje  :    they  do  not  look  up  to 
the    {helves    of  what   Voltaire    fo 
happily  calls,  'La  bibliotheque  du 
*  monde.' 

•  The  elegant  perfpicuity,*  the 
concifenefs,  the  quick  ftrong  rea- 
fonings,    and  the  engaging  good 


breeding  of  his  letters,  carry  great 

marks  of  genius Yet  his  youth 

gave  no  promife  of  parts :  his  fa- 
ther died  with  a  mean  opinion  of 
him.     The  malicious  fubtleties  of 
an  able  court  were  an  over-match 
for  his  impetuous    fpirit :    yet    he 
was    far   from    wanting  art  ;     but 
was   fo  confident   of   the   queen's 
partiality,     that  he  did   not  bend 
to  her    as    his  enemies   did,   who 
had    not   the    fam.e   hold    on    h^r 
tender  paflions :  he  trufted   to  be- 
ing always  able  to  mafter  her  by 
abfenting    himfelf  :      his  enemies 
embraced  thofe  moments   to  ruin 
him.     I  am  aware   that  it   is   be- 
come a  mode  to  treat  the  queen's 
paffion  for  him  as  a  romance.   Vol- 
taire  laughs   at -it,    and  obferves,  ' 
that  when  her  ftruggle  about  him 
muft  have  been   the   greateft   (the 
time  of  his  death)   fhe   was  fixty- 
eight  .— —  had  he  been   fixy- 
eight,  it  is  probable  fhe  v/ould  not 
have  been  in  love  with  him.     As 
a  great  deal  turns  upon  this  point, 
and  as  there  are  the  ftrongeft  pre- 
fumptions  of  the  reality  of  her  ma- 
jefty's  inclination  for  him,   I  fhall 
take  leave   to  enter  into  the  dif- 
cuftion. 

I  do  not  date  this  paffion  from 
her  firft  fight  of  him,  nor  impute 
his  immediate  rife  to  it,  as  fome 
have  done,  who  did  not  obfervc 
how  nearly  he  was  related  to  the 
queen,  as  appears  by  the  following 
fliort  table  ; 


Thomas 


ACCOUNT   OF    BOOKS. 

Thomas  BoLEYN  Earl  of  Wiltshire. 


485 


Anne, 
Henry  VIII. 

II 
Q^Elizabeth. 


His  mother  being  coudn  to  the 
queen,  and  wife  of  her  great  fa- 
vourite Leicefter,  eafily  accounted 
for  young  Eflex's  fudden  promo- 
tion :  it  went  on  rapidly  with- 
out thefe  fupports.  At  twenty  he 
was  made  mafter  of  the  horGe ; 
the  ne^ft  year  general  of  the  horfe 
at  the  camp  at  Tilbury,  and 
knight  of  the  garter.  On  thefe 
dignities  were  afterwards  heaped 
the  great  polls  of  mailer  of  the 
ordnance,  earl  marflial,  chancel- 
lor of  Cambridge,  and   lord  lieu- 

ten:intof  Ireland.  . Lofty 

dillin^ions  from  a  princefs  fo  fpar- 

ing  of  her  favours.  Of  what 

ihe  was  iVill  more  fparing,  he  ob- 
tained to  the  value  of  300,000!. 
In  one  of  her  letters  ftie  reproach- 
ed him  with  her.  great  favours 
befiowed  without  his  defert :  in  eve- 
ry inllance  but  in  his  and  Leicef- 
ter*s,  (he  was  not  wont  to  overpay 
fervices. 
His  early    marriage    with    the 


Mary, 
Wm.  Ld.  Hunfdon. 

II 
Katherine, 
Sir  Francis  Knolles. 

II 
Lettice, 
Walter  Earl  of  EfTex, 
Jlobert  Earl  of  Leicefter. 

II 
Robert  Earl  of  EfTex. 

widow  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  did  not 
look  as  if  he  himfelf  had  any  idea 
of  her  majc-fty's  inclination  for 
him  :  perhaps  he  had  learned  from 
the  example  of  his  father-in-law, 
that  her  majefly's  paflions  never 
extended  to  matrimony.  Yet  be- 
fore this  he  had  infulted  Sir 
Charles  Blount,  on  a  *  jealoufy 
of  the  queen's  partiality.  Inllead 
of  fentimental  foftnef>,  the  fpirit 
of  her  father  broke  out  on  that 
occafion,  Ihe  fwore  a  round  oath, 

*  That  unlefs  fome  one   or  other 

*  took  him  down,  there  would   be 

*  no  ruling  him.* 

Lord  Clarendon,  in  his  fenfible 
anfwer  to  Sir  Harry  Wotton's  paral- 
lel of  the  Earl  of  Eflex  and  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham,  obferves, 
that  the  former  endeavoured  rather 
to  mailer  the  queen's  afFedion 
than  to  win  it :  if  he  was  croffed 
in  a  fuit,  he  abfented  himfelf  from 
court,  and  made  her  purchafe  his 
return.      A   fond  woman  may  be 


*  Sir  Charles  Blount,  afterwards  Earl   of  Devonfliire,  a  very  comely  young 
man,  having  dillinguilhed  himfelf  at  tilt,  hermajefty  fenthim  a  chefs-queen  ct' 
gold  enamelled,  which  he  tied  upon  his  arm  witli  a  crimfon  ribbon.     Elfex  per- 
ceiving it,  faid  with  affeilcd  fcorn,  *  Now  I  perceive  every  fool  muft  have  a  fa- 
*  vour  I'     On  this,  Sir  Charles  challenged,  fought  him  in  Marybone  park,  dii- 
armed  and  wounded  him  in  the  thigh. 

I  i  2  moulded 


486         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 

moulded  thus ;  it  is  not  the  method     pofTelTion  in  your  favour,  but  htf 
pradifed   on  princes    by  mere  fa- 
vourites. When  Charles  the  Firft  on 
fome  jealoufy  reftraincd  the  Earl  of 
Holland  to  his  houfe,    the   queen 
would  not  cohabit  with  the    king 
till    the    rellraint    was    taken   off. 
Whenever   Eilex    afted   a    fit    of 
ficknefs,  not   a    day  palTed   with- 
out the  queen's  fending  often   to 
fee  hipi  ;  and  once  went  fo  far   as 
to  fit  long  by  him,  and  order  his 
broths  and   things.     It  is  recorded 
by    a    diligent    obferver    of    that 
court,  that  in  one  of  his  fick  moods 
he  took  the  liberty  of  going  up 
to  the  queen  in   his  night-gown. 
In  the  height  of  thefe  fret  fookries, 
^  there   was  a  mafk  at   Black-friars 
on  the  marriage  of  Lord  Herbert 
and    Mrs.    RufTel.      Eight   lady- 
maikerj  chofe  eight  more  to  dance 
the   meafpres.      Mrs.  Fitton,  who 
led  them,  went  to  the   queen  and 
wooed  her  to  dance.     Her  majefly 

alked  what  (he  was  ? Jf- 

feaion-_ (he  faid.  —  Affeaion  1 

faid  the  queen  ; Jffeaion 

is  fal/e.  - — : Were    thele    not 

the    murmurs  of   a    heart    ill     at 
eafe  ? —Yet  her  majefly  rofe 


and  danvnced. — She  was  then  fixty-. 

eight Sure  it  was  as  natural  for 

her  to  be  in  love  ! 

That  her  court  andcotemporarie§ 
had  an  uniform  opinion  of  her 
pafiion,  is  evident  from  many  paf- 
fages.  Sir  Francis  Bacon,  in  a  let- 
ter of  moft  fenfible  advice  to  the 
earl,  in  which  he  difluades  him 
fj'om  popular  courfes,  which  the 
queen  could  not  brook  in  her 
greateft    favourites,    fays   to   him, 

*  Win  the  queen  :  I  will  not  now 

*  fpeak    of   favour    or     afFeflion, 

*  but  of  other  correfpondence  and 

*  agreeablenefs.' That  is, 

do  not  be  content  with  her  prc- 


mour  and  make  yourfclf  agreeable 
to  her.  *  How  dangerou-,'  adds 
he,  *  to  have  her  think  you  a  man 

*  not  to-be   ruled,     that  has  her 

*  aftedlion    and    knows    it  ;     that 

*  feeks  a  popular  reputation  and 
'  a  military  dependance  1*  He  ad- 
vifes  the  earl  not  to  play  or  llra- 
tagem  with  too  long  journeys  from 
her ;  and  bids  him  confult  her 
tafte  in  his  very  apparel  and  geftures. 
He  concludes  remarkably  with 
advifing  the  earl  even  to  give 
way  to  any  other  inclination  flie 
may    have,    *  for    whofoever  fhaJl 

*  tell  me  that  you  may  not  have 

*  fingular  ufe  of  a  favourite  at  your 
*-  devotion,    I   will  fay  he  under- 

*  ftandeth    not    the    queen's  afFec- 

*  tion,  nor  your  lordlhip*s  condi- 

*  tion.'  The  queen  herfelf  Sir 
Francis  advifed,  as  knowing  her 
inclination,  to  keep  the  earl  about 
her  for  Society.  Olborne  afcribes 
Effex's  prefumption  to  the  fond 
opinion  which  he  entertained,  that 
the  queen  would  not  rob  her 
eyes  of  the  dear  delight  Ihe  took 
in  his  perfon.  But  the  mpft  mark- 
ed expreflion  is  one  of  Henry  the 
fourth  of  France  to  the  queen's 
embaffador,  Sir  Antony  Mildmay, 

*  Que  fa  majefte  ne  laifferoit  ja- 
«  mais  fon  coufin  d 'Eilex  s'eflbigner 

*  de  fon  cotillon.'  Sir  Antony 
reporting  this  to  the  queen,  ihe 
wrote  four  lines  with  her  own 
hand  to  the  king,  which  one  may 
well  believe  were  fliarp  enough,  . 
for  he  was  near  flriking  Sir  An- 
tony, and  drove  him  out  of  his 
chamber, 

When  the  earl  had  offended  the 
queen  fo  much  by  his  abrupt  re- 
turn from  Ireland,  he  was  treated 
with  a  whimfical  fond  mixture  of 
tendernefs  and   feveriiy.     Though 

5  he 


ACCOUNT    OF  BOOKS. 


487 


he  burft  into  her  bed-chamber  as 
ftie  was  rifing,  fhe  talked  to  him 
long  with  coolnefs  and  kindnefs  : 
when  her  other  counfellors  had  re- 
prefented  his  boldneCs,  Ihe  refented 
it  too.  She  fufpended  him  from 
all  his  offices  but  the  mafter(hip  of 
the  horfe  ;  llie  gave  him  a  keeper, 
but  who  was  foon  withdrawn.  On 
hearing  Eflex  was  ill,  ihe  fent  him 
word  with  tears  in  her  eyes,  *  That 

*  if   flie  might    with  her  honour, 

*  Ihe  would  vifit  him.'— Thefe  are 
more  than  fymptoms  of  favour  : 
royal  favoUr  is  not  romantic  ;  it  is 
extravagant,  not  gallant. 

If  thefe  inllances  arc  problematic, 
are  the  following  fo  ?  In  one  of  the 
curious  lecters  of  Rowland  White, 
he  fays,  *  the  Queen  hath    of  late 

*  ufed  the  fair  Mrs.  Bridges  with 

*  words  and  blows  of  anger.'  In 
a  fubfequcnt  letter  he  fays,    *  The 

*  earl  is  :igain  fallen  in  love  with 

*  \i\%fairej't  B.  it  cannot  chufe  but 

*  come  to  the  queen's  ears,     and 

*  then  he  is  undone.     The  coun- 

*  tefs  hears  of  it,  or  rather  fufpefts 

*  ic,  and  is  greaily  unquiet.  I 
think  there  can  be  no  doubt  but 
that  i\\zfairejl  B.  and  thz  fair  Mrs. 
Bridges  were  the  fame  :  If  fo,  it  is 
evident  why  fhe  felt  the  weight  of 
her  majelly'sdifpleafure. 

.  It  is  indeed  a  very  trifling  matter 
for  what  reafon  a  prince  chufes  a 
favourite  ;  nor  is  it  meant  as  a  re- 
proach to  this  great  woman,  that 
fhe  could  not  divell  herfelf  of  all 
fenjibility.  Her  feeling  and  majler- 
ing  her  paffion  adds  to  her  cha- 
rader.  The  favourites  of  other 
princes  never  fail  to  infufe  into 
them  their  own  prejudices  againil 


their  enemies  :  that  was  not  the 
cafe  with  Elizabeth  ;  fhe  was  njofe 
jealous  of  the  greatnefs  fhe  beftow- 
cd,  than  her  fubjefts  could  be.  How 
did  (he  mortify  Leicefter,  when  the 
States  heaped  unufual  honours  on 
him!  For  Efiex,  it  is  evident  from 
multiplied  inftances,  that  his  very 
follicitation  was  prejudicial.  Bacon 
fays  to  his  brother  Antony,  *Againft 

*  me  fhe  is  never  peremptory,  but 

*  to  my  Lord  of  EfTex.'  Amongft 
the  papers  of  the  Bacons  is  a  moil 
extraordinary  letter  from  Lord 
Treafurer  Burleigh  to  Lord  EfTex, 
recounting  unmeafured  abufe  that 
he  had  received  from  the  queen, 
on  her  fufpedling  Burleigh  of  fa- 
vouring the  eafl. So  quick  was 

her  nature  to  apprehend  union 
where  fhe  loved  to  difunite,  and 
with  what  refinement  did  did  Cecil 
colour  his  inveteracy*.  Her  ma- 
jefty  was  wont  to  accufe  the  earl  of 
opiniajiretc,  an<l  that  be  ivould  not 
be  ruled,    hut  jhe  ivduld  bridle  and 

Jiay  him.  On  another  occafion  fhe 
faid,  *  (lie  obferved  fuch  as  follow- 

*  ed  Her  :  and  thofe  which  accomr 

*  panied  fuch  as  were  in   her  dif- 

*  pleafure,    and    that   they   fhould 

*  know    as    much    before  it    were 

*  long.'  No  wonder  the  earl  com- 
plained,    *  that    he    was   as    much 

*  diflalled  with  the  glorious  great- 

*  nefs  of  a  favourite,  as  he  was  be- 

*  fore  with  the  fuppofed  happinefs 
■  *  of  a  courtier.       No  wonder   his 

mind  was  toll  with  fo  contradictory 
paflions,  when  her  foul,  on  whom 
he  depended,  was  a  compofidon  of 
tendernefs  and  haughtincfs  1— nay, 
when  even  ceconomy  combated  her 
afFedion  !  He  profcfTes,  '  that  her 


*  It  may  be  worth  while  to  direct  the  reader  to  another  curious  letter,  in  which 
that  wife  man  forgot  himfelf  mod  indecently,  fpeaking  «f  Henry  the  fourth  to 
his  cfMbaffador  in  the  moft  illiberal  terms,  and  with  the  gveated  contempt  for  the 
pcrfon  of  the  cmbafTador  himfelf.     Bacon-papers^  vol.  i.  p.  328. 

I  i  4  '  fend 


488 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1758. 


•  fond  parting  with  him,  when  he 

•  let  out  for  Ireland,  pierced  his 

•  very  foul.*  In  a  few  weeks  llie 
quarrelled  with  him  for  demanding 
a  poor  fupply  of  one  thoufand  foot 
Snd  three  hundred  horfe  *. 

Having  pretty  clearly  afcertained 
the  exifteiice  of  the  fentiment,  it 
ieems  that  the  earl's  ruin  was  in 
great  meafure  owing  to  the  lirtle 
homage  he  paid  to  a  fovereign 
jealous  of  his  ptrfon  and  of  her 
own,  and  not  accuftomed  to  pardon 
the  want  of  a  proper  degree  of 
awe  and  adoration  1  Before  his 
voyage  to  Ireland,  fiie  had  treated 
him  as  fhe  did  the  fair  Mrs.  Bridges 
■  in  (hort,  had  given  him   a 

box  on  the  ear  for  turning  his  back 
on  her  in  contempt.  What  mull 
ihe  have  felt  on  hearing  he  had  iaid 

*  That  (lie  grew  old  and  cankered, 

*  ar.d  that  her  mind  was  becosne  as 

*  crooked  as  her  carcafe  !^  What 
provocation  to  a  wornan  fo  dif- 
pofed  to  belit've  all  the  {lattery  of 
her  court !  How  did  Ihe  torture 
Mel.ille  to  make  him  prefer  her 
beauty  to  his  charming  queen's  ! 
Elizabeth's  foible  about  her  perfon 
was  fo  well  known,  that  when  llie 
was  fixty-feven,  Veriken  the  Dutch 
crpbalfador  told  her  at  his  audience, 

*  That  he  had  longed  to  undertake 

*  that  voyage  to   lee   her   majefty, 

*  who   for  teauty   and  wifdom  ex- 

*  celled    all   other    princes    of    the 

*  world.'  The  next  year  Lord 
EiTex's  fifter.  Lady  Rich,  inter- 
ceding  for  him,  tells  her  majcfty, 

*  Early  did  i  hope  this  morning  to 

*  h>ive  had  mine  eyes  blcfled  with 


*  your    Majefty's   beauty. ^-~~-JT\i2il 

*  her  brother's   life,   his  love,    his 

*  fcrvices  to  her  beauties  did  not  de- 

*  ferve  fo  hard  a  punifhment. 

*  That  he  would  be   difabled  from 

*  ever  ferving  again  his  facred  God- 

*  defs  !      whofe    excellent   beauties 

*  and  perfedions  ought  to  feel  more 

*  compaiiion.'  Whenever  the  wea- 
ther would  permit,  flie  gave  audi- 
ence in  the  garden  j  her  lines  were 
llrong,  and  in  open  day-light  the 
fljadcs  had  lefs  force.  Ve/tue  the 
engraver  had  a  pocket-book  of  Ifaac 
Oliver,  in  which  the  latter  had  made 
a  memorandum  that  the  queen  would 
not  let  him  give  anv  fliade  to  her 
feature?,  telling,  him,  *  That  fhade 

*  was  an  accident,  and  not  natu- 
'  rally  exllHng  in  a  face.'  Her  por- 
traits are  generally  without  any 
fliadow.  I  have  in  my  pofTeflion 
anpther  ftrongly  prcfumptive  proof 
of  this  weaknefs :  Jt  is  a  fragment 
of  one  of  her  lait  broad  pieces,  re- 
prefenting  her  horridly  old  and  de- 
formed :  An  entire  coin  with  this 
image  is  not  known  :  It  is  univer- 
fally  f  fuppofed  that  the  die  wa§ 
bjoken  by  her  command,  and  that 
fome  workman  of  the  mint  cut  out 
this  morfel,  which  contains  barely 
the  face.  As  it  has  never  been  en- 
graved, fo  fingular  a  curiofity  may 
have  its  merit,  in  a  work  which  has 
no  other  kind  of  merit  X- 

On  whatever  her  favour  was 
founded,  it  was  by  no  means  plac- 
ed undefervedly  ;  The  earl's  cou- 
rage was  impetuous  and  heroic  : 
To  this  was  added  great  talents 
for   the  flate,    great  affection   for 


*  She  even  mortified  him  fo  b^^rly,  as  to  oblige  him  to  difpoiTefs  his  dc;ar 
fi  icinl  the  Earl  of  Southanipioa  of  the  generalfhip  of  the  horfe,  which  the  ca^l 
hv<\  conferred  on  V.\r,\^ 

t  This  picte  was  purchafed  from  the  cabinet  of  the  late  Earl  of  Oxford. 

X  Tills,  engraving  is  in  vol.  i.  p.  14.2,  of  the  Catalbgye  of  Koyal  and  Noble 


Authors 


litera- 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS, 


489 


literature  and  proteftion  of  learned 
men,  and  the  greateft  zeal  for  the 
fervic6  and  fafety  of  his  miftrefs. 
At  nineteen  he  diftinguifhed  him- 
felf  at  the  battle  of  Zutphen,  where 
Sir  Philip  Sidney  fell.     At  twenty- 
two  he  undertook  as  a  volunteer  to 
promote  the  reftoration  of  Don  An- 
tonio  to    the   throne  of  Portugal, 
ufgrped  by   the  queen's  black  ene- 
my,   Philip ;    and  challenged  the 
governor  of  Corunna   by   iound  of 
trumpet,  or  any  of  equal  quality, 
to  fir.gle  combat.     He  treated  Vil- 
lars  *,  the  governor  of  Rouen,  in 
the  fame  flyle.     In  the  expedition 
to  Odiz  he  threw  his  hat  into  the 
fea  for  joy,   that  the  Lord  Admiral 
confented    to    attack   the   Spanifh 
ijeet.     Few  royal  favourites  are  fo 
prodigal  of  life!    His   indignation 
againil  Philip  rofe  to  the  dignity  of 
a  perfonal  averfjon  :    In  his  letters 
he  ufed  to  fay,    *  I  will  teach  that 
«  proud  king  to  know.'     As  much 
reafon  as  Ihe  had  to  hate  Philip, 
the   queen    could    not   endure    the 
earl's   afTuming  fuch   arrogance  a- 
gainft  a  crowned    head.     So  for- 
midable  an     enemy  he  was,  that 
when  the  greated  offers  could   not 
bribe  him  from  his  duty,  the  court 


of   Spain  attempted  to  have  himi 

poifoned  ; luckily  they  addrelT- 

ed  their  poifon  to  the  arms  of  his 
great  chair,  which  no   more  than 
the  pummel  -j-  of  a  faddle  are  a 
mortal  part.     And  as  he  fupported 
the  enemies  of  the  Spaniard,    he 
endeavoured  to  difpoflefs  the  Pope 
of  the  duchy  of  Ferrara,   fending 
the  famous  Sir  Antony  Shirley  thi- 
ther, to  promote  the  interefls  of  a 
Baftard  of  the  houfe  of  Efte.    There 
was  as  much   policy  and  adlivity 
of  enterprize  in  this,  as  in  his  Ho- 
linefs  fending  a  plume  of  Phcenix- 
feaihers  to  Tir  Oen.     While  the 
one  ifland  flqurilhed  with  Cecils^ 
Walfmghams,   Bacons,    the   other 
was   fo  buried  in  barbarifm,  that 
Rome  ventured  to  reward  its  mar- 
tyrs with  the  fpoils  of  an  imaginary 
fowl !  The  earl's  intelligences,  his 
fpies,    his    penfioners   in   foreign 
courts,   were   as   numerous   as   the 
boafted   information    of  Walfing- 
ham.      His   munificence   was   un- 
bounded.  What  fums  did  the 

perjured  houfe  of  Bacon  obtain  or 
extort  from  him  !  He  buried  Spen- 
fer  ;  and,  which  was  more  remark- 
able, was  heir  to  Sir  Roger  Wil- 
liams I,  a  brave  foldier,  whom  he 


*  In  his  letters  to  Villars,  the  earl  fnld,  *  Si  vous  voulez  combattre  vous  meme 
f'  a  cheval  ou  Ti  pied,  je  mainticndrai  que  la  querelle  du  Roi  (Hen.  IV.)  eft 
"  plus  jufte  que  celle  de  la  ligue  j  que  je  fuis  meilleur  que  vous  ;  &  qne  ma 
"  Maitrejfe  eft  plus  belle  que  la  votre."  &c.  E^ais  bijior.  fur  Paris,  par  Saint- 
foixj  njol.  2.  /.  82. 

f  Walpolc,  a  Jefuit,  was  hanged  for  attempting  to  poifon  the  queen's  faddle, 
j  He  had  been  one  of  the  ftanding  Council  of  Nine,  appointed  t«  provide 
for  defence  of  the  realm  againlt  the  Spanilh  Armada,  Biograph.  I'cl.  4.  p.  2287, 
He  wrote  u  valuable  hillory  ot  the  wars  in  the  Low  Countries,  in  which  he  had 
ferveil  with  great  reputation,  and  where  he  was  one  of  the  introducers  of  a  new 
military  difcipline.  Camb.  Epijl.p,  350.  A  Spanifli  captain  having  challenged 
the  genera]  Sir  John  Norris,  6ir  Roger  fought  him.  j  afterwards  affaulted  the 
Prince  of  Parma's  camp  near  Venlo,  and  penetrated  to  his  very  tent  j  and  made 
a  brave  defence  of  Sluys.  Fuller  in  Monmouth,  p:  52.  James  the  Firft  lament- 
ed his  death  fo  much,  that  he  wilhed  rather  to  have  loft  five  thoufand  of  his  own 
fubjcds;    and  intended  to  write  his  epitaph.     Bacm-paperSf    'vol,    i.  pages 

^96,  355-  ^         , 

brought 


490      ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1758 


brought  to  a  religious  and  penitent 
death.  But  what  .deferved  moft, 
snd  muft  have  drawn  the  queen's 
aftedion  to  him,  was  his  extren^e 
attention  to  the  fecurity  of  her  per- 
son :  each  year  he  promoted  iome 
acts  of  parliament  for  the  defence 
of  it ;  and  alone  periifted  in  unra- 
velling the  myfterious  treafons  of 
her  phyfjcian  Lopez,  who  was 
fcreened  and  protefted  by  the  Ce- 

cils -not  merely  by  the    fon, 

whofe  bafe  nature  was  capable  of 
any  ingratitude. It  is  me- 
lancholy that  fadion  could  make 
even  Burleigh  carelefs  of  the  fafe 
ty  of  his  queen,  when  detedion 
of  the  trealon  would  refled  ho- 
nour on  the  profecutor :  Yet  this 
zealous  Effex  did  fhe  fuffer  her 
council  to  keep  kneeling  for  eleven 
hours  at  his  examination;  for  this 
man's  liberty  did  ihe  accept  prefents 
from  his  mother  and  filler,  yet 
without   vouchfafing  to  fee  them, 

or  grant  their  fuit.» Indeed  ihe 

did  permit  him  to  celebrate  St, 
(jcorge's  day  alone :  one  Ihould 
like  to  know  how  he  played  at  this 
ceremony  by  hirrielf.  In  ihort, 
this  gallant,  though  rafli  man,  fhe 
delivered  over  to  the  executioner, 
becaufe  his  bittereft  enemies  had 
told  her  he  had  declared,  Thar  his 
life  was  inconfillent  with  her  fafe- 


ty.  ■  A  tale  fo  ridiculous,  that  it 
is  amazing  how  moll  of  our  hillo- 

rians  can  give  credit  to  it  I •> 

How  was  he  dangerous,  or  could 
he  be  ? — His  wild  attempt  on  the 
city  had  demonftrated  his  impo- 
tence.- So  far  from  this  decla- 
ration, on  receiving  fenience  he  be- 
fought  the  lords,  *  not  to  tell  the 
*  queen  that  he  negledled  or  flight- 
<  ed  her  mercy.'  He  died  with 
devotion,  yet  undaunted.  Marfhal 
Plron  derided  his  death,  and  died 
himfelf  like  a  frantic  coward.  Ra- 
leigh imitated  his  death  more  wor- 
thily than  he  beheld  it  !* 

The  queen  at  firft  carried  her 
refentment  fo  far,  as  to  have  a  fer- 
mon  preached  at  St.  Paul's  crofs 
to  blacken  his  memory.  Befides 
the  ridicule  thrown  on  her  perfon, 
many  paffagts  in  his  behaviour  had 
fliocked  her  haughcinefs,  and  com^ 
bated  herafFedion.  His  pretend- 
ing to  be  head  of  the  puritans, 
and  to  diflike  monarchy,  in  order 
to  flatter  the  Dutch  ;  his  fpcaking 
of  the  king  of  Spain  in  terms  too 
familiar;  his  prefuming  to  create 
knights  infome  of  hisSpanifh  ex- 
peditions ;  his  blaming  the  queen's 
parfimony  in  the  affairs  of  lieland, 
which  fhe  had  once  near  loft  for 
the  trifling  fum  of  two  thoufand 
pounds;    his   treating  with   Tirf 

Oen 


*  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was  known  to  bpar  perfonal  enniity  to  the  earl,  and 
endeavoured  to  excufe  his  appearing  at  the  execution,  by  pretending  it  was  to 
clear  himfelf  if  the  earl  flrould  tax  him  with  any  indired  dealings.  One  of  their 
firA  quarrels  was  the  earl's  braving  Sir  Walter  at  a  tilr,  and  appearing  there 
in  defiance  of  him  with  two  thoufand  orange  tawney  feathers;  an  affront  not 
very  intelligible  at  prelent.  yide  Lord  ClareJidon's  difpat-ity,  p.  190.  However, 
it  is  certain  that  Sir  Walter  bore  great  malice  to  the  earl,  and  fell  fick  on  the  ap- 
prehenfion  of  his  being  reftortd  to  the  queen's  favour.  Bacen-papersy  i-ol.  2. 
p.  4.3S  ;  and  Sidney  papers,  njoL  1.  p.  139.   " 

f  The  earl's  treaty  with  Tir  O^n  is  a  great  blemifh  on  his  memory.  Though 
the  Irifli  general  had  an  army  of  five  thoufand  foot  and  five  hundred  borfc,  and 

ElVcx 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


49t 


Oen  to  abridge  his  own  flay  in  that 
iiland  ;  his  threatening  that  he 
would  makethe  earth  tremble  under 
him  ;  his  boafting  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  lords  devoted  to  him  ; 
his  popularity  ;  his  importunity  for 
his  friends  ;  and  his  paying  court  to 
her  fucccflbr,  probably  exaggerated 
to  her  by  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  who 
was  ten  times  more  guilty  in  that 
refped  ;  all  this  had  alienated  her 
tendernefs,  and  imprinted  an  afpe- 
rity,  which  it  feeras  even  his  death 
could  not  foften. 

On  a  review  of  his  charaftef,  it 
appears  that  if  the  queen's  par- 
tiality had  not  inflated  him,  he 
\yould  have  made  one  of  the  brav- 
ed generals,  one  of  the  moft  aftive 
flatefmen,  and  the  brighteft  *  Mae- 
cenas of  that  accompliihed  age. 
With  the  zeal,  though  without  the 
difcretion  of  Burleigh,  he  had  no- 
thing of  the  dark  (oul  of  Leicefter. 
Raleigh  excelled  him  in  abilities, 
but  came  not  near  him  in  generofi- 
ty.  It  was  no  fmall  merit  to  have 
infilled  on  giving  Bacon  to  that 
orb,  from  which  one  of  Bacon's 
firll  employments  was  to  contribute 


to  expel  his  benefador.     The  earl 
had  a  folemn  tinclure  of  religion, 
of  which  his  enemies  availed  them- 
felvcs  to  work  him  to  the  greateft 
blemilTi  of  his   life,  the  difcovery 
of    the    abettors   of    his  ralh    de- 
fign.     He  had  fcarce  a  fault  befides 
which  did  not  flow  from  the  noWe- 
nefs    of    his    nature.     Sir    Henry 
Wotton  fays  he  was  delicate  in  his 
baths;  it  was  a  flight  luxury,  and 
proceeded  fo  little  from   any  effe- 
minacy in  his  perfon,  that  he  read 
letters   and  attended  to  fuiiors  the 
whole  time  he  was  dreffing.    Bruta- 
lity of  manners  is  not  efTentially 
necefTary   to    courage:     Leodatus, 
one  of    Alexander's   generals,    no 
unmanly  fchool,  in  all  the  marches 
of  the  army,  was  followed  by  camels 
loaded    with    fand,  which   he   got 
from   Egypt,  to  rub   his   body  for 
his  gymnallic  excrcifes.     EfTex  was 
gallant,  romantic,  and  oflentatious  ; 
his  fhooting-matches  in  the  eye  of 
the  city  gained  him  great  populari- 
ty ;    the  ladies  and  the  people  never 
ceafed   to  adore  him.     His  genius 
for  fhows,  and  thofe  plealures  that 
carry  an  image  of  war,  was  as  re- 


EfTex  but  two  thoufand  five  hundred  foot  and  three  hundred  horfe,  yet  TIr  Oen 
had  difcovered  evident  marks  of  dreadina:  the  Englifh;  and  as  the  eail  had  re- 
ceived fuch  unufual  powers  in  his  commiilion,  it  behoved  him  to  do  a  little  more 
than  patch  up  a  treaty  with  the  Irifli.  There  even  appeared  on  his  trial  fome 
fymptoms  of  too  ambitious  defigns  in  his  union  with  1  ir  Oen.  Sir  Chrillopher 
Blount,  father-in-law  of  Effex,  confefTed  that  there  had  been  fome  mention  of 
tranfporting  part  of  the  Irifti  army  into  England,  that  they  meditated  no  hurt  to 
the  queen,  yet  rather  than  milcnrry,  they  would  have  drawn  blood  even  from 
herfelf.  Bnccn-papeiSy  I'o/  z.p.  4.93.  I  fear,  no  praflicts  of  his  enemies  could 
juftify  Efiex  in  luch  views  !  If  it  is  true,  that  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  to  draw  him  into 
an  unwarrantable  and  hafty  journey  to  England,  (lopped  all  veffels  but  one, 
which  was  to  fpread  a  falfe  report  of  the  queen's  death,  Cecil's  art  was  equal 
to  his  iniquity.  The  paltry  account  he  gives  of  Eltex's  infuiTe^lion  in  a 
letter  to  Sir.G.  Carevv,  isi  by  no  means  of  a  piece  with  fuch  capacity,  ib.  p, 
468. 

*  As  an  inftanceof  his  afFe<5lion  for  learning,  he  gave  to  the  univerfity  of  Ox-  , 
ford  his  fhare  of  the  library  of  th«t  celebrated  Biihop  Oforios,  which  his  lordfiiip 
got  at  the  plunder  of  Faro.     Bacon-prperSf  i;qL  z.  p.  58. 

xnarkable 


492        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175S. 


markablc  as  his  fpirit  in  the  pro- 
feflion  itl'elf.  His  *  imprefTes  and 
inventions  of  entertainment  were 
much  admired.  One  of  his  malks 
is  defcribed  by  a  f  cotemporary  ;  I 
Ihall  give  a  little  extrad  of  it,  to 
prefent  the  idea  of  the  amufements 
ef  that  sge,  and  a^  it  coincides  with 
what  I  have  already  remarked  of 
the  queen's  paflion. 

My  Lord  of  Effex's  device,  fays 
Rowland  White,  is  much  commend- 
(Bd  in  ihefe  late  triumphs.     Some 
pretty  while  before  he  came  in  hrm- 
lelf  to   the  tilt,  he   fent  his  page 
with    fome   fpeech  to    the   queen, 
who   returned   with    her   majefty's 
glove.     And  when  he  came  him- 
ielf,  he  was  met  by  an  old  hermit, 
a,  fecretary  of  ftate,  a  brave  foldier, 
and  an  efquire.     The  firft  prefented 
liim  with  a  book  of  meditations; 
the  fecond  with  political  difcourfes ; 
the  third   with  orations   of  brave 
fought  battles ;  the  fourth  was  but 
his   own   follower,    to   whom   the 
mher  three  imparted  much  of  their 
parpofe  before  the  earl's  entry.    In 
ihort,  each  of  them  endeavoured  to 
win  him   over  to  their  profeffion, 
?nd   to  perfuade  him   to  leave  his 
vain, following  of  love,  and  to   be- 
take himfelf  to  heavenly  meditation, 
^ut  the  efquire  anfvvered  them  all, 
^nd  told  them  plainly,  *  That  this 
f  knight  vvoula   never  forfake  his 
f  Miftrefs's  love,  whofe  virtue  made 
f  all    his   thoughts  divine,    whofe 
f  wifdom  taught  him  all  true  po- 
f  licy,  whofe  §   Seaufy   and    worth 
*  were  at  all   times  ^ble  to  make 
/  him  fit  to  command  armies.'    He 
pointed  out  all  the  defetls  of  their 
feveral     purfuiis,      and     therefore 


thought  his  own  courfe  of  life  to  be 

bell  in  ferving  his  miilrefs. The 

queen   faid,      >  That   if   Ihe    had 

*  thought  there  would  have  been 

*  fo  much  faid  of  Z'^r,  flie  would 

*  not  have  been  there  that  night.* 
The  part  of  the  efquire  was  played 
by  Sir  Toby  Matthews,  who  lived 
to  be  an  admired  wit  in  the  court 
of  Charles  the  Firfl,  and  wrote 
an  aifeded  panegyric  on  that  af- 
fe6led  beauty  the  Couatefs  of  Car- 
liHe. 

The  works  of  this  Lord  were, 

*  A  memorial  drawn  up  on  the 

*  apprehension  of  an  invafion  from 

*  Spain.' 

*  A  narrative  of  the  expedition 
<  to  Cadiz.' 

*  To  Mr.  Antony  Bacon,  an  apo- 

*  logy    of  the    Earl    of  E/Tex,  a- 

*  gainft  thofe  which  falfely  and  ma- 

*  licioufly  take  him  to  be  the  only 
f  hindrance  of  the  peace  and  quiet 

*  of  his  country.'  Reprinted  in 
1729,  under  the  title  of,     *  The 

*  Earl  of  EfTex's  vindication  of  the 
^  war  with  Spain.*  Both  thefepieces 
were  juftifications  of  himfelf  froni 
the  afperfions  of  his  enemies.  A 
very  good  judge  commends  both 
pieces  much,  and  fays  of  the  latter 
particularly,    *  that  the  earl  refolv- 

*  ed  to  deliver  his  own  arguments 

*  with  all  the  advantages   that  his 

*  own    pathetic    eloquence    could 

*  give   them,  and   which   ftill   re- 

*  mains   a  memorial   of  his  great 

*  virtues  and  admirable  abilities.* 

*   Advice  to  the  Earl  of  Rutland 

*  for  his  travels  ;' publilhed  at  Lon- 
don in    1633,  8vo.   in  a  book  in- 


*  Sir  H.  Wooion,  p.  174.     His  deciccA?7as  a  diamond  with  this  motto,  dum 
FORMAS  MiNUi    ^CamJen's  remzlns. 

j-  Rowland  White,  in  the  Sidney  papers,  vol,  1.  p.  36z, 
§  The  queen  was  then  ftxty-three, 

tituled, 


ACCOUNT 

tkuled,  *  Profitable  inftrudions,  de- 

*  fcribing  what  fpecial  obfervaiions 

*  are  to  be  taken   by  travellers  in 

*  all  nations.- 

*  Verfes  in  his  trouble, *  likewife 
«  Meditations,'  both  preferved  in 
the  King's  library. 

*  A  letter  of  great  energy,  with 

*  a  fonnet  to  the  Queen.* 

*  Another  fonnet,'  iung  before 
the  Queen  by  one  Hales,  in  whofe 
voice  fhe  took  fome  pleafure.  It 
was  occafioned  by  a  difcovery  that 
Sir  Fulk  Greviile,  his  feeming 
friend,  had  projeded  to  plant  the 
Lord  Southampton  in  the  Queen's 
favour  in  EfTex's  room,  during  one 
of  his  cclipfes.    •  l^his  lonnet,  mc- 

*  thinks,  fays  Sir  Harry  Wotton, 

*  had  as  much  of  the  Hermit  as  of 

*  the  Poet :'  It  concluded  thus. 

And   if  thou  fliould'ft  by  her  be   now 

forfaken, 
She  made  thy  heart  too  ftrong  for  to 

be  lliaken. 

The  fame  author  mentions  another 
of  the  earl's  compofitions,  but  un- 
fortunately does  not  give  any  ac- 
count what  it  was :  he  calls  it 

*  His  Darling  piece  of  Love  and 

*  Self-love. 

*  A  pretious  and  moft  divine  let- 

*  ter  from    that  famous  and  ever 

*  to   be    renowned    Earl   of  EfTev 

*  [father  to  the  now  Lord  General 

*  his  Excellence]    to    the   Earl  of 

*  Southampton,  in  the  latter  end  of 

*  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign*  Printed 
in    1643.     Reprinted  in   Cogan's 


OF     BOOKS.         493 

Colleftion  of  Trafts  from  Lord  So- 
mers's  library,  vol.  4.  p.  132. 

*  A  letter   to  the  Lord  Cham- 
«  beriain.' 

Some  of  his  letters  in  beautiful 
Latin  to  the  celebrated  Antonio  Pe- 
rez are  publifhed  among  the  Bacon- 
papers.  But  of  all  his  compofitions 
the  molt  excellent,  and  in  many 
refpedts  equal  to  the  performances 
of  the  greateil  geniufes,  is  a  long 
letter  to  the  queen  from  Ireland  *, 
ilating  the  fituation  of  that  country 
in  a  moft  mafterly  manner,  both  as 
a  general  and  ftatefman,  and  con- 
cluding with  ftrains  of  the  tendered 
eloquence  on  finding  himfelf  fo  un- 
happily expofed  to  the  artifices  of 
his  enemies  during  his  abfence.  It 
cannot  fail  to  excite  admiration, 
that  a  man  raviflied  from  all  im- 
provement and  rcfledion  at  the  age 
of  ieventeen,  to  be  nurfed,  pervert- 
ed,fondled, dazzled  in  acourt,ihould 
notwithllanding  have  fnatched  fucli 
opportuniues  of  cultivating  his 
mind  and  underftanding  !  In  ano- 
ther letter  from  Ireland  he  fays 
movingly,     *  I   provided  for   this 

*  fervice  a  breaft- plate,  but  not  a 
'  cuirafs ;  that  is,  I  am  armed  on 

*  the  breaft,  but  not  on  the  back.* 
Dr.  Birch  has  a  volume  of  letrers, 
manufcript,  containing  fome  from 
the  earl,  and  others  addreflcd  to 
him.  Befides  thefe,  we  have  great 
variety  in  the  Cabala  and  among 
Bacon's  papers  of  the  earl's  occa- 
fional  letters  f,  written  in  a  ftyleas 
nervous  as  the  beft  compofitions  of 


*  It  (hould  be  mentioned  here,  that  formerly  his  dffpatches  were  attributed  to 
Bacon  ;  ct  late  to  his  fecretary  CufFe.  The  latter  might  have  fome  hand  in  col- 
leamg  the  materials  relative.to  bufmefs,  but  there  runs  through  ail  the  EarPs 
letters  a  peculiarity  of  Ityie,  fo  adapted  to  his  iituation  and  feelmgs,  as  conld  not 
have  been  felt  tor  h.m,  or  diaated  by  any  body  eJfe.  Sec  the  letter  mentioned 
in  the  text  in  the  Bacon-papers,  vol.  2.  p.  415. 

t  Two  Jittl*  notes  of  his  arc  in  the  inirodiidlion  to  the  Sidney-papers,  toI  i^ 
p.  115,  J  r  r      f 

that 


454       ANNUAL     REGISTER,   175^ 


that  age,  and  as  eafy  and  flowing 
as  thofe  of  the  prefent.  The  vehe- 
ment friend,  the  bold  injured  ene- 
my, the  ftatefman  and  the  iine  gen- 
tleman, are  confpicuous  in  them. 
He  ceafed  to  be  all  thele  by 
the  age  of  thirty-four  *. 

Edward  Lord  Herbert  of  Cher- 
bury, 

One  of  the  gfeateft  ornaments  of 
the  learned  peerage,  was  a  man  of 
a  martial  fpirit  and  a  profound  un- 
derftanding.  He  was  made  Knight 
of  the  Bath  when  Prince  Henry 
was  inftalled  for  the  Garter;  and 
being  fent  ambalTador  to  France  to 
interpofe  in  behalf  of  the  Proteft- 
ants  of  that  kingdom,  he  returned 
the  infolence  of  the  great  conftable 
Luynes  with  the  fpirit  of  a  gentle- 
man, without  committing  his  dig- 
nity of  ambafFador.  It  occafioned 
a  coolnefs  between  the  courts,  but 
the  blame  fell  wholly  on  the  con- 
ftable. In  1625  Sir  Edward  was 
made  a  Baron  of  Ireland,  in  1631 
of  England,  but  in  the  caufe  of  his 
country   fided  with  its  reprefenta- 

'  De 

*  I  fliall  not  dwell  on  the  now  almoft  authenticated  ftory  of  Lady  Notting- 
ham, though  That  too  long  pa  fled  for  part  of  the  romantic  hiftory  of  this  Lord. 
1  mention  it  but  to  oblerve  that  the  earl  had  given  piovocation  to  her  hufband — 
though  no  provocation  is  an  exeufe  for  murder.  How  much  to  be  lamented 
that  lo  black  an  a'-t  was  committed  by  one  of  our  greateil  heroes,  to  whom  Bri- 
tain has  fignal  obligations.  This  was  Charles  Howani,  Earl  of  Nottingham, 
the  lord  high  A*.lmiral,--and  delhoyer  of  the  Spanilh  Armada.  It  leems 
Effex  had  hfghly  reie'nted  its  being  exprelTed  in  the  Earl  of  Nottingham's  patent, 
that  the  latter  ha.d  equal  Ihare  in  the  taking  of  Cadiz.  He  was  fo  unrealbnable  as 
to  propofe  to  have  the  patent  cancelled,  or  offered  to  fight  Nottingham  or  any  of 
his  fons.  Bacon  papers  f  p,  '^6^.  Alas!  that  revenge,  interert,  and  ingratitude, 
fliould  have  ftained  fucli  fervices  and  abilities  as  thofe  of  Nottingham,  Raleigh, 
and  Bacon  ! 

f  In  the  Parliamentary  Hiftory  it  is  faid,  that  I,ord  Herbert  offended  the  Houfe 
of  Lords  by  a  fpeech  in  behalf  of  the  King,  and  tJiat  he  attended  hi^  majelty  at 
York.  Yet  the  very  next  year,  on  a  clofer  inlight  into  the  fpirit  of  that  party, 
he  quitted  them,  and  was  a  ^ve-it  fufferer  in  his  fortune  from  their  vengeance. 
F.  Pari.  Hijl.  -ucl  y^x.  p.  3.  S"/. 

X  Gen.  I)r6l'.  vol.  6.  p.  iiz.  Wood,  voL  1.  p.  118.  In  Leland's  vi?%v  of 
.Peiftical  writers,  vol.  i-  p.  24.  it  is  /aid  that  there  exifts  a  raanufcript  life  of  this 

Loid 


tives  f.  He  died  in  1648,  having 
written, 

*  De  Veritate,  prout  diftinguitur 

*  a    Revelatione,    a  verifimili,    a 

*  poffibili,  3  falfo.     Cui  operi  ad- 

*  ditx  funt  duo  alii  traftatus ;  pri- 

*  mus  de  caufis  errorum  ;  alter, 
'  de  religiohe    Laici.      Una    cum 

*  appendice  ad  Sacerdotes  de  reli- 
'  gione  Laici  ;  &  quibufdam  poe- 

*  matibas.*  It  was  tranflated  into 
French,  and  printed  at  Paris  in 
quarto,  in  1659.  In  this  book  the 
author  afferts  the  dodtrine  of  innate 
ideas.  Mr.  Locke,  who  has  taken 
notice  of  this  work,  allows  his 
Lord  (hip  to  be  a  man  of  great 
parts.  GafTendi  anfwered  it  at  the 
requefl  of  Pierefc  and  Diodati,  but 
the  anfwer  was  not  publifhed  till 
after  GafTendi's  death.  Baxter  made 
remarks  on  the  treatife  De  Veri- 
tate, in  his  *  More  reafons  for  the 

*  Chriftian  religion ;'  and  one  Kor- 
tholt,  a  foolifh  German  zealot,  took 
fuch  ofl^ence  at  it,  that  he  wrote  a 
treatife  intituled,  *  De  tribus  Im- 

*  pofloribus  magnis,  Edvardo  Her- 
«  bert,  Thoma  Hobbes,  &  Bene- 

*  diclo  Spinofa,  liber t.» 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS, 


495 


*  De  religione  gentilium,  eorum- 

•  que  apud  eos  caufis.*  The  firft 
part  was  printed  at  London  1645, 
8vo.  and  the  whole  in  1663, 
quarto,  and  reprinted  in  1700 
octavo.  It  was  iranflated  into 
Englifti  by  Mr,  W.  Lewis,  1705, 
odavo. 

*  Expeditio  Buckingham!  Duels 
«  in  Ream  infulam.'  Publiftied  by 
Tim.  Baldwin,  L.  L.  D.  1656, 
Lend,  odlavo. 

«  Life  and  reign  of  Henry  the 

•  Eighth.*  Lond.  1659,  1672,  and 
1682.  Jleprinted  in  Kennett*s  com- 
pleat  Hillory  of  England.  The 
eriginal  manufcript  was  depofited 
by  the  author  in  1643,  in  the  ar- 
chives of  the  Bodleian  library.  It 
was  undertaken  by  the  command 
of  King  James  the  Firft,  and  is 
much  efteemed:  Yet  one  cannot 
help  regretting,  that  a  man  who 
found  it  neceffary  to  take  up  arms 
againll  Charles  the  Firft,  fhould 
have  palliated  the  enormities  of 
Henry  the  Eighth,  in  comparifon 
of  whom  King  Charles  was  an  ex- 
cellent prince.  It  is  ftrange  that 
writing  a  man's  life  fhould  general- 


ly make  the  biographer  become 
enamoured  of  his  fubjefl ;  whereat 
one  fhould  think  that  the  nicer  dif- 
quifition  one  makes  into  the  life  of 
any  man,  the  lefs  reafon  one  fhould 
find  to  love  or  admire  him. 

*  Occafioni:!  poems.*  Lond.  1665. 
odavo.  Publifhed  by  H.  Herbert, 
his  younger  fon,  and  by  him  dedi- 
cated -to  Edward  Lord  Herbert, 
grandfon  of  the  author. 

Others  of  his  poems  are  difperf- 
cd  among  the  works  of  other  au- 
thors, particularly  in  Jofhua  Syl- 
vefter's  *  Lacrymae  lactymarum,  or 
•  the  fpirit  of  tears  diftilled  for  the 
'  untimely  death  of  Prince  Henry.* 
Lond.  16 1 3.  quarto. 

In  the  library  of  Jefus  College, 
Oxford,  are  preferred  his  Lord* 
fhip's  hiftorical  coUedions, 

He  is  buried  in  St.  Giles's  in  the 
fields,  but  had  ereded  an  allegoric 
monument  for  himfelf  in  the  church 
of  Montgomery,  a  defcription  of 
which  is  given  by  Loyd.  Hi» 
LordOiip  had  been  indemnified  by 
the  Parliament  for  his  caftle  of 
Montgomery,  which  they  thought 
proper  to  demolilh. 


Lord,  draivn  up  from  memorials  pe/wed  hj  himfelf,  in  which  is  a  moft  cxtraordi- 
lary  account  of  his  Lordfhlp  putting  up  a  foieinn  prayer  for  a  fign  to  dired  him 
whether  he  fliould  puhiifh  his  treatile  De  Veritate  or  not  j  and  that  he  Interpretecl 
a  fudden  noile  as  an  imprimatur.  There  is  no  ftronger  charaderiftic  of  human 
nature,  than  its  being  open  to  the  grolTeft  contiadiclions  :  One  of  Lord  Herberr's 
chief  arguments  againft  revealed  religion,  is  the  improbability  that  Heaven  ftiould 
reveal  its  will  to  only  a  portion  of  the  earth,  which  he  terms  particular  religion. 
How  could  a  man  (fuppofing  the  anecdote  genuine)  who  doubted  oi parti al^  be- 
lieve htdi'vidual  revilaticn  F  What  vanity  to  think  his  book  of  fuch  importance 
to  the  caufe  of  truth,  that  it  could  extort  a  declaration  of  the  Divine  Will,  wheo 
the  interefts  uf  half  mankind  could  not  ? 


THE 


1'    H    E 

CONTENTS. 

Hiftory    of    the    prefent    War*  ^ 

CHAP.       I. 

Origin  of  the  frouhles  in  North  America,  Admiral  Bo/caiven  and  General 
Braddock  fent  thither.  Operatio7is  intended.  Tivo  French  men  of  ivar 
taken.  Braddock  defeated.  General  Jchnfon  repulfcs  the  French.  French 
threaten  an  innjafion.  Fort  St.  Philip  befteged  and  taken.  Treaty  ivitb 
RuJJiay  the  fpirit  of  it.  Alliance  nvith  the  King  cf  Pruffia.  Ground  of 
the  quarrel  betiveen  her  Imperial  Majejly  and  that  monarch.  Treaty  of 
Peterjbourg.  Treaty  of  Ver failles.  King  of  PruJJia  enters  Saxony  and 
Bohemia.     Battle  of  Loivcftz.     Saxon  army  furrenders.  I 

CHAP.        II. 

State  of  the  F.nglijh  miniftry.  The  charaSlers  and  defigns  of  the  fevernl 
faSlicns.  A  coalition.  Ofivego  taken  hy  the  French,  Calcutta  taken  by 
the  Nabob.     Angria  reduced  by  Admiral  Wat f on.  9 

CHAP.        III. 

State  of  the  confederacy  againf  the  King  of  Piujfia,  French  pafs  the 
Wefer.  King  of  PruJJia  enters  Bohemia,  Battle  of  Prague.  Prague 
Vol..   I.  K  k  '  invepd 


CONTENTS. 

in'vejhd.     Count  Daun  takes  the  command  of  the  Aujlrian  army.     Battle 
of  Colin,  .    ■     '  1 4 

CHAP.        IV. 

Confequence  of  the  battle  of  Colin.  King  of  PruJJia  enjacuates  Bohemia, 
Battle  of  Hajlenbeck.  Con'ventionofCloJler-fe'ven.  Expedition  to  Roch- 
fort.  Ruffians  enter  PruJJia.  Aujlrians  hejiege  Schiveidnitz.  French 
and  Imperialijls  mak^  incurjions  into  Brandenburg.  S^xvedes  enter  Pomera- 
nia.  Battle  cf  Ncrkitten.  General  Lehivald  defeated.  Bad  cc7idition  cf 
the  King  of  Prufta.  l8 

CHAP.         V. 

Battle  of  Rojhach.      Schnveidnitx.  taken  by  the  Aujlrians.     Prince  of  Ben; em 
attacked  in  his  entrenchrnents.      Brejlau  taken  by  the  Aiijirians.      King  of 
-   PruJJia  marches    to  Silejia.      The   Battle   of  LiJJa.       Brejlau    retaken. 
.  Aujirians  dri'ven  out  of  Silijia.  »  2 1 

CHAP.        VI. 

RuJJians  and  Snvedes  retire.  Hanouerians  refume  their  Arms.  Cruelty  of 
the  French.  Condition  of  their  army.  Cajlle  of  Harhourg  befieged.  Re- 
capitulation of  the  e'vents  of  the  year  ly^y*  ' '  26 

CHAP.        VII. 

Preparations  for  an  expedition  to  Loiiijhourg.  Laid  afide.  Fort  William- 
Henry  taken.  Exploits  of  Admiral  JVatfon  and  Colonel  Cli've  in  India. 
Chandenagore  a  French  fort  taken.  Vi^ory  onjer  the  Nabob.  Nabob 
taken  and  beheaded,  Re'volution  in  Bengal.  Treaty  advantageous  to  the 
Eaji- India  company.     Admiral  Waff  on  dies.  28 

CHAP.      vm. 

French  retire  out  of  Hano'ver.  The  taking  of  Hoy  a.  Minden  taken.  Dijlrefs 
of  the  French.  Generofity  of  the  Duke  de  Randan.  The  French  retire 
beyond  the  Rhine,     Recovery  cf  Embdcn  by  Commodore  Holmes,  3  3 

CHAP.         IX. 

Alterations  in  the  French  minijiry.  The  fate  of  the  Englijh  affairs  in  the  year 
1758.  Subfdy  treaty  ivith  the  King  of  PruJJia.  Affairs  of  Snveden  a  fid 
RuJJia.  ^ch-joeidnitz  taken.  King  of  Pruffia  enters  Mcravia  and  invejls 
Olmutx.  ConduSi  of  Count  Daun.  Attacks  the  P ruffian  convey.  Siege  of 
Olmutz  raifed.     King  of  PruJJia  marches  into  Bohemia,  37 

C  H  A  P. 


CONTENTS. 

CHAP.         X. 

Allies  pafs  the  Rhine.  Battle  of  Crevclt.  ASIiot  at  Saiigerjhaufen.  Aclion 
at  Meer.     Allies  repafs  the  Rhine  — —  43 

CHAP.       XI. 

Retreat  from  Bohemia.    Meafures  of  Count  Daun.   Battle  of  Cujirin,    King 
of  PruJJia  marches  into  Saxony  y  and  joins  Prince  Henry  48 

CHAP.       xir. 

General  Oberg  defeated  at  Lannxjerenhagen,  King  of  Prujfjia  furprifed  at 
Hohkirchen.  M.  Keith  and  Prince  Francis  of  Brunfnxick  killed.  Affair 
at  Gorlifz.  King  of  PruJJia  marches  into  Silejia.  M.  Daun  in'vejis  Dref 
den.  The  fuhurbs  hurned.  The  King  of  PruJJia  raifcs  the  Jiege  of  Neifs 
a7id  Cofel.  He  returns  into  Saxony.  The  Aujlrians  retire  into  Bohemia, 
Difpoftions  for  the  nuinter  ■  55 

CHAP.         XIII. 

The  burning  of  the  Jhips  at  St.  Malo.  Taking  of  Cherbourg,  Defeat  4t 
St.  Cas.  Operations  in  America.  Siege  and  taking  of  Louijbourg^  Englijb 
army  defeated  at  Ticonderoga.  They  take  Frontenac.  The  French  abandon 
Fortdu^efne.     Conclujion  of  the  annals  of  the  year  \i^%.  65 

The    C  H  R  O  N  I  C  L  E.  78 

Odd  Advert  if ements  — —  1 1 9 

Remarkable  affair  that  happened  to  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  —       1  2 1 

Supplies  granted  by  Parliament  for  the  year  \'jx^%  127 

State  of  the  national  debt  as  it  Jlood  Jan.  ii,    1757,  and  fan.  Ii,    1758 

138 

STATE    PAPERS. 

Major  GeneralYorki s  Memorial  to  the  Deputies  of  the  States  General  on  the 

zidofDec.  1758                  1.44 

Couvt  D'Affry's  Memorial  to  them  of  the  z^th  of  July              —  1 47 

Another  of  Jan.  25                   — —                --    ■  147 

Memorial  of  tnjuo  hundred  and  Jixty -nine  merchants  to  the  States  1 49 

Memorial  of  the  Princefs  Gowvernar.te  to  the  States,  June  -jth  —      1 50 

Her  a?rfivcr  to  th-'  fourth  deputation  cf  hicnhanls              -■  ■•■*  1^1 

iv  k   2  Her 


CONTENTS. 

Ifer  fpeech  to  the  States  <wh:n  fie  delivered  the  merchants  memorial  to  them 

Letter  of  the  States  General  to  the  States  of  Holland  and  Wejl-Frtefland     1^2. 
uimjlerdam  merchants  Memerial  to  the  Princefs  Gounjernante  —  1 54. 

Speech  of  the  Princefs  Gowvernante  to  the  States  —  ■■  I57 

Count  Knunitz's  famous  Refcript  ■■  ■    -  —  — — .  1^7 

Declaration  delivered  the  1 2ih  of  June  to  all  the  foreign  minifters  at  Peterf 

boiirg  • 161 

The  Pope's  Brief  conferring  the  title  of  Apoflolical  '^een  of  Hungary  on  the 
Emprefs  ^een  of  Hungary  -  ■■■  ■■■■  1 63 

JnjiruStions.of  the  States  of  Courland to  their  Deputies  at  Warfavj  \b.\ 

King  of  Poland's  Univerf alia  for  a  general  Dyet  at  Warfavj  —  166 

Prujjian  Memorial  concerning  the  fuburhs  of  Drefden  -  1 67 

"The  Saxon  Memorial  on  the  Jame  •— —  17^ 

Brandenhurgh  Minifer's  anjkuer  •  *  176 

Capitulation  of  Louijhourg  ■  ■  177 

The  Governor's  letter  to  a  friend  ■  — —  17^ 

General  AmherJTs  letter  to  hi  my  and  the  anfiver  ■ 1 81 

A  piece  extraded  from  auth'entic  documents  of  the  French  adminlflration  in 

Hanover ■  —  1 82 

Conditions  of  a   treaty  betvjeen  France  and  the  Landgrave  of  H'ffe  Caffel 

186 
Baron  Gemingen's  Memorial  to  the  Dyet  of  the  Empire  •  187 

Extraci  from  a  manifefio  lately  publijhed  by  authority  at  Paris         —     .    20© 
The  reigning  Duke  of  BrunfvjicJi  s  letter  to  his  brother  Prince  Ferdinand 

213 

The   King  of  England'' s  conduit  as  EleHor  of  Hanover ^  in  anfvoer  to  the 

Parallel  of  the  conduit  of  the  King  of  France^  voith  that  of  the  King  of 

England  J  Eleiior  of  Hanover  — ~  ■  216 


CH'ARACTERS, 


Kingof  Prujfta's  by  Maupertuis  •  »  23 J 

Voltaire's  by  the  King  of  PruJJta  •  —  237 

Anecdotes  of  the  Life  of  Baron  Montefquieuj  Author  of  the  Spirit  of  Laws 

239 
Anecdotes  of  Dr.  Boerhaave  __-  ■  245 

Accounts  of  John  Ludvoig  -  —  247 

Particularities  that  attended  a  Lady  after  the  Small  Pox  •  253 

Lord  Somers'st  Duke  and  Duchefs  of  Marlborough* Sy   Lord  Gouolphin'sy  Lord 

Sunderland's^   Lord  Wharton  s,   Lord  Covjpcr'sy  the  Earl  of  Nottingham' Sy 

and  Sir  Robert  1ValpoL*s  charaSterSy   by  Dr.  Svuift  257 

Defer  ip/ ion  of  the  court  and  p  erf  on  of  ^een  Elizabeth,  from  Hentzer        263 
Defcription  of  Theobalds  and Ndnfuchy  from  dttto  •  26 /\. 

The 


CONTENTS. 

7he  manner  of  celebrating  har-vtji   home  at  that  time   in   England,  from 

ditto  ' 265 

Account  of  the  Englijhy  from  ditto  >  ■  266 

Henry  the  Eighth's  order  for  Lady  Lucy^s  table  •  266 

Petition  of  Margery  the  ivife  of  IVilliam  Beach  am  to  Oli'ver  Cromnvell    267 
His  letter  to  his  Secretary  thereon  •  — —  268 

Account  of  Calmucks  and  Coffacks  ■  —  268 

Ulan  Smolenfco  Cz,eraznigorJ\  the  celebrated  Laplander  conjurer  that  appear ' 
€d  in  Dublin  «  •  275 


Extraordinary    Adventures, 


Sufferings  of  the  perfons  in  the  black- hole  at  Calcutta             —  278 

An  authentic  narrati-ve  of  the  lofs  of  the  Doddington  Indiaman      —  287 
The  ^wonderful  prejernjation  of  three  perfons  buried  about  five  nuegks  in  the 

fnonu                       ■                                  •                             ■  297 

An  Englijh  frifoner's  efc ape  from  a  French  jhip               ■  300 
Robert  Eaftburns  capti'vity  among  the  Americans,  and  his  efcape       —     301 

The  burning  of  the  Prince  George  man  of  ^war                                ■  306 


Literary  and  Mifeellaneous  Efiays. 


Effay  on  tafie,  by  Montefquieu                     _—                    _-.  3 1  \ 

Of  tl^e  art  of  laying  out  gardens  among  the  Chinefct  by  Chambers  319 

Defcription  of  Lough  Lane                  323 

Natural  h'fiory  of  Hartx.foreft                   '  33 1 

Account  of  a  remarkable  ijland  near  Bombay              — —              —  335 

Ejfay  on  the  quantity  and  meafure  of  Englijh  'verfe              ■■  337 

Efjay  on  the  Roman  numerals               -^               .                               •"  344. 

Account   of  fame  particularities   that  appeared  on    the   opening   of  a   bee- 

hifve                  .                                   -^ —  346 

Account  of  ajhonver  of  black- duji  that  fell  in  Zetland           ■  349 

Mr.  Miller'' s  method  of  cultivating  Madder  in  England            — —  350 

T he  fir  ange  effeds  of  fome  effervef cent  mixtures                                ■  358 

Effcacy  of  bark  in  a  mortification                   •                             — —  360 

Account  of  the  Jefuits  ejlahlijhment  in  Paraguay              •  362 

Paper  from  the  Uni-verfal  tufekly  chronicle              — — -                     —  367 

Another  from  the  Idler "  3^9 

Another                   .                   r—                   —  37 ' 

7he  remonjlrance  of  the  Mob  of  Great  Britain  againft  the  importation  of 

French  ivords                       •                                      »  373 

Petition  of  P ,  E of  C -— 37  > 

Petition 


CONTENTS. 

Petition  of  Fofierity  to  the  D and  C r  of  W  376 

Vying  fpeech  of  Mr.  Cuffe,  Secretary  io  the  Earl  of  EJfex  —  377 

^hat  Earls  letter  to  Lord  Southampton  —  ^^^^ 

Dr.   Brett* i  fermon  on  conjugal  love  and  duty,    preached  at   St.    Anne's  in 
Dublin ;     <with   a    dedication    to   the    Right    Honourable   Lady    Caroline 

Rujcl  ^ 379 

Copy  of  a  njoill  of  a  citizen  of  Bern  in  S^witzerland  382 

Method  of  taking  off"  paintings  in  oil  from  the  cloths  or  ^wood  on  ixjhich  they 
fU;ire  done  ■  ■  —  383 

POETRY. 


Melpomene f  by  R,  Dodjley                                  ■                  »           ■  387 

^be  birth-day  Ode                    ■  '                                 — _— —  392 

Ne<u}-year^s  Ode  frr  1759                    '  '                               _— — .  391^ 

Ferfes  to  the  People  of  England^  by  William  Whileheady  Efq\  —       396 

Ode  to  the  King  of  PruJJia  by  M.  de  Foltairef  and  tranjlation       —  400 

King  of  Prujfias  Ferfes  to  Profejfor  Gottfched                             ■>  403 

7 he  Profefors  anf'wer                  •  " ■     -  404. 

Ode  in  the  fecond  a^  of  Jgis                   .—«_-.              ,    .  406 

Ode  in  the  fifth  a6l  of  Jgis              ■  407 

j^n  epitaph  on  Johnny  Armfrong              ■     ■                             ■  408 

tranjlation  of  a  French  Ode                  »■■■■'     ■  4 09 

King  of  PruJJia* s  Ode  on  Death,  tranjlated  by  Dr.  Hanvkef worth  409 

Epijile  from  the  King  of  PruJJia  to  Foltaire,  tranjlated  by  J.  G.  Cooper, 

£f^-                   ^ 412 

Mr.  William  Thom/ons  Ode  Brumalis,  tranjlated  by  Mr.  Tatterjal  413 

^he  pleajures  of  the  mind                  ——_                   ... 41^ 

'To  Peace                  •                                  ■                                ■  416 

To  a  kinfman  on  his  intended  marriage              — — .  4 1  y 

^he  latter  part  of  Chap.  VI.  of  St.  Matthenv  paraphrafed           —  420 

On  reading  Hutchinjon  on  the  Pajjions                        •                 >  42 1 

^'0  Fear                                   •                  — 4?.  I 

T'he  Lo'ver  cured                  »,                                   ■                       ■  ,     «  422 

'^fhe  Indian  Philojopher                    -                                    ■  423 

To  the  Nymtb  of  P nuaters                -^ —  425 

An  Epijode                  —                    r —                   —  426 

Ferjes  ^jritten  at  the  gardens  of  William  Shenjione,  EJq;  '          428 

To  the  Re^.  Dr.  Warburton              — — ■■  430 

Ferjes  dropt  in  Mr.  Garrick's  temple  of  Shakejpear  at  Hampton  —     431 

Prologue  to  Agi 5               •                                -            ■■■*                 •■   -  ■  432 

Epilogue  to  Agis             f.                      _                              — — 433 

Prologue  to  Cleans                  •                         -                         ■     -    ■  433 

Epilcgm 

i 


CONTENTS. 

Epilogue  to  CJeone                           '             -^  434 

Epijile  from  a  CUrgyman  to  a  young  gentleman  of  the  Uiu  435 

The  Englijh  bull  dog^  Dutch  majlifft   and  quail                               •  438 

On  the  firf  fit  of  the  gout                    ■  '          ■■■■                ■  440 

A  Sea  Chaplain's  petition  to  the  Lieutenants  of  the  <vuard-room  for  the  ufe  of 

the  quarter  gallery               ■                           — —                   ■  44 1 

Epitaph  out  of  a  church-yard  in  Dorfetjhire               —                   —  443 

King  Theodore's  epitaph                «                                     —               —  443 

An  Account  of  Remarkable  Books  publifhed  in  1758. 

An  EJlimate  of  the  manners  and  principles  of  the  times         — —  444 

A  Difcourfe  on  the  Jludy  of  the  LaiJU                   —            —           —  452 

The  Life  of  Philip  of  Macedon                      4158 

The  Life  of  Erafmus                    •                              —                      —  463 

Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Thomas  More            ■  468 

A  Catalogue  of  the  Royal  and  Nohle  Authors  of  England             —  475 


The     END. 


O 


''? 


737 


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