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THE 


ANNUAL  REGISTER, 


OR     A    VIEW     OF     THE 


HISTORY, 
POLITICS, 


AND 


LITERATURE, 

For  the  YEAR  1759. 


THE    SEVENTH    EDITION. 


V 


V 


LONDON: 

Printed  for  J.  Dodsley,  in  Pall-mall,  1783, 


D 


ezsgsst?zise«is9e2s9i^sS!&5Si22:sss2S9a£QisseasS(52. 


PREFACE. 

IN  our  Preface  to  the  R  e  g  i  s^ 
T  E  R  of  laft  year,  we  fully 
explained  the  nature  of  our  de- 
fign :  the  Book  itfelf  has  fhewn 
in  what  manner  we  have  been 
able  to  carry  it  into  execution :  It  is 
therefore  not  neceffary  to  detain  the 
reader  a  long  time  at  the  entrance 
of  the  volume  which  we  now  lay  be- 
fore him.  Even  at  our  firft  fetting 
out,  we  employed  none  of  the  cuf- 
tomary  arts  to  excite  attention,  and 
feduce  judgment ;  and  on  the  prefent 

A  2  occa- 


iv  PREFACE. 

occafion  thefe  arts  would  prove  as:  in- 
eiFecSiual,  as  they  would  have  theit^ 
been  low  and  illiberal.  The  favour 
which  the  public  has  fhewn  to  our 
humble  labours,  without  any  fuch 
helps,  encourages  us  to  proceed  in  the 
manner  in  which  we  originally  began. 

There  is  no  confiderable  change  in 
the  order  and  method  of  the  work ; 
a  fmall  improvement  we  have  indeed 
made,  by  clalTing  our  Mifcellaneous 
Papers  fomewhat  more  exadly.  Be- 
fides,  as  a  work  of  this  kind  depends 
for  its  materials  on  the  events  and 
publications  of  the  year,  it  would  be 
improper  fo  fcrupuloufly  to  reftrain  our-r 
felves  to  one  fet  of  heads,  and  to  one 
proportion  of  matter  under  each,  as 
6  not 


PREFACE.  V 

not  to  conform  ourfelves  to  things  as 
they  arife.  Some  years  abound  in  one^' 
fpecies  of  entertainment,  and  are  bar- 
ren in  another.  In  our  lafl:  Regifter 
we  had  an  article  of  Extraordinary 
Adventures.  This  year  has  produced 
hardly  afty  thing  of  that  kind,  and' 
therefore  we  have  omitteS^^ttat  title; 
but  ^t  hare  made  the,  re^dfer  amends 
under  that  of  CharaEiers\  which  con- 
tains a  very  great  variety  of  accounts 
of  eminent  perfons,  good  and  bad; 
fortie  drawn  by  very  mafterly  hands';^ 
ncine  in  a  manner  that  is  contemptible. 
We  are  the  more  pleafcd  with  our  fer- 
tility in  this  part,  as  we  know  no  kind 
of  reading  that  can  be  at  once  more 
pfefyl  and  more  agreeable. 

We 


vi  PREFACE. 

We  do  not  pretend,  that  with  all 
our  care,  and  with  fomething  more  of 
experience,  we  have  been  able  to 
avoid  all  the  errors,  and  to  fupply  all 
the  defeds  which  might  have  been 
obferved  in  our  firft  volume.  They 
have  been  in  that  overlooked  or  par- 
doned by  the  candour  of  the  public ; 
and  we  fhall  never,  we  hope,  forfeit 
our  title  to  that  indulgence  by  laying 
claim  to  perfeftion  ;  we  fhall  make 
the  errors  of  each  year  leflbns  for  the 
enfuing  ;  and  when  we  have  done  our 
beft,  we  fhall  ftand  in  need  of 
pardon. 

We  have  only  to  add,   that  we  re- 
queft  the  favour  of  the  correfpondence 

of 


PREFACE.  vii 

of  ingenious  perfons.     It  is  hoped  that 
the  choice  we  have  hitherto  made  will 
not  give  any  gentleman  caufe    to    be 
afliamed  that  his  performance  fliould 
appear  among   the    pieces   we   feleft, 
whether  in  profe  or  in  verfe.     We  re- 
ceived indeed  fome  papers,    but  they 
came  too  late,  our  plan  having  been 
then    unalterably    fettled.      We    hope 
that  thofe  gentlem.en    who   intend  to 
favour  us,    will    fend   in  their  letters 
before  November. 


THE 


T   H  E 

Annual  register^ 

For    the   YEAR    1759. 

THE 

HISTORY 

b  F    T  H  E 

PRESENT    WAR. 


fc  H  A  t>.     I. 

The  inclinations  of  the  ponvers  at  luar  at  the  clofe  of  the  lafl  campaign.  The 
King  of  Spain's  death  apprehended.  Condition  of  the  King  of  Pruffta, 
Emprejs  ^een,  RuJJia,  S^veden,  Holland,  France,  anJ  England, 


WHOEVER  reflets  upon 
the  conclufion  of  the  fe- 
veral  campaigns  fince  the  year 
I75^»  will  ealily  perceive  that  at 
the  end  of  the  laft,  the  fortune 
of  the  feveral  powers  at  war  feem- 
ed  more  nearly  upon  a  balance^ 
than  it  had  been  at  the  clofe  of  any 
of  the  former.  That  campaign  was 
rather  lefs  bloody,  than  that  which 
immediately  preceded  it ;  and  it 
was  not  concluded  with  any  aftiori 
of  fuch  an  eclat,  as  could  greatly 
raife,  or  deprefs  the  hopes  of  any 
Vol.  II. 


of  the  contending  parties.  AH  par- 
ties became  more  cautious ;  becaufe 
it  became  every  day  more  evident, 
that  the  fortune  of  war  was  not  to 
be  decided  by  any  fingle  ftroke, 
however  confiderable.  Thfi  prize 
was  referved  for  the  player  6f  the 
fkilful  game ;  for  the  moft  attentive 
patience  ;  for  the  greatefl  depth  of 
refources.  An  equality  of  this 
kind  feemed  at  lall  to  promife  Eu- 
rope fome  repofe.  All  fides  might 
now-  give  and  receive  honourable 
and;  equitable  terms ;  and  peace 
B  inight 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


might  be  fettled  on  that  footing, 
on  which  it  has  been  ufually  made, 
for  fome  time  paft,  in  our  part  of 
the  world.  But  the  great  defigns 
entertained  by  each  power  ;  re- 
venge imbittered  by  the  blows 
which  all  had  felt  in  their  turns  ; 
the  confideration  of  the  vaft  ex- 
pences  that  fell  upon  all,  and 
which  a  peace  at  that  time  would 
have  made  fruitlefs ;  even  the  hopes 
arifing  from  the  equivocal  appear- 
ances of  the  laft  campaign,  eftranged 
every  court  from  the  difpofition  to 
peace.  lofomuch  that  there  were 
no  terms  direflly  offered  by  any  of 
the  belligerent  powers ;  nor  did  any 
of  the  neutral  interpofe  their  me- 
diation. Befides  thefe,  another 
caufe  operated  powerfully  ;  a  great 
event  was  hourly  expefted  about  this 
time ;  an  event  which  threatened  to 
involve  the  Southern  parts  of  Eu- 
rope in  the  calamities  of  that  war, 
that  had  fo  long  wafled  the  North- 
ern ;  and  which,  whenever  it  Ihould 
take  place,  threatened  to  render  the 
political  fyftem  infinitely  more  in- 
tricate, and  probably  to  give  the 
war  quite  a  new  turn. 

The  late  King  of  Spain,  by  the 
force  of  a  conjugal  aft-cftion,  rarely 
feen  in  that  dignity,  lince  the  death 
of  his  Queen,  had  been  given  up 
to  a  melancholy,  which  preyed  up- 
on his  health,  and  affeded  his  un- 
derftanding.  His  death  or  incapa- 
city, appeared  inevitable  within  a 
fhort  time.  The  king  of  Naples, 
Don  Carlos,  was  next  in  the  order 
of  fucceflion.  In  the  treaty  of  Aix 
]a  Chapelle,  it  had  been  agreed, 
that  the  duchies  of  Parma,  Placen- 
tia  and  Guaftalla,  Ihould  be  refto- 
red  to  the  houfe  of  Audria,  in  cafe 
Don  Carlos  Ihould  ever>come  to  the 
crown  of  Spain.  I'hefe  couii tries 
were,  at  the  end  of  that  war,  in  the 
hands  of  the  Emprefs  Queen,   or 


her  allies.  Her  Imperial  Majefty 
had  fet  up  a  claim  to  the  reverfion 
of  thefe  duchies,  on  the  extindion 
of  iffue  male  in  the  houfe  of  Far- 
nefe.  But  the  ambition  of  the 
Queen  of  Spain  to  make  all  her 
children  fovereigns,  put  powerful 
bars  in  her  way  to  it.  This  ambi- 
tion was  one  of  the  caufes,  which 
made  the  laft  fo  general  a  war.  The 
peace  of  Aix  la  Chapelle,  which  put 
a  period  to  that  war,  after  fettling 
thefe  contefled  duchies  as  an  efta- 
bliftiment  for  Don  Philip,  fecond 
fon  to  the  king  of  Spain,  provided,  : 
that  whenever  the  event,  which  we  ■ 
have  mentioned  before,  Ihould  take 
place,  that  is  to  fay,  the  acceffion 
of  Don  Carlos  to  the  crown  of 
Spain,  then  the  kingdom  of  Naples  , 
and  Sicily  fhould  pafs  to  the  Infant  ; 
Don  Philip,  and  the  duchies  which 
formed  his  eftablifhment  fhould  re- 
vert to  the  houfe  of  Auilria. 

The  King  of  Naples,  not  with- 
out reafon,  looked  upon  this  article 
of  the  treaty  of  Aix  la  Chapelle,  as 
injurious  to  his  rights  ;  accordingly 
he  never  acceded  to  it.  No  method 
in  this  cafe  could  be  feen,  which 
might  prevent  matters  from  com- 
ing to  extremities,  except  the  fitua- 
tion  of  the  emprefs,  engaged  as  flie 
was  with  a  powerful  adverfary,  who 
kept  her  forces  ftrained  to  the  ut- 
moft  pitch.  She  was  in  no  condi- 
tion to  engage  in  a  new  war,  how- 
ever intereiling  the  objed  might  be. 
Her  ally,  France,  who  fo  ineffedu- 
ally  afliiled  her  in  Germany,  could 
not  probably  affift  her  with  more 
effe£t  in  Italy  ;  ihe  therefore  feemed 
to  have  no  other  part  left,  than  to 
acquiefce  for  the  prefent,  and  wait 
in  lilence  a  more  favourable  oppor- 
tunity to  affert  her  claims.  The 
event  of  the  king  of  Spain's  death 
hath  iince  happened.  It  has  produc- 
ed none  of  thofe  immediate  effeds 

which 


M  I  S  T  O  R  Y     O  F     T  H  E 


\vliich  were  apprehended  ;  and  this 
probably  proceeded  frorn  the  caufe 
v/hich  we  have  juft  now  hinted.  A 
dead  cjilm  at  prefcnt  broods  over 
Italy.  But  in  this  tranquillity  and  fi- 
ler.cc  there  are  materials  gathering, 
which  may,  on  no  very  difiant  pe- 
riod, burft  in  a  terrible  temped 
over  that  delightful  country.  They 
are  very  nearly  the  fame  that  pro- 
duced the  laft  troubles  there,  and 
may  not  only  revive  them,  but 
fpread  the  horrors  of  war  once  more 
Over  all  Europe. 

Such  were  the  inclinations  of  the 
powers  at  war,  at  the  opening  of 
this  year:  their  llrength  feemed  al- 
fo  very  entire  ;  in  particular  the  re- 
fources  of  the  King  of  Pruffia  ap- 
peared aftoniflling,  after  the  great 
blows  he  had  fufFered  ;  and  aftet 
th?  advantages  he  had  gained,  but 
gained  at  fo  great  a  price.  He  was 
llill  able  to  (hew  himfelf  the  father 
and  benefador,  as  well  as  the  pro- 
tedlor  of  his  people  in  the  midft  of 
the  devouring  wafte  of  fuch  an  ex- 
penfive  war,  from  the  funds  of  his 
oeconomy,  he  was  enabled  to  remit 
the  taxes  to  thofe  parts  of  his  do- 
ininions,  which  had  fufFered  from 
the  Ruffian  barbarity  ;  he  even  ad- 
vanced money  to  thofe  who  had 
fufFered  the  mofl:  confiderably. 

To  take  a  nearer  view  of  his  fitu- 
ation,  we  mull  obferve,  that  the 
^hole  kingdom  of  Pruffia  ftill  re- 
mained in  the  hands  of  the  Mufco- 
viteS.  The  duchy  of  Cleves,  to- 
gether with  his  other  pofleflions  on 
the  Rhine>  could  yield  him  nothing  ; 
they  were  held  by  the  French  ; 
but  in  thefe  refpe<5ls,  his  fituation 
was  not  worfe  than  it  had  been, 
almpft  from  the  beginning  of  the 
war.  He  had,  to  balance  thefc 
loffes,  the  rich  country  of  Saxony, 
which  he  had  twice  in  one  cam- 
paign wrelled   from    the  hands  of 


W  A  R.  j 

Add  to  this,  there- 


the  Auflrians. 
newal  of  the  fubfidy  treaty  with 
Great  Britain,  bn  the  advantageous 
terms  of  the  former  year.  Thefe 
were  undoubtedly  great  fupports  ; 
and  the  King  feemed  as  entire  in 
power,  and  more  advanced  in  re- 
putation, than  ever. 

But,  on  a  more  critical  examina- 
tion, things  had  an  afpedt  not  quite 
Co  favourable.  This  appearance 
was  rather  fpecious  than  entirely 
folid  ;  and  whilft  all  without  look- 
ed full  and  fair,  within  there  was  a 
decay  of  fubftance,  and  an  hollow- 
nefs  that  rung  at  the  flighted  touch. 
That  incomparable  body  of  troops, 
which,  at  the  beginning  of  the  war, 
had  given  him  fo  great  a  fuperiori- 
ty,  no  longer  exilled  in  the  fame 
penbns.  If  his  troops  derived  ad- 
vantages from  a  long  feries  of  ac- 
tive fervice,  thefe  advantages  were 
equally  bn  the  fide  of  the  enemy. 
His  army  had  known  what  it  is  to 
be  beaten  ;  and  it  is  no  wonder,  if 
a  fort  of  wearinefs  and  defpair  be- 
gan to  creep  upbn  them,  after  fucH 
an  infinite  train  of  unrewarded  fa- 
tigues, when  they  faw  that  fo  many 
wonderful  exploits  had  not  yet  end- 
ed the  war  in  their  favour.  Many 
of  his  bell  generals  had  been  killed 
in  battle,  or  died,  or  had  retired, 
or  were  difgraced.  The  hoards 
which  he  had  amalTed  before  the 
war,  by  this  time  mdft  have  been 
entirely  fpent  ;  his  dominions  mull 
have  been  greatly  exhaufted,  both 
of  men  and  money.  Saxony  could 
no  longer  yield  fuch  fupplies  as 
formerly.  The  indigence  of  the 
fubdued  inhabitants^  fet  bounds  to 
the  rapacity  of  rhe  conqueror.  The 
fub/idy  from  Great  Britain  did  a 
great  deal ;  but  it  could  not  fupply 
the  deficiencies  on  this,  and  on 
every  other  fide.  Thefe  circum- 
ilances,  probably,  zo&de  the  Kinj^ 
h  2  o£ 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


of  Pruflja  more  cautious  and  dila- 
tory than  ufual. 

The  court  of  Vienna  had  as  great 
burthens  to  fuftain  as  the  King  of 
Pruflia,  and  fhe  had  fuffered  much 
greater  blows.  That  power  has  a 
Itrength^  fbmewhat  unaccountable 
and  peculiar  to  herfelf.  More  de- 
ficient in  pecuniary  funds,  than 
any  other  great  power  in  Europe, 
Ihe  is  better  able  to  fubfift,  and  to 
do  confiderable  things  without 
them.  For,  by  a  long  habit,  the 
whole  flate  is  formed  to  its  necefli- 
ties  :  and  the  fubje£l  is  more  ready 
to  fupply  free  quarter,  and  to  en- 
dure military  licence  than  any  other. 
The  country  is  abundantly  fruitful 
in  all  its  parts.  And  whilft  the 
war  is  carried  on  near  home,  an  ar- 
bitrary government,  operating  on 
fo  extenfive  an  objedl,  can  hardly 
fail  of  fuch  refources,  as  muft  ferve 
*  an  Auilrian  army  ;  which  is  flill 
paid,  in  a  great  meafure,  as  Tacitus 
defcribes  the  troops  of  the  ancient 
Germans  to  have  been  ;  they  ha^ve  a 
ple7itiful  table  in  lieu  of  pay  *. 

And  indeed  it  muft  be  owned, 
that  there  is  no  Sovereign,  who  is 
more  highly  honoured  in  his  domi- 
nions, or  obeyed  with  a  greater 
mixture  of  love  and  reverence,  hy 
all  his  fubjefts,  than  her  Imperial 
Majefty.  So  that  having  a  very  am- 
ple power,  very  willing  obedience, 
a  large  territory,  and  many  men, 
not  fufficiently  employed  in  the  arts 
of  peace,  it  perhaps  may  be  guef- 
fed,  in  what  manner  ihe  has  been 
able  to  fupply  her  many  and  great;, 
lofTes,  and  to  continue  a  war,  like 
the  prefent,  better  than  ftates  more 
abundant  in  money.  She  is  befides, 
and  this  is  a  matter  of  no  fmall  con- 
fequence,  fupported  by  the  counte- 
najice^jhe  autlibrity,  and  the  forces 


of  the  empire.  And  (he  has  for  her 
allies  the  firft,  and  moft  formidable 
names  in  Europe.  In  the  wars  which 
this  power  carried  on  in  the  laft, 
and  in  this  century,  though  ufually 
not  very  fuccefsful,  fhe  has  always 
been  the  laft  to  defire  a  peace  ; 
though  frequently  flow  in  her  ope- 
rations, fhe  makes  amends  by  an 
extraordinary  perfeverance. 

This  flownefs  could  not  efcape 
general  obfervation,  in  the  aftions 
of  the  laft  year.  That  the  Auftrians 
did  not  play,  with  fufticient  fpiric, 
the  great  game  which  was  in  theif 
hands,  after  the  battle  of  Hohkir- 
chen  anc''  the  entry  of  the  Ruffians 
into  the  New  Marche  of  Branden- 
burgh,  feems  hardly  difputable. 
Perhaps  it  was  that  the  court  of  Vi- 
enna, by  an  error  common  to  many 
courts,  but  particularly  fo  to  this, 
and  often  fatal  to  it,  interfered  too 
much  and  too  minutely,  in  the 
operations  of  the  campaign. 

It  is  not  impofTible  that  the  cha- 
rafter  of  Marftial  Daun  himfejf, 
might  have  had  fome  Ihare  in  this 
inadiviiy  ;  a  character  almoft  in  all 
things  the  direft  reverfe  of  that  of 
his  Frufllan  M^jefty.  He  faw  that 
the  King,  adlive,  refolute  and  ad- 
venturous, wafted  himfelf  even  by 
that  activity  and  fpirit,  to  whicli  he 
owed  his  moft  brilliant  fucceffes. 
Should  the  Auftrians  carry  on  the 
war  in  the  fame  fpirit,  they  might 
fufi'er  in  the  fame  manner,  without 
being  ever  able  to  equal,  much  lefs 
to  exceed  that  great  monarch,  in  a 
.ftile  of  aftion  peculiarly  his  own. 
Daun  therefore  by  principle,  feems 
to  have  kept  his  army  from  coming 
to  at^tion,  in  order  to  oppofe  a 
ftrength  entire,  and  recruited  by  a 
long  reft,  to  that  of  the  King  of 
Pruffia,  wafted  by  the  efforts  it  wa& 


*  Nam  epul^i  et  quamquam  incompti,  largi  tamen  apparatus  pro  j^ipendio  cedunt. 
Tacit,  de  moiibus  Germ.  §  14.. 

obliged 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


pbliged  to  make,  inceffantly  and  on 
every  fide.  His  defign  feemed  to  be, 
that  the  ifl"ue  of  the  war  (hould  ra- 
ther arife  from  the  general  refult  and 
concurrence  of  all  the  operations, 
gradually  producing  a  folid  though 
a  flow  advantage,  than  from  the  ef- 
fedl  of  a  bold,  quick,  and  mafterly 
llroke.  In  faft,  the  Aullrians  felt  all 
the  benefits,  and  all  the  inconveni- 
encies  which  ufually  attend  this  fort 
of  conduft,  a  conduit  which  pro- 
bably loll  them  Saxony  in  the  lad 
campaign,  and  which  has  fecured 
them  the  pofTeffion  of  what  they 
now  hold  in  that  country.  The 
Aullrians  and  Pruffians  watched  the 
time  and  one  another,  and  came 
very  late  to  adlion. 

The  court  of  Peterlburg  Hill  ad- 
hered to  its  old  fyftem,  in  fpite  of 
the  late  ill  fuccefs  of  her  arms,  and 
all  the  efforts  of  the  Bririlh  miniiler, 
to  withdraw  her  from  her  alliance. 
If  Ihe  had  fome  lofs  of  men,  it  was 
the  leail  lofs  ihe  could  feel:  and  Ihe 
thought  that  whilft  the  war  was  car- 
ried on  at  the  expence  of  others,  the 
reduftion  of  fo  near,  fo  dreaded,  and 
fo  hated  a  rival  as  the  King  of  Pruf- 
fia,  and  the  opportunity  of  the  form- 
ing her  troops  to  fervice,  and  perfexSl- 
ing  her  officers,  were  objedls  of  con- 
fequence  enough  to  keep  herclofely 
attached  to  her  iirll  fentiments. 

The  Swedes  preferved  likewife 
the  fame  connexion  ;  but  they  con- 
tinued as  before,  an  inconftderable, 
and  inglorious  part  of  the  war. 

Holland  preferved  her  neutrality; 
but  it  wa3  a  neutrality  little  refpedl- 
<ed,  and  indeed  in  itfelf  little  re- 
fpeduble.  Divided  in  her  councils, 
attentive  only  to  private  interefis, 
flic  difgufled  ihe  Engliih,  and  nei- 
ther plcafed  nor  fervcd  the  French. 
For  fome  of  the  fubjeds  of  that  re- 
public had  carried  on  the  trade  of 
France  in  their  bottoms,  which  fub- 


jeded  them  to  frequent  captures 
from  the  Englifh  men  of  war  and 
privateers.  This  produced  loud  com- 
plaints in  Holland,  and  warm  re- 
monftrajices  to  the  court  of  London. 
Thefe  complaints  met  with  little  at- 
tention, being  in  many  refpefts  but 
indifferently  founded.  The  affair  was 
drawn  out  in  length, until  the  difpute 
was  extinguifhed  by  the  deftrudion 
of  its  objed  ;  fome  of  the  French 
colonies  were  reduced,  and  the  trade 
in  the  others  grown  too  fmall  and 
too  hazardous  to  be  continued  longer 
with  any  hope  of  advantage. 

The  affairs  of  France  and  Eng- 
land were  partly  conneiled  with 
the  general  fyftem,  and  partly  di- 
fiindl  and  independent.  France  per- 
ceived that  the  ftrength  of  the  Eng- 
liih,  and  the  exertion  of  that  ftrength  , 
increafed  continually  in  America; 
Ihe  knew  from  the  natural  inferio- 
rity of  her  colonies,  and  the  feeble 
ftate  of  her  navy,  that  ihe  could  not 
in  reafon  hope  for  great  fuccefs  in 
that  quarter  ;  for  which  reafon,  al- 
though Ihe  fent  a  fleet  under  Monf. 
Bompart  into  the  Weft-Indies,  and 
fome  men  of  war,  with  as  many 
ftore  and  tranfport  fliips  as  ftie  could 
fteal  out  of  the  river  St.  Laurence, 
her  great  efforts  were  to  be  made  in 
Europe:  ftie  had  two  objeds,  the 
recovery  of  Hanover,  and  the  inva- 
fion  of  thefe  iflands ;  in  either  of 
which,  if  flie  fucceeded,  there  could 
be  no  doubt,  but  that  it  would  prove 
a  fufficient  balance  for  all  that  flie 
had  fuffered,  or  had  to  apprehend- 
in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 

With  regard  to  the  firft  objefl, 
though  it  was  diflicult  to  attain  it, 
and  though,  if  it  fliould  be  attained, 
Jt  did  not  promife  to  anfwer  her 
purpofes  fo  well  as  the  latter,  yet  it 
was  upon  that  flie  chiefly  depended. 
Hitherto  indeed  the  fuccefs  which 
France  had  in  Germany,  was  not  at 

B  3  all 


ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


all  proportioned  to  the  prodigious 
efforts  which  fhe  made ;  (he  began 
to  find  her. 'elf  much  exhaulled.  The 
wants  of  the  French  oblig<?d  them 
to  pay  little  refpeft  to  neutral,  or 
even  to  friendly  powers ;  fo  that  the 
efteem  and  affiftance  which  they  had 
in  Germany  diminilhed  continually. 
They  eat  up  the  country,  and  fell- 
ed on  fuch  towns  as  vvere  conveni- 
ent to  them,  without  any  ceremony : 
yet  free*!  from  all  thefc  reltraincs, 
their  army  had  made  very  little  pro- 
grefs ;  their  generals  had  not  dif- 
played  any  great  abilities,  and  their 
army  in  itfelf  very  badly  compofed, 
was  deficient  in  difciplinc,  to  a  de- 


1759- 

impolTible  to  preferve  a  due  fubordi- 
nation.  The  common  men  are  little 
more  than  abjoft  valTals,  and  there* 
fore  want  that  high  fpirit  which  in 
their  gentry  makes  forne  amends 
for  the  want  of  knowledge  and  af- 
fiduity.  And  as  they  are  corrupted 
by  the  example  of  their  fuperiors,  fo 
by  their  negligence  they  are  left 
without  any  re(traint.  The  officers  do 
not  chufe  to  incur  the  ill-will  of  their 
men,  or  to  g'.ve  themfclvcs  trouble, 
by  exercifing  that  wholeforae  feve- 
rity  in  which  the  health  and  vigour 
of  military  difcipline  confjiTs. 

The  German  common  people  arc 
indeed  in  a  ftill  .lower  {late  of  vaf- 


i 


cree  which  is  fcarcely  credible.  They     falage  than  the  French,  and  might 


kept  neither  guards,  nor  pollr,  nor 
centinel^;  a  great  part  of  their 
troops  wandered  from  the  camp  in- 
to the  neighbouring  towns,  and  re- 
turned drunk.  Their  councils  of  war 
were  held  in  a  tumultuous  and  dif- 
orderly  manner  ;  and  all  their  de- 
figns  were  perfedtly  known  in  the 
camp  of  the  allies,  where  a  very  dif- 
ferent picture  was  exhibited  with 
regard  to  regularity  and  caution  *. 

The  French  troops  have  feveral 
cffential  defeAs  in  their  conftitution, 
which  prevent  them  from  equalling 
thofe  of  Germany  and  ether  nations. 
Several  regiments  are  in  a  manner 
liereditary  in  great  families,  who, 
placed  at  their  firft  cutfet  at  a  very 
high  point  of  military  rank,  think  it 
unneceffary  to  attain  the  qualifica- 
tions which  lead  others  to  it  Hep  by 
fficp.  As  to  the  rell  of  the  officers,  as 
their  pay  is  fmall  and  their  hopes 
little,  few  iludy  the  art  military  as 
a  profeflion  ;  they  ferve  becaufe  it  is 
the  fafliion  to  do  io,  and  that  it  is 
thought  necefi"<iry  to  a  gentleman. 
Thus  they  difpatch  their  bufmefs  as 
adifagieeableiaftc;  and  having  little 
to  lofe  in  the  fervlce,  it  is  almoll 


therefore  be  fuppofed  naturally  no 
better  foldiers ;  but  their  bodies  are. 
more  robuft  and  hardy  ;  their  treat- 
ment is  fevere  and  rigorous,  their 
fubordination  is  mofc  exaft,  which 
makes  their  difcipline  perfeft  ;  and 
Germany  is  fo  habituated  to  war, 
that  all  the  people  may  be  faid  to 
be  born  foldier.^.  Thefe  things  give 
the  Germans  a  great  fuperiority  over 
the  French  ;  a  fuperiority  which  , 
was  more  vifible  in  this,  than  in  any  ; 
former  war. 

Thefe  defefts  in  their  army  vvei 
increafed  by  the  low  llate  of  their 
finances,  which  caufed  their  troops_ 
to  be  very  ill  paid.  The  French 
court  made  fome  attempts  to  keep 
up  their  credit,  by  changing  their 
former  methods  of  raifing  money. 
Mr.  Silhouet  was  made  comptroller  of 
the  finances,  and  the  farmers  gene- 
ral were  removed  from  their  former 
employment  of  finding  the  fupplies. 
New  methods  were  devifed,  which 
might  flave  off  the  entire  ruin  o^ 
their  finances,  until  their  armies  in 
Germany  could  ftrike  fome  effec- 
tive blow,  or  their  projed  of  an  in- 
vafion,  which  quieted  the  minds  oi 


*  See  Lettres  de  M.  Belleifie. 


th< 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


the  people  in  fome  degree,  (hould 
be  put  in  execution. 

With  regard  to  the  latter  proje£>, 
France  had  formerly  found  that  the 
bare  report  of  fuch  a  defign  had 
ferved  many  material  purpofes  ;  but 
in  England  things  had,  ftnce  then, 
h»en  greatly  changed.  The  threats 
of  an  invafion  increafed  our  internal 
ilrength  without  raifing  any  appre- 
henfions  ;  they  in  a  great  meafure 
executed  themilitiaadl,  which  hard- 
ly any  thing  elfe  could  have  put  in 
execution  j  they  increafed  the  regu- 
lar troops,  both  in  their  number 
and  their  fpecies.  England  for  the 
:^rft  time  faw  light  horfe  and  light 
foot.  There  reigned  in  both  houfes 
the  moll  perfed  and  unprecedented 
union.  Among  the  great  men  there 
was  no  difference  that  could  in  the 
leaftafFed  the  conduct  of  the  war. 


The  difpute  concerning  the  prefe- 
rence of  the  continental  and  the  ma- 
rine fyftem,  was  entirely  filenced  ; 
becaufe  a  fyilem  took  place  which 
comprehended  both,  and  operated 
in  both  as  fully  as  the  warmeft  ad- 
vocates of  either  could  deiire.  Ne- 
ver did  England  keep  a  greater 
number  of  lahd  forces  on  foot,  on 
the  continent  of  Europe,  in  Eng- 
land, in  America,  when  (he  turned 
ail  her  power  to  her  land  forces 
only.  Never  did  (he  cover  the  feas 
with  fuch  formidable  fleets,  when 
her  navy  alone  engaged  her  atten- 
,  tion.  Such  is  the  effed  when  power 
and  patriotifm  unite  ;  when  liberty 
and  order  kifs  ;  and  when  a  nation 
fits  with  a  happy  fecurity  under  the 
fhade  of  abilities  which  ftie  has 
tried,  and  virtues  in  which  fhe  dares 
to  confide. 


CHAP.     ir. 

The  allied  army  moves,  Succefsful  Jkirmipes  on  the  fide  of  the  allies.  Battle 
of  Bergen.  Prince  Ferdiitand  retires  to  Windeken.  Plan  of  the  campaign. 
General  Woherjnonx)' s  expedition  into  Poland.  Prince  Henry^s  into  Bohemia 
and  Franconia.  General  Macguire  defeated,  Bamberg  pillaged.  Prince 
Henry  returns  to  Saxony.     Heffe  abandoned  by  the  allies, 

*  \^  H  E  feizing  of  Francfort  the     army,    as  to  that  of   the  KingjDf 


laft  year,  by  a  moll  flagrant 
violation  of  the  liberties  of  the  Em- 
pire, had  given  the  French  and 
their  allies  the  moft  material  ad- 
vantage they  had  acquired  in  the 
campaign  ;  for  it  fecured  to  them 
the  courfe  of  the  Maine,  and  the 
llhine,  and  made  it  eafy  to  them,  to 
receive  every  kind  of  reinforcement 
and  fupply.  It  fecured  likewife  that 
communication  between  them,  the 
Imperial,  and  the  Aullrian  armies, 
and  formed  that  chain,  from  which 
they  derived  no  fmall  benefit  of 
mutual  fuccour  and  concurrence  in 
their  operations.  Much  depended 
upon  their  being  diflodged  from 
that  pofl;  as  well  with  regard  to 
jhe  fortune  of  his  Britannic  Majefty*s 


Pruffia.  Sucha  flroke  muft  necefTa- 
rily  have  the  greateft  influence  on 
the  events  of  the  whole  enfuing 
campaign.  Prince  Ferdinand,  fen- 
fible  of  this,  as  foon  as  the  fcafon 
permitted  him  to  enter  upon  adlion, 
drew  his  troops  out  of  their  canton- 
ments ;  and  at  the  head  of  thirty 
thoufand  men,  prepared  to  diflodge 
them,  before  they  could  receive  the 
fupplies  of  which  they  were  in  daily 
expeftation.  The  reft  of  his  army, 
confifting  of  about  ten  or  twelve 
thoufand  men,  were  left  to  guard 
the  eledorate,  and  to  watch  the 
bifhopric  of  Munfter.  Some  de- 
tachments of  Hanoverians  and 
Pruflians  had,  in  the  latter  end  of 
February,  driven  the  Imperialifts 
£  4  and 


ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


and  Auftrians  from  the  poft,  which 
they  occupied  at  Erfurth  and  Elfi- 
nach,  and  feme  places  in  the  coun- 
try of  Hefle  ;  this  drew  a  llrong 
body  of  the  enemy  into  that  part, 
which  pulhed  them  back ;  but  the 
Hereditary  Prince  of  Brunfvvick, 
who  led  the  army  of  the  allied 
through  ways,  before  deemed  im- 
paffable  to  an  army,  defeated  them 
in  fome  fevere  fkirmifhes ;  feveral 
places  of  importance  vyere  taken  ; 
feveral  whole  battalions  were*  made 
prifonefs,  with  their  officers.  The 
French,  alarmed  at  the  vivacity  of 
this  beginning,  judged  it  but  the 
prelude  to  fomething  n^ore  decifive. 
Accordingly  the  Duke  of  Broglio 
took  an  advantageous  poft,  near 
Bergen,  at  a  village  between  Franc- 
fort  and  Hanau,  which  it  was  ne- 
cefTary  that  the  allies  fhould  mafter, 
before  they  could  penetrate  to  his 
line.  This  place  he  had  made  his 
right,  and  fecured  his  flanks  and 
center  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  the 
attack  could  only  be  made  at  that 
village. 

In  this  difpofition  was  the  French 
army  when  the  allies  approached  : 
they  formed  themfelves  under  an 
eminence,  and  began  the  attack 
on  the  village  of  Bergen,  between 
nine  and  ten  in  the  morning,  with 
great  intrepidity.  They  were  re- 
ceived with  a  very  fevere  fire,  which 
the  enemy  had  prepared  for  them  ; 
they  made  three  attacks  in  the  fpace 
of  about  two  hours,  and  were  every 
tim«  repulfed. 

Prince  Ferdinand  now  obferved 
that  the  enemy  ftill  kept  a  good 
countenance  in  their  poll,  and  that 
his  own  troops  began  to  fall  into 
fome  diforder.  This  able  general, 
who  never  rifques  his  fortune  on  a 


ians-fe  throw,  b^ 


to  think  of  a 


retreat,  whilH  his  l.^fs  was  yet  in- 
confiderable,    and  the  diforder    of 


1759- 

his  men  eafily  to  be  repaired.  But 
a  retreat  in  the  face  of  a  vidloriou^ 
enemy,  was  hazardous  ;  and  thp 
day  was  not  yet  above  half  fpent. 
In  this  exigence  he  made  fuch 
movements,  as  llrongly  indicated  a 
defign  of  falling  once  more  upon 
the  village,  in  the  enemy's  right, 
and  of  making  at  the  fame  time  a 
new  attack  upon  their  left.  Thefe 
appearances  were  further  counte- 
nanced by  a  cannonade,  on  both 
thefe  pofts,  fupported  with  an  un- 
common fury.  The  French,  de- 
ceived by  thefe  manoeuvres,  kept 
clofe  in  their  pofts ;  they  expedled 
a  new  and  a  lively  attack  every  mo- 
ment; they  returned  the  cannon- 
ade as  brifkly  as  they  could  ;  and 
in  this  pofture  things  continued  un- 
til night  came  on,  when  the  prince 
made  an  eafy  retreat  without  dif- 
order, or  moleftation,  and  halted 
atWindeken. 

In  this  a(^ion  the  lofs  of  the  allies 
was  about  two  thoufand  in  every 
way ;  that  of  the  French  was  by 
no  means  lefs  confiderable.  The 
allies  indeed  fufFered  nothing  in 
their  reputation  ;  their  countenance 
through  the  whole  aftion  having 
been  excellent.  Prince  Ferdinand 
gained  as  much  honour,  and  dif- 
played  as  much  Ikill,  as  could  have 
been  obtained.  Or  Ihewn  upon  a 
inore  fortunate  occalion .  The  event 
however  ^was,  in  its  confequences, 
far  from  indifferent ;  for  the  allies 
having  miffed  this  blow,  the  French 
ftill  kept  Francfort,  and  all  the  ad- 
vantages which  they  drew  from  that 
fituation  ;  they  had  time  and  means 
to  receive  their  reinforcements ;  and 
they  acquired  in  a  fhort  fpace  fuch! 
a  fuperiority,  as  obliged  Prince  Fer- 
dinand to  content  himfelf  with  ail- 
ing on  the  defenfive,  for  a  lon^ 
time  after. 

The    advantages    which    would 

have 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR 


liave-arifen  from  another  ifTue  of 
that  battle  appeared  more  fully, 
from  the  operations  which  were  car- 
rying on  on  the  fide  of  Bohemia, 
and  which  probably  were  dcfigned 
to  concur  with  thofe  of  the  Prince, 
in  fome  grand  and  comprehcnfive 
fchcme.  There  is  no  doubt,  that 
the  army  of  the  allies,  and  thofe 
of  his  PrulTian  majefty,  had  deter- 
mined to  a6l  in  concert,  and  had 
fettled  fome  plan  for  that  purpofe  ; 
and  though  it  (hould  not  be  difco- 
vered,  with  equal  certainty,  what 
that  plan  was,  it  may  not  however 
be  unpleafant  to  trace  it ;  as  far  at 
lead,  as  a  reafonable  conjefture, 
guided  by  the  lights  derived  from 
the  tendency  of  each  operation, 
may  lead  us.  For  if  we  fucceed 
at  all,  in  fjch  an  attempt,  it  dif- 
fufes  a  wonderful  clearnefs  over  the 
whole  narrative. 

It  is  not  impoffible  then,  that  it 
wasdefigned,  in  the  firft  place,  to 
keep  the  Ruffians  at  a  diftance,  un- 
til the  latter  end  of  the  fummer,  by 
the  deftruftion  of  their  magazines 
in  Poland.  That,  on  the  oiher  fide. 
Prince  Ferdinand  (hould  attempt  to 
drive  the  French  towarcJs  the  Rhine^ 
and  to  get  between  them  and  the 
army  of  the  Empire  ;  which  having 
thus  lofl  its  communication  with  the 
French,  Prince  Henry  (hould  ru(h 
out  of  Sakony,  and  fall  upon  them 
in  Bohemia  and  Franconia,  and  cut 
off  alfq  their  communication  with 
the  great  body  of  the  Auftrians. 
Then  the  Imperialifts  would  find 
themfclves  fituated  between  two 
hoftiie  and  fuperior  armies  ;  whilft 
in  Bohemia  Mar(hal  Daun  would 
oe  either  obliged  to  try  his  fortune 
iigle  handed  with  the  King  of 
i'rufiia,  or  totally  to  abandon  that 
kingdom,  into  which  it  was  in  the 
nciwcr  of  the  Pruffians  to  enter  in 
'  -^polite  parts  at  once. 


The  firft  part  of  this  plan  was 
executed  with  great  fpirit  and  fuC' 
cefs.  So  early  as  the  23d  of  Februa- 
ry, the  Pru(rian  general  Woberfnovy 
marched  into  Poland,  from  Glogaa 
in  Silefia,  with  forty-fix  fquadrons, 
and  twenty-nine  battalions,  where 
they  routed  fome  bodies  of  Cof-- 
facks;  and  after  having  deftroyed 
feveral  immenfe  magazines,  parti- 
cularly one  at  Pofen,  faid  to  be 
fufficient  for  the  fubfiftence  of  fifty 
thoufand  men  for  three  months, 
they  returned  without  any  lofs  into 
Silefia,  on  the  18th  of  April. 

As  for  the  fecond  a6t  of  this  mi- 
litary drama,  it  was  executed  with 
as  great  fuccefs,  and  with  fome  ad- 
vantages more  flriking  than  the 
firft.  Prince  Henry  conitnanded  the 
Pruffian  troops  in  Saxony,  which 
the  public  accounts  called  forty 
thoufand  men.  He  had  certain  in- 
telligence, that  fome  movements,, 
which  had  purpofely  been  made  by 
the  King  of  Prulfia,  had  drawn  the 
greateft  part  of  the  Auftrian  troops, 
which  had  been  ported  as  a  watch 
upon  Saxony,  towards  the  frontiers 
of  Silefia.  He  immediately  took  ad- 
vantage of  this  opening,  and  entered 
Bohemia  in  two  columns;, 
one  marched  towards  Peterf-  ^'  ^' 
wade  ;  the  other,  which  was  com- 
manded by  General  Hulfen,  made 
its  way  by  Pafberg  and  Commettau. 
The  firft  penetrated  as  far  as  Lobof- 
chutz  and  Leitmeritz,  the  enemy 
flying  before  them,  and  every  where 
abandoning  or  burning  the  vaft  ma- 
gazines which  they  had  amaffed  ia 
all  thofe  parts. 

The  body  under  General  Hulfeij 
did  as  much  fervice,  and  it  had  a 
more  aflive  employment.  The  pafs 
of  Pafberg,  ftrong  in  itfelf,  was  de- 
fended by  a  confiderable  body  of 
Auftrians.  General  Hulfen  having 
conducted  his  infantry  by  another 

way. 


lo       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1759, 


way,  (o  as  to  fall  direftly  on  their 
rear,  attacked  them  with  his  infantry 
in  front,  and  drove  them  out  of  all 
their  intrenchments ;  one  general, 
fifty-one  officers,  and  no  lefs  than 
twothoufand  private  men  were  made 
prifoners  on  this  occafion.  The 
Pruffians  loft  but  feventy  men  killed 
and  wounded.     They  returned  into 

Ad  2f    ^^^°"y   ^^^^   hoftages    for 
^*   "*  the  contributions  they  had 
exafted. 

After  this  fatiguing  expedition, 
the  Prince  gave  nis  troops    a  few 
days  to  reft,    and    then    led  them 
once  more  to  aftion.     He  directed 
liis  march  through  the  Voigtland, 
towards  the  army  of  the  Empire ; 
they  entered  Franconia  by  the  way 
of  HoiF;     they    attacked  General 
Macguire,  who  commanded  a  body 
of  Auftrians  and  Imperialifts.  Here 
they  were  bravely  refifted    for  the 
whole  day  ;   but  the  numbers  and 
fpirit  of  the  Pruffians    prevailing, 
Macguire  gladly  took  advantage  of 
the  night  to  make  a  retreat,  having 
loft  about  five  hundred  men.  A  few 
ikirmifties  more  decided  the  fate  of 
Franconia.     The  army  of  the  em- 
pire retreated,  as  the  Pruffians  ad- 
vanced, and  abandoned  the  rich  bi- 
Ihoprics  of  Bamberg   and  Wuriz- 
burg  to  contribution.    The  town  of 
, ,        ,     Bamberg  furrendered  up-' 
^y  ^    *   on  terms ;  but  fome  con- 
fufion  happening  before  the  capitu- 
lation was  compleatly   finiflied,    a 
party  of  Croats  came  to  blows  with 
a  party  of  Pruffians,  who  had  by  this 
time  pofleffion  of  one  of  the  gates  ; 
this  was  refented  as  an  infringement 
of  the  capitulation.  A  pretence  was 
given  to  plunder  the  place  ;  it  was 
given  up  to  pillage  by  order  of  the 
commanders,  for  two  days,  in  a  very 
unrelenting  and  licentious  manner. 
This  produced  loud  and  juft  com- 


plaints againft  the  Pruffians,  and  iq 
due  time,  a  fevere  retaliation. 

Prince  Henry  had  pulhed  back 
the  army  of  the  empire  as  far  as 
Nuremberg ;  he  had  difabled  a 
great  part  of  the  circle  of  Franco- 
nia from  giving  them  affiftance  ; 
and  thus  far  he  had  accompliftied 
the  objefts  of  his  expedition.  Bui 
as  that  part  of  the  plan,  which 
Prince  Ferdinand  was  to  have  exe- 
cuted, had  failed,  it  was  impoffible 
on  one  hand  to  hinder  the  French 
army  from  fuccouring  that  of  the 
empire,  or  on  the  other,  to  prevent 
a  body  of  Auftrians  from  availing 
themfelves  of  his  abfence,  to  pene- 
trate into  Saxony.  In  thefecircum- 
ftancesany  farther  ftay  in  Franconia 
was  ufelefs,  and  might  be  danger- 
ous. His  army,  loaded  with  booty 
and  contribution,  returned  to  their 
old  fituation.  The  Auftrians  retired 
into  Bohemia  at  their  approach. 

Appearances  were  hitherto  fa- 
vourable enough  to  the  Pruffians ; 
however  none  of  the  great  ends  pro- 
pofed  by  the  general  plan  were  fully 
anfwered.  The  Ruffians,  notwith- 
ftanding  the  deftrudion  of  their 
magazines,  continued  their  march 
towards  Silefia.  Count  Dohna,  who 
had  raifed  great  contributions  and 
levies  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg,^  * 
was  preparing  to  oppofe  them  on 
the  fide  of  Brandenburg  ;  other  par- 
ties, under  other  commanders,  were, 
pofted  at  thofe  places  where  their; 
irruption  was  the  moft  apprehended. 
The  approach  of  this  army  brought 
things  nearer  and  nearer  to  a  crifis. 
The  eyes  of  ail  Europe  were  fixed 
with  anxiety  and  expedlation  on 
their  progrefs.  It  appeared  the  more 
formidable,  becauie  the  progrefs,  of 
the  French  arms  was  very  rapid  af- 
ter the  battle  of  Bergen. 

Prince   Ferdinand,    finding  that 
another 


HISTORY    OF     THE   WAR.        ix 


another  attack  was  not  advifeable, 
retreated  continually.  The  French 
poflcfled  themfelves  of  HefTe  with- 
out opporuica  ;  they  met  as  little 
in  making  their  way  through  the 
bifliopric  of  Paderborn  ;  and  whilft 
their  grand  army,  under  Marfhal  de 
Contades,  puflied  the  allies  in  that 
quarter  and  on  the  Ade  of  Heflfe, 


M.  d'Armentieres  was  polled  by 
Wefel,  to  advance  on  that  fide  as 
occafjon  Hiould  require.  The  con- 
dition of  the  allied  army  was  ex- 
tremely dubious  ;  whilil  the  French 
increased  in  their  numbers  and  fpi- 
rit.  Their  new  fuccefs  gave  them 
reafon  to  hope  for  a  campaign  as 
fortunate  as  that  of  1757. 


CHAP. 


III. 


Expedition  to  the  Weft -Indies  under  Hop/on  and  Moore.  Account  of  Marti' 
nico.  Failure  there.  The  caufes  of  it.  Guadeloupe  invaded.  DefcriptioK 
of  that  ijland.  Baffe  Terre  attacked  and  burned.  General  Hopfon  dies. 
Operations  againft  Grand  Terre.  Ss'veral  paffei  forced.  The  inhabitants 
capitulate.     Bravery  of  a  French  lady.     Marie  Galante  taken 

f^  R  E  A  T  Britain  was  not  con-     with  very  deep  bays,  which  they  call 


tent  with  the  efforts  which 
flie  had  made  in  Germany :  Ame- 
rica, the  interefts  of  which  had 
given  rife  to  the  war,  was  the  obje£l 
which  principally  engaged  her  at- 
tention. This  was  indeed  the  pro- 
per objeft  of  her  natural  ftrength, 
and  by  her  fuccefs  in  this  quarter, 
Ihe  mod  efFedually  laid  the  ax  to 
the  root  of  the  enemy's  naval  power, 
and  cut  away  one  great  part  of  the 
refources  which  fed  the  war.  A 
fquadron  of  nine  (hips  of  the  line 

XT  with  fixty   tranfports,    con- 

jNov.     ^  .    .       /        .    '^  f  f. 

taming  fix  regiments  of  foot. 


Cul  de  facs,  and  the  fands,  onlydif- 
coverable  at  low  water,  form  in 
many  places  a  hidden,  and  almoft 
infurmountable  barrier.  A  lofty 
ridge  of  almoft  impaflfable  moun- 
tains runs  north-weft  and  fouth-eaft 
quite  through  the  ifland  ;  all  the 
fpace  on  both  fides  is  interfedled 
at  inconfiderable  diftances  with  deep 
gullies,  through  which  the  water 
pours  down  in  the  rainy  feafons  with 
great  impetuofity.  In  other  refpec^j 
the  ifland  is  pleafant  and  fruitful : 
well  watered,  and  well  cultivated, 
abounding  with  plantations  and  vil- 


'^   *   in  the  end  of  the  laft  year     lages  all  along  the  fea-coafl.     The 


failed  for  the  Weft  Indies,  in  order 
to  attack  and  reduce  the  French  Ca- 
ribhee  iflands.  General  Hopfon 
commanded  the  land  forces:  the 
fleet  in  the  expedition  was  to  be 
under  the  orders  of  Commodore 
Moore,  then  in  the  Weft-Indies. 

Their  firft  obje£l  was  Marrinico, 
the  firft  in  reputation  of  the  French 
Caribbees,  the  feat  of  government, 
the  center  of  all  the  trade  which 
France  carries  on  with  thefe  iflands : 
ftrong  both  by  nature  and  art.  This 
ifland  lies  in  the  15th  degree N.  lat. 
The  fhore  is  on  every  fide  indented 


two  principal  places  are  St.  Pierre, 
and  Port  Royal ;  both  towns  confi- 
derable  in  this  part  of  the  world,  for 
their  magnitude,  trade,and  ftrength. 
By  this  fhort  defcription  may  be 
difcerned  how  defirable  fuch  a  con- 
queft  was,  and  the  difiiculties  which 
naturally  oppofed  themfelves  to  it. 
They  were  the  greater,  becaufe  at 
this  time  there  was  in  the  ifland  a 
confiderable  number  of  regular 
troops.  They  have  at  all  times  3 
numerous  and  well-armed  militia, 
not  contemptible  for  their  difci- 
plinc,  and  well  fuited  10  the  fer- 

vice 


12        ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


vice  of  the  country  ;  add  to  this, 
that  they  can  bring  into  the  field 
a  large  body  of  negroes,  habitu- 
ated t;o  arms,  and  in  general  well 
afFe;^ed  to  the  intereil  of  their 
mafters. 

The  Engllfh  forces  landed  with- 
I  ^  oui  oppofition,  on  the  weft 
J  *  *  fide  of  Port  Royal  harbour, 
after  the  men  of  war  had  driven 
the  enemy  from  their  batteries  and 
intrenchments.  But  on  their  land- 
ing, they  found  that  the  uature  of 
the  country  proved  a  greater  ob- 
ilrudion  to  their  progrefs,  than  the 
llrength  of  the  enemy.  Thefe  pro- 
found gullies,  inclofed  by  fteep, 
and  almoft  perpendicular  precipi- 
ces, proved  an  infurmountable  ob- 
ilacle  to  the  regular  march  of  the 
troops,  or  the  conveyance  of  can- 
non. The  enemy  had  broken  up 
the  roads ;  and  five  miles  of  fuch 
roads,  and  through  fuch  an  imprac- 
ticable country,  were  to  be  pafled 
before  Port  Royal  could  be  attacked 
by  land.  The  commander  there- 
fore of  the  forces,  judged  the  diffi- 
culties on  the  land  fide  infurmount- 
able ;  the  naval  commander  held 
it  impoffible  to  put  the  cannon 
afhore  nearer  to  the  fort.  Some  jea- 
loufy  feems  to  have  arifen.  The  re- 
fult  of  the  whole  was,  that  the 
forces  were  reimbarked  on  the  day 
of  their  landing. 

Very  little  was  done  at  Port 
Royal ;  but  it  was  hoped  that  more 
would  be  done  at  St.  Pierre.  They 
accordingly  fet  fail  for  that  place ; 
but  when  they  had  arrived  before 
it,  and  examined  the  coaft, 
^'  new  difficqlties  arofe,  which 
produced  a  new  deliberation.  They 
determined  that  the  fort  could  not 
be  reduced,  without  fuch  detriment 
to  the  troops  and  the  fhipping,  that 
they  could  afterwards  make  little 
5  ' 


ufe  of  their  fuccefs ;  and  in  thig 
they  had  probably  good  rea Ton.  I'he 
condudl  of  the  officers  afterwards 
plainly  demonftrated,  that  no  mean 
views  had  any  influence  on  their 
councils ;  they  agreed  to  abandon 
their  enterprize  againft  Martinico. 
But  having  been  foiled  in  this  their 
firft  attempt,  they  refolved  not  to 
return  with  the  difgrace  of  having 
done  nothing  worthy  of  the  great- 
nefs  of  the  armament,  and  the  ex- 
peftation  of  their  country.  They 
confidered  that  the  ifland  of  Gua- 
deloupe was  an  objeft,  though  not 
of  fuch  an  eclat,  of  full  as  much 
real  confequence  as  Martinico ;  ancj 
they  knew  that  it  was  neither  (q 
ftrong  in  troops  or  fortifications. 
Their  firii  failure  might  lead  to  an 
advantage  as  confidcrable  as  that 
which  they  had  miffed.  In  purfu- 
ance  of  thefe  refolutions,  they  fee 
fail  for  Guadeloupe. 

This  ifland  is  called  Guadeloupe, 
from  a  refemblance  which  it  bears 
to  a  chain  of  mountains  of  the 
fame  name  in  Old  Spain.  To 
fpeak  with  exadlnefs,  Guadeloupe 
is  rather  to  be  confidered  as  two 
iflands,  divided  from  each  other  by 
a  fmall  arm  of  the  fea,  or  fait  wa- 
ter riyer,  not  above  three  hundred 
feet  over  where  it  is  wideft.  One  of 
thefe  iflands  is  called  the  Grand 
Terre  ;  the  other  more  particularly 
and  by  dillindlion,  Guadeloupe ; 
they  are  together  in  circuit  about 
ninety  leagues.  The  firft  is  nearly 
deftitute  of  frefti  water,  and  not 
perfectly  cultivated  ;  but  it  is  other- 
wife  with  Guadeloupe.  |^o  part  of 
the  world  is  furniflied  with  more  or 
better.  No  lefs  than  fifty  rivers  in 
that  fmall  circuit,  throw  themfelves 
into  the  fea  ;  many  navigable  by 
boats,  for  two,  fome  even  for  thre? 
leagues  into  the  country.  Not  to 
mention 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR 


13 


mention  the  numberlefs  fprings 
which  rife  among  the  rocks,  and 
after  a  thoufand  beautiful  meanders, 
lofe  themfelves  in  the  larger  Ilrcams. 
The  firft  accounts  which  we  have 
of  that  country,  are  lavifh  in  the 
defcription  of  its  beauties  ;  and  the 
lateft  agree  with  them,  that  no  part 
of  the  Weft-Indies,  perhaps  of  the 
world,  affords  more  agreeable  and 
romantic  fcenes.  It  is  full  of  high 
mountains ;  one  of  which  towers 
far  above  the  reft,  and  is  a  volcano, 
continually  emitting  fmoke  and  fire. 
From  hence  they  have  confiderable 
quantities  of  fulphur.  They  have 
alfo  hot  baths,  fit  for  all  the  medi- 
cinal purpofes  in  which  fuch  waters 
are  ufed.  The  land  in  the  valleys 
is  extremely  fertile  ;  it  produces  the 
ufual  Weft-India  commodities,  fu- 
gar,  indigo,  coffee,  cotton,  and 
ginger:  the  mountains  abound  with 
game  :  fo  that  there  is  nothing  in 
the  ifland  wanting,  for  the  conve- 
nience and  delight  of  life,  in  an 
air  more  temperate  and  falubrious 
than  is  commonly  breathed  between 
the  tropics. 

The  French  began  to  plant  colo- 
nies in  this  ifland  as  early  as  the 
year  1632.  But  for  along  time  this, 
together  with  all  their  other  colo* 
nies, continued  in  a  languilhing  con- 
dition. It  was  in  the  beginning  of 
the  prefent  century,  that  they  be- 
gan to  emerge.  After  the  peace 
of  Utrecht  had  given  France  time 
to  breathe,  ftie  turned  her  attention 
ftrongly  to  thefe  iflands :  Guade- 
loupe partook  however  lefs  of  this 
care  than  Martinico  ;  and  yet  by 
its  natural  advantages,  it  does  not 
fall  fliort  of  that  ifland,  either  in 
the  quantity,  or  the  goodnefs  of  its 
produce,  if  it  does  not  greatly  ex- 
ceed it  in  both  ;  as  it  certainly  does 
in  its  capacity  to  receive  all  forts  of 
improvement.     The  importance  of 


this  ifland,  until  its  late  conqueft;, 
was  very  little  known  in  England. 
The  reafon  was  this.  By  an  old 
regulation,  the  people  of  Gu  de- 
loupe  were  forbid  to  trade  diredly 
with  Europe,  but  were  obliged  to 
fend  all  their  produce  to  Maninlco, 
from  whence  alfo  they  had  all  their 
European  commodities.  A  ftrange 
regulation,  to  be  continued  in  an 
age  fo  enlightened  as  this,  by  a 
nation  fo  enlightened  as  France. 

The  Englilh  made  attempcs  upon 
this  ifland  in  1691,  and  1703;  but 
they  were  neither  powerful  enough, 
nor  conduced  with  fuflicient  abili- 
ty to  produce  any  permanent  efFefl; 
the  troops  Wafted  the  country,  and 
retired  with  their  booty.  But  on 
the  occallon,  of  which  we  are  going 
to  fpeak,  they  were  more  able, 
ftrong  and  fortunate. 

On  the  23d  of  January  the  fleet 
came  before  the  town  of  Baffe  Ter- 
re,  the  capital  of  the  ifland  ;  a  placei 
of  confiderable  extent,  large  trade, 
and  defended  by  a  ftrong  fortrefs. 
This  fortrefs,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
chief  engineer,  was  not  to  be  reduced 
by  the  fliipping.  But  Commodore 
Moore,  notwithftanding  this  opi- 
nion, brought  four  men  of  war  to 
bear  upon  the  citadel ;  the  reft  were 
difpofed  again  ft  the  town,  and  the 
batteries  which  obftruded  the  land- 
ing. About  nine  in  the  morning  a 
fire  from  all  fides  began,  which  con- 
tinued wirh  the  utmoft  fury  until 
night,  when  the  citadel,  and  all  the 
batteries^  were  eiFeftually  filenced. 
During  this  cannonade  the  bombs, 
that  were  continually  fiiowered  upon 
the  town,  fet  it  on  fire  in  feveral 
places.  It  burned  without  inter- 
ruption the  whole  of  this  and  the 
following  day  ;  when  it  was  almofl: 
totally  reduced  to  aflies.  The  lofs 
was  prodigious  from  the  number 
of  warehoufes  in  the  town,    full 

of 


14        ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


^T59' 


of  rich,  but  combuftible  materials* 
Nothing  could  be  more  ftriking, 
than  the  horror  of  the  fpeftacle, 
from  the  mutual  and  unremitted  fire 
of  fo  many  great  fhips  and  batteries, 
heightened  with  a  long  line  of 
flames,  which  extended  along  the 
fhore,  and  formed  the  back  ground 
of  this  terrible  picture. 

In  this  lively  engagement,  our 
lofs  was  very  inconfiderable.  The 
I  next  day  the  forces  land- 

^  '  '^'  ed  without  oppofition,  and 
took  pofTeffion  of  the  town  and  ci- 
tadel. Notwithflanding  this  fuc- 
cefs,  the  ifland  was  far  from  being 
reduced.  The  country  is  rugged 
and  mountainous,  and  abounded 
with  pafies  and  defiles,  of  a  difHcuIt 
and  dangerous  nature.  The  inha- 
bitants had  retired  with  their  armed 
negroes  into  the  mountains;  and 
all  feemed  prepared  to  defend  their 
JjoiTeffions  bravely,  and  to  the  lall 
extremities. 

General  Hopfon  died  on  the 
ijth  of  February,  and  General 
Barrington  fucceeded  him.  He  em- 
4)arked  part  of  his  forces  for  the 
Grand  Terre,  where  Colonel  Crump 
attacked  and  reduced  the  towns  of 
St.  Anne,  and  St.  Francois ;  whilft 
this  attack  diverted  the  enemy's 
attention,  the  general  fell  upon  the 
flrong  poU  of  Gofier,  and  poflefTed 
himfelf  of  it :  and  thus  the  Grand 
Terre  was  in  a  manner  reduced, 
and  difabled  from  fending  any  re- 
lief to  the  other  part. 

There  is  a  confiderable  moun- 
tain, not  far  from  the  town  of  Bafle 
Terre,  called  Dos^d'Afne,  or  the 
Afs's  Back;  thither  a  great  part 
of  the  enemy  had  retired.  It  is  a 
poll  of  great  ftrength,  and  great 
importance,  as  it  keeps  a  watch 
upon  the  town,  and  at  the  fame 
tune  forms  the  only  communication 
there  is   between   that  town,    and 


the  Capes  Terre,  the  plaineft,  pled* 
fanteft,  and  moll  fruitfufpartof  the 
whole  ifland. 

It  was  not  judged  pra£licable  to 
break  into  it  by  this  way  ;  and  all 
the  reft  of  Guadeloupe  was  in  the 
enemy's  pofTeffion.  Therefore  a  plan 
was  formed  for  another  operation, 
by  which  it  was  propofed  to  furprize 
Petit  Bourg,-  Goyave,  and  St.  Ma- 
ry's, and  by  that  way  to  march  into 
Capes  Terre,  which  might  be  eafi- 
ly  reduced.  But  this  defign  failing, 
it  was  necefTary  to  attempt  thole 
places  by  plain  force.  Col.  Clave- 
ring  and  Col.  Crump  landed  near 
Arnonville,  and  attacked  the  ene- 
my, ftrongly  intrenched  at  a  poft 
llrong  by  nature,  called  Le  Corne* 
This  was  forced  ;  another  intrench- 
ment  at  Petit  Bourg  had  the  fame 
fate  ;  a  third  near  St.  Mary's  yield- 
ed in  the  fame  manner.  An  open- 
ing being  at  laft  made  into  the 
Capes  Terre,  the  inhabitants  faw 
that  the  beft  part  of  the  country 
was  on  the  point  of  being  given  up 
to  fire  and  fword  ;  they  came  in  and 
capitulated  ;  their  pofiefTions,  and 
their  civil  and  religious  H-  tij 
bertieswere  granted  to  them.       ^ 

The   fmall  iflands  near  Guade- 
loupe, Defirade,  Santos  and  Pe-      , 
tite  Terre,  furrendered  a  few  " 
days  after,  and  on  the  fame  terms. 

This  capitulation  was  hardly  fign- 
ed,  when  the  French  fquadron  un- 
der M.  Bompart  appeared  before 
the  ifland,  and  landed  at  St.  Anne's 
in  the  Grand  Terre,  the  general  of 
the  French  Caribbees,  with  fix  hun- 
dred regular  troops,  two  thoufand 
buccaneers,  and  a  largfe  quantity  of 
arms  and  ammunition.  The  capitu- 
lation was  made  at  the  moft  critical 
time  ;  for  had  this  reinforcement  ar- 
rived but  a  day  fooner,  the  whole 
expedition  had  probably  been  loll. 

Thus  cainc  into  the  pofTefTion  of 
Great 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


15 


Great  Britain,  this  valuable  ifland, 
after-  a  campaign  of  near  three 
months,  in  which  the  Englifh  troops 
behaved  with  a  firmncfs,  courage, 
and  perfeverance,  that  ought  never 
to  be  forgotten.  Intolerable  heat, 
continual  fatigue,  the  air  of  an  un- 
accuftomed  climate,  a  country  full 
of  lofty  mountains  and  fteep  preci- 
pices, polls  ftrong  by  nature  and 
by  art,  defended  by  men  who 
fought  for  every  thing  that  was  dear 
to  them ;  all  thefe  difficulties  only 
increafed  the  ardour  of  our  forces, 
who  thought  nothing  impoffible  un- 
der commanders,  who  were  not  more 
diftinguifhed  for  their  intrepidity 
and  fkill,  than  their  zeal  for  the  fer- 
vice  of  their  country,  and  the  per- 
fect harmony  and  good  underftand- 
ing  that  fubfifted  between  them. 
There  is  nothing,  perhaps,  fo  necef- 
fary  to  infpire  confidence  into  the 
foldier,  as  to  obferve  that  the  offi- 
cers have  a  perfed  confidence  in  one 
another. 

It  muft  not  be  omitted,  that  many 
of  the  inhabitants  exerted  them- 
felves  very  gallantly  in  the  defence 
of  their  country.  Awoman,acon- 
fiderable  planter  in  the  ifland,  par- 
ticularly diftinguifhed  herfelf;  (he 
was  called  Madame  Ducharmey  :  this 
amazon  put  herfelf  at  the  h^ad  of 


her  fervants  andflaves,  and  acquit- 
ted herfelf  in  a  manner  not  inferior 
to  the  bravell:  men. 

Soon  after  the  reduflion  of  vff»- 
Guadeloupe,  the  ifland  of  ^^ 
Maire  Galante  furrendered 
itfelf  upon  terms  fimilar  to  thofe 
which  were  granted  to  the  former 
iflands.  This  is  a  fmall  ifland,  but 
the  conqueft  is  of  confequence,  as 
the  French  by  this  are  left  no  footing 
in  the  Leeward  iflands:  Martinicois 
one  of  thofe  to  the  Windward.  Thefe 
beginnings  were  happy  omens  to  the 
fuccefs  of  the  more  important  un- 
dertaking, which  was  to  be  carried 
on  in  another  part  of  America.  The 
reputation  of  our  arms  there,  except 
in  theredudtion  of  Louifl)ourg,  had 
hitherto  not  been  very  great.  But 
other  commanders  were  now  ap- 
pointed, and  other  maxims  prevail- 
ed. However,  we  poftpone  the  nar- 
rative of  thefe  very  interefting  events, 
to  confider  thofe  which  intervened 
on  the  continent  of  Europe,  in  which 
too  we  fee  our  arms  no  lefs  diftin- 
guiflied  ;  and  to  behold  England 
emerging  from  the  rubbifli  of  low 
principles  and  timid  conduft,  once 
more  become  the  pride  and  terror 
of  Europe,  and  adling  in  a  manner 
not  unworthy  the  raoft  iliuftrious 
periods  of  her  hiftory. 


CHAP.      IV. 

Progre/s  of  the  French  after  the  battle  of  Bergen.  Munfier  and  other  places 
taken.  Situation  of  the  French y  and  of  the  allies.  Motions  of  Prince  Fer^ 
dinand.  Battle  of  Minden.  Hereditary  Prince  of  Brunfivick  defeats  the 
Duke  of  Brifac.  The  French  pafs  the  Wefer.  L.  G.  S.  refigns  the  com- 
mand  of  the  Britijh  forces  ;  Marqitis  of  Granhy  fucceeds  him.  The  French 
dri'ven  to  Marpurg.  Siege  of  Munfer.  M.  de  Etrees  arrinjes  at  the  French 
camp.  Projeii  of  France  for  an  in'vajion.  Havre  bombarded,  Adion  off 
Cape  Lagos.     French  fleet  defeated. 


WE  left  the  army  of  Prince 
Ferdinand  upon  the  retreat, 
ever  fince  the  battle  of  Bergen.  The 
French  advanced  with  great  viva- 
city}  their  light  troops  made  in- 


curflons  almoft  to  the  gates  of  Ha- 
nover. The  Prince  ftill  continued 
to  retire  ;  but  he  left  garrifons  in 
Lipftadt,  Ridtberg,  Munfter,  and 
Minden,  in  order  to  retard  the 
enemies 


i6 


ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1759. 


enemies  progrefs;  their  principal 
defign  ieemed  to  be  to  cut  ofF  his 
retreat  to  the  Wefer,  to  which  he 
kept  very  clofe,  as  he  knew  the  in- 
finite confcquence  of  that  commu- 
nication. However,  if  the  enemy 
jfailed  Eo  comp^fs  thatobjeft,  ail  the 
precautions  of  the  Prince  proved 
alfo  inefFeftual  to  retard  the  progrefs 
of  their  arms.  Ritberg  vva^s  fur- 
prized;  Lipftadt  was  blockaded, 
Minden  was_ taken  by  affault,  where 
a  garrifon  of  1500  men  were  made 
priioners,  and  where  immenfe  ma- 
gazines fell  into  their  hands.  D'Ar- 
Inentieres  advanced  againft  Mun- 
jp:er  ;  he  attempted  to  take  the  place 
by  a  coup  de  main.  Though  foiled 
In  this  attempt  with  confiderable 
lofs,  he  did  not  deMj  jie  drew  up 
his  cannon  from  Wefel,  and. 


July 


after  a  Ihort  fiege,  made  him- 


^*  felf  mailer  of  the  city;  the  gar- 
rifon of  4000  men  became  his  pri- 
foners.  Nothing  feemed  able  to 
ivithftahd  the  rapid  torrent  with 
which  the  French  over- ran  the  whole 
country  ;  they  no  longer  hoped  the 
conqueft  of  Hanover;  it  was  witli 
them  an  abfolute  certainty.  Elated 
i^ith  the  fair  appearance  of  their 
fortune,'  they  kept  no  bounds.  The 
French  minifter;  the  Duke  of  Belle- 
ifle,  in  his  letters  tb  the  Marihal 
Contades,  fpeaks  only  of  the  means 
of  fecurin^  their  conquell,  and  pre- 
venting anoi-her  expulfion  from  Ha- 
nover; and  for  this  end  propofed 
the  mofl:  cruel  and  unwarrantable 
expedient?.  Nor  was  there  lefs  dread 
and  dejedion  vifible  on  the  fide  of 
the  allies,  than  pride  and  confidence 
on  that  of  the  French.  The  archives 
and  mcft  valuable  moveables  were 
fent  off  from  Hanover  to  Stade.  All 
things  feemed  haftening  to  the  fame 
potlure,  which  drew  on  the  famous 
capitulation  of  Clofter-feven. 

in  this  general  gloom,  that  over- 


fpread  the  fortune  of  the  allies,  the 
Prince  kept  himfelf  unmoved,  and 
attentive  to  his  deligns.  He  did  not 
fufFer  himfelf  to  be  difconcerted  by 
blows,  which  he  had  probably  fore.-; 
feen,  and  the  ill  confequences  of 
which  he  knew  how  to  prevent. 
The  body  of  the  French  army,  after 
the  taking  of  Minden,  had  ported 
themfelves  near  that  city,  to  which 
the  right  of  their  army  extended  j 
their  left  was  protected  by  a  very, 
fteep  hill ;  in  their  front  was  a  large 
morafs ;  and  a  rivulet  covered  their 
rear.  Nothing  could  be  more  ad- 
vantageous than  this  fituation  ;  and 
whijil  they  continued  in  it,  nothing 
could  be  enterprized  againft  them. 
The  army  of  the  allies,  after  a  con- 
tinued retreat,  began,  at  laft,  to  ad- 
vance, and  fixed  their,  camp  alto- 
gether as  advantageoufly  at  Peterf- 
hagen,  a  place  about  three  leagues 
from  the  enemy. 

Things  were  brought  to  that 
pafs,  that  nothing  but  a  battle 
could  hinder  the  French  from  tak- 
ing winter  quarters  in  the  eledo- 
rate. ,  There  was  no  pofiibility  of 
attacking  them  with  any  hope  of 
fuccefs  in  the  camp  which  they 
then  occupied.  The  point  was  to 
draw  them  froni  that  poft  into 
the  plain  ;  but  the  movements  ne- 
ceflary  to  effed  this  were  extremely 
hasardous  to  an  inferior  army,  in 
fight  of  the  enemy.  The  opera- 
tions of  Prince  Ferdinand,  on  this 
occafion,  difplayed  f6  penetrating 
and  nncommon  a  genius,  fuch  a 
guarded  boldnefs,  fuch  a  certain- 
ty of  the  grounds  he  went  upon, 
fuch  a  perfeil  poffeflion  of  him- 
felf, that  perhaps  there  is  no  in- 
ftance  in  hiftory  of  generallhip  fo  '. 
compleat  and  finilhed  ;  for  which 
reafon  we  fliall  endeavour,  from  the  . 
beft  lights  we  have,  to  draw  out  ] 
at  length  the  feveral  parts  that  con- 

cufrcd  ;; 


A'. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR.        17 


Curred  to  form  this  remarkable 
piece;  we  could  indeed  vvilh  that 
the  authentic  accounts  of  fo  very 
^memorable  an  event,  had  been 
more  clear  and  explicit,  but  w,e  mail 
content  ourfelves  with  the  materials 
we  have. 

On  the  29th  of  July  Prince  Fer- 
dinand foriook  his  camp  on  the 
Wefer,  and  marched  toward  Hil- 
len,  a  village  confiderably  to  his 
right,  with  the  greatefl  part  of  his- 
army  :  however,  he  took  care  to 
leave  on  the  brink  of  that  river,  a 
body  under  General  V/angenheim  ; 
which  extended  to  the  town  of 
Thornhaufen,  where  they  were 
intrenched,  and  fupported  by  a 
confiderable  artillery.  He  had  the 
J  ,  day  before  detached  the  He- 
J^^  reditary  Prince  of  Brunfwick; 
^  *  with  6000  men,  to  make  a 
compafs  towards  the  enemies  left 
flank,  and  to  poft  himfelf  in  fuch'a 
manner,  as  to  cut  off  the  communi- 
cation of  their  convoys  from  Pader- 
born. 

The  French  were  not  inatten- 
tive to  thefe  movements  ;  their  ge- 
nerals immediately  held  a  council 
of  war;  and  the  refult  was,  that 
they  gave  completely  into  the  fnare 
that  was  laid  for  them.  ^  They  faw, 
as  they  imagined,  "the  allied  army 
divided  and  disjointed  ;  and  now 
the  happy  moment  prefented  itfelf, 
for  the  attack  of  General  Wangen- 
heim,  who  they  knew  was  not 
ftrong,  and  who  feemed  at  a  great 
diftance  from  the  reft  of  the  army, 
fo  that  it  appeared  impofTible  that 
he  could  be  relieved.  This  body 
being  routed,  as  it  eafily  might, 
it  was  obvious  that  they  Ihould 
then  be  able  to  place  themfelves  be- 
tween Prince  Ferdinand's  army  and 
the  Wefer,  and  cut  off  \\i$  commu- 
nication with  that  river  ;  the  great 
object  at  which  they  aimed,  through 

Vol.  II. 


the  whple  campaign,  and  in  which 
was  involved  the  certain  deflrudlion 
of  the  allies. 

Full  6f  thefe  ideas,  they      . 
left  their  advantageous  poll,  S* 

and  in  eight  columns  pai- 
fed  the  morafs  in  their  front,  and 
advanced  into^  the  plain.  The 
Duke  of  Broglio  was  to  lead  the  at- 
tack, by  falling  upon  that  body 
that  lay  near  the  river,  which 
feemed  to  prefent  him  an  alfured 
and  eafy  vidory.  He  marched  on, 
therefore,  with  great  confidence  ; 
but  as  foon  as  he  had  gained  ''aa 
eminence  which  lay  along  his  front, 
he  was  ftruck  with  the  utmoll  fur- 
prize,  when,  inllead  of  a  few  pods 
weakly  guarded,  he  beheld  the 
whole  army  of  the  allies  drawn  up 
in  excellent  order,  extending  from 
the  banks  of  the  Wefef,  quite  to 
the  morafs,  in  the  front  of  the  late 
French  camp.  This  was  a  ftrokc 
entirely  unexpefted  :  they  believed 
the  Prince  to  have  been  at  Hillen  ; 
but  he  had  marched  up,  and  the 
whole  army  was  joined  in  the  night. 
This  difcovery  for  a  while  put  a 
Hop  to  the  motions  of  the  French  ; 
they  were  hemmed  in  between  the 
allies,  the  morafs  and  the  river. 
Their  fiiuation  was  dif^greeable, 
but  it  was  now  impofTible  to  recede. 

The  allies  finding  the  French 
flo.ver  than  they  expeded,  began 
'to  advance,  and  threatened  the  ene- 
mies center.  This  was  compofed 
almoil  wholly  of  horfe  ;  but  it  wa» 
the  flower  of  their  cavalry,  who 
anticipated  the  Ihock  of  the  al- 
lies, and  began  the  engagement. 
The  brunt  of  ihe  battle  was  al 
moll  wholly  foftained  by  the  Eng- 
lilh  infantry,  and  fome  corps  of 
Kanoverans,  which  Hood  the  rei- 
terated charges  of  lo  many  bo- 
dies of  horle,  the  Itrengih  and 
glory  of  the  French  armies,  with  a 

C  refolu- 


i8 


ANNUAL    RE 


refolution,  fteadinefs,  and  ,expcrt- 
nefs  in  their  manoeuvre,  which  was 
never  exceeded,  perhaps  never  e- 
quailed.  They  cut  to  pieces  or  en- 
tirely routed  thel'e  bodies:'  Two 
brigades  of  foot  attempted  to  fup- 
port  them,  but  they  vanilhed  be- 
fore the  EnglKh  intantry.  Walde- 
grave's  and  Kinglley's  regiments 
diiiir.guilhed  themfelves  in  a  par- 
ticular manner  this  day,  nor  were 
their  commanders  lefs  diftinguifhed. 
The  enemies  horfe  which  compofed 
their  center,  being -entirely  difcom- 
lited,  and  their  right  which  attacked 
Wangenheim,  having  made  no  fort 
of  imprelTion,  they  thought  of  no- 
thing but  a  retreat. 

At  this  point  of  time  the  Prince 
fent  orders  to  L.  George  Sackville, 
who  commanded  the  whole  Britifh, 
and  feveral  brigades  of  the  German 
cavalry,  to  advance.     That  cavalry 
formed  the  right  wing  6f  the  allies, 
extended  to  the   morafs,  and  if  it 
could  have  charged  at  the  inllant  of 
the  enemies  retreat,  fuch  a  (hock  at 
that  time,    and    in    that  fituacion, 
would  in    all  probability   have  left 
the  French  without  an  army  in  Ger- 
many.    But    the    orders  were    not 
fyfiiciently    precife,    or   they    were 
not  fufficiently    underftood    by    the 
Englilh  commander,   fo   that  there 
was  fome  delay  in   waiting  for  an 
explanation.     The  critical   minute 
pafTed   away  ;     the    Britifh    cavalry 
loll  their  Ihare  in   the  glory  of  the 
adion;   and  the  French.retreated  in 
fome  order,  favoured  by  the  fpirited 
and  well-judged  efforts  of  the  Duke 
of    Broglio,     and     the    advantages 
which  the  pollellion  of  Minden  gave 
them. 

What  is  remarkable,  the  French 
attributed  their  misfortune,  in  this 
battle  to  the  fame  error  in  their 
difpofition,  which  loil  them  the 
battle  of  Blenheim  ;   that  of  com- 


GISTER,    1750. 

pofmg  their  center  almoft  wholly  of 
cavalry,  without  any  proper  lup- 
port  of  too:. 

/    The  battle  was  over  ;  but  then  it 
was  that  the  tffeds  of  Prince  Ferdi- 
nand's   admirable   difpofitions    ap- 
peared  in    their  full    lullre.       The 
French  not  having    been    molefted 
by  the  Britifh  cavalry    in   their   re- 
treat,    had   an  opportunity   of  re- 
gaining their  former  advantageous 
poft.       They    had    indeed   loll   the 
honour  of  the  day,  and    miffed   the 
llrcke    which   they   had    meditated. 
They  had  likewife  loll  a  great  num- 
ber of  men.    But  all  thefe  lolfes  and 
difgraces  might   be  repaired,    and 
there    feeraed    nothing    decifive  in 
the  day  of  Minden.      It  had  cer- 
tainly  happened,    as    it   then    ap- 
peared,  if   the    Prince,    who  fore- 
feeing    this,     and    neglefting    no- 
thing   which    could    be    provided, 
had  not  formed  the  plan  of  detach- 
ing away  the  Hereditary  Prince  in 
'  the  manner   already    related.      At 
five  in  the  morning    of  that  day, 
this  young  hero  attacked    a    large 
body  of  the  French  under  the  Duke 
de  Brifac  ;  this  body,  though  pofted 
in  a  moll  advantageous  manner,  he 
entirely  defeated,  and  obiige<i  them 
to  take   refdge  in   Minden.      The 
news  of  this  blow  came  with  an  ill 
omen  to  M.  de  Contades,  in   the 
inllant  when  the   Englifh  infantry 
began   to  engage  his  center.     The 
enemy  himfeif  could  not  help  ad- 
miring the  dexterity  of  the  flroke 
under  which  he  funk  ;  and  full  of 
alloniHiment  at   a  condu^l  at  once 
fo  daring   and  judicious,  paid   the 
jufl:  applaufe  to  a  general  who  could 
detach  wit)i  fecuiity  {^o  large  a  body 
from  his  army,  when  he  was  going . 
to  attack  an    enemy  already  much 
fuperior  to  him  in  numbers. 

This  happy   llroke   decided    the 
affair,  all  ihe  paiTes  through  which 

the 


HISTORY     OF    THE    WAR. 


'9 


the  French  could  draw  fuccoar  or 
provifion,  were  feized.  They  re- 
Jinqui(hc:d  their  ilrong  poll  ;  they 
fled  through  Minden,  and  pafling 
the  Weler,  retreaud  to  u\q  eall- 
ward  of  that  river  ;  thus  lofing  all 
the  advantages  which  they  had 
made  in  the  campaign,  and  forced 
to  retreat  through  a  country  differ- 
ent from  that  throutih  which  ihey 
had  advanced,  and  in  which  they 
had  taken  no  meafures  to  procure 
i'ubfiflence. 

The  lofs  of  the  French  in  this 
adtion    amounted    to    about   feven 
thoufand  men  killed,  wounded,  and 
prifoners  ;  among  whom  were  many 
officers  of  coniiderable  rank.      The 
lofs  of  the  allies  was  not  more  than 
two  thoufand.    The  Eng]i(h„  as  they 
gained    the  greateit  glory,  fo   they 
were  the  greai^ll  ([iti'cieTS,     Twelve 
hundred  of  the  kjiled  and  wounded 
were  of  that  nation.     The  Prince 
on    the  day   after  the    battle  paid 
the  due  honours  to  thefe  illuflrious 
corps,  as  well  as  to  feveral   of  the 
Hanoverians,  who  had   behaved  in 
the  fame  gallant  manner.     He  did 
juitice  to  the  merit  of  the  ofijcers ; 
he  dillinguifhed  their   names  ;  and 
even  particularized  fo  low   as   cap- 
tains.    To  fome  in  the  molt  oblig- 
ing manner    he    fent    confiderable 
preftnts  ;  and  he  omitted   nothing 
to  ilievv   that   he   knew    what  it  is 
to  be  well  ferved,   and  how  to  en- 
courage  the    troops    and  officers  to 
do  their  duty  with  fpirit  and  cheer- 
fuincls. 

Although  the  Englifli  had  the 
greatell  (hare  in  the  honour  of  this 
fignal  day,  and  that  the  Prince  ac- 
knowledged their  merit  in  the 
lt;ongeft  terms,  yet  a  cloud  was  calt 
over  their  triumph.  There  were  fome 
txpreffions  in  the  orders  for  the 
rejoicings,  which  were  fuppofed  to 


convey  a  very  {evcTc  refledlion  on 
Lord  G.  S.  commander  in  chief  of 
the  Englilh  forces.  The  Prince  re- 
quired with  an  emphafis,  which 
feemed  particularly  pointed,  that 
his  orders  by  his  aids  de  camps  for 
the  future  Ihould  be  more  exadlly 
obeyed.  In  a  manner  dill  lefs  to 
be  raifunderllood,  he  expre/Ted  his 
concern  that  the  Marquis  of  Gran- 
by  had  not  had  the  command  of 
the  Britifh  cavalry.  Had  he  com- 
manded, his  highnefs  made  no 
doubt  that  the  fuccefs  of  the  day 
had  been  much  more  compleat  and 
brilliant.  The  fevere  rnfinuatibrt* 
concerning  the  difobedience  to  or- 
ders, and  the  invidious  compliment 
to  a  fubordinate  officer,  were  clear 
declarations. 

The  news  of  a  viftory  fo  glorious 
to  our  troops,  and  of  a  cenfure  fo  dif- 
graceful  to  their  commander,  came 
at  once  to  England.     In  proportion 
to  the  joy  which  filled  all  hearts,  ia 
proportion    to    the   opinion  of  the 
great  general   to  whom  they  owed 
fo   fealonable   an    advantage,     was 
their  indignation  againft  the  unfor- 
tunate commander  to  whom   it  was 
attributed   that  this  advant.ige  was 
not  greater.     The  public  as   ufual 
judged    dehnitely     upon    the    iirft 
charge.  They  never  pardort  a  gehe- 
rdl  whofe  error  it  is  to  fall  Ihort.    In 
vain  they  are  prayed  to  fufpend  their 
judgment,    and  to  wait  for  a  full 
difcuflion  ;  the  mailer  is  already  de- 
cided ;   they  have  a  facl  againil  an 
officer,  and  they  look  upon  all  rca- 
foning  in   his   favour,  not  fo  much 
as  a  defence  of  his  conduct,  as  the 
exertion  of  eloquence  and  artifice  to 
palliate  a  negled  of  duty.     This  in- 
deed makes  the  cafe  of  officers  par- 
ticularly hard  ;  but  then    it   always 
Ihevvs  them  what  they  have  to  do. 
The  Merits  of    the    matter    ar^ 
C  z  full 


to         ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1759, 


Aill  regarded   in  the  fame  light  by 
the  public.     But  the  heat,  the  eager- 
nefs,  and  curiofity  of  the  firft  move- 
ments being  over,  the  matter  will 
be  heard  whenever  it  comes  to  be 
again  difcufled  with   lefs  attention, 
bat  with  lefs  paflion  too.     It  is  not 
for  us  to  deliver  any  opinion  in  fo 
nice    a  controverfy.      We  have  in 
points  of  lefs  moment  hiiherto  de- 
clined it ;  and  we  fnall  always  de- 
cline it  until  the  proper  judges  be- 
fore whom  it  will  probably  come, 
fhall  have  taught  us  what  to  think. 
There  is  indeed  no  doubt,  that  if  the 
cavafry  of    the  allies   right    wing, 
fituated  as  it  was,  had  been  brought 
to  adl  at  a  critical    time  when    it 
had  orders  to  move,  the   battle  of 
Minden  had  proved  as  decifive  as 
thatof  Hocftet.     But  whether  it  was 
a  fault  in  the  giving  or  the  deliver- 
ing of  the  orders,  or  whether  it  was 
ibme  mifapprehenfion  in  him   who 
received  them,  we  cannot   but  fin- 
cerely  pi  ty  a  commander  of  fuch  ad- 
mirable talents,  who  by   the  error 
/  or  the  misfortune  of  a  moment,  loft 
an    opportunity    that    would    have 
ranked  him  for  ever  with  the  Marl- 
boroughs  and  Brunfwicks. 

A  few  days  after  the  battle  his 
lordlhip  reiigned  his  command,  and 
returned  to  London.  He  was  but  a 
few  days  in  London  when  he  was 
deprived  of  all  his  military  em- 
ployments. The  Marquis  of  Gran- 
by,  whom  the  opinion  of  Prince 
Ferdinand,  and  the  defires  of  the 
whofe  army  had  pointed  out,  fpc- 
ceeded  hira  in  his  command.  A 
generous  and  ardent  courage,  an 
affability  of  manners  that  flowed 
from  no  artifice,  a  manly  freedom 
and  opennefs  of  foul,  a  chearful 
and  unrefervt'd  converfation,  a  mu- 
nificence that  knew  no  bounds,  fo 
laany  qualiiics  of.  (he  man  and  of 


tha  foldier,  endeared  him  to  the 
whole  army,  and  rendered  Englilh 
and  foreigners,  his  inferiors,  his 
equals  and  his  fupcrior  in  com- 
mand, unanimous  in  his  favour. 

Whilft  thefe  changes  were  mak- 
ing, Prince  Ferdinand  loft  no  time 
to  improve  his  vidory,  by  the  pur- 
fuit  of  the  French,  who  retired  in 
the  utmoft  diftrefs.  The  allies  were 
not  indeed  able  to  overtake  the 
main  body  of  their  arn^y,  but  they 
harrafied  ihem  extremely,  and  the 
French  were  obliged  to  facrihce 
a  great  part  of  their  army  piece- 
meal, to  preferve  the  reft  entire. 
The  neceflity  of  providing  fubfift- 
ence  drove  them  towards  Caflel. 
The  Prince  purfued  them,  obliged 
thein  to  evacuate  that  place,  and 
once  more  freed  that  poor  diftreffed 
country  from  the  French  tyranny. 
I'he  caftle  of  Ziegenhayn,  after  an 
hour's  defence,  gave  the  allies  about 
four  hundred  prifoners.        . 

After  this  the  Heredi-  ^"2-  23. 
tary  Prince  of  Brunfwick,  equally 
confpicuous  in  the  greater  and  the 
leffer  operations  of  war,  made 
a  private  march  at  night  in  or-  '* 
der  to  furprife  a  corps  of  the  French 
irregulars  commanded  by  the  fa- 
mous parlizan  Fifcher,  which  were 
pofted  at  Wetter,  where  it  was  con- 
venient for  the  allies  to  encamp. 
This  corps  he  entirely  routed, 
killing  a  great  number,  and  taking 
four  hundred.  The  French  threw 
a  garrifon  into  Marpurg,  in  hopes 
of  putting  fome  ftop  to  the  rapid 
career  of  the  allies.  In  elFedl,  this 
did  prove  an  obftacle  for  fome  days, 
but  at  leni^th  the  caftle  furrender- 
ed,  and  the  garrifon,  con-  ^ 
fifting  of  between  eight  ^ 
and  nine  hundred  men,  became  pri- 
foners of  war. 

Here  a  bound  was  fet  to  the  pro- 

grefs 


HISTORY    OF     THE    WAR. 


21 


grefs  of  the  allied  arms.     Not  that 
they  were  (lopped  by  any  confider- 
able   obftrudion    from     the    main 
^body  of  the  French  in  that  quarter, 
but    from   feme  efFeds  in    another 
quarter  of   the   unfuccefsful   begin- 
ning of  the  campaign,  from  which 
the  battle  of  Minden   had   not  yet 
perfedly  difengaged  them.   Munller 
was  ilill  behind  them,  and    llill  in 
the  hands  of  the  enemy,  who  had 
a  powerful  garrifon    in    that    city. 
M.  de  Contades,  who  even  after  his 
defeat  exceeded  the  allies  in  num- 
bers, and  had  now  no  further  view 
of  an   ofFenfive    campaign,    fent   a 
ftrong    body    under  d'Armentieres, 
which  was  reinforced  by  fome  troops 
from    the    Lower  Rhine,     to'  near 
fifteen  ihoufand  men,  to  cover  that 
place.     Prince   Ferdinand   had  be- 
fore detached  General  JmhofF  from 
CafTel   in  order  to  reduce   it.     On 
the  approach  of  d'Armentieres,  Im- 
hoff  was  obliged  to  raife  the  fiege. 
Sent   f\     ^^^  being   foon  after  re- 
^  '     *    inforced,  the  French  com- 
mander retire#l   in    his  turn  towards 
Wefel,  the  pofTeflion  of  which  place 
has  all  along  proved  of  infinite  im- 
portance to   the  French  in  all  their 
operations.     The  fiege  of  Munfter 
was  again   rerumed,   but   the    buli- 
nefs  threatened    to  be  difficult  and 
tedious.     This,    however,  was    the 
only  rub  which   the  allies   encoon- 
tered.     In    all  other    refpedb  they 
were  perfedly  fortunate.    They  had 
driven    their    enemy    two   hundred 
miles  before   them,  and  at  the  end 
of  the  campaign,   after  all  their  ef- 
forts, and  all    their  fanguine  hopes 
of   conqueft,     fet    them    down    jufl 
where  iliey  nad  b-'gun  it. 

The  event  of  the  battle  of  Min- 
den, and  the  fubfcquent  misfortunes 
ot  the  French  arms,  threw  Ver failles 
into    the   utmolt  confufion.      The 


news  of  that  defeat  arrived  juft  as 
the  King  was  taking  hone  to  hunt. 
He  retired  filent  and  dejected  into 
the  apartment  of  M?.dam  de  Pom- 
padour, and  for  fome  time  fa\v 
none  of  his  miniders.  The  Duke 
of  Broglio  and  M.  de  Contades 
mutually  accufed  each  other,  for 
the  ill  condud  of  the  day.  The 
public  acquitted  Broglio.  Belleifle 
and  his  general  Contades  loft  all 
reputation  :  but  the  duke  Hill  pre- 
ferved  his  employment  and  a  con- 
fiderable  part  of  his  influence  at 
court. 

As  foon  as  the  fir  ft  confufion  and 
furprize  of  fo  unexpefted  an  event 
was  a  little  abated,    it  was  refolved 
to  fend  reinforcements  to   their  ar- 
my in  Germany,  and  at  the  fame 
time  to  fend    thither    fome    officer 
of  experience    and    authority,  who 
might  judge,  and  conipofe  if  pof- 
fible,   the  differences  which  fubiift- 
ed   between    the  commanders ;    ag 
>^'ell  as    to    affift   in  the   delibera- 
tions   for    retrieving    their  aiTairs; 
Public    misfortunes  call  great  men 
from  their    obfcurity.     M.    de   £• 
trees  was  chofen   on   this  occafion, 
and   invefted    with    the     authority 
which    he     unwillingly     accepted. 
When  he  arrived  at  the    q 
French  camp,  he  could     "*  ^  *    ">' 
not  avoid  a  figh  on  viewing  of  the 
ruins  of  that  army,  which  had  tri- 
umphed   under    his    command     at 
Haltenbeck,     However,   his    beha- 
viour to  M.  de  Contades  was  polite 
and  generous.     The   old   Marecnal 
told  him,    that  he  was  not  come  to 
take  his  coaimand,  but  to  ferve  un- 
der him  ;  and  whilft  he  affifted  him 
with   his   advice,  he  would  receive 
his  orders. 

Wnilft    the   French    endeavoarcd 

to  piece  up  thtir  broken  fortune  in 

Germany,     they    made  fome  Ihew 

C    ;  of 


24        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1759. 


of  pcfhing  the  oiher  part  of  their 
fchemewhh  vigour.  ,A11  their  ports 
were  full  of  the  preparations  for  an 
invafion  of  the  Britifh  dominions. 
Men  of  War,  tranfports,  and  flat- 
bottomed  boats,  now  alnioid  a  word 
of  ridicule,  were  prepared  vvith 
great  diligence.  They  talked  of  a 
triple  embarkation.  M.  Thurot 
was  to  command  a  fmalt  fquadron 
and  feveral  tranfporrs  from  Dun- 
kirk, which  it  was  believed  were 
intended  for  Scotland.  This  man, 
from  t^he  mailer  or  a  merchant  fhip, 
became  a  captain  of  a  privateer,  in 
which  capacity  he  greatly  annoyed 
the  Engli(h  trade,  and  acquired  a 
jepuiation.  At  a  time  when  France 
does  not  abound  with  great  men, 
his  fervices  in  this  way,  and  hisdar- 
jng  fpirit,  recommended  him  to  a 
command  in  the  king's  fervice. 

The  defjgn  againlt  England,  as 
th€  voyage  hither  is  the  Ihcrceii, 
was  to  be  attempted  from  Havre, 
and  feme  other  ports  of  Normandy, 
in  flat  bottomed  boats.  The  third 
embarkation,  which  was  fuppofed 
agaitift  Ireland,  was  to  be  made 
from  Vannes  in  the  Lower  Drittany, 
where  a  large  body  of  troops  v^as 
affembled,  commanded  by  the  Duke 
d'Aguilion,  governor  of  that  pro- 
vince. This  embarkation  'was  to 
be  covered  by  the  fleet  under  M.  de 
Cpnflans,  which  was  preparing  with 
great  diligence  in  Breft,  Had  this 
defign  been  fucH  as  it  was  repre- 
fented,  at>d  had  it  bt-en  put  into 
execution,  ~  there  is  no  doubt  but 
ftrch  an  attenript  upon  both  king- 
idoms^  at  three  diiFerent  places  at 
once,  muft  have  thrown  the  whole 
jinto  no  fn>all  con^jCon.  But  ex- 
cellent msafures  weie  taken  on  the 
part  of  England  to  froflrarctheir  de- 
signs whatever  they  mi>^^ht  have  been. 
^  l^uadrou  under  Commodore 
4 


Boys  was  flationed  before  Dun- 
kirk. Admiral  Rodney  was  ient  to 
bombard  Havre,  which  lervice  he 
performed  with  fuccefs.  Admiral 
Hawke  blocked  up  the  harbour 
of  Breil  with  a  Ilrong  fqu.idron, 
whilft  a  Icfler  kept  a  watch' upon 
that  of  Vannes.  Thefe  precautions 
were  continued  the  whole  iummer, 
during  which  '.ime  th€  French  pro- 
ceeded rather  flowly  ;  but  after  the 
battle  of  Minden  had  deltroyed 
their  hopes  in  Germany,  they  turn- 
ed to  this  objed  with  the  greaier 
atte:nion.  V\  hat  'flue  it  had  we 
fliall  relate  in  its  proper  place.  But 
their  firlt  attempts  on  the  ocean 
proved  as  uniuccefsful  as  their  arms 
on  land. 

A  great  fleet  was  equipped  at 
Toulon,  which  Tome  dellined  for 
America,  whillt  others  believed  it 
w-as  def^igned  to  unite  itlelf  with 
that  of  Bieft  to  favour  the  invafion. 
Admiral  Bofcawen,  who  command- 
ed in  the  Mediterranean,  blocked 
up  this  fquadron,  until  fome  unfa- 
vourable weather  and  the  foulnefs 
of  his  fliips  obliged  him  to  return 
to  Gibrahar  to  refit.  The  French 
tooK  this  opportunity  to  . 
lail  out,  and   they    pro-  ^      ^ 

ceeded  with  great  diligence   to   the 
ftreights. 

They  had  arrived  very  near  Gi 
braltar  before  the  admiral  had  no- 
tice of  their  approach  ;^but  not- 
withftanding  that  our  fliips  were 
not  perfeftly  prepared  to  fail,  the 
admiral  ufed  fuch  great  expedi- 
tion that  in  two  hours  after  the  ac- 
count arrived  the  Engliih  fleet  was 
out  at  fea. 

The  Eno;lifli  fleet  was  comoofed 
of  fourteen  Oiips  of  the  line  befides 
frigates.  The  enemy  had  twelve 
of  the  line.  They  were  fuperior  in 
the  bulk  of  their  lliips  and  in  the 
number 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


23 


nurtiberofmen,  if  they  were  inferior 

in  the  number  of  veflcls ;  and  it  is 
the  opinion  of  many  perfooscf  judg- 
ir.en:,  that  if  ihey  had  ffirmcd  a 
line  of  battle  aatl.  fought  Mr.  Bof- 
cawen  in  order,  they  might  vary 
well  have  hoped  for  a  better  ifTueof 
this  matter  than  they  found.  But 
the  evil  genius  of  France  operating 
on  the  cowardice  or  incapacity  of 
their  commander,  induced  tj:em  to 
feparate  their  fleet  and  fly.  The 
Englifh  fhips  were  newly  refitted  ; 
they  proved  better  failors,  and  the 
men  anihiated  with  the  fpiiited  ex- 
ample of  their  admiral,  engaged 
the  French  (hips  as  they  could  over- 
take them  ;  and  they  overtook 
feme  of  them  off  Cape  Lagos  in 
Fortugal.     A  brifk  engagement  en- 


fued.  Two  of  the  enemies  fhip-i, 
the  Ocean  and  the  Redoubtable, 
were  run  on  ftiore  and  burned.  The 
firft  was  the  Ihip  of  M.  de  la  Clue 
the  French  admiral,  who  efcapedl 
to  land;  but  beinggricvoufly  wound- 
ed, and  as  it  is  faid  having  loft  both 
his  legs,  he  died  foon  after.  Two 
other  capital  ihips,  the  Centaure 
and  Modelle,  were  taken. 

The  fcaitered  remains  of  their 
fleet  with  difficulty  got  into  the 
harbour  of  Cadiz,  where  they  were 
foon  afcer  blocked  up,  and  whert 
they  iiill  remain.  This  adion  hap- 
pened on  the  18th  of  Aoguft  ;  and 
it^gave  a  great  eclat  to  the  Britifti 
arms,  which  in  the  fame  month 
had  triumphed  fo  fignally  both  by 
fea  and  land. 


CHAP. 


V. 


Cow2t  Dohna  difgraced.  Wedel fucceeds.  The  RttJ/ians  enter  Silejia.  Battle 
of  Zulichau,  Rujfians  take  Fanckfort  on  the  Oder.  General  Laudohn  joins 
them.  King  of  Prufjia  joins  WedcL  Battle  of  Cunnerfdorf.  King  of 
Priijjia  repuffes  the  Oder.  Soltikojfand  Da*un  communicate.  King  of  FruJJik 
detaches  General  fVunfch  into  Saxony,  Parallel  of  the  King  of  PruJJia  and 
Prince  Ferdinand  cf  Brunf^wick. 


AS  the  King  of  Pruflia's  viflory 
at  Rofbach  had  given  the 
Hanoverians  an  opportunity  to  free 
their  country,  it  might  be  expea- 
ed  that  the  affairs  at  Minden  would 
have  ferved  to  free  his  Pruuian 
Majefty  from  fome  of  the  nume- 
rous armies  that  opprefled  him. 
But  as  this  battle  was  fought  in  the 
niidvile  of  the  feafon  for  afiion, 
and  as  Munller  fiill  contiiiutd  in 
the  pcfl'i^fllon  of  the  French,  Prince 
Ferdinand  coold  not  venture  at  that 
time,  to  make  any  detachment  fro-.ii 
his  army  in  the  King's  favour, 
without  rifq'iing  all  the  advantages 
which  he  had  obtained  from  his 
viftory.  The  King  of  Pruflia  was 
therefore  left  alone  to  ilruggle  with 


Auftrians,  Ruffians,  Imperialifls,  and 
Swedes. 

The  Rufllans,  whofe  motions  go- 
verned thofe  of  all  the  other  armies, 
left  their  camp  at  Pofna  in  Poland, 
and  quitting  theVIftuIa,  drew  near 
to  the  banks  of  the  Oder.  They 
were  under  the  command  of  a 
RufTna  nobleman.  Count  SoltikofF, 
Count  Dohna,  who  had  been  order- 
ed to  oppofe  them,  faw  that  their 
numbers  were  too  confiderable,  and 
their  pofls  too  ftrong  to  be  attack- 
ed with  any  profped  of  advantage  ; 
fo  that  he  contented  him felf  with 
o!  ferving  their  motions,  and  har- 
rafTing  their  march.  This  conduit 
feemcd  mo:e  dilatory  and  timid 
than  the  circumilances,  or  the  in- 

C  4  clinaiiont 


«+ 


ANNUAL   RE 


clinatlons  of  the  King  could  "bear. 
He  is  Taid  to  have  reproached  that 
general  in  fo  fevere  a  manner  for  a 
fCondud  in  which  he  was  in  all  pro- 
bability very  juftifiable,  that  he  took 
the  firil  opportunity  to  reflgn  his 
command,  and  under  a  pretence  of 
rccoveri  g  his  health,  retired  to 
Berlin.  The  King  immediately  put 
iGenerai  Wedd  into  ]nis  place,  with 
pofitiv£  orders  to  engage  the  Ruf- 
fian afmy  at  all  events.  To  enable 
liim  to  obey  his  commands,  Ke  re- 
Jnforctd  him  with  ftveral  dctach- 
Jments  from  his  own  army.  .  The 
pofitivenefs  of  the  King's  orders  on 
this  occafion  may  perhaps  be  cen- 
fured,  but  it  mull  be  owned  that 
the  time  required  a  courfe  next  tO 
^cfperate.  His  hereditary  domi- 
nions were  iri  the  utmoli  danger, 
and  nothing  but  fome  great  and 
fortunate  ftroke  could  effei^lually 
prevent  the  jundion  of  the  Aultrian 
and  RuiTiaa  armies,  an  event  which 
of  all  others  he  had  the  gieateft  rea- 
son to  dread. 

Fortiiied  in  .fome  meafure  by  the 
reinforcements  he  had  received,  and 
^n  confequence  of  his  orders,  Ge- 
neral Wedel  refolved  to  attack  the 
p.uffians  en  their  march.  T^^y  had 
•  J  got  to  ^nlichftu,  and  di- 

July  23.    ^g^gjj      jjjgjj.    courfe     to 

Croffen  in  Silefia,  to  get  before  the 
Ffuffian  army,  and  to  majte  good 
the  pafage  of  the  Oder.  The  fitua- 
lion  of  the  ^uiTians  was  very  ad- 
i^antageous  ;  polled  upon  eminen- 
jces,  defended  by  a  powerful  artil- 
lery, *ai)d  near  feventy  thoufand 
(lron|r.  The  FrufTian  army  fell 
.  ihort  of  thi/ty  thousand  ;  and  they 
had  greater  di  fad  vantages  than  their 
inferiority  of  numbers  to  get  over. 
They  had  a  bridge  to  paf:',  and 
fuch  a  narrow  defile  ,  to  lirtiggle 
through,   thai  fc3.rze  a  third  9;  §, 


GISTER,    17^9. 

battafion  could  march  in  front.  The 
ground  was  inch,  that  the  cavalry 
could  not  fupport  their  infantry. 
Yet,  with  all  thefe  difficulties,  the 
attack  was  long  and  refolute.  But 
this  reiolution   made   their  repulfe. 


which   all   thefe   difadvanti* 


gej 


had 


rendered  inevitable,  far  more  bloody 
and  diftrefsfui.  Four  thoufand  fe- 
ven  hundred  were  killed  or  prifon- 
ers  ;  the  wounded  tame  to  three 
thoufand.  General  Woberfnow,  an 
ofhcer  4:<fgreut  ability,  was  kilfed, 
and  General  Manteufiel  was  wound- 
ed. The  pruffians  were  obliged  to 
xetire,  but  they  were  not  purfued, 
and  they  pafled  the  Oder  without 
molellation.  The  Rnjiians  feized 
upon  rhe  towns  o{  Croffen  and 
Frankfort  on  the  Oder. 

The  KingofPruiTia,  fince  the  be- 
ginning of  the  war,  had  never  hi- 
therto obtained  an  advantage  where 
he  was  not  perfonally  prefent.  His 
preience  now  became  more  necef- 
lary  than  ever.  Since  the  aflion  at 
Zulichau  the  Ruflians  had  pene- 
trated a  confiderable  way  into  his 
territories,  and  had  taken  pofi'eflion 
of  the  important  city  of  Frankforj: 
upon  the  Oder.  He  therefore 
mi^rched  with  ten  thoufand  of  his 
bell  troops,  to  join  the  broken  arr 
my  of  Wedel,  in  order  to  drive 
this  formioable  and  determined 
enemy  {fom  his  country.  Prince 
Henry  coipmanded  {he  remainder 
of  his  army,  which  was  too  well 
polled  to  iear  any  infult  during  his 
abfence.  1  he  eyes  of  all  were  fixed 
upon  his  march,  and  his  loldiers 
who  remembered  Zorndorf  eagerly 
longed  to  try  their  ilrength  once 
more  with  the  fame  antagoniHs. 

M.  Daun  was  not  unapprifed  of 
the  motions  of  the  Rullians,  or  the 
defigns  of  the  King  of  Pruffia.  Hf 
knev/   that    the    great  fault  of  the 

Ruflian 


I 


HISTORY     OF    THE    WAR. 


25 


Rwflian  troops,  was  the  want  of  a 
regular  and  firm  cavalry,  which 
might  be  depended  upon  in  a  day 
of  adion.  This  defect  was  a  prin- 
cipal caufe  of  their  misfortune  at 
Zorndorf  in  the  lall  year;  amis- 
fortune  which  difconcerted  all  the 
operations  of  that  campaign.  As 
this  was  the  only  want  which  the 
Ruflians  were  under,  fo  it  was  that 
which  Daun  was  beft  able  to  fupply 
at  a  fliort  warning.  With  this  view 
he  feieded  about  twelve  thoufand 
of  his  horfc,  and  there  is  no  better 
horfe  than  that  of  the  Auftrians, 
which,  wiih  about  eight  thoufand 
foot,  he  placed  under  the  command 
of  General  Laudohn,  one  of  the 
ableft  officers  in  that  fervice.  This 
body  was  divided  into  two  columns, 
one  of  which  marched  through  Si- 
lefia,  and  the  other  through  Lufa- 
tia*  By  €;xtreme  good  fortune  and 
condi)d,  with  l;itle  lofs  or  oppofi- 
tion,  they  both  joined  the  Ruffian 
army,  and  were  received  with  tranf- 
ports  of  joy. 

In  the  mean   time,  the  King  of 

Pruffia,  who  was  unable  to  prevent 

.    ^'         thi?  llroke,  joined  General 

2-  4-  Weael  at  Muhlrofe,  and 
took  upon  him  the  command  of  the 
united  armies.  Bi^t  Itill  finding  him- 
felf  too  weak  for  the  decifive  adion 
he  was  preparing  to  attempt,  he 
recalled  Gen.  Finck,  whom  he  had 
fent  fome  time  before  into  Saxony 
with  nine  thoufand  men,  in  order 
to  oppofe  the  Imperialifts  in  that 
country,  "With  thefe  reirrforcements 
he  was  not  able  to  raife  his  army  to 
fifty  thoufand  compleat.  That  of 
the  Ruffians,  fi'nce  the  junction  of 
Laudohn,  was  upwards  of  ninety 
ihculand.  They  had  befides  taken 
a  poll,  which  they  had  fo  ilrongly 
pntieiiched,  and  defended  with  fuch 
^  prodigious  number  of  cannon, 
ihat  It   was  exireitiely  difficult  and 


hazardous  to  attempt  them,  yet  un-  / 
der thefe  accumulated  difadvantages, 
it  was  abf'olutely  neceffary  that 
he  fliould  fight.  The  detachments 
from  Count  Daun's  army  already 
menaced  Berlin  ;  Saxony,  which 
he  was  obliged  to  leave  expoied, 
had  become  a  prey  to  the  Imperial- 
ifts;  and  the  Ruffians,  united  with 
the  Auftrians,  encamped  before  his 
eyes  jn  Silefia,  the  beft  and  richeft; 
part  of  his  dominions.  In  (hort,  his 
former  reputation,  his  prefent  diffi- 
culties, his  future  hopes,  every  m.o- 
tive  of  honour  and  of  fafety,  de- 
manded an  engagement ;  the  cam- 
paign hafted  to  a  decifion,  and  it 
was  evident,  that  nothing  farther 
could  be  done  by  marches  and 
choice  of  pofts.  The  fanguine tem- 
per of  other  generals  has  often  ob- 
liged them  to  fight  under  difadvan- 
tages  ;  but  the  King  of  Pruffia*s 
circumftances  were  fuch,  that  from 
the  multitude  of  his  enemies,  he 
was  neither  able  to  conlult  times 
nor  fituations.  Raftinefs  could  hard- 
ly ididate  any  thing,  which,  in  his 
condition,  would  not  have  been  re- 
commended by  prudence. 

Whentheattack  was  re-  . 
folved,  the  King's  troops  "S* '2. 
put  themielves  in  motion  at  two  in 
the  morning,  and  having  formed 
themfelves  in  a  wood,  advanced 
towards  the  enemy.  It  was  near 
eleven  before  the  a£lion  began. 
The  principal  effort  of  the  King 
of  Pruffia  was  again  ft  the  left  wing 
of  the  Ruffian  army.  He  began, 
according  to  his  ufual  method, 
with  a  fierce  cannonade  ;  which 
having  had  the  effctl  he  defired 
from  it,  he  attacked  that  wing  with 
feveral  battalions  difpofed  in  co- 
lumns. 

The  Ruffian  entrenchments  were 
forced  with  great  flaughter.  Se- 
venty-two  pieces   of  cannon   were 

taken. 


26         A  N  N  U  A  L    R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,    1759, 


taken.  But  ftill  there  was  a  defile 
to  be  paiTcd,  and  fevcral  redoubts 
to  be  maftered,  which  covered  the 
village  of  Cunnerfdorf.  Thefe  were 
attacked  with  the  fame  reiblution, 
and  taken  ojne  after  another.  The 
enemy  made  another  ftand  at  the 
village,  and  endeavoured  to  pre- 
ferve  their  ground  there,  by  pufhing 
forward  fevcral  battalions  of  horfe 
and  foot ;  but  their  re/iitance  there 
proved  not  more  effedlual  than  it 
had  done  every  where  c\{c  ;  they 
were  driven  frnnfi'poft  to  poft  quite  ' 
to  the  laft  redoubts.  For  upwards 
of  iix  hours  fortune  favoured  the 
Pruflians,  who  QyQ:y  where  broke 
the  enemy  with  an  unparalleled 
ilaughter.  They  had  driven  them 
from  almoft  all  the  ground  which 
they  had  occupied  before  the  battle, 
they  had  taken  more  than  half  their 
artillery ;  fcarce  any  thing  feemed 
wanting  to  the  moll  complete  de- 
dfion. 

The  King  in  tliofe  circumftances 
wrote  a  billet  to  the  Queen,  to  this 
dFefl,  **  Madam,  we  have  b?at 
**  the  Ruffians  from  their  cntrench- 
*'  ments.  In  two  hours  expeft  to 
•*  hearof  a  glorious  vidlory."  XWs 
news  arrived  at  Berlin,  juft  as  the 
p'oll  v^'as  going  out,  and  the  friends 
of  the  King  of  Pruffia  throughout 
Europe,  exiilted  in  a  certain  and 
conclufive  vidory.  Mean  time  For- 
tune was  preparing  for  him  a  terri- 
ble reverfe. 

The  enemy,  defeated  in  almoft 
cx'ery  quarter,  found  their  left  wing, 
(battered  as  it  was,  to  be  more  en- 
tire than  any  other  part  of  the  ar- 
my. Count  SoltikolF  therefore  af- 
ierr.bled  the' remains  of  his  right, 
aha  gfnhering  as  many  as  he  could 
froaj  the  center,  'reinforced  that 
wing",  and  made  a  iiand  a't  a  re- 
doiibt,  which  had  been  ereded  on 
an  advaniag^ous- eminence,  in  a  place 


called  the  Jeivs  burying  ground.  No- 
thing was  wanting  to  finifh  matters 
in  favour  of  ihe  King,  but  to  drive 
the  Ruffians  from  this  their  lafl  hope. 
Bu^  this  enterprize  was  difficult. 
It  is  confidently  faid,.  that  the  Pruf- 
fian  generals  were  unanimous  in 
their  Opinion,  that  they  fhould  net 
endeavour  at  that  time  to  pufh  any 
farther  the  advantages  they  had  ob- 
tained. They  reprefsnted  to  the 
King,  that  the  enemy  was  flill  very 
numerous,  their  artillery  was  very 
confiderable,  and  the  poll  which 
they  occupied  of  great  ftrength  ;  that 
his  brave  troops,  who  had  been  en- 
gaged fo  long  a  time  in  the  feve- 
rellaftion  perhaps  ever  known,  and 
in  one  of  the  hotteit  days  ever  felt. 
Were  too  much  exhauiled  for  a  new 
attempt ;  an  attempt  of  fuch  ex- 
treme difficulty,  as  might  daunt  even 
troops  that  were  quite  frelh.  That 
the  advantage  he  had  gained  would 
be  as  decifive  in  its  confequences  as 
that  at  Zorndorf;  and  whilft  the 
enemy  filled  the  gazettes  of  their 
party,  with  frivolous  difputes  of 
the  field  of  battle,  he  would  be 
reaping,  as  he  did  then,  all  tlie  ef- 
fects of  an  unqueftioned  vidory. 
That  the  enemy  would  be  obliged 
to  retire  immediately  into  Poland, 
and  to  leave  him  at  liberty  to  ad  in 
Other  quarters,  where  his  prefence 
was  full  as  necefTary. 

Thefe  reafons  were  very  cogent ; 
and  for  a  few  moments  they  feemed 
to  have  fome  weight  with  the 
King.  But  his  charader  foon  de, 
termined  him  to  a  contrary  refolu- 
tion.  He  could  not  bear  to  be  a 
conqueror  by  halves.  One  effort 
more  was  alone  wanting  to  that 
vidory,  which  v/ouKi  free  him  for 
ever  from  the  adveifary  which  had 
leaned  heavieft  on  him  during  the 
whole  war. 

Once  mor^  he  pat  all  to  the  ha- 
zard. 


HISTOHY    OF    THE     WAR.         27 


xard.  His  infantry  fti!l  rcfolute  and 
fupported  by  their  latefuccefs,  were 
readily  brought  to  adl  again.  They 
drew  on  their  bodies  fainting  with 
h«?.t  and  labour  to  a  new  attack. 
But  the  enrerpriae  was  beyond 
their  lirength.  The  fitaation  of  the 
enemy  was  impregnable  ;  and  their 
ariiUery,  which  began  to  be  fuperior 
to  that  of  the  Pruffians,  on  account 
cf  the  difficulty  of  the  ground, 
which  madeit  impofublefor  the  lar- 
ger to  bring  up  any  other  'ban  a  few 
fmall  pieces,  repulfed  tht-fe  feeble 
ba-ttaiions  with  a  grea*:  flaughter. 
With  an  aftoniQimg,.  perhaps  with 
a  blameabie  perfcverance,  the 
FraGian  infantry  was  brought  to  a 
fecond  attack,  and  were  a  fecond 
ti*ierepuUed,and  witha  lofs  greater 
th^n  at  firft.  Thefe  efForis- t*eing  un-  ' 
iucceitfol,  the  affair  was  put  to  the 
cavglFy.  They  made  redoubled,  but 
ufelefs  attacks  ;  the  horfes  were 
fpsnt,  as  well  as  thofe  they  carried. 
It  was  juil  at  that  time  when  the 
Pruffian  horfe  was  wafted  Dy  thefe 
unlbccefsful  efforts  that  the  grrateft 
part  of  the  Ruffian,  and  the  whole 
body  of  the  Auftrian  cavalry,  which 
had  been  hitherto  quite  inactive, 
and  which  was  iherefors  quite  frefh, 
ruihed  down  upon  them,  broke 
them  to  pieces,  forced  them  back 
upon  their  foot,  and  threw  the 
whole  into  irreparable  difordcr. 
The  whole  anny  was  feized  with  a 
panic  ;  and  in  a  few  minutes  thofe 
troops  fo  lately  viftorious  and  ine- 
fiilible,  were  totally  difperfed  and 
defeated.  The  King  did  every  thing 
to  reftore  the  field,  hazarding  his 
pcrfon  even  beyond  nis  former  da- 
ring, and  prodigal  of  a  life  he  feeoi- 
cd  to  think  ought  not  to  be  fepa- 
rated  from  conqueft.  Thrice  he  led 
on  his  troops  to  the  charge  ;  two 
horfes  were  killed  under  him  ;  feve- 


ral  balls  were  in  his  cloaths.  The 
efforts  of  fkl  11,  courage,  and  defpair 
were  made,  and  proved  ine1fFe6iual  ; 
a  (Ingle  error  outweighed  them  all. 
Scarcely  a  general,  hardly, an  infe-^ 
rror  officer  in  the  army  was  without 
fome  wound.  That  of  General 
Seidlitz  was  particularly  unfortu- 
nate ;  for  to  that  wound  the  failure 
•f  the  horfe  which  he  commanded 
was  principally  attributed.  Jt  was 
to  the  fpiiit  and  condud^  of  this  able 
officer,  that  a  great  part  of  the  fuc- 
cefs  at  Zorndorf  was  owing,  in  the 
laft  caihpajgn.  It  is  known,  that 
if  it  had  not  been  for  a  fealonable 
movement  of  the  horfe,  the  whole 
Pruffian  army  had  then  been  ia 
great  d'anger  of  a  defeat. 

The  night,  and  the  prudent  ufe  of 
fornie  eminences,  which  were  de- 
fended as  well  as  circumftances 
would  admit,  preferved  the  PrufEaa 
army  .'rohi  total  deftrudion.  How- 
ever their  lofs  was  far  greater  th^n 
any  which  they  had  fuftained  from 
the  beginning  of  the  war.  All  their 
cannon  was  taken.  The  killed, 
wounded,  and  prifoners,  by  the  mofl 
favourable  accounts,  were  near 
twenty  thoufand.  General  Pgtkam- 
nw-r  was  killed  on  the  fpot.  Thefe 
generals  whofe  names  are  fo  diflin- 
guilhed  in  this  war,  Itzenpliiz* 
Kuhen,  Finck,  Wedel,  and  Seid- 
litz, were  among  the  wounded  ;  as 
Was  the  Prince  of  Wurtemberg,  and 
five  major  generals.  The  enemy 
could  r.ot  have  fewer  than  ten  thou- 
fand killed  on  their  fide.  For 
hardly  ever  was  a  more  bloody 
battle. 

When  th*  King  of  PruiTia  found 
hlmfelf  obliged  co  quit  the  field,  he 
font  another  dlfpaich  to  the  Queen 
cxprefTcd  in  this  manner  :  ♦*  Re- 
"  move  from  Berlin  with  the  royal 
•*  family.  Let  thp  archives  be 
•*  cvried 


ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1759, 


ftS 


**  carried  to  Poizdam.     The   town 
«*  may    make   conditions  with  the 
«*  enemy."     We  fliould  in  vain  at- 
tempi  to  draw  the  pidure  of    the 
court  and  city,  on    the    receipt  of 
iuch  news  in  the  midft  of  the  joy, 
which  they  indulged  for  that  which 
they  had  received  but  a  hw  hours 
before.  The  terror  was  increafed  by 
the  indiftind  relation  that  foon  fol- 
lowed,   which    gave  them  only  to 
underftand,  that  their  army  was  to- 
tally routed  ;  that  there  was  no  ac- 
count of  the  King,  and  that  a  Ruf- 
fian  army  was   advancing  to   take 
polTeSion  of  their  city.    ^ 

The  day  after  the  battle  the  King 
of  PrufTia  repaifed  the   Oder,    and 
encamped  at  Retwin.     From  thence 
he  moved  to  Fuftenwalde,  and  pla- 
ced hirafelf  in  fuch  a  manner,  that 
the  Ruffians  did  not  venture  to  make 
any  attempt  upon  Berlin.  He  conti- 
nually watched  their  army  ;  a  part 
of  which,    inftead    of   turning  to- 
wards Brandenburg,  marched    into 
Lufatia,  where  it  joined  that  of  the 
Auftrians.    Here  the  viftorious  Ge- 
neral Soltikoff,    for  the  firft  time, 
met   M.   Daun,    and   amidft  rejoi- 
cings and    gratulations,    confulied 
about  the  meafures    for  improving 
their  fucc-efs. 

The  Ruffian  and  Auflrian  armies 
thus    united,     fcarce    feemed    from 
s   their  llrength  and  their  viftories  to 
have    any    other   deliberation  left, 
than  of  what  part  of  the  Pruffian 
dominions  they  fliould  take  imme- 
diate polTeffion.      The    King    was 
twice  defeated,  with  a  vaft  lofs.  He 
was  cut  off  from  all  communication 
with  the  army  of  his  breather  Prince 
Henry  ;  yet,  to  the  aftonifhment  of 
all  the. world,  the  fuperior,  the  vic- 
torious^   and  united  army  adled  up- 
pn  the  defenfive,   and    were  curbed 
^  all  their  motions,  and  fruilrate4 
.4 


in  all  their  defigns  by  the  inferior, 
the  beaten,  ar-d  divided.     Nothing 
ever  fhewcd  the  genius  of  the  King 
of  Pruffia   more  fully  than  his  con- 
dud  after  the  battle  of  Cunnerfdorf. 
In  a  few  days    after  fo   terrible  a 
defeat,  every  thing  was  in  order  in 
his  camp.     He  fupplied  the  lofs  of 
his  artillery  from  his  (lores  in  Ber- 
lin.    He    recalled    General   Kleiil 
with  about  five  thoufand  men  from 
Pomerania ;    in    pre(ence    of    two 
fuch  armies  as  thofe  6f  M.  Daun 
and  Count  SoltikofF,    he  detached 
fix   thoufand   men    from  his    imall 
body,     to    the    relief  of    Saxony, 
where  the  army  of  the  Empire  had 
availed  itfelf  of  his  abfence  to  re- 
duce   the     whole    country.       Hall, 
Wittemberg,  Leipfic,  Torgau,   and 
at  laft  Drefden  itlelf   had    opened 
their  gates  to  the  Imperialiils.  With 
the  remainder  of  his  troops  he  put 
himielf   between    the  Ruffians  and 
Great  Glogau,  covered    that  city, 
which     was     the     objedl     of     the 
enemy's    defigns,    and    faw    them 
foon    after,    notwithflanding    their 
two    vidlories,    obliged    to    return 
again  into  Poland  ;    and   to   leave 
him  free  for  the  reH  of   the  cam- 
paign. 

What  was  done  by   the  King  of 
Pruffia  fince  that  time,  will  be  the 
fubjedl  of   another  chapter  ;    after 
we  have  related    the  proceeciings  of 
theEnglilh  and  French  in  America, 
to  which  the  order   of  time  diredts 
our  prcfent  attention.     But  we  can- 
not difmifs  the  affairs  of  Germany, 
in  which   two  fuch  battles  as  thofe 
of  Minden  and    Cunnerfdorf  were 
fought,    with    events    lo    different 
for  the  common  caafe,  without  ob- 
ferving    fomething   concerning  the 
two  generals  who  conduced  them. 
^  They  are  certainly   in  reputation 
the  firft  in  Europe,  which  probably 

never 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


29 


never  produced  two  greater  men  ; 
though  they  differ  as  much  in  their 
charaifters,  and  in  the  kind  of  ta- 
lents they  poffefs,  as  they  agree  in 
the  greatnefs  of  their  abilities  for 
war.  The  King  of  Pruifia,  rapid, 
,  vehement,  impatient,  often  gives 
:  decifive  blows ;  but  he  often  miffes 
his  ftroke,.  and  wounds  himfelf. 
Prince  Ferdinand  is  cool,  deliberate, 
exad  and  guarded  ;  he  fees  every 
poillble  advantage,  he  lakes  it  at  the 
moment,  purfues  it  as  far  as  it  will 
go,  but  never  attempts  to  pufh  it 
further.  Nothing  in  the  man  dif- 
turbs  the  commander.  In  him  we 
do  now  fee  a  perfon  who  is  a  great 
foldier  ;  it  is  the  idea  of  a  perfed 
general ;  it  is  a  general  in  the  ab- 
Itrail.  Ferdinand  fuffers  his  temper 
to  be  guided  by  his  bufinefs.  He 
never  precipitates  matters  ;  he  takes 
them  in  their  order  and  their  courfe, 
and  trufls  nothing  to  fortune.  The 
King,  on  the  other  hand,  leads,  and 


even  forces  circumllances ;  he  doe* 
not  endeavour  to  remove,  but  to 
overleap  obftacles ;  he  puts  all  to 
the  rifque  ;  an^  by  fufFering  fortune 
to  play  apart  in  his  deiigns,  he  ac- 
quires a  fplendor  and  eclat  in  his 
actions,  which  mere  wifdom  could 
never  give  them.  Prince  Ferdinand 
is  famous  for  never  committing  a 
fault.  The  Kingof  Pruflia  is  above 
all  the  world  in  repairing  thofe 
he  has  committed.  Like  feme 
of  the  great  mafters  in  writing, 
whenever  he  makes,  or  feems  to 
make  a  miftake,  it  is  a  fignal  to  the 
obferver  to  prepare  for  fome  great 
and  admirable  ftroke  of  fpirit  and 
conduft.  His  errors  feem  to  be 
fpurs  to  his  abilities.  He  commits 
an  error ;  he  repairs  it ;  he  errs 
again,  and  again  aftonifties  us  by  his 
manner  of  efcaping.  We  (hould  of- 
ten condemn  the  commander,  but 
that  we  are  always  forced  to  admire 
the  hero. 


CHAP. 


VI. 


Pl^n  of  the  campaign  in  North  America.  Three  expeditions.  Ticonderoga 
and  Croivn  Point  abandoned.  Col.  Tcwnjhend  killed.  Expedition  to  Niu" 
gar  a.  Col.  Pride  aux  killed.  Sir  William  Johnjon  defeats  the  French, 
Takes  the  Fort  of  Niagara.     Confequences  of  this. 


THE  theatre  of  our  operations 
in  America  is  of  fuch  a  vaft 
extent,  that  if  we  had  perfevered 
in  the  courfe  we  purfued  for  fome 
time,  in  attacking  but  one  place  at 
once,  the  war  would  inevitably  be 
fpun  out  to  an  extreme  length, 
without  bringing  on  any  thing  de- 
cifive ;  and  it  would  have  rendered 
our  natural  fuperiority  of  very  little 
■fe,  by  fuffering  the  French  to  col- 
led, as  they  had  hitherto  done, 
their  ftrengih  into  one  fingle  point, 
which  enabled  them  to  contend  with 
us,  with  a  force  fufHcient  for  the 
fervice  of  that  country.    This  year 


another  method  was  followed.  It 
was  propofed  to  attack  the  French 
in  all  their  ftrong  pofts  at  once  ;  to 
fall  as  nearly  as  poifible  at  the  fame 
time  upon  Crown  Point>  Niagara, 
and  the  forts  to  the  fouth  of  Lake 
Erie,  whilft  a  great  naval  arma- 
ment, and  a  confiderable  body  of 
land  forces  ftiould  attempt  Quebec, 
by  the  river  St   Lawrence. 

This  plan  was  very  advifeable,  as 
it  tended  to  weaken  by  diftrading 
the  refiiiance  of  the  enemy ;  and 
whilft  we  adhered  to  it,  it  was  clear- 
ly impoflible  for  the  French  to  main- 
tain their  ground  in  any  of  thofc 

places 


30       ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1759. 

places  which  were  attacked,  ^wuh 
out  very  weekly  defend !pg,  or  even 
dckrting  roine  of  the  others  ;  and 
if  by  the  means  of  fuch  diveriions 
any  one  of  ihofe  places  fnoaid  faU 
into  our  hands,  the  campaign  could 
not  be  faid  to  be  fpent  to  no  purpoJe. 
But  befides  the  end  in  diltrading; 
the  enemies  defence,  there  was 
another  propofed  of  no  lefs  confe- 
quence  ;  which  was-  to  make  a  con- 
currence in  all  the  various  ope- 
rations, fo  that  whiltt  they  divided 
the  enemy,  they  might  mutuaJly 
fupport  one  another. 

General  Amhertt  who  commands 
the  American  forces  in  chief,  with 
the     moil    confiderable    body,     a- 
mounting  in  regular  and  provinci- 
als,  to  ahout  twelve  thouland  men, 
vas    to    attack    Ticonderoga    and 
Crown  Pdint  by  Lake  George  ;   the 
■reduction  of  tho(e   forts  would    na- 
turally lay  open  the   Lake  Cham- 
plain,     where  having  cilabliihed  a 
fufficient  naval  force,  he  was  by  the 
river  Sorel,  which  forms  the  com- 
munication between   this  lake   and 
the  great  river  St.  Lawrence,  to  pro- 
ceed diredly  to  Quebec  the  capital 
of  Canada.     Here  he  was  to  make 
a  jtindion  with  General  Wolfe  and 
Admiral  Saunders,  who  having  en- 
tered the  river  St.  Lawrence  at  the 
oppofite  quarter,     would    probably 
have  commenced  the  fiege  of  Que- 
bec, by  the  time  that  General  Am- 
hertt   might    find  it  pradicable  to 
join  them.     It  was  not  doubted  that 
if  this  jun£lion   could  be  effedled, 
the  redudion    of   that    city  would 
follow  of  courfe. 

The  third  of  the  grand  opera- 
tions was  agaiiitt  the  fort,  near  the 
falls  of  Niagara  ;  a  place  of  very 
great  conictjufnce  both  in,  war  and 
in  peace,  'i  he  redudion  of  this  was 
cpmaiiited  to  Brigadier  General  Pri- 


deaux,  under  whom  Sir  William 
Johnfon  commanded  the  provinci- 
als of  New  York,  and  feveral  Indi- 
ans of  ihe  Five  Nations,  who  were 
engaged  in  our  fervice  by  the  credit 
thdt  gentleman  has  obtained  among 
tiieir  tribeb. 

The  objed  of  this  operation  lay 
too  remote  from  the  others,  to  ex- 
ped  with  any  great  confidence,  that 
they  would  be  afilfted  by  its  fuccefs 
in  any  other  manner  than  by  weak- 
ening   the  enemies   forces.     How- 
ever it  was  hoped  that  if  they  Ihould 
be  fortunate  enough  to  take  Niaga- 
ra,  early  in  the  feafon,   the   troops 
might   be  embarked   on   the  Lake 
Ontario,  and  finding  no  longer  any 
obftrudion    from    Fort    Frontenac, 
which  was  deilroyed  latt  year,  might 
fall  down   the   river   St.  Lawrence, 
and    probably  either   make    them- 
felves  matters  of  Montreal,  or    by 
their  approach  at  leaft,  draw  fuch  a 
force  to  that  part  as  greatly  to  faci- 
litate our  defjgns  upon  Quebec  and 
Crown  Point.  But  if  this  icheme,  in 
addition  to  its  own  end,  ihould  not 
facilitate  either  of  the  other  two  ca- 
pital undertakings,  it    would   pro- 
bably, as  it  was  the  moft  important 
place  the  French  had  in  that  part  of 
the  world,  draw  all  the  troops  they 
had  upon   the  lake  to  attempt    its 
relief,  which  would  leave  the  forts 
on  thofe  lakes  expoied  to  a   fourth, 
though   inferior  expedition,   which 
was  made  againft  them  by  General 
Stanwir.     In  reality  it  afterwards 
had  that  effed. 

The  army  under  General  Am- 
hertt was  the  firtt  in  motion.  The 
Lake  George,  or  as  the  French  call 
it.  Lake  Sacrament,  is  a  long,  but 
in  proportion  narrow  water,  about 
forty  miles  in  length,  and  enclo- 
fed  on  either  fide  with  marfhy 
grounds.      This   communicates  by 

another 


HISTORY    O 

another  long  and  very  narrow 
ftreight  with  Lake  Champlain.  This 
ftreight  is  fecured  at  each  fide  by  a 
fort ;  that  to  the  fide  of  Lake  George 
is  called  Ticonderoga ;  that  to  the 
Champlain  Lake  is  called  Fort  Fre- 
derick, or  Crown  Point ;  both  ex- 
tremely ftrong  in  their  fituation ; 
and  the  former  of  which  had  repul- 
fed  our  troops  with  very  ccnfider- 
able  flaughter,  as  has  been  related 
amongil  the  events  of  laft  year. 

Amnerft,  after  he  had  palled 
Lake  George,  arrived  with  very 
little  oppofition  from  the  enemy  be- 
fore Ticonderoga ;  at  firft  the 
French  made  fome  appearance,  as 
if  they  meant  to  defend  the  place  ; 
but  as  they  knew  the  ftrength  of 
our  forces,  as  they  faw  that  the  pre- 
parations for  the  attack  were  mak- 
ing with  as  much  judgment  as  vi- 
gour, and  as  the  enterprize  which 
was  preparing  againft  Quebec  did 
not  leave  them  a  force  fo  confider- 
able  as  they  had  there  in  the  pre- 
ceding campaign,  they  abandoned 
their  fort  in  the  night,  having  da- 
y  I  maged  it  as  much  as  they 

-' "  ^  7*    could,  and  retired  to  Crown 
Point. 

General  Amherft  immediately  fet 
himfelf  about  repairing  the  fortifi- 
cations of  this  poll,  which  effectu- 
ally fecured  the  Lake  George  ;  co- 
vered our  colonies,  and  was  of 
fuch  vaft  importance  to  enable  him 
to  pu(h  forward  his  offenlive  opera- 
tions, or  to  favour  his  retreat  in  cafe 
of  a  reverfe  of  fortune.  The  only 
lofs  of  any  confequence  which  the 
Englilh  army  fulfered,  in  making 
this  valuable  acquifuion,  was  the 
death  of  Colonel  Townfhend,  who 
was  killed  in  reconnoitring,  by  a 
Ihot  from  the  fort.  The  ftcady 
bravery,  the  promifuig  genius,  and 
the  agreeable  manners  of  this  of- 


F    THE    WAR.        31 

ficer,  caufed  his  lofs  to  be  confi- 
dered  as  a  very  great  one.  They 
compared  this  melancholy  event 
with  the  death  of  Lord  Howe  ;  they 
remembered  how  much  thefe  young 
foldiers  refembled  each  other,  both 
in  their  virtues  and  in  the  circum- 
llances  of  their  fate.  Both  dear  to 
the  troops,  and  having  both  loft 
their  lives  on  an  expediiion  againft 
this  place. 

Although  the  general  had  reafon 
to  imagine,  that  the  fame  reafons 
which  had  induced  the  enemy  to 
abandon  their  forts  and  their  lines 
at  Ticonderoga,  would  perfuade 
them  alfo  to  relinquilh  Crown  Point ; 
he  took  all  his  meafures  with  the 
fame  care,  as  if  he  expedled  an  ob- 
ftinate  defence  at  the  fort,  and  an  at- 
tempt to  furprize  him  on  his  march. 
He  remembered  how  fatal  fecurity 
had  proved  to  us  in  that  part  of  the 
world  upon  many  occafions. 

The  French  abandoned  the  fort 
as  it  had  been  forefeen.  The  ge- 
neral retired  with  about  three  thou- 
fand  five  hundred  men  to  the  bot- 
tom of  Lake  Champlain,  and  port- 
ed himfelf  at  the  illand  called  Ille 
du  Noix.  He  was  ftill  pretty  ftrong 
on  the  lake,  having  feveral  armed 
boats  and  Hoops,  with  which  he 
hoped  to  prevent  the  progrefs  of  the 
Englifti  into  the  interior  parts  of 
Canada.  Amherft,  as  foon  as  he 
had  taken  pollelfion  of  . 
Crown  Point,  ufed  every  ^^^*  H« 
endeavour  to  attain  a  naval  fuperi- 
ority  on  the  lake,  and  in  the  meaa 
time  began  to  fortify  this  poft  as  he 
had  that  at  Ticonderoga.  To  this 
time  the  French  were  actually  efta- 
blifhed  in  the  heart  of  our  territo- 
ries ;  fo  that  during  a  war  of  three 
years,  we  had  in  effedl  been  only 
adling  on  the  defenfive.  It  was  on 
the  oay  on  which  Mr.  Amherft  took 
polTcffion, 


32 


ANNUAL 


poffeffion  of  Crown  Point,  that  he 
received  the  agreeable  news  of  the 
redudlion  of  Niagara  by  the  troops 
under  Sir  William  lohnfon  ;  and  he 
had  the  pleafurc  and  encourage- 
ment of  feeing  two  of  the  great  ob- 
jefts  of  the  campaign  accomplifhed, 
whilft  he  prepared  himfelf  to  co- 
operate in  the  accompliihment  of 
the  third,  which  was  to  be  decifive 
of  the  whole.  The  body  which 
had  been  appointed  for  Niagara  un- 
der General  Prideaux,  without  any 
accident  arrived  at  the  fort,  which 
lies  at  the  bottom  of  the  lake  to- 
wards the  fouth-weft. 

This  is,  without  exception,  the 
moft  important  pod  in  America, 
and  fecures  the  greateft  number  of 
communications.  For  it  is  fituated 
at  the  very  entrance  of  a  ftreight, 
by  which  the  Lake  Ontario  is  join- 
ed to  that  of  Erie,  which  is  con- 
^refted  with  the  other  three  great 
ifeas  of  frelh  water,  by  the  courle  of 
the  vaft  river  St.  Lawrence,  which 
runs  through  them  all,  and  carries 
off  their  luperfluous  waters  to  the 
ocean.  A  little  above  the  fort  is  the 
Catarad  of  Niagara,  which  is  elleem- 
cd  the  moll  remarkable  in  the  world, 
for  the  quantity  of  water,  and  the 
greatnefs  of  the  fall.  This  fall 
would  interrupt  the  commerce  be- 
tween the  lakes,  but  for  a  road 
which  the  French  have  made  up  the 
hilly  country  that  lies  by  the 
ftreight ;  fo  that  there  is  here  a  good 
carrying-place,  and  not  very  tedi- 
ous ;  for,  after  a  portage  of  about 
eight  miles,  you  re-imbark,  and 
proceed,  without  any  interruption, 
to  the  Lake  Erie, 

As  the  great  communication  of 
thofe  whq^  go  by  water  is  along 
this  ftreight,  and  carrying-place,  (o 
thofe  who  travel  by  land  are  obliged 
10  crofs  it.     The  lakes  are  fo  difpo- 


REGISTER,   1759. 

fed,  that  without  a fomewhathasari- 
ous  voyage,  the  Indians  cannot  any 
otherwife  pafs  from  the  north-weft 
to  the  fouth-eaft  parts  of  North- 
America  for  many  hundred  miles. 
The  fort  of  Niagara  thus  naturally 
commands  all  the  Five  Nations,  and 
all  thofe  Indian  tribes  that  lie  to  the 
northward  of  the  lakes,  as  well  as 
thofe  thit  are  fcatiered  along  the 
banks  of  the  Ohio,  Guabache,  and 
Miffifjppi,  and,  according  as  it  is 
poflefled  by  the  Englilh  or  the 
French,  connefts  or  disjoints  the 
colonies  of  Canada  and  Louiiiana, 
protefts  or  lays  open  our  own,  and 
is  in  all  refpedls  of  fo  much  confe- 
quence,  that  it  was  the  opinion  of 
perfon's  the  moft  converfant  in  Ame- 
rican bufinefs,  that  this  attempt 
ought  to  have  been  made  much 
earlier;  and  that  if  fuch  an  attempt 
made  at  fach  a  time  had  fucceeded, 
it  would  have  contributed  very  much 
to  the  fecurity  of  thofe  parrts  of  our 
colonies  which  were  the  moft  ex- 
pofed,  and  would  have  at  the  fame 
time  greatly  facilitated  all  our  ofFen- 
five  meafures,  and  Ihortened  the  war. 

From  the  time  that  the  French 
were  acquainted  with  this  place,  they 
were  fully  pofTefted  with  an  opinion 
of  its  importance,  both  with  regard 
to  commerce  and  to  dominion. 
They  made  feveral  attempts  to  efta- 
blifh  themfelves  here. ;  but  the  In- 
dians, who  feemcd  more  fenfible 
of  the  confequences  than  we  were, 
conftantly  oppofed  it.  They  obliged 
them  to  relinquifh  a  fort,  which 
they  had  built,  and  guarded  this 
fpot  for  a  long  time  with  a  very  fe- 
vere  and  prudent  jealoufy. 

But  whilft  we  neglefled,  confid- 
ing in  our  Urength,  to  cultivate  the 
Indians  ;  and  the  French,  fenfible  of 
their  weaknefs,  omitted  no  endea- 
vour to  gain  thele  favage  people  to 

their 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


33 


their  interefls,  and  they  prevailed 
at  laft,  under  the  name  of  a  trading 
houfe,  to  ereft  a  ftrong  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  flreight,  on  the  very 
beft  harbour,  not  only  on  this  but 
on  any  of  the  laltes  ;  an  harbour 
which  is  fafe  from  every  wind,  and 
open  for  the  whole  year.  A  French 
olHcer,  an  able  and  enterprifing 
man,  had  been  a  prlfoner  among 
the  Iroquois  for  a  long  time,  and 
having,  according  to  their  cuftom, 
been  naturalized,  he  grew  extremely 
popular  amongll  them,  and  at  laft 
acquired  his  liberty.  He  commu- 
nicated to  the  then  governor  of 
Canada,  the.  plaVi  of  an  eftablifb- 
fnent  at  Niagara,  and  he  himfeif 
undertook  to  execute  it.  He  re- 
turned amongft  the  Iroquois,  and 
pretending  great  love  for  their  na- 
tion, which  was  now  his  own,  told 
them  that  he  would  gladly  come  to 
make  frequent  vifits  to  his  brethren, 
but  it  was  proper  for  that  purpofe, 
that  they  (hould  allow  him  to  build 
an  houfe,  where  he  might  live  at 
eafe,  and  according  to  his  own 
manner  ;  at  the  fame  time  he  pro- 
pofed  to  them  advantages  in  trade 
for  this  eftablifhment.  A  requeft 
which  feemed  a  compliment  to 
thofe  to  whom  it  was  made,  AVas 
readily  granted.  The  houfe  was 
built.  By  degrees  this  houfe  ex- 
tended itfelf;  it  was  ftrengthened 
by  various  additions ;  and  it  grew 
at  laft  to  a  regular  fortrefs,  which  has 
ever  fince  awed  the  Five  Nations, 
and  checked  our  cblonies. 

tulv  20  '^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  place 

•^  ^  *  had  not  been  long  formed 
before  General  Prideaux  was  killed 
■1  the  trenches  by  the  bnrfting  of  a 
cohorn.  As  foon  as  this  accident 
happened,  which  threatened  to 
throw  a  damp  on  the  operations, 
an  exprefs  was  fen t  to  General  Aai- 


herft,  who,  always  attentive  to  the 
fervice,  loft  no  time  to  fend  an 
ofncer  of  charafter  to  command  in 
his  place.  But  the  command  wh4ch 
in  the  interim  devolved  upon  Sir 
William  Johnfon,  could  not  have 
been  better  beftowed.  He  omitted 
nothing  to  continue  the  vigorous 
meafures  of  the  late  general,  and 
added  to  them  every  thing  his  own 
genius  could  fuggeft.  Refpedled 
by  the  regular  troops,  dear  to  the 
provincials,  almoft  adored  by  the 
Indians,  pofteffed  of  that  genius 
for  acquiring  popularity  .amongft 
all  kinds  of  men,  and  that  verfatile 
iiifpofition,  which  we  fo  feldom 
fee  united  with  difintereftednefs  and 
integrity,  he  employed  thofe 'talents 
folely  for  the  benefit  of  his  country. 
The  troops  remembering  that  it  was 
under  that  general,  the  firft  ad- 
vantage had  been  obtained  over  the 
French,  pufhed  on  the  fiegfe  with 
fo  much  alacrity,  that  in  a  few  days 
they  had  brought  their  approaches 
within  an  hundred  yards  of  the  co- 
vered way. 

The  French  were  alarmed  at  the 
imminent  danger  of  this  intereftrng 
place.  They  therefore  colledled  all 
the  regular  troops  and  provincials, 
which  they  could  draw  from  all 
their  pofts  about  the  lakes,  and  to 
thofe  joined  a  large  body  of  favages, 
in  order  to  give  the  Engliib  battle, 
and  to  raife  the  iiege.  They  amount- 
ed in  all  to  1700  men. 

When  General  Johnfon  was  ap- 
prized of  their  approach,  he  ordered 
his  light  infantry^  fupported  by 
fome  grenadiers  and  regular  foot, 
to  take  poft  on  the  road  to  his  left, 
by  which  the  French  were  to  take 
their  route.  He  placed  his  Indians 
on  his  flanks.  Whilft  he  took  mea- 
fures to  receive  the  French,  who 
came  to  relieve  ihe  place,  he  p  .  .ed 

D  a  Uron^ 


u 


ANNUAL   REGISTER,    lysg. 


a  ftrong  body  in  fuch  a  manner  as 
to  fecure  his  trenches  from  any  at- 
tempt of  the  garrifon  daring  an 
engagemenc. 

In  this  difpofition  he  waited  to 
receive  the  enemy.  At  nine  in 
the  morning  the  engagement  be- 
gan by  a  violent  and  horrid  fcream 
of  the  enemy's  favages,  accor^iirg 
to  their  barbarous  cuftom.  It  was 
this  fcream,  perhaps  the  moft  hor- 
rid found  that  can  be  imagined, 
which  is  faid  to  have  flruck  a 
panic  into  the  troops  of  General 
Braddock,  and  was  one  of  the 
principal  caufes  of  that  defeat,  by 
which  our  endeavours  in  America 
were  fo  long  fruftrated ;  but  on 
this  occafion  it  had  no  eiFeft. 
The  enemy  was  fo  well  received 
by  the  troops  in  front,  and  by  the 
Indians  on  their  flanks,  that  in  lefs 
than  an  hour's  time  their  whole 
army  was  ruined.  The  purfuit  was 
hot  and  bloody  ;  and  it  continued 
for  five  miles.  Seventeen  officers 
were  made  prifoners,  among  whom 
were  the  iirft  and  fecond  in  com- 
mand. 

J  ,  This  aftion  was  fought 

Jujy  25-  in  fight  of  the  fort;  and 
it  was  no  fooner  concluded  in 
favour  of  our  troops,  than  the 
general  fummoned  the  garrifon  to 
furrender;  fending  in  a  lift  of  the 
prifoners,  and  remonftratii^g  on  the 


ill  efFedls  of  their  holding  out  longer, 
particularly  with  regard  to  the 
Indians'.  The  capitulation  waa 
figned  that  night.  The  garrifon, 
confiiling  of  about  600  men,  fur- 
rendered  prifoners  of  war,  and  were 
conduced  to  New- York.  The  fort 
and  ftores  were  given  up  to  the 
Englifh  troops. 

This  was  the  fecond  very  impor- 
tant fervice  performed  by  Ge- 
neral Johnfon  in  this  war,  and  a 
fecond  time  he  had  the  .good 
fortune  to  make  the  commander 
in  chief  of  the  enemy  his  pri- 
foner.  It  muft  not  be  omitted, 
to  the  honour  of  this  gentleman, 
that  though  he  was  not  regularly 
bred  a  foldier,  the  moft  compleat 
officer  could  not  have  made  more 
excellent  difpofitions  for  the  battle, 
or  have  conduced  the  fiege  from 
the  beginning  to  the  end,  with  a 
more  cool  and  fteady  refolution,  or 
with  a  more  compleat  knowledge 
of  all  the  neceflary  manoeuvres  of 
war.  The  taking  of  Niagara  broke 
off  effeftually  the  communication, 
fo  much  talked  of  and  {0  much 
dreaded,  between  Canada  and 
Louifiana ;  and  by  this  ftroke,  one 
of  the  capital  political  defigns  of 
the  French,  which  gave  occafion  to 
the  prefent  war,  was  defeated  in  k? 
dired  and  immediate  obje6l. 


CHAP. 


I 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


35 


CHAP.    vir. 

^%e  expedition  againji  ^ebec,  '  ^he  IJle  of  Orlea^is  occupied,  Defcriptioft 
of  the  to^Jjn  and  harbour  of  ^ebec. .  Situation  of  the  French  army. 
Action  .(;it  the  falls  of  Montmorenci .  General  Wolfe  fickens.  The  camp 
removed  to  point  Levi.  The  troops  go  up  the  river.  .  The  hattle  of 
Quebec.  General  Wolfe  killed.,  French  defeated.  M.  de  Montcalm 
killed.  Quebec  furrenders.  Mo-vements  of  General  Amherft  on  Lake 
Champlain. 


THE  confequences  which  at- 
tended the  redudlion  of  the 
fort  at  Niagara,  as  well  as  thofe 
upon  Lake  Champlain,  were  very 
1  ntereiling  ;  but  the  great  and  cen- 
tral operation  to  which  all  the  relt 
tended,  and  to  which  even  thofe 
were  to  be  only  fubfervient,  was 
that  againft  Quebec,  the  capital  of 
Canada  ;  and  as  this  was  to  be  the 
decifive  ftroke,  it  was  proper  that 
the  greateH  force  (hould  have  been 
employed  againft  it.  If  we  reckon 
the  maritime  force,  there  is  no 
doubt  but  we  employed  a  greater 
number  of  men  againft  Quebec, 
than  againft  the  Champlain  forts: 
but  the  land  forces,  from  fome 
caufe,  fell  much  ftiort  of  the  num- 
ber originally  propofed,  for  they 
did  not  exceed  7000  men,  regu- 
icirs  and  provincials,  though  the 
•  riginai  plan  intended  9000  for 
■lat  expedition,  independent  of  the 
undtion  of  thofe  under  General 
Amherft,  whofe  afliftance  on  the 
<  ccafion  was  taken  for  granted.  In 
•-his  expedition  General  \Vo!fe  com- 
manded the  land  forces.  The  fleet 
was  under  Admiral  Saunders. 
26th  ^^^  whole  embarkation 

arrived  in  the  latter  end  of 
'une  at  the  Ifle  of  Orleans,  a  few 
agues  from  Qnebcc,  without  any 
ccident  whatfoeVer,  notwithftand- 
ng  the  ill  fame  of  the  river  St. 
-aorence,    and  the  reports  of  its 


dangerous  navigation,  probably 
fpread  for  political  purpofes.  They 
landed  upon  the  ifle  of  Orleans, 
which  is  formed  by  the  branches 
of  the  river  St.  Laurence.  This 
ifiand  is  about  twenty  miles  ia 
length,  and  fcven  or  eight  in 
breadth,  highly  cultivated,  and  af- 
fording every  kind  of  refreftiment 
to  the  foldiers  and  failors  after  their 
tedious  voyage.  ^ 

As  this  ifland  extends  quite  up 
to  the  bafon  of  Quebec,  it  was  ne- 
cefl^ary  to  poflfefs  it  in  order  to  aft 
againft  the  town  ;  for  the  moll 
wefterly  point  of  this  ifland  ad- 
vances towards  an  high  point  of 
land  00  the  continent,  called  Point 
Levi.  Both  of  thefe  fliiit  up  the 
view  of  the  northern  and  fouthern 
channel,  which  environ  the  ille  of 
Orleans,  fo  that  the  harbour  of 
Quebec  appears  to  be  a  bafon  land- 
locked upon  all  fides.  The  poflelfioa 
of  both  thefe  points  were  necelTary, 
as  they  might  be  employed  either 
with  great  advancage  againft  the 
town,  or  much  to  the  annoyance 
of  the  beflegers  ;  for  whilft  the 
enemy  continued  mafters  of  thofe 
it  was  impoffible  for  a  ihip  to  lie  la 
the  harbour  of  Quebec.  When 
thefe  polls  were  poflTefled,  which 
was  done  with  little  difficulty,  the 
harbour  and  town  of  Quebec  ap- 
peared full  to  the  view,  at  once  a 
tempting    and    difcouraging   lignt, 

D  2  -For 


36         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


For  no  place  feems  poffefled  of 
greater  benefits  of  nature;  and  none 
of  which  nature  feems  more  to  have 
confulted  the  defence. 

Quebec,  fays  F.  Charlevoix,  can 
boaft  of  a  frefh  water  harbour,  ca- 
pable of  containing  an  hundred 
men  of  war  of  the  line,  at  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  leagues  dillance 
from  the  fea.  It  lies  on  the  moll 
navigable  river  in  the  univerfe.  The 
river  St.  Laurence  up  to  the  iile  of 
Ork^ans,  that  is,  for  about  a  hun- 
dred and  twelve  leagues  from  its 
mouvh,  is  no  where  lefs  than  from 
four  to  five  leagues  broad ;  but 
above  that  ifle  it  narrows,  fo  that 
before  Quebec  it  is  not  above  a 
mile  over.  Hence  this  place  got 
the  name  of  Quebeis  or  Quebec, 
which,  in  the  Alogonquin  tongue, 
fignifies  a  ftrait. 

The  city  is  the  feat  of  the  go- 
vernor and  the  intendant,  and  the 
fupr^me  tribunals  of  juftice  for  all 
the  French  North  America  ;  it  is 
alfo  an  epifcopal  fee,  and  a  place 
of  confiderable  trade.  It  is  large 
in  extent,  and  elegant  in  many  of 
its  buildings  both  public  and  pri- 
vate. It  confifts  of  an  upper  and 
lower  town  ;  the  lower,  which  is 
narrow,  is  built  upon  a  ftrand,  at 
the  foot  of  a  lofty  rock,  upon  which 
the  upper  town  ftands.  This  rock 
extends  itfelf,  and  continues  with 
a  bold  and  fteep  front,  weft  ward 
along  the  river  St.  Laurence  for  a 
confiderable  way.  'Another  river 
from  the  north- weft,  called  St. 
Charles,  falls  here  into  the  former, 
wafhing  the  foot  of  the  rock  on 
which  Quebec  ftands ;  the  point  on 
which  the  town  is  built  thus  be- 
comes a  fort  of  peninfula  by  the 
jundion  of  thefe  rivers  r  (o  that 
whoever  attacks  Quebec,  muft  ei- 
ther make  his  approaches  above  the 


town,  and  overcome  the  precipice 
which  I  have  mentioned,  or  crojs 
the  river  St.  Charles,  and  attempt 
it  upon  that  fide.  The  former  of 
thofe  methods  muft  appear  to  a 
prudent  commander  wholly  unad- 
vifeable,  and  the  latter  extremely 
difficult.  If  the  former  method 
fhould  be  attempted,  they  would 
have  that  dangerous  precipice  to 
overcome,  defended  by  the  enemy's 
whole  force,  which  the  attack  would 
draw  to  this  qliarter.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  country  from  the  river  St. 
Charles  to  the  northward  for  more 
than  five  miles  is  extremely  rough, 
broken  and  difficult,  full  of  rivulets, 
gullies,  and  ravines,  and  fo  con- 
tinues to  the  river  of  Montmorenci, 
which  flows  by  the  foot  of  a  fteep 
and  woody  hill.  On  the  fide  of  the 
river  St.  Laurence  is  a  bank  of  fand 
of  great  extent,  which  prohibits 
the  approach  of  any  confiderable 
veffel. 

In  this  advantageous  fituation 
was  the  French  army  pofted,  upon 
what  was  deemed  the  only  acceffi- 
ble  fide  of  Quebec,  all  along  from 
the  river  St.  Charles  to  that  of  Mont- 
morenci,  entrenched  at  every  attack- 
able fpot,  with  the  river  and  fand- 
bank  abovemeritioned  in  their  front, 
and  thick  impenetrable  woods  upon 
their  rear.  It  is  impoffible  to  imagine 
a  ftronger  poft  ;  a  poft  at  once  more 
defenfible  in  itfelf,  or  better  calculat- 
ed for  fuccouring  the  city,  on  which 
fide  foever  it  fhould  be  attacked. 
Thus  pofted,  they  greatly  exceeded 
in  number  the  befiegers,  being  about 
ten  thoufand  men,  under  an  able,- 
and  hitherto  fortunate  commander, 
M.  de  Montcalm,  who,  though  he 
was  fuperior  in  number  to  the  Eng- 
lift>,  refolved  to  rifque  nothing,  and 
wifely  relied  on  the  natural  ftrength 
pf  the  country,    , 

Wh€tt 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


i1 


When  Wolfe  faw  the  fituation  of 
the  town,  the  nature  of  the  country, 
ihe  number  of  the  troops,  and  their 
pofition,  though  of  a  fanguine  tem- 
per and  highly  adventurous,  he  be- 
gan todefpair;  but,  however  another 
commander  might  have  thought  in- 
adion  in  fuch  circumftances  juiHfied 
to  himfelf  or  even  to  the  world,  by 
fuch  ftrong  appearances,  Wolfe  re- 
folved  toleavenothingunatiempted, 
but  amidft  the  choice  of  difficulties 
which  lay  before  him,  to  pitch  upon 
thofe  where  the  valour  of  his  troops 
might  be  employed  with  the  bell 
profped  of  fu.ccefs. 

As  Toon  as  he  had  fecured  th^  weft 
point  of  the  ifiand  of  Orleans,  and 
that  of  Levi,  he  ereded  batteries 
there  of  cannon  and  mortars,  on  the 
high  ground,  from  the  point  of  Le- 
vi, which  looks  towards  the  town  ; 
thefe  fired  continually  upon  the 
place  ;  Admiral  Saunders  was  fta- 
tioned  below  in  the  north  channel 
of  the  ifle  of  Orleans,  oppofite  to 
Montmorenci  ;  Admiral  Holmes 
was  ftationed  above  the  town,  at 
once  to  divert  the  enemy's  atten- 
tion, and  to  prevent  any  attempts 
from  the  enemy  againil  the  batteries 
that  played  againS  the  town. 

After  this  wife  difpofition  was 
made  of  the  fleet.  General  Wolfe 
caufed  the  troops  to  be  tranfported 
over  the  north  channel  of  the  river 
St.  Laurence,  to  the  north-eaft  of 
Montmorenci,  with  a  view  of  paffing 
that  river,  and  bringing  the  enemy 
to  an  engagement.  Some  heights 
which  commanded  the  enemy's  in- 
trenchments,  and  a  ford  above 
and  another  below  the  falls,  en- 
couraged him  to  this  attempt:  but, 
upon  reconnoitering  the  ground, 
the  oppofite  ihore  was  found  fo  ileep 
and  woody,  that  he  could  not  hope 
to  put  his  defign  in  execution,  which 


was  by  moving  towards  the  enemy's 
flank,  to  draw  them  to  an  engage- 
ment. To  bring  the  French  to  an 
adion  was  his  Angle  obje£l.  He  had 
found  that  any  attempts  to  afl'ault 
the  city  would  prove  to  no  purpofe, 
whilft  the  fleet  could  only  batter  the 
lower  town,  and  muft  fuffer  greatly 
by  the  oannon  and  bombs  of  the  up- 
per, whilft  they  were  employed  in 
this  inefFedual  fervice  ;  for  after  the 
redudion  of  the  lower  town,  the  paf- 
fages  to  the  upper  were  extremely 
fteep,  and  moreover  fo  well  en- 
trenched, that  this  advantage  would 
prove  little  towards  the  reduftion  of 
the  place. 

The  only  point  left  therefore,  was 
by  every  means  to  intice  or  force 
the  enemy  to  an  engagement ;  and 
to  this  end  no  means  were  omitted 
by  fending  detachments  up  the  ri- 
ver, and  by  every  appearance  of  a 
deiign  to  attack  the  town  on  that 
fide.  But  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm, 
in  chufing  his  poft,  was  well  apprif- 
ed  of  its  importance.  He  knew 
fuHiciently  the  nature  of  the  coun- 
try up  the  river,  and  he  trufted  to  it; 
and  therefore  kept  himfelf  clofely  in 
his  poft,  difpoling  his  parties  of 
favages,  in  which  he  was  very  ftrong, 
in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  make  any 
attempt  upon  him  by  furprize  abfo- 
lutely  impoflible.  In  the  mean  time, 
from  the  town  fireftiips  and  boats 
were  let  down  the  ftream  to  deftroy 
the  ftiipping,  which  as  they  almoft 
wholly  filled  the  channel,  weregreat- 
ly  endangered.  But  by  the  extraor- 
dinary Ikill  and  vigilance  of  Admi- 
ral Saur\ders,  every  veflel  of  this  kind 
fent  againft  them  was  towed  aftiore 
without  doing  the  leaft  mifchief. 

The  General  finding  that  all  his 
efforts  to  decoy  the  enemy  to  an  en- 
gagement had  proved  unfucccfsful, 
and,  fenfible  that  they  defired  no- 

D  3  thing 


38  ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 

thing  more  than  to  aft  defenfively, 
until  thefeafonitfelf  Ihould  fight  for 
them,  and  oblige  theEnglifa  to  re- 
tire, he  came  at  laft,  in  fpite  of  all 
difficulties,  to  the  refdlution  of  at- 
tackingtheni  in  their  entrenchnwnts 
on  the  fide  of  Montmorenci.  The 
place  where  ihe  attack  was  to  be 
made,  as  chofen  with  great  judge- 
ment, was  the  only  place  thereabout? 
in  which  the  '  artillery  could  be 
brought  into  ufe  ;  as  there, and  there 
only,  thegteateft  part,  or  even  the 
whole  of  the  troops,  might  ad:  at 
once,  and  that  there  the  retreat  in 
cafe  of  a  repulfe  was  fecure,  at  leaft 
for  a  certain  time  of  the  tide.  Having 
determined  upon  the  place  where  the 
attack  was  to  be,  which  was  at  the 
mouth  of  the  riyer  Montmorenci, the 
beft  difpolitions  for  it  were  made, 
J  1  ^  both  on  the  part  of  the  ad- 
•^  ^  ^  '  miral  and  of  the  general. 
But  notwithftsnding  that  the  whole 
was  conducted  with  equal  vigour  and 
prudence,  it  was  totally  defeated  by 
one  of  thofe  accidents  which  fo  fre- 
quently interpofe  to  the  difgrace  of 
human  wifdom,  and  which  demon- 
llrares  that  Ihe  is  far  from  being  the 
fole  arbitrefs  of  war. 

The  Engiifh  grenadiers,  who  led 
the  attack,  had  orders,  immediately 
after  their  landing,  to  form  them- 
felves  on  the  beach  ;  but,  inftead  of 
forming  themfelves  as  they  were  di- 
rected, from  the  hurry  and  noife  of 
their  landing,  or  from  ap  ill-govern- 
ed ardour,  they  rulhed  impetuoufly 
towards  the  enemy's  entrenchments 
in  the  utmofl  diforder  and  confufion, 
wiihout  waiting  for  the  corps  which 
were  to  fuftain  them,  and  join  in 
the  attack.  In  this  diforder,  they 
were  metby  a  violent  and  fteady  fire 
from  the  entrenchments,  by  which 
they  were  thrown  into  more  con- 
fufion, which  obliged  them  to  fhelter 


themfelves  behind  a  -redoubt,  which 
the  French  had  abandoned  on  their 
approach. 

■  The  general  perceiving  that  it 
•was  impoflible  for  thefe  grenadiers 
to  form  under  fo  fevere  a  fire,  that 
the  night  drew  on,  a  violent  tempeft 
was  gathering,  that  the  tide  began 
to  make,  faw  clearly  that  he  had  no- 
thing further  left  than  to  order  a 
retreat,  with  as  littledifadvantageas 
pofTible.  He  therefore  called ofFthofe 
troops,  and  having  formed  them  be- 
hind Brigadier  Monkton's  corps, 
which  was  on  the  ,3eachin  excellent 
order,  the  whole  repaffed  the  river 
without  moleflation,  the  general  ex- 
pofing  his  perfon  with  that  intrepi- 
dity, which  diftinguilhed  him  both 
during  the  attack,  and  the  retreat. 

The  lofs  in  this  check  was  not 
inconfiderable ;  and  the  event  on 
the  whole  was  fuch,  as  to  difcou- 
rage  any  further  attempts  upon  that 
fide.  They  returned  to  the  old 
meafures.  The  general  again  fent 
fome  bodies  above  the  town,  and 
fome  men  of  war  failed  up  the 
llream  for  more  than  twelve  leagues. 
They  received  intelligence  that  the 
enemy  had  amalTed  fome  magazines 
of  provifions  in  the  interior  country, 
and  they  propofed,  by  getting  be- 
tween them  and  the  town,  to  draw 
theFrench  army  from  their  entrench- 
ments, to  the  long-defired  engage- 
ment ;  but  if  they  failed  to  compafs 
this,  tiiey  might  at  leaft  deftroy  the 
fliipsof  war  which  the  enemy  had  in 
the  river,  and  help  to  open  a  com- 
munication between  them  and  Ge- 
neral Amheril,  on  whom  their  laft 
expeftations  were  fixed,  and  who, 
they  flattered  themfelves,  was  on 
his  march  to  their  afiiftance. 

But  though  they  fucceeded  in  de- 
ftroying  fome  of  the  enemies  maga- 
zines, there  was  nothing  of  gre^S 
moment 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


39 


moment  in  this.     They  could  not 
come  near  the  men  oFwar.     How- 
ever they  received  intelligence  from 
fome  prifoners,  of  the  fuccefs  of  Sir 
William  Johnfon  againft  Niagara  ; 
they  learned  likewife.chat  theFrench 
had  fmoothed  the  difficulties  in  the 
way  of  General  Amherrt,  by  aban- 
doning Crown  Point  <fnd  Ticonde- 
ro^a.  But  this  intelligence, otherwife 
fo  pieafing,  brought  them  no  prof- 
pedl  of  the  approach  of  any  afliltance 
from  thatquarter.  The  feafon  wafted 
apace.     The  general  fell  violently 
ill,  confumed  by  care,    watching, 
and  a  fatigue,  too  great  to  be  fup- 
ported    by   a  delicate  conftitution, 
and  a  body  unequal  to  that  vigo- 
rous and  enterprifing   foul  that    it 
lodged.    Jt  was  not  enough  for  him 
to  eicape  from  io  great  an  expedi- 
tion uncondemned  and  unapplaud- 
cd  ;  to  be  pitied,  was,  he  thought, 
but  a  milder  cenfure  ;  and  he  knew 
that  no  military  condud  can  fhine, 
unlefs  it  be  gilded  with  fuccefs.    His 
own  high  notions,  the  public  hope, 
the  good  fuccefs  of  other  comman- 
ders, all  turned  inward  upon  him, 
opprefied  his  fpirits,  and  converted 
dilappointment  into  difeafe.  As  foon 
as  he  had  a  little  recovered,  he  dif- 
patched  an  exprefs  with  an  account 
of-his  proceedings  to  England,  writ- 
ten indeed  in  theftiie  ofdefponden- 
cy ;  but  with  fuch  perfpicuity,  clear- 
nfifs,  and  elegance,  as  would  have 
ranked  him  among  our  beft  writers, 
if   his    military    exploits    had    not 
placed  him  among  our  greateft  com- 
manders. 

He  refolved,  when  he  fent  away 
his  account,  to  continue  the  cam- 
paign to  the  lall  pofiible  moment  ; 
and  after  a  deliberation  with  his  of- 
ficers, determined,  that' any  further 
attempts  at  Montmorenci  were  to 
little  purpofe,  and  that  their  princi- 


pal operations  (hould  be  above  the 
town,  in  order,  if  poflible,  to  draw 
the  enemy  to  an  adion.  But  the 
defign  of  Wolfe  was  deeper,  and 
more  particularly  dire£led  than  it 
had  been  before.  The  camp  at 
Montmorenci  was  broke  up,  and 
the  troops  were  conveyed  to  the 
fouih-eait  of  the  river,  and  encamp- 
ed at  Point  Levi.  The  fquadron  un- 
der Admiral  Holmes  made  move- 
ments up  the  river  for  feveral  days 
fuccelfivelyjin  order  to  draw  the  ene- 
mies attention  as  far  from  the  town 
as  poffible.  This  fucceeded  in  fome 
meafure  ;  for,  though  it  could  not 
perfuade  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm 
to  quit  his  poft,  it  induced  him  to 
detach  M.  de  Bougainville  with 
1500  men  to  watch  their  motions, 
and  to  proceed  along  the  weftern 
(hore  of  the  river,  whilft  the  Englifti 
army  direfted  its  march  the  fame 
way  on  the  eaftern  Bank.  - 

When  General  Wolfe  faw  that 
mattejs  were  ripe  for  adion,  he  or- 
dered the  fhips  underAdmiral  Saun- 
ders to  make  a  feint,  as  if  they  pro- 
pofed  to  att?.ck  the  French  in  their 
entrenchments  on  theBeauportlhore 
below  the  town,  and  by  their  mo- 
tions to  give  this  feint  all  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  reality  which  it  pof- 
fibly  could  have.  This  difpofition 
being  made  below  the  town,  the  ge- 
neral embarked  his  forces  about  one 
in  the  morning,  and  with  Admiral 
Holmes's  divifion  went  three  leagues 
further  up  the  river  than  the  intend- 
ed place  of  his  landing,  in  order  to 
amufe  the  enemy,  and  conceal  his 
real  defign.  I'hen  he  putihem  into 
boats,  and  fell  down  filently  with  the 
tide,  unobferved  by  the  French  cen- 
linels  ported  along  the  fhore.  The  ra- 
pidity of  the  current  carried  thefe 
boats  a  little  below  the  intende4 
place  of  attack.  The  fhips  followed 
D  4.  them^ 


40         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


them,  and  arrived  jaft  at  the  time 
which  had  been  concerted  to  cover 
their  landing.  Confidering  thedark- 
refs  of  the  night,  and  the  rapidity 
of  the  current,  this  was  a  very  cri- 
tical operation,  and  it  required  ex- 
celJent  heads  both  on  the  part  of  the 
marine,  andthe  land fervice,  to pre- 
ierve  a  communication,  and  to  pre- 
vent a  difcovery  and  confufion. 

As  the  troops  could  not  land  at 
the  fpoc  propofed  when  they  were 
put  on  fhore,  an  hill  appeared  be- 
fore them  extremely  high  and  fteep 
in  its  afcent;  a  little  path  winded 
up  this  afcent  fo  narrow  that  two 
could  not  goa-breaft.  Even  this  path 
was  entrenched,  and  a  captain's 
guard  defended  it.  Thefe  difficulties 
did  not  abate  the  hopes  of  the  gene- 
ral, or  the  ardor  of  the  troops.  The 
light  infantry  under  Colonel  Howe 
laying  hold  of  Humps  and  boughs 
of  trees,  pulled  themfelves  up,  dif- 
lodged  the  guards,  and  cleared  the 
path  ;  and  then  all  the  troops  fur- 
mounting  every  difficulty,  gained 
the  top  of  the  hill,  and  as  fail  as 
they  afcended  formed  themfelves,  fo 
that  they  were  all  in  order  of  battle 
at  day-break. 

Montcalm  when  he  heard  that  the 
q  Englifh  had  afcended  the 

^  *  ^'  hill,  and  were  formed  on 
the  high  ground  at  the  back  of  the 
town,  fcarcely  credited  the  intelli- 
gence, and  llill  believed  it  to  be  a 
feint  to  induce  him  to  abandon  that 
ftrong  poft;  which  had  been  the  ob- 
jedl  of  all  the  real  attempts  that  had 
been"  made  fince  the  beginning  of 
the  campaign.  But  he  was  foon,  and 
fatally  for  him  undeceived.  He  faw 
clearly  that  the  Engliih  fleet  and 
army  were  in  I'uch  a  fituation,  that 
the  upper  and  lower  town  m.:ght  be 
attacked  in  concert,  and  that  nothing 
but  a  battle  could  poffibly  fave  it. 
Accordingly  he  determined  to  give 


them  battle,  and  quitting  Beaupart 
pailed  the  river  St.  Charles,  and 
formed  his  troops  oppofice  to  ours. 

He  filled  the  bulhes  ihat  were  in 
his  front  with  detachments  of  Indi- 
ans and  his  boll  markfmen,  to  the 
number  of  about  !  500  j  his  regular 
forces  formed  his  left;  his  right  was 
compqfed  of  the  troops  of  the  colo- 
ny, fupported  by  two  battalions  of 
regulars.  The  reft  of  the  Indians  and 
Canadians  extended  on  that  fide, 
and  attempted  to  outflank  the  left 
of  the  Engliih,  which  wis  formed 
to  prevent  that  defign,  in  a  manner 
which  the  military  men  call  Po' 
tencs ;  that  is,  in  a  body  which 
prefefits  two  faces  to  the  enemy. 
Here  Brigadier  General  Tovvnlhend 
commanded  fix  regiments,  and  the 
Louifbourg  grenadiers  weredifpofed 
in  a  line  to  the  right  of  this  body, 
extending  to  the  river.  A  regiment 
was  drawn  up  behind  the  right 
for  a  referve.  It  was  formed  in 
eight  fubdivifions  with  large  in- 
tervals. The  light  infantry  under 
Colonel  Howe  protected  the  rear 
and  the  left.  I'he  difpofnions  on 
both  fldes  were  judicious,  and  .the 
engagement  on  both  fides  begaa 
with  i'pirit. 

The  Englifh  troops  wereexhorted 
to  referve  their  fire  5  and  they  boret 
that  of  the  enemy's  light  troops  in 
front,  which  was  galling,  though  ir- 
regular, with  the  utmoft  patience 
and  good  order,  waiting  forthe  main 
body  of  the  enemy,  which  advanced 
fall  upon  them.  At  forty  yards  dif- 
tance  our  troops  gave  their  fire, 
which  took  place  in  its  fall  extent, 
and  made  a  terrible  havoc  among 
the  French.  It  was  fupported  with 
as  much  vivacity  as  it  was  begun, 
and  the  enemy  every  where  yielded 
to  it ;  but  juil  in  the  moment  when 
the  fortune  of  the  field  began  to  de- 
clare itfelf,  General  Wolfe,  in  whofe 

life 


HISTORY     OF    THE     WAR. 


41 


iife  every  thing  feemed  included, 
iell;  General  Monkton,  the  next  to 
him  in  command,  fell  immediately 
after,  and  both  were  conveyed  out 
of  the  line ;  the  command  now 
devolved  on  General  Townfhend, 
It  was  at  a  very  critical  time,  for, 
f  hough  the  enemy  began  to  fall  back, 
and  were  much  broken,  the  lofs  of 
the  two  generals  was  a  veiy  difcou- 
^aging  circumftance,  and  it  required 
great  temper  and  great  exertions 
to  fupport  the  advantages  that  had 
been  gained,  and  to  pufh  them  to 
^heir  proper  extent.  General  Town- 
ihend  faewedhimfelf  equal  to  fo  ar- 
duous a  duty  ;  the  troops  preferved 
their  iplrit,  and  each  corps  feemed 
to  exert  itfelf  with  a  vfevv  to  its  ,pe- 
cuiiar  character.  The  grenadiers 
with  their  bayonets,  the  Highlan- 
ders with  their  broad  fwords,  and  the 
reft  of  the  forces  with  a  Heady  and 
continued  fire,  drove  the  enemy  in 
great  diforder  from  every  poll,  and 
compleated  their  defeat.  During  the 
whole  aCiion,  Colonel  Howe  with  his 
light  infantry  covered  the  left  wing 
in  fuch  a  manner,  as  entirely  to  fruf- 
trate  the  attempts  of  the  enemy's  In- 
dians andCanadians  upon  that  flank. 
The  field  now  Teemed  to  becom- 
pleatly  decided,  when  a  new  enemy 
appeared,  which  threatened  to  bring 
on  a  frcfli  engagement,  and  to  put 
all  again  to  the  hazard.  M.  de Bou- 
gainville, whom  the  feigned  move- 
ments of  the  Engliih  troops  had 
drawn  up  the  river,  turned  back  on 
difcovering  their  real  defign,  and 
now  appeared  on  the  rear  of  the 
army  with  a  body  of  2000  men. 
But  fortunately  the  main  body  of 
the  French  was  by  this  time  fo 
broken  and  difperfed,  that  the  ge- 
neral was  able  to  eilablifh  his  rear, 
and  to  turn  fuch  an  oppofitiori  on 
that  fide,  that  the  enemy  retired 
after  a  very  feeble  attempt. 


In  this  decifive  aftion  our  troops 
loft  about  500  men  ;  on  the  fide  of 
the  enemy  at  leaft  1400  were  killed. 
But  however  glorious  this  vidory 
was,  and  however  important  in  its 
confequences,  it  muft  be  admitted 
that  it  was  very  dearly  bought. 
Soldiers  may  be  raifed  ;  officers  will 
be  formed  by  experience  ;  but  the 
lofs  of  a  genius  in  war,  is  a  lofs 
which  we  know  not  how  to  repair. 
The  death  of  Wolfe  was  indeed 
grievous  to  his  country,  but  tohim- 
felf  the  moft  happy  that  can  be  ima- 
gined ;  and  the  moft  to  be  envied  by- 
all  thofe  who  have  a  true  relifh  for 
military  gloryi  XJnindeb  ed  to  fa- 
mily or  connections,  unfupported 
by  intrigue  or  fadion,  he  had  ac- 
complllhed  the  whole  bufinefs  of  life 
at  a  time  when  others  are  only  be- 
ginning to  appear ;  and  at  the  age  of 
thirty-five,without  feeling  the\veak- 
nefs  of  age,  or  the  vicifficude  of  for- 
tune, having  fatisfied  his  honeft  am- 
bition, having  compleated  his  cha- 
rader,  having  fulfilled  the  expedla- 
tion  of  his  country,  he  fell  at  the 
head  of  his  conquering  troops,  and 
expired  in  the  arms  of  viftory. 

The  circumftances  that  attended 
the  death  of  fuch  a  perlbn,  are  too 
interefting  to  be  paiTed  over  ia 
filence,  and  they  were  indeed  fuch 
as  fpoke  the  whole  tenor  of  his  life. 
He  firft  received  a  wound  in  the 
head;  but,  that  he  might  not  dif- 
courage  his  troops,  he  wrapped  it 
up  in  his  hanekerchief,  and  en- 
couraged his  men  to  advance  ;  foon 
after  he  received  another  ball  in  his 
belly  ;  this  alfo  he  diffembled,  and 
exerted  himfelf  as  before  ;  when  he 
received  a  third  in  his  brcaft ;  under 
which  he  at  laft  funk,  and  fufrered 
himfelf,  unwillingly,  to  be  carried 
behind  the  ranks.  As  he  lay  ftrug- 
gling  with  the  anguilh  and  weaknefs 

of 


42         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759; 


of  three  grievous  wounds,  he  Teemed 
only  folliciious  about  the  fortune  of 
the  battle,    he   begged  one,    who 
attended  him,     to   lopport  him  to 
view  the  field;   but  as  he  found  that 
the  approach  of  death  had  dimmed 
and  confufed  his  fight,  he  defired  an 
officer  who  was    by  him,    to  give 
kim  an  account  of   what    he  faw. 
The  officer  anfwered,  that  the  ene- 
my feemed  broken  ;  he  repeated  his 
queftion  a  few  minutes  after  with 
much  anxiety,  when   he  was   told 
that  the  enemy  was  totally  routed, 
and  that  they  fled  in  all  parts.   Then 
faid  he,  **  I  am  fatisfied  ;"  and  im- 
mediately expired. 

Without  the  fame  advantages,  the 
enemy  alfo  had  an  heavy  lofsin  this 
battle,  which  no  doubt  contributed 
to  their  defeat.     M.  de  Montcalm, 
commander  in  chief,  was  kijled  on 
the  fpot;^  an  officer  who  had  done 
the  highefl  fervice  to  his  country, 
throughout  thewholeAmcrican  war, 
and  perfectly  fupported  his  reputa- 
tion in  this  laft  fcene  of  it,    having 
made  the  moll  perfeft  dirpofitions 
that  human  prudence  could  fuggcft, 
both  before  the  battle  and  in  the  en- 
gagement. It  is  fomething  remark- 
able that  in  both  armic^,  the  firfl  in   • 
command  fliouid  be  killed,  and  the 
/econd  dangercufly  wounded.     But 
General  Monkt©n  happily  recover- 
ed, the  French  officer  died  a  little 
after  the  battle. 

Five  days  after  the  a<5lion,    the 
enemy  feeing  that  the  cojiimunica- 

c..^  o  ^^^n  between  the  town 
oept.  J  8.        J    ^1 

^  and    the  army   was   cut 

o/r,  and  that  the  Engiifli  fleet  and 
troops  were  preparing  with  all  vi- 
gour for  a  fiege,  furrendered  the 
city  of  Quebec  upon  terrns  of  ho- 
nour to  the  garrilon,  and  advantage 
to  the  inhabitants,  who  were  pre- 
ferved  in  the  free  exercife  of  tiicir 


religion,  and  the  poflefiion  of  their 
civil  rights,  until  a  general  peace 
fliould  decide  their  future  condition. 
The  fortifications  of  the  city  were  in 
tolerabre  order  ;  the  houfes  almoft 
totally  demolifhed.  A  garrifon  of 
5000  men,  under  General  Murray, 
were  put  into  the  place,  with  aplen- 
ty of  provifionr^nd  ammunition  for 
the  winter.  The  fleet  failed  to  Eng- 
land foon  after,  fearing  left  the  fet- 
ting  in  of  the  frofts  fhould  lock  them 
up  in  the  river  St.  Laurence. 

Thus  the  capital  of  French  Ame^ 
rica  was  rendered  to  the  Engllfh,  af- 
ter a  mod  fevere  campaign  of  near 
three  months ;  and  perhaps,  if  the 
whole  be  confidered,  there  neverwa's 
an  enterprize  of  fuch  difhculty  car- 
ried on  with  a  more  gallant  perfeve- 
rance,  or  accomplifhed  with   more 
vigour  and  ability.  A  city  flrong  in 
fituation  and  fortifications,  was  to  be 
attacked.  An  army  greatly  fuperior 
in   number  to    the   befiegers,    was 
pofled  under  the  walls  of  that  city 
in  an  impregnable  fituatioi*.     That 
army  was    to    be   forced  to  battle 
againft  the  inclinations  of  a  wife  and 
cautious  commander.     A  theatre  of 
more  than  five  league?  was  to   be 
■  filled,  and  operations  of  that  extent 
to  be  carried  on   in  the  eye  of  the 
fuperior  army,    by  lefs  than  7000 
men.    In  this  conteft  v/ith  fo  many 
difficulties,  one  may  fay, with  nature 
itfelf,  the  genius  of  the  commander 
fhewed  itft If  iuperior  to  every  thing. 
All  the  difpofitions  to  th.tt  daring 
but  judicious   attempt  near  Sillery, 
which  at  laft  drew  Montcalm  from 
his  entrenchments,    were  fo  many 
mafter  pieces  in  the  art  of  war.  But 
it  is  certain,  that  thefe  things,   not- 
witbftanding  .the  extraordinary  abi' 
lities  of  the  general,    could  never 
have  been  compafled,  had  not  the 
murine  co-operated  with  an  unani- 
mity. 


HISTORY    QF     THE    WAR. 


43 


pilty,  diligence,  and  fkill,  which 
',  never  couid  have  taken  place,  but 
from  that  perfeft  love  to  their 
country,  that  animated  all  thofe 
that  were  concerned  in  this  expe- 
dition. Here  was  no  murmuring 
nordilcontent,  norabfurd  jealoufy ; 
no  mean  competition  between  the 
land  and  fea-iervice  ;  but  the  moft 
zealous  endeavours  to  lecond  eacli 
others  efforts,  and  the  moil  gene- 
rous inclinations  on  each  fide,  to 
give  a  due  p^-aife  to  their  mutual 
i'crvices. 

When  the  news  of  this  decifive 
a^lion   arrived  in  England,  we  all 
remember,  though  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  defcribe,     the  variou?  and 
mixed  emotions  with  which  every 
one  was  affcded.     But  two  days  be- 
fore this  came,  was  received  the  ex- 
prefs  which  General  Wolfe  had  fent 
off  after    the   affair    of   Montmo- 
renci.   When  the  general  doubted, 
the  public  thought  they  had  reafon 
to  delpair.     But  whiHt  this  gloom 
ivas  frelh,  and  in  the  midft  of  the 
general  defpondency,  a  fecond  ex- 
prefs  j^rrives,  and  biings  all  at  once 
an    account    of    the  vidlory,    the 
taking  of  Quebec,  and  the  death  of 
General  Wolfe.     The  effed  of  fo  - 
joyful  news,  immediately  on  fuch  a 
deje(5lion,  and  then  the  mixture  of 
grief  and  pity,  which  attended  the 
public    congratulations      and    ap- 
plaufes,  was  very  iingular  and  af- 
fediing.   The  fort  of  mourning  tri- 
umph, that  manifellcd  itfelf  on  that 
occafion,  did  equal  honour  to  the 
memory  of  the  general,  and  to  the 
humanity  of  the  nation. 

A  little  circumltance  was  talked 
of  at  that  time,  and  it  deferves  to 
be  recorded,  as  it  fhews  a  fine- 
nefs  of  fentiment,  and  a  juftnefs  of 
thinking,  in  the  lower  kind  of 
people,  that  is  rarely  met  with 
5 


even  amongfl  perfons  of  education. 
The  mother  of  General  Wolfe  was 
an  objedl  marked  out  for  pity  by 
great  and  peculiar  diHrefs;  the  pub- 
lic wound  pierced  her  mind  with  a 
particular  aiftidion,  who  had  expe^ 
rienced  the  dutiful  fon,  the  amia- 
ble domeftic  charafter,  whilfl:  the 
world  admired  the  accompliihei 
officer.  V/ithin  a  few-  months  fhe 
had  loft  her  hulband;  (he  now  loft 
this  fon,  her  only  child.  The  po- 
pulace of  the  village  where  fhe 
lived,  unanimoufly  agreed  to  ad- 
mit no  illuminations  or  firings,  or 
any  other  fign  of  rejoicing  whatfo- 
ever  near  her  houfe,  left  they  ftiould 
feem,  by  an  ill-timed  triupiph,  to 
infult  over  her  grief.  There  was 
a  juftnefs  in  this  ;  and  whoever 
knows  the  people,  knows  that  they 
made  no  fmall  facriflce  on  this  oc 
cafion. 

The  nation,  which  never  fuffers 
any  public  fervice  to  pafs  unre- 
warded, proceeded  to  honour  the 
merits  of  the  living  and  the  dead^ 
The  minifter  himfelf  made  the  mo- 
tion for  this  purpofe  in  the  Houfe  of 
Commons,  and  all  the  force  of  elor 
qucnce  was  difplayed  in  fetting, 
off'  thcfe  fervices  in  their  proper 
light.  A  magnificent  monument 
was  voted  for  the  deceafed  general 
in  Wcftminfter  Abbey  ;  the  living 
generals  and  admirals  received  the 
greateft  of  honours,  the  thanks  of 
their  country  by  theit  reprefenta- 
tives. 

It  is  not  known  with  certainty  in 
what  manner  the  French  difpofed 
of  the  remainder  of  their  army 
after  the  battle  of  Quebec.  It 
is  probable  that  they  retired  to- 
wards Montreal  and  Trois  Rivieres, 
the  only  places  of  any  confequence 
which  they  have  left  in  Canada. 
Ill  order  to  deprive  them  of  fub- 

fiftence 


44.  ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


liftencc  in  any  attempt  they  might 
be  induced  to  make  towards  the 
recovery  of  Quebec  in  the  winter, 
the  country  along  the  river  was 
laid  walle  for  a  very  confiderable 
extent.  A  meafure,  which  for  the 
fake  of  humanity,  we  could  have 
wilhed  not  to  have  been  found  ne- 
cefTary. 

Whilft  the  operations  were  thus 
fuccefsfully  carried  on  in  the  river 
St.  Laurence,  General  Amherft  was 
not  wanting  in  his  endeavours  on 
the  iide  of  Lake  Champlain .  Though 
the  retreat  of  the  French  from 
Crown  Point  and  Ticonderoga  had 
left  him  entirely  mailer  of  Lake 
George,  he  found  that  the  com- 
mand of  Lake  Champlain  was 
flill  an  objed  of  fome  difficulty, 
Mr.  Bourlemaque,  who  command- 
ed in  that  part,  had  retired  to  the  lile 
de  Noix,  at  the  bottom  of  the  lake, 
where  he  had  three  thoufand  five 
hundred  men,  flrongly  entrenched  ; 
He  had  likewife  four  flout  armed 
iloops,  by  which  he  could  eafily  de- 
feat any  attempt  by  boats. 

General  Amherll  found  it  necef- 
fary  to  maintain  a  naval  fuperiori- 
ty  upon  the  Champlain,  before  he 
could  hope  to  pufh  his  operations 
any  further  ;  but  this  was  a  work  of 
fo  much  time,  that  it  made  it  abfo- 
lutely  impoffible  to  attain  the  great 
end  of  the  campaign,  the  com- 
munication with  General  Wolfe, 
who  was  left  in  the  manner  we 
have  feen  to  the  exertion  of  his 
fingle  flrength.  The  naval  prepa- 
rations were  not  perfedly  accom- 
plifhed  before  the  end  of  Odlober. 
They  confnied  of  a  great  radeau, 
eighty-four  feet  in  length,  and 
twenty  in  breadth,  which  carried 
fix  twenty-four  pounders ;  the  reft 
confifted  of  a  brigantine  and  a 
floop. 


Covered  by  thefe  the ar-  ^r, 
my  was  embarked  in  boats  ^  •  '  J* 
in  a  mofl  excellent  difpofition,  and 
proceeded  a  confiderable  way  upon 
the  lake  ;  but  as  the  feafbn  was 
far  advanced,  and  the  weather 
growing  cold  and  tempefluous,  he 
judged  it  highly  dangerous  to  ven- 
ture his  troops  much  upon  the  wa- 
ter in  open  batteaux  ;  for  the  waves 
run  as  high  on  this  lake  as  at  fea  in 
an  hard  gale  of  wind.  Befides,  he 
could  not  hope  at  this  advanced 
feafon  to  a£l  at  fuch  a  dillance  as 
the  Ifle  de  Noix  with  any  efFedl ; 
he  therefore  wifely  poflponed  his 
operations  on  that  fide  to  another 
year,  and  contented  himfelf  for  the 
prefent  with  the  efforts  of  his  little 
marine,  which  exerted  itfelf  with 
great  adivity ;  they  blocked  up 
two  of  the  enemies  flrongeft  velTels 
in  a  bay,  but  the  French  ^o 
abandoned  them  in  the  *  ^* 
night,  and  funk  them  in  a  deep  wa- 
ter, the  crews  making  their  eicape  ; 
thefe  they  were  in  hopes  to  weigh 
up.  The  French  appearing  no  where 
to  oppofe  them,  the  armed  ^o 
Iloops  returned  to  Crown 
Point  foon  afier  the  troops,  which 
were  difpofed  in  winter  quarters. 

The  memorable  and  vigorous 
campaign  of  1759,  which  made  full 
amends  for  the  inadlivity  of  the 
former,  was  thus  happily  clofed. 
By  the  taking  of  Niagara,  Ticon- 
deroga, and  above  all  Quebec,  the 
French,  in  the  little  remaining  part 
of  Canada,  are  invefled  upon  every 
fide.  The  troops  which  they  have 
under  Mr.  Levy  at  Montreal,  and 
thofe  under  Mr.  Burlemaque  at 
Ifle  de  Noix,  can  neither  be  re- 
cruited with  men,  nor  properly 
f>ipplied  with  military  flores,  all 
communication  with  France  being 
cut  off.     So  that  in  the  opening  of 

the 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


45 


the  next  campaign,  if  they  are  at- 
tacked with  vigour  from  the  fide  of 
Qnebec,  whilil  General  Amherlt 
advances  with  his  body  by  Lake 
Champlain,  of  which  he  has  now 
the  entire  dominion,  the  refillance 
will  be  no  more  than  fuflicient  to 
give  reputation  to  the  conqueft ; 
and  it  will  depend  more  upon  our 


own  fentiments  of  convenience 
what  part  of  North  America  we 
ftiall  leave  to  France,  than  to  any 
efforts  they  may  make  in  that  part 
of  the  world  ;  happy  if  our  Eu- 
ropean fyllem  fliould  fo  far  concur, 
as  to  leave  us  free  to  conclude  a 
peace  in  America  upon  its  own 
merits. 


CHAP.    viir. 


Prince  Henry's  inarch  into  Saxony,  General  Vehla  defeated.  King  of 
Prujfia  enters  Saxony,  PruJJiafis  defeated  at  Max  en.  Again  defeated 
at  Meijfcn.  M.  Daun  occupies  the  camp  at  Pima.  Munjier  furrenders 
to  the  allies.  Hereditary  Prince  of  Brunf^ick  defeats  the  Duke  of 
Wurt ember g  at  Fiilda.  March  of  the  Hereditary  Prince  of  Brunfixjick 
to  Saxony, 


WE  took  notice  in  the  pre- 
ceding part  of  our  narrative 
of  that  movement  of  the  King  of 
Prufiia,  by  which  he  got  between 
the  Ruffians  and  Great  Glogau,  and 
thereby  b.ffled  their  defigns  upon 
that  important  place.  This  move- 
ment, at  once  daring,  prudent,  and 
neceffary,  hindered  the  Ruffians 
from  taking  winter  quarters  in 
his  dominions ;  but  a:  the  fame 
time  it  unavoidably  cut  off  all  com- 
munication with  the  army  of  Prince 
Henry. 

That  Prince,  feeing  that  he  could 
not  fecond  the  operations  of  the 
King  his  brother  on  the  fide  of 
Silelia,  contrived  another  expedient 
of  co-operating  with  him,  which 
was  immediately  to  diredl  his  march 
towards  Saxony.  There  was  no 
objedt,  the  pofTeffion  of  which  was 
more  intereiling;  on  that  account 
it  was  very  proper ;  but  this  march 
anfwered  alfo  another  end;  for  it 
drew  the  attention  of  M.  Daun  to 
the  fide  of  Saxony,  and  difabled 
him  from  affifting  the  defigns  of 
ihe  Ruffians  againil  Glogau,  cipher 


with  his  whole  array,  or  with  any 
confiderable  detachment  from  it. 
The  whole  country  of  Lufatia, 
through  which  this  projeded  march 
lay,  was  in  a  manner  overfpread 
with  the  enemy.  M.  Daun  with 
the  main  army  of  the  Auftrians 
lay  at  a  place  called  Sorau,  oppofite 
to  the  Prince's  camp.  Five  bodies 
of  Ruffians  occupied  as  many  ad- 
vantageous polls  between  the  Sober 
and  the  Neifs.  General  Laudohn 
poflefled  the  whole  country  along 
the  Spree  with  feveral  Auftriari 
corps.  To  get  ground  of  M.  Daun 
it  was  neceffary  to  make  a  vaft  cir- 
cuit, and  to  march  between  the  Au- 
ftrian  and  Ruffian  armies  for  mortf 
than  fixty  Englifh  miles. 

Before  the  Prince  entered  upon 
this  arduous  defign,  by  feveral 
bold  movements  he  obliged  M. 
Daun  to  retreat  from  Sorau  to  Gor- 
litz,  and  from  GorHtz  as  far  as 
Bautzen,  keeping  himfelf  as  much 
as  poffible  between  the  Prince  and 
Saxony.  But  his  royal  highneft 
having  perceived  the  dir.clion  in 
which  M.  Daun  was  moving,  n.^de 

a  Com-* 


46         ANN  UAL    REGISTER,    1759, 

a  compafs  to  the  northward  of 
the  Auftrians,  into  the, Lower  Lu- 
fatia,  pafied  the  Neifs  at  Rothen- 
burg,  and  marching  with  the  ut- 
molT  expedition,  arrived  at  Hovers 
c     f.  -      Werda  in  two  days  from 

"  '  ''^'  his  leaving  his  pofts  near 
Zittau.  This  rapid  march  brought 
them  quite  iinexpcded  upon  a  body 
of  five  or  fix  thoufand  Auftrian 
irregulars,  commanded  by  Ge- 
neral Vehla,  who  were-  fituated 
in  all  fecurity  behind  the  town. 
They  were  routed  with  no  fmall 
(laughter.  Having  diflodged  this 
corps,  the  Prince's  army  had  leifure 
to  repofe  themfelves  after  fuch  a  fa- 
tiguing march,  for  two  days ;  and 
then  continued  their  progrefs  to- 
wards the  Elbe,  which  river  they 
Oft    1    croffed  at  Torgau,  having 

'*  *  received  notice  that  M. 
Paun  had  crofled  it  before  them  near 
i)refden.  Thus  was  the  grand  thea- 
tre of  the  war  once  more  transfer- 
red into  Saxony,  and  that  miferable 
country,  continually  harraffed,  con- 
tinually tofied  from  hand  to  hand> 
the  fport  of  violence  and  fortune, 
fufFered  equal  diftrefTes  from  its  de- 
liverers and  its  enemies. 

The  Prufiian  army,  from  the  be- 
ginning of  this  war,  has  been  par- 
ticularly diftinguilhed  for  its  march- 
es;,  and  there  is  certainly  nothing, 
in  all  the  various  operations  of  war, 
which  more  particularly  diftinguifti- 
es  good  troops  and  able  and  fpirited 
leaders.  Eat  this  march  of  Prince 
Henry  over  fuch  a  traft  of  country, 
almolt  every  where  occupied  by  the. 
enemy,  in  lo  fiiort  a  time,- and  with 
fo  little  lofs,  is  perhaps  one  of  the 
inoft  extraordinary,  and  the  beft: 
conducted,  of  the  marches  that  have 
been  made  by  the  FruiTian,  or  any 
other  army. 

This  fortunate  ftioke,   together 


with  the  retreat  of  the  Rufliar$; 
afforded  fome  hope,  that  notwith- 
ftanding  his  repeated  difafters,  the 
King  of  Prufiia  might  dill  coiiclude 
the  campaign  to  his  advantage. 
The  detachments  imder  Finck 
and  Wunfch  had  no  fooner  en- 
tered Mifnia,  than  they  attained 
a  fuperiority  over  the  united  ar- 
mies of  Aullria  and  the  Empire  ; 
all  the  places  which  in  fo  fhort  a 
time  they  had  feized,  in  as  fhort  a 
time  were  reduced  40  the  obe- 
dience of  their  former  mafters.- 
Wunfch  had  engaged  their  army, 
and  defeated  one  of  its  wings; 
This  viftory  gave  them  the  pofTef- 
fion  of  every  thing  to  the  gates  of 
Drefden,  the  only  town  which  re- 
mained to  the  enemy  of  all  thofe 
they  had  taken.  They  found  them- 
felves unable  to  prevent  Prince 
Henry  from  palling  the  Elbe  5 
they  found  themfelves  unable  to 
prevent  General  Hulfen  from 
coming  to  his  relief  with  a  con- 
fiderable  detachment ;  they  found 
themfelves  unable  to  prevent  the 
King  from  joining  him-  ^^^  ^^ 
felf  to  thbfe ;  when  after 
obliging  the  Ruffians  to  evacuate 
Silefia,  he  marched  to  their  relief, 
leaving  General  Itzenplitz  with  a 
part  of  his  army,  to  keep  the  Ruf- 
fians from  availing  themfelves  of  ' 
his  ahfence.  On  this  the  army  of 
the  empire  retired.  Marfhal  Daun 
fell  back  towards  Drefden.  Alt 
the  King  of  Pruilia's  pofts  were 
left  unmolefted,  and  after  all  his 
lollVs,  and  all  his  necefTary  detach- 
ments, he  ftill  faw  himfelf  at  the 
head  of  a  gallant  army  of  fixty 
thoufand  men,  in  high  fpirits,  and 
ready  to  execute  the  moll  defperaie 
of  his  orders,  notwithftanding  the 
advanced  feafon,  and  the  greit  ex- 
tremity of  the  cold.  J 

li 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


47 


It  is  true  that  M.  Daun  was  fu- 
perior  to  him  in  numbers,  and  yet 
more  (o  in  fiiuation.  He  could  at 
any  time  take  pofieffion  of  the  fa- 
moos  camp  at  Pirna,  where  he  could 
not  be  attacked  with  any  profpeft 
of  fuccefs;  but  then  the  freezing 
of  the  Elbe,  the  fnow  on  the  moun- 
tains, which  divide  Bohemia  from 
Saxony,  and  the  continual  molefta- 
tion  which  might  be  expeded  from 
■the  Prulfian  parties,  made  this  iitua- 
tion  as  dangerous,  in  fome  refpeds, 
as  it  was  defirable  in  others. 

It  was  the  opinion  of  many,  that 
thefe  advantages  on  the  fide  of  the 
King  of  Pruffia,  well  purfued,  with- 
out aiming  at  more,  would  in  a 
(hort  time  infallibly  have  obliged 
M.  Daun  to  relinquifh  his  ftrong 
poft,  and  to  retire  into  Bohemia, 
abandoning  Drefden,  and  with  it 
all  the  fruits  of  his  vidorious  cam- 
paign. But  ther  King,  pofTelTed  by 
an  idea  of  the  ill  fituation  of  the 
Auftrians,  thought  that  advantages 
of  greater  moment  and  more  deci- 
iive,  might  be  drawn  from  it.  He 
knew  that  the  pafles  into  Bohemia 
were  fo  difficult,  that  by  fome  pofts 
properly  chofen  and  ftrongly  guard- 
ed, the  fubfiftence  of  the  Aullrians 
might  be  made  impradicable,  and 
even  their  retreat  rendered  fo  diffi- 
cult, that  M.  Daun  would  find  him- 
felf  obliged  to  fight  at  a  difadvan- 
tage,  and  to  put  to  the  hazard  of 
the  field  all  that  his  caution  and 
prudence  had  been  fo  long  and  fo 
painfully  procuring. 

Upon  this  plan,  the  King  having 
obliged  M.  Daun  to  retreat  as  far  as 
Plauen,  advanced  himfelf  as  far  as 
t  Kefleldorf;  and  ordered  General 
Finck  with  a  ftrong  corps  to  turn  the 
Auftrians,  and  feize  the  defiles  of 
Maxen  and  Ottendorf,  through 
ivhich  alooe  i(  ieemcd  poffible  for 


the  Auftrians  to  communicate  with 
Bohemia.  This  was  fo  fuccefsfully 
executed,  that  there  appeared  no 
doubt  that  the  King  had  efFeftualJy 
fecured  one  of  his  principal  objedls, 
and  placed  Daun  between  two  fires. 
Wliilft  the  Pruffians  enjoyed  this 
fecurity,  M.  Daun,  who  was  aware 
G^'their  defign,  had  fo  occupied  all 
the  eminences  about  this  rough  and 
dangerous  place,  and  all  the  pafles 
into  it,  that  the  Pruffians  were  hard- 
ly attacked;  when  their  defeat  feem- 
ed  inevitable.  It  is  probable  that 
they  had  got  too  far  into  thefe  de- 
files, and  had  not  taken  proper 
meafures  to  fecure  a  retreat,  or  any 
fort  of  communication  with  the 
grand  army.  They  became  too  late 
fenfible  of  their  fituation,  and  they 
made,  for  a  whol«  day,  the  moil 
intrepid  efforts  to  difengage  them- 
felves  from  it :  but  they  were  foiled 
in  every  attempt,  with  confider- 
able  lofs  of  men,  and  of  the  moft 
part  of  their  artillery. 

Night  put  a  ftop  to  the  engage- 
ment; the  Auftrians  employed  ic 
efi^edlually  to  entangle  the  Pruffians, 
by  guarding  with  double  ftrength 
and  vigilance,  every  avenue  through: 
which  it  was  poffible  for  them  to 
efcape.  So  that  when  the  ^  .^ 
morning  appeared,  they  °^'  ^ 
favv  the  hilis  covered  on  every  fide 
with  great  bodies  of  their  enemiesy 
and  every  defile  prefented  a  wall  of 
bayonets,  through  which  it  was  im- 
poffible  to  penetrate.  Thus  galled 
with  the  lofles  of  the  preceding 
day,  in  which  it  is  faid  they  cxhauft- 
ed  almoft  all  their  ammunition, 
ftripped  of  the  greateft  part  of  their 
cannon,  furrounded  by  the  enemy 
on  all  quarters,  no  refource,  no  pro- 
fpeft  of  relief  appearing,  the  army 
loft  all  hope,  and  all  fpirit.  To 
make  any  efforts  in  this  condiiion. 
General 


-4«  ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1759, 


General  Finck  thought  would  only 
be  to  throw  away  unprofitably  the 
lives  of  fomany  brave  men,  which 
might  be  referved  for  a  more  hope- 
ful occafion  ;  he  therefore,  notwith- 
ftanding  the  known  rigour  of  his 
mafter,  the  apparent  fhame  of  the 
thing,  and  the  thoufand  circum- 
ilances  of  embarraflment  that  mrift 
have  arifen  to  a  man  of  honour  at 
fuch  a  juncture,  came  to  a  refolu- 
tion  of  furrendering  the  whole  army 
prifoners  of  war.  Nineteen  batta- 
lions and  thirty-five  fquadrons,  com- 
pofmg  near  twenty  thoufand  men 
by  the  Auftrian  account,  above 
twelve  by  the  Pruflian  confefiion, 
iixty-four  pieces  of  cannon,,  many 
liandards  and  colours,  were  taken 
on  this  occafion. 

It  was  anqueftionably  the  greateft 
blow  which  the  Pruflian s  had  felt 
from  the  beginning  of  the  v/ar ;  con- 
iidering  the  critical  time,  the  num- 
bers taken,  and  the  lofs  of  reputa- 
tion, which  arofe  from  the  manner 
in  which  they  were  taken.  It  is  no 
nvonder  that  fuch  an  extraordinary 
advantage,  thus  cheaply  obtained, 
ihould  greatly  have  elevated  the 
friends  ofthehoufe  of  Auilria.  They 
had  put  the  change  upon  the  Pruf- 
fians,  they  had  caught  their  enemy 
in  the  very  trap  which  they  had 
laid,  as  they  thought,  with  fuch 
addrefs  for  them.  They  had  now 
received  a  full  indemnification  for 
the  capture  of  the  Saxon  army, 
which  had  furrendered  in  much  the 
fame  manner,  and  very  near  this 
place,  in  the  yezfr  1756. 

•  The  King  of  PruiTia  had  no  time 
to  recover  from  this  ftroke,  under 
which  he  was  yet  flaggering,  when 
he  received  another  blow,  and  a 
fevere  one.  General  Darceke  was 
pofted  at  the  right  of  the  Elbe,  op- 
jj  pofite  to  MeifTen ;  but  on 

^^"^'  the  approach    of   a  large 


body  of  Auftrians,  they  prepdred 
to  retreat  over  the  river  into  that 
place  into  which  they  thought  their 
retreat  fecure ;  but  having  been 
obliged  by  an  hard  froll  to  with- 
draw their  bridge  of  boats,  a  thaw 
fupervening,  when  they  attempted 
to  lay  a  bridge  of  pontoons,  (o 
many  great  fragments  of  ice  floated 
in  the  river,  that  they  found  it  im- 
prndicable;  they  were  therefore 
under  the  nectflity  of  pafilng  over 
their  army  in  boats.  Whilll  they 
ftruggled  with  thefe  difficultieSj; 
their  rear  guard  was  attacked  by 
the  Aultrians  with  great  fury,  and 
all  the  men  that  compofed  it,  to- 
gether with  the  general,  were  killed 
or  made  prifoners.  The  lofs  of  the 
Pruflian s  on  this  occafion  is  faid  to 
have  been  three  thoufand  killed 
and  taken  ;  and  this  fecond  fur- 
prize  brought  a  new  difcredit,  2§ 
well  as  great  detriment  to  the  Pruf- 
fian  arms. 

M.  Daun  was  not  fo  carried  away 
with  this  flood  of  fuccefs,  as  to  de- 
part in  the  lead  degree  from  his 
ufual  cautious  management.  Two 
advantages  were  now  obtained, 
which,  with  a  very  few  efforts,  might 
be  improved  to  the  entire  deftruc- 
tion  of  the  King  of  Pruflia.  At 
leaft,  many  generals  would  have 
thought  fo;  but  M.Daun  thought,^ ' 
that  the  fame  conduct,  which,  with 
no  rifque,  and  with  little  lofs,  had 
reduced  the  Kin?  fo  low,  was  the 
moft  likely,  if,puri"ued,  to  bring  ort 
his  entire  ruin.  He  refolved  to  give 
that  monarch  no  fort  of  chance  to 
recover  his  fortune  ;  Daun,  after 
the  two  great  victories  of  the  Ruf- 
fians his  allies,  after  the  two  great 
vidlories  he  had  himfelf  newly  ob- 
tained, retired  behind  Drefdfen;  and 
as  if  he  had  been  beaten,  as  often 
as  he  was  vidorious,  he  took  refuge 
in  the  impregnable  camp  at  Pima, 

having 


History  of   the  war. 


49 


iikving  (o  difpofed  matters,  that  the 
king  of  PrufTia,  now  too  weak  to 
fend  out  any  great  detachments, 
could  not  prevent  his  communica- 
tion with  Bohemia. 

Whilft  the  King  of  Pruflia  carried 
bn  his  unfuccefsful  campaign  in 
Saxonyi  through  all  the  rigours  of 
the  fevereft  winter  for  many  years 
felt  in  Europe  ;  the  army  of  the 
allies  kept  the  field  wiih  better  for- 
tune. It  ii  true,  things  had  been  fo 
difpofed  by  the  obftinate  refiftancfe 
of  Munfter,  and  the  reinforcements 
which  arrived  in  the  French  army, 
that  Prince  Ferdinand  did  not  find 
himfelf  in  a  condition  to  force  them 
to  a  decifive  attion  J  and  therefore 
the  fituation  of  the  two  armies  had 
continued  much  the  fame  for  a  con- 
fiderable  time.  At  length  Munfter, 
after  a  feries  of  operations,  fome- 
times  a  fiege,  and  fometimes  a 
blockade,    no^▼    broken    off,    and 

XT  now  refumed,  at  laft  fui*- 

Nov.  20.  J       J  J  ^, 

rendered,  and  the  gam* 

fon  capitulated  for  their  liberty. 

Not  long  after  this,  the  Heredi- 
tary Prince  of  Brunfwick,  all  whofe 
enterprizes  are  diftingUifhed  with  a 
peculiar  eclat  and  fplendor,  that 
mark  them  for  his  own,  performed 
a  fervice  that  curbed  the  French, 
even  more  than  the  lofs  of  Munfter. 
Prince  Charles  of  Severn  was  alfo 
engaged  in  this  defign. 

The  Duke  of  Wurtemburg  had 
renewed  his  treaty  of  fubfidy  with 
France,  and  having  recruited  and 
augmented  his  troops,  he  lay  at 
Fulda,  a  great  way  to  the  right  of 
the  French  army.  The  Hereditary 
Prince  formed  a  defign  to  attack 
him  at  that  diftance. 

On  the  28th  of  November,  tak- 
ing a  fmall,  but  well-chofen  corps  of 
horfe  and  loot,  and  difengaging 
them  from  their  baggage,  he  arrived 
h]   two  dap  at  Fulda,   where  the 

Vol.  II. 


Wurtemburgers  enjoyed  themfelves 
in  full  fecuriiy.  A/eu  de  joye  h&d 
been  ordered  for  that  day  ;  the 
troops  were  all  in  their  beft  cloaths  ; 
the  Duke  had  invited  all  the  ladies 
in  the  town  to  his  table,  and  to  a  balJ, 
which  he  intended  to  have  given 
that  very  day  ;  but  the  Hereditary 
Prince  difconcerted  their  meafures, 
both  of.  war  and  diverfion.  A 
large  party  of  the  Wurtemburg 
troops  were  ported  in  a  plain  before 
the  tovvni  The  Hereditary  Prince 
fell  upon  them  unawares  in  their 
front  and  flank,  and  drove  them 
into  the  town,  into  which  he  clofe- 
ly  purfued  them.  Here  they  made 
fome  appearance  of  maintaining 
their  ground  for  fome  minutes,  but 
they  were  foon  drove  out  on  the 
other  fide,  and  hotly  purfued  by 
the  Prince  of  Brunfwick  ;  without 
the  town  they  were  met  by  Prince 
Charles  of  Severn,  who  had  made  a 
compafs  about  the  place,  and  at- 
tacked them  vigoroufly  as  foon  as 
they  had  got  out  of  it.  Four  bat- 
talions made  fome  refiftance,  and 
were  all  cut  to  pieces,  or  made  pri- 
foners ;  the  reft^  with  the  Duke 
himfelf,  covered  by  the  refiftance 
of  thefe  battalions,  made  a  (hift  to 
efcape.  Above  a  thoufand  prifoners 
were  made  on  this  occafion  ;  and 
the  Prince  returned  to  the  camp  of 
the  allies,  after  having  efFe6\ually 
difabled  this  corps  from  performing 
any  thing  confiderable ;  and  this 
action  was  of  the  greateft  confe- 
quence*  as  by  the  difpofition  of  the 
corps  at  Fulda,  there  was  an  ap- 
pearance as  if  the  French  meant  to 
form  a  communication  with  the  ar- 
my of  the  empire,  for  the  mutual 
cxtenfion  and  fecurity  of  their  win- 
ter quarters. 

This  enierprize  was  only  the  pre- 
lude  to  another,  which  prcmifed  to 
be  much  more  extenfive  in  its  con- 

E  fequcnccs,. 


50         ANNUAL  REGISTER, 


iequences.  The  feafon  was  now 
grown  too  fevere  to  fuffer  the  allies 
to  pufli  any  further  the  advantages 
ihey  had  obtained  over  the  French ; 
at  the  fame  time  it  di fabled  the 
French  from  attempting  any  thing 
confiderable  againd  them.  Befides 
thefe  advantages  of  the  feafon,  by 
poilefling  M under,  the  allies  were 
no  longer  obliged  to  keep  fo  large 
a  body  of  men  in  Wellpbalia. 
Thefe  were  the  confiderations  which 
fufFered  Prince  Ferdinand  to  tarn 
his  eyes  to  the  diftreifed  ftate  of  the 
King  of  Pruffia's  affairs.  After  the 
two  great  blows  which  that  Monarch 
had  fuffered  ;  there  was  no  hope  of 
diflodging  M.  Daun  with  his  fingle 
force  ;  and  he  was  utterly  unable  to 
avail  himfelf,  as  heretofore,  of  the 
rigour  of  the  feafon,  to  ftrike  a  de- 
cifive  blow.  Prince  Ferdinand,  dif- 
tant  as  he  was  from  his  dirtreffed  al- 
ly, and  fo  near  to  an  enemy  fupe- 
rior  in  numbers,  did  not  hefitate  to 
fend  him  fuccours,  to  enable  him, 
jf  poffible,  to  make  a  final  effort. 
He  detached  therefore  12,000  of  his 
beft  men,  and  placed  them  under 
the  command  of  the  Hereditary 
Prince,  with  whofe  vigour  and  dili- 
gence he  was  perfedlly  acquainted, 
and  under  whom  he  knew  the  fol- 
diers  would  endure  any  hardship 
^ith  chearfalnefs.  They  marched 
Cif^  from  KorfdorfF,  and  in  the 

deprh  of  the  late  fevere 
feafon,  without  lofing  a  man  by 
iicknefs  or  defei  tlon,  in  £fi.een  days, 
inarched  near  three  hundred  miles, 
and  Joined  the  King  of  PruiHa  at 
.^reybourg. 

This  jun«-l;ion  raifed  for  a  while 
the  fpirits  ar.d  hopes  of  the  PrufTian 
ar^:  y  ;  bu,  in  effed,  it  did  moif  ho- 
nour to  the  abilities  of  the  Here- 
ditary Prince,  than  fervic*  to  the 
^ng.     The  feafon^  which  fought 


»759- 

equally  againft  all  fides,  the  inaccef- 
fible  camp  at  Pima,  and  the  caution 
of  M.  Daun,  rendered  it  impofliblc 
to  the  King,  notwithftanding  this 
reinforcement,  to  make  any  attempt. 
So  that  after  feveral  movements  in 
hopes  of  bringing  the  Auftrians  to 
an  engagement,  he  was  obliged  at 
length  to  defiil:,  and  to  fuffer  the 
fhattered  remains  of  his  army  to  re- 
pofe    in    winter-quarters   after    the 
fruitlefs  fatigues  of  fo  long,  fo  la- 
borious, and  fo  bloody  a  campaign. 
The  King  of  Pruffia  did  not  de- 
rive the  benefits  that  were  expefted 
from  this  detachment ;  the  French 
had  no  fooner  notice  of  it,    than 
they  attempted  to  avail  themfelves 
of  the  weaknefs  it   caufed   in   the 
allied  army.    The  Duke  of  Broglio 
was  now  at  the  head  of  the  French 
troops ;  he  had  lately  returned  from 
Verfailles,  having  ruined  the  cha- 
radcr  of  M.  de    Contades,    effa- 
blifbed  his  own,  removed  his  rival, 
and,  in  fpite  of  feniority,  had  ac- 
quired the  marfhal's  Ilaff,  and  the 
command  of  the  army.    He  thought 
he  had  now  an  opportunity  for  an 
adion  of  eclat  to  diftinguilh  his  en- 
trance into  command.    He  attempt- 
ed  to  attack  Prince  Ferdinand  by 
furprizc.  But  finding  him 
perfedlly  prepared, and  all 
his  pofts  well  guarded,  he  thought 
it  moft  prudent  to  retire  to  his  for- 
mer quarters  ;  and  with  this  abor- 
tive attempt  clofed  the  operations 
of   the    German    campaign,     from 
whence  France  had  entertained  fuch 
fanguine  hopes  ;  leaving  to  Prince 
Ferdinand     the     glory    of    taking 
Muiifler  in  the  prefence  of  one  of 
their  armies,    and   of  fecuring   his 
own   ports  againft  all  their  efforts, 
after  he  had,  from  an  inferior  num- 
ber, dilpatched   12,000  men  three 
hundred  mUes  from  his  camp. 

CHAP, 


Dec.  24. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR.         51 


CHAP.      IX. 

The  frepardtions  fit  Vannes  and  Breft,  The  Englijh  feet  Jri'ven  from  theit 
Jiatton.  The  aSlion  near  BelUiJle.  French  fieet  defeated.  War  in  the 
JEuJi  Indie i  in  1 7 58.  French  fieet  under  M.  d' Ache  tnxjice  beaten.  M.  de 
tally  takes  Fort  St.  Da'vid'j,  but  ii  repulfed  at  Tanjour.  Lays  fiege  to  Ma-^ 
drajs.    Obliged  to  raife  thefiege.     Conclujion  of  the  annals  £/"  1759. 


THE  (cverity  of  the  winter 
could  not  put  a  ftop  to  the 
operations  of  the  land  armies ;  it 
Had  no  more  efFedl  upon  the  opera- 
tions at  fea,  which  went  on  with 
vigour,  in  Ipite  of  the  inclemency 
6f  the  feafon.  The  invafion  pfo- 
jefted  by  France,  which  the  en- 
gagement off  Cape  Lagos  had  re- 
tarded, was  by  no  means  laid  afide. 

The  preparations  for  a  naval 
equipment  in  the  harbour  of  Breft, 
and  for  tranfporting  a  body  of 
£o:ct&  from  Vannes,  went  on  conti- 
nually. The  winter  did  not  delay 
thefe  preparations,  becaufe  it  was 
hoped  that,  in  that  feafon,  the  Bri- 
liih  fleet  might  be  obliged  to  take 
refuge  in  their  own  harbours  ;  and 
thus  might  afford  an  opportunity 
for  the  French  fleet  to  come  out 
unoppofed,  and  to  execute  the  ob- 
jed  of  their  deftinaiion  before  the 
Britilh  navy  could  be  in  readinefs 
to  encounter  them. 

In  fad,  they  were  not  wholly 
difappointed  in  their  expedlations. 
A  violent  ftorm  forced  Sir  Edward 
Hawke  to  quit  his  ftation  ofi^  Breft; 
He  came  with  his  whole  fleet  to 
anchor  in  Torbay. 
■^  The  French  fleet  availed 

^*  itfclf  of  his  abfence  to 
put  to  fea.  The  whole  Englifh  na- 
tion was  alarmed,  but  it  was  an 
alarm  that  produced  no  hurry  or 
difturbance,  but  vigorous,  cool,  and 
fettled  methods  for  its  defence. 

And  now  the  event  of  the  whole 
»:if  was  put  to  the  iiTue  ?  fof  upoa 


the  good  or  ill  fuccefs  of  this  ftxok* 
twzry  thing  depended.  ^ 
Admiral  Hawke  loft  not  ^°^;  ^^* 
a  moment's  time  to  put  again  to 
fea,  and  to  feek  the  French  fleet* 
Both  fquadrons  put  to  fea  on  the 
fame  day ;  Sir  Edward  Hawke  from 
Torbay,  M.  deConflans  from  Breft. 
There  was  a  difference  of  but  one 
fhip  of  the  line  in  their  forces* 

It  is  impoflible  here  to  pafs  over 
the  gallant  behaviour  of  one  of  our 
admirals,  as  it  helps  to  mark  the 
genius  and  fpirit  of  this  happy  time, 
and  as  this  is  one  of  the  £neft  inftan<^ 
ces  of  it.     Admiral  Saunders  came 
into  port  from  his  Quebec  expedi*. 
tion  immediately  after  Hawke  had 
failed.     After  fuch  a  long  voyage 
aind  fo  {tvttt  a  campaign^  unbrokea 
by  fatigue,  and  ftill  infatiated  with 
gloi-y,  he  determined   immediately 
to  fet  fail  again,  and  partake  the 
honour  and  danger  of  the  coming 
engagement.     For  this  purpofe  no 
time  was  to  be  loft,   and  he  had  no 
orders.  But  he  thought  the  exigence 
of  his  country  fufficient  orders }  and 
he  knew  that  at  this  time  the  letter 
of  military  difwipline  would  never 
be  fet  again  ft  its  fpirit.     He  there- 
fore fet  fail,  without  waiting  for  or- 
ders, with  ten  ftiips  j  but  fortune  did 
not  favour  the  generofity  of  his  in«» 
tentions,  and  he  did  not  join  the 
Britifh  fleet  time  enough  for   the 
engagement. 

As  Sir  Edward  Hawke  concluded 
that  the  firft  rendezvous  of  the  ene- 
my's fleec  would  be  at  Quibeioq, 

E  s  ho 


ga        ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1759. 


he  dire'fted  his  courfe  with  all  dili- 
ce*nce  for  that  bay.  But  here  again, 
forcune  for  a  while  feemed  to  de- 
clare for  the  French  ;  for  a  ftrong 
wind  blown  in  an  eafterly  point, 
drove  the  Engliih  fleet  a  great  way 
to  the  weltward  ;  but  a  length  it 
became  more  favourable,  and  bore 
them  indirectly  to  the  (hore.  About 
eight  o'clock  the  headmoft  fliips 
difcovered  the  enemy  bearing  to 
the  northward,  between  the  ifland 
of  Belleifle  and  the  main  land  of 
France. 

Hawke  faw  at  laft  what  he  had 
fo  long  and  fo  ardently  wilhed  for, 
(though  hitherto  in  vain)  the  ene- 
my in    his  reach.     But   yet  there 
were  fuch  difficulties  in  his  way,  as 
would  have  checked  a  very  cautious 
commander,  or  perhaps  any  com- 
mander in  circumftances  lefs  critical 
to  the  public  fafety.  On  the  flight- 
eft  infj>ettion  of  the   chart  it  will 
appear,    that  all   this    fea   is  fown 
thick  with  fands  and    fhoals,    and 
ihallows  and  rocks  ;  our  pilots  were 
by  no  means  well  acquainted  with 
it ;  and   the  wind   blew   little  lefs 
than  a  violent  ftorm,  and  the  waves 
ran   mountain   high.     In  thefe  cir- 
cumftances  they  were  to   attack  a 
very  ftrong  fquadron  of  the  enemy 
on  their  own  coaft,  with  which  they 
were     perfedly     acquainted.       Ail 
thefe  difficulties  only  animated  the 
,  Eiiglifti    admiral.      I.)   one    of   the 
fineft  fhips  in  the  world,  command- 
ing the  flower  of  the  Britifli  navy, 
and  feconded    by  fome  of  the  moft 
tried  and  bravett  officers  in  the  I'er- 
vice  ;  and  .^bove  aii,  not  dubious  of 
himfelf.  Heorde  ed  the  (hips  neareft 
the    enemy   im^Tiediaiely   to  chafe, 
and,    by  engaging  them,    to   give 
time   for   the   reft   of  the   fleet   to 
cbme  up. 
--M.   Coi'flans    had    two    choices, 
either  to  Ey,.or  to  ftand  and  fight  It 
6 


out.  But  he  followed  neither  per- 
fedly  ;  for  foirie  time  he  appeared 
as  if  he  meant  to  fight  ;  but  after 
giving  the  Britifh  fliips  time  to  come 
near  him,  when  it  waa  too  late,  he 
crouded  all  the  fail  he  could  carry ; 
at  the  fame  time  he  fliewed  an  at- 
tention to  keep  all  his  fquadron 
together. 

At  half  an  hour  after  two,  the  ac- 
tion began  with  great  fury.    In  two 
hours  the  enemy  had  loft  three  fliips 
of  the  line;  one  ftruck,  two  were 
funk  outright.     Hawke  ordered  his 
fliip  to  referve  her  fire,  to  pafs  by  all 
the  others,  and  to  be  laid  alongfide 
of  the  Soleil  Royal,  the  beft  fliip  in 
the  French  navy,  and  commanded 
by  M.  de  Conflans ;  the  mafter  re- 
monftrated  on  the  almoft  inevitable 
danger  of  the  coaft.     Hawke   an- 
fwered,  **  You  have  done  your  duty 
**  in  this  remonftrance  ;  now  obey 
**  my  orders,  and  lay  me  alongfide 
**  the  French  admiral."    A  French 
fliip  of  70 guns  generoufly  put  him- 
felf between    them  ;    Hawke    was 
obliged  to  beftow  here  the  fire  he 
had  referved  for  a  greater  occafion, 
and   at  one  broadfide  funk  her  to 
the  bottom.     The  headmoft  of  the 
Engliih  fliips  fired  on  the  enemy  as 
they  cime  up  to  them,  and  then  pail 
on   to  others,  leaving  thofe  behind 
to  improve  their  fuccefs,  and  deftroy 
or  take  them  ;  and  by  this   method 
they  had  got  up  quite  to  the  van  of 
the  enemy,  and  would  have  totally 
deftroyed  their  fleet,  had  not  night 
interpofcd    to   fave    them.      Before 
night   came  on,   the  enemy's  fleet 
was   much   difperied  ;    but    in    the 
eagernefs  of  the  purfuit,  two  of  the 
Englifli  fliips  unfortunately  run  upon 
a  fand,   called  the  Four,  and  were 
loft.     The  enemy   fled  in   to  their 
own  coaft.     Seven  fliips  of  the  line 
threw  over   board   all    their    guns, 
and  efcaped  into  the  river  Villaine  ; 

about 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


S3 


abo'Jt  as  many  more  got  out  to  Tea, 
and  made  for  other  ports. 

Nothing  could  be  conceived  more 
dreadful  than  the  night  which  fuc- 
ceeded  this  aftion.  A  violent  ilorm 
blew  all  night  long.  It  was  a 
pitchy  darknefs ;  a  dangerous  coaft 
furrounded  them  on  almolt  all  fides. 
A  continual  firing  of  diftrefs  guns 
was  heard,  without  knowing  whe- 
ther they  came  from  friend  or  ene- 
my ;  and  on  account  of  the  badnefs 
of  the  coaft,  and  the  darknefs  of  the 
night,  our  people  were  equally  un- 
able to  venture  to  their  ailiftance. 

When  morning  came  on,  they 
found  the  French  admiral  had  run 
his  (hip,  and  another  called  the 
HeroG,  on  fhore  ;  the  firft  was  fet 
on  fire  by  the  enemy,  the  other  by 
our  feamen.  Thus  concluded  this 
remarkable  aftion,  in  which  the 
French  had  four  capital  (hips  de- 
llroyed,  one  taken,  and  the  whole 
of  their  formidable  navy,  in  which 
confided  the  laft  hope  of  their  ma- 
rine, (battered,  difarmed,  and  dif- 
perfcd.  The  long-threatened  inva- 
fion,  which  was  to  repair  their  loflfes 
in  every  part  of  the  world,  was 
dilfipated,  and  the  credit  of  their 
arms  broken  along  with  their  forces. 
The  behaviour  of  the  Englifh  cap- 
tains and  feamen,  on  the  contrary, 
added  as  much  to  the  glory  of  the 
Britifh  arms,  as  the  fafety  of  their 
country.  Perhaps  there  never  was 
a  naval  engagement  of  fuch  extent, 
in  which  no  captain  was  accufed, 
nor  even  in  any  degree  fu(pe(5led 
of  mi(behaviour  or  cowardice  ;  in 
which  thofe  who  engaged,  and  thofe 
who  did  not,  gave  proofs  that  they 
were  equally  ardent  in  the  fervice 
of  their  country. 

Thofe  who  think  fuch  matters 
deferving  of  their  notice  have  ob- 
f((rved,  that  this  decifive  naval  en- 


gagement, thefurrenderof  the  Pruf- 
fian  troops  at  Maxen,  and  the  taking 
of  Munller,  happened  on  the  fame 
day,  the  20th  of  November. 

This  was  the  conclufion  of  the 
French  affairs  in  Europe.  The  iffue 
of  the  campaign  in  America  had 
not  been  more  favourable  to  them, 
.Although  the  events  in  the  Eaft-In- 
dies  belong  properly  to  the  lad  year, 
yet,  as  the  accounts  did  not  arrive 
until  this,  and  that  the  adlions  there 
were  of  great  importance,  and 
equally  fortunate  on  our  fide,  it  is 
proper  that  we  (hould  take  fome 
notice  of  them  here. 

The  Englifh  had  by  no  means 
that  fuperiority  over  the  French  in 
the  Eafl-Indies,  which  they  had  ia 
America.  It  was  here  the  French 
feemed  to  have  made  thofe  eftorts, 
by  which  they  hoped  in  fome  degree 
to  balance  their  lofTes  in  other  parts. 
They  had  a  very  ftrong  fquadron  un- 
der Monf.  d'Ache  in  thole  feas.  M. 
de  Lally,  an  officer  of  credit,  and  of 
greater  rank  than  had  ufually  been 
fent  on  that  fervice,  commanded  a 
body  of  2000  Europeans,  a  great  ar- 
my, in  a  country  where  the  name  of 
an  European  is  itfelf  a  llrength.  In 
the  beginning,  their  fuccefs  feemed 
proportionate  to  their  forces ;  they 
took  the  fort  and  city  of  St.  Davicl*s. 
But  in  a  very  fhort  time  the  ill  ftar 
of  France,  which  in  no  part  of  the 
world  fets  well  on  their  affairs,  be- 
gan to  influence  them  here.  M. 
d'Ache  in  two  naval  engagements 
was  worfted,  and  prevented  from 
co-operating  with  the  land  forces  for 
the  reft  of  the  campaign.  And  h  d 
the  fpirit  and  conduft  of  Admiral 
Pococke  been  as  well  feconded  by 
fome  of  his  captains  as  it  was  by 
others,  there  is  great  reafon  to  be- 
lieve, that  the  French  naval  power 
bad   been  as   eiFedlually  deftroyed 

£  3  io 


54  ANNUAL    REGISTER,  1759, 


in  thofe  feas,  as  it  had  been  in  thofe 
of  Europe. 

Notwithftanding  thefe  checks,  it 
was  neceffary  that  M'  LaHy  Ihould 
ai^.  But  it  was  not  only  the  dif- 
grace  of  the  French  fleet,  ^ut  an  ex- 
treme want  of  money,  which  de- 
layed his  operation.  A  Prince  of  the 
country,  the  K-ing  of  Tanjour,  ap- 
peared the  only  refource  which  wia$ 
open.  To  this  Prince  he  applied 
for  a  confiderable  fum  of  money, 
which  being  refoiutely  refufed,  he 
carried  the  war  into  his  dorpiniqns, 
and  laid  fiege  to  his  capital  city. 
But  after  lying  feveral  days  before 
it,  arid  after  having  even  made  a 
praflicable  breach,  the  (kill  of  fome 
^ngliOi  gunners,  the  want  of  prpvi- 
fions  ai)d  ammunition,  and  the  dif- 
Ordcrs  which  reigned  in  his  army, 
obliged  him  to  return  without  the 
money,  and  with  the  mortification 
of  being  beaten  from  a  place,  only 
fortified  after  tl^e  Indian  manner. 

This  failure  in  their  pecuniary 
expe<Slation3,  and  their  repulfe  from 
an  Indian  town ,  were  bad  encourage- 
ments to  the  undertaking  of  an  en- 
terprise againft  an  European  ene- 
my, and  a  fortification  in  fome  de- 
gree  regular.  But  having  feized 
upon  a  Jutch  veiTel,  as  it  is  thought 
piuch  wiph  its  own  confent,  which 
contained  a  large  treafure,  they  fet 
out  at  length  to  befiege  Madrafs. 
But  here  their  fuccefs  vv^s  no  better 
than  at  Tanjour,  though  their 
ftrength  \yas  greater,  and  their  ef- 
forts much  more  obftinate. 

Colonel  Draper  and  Major  Brere- 
ton"  defended  the  place  with  the  ut- 
moft  fkill  and  bravery.  Mr.  Pigot 
likewife,  with  equal  generofity  and 
prudence,  feconded  their  endeavours 
by  the  fupplies  of  ftores  and  ammu- 
nition, which  were  admirably  dif- 
tributed,  and  co-operated  wkh  the 


military  with  a  firmnefs  and  intrc* 
pidity,  by  which  he  obtained  an 
honour  equal  to  any  in  the  defence 
of  the  place.  Whillt  the  town  was 
defended  with  great  fpirit  within  ; 
parties  were  continually  fent  outj 
which  fo  infefted  the  roads  through 
which  the  enemy^s  convoys  were  to 
pafs,  that  their  army  in  the  trenches 
was  infinitely  weakened  by  the  de- 
tachments which  they  were  obliged 
to  fend  out.  After  a  (iege  of  more 
than  two  months,  they  were  obliged 
to  abandon  their  enterprize,  and  by 
that  means  renounce  for  ever  all 
thofe  fanguine  hopes,  which  they 
had  entertained  from  the  forces  in 
this  part  of  the  world.  The  Eng- 
lifh,  on  the  contrary,  went  on  froni 
fuccefs  to  fuccefs.  Whilft  they  de- 
feated the  French  on  the  Eaftern 
coaftof  the  great  peninfula  of  India,' 
on  the  Weflern  they  took  the  great 
and  opulent  city  of  Surat  from  the 
powers  of  the  country,  with  very 
little  lofs. 

General  Lally  left  Madrafs  in  the 
utmoft  tranfports  of  rage  and  defpair, 
which  a  man  of  honour  and  ability 
in  his  profefiion  can  feel,  who  is  ill 
feconded  by  his  troops,  negledlec^ 
by  thofe  who  ought  to  fupport  him, 
and  cheated  by  the  villainy  of  con- 
tradors,  and  of  all  thofe  who  turti 
war  into  a  lovy  traffick.  His  letter 
is  a  iirong  and  very  ftriking  pidure 
of  thefe  agitations ;  and  certainly  it  is 
worthy  of  remark,  that  every  where 
there  ihould  appear  fomething  more 
unaccountably  wrong  and  weak  ii^ 
the  management  of  the  French,  thaq 
has  been  in  the  condu£l  of  that  of 
almofl  any  other  nation  at  any  time. 
It  feems  to  argue  an  eiTential  and 
radical  fault  in  fome  fuperior  part  of 
th^ir  government,  more  eafily  in- 
deed vifible  in  its  confequences^ 
than  difcoverable  in  its  caufe. 

la 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR. 


Si 


In  Europe  they  received  offers  of 
peace  from  the  Kings  of  Great- Bri- 
tain and  Pruffia.     But  as  they  did 
not   expedl,    from    their  fiiuation, 
very   advantageous   or   honourable 
terms,  they  rcfolved  to  a6l,  in  one 
inftance,  the  Roman  part,  and  ftill 
hold  out,  determined  to  hazard  the 
iaft   extremities  ;    perhaps,    hoping 
fomething  favourable  from  the  for- 
tune of  their  allies,  fince  their  own 
had  deferted  them  ;  and  refolving 
to  contrail  their  plan,  and  to  make 
one  ftrong  effort  in  one  part,  rather 
than    unprofitably    to    wafte    their 
ftrength    upon   feveral  inferior  ob- 
jcfts.     This  effort  could  be  made 
with  any  profpe<^  of  fuccefs  only  in 
Germany.     Bnt  the  fupplies  necef- 
fary  for  this  great  charge,  were  dif- 
ficult to  a  nation,  whofe  trade  was 
wholly  deftroyed.     On    this  occa- 
fion  they  did  not  fcruple  to  break  in 
upon  the  public  faith,  and  to  find 
fupplies   for  one  year  in  an  expe- 
dient, that  flruck  at  the  fources  of 
all    future   credit.      They   (lopped 
the  payment  on  many  public  bills 
and  funds*.     The  King  threw  in 
his  own  plate  into  the  public  flock 
as   an  example,  and  a  requeil  that 
others  fhould  contribute  in  the  fame 
manner  from  their  private  fortune, 
to  the  necefTities  of  the  flate ;  tho' 
feveral  of  the  nobility,  and  many 
churches  and  convents  fent  in  their 
plate,  there  was  yet  a  general  back- 
wardnefs  to  give  into  this  method  of 
fupply,  and  to  truft  the  public  with 


fo  confiderable  a  part  of  their  fub* 
fiance  at  the  inflant  when  they  faw 
it  fo  notorioufly  break  its  faith  ia 
other  particulars. 

However,  theferefources,  fuch  as 
they  are,  will  enable  them  to  keep 
the  war  on  fpot.     They  turn  their 
whole  attention  to  Germany,  wherd 
they  have  very  greatly  augmented 
their  army,  and  placed  it  under  a 
general,  from  whom  they  have  Tome 
hopes,  after   their  repeated  difap* 
pointments  and  the  frequent  changes 
they    have   made.      They   propof<i 
alfo  another  army  under  the  Prince 
de  Soubife  :  if  they  can  compafs  thii 
latter  projeft,  as  it  is  believed  they 
may,  the  fyllem  of  Germany  is  flilf 
in  very  imminent  danger.    For  not-" 
withllanding  the  tried  goodnefs  of 
our  troops,  and  the  admirable  com- 
mander at  the  head  of  them,  it  is 
certain,  even    with  any   reinforce- 
ments we  may  be  able  to  fend,  we 
fhall  find  it  very  difficult  to  contend 
with  two  armies,  fuppofing  that  we 
fhall  have  no  other  than  French  ar^ 
mies  to  contend  with,  and  that  the 
King  of  PrufTia  fhould  be  able,  as 
he  has  hitherto  been,  to  find  em- 
ployment for  the  many,  the  power- 
ful,   and   the  implacable   enemies 
that  furround  him. 

It  is  certain,  he  is  much  reduced  ; 
and  that  his  refources  are  nearlv 
exhaufted.  Theie  are  fadls  which 
cannot  be  concealed  ;  and  yet  fome 
glimmering  of  hopes  may  be  flill 
preferved,    when    we   confider   the 


*  The  French  court  have  ftopt  payment  of  the  following  public  debts,  viz. 
|.  The  three  kinds  of  rents  created  on  the  ports.  2.  Thofe  confti^utecl  upon 
thecheftof  redemptions.  3.  The  coupens  of  bills  on  ihe  fane  chefl.  4.  Thofe 
of  the  two  royal  lotteries.  5.  The  reimburfement  of  bills  drawn  to  bear  on  the 
fame  clk;ft.  6.  The  bills  of  the  two  royal  lotteries.  7.  The  rents  created  on 
the  two  fols  per  pound  of  the  tenth  penny.  8.  The  reimburlement  of  the  capi- 
tals of  rents.  9.  The  payments  of  bills  difchargeable  in  nine  years,  known  un- 
der the  name  of  annuities.  10.  Thofe  of  the  new  alliens  on  the  benefit  of  the 
tarms.  11.  All  the  bills  drawn  by  the  colonies  upon  the  government,  amount- 
ingjto  i>333>oool.  \ 


56  ANNUAL   REQISTER,    1759. 


admirable  talents  for  war  and  go- 
vernment, which  that  monarch  pof- 
lefles  J  and  when  we  confider  even 
the  events  of  the  laft  (to  him)  un- 
fortunate campaign  j  where,  after 
having  fufFered  four  capital  defeats, 
and  having  obtained  no  one  confi- 
derable  advantage,  he  has  yet  conti- 
nued ip  fome  fort  fuperiorin  the  field ; 
the  enemy  has  not  been  able  to  majje 
the  lead  impreffion  upon  his  do- 
inlnions  ;  and  he  has,  at  laft,  mpre 
than  divided  Saxony  with  them ;  the 
city  of  Drefden  is  all  that  they  pof- 
fefs  in  that  country,  and  the  acqui- 
fiiion  of  which  has  been  the  only 
fruit  of  four  campaignsj  and  four 
Yiftories  in  one  campaign,  and  the 
eiForts  of  the  united  forces  of  Au- 
ftria,  Ruffia,  and  the  Empire,  to  fay 
nothing  of  France  ^nd  Sweden. 

As  for  picat  Britain,  (he  has  only 
to  fear  from  her  connej^lions.  In 
Uo  one  yea^.  fince  fhe  was  a  nation, 
J?as  fhe  been  favoured  with  fo  many 
fuccefTes,  both  by  fea  and  land,  and 
in  pvery  quarter  of  the  globe  ;  nor 
have  her  officers  both  by  fea  an4 
Ijand,  ever  dpne  more  honour  to 
their  country,  by  their  fkill  and 
bravery.  And  with  regard  to  the 
ipternal  admipiftration,  it  fuffices  to 
fay,  that  whilft  France  became  bank- 
rupt, without  delay  or  murmuring 
there  j^as  been  more  than  fix  millions 
bprrowed  in  England  at  a  very  eafy 
rate;  and  that  the  intereft  on  this 
immenfe  fum  has  been  made  good 
hy  a  fipgle  tax  gpon  malt,  which 
will  fcarce  be  felt  by  the  people, 
ffy  this  the  refourqes  of  England 


may  be  imagined ;  efpecially  if 
we  confider,  that,  highly  as  we  are 
taxed  for  the  necefl'ary  charges  of 
the  war,  we  have  not  been  prevented 
from  great  and  expenfive  voluntary 
exertions  of  public  fpirit  and  bene- 
ficence. The  cities  of  London  and 
Weftminfter,  and  after  their  exam- 
ple other  towns,  naade  a  large  fub- 
fcription  for  enlifling  foldiers.  Sub- 
fcriptions  were  alfo  carried  on  to  a 
great  amount,  for  cloathing  the 
enemy's  prifoners,  abandoned  thro" 
the  negle£]t  or  poverty  of  their  fove- 
reign  ;  and  for  adminiikring  to  the 
relief  of  the  families  of  thofe  who 
had  fallen  in  the  battles  of  Quebec 
and  Minden.  Thus  actuated  by  the 
warmell  patriotiim,  which,  far  from 
extinguiOiing,  feemed  to  kindle  a 
beneficence  cowards  pur  enemies  in 
their  diftrefs. 

The  condition  of  Europe,  which 
all  people  thought  would  have 
been  decidpd  in  this  campaign,  is 
nearly  as  dubious  as  ever  ;  and  the 
diificulti'-s  which  oppofe  themfelves 
to  a  peace  are  rather  augment- 
ed than  diminifhed.  Here  then  we 
clofe  the  fcene,  and  conclude  the 
events  of  the  prefent  year;  in  the 
next  we  hope,  notwiihftanding  ap- 
pearances, after  fo  niany  fcenes  of 
horror,  to  have  the  more  pleafing 
talk  of  relating  the  fteps  taken  to 
a  general  peace,  on  terms  as  par- 
ticularly advantageous  to  our  own 
country,  as  the  mixed  interefts  of 
Europe,  and  the  various  fortunes  of 
the  powers  embarked  in  the  fame 
caufe,  will  ad  mite 


T  n  E 


[    57    ] 


THE 


CHRONICLE, 


JANUARY. 

I  ft.  'TT^  H  E  fociety  for  pro- 
J^  mocing  of  arts  and  ma- 
nufadlures,  in  the  Strand,  prefented 
his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Beaufort 
with  a  gold  medal,  for  fowing  the 
greateft  quantity  of  acorns.  Phi- 
lip Carteret  AVebb,  Efq;  with  a  fil- 
ver  medal,  for  fowing  the  next 
quantity.  i\nd  John  Berney,  Efqj 
with  a  filver  medal,  for  the  thir4. 
quantity. 

A  filver  medal  was  alfo  prpfented 
to  Lady  Louifa  Greviile,  for  the 
fineft  drawing. 

Several  houfes  were  con  fumed  by 
fire  at  Limehoufe. 
Extraft  of  a  letter  from   St.  Jago 

de  la  Vega,  in  Jamaica,  dated 

Odober  7. 

On  Monday  lafl  was  publifhed  in 
CQuncil,  his  majefty's  repeal  of  the 
aft  paffed  in  this  ifland,  in  the  year 
1754,  for  removing  the  feveral  re- 
cords, books,  papers.  Sec.  belong- 
ing to  the  feveral  offices,  from  the 
town  of  St.  Jago  de  la  Vega  to  the 
town  of  Kingfton.  In  confequence 
of  which,  thirty  wains  laden  with 
the  records,  andcfcorted  by  a  party 
of  foot  foldiers,  left  Kingfton,  at 
one  o'clock  on  Wednefday  morn- 
ing, and  being  met  in  the  Ferry- 
road  by  a  detachment  of  the  troops 
of  this  town,  were  by  them  con- 
duced here,  where  they  arrived  a 
little  after  nine,  amidft  the  accla- 
fi^tion^  9f  ^  muUicude  of  people. 


On  this  occafion  a  grand  entertain- 
ment was  given,  an  ox  was  roafted 
for  the  populace,  and  at  night  a 
general  illumination,  and  fundry  ( 
iirc-works.  The  following  places, 
viz.  Kingfton,  Savanna  la  Mar, 
Montego  Bay,  and  Port  Antonio, 
are  ordained  legal  ports  of  entry 
and  clearance  for  ftiips  for  the  ifland 
of  Jamaica. 

Extraft  of  a  letter  from  the  fame 
place,  dated  Oftober  21. 

This  week  the  governor,  council, 
and  affembly,  pafled  aji  a^  for  di- 
viding the  ifland  of  Jamaica  into 
three  counties,  and  for  appointing 
juftices  of  aflize  and  oyer  and  ter- 
miner, in  two  of  the  aforcfaid 
counties. 

Letter   from    New    Jerfey,    dated 
Ofliober  28. 

This  day  his  excellency  our  go- 
vernor returned  from  the  treaty  at 
Eafton,  where  he  had  been  attend- 
ing with  the  governor  of  Penfylva- 
nia  near  three  weeks.  There  were 
prefent  at  the  treaty  500  Indians, 
about  2poof  whom  were  chief  war- 
riors, and  of  thirteen  different  na- 
tions. There  were  alfo  prefent  two 
Indian  meflengers  from  the  Indians 
fettled  on  the  Ohio,  who  brought 
a  meflage  in  writing  figned  by  fif- 
teen chiefs  of  the  Ohio  Indians,  ex- 
prefling  their  defire  to  have  peace 
with  the  Englift),  and  their  intention 
to  accede  to  this  treaty. 

The  conferences  were  carried  on 

with  great  harmony.     The  Indians 

folem'nly 


5^       ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1759. 


folemnly  promifed  to  return  all  the 
!pngli/h  prifoners.  A  meffage  was 
Tent  to  the  Ohio  Indians,  accompa- 
nied by  two  Englifh  officers,  a 
chief  of  the  confederates,  and  feve- 
ral  other  Indians,  informing  them 
what  had  been  done  at  this  treaty, 
and  inviting  them  to  accede  to  it. 
And  peace  was  folemnly  ratified  by  a 
large  piece  of  belt,  which  was  de- 
livered  by  the  two  governors  to  the 
confederate  chiefs,  and  by  them 
h-ajided  round  to  all  the  Indians 
prefent. 

In  the  courfe  of  this  treaty,  his 
excellency  our  governor  fatisiied  all 
Indians  chat  had,  or  pretended  to 
have,  any  claim  of  land  in  the  pro- 
vinces of  New  Jerfey,  except  Eng- 
liih  or  private  rights;  and  releafes 
thereof  wer«  executed  and  acknow- 
lefiged  in  prefence  of  feveral  of  the 
chiefs'  of  the  confederate  nation?, 
who  attefted  the  fame,  and  were 
afterwards  publiihed  in  open  coun- 
cil ;  and  his  excellency  governor 
Bernard  gave  a  large  beh  to  the 
confederate  chiefs,  to  be  a  per- 
petual memorial,  that  the  pro- 
vin«e  of  New  Jerfey  was  now 
wholly  difcharged  from  all  Indian 
claims. 

Commodore  Keppel  failed  from 
Kinfale  in-  Ireland,  November  la, 
with  the  following  forces,  viz. 

Fougeux  man  of  war.  Captain 
Knight,  of  74  guns  •  NaiTau, 
Capt.  Seyer,  of  70 ;  Dunkirk, 
Capt.  Digby,  of  60;  Litchfield, 
Capt.  Barton,  of  50;  Frince  Ed- 
ward, Capt.  FoFtefcue,  of  40;  Ro- 
man Emperor,  Capt.Newfon,of2o; 
S.irltafh  floop,  Capt.  Sterling  ;  Fire 
Drake  bomb,  Capt.  Orrock  ;  Fur- 
nace bomb,  Ca-pt.  Falkner  ;  Cam- 
bridge and  Lydia  tenders, and  tranf- 
ports  having  on  board  Forbes's  and 
another  regiment. 


Extraft  of  a  letter  from  New  York, 
dated  November  20. 
A  proclamation  is  ifl'ued  by  the 
governor   of    Halifax,    importing, 
that  as  the  enemy  have  been  com- 
pelled to  retire  from  St.  John's  river 
in  the  bay  of  Fundy ;  a  favourable 
opportunity  is  thereby  given  for  the 
peopling  and  cultivating,  as    well 
the  lands  vacated  by  the  French,  as 
every  other   part  of  that  valuable 
province.     He   therefore   declares, 
that  he  will  be  ready  to  receive  any 
propofals   that    may    be    hereafter 
made  to  him,  for  efi^edually  fettling 
the  vacated,  or  other  lands  in  that 
province;   100,000  acres  of  which 
produce    wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats, 
hemp,  flax,  &c.   which  never  need 
manufafturing,  as  no  part  has  failed 
of  crops  the (fe  hundred  years.    Ano- 
ther 100,000  acres  are  cleared,  and 
flocked  with  Englifh  grafs,  planted 
with  orchards,  gardens,  $cc.     The 
timber  on  the  whole  is  beech,  black 
birch,  a{h,  oak,  pine,  fir,  &c.  The 
lands  are  fo  intermixed,  that  every 
fingle  farmer  may  have  a  propor- 
tionable quantity  of  arable    land, 
grafs    land,    and    wood    land,   and 
they  are  all  fituated  about  the  bay 
of  Fundy,  upon  rivers  navigable  for 
fhips  of  burthen. 

We  hear  from  Dublin,  that  the 
remarkable  meteor  mentioned  from 
fo  many  diftant  part?,  was  feen  at 
Ifland-Bridge,  near  that  city,  on 
Sunday  the  ^6th  pf  November,  at 
fifteen  minutes  part  eight  at  night, 
aim  oft  at  due  caft  ;  it  feemed  like 
a  pale  moon,  moved  from  fouth  to 
north  vvith  a  prodigious  velocity, 
and  difperfed  or  broke  into  many 
fiarry  fparkles ;  its  duration  was  not 
above  three  feconds. 

A  Dutch  {hip  was  lately  brought 
into  Stangate  ^reek,  that  refufed  to 


G    H   R   O   N    I   C   L   E. 


59 


^ring  to,  and  engaged  the  Maid- 
ftone  privateer  a  long  time,  and 
jcilled  three  of  her  people  :  her  iire- 
in^  as  a  neutral  (hip  makes  her  a 
good  prize.— Had  not  the  Volun- 
teer privateer  been  at  hand,  of  n)ucl) 
fupcrior  force^  fhe  had  deftroyed 
the  other  privateer  entirely. 

,  Late  at  night,  died  e:reatly 

^^^^'  lamented,  her  RoyafHigh- 
nefs  Ann,  Princefs  Royal  of  Eng- 
land, Princefs  Dowager  of  Orange 
and  Naffau,  and  governante  of  the 
United  Provinces  in  th^  minority  of 
the  prefent  Stadtholder. 

Her  Royal  t^ighnefs  was  in  her 
fiftieth  year.  She  was  married 
March  25,  173S,  to  the  late  Prince 
of  Orange,  by  whom  fhe  hath  iffue, 
Prince  William,  Hereditary  Stadt- 
holder of  the  United  Provinces,  born 
March  S,  174^,  and  Piinccfs  Carp- 
line,  born  February  28,  1743.  By 
her  will,  the  King  her  father,  and 
the  Princefs  Dowager  of  Orange, 
her,  mother-in-law,'  are  appointed 
honorary  tutor  and  tutorefs  to  her 
children,  and  f  rince  tiewi«C|f  ^runf- 
wick  afting  tutor. 

The  morning  after  her  Royal 
Highnefs's  deceafe,  the  States  Ge- 
neral and  the  States  of  Holland 
were  extraordinarily  affembled,  and, 
upon  the  notification  of  this  event 
being  made  to  them,  they  proceeded 
to  confirm  the  regulations  that  had 
been  made  for  the  minority  of  the 
Stadtholder;  and  his  Highnefs 
Prince  Lewis  of  Brunfwick  was  in- 
vited, to  afliil  in  the  afTembly  of  Hol- 
land, where  he  was  received  and 
feated  with  all  the  refped  polEbie, 
and  took  the  oaths,  as  reprefenting 
the  Captain- General  of  the  Union. 
After  which,  his  Highnefs  commu- 
nicated to  the  afTembly,  the  a«^t  of 
her  Royal  Highnefs,  by  which  he 
was    appointed    guardian    of    her 


children  ;  and  that  in  confequence 
of  it,  he  had  taken  care  of  their 
perfons,  and  would  pcovide  for  every 
thing  belonging  to  them.  This  ce- 
remony being  over.  Prince  Lewis 
was  likewife  invited  to  the  afTembly 
of  the  States  General,  A  refolution 
was  prepared  and  taken  by  their 
High  Niightinefr;5s,  whereby  they 
acknowledge  and  agree  to  the  refo- 
lution of  Holland,  relative  to  Prince 
Lewis's  reprefenting  the  Captain- 
General.  Every  thing  pafTed  with 
great  order  and  tranquility,  and  to 
the  fatisfadlion  of  the  people. 

In  the  evening,  the  different  col- 
leges of  the  government  made  for- 
mal deputations  to  the  Prince  of 
Qrange  and  Princefs  Caroline,  who 
were  affifted  by  Prince  Lewis  as 
their  guardian  and  reprefentative, 
and  who  anfwered  in  theii  pr^fence 
fpr  them  both.      ,  ;         .   , 

Jull  before  l^er  Rc^al  Highoef^ 
died,  fhe  gave  a  key  to  one  of  heir 
court,  defiring  him  to  bring  her  2 
pap^r,  which  he  would   find  in  a 
place    fhe    named ;    which    being 
brought  accordingly,  fhe  figned  it. 
This  was  her  daughter's  contraft  of 
marriage  with  the  Prince  of  NafTaii 
Weilbourg.     She  afterwards  caufed 
another  paper  to  be  brought  to  her, 
which  fhe  alfo  figned  ;  and  defired 
that  it  might  be  delivered  according 
to  its  addrefs  as  foon  as  Ihe  fhoul4 
leave  the  world.    This  iecond  paper 
was  a  letter  to  the  States  General, 
in  which  fhe  intreated  ali  the  confe- 
derates to  confent  to  the  marriage  of 
her  daughter,  and  not  to  make  aiiy^ 
change  in  the  regulations  fhe  had 
made,  with  regard  to  the  tutelage  of 
the  young  Prince  and  his  education. 
This  letter  alfo  .mentioned,  that 
as  the  Prince  of  NafTau  Weilbourg 
was  not  of  the  eflablifhed  religion, 
[that  is,  a  Lutheran^  not  a Calviniil] 


6o         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


H  was  ftipulated  in  the  contraft  of 
marriage,  that  all  the  children  born 
ot  the  marriage,  fhould  be  baptiled 
and  educated  in  the  ellablilhcd  re- 
ligion of  Holland. 

Thcfe  two  papers  being  figned 
and  fealed,  fhe  fen t  for  her  children, 
exhorted  them  to  make  a  proper 
improvement  of  the  education  flie 
had  caufed  to  be  given  them,  and 
to  live  in  good  harmony,  then  em- 
bracing them  with  the  utmoft  ten- 
dernefs,  ihe  gave  them  her  bleffing. 
After  this,  fhe  converfed  with  the 
greateft  calmnefs  with  her  principal 
courtiers  for  a  few  hours,  and  foon 
afjer  expired. 

The  day  before  the  PrincefsRpyal 
died,  the  affembly  of  the  States  of 
Holland  pafled  a  formal  refolution 
to  fit  out  25  men  of  war,  inllead  of 
18,  and  orders  were  immediately 
difpatched  to  the  officers  of  the  ad- 
miralty to  get  them  ready  as  fall  as 
jpoffible. 

r  Mrs.  Borret,  ofBunting- 

*^^  '    ford,  in  Hertford  (hire,  was 
brought  to  bed  of  three  fons. 

A  veflel  in  the  fervice  of  the  ord- 
nance, laden  with  (lores  for  the  ord- 
nance-office, lying  at  anchor  a  little 
below  GilUngham,  took  ^re,  and 
notwithllanding  all  poffible  affi  fiance 
was  fent  from  the  dock-yard  at 
Chatham,  fhe  was  burnt  to  the 
water's  edge,  and  all  the  flores,  &c. 
chiefly  cordage,  confumed,  to  the 
value  of  3  or  4000 1. 

,  Two  Englifh  officers,  in 

^  '  quality  of  commifTaries,  ar- 
rived at  Oilend,  in  order  to  treat 
with  the  governor  of  Dunkirk  con- 
cerning a  general  exchange  of 
French  and  Englifh  prifoners, 

Six  pirates  from  Suifex  were 
brought  under  a  ftrong  guard  of 
foldiers,  and  confined  in  the  Mar- 
ihalfea  prifon,  upon  the  oaths  of 


their  accomplices, having  piratically 
plundered  a  Daniih  fhip,  fbme  time 
fince,  which  had  on  board  the  Mar- 
quis Pignatelli,  ambaflador  extraor- 
dinary from  his  Catholic  Majelly 
to  the  court  of  Denmark.  The 
lords  of  the  admiralty  had  prof- 
fered a  reward  of  500I.  for  the  dif- 
covery  of  any  of  the  perfons  con- 
cerned in  this  fad. 

John  Watkins,  known  by  , 

thenameof  Black  John, died  '  * 
at  Briflol,  aged  78,  who  on  his  being 
prevented  from  pofleffing  an  eflate 
in  Gloucefterihire,  to  which  he. is 
faid  to  have  been  heir,  made  a  vow 
never  to  be  fhaved,  which  he  kept 
to  his  death,  and  a  little  before  his 
exit,  delired  he  might  not  be  fhaven. 
He  was  a  beggar  for  about  fifty 
years  lafl  paft,  and  often  lodged  in  a 
glafs-houfe,  though  he  had  a  room 
in  the  city,  in  which  two  hundred 
weight  of  filver  and  halfpence,  and 
a  confiderable  quantity  of  gold  was 
found,  all  acquired  by  begging. 

An  order  from  the  fecre-  ^  , 
tary's  office  at  Whitehall,  ^^^^' 
was  fent  down  to  all  the  fea-porta 
in  England,  to  examine  all  paf% 
fengers  that  may  arrive  in  any  fhip 
which  comes  from  Portugal,  on  ac- 
count of  the  late  afi^air  at  Lifbon. 
All  the  Jefuits  colleges  in  that  city 
are  inverted  by  troops,  in  order  to 
cut  off  from  thofe  fathers,  all  man- 
ner of  accefs  and  communication 
with  one  another. 

The  Count  d'Affry  pre-  j^ 

fented  his  credentials  to  the  ^  * 
States  General,  as  ambaffador  from 
the  court  of  France. 

Mr.  Secretary  Pitt,  by  his  Ma- 
jefly's  command,  prefented  to  the 
Houfe  of  Commons  the  copy  of  a 
convention  between  his  Majefty  and 
the  King  of  Pruffia,  concluded  and 
figned  ^tLondon,  January  17,1759; 

»^4 


CHRONICLE. 


€t 


and  alfo  the  copy  of  a  convention 
between  his  Majefty  and  the  Land- 
grave of   Heffe-Caffel,    figned    the 

fame  day. By   this  convention, 

19,000  of  the  troops  of  Hefle  are 
to  be  taken  into  the  pay  of  Great- 
Britain,  in  (lead  of  12,000,  the  num- 
ber lately  employed  in  the  Britifli 
fervice  ;  and  the  Landgrave  is  to 
receive,  befides  the  ordinary  pay  of 
thefe  troops,  the  fum  of  6o,oool.  in 
confideration  of  his  immenfe  lofles 
in  fupport  of  the  common  caufe. 

Died  lately  Samuel  Cox,  of  Han- 
flope,  in  Bucks,  aged  93  :  his  re- 
lid  is  99.  They  had  been  married 
70  years,  and  their  children,  grand- 
children, and  great  grand  children, 
amount  to  153. 

Admiralty  Office,  Whitehall.' 

Extradl  of  a    letter  from  Captain 

Tyrrell,    of   his    Majefty's  fhip 

Buckingham,    dated  in  the  Old 

Road,  St.  Chriftopher*s,  thegth  of 

November  1758,  to  John  Moore, 

Efq;  commander  in  chief,  &c.  at 

the  Leeward  Iflands. 

**   Agreeable  to    your  orders,    I 

failed  on  Thurfday  night  from  St. 

John's  Road  ;    the  next  morning  I 

got  between  Guadalupe  and  Mont- 

ierrat,  and  gave  chace  to  a  fail  we 

efpied  in  the  N.  W.  which  proved 

to  be  his  Majelly*sfloop  theWeazle; 

and    upon  enquiry,     having  found 

that   (he  had  not  met  his  Majefty's 

fhip  Briftol,  I  ordered  Captain  Boles 

to  come  on  board,  for  diredions  for 

his  further  proceedings. 

While  his  orders  were  writing 
out,  we  difcovered  a  fleet  of  nineteen 
fail,  W.  S.W.  Handing  to  S.S.W. 
upon  which  we  immediately  gave 
chafe,  with  all  the  fail  we  could 
poflibly  croud.  About  two  o'clock 
we  difcovered  that  they  were  con- 
voyed by  a  French  man  of  war  of 
74  guns,    and  two   large  frigates. 


About  half  an  hour  after  two,  the 
Weazle  got  fo  clofe,  as  to  receive  a 
whole  broadftde  from  the  74  gun 
fhip,  which  did  her  little  or  no  da- 
mage. 1  then  made  the  fignal  to 
call  the  Weazle  off,  and  gave  ber 
lieuteuant  orders  not  to  go  near  the 
74  gun  fhip,  or  the  frigates,  as  the 
leaft  of  the  latter  was  vafHy  fuperior 
to  him  in  force,  by  following  which 
advice,  he  could  not  come  to  fire  a 
ihot  during  the  whole  aftion, neither 
indeed  could  it  be  of  any  fervice. 

Whilft  I  made  all  the  fail  I  could, 
they  were  jogging  on   under  their 
forefails  and  topfails ;  and  when  we 
came  up  within  half  a  gun*s  fhot, 
they  made  a  running  fight,  in  firing 
their  Hern  chafe,  and  the  frigates 
fometimes 'raking  fore  and  aft,   an- 
noyed   me    pretty    much,    but  re- 
tarded their  way  fo  much,  thatlgot 
up  with  my   bowfprit  almoft  over 
the   Florilfant's  ilern.      Finding  I 
could  not   bring  him   to  a  general 
aftion,  I  gave  the  Buckingham  a 
yaw  under  his  lee,  and  gave  him  a 
noble  dofe  of  great  guns  and  fmall 
arms,  at  about  thediftance  of  half  a 
mufket  fhot,  which  he  foon  after  re- 
turned,  and  damaged  my  rigging, 
marts,  and  fails,  pretty  much.   The 
largeft  frigate  being  very  trouble- 
fome,    I    gave    him  a    few  of  my 
lower  deck  pills,  and    lent  him  a 
fcouting  like  a  lufty  fellow,  and  he 
never  returned  to  the  adion  again. - 
The  Floriifant  likewife  bore  away, 
by  which  means  he  got  under  my  lee, 
and  exchanged  three  or  four  broad- 
fides,   (he  endeavoured  to  keep  at  a 
dillance  from  me)  which  killed  and 
wounded  fome  of  my  men  ;  and  I 
prel'ume  we  did  them  as  much  da- 
mage,   as  our  men  were  very  cool, 
took  good   aim,   were   under  very 
good  difcipline,  and  fought  with  a 
true  Engliih  fpirit. 

An 


€2 


ANNUAL  REGtSTER,  i 


759- 


An- unlucky  broadfide  from  the 
French  made  fome  llaughter  on  my 
quarter-deck,  in  which Igot  wound- 
ed, lofing  three  fingers  of  my  right 
hand^  and  a  Tmall  wound  over  my 
right  eye,  which,  by  the  effufion  of 
blood,  blinded  me  for  a  little  while  : 
I  at  the  fame  time  got  feveral  con- 
tufions  over  my  body  by  fplinters ; 
but  I  recovered  immediately,  and 
would  not  go  oiF  the  deck  till  the 
lofs  of  blood  began  to  weaken  me. 
The  matter  and  lieutenant  of  the 
marines  got  dangerouily  wounded 
at  the  fame  time. 

I  called  to  my  people  to  Hand  by 
ahd  do  their  duty,  which  they  pro* 
mifed  with  the  greatell  chearfuln efs. 
I  juftran  down,  and  got  the  blood 
Hopped,  and  ran  upon  deck  again ; 
but  finding  the  (training  made  aiy 
wounds  bleed  afrefh,  I  fent  for  my 
firft  lieutenant,  and  told  him  to  take 
the  command  of  the  deck  for  a 
while.  He  anfwered,  that  he  would, 
and  run  alongfide  the  FlorifTant, 
yard-arm  and  yard-arm,  and  fought 
to  the  laft  gafp ;  upon  which  I  made 
a  fpeech  to  the  men,  exhorting  them 
to  do  their  utmoll,  which  they 
chearfully  promifed,  and  gave  three 
chears. 

I  went  down  a  fecond  time  much 
more  eafy  than  before.  Poor  Mr. 
Marflial  was  as  good  as  his  word, 
he  got  board  and  board  with  the 
FlorifTant,  and  received  a  broadfide 
from  her,  which  killed  him  as  he 
was  encouraging  the  men  ;  and  thus 
he  died,  an  honour  lo  his  country, 
and  the  fervice :  the  fecond  lieu- 
tenant then  came  upon  deck,  and 
fought  the  fliip.  bravely,  yard-arm 
and  yard-arm.  We  lilenced  the 
FlorifTant  for  fome  time,  upon  which 
fhe  hauled  down  her  colours,  and 
after  that,  fired  about  eleven  of  her 
lower  tier,  and  gave  us  a  volley  of 
6 


fmall  arms,  which  our  people  re- 
turned with  great  fury^  giving  her 
three  broadfides,  fhe  not  returning 
even  afingle  gun.  Capt.  Troye,  at 
the  fame  time,  at  the  head  of  his 
marines,  performed  the  fervice  of  a 
brave  and  gallant  officer,  cleared  her 
poop  and  quarter-deck,  and  drove 
her  men  like  (heep  down  the  main 
deck  ;  our  top-men  were  not  idle, 
they  playing  their  hand  grenades 
and  fwivels  to  excellent  purpofe.  It 
is  impoffible  to  defcribe  the  uproar 
and  confufion  the  French  were  in. 

It  being  now  dark,  and  we  hav- 
iiig  every  bit  of  rigging  in  the  fhip 
cut  away,  fhe  feeing  our  condition^ 
took  the  opportunity,  fet  her  fore- 
fail  and  top-gallant-fails,  and  ran 
away.  We  endeavoured  to  purfue 
her  with  what  rags  of  fails  we  had 
left,  but  to  no  purpofe.  Thus  we 
lofl  one  of  the  finelt  two-deck  fhips 
my  eyes  ever  beheld. 

I  cannot  give  too  great  enco- 
miums on  the  people  and  officers  be- 
haviour, and  I  hope  you  will  flre- 
nuoufly  recommend  my  officers  to 
the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  as  they 
richly  deferve  their  favour.  Not- 
withilanding  the  great  fatigue  the 
fliip*s  company  had  had  all  day, 
they  chearfully  flaid  all  night,  knot- 
ting and  fplicing  the  rigging,  and 
bending  the  fails. 

I  flatter  myfelf,  when  you  refledl, 
that  one  of  the  fhips  of  your  fqua- 
dron,  with  no  more  than  65  guns, 
(as  you  know  fome  of  our  guns 
were  difabled  laft  January,  and  not 
fupplied)  and  but  472  well  men  at 
quarters,  fhould  beat  three  French 
men  of  war,  one  of  74  guns,  and 
700  men  ;  another  of  38  guns,  and 
350  men  ;  and  one  of  28  guns,  and 
250  men.  If  we  had  had  the  good 
luck  to  join  the  Briflol,  it  would 
have  crowned  all. 

Capt. 


CHRONIC    LE. 


H 


Capt.  Boles  being  on  board  the 
Buckingham,  1  gave  him  diredions 
to  ge  down  and  fuperintend  the 
lower  deck,  which  he  performed 
with  great  alacrity. 

As  we  have  been  fo  greatly  da- 
maged in  our  mafts,  yards,  Tails, 
and  rigging,  particularly  our  mails, 
I  thought  proper  to  fend  the  car- 
penter of  the  Buckingham,  as  he 
can  better  give  you  an  account,  by 
word  of  mouth,  of  what  fifties  we 
fhaii  want,  than  many  words  of  my 
writing. 

Before  I  conclude,  I  cannot  help 
reprefenting  to  you  the  inhuman, 
ungenerous  and  barbarous  behavi- 
our of  the  French  during  the  aftion. 
No  rafcally  piccaroon,  or  pirate, 
could  have  fired  worfe^fluiF  into  us 
than  they  did,  fuch  as  fquare  bits 
of  iron,  old  rudy  nails,  and,  in 
ihort,  every  thing  that  could  tend  to 
the  deftrudlion  of  men  ;  a  fpecimen 
of  which,  pleafe  God,  I  ftiall  pro- 
duce to  you  upon  my  arrival.'* 

I  fend  you  inclofed  a  lift  of  the 
Hain  and  wounded. 

Killed,  1  officer,  5  feamen,  i  ma- 
rine. Much  wounded,  3  officers, 
9  feamen,  3  marines.  Slightly 
wounded,  2  midfhipmen,  26  fea- 
men, 3  marines.  Died  of  their 
wounds,  I  midfliipman,  i  feaman. 
N.  B.  The  officer  killed  was  Mr. 
George  Marfhal,  firft  lieutenant ; 
and  xh.t  officers  wounded  were, 
Capt.  Tyrrell ;  Mr.  Matthew  Win- 
terborne,  mailer  ;  and  Mr.  Harris, 
lieutenant  of  the  marines. 

.  Admiral  Bofcawen  laid  be* 
'fore  the  parliament,  (purfu- 
ant  to  order)  an  account  of  the 
number  of  men  preft  into  his  Ma- 
jelly's  fervice  from  Cbriftmas  1754, 
to  Chriftmas  1757;  alfo  an  account 
pf  the  number  of  men  and  boys  pro- 


teded  during  that  time.  This  was 
done  with  a  view  to  the  framing  a 
bill  now  depending  for  the  more  ef- 
feflual  manning  thv*  royal  navy.  , 
The  news  from  Hollaad,  ,  , 
by  the  mail  of  this  day,  is,  ^ 
that  a  formal  declaration  hath  been 
made.  That  if  either  the  province 
of  Holland,  or  the  trading  towns 
in  it,  fhould,  without  the  confent 
of  the  States  General,  fit  out  and 
fend  to  fea,  18  or  25  (hips  of  war, 
to  proted  their  trade,  as  they  may 
pretend,  (which  they  are  not  im- 
powered  to  do  by  the  ad  of  Union) 
fuch  Ihips  of  war  will  be  treated  as 
pirates :  and  that,  if  the  States 
General  Ihould  fend  a  fleet  to  ka, 
for  the  fame  pretehdcd  purpofe,  it 
will  be  confidered  as  a  declaration 
of  war. 

The  following  letter  was  re-         , 
ceived  from  the  Honour-    ^7^"* 
able  Commodore  Keppel  by  th(5 
Right  Hon.  Mr.  Secretary  Pitt. 

SIR. 
I  arrived  here  with  the  fquadron 
under  my  command  the  28th  of 
December  paft  in  the  evening  ; 
and  the  next  morning,  agreeable 
to  his  Majerty's  inftruflions,  I  at- 
tacked with  the  ihips  the  fort  and 
batteries  on  the  iiland  of  Goree, 
which  were  foon  reduced  to  deiire 
to  capitulate ;  and  the  governor's 
demands  were,  to  be  allowed  ro 
march  the  French  troops  out  of  the 
garrifon  with  the  honours  of  war. 
His  terras  I  abfolutely  rejected, 
and  began  a  freih  attack  ^  it  was, 
however,  but  of  very  ihort  dura« 
tion,  when  the  iiland,  forts,  gar- 
rifon, Scz.  furrendered  at  difcretion 
to  his  Majefty*s  fquadron. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Worge   had 
his  troops   embarked    in   the  flat-  • 
bottomed  boats^  in  good  order  and 
re&dinefSj 


64        ANNUAL    REGlsrER, 


1759' 


readinefs,  at  a  proper  diflance,  with 
the  tranfports,  to  attempt  adefcent, 
When  it  (hould  be  found  pradlicable 
or  requifite. 

Two  days  after  the  furrender  of 
the  ifland,  I  ordered  it  to  be  deli- 
vered up  with  the  cannon,  artillery 
ilores  and  provifions,  &c.  found  in 
it,  to  the  officer  and  troops.  Lieu- 
tenant Colohel  Worge  thought  fit 
togarrifon  the  place  with  ;  and  the 
Colonel  is  taking  all  imaginable 
pains  to  fettle  and  regulate  the  gar- 
rifon  in  the  bell  manner,  and  as  fall 
as  things  will  admit  of. 

The  inclofed.  Sir,  is  the  ftate  of 
the  ifland,  with  the  artillery,  am- 
munition, and  provifions  found  in 
the  place  at  its  furrender. 

French,  made  prifoners  of  war, 
300. 

Blacks  in  arms,  a  great  number  ; 
but  I  am  not  well  enough  informed 
as  yet  to  fay  prccifely. 

The  lofs  the  enemy  fuftained,  as 
to  men,  is  fo  very  differently  flated 
to  me,  by  thofe  that  have  been  afked, 
that  I  muft  defer  faying  the  number 
till  another  opportunity. 

Iron  ordnance,  of  different  bores, 
93  ;  one  brafs  12  pounder;  iron 
iwivels  mounted  on  carriages,  1 1  ; 
brafs  mortars  mounted  on  beds,  two 
of  13  inches  ;  ditto,  one  of  10 
inches ;  iron,  one  of  10  inches.  In 
the  magazine,  powder,  100  barrels. 
Provifions  of  all  fpecies  for  400 
men  for  four  months. 

[The  ifle  of  Goree  is  about  two 
Engljfti  miles  in  compafs.  It  lies 
N.  W.  and  S.  S.  E.  within  cannon 
ihot  of  the  continent.  It  is  almoft 
inacceflible,  being  furrounded  with 
rocks,  or  inclofed  with  a  tidge  of 
black  and  round  pebbles  and  (tones, 
except  a  fmall  bay  to  the  E.  N.  E. 
The  anchorage  is  good  round  the 
ille,    efpecially    in  this  little  bay. 


The  foil  is  a  red  fandy  mould,  ind 
unfit  for  pafture.] 

Letter  from  Capt.  Barton,  of  the 
Litchfield  man  of  war,  ftranded 
on  the  coafl  of  Barbary,  at  a 
place  called  Veadore,  about  nine 
leagues  to  the  northward  of  Saffy^ 
dated  December  4. 
I  am  forry  to  inform  you,  that  on 
the  29th  of  November  his  Majefly^s 
fhip  Litchfield,  of  50  guns,  and 
350  men,  was  cafl  away  here.  We 
have  loft  the  firll  lieutenant,  captain 
of  the  marines,  and  his  lieutenant,; 
with  feveral  eflficers  and  feamen^ 
amounting  to  the  number  of  130. 
There  is  of  us  on  Ihore  two  of  my 
lieutenants,  and  other  ofiicers  and 
feamen,  amounting  to  220.  It  blew 
fo  hard  when  we  came  on  fliore, 
that  the  (hip  foon  went  to  pieces, 
and  we  could  not  fave  provifions  of 
any  other  neceffaries.  For  thefe 
two  days  pad  we  have  been  on 
fhore,  and  have  fubfifted  on  drowned 
fheep  and  hogs,  and  water  and 
flour  hardened  on  the  fire.  A 
great  number  of  men  are  lamed  by 
the  bruifes  received  againft  therocka 
by  the  violence  of  the  furf.  The 
poor  fufFerers  were  extremely  ill 
ufed  by  the  natives  when  they  got 
afhorel  The  Somerfer,  a  tranfport 
with  troops,  and  a  bomb  ketch, 
which  were  in  company  with  the 
Litchfield,  are  faid  10  have  fhared 
the  fame  f^te. 

Letter  from  Samuel  White,  Efqj 
the  Briiilli  conful  at  V'^igo,  dated 
December  1 7. 

Four  days  ago  came  in  here  a 
French  privateer  called  la  Favorite, 
Capt.  Saurnel,  who,  on  the  27th 
paft,  fell  in  with  an  Englifh  biig, 
pink  ftern,  about  100  tons  burthen, 
boarded  her,  and  found  only  two 
Genoefe.  Seeing  the  veffel  all 
bloody  on  the  deck,  and  that  all  the 

papers 


CHRONICLE. 


H 


papers  had  been  thrown  overboard, 
lie  iufpcfted  they  had  murdered  the 
captain  and  crew  ;  and  taxing  them 
with  the  ht\y  they  confefTed   that 
they  had  killed  the  captain,  his  Ton, 
and  every  foul,    being  ftjven  in  all. 
The  cruel  way  they  perpetrated  this 
jnaiTacre    was    as    follows  :     Each 
of   thefe  villains  was    in  difi'erent 
watciips,  one  in  the  mafter's,   the 
other  in  the  mate's.  He  that  was  in 
the  mate's  watch   went  down  with 
them  to  flecp,  and  waited   till  he 
found  them  all  fait,    then  cut  all 
their  throats,  ftabbed  them >  and  left 
them  all  dead.  The  captain,  being 
on  the  deck,  knew  nothing  of  this. 
This  fellow    then  came  upon. the 
deck,  and  told  his  comrade  what  he 
had  done  below  ;  upon  which,  they 
both  at  once  fell  on  the  captain,  and 
cleaved  him  down  with  a  hatchet ; 
being  not  quite  dead^  they  finiflied 
him  with  a  mufket ;  and  the  man 
at  the  helm  they  cut  in  two;  and 
fo  made  an  end  of  them  all  but  the 
captain's   fon,  who  was  left  three 
days  crying  for  his   father.     The 
third   day  they  faid,     that,    as  he 
fqualled  like  a  cat,  they  would  dif- 
patch  him  likewife  j  fo  they  cut  the 
child  in  two.     The  vefTel  is  font  to 
Bayeauxin  France,  with  thefe  two 
villains  in  her.     She  was,  they  fay, 
the  Peggy,    Captain  Forman  ;  was 
coming  from   Carolina  to  Lifbon  ; 
and  had  got  within  fixty  leagues  of 
the  rock  of  Lifbon,  when  this  hor- 
rid barbarity  was  perpetrated. 

J  His  Majefty'slhips  Royal 

"^  *  George  and  Namur,  failed 
from  Spithead,  in  order  to  come 
into  harbour  ;  but  juft  as  they  got 
abreall  of  the  platform,  the  wind 
took  them  Ihort,  and  the  NamUr 
ran  aground;  the  lighters  and  boats 
in  the  harbour  came  inftantly  to 
her  affillance  ;  the  upper  deck  guns 
Vol.  II. 


were  got  out,  the  water  and  beer 
aboard  ftavcd,  and  the  fliip  made 
as  light  as  poffible,  and  (hored  ;  but 
as  the  water  left  her,  it  being  ebb- 
ing tide,  fhe  took  a  little  to  the  ftar- 
board  fide,  and  lay, in  that  man- 
ner till  eleven  at  night,  when  they 
warpt  her  into  the  channel  without 
much  damage. 

At  Mr*  Bray's,  a  founder  ^-.^i. 
in  Hofier-Lane,  near  Weft-  ^ 
Smithfieldi  a  Spanifh  (hell,  by  ly- 
ing too  near  the  forge,  as  thdy  were 
melting  copper,  burft  with  an  ex- 
plofion  fo  extraordinary,  that  five 
men  who  were  at  work,  tho'  they 
.  were  no  otherwife  hurt,  did  not  re- 
cover their  hearing  for  fome  mi- 
nutes. The  whole  neighbourhood 
were  alarmed  by  the  report,  and  the 
glafs  in  fome  windows  were  much 
ihattered.  When  the  pieces  were 
colleded,  the^  weighed  3  Ih.  \q^s 
than  when  the  fhell  burft* 

The  lateft  accoiints  from  n 

Spain  fay,  that  ever  fmce  ^ 
the  death  of  the  Queen,  the  King 
hath  kept  himfcif  immured  at  Vilia 
Viciofa,  where  he  lliuts  himfelf  upi 
in  a  chamber,  abandoning  himfelf  to 
grief  and  melancholy  in  a  manner, 
of  which  there  are  itw  examples.  ■ 
He  will  not  hear  of  any  bufinefs. 
He  often  pafTes  thirty,  fometimes 
fixty  hours, without  taking  arty  food, 
or  even  the  leaft  reft,  but  by  inter- 
vals ;  laying  himfcif  down  acrofs 
chairs.  His  conftitution,  naturally 
good,  is -daily  impaired  by  this  kind 
of  life.  He  is  much  wafted  ;  and 
a  flow  ft\cYy  which  fometimes  in- 
creafes  much,  wears  him  infcnlibly. 
Hcihath  never  fuftered  himfelf  to 
be  ftiaved,  nor  put  on  clean  linen 
fmce  the  Hfth  of  September.  He 
remains  unmoyed  by  the  moft  re- 
fpedful,  and  the  moft  vehement  re- 
prcfentations.  The  care  and  lliill  of 
F  the 


66 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


the  ablefl:  pliyficians  have  produced 
no  efFe6l.  The  nation,  naturally  de- 
vout, hath  recourfe  to  Taints  and  re- 
licks.  Amidft  thefe  melancholy  cir- 
cumftances,  he  hath,  however,  been 
prevailed  with  to  make  his  will. 
The  count  of  Valde^araifo  per- 
formed the  office  of  notary  oft  that 
occafion,  and  the  Duke  of  Bejar, 
high  chancellor,  figned  it  for  the 
King.  The  infant  Don  Lewis  ftays 
conftantly  at  the  palace  of  Villa  Vi- 
ciofa  ;  but  he  doth  not  fee  the  King, 
who  will  fee  nobody.  His  Royal 
Highnefs  amufes  himfelf,  from  time 
to  time,  with  hunting,  to  avoid,  per- 
haps, falling  into  his  diforder. 

The  mountain,  called  General's- 
Berge-Sund,  near  Stockholm,  in 
Sweden,  lately  tumbled  down  with 
,adreadfulconcuffion ;  it  overwhelm- 
ed two  loaded  waggons,  with  their 
drivers,  arfd  the  enormous  pieces 
that  fell  from  it  rolled'to  the  diftance 
of  many  hundred  paces. 

There  was  fold  lately  in  Smith- 
field  market,  a  calf,  only  nineteen 
.weeks  old,  for  five  pounds  feven 
fhillings  and  fixpcnce,  and  weighed 
3161b.  This  calf  was  bred  by  Mr. 
Sutton,  of  Downham,  near  Billeri- 
cay,  in  EfTex. 

His  Majefty  hath  been  pleafed  to 
order,  that  a  form  of  thankfgiving 
for  the  ceafing  of  the  diftemper 
amongft  the  cattle,  be  compofed, 
_and  fent  throughout  the  kingdom, 
to  be  lifed  in  ail  churches  and  cha- 
pels on  Sunday  the  8th  of  February 
next. 

As  a  fingular  inftance  of  the  ex- 
ceeding great  kixuriancy  in  vegeta- 
tion of  fome  plants  this  laft  wet 
fummer,  the  following  atcount  of  a 
fadifh  now  in  the  poiTeffion  of  Roger 
North,  Efq;  of  Rougham,'  in  Nor- 
folk, may  juflly  merit  the  attention 
©f  the  public.  The  diameter  of  the 


fpread  of  the  leaves  crofs  the  toft 
or  top,  meafured -three  feet  eleven 
inches  ;  the  length  of  the  root  is  two 
feet  fix  inches  and  a  half;  the  girt, 
near  the  top  of  the  root,  twenty 
inches  and  a  half;  at  the  bottom 
ten  inches ;  and  the  whole  plant, 
when  frefli,  weighed  fixtecn  pounds 
four  ounces.  This  grew  in  the  gar- 
den of  Mr.  William  Davy,  of  In- 
glethorp,  in  Norfolk. 

A  gentleman  in  the  county  of 
Galway,  in  Ireland,  hath  kept,  at 
his  own  expence,  for  above  thirty 
years  part,  eighteen  poor  qhildren, 
whom  he  compleatly  cloaths,  and 
gives  them  their  education,  in  read- 
ing, writing,  and  arithmetic,  at  the 
expence  of  only  tv/clve  pounds  a 
year,  which  is  a  Tefs  coll  tlian  a 
fmall  pack  of  hounds.    ^ 

As  the  importation  cf  Irilli  pro- 
vifions  is  continued  by  aft  of  par- 
liament,-it  may  be  ufeful  to  many 
poor  families  to  know  the  method 
of  making  the  faltj  butter  palatable, 
by  taking  from  it  any  ranknefs  or 
difagrceable  tafte,  it  may  acquire 
by  long  keeping.  The  quantity 
propofed  to  be  made  ufe  of,  either 
for  toafts  or  melting,  muft  be  put 
into  a  bowl  filled  with  boiling  wa- 
ter, and  when  the  butter  is  melted, 
fkim  it  quite  off; '  by  this  method 
it  is  fo  feparated  from'  any  grofs 
particles,  thatit  may  require  a  Imall 
addition  of  fait,  which  may  be  put 
into  the  cold  water,  that  is  made 
ufe  of  in  melting  butter  for  fauce  ; 
and  though  the  butter  is  oiled  by 
hot  water,  it  becomes  a  fine  cream 
in  the  boiling  for  fauce. 

Letters  from  Liibon  of  the  30th 
ult.  advife,  that  a  moft  dangerous 
and  wicked  confpiracy  again  ft  the 
life  of  his  moft  faithful  Majefty, 
ha*^ing  been  happily  difcovered,  a 
number  of  perfons  had  been  arreited 


C     H    R    O    N    i    C    L    E. 


67 


hy  the  King's  order,  of  whom   the 
ioJIowiiig  are  the  principal,  viz. 

Duke  de  Aveiro,  marquis  of  Ta- 
Vora,  father  ;  marquis  of  Tavora, 
fon  ;  Jofeph  Maria,  fon  ofthefaid 
marquis  :  Jofeph  Maria,  brother  to 
the  faid  marquis ;  the  Count  de  A- 
touguia,  Manuel  de  Tdvora,  mar- 
quis de  Ailoria,  Don  Manuel  De 
Souza,  Nuno  de  Tavora,  John  de 
Tavora,  with  all ^their  fajnilies. 

A  placart  has  been  publilhed,  in' 
which  the  King  makes  known  lus 
inofl  providential  efcape  on  the 
third  of  September  laft>  v/hen  he 
was  attacked,  at  eleven  o'clock  at 
night,  near  the  palace,  by  three  of 
the  confpirators^  armed  with  three 
blunderbuiTes,  loaded  with  large 
fliot  ;  one  of  the  blunderbuflcs  mif- 
fed fire,  but  the^  others  made  two 
large  holes  in  the  back  of  the  car- 
riage the  King  was  in,  and  wounded 
him  in  the  arm,  of  which  his  Maje- 
,v-  fty  is  now  happily  recovered,  with- 
y  out  the  leaft  hurt  remaining. 

The  fame  placart  promiied  cer- 
tain honours  and  rewards  for  the 
difcovery  of  any  of  the  criminals, 
with  a  pardon  to  any  of  the  accom- 
plices, except  the  principals. 

His  moll  faithful  Majefty  has 
tefumed  the  government  of  the 
kingdom. 

And  the  following  perfons  have, 
we  hear,  been  fince  taken  up,  viz. 
the  Count  de  Harlogie,  the  Mar- 
quis de  rOrne,  Don  Emanuel  d^ 
Souza  Caljary,  and  Don  Antonio 
de  Coftar,  grand  judiciary  of  the 
kingdom  ;  together  with  fome  cf 
the  chief  Jefuits. 

In  the  proclamation  which  the 
King  publifhed,  to  inform  his  fub- 
Jeds  of  the  confpiracy,  it  is  faid, 
^  amongfi  other  things,  *  That  the 
t,  *  authors  of  this  horrible  plot  had 
*  fpread  a  report  beforehand,  that 
^    '  the  King  would  not  live  long,  and 


'  even  fixed  the  time  of  his  death  to 
*  the  month  of  September  17^58. 

They  write  from  Franckfort,  that 
on  the  fecond  inllant,  at  ten  in  the 
morning,  the  regiment  of  Naflfau 
prefenting  themfelves  as  if  thejr 
only  wanted  to  pafs  through  the 
city,  a  detachnient  of  the  garrifon 
went  to  meet  them,  by  way  of  ce- 
remony, as  is  ufual,  and  conduced 
them  as  far  as  Saxenhaufen-gate  j 
ba.r,  in  (lead  of  proceeding  further, 
the  faid  regiment  took  poft  there, 
feized  the  grand  guard,  and  likewife 
mafiered  the  gunners  guard.  Soon 
after,  the  regiments  of  Beauvoifins^ 
Rohan,  Rochfort>  Bentheim,  and 
Roy  Deux  fonts,  came  and  occupied 
the  principal  places  ;  and  thus^ 
while  the  inhabitants  leaft  fufpedled 
it,  the  French  troops  made  that  im- 
perial city  the  head  quarters  of  th6 
Prince  of  Soubife. 

This  treacherous  incroachment 
upon  the  privileges  of  a  free  im- 
perial cityi  is  highly  refented 
throughout  Germany  :  and  evea 
the  court  of  Vienna  feems  difpleafed 
at  itj  the  Emprefs  having  wrote  in 
very  ftrong  terms  upon  the  fubjeft^ 
to  the  court  of  Verfailles ;  but  as 
this  city  has  always  appeared  fa- 
vourable towards  the  King  of  Fruf- 
fia,  her  imperial  Majefty's  fincerity 
may  be  fufpeiled,  efpecially  if  the 
French  (hould  hold  the  poffcflion 
they  have  thus  taken. 
There  died  lately  the  following  tt- 
niarkable  perfons. 

Mr.  Vilant,  profeflbr  of  civil  hif- 
tory  in  the  univerfity  of  St.  An- 
drcw'.s,  aged  99. 

William  Barnes,  at  Brodie-houfe^ 
Scotland,  aged  109  ;  he  had  been 
a  fervant  in  the  Brodie  family  evet 
fince  1681. 

Katherine  Mackenzie,  at  Foxlcs- 
CalUe,  in  R.ofslhire,  aged  118,  on 
December  14. 

F  2  janct. 


68 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


Janet  Blair,  of  Monimufk,  in 
Abetdeenfhire,  aged  112. 

Alexander  Stephens,  in  BamfF- 
ihire,  aged  108. 

Janet  Harper,  at  Bain*s-Hole, 
Scotland,  aged  107. 

Thomas  Bonn,  at  Litchfield, 
aged  82,    faid  to   be   the   original 


The  number  of  burials  lafl  year 
in  Paris,  was  21,120;    chriftenings 
19,369  ;  marriages  4089  ;    found- 
lings 4969. 
Letter  from  Whitby,  dated  Jan.  23, 

1759-    , 
Yefterday   a   very    extraordinary 
fifh  was   brought   in    here    by  our 


from  whom  Mr.  Farquhar  took  his     fiftiermen,  which    broke  into  three 
charadler  of  Scrub,    in   the  Beaux 
Stratagem.     He  was  fervant  in  Sir 
Tho.  Biddulph's  family  great  part 
of  his  life. 

Katherine  Mackenzie,  in  Rofs- 
fhire,  aged  103. 

A  certain  artift  at  Vienna  has 
conftrudled  an  automaton,  drefled 
in  the  habit  of  an  Auftrian  gentle- 
man, with  a  pen  in  one  hand,  and  a 
ftandilh  in  the  other  :  after  dipping 
the  former  in  the  latter,  Jie  llrikes 
upon  a  Iheet  of  paper  a  kind  of 
fpiral  line,  and  in  the  fpaces  be- 
tween appears  the  following  in- 
fcViption  :  Augujits  domui  Aujlriac^ 
^  imperatori  Deus  nee  met  as  nee  fi- 
nem  ponet :  That  is,  '  That .  God 
*^has  not  fet  either  bounds  or  pe- 

*  riod  totheauguft  houfeof  Auilria, 

*  or  to  the  Emperor.'  His  impe- 
rial Mujefty  has  bought  the  piece, 
and  fettled  a  confiderable  penfion 
on  the  inventor. 

There  have  died  in  the  faid  city 
and  fuburbs,  during  the  year  1758, 
1 554 men,  1551  women,  2004  male 
children,  and  1685  femald  ;  in  all 
6798  ;  the  number  of  chriftenings 
amounts  .  to  5267.  So  that  the 
iiumber  of  burials  exceeds  that  of 
chriftenings  by  1531  :  the  number 
of  br.rialsln  the  year  1758  exceeds 


pieces  as  they  were  hauling  it  into 
the  coble.  It  was  eleven  feet  four 
inches  long,  exclufive  of  the  tail  ; 
had  a  head  like  a  turbot  or  bratt; 
was  about  a  foot  broad  near  its 
head,  but  not  above  four  or  :6ve 
inches  near  the  tail,  and  not  any 
where  more  than  three  inches  thick. 
The  thickeft  part  was  its  belly, 
and  it  gradually  diminifhed  away 
towards  the  back,  which  was  /harp, 
and  had  all  along  it  one  continued 
fin,  from  the  head  to  the  tail.  It 
was  covered  with  an  infinite  num- 
ber of  white  fcal'Cs,  which  ftuck 
to,  and  dyed  every  thing  that  it 
touched  ;  and  might  be  faid  in 
fome  fort  to  refemble  the  quick- 
filvcred  back  of  a  looking- glafs. 
It  appeared,  when  laid  on  the  fand, 
like  a  long  oak  plank  ;  and  was 
fuch  a  fifli  as  nobody  here  ever  favv 
before,  which  caufed  a  vail  con- 
courfe*  of  people  round  it  during 
the  whole  day. 

Lionel  Charlton. 


FEBRUARY. 


At  fix  this  evening  George      ^ 
Gueft  of  Birmingham, who  had 
laid  a  confiderable  wager  that    he 
that  in  1757  by   239;  and  that  of    walked  a  thoufand  miles  in  twenty- 
the  births  is  Icfs  by  117.  eight  days,  finilhcd  his  journey  with 

The  number  c'i  burials  in  Am-     great  eafe.     It  fhouid  feem  ihat  he 


Ikrdam  lail  year  was  7189,  (which 
is  9C0  \tU  than  the  year  before) 
chrillenings  4270,  weddings  2417. 
VeiTeh  arrived  in  the  Texci  1326, 


had  lain  by  for  bets  ;  for  in  the  two 
laft  days  he  had  ic6  miles  to  walk, 
but  walked  them  with  fo  little  fa- 
tigue to  himfolf,  that,  to  Ihew  his 

agility. 


CHRONICLE, 


69 


Hgjlity,  he  walked  thelaft  fix  miles 
within  the  hour,  though  he  had  fix 
hours  good  to  do  it  in. 

The  following  odd  accident  hap- 
pened on  nevv-year*s  day  lafi: :  feve- 
ral  gentlemen  being  out  a  fox-hunt- 
ing, unkennelled  a  fox  near  a  place 
called  Wellington,  in  Shropfhire, 
and  purfuedhim  as  far  as  the  Clee- 
hill,  near  Ludlow  ;  upon  which  hill 
are  a  number  of  coal-pits,  fo  that 
travellers  are  obliged  to  ufe  much 
caution  on  fome  parts  of  the  hill, 
for  fear  of  falling  in.  Upon  the  top 
of  this  hill  the  hounds  had  the  fox 
in  view,  almofl  tired,  and  clofe  at 
his  heels,  when  in  the  fight  of  num- 
bers of  fportfmen  (who  were  ob- 
liged to  keep  off  for  fear  of  the 
pits)  the  fox  threw  himfelf  into  one 
of  them,  and  the  dogs  being  quite 
loll  oji  the  fcent,  no  lefs  than  fix 
couple  of  the  foremoft  threw  them- 
felves  after  him  ;  five  of  them  were 
killed  on  the  fpot,  and  the  reft  much 
hurt.  Several  workmen  were  in 
the  pit  (which  was  near  fixty  yards 
deep)  who  were  very  much  frighted 
at  fo  unufual  an  affair. 

^  Eight  defperate  fellows,  part 
of  a  gang  of  fourteen,  living 
in  and  near  Thaxted  in  Effex,  v/ere 
committed  to  Chelmsford  gaol ;  one 
of  whom  has  fince  turned  evidence. 
Thefe  villains,  befides  robbing  on 
the  highway,  have  been  the  terror 
of  the  country  round,  by  breaking 
into  houfes  in  the  dead  of  the  night, 
ufine  the  frighted  people  cruelly, 
ar;d  taking  from  them  plate,  linen, 
jewels,  and  money.  It  is  computed 
that  this  gang  has  raifcd  by  plunder 
upwards  of  io,oool. 

J  Extradl  from  this  day's  London 
^   *  Gazette. 

Lifbon,  Jan.  29.  On  thefirftin- 
ftant,  the  count  de  Obiros,  and  the 
Qounc  de  Riberia-grande,  were  fent 


to  the  caftle  ofSt.  Julian,  and  guards 
placed  at  the  doors  of  their  refpec- 
tive  dwelling-houfes';  but  in  gene- 
ral, it  is  thought  that  thefe  two 
gentlemen  are  not  implicated  in 
the  confpiracy,  but  rather  that  they 
may  have  been  too  free  of  fpeech. 
On  Thurfday  the  4th  inftant,  the 
duchefsof  Aveiro,  the  countefs  of 
Atouguia,  and  the  Marchionefs  of 
Alorna,  and  their  children,  were 
fent  to  different  nunneries.  On  Fri- 
day the  i2th  inllant,  eight  jefuits 
were  taken  into  cuftody.  A  council 
was  appointed  by  the  King,  for  the 
trial  of  the  prifoncrs,  compofed  of 
the  three  fecretaries  of  ftate,  the 
perfon  ailing  as  chief  juftice  in  the 
room  of  the  duke  of  Alafoens,  who 
is  Hill  indifpofcd,  and  five  other 
judges,  the  folicitor  of  the  crown 
being  prefent.  The  whole  procefs 
was  clofed  on  Tuefday  the  9th  ^ 
inftant.  The  marchionefs  of  '^I'a- 
vora,  wife  to  the  general  of  horfe, 
was  brought  on  Wednefday  the 
loth,  from  the  convent  das  Grilas, 
to  the  place  where  the  other  crimi- 
nals were  confined  ;  this-  lady  was 
one  of  the  chief  inftruments  in  this, 
confpiracy. 

Saturday  the  13th  inftant,  being 
the  day  appointed  for  the  execution, 
a  fcaffold  had  been  built  in  the 
fquarc,  oppofite  to  the  houfe  where 
the  prifoners.  were  confined,  and 
eight  wheels  fixed  upon  it.  On  one 
corner  of  the  fcaffold  was  placed 
Antonio  Alvarez  Ferreira,  and  on 
the  other  corner  the  effigy  of  Jofeph 
Policarpio  de  Azevedo,  who  is  ftill 
miffing  ;  thefe  being  the  two  per- 
fons  tha^  fired  at  the  back  of  the 
King's  equipage.  About  half  an 
hour  after  eight  in  the  morning, 
the  execution  began.  The  crimi- 
nals were  brought  out  one  by  one, 
each  under  a  ftrong  guard.     The 

F  3  war- 


♦fo  ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1759, 


marchionefs  of  Tavora  was  the  firft 
that  was  brought  upon  the  fcaiFold, 
where  fhe  was  beheaded  at  one 
ftroke.  Her  body  was  afterwards 
placed  upon  the  floor  of  the  fcaffold- 
ing,  and  covered  with  a  linen  cloth. 
Young  Jofeph  Maria  of  Tavora,  the 
young  marquis  of  Tavpra,  the  count 
of  Atouguia,  and  three  fervants  of 
the  duke  of  Aveiro,  were  firft  ftran- 
gled  at  a  ftake,  and  afterwards  their 
^imbs  broken  with  an  iron  inftru- 
'  inent  j  rhe  marquis  of  Tavora,  ge- 
neral  of  horfe,  anU  the  duke  of 
Aveiro,  had  their  limbs  broken 
alive.  The  duke,  for  greater  ig- 
nominy, was  brought  bare-headed 
to  the  place  of  execution.  The  bo- 
dy and  limbs  of  each  of  the  crimi- 
nals, after  they  were  executed,  were 
thrown  upon  a  wheel,  and  covered 
with  a  linen  cloth.  But  when  An- 
tonio Alvarez  Ferreira  was  brought 
.to  the  ftake,  whofe  fenience  was  to 
be  burnt  alive,  the  other  bodies  were 
expofed  to  his  view  ;  the  combufti- 
ble  matter,  which  had  been  laid  un- 
der the  fcaffblding,  was  fet  on  fire, 
and  the  whole  machine,  with  the 
bodies,  were  c6nfumed  to  afhes, 
and  thrown  into  the  fea. 

A  reward  of  10,000  crowns  is 
offered  to  whoever  fhall  apprehend, 
the  perfon  of  Jofeph  Policarpio  de 
Azevfedo. 

The  embargo  was  taken  oiF  the 
Ihippingthe  i6th  inllant  ;  the  three 
Englilh  men  of  war,  the  merchant 
ihips  under  their  convoy,  and  the 
j^anover  packet,  which  failed  the 
3 ill  of  December,  are  the  only  fliips 
that  have  gone  out  of  this  port  from 
the  loth  of  December  to  the  day 
^he  embargo  was  taken  off. 

The  King  and  the  royal  family 

allied  on  Moiiday  the  i5thinftant, 

at  a  Te  Deum  fung  at  the  chapel  of 

'    Noffa  Senhora  do  Livramento,    in 

thankfgiving  for  his  moll  faithful 


majefty's  happy  recovery.  As  thij 
was  the  firft  time  that  his  majefty  h^d 
appeared  abroad,  great  demonftra- 
tions  of  joy  were  Ihewn  by  the  peo- 
ple, to  whom  the  King  was  pleafed 
to  give  the  fatisfaflion  of  waving 
his  handkerchief,  firft  in  one  hand, 
then  in  the  other,  to  fhew  that  he 
had  the  ufe  of  both.  Te  Deum, 
for  the  King's  recovery,  has  alfo 
been  fung  in  all  the  churches  and 
chapels  throughout  the  kingdom. 

We  are  like  wife  informed  by 
private  letters  from  Lilbon,  that  on 
the  6th  ult.  all  the  eftates  and  ef- 
feds  of  the  Jefuits  in  the  kingdom 
of  Portugal  were  fequeftered,  iiuce 
which  they  have  begun  to  make  an 
inventory  of  all  the  eftates,  move- 
able and  immoveable,  money,  jew- 
els, &;c.  of  the  fociety,  each  of 
whom  is  allowed  but  ten  fols  a  day 
for  his  fubfiftence  :  and  they  have 
even  already  begun  to  fell  fomc  of 
their  effeds  by  audion,  and  to  let 
fome  of  theii*  land  eftates  to  farm, 
though  none  of  thefe  proceedings 
have  as  yet  been  authorized  by  any 
bull  from  Rome. 

The  fame  letters  add,  that  the 
duke  d'Aveiro  confeffed,  when  put 
to  the  torture,  and  perfifted  in  it  till 
the  laft,  that  he  was  drawn  into  the 
confpiracy  againft  the  king  by  the 
three  Jekiits  (one  an  Italian,  the 
others  Portuguefe)  who  had  been 
difmiiled  from  being  confeHbrs  to 
the  royal  family.  Thefe  three  are 
confined  in  feparate  prifons,  and 
have  no  mercy  to  expect  ;  but  the 
government  will  punidi  none  of  the 
members  of  this  fociety,  till  they 
know  the  whole  number  concerned 
in  the  plot,  one  of  whom  is,  it  kems, 
vthe  father  redor  of  the  }efuits  col- 
'  lege  of  St.  Patrick  ;  for,  after  a 
long  examination  by  the  fecretary 
of  itate,  he  had  been  committed  to 
prifon. 

Hague, 


CHRONICLE. 


71- 


Hague,  Feb.  6.  The  firft  of  this 
month  there  came  here  a  fre(h  de- 
putation from  the  merchants  of  Am- 
fterdam  ;  who,  on  receiving  advice 
that  the  cargoes  of  the  Dutch  Well- 
India  (hips  detained  by  the  Englilh, 
which  took  in  their  cargoes  in  the 
manner  called  overfchippen,  would 
be  declared  lawful  prizes,  as  being 
French  property,  and  that  the  ad- 
miralty had  given  them  only  till 
thd  26th'  inilant  to  produce  proofs 
to  the  contrary,  have  petitioned  the 
States  General  to  ufe  their  inter- 
ceffion,  reprefenting  to  them  the 
impofiibility  of  their  furnilhlng  the 
proofs  required  in  a  ftiort  time,  and 
that  as  St.  Eullatia  has  but  one  road 
where  the  (hips  have  no  other  way 
to  take  in  their  cargp  but  that  of 
overfchippen,  this  is,  to  take  the 
goods  out  of  the  French  boats  to  put 
them  on  board  the  Datch  vefl'els, 
fuch  a  fentcnce  of  the  admiralty 
would  give  the  coup  de  grace  to  the 
trade  of  that  colony. 

,  At    the   court   of  King's 

'  '  Bench,  the  cafe  was  debated 
in  relation  to  the  affair  of  Mr.  Beard- 
more,  under  IherilF  for  the  county 
of  Middlefex  ;  when  he  was  found 
guilty  of  a  contempt  of  coart,  in 
not  difcharging  the  duty  of  nis  of- 
iice,  by  cau/ing  the  fentence  of  Dr. 

Shebeare  to  be  duly  executed. 

The  fadt  was.  Dr.  Shebeare,  by  the 
fentence  of  the  court  of  King's 
Bench  pronounced  upon  him,-  was 
to  have*llood  in  and  upon  the  pil- 
lory ;  but  it  was  proved  that  he  flood 
upon  the  piilory  only. 

,  Died  Geo.  Cha.  Emilius, 

*   ^     *    pofthumous  fon  of  the  late 
prince  of  Pruffia,  at  Berlin. 

A  court  martial.  General 


7th, 


Noal  prefider^t,  was  held  for 


the  trial  of  two  officers  of  diftinc- 
U^n^,  who  contefi;ed  the  honour  of 


heading  the  troops  that  were  left  at 
St.  Cas,  after  the  death  of  General 
Dury.  The  officers  are  the  colonels 
Cary  and  Lambert. 

Notice  was  this  day  given  from 
the  war  office,  that  for  the  future, 
whoever  intends  to  purchafe  a  com- 
miffion  in  tlie  army,  (hould  firfl  in- 
form himfelf  whether  the  commif- 
fion,  for  which  he  is  in  treaty,  may 
be  fold  with  the  king's  leave :  and, 
in  all  indances,  where  it  (hall  l\e 
found  that  anv  jnoney,  of  other 
confideration,  has  been  given  for  a 
commiffion  not  openly  fold  with  the 
leave  of  his  ^majefty,  the  perfo* 
obtaining  fuch  commiiHon  will  be 
fuperfeded. 

The  ilationers  company  j 

1  •  1  J     L  22a. 

have   given    50 1,    and  the 

fifhmongcrs  company  lool.  to  the 

marine    fociety,    their  fecond  fub- 

fcription.  Each  company  gave  lOol. 

before. 

The  Ruby,  a  tranfport  fhip  from 
St.  John's,  with  400  French  pri- 
foners,  was  loft  pff"  the  weftward 
iflands.  Only  feventy  of  the  peo- 
ple Were  favcd. 

By  the  new  treaty  with  the  K'lhg 
of  Pruffia,  his  Pruffian  majefty  is  to 
receive  the  fame  fubfidy  as  laft  year, 
which  was  670,0001. 

And  by  the  treaty  with  the  Land- 
grave of  HefTc,  that  prince,  in  con- 
fideration of  the  immenfe  lofles  he 
hath  fuftained  by  his  fleady  adher- 
ence to  the  common  caufe,  is  to  re- 
ceive a  fubfidy  of  60,000 1. 

Amongft  the  variety  of  uncom- 
mon vegetable  produdiorw  in  the 
laft  year,  the  following  feems  not 
the  leaft  extraordinary,  viz.  a  tur- 
nip which  was  pulled  up  at  or  near 
Tudenham  in  .Norfolk,  weighed 
upwards  of  291b. 

A  gentleman  who  lately  came 
from  Chefter  informs,  that  one  The. 

F  ^  Siddal, 


7i  ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


5iddal,  a  gardener  in  the  fuburbs 
of  that  city,  has  now  in  his  pofl'ef- 
;(ion  a  potatoe,  which  he  lately  dug 
out  of  his  own  garden,  that  weighs 
feventeen  pounds  four  ounces  avoir- 
dupois, meafiires  in  circumference 
thirty.eighc  inches,  and  in  length 
forty-feven  inches  and  an  half. 

Reading,  Feb.  lo.  Among  the 
many  remarkable  inftances  of  the 
forwardnefs  of  th6  prefent  fpring, 
we  are  weH  aflured,  that  in  the  pa- 
rifh  of  Caverfham,  near  this  town, 
there  is  now  a  neft  with  young 
thrufties  nearly  fledged.  At  Sunny- 
fide  and  Biftiop-Wearmouth,  near 
Sunderland,  they  have  goofeberries 
as  large  as  peas,  upon  the  buflies, 
\vhich  feem  to  Hand  and  be  in  a 
thriving  condition.  ^ 

Birmingham,  Feb.  19.  On  Mon- 
day fe'nnight  a  mare  of  Mr.  Scokes 
qf  Kin  fare,  in  Stafford  fliire,  died; 
fhe  fell  ill  the  day  before,  and,  on 
being  opened  by  Mr.  Clewes,  a 
farrier  of  the  fame  place,  who  had 
the  care  of  her,  had  in  the  reftum, 
or  gut  neareft  the  fundament,  a 
ilone  which  weighed  a  pound"  and 
ten  ounces,  being  larger  than  the 
paiTage  would  receive,  and  in  the 
colon  or  large  gut  was  found  an- 
other Hone,  which  weighed  one 
pound  fourteen  ounces  and  an  half, 
and  meafured  twelve  inches  round. 
They  are  like  Brazil  bowls,  and, 
when  {Iruck  together,  found  like 
pebble  ftones. 

Letters  frorn  France  give  an  ac- 
count that  the  count  de  St.  Floren- 
tine was  harangued  on  the  8th  infl. 
at  his  audience  in  the  Louvre,  by  a 
young  girl  of  nine  years  and  a  half, 
living  on  his  eftate  at  Chatteau- 
neuf,  who  was  born  deaf  and  dumb, 
and  who  had  been  by  thajt  mini- 
fler  committed  to  the  care  of  the 
Sieur  Pereire,   remajkable   for  his 


talent  of  learning  the  dumb  tq 
fpeak. 

.  In    the    evening  between  , 

feven  and  eight  o'clock,  ^^  * 
Mrs.  Walker,  wife  of  the  late  Mr. 
Leonard  Walker,  timber- merchant, 
of  Rotherhiche,  was  barbaroufly 
murdered  at  ner  own  houfe,  "by 
Mary  Edmonfon,  her  niece,  about 
twenty  years  of  age.  The  particu^ 
lars  are  as  follows  :  Mrs.  Walker 
fent  into  Yorkftire  the  beginning 
of  the  winter,  for  this  niece,  to 
come  and  live  with  her  as  a  com- 
panion ;  but  her  behaviour  not  an- 
fwering  her  aunt's  expectation,  her 
aunt  told  her  fhe  fhould  go  to  fome 
good  fervice  as  foon  as  the  fpring 
came  on.  /A  fortnight  before  the 
murder,  the  niece,  at  night,  went 
into  the  yard,  and  made  a  noife 
by  throwing  down  the  waihing- 
tubs,  and  then  run  in  and  told  her 
aunt,  that  four  men  broke  into  the 
yard;  but  upon  alarming  the  neigh- 
bours none  could  be  found.  This 
fa'.al  evening  the  niece  went  bacl^- 
wards  and  made  the  fame  noife  as 
before,  and  the  deccafed  miffing 
her  niece  fome  time,  and  hearing 
a  noife,  weui  backward  to  call  al- 
fiftance  ;  upon  which  her  niece,  who 
bad  hid  herfelf,  feizcd  her  aunt,  and 
with  a  cafe-knife  immediately  cut 
her  throat,  and  fhe  died  in  a  few 
minutes;  her  niece  then  dragged 
her  out  of  the  wafli-houfe  into  the 
parlour,  took  her  aunt's  watch  from 
her  fide,  fome  filver  fpoons,  and  the 
bloody  knife,  and  hid  them  under 
the  water-tub;  her  apron,  being 
foaked  with  blood,  fhe  put  under 
the  copper,  and  put  on  a  clean  one; 
and  then,  to  hide  her  guilt,  cut  her 
own  vvriA  acrofs,  and  went  out  and 
cry'd,  her  aunt  was  murdered  by 
four  men,  who  gagg'd  her,  and  in 
endeavouring  to  fave  her  aunt^  they 

cut 


CHRONICLE. 


73 


cut  her  acrofs  her  wrift.     But  the 

fentlemen  in  the  neighbourhood 
aving  a  ftrong  fnfpicion  of  her 
being  the  p^rfon,  they  fecured  her, 
and,  upon  *exan>ination,  (he  con- 
fefTed  the  faft.  The  cbroner's  in- 
queft  brought  in  their  verdift  wilful 
murder  againft  her;  upon  which 
Ihe  was  committed  to  the  new  gaol 
in  Southwark.      ^ 

,  Came  on  at  doctors  com- 

^'^^  '  mons,  before  Sir  Thomas 
Salufbury,  Knt.  "judge  of  the  high 
court  of  admi|-alcy,  the  trials  of  a 
nulnber  of  Dutch  fhips  taken  by  men 
of.vvar  and  privateers ;  when  the  car- 
goes of  upwards  of  50  of  them  were 
condeitjned  as  legal  prizes.  Appeals 
were  lodged  again  (I  the  fen  fence  by 
the  owners  of  moft  of  them. 

Died  Mr.  Bedal,  late  an  iron- 
monger in  Old-ftreet,  aged  100. 

At  ten  at  night  was  felt  at  Lef- 
keard  in  Cornwall,  a  flight  (hock 
of  an  earthquake,  which  extended 
north  and  fouth  fix  miles,  and  about 
four  leagues  eaft  and  well ;  it  was 
a  vibratory  motion,  and  continued 
about  two  or  three  lecond's.  George 
Thomfon,efq;  apprehen(ive  of  what 
it  was,  wCnt  out  to  obferye  the  air. 
and  faw  multitudes  of  blood-red  rays 
converging  from  all  parts  of  the  hea- 
vens to  one  dark  point,  but  no  lu- 
minous body.  Ihe  phasnomenon 
difappearcd  in  (ifteen  minutes, 
o  L  The  treaty  between  Eng- 

land and  Denmark,  which 
had  for  fomc  time  been  negotiating, 
is  broke  off;  his  Daniih  majefty  be- 
ing determined  to  adhere  to  his  neu- 
trality. 

The  Pope  has  ifCaed  a  decree, 
allowing  the  bible  to  be  tranflated 
into  the  language  of  all  the  catholic 
countries. 

They  write  from  Madrid  of  the 


6tli  of  February,  that  the  news  they 
had  received  (ive  or  (ix  days  before 
from  Villa  Viciofa,  where  the  King 
refides,  had  thrown  the  whole  city 
into  the  greatelt  confternation,  by 
rcprefenting  the  King  at  the  very 
point  of  death  ;  but  that  this  crifis 
had  been  followed  with  a  calm  xvhicli 
had  difijpated  their  f<!ars  ;  that  the 
King  had  been  for  a  whole  day  in 
as  favourable  a  way  as  could  be 
defired,  and  that  the  letters  on  the 
6th  inftant  had  brought  an  account 
that  his  majefty  had  (lept  very 
well. 

One  Sufanna  Hannokes,  an  el- 
derly woman  of  Wingrove  near 
Ayle(bury,  was  accufed  by  a  neigh- 
bour for  bewitching  her  fpinning 
wheel,  fo  that  flie  could  not  make 
it  go  round,  and  offered  to  make 
oaih  of  it  before  a  magiftrate  ;  oa 
which  the  hulband,  in  order  to 
juftify  his  wife,  infilled  upon  her 
being  tried  by  the  church  bible, 
and  that  the  accufcr  (hould  be 
prefent :  accordingly  (he  was  con- 
duced to  the  parilh  church,  where 
(he  was  (Iript  of  all  her  cloaths 
to  her  (hift  and  undcr-coat,  and 
weighed  againil  the  bible:  when, 
to  the  no  fmall  mortification  of 
her  accufer,  (he  out-weighed  it, 
and  was  honourably  acquitted  of 
the  charge. 

A  very  tragical  affair  happened 
fome  time  ago  at  St.  Euftatia:  A 
Negro,  who  was  at  work  on  a  (hip 
in  the  harbour,  having  had  fome 
words  with  a  white  perfon,  in  his 
paflion  dabbed  him  ;  upon  which 
another  Negro  told  him  that  he 
would  certainly  be  put  to  death  ; 
and  that,  if  he  had  killed  twenty, 
they  could  do  no  more  to  him  ; 
thereupon  the  fellow,  in  a  (it  of  de- 
fpcration,  immediately  jumped  over- 
board. 


74        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759; 


board,  and  fvvam  to  fliore,  with  a 
knife  in  his  hand  ;  and  the  firft  per-, 
fon  he  met  with  happened  to  be  an 
Engliih  failor,  whom  the  villain  in- 
llancly  cut  acrofs  the  belly,  (o  that 
his  bowels  appeared  :  this  done,  he 
in   a  moment  ran  into  a  woollen- 
draper's  fhop,  and  liabbed  a  young 
fellow  fitting  behind  the  counter  ; 
he   then   ran  into   the   ftreet,    and 
wounded   defperately   one    or    two 
others.      By  this  time  the    people 
were  greatly  alarmed  ;  but  the  fel- 
"low   being    defperate,    every   body 
fhunned  him  :  the  governor  offered 
a  reward   to  any  one   who   would 
take  him  alive,  and  a  failor  under- 
took it,  armed  with  a  mufket ;  but 
if  he  found  it  impradicable,  he  was 
to  fhoot  him.— -The  Negro,  who 
was  then  at  the  wharf  fide  alone, 
faw  him  coming,  and  met  him  with 
great  refolution  ;  he  made  an  effay 
to  flab  the  failor,  by  giving  a  fud- 
den  leap  upon   him ;    but    the  tar 
avoided  it,  and  ftruck  at  him  with 
the  butt  end  of  his  mufket,    and 
broke  his  arm  :   upon  which,  with 
great  intrepidity,  he  got, his  knife 
into  the  other  hand,  and  made'an- 
other  pulh  at  the  failor,  but  with  as 
little  luccefs  as  the  former  :  and  by 
another  blow  he  was,  with  theafTiIt- 
ance  of  ferae  other  perfons  who  had 
gathered,  fecured  alive.  He  was  im- 
mediately brought  to  trial,  and  con- 
demned ;  and  next  day  hung  upon 
a  gibbet,  in  irons,  alive,  where  he 
continued   in  the  greateft  agonies, 
and  fhrieking  in  the  tnok  terrible 
manner  for  near  three  days.     His 
greatell  cry  was,  water,  water,  wa- 
ter ;  it  being  extreme  hot  weather, 
and  the  fun  full  upon  him. 

The  city  of  PeterPouig  has  fufFer- 
ed  prodigioufly  from  tha  mildnefs 
of  the  winter ;  -the  fledges  that  ufu- 


ally  fupplied  the  inhabitants  with 
all  the  necefTaries  of  life  from  im- 
menfe  diilances,  have  been  rendered 
ufelefs  for  want  of  froll  and'fnow  to 
level  the  roads ;  provifions  have 
therefore  rifen  to  the  mofl  extrava- 
gant prices,  and  the  poor  citizens 
have  felt  all  the  calamities  of  a  fa- 
mine, notwithftanding  the  abun- 
dance with  which  the  people  in  the 
country  are  every  where  fupplied. 


MARCH. 

The  Hon .  Com  modore  Kep-  ^ 
pel,  with  the  Torbay  of  74, 
Naffau  of  64,  Fougeaux  of  64,  and 
Dunkirk  of  60,  arrived  at  Portf- 
mouth.  They  failed  from  theifland 
of  Goree  about  the  27th  of  January, 
and  left  all  quiet.  ^ 

Died  the  Rev.  Mr.  Tate,  i-eftor  of 
Burnham,  near  Windfor,  aged  98. 

Advice  was  received  at  the  , 
Admiralty  from  Capt.  Hood,  ^ 
of  the  Veflal  of  32  guns,  and  220 
men,  that  on  the  2 ill  of  February 
he  fell  in  with  the  Bellona,  a  French 
frigate  of  the  fame  force,  from  Mar- 
tinico,  with"  difpatches  from  the 
governor  for  the  French  court ;  and 
that,  after  a  defperate  engagement 
of  four  hours,  he  had  taken  her  and 
brought  her  toSpithead.  TheVeflal's 
lieutenant  found  more.than  30  dead 
upon  the  deck,  when  lie  took  pof- 
f*effion  of  the  Bellona,  and  the 
French  acknowledged  they  threw 
10  or  12,  overboard.  When  fhe 
flruck  fhe  had  only  her  foremafl 
flanding,  without  either  yard  or 
top- mail;  and  when  Cap:.  Hood 
brought  to,  all  his  own  top-mafl  fell 
■  over  the  fide  ;  the  lowermoft  maft 
would  likewife  have  gone,  had  not 
the  wipather  proved  very  fine.  ^The 

Veiia 


CHRONICLE. 


75 


Veftal  had  five  killed  and  twenty- 
two  wounded.  When  Capt.  Hood 
lirit  gave  chace,  the  Trent  was  a- 
boiit  tour  miles  to  leeward,  and  gave 
chace  at  the  fame  time  ;  when  the 
engagement  began  the  Trent  was 
out  of  fight;  when  the  Bellona 
llruck,  the  Trent  was  about  the 
fame  diftance  ofr  as  at  firll  fetting 
out.  The  Belfbna  left  Martinico 
the  i6th*  of  January,  in  company 
with  the  Floriffant,  and  a  frigate 
of  her  own  force.  They  were  all 
chaced  by  a  part  of  Commodore 
Moore's  fquadron,  from  whom  the 
Bellona  got  clear  by  a  fuperiority 
of  falling  ;  but  did  not  know  how 
it  fared  with  her  companions.  The 
Englilh  troops  landed  on  the  very 
day  that  fiie  fet  fail. 

General  Abercrombie  arrived  at 
Portfraouth,  in  theKenfington  man 
of  war,  from  North-America. 

Advice  was  received  from 


4th, 


Harwich,    that   the   Dutch 


mail  of  the  23d  ult.  was  unluckily 
thrown  over-board  by  a  miftake. 
The  veflel  that  brought  it  was 
Dutch,  and  being  boarded  by  a 
privateer^  haftily  concluded  it  muft 
be  an  enemy  ;  but,  upon  enquiry, 
found  it  Xo  be  an  Englifli  cruizer, 
Capt.  Gilby,  of  London. 

A  native  of  Norway  has  propofed 
a  fcheme  for  catching  cod  in  the 
open  feas,  and  for  curing  them  as 
fall  as  they  are  caught,  in  fuch 
quantities  as  to  load  four  fhips  in 
as  many  days. 

M.  Boreel,  M.  Vander  Poll,  and 
M.  Meerman,  the  minifters  from 
the  States  General  of  the  United 
Provinces,  arrived  in  town  from 
Holland.  Their  fecret  inftrudlions 
are,  i.  That  thofe  gentTemen  are  to 
infift  on  the  fpeedy  releafe  of  the 
Dutch  veflels.      2.  That  they  are 


not  to  recede  from  a  point  of  the 
draught  of  the  declaration  of  Jan. 
25.  And  3.  Not  to  agree  to  any 
innovarion  in  the  arciclc  of  contra- 
band, but  adhere  to  what  is  ex- 
preiVed  in  the  treaty  of  1674* 

Gum  Senegal,  with  which  , 

the  Dutch  have  for  a  long  "^  ' 
time  fupplied  the  Englifh  at  an  ex- 
travagant price,  is  now  purchafed 
by  them  to  fupply  the  French  ;  and 
this  day  no  lefs  than  276  cwt.  was 
entered  at  the  cullom-houfe  on  their 
account. 

Sandfort  corn-mills,  near         • 
Hurft,  in  Berks,  were  con-       9^"- 
fumed  by  fire;  damage  1500I. 

At  the  feiTions  of  admiralty,  at 
the  Old-Bailey,  Nicholas  Wingfield 
and  Adams  Hyde  were  capitally 
convidled  ;  Thomas  Kerft,  Thomas 
Wingfieid,  Thomas  Lewis,  and 
|ohn  Ayre,  acquitted.  Dr.  Hay, 
one  of  the  commiffioners  of  the  ad- 
miralty, and  his  Majeily's  advocate- 
general,  fat  as  judge  of  the  court, 
in  the  room  of  Sir  Thomas  Saluf- 
bury,  whofeLady  is  dead  ;  Mr.Juf- 
tice  Wilmot,  and  Mr.  Jullice  Noel, 
and  feveral  dodors  of  the  civil  law, 
were  upon  the  bench.  Thefe  pro- 
fecutions  were  carried  on  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  the  crown,  in  order  to 
vindicate  the  honour  of  the  nation  ; 
and  the  council  in  fupport  of  the 
indidments,  were  the  attorney  and 
folicicor-general,  Mr.  Gould,  Dr. 
Bettefworth,  Mr.  Hufley,  and  Mr. 
Nafii.  Mr.  Stowe,  and  two  other 
gentlemen,  were  for  the  prifoners. 
It  appeared  upon  the  trials,  that 
Nicholas  Wingfield  and  Adams 
Hyde,  the  mailers  of  two  privateer 
cutters,  had  felonioufly  and  pirati- 
cally boarded  the  (hip  De  Reifende 
Jacob,  affaulted  Jurgan  Muller,  the 
mailer  thereof,  and  robbed  him  of 

twenty 


76 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


twenty  calks  of  butter,  value  20 1. 
on  Aug.  II,  1758.  Thomas  Wing- 
field  and  Thomas  Kent  were  acquit- 
ted, becaufe  no  evidence  appeared 
againft  them  that  could  aiFeft  them, 
in  relation  to  the  faft.  Thomas 
Lqwis  and  John  Ayre  were  indidt- 
ed  for  piratically  and  felonioufly 
boarding  and  robbing  the  Ihip  Two 
Brothers,  commanded  by  Klaas Heri- 
derike  Swartd,  of  five  fats  of  indi- 
go, value  100 1.  on  November  17, 
1758.  But  as  there  was  the  ftrongefl 
and  moft  corroborating  proof  that 
they  were  not  at  fea  on  that  day, 
nor  could  poffibly  be  guilty  of  the 
fad,  they  were  acquitted. 

A  fire  broke  out  in  his  Majefty*s 
lOpe-yard  at  Woolwich  in  the  open 
day,  which  inftantly  gained  in  fuch 
a  manner  upon  the  workmen,  that 
had  it  not  been  for  immediate  help 
from  the  docks,  the  whole  yard  muft 
have  been  confumed  to  the  almoU 
irreparable  damage  of  this  nation. 
It  broke  out  by  the  boiling  over  of 
a  tar  kettle. 

,  Jofeph   Hal  fey  was  tried 

^  *  '  for  the  murder  of  Daniel 
Davidfon  on  the  high  feas,  about 
100  leagues  from  Cape  Finiflerre, 
found  guilty,  and  immediately  fen- 
tenced  to  the  ufual  puniihment  of 
fuch  crimes.  The  court  afterwards 
pafTed  fentence  on  the  forementioned 
convids,  and  then  adjourned. 

,  The  ihip  which  Halfey  (who  was 
but  twenty-three  years  of  age)  com- 
manded during  the  illnefs  and  af- 
ter the  death  of  Capt.  Gallop,  failed 
from  Jamaica  in  July  lafl,  in  com- 
pany with  a  large  fleet,  under  con- 
voy of  two  men  of  war,  one  of 
which  was  the  Sphinx.  Soon  after 
they  left  Jamaica,  the  Ihip  proving 
leaky,  they  were  obliged  to  keep 
one  hand  at  worlt  conftantly  at  the 


pump.  Davidfon  being  ficlcly,  and 
notable  to  clear  the  fhip  during  his 
half  hour,  Halfey  not  only  compel- 
led him  to  pump  till,  he  had  cleared 
it,  but  pump  his  [Haifey's]  half 
hour  befides.  Soon  after,  Halfey 
put  the  fhip*s  crew  to  Ihort  allow- 
ance of  water  and  bread,  giving 
three  quarts  to  the  hands  that  were 
well,  and  five  pounds  of  bread  each, 
and  but  one  quart  to  the  fick,  and 
five  pounds  of  bread  between  two. 
He  was  continually  beating  David- 
fon, who  defircd  to  be  fent  on  board 
one  of  the  men  of  war,  in  exchange 
for  one  of  their  hands,  which  Halfey 
refufed,  faying,  he  would  torment 
him  a  little  further  before  he  fhouid 
have  any  relief,  and  that  he  had 
no  cloaths  fit  to  go  on  board  the 
man  of  war,  to  make  the  requed, 
and  refufed  the  offer  made  by  two 
matters  of  velfels,  that  had  come 
on  board,  to  lend  him  cloaths. 
Some  time  after,'  Davidfon,  tired 
with  being  fo  much  beat,  and  v/ant- 
ing  necefTaries,  threw  himfelf  over- 
board ;  which  Halfey  feeing,  went 
over  after  him,  and  brought  him  on 
board  again,  faying,  he  Ihould  not 
think  to  get  off  fo,  and  he  would 
have  a  little  more  tormenting  of  him 
yet.  And  the  day  before  he  died 
tied  him  up  to  the  ihrouds  for  an 
hour,  and  beat  him  unmercifully  ; 
and  afterwards  ftruck  him  on  the 
breaft  with  a  pitch-mop,  and  beat 
him  off  the  quarter-deck  ;  after 
which  he  was  helped  down  below, 
and  was  found  dead  the  next  day. 
Anotherbill  ofindidment  was  found 
againft  him  for  the  murder  of  John 
Edwards,  by  ftriking  him  with  an 
handfpike  on  his  bread,  belly,  &c. 
of  which  he  languifhed  and  died  ; 
but,  being  convided  of  the  other 
murder^  he  w^s  npt  tried  for  that  fad. 

At 


CHRONICLE. 


n 


At  the  fame  fefiions  Capt.  Wil- 
liam Lugen  was  tried  for  the  murder 
of  a  black  infant ;  he  had  failed  up- 
on the  flaving  trade  from  Briftol, 
arid  had  taken'in  about  200  blacks, 
on  the  coaft  of  Africa,  and  was 
carrying  them  to  Carolina,  among 
whom  was  a  wo^an  with  a  young 
child.  The  woman,  in  the  voyage, 
happened  to  die  of  a  flux,  and  the 
child  being  very  ill  of  that  diftcm- 
per,  the  crew  belonging  to  the  fliip 
very  naturally  committed  the  care 
of  the  poor  infant  to  the  people 
of  its  own  colour;  but  they,  like 
true  favages,  handed  it  upon  deck, 
and  refufed  to  admit  it  amongft 
them  ;  their  reafon  was,  becaufe 
they  believed  the  diftemper  to  be 
infedious,  and  dreaded  it  as  we  do 
a  plague.  The  infant,  then,  in  a 
very  mifcrable  condition,  lying  ex- 
pofed  to  the  broiling  heat  of  the 
fun,  and  in  the  agonies  of  death, 
(for  the  furgeon  declared  it  could 
not  live  the  day  out)  the  captain 
ordered  it  to  be  thrown  overboard. 
The  captain  appeared  to  be  a  man 
of  great  humanity  in  other  refpedts, 
though,  in  this  inftance,  he  feems 
10  haVe  forgot  the  tendernefs  of  his 
nature,  and,  as  the  court  very  juftly 
obferved,  took  upon  himfelf  to  de- 
termine upon  a  cafe  of  life,  which 
Providence  alone  could  only  decide. 
He  was  however  acquitted,  as  there 
could  be  no  premeditated  malice  in 
the  cafe. 

An  additional  duty  of  5  per  cent. 
is  laid  upon  all  dry  goods,  including 
all  Eaft  India  goods,  tobacco,  fugar, 
grocery  and  brandy  ;  foreign  fpirits, 
foreign  linens,  and  foreign  paper ; 
alfo  I  J.  a  pound  on  coffee,  and  9^. 
on  chocolate:  all  which  duties  are 
to  be  applied  towards  paying  the 
intereft  of  the  fums  raifed,  and  to 
be  raifed,  for  the  current  fcrvice 
•f  the  year. 


1 2th. 


A  violent  ftorm  did  incredible 
damage  to  the  {hipping,  as  well  as 
to  the  houfes  and  churches  all  along 
the  weftern  coaft,  more  particularly 
at  Falmouth,  where  many  veflels 
drove  from  their  anchors,  and  fuf- 
fered  confiderably.  Some  loft  their 
mafts,  others  went  upon  the  fand, 
and  one  or  two  filled  with  water. 
In  this  ftorm  nineteen  perfons  in  a 
paftage-boat  from  Pool  to  Ware- 
ham,  were  forced  upon  the  beach, 
thirteen  of  whom  periftied  in  en- 
deavouring to  recover  the  fhore. 
Nothing  could  be  more  difmal  than 
to  fee  the  poor  fouls  half  buried  ia 
the  mud,  with  the  fea  beating  over 
them  ;  without  being  able  to  aftbrd 
them  any  relief;  and  their  piercing 
cries  were  terrible. 

The  Ddrfetftiire  man  of 
war  was  paid  at  Spithead, 
when  many  of  the  failors,  by  means 
of  the  late  aft  in  their  favour,  were 
enabled  to  remit  their  money  to 
their  families  or  friends.  It  is  faid, 
that  no  lefs  than  1 6,000 1.  have  been 
remitted  in  this  manner,  in  little 
jnore  than  three  months,  by  the  few 
fhips  crews  that  have  been  paid  in 
that  time,  which  fums  ufed  moftly 
to  be  fquandered  in  riot  and  de- 
bauchery. BleJ/ed  be  the  good  man 
that  promoted  this  hene'volent  laixj. 

About  eighty  Highland-  , 

ers,  wounded  at  the  battle  '^  ' 
at  Ticonderoga  in  America,  fet  out 
from  Portfmouth  in  waggons,  in 
order  to  be  fent,  fome  to  hofpitala 
for  cure,  others  to  Chelfea  hofpital, 
and  the  reft  to  return  to  their  own 
country.  Some  of  them  were  fo 
lacerated  by  the  flugs  and  brokeiv 
nails  which  the  enemy  fired,  that 
they  are  deemed  incurable. 

The    two    gold    medals,         , 
given  annually  by  his  Grace      ^ 
the  Duke  of  Newcaftle,  chancellor 

of 


78       ANNUAL   R  E  G  I  STER,"  1759. 


of  the  univerfity  of  Cambridge, 
were  adjudged  to  Mr.  Hawes  of" 
Jefus,  and  Mr.  Cowper  of  Corpus 
Chrirti  College,   bachelors. 

Jofeph'  Halfey,  who  had  been 
relpited  till  then,  was  carried  from 
Newgate  to  Execution-Dock,  where 
/  he  was  e^^ecuted  about  ten  O'clock, 
purfuant  to  his  fentence.  He  be- 
haved, whilft  under  condemnation, 
with  great  intrepidity  and  refoiu- 
tion,  always  perfiliing  in  his  in- 
nocence ;  which  he  did  to  the  laft ; 
and  therefore  could  not  be  per- 
fuaded  to  think  of  death;  but  when 
the  warrant  came  jd own,  he  gave  up 
all  hope,  and  with  great  refignation 
fubmitted  to  his  fate,  though  very 
defirous  of  life.  His  body  was  after- 
wards brought  to  Surgeon's-hall. 
,  One  John  Hifiey,who  had 

^  *  been  tried  at  Reading affizes, 
and  found  guilty  of  an  aiTault  upon 
his  own  daughter,  with  an  intent 
to  commit  a  rape,  was  fentenced  to 
ftand  on  the  pillory,  and  fuffer  a 
year's  imprifonment.  - 

,  A  fine  brafs  (lacue  of  Ge- 

'  '  neralBlakeney,done  by  the 
celebrated  Van  No!t,  was  fet  up  in 
Dublin,  on  a  marble  pedeftai  in  the 
center  of  the  Mali. 

,  The  price  of  wheat,  which 

5  *  had  rifen  confiderably  the 
Week  before,  on  account  of  the  a6t, 
for  taking  off  the  prohibition  on 
exportation,  fell  3 /."a  quarter.* 

Nothing  can  yet  be  faid  with 
certainty,  with  refpeft  to  the  fate 
of  the  Jefuit^,  though  it  is  reported, 
on  the  one  hand,  that  the  Pope  has 
rtquefted  that  they  may  not  fuffer 
in  the  habit  of  their  order  j  and  on 
the  other,  that  the  King  of  Portugal 
hjis  requeued  the  Pope  to  take  upon 
himfelf  the  chsilifmg  of  the  clergy 
under  arrcft,  that  are  concerned  in 
the  Uie  confpiracy  againft  his  per- 


fon,  but  nothing,  it  feemsj  hds 
been  determined  as  yet  on  thi.s 
fubjea. 

Mr.  Haynes,  a  carpenter  , 

in^  St.  JohnVftreet,  being  -°^"* 
feized  with  a  giddinefs,  while  his 
wife  was  employed  in  rubbing  the 
part  affeded,  bi>  hair  came  off  from 
his  head  and  eye-brows. — The  fame 
accident  happened  feme  years  ago 
to  Mr.  Stanley,  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Hoi  born. 

Mrs.  Mofs,  of  Broad-  ftreet-       , 
buildings,  was  brought  to  bed  ^^  * 
of  three  fons. 

The  following  adls  were  ^  , 
figned  by  commiflion  :  An  aft  "^^  * 
for  taking  off  the  prohibition  of 
corn,  malt,  meal,  flour,  bread, 
bifcuit,  and  ftarch— for  punifhing 
mutiny  and  defertion— for  regu- 
lating his  Majefly's  marine  forces^ 
while  on  Ihore— for  indemnifying 
perfons  who  have  omitted  to  qua- 
lify themfelves  for  employments— 
for  explaining  an  ^^  of  the  22d 
of  his  prefent  majefly,  for  the  more 
eafy  recovery  of  fmall  debts  in  the 
borough  of  Southwark'-— ^to  fevea 
road  biliSj  and  feventeen  private 
ads. 

Fifteen  waggons  with  fmall  arms 
went  from  the  Tower^  for  the, ufe  of 
the  militia  in  the  welt  of  England^ 

The  fociety  of  merchanis  and  in- 
furers  of  fhips,  having  received  in- 
formation that  feveral  neutral  fhips 
have  been  plundered  of  thair  car- 
goes by  pretended  Engliih  priva- 
teers, have  renewed  tlieir  reward 
of  lool.  for  detecting  and  convict- 
ing all  fnch  pirates,  over  and  above 
the  reward  offered  by  the  Lords  of 
the  Admiralty. 

Died,  Mr.  John  Criflow,  of  Grief- 
dale,  Cumbe:land,  aged  101  j  he 
was  the  furvivor  of  feven  children, 
whofe  a^es  amount  to  599. 

aSth^ 


CHRONICLE. 


79 


-  ,  Nicholas   Wingfield    and 

*  Adams  Hyde,  condemned  at 
the  late  felfions  of  the  high  court  of 
admiralty,  held  at  the  Old  Bailey, 
were  executed  at  Execution-Dock, 
where  they  behave^  with  a  becom- 
'ng  decency.  / 

Auguft  17,  1758,  the  caufe  re- 
lating to  the  capture  of  the  Dutch' 
ihip  called  the  Maria  Therefa,  came 
on  to  be  heard  before  our  court  of 
admiralty,  when  the  following  fen- 
tence  or  decree  was  pronounced  by 
that  court,  viz. 

**  That  the  goods  ought  to  be 
"  prefumed  to  belong  to  enemies, 
'*  or  to  be  otherwife  confifcable, 
"  and  condemned  the  fame  as  law- 
"  ful  pfize  ;"  but  pronounced  the 
fhip  to  belong  to  the  claimant,  and 
decreed  the  fame  to  be  reilored  with 
freight. 

From  the  firft  part  of  this  fen- 
tence  or  decree  there  was  an  appeal 
brought,  which  came  on  to  be  heard 
before  the  following  lords,  viz. 
Lord  Sandys,  Earl  of  Cholmondeley, 
Lord  Mansfield,  Earl  of  Thomond, 
Earl  Cornwallis,  Vifcount  Fal- 
mouth, Mr.  Vice  ChamberUin,  Lord 
Prefident,  Lord  Lyttelton,  Earl  of 
Hardwicke,  Earl  6f  Holdernefs, 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  Geo. 
Grenville,Efq;andDukeofArgyle; 
who  pronounced,  that  fuch  part  of 
the  fentence  be  reverfed,  as  is  com- 
plained of  by  the  appellant ;  the  (hip 
being  reftored  with  the  acquiefcence 
of  the  captor,  and  the  cargo  not 
being  proved  to  be  the  enemy's 
property,  and  appearing  to  belong 
to  the  fubjefts  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces; with  cofts  againft  the  captor, 
but  no  damages,  as  the  appeal  was 
brought  fo  late  before  the  lords. 

The   embargo   on    (hips. 


From  the  London  Gazette, 
March  31. 


29th. 


laden  with  provifions  in  Ire- 


land, was  ordered  to  be  taken  off. 


We  hear  from  Copenhagen, 
that  letters,  received  there  from 
Tranquebar,  on  the  coaft  of  Coro- 
mandcl,  dated  June  25,  175S,  fay. 
That  a  fleet  of  eleven  French  men 
of  war  came  on  that  coaft  the  27th 
of  April  :  Thr.t  the  next  day  the 
Englifli  fleet, un^er  Admiral  Poccck, 
pafled  by  that  port,  on  fight  of 
which  the  French  fquadron  weighed 
aijchnr  and  put  to  fea :  That  the 
Engliih  purfued  them,  and  in  the 
afternoon  a  very  brifk  engagement 
began  ;  in  which,  'A  was  faid,  the 
French  has  loft  900  men,  and  th'e 
Englifli  two  fhips,  and  a  great  many 
men  ;  and  that  after  the  a6lion,  a 
French  fliio of 74gunsrun  aground: 
That  the  French,  and  all  their  mili- 
tia, undc'r  the  command  of  Lieu- 
tenant General  Lally,  inarched  to 
Fort  St.  David's,  and  Goudelour. 
That  the  latter  was  taken  by  capi- 
tulation, and  Fort  St.  David's  was 
likewife  obliged  to  furrender,  after 
a  fevere  bombardment;  and  that 
thereupon  the  French  were  making 
all  neceflary  preparations  for  attack- 
ing Madrafs,  after  they  had  made 
themfelves  mafters  of  Tanjour,  or 
that  their  demands  there*  ftiould 
have  been  complied  with.  Subfe- 
quent  J  letters,  dated  likewife  from 
Trantjuebar,  of  Auguft27,  farthef 
fay,  that  the  French  marched  the 
25th  of  June  to  Tanjour,  where 
they  arrived  the  beginning  of  Au- 
gdft,  and  made  an  attempt  upon 
that  place,  in  which,  to  their  great 
furprize,  they  were  not  able  to  fuc- 
ceed,  thofe  in  Tanjour  having  car- 
^ried  on  a  negociation  with  them  for 
fome  time,  and  taken  their  mea- 
fures  fo  well,  that  the  French  found 
themfelves  in  great  diftrefs  for  want 

of 


8o 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


of  fubfiilence,  and  were  attacked 
furioiilly  on  all  fides :  and  though 
they  had  made  a  -breach  fufiicient 
for  fifteen  men  to  enter  abreaft,  yet 
they  were  obliged,  for  \v«nt  of  pro- 
vifioas  and  ammuniti^on,  to  deCamp 
and  abandon  Tanjcur  the  i8th  of 
Auguft,  leaving'  behind  them  five 
large  pieced  of  cannon.  Their  lofs 
in  rr.en,  however,  was  not  very  con- 
fideriible.  That  during  the  fiege 
of  Tanjour,  both  the  French  and 
Englifh  fleets  were  cruifmg  ofT  the 
coaft  of  Coromandel,  and  were  al- 
ternately in  the  road  of  Carical,  till 
the  3d  of  Auguft,  wheh  they  came 
to  an  engagement  which  laded  two 
hours,  and  was  very  briflc.  That 
the  lofs  of  the  French  therein  vva§ 
very  great,  and  they  found  them- 
felves  obliged  to  retire  to  Pondi- 
cherry,  where  they  remained.  That 
the  Englifil  were  come  to  Carical, 
wheie  they  had  taken  two  or  three 
French  barks,  which  were^  going 
by.  And  that,  on  the  zoth  of  Au- 
guil.  General  Lally  .returned  with 
his  army  to  Carical,  anti  on  the  23d 
inarched  by  Tranquebar,  in  his 
way  to  Pondicherry. 
-^   A   court   martial    was   held    on 

^  board  the  Torrington,  at 
^!  *  Sheernefs,  to  enquire  into 
the  corvducl  of  the  Captain  of  the 
Dolphin,  in  her  late  allien  with  the 
Marflial  BeileiHe  privateer,  on  the 
coaftof  Scotland  ;  when  it  was  fully 
proved,  by  the  oflicers  of  the  Sole- 
bay,  that  he  had  done  his  duty  as 
a  good  officer,  and  he  was  honour- 
ably acquitted  of  the  whole  and 
every  part'of  the  charge  exhibited 
againli  him. 

Letters  from  the  honourable  Ed- 
ward Hay,  his  majefty's  envoy  ex- 
traordinary at  the  court  of  Portugal, 
to  the  Right  Hon.  Mr.  Secretary 
Pitt,  dated  Lilbcn,  March  ii,  men- 


tion, that  all  was  quiet  there  at  tlia: 
time. 

Warrants  were  iffucd  out  during 
the  courfe  of  the  month,  for  prefT- 
ing  feamen,  and  able-bodied  land- 
men ;  thefe  warrants  fat  forth,  that 
it  is  abfolutely  necefiary,  in  the 
prefent  critical  fuuation  of  affairs, 
when  attempts  may  be  made  to  In-  «l 
vade  thefe  kingdoms,  that  no  time  '™ 
fhould  be  loft  in  the  immediate 
equipping  of  his  majefty's  fleet.  Se- 
veral hundreds  of  the  ableft  pen- 
fioners  of  Greenwich  hofpital  have 
been  draughted  out  upon  the  pre- 
fent emergency,  to  (erve  on  board 
the  guardiliips ;  by  whicH  a  num- 
ber of  able  failors^will  be  gained 
to  the  navy. 

There  is  advice  from  Lilbon,  that 
one  of  the  judges  who  paflTed  fen- 
tence  upon  the  confpirators  againft 
the  life  of  his  Portuguefe  majefty, 
was  maffacred  in  his  own  houfe  with       : 
three  of  his  fervants  ;  that  an   at- 
tempt had  been  made  upon  the  life        ; 
6f  M.  Garvalho,  fecretary  of  ftate, 
which  had  failed,  though  the  doors 
of  three  of  his  apartments  had  bceti       ;' 
broke  open  by  the  aftafTins,  who  had 
entered  the  houfe  at  the  windows ; 
and  that  papers  had  been  difperfed 
through  the   city,  threatening  the 
life  of  the  King. 

The  Portuguefe  minlfteratRome 
had  caufed  the  fentence  againft  the 
confpirators  to  be  printed  in  Italian 
in  his  own  palace,  and  diftributed 
copies  of  it  to  all  the  foreign  mini- 
fters,  and  to  the  beft  friends  of  the 
Jefuits,  to  convince  them  of  the  guile 
of  the  latter,  who,  in  return,  induf- 
trioufly  report,  that  the  King  of  Por- 
tugal had  fled  his  kingdom,  to  avoid 
being  torn  in  pieces  by  his  fubjedts^  JK 
who  are  all  up  in  arms.  « 

The  fecretary  of  the  admiralty  in 
Holland,  ^ave  notice  the  beginniner 

of 


CHJRONICLE. 


it 


of  lijc  month,  that  a  Dutch  man  of 
war  would  be  Rationed  at  Helvoet- 
fluys  by  the  20th,  to  take  all  fliips 
under  convoy,  bound  for  the  coaft  of 
Normandy,  &c.  Two  men  of  war 
were,  at  the  fame  time,  appointed 
convoy  of  the  Weft  India  fleet. 

As  the  Pope  has  granted  the  Em- 
prefs  Queen  of  Hungary,  a  bull  for 
i-aifing  ten  per  cent,  upon  the  re- 
venues of  all  ecclefiaftics  within  her 
dominions,  in  order  to  enable  her  to 
carry  on  the  prefent  war,  the  King 
of  Pruflia  has  moft  juftly  refolved  to 
impofe  the  fame  tax  upon  all  the 
popiftl  ecclefiaftics  within  his  do- 
minions. 

To  the  inftances  already  given  of 
the  forwardnefs  of  the  fpring,  may 
be  added  the  following.  In  the 
yard  belonging  to  Mr.  Moore, 
fcooper,  in  Newport-ftreet,  Worcef- 
Ur,  there  is  an  apricot- tree,  the 
greateft  part  of  which  is  in  full 
blofTom  ;  and  on  the  other  trees  are 
feveral  apricots,  fome  larger  than 
filberds,  and  others  full  as  large  as 
common  nuts. 

At  an  entertainment  given  by  the 
mafter  of  the  Talbot-Inn,  at  Rip- 
ley, in  Surry,   on  Shrove  Tuefday 
laft,  to   twelve  of  the  ne;^h hours, 
inhabitants  of  the  faid  parifh,  the 
age  of  the  whole  amounted  to  on6 
thoufand  and  eighteen  years :   what 
is  ftill  more  remarkable,  one  of  the 
company  is  the   mother  of  twelve 
children,  the  youngeft  of  whom  is 
fixty  ;   file  has  within  this  fortnight 
walked  to  Guildford  and  back  a- 
gain,  which  is  twelve  miles,  in  one 
day  :    another    hris    worked    as    a 
journeyman  with  his  mafter  (a  ihod- 
maker,  who  dined  with  him)  forty- 
nine  years :    they  all  enjoyed  their 
fenfes,    and    not  one  made  ufe  of 
a  crutch. 
Several  perfons  of  difliinttioa  at 
Yoi.U, 


Bath  having  lately  received  anony- 
mous letters,  threatening  their  lives 
in  cafe  they  did  not  depofit  fums  of 
money  in  particular  parts  of  that 
city  ;  his  majcfty  has  been  pleafed 
to  promife  his  moft  gracious  par- 
don to  any  one  concerned  therein^ 
who  {hall  difcover  his  accomplices  i 
and  the  corporation  of  Bath  promife 
a  reward  of  one  hundred  pounds  to 
any  perfon  making  fuch  difcovery. 

A  man,  who  was  lately  driving 
a  waggon  over  Sheepfcomb -field, 
near  Cirencefter,  in  Gloucefterlhire, 
perceiving  one  of  the  hinder  wheqls 
to  fink  very  deep  in  the  ground,  ex- 
amined the  place,  and  found  the 
wheel  broke  a  large  ftone  urn,  in 
^<'hich  was  i  large  quantity  of  old 
Roman  copper  coin  ;  and  upod, 
digging  farther,  two  more  urns 
were  difcovered  near  the  fame  fpot> 
full  of  coin  of  the  fame  metal.  The 
word  GALIENVS  appears  in  legi- 
gible  characters  upon  fev6ral  of  thle 
pieces. 

Thirteen  perfons  were  drowned 
on  February  24,  by  the  overfetting 
of  a  wherry  on  ^its  paffage  from 
Southampton  to  Heath.  Thirteen 
perfons  loon  after  alfo  periftied, 
as  they  were  going  from  Poole  to 
Ower,  in  Dorfstfhire,  in  the  paf- 
fage-boat. 

Letter   from    Leghorn,   dated  Fe- 
bruary ij. 
We  learn  that  the  malecontents  ip 
Corfica,  having  feized  the  Lieute- 
nant Mancino,  a  famous  partifanof 
the  republic  of  Genoa,  who  had  cut 
them  out  a  great  deal  of  work,  the/ 
hanged  him  up  within  fjght  of  Baf- 
tia,    with  an  infcription   upon  hi* 
breaft,  denoting  him  to  be  an  ene- 
my to  the  country.     The  commif- 
fary  of  the  republic,  by  way  of  re- 
pififal,   would  have  hanged  one  0/ 
the  malecontenu  that  w«i»  prifoner 
G  a: 


8i         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 

at  Baftia  ;  but  Paoli,  their  general, 
found  means  to  fave  his  life,  by  af- 
furing  the  conjmifiary,  that  if  he 
carried  things  to  that  extremity, 
two  Genoefe  officers,  which  he  had 
in  his  cuftody,  fhould  undergo  the 
fame  fate. 

To  the  Author,  of  theLofiDON 
Magazine. 

SIR. 

1  fend  the  following  account  of 
an  affair,  which,  in  my  opinion,  is 
as  llrange  as  was  ever  noticed. 

As  I  had  heard  frequent  com- 
plaints from  the  neighbours  here- 
abouts of  a  ftrange  dog  which  had 
done  much  damage,  1  had  the  cu- 
riolity  to  go  out  in  purfuit  of  him.  I 
accordingly  laft  Monday  morning 
went  out  with  my  gun  to  fome 
woods  about  four  miles  and  a  half 
from  Pomfret,  and  having  walked 
about  for  near  two  hours,  I  faw  a 
felack  and  white  dog  come  up  to 
me,  about  as  big  as  a  common  fox 
hound,  I  waited  for  him,  and  flay- 
ed till  he  had  fmelt  all  round  me, 
and  walked  off  from  me  a  little  way 
to  a  cart,  which  was  returning  from 
Pomfret  market,  loaded  with  but- 
chers meat.  I  then  followed  him, 
when  I  faw  him  with  great  ferocity 
leap  into  the  cart,  and  return  with 
a  leg  of  mutton,  which  he  laid  down, 
*and  then  leapt  up  again  and  brought 
a  leg  of  pork  towards  me,  and  de- 
fcended  a  place,  which  only  appear- 
ed like  common  ground,  being  co- 
vered with  furze.  He  then  return- 
ed to  look  for  the  mutton,  which 
when  he  miffed,  he  foamed  at  the 
mouth,  and  to  all  appearance  feem- 
ied  very  angry,  bat  returned  to 
his  cavern,  where  he  ftayed  for 
about  ten  minutes,  all  which  time  I 
was  attentively  watching  his  coming 
up,  with  the  muzzle  of  my  ^un 
clofe  to  the  hole  where  he  defcended, 
S 


and  as  I  heard  him  coming  up,  t 
difcharged  ray  piece,  which  ftruck 
him  in  the  breaft,  and  killed  him. 
When  I  and  fome  more  friends  went 
the  next  day  in  fearch  of  this  place, 
we  found  it  about  fix  feet  long,  and 
two  high,  where  we  found  feveral 
carcaffes  of  dead  fheep,  and  other 
things,  which  this  furprifing  animal 
had  lived  on  fome  time  ;  there  are 
feveral  farmers  of  fubllance  will  af- 
fert  this  fail,  having  fuffered  great 
damages  from  this  dog,  and  who 
are  as  glad  of  its  death,  as.  Sir, 
Your  bumbl«  fervanf. 

Amicus. 


APRIL. 

Mary  Edmonfon  was  this  , 
day  executed  for  the  murder 
of  her  aunt ;  of  the  perpetration  of 
which  crime  we  have  already  given 
an  account.  It  appeared  fro.Ti  the 
teftimony  of  her  brother-in-law, 
that  this  young  woman  had  never 
behaved  amifs,  that  fhe  was  foosi 
to  have  been  married  to  one  Mr. 
King,  a  clergyman,  atCalverly,  m 
Yorkfliire,  and  that  flie  was  fent  to 
London  v^ith  her  aunt,  to  learn  a 
little  experience  before  Ihe  became 
his  wife.  The  proofs  againfl:  her 
were  circumftantial,  and  not  pofi- 
tive,  but  very  ftrong  ones  ;  there- 
fore our  account  of  the  murder, 
given  before,  muft  be  read  with 
proper  allowances,  as  only  what 
was  then  furmifed.  It  is  faid  there 
fhe  confeffed  the  fad  ;  but,  on  the 
contrary,  fhe  denied  it  to  the  lafl 
moment.  About  nine  o'clock,  ffie 
was  brought  handcufft,  in  a  poft- 
chaife,  with  Mr.  Ham  met  the  keep- 
er, from  the  Stockhoufe  prifon  at 
Kingfton,  to  the  Peacock  in  Ken- 
nington  lane,  where  the  hangman 

haU 


CHRONICLE. 


83 


haltered  her ;  ftie  was  direftly  put 
into  a  cart,  and  carried  toKenning- 
ton-comoion,  and  executed  12  mi- 
nutes before  ten  'oclock.  She  de- 
nied the  mufder,  and  died  very  un- 
concerned, never  (hedding  a  tear  in 
her  way  from  Kingfton,  nor  at 
the  gallows.  But  after  fome  time 
fpent  in  prayer,  fpoke  to  the  fol- 
lowing effedl :  It  is  now  too  late 
with  God  and  you  to  trifle ;    and 


other  three  children,  who  being  in- 
ftantly  taken  ill,  caufed  a  fufpicion, 
and  Haines  was  apprehended  and 
examined,  when  the  whole  fcene  of 
villainy  was  difcovered.  He  has 
fmce,  however,  made  his  efcape  : 
but  his  father  is  now  in  gaol,  and 
ordered  to  remain  in  prifon  till  next 
afCzes,  to  take  his  trial  as  an  ac- 
cefTary. 

Admiraltaly. office.   Hisma- 


I  aflure  you,  I  am  innocent  of  the    jefty'5   fhip  Southampton   and    ^  ' 


crime  laid  to  my  charge.  I  am  very 
eafy  in  my  mind,  and  fufFer  with  as 
much  pleafure  as  if  I  was  going  to 
fleep.  I  freely  forgive  my  profe- 
cutors,  and  earneftly  beg  your 
prayers  for  my  departing  foul,  &c." 
After  the  execution  her  body  was 
carried  to  St.  Thomas's  Hofpital, 
and  delivered  to  Mr.  Benjamin 
Cowel,  furgeon,  purfuant  to  an  or- 
der from  the  high  IherifF. 

The  bank  of  England  hath  given 
notice,  they  will,  for  the  future, 
ifiue  out  bank  notes  and  poft  bills, 
for  ten  pounds  and  fifteen  pounds 
each. 

We  hear  from  Gloucefter,    that 
©lie  HaineB,  who  had   married  the 
daughter  of  farmer  Ewer,  a  man  of 
Sol.   a  year  eftate,    which    he  in- 
tended  to  divide  among  his  feven 
children,    had    formed  a  defign  of 
getting  the  whole  by  poifoning  all 
but  his  wife.     He  made  ufe  of  his 
own  father  as  an  inftrument  in  this 
villainy,  who  having  procured  him 
a  quantity  of  arfenic,  he  firft  admi- 
nillered  it  to  three  of  the  children, 
who  were  immediately  feized  with 
the  fymptoms  of  a  fever  and  fore 
throat,    and    were    treated   accord- 
ingly, the  eldeft  of  whom    (a  young 
manjuftofage)   died.     Sometime 
after  this,  he  purchafed  three  apple 
cakes  at  the  market,    and  putting 


Melampe,  commanded  by  the  Cap- 
tains Gilchrift  and  Hotham,  on  the 
28th  paft,  came  up  with  the  French 
frigate  of  war  the  Danas,  of  40 
guns  and  330  men,  which  after  a 
briflc  engagement,  was  taken,  hav- 
ing between  30  and  40  men  killed, 
and  a  great  number  wounded.  The 
Southampton  had  one  man  killed 
and  eight  wounded  ;  among  the 
latter  was  Capt.  Gilchrift,  who  be- 
ing fliot  through  the  right  fhoulder 
with  a  pound  ball,  has  been  put 
aihore  at  Yarmouth.  The  Melampe 
had  8  men  killed  and  20  wounded. 

His  majefty's  fhip  the  ^olus, 
Capt.  Elliott,  on  the  1  :;th  of  March 
came  up  with  and  took  La  Mignone, 
a  French  frigate  of  20  guns  and 
143  men,  commanded  by  the  Che- 
valier de  Tranfanville.  Her  cap- 
tain and  70  men  were  killed,  the 
fecond  captain's  thigh  fhot  off,  and 
about  25  wounded.  On  board  the 
^olus  were  two  wounded. 

Two  gentlemen  paffengers  from 
Holland,  landed  at  Margate.  They 
affirm  they  were  in  the  evening 
boarded  in  fight  of  the  North  Fore- 
land by  an  Englilh  privateer  cutter, 
whofe  crew,  in  difguife,  confined 
the  captain  and  crew  of  their  vefiel 
in  the  cabbin,  and  then  plundered 
it  of  goods  to  the  value  of  2000  1, 
demanded  the  captain's  money,  ani 


arfenic  in  thera,  gave  them  to  the    took  what  the  paiTengers  had 

'^         •  C  2  Diei 


3* 


ANNUAL  REGISTER,    1759. 


Died  Mrs.  Savory,  of  Old  Palace 
yard,  aged  104. 

,  Thomas  TKornhill,  Efq; 

^  '  paid  to  the  marine  focieiy 
'zl.  which  he  received  for  a  third 
part  of  a  fine  infllded  on  a  perfon 
for  laying  dirt  and  rubbiih  in  Lei- 
;:efler-iields,  whereby  a  lady's  coach 
tvas  overturned,  by  means  of  which 
Ihe  received  a  contufion  on  her 
head,  which  was  the  occafion  of 
!ier  death. 

The  following  bills  were  figned 
by  commiflion  this  day. 

A  bill  for  granting  to  his  majefty 
a  fubfidy  of  poundage  on  certain 
dry  goods  imported,  and  an  addi- 
tional inland  duty  on  coffee  and 
shocolate ;  ard  for  raifing  a  certain 
ium  by  annuities  and  a  lottery. 

[Five  per  cent,  additional  on  all 
dry  goods  imported,  and  i  s  per 
{•ound  on  coffee  and  chocolate.] 

-—For  the  free  importation  of  lite 
c^  t  lie  from  Ireland  for  a  limited  ti  me . 

[For  five  years,  to  commence  from 
ii;e  firfl  of  May  1759] 

— For  the  free  importation  of 
Kidi  tallow. 

,[For  the  fame  time,  but  an  entry 
10  be  made  thereof  at  the  cullom- 
iioufe,  and  to  be  landed  in  the  pre- 
.'cn'ce  of  an  officer,  under  penalty  of 
j-i:ying  the  duty.] 

— for  more  eafy  colledling  (heriiFs 
■:olt  fines. 

— for  making  the  river  Stroud - 

ater,  inGlouceflerfhire,  navigable. 

And  to  feveral  road  and  private 
.  ills. 

.  At  the  fale  of  the  late  Earl 

of  Arran's  curiofities  in  Co- 
gent-Garden, the  gloves  given  by 
iv^»'g  Henry  the  eighth  to  Sir  An- 
il, cny  Denny,  were  fold  for  38  I. 
J  7  s.  the  gloves  given  by  K.  James 
1.  to  Edward  Denny,  efq;  (fon  of 
S'r  Anthony)  for  22 1.  x  5.  the 
5 


mittens  given  by  Queen  Elizabeth 
to  Sir  Edward  Denny's  lady,  for 
»5  1.  4  s.  and  the  (csLvf  given  by 
King  Charles  the  firll,  for  ic  L 
10  s.  all  which  were  bought  for 
Sir  Thomas  Denny,  of  Ireland,  who 
is  lineally  defcended  from  the  faid 
Sir  Anthony  Denny,  one  of  the  ex- 
ecutors of  King  Henry  VKI. 

The  fteeple  of  Great  Bil-  ^  ^j^ 
ling  church  in  Northamp- 
tonlhire  was  demoliHied  by  light- 
ning, and  fome  ftones  of  a  very 
large  fize  driven  to  a  great  diftance 
with  afioniihing  force.  The  pews 
in  the  church  were  likewife  very 
much  fhivered. 

Died,  Geo.  Fred.  Handel,       ., 
efq;  a  great  mufician.     He 
was  born  in  Germany  in  1685,  and 
had  been  in  England  50  years. 

The  hon.  houfe  of  commons  ad- 
journed till  Monday  fe'nnight. — 
The  houfe  before  it  broke  up^ 
granted  25,152  1.  for  the  bettorr 
fortifying  the  town  and  dock  of 
Plymouth;  10,000  1  for  fortifying 
the  harbour  of  Milford  ;  6937  1.  for 
better  fortifying  the  town  and  dock 
of  Portfmouth  ;  and^7o8  I.  for  fe- 
curing  Chatham  dock. 

7?he  right  hon,  the  lords  of  ap- 
peal hoard  council  on  the  fhip  Ame-. 
rica,  Lewis  Ferret,  taken  by  his 
roajelly's  fhip  the  Squirrel,  Hyde 
Parker,  efq;  commander;  when 
their  lordfhips  pronounced,  that  the 
fhip  America,  in  queftion  in  this 
caufe,  having  been  freighted  on 
French  account,  and  employed  in  a 
voyage  to  St.  Domingo,  a  French 
fettlement  in  the  Wefl  Tndief,  and 
having  delivered  her  outward  bound 
cargo  with  permiflion  of  the  French 
governor  there,  and  her  homeward 
bound  cargo  having  been  put  on 
board  after  a  furvey,  and  fubjeft  to 
the  paymef^t  of  the  feveral  duties, 

CtiHoORSp 


CHRONICLE. 


«^ 


ceitoms,  and  penalties,  agreeable  to 
the  laws  of  France,  and  the  mafter 
Slaving  dclkoyed  the  bill  of  loading, 
and  many  other  of  the  fliip's  papers, 
and  the  cargo  found  on  board  being 
admitted  to  be  the  property  of 
French  fub^efts,  declared,  that  th-e 
faid  fliip  ought  by  law,  to  be  con- 
demned in  this  cafe  as  a  French 
iliip ;  and  therefore  affirmed  the 
fentence,  condemning  the  (hip  and 
cargo  as  a  prize. 
^  ,  A  nioft  cr-uel  murder  was 

•^  *  committed  on  the  body  of 
John  Walker,  at  one  Darby's,  near, 
Hales  Ov/en,  by  Birmingham,  wher^ 
the  deceafed,  and  one  Nathaniel 
Gower,  as  bailiffs,  were  in  poflef- 
fion  of  the  faid  Darby's  goods  on  a 
diftrefs  for  rent.  About  nine  that 
evening,  the  faid  Darby's  two  fons 
came  into  the  houfe,  and  with  a 
broom  hook,  and  bludgeon,  fell 
upon  the  faid  bailiffs,  and,  Gower 
€fcaping,  they  cut  and  beat  the  de- 
cealed  till  hewas  alraoft  killed ;  then 
ilripping  him  naked,  thrufthimout 
of  the  houfe,  and  with  a  waggou 
whip  cut  him  almoft  to  pieces. 
Gower  made  the  beft  of  his  way  to 
Hales -Owen,  from  whence  fome 
perfons  went  to  the  deceafed's  re- 
lief, who  found  him  in  a  clofe  near 
the  faid  houfe,  weltering  in  his 
blood,  and  with  great  difficulty  car- 
ried him  to  Hales-Owen,  where  he 
immediately  expired.  Upon  fearch- 
ing  Darby's  houfe,  early  next  morn- 
ing, he,  his  wife,  and  two  fons, 
were  fecured,  but  not  without  great 
danger  to  the  apprehenders,  one  of 
whom  narrowly  efcaped  being  kill- 
ed with  an  ax,  with  which  the 
old  man  ftruck  at  him.  7'hey 
were  all  four,  on  Saturday,  com- 
uiirted  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Durant,  to 
Shrewfbury  gaol,  upon  proof  of  the 
faS,  and  of  old  Darby's  (landing 
by,   and  all  the  time  encouraging 


his  fons  in  perpetrating  this  fcenc- 
of  villainy.  The  deceafed's  coat 
and  waiftcoat,  and  breeches,  were, 
at  the  time  of  taking  the  mur> 
derers,  found  in  the  houfe  a!l 
bloody. 

Admiral   Bofcawcn    with  i 

his  fleet,  and  Rear-Admiral      ^ 
Corni(h,  with  his  fleet,  and  the  Ea(^ 
India  ftiips,  failed  from  St.  Helen'i, 
for  their  refpeftive  Rations. 

Two  large  fea  monfters  |^ 
were  feen  in  the  river  Rib-  ^  * 
ble  at  Prefton,  Lanca(hire.  on  which 
fome  men  went  out  in  boats,  with 
pitcliforks,  and  killed  one  of  them, 
which  weighed  between  6  and  700 
weight,  and  had  teats',  which  they 
(<jueezed  milk  out  of;  and  they 
faid  it  was  the  fweeteft  milk  they 
ever  tafted. 

Copy  of  a  letter  from   the      ^  , 
Hon.    Capt.    Barrington,     ^    '  * 
of  his  majefty's  (hip  Achilles,  of 
60  guns,  to  Mr.  Cleveland,  dated 
at  Falmouth,  April  16,  1759. 
•»  I    have    the    pleafure    to    ac- 
quaint you  of  my  arrival  here,  with 
the    Count    de    Florentin,    of   60 
guns,    and    403   men,    from    Cape 
Francois,  bound  for  Rochfort,  com- 
manded   by  the  Sieur  de  Montay, 
whom  I  took  on  the  4th  inftant,  in 
lat.   44.    15.   (Ixty  leagues   to   the 
weftward  of  Cape  Finifterre,  after 
a  clofe  engagement  of  two  hours, 
in   which    I    was    fo   fortunate   as 
only  to  have  two  men  killed,  and 
2-^  wounded,  with  my  mails,   and 
faik,  and  rigging,    much  cut  and 
damaged. 

The  lofs  on  the  enemy's  fide  was 
very  con(iderablc,  having  all  hie 
mails  fliot  away,  with  116  men 
killed  and  wounded,  amongft  the 
latter,  the  captain  with  a  mufquet- 
ball  through  his  body,  of  which  he 
died  two  days  after. 

I  mud  beg  you  will  acquaint  thcrr 
G  3  lorU-' 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


86 


lordfhips  of  the  very  gallant  beha- 
haviour  of  my  officers  and  people 
upon  this  occafion. 

P.  S.  Three  of  my  wounded  are 
fince  dead,  a^  likewife  a  great  num- 
ber of  the  enemy's." 

,  This    day   Mefl'.   Borrel, 

'     *    Vanderpol    and    Meerman, 

deputies  from  the  States  General  of 

the  United  Provinces,  had  a  private 

audience  of  his  majefty. 

,  The  remains  of  the  late 

^°^  *     Mr.  Handel  were  depofited 

at  the  foot  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll's 

monument  in  Weftminller-Abbey  ; 

the    bifhpps,    prebends,    and    the 

whole  choir  attended,   to  pay  the 

lail  honours  due  to   his   mempry  ; 

and  it  is  computed  there  were  not 

fewer  than  30c©  perfons  prefent  on 

rhe  occafion. 

n  A  mother  wrote  a  letter 

2 1  it 

to  a  gentleman,  to  offer  up 

her  daughter  as  a  proftitute,  being 
about  fourteen  years  'of  age.  The 
gentleman  neglecting  to  take  notice 
of  the  firft  letter,  received  a  fecond  ; 
he  then  from  curiofny  appointed  an 
interview.  The  child  was  brought 
by  another  woman,  and  the  gentle- 
man chufing  rather  to  proted  than 
ruin  innocence,  caufed  them  both 
to  be  committed  to  Bridewell. 
Dreadful  as  this  crime  is,  it  is  to  be 
feared,  that  it  is  oftener  praftifed 
than  deteded. 

Some  fllhermcn  at  Chertfey 
caiched  a  ilurgeon,  which  was 
feven  feet  and  a  half  long,  and 
weighed  upwards  of  200  wt.  It  has 
been  fent  by  the  lord  mayor  as  a 
prefent  to  his  majefty. 

,  A  fharp  adion  happened 

^^^  '  this  day  at  Yarmouth  ;  occa- 
iioned  by  fome  different  parties  of 
light  horfe  quartered  there,  who  were 
marching  out  of  town,  and  difputes 
running  high,  they  decided  it  fword 


25d. 


in  hand,  in  which   many  men   and 
horfes  were  defperately  wounded. 

At  the  anniv^rfary  meeting  of  the 
governors  of  the  London  hofpital, 
the  colledion  at  church  and  feail 
amounted  to  1066 1.  2  s. 

Upwards  of  200  1.  was  colleiled 
for  the  Middlefex  hofpital. 

Were  executed  at  Exerer,  , 

Charles  Darras,  Lewis  Bour-    ^^^   ' 
decq,     Fleurant  Termineu,    Pierre 
PitroU,    and    Pierre    Lagnal,    five 
Frenchmen,  for  the  murder  of  Jean 
Manaux,  their  countryman  and  fel- 
low prifoner,   on   board  the  Royal 
Oak  man  of  war.    The  provocation 
Manaux  gave  them,   was   his  dif- 
covering  to  the  agent  their  forgery 
of  paffes,   to  facilitate  their  efcape 
to  France.     On  the  25th  of  January 
laft,  when  they  were  ordered  down 
to  their  lodging  place,  Darras,  with 
a  boatfwain's  whittle,    calling   the 
other    French    prifoners,    dragged 
Manaux  to  a  part  of  the  fhip  dif- 
tant    from    the    centry,    and    after 
ftripping  him,    tied  him  to  a  ring 
bolt  with  fmall  eord,  then  gagged 
him,  and  with  the  others  gave  him 
about    fixty   ftrokes    with    an   iron 
thimble,  about   as  big   as  a  man's 
wrift,   tied  to   the  end  of  a  rope. 
Manaux,    by  ftruggling,  got  loofe, 
a. 'id  fell  on  his  back  ;    upon   which 
Lagnal    got    upon    his   body,    and 
jumped  on  it  feveral  times,  till  he 
broke  his  cheft.     Pitroll  keeping  his 
foot  on  his  neck.    When  they  found 
he  was  dead,  they  conveyed  his  body 
by  piece-meal    thro'   the    neceffary 
into  the  water,  becaufe  the  throwing 
it    overboard   would    have  alarmed 
the  centry.      Next  day  twenty. fe- 
ven  of  the  French  prifoners  being 
brought  on  fhore,  one  of  them  gave 
information   of  the  murder.      The 
five    ruffians   were  fentenced   to  be 
executed  on  the. 2d  of  April,  but 

were 


CHRONICLE. 


87 


were  refpited   till  the  25th,  and  in 
the  mean  time  a  Romilh  priell  was 
permitted  to  vifit  them, 
g  ,  The    colledion    for    the 

'    Magdalen  charily  amounted 
10437].   15  s. 

The  trial  of  James  Stephenion, 
for  the  murder  of  Mr.  Elcock  an  at- 
torney, who  attempted  to  break  into 
Ms  room  to  feize  him  after  being 
arrefled,  came  on  at  CheQer,  when 
the  jury  brought  in  their  verdid  fpe- 
cial,  becaufe  of  the  ruppofed  illega- 
lity of  the  arreft,  the  fherifF  having, 
as  is  commonly  pradifed,  figned  his 
warrant  for  apprehending  Stephen- 
fon,  with  a  blank  for  the  names  of 
fpecial  bailifi^s,  which  were  after- 
wards inferted  by  Mr.  Elcock,  one 
of  whom  did  arred  the  prifoner  ; 
but  whether  this  was,  or  was  not  a 
Jegal  arrelt,  is  a  point  of  law  to  be 
decided  by  the  judges. 

On  Wednefday  the  1 4th  of 
March,  the  birth  of  a  royal 
Princefs  was  made  known  to  the 
people  of  Copftantinople,  and  the 
following  evening  public  rejoicings 
began,  on  account  of  this  happy 
event.  The  illuminations,  which 
exceed  all  that  were  ever  remem- 
bered in  that  city,  continued  for  a 
vvcek,  and  were  followed  by  fire- 
works, which  were  played  off*  three 
r.ighis  together  on  the  canal  before 
the  feraglio.  All  poflible  care  was 
taken  to  prevent  accidents  or  difor- 
ders  during  thefe  rejoicings  ;  and, 
for  this  purpofe,  all  the  taverns, 
which  are  very  numerous,  were  Ihiit 
up  upon  pain  of  death. 

Admiralty-office.  On  the  27th, 
Capt.  Faulkener,  of  his  Majeity's 
ihip  Windfor  of  60  guns,  difcovered 
four  large  fhips  to  leeward,  who, 
on  being  chafed,  drew  up  in  a  line 
of  battle ;  Capt.  Faulkner  engaged 
the  ftcrnmoft,  on  which  the  reft 
made  fail  and  run,  and  then  the  fhip 


3Qth. 


that  was  engaged  Uruck.  She  proved 
the  Duke  of  Chartres,  pierced  for 
60  guns,  had  24  twelve  pounders 
mounted,  and  194  men,  twenty- 
eight  of  whom  were  killed,  and 
eighteen  wounded  ;  the  Windfor 
had  one  killed,  and  fix  wounded. 
The  lading  confifts  of  fixty  tons  of 
gun -powder,  150  tons  of  cordage, 
flour,  fail-cloth,  wines,  &c.  Th« 
other  three  fiiips  were  of  70,  54, 
and  24  guns,  armed  as  the  former, 
and  all  bound  to  Pondicherry,  on 
account  of  the  French  Eafl-India 
company. 

Died  Mary  Hall,  fexton  of  Bifhop- 
hill,  York  city,  aged  105;  (lie  walk- 
ed about  and  retained  her  fenfes  till 
within  three  days  of  her  death. 

The  prohibition  of  exporting 
gun-powder,  falt-petre,  arms,  am- 
munition, &c.  was  ordered  to  be 
continued  from  the  29th  inllant,  for 
the  fpace  of  fix  months. 

We  hear  that  Mademoifelle  La 
Conde  (nearly  related  to  the  Prince 
of  Conde)  renounced  the  errors  of 
the  church  of  Rome,  and  embraced 
the  proteflant  religion,  in  St.  Pa- 
trick's church,  Dublin  ;  and  was, 
with  a  great  number  of  others,  con- 
firmed at  St.  Peter's  church  by  the 
Bifhop  of  Clogher  the  next  day. 

Letters  from  Penfylvania  advife, 
that  at  a  treaty  held  at  Eafton,  in 
Oftober  laft,  peace  was  concluded 
and  ratified  between  the  lieutenant 
governor  of  Penfylvania,  and  the 
governor  of  New  Jerfey,  on  the  be- 
half of  their  refpedtive  provinces, 
and  the  reft  of  his  Majefty's  fubjefts 
in  America,  of  the  one  part;  and  the 
eight  confederate  Indian  nations, 
and  the  Indians  called  theDelawares, 
the  Unanimes,  the  Minifinks,  the 
Wapings,  and  the  Mohiccons,  of 
the  other  part  ;  which  peace  hath 
fince,  by  the  intervention  of  Briga- 
dier General  Forbes,  been  acceded 

G  4  to, 


88 


ANNUAL   REQISTER,   1759. 


to,  ratified  and  confirmed,  by  the 
fcveral  nations  of  Indians  living  on 
the  Ohio. 

Letters  from  Stockholm  advife, 
that  on  the  27th  uh.  in  the  evening, 
about  fevcn  o'clock,  a  fun,  about 
four  feet  in  diameter,  appeared  to 
the  weft,  which  lafted  two  minutes, 
and  caft:  as  clear  a  light,  as  if  it  had 
b»cn  noon  day  ;  and  about  half  an 
hour  before  the  rifing  of  the  moon, 
there  appeared  two  rainbows. 

We  have  an  account  from  Provi- 
dence in  America,  that  no  lefs  than 
3 1,588  fquirrels  had  been  lately  ihot 
in  that  country  within  ten  days,  and 
that  at  producing  the  heads,  1500 
horfes  v/ere  at  the  tavern.  The 
heads  of  the  faid  fquirrels  meafured 
twenty. nine  buihels  and  a  half. 

Friday  morning  the  fecond  of  Fe- 
bruary laft,  a  pretty  fmart  Ihock  pf 
an  earthquake  yvas  felt  at  Bofton 
io  New-England,  and  in  the  neigh- 
bouring towns.  And  a  fhock  of 
an  earthquake  was  alfo  felt,  about 
the  fame  time,  preceded  by  the  ufual 
rumbling  noife,  at  Portfmouth  in 
Pifcataqua. 


MAY, 

rt  Mr.  Armftrong,  under  fh^riff 
of  the  county  of  Tyrone  in 
Ireland,  was  fined  lool.  and  fen- 
tenced  two  years  imprifonment,  fo^ 
fufTcring  William  Barret,  who  was 
ordered  for  execution  for  a  capital 
offience,  to  efcape  with  life ;  this 
Barret  hung  the  ufual  time,  till  the 
ilieriff  thought  he  w.is  dead,  but  by 
means  of  a  collar,  he  faved  himfelf, 
and  got  clear  off. 

A  terrible  accident  happened  to 
a /hip  from  Holland.  Capt.  Maver 
commander,  by  a  fpark  falling  in- 
to the  powder  as  he  was  faluting 
the  town  of  Dundee,  in  entering 
that  harbour,  whi^b  blew  up  the 


fhip,   and  all  in  it  except  the  mi\^ 
and  one  boy  that  efcaped,  without 
knowing  by  what  miraculous  pro- 
vidence. 
The  following  arethemeffages  lately 

fent  to  the  houfe  of  commons. 
George  R. 

♦'His  Majefty  being  defirous  that 
a  proper  ftrength  may  be  employed 
in  the  fettlements  of  the  united  com- 
pany of  merch:?nts  of  England, 
trading  to  the  Eafi-Indies,  recom- 
mends to  this  houfe,  to  enable  his 
Majefty  to  afiitt  the  faid  company  in 
defraying  the  expence  of  a  military 
force  in  the  Eaft-Indies,  to  be  main- 
tained by  them,  in  lieu  of  the  batta- 
lion commanded  by  Col.  Adlercron, 
withdrawn  from  thence,  and  now 
returned  to  Ireland."  G.  R. 

George  R. 

**  His  Majefty  being  fenfible  of 
the  zeal  and  vigour  with  which  his 
faithful  fubjeds  in  North-America 
have  exerted  themfelves  in  defence 
of  his  Majefty's  juft  rights  and  pof- 
feflions,  recommends  it  to  this  houfe: 
to  take  the  fame  into  confideration, 
and  to  ^nable  his  Majefty  to  give 
them  a  proper  compenfation  for  the 
expences  incurred  by  the  refpedlive 
provinces  in  the  levying,  cloathing, 
and  pay  of  the  troops  raifed  by  the 
fame,  according  as  the  adlive  vigoui* 
and  ftrenuous  efforts  of  the  relpec- 
tive  provinces,  ihall  juftly  appear 
to  merit."  G.  R. 

Four  hundred    and  fifty- 
feven  pounds  feven  ftiillings 
was  collefted  for  the  fupport  of  the 
Small-pox  hofpital. 

A  young  man  in  the  fhame-  ^  , 
ful  difguiie  of  a  conjurer,  with 
a  large  wig,  and  hat  of  an  extraordi- 
nary fize,  and  an  old  night  gown, 
was  committed  to  Bridewell,  being 
charged  with  having  ufed  fubtle 
craft  to  deceive  and  impofe  upon 
his  Majefty 's  fubjeds. 


3d. 


CHRONICLE. 


89 


,  Elizabeth  Cartwnght,  who 
■^  '  had  been  tapped  twenty-nine 
^imes  for  a  dropfy,  and  had  1959 
pints  of  water  taken  from  her,  was 
tiilcharged  from  the  Weftminiler- 
nofpital. 

This  evening  a  young  African 
Prince  appeared  publickly  at  the 
Theatre. Royal  in Drury-Lane. This 
youth  was  committed  fome  time 
fmce  to  the  care  of  an  Engliih  cap- 
tain, to  be  brought  over  for  educa- 
tion, but  the  captain,  inftead  of 
performing  his  promife,  fold  him  to 
a  gentleman  in  London.  The  fa- 
ther of  the  Prince  being  lately  dead, 
and  the  captain  being  upon  the 
coaft,  was  at  that  time  defired  by  his 
fubjefts  to  bring  the  young  Prince 
home  ;  but  he  giving  no  fatisfafto- 
Ty  anfwer,  was  fei^ed,  imprifoned, 
and  ironed,  and  then  confeflTed  the 
truth  ;  upon  which  an  order  was 
fent  to  a  merchant  in  that  trade,  to 
procure  the  Prince's  enlargement, 
which  was  done  by  purchafing  him 
of  the  gentleman  A-ho  bought  him; 
and  he  is  foon  to  return  to  his  na- 
tive country. 

There  was  colleded  at  church, 
and  the  feaft  of  the  fons  of  the  cler- 
gy, 705I.  9s.  9d.  which,  with  what 
was  collected  at  the  rehcarfal  337  1. 
made  the  whole  colleftion  1042I. 
9  s.  9d.  exclufive  of  a  draught  of 
100 1.  given  by  Sampfon  Gideon, 
cfq;  for  the  corporation. 

jj  About  thirty  imprefled  men 
■'^  'on  board  a  tender  at  Sunder- 
land, forcibly  made  their  efcape. 
The  bravery  of  the  leader  is  re- 
markable, who  being  hoifted  upon 
deck  by  his  followers,  wrefted  the 
nalbert  from  the  centinel  on  duty, 
and  with  one  hand  defended  him- 
fclf,  while  with  the  other  he  let 
down  a  ladder  into  the  held  for  the 
reft  to  come  up,  which  they  did,  and 
overpowered  th^  crew. 


The  fane  on  the  top  of  Salifbury 
fpire,  crefted  in  1^73,  being  de- 
cayed, was  blown  down.  It  mea- 
fured  three  feet  fix  inches  in  length, 
and  two  feet  three  inches  in  breadth, 
made  of  oak  an  inch  thick. 

The  decree  of  the  admiralty- 
court  in  Scotland,  releafing  the 
Dutch  (hip  the  Stravorfe  Lynhaan 
of  Rotterdam,  Tammie  Hilbrands, 
mafter,  taken  by  the  Bofcawen  pri- 
vateer of  London,  Captain  Harden, 
is  fufpended,  and  a  rehearing  grant- 
ed before  the  court  of  feffions.  This 
fhip  was  taken  by  the  Bofcawen  on 
the  1 8th  of  June  lad,  in  the  north 
feas,  and  was  brought  into  Leiih. 
Her  cargo  confided  of  fugar,  cot- 
ton, and  indigo,  apparently  the 
produce  of  the  Weft  India  iflands  ; 
and  from  many  circumftances  there 
was  room  to  believe,  that  the  whol^ 
was  the  property  of  the  fubjedls  of 
the  French  king. 

Five  hundred  pounds  were      ^  , 
colleded  for  the  fupport  of    '°'"* 
the   city   of  London  lying-in  hof- 
pital. 

TheKing  has  been  pleafed  , 

to  grant  to  Sampfon  Gideon,   2^ 
jun.  efq;  and  the  heirs  male  of  his 
body,  lawfully  begotten,    the  dig- 
nity of  a    baronet   of    this  king- 
dom. 

The    following    mefTage,  „ 

from  his  Majefty,  was  pre-  ^  * 
fen  ted  to  the  houfe  by  Mr,  Secre- 
tary Pitt. 

George  R. 

««  His  majefty  relying  on  the  ex- 
perienced zeal  and  afFeftion  of  his 
faithful  commons,  and  confidering 
that,  in  this  critical  conjundlure, 
emergencies  may  arife,  which  may 
be  of  the  utmoft  importance,  and 
be  attended  with  the  moft  pernici- 
ous confequences,  if  proper  means 
fhould  not  immediately  be  applied 
to  prevent  or  defeat  them,  is  dcfir- 

cus 


go        ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759, 


OU5  that  this  houfe  will  enable  him 
to  defray  any  extraordinary  expences 
of  the  war,  incurred,  or  to  be  in- 
curred, for  the  fervice  of  the  year 
1759,  and  to  take  all  meafures  as 
may  be  neceflary  to  difappoint  or 
defeat  any  enterprizes  or  defigns  of 
his  enemies,  and  as  the  exigency  of 
affairs  may  require." 

In  confequence  of  the  above  mef- 
fige,  a  vote  of  credit  for  i  ,oqo,ooo1  . 
will  be  granted. 

V  The  following  anfwer  from 
^^  *  Major  General  Amherft,  to 
the  Right  Hon.  the  Speaker  of  the 
houfe  of  gommflns,  who  in  obedi- 
ence to  the  commands  of  that  houfe, 
had  tranfmitted  to  the  major  gene- 
ral their  thanks  for  the  fervices  he 
liad  done  to  his  King  and.country 
in  North  America,  was  read  by  the 
Speaker. 

New- York,  April  i6,  I759» 
SIR, 

«'  I  had  the  favour  of  receiving 
your  obliging  letter  of  the  6th  of 
December,  inclofing  a  refolution  rhe 
houfe  of  commons  came  to  that 
day,  in  a  packet  from  Mr.  Wood, 
on  the  third  of  April. 

It  is  with  the  deepeft  knfe  of 
gratitude  I  received  that  highefl 
mark  of  honour,  the  thanks  of  the 
houfe;  and  I  hope  my  future  con- 
du6t  in  the  fervice  of  my  country 
wHl  beft  acknowledge  it,  and  ren- 
der tne  more  deferving  of  fo  great 
an  honour. 

I  mull  beg  leave  to  return  you. 
Sir,  my  moll  fincere  thanks  for  the 
gracious  manner  in  which  you  have 
been  pleafed  to  fignify  to  me  the 
refolution  of  the  houfe. 

I  am,  with  the  utmoll  refpecl, 
Sirj  your  humble,  and  moll  obedient 
iervant,  Jeff-  Amherst." 

,  A  bill  to  oblige  debtors  un- 
^^'  der  a  certain  fum,  after  con- 
tinuing a  limited  time,    in  execu- 


tlon,  to  deliver  upon  oath  their 
ellates  for  the  benefit  of  their  cre- 
ditors, pafTcd  the  houfe  of  peers. 

This  day  came  on  before  ^  , 
the  lords  commilhoners  of  ^^''  * 
appeal  for  prizes,  at  the  Cockpit, 
Whitehall,  the  merits  of  an  appeal 
from  the  court  of  Admiralty  in 
Dcflors-Commons,  concerning  the 
right  of  property  in  the  Dutch  Ihip 
the  Novum  Aratrum  and  her  cargo, 
taken  by  the  Blenheim  privateer, 
James Merryfield, commander;  when 
their  lordlhips  were  pleafed  to  re- 
ftore  the  fhip,  and  that  part  of  the 
cargo  proved  to  be  Dutch  property, 
and  ordered  a  fpccificatioa  of  the 
other  part  of  the  cargo  in  one 
month,  which,  it  is  imagined,  will 
turn  out  to  be  the  goods  of  our  ene^ 
mies  the  French.  This  fpecification 
is  what  theDutch  have  conftantly  re- 
fufed  to  make  ;  but  now,  if  they  do 
not  comply,  the  goods  will  all  be 
forfeited  to  the  captors. 

The  Worcellerllage- waggon  took 
fire,  occafioned  by  the  burning  of  a 
bottle  of  aqua  fortis,  by  which  the 
valuable  loading  was  mollly  con- 
fumed  ;    damage  5000 1. 

2,250,000!.  was  granted  , 

by  parliament  out  of  the  ^  * 
finking  fund  towards  the  fupplies 
of  the  prefent  year;  alfo  180,076!. 
out  of  the  fame  for  the  quarter 
ending  April  5,  1759;  75,308!. 
overplus  of  1758;  100,000  I. 
granted  formerly  for  Ruflia,  but  not 
ufed  ;  and  the  remainder  of  the  fnm 
granted  for  cloathing  the  militia, 
Ci7V.  in  1757. 

Admiralty-Office.  Capt.  .  , 
Lockhart  of  his  Majelly's  ^^'"* 
inip  Chatham  of  50  guns.  Captain 
Colby  of  the  Thames  of  32  guns, 
alid  Capt.  Harrifon  of  the  Venus  of 
36  guns,  on  the  i8th  in  the  morn- 
ing, in  Hodierne  bay,  faw  a  French 
frigate,  and  after  two  hours  cbace, 

Ihe 


CHRONICLE. 


£)' 


ihe  carried  her  top-maft  away.  Soon 
after  the  Thames  came  up,  and 
gave  her  clofe  and  briflc  fire  ;  but 
Sie  did  not  Ilrike  till  the  Venus 
rak'ed  her,  and  gave  her  fome  broad- 
fides.  She  proves  to  be  the  Arechufa 
frigate,  commanded  by  the  Marquis 
Vaudreul,  32  guns  mounted,  and 
270  men,  from  Rochefort  for  Breil  ; 
and  is  etteemed  the  bell  failing  fri- 
gate in  France.  She  had  60  men 
killed  and  wounded.  Capt.  Colby 
had  four  men  killed  and  1 1  wound- 
ed. Capt.  Harrifon  had  five  men 
wounded. 

The  expeded  comet  has  appear- 
ed many  clear  evenings  till  ten  or 
eleven  o'clock,  to  the  well  of  the 
fouth,  under  the  conllellation  of 
Hydra,  and  near  that  of  Crater. 
It  is  a  luminous  appearance,  very 
evident  to  the  naked  eye  (notwith- 
ftanding  the  light  of  the  moon),  yet 
rather  dim  than  fplendid  ;  large, 
but  ill  defined.  A  telefcope,  at  the 
fame  time  it  magnifies,  feems  to 
render  dt  more  obfcure. 

Places  in  the  he?vens  where  it  hath 
been  for  feven  evenings,  as'  ob- 
ferved  and  traced  on  a  twenty- 
eight  inch  celeftial  globe,  and 
the  univerfal  plenifphere,  at  Mr. 
Dunn's  academy,  Paradife-row, 
Chelfea. 

Tuefday  May  f,  right  afcenfion 
15°  555.  declination  25  30  fouth  — 
Wednefday  2,  158  22,  22  o.— 
.  Thurfday  3,  157  14,  20  3. — Fri- 
day 4,  15622,  18  16. — Saturday 
5,  155  40,  15  54.  Sunday  6, 
155  27,  14  9 —Monday  7,  155 
20,   12  22. 

A  proclamation  has  been  iflued, 
promifing  a  bounty  of  five  pounds 
.  for  every  able  feaman,  and  thirty 
(hillings  for  every  ordinary  feaman 
not  above  fifty,  nor  under  twenty 
years  of  age,  who  fhall  voluntarily 


enter  themfelves  on  or  before  the 
third  day  of  July  next,  to  ferve  in 
the  royal  navy.  Alfo  a  bounty  of 
thirty  ihillings  to  every  able-bodied 
landman  not  above  35,  nor  under 
20  years  of  age,  who  ihall  volun- 
tarily enter  within  the  fame  time  to 
ferve  on  board  the  navy  ;  and  alfo 
a  reward  of  two  pounds  for  the  dif- 
covery  of  able,  and  twenty  ftiil- 
lings  for  every  ordinary  feaman, 
that  (hall  have  fecreted  themfelves. 
And  as  a  farther  encouragement  his 
Majefly  promifes  his  moll  gracious 
pardon  to  all  feamen  that  have  de- 
ferted  from  their  fhips,  provided 
they  return  to  the  fervice  by  the 
faid  third  of  July  ;  in  which  cafe 
they  (hall  not  be  profecuted  for 
their  defertion  ;  but  on  the  contra- 
ry, thofe  who  do  not  return  before 
that  time  on  board  fome  of  his  Ma- 
jefty's  (hips  of  war,  or  who  (hall 
hereafter  abfent  themfelves  without 
leave,  fhall  be  tried  by  a  court  mar- 
tial ;  and  being  found  guilty  of  de- 
ferting  at  this  time,  when  their 
country  fo  much  wants  their  fervice, 
(hall  be  deenx'd  unfit  objedls  of  the 
royal  mercy,  and  fuffer  deith  ac- 
cording to  law. 

Six  carpets  made  by  Mr.  Whitty, 
of  Axminller  in  Devonflure,  and 
two  others  made  by  Mr.  Jefi'er,  of 
Froome,  in  Somerfetlhire,  all  on 
the  principle  of  Turkey  carpets, 
have. been  produced  to  the  fociety 
for  the  encouragemei\t  of  arts,  ma- 
nufadures,  and  commerce,  in  con- 
fequence  of  the  premiums  propo- 
fed  by  the  faid  fociety  for  making 
fuch  carpets  ;  and  proper  judges 
being  appointed  to  examine  the 
fame,  gave  it  as  their  opinion,  that 
all  the  carpets  produced  were  made 
in  the  manner  of  Turkey  carpets, 
but  much  fuperior  to  them  in  beau- 
ty and  goodncfs:  That  Mr.  Whit- 
ty's   carpets  were   fuperior  to  Mr. 

Jeffer's 


5* 


ANNUAL    RE 


Jfifler's  in  price,  pattern,  and  Work- 
in  an  fhip ;  therefore  it  was  ordered, 
that  the  firft  premium  offered  for  this 
article,  being  30I.  Ihould  be  paid  to 
Mr.  Whitty,  and  the  other  pre- 
mium, being  20 1.  to  Mr.  Jefler. 

The  largeit  of  the  carpets  produced 
by  Mr.  Whitty  is  twenty- fix  feet  fix 
inches,  by  feventeen  feet  fix  inches ; 
and  the  largeft  produced  by  Mr. 
Jefler  is  fixteen  feet  fix  inches,  by 
twelve  feet  nine  inches. 

The  faid  fociety  have  alfo  beftow- 
ed  the  fum  of  87  1.  1 5  s.  1 1  d.  for 
^aifing  and  producing  coccodris  in 
]the  province  of  Georgia. 

The  fociety  have  alfo  beftowed  a 
premium  of  30  1.  on  Mr.  SifFerth, 
for  making  crucibles  from  Britilb 
materials. 

On  the  7th  inftant,  the  houfe  of 
Rannas,  in  the  Enzie,  North  Bri- 
tain, was  confumed  by  fire. 

Extradl  of  a  letter  from  Dublin, 
dated  April  17.  "  Within  thefetwo 
years  pail  434  perfons  have  read 
their  recantation  from  the  church 
of  Rome." 

We  hear  from  the  faid  place, 
that  tho  middle  of  this  month  fe- 
venteen fifliing  boats  failed  from 
Rufti  and  Skerries  to  the  north- welt 
of  Ireland,  to  be  joined  by  fome 
pthers  in  the  Lough  of  Derry  from 
the  Ifle  of  Man,  encouraged  there- 
finto  by  a  company  of  merchants  of 
the  faid  ifland,  who  have  fubfcribed 
a  large  capital  to  carry  on  this  bufi- 
nefs  in  the  mod  extenfive  manner  ; 
9nd  advanced  a  confiderable  fum  to 
jForward  its  execution.  This  defign 
ppens  a  new  mine  of  wealth  to  this 
kingdom,  and  may  in  its  progrefs 
be  the  fource  of  employment  to  the 
yagrant,  of  benefit  to  the  induilri- 
pus,  and  the  acceffion  of  an  unalie- 
nable and  permarlent  trade.  In 
any  refpeft,  the  prefent  defeftive 
methods  of  fillung  in  that  country- 


GISTER,    1759. 

will  be  reftified  ;  and  the  means 
fhewn  whereby  they  may  proceed 
for  the  future  upon  a  more  regular 
plan. 

The    following    meffage         , 
from   his   majefty  was  deli-    3^^^- 
vered  by  the  Earl  of  Jioldernefl*e  to 
the  houfe  of  peers. 
George  R. 

**  The  King  has  received  advices 
that  the  French  court  is  making  pre- 
parations with  a  defign  to  invade 
this  kingdom  ;  and  though  his  ma- 
jefty is  perfuaded,  that,  by  the  uni- 
ted zeal  and  alFedion  of  his  people, 
any  fuch  attempt  mull,  under  the 
blefling  of  God,  end  in  the  dellruc- 
tion  of  thofe  who  fhall  be  engaged 
therein  ;  yet  his  majefty  apprehends 
that  he  fhould  not  adl  confiftently 
with  that  paternal  care,  and  con- 
cern, which  he  has  always  Ihewn  for 
the  fafety  and  prefervatioc  of  his 
people,  if  he  omitted  any  means 
in  his  power,  which  may  be  neccf- 
fary  for  his  defence.  Therefore,  in 
purfuance  of  the  late  a<St  of  parlia- 
ment, his  majefty  acquaints  the 
houfe  of  lords,  with  his  having  re- 
ceived repeated  intelligence  of  the 
aftual  preparations  making  in  the 
French  ports  to  invade  this  king- 
dom, and  of  the  immediate  danger 
of  fuch  invafion  being  attempted  ; 
to  the  end  that  his  majefty  may  (if 
he  ftiall  think  proper)  caufe  the  mi' 
litia,  or  fuch  part  thereof  as  fhall 
be  neceffary,  to  be  drawn  out,  and 
embodied,  and  to  march  asoccafion 
ftiall  require.'*  G.  R. 

Which  being  read. 
Ordered  by  the  lords  fpiritual  and 
temporal  in  parliament  afliembled, 

**  That  an  humble  addrefs  be 
prefented  to  his  majefty,  to  return 
him  the  thanks  of  this  honfe  for 
his  moft  gracious  mefiTage,  and  for 
acquainting  us  with  the  intelligence 
he  has  received  of  the  preparations 
making 


C    H    R   O   N    1    C    L   E. 


93 


making  by  France  to  invade  thfs 
kingdom.  To  declare  our  utmoft 
indignation  and  abhorrence  of  fuch 
a  defign  ;  and  that  we  will,  with  an 
united  duty,  zeal  and  afftdUon,  at 
"the  hazard  of  our  lives  and  for- 
tunes, Hand  by  and  defend  his  ma- 
jelly  againft  any  fuch  prefumptuous 
and  defperate  attempt.  To  exprefs 
'the  juft  fenfe  we  have  of  his  maje- 
&y's  good'nefs  to  his  people,  omit- 
ting no  means  in  his  power  which 
may  tend  to  their  defence  ;  and  in 
his  intention  to  call  out  and  employ 
the  militia,  if  ic  fhould  be  found 
necelTary,  for  that  purpofe  :  and  to 
give  his  majefty  the  ilrongeft  aflu- 
Tances,  that  we  will,  with  vigour 
and  fteadinefs,  fupport  his  majefty 
in  taking  the  moit  eiFedlual  mea- 
fures  to  defeat  the  defigns  of  his 
enemies  j  to  preferve  and  fecure  his 
facred  perfon  and  government,  the 
Vroteflant  fucceffion  in  his  royal  fa- 
mily, and  the  religion,  laws,  and 
liberties  of  thefe  kingdoms." 

Which  addrefs  being  prefented 
next  day  by  the  lords  with  white 
ftaves,  his  majefty  was  pleafed  to  fay, 

**  That  he  thanks  the  houfc  of 
lords  for  the  repeated  aflurances  of 
their  unalterable  zeal,  duty,  and 
affedion  to  hk  majefty  on  thisocca- 
fion  ;  and  has  the  utmoft  confidence 
in  their  vigorous  f.ipport." 

The  fame  melTage  being  carried 
by  Mr.  Secretary  Pitt  to  the  houfe 
of  commons,  and  being  read  by 
Mr.  Speaker, 

Refolved,  Nem.  Con. 

*•  That  an  humble  addrefs  be 
prefented  to  his  majefty,  to  return 
his  majefty  our  dutiful  thanks  for 
gracioufly  communicating  to  this 
houfe,  that  he  has  received  repeated 
intelligence  of  the  adlual  prepara- 
tions making  in  the  French  ports  to 
invade  this  kingdom,  and  of  the 
immineoi  danger  of  fiKh  invaiioa 


being  attempted ;    and  for  his  ma- 

jefty's  parental  and  timely  care  of 
the  fafety  and  preservation  of  bis 
people ;  to  afTure  his  majefty,  that 
this  houfe  will,  with  their  lives  and 
fortunes,  fupport  and  ftand  by  his 
majefty,  againft  all  attempts  what- 
ever;  ancj  that  his  faithful  com- 
mons, with  hearts  warm  with  aftec- 
tion  and  zeal  for  his  majefty  *s  facred 
perfon  and  government,  and  ani- 
mated by  indignation  at  the  daring 
defigns  of  an  enemy,  whofe  fleet 
has'  hitherto  fhunned,  in  port,  the 
terror  of  his  majefty*s  navy,  will 
chearfully  exert  their  utmoft  efforts 
to  repel  all  infults,  and  eiFedually 
enable  his  majefty,  not  only  to  difap- 
point  the  attempts  of  France,  but,' 
by  the  blefling  of  God,  to  turn  theoi? 
to  their  own  eonfufion." 

Refolved,  **  That  an  humble  ad- 
drefs be  prefented  to  his  majefty, 
that  he  will  be  gracioufly  pleafed  to 
give  directions  to  his  lieutenants  of 
the  feveral  counties,  ridings,  and 
places,  within  that  part  of  Great 
Britain  called  England,  to  ufe  their 
utmoft  diligence  and  attention  to 
carry  into  execution  the  feveral  adls 
of  parliament,  made  for  the  better 
ordering  the  militia  force  of  that 
part  of  Great-Britain  called  Eng- 
land." 

To  the  addrefs  of  the  houfe  of 
commons,  his  majefty  was  pleafed 
to  give  this  moft  gracious  anfwer  : 

**  I  return  you  my  thanks  for 
your  dutiful  and  afFedionate  ad- 
drefs, and  for  this  frefh,  and  very 
particular  mark  of  your  unanimous 
zeal  in  the  defence  of  me  and  my 
crown. 

You  may  depend  on  my  conftant 
endeavours  for  the  prefervatibn  and 
fafety  of  my  kingdoms." 

St.  Chriftopher's,  March  lo.     A 

proclamation  haa  been  publiftied  ia 

Antigua  by  his  excellency  General 

Thomas, 


^4       ANNUAL   REGISTER, 


'759' 


Thomas,  dated  the  6th  inft.     That 
the   late    Major   General    Hopfon, 
having  propoied  the  raiiing  fix  com- 
panies in   the  iflands  under  his  go- 
vernment, (each  company  to  confift 
of  one  captain,    three  lieutenants, 
four  ferjeants,  four  corporals,  and 
106  private  men  :)  that  each  officer 
Ihall  receive   the  fame  pay  as   the 
cfficero  of  the  King's  troops,    and 
each  private  man  three  bits  a  day  : 
that  all  fuch  negroes  as  fliould  be 
killed  or  maimed,  ihould  be  paid  for 
by  his  majelly,  (according   to  fuch 
appraifement    as   fhould    be   made 
thereof  before   their  embarkation, 
by  perfons  to  be  appointed  by  his 
excellency )    that  tranfports  fhould 
be  provided  at  the  expence  of  the 
crown   for  fuch  negroes :    and  that 
they  fhould,  at  the  like  expence,  be 
vlflualled  in  their  paflage  to  Gua- 
deloupe :    his  excellency  therefore, 
in   his  majefty's  name,  ilgnified  to 
all   perfons  who  fhould   be  willing 
to  fend  any  of  their  Haves  to  the 
faid  ifland  of  Guadeloupe,    that  he 
had  recommended  to  General  Bar- 
rington,    that    his    majelly    fhould 
Hand*  engaged   for  the  payment  of 
fuch  flaves  fent  upon  the  expedition, 
as  fhould  die,  defert,  or  not  be  ac- 
tually returned   to  their  refpedlive 
proprietors.     And  as  a  further  en- 
couragement to  engage  white  vo- 
lunteers to  go  upon  the  prefent  ex- 
pedition againll  Guadeloupe,  Gene- 
ral   Barrington    has.'  promifed  that 
the  private   men  of  each  company 
fhall  have  lands,    as  well  as  their 
officers. 

We  hear  from  Berlin,  that  on  the 
22d  ult.  the  commandant  of  that 
capital  notified  to  all  the  ofHcers 
prifoners  of  war,  ^Auftrians,  French, 
Ruffians  and  Swedes,  or  of  the  army 
of  the  empire,  who  are  there  at  pre 
fent,  to  the  number  of  i8o,  an  or 


der  of  the  King  enjoining  them  to 
retire  immediately  to  Spandau. 

N.  B.  The  notification  is  in  the 
State  Papers. 

Lately  died  Mr.  James  Sheill, 
farmer,  of  Knodopher,  in  the 
county  of  Kilkenny,  in  Ireland, 
aged  136. 

Extract  of  a   letter  from  Naples, 
April  17. 

It  is  generally  believed  that  a 
treaty  is  adually  concluded  for  pre- 
ferving  the  peace  of  Italy,  and  that 
there  are  many  circumflances  that 
confirm  it;  but  that  a  triple  alliance 
is  concluded  between  our  court  and 
that  of  Vienna  and  Verfailles,  is  a 
rumour  premature,  if  not  falfe  and 
without  foundation.  The  pacifi- 
cation, as  it  is  called,  fettles  thefe 
points ;  firfl,  that  our  Sovereign 
^hall  refign  his  Italian  dominions 
to  the  Prince  Don  Philip  Antonio, 
his  eldeft  fon  ;  fecondly,  that  the 
King  of  Sardinia  fhall  have  the  mar- 
quifate  of  Final  ;  and  thirdly,  that 
the  Milanefe  being  annexed  to  the 
dutchies  of  Parma,  PJacentia,  and 
Guallalla,  his  Royal  flighnefs  the 
infant  Don  Philip  fhall  affume  the 
title  of  King  of  Lombardy. 


ifl. 


JUNE. 

Two  thoufand  workmen  are 
employed  at  Havre  de  Grace, 
in  building  150  fiat  bottomed  boats, 
100  feet  long,  ^.\  broad,  and  100 
deep,  100,000  livres  are  paid  to 
them  weekly.  Thefe  boats  are  to 
have  a  deck,  and  to  carry  two  pieces 
of  cannon  each,  and  to  ufe  their 
fails  or  oars,    as  occafion  may  re- 


quire. Some  will  carry  300  men, 
with  their  baggage,  and  others  150 
horfe  with  their  riders;  150  more 
are  building  at  Breil,  St.  Maloes, 
Nantes, 


i 


CHROKICLE, 


95 


Nantes,    Port    L'Orient,    Morlaix, 
and  other  parts  of  Brittany. 

Laft  Wednefday  a  great  quantity 
of  fnow  felljn  Surry  and  Kent;  in 
ibme  places  it  laid  on  the  ground 
more  than  four  inches  thick. 
Authentic  Advices  from  the  Eaft- 
Indies. 

Madrafs,  May  22,  1758.  Ad- 
vices are  received,  that  on  the  22d 
of  April,  M.  de  Lally  had  arrived 
on  the  coaft  with  nine  (hips  of  the 
line,  and  two  frigates.  Seven  of 
ihefe  veffels  anchored  in  the  road 
of  Fort  St.  David's  on  the  28th. 
Two  were  ftationed  in  the  offing, 
towards  the  rforth  eail,  and  two 
fent  to  Pondicherry,  where  they  fet 
on  Ihore  M.  de  LalJy  and  fome 
troops,  the  number  not  known. 
The  two  Englifh .  20  gun  fhips, 
Triton  and  Bridgewater,  were  in 
the  road  of  St.  David's  when  the 
French  fleet  came  there,  fo  were 
obliged  to  run  afhore ;  by  which 
means  both  crews  and  molt  of  the 
l^ores  were  faved,  and  put  into 
Fort  St.  David's.  On  the  morning 
of  April  29,  boats  from  Pondicher- 
ry were  bringing  to  land  the  (oU 
diers,  but  fled  on  Admiral  Pocock's 
appearing  with  his  fquadron,  con- 
fiiling  of  the  Yarmouth,  Elizabeth, 
Tyger, Weymouth,  Salilbury,  Cum- 
berland, Queenborough,  and  Pro- 
ied\or.  The  French  weighed^  and 
bore  away  to  the  northward,  to 
avoid  coming  to  adion  ;  but  at  two 
in  the  afternoon  Admiral  Pocock 
came  up  with  them,  and  had  a  hoc 
engagement  for  two  hour^,  during 
mod  part  of  which  the  Zodiac  of 
74  g""s,  commanded  by  Mr.  d* 
Apiche  chef  d'efcadre,  the  Bien- 
aime,  of  64,  and  the  Comte  de 
Provence  of  74,  engaged  the  fliip 
in  which  Admiral  Pocock  was ;  but 
he    acquitted  himfelf  fo  gallantly, 


that  the  Zodiac  was  forced  to  bear 
away,  and  the  example  was  followed 
by  the  reft  of  the  fleet.  Admiral 
Pocock  had  only  five  fliips  in  the 
■^aftion,  the  rell  not  being  near 
enough  ;  but  with  thefe  he  purfued 
the  French  till  night,  when  they 
put  out  their  lights.  They  alfo 
outfailed  him,  as  the  rigging  of  his 
fliips  had  been  much  damaged  ia 
the  engagement.  On  board  the  Ad- 
miral's Ihip  feven  men  were  killed 
and  32  wounded  ;  in  the  other  four 
ftiips  22  were  killed  and  55  wound- 
ed. The  lofs  of  the  French  is  judged 
to  be  much  more  confiderable,  as 
the  fliips  were  crowded  with  men, 
and  our  people  aimed  at  the  hulls. 
The  Bienaime  was  fo  much  fliat- 
tered  that  they  were  obliged  to  run 
her  afliore  at  Allumperva,  and  many 
of  the  crew  were  faid  to  be  drowned. 
The  two  French  fliips  flationed  ia 
the  N.  E.  were  not  in  the  engage- 
ment. The  French  fleet  got  into 
Pondicherry,  having  paft  ours  ia 
the  night, 

June  22.  Advice  was  this  day 
received  at  Madrafs,  that  Cudalore 
and  Fort  St.  David's  had  both  fur- 
rendered  to  tlie  French.  M.  de 
Lally,  it  feems,  has  authority  to 
ad  in  all  military  aff^airs  indepen- 
dent of  the  governor  of  Pondicher- 
ry ;  by  which  means  the  difputes 
and  delays  that  have  often  retarded 
the  progrefs  of  troops  in  India,  are 
all  avoided  ;  fo  that  he  took  the 
field  almoft  as  foon  as  he  landed. 
Cudalore  was  ill  fortified,  and  could 
make  no  refiflance  ;  but  it  was 
expeded  that  Fort  St.  David's 
would  have  held  out  till  Admiral 
Pocock  could  have  repaired  the 
damage  done  to  his  veflels,  and 
have  come  to  its  relief,  as  it  was 
well  fortified,  and  had  a  ftrong 
garrifon  :    but  it  furrendered  in   12 

days. 


9*5         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


^ays,  there  being  in  it  no  place 
that  was  bomb-proof  to  ftielter  the 
inen,  fo  thai  great  numbers  were 
killed,  and  there  was  frefii  water 
for  two  days  only  ;  fo  that  the  gai:~ 
l-iibn,  being  obliged  to  drink  fait 
water  for  ten  days,  were  fo  afHicled 
with  fevcre  ficknefs,  that  few  were 
fit  for  duty  ;  it  furren4ered  on  the 
2d  of  June.  It  is  faid  that  M.  de 
Lally  had  then  with  him  about 
3000  Europeans. 

In  July  feme  of  our  men  that 
had  been  taken  by  the  French  made 
their  efcape,  and  reported  that  the 
French  had  loft  700  men  in  the  fea 
iight.  It  is  reported  that  M.  de 
Lally  borrowed  40,000 1,  of  the 
Dutch  at  Portanova  ;  but  they  de- 
iiy  the  truth  of  this.  However 
that  be,  it  is  certain  he  feized  a 
large  Dutch  veflel  that  had  about 
fourfcore  thoufand  pounds  in  fpe- 
cie  aboard,  and  gave  bills  for  the 
amount  on  the  French  company,  as 
alfo  for  the  value  of  the  fhip,  which 
was  to  be  converted  into  a  man  of 
ivar  of  60  guns. 

The  King  of  Tanjour  had,  in 
the  laft  war,  given  an  obligation  to 
the  French  for  a  confiderable  fura  of 
money,  but  never  paid  any  part  of 
it.  The  payment  of  this  was  now 
demanded  and  refuCed ;  on  which 
the  French  marched  to  Tanjour, 
but  foon  left  it  again ;  and  it  was 
reported  that  the  Tanjourines  had 
totally  defeated  him  and  taken  all 
his  artillery.  On  this  all  the  troops 
«t  Madrafs,  to  the  number  of  about 
'loco  men,  marched,  in  hopes  of 
deftroying  the  remnant  of  the 
Erench  army.  But  they  had  not 
gone  far,  before  they  heard  the 
French  had  fufiered  little ;  fo  it  was 
thought  reqaifite  for  our  troops  to 
ieturn  fpeedily  to  Madraf  . 

After  the  engagement  of  April  29, 


Admiral  Pocock  endeavoured  to  re» 
turn  to  Fort  St.  David's ;  but  his 
rigging  had  been  fo  much  damaged, 
thai  he  had  the  greateft  difficulty 
in  working  to  the  vvindward,  and 
was  twice  blown  as  fr.r  as  lat.  4. 
But  at  lall  he  j^ot  to  Madrafs  road, 
where  a  court  martial  was  held  on 
the  captains  of  the  Cumberland, 
Weymouth,  and  Newcaftle,  for  not 
having  done  their  duty  in  the  lafe 
adion.  One  of  them  was  broke, 
and  one  fufpended  till  his  majefty's 
pleafure  fliould  be  known.  But 
Captain  Brereton  of  the  Cumber- 
land was  only  fentenccd  to  lofe  a 
year's,  rank,  as  he  had  joined  the 
admiral  before  the  engagement  was 
over. 

Admiral  Focock  having  repaired 
what  damage  his  fhips  had  fuffered, 
and  made  thefe  examples  of  fuch 
as  had  not  done  their  duty,  failed 
again  to  attack  the  French  fleet, 
which  he  found,  Aug.  5,  off  Cari- 
cal.  The  French  engaged  at  firfl 
with  much  warmth,  but  flood  off 
in  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  after^ 
and  made  only  a  running  fight,  and 
got  into  the  road  of  Pondicherry, 
We  had  only  30  killed  and  60 
wounded,  among  whom  was  Com- 
modDje  Stevens,  who  received  a 
mufket  ball  in  the  fhoulJer,  but  was 
in  good  fpirits,  and  likely  to  do 
well.  Captain  Martin  was  alfo 
wounded  in  the  leg  by  a  fpHnter. 
The  lofs  of  the  French  is  faid  to 
,be  very  great ;  and  their  running 
away  feems  to  be  an  acknowledge- 
ment of  it. 

The  royal  affent  was  given   ^1 
by  coromiffion  to  the  following 
acls: 

An  a£l  for  granting  certain  fums 
out  of  the  iinking  fund,  and  for  ap- 
plying monies  in  the  exchequer  for 
the  fer vice  of  1759. 

For 


CHRONICLE^ 


9? 


^ot  enabling  his  majefty  to  laife 
the  fum  of  one  million. 

To  amend  an  a6V  of  the  lall  (ef- 
fion  for  repealing  the  duty  on  filver 
plate. 

For  augmentittg  the  falaries  of 
the  puifne  judges,  in  the  feveral 
courts  in  Great-Britain. 

For  confolidating  the  annuities 
granted  in  I757>  with  the  joint 
ftock  of  three  per  cent,  annuities 
already  confolidated. 

To  feveral  laws  relating  to  draw- 
backs upon  exportation  of  copper 
bars,  and  other  merchandizes  ;  to 
the  encouragement  of  the  filk  ma- 
nufaftures;  and  reducing  the  duties 
on  mails,  yards,  bowTprits,  tar, 
pitch,  and  turpentine  j  to  the  en- 
couraging the  growth  of  coffee  in 
his  majefty*s  plantations  j  to  the 
fecuring  the  daties  upon  foreign- 
made  fail-cloth,  and  charging  fo- 
tcign-made  fails  with  a  duty^  &c. 

To  amend  the  aft  for  granting 
his  majefty  feveral  duties  upon  of- 
fices and  penfions,  and  upon  houfes, 
windows,  or  lights,  fo  far  as  the 
fame  relates  to  the  duties  on  offices 
and  penfions. 

To  amend  the  aft  relating  to 
ftamp-duties. 

To  amend  the  aft  for  the  en- 
couragement of  feamen,  and  the 
prevention  of  piracies  by  private 
fhips  of  war. 

For  applying  the  money  granted 
for  the  militia. 

For  enforcing  the  laws  relating  to 
the  militia. 

For  making  compenfation  to  the 
proprietors  of  lands  purchafed  for 
enlarging  the  docks  at  Chatham^ 
?ortfmouth,'and  Plymouth,  &c. 

For  applying  a  fum  of  money  to- 
wards fortifying  Milford  Haven* 

For  preventing  the  importation 
•F  the    woollen    inanufaftures   of 

Vol.  II. 


France  into  any  of  the  ports  in  the 
Levant  fea,  by  his  majetly's  fubjefts. 

For  preventing  the  fraudulent 
importation  of  cambricks  and 
French  lawns. 

For  regulating  the  power  of  tak- 
ing famples  of  foreign  fpirituous 
liquors  by  excife  officers. 

For  regulating  forfeitures  incur* 
red  by  the  laws  of  excife. 

For  the  further  punilhment  of 
perfons  going  armed  or  difguifed^ 
in  defiance  of  the  laws  of  cuftoms^ 
or  excife,  and  for  appropriating  cer- 
tain penalties  mentioned  in  an  aft 
of  lail  fefiion  for  the  due  making  of 
bread. 

For  the  relief  of  debtors  with  re- 
fpeft  to  the  imprifonment  of  their 
perfons. 

For  the  better  regulation  of  lav- 
age and  ballaftage  in  the  Thames^ 
&c. 

For  the  more  cafy  collefting«^f 
poft  finefc,  &c* 

To  prevent  the  frauds  committed 
in  the  admeafurement  of  coals  in  thd 
city  and  liberty  of  Weftminfter. 

For  the  prefervation  of  turnpike 
roads  in  Scotland. 

For  improving  the  navigation  of 
the  river  Clyde  to  the  city  of  Glaf- 
gow,  and  for  building  a  bridge 
there* 

For  cOmpleating  the  navigatioa 
of  the  river  Wear. 

For  the  better  improvement  of 
the  river  and  port  and  haven  of 
Sunderland. 

For  erefting  a  workhoufe  at  Ply- 
mouth, fetting  the  poor  at  work, 
and  maintaining  them  there; 

For  difcharging  the  inhabitants 
of  Mancheller  from  the  cdftom  of 
grinding  their  corn  at  the  fchool 
mills; 

For  eftabliihing  a  nightly  watch 
at  Guildford  in  Surry. 

H  .  far 


58         ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1759: 


For  laying  a  duty  of  two  pennies 
Scots,  upon  every  Scots  pint  of  ale, 
porter,  and  beer,  which  Ihall  be 
brewed  for  fale  within  the  town  of 
Kelfo,  in  the  fhire  of  Roxburgh, 
towards  finishing  a  bridge  acrofs  the 
river  Tweed. 

To  ten  road  bills,  and  to  forty 
private  bills. 

After  which  the  lords  commif- 
fioners  put  an  end  to  the  feifion  by 
a  fpeech  in  his  maje(ly*s  name,  and 
hy  his  orders  prorogued  the  parlia- 
ment to  Thurfday,  the  26th  of  July 
next. 

The  populace  affaulted  the  houfe 
of  an  eminent  woollen-draper  in 
Cornhill,  one  of  the  people  called 
Quakers ;  they  pulled  up  the  pave- 
ment, and  fplit  the  window- fhutters 
of  his  (hop  with  large  ilones ;  the 
fmaller  pebbles  were  flung^  up  as 
high  as  the  third  ftory,  the  windows 
of  which  are  much  damaged :  in 
the  fecond  ftory  not  fo  much  as  one 
pane  of  glafs  has  efcaped.  The 
windows  of  the  iirft  ftory  were  not 
touched,  being  fenced  by  ftrong 
fhutters  on  the  outfide.  The  rea- 
fon  of  the  mob*s  refentment  was, 
his  not  illuminating  his  houfe  like 
the  reft  of  his  neighbours, 
g  ,  The  right  honourable  the 

lord-mayor,  aldermen,  and 
commons  of  the  city  of  London, 
made  their  compliments  to  his  ma- 
jefty  in  a  very  dutiful  addrefs,  on 
oecafion  of  the  Prince  of  Wales 
coming  of  age  ;  and  the  day  follow- 
ing they  complimented  his  Royal 
Highnefs,  and  his  auguft  mother,  on 
the  fame  joyful  oecafion. 
nth  ^^'  ^  remarkable  trial  in 

the  "Court  of  King's  Bench  at 
Dublin,  where  the  right  hpn.  the 
Earl  of  Belvidere  obtained  a  verdid 
againft  Arthur  Rochfort,  Elq;  his 
brother,  for  20,000.1.  damiiges,  be- 


fides  cofts,  for  criminal  converfation 
with  his  iord(hip*s  lady.  This  tranf- 
adion  happened  about  fifteen  years 
fince. 

The  cuftom-houfe  oiKcers-  , 
made  a  feizure  on  board  an  '^ 
outward  bound  vefTel  in  theThames, 
of  a  great  number  of  new  fword 
blades,  which  were  artfully  con- 
cealed in  the  hollow  of  five  large 
trees,  cut  about  12  feet  long  ;  and 
the  better  to  cover  the  deceit,  the 
bark  and  roots  were  left  on,  and 
the  body  fo  neatly  cemented  with 
glue,  that  it  was  by  mere  accident 
that  the  difcovery  was  made  ;  an 
officer  ftriking  his  ftick  againft  one 
of  the  trees,  found  it  was  hollow, 
had  it  fawed,  and  the  fword  blades 
appeared,  which  were  ordered  to  be 
re-landed  at  the  cuftom-houfe,  and 
enquiry  to  be  made  after  the  perfons 
concerned. 

This  day  Ifabella  Brans,  , 

now  in  the  work-houfe  of  ^ 
St.  Botolph  Alderfgate,  entered  into 
the  1 1 2th  year  of  her  age.  She 
was  born  at  Aberdeen  in  Scotland, 
has  the  pcrfed  ufe  of  all  her 
fenfes,  never  ufed  fpedtacles,  and 
can  read  very  fmall  print  ;  Ihe 
worked  for  her  bread  till  ihe  was 
upwards  of  no,  has  none  of  the  in- 
firmities which  are  the  ufual  attend- 
ants of  old  age,  was  in  her  youth  a 
very  fine  woman,  and  has  ftill  the 
remains  of  it ;  has  a  flow  of  fpirits 
which  perhaps  none  of  her  age  ever 
had,  and  is  ftill  chearful  and  hearty  ; 
nature  in  her  feeming  far  from 
being  exhaufted.  She  has  had  18 
children  by  two  hufbands,  has  had 
many  fits  of  ilinefs,  but  is  now  ia 
perfeft  health,  and  can  walk  four 
or  five  miles  better  than  moft  woj 
men  of  fixty. 

A  perfon  was  taken  into      ^oth. 
cuftody  on  Sunday  evening 

by 


CHRONICLE. 


99 


by  fome  gentlemen  in  St.  James's 
park,  and  delivered  to  the  guard, 
for  joining  with  and  encouraging  a 
mob  to  follow  and  grofsly  inlult 
fome  ladies  of  fafhion  that  were 
walking  there,  by  which  means 
they  were  put  in  great  danger  of 
their  lives.  He  was yellerday  brought 
before  John  Fielding  and  Theodore 
Sydenham,  Efqrs.  and  this  day  the 
following  fubmiflion  appeared  in  the 

Daily  Advertifer:  •'  I,   J.  V , 

having  laft  Sunday  night  in  St. 
James*s-Park,  very  inconfiderately, 
indifcreetly,  and  unlawfully  joined 
a  tumultuous  body  of  people,  who, 
by  their  riotous  behaviour,  put 
feveral  ladies  into  imminent  dan- 
ger of  their  lives,  and  infuhing 
feveral  gentlemen  who  endeavoured 
to  fecure  them  from  the  infults  of 
the  mob,  do  moll  fincerely  afk 
pardon  of  thofe  ladies,  thofe  gen- 
tlemen, and  the  public,  for  this  my 
extreme  milbehaviour ;  and  return 
thofe  gentlemen  my  hearty  thanks 
for  their  candid  treatment  of  me  ; 
and  hope,  that  what  I  have  fuffer- 
cd  will  be  an  example  to  others, 
and  prevent  the  fcandalous  praftice 
for  the  future,  of  mobbing,  on  the 
flighteft  pretence,  every  lady  that 
fhall   be   pleafed    to   walk  in   the 

Park.  J.  V ." 

Infults  of  this  kind  have,  notwith- 
flanding  this  advertifement,  been 
fince  repeated,  and  feveral  other 
perfons  have  been  apprehended  for 
the  like  offence,  who,  it  is  hoped, 
will  be  punilhed  with  the  utmoft  fe- 
verity,  in  order  to  put  a  flop  to  fuch 
outrageous  behaviour,  in  the  verge 
of  the  royal  palace. 
^  «  At  a  general  court  of  the 

Eaft-India  company,  a  mo- 
tion was  made,  and  unanimoufly 
agreed  to,  for  the  thanks  of  the 
company  to  be  given  to  Admiral 


24th, 


Pocock,  and  Commodore  Stevens* 
for  their  gallant  behaviour  in  the 
Eaft  Indies. 

A  fleet  of  tranfports  ar- 
rived at  Spithead,  which  are 
to  be  employed  in  a  grand  expedi- 
tion on  the  coaft  of  France. 

George   Errington    and  » 

Paul  Vaillant,  Efqrs.  were         ^ 
chofen  fheriifs  of  London  and  Mid- 
dlefex.     Five  gentlemen  have  paid 
their  fines  this  month  to  be  excufed 
ferving  that  oiEce. 

A  letter  from  the  country  men- 
tions a  very  uncommon  fort  of  in- 
fers, which  within  thefe  few  weeks* 
have  made  their  appearance,  and 
done  confiderable  damage   to  the 
grafs  and  corn.     They  bear  a  near 
appearance  to  the  caterpillar,  are  of 
a  dark  colour,    with   white  ftripes 
from  the  head  to  the  tail,  and  are 
about  two  inches  long.  .They  feem 
to  abound  mod  about  the  head  of 
the  Tweed,    where   feveral    farms 
have  been  in  a  manner  totally  de- 
ftroyed  by  them.     They  are  fo  very 
numerous,  that  they  cover  fields  of 
many  acres  of  ground,  and  in  many 
places   fo   clofe   together,    that   am 
hundred  of  them  have  been  found 
on  little  more  than  a  fquare  foot  of 
ground.     Moft  people  are  of  opi- 
nion, that  they  are  caufed  by  the 
late  excefTive  drought,  though  fe- 
veral   old    men    remember    much 
greater,  without  any  fuch  appear- 
ance.    Ic  has  been  obferved,   that 
fince  the  late  rains,  many  of  them 
have  been  found  dead,  fwelled  to  a 
confiderable  bignefs. 

Samuel  Scrimlhaw  and  jAmct 
Rofs  flood  in  the  pillory  in  Cheap- 
fide,  for  fending  a  threatening  letter, 
to  extort  a  large  fum  of  money  from 
Humphrey  Morrice,  Efq;  and  were 
feverely  pelted  by  the  populace  ; 
but  one  of  the  ftieriff's  officers  hav 
H  2  ^  iiag 


100        ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1759, 

iag  received  fome  affront  by  being 
too  near  the  pillory,  drew  his  fword, 
and  fell  pell-mell  among  the  thick- 
eft  of  the  people,  cutting  his  way  in- 
difcriminately  through  men,  women 
and  children.  This  diverted  the 
fury  of  the  mob  from  the  criminals 
to  the  officer,  who  not  being  able 
to  Hand  againftfuch  numbers,  made 
good  his  retreat  to  an  adjoining  al- 
ley, wl^ere  not  above  two  or  three 
could  prefs  upon  him  at  a  time,  and 
thereby  made  his  efcapa. 

[The  above  delinquents  were  con- 
victed on  the  evidence  of  Peter  Parry 
their  accomplice,  for  fen^ling  threat- 
ening letters  to  Humphrey  Morrice, 
of  Dover- ftrcet,  Efq;  with  an  intent 
to  extort  money  from  him.  They, 
together  with  one  Richardfon,  who 
'  has  abfconded,  kept  an  office  of 
intelligence  in  the  Fleet- market, 
and  Parry  had  applied  to  them  to 
get  a  place.  This  Parry  having  had 
fome  acquaintance  with  the  wife  of 
one  Golling,  who  was  groom  to 
Mr.  Morrice,  and  being  prefent  at  a 
meeting  that  was  held  to  bring  this 
couple  (who  lived  in  a  Hate  of  en- 
mity) to  fome  terms,  he  heard  the 
woman  in  her  paffion  call  her  huf- 
band  Buggerer.  That  very  night 
he  was  to  have  met  Scrimihaw,  &:c. 
and  at  the  next  meeting,  in  making 
his  apology,  told  what  had  paiTcd 
between  ,  Gofiing  and  his  wife. 
Scrimfhavvno  fooner  heard  the  word 
Buggerer,  but  his  fertile  brain  fug- 
geiled  a  fcheme  to  get  money,  and 
patting  his  finger  to  his  nofe  he  faid. 
Something,  may  come  of  this.  On  this 
llender  foundation  the  confpiracy 
was  formed  and  carried  on.  Being 
found  guilty,  they  received  fentence 
to  be  imprifoned  three  years  in 
Newgate,  and  to  ftand  twice  in  the 
pillory,  once  in  Cheapiide,  and 
once  in  Fleet-llreet.j 


Early  fn  the  morning  Je-  ^  , 
nifon  Shaftoe,  Efq;  ftarted  ^^^^' 
againfl  time,  to  ride  fifty  miles  in 
two  hours ;  in  the  courfe  of  which 
he  ufed  ten  horfes,  and  did  it  in  two 
feconds  under  eleven  minutes  of  the 
time  prefcribed  by  the  articles,  to 
the  aftonifliment  of  all  prefent. 

The  lieutenant  of  a  cutter  . 

from  Sir  Edward  Hawke,  ' 
arrived  at  the  Admiralty,  with  ad- 
vice, that  when  the  cutter  left  the 
fquadron,  the  men  of  war  in  Breft 
water  were  under  weigh,  and  that  a 
great  number  of  troops  were  em- 
barking all  that  day  on  board  the 
French  fleet. 

There  is  now  in  the  gar-  , 

den  of  George  Montgomery,  ^ 
Efq;  at  Chippenham-hall,  Cam- 
bridgefhire,  the  largeft  American 
aloe  plant,  now  coming  in  flower, 
that  ever  was  feen  in  England.  It 
is  104  years  old,  and  it  is  thought 
it  will  be  forty  feet  high. 

The  land  forces  now  in  Great- 
Britain,  are  two  troops  of  horfe-gre- 
nadier  guards ;  feven  regiments  of 
dragoons ;  the  three  regiments  of 
foot-guards  ;  thirty-four  regiments 
of  foot,  and  thirty-two  independent 
companies. 

In  Ireland,  four  regiments  of 
horfe  ;  fix  of  dragoons ;  and  twelve 
of  foot. 

The  militia  of  feveral  counties 
have  been  reviewed  this  month,  by 
their  commanding  officers,  in  the 
prefence  of  the  lords  lieutenants, 
and  great  numbers  of  perfons  of  dif- 
tinftion.  They  all  performed  their 
exercife  Amazingly  well,  behaved 
dutifully  to  their  fuperiors,  foberly 
in  their  quarters,  and  feemed  full  of 
cheerfulnefs  and  alacrity,  and  ready 
to  march  wherever  they  were  order- 
ed, for  the  defence  of  their  country, 

A  map  has  been  lately  publifhed 

a: 


CHRONICLE. 


ft 


at  Peterfbnrg,  of  the  country  ad- 
joining to  the  north-weft  of  Califor- 
nia, which  extends  and  joins  to  the 
continent  of  Afia,  and  proves  the 
north-weft  pafTage  tp  China,  which 
has  been  fo  long  foBght,  impracli- 
cable. 

Prince  Edward  has  been  lately 
appointed  commander  of  the  Phoe- 
nix, a  new  man  of  war  of  44  guns. 

Died  lately,  Donald  Cameron,  of 
Kinnicklabar,  in  Rannach,  North 
Britain,  aged  130.  He  married  a 
wife  when  he  was  100. 

Naples,  May  29.  Laft  week  the 
apartment  of  the  late  father. Pope, 
the  jefuit,  for  whofe  pulpit  and  con- 
feffion-box  the  people  made  great 
fcrambling,  from  a  notion  of  his 
great  fandity,  was  opened,  in  the 
prefence  of  our  cardinal  archbiftiop, 
and  one  of  the  king's  minifters. 
There  were  found  in  it  600  ounces 
of  gold  in  fpecie;  bills  amounting  to 
56,000  ducats  ;  1600  lb.  of  wax; 
lo  copper  vefTels  full  of  Dutch  to- 
bacco; three  gold  repeating  watches, 
four  fnuff  boxes  made  of  rare  (hells ; 
200  iilk  handkerchiefs,  and  a  capital 
of  300,000  ducats.  Before  his  death 
he  made  a  prefent  to  Jefus  church 
of  a  piece  of  velvet  hangings  laced 
with  gold,  a  large  ftatue  of  the  im- 
maculate conception,  of  maffy  filver, 
and  a  fine  pyramid,  to  be  ereded  in 
the  front  of  the  church. 


JULY. 

rt  A  violent  tempeft  happen- 

ed in  Denmark,  the  effeds  of 
which  were  felt  even  in  the  bowels  of 
the  earth.  The  combuftible  matters 
in  the  territory  of  Ladegard  took 
^re  ;  a  high  wind  drove  the  flames 
»ijd  frngke  into  the  town  of  Ripen, 


which  would  have  been  entirely 
deftroyed,  had  not  the  wind  fad» 
denly  fliifted. 

Died  the  rev.  Mr.  Mendy,  , 
redlor  of  Plymptree,  and  vicar 
of  Hartford  and  Venottery,  Devon  ; 
who  fix  weeks  before  ordered  his 
vault  to  be  made,  and  every  day 
vifited  the  workmen  ;  he  alfo  bc- 
fpoke  his  coffin. 

Birmingham.  By  the  floods  occa- 
fioned  by  the  heavy  rains,  great  da- 
mage hath  been  done  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood to  the  grafs  that  was  cut 
down,  as  well  as  to  that  which  was 
ftanding,  by  its  being  filled  with 
fand  and  gravel  ;  and  on  Monday 
two  horfes  at  Crete- bridge,  in  the 
Stratford -road,  and  one  near  Har- 
burn,  were  drowned  ;  and  a  maa 
was  drowned  in  endeavouring  to 
crofs  Stone-bridge,  near  Meriden. 
[In  and  about  London,  numbers  o£ 
people  have  been  drowned,  particu- 
larly young  perfons  in  bathing 
themfelves.] 

A  report  was  this  morn-  , 

ing  fpread  at  London,  and  '  * 
many  other  places,  that  the  French 
were  aftually  landed  ;  which  report 
took  its  rife  from  the  following  cir- 
cumftancie  :  *'  Commodore  Boys, 
from  Deal,  feeing  two  vefl'els  in  the 
offing,  rigged  in  an  unufual  way, 
and  much  in  the  fame  manner  in 
which  the  new  French  boats  are  faid 
to  be,  made  a  figpal  for  his  cruizers, 
then  at  anchor  in  the  Downs,  to  flip 
and  chafe  them,  and  foon  after  went 
on  board  his  own  fliip,  to  give  fuch 
further  orders  as  might  appear  to  be 
neceflary.  A  fubaltern  officer  quar- 
tered at  Deal,  did  nox  much  relifli 
thefe  difpofitions,  and  fent  away  in 
great  hafte  to  General  Bofcawcn, 
who  commanded  in  Dover-Caftle, 
to  know  what  he  was  to  do  with  his 

H  3  little 


loa       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


little  regiment  of  thirty  men,  for  that 
the  French  boats  were  in  fight,  the 
cruizers  were  in  chace,  and  the  com- 
modore was  gone  on  board. 

The  general,  on  receiving  this  fo 
feemingly  pofitive  advice,  from  one 
of  his  own  officers  then  on  the  fpot, 
unfortunately  did  not  flay  to  make 
any  farther  enquiry,  but  inftantly 
forwarded  the  letter  he  had  received 
to  the  fecretary  at  war  by  an  ex- 
prefs,  who  fpread  the  alarm  through 
every  place  he  paffed,  and  reached 
London  time  enough  to  occafion 
unfpeakable  confufion,  before  his 
news  could  be  contradided. 

The  commodore  knew  nothing  of 
all  this,  though  he  was  fo  unfortu- 
nate as  to  bear  the  blame  of  it ; 
he  was,  as  indeed  he  well  might  be, 
very  angry  when  he  heard  of  it, 
and  direftly  fent  off  other  expreffes 
to  contradid,  and  as  fall  as  poffible 
to  remedy  the  inconveniencies  occa- 
iioned  by  the  over-hafte  of  the  for- 
mer one.  The  veffels  proved  to  be 
two  Dutch  hoys  going  quietly  about 
their  own  bufinefff." 

George  Martin,  one  of  the  vil- 
lains concerned  in  the  audacious 
attempt,  lately  made,  to  carry  off  a 
lady  from  ber  lodgings  in  Thrift- 
ilreet,  in  corjundlion  with  her  huf- 
band,  from  whom  fne  had  been  di- 
vorced, was  tried  at  the  quarter- 
feffions  at  Vv^eflminller,  and  fen- 
tenced  to  pay  a  fine,  and  fuffer  im- 
prifonment  for  fix  months. 

By  letters  from  Vice-Admiral 
Cotes,  commander  in  chief  of  his 
majefty's  fhips  at  Jamaica,  dated 
May  1 1 ,  advice  has  been  received  at 
the  Admiralty-office,  that  on  the 
2Qih.  of  April,  his  majelly's  fhip  the 
viper  brought  into  Port  Royal  a 
large  Dutch  ihip  callea  Adrian, 
laden  with  fugar^  indigo,  and  cof- 


fee; fhc  came  under  convoy  of  twa 
French  merchant  frigates,  bound  to 
Europe.  And  that  the  2d  of  May, 
his  majelly's  fhips  Dreadnought, 
Seaford,  Wager,  Peregrine,  and 
Port  Antonio,  took  the  two  French 
frigates,  and  another  large  Dutch 
fhip  that  was  under  their  convoy. 
The  frigates  are  the  Hardy  of  20 
guns,  and  150  men,  and  the  Her- 
mione  of  26  guns,  and  170  men, 
and  are  loaded  with  the  fineft  fugars 
and  indigo,  and  are  efleemed  very 
rich  fhips. 

A  dreadful  florm  of  thun-  ; 

der  and  lightning  broke  ^ 
forth  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Kirkaldy,  which  lailed  without  in- 
termiffion,  from  five  in  the  morning 
till  five  in  the  afternoon  ;  during 
which  fpace  two  women  who  attend- 
ed a  bleaching  ground,  were  flruck 
dead  by  the  lightning.  One  of 
them  was  fitting  on  a  rifing  ground, 
with  a  child  fucking  at  her  breafl  ; 
by  her  fall  the  little  infant  was  tum- 
bled down  the  hill,  but  received  no 
manner  of  hurt. 

An  order  of  council  was  1 

iffued,  declaring  that  all  his 
majefly's  faithful  fubjefts,  who  fhall 
inlift  themfelves  in  the  land-fervice 
from  this  day,  fhall  not  be  fent  out 
of  Great-Britain,  and  fhall  be  in- 
titled  to  their  difcharge  at  the  end 
of  three  years,  or  at  the  end  of  the 
war,  as  they  fhall  chufe  ;  and  all 
deferters  who  fhall  rejoin  their  re* 
fpedlive  regiments,  or  any  other 
corps,  if  their  own  be  out  of  the 
kingdom,  before  the  20th  of  Augufl 
next,  fhall  be  pardoned. 

Came  on  before  the  lords         , 
of  appeal,  the  caufe  of  a  Spa- 
nifh  ihip,  called  the  St.  Juan  Baptif- 
ta,  Jofeph  Arteaga,  mafler,  taken 
in   her  paffage  from   Corunna   to 

Nantzj 


chronicle: 


laj 


Nantz;  when/after  a  long  hearing 
and  many  learned  arguments,  their 
lordfhips  were  pleafed  to  decree  the 
reftitution  of  both  (hip  and  cargo; 
but  from  an  irregularity  in  the  pafs, 
no  colls  were  given  the  claimants. 
,  A  mod  dreadful  ftorm  of 

^  *  thunder  and  lightning  be- 
gan in  the  evening  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Briflol,  by  which  a 
man  was  ftruck  blind  in  Hallierll 
lane.  The  lightning  was  the  moft 
terrifying,  and  the  claps  that  fuc- 
ceeded  the  louded  that  has  been 
heard  in  thofe  parts  for  many  years. 
1  The  chimnies  of  thehoufe 

'^^"*  of  Mr.  Whitfield,  lord  of  the 
manorofRickmanfworth,  were  beat- 
en down  by  the  thunder  and  light- 
ning, and  the  windows  on  one  fide 
broken.  As  a  lady  was  combing 
her  hair  at  the  window,  the  comb 
in  her  hand  was  (hivered  to  pieces, 
and  the  bed  in  her  room  fplit  and 
rent  in  a  furprifing  manner,  yet  (he 
did  not  receive  the  lead  hurt.  Some 
of  the  bricks  of  the  chimnies  were 
carried  an  hundred  yards  from  the 
houfe. 

The  following  is  faid  to  be  the 
number  of  boats  deftroyed  at  Havre 
de  Grace  by  Admiral  Rodney  ;  fix 
finifhed,  42  half  planked,  83  rib- 
bed ;  total  131.  The  bomb  vef- 
fels  threw  1920  (hells,  and  1150 
carcafTes,  from  mortars  of  twelve 
inches. 

I7th  '^^^  parliament,    which 

'     '     flood  prorogued  to  the  26th 
indant,   was   further  prorogued  to 
Thurfday  the  30th  of  Augud. 
iQth  ^^  ^  court  of  common- 

^  ^  *  council  held  at  Guildhall, 
it  was  refolved  by  the  commi(rioners 
appointed  to  carry  the  adl  of  parlia- 
ment into  execution,  for  building  a 
bridge  crofs  the  river  Thames,  from 


Black-friars  to  the  oppofite  fliore  ; 
That  a  fum  not  exceeding  1 44,000 1. 
fliall  be  forthwith  contraded  for, 
and  raifed  within  the  fpace  of  eight 
years,  by  indallments,  not  exceeding 
30,000].  in  one  year,  the  money  fo 
to  be  contrafted  for  to  be  paid  into 
the  chamber  of  London  ;  that  the 
perfons  advancing  the  money  have 
an  intered  of  4I.  per  ann.  to  be 
computed  from  the  time  of  the  firft 
payment  in  each  year,    upon    the 
whole  fums  by  them  refpeftively  ad- 
vanced within  the  year ;  but  (hall 
incur  a  forfeiture  in  cafe  of  negleifl 
to  make  good  any  of  the  dipulated 
payments ;  the  faid  annuities  to  be 
paid  half-yearly  by  the  chamberlain, 
but  to  be  redeemable  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  fird  ten  years,  upon  fijc 
months  notice ;  and,  that  the  cham- 
berlain diall  affix  the  city's  feal  to 
fuch  indrument  as  the  committee 
ihall  think  fit  to  give,  purfuant  to 
the  faid  a6l,  for  fecuring  the  pay- 
ment of  the  fdid  annuities. 

The    Golden    Lion,    a  , 

Greenland  fhip  belonging  ^7  • 
to  Liverpool,  in  entering  that  port 
was  boarded  by  two  men  of  war's 
tenders,  the  commanding  lieute- 
nant declaring  he  would  prefs 
every  man  of  the  crew,  unlefs  they 
would  enter  voluntarily.  The  crew 
dood  upon  their  defence,  and  con- 
fined their  officers ;  the  kind's  lieu- 
tenant called  out  to  the  Ven- 
geance man  of  war  to  fire  into  the 
Golden  Lion  ;  but  the  crew  being 
fixty  in  number,  kept  him  and  his 
people  on  deck  to  fhare  the  fame 
fate  with  ihemfelves.  The  Ven- 
geance fired  away,  and  that  within 
pidol-fhot,  and  (everal  of  her  ninc- 
pounders,  befides  raking  the  fhip, 
fell  in  the  town,  and  did  fome  da- 
mage ;  the  crew  of  the  Golden 
H  4  Lioo 


IO+      ANNUAL   REGISTER, 


^759' 


Lion  filled  her  fails,  and  got  her  into 
harbour  ;  and  gave  bond,  accord- 
ing to  aft  of  parliament,  and  renew- 
ed their  proteftions ;  neverthelefs 
the  prefs-gang  purfued  them  to  the 
cuftom-houfe,  feized  Capt.Thomp- 
fon,  the  commander,  and  five  of  his 
men,  and  wounded  a  woman  defpe- 
rately,  who  was  only  a  fpedlator. 
28th  Sailed  from  Plymouth  the 

*  '  Hero  man  of  war.  Captain 
Edgecumbe,  having  Prince  Edward 
on  board,  in  company  ^irh  theVe- 
Kus,  Pallas,  Afteon,  Sapphire,  and 
Southampton  frigates,  to  join  Sir 
Edward  Hawke's  fleet.  [His  Royal 
Highnefs  on  the  2d  inftant  arrived 
in  the  bay,  and  was  received  with 
the  greateftdemonllrations  of  joy  by 
the  fleet,  and  complimented  by  all 
the  admirals  and  captains,  accord- 
ing to  their  feniority.] 

Zara,  a  beautiful  lionefs  in  the 
Tower,  lately  whelped,  and  brought 
forth  two. 

A  Sallee  cruizer  has  taken  an 
Englifii  vefl^el  from  Cork  laden  with 
leather,  and  carried  her  into  Tan- 
gier ;  and  it  is  thought  ftie  will  be 
condemned,  as  well  as  all  otliers 
they  meet  with. 

The  crew  belonging  to  the  Litch- 
field roan  of  war,  that  was  wrecked 
fome  time  ago  on  the  coafl  of  Bar- 
bary,  and  fome  other  Englifti  fub- 
jefts  that  were  made  flaves,  are  ran- 
fomed  for  170,000  hard  dollars. 

The  Favourite  floop  of  war,  Capt. 
Edwards,  of  16  fix  pounders,  4 
three  pounders,  and  110  men,  has 
taken  the  Velour  of  20  nine  poun- 
ders, 4  twelve  pounders^  and  the 
fame  number  of  men,  after  an  ob- 
iHnace  engagement,  and  carried  her 
into  Gibraltar.  She  came  from  St. 
X)omingo,  and  is  a  valuable  prize. 

A  machine  has   been    invented 


by  a  prieft  at  Bologna,  in  Italy,  to 
remove  walls  from  one  place  to  ano» 
rher.  Trial  being  made  of  it  in  St, 
Michael's  church  in  that  city,  to  en^ 
large  the  choir,  it  removed  a  wall 
thirteen  inches  thich,  fourteen  feet 
broad,  and  twenty  feet  high,  to  the 
diftance  of  nine  feet,  in  the  fpace  of 
feven  minutes. 


AUGUST, 

Letters  have  been  received  -, 
by  the  American  mail,  giving  ^  ' 
an  account  of  the  fufi^erings  of  Capt, 
Barron  and  his  crew,  in  the  Dolphin 
floop,  bound  from  the  Canaries  to 
New  York  ;  they  had  been  from 
the  Canaries  one  hundred  fixty-five 
days,  one  hundred  and  fixteen  of 
which  they  had  nothing  to  eat. 
Capt.  Bradfhaw  of  the  Andalufia 
took  them  up  at  fea,  and  when 
they  came  alongftde  the  fnip,  they 
were  fo  very  weak,  that  they  were 
obliged  to  be  hauled  on  board  by 
ropes  ;  there  were  the  captain  and 
feven  others  ;  but  fuch  poor  mifer^ 
able  creatures  fure  never  were  feen  ; 
had  it  been  a  week  longer,  they 
muft  all  have  died.  The  captain 
and  people  declare,  that  they  had 
not  had  any  fliip  provifiofis  for  up-r 
wards  of  three  months  ;  that  they 
had  eaten  their  dog,  their  cat,  and 
all  their  ftioes,  and,  in  fhort,  every 
thing  that  was  eatable  on  board. 

Being  reduced  to  the  laft  extre- 
mity, they  all  agreed  to  caft  lots  for 
their  lives,  which  accordingly  they 
did;  the  fliortell  lot  was  to  die,  th^ 
next  fliortell  was  to  be  the  execu- 
tioner. The  lot  fell  upon  Anthony 
Galatia,  a  Spanifli  gentleman,  a  paf- 
fenger  ;  they  fliot  him  through  the 
head,  which  they  cut  off  and  threw 

over- 


CHRONICLE, 


105 


overboard ;  then  took  out  his 
bowels  and  cat  them,  and  afterwards 
eat  all  the  remaining  part  of  the 
body,  which  lafted  but  a  very  little 
while.  The  captain  faw  they  were 
for  calling  lots  a  fecond  time,  but  it 
happened  very  luckily  that  he  be- 
thought himfelf  of  a  pair  of  breeches 
that  were  lined  with  leather ;  he 
foon  found  them,  took  out  the  lin- 
ing, and  cut  off  for  each  man's  fhare 
a  piece  of  about  an  inch  and  a  half 
fquare,  for  the  day's  allowance; 
that,  with  the  grafs  which  grew 
upon  the  deck,  was  all  the  fupport 
they  had  for  about  twenty  days  be- 
fore they  were  taken  up ;  the  grafs, 
as  Capt.  Bradlhaw  writes,  was,  in 
feme  places,  four  or  five  inches  long 
upon  the  deck. 

The  cafe  of  Capt.  Cox,  late  of 
the  Sarah  and  Molly,  is  no  lefs  de- 
plorable ;  about  the  middle  of  No- 
vember laft  he  failed  from  Louif- 
bourg  with  a  n  umber  of  foldiers  for 
St.  John's,  being  thirty-fix  perfons 
in  all  on  board  ;  and  on  the  28th, 
it  being  extremely  cold  ftormy  wea- 
ther, they  were  call  alhore  at  Cape 
Selaware,  on  the  main.  While  on 
the  rocks,  feven  of  the  people  were 
drowned,  among  whom  was  the 
captain's  fon  ;  the  reft,  with  a  great 
deal  of  difficulty,  got  afhore,  and 
endeavoured  to  travel  to  Margo- 
marfh  ;  but  after  travelling  three 
days,  twenty-two  of  them  were 
frozen  to  death,  and  all  the  others, 
excepting  himfelf,  loft  fome  of  their 
limbs,  they  having  been  without 
fire  or  provifions  the  whole  time  j 
after  which  feven  Indians  appeared 
with  fpears  to  kill  them,  but  were 
prevented  by  a  French  prieft,  who 
relieved  them,  with  much  difficulty. 
At  a  numerous  committee  for 
J^uilding  the  new  bridge,  a  motion 


was  made  by  Sir  Robert  Ladbroke, 
and  unanimoufly  agreed  to  by  the 
committee,  ®  That  the  thanks  of 
this  committee  be  given  to  Mr, 
Paterfon,  for  his  particular  affiftanco 
in  obtaining  the  a6l  of  parliament 
for  a  new  bridge,  and  his  zeal  and 
attention  to  promote  the  means  for 
carrying  the  aft  into  execution.'* 

This  day  the  trial  of  Eugene      , 
Aram,  for  the  murder  of  Daniel   ^  ' 
Clark  fourteen  years  ago,  came  on 
at  York  aflizes. 

As  fome  workmen  were  making 
a  new  ditch  in  the  county  of  Louth, 
in  Ireland,  they  found  a  large  ring 
of  gold  16  inches  in  diameter,  the 
gold  half  an  inch  thick ;  the  circle 
wanted  about  two  inches  of  being 
complete;  they  cut  it  into  five 
pieces;  two  of  which  weighed" 
90Z. 

Oxford.  Tl\e  right  hpn.  the_ 
Earl  of  Weftmoreland,  chancellor 
of  this  univerfuy,  having  received 
a  letter  from  the  King  of  Pruffia 
(written  with  his  Majefty's  own 
hand)  expreffing  his  thanks  for  the 
prefent  lately  made  from  hence,  of 
the  new  volume  of  lord  Clarendon's 
hiftory,  the  fame  has  been  com- 
municated to  the  vice-chancellor, 
and  on  Sunday  laft  read  to  the  doc- 
tors and  maftcrsin  full  convocation. 
And,  the  fame  day,  their  feal  wa» 
affixed  to  a  letter  to  the  King  of 
Naples,  containing  the  thanks  of 
the  univerfity,  for  a  prefent  lately 
received  from  his  Neapolitan  ma- 
jefty,  of  two  large  volumes  in  folio, 
being  the  hiftory  of  the  curiofities 
and  antiquities  difcovered  at  Por-' 
tici. 

The  annual  prizes^given  by     , 
the   hon.   Edward   Finch  and  ^     • 
Tho.  Townihend,  Efqrs.  members 
of  the  univerfity  of  Cambridge,  were 

deter* 


io6      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759: 


nth. 


determined  in  favour  of  Mr.  Roberts 
of  King's  College,  and  Mr.  Beadon 
of  St.  John's  College,  ikiiddle  bache- 
lors. The  fabjeft  of  the  former  was, 
Oratio  pro  Socrate  ad  Populum 
Athenienfem ;  and,  for  the  latter, 
XJtrum  in  bene  conftitutam  Civlta- 
temLudiScenkiadmitti  debeant? 
A  quarter  after  ten  at 
night,  a  violent  (hock  of  an 
earthquake  was  felt  at  Bourdeaux, 
which  lafted  15  feconds.  It  wa* 
preceded,  for  half  a  minute,  by  a 
louH  fubterraneous  noife.  Several 
bells  founded  very  loud.  The  doors 
and  mod  of  the  windows  opened 
and  fhut  with  great  violence.  Many 
bricks  and  flates  were  thrown  from 
the  roofs.  Very  little  china  or 
earthen-ware  was  left  whole  in  the 
town,  and  the  roof  of  the  church 
©f  Notre  Dame  entirely  fell  in. 

V  The  wife  of  one  Edward 
'^'^'  Knight,  of  Warwick,  was 
taken  in  labour  about  five  o'clock 
in  the  morning ;  the  midwife  who 
attended  her,  after  giving  her  all 
the  affiftance  in  her  power,  believed 
ber  to  be  dead,  and  then  left  her. 
About  five  in  the  afternoon  the 
dead  woman  was  put  into  a  coffin, 
with  a  (hroud  over  her.  The  next 
morning  the  nurfe  going  into  the 
Toom  where  the  corpfe  lay,  fhe  fan- 
cied fhe  faw  fomething  move  the 
j(hroud  up  and  down  in  the  coffin, 
and  ran  away  much  frightened  to 
acquaint  the  people  of  the  houfe  be- 
low, who  immediately  went  up  flairs 
with  her  to  examine  what  it  could 
be;  when  turning  down  thefhroud, 
to  their  great  aftonilhment  they  faw 
a  live  child  groveling  in  the  faw- 
duft,  which  had  delivered  itfelf 
from  the  corpfe  as  it  lay   in  the 

coffin.- As  foon  as  their  furprize 

was  overj  they  wrapped  the  child 


in  flannel,  and  took  all  poflible 
care  to  preferve  it,  but  it  died  be- 
fore they  could  drefs  it. 

A  court  of  common-council       , 
was  held  at  Guildhall,  when  '4'"- 
the  lord   mayor  acquainted  them, 
that  he  had  called  that  court  to  deli- 
berate on  a  propofition  of  great  con- 
fequence  to  the  fervlce  of  their  King 
and  country,  and  hoped  that  the 
refult  would  be  fuch  as  fhould  do 
honour  to  the  city,  by  proving  the 
fincerity  of  their  profeffions  to  his 
majefty.     Whereupon  the  court  re- 
folved   and  ordered,  among  other 
conliderations,  that  voluntary  fub- 
fcriptions  ihould  be  received  in  the 
chamber  of  London,  to  be  appro- 
priated  as   bounty  money  to  fuch 
perfons  as  Ihall  enter  into  his  ma- 
jefty's  fervice,    and  that   the   city 
fubfcribe  loool.  for  that  purpofe ; 
and  a  committee  of  twelve  aldermen 
and   twenty-four   commoners   was 
appointed  to  attend  at  Guildhall, 
to  difpofe  of  the  faid  bounty-money 
to  the  perfons  applying  for  the  fame  ; 
and   that   one   alderman   and   two 
commoners  be  a  quorum  fufficient 
to  tranfa6t  bufinefs  ;  and  as  a  far- 
ther encourageqient,  every  perfon 
fo  entering  fliall  be  entitled  to  the 
freedom  of  this  city  at  the  expira- 
tion  of  three   years,  or   fooner,  if 
the  war  (hould  end ;  and  Sir  James 
Hodges,  the  town   clerk,  was  or- 
dered by  the  court  to  wait  upon  the 
right  hon.  Mr.  Pitt  with  the  faid  re- 
folutions,  and  defire  him  to  inform 
his  majefty  of  the  fame.     Some  of 
the  committee   are  to  wait   upon 
Lord  Ligonier,  to  defire  him  to  fend 
proper  officers  to  Guildhall,  to  re- 
ceive fuch  perfons  as  (hall  be  in- 
lifted.     At  the  faid  court  a  motion 
was  made  and  agreed  to,  that  the 
perfons  who  ihall  contract  for  build- 
ing 


CHRONICLE,  ^ 


107 


ing  the  new  bridge,  may  be  allowed 
to  employ  journeymen  lor  that  pur- 
pofe  that  are  non-freemen  ;  and  the 
vacant  ground  at  Blackfriars  is  or- 
dered to  be  enclofed,  for  the  con- 
venience of  the  workmen. 

The  town-clerk  having,  accord- 
ing to  the  above  order,  waited  upon 
the  Right  Hon.  Mr.  Secretary  Pitt, 
that  gentleman,  the  next  day,  fent 
the  following  letter  : 
To  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor 
of  the  city  of  London. 

Whitehall,  Aug.  15,  1759. 
My  Lord, 
Having,  in   confequence  of  the 
de/ire    of    the   court   of  common- 
council,  had  the  honour  to  lay  be- 
fore the  King  their  refolutions  of 
ycfterday,  for  offering  certain  boun- 
ties and   encouragements   to   fuch 
able  bodied  men  as  fhall  inliftthem- 
felves  at  the  Guildhall  of  London, 
to  ferve  in  his  majefty's  land  forces, 
upon   the  terms   contained  in   his 
majefty's   order  in  council ;  I  am 
commanded,  by  the  King,   to  ac- 
quaint your  Lordfhip  (of  which  you 
will  be  pleafed  to  make  the  proper 
communication)    that   his    Majefty 
thanks  the  city  of  London  for  this 
frefh    teftimony   of  their  zeal    and 
affedion  for   his  royal  perfon  and 
government.— —I  am  farther  com- 
manded, by  the  King,  to  exprefs  his 
Majefty's  moft  entire  fatisfailion,  in 
thisfignal  proof  of  the  unfhaken  rc- 
folution  of  the  city  of  London,  to 
fupport  a  juft  and    neceflary  war, 
undertaken  in  defence  of  the  rights 
and  honour  of  his  crown,  and  for 
the  fecurity  of  the  colonies,  the  trade 
^     and  navigation  of  Great-Britain. 
■^       I  am  with  great  truth  and  refpe£l, 
W'  My  Lord, 

E'  Your  Lordlhip's  moft  obedient 

K  humble  fervant, 

t  W.  Pitt. 

L 


[Mr.  Pitt,  Mr.  Legge,  the  lord 
mayor,  alderman  Beckford,  and 
William  Belcher,  Efq;  have  eack 
fubfcribed  lool.  the  cloth  workers 
company  300I.  the  gold fmiths  com- 
pany 500 1.  and  the  apothecaries 
lOol.  to  carry  thefe  laudable  refo- 
lutions into  execution.] 

About  this  time  a  mob  af-  - 
fembled  at  Houfeman's  houfe  ^4"U 
in  Knarefborough  (who  was  acquit- 
ted of  the  charge  of  being  concerned 
in  the  murder  of  Daniel  Clark,  in 
order  to  be  admitted  evidence 
againft  Eugene  Aram),  and  it  was 
with  great  difficulty  they  were  pre- 
vented from  pulling  it  down :  how- 
ever, they  carried  Houfeman  about 
the  ftreets  in  effigy,  which  was  after- 
wards knocked  on  the  head  with 
a  pick.ax>  and  then  hanged  and 
burnt. 

Robert  Saxby  was  executed  near 
Guildford  for  the  murder  of  his  bro- 
ther's wife  at  Wotton  near  Dorkin 
in  Surry.  He  confefled  the  fad, 
and  gave  as  a  reafon  for  commit- 
ting it,  her  unkindnefs  to  his  fon. 
He  was  72  years  of  age,  and  died 
hardened,  faying,  he  conld  have 
lived  but  a  few  years  longer  if  the 
thing  had  not  happened,  and  fhewed 
no  kind  of  horror  at  the  heinouf- 
nefs  of  his  crime. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  com-  , 
mittee  for  carrying  into  exe-  '5'"» 
cution  the  aft  of  parliament  for 
erecting  a  bridge  at  Black-friars,  it 
appeared,  by  the  lifts,  that  the  fuat 
fubfcribed  for  that purpofe,  amount- 
ed to  304,1001.  which  is  6o,iooU 
more  than  was  wanted  for  the  ne« 
ceiTary  occaiion. 

This  day  a  chapter  of  the    /; , 
moft  noble  order  of  the  gar-  ^°^^' 
ter  was  held  at  Kenfington ;  pre- 
fent  the  Sovereign,  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  the  Duke  of  Newcaftle,  Earl 

of 


io8       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


of  Granville,  Earl  of  Lincoln ,  Earl  of 
Winchelfea,  Earl  of  Cardigan,  and 
Earl  Waidegrave,  when  his  ferene 
kighnefs  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunf- 
wick  was  eleded  a  knight  compa- 
liion  of  the  faid  moft  noble  order. 

At  the  affizes  held  at  Gloucefter, 
came  on  the  trial  of  Ephraim  Lard- 
ner  and  Mary  Mills  for  the  mur- 
der of  a  baftard  child  born  of  the 
body  of  Mills.  On  the  trial  it  ap- 
peared that  the  child  was  born 
alive ;  that  Lardner  took  it  from  the 
mother,  and  buried  it  in  a  badger's 
kole  in  a  wood,  where  the  child 
was  found  by  his  direftion,  and  ap- 
peared to  have  been  flrangled,  as 
well  as  bruifed  on  diiferent  parts  of 
the  body.  Lardner  faid  the  child  was 
dead  when  he  received  it  from  the 
»other ;  bat  could  not  produce  any 
evidence  to  prove  it.  Mills's  evi- 
dence in  court  contradifted,  in  a 
great  meafure,  the  teftimony  Ihe 
had  given  before  the  juftice  who 
committed  them  :  and  upon  fum- 
ming  op  thee  vidence,  the  judge  cau- 
tioned the  jury  from  giving  credit  to 
any  thing  advanced  by  Mills  againft 
Lardner,  fince  if  that  was  admitted, 
women  killing  their  baftard  children 
might  charge  the  murder  on  any 
innocent  perfon.  The  jury  after 
feme  debate,  returned  a  verdid  that 
the  child  was  murdered,  but  that 
they  knew  not  on  whom  to  charge 
the  murder  ;  on  being  again  fent 
out,  acquitted  Mills,  and  found 
Lardner  guilty  :  on  being  fent  out 
a  third  time,  begged  the  judge's 
dired^ions  ;  and  at  a  fourth  conful- 
tation  acquitted  both  theprifoners. 

J.  ,  Orders  were  fent  to  the 

^  *  cuftom-houfe  at  Liverpool, 
to  admit  fugars  and  other  produce 
of  the  ifland  of  Gaudeloupe,  to 
l^e  entered  as  Britilh  plantation  ; 
jhc  Sarah,  Capt.  Taylor,  having 

s 


brought  to  their  market  the  firft 
parcel  of  Gaudeloupe  fugars  im- 
ported into  England  fince  the  con- 
queft  of  that  ifland. 

The  wife  of  Mr.  Cam,  in         , 
Wood-ftreet,  was  brought  to  ' 

bed  of  three  fons,  baptifed  Abra* 
ham,  Ifaac,  and  Jacob. 

In  the  Sherborne  Mercury  of  this 
day's  date,  there  is  an  account  of 
a  remarkable  pond  at  Melbury-bub, 
in  Dorfetfhire,  which  is  faid  in  the 
morning  to  be  covered  with  a  thick 
oily  fubftance,  of  a  /fcarlet  colour, 
that  dyes  any  thing  red,  but  in  the 
afternoon  it  changes  to  green. 

Eleven  houfes  were  con-  « 

fumed  by  fire,  in  Cherry-  ^^  * 
tree-alley,  Bunhill-row. 

Theregiment  commanded  , 

by  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  ^^°* 
Richmond,  being  encamped  on 
South-fea  Common,  near  South-fea 
Caftle,  had  leave  to  depofit  their 
powder  and  ball  in  the  ea^  wing  of 
that  fort.  Nine  barrels  of  cartridges 
being  placed  in  a  lower  room,  over 
which  there  was  a  barrack,  where 
the  women  wafhed  and  drefTed  vic- 
tuals, with  a  furze  fire ;  the  floor- 
ing being  very  old,  it  is  fuppofed 
fome  fparks  fell  through  the  crevices, 
and  in  an  inftant  all  that  quarter  of 
the  fort  was  blown  up,  and  many 
people  buried  under  the  ruins.  An 
invalid  foldier  was  blown  out  of  the 
fort  above  loo  yards  ;  the  centry, 
another  invalid,  was  blown  over 
the  parapet  wall,  and  had  both  his 
legs,  and  one  arm  torn  off.  The 
force  of  the  explcfion  burft  open  the 
door  of  the  great  magazine,  and 
tore  a  large  bolt  of^*,  but  reached 
no  farther  ;  and  all  the  windows  are 
broke,  almoft  all  the  buildings  da- 
maged, except  the  grand  batteries 
towards  the  fea,  and  the  batteries 
round  the  fort, 


CHRONICLE. 


105 


,  At  half  an  hour  after  four 

^^  in  the  morning,  a  violent 
(hock  of  an  earthquake  was  felt  at 
BrufTels,  which  lafted  about  a  mi- 
nute. The  motion  was  continual 
and  regular;  a  flight  trembling 
was  felt  in  the  ftrongeft  houfes,  the 
doors  were  burft  open,  and  the 
bolts  ftruck  againil  the  pofts  like 
fo  many  hammers.  Immediately 
after  the  ftiock  the  air  was  quite 
calm. 

The  Friendfhip,  Thompfon,  ar- 
rived from  Jamaica  with  about  500 
hogftieads  of  fugar  on  board,  by 
fome  accident  blew  up  at  the  Hope 
Point,  by  which  feveral  lives  were 
loft.  There  were  on  board,  when 
the  misfortune  happened,  between 
30  and  40  people,  amongft  whom 
eighteen  young  Creolians,  that  were 
coming  here  for  education,  and  the 
mate's  wife  and  two  children :  there 
efcaped  but  four  perfons,  viz.  two 
Dutchmen  and  two  Danes. 

,  Rear  Adm.  Rodney,  with 

^"^  •  his  fleet  of  frigates  and 
bomb  vefliels,  failed  from  Portf- 
mouth. 

About  the  latter  end  of  lall 
month,  the  people  of  Berlin  were 
put  into  the  greateft  conilernation 
on  the  difcovery  of  a  confpiracy,  in 
which  fix  or  eight  hundred  deferters 
were  concerned,  moft  of  them 
French,  who  were  to  fet  fire  to  the 
city  in  feveral  places,  plunder  the 
houfes.and  then  make  their  efcape. 
The  chief  and  230  of  the  confpira- 
rors  were  apprehended. 

About  the  fame  time  a  great 
fire  broke  out  in  Stockholm,  by 
which  they  reckon  that  250  houfes 
have  been  reduced  to  afties.  The 
lufs  is  computed  at  two  millions  of 
crowns. 

There  were  lately  tried,  at  Weft- 
minfler,  before  Lord  Chief  JuHice 


Willes,  (by  a  fpecial  jury)  a  caufe, 
\^herein  Mr.  Nicklefon,  of  Poole, 
was  plaintiff,  and  Capt.  Fortefcue, 
of  the  Prince  Edward  man  of  war, 
defendant,  for  impreffing  the  men 
out  of  the  Thomas  and  Elizabeth, 
from  Newfoundland  to  Poole,  ia 
confequence  of  which  the  faid  fliip 
was  loft  ;  when  a  verdid  was  given 
for  the  plaintiff  for  loool.  andcofts 
of  fuit. 

As  fome  boys  were  diverting 
themfelves  lately,  near  Elgin,  in 
Scotland,  in  looking  for  birds  neft$ 
in  the  ruins  of  an  old  religious 
houfe,  near  that  place,  called.  My 
Lady's  High  Houfe,  they  difcovered 
a  quantity  of  gold  coins,  moftly 
Scots  coin,  fome  of  them  coined  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Mary  during 
her  marriage  with  Lord  Darnley, 
and  bear  their  names  decyphered  j 
thofe  in  the  reign  of  James  V.  bear 
his  effigies  and  his  arms ;  and  there 
are  fome  of  different  fizes  that  ap- 
pear to  have  been  coined  in  the 
reign  of  James  VL  one  of  thefe  is 
larger  than  a  crown  piece,  and  has 
on  one  fide  this  infcription.  Jacobus 
VL  Dei  gratia  Rex  Scotorum  ;  and 
the  Scots  arms,  with  a  double  tref- 
fure  on  the  fhield,  refembling  a 
ftiip,  with  a  floop,  maft,  and  fails  ; 
on  the  other  fide,  Florentfcepit.  piis 
regnaj  his  Jovi  dat  numeratque; 
wrth  a  crofs  flotee,  adorned  with 
crowns,  and  betwixt  each  branch  of 
the  crown  a  lion  rampant  crowned. 
There  are  alfo  a  few  foreign 
coins ;  fome  of  thefe  have  Ludo- 
vicus  Dei  gratia  Francorum  Rex, 
with  the  French  arms  crowned,  on 
one  fide ;  and  on  the  other,  a  Crofs 
topped  with  flowers  de  luce,  motto 
XPS  REGNAT  XPS  VINCIT 
XPS  IMPERAT  ;  fome,  Henricus 
IIL  D.  G.  Franciae  et  Pol.  Rex; 
and  fome  Spaniih,  with  Fernandus 
Elizabet. 


no        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


Elizabet.  Dei  gratia. The  cha- 

rafters  on  the  other  fide  are  fome- 

what  obfcure. All  the  letters 

are  Roman  charafters. 

Cam  pbeltown,  in  Argylfhire,  June 
14,  1759.  This  day  Robert  Mit- 
chell, in  Saddale,  aged  88,  has  in 
life,  of  children,  grand -children, 
and  great  grand-children,  200;  he 
walks  from  Saddale,  to  Campbel- 
town, which  is  eight  miles ;  does 
bufinefs,  and  walks  home  at  night. 

On  Thurfday  the  fecond  inllant, 
%  farmer  in  Calf-hill,  near  Had- 
dington in  Scotland,  fold  new  oats 
for  Ss,  6d.  per  boll.  The  oats  were 
neither  fovvn  nor  ploughed  this  year, 
bat  fprung  up  from  the  fhaking 
of  the  lafl  crop  :  this  has  likewife 
happened  in  feveral  fields  near 
"Edinburgh.  That  oats  Ihould  re- 
main in  the  ground  all  the  winter, 
and  thereafter  come  to  full  growth, 
and  turn  out  a  moft  plentiful  crop, 
is  fo  extraordinary,  that  the  like 
has  not  happened  in  the  memory 
of  man,  and  can  be  attributed  to 
nothing  but  the  mildnefs  of  the 
feafon. 

Portfmouth,  New  Ham  p (hire. 
May  1 1.  Laft  Monday,  aborr  two 
o*clock  in  the  morning,  we  had  au 
uncommon  ftorm  of  thunder  and 
lightning,  which  produced  fome 
melancholy  efFefts,  as  it  has  greatly 
damaged  the  Rev.  Mr.  Haven's 
meeting-houfe;  the  lightning  ftruck 
the  fteeplc,  and  rending  the  fpire  in 
pieces  quite  down  to  the  cupola, 
over  the  bell,dercended  in  thenorth- 
eafterly  and  fouth-wefterly  corner 
poft;  the  former  of  which  it  (hivered 
into  fmall  ftrips  from  end  to  end ; 
ahd  Ihattered  one  of  the  main  polls 
in  the  end  of  the  houfe  ;  it  feems 
then  to  have  moved  horizontally 
upon  the  ftones  of  the  underpining, 
t8  it  has  fplic  a  conAderable  piece 


of  ftone  at  the  fouth-well  cornef 
of  the  meeting-houfe,  and  entered 
the  ground  at  ten  or  fifteen  feet 
diHance,  making  two  confiderable 
holes:  but  it  is  pretty  evident  a 
part  of  it  took  its  courfe  northerly, 
as  three  cows  and  a  hog  were  in  the 
morning  found  dead  on  the  north- 
fide  of  the  meeting-houfe,  two  of 
which  were  in  a  fiable  about  fixty 
feet  from  the  fteeplc.  The  glafs 
windows  in  thefteeple  are  all  broke; 
two  cafements  next  the  poft  which 
was  fplit  to  pieces  were  ftove  quite 
into  the  houfe,  &c. 

We  have  here  a  frefh  in  fiance  of 
that  marvellous  power  with  which 
eledric  fire  is  endowed  ;  this  meet- 
ing-houfe feems  particularly  expof- 
ed  to  the  elFefts,  as  it  is  fituated  up- 
on a  fmall  elevation,  which  has  oa 
three  fides  of  it,  not  far  diftant, 
large  quantities  of  water,  which  is 
a  powerful  non-elefteric :  and  this 
is  the  fecond  or  third  time  it  has 
been  flruck  with  lightning. 

Died  lately,  Edward  Murphy,  of 
Birr,  in  the  King's  county  in  Ire- 
land, aged  no. 

We  hear  from  Madrid,  that  the 
loth  inft.  Ferdinand  King  of  Spain, 
&c.  died  at  Villa  Viciofa,  in  his 
46th  year.  He  fucceeded  his  father 
in  1746,  and  married  the  Infanta 
of  Portugal,  filler  to  the  prefcnt 
King,  who  died  about  a  year  ago, 
by  whom  he  had  no  ifi'ue. 

His  majelly,  by  his  will,  ap- 
pointed his  eldcll  brother,  the  King, 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  to  fucceed  to 
the  crown  of  Spain,  and  until  his 
arrival,  the  Queen  Dowager  to  be 
regent  of  the  kingdom.  Accord- 
ingly her  majelly  immediately  af- 
fumed  the  government,  and  has 
commanded  all  officers  to  continue 
in  their  refpe^ive  polls  till  further 
orders. 

SEP- 


CHRONICLE. 


SEPTEMBER. 

A  Draughts  were  made  from 
the  regiments  at  Chatham, 
Canterbury,  and  Dover,  about  45 
men  from  each  regiment,  to  recruit 
the  regiments  in  Germany  who  fuf- 
fered  in  the  battle  of  Thonhau/Ten. 
Perhaps  hiftory  does  not  pro- 
duce an  inftance  where  fo  fmall  a 
body  fuftained  fuch  a  fhock  as  our 
infantry  did  at  this  battle,  without 
giving  way. 
,  A  loan  was  opened  at  the 
*  exchequer  for  200,oool.  up- 
on the  vote  of  credit,  upon  the  fame 
terms  and  conditions  as  the  former 
loan  of  300,0001. 

,         Her    Royal    Highnefs    the 
"^       Princefs   Elizabeth    Caroline, 
fecond  daughter  of  his  late  Royal 
Highnefs  Frederick  Prince  of  Wales, 
died  at  Kew,  in  the  19th  year  of 
her  age ;  being  born  on  the  30th 
of  December    1740.      Her   Royal 
Highnefs  was  of  a  genius  and  dif- 
pofition  equally  to  be  admired  and 
loved  ;  formed   to   be   the  delight 
and  honour  of  a  court ;  pofTefTed  of 
an  uncommon  wit,  tempered  with 
judgment,  and  reftrained    by  mo- 
dcfty  ;  for  ever  chearful,  and   the 
caufe  of  chearfulnefs ;  excellent  in 
all   female   accomplifhments,    and 
particularly   eminent   for  her  fkill 
and  tafte  in  mufic  :  but  more  than 
all  diflinguilhed  by  her   goodnefs. 
Her   neareft  relations   lo(e  a  dear 
and  amiable  companion,  her  royal 
parent  an  obedient  daughter,  and 
Britain afupreme  blefling.  Applaufe 
which  follows  greatnefs,  often  ex- 
ceeds its  fubjeft;  but  here  it  is  lefs 
than  truth. 

£  t  The  fpecial  verdift  found 

at  the  laft  Chefter  afiize,  on 

the  remarkable  trial  of  Jo^n  Ste- 


III 

phenfon,  for  the  murder  of  Mr. 
Francis  Elcock,  attorney,  was  ar- 
gued at  Chefter,  before  the  hoB# 
Mr.  Juftice  Noel,  chief  juftice  of 
Chefter,  and  Taylor  White,  Efq; 
the  other  juftice.  The  court  took 
time  till  the  next  morning  for 
delivering  their  opinion ;  and 
accordingly,  on  Friday  morning 
about  eight  o'clock,  Mr.  Juftice 
Noel,  in  a  learned  and  pathetic 
fpeech,  fupported  by  adjudged  cafes, 
and  the  doftrine  of  the  wifeft  fages 
of  the  law,  and  alfo  by  arguments  of 
reafon  and  confcience,  declared 
his  opinion,  that  the  prifoner's 
crime,  found  by  the  fpecial  verdift, 
could  amount  at  moft  to  maa- 
flaughter  only.  Whereupon  the 
prifoner  was  burnt  in  the  hand,  and 
difcharged  from  the  indidlment  for 
murder. 

Dr.  Henfey,  fo  long  confined  in 
Newgate,  gave  bail  before  a  judge, 
in  order  to  plead  his  pardon  the  es* 
fuing  term,  and  was  difcharged  froilk 
his  confinement. 

Laft  month  a  moft  daring  rob- 
bery was  committed  at  Limerick  in 
Ireland  ;  two  men  entered  the  cu- 
ftom-houfe  there,  one  of  whon\ 
prefented  a  piftol  to  the  clerkV 
breaft,  whilft  the  other  robbed  the 
houfe  of  about  1800 1,  in  cafli,  and 
afterwards  made  their  efcape,  lock- 
ing up  the  clerk  in  one  of  the  of- 
fices, though  two  centinels  were 
ftanding  at  the  door. 

Kenfington.    This  day  the       , 
Marquis  d'Abrew,  envoy  ex-  ^° 
traordinary  from  the  court  of  Spain, 
had  a  private  audience  of  his  Ma- 
jefty,  to  notify  the  death  of  the  late 
King  of  Spain. 

The  right  hon.  the  Lord  Bar- 
rington,  fecretary  at  war,  by  his 
majefty's  comm  nd,  waited  on  Lord 
George  Sackville^  with  orders  for 

him 


112      ANNUAL  REGISTER, 


nth. 


him  to  deliver  up  all  hi^  places  that 
he  held  under  the  government. 

Thomas  Haywood,  Efq; 
wacer-bailifFof  this  city,  by 
order  of  the  right  hon.  the  lord 
mayor,  waited  on  her  Royal  High- 
nefs  the  Princefs  Dowager  of  Wales, 
with  a  prefent  of  a  fine  fturgeon  of 
feven  feet  in  length,  which  her 
Royal  Highnefs  was  pleafed  to  ac- 
cept. 

,  The  remains  of  her  late 

^^^"-  Royal  Highnefs  Princefs 
Elizabeth  Caroline  were  privately 
interred  in  the  Royal  vault  in  King 
Henry  the  feventh's  chapel,  at  Weft- 
jninfler. 

V  Admiral  Bofcawen  arrived 

J  '  at  Spithead,  "with  his  ma- 
jefty's  fhips  theNamure,  CuUoden, 
Warfpite,  Intrepid,  Swiftfure,  Ame- 
rica, Portland,  Salamander,  and 
-^Etna  firefhips,  with  the  Temeraire 
and  Modefte,  prizes,  with  about 
800  French  prifoners. 

[The  Modefte  is  a  very  fine  (hip 
launched  laft  May,  carries  32  pound 
ihot  on  her  lower  deck  ;  her  quar- 
ter deck  guns  are  brafs ;  and  fine 
brafs  fwivels  on.  her  poop,  very 
little  hart.  The  Temeraire  is  a  fine 
74  gun  fhip,  42  pounds  below; 
eight  fine  brafs  guns  abaft  her  main 
maft,  and  ten  brafs  on  her  quarter, 
very  little  hurt;  one  Ihot  came  in 
at  her  ftern,  went  through  her 
mizen  maft,  and  lodged  in  her  main 
maft.  Both  fhips  have  not  received 
above  20  ftiots  in  their  hulls. 

,  Admiral  Bofc^awen  waited 

'  "  on  his  majefty,  and  was  moll 
gracioufly  received. 

One  Hitchens,  who  had  been  dif- 
ordered  in  his  fenfes  for  fome  time, 
going  into  the  houfe  of  Mr,  Thomas 
Bed  worth,  of  King's- Wood,  near 
Birmingham,  and  finding  only  three 
children  all  in   bed,  took  on«  of 


1759- 

thera,  a  girl  about  three  years  olc!^ 
cut  oiF  its  head  and  arms  and  feet, 
ripped  open  its  belly,  and  put 
fome  part  of  the  body  on  the  fire : 
while  he  was  employed  in  this 
horrid  barbarity,  a  brother  who 
had  been  abroad  came  in,  and  be- 
ing terrified  alarmed  the  neigh- 
bours with  his  cries,  who  aiking 
the  wretch  why  he  had  committed 
fuch  an  a£l  of  cruelty,  faid,  he 
had  killed  the  <hild  to  eat  it,  and 
that  he  would  ferve  all  the  little 
girls  fo. 

This  is  inferted  aa  a  caution 
againft  fufferlng  perfons  difordered 
in  their  fenfes  to  wander  at  large 
without  a  keeper. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  no-  t 
bility  and  gentry  of  the  ^^  * 
county  of  Middlefex,  and  liberty 
of  Weftminfter,  held  at  the  St.  Al- 
ban's  tavern,  a  voluntary  fubfcrip* 
tion  was  agreed  upon  for  giving 
bounties  to  able  bodied  landmen, 
who  (hall  voluntarily  enlift  them- 
felves  in  the  fervice  of  his  majefty, 
upon  the  terms  and  conditions  pro- 
pofed  by  the  city  of  London,  and 
4726I.  immediately  fubfcribed; 
and  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  New- 
caftle  being  requefted  to  lay  the  re- 
folutionsof  the  noblemen  and  gen* 
tiemen  prefent  before  his  majefty, 
as  a  teftimony  of  the  duty  and  af* 
fedtion  of  the  county,  city,  and  li- 
berty, to  his  perfon  and  govern- 
ment, his  grace  was  pleafed  to  fig- 
nify  his  majefty's  gracious  approba- 
tion of  their  good  intention,  in  a 
letter  direfted  to  Sir  William  Beau- 
champ  Prodor,  Bart,  and  George 
Cooke,  Efq;  reprefentativcs  for  the 
county;  and  to  Major  General 
Cornwallis,  and  Sir  John  Crofs, 
Bart.  repre(€ntatives  for  the  city  and 
liberty  of  Weftminfter ;  of  which 
the  following  is  a  copy. 

New- 


CHRONICLE; 


113 


kewcalllc-houfe,  Sept.  26th,  1759. 

Gentlemen, 
In  obedience  to  the  commands  of 
tlie   gentlemen  of  the   county   of 
Middlefex;  and  city  and  liberty  of 
Weftminfter,  who  met  on  the  19th 
inft.   to  confider  of  the  moft  effec- 
tual methods  to  be  taken,  for  the 
fupport  of  his  majelly  and  govern- 
ment   againll    the    invafion    now 
threatened,  and  for  the  fecurity  of 
this  county,  city  and  liberty,  I  have 
had  the  honour  to  lay  before  the 
King  the  dutiful  and  loyal  refola- 
tions   which  they  came  to  there- 
upon. 

I  have  his  majefty's  exprefs  or- 
ders, to  afTure  them  of  the  grateful 
fenfe  which  he  has  of  this  proper 
and  feafonable  mark  of  their  duty 
and  affedion  to  his  perfon  and  go- 
vernment, of  which  his  majeftyhas 
received  fuch  frequent  proofs  from 
his  loyal  county  of  Middlefex,  and 
tity  and  liberty  of  Wellminfter,  and 
particularly  upon  the  likeoccafjons : 
and  the  King  will  forthwith  dired, 
that  fuch  attendance  and  affill- 
ance  fhall  be  given  as  may  moft 
effectually  anfwer  the  intention  of 
thofe  generous  and  voluntary  of- 
fers. 

The  approbation  of  the  meafures 
which  his  majefty  has  taken  for 
the  fupport  of  the  national  interefts 
of  his  kingdoms^  is  extremely  a- 
greeable  to  the  King;. 

I  muft  beg  the  tavour  of  you 
to  take  the  firll  opportunity  of  ac- 
quainting the  gentlemen  concern- 
ed, with  his  majefty*s  fenfe  of  this 
frelh  mark  of  their  loyalty  and 
zeal  for  his  perfon  and  govern- 
ment. 

It  is  a  great  honour  to   me    to 

liave    conveyed   this    teftimony'  of 

the    duty    and    affeflipn    of    the 

county  of  Middlefex,  and  city  and 

Vol.  II. 


liberty  of  Weftminfler,  to  the  King, 
and  to  have  been  direfled  by'  his 
majelly,  to  declare  his  moft  gra- 
cious acceptance  of  it.   I  ara,  &c. 
HOLLES  NEWCASTLE. 
An  eminent  merchant  in        » 
this  city  rode  four  horfes  at 
Royilon    in    Hertfordfhire,    for   2 
wager  of  1300  guineas  ;  he  was  to 
ge  43  miles  in  two  hours,  and  per- 
formed it  in  one  hour  49  minutes. 
Bets  to  the  amount  of  feveral  thou- 
fand  pounds  were  depending  on  this 
match. 

Admiral  Rodney  airrived         » 
at  Spithead,  in  his  majefty's      ^ 
Ihip  Deptford,  with  the  Ifis,  Capt. 
Wheeler,  from  off  Havre ,de  Grace ; 
the  former  to  vidlual,  and  the  latter 
to  dock,  vidual,  and  return. 

Rear-Admiral  Rodney  fail-  ^1  , 
ed  from  Portfniouth  in  the 
Deptford,  to  refume  his  ftation  off 
Havre, vvhither  the  Chatham,  Capt, 
Lockhart,  and  the  Ifis,  Capt. Whee- 
ler, as  foon  as  cleaned,  will  repair 
and  join  him. 

Capt.  Smith,  in  the  True  Briton, 
arrived  at  Briftol;  who  failed  from 
Barbadoes  the  25  th  of  July,  in  com- 
pany with  320  fail  of  merchantmen, 
of  whom  70  or  80  might  be  for 
America,  under  convoy  of  eight 
men  of  war  of  the  line,  and  four 
bombs.  He  reports  tliat  there  are 
great  mifunderftandings  between 
Commodore  Moore  and  the  Ifland- 
ers,  by  which  they  fuffer  greatly 
in  their  trade,  the  French  having 
taken  above  40  fail  in  a  very  Ihort 
time. 

The  fociet'y  for  propagating  th^ 
gofpel  in  foreign  parts,  have  given 
500I.  fterlin^  to  the  infant  college 
at  New- York. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  united     .0, 
veftrles  of  St.  Margaret  and 
St.  John  the  Evangeiilt,  Weflmin- 
I  9ktti 


114      ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 

fter,  it  was  refolved  to  open  a  fub- 
fcription  for  an  immediate  volun- 
tary contribution  of  the  inhabitants 
©f  thefe  pariflies,  to  be  applied  to 
the  fame  purpofe,  and  fubjed  to 
the  fame  diredions,  as  the  fubfcrip- 
tion  of  the  nobility,  gentry.  Sec, 
at  the  "St.  Alban*s  tavern  of  the 
19th  inftant. 

The   following   decificn  of   the 
congregation,    appointed    by    the 
Pope  to  examine  the  affairs  of  the 
Jefuits  in  Portugal,  is  faid  to  be 
authentic.     Firft,  the  effefts  of  the 
lirftinftitution,  as  well  as  the  tenth 
prelevies,  fliall  remain  in  the  hands 
of  the  patriarch  of  Lifbon,  to  de- 
fray the  expences  of  miffions,  and 
other   fundlions    belonging  to  the 
fociety.     Secondly,    the  efFefts  a- 
rifing  from  the  fecond  inllitution, 
fhall  ferve  to  found  a  proper  income 
for  fueh  as  quit  the  houfe  of  the 
company.     Thirdly,   the  effefts  of 
the  third  inftitution,  fuch  as  fhips 
employed  in  commerce,   merchan- 
dize, and  other  things  of  that  na- 
ture, fliall  go  to  the  profit  of  the 
royal  treafury,  to  be  employed  in 
relief  of  the  poor.     Fourthly,  in 
refpeft  to  fuch  of  thofe  fathers  who 
are  prifoners  of  ftate  for  the  crime 
of  high-treafon,.    the   King    ihall 
make   ufe  of  the  right  he  has  to 
punifti  them.    Fifthly,  n^verthelefs 
we  befeech  his  majefty  not  to  per- 
mit the  cruel  tortures,  ufual  in  fuch 
cafes,  to  be  employed  towards  the 
guilty;  but  that,  in  conciliating  his 
clemency  and  his  jullice,  he  would 
let  them  feel  the  effects  of  the  fen- 
timents  of  a  good  father  and   an 
upright  judge.     [This  laft  article 
is  faid  to  have  been  added  in  the 
Pope's  own  hand.] 

Chriftopher  Irwin,  Efq;  invented 
a  penfile  chair,  by  means  of  which 
the  heavenly  bodies  may  be  eafily 


obferved  at  fea  in  the  mod  boifter- 
ous  weather.  The  brave  Lord 
Howe  a6led  in  the  kindeft  and 
moll  worthy  manner  to  that  gentle- 
man, as  may  be  feen  by  the  certi- 
ficate underneath.  The  longitude 
was  obferved  formally,  for  feveral 
times,  and  the  errors  were  from 
feven  to  fifteen  miles,  which  is 
much  lefs  than  the  neareft  the  adi 
requires;  in  Ihort,  it  is  a  thing 
much  eafier  to  praftice  than  was. 
expelled.  He  went  from  Portf- 
mouth  to  Plymouth  in  the  Jafon  ; 
from  thence  to  Lord  Howe  in  tbe 
Colchefter ;  from  Lord  Howe,  when 
he  was  fatisfi^ed,  he  returned  in 
the  Minerva  frigate  to  Plymouth, 
where  the  Deptford  being  juft 
ready,  he  came  in  here  to  Deal  ; 
the  experiment  was  tried  in  every 
one  of  thefe  fhips,  and  it  anfwered 
in  all  extremely  well ;  fo  that  the 
benefits  attending  this  experiment 
may  be  relied  upon.  Prince  Ed- 
ward was  fo  kind  as  to  come  and 
fee,  and  fet  in  the  chair,  and  liked 
it  much  r  Dr.  Blair,  his  Royal 
Highnefs's  mathematical  teacher, 
came  with  him ;  and  on  the  fa- 
cility he  ibund  in  ufing  the  tele- 
fcope,  cried  out  aloud.  This  will 
do,this  will  do.  They  came  again 
one  evening,  and  he  took  an  obfer- 
vation  for  the  longitude,  when  the 
error  did  not  exceed  feven  or 
eight  minutes. 

A  copy  of  Lord  Howe's  lafl  certi- 
iicate. 
Magnanlme,  oft'of  Ufha-nt,  Aug. 
II,  1759.  On  a  further  experi- 
ment of  the'  marine  chair  contrived 
py  Mr.  Irvin,  I  am  of  opinion, 
that  an  obfervation  of  an  emerfion 
br  immerfion  of  Jupiter's  fatellites 
may  be  made  in  it  at  fea,  not  fubjefl 
to  a  greater  error  than  three  mi- 
nutes of  time.  Howe. 

Tliera 


C   H    R    d   N    t    C    L   E. 


"5 


'there  is  one  John  Kennedy, 
who  fells  tapes,  gartering,  and  laces, 
about  Tower-hill,  that  is  now  in 
the  hnndred  and  feventh  year  of 
his  age,  being  born  at  Sterling,  in 
Scotland,  in  the  year  1653  ;  but 
what  is  remarkable  is,  that  he  was 
in  the  fleet  when  Sir  Cloudefly 
Shovel  was  caft  on  the  rocks  of 
Scillyi  and  was  one  of  the  twelve 
that  efcaped  from  that  dreadful 
fhipwreck. 

Above  500  men  have  inllfted  at 
Guildhall  fince  the  public  fiibfcrip- 
tion  has  been  opened. 

The  fingular  and  extraordinary 
ftep,  that  the  city  of  Loridon  has 
taken,  in  order  to  reinforce  his 
majefty's  armies^  and  to  enable  a 
wife  and  virtuous  adminiftration  to 
carry  their  public  fpirited  defigns 
into  execution,  in  fpite  of  all  the 
efforts  of  their  open,  and  all  the 
endeavours  of  their  fecret  enemies, 
muft  ftrike  the  prefent  age  with 
wonder;  and  appear  a  thing  almoft 
incredible  in  fucceeding  times;  It 
is  at  once  the  higheft  proof  of  at- 
tachment, and  the  flrongeft  evi- 
deace  of  confidence.  There  is  no 
doubt,  confidering  the  time,  the 
manner,  and  the  extent  of  this  af- 
fiftance,  that  it  will  prove  as  effec- 
tual in  its  cbnfequences,  as  in  its  na- 
ture it  is  unufual. 

When  one  confiders  the  large 
preportion  of  the  land-tax,  which 
the  city  of  London  and  its  depen- 
dencies pay,  upon  the  multitude 
of  the  houfes,  and  the  high  rents 
at  which  they  are  let ;  when  one 
refledls  on  the  prodigious  income 
arifing  from  the  excife,  on  the  al- 
moft innumerable  branches  of  the 
cxtenfive  confumption  of  its  inha- 
bitants ;  and  when  one  contem- 
plates the  mighty  fums  that  an- 
nually flow  into   the  royai  reve- 


nue, from  the  duties  and  cuftoms 
on  the  trade  of  this  port ;  it  gives 
one  a  high  idea  of  the  importance 
of  this  metropolis,  and  of  the  con- 
fummate  prudence  of  the  minifter, 
who  has  fo  ufed  his  authority,  as  to 
acquire  the  good  wiihes  of  his  fel- 
low citizens. 

To  all  this,  if  we  add  the  in- 
fluence of  fuch  an  example,  we 
may  form  an  adequate  notion,  of 
the  weight  and  confequence  of  the 
ftep  lately  taken.  Reflexions  upon 
it  would  be  needlefs  ;  but  there  is 
one,  fo  very  obvious,  and  at  the 
fame  time  of  fuch  political  utility, 
that  it  ought  hot  to  efcapc  us.  **  A 
government  is  more  than  abfolute, 
that  in  all  its  expences,  can  fafely 
rely  for  refources,  on  the  affedions 
of  its  fubjedts  ;  and  an  invariable 
and  inviolable  attention  to  their  in- 
tereft,  ought  in  policy,  as  well  as 
gratitude,  to  be  the  perpetual  ob- 
jed  of  that  government,  which  for 
its  own  fecurity,  has  once  had 
recourfe  with  fuccefs,  to  fuch  re- 
fources." 

The  company  of  ftationers  have: 
given  100  guineas  to  the  Guildhall 
fubfcription ;  the  Eaft-lndia  com- 
pany 500I.  the  vintners  lool.  the 
ironmongers  lool.  the  falters  looI. 
the  cordwainers  lool.  the  grocers 
500  guineas,  and  Lord  Ligonier 
icol.  The  grocers  company  alfo 
gave  100 1.  to  the  marine  fociety. 

Newcaftle,  Sept.  1.  This  week 
a  fubfcription  was  opened  here  by 
the  right  worfhipful  the  mayor, 
the  magiftrates,  and  other  gentle- 
men ;  from  which  fund  they  offer 
two  guineas  to  every  likely  fellow, 
fit  and  willing  to  ferve  his  majefty 
in  the  regiment  of  Royal  Volun- 
teers recruiting  here,  or  in  the 
66th  regiment,  commanded  by  Col. 
La  Faufllle,  bow  ^uartere4  in  this 

I  2  town 


ii6       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


town  and  neighbourhood,  who  Ihall 
voluntarily  enlill  in  either  of  the 
aforeiaid  corps,  within  fix  weeks 
from  the  29th  of  Auguft. 

The  corporation  gave  the  fum  of 
300  guineas,  and  the  two  worthy 
members,  and  feveral  gentlemen  of 
the  town  and  neighbourhood,  made 
very  large  fubfcriptions. 

The  corporation  of  Berwick  have 
ordered  three  guineas  to  be  given  to 
every  able-bodied  landman,  (not 
inrolled  in  the  milicla)  who  fhall, 
within  fix  weeks,  enlill  before  any 
magiftrate  of  that  town,  to  ferve 
in  the  regiment  of  Royal  Volun- 
teers, commanded  by  Colonel 
John  Crauford,  or  the  regiment 
of  foot  commanded  by  Colonel 
John  La  Faufille,  over  and  above 
all  bounty  money,  fo  as  the  fame 
exceeds  not  100  guineas,  and  what 
fhall  exceed  that  fum  is  to  be  raifed 
by  fubfcription. 

The  magiltrates  of  Gl^fgow  and 
Dundee,  have  alio  ordered  bounties 
to  perfons  who  enlill  in  his  majeily*s 
forces. 

Died  lately.  Colonel  Richard 
James,  of  the  ifland  of  Jamaica, 
aged  103. 

Dublin,  Sept.  15  On  Tuefday 
lafl  the  grand  canal  leading  from 
Dublin  to  the  river  Shannon  had 
the  water  lot  into  it,  and  a  new 
barge  was  launched,  which  was 
built  adjoining  to  the  work  near 
Lyons,  about  40  tons  burden,  in 
the  prefence  of  a  vail  concourfe  of 
gentlemen  and  ladies  of  dillindion, 
who  exprefied  the  greatefl;  fatisfac- 
tion  in  viewing  that  beautiful  canal, 
with  the  many  curious  bridges, 
aquedufts,  and  fluices,  that  a,re, al- 
ready perfeded  on  that  moll  ufeful 
undertaking,  which  has  luccecded 
beyond  expectation. 

At  New  biggin  by  the  fea,  near 


this  town,  on  Monday  lalt,  fhe^ 
fifhermen  drove  on  fhore  a  filh' 
twenty-one  feet  long,  and  its  cir- 
cumference round  the  Ihoulders 
nine  feet,  the  head  refembling  that 
of  a  grampus,  but  more  deprefTed, 
with  a  fiflula  in  the  middle;  the 
flrudure  of  the  gill-s  remarkable, 
the  foramina  being  three  on  each 
fide,  in  a  femicircular  direftion,  de- 
fended by  three  rows  of  a  bony 
lamina.  The  eye  fmall  for  the 
fize  of  the  fifh,  and  covered  with 
a  ikin  which  concealed  all  the  eye 
but  the  iris,  which  was  of  a  dark 
blue;  the  tongue  hrge  and  flat,  the 
moutii  not  armed  with  teeth,  the 
ficin  of  the  whole  body  rough,  the 
fins  cartilaginous,  and  the  tail  bifid, 
the  flomach  of  a  remarkable  fize ; 
which,  when  dilated,  mull  contain 
full  ten  gallons,  and  was  full  of 
fine  fea- weed  and  fan d.  From  the 
anus  to  the  extremity  of  the  tail, 
the  flelhy  parts  of  the  fifh,  for  two 
inches,  deep,  v/as  exz£tly  like  beef; 
all  the  reii  of  the  body  refembled 
the  flelh  of  turbot. 
Extract  of  a  Istter  from  Aleppo, 
dated  July  27. 

*'  By  the  laft  letters  from  Boflb- 
ra  of  the  20th,  we  have  advice, 
that  the  Englifh  fle&t  on  the  Indian 
coall  had  taken  Surat,  afterafiege 
of  forty  days ;  that  they  had  made 
the  Mooj'S  prifoners  of  war,  and  fen: 
the  nabob  prifoner  to  Bombay. 

The  fame  letters  add,  that  the 
French  had  made  an  unfuccefsful 
attempt  on  Bombay. 

In.  December  lafl,  the  French: 
were  defeated  at  Golconda,  had  30 
men  killed,  and  130  Europeans 
made  prifoners,  20  pieces  of  cannon 
taken,  and  all  their  baggage." 

A   great  number  of  Proiellants, 

who  have  been  ruined  during  the 

v/dr    in    Germany,     have    pafled 

through. 


CHRONICLE. 


117 


tkroagh  Hanover,  goinft  to  Den- 
mark, his  Danifh  majefty  having 
promifed  them  all  the  afliltance  in 
his  power  for  their  fettling  in  his 
dominions. 

At  the  laft  feffions  at  the  Old 
Jialley,  Nicholas  Randall,  for  wil- 
fully and  malicioufly  levelling  a 
p;un,  loaded  with  gunpowder  and 
ihot,  and  (hooting  at  John  Hamp- 
ton and  William  Denny,  whereby 
one  of  the  eyes  of  Hampton  was 
ihot  out,  and  Denny  wounded  in 
the  leg,  received  fcntence  of  death. 
The  convidt,  Randall,  (upwards  of 
78  years  of  age)  has  many  years 
been  noted  for  begging  at  the 
Haling  places  for  horfes,  the  fur- 
ther end  of  Turnham  green  ;  who 
being  poflefTed  of  a  fmall  garden, 
and  the  boys,  Hampton  and  Den- 
ny, playing  with  other  children 
in  the  fields  near  the  garden,  the 
the  old  man,  thinking  they  were  in  a 
combination  to  ileal  his  apples, 
raihly  refolved  and  perpetrated  the 
fadl,  of  which,  upon  the  cleareft 
evidence,  he  was  convifted. — The 
jury,  in  confideration  of  his  great 
age,  recommended  him  to  mercy. 


OCTOBER. 

^  About  eight  o'clock  in  the 
evening,  the  recruits  in  the 
S^voy  mutinied  :  a  guard  was  fent 
for  to  quell  them,  who  at  firil  were 
ordered  to  fire  only  with  powder ; 
the  recruits  returned  the  compli- 
ment by  throwing  brickbats,  which 
knocked    feveral    of    the    foldiers 

tdown ;  they  were  then  ordered  to  fire 
with  ball,  which  wounded  feveral  of 
the  recruits,  and  put  a  ilop  to  the 
fray.  But  unhappily  one  Jones,  be- 
longing to  the  third  regiment  of  foot 


guards,  getting  upon  the  leads  of 
the  prifon  to  fee  the  affair,  and  look- 
ing down,  was  taken  for  one  of  the 
prifoners  by  the  cen  tinel ,  who  imme- 
diately ihot  at  him,  and  the  ball 
went  through  his  head,  and  killed 
him  on  the  fpot.  Nine  of  the  men 
were  dangeroufly  wounded,  and 
eighteen  more  of  them  put  in  irons^ 

TheFriendihip,.Capt.Breft,  , 
from  Cork  to  Halifax,  was 
taken  by  a  French  privateer  in  lati- 
tude 44  deg.  22  min.  N.  longitude 
34  deg.  22  min.  W.  from  London, 
who  took  out  the  mailer  and  all  the 
crew,  except  the  mate  and  a  boy, 
and  put  eight  Frenchmen  on  board, 
with  orders  to  proceed  to  Vigo  ; 
but  after  feveral  days  poiTefTion,  the 
mate  watched  his  opportunity,  feiz- 
ed  the  arms,  and  without  putting 
one  man  to  death,  fecured  as  many 
of  them  as  it  was  prudent  to  do  for 
his  own  fafety,  and  by  the  afCftance 
of  the  boy  took  the  command  of  the 
ihip  which  he  brought  fafe  into 
Pool  harbour.  An  adion  the  more 
gallant,  as  no  life  was  loft  in  the 
execution  of  it. 
A  letter  from  on  board  the         , 

Achilles   man  of  war  off     ^     * 

Breft. 

"  The  28th  of  laft  month,  Com- 
moiiore  Hervey  (our  (hip  belongs 
to  his  fquadron)  ordered  all  the 
barges  to  come  on  board  his  fhip  in 
the  afternoon.  At  night  we  went 
in  the  Monmouth's  barge,  with  four 
other  barges.  I  was  in  ours,  and 
having  rowed  till  near  one  in  the 
morning,  we  got  into  a  bay,  clofe 
to  the  French  f^eet,  in  order  to  at- 
tack a  little  yacht  belonging  to  the 
French  admiral.  As  foon  as  Com- 
modore Hervey,  who  led  us,  got 
fight  of  the  fort,  under  which  the 
vefTel  lay,    the    yacht    hailed   the 

I  5  Mon- 


ii8       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759; 


Monmouth's  boat,  and  fired  ;  we 
immediately  all  fired  our  fmall  arms 
and  pulled  on  board  as  faft  as  poffi- 
ble.  The  commodore  himfelf  and 
his  people  were  firft  on  board,  and 
carried  her  through  all  their  fire. 
We  boarded  next  to  follow  their 
brave  example.  We  found  them 
with  fwords  and  piftols  in  hand; 
the  French  runr'.ig  under  deck, 
begging  their  lives.  Our  people  cut 
her  cable,  and  our  boats  brought 
her  out  in  the  midft  pf  incefiant 
firing  from  the  fliore.  We  found 
ourfelves  in  great  danger,  neverthe- 
lefs  we  towed  and  hallowed  ;ill  the 
way.  In  the  morning  we  were  met 
by  the  reft  of  the  fhips  boats.  We 
got  to  our  fhips  nota little  tired,  nor 
a  little  pleafed  at  the  conqpeft  that 
might  have  been  more  dearly 
bought ;  but  nothing  could  have 
been  done  here  fo  mortifying  to  the 
French.  All  the  wounded  prifoners 
were  fent  in  a  flag  of  truce.  The 
commodore,  who  received  no  hurt, 
a  (hot  only  pafllng  through  his  coat, 
has  generoufly  given  up  all  his  fhare 
of  the  prize  and  head  money  to  the 
people  who  went  in  the  barges  with 
him  ;  and  we  believe  that  all  the 
captains  of  his  fquadron  will  follow 
fo  worthy  an  example." 
g  ,  Extratl  of  a  letter  from  Portf- 
mouth. 
*'  On  Friday  afternoon  arrived 
atSt.  Helen's,  his  majefty's  ihipSt. 
George,  of  90  guns;  Cambridge, 
of  80;  Norfolk,  of  74;  Panther, 
of  64;  and  under  their  convoy  a- 
bove  two  hundred  fail  of  merchant 
ihips  from  the  Weft  Indies." 

The  ftore  vefiel  came  into 


9th. 


Plymouth  from  her  moorings 


at  the  Edyftone,  with  all  the  work- 
men on  board,  the  light -houfe 
there  being  entirely  compleated  un- 


der the  direftion  of  that  excellent 
mechanic  Mr.  Smeaton,  F.  R.  S. 
without  the  lofs  of  one  life,  or  any 
material  accident. 

Arrived  at  Spithead,  the  Centaur 
French  man  of  war,  one  of  the 
Toulon  fquadron,  that  was  lately 
taken  by  Admiral  Bafcawen,  and 
fent  to  Gibraltar. 

This  day  Hcfliam  pey,  lately  ar- 
rived ambaffador  from  Tripoly,  had 
his  firft  audience  of  his  majefty,  to 
deliver  his  credentials  ;  and  had  the 
honour  of  prefenting  his  fon  tp  his 
majefty  at  the  fapie  time  :  to  which 
he  was  introduced  by  the  right 
hon.  William  Pitt,  Efq.  one  of  hi? 
majefty's  principal  fecretaries  of 
ftate,  and  conduced  by  Stephen 
CottrelljEfq.  affiftant-mafter  of  the 
ceremonies.  He  brought  with  him 
fix  fine  Barbary  Horfes,  richly  capa- 
rifoned,  as  a  prefent  to  his  majefty. 

The  Arethufa  man  of  war  , 
came  through  the  Needles 
to  Portfmouth,  at  the  rate  of  four- 
teen knots  an  hour,  in  a  violent 
gale  of  wind  that  had  carried  away 
her  main-maft,  and  her  fore  and 
mizen-tpp-maftsoffPlym.outh.  In 
this  ftorm  Admiral  Hawke's  fqua- 
dron were  driven  from  before  Breft, 
and  the  next  day  the  Ramilies, 
Union,  Royal  George,  Foudroyant, 
Duke,  Mars,  Dorfetftiire,  Eftex, 
Kingfton,  Montague,  Nottingham, 
and  Temple,  arrived  in  Plymouth 
found. 

His  Royal  Highnefs  Prince       . 
Edward  went  on  lliore  in  the     ^ 
evening  in  good   health,    and   fet 
out  for  Saltram,  the  feat  of  John 
Parker,  Efq. 

Mon f.Thurotjwho  had  been      jj 

blocked  upin  Dunkirk  road  for  ^     * 

fome  months  by  Commodore  Boys, 

found  means  to  get  out  with  a  fmall 

fquadron 


CHRONICLE. 


"9 


I 


fquadron  of  armed  veflels,  on  board 
of  which  it  is  faid  he  has  1800  men, 
defigned  for  a  private  expedition  on 
thecoaft  of  Scotland  or  Ireland. 
Commodore  Boys  immediately  fet 
fail  in  purfuit  of  him,  and  it  is 
hoped  he  will  have  the  good  fortune 
to  overtake  him.    - 

One  of  the  Eaft  India  fliip*s  long- 
boats, rigged,  of  twelve  tons,  with 
only  fix  hands  and  a  mate  on  board, 
arrived  exprefs  from  the  Brazils, 
with  an  account  of  the  arrival  there 
of  the  Fox  and  Bofcawen  Chinamen . 
They  have  been  long  miffing,  and 
were  thought  to  have  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  French,  from  whom 
they  had  a  very  narrow  efcape. 
The  Fox  and  Bofcawen  arrived  at 
the  Brazils  the  j6th  of  June,  and 
the  three  French  men  of  war  that 
cruifed  for  them  off  St.  Helena, 
came  in  three  days  after. 

,  Kenfington.  This  day  the 
*  right  hon.  the  lord  mayor, 
aldermen,  and  commons  of  the  city 
of  London,  in  common  council  af- 
fembled,  waited  on  hismajefly,  and 
being  introduced  by  the  right  hon. 
Mr.  Secretary  Pitt,  congratulated 
his  majally  in  a  moll  dutiful  and 
loyal  addrefs  on  the  taking  of  Que- 
bec, and  the  other  late  fuccefl'es  of 
his  majelly's  arms. 
,  ,  Ended  the  feffions  at  the 

Old  Bailey,  when  John  Ay- 
lifFe,  Efq.  for  forgery,  James  and 
William  Piddington,  for  horfe  deal- 
ing, received  fcntence  of  death  ; 
twenty-two  were  fentcnced  to  be 
tranfported  for  feven  years,  two  to 
be  branded  and  four  to  be  whipped. 
An  exprefs  arrived  from  Edin- 
burgh with  advice  that  Commodore 
Boys,  with  eight  men  of  war,  was 
viftualling  in  teith  road,  with  all 


expedition,  in  order  to  go  in  queft 
of  Monf.  Thurot's  fquadron,  who 
is  fuppofed  to  be  in  the  north  fea. 

A  very  beautiful  and  uncommon 
animal,  lately  arrived  from  the  Eafl 
Indies,  prefented  by  Jaffier  Ally 
Kawn,  nabob  of  Bengal,  to  Gene- 
ral Clive,  who  fent  it  to  the  right 
hon.  William  Pitt,  Efq.  and  of 
which  that  gentleman  had  the  ho- 
nour to  obtain  his  iwajelly's  accept- 
ance, is  lodged  in  the  Tower.  It 
is  called,  in  the  Indoflan  language, 
a  Shah  Goell,  and  is  even  in  that 
country  efleemed  an  extraordinary 
rarity,  there  having  been  never 
known  more  than  five  in  thofe 
parts,  all  which  were  procured  for 
the  faid  nabob  from  the  confines  of 
Tartary.  It  is  now  in  the  Tower, 
attended  by  a  domelHc  of  the  na- 
bob's who  was  charged  with  the 
care  of  it  to  England. 

Two  houfes  were  confum-        , 
ed  by  fire  near  Exeter-Ex-  ^^     " 
change  in  the  Strand- 

A  proclamation  was  iflued  for  a 
public  thankfgiving,  to  beobferved. 
on  Thurfday  the  29th  of  Novem- 
ber next,  throughout  England  and 
Wales;  the  preamble  of  which  is 
as  follows :  **  We  do  mofl  devout- 
ly and  thankfully  acknowledge  the 
great  goodnefs  and  mercy  of  Al- 
mighty God,  who  hath  afforded  us 
protedion  and  affiftance  in  the  juft 
war,  in  which,  for  the  commoa 
fafety  of  our  realms,  and  for  difap- 
pointing  the  boundlefs  ambition  of 
France,  we  are  now  engaged  ;  and 
hath  given  fuch  fignal  fucceffes  to 
our  arms  both  by  fca  and  land  ;  par-. 
ticularly  by  the  defeat  of  the  French 
army  in  Canada,  and  the  taking  of 
Quebec ;  and  who  hath  moll  fea- 
fonably  granted  us,  at  this  time,  an 

J  4  uncommon 


120      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 

uncommon  plentiful  harveft  ;  and 
therefore  duly  conlidering  that  fuch 
great  and  public  blelHngs,  do  call 
for  public  and  folemn  acknowledge- 
ments. We  have  thought  fit,  &c. 

1  Atthe  feffions  of  admiral- 

^9^^-  ty,  held  at  the  Old  Bailey, 
William  Lawrence,  mafter  of  the 
Pluto  privateer,  and  Samuel  Dring, 
William  Goff,  and  Kendrick  Mul- 
ler,  volunteers  were  tried  for  rob- 
bing a  Dutch  vefTel,  named  the  pei- 
nigheidt,  on  the  high  feas,  near  the 
North  Foreland  in  Kent,  of  fix  gui- 
neas, twenty  deal  boxes,  and  three 
bales  of  Cambrrck,  value  700  1. 
Lawrence,  Dring,  and  Muller,  were 
found  guilty,  G off  acquitted.  At 
firfl  they  fired  "a  gun  at  the  Eeinig- 
heidt  to  bring  her  to,  and  then  went 
on  board  with  their  faces  blacked, 
and  demanded  two  guineas  fhot-mo- 
ney,  which  the  Dutch  captain  gave 
them  :  they  then  infifted  upon  four 
guineas  more,  which  was  likewife 
given  them  J  but  not  contented  with 
that,  they  confined  the  mafter  and 
crew,  and  fell  to  rummaging  the 
ihip,  from  which  they  took  the  goods 
mentioned  in  the  indidlment.  The 
cafe  was  plain,  and  the  jury  found 
them  guilty.  Some  other  Englifh 
feamen  were  indided  for  robbing  a 
Dutch  hoy,  of  ten  hogfheads  of 
wine,  value  icol.  but  were  all  ac- 
quitted. 

The  encouragement  to  feamen 
and  able-bodied  landmen  is  conti- 
nued to  the  9th  of  November. 

The  company  of  fillimongers 
have  given  500 1.  and  the  dean 
and  chapter  of  St.  Paul's  100 1.  to 
the  Guildhall  fubfcription.  The 
Dumber  of  men  that  have  been  in- 
lifted  therewith,  now  amounts  to 
839,  and  the  committee  yefterday 
enlarged  the  tipie,  which  will  c;pcpire 


on  the  1 6th  inftant,   to  the  i6th  oF 
November. 

The  number  of  French  prifoners 
in  this  kingdom,  is  now  computed 
to  be  23,500,  officers  included. 

Extraft  of  a  letter  from  Capt.  , 
Porter,  commander  of  his  ^ 
majefty's  (hip  the  Hercules,  of  74. 
guns,  to  Mr.  Clevland,  dated  in 
Plymouth  Sound,  Od.  26. 
**  On  the  loth  inftant,  at  eight 
in  the  morning,  being  in  the  lati- 
tude of  about  46  deg.  40  min.  fteer- 
ing  S.  E.  with  the  wind  at  S.  W.  we 
faw  a  fail  to  windward,  which  we 
chafed,  and  foon  after  discovered 
her  top-gallant  ftudding  fails  fet, 
and  that  fhe  came  down  lafking  up- 
on us.  About  noon  the  chafe  hoift- 
ed  a  blue  flag  at  her  main-top-gal- 
lant-maft  head,  which  wc  anfwered 
by  hoifting  an  Englifti  enfign  at  the 
mizen  top-maft  head,  (a  fignaj 
which  is  fometimes  made  between 
two  French  fhips  of  war,  upon  meet- 
ing, after  parting  company)  ftie 
neared  us  very  fait,  and  we  plainly 
difcovercd  her  to  be  a  large  fliip  of 
war.  At  two  in  the  afternoon,  a 
Dutch  galliot  palling  near  us,  we 
hoifted  a  f'rench  jack,  and  fired  a 
fho't  at  her  ;  upon  which  the  chafe 
hoifted  a  French  jack  at  her  enfign 
Haffy  and  fired  a  gun  to  leeward. 
At  half  paft  five,  being  about  one 
mile  to  windward  of  us,  and  abaft 
our  beam,  coming  down  as  before, 
feemingly  with  an  intention  of  com- 
ing to  adion,  as  her  guns  were  run 
out  below,  Ihe  hauled  her  jack 
down,  and  hoifted  her  enfign  and 
pendant:  we  ihortened  fail,  hauled 
down  the  French  jack,  hoifted  our 
colours,  hauled  our  ports  up  (which 
were  until  this  time  down)  and  run 
our  weather-guns  out:  upon  which 
^  ihe 


CHRONICLE. 


file  immediately  hauled  her  wind, 
and  let  her  main- fail  and  Hay- fails ; 
we  then  difcovered  her  to  be  a  74 
gun  fhip,  having  fourteen  ports  be- 
Ipw,  made  fail  and  (Iretched  a-head 
of  her,  and  tacked,  paffing  her  to 
leeward.  At  fix  taclid  again,  and 
flood  after  her  ;  found  flie  kept 
away  large ;  we  bore  after  her, 
keeping  her  a  little  upon  the  lec- 
bpw,  to  prevent  her  choice  of  the 
engaging  diftance.  About  three 
quarters  after  nine,  being  pretty 
njear  up  with  her,  though  not  near 
enough  to  engage,  ihe  put  her  helm 
hard  a  ftar-board,  and  gave  us  her 
larboard  broadfide,  and  then  kept 
on  as  before,  and  gave  us  her  ftar- 
board  broadfide.  We  then  imme- 
diately ftarboarded  her  helm,  and 
ran  right  down  upon  her,  whilft  (he 
was  loading  hen  guns,  and  getting 
clofe  to  her,  ported  our  helm,  and 
began  to  engage  as  the  guns  bore 
upon  her. 

At  half  paft  ten  we  were  fo  un- 
luckly  as  to  have  our  main-top  maft 
fliot  away,  which  Ihe  took  the  ad- 
vantage of,  and  made  all  the  fail  Ihe 
could  from  us ;  we  did  the  fame  af- 
ter her,  and  continued  to  chafe  un- 
til eight  the  next  morning,  when 
we  faw  the  north  end  of  Dleron, 
about  five  leagues  diftance.  The 
chace  was  about  four  or  five  miles 
from  us;  finding  it  impoflible  to 
come  up  with  her  in  fo  (hort  a  run, 
and  engaging  ourfelves  to  the  lee- 
fhore,  with  our  fore-yard  ftiQt  thro* 
in  two  places,  our  fore -top -fail- 
yard  fo  badly  wounded,  that  when 
v»e  came  afterwards  to  reef  the  fail, 
it  broke,  and  having  all  our  fails 
and  rigging  very  much  ftiattered, 
(at  which  the  enemy  only  aimed) 
we  left  oft*  chace,  and  wore  Ihip, 
having  one  man  killed  and  two 
^vounded,  including  my fejf,  beipg 


121 

wounded  in  my  head  by  a  grape- 
Ihot,  and  have  loft  the  ufe  of  my 
right  leg.  The  officers  and  mea 
behaved  with  the  greateft  fpirits  and 
alertnefs,  without  the  leaft  confu- 
fion." 

Difpatchcs  were  fent  to  « 
the  feveral  commanding  offi-  ^ 
cers  of  the  troops  in  Scotland,  with 
orders  to  put  Fort  Auguftus,  and  the 
reft  of  the  forts  along  the  coaft,  in 
the  beft  pofture  of  defence,  and  to 
hold  every  thing  in  readinefs  to  re- 
pel the  enemy;  in  confequence  of 
which  beacon-pofts  have  been  fet 
up  for  early  intelligence,  places  of 
rendezvous  for  the  regulars  and  mi- 
litia appointed,  and  ftridt  orders 
given  that  no  officer  abfent  himfelf 
from  his  duty,  on  any  pretence 
whatever. 

The  catholic  king,  Charles  HI, 
was  proclaimed  on  Tuefday  the  1 1  th 
of  September  at  Madrid,  with  the 
ufual  ceremonies,  by  the  Conde  de 
Altemira,  accompanied  by  all  the 
other  grandees  oi)  horfeback  ;  the- 
cavalcade  was  fpkndid,  and  the 
people  ftiewed  the  utmoft  fatisfac- 
tion  by  their  repeated  acclamations ; 
that  night  there  were  fire-works  ; 
the  two  fucceeding  days  there  were 
bullfeafts;  mourning  was  laid  afide 
fpr  three  days,  and  during  thofe 
nights,  there  were  illuminations  in 
that  capital. 

In  confequence  of  the  decifion  of 
the  congregation  appointed  by  the 
Pope,  to  examine  into  the  affairs 
of  the  Jefuitsin  Portugal,  the  court 
of  Liftion  has  already  begun  to  pro- 
ceed againft  thefe  fathers,  one  hun- 
dred and  feventeen  of  whom  are 
condemned  to  fpend  their  lives  in 
the  fortrefs  of  Pvlagazen,  or  in  the 
forts  of  the  ifland  of  Tercera.  In 
purfuance  of  this  determination,  in 
thp  night  pf  the  1 5  th  of  September, 

they 


lia      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


they  were  Ihipped  oiFin  a  Ragufian 
veflel,  which  failed  the  next  day 
under  convoy  Of  a  man  of  war.  By 
all  appearances,  a  fecond  embark- 
ation of  thofe  fathers  will  foon  be 
made,  excepting  three  of  the  moft 
culpable,  who  are  fuppofed  to  be 
referred  for  execution:  the  fathers 
Portugal,  Camera  d'Acumba  and 
Barruneho,  of  St.  Anthony's  col- 
lege, have  not  been  embarked 
with  thofe  thacare  taken  out  of  that 
college,  but  are  conduced  to  Fort 
Junqueira ;  what  their  ultimate  lot 
may  be,  is  not  yet  known.  It  is 
given  out  that  the  lay-brothers  of 
the  fociety,  and  thofe  who  have  not 
yet  made  the  laft  vow,  will  be  en- 
larged, upon  condition  that  they 
quit  the  habit  of  the  order :  others- 
wife  they  are  to  be  confined  for  life 
in  the  prifons  of  Azeytad. 

Extraft  of  a  letter  from  Philadel^ 
phia,  dated  Auguft  i6. 

By  a  letter  from  Niagara,  of  the 
21  ft  ult.  we  learn,  that  by  the  affi- 
duity  and  influence  of  Sir  William 
Johnfon,  there  were  upwards  of 
1 100  Indians  convened  there,  who, 
by  their  good  behaviour,  have  juft- 
ly  gained  the  efteem  of  the  whole 
army  :  that  Sir  William  being  in- 
formed the  enemy  had.  buried  a 
quantity  of  goods  on  an  ifland, 
about  twenty  miles  from  the  fort, 
fent  a  number  of  Indians  to  fearch 
for  them,  who  found  to  the  value 
of  8000I.  and  were  in  hopes  of 
finding  more.  And  that  a  French 
vefTcl,  entirely  laden  with  beaver, 
had  foundered  on  the  lake,  when 
her  crew,  confifting  of  forty-one 
men,  were  all  loft. 

The  French  have  ninety  priva- 
teers belonging  to  Martinico  ;  and 
the  Weft  India  trade  have  fufFered 
jmore  iince  th€  taking  of  Gaude- 
5 


loupe,  than  it  has  done  during  the 
whole  war.  They  have  taken  zoo 
fail  of  veiTels,  which  amount  to  up- 
wards of  6oo,oool. 

The  Noftra  Signora,  from  Bahia, 
is  arrived  atLift>onin  one  hundred 
and  four  days.  She  is  an  advice- 
boat,  and  has  brought  an  account 
of  the  arrival  of  the  f  aviftock,  Jen- 
nings; Prince  Henry,  Beft;  Ofterly, 
Vincent ;  and  the  Hawke,  Drake  ; 
all  from  China,  at  the  Brazils,  after 
having  had  an  engagement  with  two 
French  frigates  off  the  ifland  of  St, 
Helena.  A  convoy  is  appointed  to 
bring  them  home. 

The  following  ftory,  which  may  be 
depended  on  as  authentick,  feems 
worthy  to  be  tranfmitted  to  pof- 
terity. 

In  the  firft  unfuccefsful  attack 
on  the  enemy's  entrenchments  near 
Quebeck,  J uly  3 1 ,  Capt.  Ochterlo- 
ny,  and  Eniign  Peyton,  both  of  the 
Royal  Americans,  were  left  wound- 
ed, at  a  little  diftance  from  each 
other,  on  the  field  of  battle  ;  the 
captain  mortally,  but  the  enfign 
having  only  his  knee-pan  ihatter- 
ed.  Soon  after  an  Indian  came 
running  down,  in  order  to  fcalp  the 
former,  which  the  latter  perceiving, 
made  fhift  to  crawl  to  a  mufket, 
which  lay  near  him,  and  which 
not  having  been  difcharged,  he  took 
aim  with  it,  and  ihot  the  favage. 
The  like  danger  then  threatened 
him  by  the  approach  of  another 
Indian  ;  him  he  wounded  with  the 
bayonet,  but  as  he  ftill  perfifted, 
he  was  forced  in  a  manner  to  pin 
him  to  the  ground.  At  laft  a  gre- 
nadier came  back  to  the  captain,  in 
order  to  carry  him  off  the  field  : 
which,  however,  herefufed  in  thefe 
words:  "  Thou  art  a  brave  fel- 
**  low;  but  your  kindnefs  will  be 

**  loft 


CHRONICLE. 


123 


.*'  loft  on  me.  1  am  mortally 
"  wounded,  and  the  bayonet,  or 
'*  the  fcalping-knife  would  be  now 
f*  a  mercy  :  but  go  yonder  to  En- 
**  fign  Peyton,  and  carry  him  off; 
•'  he  may  live.'*  The  fol4ier  obey- 
ed, took  up  the  enfign,  and  brought 
him  off,  through  a  fevere  fire,  by 
which  they  were  both  flightly 
wounded. 

His  Serene  Highnefs  Prince  Fer- 
dinand of  Brunfwick  was  invcfted 
the  6th  inftant  with  the  moil  noble 
order  of  the  garter. 


NOVEMBER. 

-  Extrad  of  a  letter  from  LI- 
'  *  verpool,  dated  Odober  26. 
Pn  Monday  laft  as  Mr.  James  Wrig- 
ley,  mafter  of  the  Golden  Lion-inn 
in  this  town,  was  going  into  the 
cellar,  he  met  an  odd  accident:  a 
large  Norway  rat,  being  curious  to 
tafte  an  oyller  that  opened,  as  ufual, 
at  tide  time,  having  put  in  his  fore 
foot  to  catch  the  filh,  the  oyfler  im- 
mediately clofed,  and  held  the  rat 
faft.  Mr.  Wrigley  brought  them 
up  into  the  kitchen,  where  feveral 
hundred  perfons  went  to  fee  them 
whilll  they  were  alive. 

,  Two  of  his  majefty*s  mef- 

^  '  fengers  brought  to  town  a 
perfon  they  took  up  at  Newing 
Green,  near  Hyth,  who  is  fuppofed 
to  have  held  a  correfpondence  with 
his  majefty's  enemies.  There  were 
feveral  papers  found  in  his  cuftody, 
with  the  founding  of  the  feacoafts. 
He  was  betrayed  by  a  Dutchman 
carrying  fome  letters  to  him.  After 
he  was  taken,  and  had  been  two 
hours  in  cuftody,  he  was  releafed 
by  fome  people  who  cut  the  cords 
off  his  hands,  and  carried  him  off 
on  horfeback  j  but  three  days  after- 


wards he  was  retaken,  and  he  is 
now  in  the  cuftody  of  a  meffenger. 
'Tis  faid  1000  guineas  were  found 
in  his  cheft. 

Extraft  of  a  letter  from  Coventry, 
dated  Odober  29.  **  One  Wright, 
a  bricklayer  at  Hinckley,  with  his 
fervant,  having  been  employed  to 
^nk  a  well  there,  had  proceeded  to 
the  depth  of  about  feven  yards,  at 
which  time  Wright  himfelf  only  be- 
ing in,  (wich  a  rope  fixed  to  him  in 
the  ufual  manner)  and  wanting  more 
help,  ordered  his'  fervant  to  come 
down  alfo ;  who  thinking  it  too 
dangerous,  at  firft  refufed  it ;  but 
the  mafter  perfifting  in  his  command 
the  young  fellow  at  length  com- 
plied: juft  as  he  had  reached  the 
bottom,  the  earth  fell  in  upon  them, 
and  fmothered  Wright ;  the  young 
fellow  was  only  covered  up  to  his 
arms ;  affiftance  being  at  hand,  it 
was  propofed  to  fix  a  rope  to  him, 
and  wind  him  up  by  the  windlafs; 
but  this  he  rejeded,  telling  them 
he  ftuck  fo  faft,  that  an  attempt  of 
that  kind  would  pull  him  limb  from 
limb,  and  begged  them  to  endea- 
vour to  give  him  relief  by  digging 
the  earth  away  with  fpades  ;  when, 
at  the  inilant,  another  fall  of  earth 
happened,  which  put  an  end  to  his 
life. 

The  fame  day,  at  Langfort,  near 
this  city,  a  boy  and  girl,  about  fix 
years  old  each,  playing  in  a  fand- 
hole,  the  earth  fell  in  and  fmother- 
ed them  both.'* 

The  news  of  Thurot  with  his 
fmall  fquadron  having  flipped  away 
from  Dunkirk,  has  caufed  a  great 
alarm  on  the  coafts  of  Scotland  and 
Ireland,  and  feveral  fmall  fqua- 
drons  have  been  fent  in  purfuit  of 
him.  The  mngiftrates  of  Liverpool 
affembled  on  the  occafion,  and  en- 
tered into  an  affociation  for  the  de- 
fence 


124.      ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


1759- 


fence  of  that  opulent  town.  It  was 
propofecl.to  rafe  20  companies,  of 
ipo  men  each,  to  be  armed  and 
paid  by  the  inhabitants ;  and  to 
efecl  batteries  to  mount  50  pieces 
of  cannon. 

1  The  French  prifoners,  to  the 
5  *  number  of  1250,  who  have 
been  confined  at  Kjnfale,  began  to 
be  removed  into  the  interior  parts 
of  the  country. 

,  A  man  and  four  lads  being 
'  *  in  a  coal  pit  at  Kilmerfdon, 
n£ar  Coleford,  a  vapour  took  fire  ; 
which  the  man  perceiving,  called 
for  help  from  above,  upon  which 
a  bucket  was  let  down,  but  before 
he  was  half  up,  being  affeded  by 
the  vapour,  he  fell  out  of  it,  and 
died  direftly  :  the  bucket  was  then 
let  down  ^gain,  when  two  of  the 
lads  got  into  it,  and  were  drawn 
up  alive,  but  fo  much  hurt  that 
their  lives  are  defpaired  of.  The 
other  two,  when  the  vapour  was  ex- 
tinguilhed,  w«re  found  arm  in  arm. 
It  is  remarkable,  that  no  lefs  than 
feventeen  perfons  have  loft  their 
lives  there  in  this  manner,  within 
thefe  few  years. 

Extradt  of  a  letter  from  Dublin, 
dated  the  iftinftant.  On  Monday 
the  29th  ult.  the  two  houfes  of 
parliament  received  the  following 
meffage  from  his  grace  the  lord 
lieutenant : 

*'  B  E  D  F  O  R  D. 

"  Mr.  Secretary  Pitt  having,  by 
his  majefty's  cxprefs  command,  ac- 
quainted me,  by  his  letter,  which 
I  received  on  Friday  the  19th  in- 
ilant,  that  it  appears,  by  repeated 
n^qft  aiithentic  intelligences,  that 
France,  far  from  defilling  from  her 
plan  of  invafion  on  account  of  the 
difafter  that  happened  to  her  Tou- 
lon fquadron,  is  rather  more  and 
iBore  confirmed  therein ,  and  even 

5 


inftigated  by  defpair  itfelf,  to  at- 
tempt, at  all  hazards,  the  only  re- 
fource  fhe  feems  to  think  left  her, 
for  breaking,  by  fuch  a  diverfion 
given  us  at  home,  the  meafures  of 
England  abroad,  in  profecuting  of 
a  war,  which  hitherto,  by  the  blef- 
fing  of  God  on  his  majelly's  arms, 
opens,  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  fo 
unfavourable  a  profped  to  the  view 
of  France.  And  Mr.  Secretary  Pitt 
having  added,  on  this  fubjec^,  that 
there  is  a  ftrong  probability,  in  cafe 
the  body  of  troops,  confifting  of 
18000  men,  under  the  command  6f 
the  Duke  d*Aguillon,  affembled  at 
Vannes,  where  more  than  fufiicient 
tranfports  for  that  number  are  ac- 
tually prepared,  and  ready  to  re- 
ceive them  on  board,  fhould,  as 
the  feafon  of  the  year  is  growing 
lefs  favourable  for  cruifing,  be  able 
to  elude  his  majefty's  fquadrons, 
Ireland  will  not  fail  to  be  one  of 
their  objeds. 

I  think  it  incumbent  on  me,  in  a 
matter  of  fuch  high  importance  to 
the  welfare  of  Ireland,  to  lay  this 
intelligence  before  you.  His  mar 
jefty  will  not  make  any  doubt,  but 
that  the  zeal  of  his  faithful  protef- 
tant  fjibjefls  in  this  kingdom  will 
have  been  already  fufficiently quick- 
ened by  the  repeated  accounts, 
which  have  been  received,  of  the 
dangerous  defigns  of  the  enemy, 
and  of  their  aftual  preparations  ii> 
confGquence,madeatavaftexpence, 
in  order  to  invade  the  feveral  parts 
of  his  majefty's  dominions.  And 
I  have  his  majefty*s  commands  to 
ufc  my  utmoft  endeavours,  to  ani- 
mate and  excite  his  loyal  people  of 
Ireland  to  exert  their  well-knowi? 
zeal  and  fpirit  in  fupport  of  his  ma- 
jefty's  government,  and  in  defence 
of  all. that  is  dear  to  him,  by  a  time- 
ly preparation  to  refiil  and  fruftrate 

any 


CHRONICLE. 


123 


tT^y  attempts  of  the  enemy  to  difturb 
the  quiet,  and  Ihake  the  fecurity  of 
this  kingdom. 

f  do  therefore,  in  the  flrongeft 
manner,  commend  it  to  you,  to 
manifeft,  upon  this  occafion,  that 
zeal  for  the  prefent  happy  eftablifh- 
ment,  and  that  affedion  for  his 
majelly's  perfon  and  government, 
by  which  this  parliament,  and  this 
nation,  have  been  fo  often  diftin- 
guiihed.'*  B. 

The  day  after  this  meffage  was 
fent  to  the  parliament  of  Ireland, 
the  honourable  houfe  of  commons 
unanimoufly  refolved,  **  That  an 
humble  addrefs  be  prefented  to  his 
grace  the  lord  lieutenant,  to  return 
his  grace  the  thanks  of  this  houfe, 
for  the  care  and  concern  he  has 
ihewn  for  the  fafety  of  this  nation, 
in  having  been  pleafed  to  commu- 
nicate to  us  intelligence  of  fo  great 
importance,  and  to  defirc  his  grace 
to  make  the  ufe  of  fuch  means  as 
ihall  appear  to  him  to  be  moll  effec- 
tual, for  the  fecurity  and  the  defence 
of  this  kingdom  ;  and  to  affure  his 
grace  that  this  houfe  will  make  good 
whatever  expence  fhall  be  necefla- 
lily  incurred  thereby." 

To  which  meflage  his  grace  was 
pleafed  to  return  the  following  an- 
Iwer : 

**  I  thank  the  houfe  of  commons 
for  this  great  mark  of  the  confidence 
which  they  have  placed  in  me,  with 
fo  much  unanimity.  They  may  be 
afTured  that  I  ihall  do  every  thing 
in  my  power  for  the  defence  and 
fecurity  of  this  kingdom,  at  this  cri- 
tical jundure  ;  and  that  the  mea- 
furcs  to  be  taken  fhall  beconduded 
with  all  poflible  oeconomy." 

Several  of  the  bankers  at  Dublin, 
about  this  time.  Hopped  payment, 
owing  to  an  inconfiderate  flurry  and 
ruu  upon  them,  from  ^n  apprehen- 


fion  that  fome  of  the  French  troops 
would  be  landed  on  their  coafts ; 
but  an  aflbciation  being  entered  in- 
to and  figncd  by  his  grace  theDuk« 
of  Bedford,  the  lords  fpiritual  and 
temporal,  the  fpeaker  of  the  houfe 
of  commons,  the  members  thereof, 
the  lord  mayor,  aldermen,  mer- 
chants, and  principal  traders  of 
Dublin,  to  fupport  public  credit, 
and  take  all  bankers  notes  in  pay- 
ment, credit  was  foon  reflored,  and 
all  things  quieted.  .  , 

We  hear  from  Galway  in  Irelandi 
that  they  have  lately  had  the  great- 
eft  fake  of  filb,  particularly  of  heak 
and  turbot,  that  has  been  known  in 
the  memory  of  the  oideft  man  living 
in  that  town.  The  largeft  heak 
were  fold  at  yd.  the  dozen,  while 
turbot,  fuch  as  hath  been  often 
bought  at  a  crown  a  piece,  were 
fold  from  8d.  to  is,  per  fiih,  and 
fmaller  in  proportion. 

Dr.  Henfey  pleadedhis  ma-      , 
jefty's  pardon,    at  the  bar  of  ^ 
the  court  of  King's-bench. 

This  day  a  new  convention  was 
figned  at  Weftminfter  between  his 
majelly  and  the  King  of  Pruffia, 
By  this  convention  all  former  trea- 
ties between  the  two  crowns  are  re- 
newed and  confirmed;  his  majefty 
grants  the  King  of  Prufiia  an  im- 
mediate fupply  of  670,0001.  to  be 
employed  in  keeping  up  and  aug- 
menting his. forces  for  their  reci- 
procal defence  and  mutual  fecujityj 
and  both  parties  oblige  thcmfelves 
not  to  enter  into  any  kind  of  con- 
vention with  the  powers,  who  have 
taken  part  in  the  prefent  war,  but 
in  concert,  and  by  mutual  confent, 
and  exprefsly  comprehending  each 
other  therein. 

About    five    o'clock    in         , 
the  morning,  a  dreadful  fire    '°^^* 
broke  out  at  Hamlin's  coffee  houfe. 


la 


fi6     ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759, 


in  Swtfeting's-alley,  near  the  Royal- 
exchange,  which  confumed  that 
and  the  New- York  cofFee-houfe  ad- 
joining to  it;  alfo  Mr.  Vaughan's, 
a  fan -maker;  Mr.  Withy's,  a 
print-feller  ;  Mr.  Fleatham's,  a 
woollen-draper;  Mr.  Hunt's,  a 
linen-draper ;  Mr*  Legg's,  a  wool- 
len-draper ;  Mr.  Bakeweirs,  a 
print-feller;  all  in  the  front  of 
Cornhill.  The  Virginia  coffee- 
lioufe;  Mr.\Vorli(]ge's,  an  attorney; 
Mr.  Matthias's,  fecretary  of  the 
Scot^  equivalent  company  ;  MefTrs. 
Walton  and  Voyos's,  wholefale 
linen-drapers;  Mr.  Park's,  a  bar- 
ber, and  Mr.  Sedgwick's,  a  broker, 
all  in  Freeman's-court.  Mr.  Bake- 
well's  houfe  in  Cornhill  is  {landing, 
butalltheotherthirteen  are  in  ruins. 
Two  little  fhops  at  the  corner  of  the 
paffage  of  the  New- York  cofFee- 
houfe  were  alfo  burnt,  one  belong- 
ing to  Mr.  Mazarine,  a  flioe-maker, 
and  the  Other  to  Mr.  Fiih,  a  watch- 
maker. Several  other  houfes  were 
very  much  damaged,  among  which 
are  the  Red-lion  and  Sun  ale-houfe, 
and  Mr.  Boxe'shoufe,  amufic-fliop, 
inSweeting's-alley;Mr.Watmore's, 
a  barber,  in  Spread  Eagle  court,  and 
the  Swan  and  Rummer  in  Finch- 
lane.  It  is  thought  the  fire  begun 
in  a  room  belonging  to  a  man  who 
played  mufic  upon  glafles,  and 
lodged  at  Hamlin's  coftee-houfe, 
and  it  is  reported  that  he  periflied 
in  the  flames.  The  next  day,  at 
three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  the 
iire  broke  out  again  at  the  Red-lion 
and  Sun  ale-houfe  in  Sweeting*s- 
alley ;  it  was  foon  got  under  ;  but 
the  houfe  is  fo  much  damaged,  that 
it  is  believed  it  muft  be  entirely 
pulled  down.  By  the  fall  of  the 
houfes  in  Cornhill,  Mr.  Hurford, 
clerk  to  MefTrs.  Martin  and  com- 
pany, bankers  in  Lombard-ftreet, 
was  killed  ;  and  it  is  believed  that 


feveral  perfons  were  buried  un<l«?!* 
the  runs. 

Wcftminfler.  This  day  .  , 
the  lord's  being  met,  a  mef-  "^  " 
fage  was  fent  to  the  honourable 
houfe  of  commons,  defiring  their 
attendance  in  the  houfe  of  peers ; 
and  the  commons  being  come  thither 
accordingly,  the  lord  keeper,  one 
of  the  lords  commiffioners  appoint- 
ed by  his  majefty  for  that  purpofe, 
opened  the  feffion  by  a  fpeech  to 
both  houfes. 

This  day  likewife  his  Royal 
Highnefs  the  Prince  of  Wales  took 
his  feat  in  the  houfe  of  peers. 

A  letter  from  Portfmouth  ,  , 
takes  notice,  that  the  Ter-  '  ^  ' 
rible  man  of  war,  of  74  guns,  had 
been  loft  in  the  river  St.  Laurence; 
but  for  an  expedient  of  a  warrant 
officer  on  board,  who,  when  the 
Ihip  drove  from  her  anchor  by  the 
rapidity  of  the  tide,  contrived  an 
anchor  that  held  her  faft:  this  an- 
chor was  made  by  fecuring  one  of* 
the  fhip's  guns  to  two  fmall  anchors, 
as  had  been  formerly  done  by 
Commodore  Anfon  in  the  Centu- 
rion, on  a  like  occafion* 

This  day  the  remains  of  .  i 
General  Wolfe  were  landed  ' 
at  Portfmouth,  from  on  bosLrd  thei 
Royal  William  man  of  war;  dur- 
ing the  folemnity  minute  guns  weref 
fired  from  the  fhips  at  Spithead,  and 
all  the  honours  that  could  be  paid 
to  the  memory  of  a  gallant  officer, 
were  paid  on  this  occaflon. 

John  AylifFe,  Efq;  was  ^  j^^ 
carried  in  a  cart  from  New-  " 
gate,  and  about  twenty-minutes  af- 
ter n,  executed  at  Tyburn.  He 
was  about  36  years  of  age,  born 
near  Blanford,  in  Dorfetfliire,  of 
a  very  good  family.  He  has  left  a 
widow,  and  one  fon,  about  eleven 
years  old.  He  behaved  at  the  gal- 
lows with  great  compofure  and  de- 
cency. 


CHRONICLE. 


127 


cency,  and  defired,  juft  before  he 
was  turned  ofF,  to  be  indulged  with 
a  few  minutes  for  his  private  de- 
votions, which  was  granted  him. 
After  the  execution,  his  body  was 
carried  off  in  a  hearfe  by  the  un- 
dertakers, to  be  interred  in  the 
country. 

Three  exprefTes  arrived  with 
advice,  that  M.  Conflans,  with 
the  grand  armament  of  France, 
was  failed  from  Brcfl,  to  take 
the  tranfports  from  Vannes,  with 
the  land  forces  under  his  pro- 
teftion,  and  then  to  fail  on  his 
intended  expedition  ;  his  whole 
force  confilting  of  twenty  fhips 
of  the  line,  and  four  frigates  ;  and 
the  tranfports  are  to  carry  18,000 
men. 

Much  about  the  fame  time,  a  cer- 
tain account  was  received,  that  M. 
Thurot,  with  his  fquadron,  was  put 
into  Gottenburg  in  Sweden. 

Alfo  M.  Bompart*s  fquadron  had 
got  fafe  into  Brelt,  in  the  abfenceof 
Admiral  Hawke,  who  had  been 
driven  off  his  ftation,  as  mentioned 
already.  This  fquadron  is  faid  to 
have  been  richly  laden  with  private 
property  from  Gandeloupe  and 
Martinico. 

A  The  hon.  houfe  of  com- 
mons refolved,  that  an  hum- 
ble addrefs  be  prefented  to  his  ma- 
jefty,  moft  humbly  to  defire  his  ma- 
jefty,  that  he  will  be  g'racioufly 
pleafed  to  give  di regions,  that  a 
monument  be  ere(fted  in  the  colle- 
giate church  of  St.  Peter,  Weft- 
minfter,  to  the  memory  of  the  ever 
lamented  late  commander  in  chief 
of  his  majefty-s  land  forces,  on  an 
expedition  to  Quebec,  Major  Ge- 
neral James  Wolfe,  who  furmount- 
ing  by  ability  and  valour,  all  ob- 
ftacles  of  art  and  nature,  was  (lain 
in  the  moment  of  vi^Slory,  at  the 


head  of  his  conquering  troops,  in 
the  arduous  and  decifive  battle  a- 
gainft  the  French  army  near  Que- 
bec, fighting  for  their  capital  of 
Canada,  in  the  year  1759;  and  to 
aiTure  his  majefty,  this  houfe  will 
make  good  the  expence  of  eredling 
the  faid  monument. —At  the  fame 
time  it  was  refolved,  that  the  thanks 
of  the  houfe  be  given  to  the  admi- 
rals and  generals  employed  in  this 
glorious  and  fuccefsful  expedition 
againft  Quebec. 

There  is  advice  that  Capt.  Grey- 
ftock*s  Ihip  being  alongfide  of  a 
Dutch  man  of  war  in  the  harbour 
of  Rotterdam,  words  arofe  while 
the  captain  was  on  fliore,  between 
his  crew  and  the  crew  of  the  man 
of  war,  on  which  the  Dutch  captain 
fent  and  demanded  one  of  Grey- 
ftock's  men,  who  was  delivered  to 
him ;  but  Captain  Greyllock.  be- 
ing prefently  informed  of  the  whole 
tranfadlion,  went  himfelf  on  board 
the  ftiip  of  war,  and  re-demanded 
his  man  ;  the  Dutch  captain  fell 
into  a  rage,  and  inftead  of  making 
fatisfadion  for  the  infult,  flruck 
Greyftock,  faying,  that  was  the 
treatment  which  every  Englifliman 
defervcd  from  a  Dutchman.  On 
which  Captain  Greyllock  went  to 
the  Hague,  and  prefented  a  me- 
morial to  General  Yorke,  which 
was  by  him  laid  before  the  States, 
and  they  ordered  the  Dutch  captain 
immediately  to  return  the  man, 
and  make  Captain  Greyllock  every 
fubmiffion  he  required, exceptkncel- 
ing. 

Seventy  thoufand  feamen  , 

were  voted  for  the  fea  fer.    ^^  " 
vice,  including  18,300  marines. 

Ten  bay  of  buildings,  &c.  were 
confumed  by  fire,  at  Northampton, 

Some  of    the    fhips    from        , 
QuebcQ,  being  arrived  at  Ply-  ^^  * 
mouthj, 


123      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


mouth,  and  fome  at  Spithead  ;  the 
lords  of  the  admiralty  began  to  be 
in  pain  for  Admiral  Saunders,  when 
they  received  a  letter  of  excufe  from 
him,  dated  in  the  chops  of  the  chan 
nel,  acquainting  them,  that  as  he 
had  heard  the  Breft  fquadron  were 
failed,  he  hoped  he  Ihould  be  par- 
doned for  going  to  join  Admiral 
Hawke  without  orders.  In  this 
noble  enterprize  he  is  joined  fey 
General  Townfhend.  v 

r  ,  The  land-.tax  of  4s.  in  the 

pound,  was  ordered  to  be 
continued  5  and  alfo  the  malt  bill; 
but  a  farther  duty  of  3d.  per  bulhel 
is  talked  of,  for  raifing  the  fupplics 
for  the  enfuing  year,  which  will  be 
a  fund  fufficient  without  any  other 
tax  whatever^  and  the  brewers  will 
be  no  lofers  if  the  diiliilery  be  dif- 
continued. 

,.         An   exprefs  arrived  from 

'  '  Commodore  Duff,  with  ad- 
vice of  his  getting  oft'  fafe  from 
his  Itation  before  Quiberon  Bay, 
where  he  was  blocking  up  the 
tranfports  dellined  to  join  the  Breft 
feet.  Commodore  Duft"  came  oft" 
from  Quiberon  Bay  the  i6th,  and 
the  next  day  faw  the  French  fleet 
Handing  with  their  heads  to  the 
ihore,  about  7  or  8  leagues  S.  W. 

oiF  Belleifle. The   commodore, 

after  detaching  what  large  fhips  he 
had  to  join  Admiral  Hawke,  re- 
turned to  his  ftation  again  with  the 
frigates,  in  order  to  incommode  the 
tranfports  as  much  as  poftible,  M. 
Conflans's  fquadron  lying  wind- 
bound  oft'  Belleifle. 

g  ,  Four  conftables  convided 

in  May  term,  for  the  abufe 
of  their  office,  m  wantonly  feizing 
and  dragging  Mrs.  Williams,  a 
gentlewoman  of  character,  to  pri- 
fon,  and  confining  her  a  whole 
night,  were  brought  from  thelving*3 


Bench  prifon  to  Weftminfter-hacll; 
to  receive  fentence  ;  whenin  confi- 
deration  of  their  extreme  poverty, 
the  court  thought  proper  to  remit 
all  pecuniary  puniftiment,  and  or- 
dered them  to  two  months  farther 
imprifonment. 

This  day  an  exprefs  ar*  , 

rived  at  t^e  Admiralty  with  ^^  ^* 
certain  intelligence^  that  M.  Thu- 
rot^s  fleet  was  feen  upon  the  coaft 
of  Scotland,  and  that  Commodore 
Boys  was  within  ftght  of  it.  Aber- 
deen is  thought  the  place  of  its 
deftination. 

A  fire  broke  out  in  the  .  , 
veftry-room  of  the  Romifti  ^  ' 
chapel  in  Doke-ftreet,  Lincoln's- 
inn-fields,  which  burnt  the  cha- 
pel with  all  its  ornaments  to  the 
ground,  and  communicated  itfelf  to 
the  houfe  of  his  excellency  Count 
Viri,the  Sardinian  ambafl'ador,  who 
being  indifpofed,  was  immediately 
carried  toNewcaftle-houfcy  whither 
the  valuable  part  of  his  furniture 
was  alfo  removed.  It  deftroyed  two 
houfes  adjoining^ 

On  the  17th  ult.  Don  Carlos, 
formerly  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies^ 
now  King  of  Spain,  landed  at  Bar- 
celona, with  his  queen  and  royal 
family,  except  Don  Ferdinand  his 
third  fon,  whom  he  declared  King 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  before  he  left 
Naples. 

The  Dutch  have  lately  fliewn  a 
remarkable  piece  of  partaiity  to- 
wards the  French,  who  had  brought 
a  great  number  of  cannon,  cannon 
ball,  and  other  warlike  ftores  from 
the  Baltic^  and  landed  them  at  Am- 
fterdam,  intending  to  carry  them 
by  the  canals  of  Holland  and  Flan- 
ders. This  our  minifter  oppofed, 
as  being  contrary  to  their  neu- 
trality, and  a  palTage  was  for  fome 
time  refufed ;   but  upon  a  memo-^ 

rial 


CHRONICLE 


rial  from  the  French  miniftcr,  the 
ocatcs  General  having  granted  them 
h  padporc ;  and  notvvichftarding  the 
itrongeil  remonllrances  made  by  our 
minifter,  they  have  been  carried 
through  Holland,  by  inland  water 
cirriage  to  Flanders.  A  new  me- 
thod by  which  our  enemies  may  be 
fmnifhed  with  all  forts  of  naval  and 
warlike  ftores,  without  its  being 
poflible  for  us  to  intercept  them. 

The  Pope  has  ordered  the  Jefuits 
that  were  fent  from  Portugal,  and 
arrived  at  Civita  Vechia,  to  be 
Jodged  part  of  them  in  the  Domini- 
can and  CJapuchin  convents  of  that 
city,  and  the  refl  in  private  houfes, 
till  the  houfes  getting  ready  for 
them  atTivoli  and  Frefcati  are  made 
fit  for  their  reception.  His  holinefs 
feems  fenfibly  touched  wiih  the 
difgrace  of  thefe  fathers  ;  and  a 
great  number  of  perfons  intereft 
themfelvcs  in  their  favour,  notwith- 
ilanding  the  hatred  of  thofe  who 
endeavour  at  Rome,  as  well  as  elfe- 
vvhere,  to  blacken  the  fociety. 

By  the  death  of  Mrs.  x^nne  Mar- 
ling, at  Namptvvich,  Chefhire,  her 
fortune,  computed  at  6000I.  de- 
volved to  her  grand-daughter,  who 
carried  a  balket  feveral  years  in  the 
markets  of  this  city. 

A  labourer's  wife,  at  Fahlun,  in 
Sweden,  aged  forty- four,  was  lately 
brought  to  bed  of  four  children. 


:d. 


»g's 


DECEMBER. 

At  the  court  of  Kinj^ 
Bench  in  Weftminfler  Hall, 
a  profecution  was  brought  againft 
^a  woman  for  receiving  a  penfion  as 
an  officer's  widow  ten  years,  al^ 
though  (he  had  never  been  married 
to  him  ;  when  (he  was  founS  guilty 
of  perjury. 
Vol.  il. 


129 

Two  perfons  belonging  to  the 
workhou'.e  of  St.  Andrew's  Hol- 
born,  tried  fome  time  ago,  and 
coiividled  of  taking  from  its  mother, 
then  in  the  faid  workhoufe,  a  child 
of  two  months  old,  and  carrying 
it  to  the  Foundling  Hofpital  againft 
her  conlvinc,  where  it  died,  were 
bi-ought  to  Guildhall,  and  received 
fcntence,  viz.  to  pay  a  fine  of  40s. 
each,  and  to  fufFer  one  month's 
imprifonment  in  the  Poukry-Comp- 
ter. 

Numbers  of  perfon's  in  Ireland, 
having  taken  it  into  their  heads, 
that  an  union  was  intended  between 
England  and  Ireland,  that  they 
were  to  have  rd  more  parliament^, 
were  to  be  fubjedl  to  the  fame  taxes, 
&c.  a  mob  of  fome  thoufands  af- 
femb'ed  in  Dublin,  broke  into  the 
houfe  of  lords,  infulied  them,  would 
have  burnt  the  journals  if  they 
could  have  found  them,  and  feated 
an  old  woman  on  the  throne.  Not 
content  with  this,  they  obliged  all 
the  members  of  both  houfes  that 
they  met  in  the  ftreets,  to  take  an 
oath,  that  they  would  never  cori- 
fent  to  fuch  an  union,  or  give  ahy 
vote  contrary  to  the  true  intereft  of 
Ireland.  Many  coaches  of  obnoxi- 
ous perfons  were  cut  or  broke,  their 
horfes  killed,  &c.  One  genilcman, 
in  particular,  narrowly  efcaped  be- 
ing hanged,  a  gallows  being  ereft- 
ed  for  that  purpofe.  The  horfe  and 
foot  were  drawn  out  on  this  occa- 
fion,  but  could  not  difperfe  \heai 
till  night  ;  and  the  day  after,  ad- 
dreflcs  to  the  lord  lieutenant  were 
agreed  to,  and  a  committee  of  en- 
quiry appointed. 

This  day's  London  Ga- 
zette gives  us  t|ie  tranflaiion 
of  a  dcclara'ion,  which  his  Serene 
Highnefs  Duke  Lowis  of  Brunfwick 
has  delivered  10  the  minillers  of  the 

K  bcl- 


4th. 


i3t>       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


belligerent  powers,  refiding  at  the 
Hague,  in  the  name  of  his  majefly, 
and  the  King  of  Pruflia,  expreffing 
their  majeily's  defire  of  feeing  an 
Cud  put  to  the  war,  and  their  rea- 
dinefs  to  appoint  plenipotentiaries 
for  that  purpofe. 

01  The  great  caufe  brought 

^^^"'  by  Lady  Manfell,  relid  of 
Sir  Edward  Manfell,  againft  the 
heir  at  law  of  that  gentleman,  for 
a  fatisfaftion  for  her  jointure,  of 
which  fhe  had  been  evidled,  was 
argued  in  the  court  of  Chancery  be- 
fore the  lord- keeper,  who  made  a 
decree  in  her  favour,  and  ordered 
her  claims  to  be  made  good  out  of 
the  great  eilate  in  Carmarthenlhire, 
called  the  Vaughan  eilate,  which 
are  very  confiderable. 

Admiralty-office,  Dec.  8.  The 
King  has  been  pleafed  to  appoint 
the  right  hbn.  Edward  Bofcawen, 
Efq;  admiral  of  the  blue,  to  be  ge- 
neral of  the  marine  forces.  A-nd 
alfo  to  appoint  Charles  Saunders, 
Efq;  vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  to 
be  lieutenant-general  of  the  faid 
JForces. 
,^.1  The  following  remarkable 

I2tn.  .    ,  3*^r>r 

article  appeared  in  the  Bruf- 
fels  Gazette.  **  The  animofity  of 
the  Englifh  againft  the  French  de- 
creafes.  They  are  now  fuifered  to 
hate  Only  the  French  that  are  in 
arms.  A  fubfcription  is  opened  in 
the  feveral  towns  and  counties  for 
cloath'Ing  the  French  prifoners  de- 
tained in  England,  and  the  ex- 
ample has  been  followed  in  the  capi- 
tal."— The  Englilh  feel  for  their 
captives  as  men,  and  cannot  but  pity 
enemies  in  diflrefs,  who  are  not  in 
a  capacity  to  hurt  them. 

It   was    refolved,  by   the 

^  "  '    commons  in  the  parliament 

of  Ireland,  that  the  exportation  of 

live    cattle    from    rhst    kingdom. 


would  be  prejudicial  to  the  tradf 
and  manufadlures  thereof. 

Admiral  Saunders,   who  , 

landed  at  Cork,  in  Ireland,  ^5^^. 
in  a  boat,  not  being  able  to  carry  in 
his  great  fhips  becaufe  of  the  wea- 
ther, fet  out  from  that  port,  and  ar- 
rived this  day  at  Dublin.  At  night, 
being  at  the  play,  he  was  faluted 
by  the  audience  with  the  higheft 
demonftrations  of  applaufe. 

A  loan  of  eight  millions  , 

was  agreed  to  by  the  par-  ^^  • 
liament,  for  which  an  intereft  of  4 
per  cent,  and  a  lottery  ticket,  value 
3I.  is  to  be  given  as  a  gratuity  for 
every  lool.  fo  borrowed.  The 
fubfcription  for  this  fum  was  full 
before  the  refolution  agreed  to  in 
parliament  was  known.  An  addi- 
tional duty  of  3d.  per  bufhel  on 
malt  is  laid  to  pay  the  interefl  of 
this  vafl  fum. 

^Was  executed  at  Notting- 
ham, where  he  received  fen- 
tence  of  death  at  the  afiizes  held 
for  that  town,  on  the  lOth  of  Au- 
guft  laft,  the  execution  of  which 
was  refpited  from  time  to  time, 
William  Andrew  Home,  of  Butter- 
ley-hall,  in  Derbylhire,  Efq;  aged 
74,  for  the  murder  of  a  child  only 
three  days  old,  35  years  ago.  His 
brother,  who  was  the  only  perfon 
privy  to  this  long-concealed  mur- 
der, was  at  lafl  induced  to  difcover 
it,  partly  from  an  uneafinefs  of  mind 
he  was  under  on  that  account,  and 
partly  from  the  cruel  treatment  he 
received  from  Mr.  Horne. 

The  Adventure  tranfport,  ^ 

Captain  Walker,  arrived  at  ^ 
Plymouth  from  the  Bay,  and  brings 
advice  that  the  fhips  in  Vilaine 
harbour  are  net  deflroyed  ;  that  he 
himfelf  was  employed  in  weighing 
up  the  guns  of  the  Soleil  ;  but 
that   he  was   fired  upon  from  tne 

Ja-nd, 


i8th. 


e    I-I    R    O    N    I    C    L    E. 


'31 


lajod,  and  obliged  to  defift  ;  that 
Admiral  Hawke  had  bombarded 
the  town  of  CrGliTel,  and  fet  it  on 
fire,  becaufe  the  magiftrates  had 
refufed  to  permit  any  boats  to  pafs 
up  the  Vildine,  to  dellroy  the 
T\\Qn  of  war  that  had  taken  Ihelter 
there. 

Captain  William  Lawrence,  com- 
mander of  the  Pluto  pjivateer,  con- 
vided  fome  time  ago  for  robbing  a 
Dutch  (hip  on  the  high  fcas,  was 
carried  to  Execution-dock,.and  there 
executed,  purfuant  to  his  lenience. 
The  two  Teamen  who  aflilled,  and 
who  were  likewi'e  condemned,  as 
they  aded  jundcr  his  command* 
were  refpited. 

^   ^,  The   following  ads  were 

figned  by  commKfion. — An 
ad  to  continue  and  amend  an  ad  for 
the  importation  oflrifh  felted  beef, 
pork,  and  butter.  — An  ad  to  pro- 
hibit for  a  limited  time,  the  diftil- 
ling  of  fpirics  or  low  wines  from  all 
grain. — An  ad  to  punifli  mutiny 
and  defertton,  and  for  the  better 
payment  of  the  army.  And  one 
nacuraliza  ion  ad. — After  which  the 
houfe  of  peers  adjourned  till  Tutf- 
c:iy  the  1 5th  of  January,  and  the 
houfe  of  como^ons  to  Monday  the 
14th. 

At  night  tKe  trial  of  a  pretended 
Dutch  fliip,  called  the  Snip,  taken 
by  the  Lyon  privateer,  Capt.  Greil, 
came  on  before  the  lords  of  appeal, 
at  the  Cock-pit,  Whitehall,  when 
it  plainlyappeared  to  their  lordihips, 
that  the  real  bill  of  lading,  &c. 
were  artfully  concealed  in  a  cafk  or 
bag  of  cofree,  and  that  the  coun- 
terfeit papers  were  encouraged  by 
the  Dutch  governor  of  St.  Euftaiia, 
who  was  deeply  concerned  in  the 
lading:  their  lordfhips  were  una- 
niinoufly  pleafed  to  confirm  the 
jmJge's  fencence,   by   pronouncing 


the  (hip  and  cargo  (which  is  wotth 
8000 1.)  to  be  French  property. 

The   contrad    made   this  ^ 

day  by  the  commi(rjoners  of 
the   vidualling  office  for  beef  was 
no  more  than  21s.  ^d.  per  hundred  j 
and  27s.  I  id.  for  pork. 

About  four  in  the  morn-  . 

ing,  a  fire  broke  out  at  a  ,  ^  * 
cabinet-maker's  in  King-ftreet,  Co- 
vent- garden,  which  entirely  con- 
fumed  that  houfe,  and  two  more  in 
front ;  a  lafge  work- (hop  backwards  - 
tOv)k  hre,  and  having  no  water  for 
fome  time,  the  flames  foon  reach- 
ed feveral  houfes  in  Hart-ftreet, 
which  were  burnt  down  ;  as  are 
likewife  all  the  houfes  on  the  righc 
hand  fide  of  the  way  in  Rofe-llreet, 
through  to  Long-acre.  It  is  com- 
puted, that  in  the  whole  abouc 
fifty  houfes  are  confumed,  and 
feveral  more  greatly  damaged. 
One  fireman  and  a  brewer's  fer- 
vant  loft;  their  lives  by  the  fall  of 
a  houfej  and  feveral  others  had 
their  legs  and  arms  broke ;  and  v 
were  otherwjfe  much  hurt.  Thei 
lofs  is  computed  at  more  thaa 
70,0001. 

His   majefty   has   fettled  , 

1500L  per  ann<  upon  Sir  ^^  * 
Edward  Havvk^,  for  his  own  life 
and  that  of  his  fon. 

Lord  George  Sackville  having 
m.ide  application  to  be  tried  by  1 
court- martial. for  his  fuppofed  mif- 
condud  on  the  firft  of  Auguft  la(t, 
aVioabt  has  been  raifed  whether  he 
is  amenable  before  fuch  a  court,  as 
he  does  not  at  prefcnt  hold  any  mi* 
litary  employment  whatfoever.  This 
point  is  referred  to  the  judges,  who 
are  to  give  their  opinion  thereon 
next  terra. 

During  the  prefent  war,  there 
have  been  taken  or  dedroyed  27 
French   (hips  of  ihc  line,   and -31. 

K  2  frigates  | 


132         ANNUAL     REGISTER,   1759, 


frigates  ;  and  two  Ihips  of  the  line 
and  four  frigates  loft  ;  making  in 
the  whole  58  taken  or  deftroyed, 
and  fix  loft.  We  have  loft  feven 
men  of  war  and  five  frigates. 
-  A  fubfcription  lately  fet  on  foot 
for  the  relief  and  reward  of  the  fol- 
diers,  who  triumphed  at  Minden 
and  Quebec,  meets  with  great  en- 
courag  ment  ;  and  another  for 
cloathing  and  comforting  the  French 
prifoners,  during  the  prefent  ri- 
gorous feafon,  has  already  the  fanc- 
tion  of  many  great  and  illuftrious 
names;  whilft  they,  unhappy,  brave 
fellows  !  are  totally  ncglc6\ed  and 
abandoned  by  their  own  country. 
,  This   morning  arrived  at 

'  '  Portfmouth,  Captain  Geary, 
with  feveral  fhips  from  Sir  Edward 
Hawke's  fleet ;  as  did  Lord  Howe 
in  his  majefty's  (hip  Magnanime. 
Someof  thefe  fhips  are  in  a  fnatcer- 
ed  condition,  having  had  very  bad 
weather  for  fome  time.  Admiral 
Rodney  is  alfo  arrived  there  with 
the  fhips  under  his  command  from 
off  Havre-de-Grace. 

This  morning  Admiral  Saunders 
arrived  in  town  from  Dublin. 

,  Dr.  Ward  fent  this  day  a 

^  '  benefaction  of  50I.  to  the 
fubfcription  opened  at  Slaughter's 
cofFee-houfe  for  the  relief  of  the  dif- 
trefTed  fufFprers  by  the  late  fire  in 
Covent-garden. 

Died  lately  Mr,  David  l^acy  of 
Limerick,  in  Ireland,  aged  112. 

A  few  days  fince,  as  Hugh  Be- 
thell,  E.'q;  of  Rife,  was  hunting  the 
flag  between  Scarborough  and  Bur- 
lington, the  creature  being  very 
h-ard  prefT-d,  took  down  a  clifl"  of 
an  immcnfe  height;  and  ten  couple 
and  a  half  of  tne  leading  hounds  fol- 
lowed ;  by  which  accident  .they 
were  every  one  killed  upon  the  fpot, 
and  the  ftag  had  three  of  hi?  legs 


broke.  One  of  the  whippcrs-in,  a 
young  lad,  being  juft  at  their  heels, 
and  feeing  his  danger,  threw  him- 
felf  from  his  horfe  ;  and  the  horfe 
upon  coming  near  the  precipice  fud- 
denly  ftopt,  by  which  means  they 
were  both  preferved. 

Extradl  of  a  letter  from  Capt.  , 

Richard  Maiiland,  of  the    '^ 
Royal  regiment  of  artillery,  dat- 
ed Bombay,  May  8,    1759. 

"  Since  my  laft,  nothing  parti- 
cular has  happened  to  the  detach- 
ment, until  February,  when  I  was 
ordered  by  the  governor  and  coun- 
cil to  take  the  command  of  an  ex- 
pedition againft  the  city  and  caftle 
of  Surat,  my  command  con  filling  of 
850  artillery  and  infantry,  with 
1500  feapoys. 

I  embarked  my  troops'  oh  board 
the  company's  armed  vcfi!*els,  and  in 
eight  days  landed  theni  all  fafe  at  a 
place  called  Dentilowry,diftant  from 
Surat  about  nine  miles,  where  we 
encamped  for  the  refrelhment  of  the 
troops  three  or  four  days.  In  our 
firft  day's  march  from  the  above  en- 
campment, Capt.  John  Northail 
died  of  an  apopleftic  fit,  and  was 
fucceeded  in  our  company  by  Capt. 
Jofeph  Winter.  The  firft  attack  that 
I  made,  was  againft  the  French  gar- 
den, where  the  enemies  (Scydees) 
had  lodged  a  number  of  men  ;  them 
I  drove  out,  after  a  very  fmart  fiVing 
on  both  fides,  for  about  four  hours  ; 
our  number  loft  confifting  of  about 
twenty  men  killed,  and  as  many 
wounded.  After  we  had  got  poflef- 
fion  of  the  French  garden,  I  thought 
it  neceflfary  to  order  the  engineer  to 
pitch  upon  a  proper  place  to  ered  a 
b.iLtery,  which  he  did,  and  com- 
pleated  it  in  two  days. 

On  this  battery  were  mounted  two 
2-4  pounders,  and  a  13  inch  mortar, 

which 


CHRONICLE. 


133 


I 


whicli  I  ordered  to  fire  againft  the 
wall,  &c.  as  brifk  as  poffibie  :  this  1 
continued  todo  for  three  days.  Hav- 
ing thought  of  a  more  expeditious 
method  of  getting  into  the  outer 
town,  than  by  a  breach  in  the  wail, 
I  called  a  council  of  war,  compofed 
of  military  and  marine;  formed  a 
plan  of  a  general  attack,  which  I 
laid  before  them,  and  they  as  readily 
agreed  to,  and  this  to  be  put  into 
execution  at  half  paft  four  the  next 
morhing.  The  plan  was,  that  the 
company's  grab  and  bomb-ketches 
fhould  warp  up  the  river  in  the  night, 
and  anchor  in  a  line  of  battle  oppo- 
fite  the  Scydees  Buhdar,  one  of  the 
ftrongeft  fortified  places  they  had 
got:  this  they  did,  and  a  general  at- 
tack begun  from  the  vefTsls  and  bat- 
tery at  the  appointed  time.  My  in- 
tentions in  this  were,  to  drive  the 
enemy  from  their  batteries,  and/ to 
facilitate  the  landing  of  the  infantry 
ai  the  Bundar,  whom  I  had  embark- 
ed on  boird  of  boats  for  their  tranf- 
portation.  We  made  a  continu.al  fire 
until  half  paft  eight,  when  a  fignal 
was  made  for  the  boats  to  put  off, 
and  go  under  the  cover  of  the  veffels. 
This  proved  very  fuccefsful,  for  the 
men  were  landed  with  the  lofs  of 
one  man  only  ;  getting  poffeflion 
of  the  Scydees  Bundar,  and  putting 
the  men  to  flight,  with  the  lofs  of 
Captain  Robert  Ingliih  mortally 
wounded,  and  Lieutenant  Pepperel 
wounded  in  the  fhoulder,  our  lofs 
of  men  not  very  confiderable. 

Having  gained  this  point,  and 
getting  pofl'eflion  of  the  outer  town, 
with  its  fortifications,  the  next  thing 
to  be  done,  was  to  attack  the  inner 
town  and  caftle. 

I  ordered  the  13  and  2  ten  inch 
mortars  to  be  planted  on  the  Soy- 
dees  Bundar,  and  to  begin  firing 
;nto  the  caftle  and  town  as  foon  as 


poffible  ;  diftance  from  the  caftle 
about  700  yards,  inner  town  500. 

About  fix  in  the  evening  the  mor- 
tars began  to  play  very  brifcly,  and 
continued  to  do  fo  until  half  paft 
two  the  next  morning.  This  conti- 
nual firing  of  our  mortars  put  the 
caftle  and  town  into  fuch  a  conft^r- 
nation,  that  they  never  returned  one 
gun.  The  enemy  finding  it  impof- 
fible  to  fupport  themfelves,  fent  to 
acquaint  me  they  would  open  the 
gates  for  my  troops  to  march  into 
the  town  ;  which  I  did,  with  drums 
beating,  and  colours  flying.  After  I 
was  in  the  town,  the  governor  fenc 
to  acquaint  me,  that  he  would  give 
me  up  the  caftle,  -on  provifo,  that 
I  would  allow  him  and  his  people 
to  march  out  of  the  caftle  with 
their  eifefls,  which  I  agreed  to, 
taking  pofl'eflion  without  any  fur- 
ther moleftation. 

Royal  artillery,  killed  2,  wound- 
ed 4. 

In  the  company's  infantry.  Cap- 
tains killed  2.  Subaltern  I.  Killed 
in  all  150.    Wounded  about  60. 

Our  expedition  commenced  the 
9th  of  February,  and  we  arrived  at 
Bombay  the  icth  of  April." 
Letter  from  Albany  in  New-  « 

York,  Oa.  23,  3n^- 

"  CayenquiliquoaandRat- 

tle-fnake  Sam,  two  Mohawk  In- 
dians, came  here  yefterday.  They 
were  about  fourteen  days  ago  at 
Ofwegatchie,  in  Canada,  on  a  vifit 
to  fome  relations  who  have  been, 
many  years  fettled  with  the  French. 
They  fay  they  endeavoured  to  per- 
funde  their  relations,  and  the  other 
Mohawks  at  Gowegatchie,  to  leave 
the  French  in  good  time,  and  re- 
turn to  their  own  country  ;  telling 
them,  *'  That  the  Englifli,  formerly 
women,  were  now  all  turned  into 
men,'  and  were  as  thick  all  over  the 

K  J  country. 


13^         ANNUAL    RE 

country,  as  the  trees  in  the  woods. 
That   they  have  taken   the  Ohio, 
Niagara,  Cataracqui,  Ticondercga, 
iLouifbourg,and  now  lately  Quebec; 
and    they  would   foon   eac   the  re- 
mainder of  the  French  in  Canada, 
and  Indians  that  adhered  to  them." 
But  the  French  Indians  anfwered, 
•*  Brethren,  you  are  deceived,  the 
Englifh  cannot  eat  up  the  French  ; 
their  mouth  is  too  little,  their  jaws 
too  weak  ;  ar.d  their  teeth  not  fharp 
enough.  Our  father  Onontion  (that . 
is,  the   Governor  of  Canada)    has 
told  us,  and  we  believe  him,   that 
t\\Q  Englifh,  like  a  thief,  have  llplen 
Louifbourg '  and  Quebec   from  the 
great   King,    whilft  his  back    was 
turned,  and  he  was  looking  another 
way;   but  now  he   has   turned   his 
face,  and  fees  what  the  Englilli  have 
done,  he  is  going  into  their  country 
with  a  thouiand  great  canoes,    and 
all  his  warriors ;  and   he  will  take 
ihe  little  Englifh  King,  and  pinch 
him  till  he  makes  him  cry  out,  and 
give  back  what  he  has  Aolen,  as  he 
did   about   ten   fummers  ago ;  and 
this  your  eyes  will  foon  fee."    The 
fame    notious    and   prejudices,    we 
find, are  induftriouflyfpread  amongfb 
the    fix  nations  :     God   grant   no- 
thing may  happen  at  a  peace  to  con- 
firm them. 

The  Cheferia,  from  a  place  20 
leagues  above  Quebec,  of  hear  500 
tons,  mounting  28  fix  pounders, 
with  100  men,  and  fix  Englifh  pri- 
soners^ is  fent  into  Briflo)  by  the 
Hippon  man  of  war,  who  took  her 
the  20th  inflant,  fevenry  leagues 
from  the  Lizard.  She  failed  from 
Quebec  with  four  or  five  otheri  ; 
the  forts  fired  as  they  pafTed  the 
town  ;  but  did  ihem  Jitile  or  no 
.  damage.  It  was  thought  iiTipo^ible 
ihat  they  could  efcape.' 
Letters  from  Gibraltar  ad vife,  that 


GISTER,    1759. 

Mr.  Milbank,  who  was  lately  font 
to  Morocco  with  two  men  of  war,  tq 
treat  about  the  ranfom  of  the  crew 
of  the  Litchfield  man  of  war,  and  a 
tranfport  that  was  wrecked  laft  year 
on  the  Barbary  coafl,  is  not  able  to 
fucceed  in  his  commifTion  ;  for,  be- 
fides  the  fum  of  money  required, 
which  is  very  large,  the  emperor 
demands  a  certain  number  of  can- 
non vyith  powder  and  ball  anfvver- 
able,  and  cordage,  tackle,  &c.  fufH- 
cient  to  equip  four  men  of  war. 

In  Paris,  19,148  children  were 
baptized,  4341  couple  married," 
19,202  died  during  this  year  ;  and 
5028  foundlings  were  taken'into 
their  foundling  hofpital  in  the  famp 
time. 

Amflerdam.       The    number    of 
perfops  who  have  died  in  this  city 
in  1759,  am.ounts  to  7771,  and  the 
chriilenings  to  4317. 
Extrad  ot'  a  letter  from  Bombay, 
dated  April  7,   1759. 
There  have  been  three  very  ex- 
traordinary appearances  here.     On 
the  13th  of  pecember  laft,  there  was 
almoil:  a  total  eclipfe  of  the    fun, 
which  lafled  from  ten  in  the  morn- 
ing till  near  one  o'clock.     A  comet 
has  been  feen  thefe  twenty  days,  and 
remains     ftill     vifible    about    four 
o'clock  in  the  morning.  A  very  large 
meteor  in  the  air  was  feen  on  the 
4th  of  this  month,  at  about  (even 
o'clock  at  night,  which  appeared  in 
the   fame   fhape,    but  much   larger 
than  the  comet,  and  had  the  fan\e 
diredion.     It  lafted  about  ten  fe- 
conds,  and  v^'as  of  fo  great  a  bright- 
nef?,  that  it  was  not  pofTible  for  a 
perfon  to  look  fledfaftly  at  it.     As 
for  myfelf,  I  narrowly  efcaped  feel- 
ing the  ciFefts  of  it  ;   being  then  re- 
turning fiom  a  village  near  Bombay 
town,  and  in  the  open  road,  feeing 
:aa,e?ftraordin,ary  light  in  the  air,  I 
''■■'■ '  turned 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.        135 

turned  my  head  that  way,  to  fee 
what  it  was,  when  it  immediately 
caught  my  eyes,  in  a  manner,  that 
I  was  not  then  fenfible  whether  I 
had  loft  them  or  not,  and  was  oblig- 
ed to  put  up  my  hand  to  fcreen 
them.  Every  houfe  wa?  illuminated 
by  it,  as  if  there  was  a  number 
of  flambeaux  lighted. 

Yours,  &c.  A.  B. 


A  general  BILL  of  all  the  Chrift- 
enings  and  Burials  in  London, 
from  December  12,  1758,  to  De- 
cember II,   1759- 

Buried 

Males  99^9 

Females       9685 


Chriftened 
Males      7294 
Females  6959 


Increafed  in  the  burials 

th 

Is  year 

2028. 

Died  under  2  years  of  age 

6995 

between    2  and 

5 

2063 

5  and 

10 

803 

10  and 

20 

694 

20  and 

30 

1576 

30  and 

40 

1616 

40  and 

SO 

1688 

50  and 

60 

1413 

60  and 

70 

1265 

70  and 

80 

968 

80  and 

90 

435 

90  and 

100 

S6 

100 

I 

103 

] 

* 

19,604 

4.253 


19,604 


fF"' 


According  to  our  method  in  the  laji  yearns  Regifler,  ^lue  refer've  an  ar^ 
tide  at  the  conclujion  of  the  Chronicle ^  for  thofe  matters,  nuhich^  though 
curious  and  interejting,  cannot  be  inferted  in  that  part,  agreeable  to  our 
flan. 

At  the  end  of  April  of  this  year  the  following  advertifement  appeared, 
and  has  been  often  repeated  in  fome  of  the  daily  papers. 

lereas  on  Wednefday  the  z^tk  of  Aprils  fe'veral  perfons  armed  <vjith 
cuilaJfcSy  fwordiy  and  other  cjfenji^oe  ^weaponSy  did  forcibly  enter  the 
houfeofMr.  Campbell y  Jenjcellery  in  King  ftreety  Sohoy  break  open  his  parlour 
door,  greatly  abufe  him  and  his  njoifey  take  a^jjay  a  lady  Ly  force,  and  commit 
many  ads  of  great  'violence  and  outrage  :  And  mohereas  only  four  of  the  faid 
perfons  ha've  as  yet  been  taken  ,  ^whoever  ivill  make  difco^very,  or  caufe  to  be 
dijco'vercd  and  taken y  the  principal  ringleader  of  this  confpiracy,  or  riot,  fo 
that  he  may  be  brought  tojujlice,  {the  lord  chief  jujiice^s  nxjarrant  ha'ving  been 
granted Jor  that  purpofe)  Jhall,  on  his  commitment,  receiaie  a  re<vjard  of  finje 
guineas,  to  be  paid  by  me  Jofeph  Campbell. 

N.  B.  He  is  about  f've  feet  fi've  or  fx  inches  high,  ra-zo  boned  and  fender 
in  his  per/on,  pitted  <with  the  fmall-poXy  of  a  dark  complexion,  broad  black 
eye  broivSy  grey  eyeSy  looking  a  Utile  red  or  fore  about  the  lids,  a  longijh  Jharp 
nofe,  ixiidc  mouthy  had  on  a  large  grix^le  ivigy  and  black  coat. 


THIS  extraordinary  advertife- 
ment has    been  the    fubjed 
ct  much  fpeculation,  and  the  adtof 


violence  which  occafioned  it,    has 

been  varioufly,  but  neither  tr^ily  nor 

circumllantially  related,  Itwas„in- 

K  4  deed. 


1^6.        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


4.e,ed*  one  of  the  mofi:  daring  apd 

flagitious  breaches  of  the  peace  that 
ever  happened  in  this  kingdom,  as 
will  appear  by  the  following  narra- 
tive, which  is  drawn  up  from  an  ac- 
count given  in  writing,  by  the  lady 
herfelf. 

Mrs.  A.M.  B.  in  the  m9nth  of 
December,  1757,  after  having  been 
married  three  years  to  Mr.  B.  B. 
was  obliged,  by  a  feries  of  unpro- 
voked cruelty,  to  fwear  the  peace 
againft  him  before  a  maQ;iftrate,  to 
remove  from  his  houfe  inFrith-ftreet, 
Soho,  leaving  with"  him  their  only 
child,  a  little  boy,  then  about  a  year 
and  a  half  old,  and  take'  fhelter  at 
Mr.  Campbell's, a jeweller,inKing- 
ilreet,  not  fardiftant.  In  the  next 
Hilary  term  ftie  exhibited  the  arti- 
cles of  peace  in  the  court  of  King'.^- 
Ben^ch,  and  commenced  a  fuit  in  the 
ipiritual  court,  by  which  flie  ob- 
tained a  divorce  amenfa  e.t  toro  with 
coils  and  damages,  on  the  .i5Ch  of 
December  1758. 

On  the  15th  of  April,  1759,  a- 
"bout  four  months  after  the  divorce 
had  been  obtained,  as  Mrs.  B.  was 
fitting  in  the  parlour  at  Mr.  Camp- 
bell's, with  Mr.  Campbell  and  his 
wife,  between  eight  and  nine  o'clock 
in  the  evening,  Ihe  heard  three 
loud  knocks  at  the  ftreet  door.  The 
parlour  where  they  were  fitting  is  a 
back  room,  with  two  doors  ;  one 
door  opens  into  the  paffage,  at  the 
end  of  whi>ch  is  the  Ilieet  door,  and 
the  other  opens  into  the  fliop,  iu 
which  there  is  a  glafs-door,  that 
opens  into  the  fame  paJSage  clofe  by 
the  ilreet  door. 

Being  ftartled  at  the  loudnefs  of 
^he  knocking,  Mr.  Campbell  went 
out  at  the  paflage  door,  which  Mrs. 
Campbell  immediately  bolted 'after 
him,  and  while  he  was  going  along 
the  paiTage  to  the  Hreet  door,  Mrs. 


B.  went 'Out  at  the  other  4opr  into^ 
the  ihop,  and  looked  through  the 
glafs  door,  which  was  always  kept 
bolted  at  night,  to  fee  who  wa$ 
coming.  As  foon  as  Mr.  Camp- 
bell opened  the  ilreet  door,  fhe  faw 
a  tall  elderly  ill-looking  man,  and 
hearing  him  enquire  if  Mrs.  B.  did 
not  lodge  there,  Ihe  inftantly  fuf- 
pecled  fome  violence  was  intended 
againfl  her,  and  being  extremely 
frighted,  (he  fcreamed  out.  The 
next  moment  fhe  dillinguilhed  Mr. 
B.'s  voice,  and  heard  him  fay, 
**  Come  on  my  boys."  Several 
ruffians  then  ruihed  into  the  p-aflage, 
armed  with  fhort  bludgeons,  violent- 
ly threw  Mr.  Campbell  down,  who 
endeavoured  to  Hop  them,  and  get- 
ting at  length  to  the  parlour  doer, 
B.  after  feveral  efforts,  burft  it  open, 
by  forcing  off  the  box  of  the  lock, 
Mrs.  B.  was  Hill  at  the  glafs  door  in 
the  fhop.  B.  difcovering  her,  ran 
to  her,  and  dropping  his  bludgeon, 
laid  hold  of  her,  and  forcibly  drag- 
ged her  quite  round  through  the, 
parlour  and  paffage,  to  the  ftreet 
door,  not  having  prcfence  of  mind 
to  unbolt  the  glafs  door,  which, 
when  he  was  in  the  (hop,  he  might 
eafily  have  done.  Mrs.  Campbell, 
endeavouring  to  fave  her,  was  ex- 
tremely ilKireated,  and  had  her 
cloaths  torn  f.om  her  back  ;  and 
Mrs.  B.  in  the  llruggle  loll  both  her 
llioes,  and  her  linen  and  cloaths 
were  torn  almoft  to  rags.  In  this 
condition  ihe  was  dragged  into  the 
ilreet,  where  ihe  faw  a  landau; 
while  the  gang  were  attempting  to 
force  her  into  it,  fhe  heard  a  wo- 
man's voice,  who  called  her  by  her 
name,  and  f^id,  **  Don't  be  afraid, 
*'  Mrs.B.  come  in."  Mrs.  B.  how- 
ever, continued  to  ilruggle  with  all 
her  firength,  but  was  at  laft  over- 
powered, and,  with  great  violence, 

and 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.       137 


and  great  indecency,  forced  into  the 
poach.  She  immediately  perceived 
that  the  woman,  having  done  her 
p&ce,  had  got  out  at  one  door,  juft 
as  fhe  was  forced  in  at  the  other. 
One  Aldrich  came  into  the  coach  to 
her,  and  was  immediately  followed 
by  B.  The  coach  then  drove  away 
with  great  fpeed,  leaving  behind 
many  perfons,  who  flopped  to  gaze 
at  the  tumult,  and  who,  notwith- 
ftanding  the  cries,  and  entreaties, 
and  ftrugglesof  the  lady,  patiently 
fuftcred  her  to  he  thus  treated,  bei 
caufe  fome  of  the  gang  had  told 
ihem  it  was  only  a  fquabble  between 
a  man  and  his  wife. 

Mrs.B.  fiill  continued  her  fcreams, 
and  threw  her  hands  out .  of  the 
coach,  imploring  afliilance,  which 
was  dill  prevented  by  fome  of  the 
gang,  who  followed  the  coach  on 
foot,  which  drove  ac  a  great  rate  up 
Greek-ftreet,  crofs  Soho-fquare, 
through  Hog-lane,  and  fo  to  the 
turnpike  at  Tottenham-court.  This 
turnpike,  and  the  next,  being  al- 
ready opened,  they  drove  furioufly 
through,  without  flopping,  and,  as 
they  faid,  went  through  the  back 
part  of  Ifting:on.  B.  all  the  time 
being  half  out  of  the  coach,  curfing 
and  fwearing  at  the  coachman  to 
puih  on,  and  to  keep  the  lower 
road.  They  came  at  length  to  a 
third  turnpike,  which  they  faid  led 
to  Hackney,  and  this  not  being 
opened,  the  coach  flopped  to  pay 
the  toll.  Mrs.  B.  faw  that  there 
was  but  one  man  at  this  gate,  and 
though  fhe  could  not  hope  much 
from  his  afTiilance,  yet  flie  would 
have  caljed  out  to  him,  if  B.  had  not 
forcibly  held  her  back  in  the  coach, 
and  flopped  her  mouth  with  his 
hand.  Some  time  after  they  had 
got  through  this  turnpike,  the  coach 
ftopped  again   by  B.'s  order;  and 


it  being  now  late  in  the  evening, 
and  the  place  lonely,  Mrs.  B.  was 
flruck  with  the  dreadful  apprehen- 
fion  that  fhe  was  now  about  to  be 
murdered  ;  this  apprehenfion  was 
increafed  by  a  motion,  which  B. 
made  to  get  out,  under  pretence  of 
enquiring  the  way  :  ftie  thought  he 
couid  not  either  perpetrate  her  mur- 
der with  his  own  hands,  or  be  pre- 
fent  while  it  was  perpetrated  by  the 
ruffian,  whom  he  had  engaged  for 
that  purpofe  ;  fne  therefore  laying 
hold  of  his  hand,  earneftly  intreated 
him  not  to  leave  her ;  to  this  he  at 
hfl  filently  confented,  and  Aldrich 
went  out  in  his  flead,  which  it  was 
neceffary  to  do  to  fave  appearances, 
whatever  were  their  real  intentions, 
as  they  pretended  it  was  neceffary 
to  enquire  the  way  :  in  a  fliort  time 
Aldrich  returned  into  the  coach,  and 
the  man  was  ordered  again  to  drive 
on  :  Mrs.  B.  then  begged  and  con- 
jured B.  that  he  would  neither  mur- 
der her  himfelf,  nor  permit  her  to  be 
murdered  by  the  man  that  was  with 
him  ;  B.  made  no  anfwer,  but  dur- 
ing Mrs.  B.'s  entreaties  and  expoflu- 
lations,  kept  his  eyes  wildly  fixed 
upon  Aldrich ;  this  flill  increafed 
her  fesrs,  and  fhe  was  thrown  al- 
moll  into  an  agony  foon  after,  by 
feeing  them  whif'per.  She  then,  in 
fuch  words  as  diflrefs  and  terror  fug- 
gefled,  begged  they  would  not  whif- 
per,  as  fhe  could  not  but  regard 
fuch  dark  confultations  as  the  pre- 
lude to  her  death.  B.  then  faid 
aloud  to  Aldrich,  **  Will  you  go 
**  through  ?"  and  Aldrich anfwercd, 
'*  Yes,  that  I  will;  I'll  do  any  thing 
**  for  you,  and  go  through  the 
**  world  with  you."  B.  replied, 
'*  Say  you  fo  ?  give  me  your  hand, 
*'  my  boy."  On  which  they  fhook 
hands.  B.  then  looked  out  of  the 
coach,  and  feeing  none  of  the  gang, 

fome 


138       ANNUAL  REGISTER,  1759. 

fome   of  whom  had    fojlowed'  the    to  the    coachman,    faid 
coach  on  foot  to  the  fecond  turn- 


pike, he  exprefled  great  uneafinefs 
left  fome  of  them  (hould  betray  him, 
either  through  remorfe  or  fear,  and 
that  a  party,  by  their  information, 
fliould  get  at  the  place  of  rendezvous 
before  the  coach,  and  refcue  the  la- 
dy :  he  therefore  told  Aldrich  in  a 
low  voice,  that  he  had  a  great  mind 
to  alter  his  fcheme ;  but  Aldrich 
telling  him,  that  none  of  the  gang 
knew  his  fcheme  fufficiently  to  fruf- 
trate  it,  if  they  had  any  fuch.inten- 
tion,  he  feemed  facisfied,  and  only 
whifpered,  **  Have  you  got  every 
•*  thing  ready  ?"  to  which  Aldrich 
replied  aloud,  '*  1  have."  B.then 
turning  to  Mrs.  B.  told  her  that 
Aldrich  belonged  to  a  vefy  great 
man,  and  that  he  had  got  what 
would  do  for  any  body  ;  upon  which 
Aldrich,  at  his  requeft,  produced  a 
ihort  painted  ftaiF,  like  that  which 
conftables  carry  in  their  pockets, 
as  a  token  of  their  authority  ;  Al- 
drich, however,  defircd  B,  not  to 
meddle  with  it,  and  foon  after  took 
it  from  him.  B.  then  put  his  hand 
down  to  the  bottom  of  the  coach 
where  Mrs.  B.  fat,  as  (lie  thought 
with  a  defign  of  taking  off  her 
fhoes ;  upon  which  flie  told  him  ihe 
had  none  on.  He  replied,  **Wewill 
•*  get  you  (hoes  in  the  country."  He 
then  produced  two  drawn  fwords, 
which  he  faid,  if  he  met  with  any 
Cppcfition,  IhouJd  be  the  death  of 
him,  or  of  thofe  who  oppofed  him  : 
Mrs.  B.  then  burft  into  tears,  and 
intre£ted  him  to  tell  her  where  fhe 
was  to  go;  he  replied,  (he  was  go- 
iing  to  her  country  lodging  to  fee 
her  little  boy.  After  this  converfa- 
tion  he  called  out  to  the  ci^achman 
to  make  haftp,  offering  him  any  mo- 
ney to  drive  fafter,  upon  which  Mrs. 
B-  again  fcreamed  gut,  and  calling 


Sure!/ 
**  you  will  not  carry  me  to  be  mur- 
"  dered ;  how  much  farther  am  X 
*'  to  go  r"  The  coachman  replied, 
"  Only  a  quarter  of  a  mile  ;"  and 
then  drove  at  a  prodigious  rate  till 
he  came  to  Limehoufehole,  where 
he  flopped.  B.  ordered  him  to  go 
on  to  the  Ifle  of  Dogs.  He  replied 
that  he  did  not  know  the  way  ;  they 
ordered  him  to  enquire.  Jull  as  the 
coach  began  to  goon  again,  it  was 
flopped  by  an  ill-looking  fellow 
muffled  up  in  a  blue  great  coat,  who 
coming  to  the  window  faid,  **  Sir, 
**  was  you  at  Billingfgate  to-day?" 
B.  anfwered,  **  Yes."  Then,  fays 
the  fellow,  **  I  am  right  ;  get  out 
**  here  ;  the  boat  is  at  the  bottom 
*'  of  the  place,  and  the  fhip  not 
*•  far  ofF."  Mrs.  B.  upon  hearing 
this  cried  out,  **  Lord  have  mercy 
**  upon  me,  furel  am  notgoingup- 
"  on  the  water  :"  and  B. endeavour- 
ing to  pacify  her,  faid,  **  My  dear, 
**  you  know  my  coufin  Atkinfon, 
*'  we  are  only  going  on  board  his 
"  fhip."  The  fellow  had  now  dif- 
appeared,  and  they  were  preparing 
to  get  out ;  but  Mrs.  B.'s  fcreams 
terrified  them,  and  they  ordered 
the  man  to  drive  a  little  farther.  As 
the  coach  went  on,  it  pafTed  clofe 
by  the  Royal  Oak,  a  public-houfe, 
and  Mrs.  B.  feeing  a  light  in  the 
window,  continued  to  cry  out  for 
help,  and  her  voice  brought  out  two 
or  three  women.  Aldrich  then  got 
out  of  the  coach,  and  B.  flood  up  in 
the  coach,  fo  as  to  hide  Mrs.  B. 
from  the  wcunen,  and  ordered  the 
coachman  to  drive  to  any  place 
where  he  might  procure  a  pofl- 
chaife,  encouraging  him  by  the  pro- 
mife  of  any  money  he  would  require. 
Jt  is  probable,  that  B.'s  original  in- 
tention was  to  force  Mrs.  B.  into  a 
boat  at   Limehouiie-hole,,    but  noc 

iram?- 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHROIsMCLE.      139 


immediately  meetingwith  the  man, 
>vho  afterwards  alked  if  he  had  been 
at  Billingfgaie,  which  feemstohave 
been  a  watch  word,  and  finding 
that  there  werehoufes  near,  he  con- 
cluded it  better  to  proceed  to  the 
Ifle  of  Dogs,  a  folitary  place,  where 
he  might  have  kept  her  without  fear 
cfdifcovery,  till  the  boat  had  been 
prdered  thither  to  take  her  in.  He 
was  now  informed  that  the  boat 
was  ready,  bat  fearing  to  make  his 
attempt  here,  as  the  neighbourhood 
was  alarmed,  and  defpairing  to  get 
on  with  the  coach,  was  defirous  per- 
haps to  proceed  to  the  Ifle  of  Dogs 
in  a  poll  chaife,  while  Aidrich  di- 
reded  the  boat  to  meet  him  there. 
However  this  be,  the  coachman  faid 
he  could  go  no  farther,  for  there  was 
no  road  :  B.  then  got  out,  and  Mrs. 
B.  feeing  his  meafures  precipitated 
by  their  fituation->  and  that  the  ef- 
fort to  get  on  the  water  muft  be 
made  on  the  fpot,  redoubled  her 
cries  for  alfiftance,  and  called  ©ut 
murder  with  all  her  ftrength  many 
times :  this  brought  feveral  more 
women  out  of  the  Royal  Oak,  and 
one  man:  upon  their  coming  up  to 
the  coach  fl\e  fliewed  her  feet,  which 
were  without  (hoes,  and  her  cloaths 
that  were  almoft  torn  from  her 
back,  and  told  them  fl.e  was  for- 
cibly  taken  away  by  rufjians,  who 
ihe  feared  were  about  to  throw  her 
into  the  Thames,  -or  otherwife 
take  away  her  life.  B.  then  faid, 
that  **  flie  was  his  wife,  that 
•*  (he  was  mad,  and  that  he  was 
*'  carrying  her  to  a  mad-houfe." 
This  file  denied  in  fuch  a  manner, 
as  convinced  the  people  who  faw 
her,  that  fhe  fpoke  truth  ;  and  B. 
perceiving  that  every  moment  of 
delay  mull  produce  new  oppofuion, 
peremptorily  commanded  Aidrich 
10  take  her,  and  carry  her  to  the 


boat  by  force.  Aidrich  immediate- 
ly feized  her,  with  that  defign,  but 
the  man  who  came  out  of  the  Royal  ^ 
Oak  refcued  her  from  him,  and 
carried  her  into  the  houfe,  whither 
B.  and  Aidrich  followed  her.  The 
man  in  the  blue  coat,  who  had  ftopt 
the  coach  jufl:  before,  now  returned 
with  the  waterman,  and  brought 
him  into  the  room  to  them.  B. 
then  ordered  the  waterman  to  affift 
in  forcing  her  to  the  water  fide  ;  but 
the  man  replied,  '*  Not  I  indeed; 
*'  if  the  lady  chufes  to  go  in  mj 
**  boat,  flie  is  welcome;  but  I'll 
*'  carry  nobody  againft  their  will." 
B.  now  found  it  impradicable  to 
execute  his  meafures,  and  being 
fenfible  of  the  danger  of  his  fitua- 
tion,  made  his  efcape  by  drawing 
his  fword  upon  fomeof  the  women, 
who  endeavoured  to  detain  him. 
Aidrich  was  fecured  till  a  conftable 
was  called,  who  conduced  him  to 
Poplar  round-houfe.  Mrs.  B.  fat 
up-  the  reft  of  the  night,  at  the 
Royal  Oak,  and  in  the  morning 
fent  the  following  letter  to  Mr. 
Campbell. 

Mr.  Campbell, 

I  have,  through  God's  mercy, 
efcaped  death  that  was  defigned  me, 
and  have  got  to  an  honell  houfe, 
the  Royal  Oak  in  Limehoufe-holc, 
where  I  beg  to  fee  you,  and  more 
with  you,  as  I  am  in  fear  of  being 
molefted  every  hour. 

Thurfday  morning.        A.  M.  B. 

Mr.  Campbell  immediately  com- 
municatcd'this  to  fome  friends,  who 
went  and  brought  back  the  lady 
with  Aidrich,  who  was  by  Juflice  St. 
Lawrence  committed  to  the  Gate- 
houfe,  with  two  more  of  the  gang, 
who  had  been  feized  the  night  be- 
fore, upon  the  information  of  the 
mafier  of  the  Hercules  Pillars  in 
Greek-ftreet,  Soho,  who  fwore  he 
believed 


J40      ANNUAL    RE 

believed  them  to  be  in  the  confpi- 
racy,  becaufe  tliey  and  many  more 
had  been  caballing  three  nights  fuc- 
ceffively  at  his  houfe  with  B. 

The  lady,  who,  with  the  terror, 
hurry,  and  fatigue,  and  the  bruifes 
fhe  received,  was  many  days  in  dan- 
ger of  her  life,  is  now  recovered* 
B.  is  not  yet  taken,  but  a  profecu- 
tion  is,  in  the  mean  time,  carrying 
on  againft  the  other  confpiracors,  of 
which  a  further  account  will  here- 
after be  given. 


INSTALLATION,  &c.  at  Oxford. 

Oxford,  July  7. 

ON  Monday  laft,  at  two  o'clock 
in  the  afcernoon,  the  right 
hon.  John  Earl  of  Weflmorland, 
chancellor  ele£l  of  this  univerfity, 
made  his  public  entrance,  by  the 
eaft  gate,  into  this  city.  His  lord- 
ihip  was  attended  at  his  enttance, 
and  for  a  great  part  of  the  Wycomb 
road,  by  a  long  train  of  coaches  and 
other  equipages  of  the  nobility  and 
gentry  of  the  country.  Noticje 
was  given  of  his  near  approach,  by 
the  ringing  of  a  bell  at  St.  Mary's, 
which  called  together  the  gentlemen 
of  the  univerfity,  ,who  were  rank- 
ed, accordin^g  to  their  different  or- 
ders and  degrees,  on  his  lordfhip's 
right  hand,  from  the  eaft  gate  to 
St.  Mary's  church.  The  left  hand 
fide  of  the  ftreet  was  referved  for 
the  townfmen. 

Previous  to  his  lordlhip's  arrival, 
the  following  orders  were  agreed 
io>  by  the  vice-chancellor  and  dele- 
gates, and  were  cornmunicated  to 
411  the  heads  of  the  houfes,  and  by 
ihem  to  their  refpeclive  focieties: 

I.  That  the  iludents  appear  no 
y^here  abroad  during  the  chancel- 
lor's abode  in  the  univerfity  without 


GISTER,    1759. 

their  caps  and  gowns  fuitable  to 
their  degree  and  condition,  and 
their  apparel  be  fuch  as  the  (latuies 
required,  and  that  they  behave  with 
fuch  order  and  decency,  as  become 
gentlemen  of  a  liberal  education. ' 

2.  That  no  fcholar  of  what  con- 
dition foever,  fhall,  without  fpecial 
orders  from  his  fuperiors,  prefume 
to  go  out  to  meet  the  chancellor, 
either  on  horfeback  or  on  foot,  or 
to  be  at,  or  upon  the  way,  where 
the  chancellor  is  to  come ;  but 
fliall  attend  in  that  place  and  pof- 
ture,  in  which  he  (hall  be  required 
to  be,  upon  notice  from  his  fupe- 
riors. 

3.  That  the  chancellor's  ap- 
proach to  the  town  be  figniiied  by 
the  ringing  of  St.  Mary's  great  bell, 
and  that  the  vice-chancellor  and 
dodors  in  their  fcarlet  gownsi  and 
the  proftors  and  noblemen  in  their 
proper  habits,  wait  at  St.  Mary's 
church  for  the  chancellor,  where 
the  public  orator  is  to  compliment 
his  lord  (hip  on  his  arrival  in  a  ihort 
Latin  fpeech.  That  the  other  fcho- 
lers  range  themfelves  from  St.  Ma- 
ry's church  to  the  ealt  gate  on  the 
north  fide  of  the  ftreet;  the  mailers 
of  arts  are  next  to  St.  Mary's,  the 
batchelors  are  next  to  them,  and  be- 
low them  the  under  graduates  ;  and 
that  the  occafional  prodtors  take  all 
pofEble  care  that  order  and  decen- 
cy be  obferved,  and  that  as  foon 
as  the  chancellor  and  retinue  are 
pail,  every  one  immediately  depart 
to  his  refpedive  college  or  hall,  and 
there  remain. 

4.  That  during  bis  lordlhip's 
indallation,  and  the  following  com- 
mecnoration  and  encaenia,  all  per- 
fons  repair  to  and  keep  their  pro- 
per feats  and  places  in  the  theatre. 
The  rifmg  femicircle  of  the  theatre 
is  referved   for  the  noblemen  and; 

do6lors. 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.     141 


do£lors.  The  enclofure  within  the 
rails, is  the  place  for  mailers  of  arts. 
The  gallery  behind  the  doftors  in 
the  circular  part  of  the  theatre  and 
the  eaft  and  weftward  fide  galleries 
are  referved  for  the  ladies  and  ftran- 
gers,  among  whom  all  gownfmen 
are  forbid  to  intermix.  The  upper 
gallery  above  the  noblemen  and 
doctors  is  appointed  for  the  gen- 
tlemen-commoners and  batchelors; 
and  the  upper  galleries  eaft  and 
wellward  are  for  under  graduate 
fcholars  of  houfes  and  commoners. 
The  reft  of  the  area  for  battelers, 
fervitors,  &c. 

t;.  That  the  proftors  appoint  a 
fufficient  number  of  occafional  proc- 
tors, to  attend  and  preferve  order 
and  decency  during  his  lordlhip's 
flay  in  the  univerfity. 

It  is  ftridly  required,  during  the 
time  of  this  folemnicy,  all  perfons 
obferve  the  aforefaid  orders,  and 
comport  ihemfelvcs  with  that  fo- 
briety  and  modefty,  as  may  tend  to 
the  reputation  and  honour  of  the 
univerfity,  upon  pain  of  being  en- 
tered in  the  black  book,  and  other- 
wife  proceeded  againft,  as  the  exi- 
gence of  their  fault  Oiall  require. 

On  his  lordfhip's  arrival  at  St. 
Mary's  he  vvc-^s  received  by  the  vice- 
chancellor,  noblemen,  and  doftors, 
in  their  robes ;  and  being  conduced 
into  the  church,  was  complimented 
by  the  public  orator,  in  a  ihort  I'.atin 
fpeech,  to  which  his  lordftiip  replied 
in  the  fame  language.  After  this 
his  lordfhip  dined  at  St.  Mary- 
Hall,  where  apartments  were  pro- 
vided for  him,  and  many  gentlemen 
:!nd  ladies  of  his  train. 

On  Tuefday,  at  ten  o'clocic  in 
the  morning,  the  noblemen  and 
the  doftors  in  their  robes,  waited 
on  hi?  lordihip  at  the  vice-chancel- 
lor's  lodgings    ac    Corpus    Chrifti 


college;,  and  about  eleven  the 
proceflion  (which  was  more  nume- 
rous than  has  been  feen  here  in  the 
memory  of  man)  began  from  thence, 
and  palTed  through  St.  Mary's, 
where  it  was  joined  by  the  mailers 
of  arts  in  their  proper  habits  ;  and 
then  proceeded  through  the  great 
gate  of  the  fchools  to  the  divinity 
fchool,  and  from  thence  into  the 
theatre. 

Here  the  vice-chancellor,  in  a 
Latin  fpeech,  opened  the  bufinefs  of 
the  convocation,  and  then  addref- 
iLng  himfelf  to  the  chancellor, 
who  was  feated  at  his  right  hand, 
after  applauding  in  a  proper  and 
polite  manner  the  choice  the  uni- 
verfity had  made,  and  congratu- 
lating his  lordfhip  upon  it,  adini- 
niilered  to  him  the  necefTary  oaths, 
and  prefented  him  with  the  infignia 
of  his  ofhce,  viz.  the  key,  the  feal, 
and  the  book  of  ilatutes.  Thfe 
vice-chancellor  then  quitted  the 
chair,  which  was  immediately  filled 
by  the  chancellor,  who  finiihed  this 
ceremony  of  the  inllalment  by  ad- 
dreifing  himfelf  to  the  univerfity 
in  an  elegant  Latin  oration.  Then 
his  lordfhip  admitted  the  following 
noblemen  and  gentlemen  to  the 
honorary  degree  of  dodors  of  law, 
viz.'  ■  . 

The  right  hon.  the  Earl  of  North- 
ampton. 
The  right  hon.  the  Earl  of  Mac- 
clesfield. 
Lord  Willoughby  de  Broke. 
Count   Shullenburgh,   lord   of  the 
bed-chamber  to  the  King  of  Den- 
mark. 

deputies  from 
the    States 
General. 
William  Gerard  Dedel,  commiiTary 

of  Amlterdam. 
Sir  Richard  Glyn,  lord  mayor,  and 

repre- 


James  Boreel 
Gerard  Meerman 


man,    I 


142      ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1759, 


reprefcntative  in  parliament  for 

the  city  of  London. 
Sir  Charles  Mordaunt,  Bart,  knight 

of  the   fhire    for    the    county  of 

Warwick. 
Sir  Edward  Deering,  Bart. 
Sir  Philip  Boteler,  Bart.- 
Sir  Roger  Twifden,  Bart. 
Sir  Charles  Kemeys  Tynte,  Bart. 

knight  of  the  fliire  for  Somerfet. 
William  Cartwrighr,  Efq;  knight  of 

the  fhire  for  Northampton. 
Thomas  Ch'olmondeley,  Efq;  knighf 

of  the  fhire  for  Chefler. 
Edward   Popham,  Efq;    knight  of 

the  fhire  for  Wilts. 
Henry  Dawkins,  of  London,  Efq; 

and  Thomas  Lambert,  of  Seven- 
oak,  Kent,  Efq. 

The  convocation  concluded  with 
a  fpeech  from  the  public  orator. — 
And  then  the  procefTion  returned  to 
Corpus  Chrifli  college,  where  the 
noblemen  and  dodors  were  enter- 
tained at  dinner  with  the  chancellor. 

Afterwards  the  following  noble- 
inen  of  the  univerfity  fpoke  their 
congratulatory  verfes,  which  were 
received  by  the  audience  with  un- 
common but  deferved  applaufe,  viz. 
the  Earl  of  Suffolk,  Englifh  verfe  ; 
the  Earl  of  Donegal,  Latin  ;  and 
Lord  Norreys,  Latin. 

In  the  evening  the  oratorio  of 
Samfon  was  performed,  in  the 
theatre,  by  a  feledl  and  numerous 
band,  condudled  by  Dr.  Hays. 

On  Wednefday,  being  the  day 
of  Lord  Crewe's  commemoration, 
the  dodors,  &c.  met  again  at  the 
vice-chancellor's  lodgings,  between 
ten  and  eleven  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, and  went  in  procelTion  with 
the  chancellor,  from  thence  to  the 
<>ieatre.  The  vice-chancellor  hav- 
ing opened  the  bufinefs  -of  the 
don  vocation,  the  commemoration 
fpeech  was  fpoken  by  Mr,  Warton, 


the  poetry  profefTor.  The  fubje^ 
of  this  elegant  and  admired  fpeech 
was,  with  great  propriety,  con  fined 
to  thofe  benefaftors  who  had  been 
chancellors  of  the  univerfuy.  The 
degree  of  D.  C.  L.  was  conferred, 
in  this  convocation,  on  the  right 
hon.  Lord  Fane,  member  of  par- 
liament for  Reading ;  the  lion, 
William,  Craven,  member  of  par- 
liament for  Warvvickfhire,  who 
were  prefented  by  Dr.  Seward,  of 
St.  John's  college,  who  afted  for  the 
proiefTor  of  law.  Afterwards  the 
right  hon.  the  Earl  of  Syffolk  was 
admitted  to  the  degree  of  mailer  of 
arts,  to  w.hich  he. was  prefented  in 
a  much  applauded  fpeech  by  the 
public  orator.  The  encaenia  were 
'^hen  continued  by  the  following 
gentlemen,  viz.  hon.  Mr.  Beau- 
clerk,  of  Queen's,  Englifli ;  Sir 
B.  B.  Delves,  Magdalen  college, 
Latin;  Sir  James  Macdonal,  Chrifl 
Church,  Latin ;  Mr.  Beckford, 
New  college,  Englifh  ;  Mr.  Wode- 
houfe,  and  Mr.  La  Maiflre,  Chrifl- 
Church,  Latin  dialogue  ;  Mr. 
Nibbes,  St.  John's,  Latin.  All  thefe 
exercifes  were  performed  with  great 
propriety  of  elocution  and  adlion, 
and  were  highly  applauded  by  the 
audience.  In  the  evening  was  per- 
formed the  oratorio  of  Either. 

On  Thurfday  the  chancellor  met 
the  heads  of  the  lioufes,  at  the  dele- 
gates room,  and  prefic-ed  in  their 
confultations  on  the  bufinefs  of  the 
univerfity  ;  and  from  thence  was 
accompanied  by  them  to  the  thea- 
tre. Here  the  encsenia,  or  congra- 
tulatory exercifes,  were  again  re- 
fumed,  by  Mr.  Hopton  and  Mr, 
Wakot,  of  Magdalen  college,  v/ho 
fpoke  a  dialogue  in  Latin  verfe, 
on  the  late  improvements  and  be- 
nefailioBS  to  the  univerfity ;  Mr. 
Bagpt,    of    Chriil-Chorch,    Latin 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE. 


H3 


verfe ;  Mr.  Ilbert,  of  Magdalen, 
Engliih  verfe  ;  Mr.  Way,  of  Chriil- 
Church,  Latin  ;  Mr.  Bragge,  of 
Magdalen,  Latin  ;  Mr.  Bugden,  of 
Trinity,  Englifh ;  Mr.  Kaye,  of 
Brazen-nofe,  Englifh  oration. 

The   degree  cf    doflor  of  civil 
law  was  conferred  on  the  following 
gentlemen  : 
Right  hon.  Robert  Shirley,  Ton  to 

the  earl  Ferrers. 
Hon.  Wilmot  Vaughan,  member  of 

parliament  forCardiganOiire,  and 

fon  to  Lord  Lilburne. 
Sir  Richard  Chafe. 
Harbord  Harbord,  Efq;  member  of 

parliament  for  Norwich. 
James  Evelyn,  of  Ful bridge,  SulTex, 

Efq. 

And  the  following  gentlemen  had 
the  degree  of  mailer  of  arts  con- 
ferred on  them,  viz. 
The  right  hon.  the  earl  of  Done- 
gal, of  Trinity  college. 
Sir   Brian    Broughton    JDelves,    of 

Magdalen  college. 
Alexander   Courthorpe,    of  Horfe- 

monden,  Kent,  Efq;. 
'John  Childen,  of  Tunbridgc,  Kent, 

Efq; 
Roger  Twifden,  Efq;  eldeft  fon  of 

Sir  R.  Twifden,  Bart. 
Thomas  Popkin,    of  Kettle  Hill, 

.  Glamorganlhire,  Efq; 
John  Sawbridge,  jun.  of  Alantigh, 

in  Kent,  Efq; 
Wm.    Dealtry,    of  Magdalen   col- 
lege, Efq; 
Powell  SneJI,  jun.  of  Baliol  college, 

Efq; 
John  Toke,  of  Univerfity  college, 

Efq; 
William  Guife,  of  Qpeen's  college, 

Eiq; 
Thomas  Knight,  of  Trinity  college, 

Henry  St.  John,  of  New  college, 
Efq; 


Ou  Friday  the  encaenia  were  re- 
fumed  in  the  theatre,  when  an  Ita- 
lian ode,  in  praife  of  the  chancellor, 
was  performed  by  the  whole  o^era 
band  :  after  which  the  degree  of 
D.  C.  L.  was  conferred  on  the  fol- 
lowing gentlemen,  viz. 
Henry  Pye,  Efq;  member  of  par- 
liament for  Berkihirc. 
William   Grove,  Efq;   member  of 

parliament  for  Coventry. 
John  Harvey  Thurfby,  Efq;  mem- 
ber of  parliament  for  Stamford. 
Jofiah  George  Horr,  Efq;  fon  to 
the  late  Archbilhop  of  Tuam. 
The  degree  cf  A.  M.  was  alfo 
conferred  on  Henry  Hunter,  Efq; 
of  Trinity  college  ;  Mr.  Thomas 
Augeftine  Arne  was  admitted  to 
the  degree  cf  dodor  of  mufic  ;  and 
verfis  were  fpoken  by  the  following 
gentlemen;  Mr.  Mundy,  New  col- 
lege, Englifh  ;  Mr.  Forller,  Corpus 
Chrifli college, Englifh;  Mr.  Pepys, 
Chrift-Church,  Latin  ;  Mr.  Simp- 
fon,  Chrill-Church,  Latin;  Mr.  De 
Salis,  Qjeen's  college,  Latin  ;  and 
Mr.  S'andys,  of  Queen's  college, 
Latin. 

Then  the  folemnity  of  the  Inftal- 
lation  and  commemoration  was 
clofed  by  Dr.  King,  principal  of 
St.  Mary-Hall,  who  in  a  fpirited 
and  eloquent  oration,  delivered  with 
his  ufualgraceand dignity, enlarged 
on  the  propriety  of  the  choice  the 
Univerfity  had  made  ;  difplayed  his 
lordfhip's  eminent  abilities ;  intro- 
duced lady  Pomfret's  and  Mr.  Da\A 
kin's  late  benefadiions ;  and  con- 
cluded with  an  exhortation  to  the 
youth  of  this  place,  and  his  ardent 
wiihes  for  the  perpetual  peace  and 
profperity  of  the  univerfity. 

The  fplendor  of  the  appearance 
on  this  occafion,  the  harmony  and 
decorum  with  which  the  whole  ce- 
remony  was    conduced,    and   the 

Cn:cr- 


144       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


entertainment  afforded  to  fo  polite 
and  r(^rpeftab!c  an  audience,  by  the 
cxercifes  and  orations  of  each  day, 
refleft  the  higheft  inonour  on  the 
prudence  of  the  magiilrates,  and 
abilities  of  the  menibers  of  this 
dillinguifhed  feat  of  learning* 


Inveftiture  of  Prince  Ferdinand  of 
Brunfvvick. 

Camp  at  Corfdorf,  0£l.  17. 

TH  E  King  of  Great  Britain 
having  conftituted  th>e  right 
hon.  the  Marquis  of  Granby,  and 
Stephen  Martin  Leake,  Efq;  Garter 
principal  king  of  arms,  plenipoten- 
tiaries for  inverting  his  ferene  high- 
nefs  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunfwick 
with  the  moft  noble  order  of  the  gar-  ' 
ter,  Mr.  Leake  arrived  at  the  camp, 
with  the  habit  and  enfigns,  on 
Monday  the  15th.  The  next  day 
the  plenipotentiaries  had  their  firit 
audience  of  his  ferene  highnefs, 
at  the  head  quarters,  and  prefented 
their  credentials,  and  the  book  of 
flatutes ;  and  his  ferene  highnefs, 
havingagreed  to  accept  the  eledtion, 
with  the  ufual  refervations,  the  ple- 
nipotentiaries immediately  invefted 
him  vvilh'the  garter,  ribband,  and 
gcorge ;  Garter  pronouncing  the 
ufual  admonitions  in  Latin.  The 
next  day  was  appointed  for  the  pub- 
lic inveiliture  ;  and,  for  that  pur- 
pofe,  a  large  tent  was  prepared  on 
a  hill,  in  iuU  view  of  the  French 
camp,  and  another  IcfTer  tent  at  a 
litile  diftance  from  the  great  one, 
for  his  highnefs  to  receive  the  firfl: 
part  of  the  inveftiture  :  to  this 
tent  the  Prince  came,  about  twelve 
oVIock,  efcorted  by  a  large  detach- 
ment of  the  horfe-guards  blue,  who 
were  afterwards  drawn  up  on  either 
fide  upon  the  Hope  of  the  hill,  be- 


fore the  tent,  others  doing  duty  ori' 
foot.  His  ferene  highnefs  was  re- 
ceived by  the  plenipotentiaries  ia 
the  lefier  tent,  where  the  habit  and 
enfigns  had  been  previoufly  laid  on 
a  table,  and  he  was  immediately  in- 
verted with  the  furcoat  and  fword. 
A  proceifion  was  then  made  to  the' 
great  tent  in  the  following  order: 

Gentlemen  officers  of  his  ferene 
highnefs. 

Garter's  fecretary  carrying  the 
book  of  ftatutes. 

The  Marquis  of  Granby's  fecre- 
tary carrying  the  hood. 

Colonel  Ligonier,  aid  de  camp  to 
his  ferene  highnefs,  carrying  the 
cap  and  feather. 

Colonel  Fitzroy,  aid  de  camp  td 
his  ferene  highnefs,  carrying  thd 
collar. 

Cherter  herald,  in  his  coat  of  arms 
and  collar,  carrying  the  king's  com-^ 
miiiion. 

Garter  king  of  arms,  in  his  pro-' 
per  mantle,  carrying  the  mantle  of 
the  order,  on  a  crimfon  velvet  cu- 
fhion. 

The  Marquis  of  Granby,  as  firft 
plenipotentiary. 

His  ferene  highnefs  the  Prince; 
fupportcd  by  Lieutenant- Generals 
Waldegrave  and  Mortyn. 

In  this  manner  they  proceeded 
to  the  great  tent,  where  two  chairs  of 
Itate  were  placed,  one  for  the  So- 
vereign, having  an  efcutcheon  of  his 
royal  arms  and  titles  over  his  chair; 
Upon  entering  the  tent,  every  per- 
fon  made  three  reverences  to  the 
Sovereign's  ftate,  and  the  habit. and 
enfigns  were  feverally  laid,  by  the 
perfons  who  bore  them,  upon  a 
table  before  the  Sovereign's  ftall. 
The  Prince  fat  down  in  his  chair,- 
the  two  plenipotentiaries  in  chairs^ 
on  each  fide  of  him  ;  the  mufic  play- 
ing.    After  a  little  paufe,  the  Mar- 

qui» 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.         145 


quis  of  Granby,  Handing  up,  made 
a  Ihort  fpeech  in  French,  which 
was  anfvvered  by  the  Prince.  Gar- 
ter then  prefented  the  King*9  com- 
miflion,  which  was  read  by  the 
Prince's  fecretary.  The  plenipo- 
tentiaries then  inverted  his  highnefs 
with  the  habit  and  enfigns,  viz. 
ift  the  mantle,  then  the  hood,  then 
tlie  collar,  Garter  pronouncing  the 
ufual  admonicioDs.  They  then  placed 
the  cap  and  feather  on  the  Prince's 
head,  and  feated  him  in  his  flail  ; 
the  mufick  playing.  LaHly,  Gar- 
ter proclaimed  the  fovereign's  ftile 
in  French,  and  then  the  Prince's, 
the  drums  beating  and  trumpets 
founding"^  This  being  done,  a 
proceflion  was  made  back  to  the 
leffer  tent,  in  the  fame  manner  as 
before,  his  ferene  highnefs  having 
the  train  of  his  mantle  borne  by  a 
page.  His  highnefs  continued  in 
this  tent  about  an  hour,  <ill  the 
great  tent  was  prepared  for  din  net, 
which  was  given  by  the  Marquis  of 
Granby,  his  ferene  highnefs  fitting 
at  table  in  the  habit  of  the  order, 
having  his  cap  held  behind  his 
chair,  the  plenipotentiaries  on  his 
right  hand,  and  the  hereditary 
Prince  of  Brunfwick  on  his  left. 
The  fecond  courfe  being  ferved  up, 
his  ferene  highnefs  Hood  up,  put 
on  his  cap,  and  then,  taking  it  off, 
drank,  ilt.  The  fovereign's  health  ; 
2d.  The  rell  of  the  royal  family  ; 
3d.  The  knights,  companions  of 
the  order  :  In  return  whereof,  the 
Marquis  of  Granby  drank,  ift. 
'I'he  health  of  the  Prince;  2d. 
The  reft  of  his  family  ;  3d.  The 
King  of  Pruflia. 

The  next  day  his  ferene  highnefs 
gave  an  entertainment,  in  the  three 
tents  near  the  head- quarters,  at 
which  vyere  prefent  (as  at  the  for- 
jner)  all  the  principal  officers  of  ihe 

Vol.  II. 


army.  The  whole  being  conduced 
with  as  much  order  and  fplendor 
as  the  circumftance  of  a  camp 
would  admit  ;  and  to  the  entire  fa- 
tisfadtion  of  his  ferene  highnefs. 


Account  of  the  Funeral  Proceflion 
of  the  King  of  Spain. 

ON  the  loth  of  Auguft,  as  foon 
as  his  catholick  majefty  ex- 
pired, the  Duke  of  Bejar  ordered 
the  lords  of  the  bed-chamber,  two 
and  two  alternately,  affifted  by  two 
pages,  to  guard  the  body  :  two 
priefts  and  two  phyficians  always 
watching  it.  Three  altars  were 
placed  in  the  chamber,  where  maf$ 
was  conftantly  faid  both  on  that  and 
the  next  morning. — The  body  be- 
ing then  dreffed  by  the  lords  and 
gentlemen  of  the  bed -chamber,  was 
placed  in  a  leaden  coffin,  inclofed 
in  another  of  wood,  which  was  co- 
vered with  a  tifTue  ind  gold  lace, 
and  locked  with  three  keys.  On 
the  nth,  at  ijoon,  it  was  conveyed 
by  the  nobility  and  otticers  of  the 
houfhold  from  the  royal  bed-cham- 
ber to  the  great  hall,  where  it  lay 
in  ftate  upon  a  rich  bed  under  a 
magnificent  canopy.  It  was  there 
delivered,  in  form,  by  the  duke  of 
Bejar  to  the  Duke  of  Alva,  who  im- 
mediately committed  it  to  the  care 
of  the  guard  called  Montores  de 
Efpinofa:  two  of  them  flanding  at 
the  head  wich  the  crown  and  fcep- 
ter,  and  two  at  the  feet.  The  vigil 
was  fung  in  the  hall ;  and  the  bi- 
fhop  of  Placentia  celebrated  mafs  ; 
at  which  a  number  of  grandees, 
aiid  all  the  officers  of  the  court, 
attended. 

At  half  an  hour  pafl  fix  in  the 
evening,  the  Conde  del  Montijo, 
the  Duke  of  Alva,    the  Prince  of 

It  M<tza- 


146       ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


Mazareno,  the  Duke  of  Bournon- 
ville,  the  Duke  of  Medina  Sidonia, 
and  the  Conde  de  Aranda,  all 
knights  of  the  golden  fleece,  formed 
a  chapter  of  that  order  in  the  high 
fteward's  chamber,,  from  whence 
they  proceeded  to  diveft  the  royal 
body  of  the  collar ;  which  cere- 
mony was  performed  by  the  Conde 
del  Montijo,  as  the  eldeft  knight. 
On  Sunday  the  12th,  the  body, 
being  carried  down  to  the  foot  of 
the  palace  flairs  by  the  lords  of  the 
bed-chamber,  was  there  delivered 
10  the  officers  of  the  houOiold,  who 
placed  if  in  the  hearfe,  which  was 
prepared  to  convey  it  to  the  con- 
vent of  the  vifitation  at  Madrid. 
At  certain  intervals  the  bilhop  of 
Placentia,  who  attended  with  the 
priefts  of  the  royal  chapel,  repeated 
the  refponfes. 

The  proceffion  fet  out  from  Villa 
Viciofa  at  half  an  hour  paft  four  in 
the  morning,  and  arrived  at  Madrid 
before  ten. 

The  proceffion  entered  Madrid 
through  the  gate  de  los  Recoletos, 
where  it  was  received  by  the  body 
of  invalids,  with  their  colonel  at 
their  head.  It  then  proceeded  to 
the  convent  of  the  Vifitation,  the 
ftreets  through  which  it  pafled  being 
lined  with  theSpanifh  and  Walloon 
guards,  as  far  as  the  portico,  within  . 
which  a  party  of  the  guards  were 
ready  to  receive  the  body,  and  a 
company  of  halberdeeis  at  the 
church-gate. 

The  equerries  took  it  down  (rem 
the  hearfe.  The  gentlemen  of  ihe 
houlhold  carried  it  to  the  church 
door,  from  whence  the  grandees  and 
itewards  of  the  houlhold  conveyed 
it  to  the  tomb.  When  all  the  great 
officers,  grandees,  and  other  per- 
fons  prefent,  had  taken  their  places, 
pontifical  mafs  was  faid  by  the 
4 


bilhop  of  Santandcr,  at  which  tJie 
muficians  of  the  royal  chapel  af- 
fifled.  Divine  fervice  being  over, 
the  body  was  delivered  to  the 
priorefs  of  the  Vifitation,  who  re- 
ceived it  in  form  from  the  Duke 
of  Alva,  after  opening  the  coffin 
to  examine  it  in  prefence  of  the 
whole  company. 

When  the  royal  body  entered  the 
church,  the  company  of  guards, 
the  Spanilh  and  Walloon  infantry, 
and  the  invalids,  made  a  general 
difcharge  ;  another  at  the  elevation 
ofthehoft;  and  a  third  about  noon, 
when  the  body  entered  the  choir,  in 
order  to  be  delivered  to  the  nuns. 


An  account  of  the  plans  that  have 
been  laid  before  the  Committee 
for  building  a  Bridge  at  Black- 
fry  ars, 

IN  confequence  of  feveral  plans 
that  have  been  exhibited  for 
building  a  bridge  over  the  Thames 
at  Black-fryars,  in  fome  of  which 
the  arches  have  been  parts  of  circles, 
and  in  other  parts  of  ovals ;  many 
pieces  have  appeared  in  the  public 
papers,  in  which  different  parties 
have  endeavoured  to  prove  the  fupe- 
rior  excellency  of  different  plans. 

The  advocates  for  the  femi-cir- 
cular  arch  fay,  that  it  is  flronger 
than  the  oval  or  elliptical,  that  its 
figure  is  more  beautiful,  and  its 
conftrudtion  lefs  expenfive  ;  that  it 
is  flronger,  they  fay,  is  to  be  prov- 
ed by  mathematical  demonllration  ; 
that  it  i$  more  beautiful,  is  the  ne- 
ccfTary  confequence  of  its  fuperior 
regularity  and  fimpiicity,  as  the 
excefs  of  the  femi-elliptical  arch 
one  way  ferves  only  to  fliew  the  de- 
fe£i  of  it  in  another,  and  makes  it 
kvr  to  appearance^  whatever  is  it» 

real 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE. 


147 


real  height  ;  that  the  conftrudlion 
of  this  arch  is  more  expenfive  than 
the  femi-circular,  follows  from  its 
being  in  itfelf  lefs  llrong  ;  for,  as 
the  lateral  preflure  is  greater,  the 
piers  and  abutments  mull  be  con- 
Itrufted  fo  as  to  make  greater  refin- 
ance ;  it  is  alfo  alledged  that  the 
femi-circular  arch  will  be  more  con- 
venient for  the  advantage  of  veflels, 
and  will  lefs  impede  the  courfe  of 
the  water,  becaufe  this  arch  will  be 
more  lofty,  and  the  piers  and  abut- 
ments lefs  wide. 

A  difpute  has  alfo  arifen,  whe- 
ther the  bridge  ihall  be  fenced  with 
iron  rails,  or  a  baluflrade  of  ftone  : 
the  advocates  for  the  flone  balu- 
ftrade  fay,  that  rails  are  too  light 
and  trivial  for  a  ftrufture  of  fuch 
magnitude  and  dignity,  and  deftroy 
that  fimple  uniformity  of  parts  and 
defign  from  which  alone  true  beau- 
ty can  refult. 

On  the  other  fide,  it  is  alledged, 
that  if  the  arches  are  femi-circular, 
they  mull  either  be  large  or  nume- 
rous ;  if  they  are  large,  the  afcent 
of  the  bridge  will  be  fo  lleep  as  to 
render  it  extremely  inconvenient  to 
thofe  who  pafs  over  it,  and  car- 
riages will  be  fcarce  able  to  pafs  it 
at  all,  the  banks  of  the  river  be- 
ing very  low;  and  if  the  arches 
are  numerous,  both  the  navigation 
and  current  of  the  river  will  be 
greatly  obRrucled  by  the  piers  be- 
tween them.  Thefe  difad vantages 
will  all  be  removed  if  the  arch  be 
elliptical,  againft  which  there  can 
be  no  valid  objedlion,  but  its  want 
of  fufficient  ftrength  ;  as  utility  is 
furely  to  be  preferred  to  appear- 
ance, fuppofing  the  appearance 
of  the  femi-circle  to  be  more 
pleafing. 

To  prove  that  an  elliptical  arch 


is  not  fuffieiently  ftrong,   recourfe 
has  been  had,  not  to  mathematical 
reafoning,  but  to  fad  ;   and  it  has 
been  faid,  that  a   bridge  over  the 
Arno  at  Florence,  called  Trinity- 
bridge,     having    been    conflrucled 
with  elliptical  arches,  is  fo   feeble 
that  no  cart  is  fufFered  to  pafs  over 
it :  and  that  fome  years  ago,  when 
the  pavement  over  one  of  the  abut- 
ments was  taken  up  to  be  repaired^ 
feveral    Hones    in     the    adjoining 
arches  moved  out  of  their  places, 
and  the  workmen    were    therefore 
obliged  inllantly  to  defxft,  and  re- 
load the  abutment  again  with  its 
ufual  weight,  to  prevent  the  arch 
from  falling  in,  and  oppofe  fuffi- 
cient refinance  to  the  lateral  pref- 
fure. 

But  the  fkft  upon  which  this  ob- 
jedion  is  founded  is  not  true  ;  for 
it  will  appear  upon  the  firft  view 
of  this  bridge,  that  the  arches  are 
neither  ellipfis,    nor  cycloid,    nor 
any  other    regular    curve,    but    a: 
curve    drawn    from    thofe    points 
taken   at  pleafure.     Thefe  arches 
however,     irregular    as    they    are, 
have  flood  two  hundred  years ;  and 
though  it  is  true  that  carts  .1-^  not 
allowed  to  pafs  over  them,  yet  it  is 
alfo  true  that  the  fuppofed  weak- 
nefs  of  the  bridge  is  not  the  rea- 
fbn,    but    the  conveniency  of  the 
nobility,  who  live  in  the  llreets  to 
which  this   bridge  is  the  principal 
avenue,  there  being  another  bridge 
built  for  the  paiTagc  of  carts,  lead-' 
ing  to  flreets  through  v/hich  they 
may  pals  without  nuifance.     That 
the  arch  was  injured  by  moving  the 
pavement  is  allowed,    but  it  docs 
net  follow,    that    a  different  arch 
would  beinjured  by  the  fame  means, 
neither  does  the  injury  furl'^ed  by 
that  arch  appear  to  arife   from    a 
L  2  weakncii 


148        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


weaknefs  ef&ntial  to  its  figure,  bcr 
caufe  it  is  at  leall  equally  probable 
that  it  arofe  from  mere  defeit  in  its 
conftrudion. 

It  is  alfo  affirmed,  that  the  au- 
thor of  the  plan  for  conftrufling  a 
bridge  over  nine  elliptical  arches 
has  devifed  a  method  of  conftruclion, 
by  which  the  weight  will  be  thrown 
entirely  upon  the  piers,  and  the 
arches  have  nothing  to  fuftain  :  it 
is  acknowledged  that  this  device 
cannot  well  be  explained  by  a  writ- 
ten defcription,  but  we  are  told 
that  it  will  be  demonl^rated  to  the 
<:ommittee. 

It  is,  however,  moil  certain,  that 
an  elliptical  arch  is  not  fo  ilrong  as 
a  femi-circular  ;  as  may  be  demon- 
ftrated  by  arguments  which  appeal 
iimply  to  common  reafon,  and  which 
will  yet  {land  the  teil  of  geometrical 
examinations. 

All  arches  have  a  certain  degree 
of  weaknefs.  No  hollow  building 
pan  be  equally  Ilrong  with  a  folid 
mafs,  of  which  every  upper  part 
preiTes  perpendicularly  upon  the 
lower.  Any  weight  laid  upon  the 
top  of  an  arch,  has  a  tendency  to 
force  that  top  to  the  vacuity  below ; 
and  the  arch  thus  loaded  on  the  top 
ftands  only,  becaufe  the  Hones  that 
form  it,  being  wider  in  the  upper 
than  in  the  lower  parts,  that  part 
that  fills  a  wider  fpace  cannot  fall 
through  a  fpace  lefs  wide  ;  but  the 
fore-  which  laid  upon  a  flat  would 
prcfs  directly  down  wardi,  is  difperf- 
ed  each  way  in  a  lateral  dirediion, 
as  the  parts  of  a  beam  are  puihed 
put  to  the  right  and  left  by  a  wedge 
driven  between  them.  In  propor- 
t;6n  as  the  ilones  are  widerat  the 
top  than  at  the  bottom,  they  can 
lefs  eafily  be  forced  downwards  ; 
and  as   their  lateral  furfaces  tend 


more  from  the  center  to  each  fide, 
fo  much  more  is  the  prefiure  direfted 
laterally  towards  the  piers,  and  fo 
much  lefs  perpendicular  towardi 
the  vacuity. 

Upon  this  plain  principle  the 
femi-circular  arch  may  be  demon- 
llrated  to  excel  in  llrength  the 
elliptical  arch,  which  approaching 
nearer  to  a  llraight  line,  mull  be 
conllru(5led  with  Ilones,  whofe  di- 
minution downwards  is  very  little, 
and  of  which  the  prciTure  is  almofl 
perpendicular. 

It  has  yet  been  fometimes  aflerted 
by  hardy  ignorance,  that  the  ellip- 
tical arch  is  flronger  than  the  femi- 
circular,  or,  in  other  terms,  that 
any  mafs  is  more  llrongly  fupported 
the  lefs  it  refls  upon  thefupporters. 
If  the  elliprical  arch  be  equally 
flrong  with  the  femi-circular;  that 
is,  if  an  arch,  by  approaching  to  a 
ilraight  line,  lofes  none  of  its  Ha- 
bilicy,  it  will  follow  tjiat  all  arcua- 
tion  is  ufelefs,  and  that  the  bridge 
may  at  laft,  without  any  inconve- 
nience, confift  of  Hone  laid  in  ilrait 
lines  from  pillar  to  pillar.  But  if 
a  Ilrait  line  will  bear  no  weight, 
which  is  evident  at  the  firll  view, 
it  is  plain,  likewife,  that  anellipfis 
wi^l  bear  very  little,  and  that  as 
the  arch  is  more  curved,  its  llrength 
is  increafed. 

It  is  alledged  in  anfwer  to  this 
reafoning,  that  though  the  ellipti- 
cal arch  be  not  equally  Ilrong  with 
the  femi-circular,  yet  it  is  Ilrong 
enough  to  fuftain  any  weight  that 
will  ever  pafs  over  it,  and  that  its 
convenience  both  to  thofe  who  go 
under,  and  thofe  who  go  over,  by 
being  wide  and  lower,  will  abun- 
dantly compenfate  for  its  want  of 
beauty,  if  indeed  its  appearance  is 
lefs  beautiful.  It  may  however  be 
replied. 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.       149 


replied,  that  the  utmoft  flrength  is 
required  not  to  fultain  at  ffrft  a 
fuperadded  weight,  but  to  fuitain 
itfelf  through  fucccfli/e  ages:  an 
effort  perpetually  made  by  the  gra- 
vitation of  its  parts  will  by  degrees 
loqfen  its  texture,  puih  its  figure 
into  irregularities,  and  bring  on 
fucceflive  weaknefs  perpetually  ac- 
celerated by  the  operation  of  the 
fame  force  againft  lefs  and '  lefs  re- 
fiftance  till  the  whole  falls  into 
ruin,  if  i:  be  not  by  its  figure  fup- 
ported  in  a  perpendicular  diredlion, 
becaufe  it  is  the  perpendicular  fup- 
port  alone  that  will  not  yield  to  a 
perpetual  effort. 

In  defence  of  iron  rails  againft  a 
baluftrade  of  ftone,  it  is  faid,  that 
the  upper  member  of  a  cornice  is 
always  made  very  light,  and  that 
therefore  the  baluftrade,  which  is 
the  fitiifliing  member  of  the  bridge, 
may  be  made  as  light  ana  airy,  as 
is  confiftent  with  neceffary  folidity, 
without  violating  any  known  rule 
in  architefture,  consequently  with- 
out deftroying  that  fimpHcity,  and 
conformity  of  parts  and  defign, 
which  is  eflential  to  beauty. 

Iron  rails  fixed  between  pedeftals 
of  ftone  will  produce  a  pleafing 
variety,  and  give  an  uninterrupted 
view  of  the  fineft  river  in  the  world  ; 
to  preferve  ihem  from  the  weather, 
they  may  be  wafhed  with  the  var- 
nifh  lately  invented  at  Paris,  and 
ufed  in  the  iron  manufadories  in 
France,  which  at  the  fame  time  that 
it  defends  them  from  injury  by  the 
weather,  will  give  them  the  appear- 
ance of  braf-,  than  which  nothing 
can  be  more  magnificent.  The 
celebrated  bridge  of  St.  Angelo  at 
Rome  is  fenced  in  this  manner, 
and  the  univeifal  approbation  it 
has  received,  is  fuftic'ient  to  autho- 
rize an  imitation  of  it. 


Statutes  and  Rules  relating  to  the 
infpeflion  and  ufe  of  the  Bri- 
tish Museum,  lately  publiftied 
by  order  of  the  Truftees. 

THE    firft  ftatute  direds  the 
times  when   the  Mufeum   is 
to  be  kept  open,  as  follows  : 

1.  That  the  Mufeum  be  kept 
open  at  the  hours  mentioned  below, 
every  day  throughout  the  year,  ex- 
cept Saturday  and  Sunday  in  each 
week  ;  and  likewife  except  Chrift" 
mas-day  and  one  week  after  ;  one 
week  after  Eafter-day  and  Whit- 
Sunday  refpe£lively  ;  Good-Friday, 
and  all  days,  which  are  now,  or  ftiall 
hereafter  be  fpecially  appointed  for 
thankfgivings  or  fafts  by  public  au- 
thority. 

2.  That  between  the  months  of 
September  and  April  inclufive,  from 
Monday  to  Friday  inclufive, thcMu- 
feum  be  opened,  from  nine  o'clock' 
in  the  morning  till  three  in  the  after- 
noon; and  likewife  at  the famehours 
on  Tuerday,Wednefday,  andThurf- 
day, in  May, June, July, and  Auguft; 
but  on  Monday  and  Friday,  only 
from  four  o'clock  to  eight  in  the  af- 
ternoon, during  thofe  four  months, 
except  at  the  times  above  excepted. 

The  fecond  direds  the  manner 
of  admiffion  to  view  the  Mufeum, 
as  follows : 

I.  That  fuch  ftndious  and  curious 
perfons,  as  are  deUrous  to  fee  the 
Mufeum,  lliall  make  their  appli-- 
cation  to  the  porter,  in  writing ; 
which'  application  ftiall  contain 
their  names,  condition,  and  places 
of  abode,  as  aHo  the  day  and  hour 
at  which  they  dehre  to  be  admit- 
ted ;  and  lliall  be  dejivcred  to  him 
before  nine  in  the  morning,  or  be- 
tween four  and  eight  in  the  even- 
ing, on  fome  preceding-day ;  and 

L  3  that 


I50.       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1759, 


that  the  faid  names,  together  with 
the  reJprdive  aiMitions,  fhall  be 
entered  in  a  regiHer,  to  be  kept  by 
the  porter.,  And  the  porter  ihall, 
and  is  hereby  required  to  lay  fuch 
regifter  every  night  before  the  prin- 
cipal librarian,  or  in  his  abfence 
before  the  under  librarian,  who 
fhall  officiate  as  fecretary  for  the 
time  being,  or  in  his  abience,  be- 
fore one  of  the  other  under  libra- 
rians;  to  the  end  that  the  princi- 
pal, or  fuch  under  librarian,  may 
be  informed,  whether  the  perfons 
fo  applying  be  proper  to  be  admit- 
ted according  to  the  regulations 
^pade,  or  to  be  made,  by  the  truf- 
tees  for  that  purpofe.  And  if  he 
fhall  judge  them  proper,  he  (hall 
diied  the  porter  to  deliver  tickets 
to  them,  according  to  their  requeft, 
on  their  applying  a  fecond  time  for 
the  faid  tickets. 

2.  That  no  more  than  ten  tickets 
be  delivered  out,  for  each  hour  of 
admittance;  which  tickets,  when 
brought  by  the  refpedive  perfons 
therein  named,  are  to  be  fhewn  to 
the  por:er  ;  who  is  thereupon  to 
dired  them  to  a  proper  room  ap- 
pointed for  their  reception,  till  the 
hoar  of  feeing  the  Mufeum  become; 
at  which  time  they  are  to  deliver 
their  tickets  to'  the  proper  officer 
of  the  firft  department:  and  that 
five  of  the  perfons,  producing  fuch 
tickets,  be  attended  by  the  under 
librarian,  and  the  other  five  by  the 
affiftant  in  each  department. 

3.  That  the  faid  number  of  tick- 
ets be  delivered  for  the  admiflion 
of  company  at  the  hours  of  nine, 
ten,  eleven,  or  twelve  refpedively, 
in  the  morning  ;  and  at  the  hour 
of  four  or  live,  in  the  aftjernoon 
of  thofe  days,  in  which  the  Mufeum 
is  to  be  open  at  that  time  :  and 
that,  if  application  be  made  by  a 


freater  number  of  perfons  than  caii 
e  accommodated  on  that  day  and 
hour,  which  they  had  named  ;  the 
perfons  lall  applying  have  tickets 
granted  them  for  fuch  other  day 
and  hour,  as  will  be  moft  fion- 
venient  for  them  ;  provided  it  be 
within  feven  day.s ;  a  fufficient  num- 
ber of  tickets  being  ordered  to  be 
left  in  the  hands  of  the  porter,  for 
that  purpofe. 

4.  That  if  the  number  of  perfons 
'producing  tickets  for  any  particular 
hour  does  not  exceed  five,  they , be 
defircd  to  join  in  one  company  ; 
which  may  be  attended  either  by 
the  under  librarian,  or  affiftant,  as 
Ihali  be  agreed  on  between  them. 

5.  That  if  any  perfons,  having 
obtained  tickets,  be  prevented  froni 
making  ufe  of  them,  they  be  de- 
fired  to  fend  them  back  to  the  por- 
ter in  time;  that  other  perfons, 
wanting  to  fee  the  Mufeum,  may 
not  be  excluded. 

6.  That  the  fpeflators  may  view 
the  whole  Mufeum  in  a  regular  or- 
der, they  are  firft  to  be  concluded 
through  the  department  of  manu- 
fcripts  and  medals  ;  then  the  de- 
partment of  natural  and  artificial 
produftions ;  and  afterwards  the 
department  of  printed  books,  by  the 
particular  officers  affigned  to  each 
department. 

7.  That  one  hour  only  be  allowed 
to  the  feveral  companies,  for  gra- 
tifying their  curiofity  in  viewing 
each  department,  fo  that  the  whole 
infpedlion  for  each  company  may  be 
finiflied  in  three  hours  ;  and  that 
each  company  keep  together  in  that 
room,  in  which  the  officer  who  at- 
tends them,  fhall  then  be. 

8.  That  a  catalogue  of  the  re- 
fpedlive  printed  books,  manufcripts, 
and  other  parts  of  the  colledlion, 
diilingiwlhed  by  numbers,     be  de- 

pofited. 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE. 


'S' 


pofited  in  fome  one  room  of  each 
department,  to  which  the  fame  Ihall 
refpedively  belong,  as  foon  as  the 
fame  can  be  prepared. 

9.  That  written  numbers,  an- 
fwering  to  thofe  in  the  catalogues, 
be  affixed  both  to  the  books,  and 
other  parts  of  the  collection,  as  far 
as  can  conveniently  be  done. 

10.  That  i«  pafling  through  the 
rooms,  if  any  of  the  fpe<flacors  de- 
fire  to  fee  any  book,  or  other  part 
of  the  colledion,  it  be  handed  to 
them   by   the   officer,    as    far  as  is 
confiftent  with   the  fecurity  of  the 
colledion,  to  be  judged  of  by  the 
faid  officer;  who  is  to  reftore  it  to 
its    place,    before   they   leave    the 
room  :  that  no  more  than  one  fuch 
book,  or  other  part  of  the  colleftion, 
be  delivered  at  a  time  to  the  fame 
company  :  and   that  the  officer  do 
give  the  company  any  information 
they   fhall   defire,    relating  to  that 
part  of  the  colledlion  which  is  under 
his  care. 

1 1.  That  upon  the  expiration  of 
each  hour,  notice  Ihall  be  given  of 
it  by  ringing  a  bell ;  at  which  time 
the  feveral  companies  fliall  remove 
out  of  the  department  in  which  they 
then  are,  to  make  room  for  freih 
companies. 

12.  That  the  coins  and  medals, 
except  fuch  as  the  ftanding  com- 
mittee (hall  order,  from  time  to 
time,  to  be  placed  in  glafs  cafes, 
be  no:  cxpofed  to  view,  but  by 
leave  of  the  truftees,  in  a  general 
meeting,  or  the  ftanding  commit- 
tee, or  of  the  principal  librarian  : 
that  they  be  (hewn  between  the 
hours  of  one  and  three  in  the  af- 
ternoon, by  one  of  the  officers, 
who  have  the  cuftody  of  them  : 
that  no  ir.ore  than  two  perfons  be 
admitted  into  the  room  to  fee  them 
ai  the  fame  time,  unlefs  by  particu-     it. 


lar  leave  of  the  principal  librarian  ; 
who  in  fuch  cafe  ib  required  to  at- 
tend, together  with  the  faid  offi- 
cer, the  whole  time :  and  that  but 
one  thing  be  taken,  or  continue  out 
of  the  cabinets  and  drawers  at  a 
time,  which  is  to  be  done  by  the 
officer,  who  fhall  replace  it,  before 
any  perfon  prefent  goes  out  of  the 
room. 

13.  That  if  any  of  the  perfons 
who  have  tickets,  come  after  th« 
hour  marked  in  the  faid  tickets, 
but  before  the  three  hours  allotted 
them  are  expired,  they  be  permitted 
to  join  the  company  appointed  for 
the  fame  hour,  on  their  removing 
into  another  department,  in  order 
to  fee  the  remaining  part  of  the 
colieflion,  if  they  dcfire  it. 

14.  That  the  Mufeum  be  con- 
f^antly  fhut  up  at  all  other  times, 
but  thofe  above  mentioned. 

15.  That  if  any  perfons  are  de- 
firous  of  vifiting  the  Mufeum  more 
than  once,  they  may  apply  for  tick- 
ets in  the  manner  above-mentioned, 
at  any  other  times,  and  as  often  as 
they  pleafe  :  provided  that  no  one 
perlon  has  tickets  at  the  fame  time 
for  more  than  one, 

16.  That  no  children  be  admit- 
ted into  the  Mufeum. 

17.  That  no  officer,  or  fervant, 
take  any  fee,  reward,  or  gratuity, 
of  any  perfon  whatfoever,  excepp 
in  fuch  cafes  as  are  herein  after- 
mentioned,  under  the  penalty  o£ 
immediate  difmiffion. 

The  third  dire(5ls  the  manner  of 
admitting  perfons,  who  defire  to 
make  ufe  of  tht.-  Mufeum  for  ftudy, 
or  fhall  have  occafion  to  confult  the 
fame  for  evidence,  or  information  : 
but  as  every  fuch  perfon  will  cer- 
tainly provide  him  felf  with  the  book 
itfelf,  we  fhall  not  fparc  room  for 


And 


15,4        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1759, 


And  at  the  end  there  is  an  order 
as  follows : 

Although  it  may  be  pre  fumed, 
tnat  perfons  who  fhall  be  admitted 
to  fee  the  MuTeum,  will  in  general 
conform  themfclves  to  the  rules  and 
orders  above  mentioned  ;  yet  as  it 
may  happen,  that  thefe  rules  may 
not  always  be  duly  obferved  :  the 
tri^ftees  think  it  neceffary,  for  tlie 
fafety  and  prefervation  of  the  Mu- 
feuni,  and  do  hereby  order.  That 
in  cafe  any  perfons  (hall  behave  in 
an  improper  manner,  and  contrary, 
to  the  faid  rules,  and  fhall  continue 
fuch  miibehdviour,  after  having 
been  adrnonifhed  by  one  of  the  of- 
ficers ;  fuch  perfons  fhall  be  obliged 
toj-ihvvith  to  withdraw  from  the 
Mufeum  ;  and  their  names  (hall  be 
entered  in  a  book  to  be  kept  by  the 
porter:  vvho  is  hereby  ordered  not 
to  deliver  tickets  to  them  for  their 
adm'ffion  for  the  future,  without  a 
fpecial  direction  from  the  trullees 
in  a  general  meeting. 


Premtams  of  the  Society  for  the  en- 
couragement of  Arts  and  Com- 
merce. 

To    the    PUB  Lie. 

Strand,  April  25,  1759. 

THE  foci^ty  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  arts,  manufaflures, 
and  commerce,  propofe,  in  purfu- 
ance  of  their  plan,  to  bellow  the 
fol lowing  premiums,  viz. 
Premiums  reJaiing  to  agriculture, 
hulbandry,  planting,  &c. 
For  fowing  the  greateft  quantity 
of  land  w^th  acorns  alone  before 
the  ill  of  May  1760,  (ten  acres 
at  leaft)  with  not  fefs  than  four  bu- 
ihels  to  each  acre,  and  for  fericing 
and  preferving  the  fame  effectually, 
for  raiting  timber,  a  gold  medal.    ' 


For  the  fecond  greateft  quantity 
ditto,  a  filver  medal. 

For  the  third  ditto,  a  filver  medal. 

Certificates  of  fowing  the  fame, 
muft  be  delivered  to  the  fociety, 
on  or  before  the  iirft  Tuefday  i& 
.November,   1760. 

For  creding,  on  or  before  the  ift 
of  September,  1761,  an  apiary, 
containing  the  greateft  nlumber  oif 
hives  or  boxes  ftocked  with  bees, 
not  lefs  than  thirty,  a  gold  medal. 

Alfo  a  filver  medal  for  the  fecond 
greateft  number,  not  lefs  than  20. 

Certificates  to  be  delivered  on  or 
before  the  laft  Tuefday  in  Otlober, 

for  fowing  the  greateft  quantity 
of  land  with  Spanifh  chefnuts,  (for 
raifing  timber)  before  the  firft  day 
of  May,  1760,  and  for  effedlually 
fencing  and  preferving  the  fame, 
a  gold  medal. 

For  the  fecond  greateft  quantity 
ditto,- a  filver  medal. 

For  the  third  ditto,  a  filver  medal. 

F'or  properly  planting  the  greateft 
number  of  the  fmall-leaved  En- 
glifli  elm,  for  raifing  timber,  (com- 
monly ufed  for  keels  of  fliips  and 
water-works)  before  the  iirft  day 
of  May,  1 760,  and  for  eftedually , 
fencing  and  preferving  the  fame,  ^ 
gold  medal. 

For  the  fecond  greateft  number 
of  ditto,  a  filver  medal. 

For  the  third  ditto,  a  filver  medal. 

N.B.  Certificates  of  having  plant- 
ed the  two  laft  articles,  muft  be  de- 
livered on  or  before  the  firft  Tuef- 
day in  Noveruber,    1760. 

For  planting  out  in  the  year  1 760, 
at  proper  diftances,  the  greateft 
number  of  that  pine,  commonly  cal- 
led Scotch  fir,  being  the  tree  which 
produces  the  beft  red,  or  yellow 
deal,  to  be  two  years  old,  at  leaft, 
when  planted  out,  and  for  eifeduat- 

■  ■  ^'y 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE 


ly  fencing  and  prcferving  the  fame, 
a  gold  medal. 

For  the  fecond  greatefl  number 
of  ditto,  a  filver  medal. 

Far  the  third  ditto,  a  filver  medal. 

Certificates  of  iuch  planning  muft 
Jbe  delivered  on  or  before  the  lalt 
Wednefday  in  January,  1761. 

N.  B.  The  like  piemiuras  will 
alfo  be  given  for  planting  out  the 
greateft  number  of  S.otch  firs  at 
the  fame  age,  and  after  the  fame 
manner,  in  the  year  1761.  Ar.d 
certificates  thereof  miill  be  delivered 
on  or  before  the  laft  Tuefday  in 
January  1762. 

For  the  moft  efFeflual  method  to 
prevent  or  deftrby  the  fly  which 
takes  the  turnip  in  the  leaf,  to  be 
produced  on  or  before  the  firft  Wed- 
nefday in  December,  1759,  20I. 

For  properly  planting  with  mad- 
der roofs,  the  greateft  number  of 
acres  (not  lefs  than  ten)  and  effec- 
tually fencing  and  preferving  the 
fame,  50 1.  Certificates  will  be  re- 
quired of  the  whole  having  been 
planted  and  fenced  between  the  ift 
of  jupe,  1759,  and  the  ift  of  No- 
vember, 1763.  And  fuch  certifi- 
cates mult  be  delivered  in,  on  or 
before  the  firll  Tuefday  in  Decem- 
bpr,   1760. 

For  the  beft  fet  of  experiments, 
with  a  diflertation  on  the  nature  and 
operations  of  manures,  to  be  pro- 
duced on  or  before  the  third  Wed- 
nefday in  December,  1759,  *  g°^^ 
medal,  if  really  defervmg. 

For  the  bell  fet  of  experiments, 
with  a  dilTertation  on  foils  and  their 
different  natures,  to  be  produced 
on  or  before  the  firft  Wednefday  in 
pecember,  1759,  a  gold  medal,  if 
deferving. 

For  the  moft  eiFedual  method  to 
prevent  or  cure  the  rot  in  fheep,  to 
be  produced  on  or  before  the  firft 


^53 

Wednefday -in    December,    1759, 

2q1. 

For  planting  out  in  tkeyear  1761, 
atproperdiftances,  the  greateft  num- 
ber of  the  white  pine,  commonly 
called  Lord  Weymouth's,  or  the 
New-England  pine,  (being  the  pro- 
pereft  fort  for  malls)  to  be  four  years 
old,  at  leaft,  when  planted  out,  and 
for  effedlually  fencing  and  preferr- 
ing the  fame,  a  gold  medal. 

For  the  fecond  greateft  number 
of  ditto,  a  filver  medal. 

Fcr  the  third  ditto,  a  filver  medal. 

Certificates  of  fuch  planting  muft 
be^  delivered  on  or  before  the  lalt 
Wednefday  in  January,    1762. 

N.  ^.  The  like  premiums  will  be 
given  for  planting  out  Lord  Wey- 
mouth's pine,  as  above,  in  the  year 
1762,  and  alfo  in  the  year  1763. 
Certificates  thereof  for  1762,  muft 
be  delivered  on  or  before  the  laft 
Wednefday  in  January,  1763,  and 
for  1763,  on  or  before  the  laft  Tuef-, 
day  in  January,  1764. 
Premiums   for  difcoveries  and  im-> 

provements  in  ciiymiftry,  dying 

and  mineralogy,  &c. 

For  the  greateft  quantity  of  bif- 
muth,  made  from  minerals  or  ma- 
terials, the  produce  of  England, 
not  lefs  than  100 lb.  wt.  to  be  pro- 
duced on  or  before  the  third  Tuef- 
day in  January,   1760,  30I. 

For  10 lb.  wt.  of  borax,  difco- 
vered  or  made  in  this  kingdom, 
having  the  properties  of  that  which 
is  mported,  to  be  produced  on  or 
before  the  third  Tuefday  in  Janu- 
ary,  1760,  25 1. 

For  making  200  nefts  of  the  beft. 
crucibles,  of  a  fmall  fize,  each  nell 
confiftiiig  of.  no  lefs  than  fix  cruci- 
bles, and  iikewife  fifty  nefts  of  a 
larger  fize  ;  the  iargeft  crucibles  in 
each  of  which  lall  50  nefts  to  hold 
two  quarts  of  Britifh  materials,  and; 

equal' 


J54        ANNUAL    REGISTER, 

equal  to  the  crucibles  imported  for 
melting  metals  and  fait,  to  be  pro- 
duced on  or  before  the  third  Tuef- 
day  in  January,  1760,  30I. 

For  the  beft  fample  of  flaxen  yarn 
dyed  of  a  lading  and  firm  green  co- 
lour, not  lefs  than  2  5  lb.  weight  to  be 
produced  on  or  before  the  fecond 
Tuefday  in  March,  1760,  20 1. 

For  dying  flaxen  yarn  fcarlet  in 
grain,  of  the  beft  holding  or  faft 
colour,  2 lb.  wt.  at  the  leaft,  to  be 
produced  as  above,  30 1. 

For  improving  grain  colours,  and 
rendering  them  cheaper ;  fpecimens 
to  be  produced  on  or  before  the  fe- 
cond Tuefday  in  December,  1759, 
30I. 

For  making  a  quantity  of  the  beft 
fal  ammoniac,  equal  in  goodnefs  to 

the  beft  imported,    not   lefs  than 
50olb.  wt.  atone  manufa6lory,  501b. 

wt.  of  which  to  be  produced  as  a 

fample,  on  or  before  the  third  Tuef- 
day in  March,  1760,  30 1. 

N.  B.  If  the  famples  produced  be 

equal  in  goodnefs,  the  quantity  made 

will  determine  the  premium. 

For  the  beft  fcarlet  in  grain  dyed 

ia  England,  in  a  piece  of  fuperfine 

brbad  cloth,  not  lefs  than  25  yards, 

fuperior  in  colour  to  any  now  dyed 

in  England,  and  the  neareft  to  the 

fineft  foreign  dyed  fcarlet  in  grain 

cloth,  with  condition  to  declare  how 

much  the  dying  coft  per  yard,  to  be 

produced  on  or  before  the  3d  Wed- 

nefday  in  December,  1759,  20I. 
For  the  difcovery  of  the  beft  and 

cheapeftcompofition  of  a  very  ftrong 

and  lafting  colour  for  marking  of 

fheep,  which  will  endure  the  wea- 
ther a  proper  time,  and  not  damage 

the  wool,  as  pitch,  tar.  Sec.  to  be 

produced  on  or  before  the  firft  Tuef- 
day in  February,   1760,   20I. 

For  the  bell  and  cheapeft  compo- 

iition,  which  on  fufHcient  trials  ihall 


'759' 


appear  moft  effejElual  for  fecuring 
ftiips  bottoms  from  worms  and  other 
injuries.  50I.     Six  planks  of  oak 
(cut  out  of  the  fame  piece  of  tim- 
ber) muft  be  provided  by  each  can- 
didate, each  plank  being  three  feet 
long,  one  foot  wide,  and  two  inches 
thick  ;  four  of  the  faid  planks  muft 
be  prepared  or  payed  with  the  com- 
poficion,  and  the  other  two  muft  be 
left  unprepared  or  unpayed  ;  and  all 
the  faid  planks  muft  be  produced  to 
the  fociety  on  or  before  the  firft  day 
of  January,   1760,  in  order  to  be 
fent  to  fuch  places  as  the  fociety 
fliall  think  proper,  for  making  trials 
thereon. 

For  ditto  in  the  year  1760,  the 
planks  to  be  produced  in  the  fame 
manner,  on  or  before  the  firft  day  of 
January,   1761,  50I. 

In  the  year  1756,  it  was  propofed 
to  give  100 1.  for  making  at  any  one 
manufadlory  (within  three  years  from 
the  date  thereof)  io,o©oIb.  wt.  of  the 
beft  falt-petre,  fit  for  gun-powder, 
by  fome  method  different  from  Mr, 
Paul  Nightingale's  (as  mentioned 
in  his  patent  and  fpecification)  from 
materials  the  produce  of  England 
or  Wales,  or  from  fea- water,  100  lb. 
wt.  thereof  to  be  produced  for  fuch 
trials  to  be  made  thereon,  as  the 
fociety  Ihall  direft. 

Alfo  for  the  fecond  like  quantity 
fit  for  gunpowder,  made  at  fome 
other  manufadory,  within  the  fame 
time,  50I. 

It  is  now  further  propofed  to  give 
lool.  to  the  perfon  who  (hall  make 
the  firft  1 0,000 lb.  wt.  of  fuch  falt- 
petre  fit  for  gunpowder  (before  the 
firftTuefday  in  April,  1760)  loolb. 
wt.  thereof  to  be  produced  as  above. 
For  the  fecond  like  quantity  fit 
for  gunpowder,  at  fome  other  ma- 
nufadory,  and  by  a  different  per- 
fon, or  perfons,  50 1. 

N.  B. 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.         155 


N.  B.  The,  fame  perfons  may  be 
.entitled  to  double  premiums,  if"  the 
above  quantity  of  Talt-petrt:  be  made 
by  them  before  the  firll  Tuefday  in 
April,   1760. 

For  an  effcaual  method  to  adal- 
corate  train  or  feal  oil,  for  the  nfe 
not  only  ot  the  clothier,  foap-boiler, 
&c.  but  toanfwer  the  ordinary  pur- 
pofes  of  olive  oil,  to  be  produced 
on  or  before  the  fccond  Wednefday 
in  December,   1759,   lol. 

For  making  one  quart,  at  lead,  of 
the  bed,  moft  tranfparent,  and  co- 
lourlefs  varnifh,  equal  in  all  refpeds 
to  Martin's  at  Paris,  commonly  cal- 
led copal  varnifh,  the  properties 
whereof  are  great  hardnefs,  perfeft 
tranfparency,  without  difcolouring 
any  paint  it  is  laid  over,  being  ca- 
pable of  the  fineft  polifh,  and  not 
liable  to  crack,  20I.  The  varnifh 
that  gains  the  premium  mufl  be 
better  than  any  before  produced  ; 
and  each  candidate,  when  his  var- 
nifh is  produced,  mufl  produce  alfo 
a  pannel  of  wood  (large  enough  for 
a  coach  door)  painted  with  the  fineft 
ground  of  white,  blue,  green,  pom- 
padour, carmine,  and  red,  finifhed 
with  the  fame  varnifh,  the  mofl  per- 
fedly  fecured  and  polifbed,  (o  as  to 
be  proof  again fl  a  hot  fun,  froft,  or 
wet,  to  be  left  with  the  fociety  for 
fix  months  at  leaft,  in  order  to  af- 
certain  its  merit. 

'  Specimcnsof  the  varnifh  and  pan- 
nels  fo  finifhed,  are  to  be  delivered 
on  or  before  the  firfl  Tuefday  in 
March,  1760,  and  to  be  determined 
on  the  lafl  Wednefday  in  Septem- 
ber,  1760. 

For  making  the  mofl  and  beft 
vcrdigreafc,  equal  in  goodnefs  to 
the  French,  not  lefs  than  100 lb.  wt. 
to  be  produced  on  or  before  the 
third  Tuefday  io  January,  1760, 
30I, 


N.  B.  The  procefs  of  making  ver- 
digreafe  is  given  in  the  memoirs  of 
the  royal  academy  of  fciences  at  Pa- 
ris, for  the  years  1750  and  1753. 

For  making  the  mofl  and  beft 
zafFre  and  fmalt  from  Englifh  co- 
balt, (not  lefs  than  i  lb.  wt.  of  zaf- 
fre,  and  51b.  wt.  of  fmalt)  to  be 
produced  on  or  before  the  third 
Tuefday  in  January,  1760,  together 
with  one  pound  of  the  ore  they  were 
produced  from,  in  order  to  a  counter 
proofi  30I. 
Premiums  for  improving  arts,  &c. 

For  the  befl  drawings  of  a  human 
figure,  after  life,  by  youths  under 
the  age  of  twenty-four,  during  their 
meetings  next  winter,  at  the  aca* 
demy  for  painting,  &c.  in  St.  Mar- 
tin's lane  (according  to  the  rule$ 
hung  up  there)  30  guineas,  to  be 
produced  on  or  before  the  iirfl  Tuef- 
day in  February,  1760,  and  deter- 
mined in  proportion  to  their  merit. 

For  the  befl  drawings  of  any  fla- 
tue,  at  the  candidate's  own  eledion, 
in  the  Duke  of  Richmond's  gallery, 
by  youths  under  the  age  of  twenty- 
one,  to  be  produced  and  determined 
as  above,  25  guineas. 

The  drawings  muft  be  left  with 
the  perfon  who  takes  care  of  the 
ftatues,  until  they  are  delivered  to 
the  fociety. 

For  the  befl  drawings  of  a  human 
figure  or  figures,  from  models,  cafls, 
or  bafTo- relievos,  the  principal  figure 
not  It  fs  than  twelveinches,  by  youths 
under  the  age  of  twenty,  to  be  pro- 
duced on  or  before  the  third  Tuef- 
day in  February,  1760,  and  deter- 
mined as  above,   15  guineas. 

All  the  above  drawings  to  bo 
ipade  with  chalks  only. 

For  the  bell  drawings  of  a  human 
figure,  after  a  print  or  drawing,  by 
youths  under  the  age  of  fixtcen,  to 

bt 


156     ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


1759' 


be '  produced  and  determined  as 
above,   15  guineas. 

To  be  made  with  chalks,  pei)cil, 
or  pen,  and  of  a  different  fize  from 
the  original. 

For  the  beft  drawings  of  land- 
fcapes  after  nature,  by  youths  under 
the  age  of  nineteen,  to  be  made 
with  chalks,  pen,  pencil,  Indian 
ink,  or  biftre,  and  produced  on  or 
before  the  firft  Tuefday  in  Novem- 
ber, 1759,  to  be  determined  as 
above,  20  guineas. 

On  the  back  of  each  drawing, 
mention  Ihall  be  made  whence  the 
view  was  taken. 

For  the  beft  drawings  or  compo- 
£tions  after  nature,  of  beafts,  birds, 
fruit,  or  flowers,  by  youths  under 
the  age  of  twenty,  to  be  produced 
on  or  before  the  third  Tuefday  in 
January,  1760,  and  determined  as 
above,  20  guineas. 

To  be  made  with  crayons,  or 
water-colours. 

For  the  beft  drawings  or  compo- 
fitions,  as  above,  by  youths  under 
the  age  of  fixteen,  to  be  produced 
and  determined  as  above,  15  gui- 
neas. 

To  be  made  with  chalks,  pencil, 
pen,  or  Indian  ink. 

For  the  beft  drawings  or  com- 
pofitions  as  above,  by  girls  under 
the  age  of  twenty,  to  be  produced 
and  determined  as  above,  15  gui- 
neas. 

To  be  made  with  crayons,  or 
water-colours. 

For  the  beft  drawings  or  compo- 
iitions  of  ornaments,  confitting  of 
birds,  beafts,  flowers,  and  foliage, 
fit  for  weavers,  embroiderers,  or  any 
art  or  manufafture,  by  girls  under 
the  age  of  eighteen,  to  be  produced 
and  determined  as  above,  15  guineas. 

To  be  coloured,  or  not  coloured, 
at  the  option  of  the  candidate. 


For  the  beft  drawings  or  compo- 
tions  of  ornaments,  being  original 
defjgns,  fit  for  weavers,  callico- 
printers,  or  any  art  or  manufadure, 
by  youths  under  the  age  of  twenty, 
to  be  produced  and  determined  as 
above,   15  guineas. 

To  be  coloured,  or  not  coloured, 
at  the  option  of  the  candidate. 

For  th6  beft  drawings  or  compo- 
fitions  of  ornaments,  being  original 
defigns,  .fit  for  weavers,  callico- 
printers,  or  any  other  art  or  manu- 
fadlure,  by  youths  under  the  age  of 
fixteen,  to  be  produced  and  deter- 
mined as  above,   15  guineas. 

To  be  coloured,  or  not  coloured, 
at  the  option  of  the  candidate. 

For  the  beft  drawings  of  a  human 
figure,  or  heads,  after  drawings  or 
prints,  by  boys  under  the  age  of 
fourteen,. to  be  produced  and  deter- 
mined as  above,   15  guineas. 

To  be  made  with  chalks,  pencil, 
pen,  or  Indian  ink. 

For  the  beft  drawings  of  any  kind 
(human  figures  and  heads  excepted) 
by  boys  under  the  age  of  fourteen, 
to  be  produced  and  determined  as 
above,   15  guineas. 

To  be  made  with  chalks,  pencil, 
pen,  or  Indian  ink. 
,  For  the  beft  drawings  of  a  horfe, 
from  the  life,  by  youths  under  the 
age  of  twenty,  to  be  produced  and 
determined  as  above,  10  guineas. 

The  height  of  the  figure  to  be 
not  lefs  than  ten  inches,  an(f  to  be 
made  with  chalks  only. 

A  gold  medal  will  be  given  for 
the  -beft  original  drawing  of  any 
kind,  and  a  filver  medal  for  the  fe- 
cond  beft,  by  young  ladies  or  gen- 
tlemen under  the  age  of  twenty, 
to  be  produced  on  or  before  the  firft 
Tuefday  in  March,  1760. 

Alfo  two  medals,  one  gold,  and 

the  other  filver,  for  the  beft  original 

drav/ings 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.      157 

figures  or  baflb  relievos,  by  youths 
under  the  age  of  twenty,  being  their 
own  invention,  to  be  produced  and 
determined  as  the  laft,  15  guineas. 

For  the  bell  modds  in  clay,  (not 
lefs  than  twenty  inches  high)  from 
the  dancing  fawn,  in  the  Duke  of 
Richmond's  gallery,  by  youths  un- 
der the  age  of  twenty-two,  to  be 
produced  and  determined  as  the  laft, 
20  guineas. 

For  the  beft  models  or  compofi- 
tion  of  ornaments  in  clay,  confift- 
ing  of  birds,  beafts,  fruit,  flowers, 
or  foliage,  by  youths  under  the  age 
of  twenty-two,  being  their  own  in- 
vention, to  be  produced  and  deter- 
mined as  the  laft,   15  guineas. 

For  the  beft  models  or  compofi- 
tions  of  ornaments  in  clay,  confift- 
ing  of  birds,  beafts,  fruit,  flowers, 
or  foliage,  by  youths  under  the  age 
of  nineteen,  to  be  produced  and  de- 
termined as  the  lalt,   10  guineas. 

N.B.  The  clay  of  all  thefe  model* 
muft  be  left  in  its  natural  colour, 
and  quite  dry  when  produced. 

For  the  beft  models  in  wax,  (fit 
for  artifts  who  work  in  metal)  by 
youths  under  the  age  of  nineteen, 
being  their  own  invention,  to  be 
produced  on  or  before  the  firft  Tuef- 
day  in  February,  1760,  and  deter- 
mined in  proportion  to  their  merit, 
10  guineas. 

No  candidate  who  has  gained 
the  firft  premium  in  any  clafs,'will 
be  permitted  to  enter  him  or  her- 
felf  as  a  candidate  in  any  clafs  of 
an  inferior  age  ;  and  no  candidate 
(hall  receive  more  than  one  pre- 
mium in  one  year. 

A  candidate  being  dete£led  in  any, 
difiiigenuous  methods  to  impofe  on 
the  fociety,  will  forfeit  the  premium 
for  which  he  is  a  competitor,  and 
be  deemed  incapable  of  obtaining 
any  premium  for  the  future. 

N.B. 


drawings  of  any  kind,  by  young 
ladies  or  gentlemen  under  the  age 
of  fixteen,  to  be  produced  and  de- 
termined as  the  laft. 

To  be  made  with  chalks,  pencil, 
pen,  Indian  ink,  or  biftre. 

The  candidates  muft  fend  in  their 
drawings,  without  frame  or  glafs, 
fcaled  up,  and  marked  with  the 
number  of  the  clafs  they  belong  to, 
and  their  names  muft  be  wrote  on 
the  margin  of  each  drawing,  on  the 
infide,  and  covered  by  themfelves 
refpeftively. 

For  a  copper  medal,  the  fize  of 
an  Englifti  crown,  which  ftiall  be 
executed  the  beft,  in  point  of  work- 
manlhip,  and  boldnefs  of  relijief, 
by  perfons  under  the  age  of  twenty- 
five,  after  a  model  firft  produced 
by  the  candidate,  and  approved  by 
the  fociety  ;  the  medal  and  dyes 
are  to  be  delivered  on  or  before 
the  firft  Tuefday  in  February,  1 760, 
20  guineas. 

The  medal  to  be  the  property 
©f  the  fociety. 

For  the  beft  model  of  the  face, 
and  reverfe  of  a  medallion,  its  dia- 
meter not  lefs  than  three  inches, 
by  youths  under  the  age  of  twenty- 
two,  being  their  own  compofition, 
to  be  produced  and  determined  as 
above,   10  guineas. 

The  fubjedl  to  be  given  by  the 
fociety. 

For  the  beft  models  in  clay  of 
bafTo- relievos,  by  youths  under  the 
age  of  twenty-five,  being  their  own 
invention,  the  height  of  the  prin- 
cipal figure  not  lefs  than  twelve 
inches,  to  be  produced  on  or  before 
the  firft  Tuefday  in  February,  1760, 
and  determined  in  proportion  to 
their  merit,  20  guineas. 

The  fubjedl  to  be  Jephtha's  rafh 
vow. 

For  the  beft  models  in  clay,  of 


1S8         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


N.  B.  All  candidates  for  drawing 
or  modelling  (except  thofe  who  draw 
or  model  in  theDukeof  Richmond's 
gallery,  or  at  the  academy)  may 
draw  or  model  at  their  refpeftivc 
dwellings;  but  the  perfons  to  whom 
premiums  (hall  be  adjudged,  will  be 
cxpefted  to  give  fatisfadory  proofs, 
that  the  drawings  or  models  by  them 
produced,  were  entirely  their  own 
performance,  without  the  affiftance 
,  of  any  perfon  ;  and  the  drawings 
and  models,  for  which  premiums  are 
given,  Ihall  become  the  property 
of  the  fociety  ;  excepting,  however, 
fuch  as  gain  honorary  premiums, 
which  fliall  remain  with  the  fociety 
two  months,  and  be  then  returned, 
if  defired,  to  their  owners. 

For  the  beft  engraving  of  a  hi- 
ftory  piece,  confifting  of  not  lefs 
than  three  human  figures,  the  prin- 
cipal one  not  under  eight  inches 
high,  to  be  produced  to  the  fociety 
on  or  before  the  fecond  Tuefday  in 
January,  1761,  40  guineas. 

For  the  beft  engraving,  performed 
by  youths  under  the  age  of  twenty- 
two,  from  a  fubjedl  to  be  appointed 
by  the  fociety,  to  be  delivered  on 
or  before  the  fecond  Tuefday  in 
January,  1760,  20  guineas. 

For  the  beft  fcraping  in  metzo- 
tinto,  after  a  pidlure  or  drawing, 
approved  of  by  the  fociety,  by 
youths  under  th6  age  of  twenty- 
two,  to  be  produced  on  or  before 
the  fecond  Tuefday  in  January, 
1760,   10  guineas. 

The  plates  to  be  produced  to  the 
iociety,  and  three  imprelHons  to  be 
taken  from  each  of  them,  for  the 
life  of  the  fociety. 

For  an  engraving  in  wood,  in  the 
manner  of  Albert  Durer,  or  of  thofe 
prints  commonly  called  Titians, 
which  (hail  be,  performed  the  beft, 
with  regard  to  the  drawing,  know- 


ledge of  the  lights  and  ftiades,  and 
freedom  of  cutting,  by  youths  under 
the  age  of  nineteen,  after  drawings 
approved  by  the  fociety,  6  guineas. 

The  blocks,  with  impreflions,  to 
be  produced  to  the  fociety  on  or  be- 
fore the  laft  Tuefday  in  January,  1760, 
and  three  impreflions  from  each  of 
them  to  become  their  property. 

For  the  beft  etching,  performed 
by  boys  under  the  age  of  eighteen, 
to  be  produced  on  or  before  the 
fecond  Tuefday  in  January,  1760, 
10  guineas. 

The  fubjed  to  be  appointed  by 
the  fociety. 

For  a  naked  human  figure,  the 
beft  engraven  in  intaglio,  on  an 
oval  red  cornelian,  and  executed 
the  beft,  with  regard  to  drawing, 
depth  and  freedom  of  engraving, 
and  excellence  of  polifh,  by  perfons 
under  the  age  of  twenty-fix,  (after 
a  model  appointed  by  the  fociety) 
to  be  delivered,  fealed  up,  on  or 
before  the  laft  Tuefday  in  January, 
1760,   10  guineas. 

N.  B.  The  gem  to  be  left  with 
the  fociety  one  month,  and  three 
impreflions  in  fulphur  to  be  made 
from  it  for  the  ufe  of  the  fociety. 

For  the  greateft  number  of  cafts 
or  impreflions  in  glafs,  commonly 
called  partes,  not  lefs  than  thirty, 
the  moft  varied,  compounded,  and 
perfeft,  both  in  colours  and  fub- 
jedls,  and  neareft  in  excellence  to 
antique  pafles,  as  well  cameos  as 
intaglios,  to  be  produced  on  or 
before  the  laft  Tuefday  in  January, 
1760,   15  guineas. 

The  cafts  or  impreflions  to  be  the 
property  of  the  fociety. 

For  the  beft  original  hiftorical 
pidlure,  the  fubjedl  to  be  taken  from 
the  Englifli  hiftory  only,  containing 
not  his  than   three  human  figures. 


as  large  as  the  life,  100  guineas 


For 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.      159 


For  the  fecond  beft,  50  guineas. 
For  the  beft  original  landfchape, 
on  canvas,  four  feet  two  inches  in 
length,  by  three  feet  four  inches 
in  height,  50I. 

For  the  fecond  beft,  25 1. 
Proof  muft  be  made  to  the  fatis- 
faClion  of  the  fociety,  that  the  whole 
of  each  pidurewas  painted  in  Eng- 
land, and  fince  the  iirft  day  of  Ja- 
nuary, 1759.  The  pidures  to  be 
delivered,  without  frame,  on  or  be- 
fore the  laftTuefday  in  March  1760. 
Thofe  which  gain  premiums,  muft 
remain  with  the  fociety  for  two 
months  after  the  deciiion,  and  then 
be  returned  to  their  owners. 

For  cafting  in  bronze  the  beft 
figure  or  groupe,  and  repairing  the 
fame  in  the  beft  manner,  if  afingle 
figure,  not  lefs  than  15  inches  high, 
and  if  a  groupe,  not  lefs  than  12 
inches,  to  be  produced  on  or  before 
the  iirft  Tuefday  in  February,  1760, 
15  guineas. 

N.  B.  The  cafts  to  be  fhewn  to 
the  fociety  before  they  are  begun 
to  be  repaired.  The  bronze  which 
gains  the  premium  to  be  left  with 
the  fociety  one  month. 

A  fum  not  exceeding  lool.  will 
be  given  as  a  gratuity  to  any  per- 
fon  or  perfons,  who  ftiall  make  an 
accurate  actual  furvey  of  any  coun- 
ty ;  but  this  advertifement  is  not 
intended  to  bind  the  fociety  to  any 
particular  time  of  paying  the  faid 
gratuity,  as  fatisfadory  proofs  will 
be  required  of  the  merits  of  fuch 
performance.  If  any  perfon  or  per- 
fons propofe  to  make  fuch  furvey, 
they  are  deiired  to  fignify  their  par- 
ticular intentions  on  or  before  the 
fecond  Tuefday  in  November  next, 
that  the  fociety  may  not  engage  in 
greater  expence  than  ftiall  be  found 
convecienc. 


As  a  further  encouragement,  the 
furveyor  that  will  give  an  exaft  and 
accurate  level  and  feftion  of  the 
rivers  in  any  county  furveyed,  that 
are  capable  of  being  made  naviga- 
ble, (hall  be  intitled  to  an  additional 
gratuity. 

Premiums  to  encourage  and  improve 
manufactures,  machines,  &c. 
For  making  the  largeft  quantity 
of  the  crapes,  commonly  ufed  for 
mourning  hatbands,  fcarves,  &c» 
nearly  equal  in  goodnefs  to  the  bell 
foreign  crapes,  not  lefs  than  100 
yards,  to  be  produced  on  or  be- 
fore the  firft  Tuefday  in  February, 
1760,  30I. 

For  making  a  piece  of  drugget, 
of  the  fame  quality  and  neareft  in 
price  to  a  pattern  which  will  be  de- 
livered by  the  regifter  of  the  fociety, ' 
to  be  produced  on  or  before  the  firil 
Tuefday  in  February,  1760,  2ol, 
The  length  of  the  piece  to  be  no^ 
lefs  than  30  yards,  the  bread  ih  about 
21  inches.  N.  B.  The  perfon  who 
gained  the  firft  premium  laft  year 
will  not  be  admitted  as  a  claimanC 
for  this  year's  premium. 

A  premium  of  looI.  will  be  gi- 
ven for  the  firft  year,  50I.  for  the 
fecond  year,  and  25 1.  a  year  for 
the  three  fucceeding  years,  to  the 
perfon  or  perfons  who  ftiall  firft  ereft. 
and  exercife  a  faw-mill  capable  of 
fawing  timber  into  ufcful  planks 
and  fcantlings. 

To  the  perfon  who  fhall  invent 
and  produce  to  the  fociety,  on  or  be- 
fore the  firft  Tuefday  in  April,  1760, 
the  beft  model  of  a  tide-mill,  made 
by  a  fcale  of  at  leaft  one  inch  to  a 
foot,  and  capable  of  being  tried  by 
water,  in  which,  from  the  proper 
height  and  width  of  the  water  wheel, 
the  number,  fize,  and  policion  of  its 
floats,  or  ladies,  and  the  juft  appli- 

catioA 


'i66      ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


cation  oF  the  water  to  the  fame,  of 
the  firft  drawing,  and  all  the  inter- 
mediate heights  of  12  feet  down  to 
a  four-foot  head  or  fall,  meafuring 
from  the  bottom  of  the  conduit  to 
the  top  of  the  water,  and  the  moft 
proper  and  fimple  conftru6lion  of 
the  gears,  to  move  or  drive  the 
ftones  or  other  work  of  the  mill, 
the  greateft  efFedt  fhall  be  pro- 
duced in  proportion  to  the  quan- 
tity of  water  expended,   50I. 

To  the  perfon  who  fhall  invent 
and  produce  to  the  fociety,  on  or 
before  the  firil  Tuefday  in  April, 
1760,  the  bell  model  of  a  wind-mill, 
in  which  the  number,  form,- iize, 
and  pofitions  of  the  fails  are  fuch 
as  produce  the  greateft  efFefts  from 
the  action  of  the  wind  in  all  its 
various  velocities^  and  the  machine- 
ry of  the  whole  fuch  as  to  commu- 
nicate, in  the  moft  fimple  manner, 
a  proper  uniform  motion  to  the 
fhaft  of  the  mill  in  all  the  varia- 
tions of  the  wind's  velocity:  th'e 
model  to  be  made  by  afcale  of  one 
incl?  to  a  foot,  50]. 

For  marbling  the  greateft  quan- 
tity of  paper,  equal  in  goodnefs  to 
the  beft  marble  paper  imported,  not 
lefs  than  one  ream,  to  be  produced 
on  or  before  the  fccond  Tuefday 
in  February,   1760,   lol. 

For  making  the  greateft  quantity 
of  paper,  and  beft  quality,  from  filk 
rags  alone,  not  lefs  than  two  reams 
of  white  paper,  and  five  reams  of 
paper  of  a  light  brown  colour, 
neareft  and  moft  agreeable  to  the 
colour  of  a  pattern  which  will  be 
delivered  by  the  regifter  of  the  fo- 
ciety, to  be  produced  on  or  before 
the  laft  Tuefday  in  April,  1760, 
20I.  For  the  fecond  greateft  quan- 
tity, and  beft  in  quality,  not  lefs 
than  two  reams  of  white,  and  five 
icams  of  the  light  brown  colour. 


lol.  For  the  third  ditto,  not  lefs 
than  the  above  quantity,  5I. 

For  difcovering  and  producing, 
on  or  before  the  firft  Tuefday  in 
November  next,  the  moft  efFeftual, 
eafy,  expeditious,  and  cheap  me- 
thod, whereby  the  various  colours 
of  a  large  quantity  of  filk  rags 
may  be  readily  difcharged,  yet  the 
fibres  of  the  filk  may  ftill  keep  their 
ftrength  firm  as  before,  and  be  no 
ways  rendered  unfit  for  the  purpofe 
of  making  filk  paper,  and  on  con- 
dition that  fuch  method  may  be 
publilhed  for  the  benefit  of  the  pa- 
per manufafturer,  lol.  N.  B.  AH 
perfons  are  defired  to  faVe  their  filk 
rags. 

To  the  perfon  who  fhall  produce 
the  beft  block  of  a  fhip,  to  draw 
17  feet  water  (depth  of  keel  in- 
cluded) and  to  be  650  tons  bur- 
then ^  with  thofe  two  properties 
united  in  the  greateft  degree,  50I. 
Alfo,  to  the  perfon  who  ihall  pro- 
duce the  beft  block,  on  the  fame 
principles,  of  12  feet  draught  of 
water, and  38otons,  30I.  Each  block 
to  be  made  by  a  quarter  fcale,  that 
is,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  a  foot. 
The  bodies  of  the  blocks  of  each 
fize  to  be  hollowed  and  worked 
nearly  to  the  fame  fcantlingor  thick- 
nefs  which  the  timber  and  planks 
together  of  fhips  of  fuch  burthens 
refpeftively  ufually  are.  The  keel 
of  the  larger  fize  not  exceeding 
one  foot  four  inches :  the  keel 
of  the  lefs  not  to  exceed  one  foot. 
Each  block  to  have  the  knee  of 
the  head,  or  cutwater,  as  well  as 
the  rudder  fixed  to  it.  A  deck  to 
be  fixed  in  each,  with  a  hatch- 
way large  enough  to  pafs  the  hand 
through,  to  fhift  her  load  or  bal- 
laft  for  trimming  her  ;  and  a  maft 
of  proportionable  dimenfions  to  be 
fixed  in  each,  for  making  the  expe- 
riments 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.     i6i 


timents  necefTary  to  afcertain  her 
ftiffnefs.    The  bottoms  to  be  painted 
with  white  paint,  up  to  the  failing 
water  line,  which  is  to  be  marked 
in  feet    upon  the    ftem    and    poft. 
The  wales  riot  to  be  raifed,  but  to 
be  exprefled  in  black  paint,  and  no 
decorations  to  be  allowed  except  in 
paint  only.     The  configuration  of 
the  body  and  every  circumllance  not 
prefcribed  above,  is  left  to  the  judg- 
ment, genius,  and  choice  of  the  ar- 
iid.     The  angle  at  which  the  ftiff- 
liefs  will  be  tried,  is  to   be  2d  de- 
grees of  inclination   from  the  per- 
pendicular,   that    which    requires 
moft    force    to   heel    her    to    that 
angle  being  accounted  the  iHfFefl. 
Each  candidate  muft  produce  his 
block  to  the  fociety,  with  an  exa6l 
draught  thereof,  and  his  reaforis  in 
writing  why  he  prefers  that  parti- 
cular form,  on  or  before  the  lad 
Tuefday  in  March  1760,  and  the 
trial  to  be  on  (or  as  near  as  may  be 
to)  the  firft  of  May  following.     A 
method  of  trial  will  be  contrived  by 
the  fociety,  in  order  to  determine 
Which  has  the  greateft  fliare,  or  ma- 
ximum, of  both  qualities  taken  to- 
gether, fo  that  a  deficiency  in  either 
property   fliall   be  ballanced  by  a 
proportionable   excellence    in    the 
other.     If  no  more  than  one  candi- 
date for  each  kind  do  offer ;  or  in 
cafe  no  more  than  one  model  in 
each  kind  be  thought,  by  the  focie- 
ty, to  anfwer  their  defcription,  or 
be  worthy  of  trial  j  then  fuch  can- 
didate or  model,   in  either  kind, 
to  be  intitlcd  to   15  1.     The  candi- 
dates are  to  take  notice,  that  the 
tonnage,  weight  of  the  body,  b^l- 
lafl:,  mads,  yards,  ftores,  provifions, 
^'c.  included,  are  to  bring  the  (hip 
down  to  her  failing  water  line. 

For  the  fineft  fpun  yarn,  from  flax 
of  Englilh  growth,  not  lefs  than 

YOL.  II. 


fix  pounds  weight,  to  be  produced 
On  Or  before  the  fecond  Tuefday  in 
February,  1760,   lol. 

Twenty  pounds  will  be  given  to 
any  parifli,  within  the  bills  of  mor- 
tality, in  whofe  workhoufe  th^ 
greateft  quantity  of  wheat  fhall  be 
ground  into  med,  with  handmills 
Worked  by  the  poor,  in  proportion 
to  the  number  maintained  therein, 
which  meal  fhall  be  confumed  in 
the  faid  workhoufe,  of  fold  out  to 
other  perfons ;  fatisfaftory  proof  to 
be  made  thereof  on  or  before  thb 
feeond  Tuefday  in  February,  1760'. 
For  the  fecond  greateft  quantity; 
in  like  manner,  I5I.  For  the  third 
ditto,   lol. 

To  the  mailers  or  miftrefTes,  of 
thofe  who  under  any  deriominatiori 
fuperintend  the  labour  of  the  poor 
In  workhoufes,  the  following  pre- 
miums will  be  given,  viz.  For 
fpinning  the  beft  worfted  yarn,  in 
any  workhoufe  wherein  the  poor 
are  not  let  to  farm,  not  lefs  thaii 
5061b.  wt.  (fit  for  the  ufe  of  wea- 
vers) which  fhall  ofi  or  before  the 
third  Tuefday  in  February,  1760, 
be  proved  to  Have  been  fpun  there- 
in, between  th«  prefent  date  and 
that  day,  by  fuch  poor  perfons  only 
as  lh;lll  have  been  therein  relieved^ 
20I. 

For  fpinning  no  lefs  than  looolb. 
wt.  of  linen  yarn,  from  hemp  or 
flax  (fit  for  any  handicraft  trade  int 
the  lower  branches  of  weaving)  in 
ainy  fuch  workhoufe,  and  by  fuch 
poor  perfons  as  above,  within  the 
time  aforefaid,  fufficient  famples  to 
be  produced,  20 1.  to  the  befl  dc- 
ferving. 

For  fpinning  ho  lefs  than  20oIly. 
wt.  of  the  fineft  linen  yarn  (fit  for 
the  principal  branches  of  weav- 
ing) for  making  ftockings,  or  to  be 
ufed  as  fewing  thread:  the  tim«j 
M  and 


i62       ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


and  conditions  as  above  mentioned, 
20I. 

For  fpinning  not  lefs  than  4001b. 
\vt.  of  cotton  yam,  neareft  the  fort 
called  Surat  or  Turkey  cotton  yarn, 
in  any  workhoufe ;  time  and  condi- 
tions as  above,  20I. 

For  caufing  to  be  knit,  within  the 
time  above  mentioned,  in  the  work- 
houfe of  any  parifh  whofc  poor  are 
not  farmed  out,  by  not  lefs  than 
20  women  and  children,  the  largefc 
quantity  in  proportion  to  the  num- 
ber fo  employed,  of  white,  low- 
priced,  flight  vvorfted  hole  for  wo- 
men, from  yarn  fpun  in  the  faid 
workhoufe ;  fuch  hofe  tp  weigh 
about  31b.  per  dozen,  and  each 
ilocking  to  meafure  full  23  inches 
in  the  leg,  and  nine  inches  in  the 
foot,  and  to  be  knit  from  two 
tiireads  of  foft  worfled,  fpun  on 
the  flicrt  wheel,  called  the  Can- 
terbury or  Leicefter  wheel,  20 1. 
N.  B.  The  premium  will  be  given 
for  the  greatelt  number  of  fuch 
hofe  as  come  neareft  to  a  pattern 
to  be  given  by  the  fociety,  in  pro- 
portion of  one  dozen  at  leaft,  for 
each  woman  and  child.  For  the 
fecond  parcel,  in:  quantity  and 
quality,  of  the  like  hcfe,  on  the 
lame  conditions,   10 1. 

For  ^cauiing  to  be  knit,  on  the 
above  conditions,  the  beft  and  largeft 
quantity  of  the  like  worfted  hofe, 
of  the  fame  fize,  and  about  the 
fame  weight,  but  knit  from  three 
threads,  the  long  wheel  fpinning, 
15  1.  For  the  fecond  parcel  ditto 
in  quantity  and  goodnefs,  lol.  The 
hofe  muft  be  produced  to  the  fo- 
ciety, or  to  fuch  perfons  us  they  fhall 
appoint  to  examine  the  fame  :  and 
muft  be  made  as  near  as  can.  be  to 
famples  of  each  fort,  which  will 
be  delivered  by  the  regifter,  to  any 
who  ihall  apply  by  a  fubfcriber. 
S 


N.B.  Certificates  will  be  required 
from  the  mafter,  miftreffes,  or  fu- 
perintendants  of  fuch  workhoufcs 
as  are  candidates  for  fpinning  or 
knitting,  fpecifying  the  number, 
fex,  and  ages  of  the  poor  maintained 
in  their  refpedlive  workhou fes,  dif- 
tinguifliing  fuch  of  them  as  are  em- 
ployed therein,  and  the  juftnefs  of 
the  famples  delivered  in,  and  alfo  a 
certificate,  or  certificates,  from  the 
re£lor,  vicar  or  curate,  and  from  the 
overfeers  of  the  poor  of  the  parilh 
where  each  workhoufe  is  fituated, 
that  they  have  refpedively  examin- 
ed into  the  fafts  certified  by  fuch 
mafter  or  other  perfen,  believe  the 
fame  to  be  true,  and  that  the  poor 
have  been  treated,  in  the  mean  time, 
with  humanity  and  compalfion.  No 
perfon  will  be  intitled  to  more  than 
one  of  the  above  premiums. 

To  fuch  parifh  or  parifhes  as  fliall 
feparately  or  jointly  fet  up,  open, 
or  regulate  workhoufes,  for  the  re- 
lief and  employment  of  their  poor, 
upon  the  plan  lately  printed  and 
publiflied  by  Mr.  Bailey,  and  fliall, 
before  the  third  Wednefday  in  Fe- 
bruary, 1760,  lay  before  the  fociety, 
in  writing,  an  account  or  narrative 
of  their  proceedings,  with  fuch  re- 
marks, as  their  experience  in  the 
execution  of  the  faid  plan  fhall  point 
out  as  material  for  the  improve- 
ment thereof,  or  for  remedying  any 
defefts  therein :  to  the  parifh  or 
parifnes  which  in  managing  their 
workhoufe,  fliall  appear  to  the  fo- 
ciety to  have  kept  neareft  the  faid 
plan,  to  have  made  the  moft  effec- 
tual trials  thereof,  and  to  have  fug- 
gefted  the^beft  remarks  for  improve- 
ments to  be  made  upon  it,  150 1. 
And  to  fuch  other  parifii  or  pariflies, 
as  fhall.  in  the  judgment  of  the  fo- 
ciety, ftand  in  the  fecond  degree  of 
merit,  on  the  like  account,  lool. 

Pre- 


At^PENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE,      i^j 


Premiums  for  the  advantage  of  the 
Britlfh  colonies. 

For  the  greateft  quantity  of  co- 
chineal, properly  cured,  not  lefs 
than  251b.  wt.  firft  produced  from 
any  plantation  or  plantations  in 
South  Carolina,  within  the  fpace  of 
three  years  from  the  date  hereof, 
lool.  For  the  fecond  greateil  quan- 
tity, not  lefs  than  251b.  weight,  as 
above,  50I.  For  the  greatefl  quan- 
tity, not  lefs  than  25  lb.  wt.  pro- 
duced as  above  in  Jamaica,  100 1. 
For  the  fecond  greatefl  quantity, 
not  leCs  than  25 1.  wt.  50  1.  The 
like  premiums  will  be  given  to  any 
perfon  who  Ihall  firii  produce,  in 
any  of  the  Britifh  colonies,  fettle- 
ments,  or  dominions,  the  above- 
mentioned  quantity.  A  certificate 
under  the  hands  of  two  or  more 
juftices  of  the  peace  reliding  in  the 
country,  or  of  the  minifter  and 
church-wardens  of  the  parifh  where 
fuch  cochineal  was  cured,  fetting 
forth  that  the  faid  cochineal  was 
cured  at  the  place  mentioned  there- 
in, and  fuch  certificate  backed  or 
counter-figned  by  the  governor  or 
commander  in  chief  in  council,  un- 
der the  feal  of  the  colony,  will  be 
expe£led  by  the  foclety  at  the  time 
the  premium  is  claimed. 

For  planting  the  greateil  quan- 
tity of  logwood,  in  any  of  the  plan- 
tations, before  the  25  th  of  Decem- 
ber, 1.759,  20 1.  Certificates  of 
fuch  planting  muil  be  delivered  on 
or  before  the  firll  Wednefday  in 
June,   1760. 

For  planting,  fencing,  and  fe- 
curing  the  greatefl  number  of  log- 
wood trees  (not  lefs  than  500)  in 
any  of  our  plantations,  before  the 
third  Wednefday  in  December, 
1760,  401,  and  certificates  there- 


of to  be  delivered  on  or  before  the 
lall  Wednefday  in  June,   1761. 

Thirty  pounds  will  be  given  for 
the  greateil  quantity  of  myrtle 
wax,  imported  from  any  of  the 
Britifh  colonies  in  America,  not 
lefs  than  5001b.  wt.  at/One  impor- 
tation, in  the  port  of  London,  on  or 
before  the  lall  Tuefday  in  March, 
1 76 1.  For  the  fecond  great^ 
quantity,  not  lefs  than  500  lb.  wR 
20 1.  For  the  third  ditto,  not  lefs 
than  5001b.  wt.  lol.  A  certificate? 
or  certificates  under  the  hands  of 
the  colledlor  of  the  /culloms  and: 
naval  ofHcers  of  the  port  where  the 
wax  is  Ihipped  will  be  required* 
If  the  quantities  fhould  be  equal, 
the  quality  will  determine  the  pre- 
mium. 

Whereas  the  fociety,  on  the  5tll 
day  of  April,  1758,  offered  a  pre- 
mium of  50I.  for  planting,  culti- 
vating, and  properly  fecuring^ 
within  four  years  from  the  date 
thereof,  in  any  of  our  colonies, 
fouthward  of  the  Delaware  river, 
the  greatefl  number  of  olive-trees, 
not  lefs  than  1000,  for  the  pro- 
dudion  of  oil  ;  alfo  a  premium  of 
40 1,  for  the  fecond  greatefl  num- 
ber, not  lefs  than  800 ;  and  like- 
wife  a  premium  of  30 1.  for  the 
third  greatefl  number,  not  lefs  than 
600  :  the  fociety  hereby  propofes 
to  give  three  other  premiums  of  50^ 
40,  and  30 1.  on  the  above  con- 
ditions, for  planting,  cultivating^ 
and  properly  fecuring,  within  four 
years  from  the  date  hereof,  in  any 
of  our  faid  colonies  fouthward  of 
the  Delaware  river,  the  greateft 
number  of  olive-trees.  Each  claim- 
ant will  be  required  to  produce 
(within  fix  months  after  the  ex- 
piration of  the  faid  four  years  re- 

M  2  fpcdively) 


i64       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


fpe(5tively)  a  certificate  under  the 
hand  of  the  governor  of  the  pro- 
vince, that  a  fuiHcient  proof  had 
been  made  before  him  that  the  num- 
'ber  of  trees  mentioned  in  the  faid 
certificate  are  under  actual  improve 
ment  and  cultivation. 
,  To  the  perfon  who  fhall,  on  or 
before  the  fecond  Wednefday  in  De- 
cember, 1760,  import  into  any  one 
port  in  England  from  any  of  his 
inajefty*s  colonies  in  America,  the 
greateft  quantity  of  pot-alh,  the 
produce  of  the  faid  colonies,  not  lefs 
than  50  ton,  neareft  in  goodnefs  to 
the  beft  foreign  pot-afh ;  the  quan- 
tity landed  to  be  afcertained  by  cer- 
tificates under  the  hands  of  the  col- 
ledor  and  comptroller  of  the  cuf- 
toms,  and  the  quality  to  be  afcer- 
tained in  fuch  manner  as  the  fociety 
fhall  diredl,   lool. 

N.  B.  The  fame  premium  will 
be  given,  on  the  fame  conditions, 
to  the  perfon  who  fhal),  after  the 
fecond  Wednefday  in  December, 
1760,  and  on  or  before  the  fecond 
Tuefday  in  December,  1761,  im- 
port into  England,  from  any  of  his 
majefty's  colonies  in  America,  the 
greatefty  quantity  of  pot-alh,  not 
lefs  than  50  ton. 

To  the  perfon  in  any  of  our  Ame- 
rican colonies,  who  fhall  firft  raife 
and  cure  from  his  own  plantation, 
and  import  into  the  port  of  London 
within  fix  years  from  the  25  th  of 
March,  1759,  500  lb.  wt.  of  good 
raliins,  50I.  A  certificate  under 
the  hands  of  two  or  more  jutlices  of 
the  peace  refiding  in  the  country, 
or  of  the  minifler  and  church-war- 
dens of  the  pariihes  where  fuch  rai- 
fins  were  raifed  and  cured,  fetting 
forth  that  the  faid  raifms  v/ere  rai- 
fed and  cured  at  the  place  mention- 


ed therein,  and  fuch  certificate 
backed  or  counterfigned  by  the  go-- 
vernor  or  chief  magillrate  of  the 
colony,  will  be  expedted  at  the  time 
the  premium  is  claimed. 

It  was  propofed  in  April,  ly^S, 
to  give,  for  fowing,  raifing,  and 
curing  the  greateft  quantity  of  faf- 
flower  in  any  of  our  plantations 
(not  lefs  than  5001b.  wt.)  before 
the  25th  of  December,  1759,  15  I. 
For  the  fecond  greatell  quantity 
10  lb.  Certificates  of  fuch  fowing, 
&c.  to  be  delivered  on  or  before 
thethird  Wednefday  in  June,  1760. 
Alfo  two  premiums  on  the  fame 
conditions  for  fowing,  raifing,  and 
curing  fafRower,  before  the  third 
Wednefday  in  December,  1 760 ;  and 
certificates  thereof  to  be.delivered 
on  or  before  the  third  Wednefdaf 
in  June,  1761.  The  fociety  here- 
by propofe  to  give  two  other  pre- 
miums, one  of  15  1.  and  the  other 
of  10 1.  on  the  above  conditions, 
for  fowing,  raifing,  and  curing,  af- 
ter the  third  Wednefday  in  Decem- 
ber, 1760,  and  before  the  third 
Tuefday  in  December,  1761,  the 
greateft  quantity  of  fafflovver,  and 
certificates  thereof  to  be  delivered 
on  or  before  the  third  Tuefday  in 
June,    1762. 

For  every  pound  weight  of  co- 
coons produced  iu  the  province  of 
Georgia,  in  the  year  1759,  of  a 
hard,  weighty  and  good  fubftance, 
wherein  one  worm  only  has  fpun, 
3d.  For  every  pound  of  cocoons, 
produced  in  the  fame  year,  of  a 
weaker,  lighter,  fpotted,  or  bruifed 
quality,  though  only  one  worm  has 
fpun  in  the  fame,  2d.  For  every 
pound  of  cocoons,  produced  in  the 
fame  year,  wherein  two  worms  have 
interwoven  therafelves,  id. 

N.  B, 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.      i6j 


N.  B.  Thefe  premiums  will  be 
j>aid  under  the  direftion  of  Mr. 
Otelenghe,  fnperintendant  of  the 
filk  culture  in  Georgia,  on  bring- 
ing the  balls  or  cocoons  to  the 
public  filature  at  Savannah,  ac- 
cording; to  notice  already  fent  to 
Georgia. 

For  every  pound  weight  of  mer- 
chantable raw  filk  raifed  and  pro- 
duced in  the  colonies  of  Connedli- 
cut,  Penfylvania,  and  North  Ca- 
rolina in  the  year  1760,  2s.  6d. 
The  faid  premiums  to  be  paid,  in 
Connefticut  by  Dr.  Jared  Eliot, 
and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Clap  ;  in  Pen- 
fylvania,  by  Benjamin  Franklin, 
L.  L.  D.  and  John  Hughes,  Efq. 
and  in  North  Carolina,  by  George 
Pollock,  Cullen  Pollock,  and  John 
Rutherford,  Efqrs.  upon  proof  be- 
ing made  to  their  fatisfaclion,  by 
every  perfon  claiming  fuch  pre- 
miums, that  the  filk  by  which  it 
is  claimed  has  been  adlually  and 
bona  Jide  reeled  from  cocoons  of 
fuch  claimant's  own  raifing  and 
produce. 

Alfo  a  further  premium  of  is. 
for  every  pound  weight  of  raw 
filk  imported  into  England  from 
the  faid  colonies  of  Connecticut, 
Penfylvania,  and  North  Carolina, 
will  be  paid  by  the  fociety's  fecre- 
tary,  to  the  importer,  upon  pro- 
ducing a  certificate  under  the  hands 
and  feals  of  the  above-mentioned 
gentlemen  in  the  faid  colonies  re- 
fpeclively,  that  proof  had  been 
made  to  them,  that  fuch  filk  for 
which  the  premium  is  claimed,  ex- 
preffing  the  quantity,  was  of  the 
actual  growth  of  one  of  the  faid 
colonies  rcfpedHvely  ;  and  alfo  a 
certificate  from  the  proper  officer 
of  the  cuftoms  of  the  port  or  place 
where  fuch  filk  was  imported,  of 
its   having  been  entered  in   fuch 


port  or  place  from  the  faid  colo- 
nies. 

To  that  planter  in  any  of  our 
faid  colonies  who  fliall  firft  pro- 
duce (within  feven  years  from  the 
5th  day  of  April,  1758,)  from  his 
own  plantation,  five  tons  of  v^hite 
or  red  wine,  made  of  grapes,  the 
produce  of  the  colonies  only,  and 
fuch  as,  in  the  opinion  of  corapetect 
judges  appointed  by  the  fociety  ia 
London,  fhall  be  deemed  deferviqg 
the  reward,  not  lefs  than  one  ton 
thereof  to  be  imported  at  Londoa, 
lool.  A  certificate  under  the  hands 
of  two  or  more  j  uftices  of  the  peace, 
refiding  in  the  country,  or  of  the 
miniiler  and  churchwardens  of  the 
parifh  where  fuch' wine  was  made, 
fetting  forth,  that  the  wine  was 
grown  and  made  at  the  place  men- 
tioned therein,  and  that  the  remain- 
der of  the  wine  is  equally  good  with 
that  imported  ;  ^d  fuch  certifi- 
cate, backed  or  counterfigned  by 
the  governor  or  chief  magiflrate  of 
the  colony,  will  be  expelled  by  the 
fociety  at  the" time  the  premium  is 
claimed. 

Treatise. 

A  gold  medal  will  be  given  for 
the  beft  treatife  on  the  arts  of 
peace,  containing  an  hiftorical  ac- 
count of  the  progrefllve  improve- 
ments of  agriculture,  manufadures, 
and  commerce  in  that  part  of 
Great  Britain  called  England,  with 
the  effedls  of  thofe  improvements 
on  the  morals  and  manners  of  the 
people,  and  pointing  out  the  moft 
practicable  means  for  their  future 
advancement.  All  treatifes  are  to 
be  fent  to- the  fociety  on  or  before 
the  fecond  Wednefday  in  Decem- 
ber, 1761.  Each  writer  is  defired 
to  mark  his  treatife  with  fome  fen- 
tence  or  verfe,  or  to  fend  a  paper 
fealed  up,  containing  the  name  ar>d 

M  3  addrcfs. 


i66      ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


addrefs,  and  infcribed  on  the  out- 
iide  with  the  fame  fentence  or  verfe 
as  the  treatife  is  marked  with, 
which  paper,  in  cafe  this  treatife  is 
hititled  to  the  medal,  will  be  open- 
ed, or  elfe  deflreyed  unopened,  or 
delivered  back,  if  it  be  fo  defired, 
and  the  medal  will  be  delivered  to 
the  author,  or  any  perfon  pro- 
ducing a  letter  figned  by  him,  and 
diftinguiflied  by  his  token,  im^ 
powering  fuch  perfon  to  receive  the 
medal. 

A  fum  not  exceeding  200I.  is 
allotted  annually  by  the  fociety,  to 
be  beftowed  in  fuch  proportion,  on 
fuch  condition,  and  at  fuch  times 
as  the  fociety  ihall  judge  proper,  for 
jiew  difcoveries,  or  improvements  in 
hufbandry,  mechanics,  arts,  manu- 
fadures,  or  other  matters  which 
ihall  be  found  really  to  defei  vc  en- 
couragement on  account  of  their 
public  utility,  and  for  which  no 
premium  has  been  offered.  Thefe 
rewards  to  be  determined  and  di- 
llributed  only  between  the  fecond 
Wednefday  in  November,  and  the 
Jail:  Wednefday  in  May. 

N.  B.  No  premium  will  in  any 
cafe  be  given,  unlefs  the  perform- 
ance be  deemed  by  the  fociety  to 
have  fufficient  merit  to  deferve 
their  encouragement..  ^  Jt  is  re- 
quired, in  all  cafes  where  it  can  be 
done,  that  the  matters  for  which 
premiums  are  offered  be  delivered 
in  without  names,  or  any  intima- 
tion to  whom  they  belong  ;  that 
each  particular  thing  be  marked 
in  what  manner  each  claimant 
thinks  fit,  he  or  fhe  fending  with  it 
a  paper  fealed  up,  having  without 
fide  a  correfponding  mark,  and 
within  fide  the  claimant's  name 
and  addrefs.  No  papers  ^all  be 
opened  but  fuch  as  gain  premiums, 
all  the  reft  fhall  be  returned  un- 
Hopeacd,  with  the  matters  to  which 


they  belong,  if  enquired  after  by 
their  marks  within  half  a  year  ; 
after  which  time,  if  not  demanded, 
they  fhall  be  publicly  burnt,  un- 
opened, at  fome  meeting  of  the  fo- 
ciety. 

Whereas  there  are  focieties  for 
the  encouragement  of  arts,  manu- 
factures and  commerce  in  that  part 
of  Great  Britain,  called  Scotland, 
and  alfo  in  Ireland  ;  therefore  all 
the  premiums  of  this  fociety  arc 
defigned  for  that  part  of  Great  Bri- 
tain called  England,  the  dominion 
of  Wales,  and  town  of  Berwick 
upon  Tweed,  unlefs  exprefly  men- 
tioned to  the  contrary  :  and  the 
claims  fhall  be  determined  as  foon 
as  pofTible  after  the  delivery  of  the 
fpecimers.  Proper  affidavits,  or 
fuch  certificates  as  the  fociety  fhall 
require,  are  to  be  produced  on  every 
article. 

By  order  of  the  fociety, 

Geo.  Box,  fecretary. 

Note,  any  information  or  advice 
that  may  forward  the  defigns  of  this 
fociety  for  the  public  good,  will  be 
received  thankfully,  and  diily  con- 
fidered,  if  communicated  by  letter, 
direfted  to  Mr.  Box,  the  fecretary, 
at  the  fociety's  office,  oppofite 
Beaufort-buildings  in  the  Strand, 
London. 


Some  account  of  the  Magdalen  cha- 
rity and  inflitution  for  the  relief 
and  affiftance  of  penitent  profti- 
tutes,  taken  from  the  preface  of  a 
fer/non  lately  preached  before  the 
governors  ;  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Dodd,  ledurer  of  Wefl- 
Ham,  EiTex,  and  St.  Olave, 
Hart-fb-eet. 

WHEN  the  firfl  propofals  for 
this   iniljtution    appeared, 
many     fpecious     objedions     were 

made 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.       167 


made  againft  it,  which  have  been 
obviated  by  experience  upon  car- 
rying it  into  execution,  as  the  old 
fophift's  argument,  to  prove  there 
could  be  no  motion,  was  at  once 
overturned  by  his  opponent's  walk- 
ing acrofs  the  room. 

It  was  faid  iirft:,  that  no  objefls 
would  offer  themfelves,  or  that,  if 
they  did,  they  wouJd  be  fuch  only 
as  could  live  by  prollitution  no 
longer,  whofe  reformation  would 
be  impoflible,  as  they  would  feek 
refuge  not  from  vice  but  from  hun- 
ger, urged  not  by  penitence  but  in- 
ability to  fin. 

That  this  obje(^ion,  however 
ipecious,  was  ill  grounded,  now 
appears  beyond  contradiftion  from 
the  numbers  that  crouded  to  the 
houfe,  which  was  appointed  for 
their  reception,  the  moment  the 
doors  were  open,  the  greater  part 
of  whom  were  under  the  age  of 
20,  and  many  of  them  not  more 
than  14,  and  from  the  behaviour 
of  thofe  who  have  been  received, 
which  in  general  has  been  fuch  as 
ihewed  the  utmoft  horror  of  the 
itate  they  had  quitted,  the  moft 
glad  and  grateful  fenfe  of  the  re- 
fuge they  had  found,  and  the  moil 
fcrupulous  obfervation  of  all  the 
rules  prefcribed  for  their  behaviour 
in  it. 

This  objeftion  probably  rofe 
from  a  fuppofition,  that  thofe  who 
became  proftitutes  were  betrayed  to 
fuch  a  courfe  by  a  love  of  pleafure, 
and  retained  in  it  by  a  love  of  idle- 
nefs;  but  this  charity  has  furnifhed 
inconteftible  proof,  that  the  fup- 
pofition itfelf  is  erroneous :  the 
greater  part  of  thofe  who  have  fled 
to  the  fhelter  it  affords  having 
been  feduced  by  the  moll  artful 
and  infidious  contrivances  of 
wretches  who  prefide  over  marts  of 


prollitution,  and  whofe  emiffaries 
are  like  their  father  the  devil,  con- 
tinually going  about  feeking  whom 
they  may  devour  :  and  when  once 
feduced,  kept  by  various  artifices 
in  a  (late  of  fervile  dependence, 
under  pecuniary  obligations,  which 
they  were  enfnarcd  to  contrail  al- 
moll  without  knowing  it,  without 
recommendation  to  procure  em- 
ployment, and  without  friends  who 
could  afford  them  protcdtion,  as 
appears  by  many  letters  now  in  Mr. 
Dingley's  hands ;  and  many  par- 
ticulars which  he  is  ready  to 
attell. 

2.  It  was  obje(?led,  that  the  in'- 
flitution  would  at  length  totally 
prevent  a  vice,  which  every  wife 
government  has  thought  fit  to  to- 
lerate for  the  prevention  of  greater 
evils.  This  objedion,  which  by 
the  way  prefuppofes  that  every 
proftitute  is  penitent,  and  would 
ceafe  to  be  fo  the  moment  it  was 
in  her  power,  is  at  once  obviated 
by  confidering  the  vafl  difpropor- 
tion  between  the  number  that  this 
charity  can  relieve,  and  the  number 
that  upon  the  fuppofition  which  the 
objeftion  implies,  would  be  candi- 
dates for  it.     ' 

3.  It  was,  on  the  contrary,  ob- 
jefted  by  others,  that  this  inilitu- 
tion  would  encourage  prollitution, 
by  rendering  its  confequences  not 
fo  defperately  ruinous ;  but,  to 
fuppofe  that  a  woman  would  com- 
mence proftitute,  becaufe  there  is 
a  poffibility  of  her  being  received 
into  an  hofpital  after  the  lofs  of 
her  health,  peace,  and  reputation, 
is  juft  as  abfurd  as  to  fuppofe  that 
a  mafon  would  be  carelefs  how  he 
mounted  a  ladder,  and  indifferent 
whether  he  ihould  or  Ihould  not 
fall  down  and  break  his  limbs,  be- 
caufe,   if  he  is  not  killed  on  the 

M  4  ijpot. 


i68      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


fpot  there  is  an  hofpital  in  which 
he  may  poflibly  be  cured. 

4.  It  has  been  objefted,  that  no 
provilion  can  be  made  for  thefe  wo- 
men, when  they  fhall  quit  the  hof- 
pital, which  will  deliver  them  from 
the  fatal  necefllty  of  returning  to 
the  fame  courfe  of  life  they  had 
quitted  for  bread.  In  anfwer  to 
this  objeftion,  it  is  fufficient  to  fay, 
that  many  have  already  been  provid- 
ed for  by  the  reconciliation  of  their 
friends,  who  have  again  taken  them 
under  their  protedion  ;  and  many 
ihore  will  be  taught  ufeful  employ- 
ments, by  which  they  will  be  able 
to  procure  a  comfortable  and  ho- 
neft  fubfiflence.  From  the  induftry 
of  thofe  already  received,  there  is 
the  greateft  reafon  to  hope  that  em- 
ployments will  not  only  be  chear- 
fully  hasned,  but  affiduoufly  fol- 
lowed;  for  It  appears,  from  .  a 
printed  account,  that  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  charity,  Auguft 
10,  1758,  to  April  21,  1759,  they 
have  earned  i68l.  19s.  i  id.  and 
there  is  alfo  reafon  to  hope  from 
this  gain,  in  the  infancy  of  the  in- 
ftitution,  that  when  the  whole  is 
perfeftly  regulated,  the  women  will 
liearly  maintain  themfelves  by  their 
own  labour. 

The  fermon  preached  before  the 
governors  by  Mr.  Dodd  is  a  manly, 
rational,  and  pathetic  addrefs,  as 
well  to  the  underilanding  as  the 
paffions  of  mankind,  in  favour  of 
thofe  moft  pitiable  of  all  human 
beings ;  and  it  is  hoped,  that  as  the 
poffibility  of  affording  them  relief, 
und  preferving  at  lealt  their  bodies 
from  perdition,  is  put  beyond  the 
poflibiliuy  of  doubt,  by  inconteftible 
fadls,  that  their  claim  will  be  ad- 
mitted in  common  with  thofe  who 
are  lefs  wretched,  efpecially  as,  by 
this  inftitution,  not  the  body  only, 
but  tiie  fopl  may  be  preferved,  and 


while  we  are  breaking  off  our  fins 
by  (hewing  mercy  to  the  poor,  they 
may  themfelves  be  enabled  to  cut 
off  inicjuity  by  righteoufnefs. 


ODD  ADVERTISEMENTS. 

From  the  Public  Adnjertifer,  March 
30.    1759- 

TO  err,  is  a  blemifh  entailed 
upon  mortality,  and  indifcre- 
tioris  feldom  or  never  efcape  from 
cenfure ;  the  more  heavy,  as  the 
character  is  more  remarkable  ;  and 
doubled,  nay  trebled  by  theworld^ 
if  the  progrefs  of  that  charadler  is 
marked  by  fuccefs ;  then  malice 
Ihoots  againft  it  all  her  flings,  the 
fnakes  of  envy  are  let  loofe ;  to  the 
humane  and  generous  heart  then 
mull  the  injured  appeal,  and  cer- 
tain relief  will  be  found  in  impar- 
tial honour,  Mils  Filher  is  forced 
to  fue  to  that  jurifdidion  to  prote(fl 
her  from  the  bafenefs  of  little  fcrib- 
blers  and  fcurvy  malevolence  ;  Ihe 
has  been  abufed  in  public  papers, 
expofed  in  print- fl:iops,  and  to 
wind  up  the  whole,  fome  wretch- 
es, mean,  ignorant,  and  venal, 
would  impofe  upon  the  public,  by 
daring  to  pretend  to  publilh  her 
memoirs.  She  hopes  to  prevent 
the  fuccefs  of  their  endeavours,  by 
thus  publicly  declaring  that  nothing 
of  that  fort  has  the  flighteft  founda- 
tion in  truth.  C.Fisher. 
From  theDaiIyAdvertifer,Apr,  13. 
A  middle-aged  maiden  lady,  with 
an  independent  fortune,  has  been 
determined  by  the  cruel  treatment 
of  thofe  who  from  their  connexions 
ought  to  have  been  her  friends,  to 
think  of  entering  into  the  honour- 
able ftate  of  matrimony.  She  is  in- 
different as  to  fortune,  fo  fhe  meets 
with  a  gentleman  of  good  morals 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.      169 


and  family  ;  indeed  fhe  would  ra- 
ther wifh  to  marry  a  perfon  without 
any  fortune,  that  the  gentlemau 
may  have  the  higher  obligations  to 
her,  and  of  confequence  treat  her 
with  that  tendernefs  and  regard, 
reafonably  to  be  expeded  from  per- 
fons  under  fuch  circumftances.  Her 
reafon  for  taking  this  method,  is, 
that  it  has  been  induftriouily  given 
out,  by  people  interefted,  (in  order, 
fhe  fuppofes,  to  prevent  propofals) 
that  ihe  had  determined  never  to 
marry.  Letters  with  propofals, 
will  be  received  at  the  bar  of  the 
Smyrna  coffee-houfe,  direfted  for 
Z.  Z.  A  defcription  of  the  gentle- 
man's perfon,  age  and  profeflion, 
is  requefted  to  be  inferted  ;  and  how 
to  diredl,  if  the  propofals  are  ap- 
proved of.  The  lady's  conduft  will 
bear  the  ftrifteft  fcrutiny.  No  let- 
ters received,  unlefs  poll  paid,  to 
prevent  impertinence. 

From  the  fame,  April  17. 
Whereas  I  had  long  defpaired  of 
meeting  with  a  temptation  to  enter 
into  the  holy  ftatc  of  matrimony, 
till  taking  up  the  paper  of  Friday 
Jaft,  I  read  the  agreeable  advertife- 
ment  of  a  lady  whofe  fentiments 
jump  fo  entirely  with  mil-:?,  I  am 
convinced  we  are  cut  out  for  each 
other,  and  therefore  take  this  me- 
thod of  defcribing  myfelf :  I  am  a 
gentleman  of  an  unexceptionable 
jgood  family  j  lofTes  and  crofTes  have 
reduced  my  fortune  to  my  ward- 
robe, a  diamond  ring,  a  gold  watch, 
and  an  amber-headed  cane  j  but  as 
you  have  generoully  faid,  you  don't 
even  wifh  a  fortune,  I  imagine  this 
will  be  no  hindrance  :  My  perfon  is 
far  from  difagreeable,myfkinfmooth 
and  Ihining,  my  forehead  high  and 
polijfhed ;  my  eyes  fharp,  tho'  fmall, 
my  nofe  long  and  aquiline,  my 
jmouth  wide,  and  what  teeth  1  have 
p'erfeftly  found  :  all  this,  with  the 


addition  of  a  flaxen  full  bottom, 
fuitable  to  the  age  of  between  forty 
and  fifty,  with  a  good  heart  and 
fweet  difpofition,  and  not  one  un- 
ruly particle,  compofe  the  man  who 
will  be  willing,  upon  the  flighteft 
intimation,  to  pay  his  devoirs  to  the 
lady.  If  fhe  will  direct  her  letter 
for  S.  U.  to  be  left  at  St.  James's 
coffee-houfe,  the  gentleman  will 
wait  on  her  wherever  fhe  pleafes  tp 
appoint  him. 

ADVERTISEMENT. 

Whereas  I,  William  Margetts, 
the  younger,  w^s,  at  the  lafl  aflizes 
for  the  county  of  Cambridge,  con- 
vided  upon  an  indiftment  for  an 
attempt  to  raife  the  price  of  corn  in 
Ely  market,  upon  the  24th  day  qf 
September,  1757,  by  offering  the 
fum  of  fix  fhiiJings  a  bufhel  for 
wheat,  for  which  no  more  than  five 
Ihillings  and  nine-pence  was  de- 
manded :  and  whereas,  on  the  ear- 
neft  folicitation  and  requeft  of  my- 
felf and  friends,  the  profecutor  has 
been  prevailed  upon  to  forbear  any- 
further  profecution  againft  me  on 
my  fubmitting  to  make  the  follow- 
ing fatisfadion,  viz.  upon  my  pay- 
ing the  fum  of  50I.  to  the  poor  in- 
habitants of  the  town  of  Ely  ;  to  be 
diHributed  by  the  minifters  and 
churchwardens  of  the  feveral  pa- 
riihes  in  the  faid  town  of  Ely ;  and 
the  further  fum  of  50I.  to  the  poor 
inhabitants  of  rhe  town  of  Cam- 
bridge, to  be  diflributed  by  the 
minifters  and  churchwardens  of  the 
feveral  pariflies  in  the  faid  townj 
and  the  full  cofls  of  the  profecution  ; 
and  upon  my  reading  this  acknow- 
ledgment of  my  offence  publickly, 
and  with  a  loud  voice,  in  the  pre- 
fence  of  a  magiftate,  conftable,  or 
other  peace  officer  of  the  faid  town 
of  Ely,  at  the  market  place  there, 
between  the  hours  of  twelve  and  one 
o'clock,  on  a  public  markcit  day, 

and 


a7P     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 

^pd  likewife  fubfcribing  and  pub-  The  following  extraordinary  adver-^ 
lifhjng  the  fame  in  three  of  the  tifement  appeared  in  the  Public 
evening  papers  printed  at  London,  Advertifer. 
and  in  the  Canfibridge  journal,  on 
four  different  days,  and  I  have  ac- 
cordingly paid  the  faid  two  fums  of 
£fty  poinds  aj?d  cofls.  And  do 
hereby  confefs  myfelf  to  have  been 
guilty  of  the  faid  offence,  and  tefli- 
fy  my  fincere  and  hearty  forrow  in 
leaving  committed  a  crime,  which', 
in  its  confequences,  tended  fo  much 
tQ  increafe  the  diftrefs  of  the  poor  in 
the  late  calamitous  fcarcity :  And 
J  do  hereby  moic  humbly  acknow- 
ledge the  lenity  of  the  profecutor, 
and  beg  pardon  of  the  public  in 
general,  and  of  the  town  of  Ely  in 
particular. 

This  paper  was  read  by  me  at  the 
public  market-place  at  Ely,  in  the 
prefence  of  Thomas  Aungier,  gen- 
tleman, chief  conftable,  on  the  2d 
day  of  June,  1759,  being  a  public 
market  day  there,  and  is  now,  as  a 
further  proof  of  the  juft  fenfe  I  have 
of  the  heinoufnefs  of  my  crime,  i*ub- 
fcribed  and  publilhed  by  me, 

Wm.  Margetts. 

Witnefs,  James  Day  ; 
Under  Sheriff  of  Cambridgeihire, 


*'  To  be  fold,  a  fine  grey  mare, 
full  fifteen  hands  high,  gone  after 
the  hounds  many  times,  rifing  fix 
years  and  no  more,  moves  as  well 
as  moft  creatures  upon  earth,  as 
good  a  road  mare  as  any  in  ten 
counties  and  ten  to  that,  trots  at 
a  confounded  pace,  is  from  the 
country,  and  her  owner  will  fell 
her  for  nine  guineas ;  if  fome  folks 
had  her  fhe  would  fetch  near  three 
times  the  money,  I  have  no  ac- 
quaintance, and  money  I  want ; 
and  a  fervice  in  a  fhop  to  carry 
parcels,  or  to  be  in  a  gentleman's 
fervice.  My  father  gave  me  the 
mare  to  get  rid  of  me,  and  to  try 
my  fortune  in  London,  and  am  jull 
comQ  from  Shroplhire,  and  I  can 
be  recommended,  as  I  fuppofe  no 
body  takes  fervants  without,  and 
can  have  a  voucher  for  my  mare. 
Enquire  for  me  at  the  Talbot- 
inn,  near  the  New-church  in  the 
Strand."  ' 


SUP- 


APPENPIX  to  the  CHRQNICLE.      171 

SUPPLIES  granted  by  Parliament  for  the  Service 
of  the  Year  1759. 

November  30,  1758.  jf.        *♦    ^»' 

I,  /T^HAT  60,000  men  be  employed  for  the  fea 
X     feryice  for  the  year  1759,  including  14,845 
marines. 

2.  That  a  fum  not  exceeding  4I.  per  man  per  month 
be  allowed  for  maintaining  the  fald  60,000  men  for 
13  months,  including  the  ordnance  for  fea  fervice  —  3120060     o     p 

December  7.  "  " 

1.  That  a  number  of  land  forces,  including  thofe 
in  Germany,  and  on  an  expedition  under  Major- 
General  Hopfon,  and  4010  invalids,  amounting  to 
52,543  effedtive  men,  commifiioned  and  non-com- 
mifiioned  officers  included,  be  employed  for  the  fer- 
vice of  the  year  1759. 

2.  That  for  the  defraying  the  charge  of  the  52,543 
effedive  men  for  guards  and  garrifons,  and  other  his 
majefty's  land  forces  in  Great  Britain,  Guernfey, 
and  Jerfey,  for  the  year  1759,  there  be  granted  to 

his  majefty  a  fum  not  exceeding        >  1256130  15     z 

3.  For  the  pay  of  the  general  and  llafF-officers, 
and  officers  of  the   hofpitals  for  his  majefty's  land 

forces,  for  the  year  1759         •  52484     I     I 

4.  For  maintkining  his  majefty's  forces  and  gar- 
rifons in  the  plantations,  and  Gibraltar,  and  for 
provifions  for  the  garrifons  in  Nova  Scotia,  New- 
foundland, Gibraltar,  Providence,  Cape  Breton  and 

Senegal,  for  the  year  1759         1 74^531     5     7 

5«  For  defraying  the  charge  of  four  regiments,  and 
one  battalion  of  foot  on  the  Irifti  eftabliihment,  ferv- 
ing  in  North  America  and  Africa,  for  the  year  1759       40879  13     9 


2092025   16     2 
December   12.  ■ 

1 .  For  the  charge  of  the  office  of  ordnance  for  land 

fervice,  for  the  year  1759         '  ■  220789  li     9 

2.  For  defraying  the  extraordinary  expence  of  fer- 
vices  performed  by  the  office  of  ordnance  for  land  fer- 
vice, and  not  provided  for  by  parliament,  in  1758         325987   13     3 

3.  for  the  ordinary  of  the  navy,  including  the  half 

pay  to  fea  officers  for  1759         •  238491     9     8 

4.  Towards  the  fupport  of  Green wich-hofpitai       loooo    o    o 


793268  14    8 


172       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1.759. 

December   i8.  £, 

1.  For  defraying  the  charges  of  38,000  men  of  the 
troops  of  Hanover,  Wolfenbuttle,  Saxe-Gotha,  and 
Count  of  Buckeburg,  together  with  that  of  general 
and  ftaff  officers,  actually  employed  againft  the  com- 
mon enemy,  in  concert  with  the  King  of  Pruffia,  from 
December  25,  1758,  to  December  24,  1759,  both  in- 
clulive,  to  be  iiTued  in  advance  every  two  months, 
in  like  manner  as  the  pay  of  the  HelTian  forces  now  in 
the  lervicc  of  Great  Britain  ;  the  faid  body  of  troops 
to  be  muftered  by  an  Englilh  commifTary,  and  the 
effedive  ftate  thereof  to  be  afcertained  by  the  ligna- 
ture  of  the  commander  in  chief  of  the  faid  forces  — 

2.  For  defraying  the  charge  of  2i2ohorfes,  and 
•5900  foot,  together  with  the  general  and  flaiF  offi- 
cers, the  officers  of  the  hofpital,  and  officers  and 
pthers  belonging  to  the  train  of  artillery,  the  troops 
of  the  Landgrave  of  Heffe  Caffel,  in  the  pay  of  Great 
Britain,  for  ninety  days,  from  December  25,  1758, 
to  March  24,  1759,  both  inclufive,  together  with 
the  fubfidy  for  the  faid  time,  purfuant  to  treaty     — 

3.  That  for  defraying  the  charges  of  the  forage, 
bread,  bread  waggons,  train  of  artillery,  and  of  pro- 
visions, wood,  llraw,  &c.  and  other  extraordinary  ex- 
pences  and  contingencies  of  his  majefty's  combined 
army,  under  the  command  of  Prince  Ferdinand, 
there  be  granted  to  his  majelly  upon  account,  as  a 
prefent  fu'pply         ■  • — — ^  « 


d. 


398697  17     ^} 


59646 


8| 


00000 


December  19, 
■Towards  paying  off  and  difcharging  the  debt  of 

January  22,   1759. 

1.  For  defraying  the  charge  for  allowances  to  the 
feveral  officers  and  private  gentlemen  of  the  two 
troops  of  horfe-guards,  and  regiment  of  horfe  re- 
duced, and  to  the  fuperannuated  gentlemen  of  the 
four  troops  of  horfe-guards,  for  1759       —■ —         — 

2.  Upon  account  cf  the  reduced  officers  of  the 
land  forces  and  marines,  for  1759        —         ■ 

3.  For  the  paying  of  penfions  to  the  widows  of  fuch 
rejiuced  officers  of  the  land  forces  and  marine^,  as 
died  upon  the  eftablilhment  of  half  pay,  in  Great 
Britain,  and  who  were  married  to  them  before  De- 
cember 25,  17 16,  for  1759'  ^-T — r  r— 


958343  18  iif 


I 000000 


2958  19 
34367 


5   JO 


212S 


39454  15    5 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.     173 

January  29.  £,         j.     d, 

1.  For  enabling  his  majefty  to  make  good  his  en- 
gagements with  the  King  of  Pruflia,  purfuant  to  a 
convention   between    his  majefty  and   the  King  of 

Pruffia,  concluded  December  7,   1758  ■  670000     o     o 

2.  For  defraying  the  charge  of  what  remains  to  be 
paid  for  2120  horfe,  and  9900  foot,  together  with 
the  general  and  ftafF  officers,  the  officers  of  the  hof- 
pital,  and  officers  and  others  belonging  to  the  train 
of  artillery,  the  troops  of  the  Landgrave  of  Hefle 
Caflel,  in  the  pay  of  Great  Britain,  for  365  days, 
from  December  25,  1758,  to  December  24,  1759 
both  days  indufive,    together  with  the  fubfidy  for 

the  faid  time,  purfuant  to  treaty       ■     182251     2  il| 

3.  For  defraying  the  charge  of  an  additional  corps 
of  920  horfc,  and  6072  foot,  together  with  the  gene- 
ral and  ftaiF  officers,  the  officers  of  the  hofpital,  and 
officers  and  others  belonging  to  the  train  of  artillery, 
the  troops  of  the  Landgrave  of  Hefle  CafTel,  in  the  pay 
of  Great  Britain,  for  365  days,  from  January  i,  1759, 

to  December  31  following,  purfuant  to  treaty       — —     97582'  17  lo-^ 

4.  For  enabling  his  majefty  to  make  good  his  en- 
gagements with  the  Landgrave  of  Hefle  Caftel,  purfu- 
ant to  a  feparate  article  belonging  to  a  treaty  between 
them,  concluded  January  17,  1759,  the  faid  fum  to 
be  paid  as  his  moft  ferene  Highnefs  ihall  think  moft 
convenient,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  means  by  which 
he  may  again  fix  his  refidence  in  his  own  dominions, 
and  give  frefti  courage  to  his  faithful  fubjeds,  by  his 

prefence,  which  is  fo  much  wiftied  for  ■       60000.    o     o 

5.  For  enabling  his  majefty  to  difcharge  the  like 
fum  raifed,  in  purfuance  of  an  ad:  of  laft  feffion,  and 
charged  upon  the  firft  aids  or  fupplies,  to  be  granted 

in  this  feffion  of  parliament  ~ Soocoo     o     o 

6.  Towards  the  buildings,  rebuildings,  and  repairs 

of  his  majefty*s  fhips,  for  1759  ■  ——     200000     o     o 


January  31. 
For  out-penfioners  of  Chelfea  hofpital  for  the  year 

'759*  upon  account  ■ 

February  5. 
To  be  applied  towards  the  improving,  widening, 
and  enlarging  the  paflage  over  and  through  London- 
bridge  __  _  _ 

February  8. 
Towards  enabling  the  governors  and  guardians  of 
the  foundling  hofpital,  to  receive  all  fuch  children. 


2009834    o     9JI 


26000    o    o 


15000    o    o 


under 


!74      ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


under  a  certain  age,  to  be  by  them  limited,  as  fhall 
be  brought  to  the  fald  ho/pital  ;  and  alfo  towards 
enabling  them  to  maintain  and  educate  fuch  children 
as  are  'liov^  under  their  care,  and  continue  to  carry 
into  execution  the  good  purpofes  for  which  they  were 
incorporated :  and  that  the  fame  be  ifTued  and  paid 
for  the  ufe  of  the  faid  hofpi'tal  without  fee  or  reward, 
or  any  deduflion  whatfoever,  upon  account  —— 
February  22. 
For  the  charge  of  tranfport  fervice  for  the  year 

1758,  including  the  expence  of  vidualling  his  ma- 
jefty's  land  forces,  vvithin  the  faid  year  

February  26.  * 

1.  For  fupporting  and  maintaining  the  fettlemeht 
of  his  majefty's  colony  of  Nova  Scotia,  for  the  year 

1759,  upon  account  —  — —         . 

2.  For  defraying  the  charges  incurred,  by  fupport- 
ing and  maintaining  the  fettlement  of  his  majefty's 
colony  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  the  year  1757,  and  not 
provided  for  by  parliament  ■  — . 

3.  For  defraying  the  charges  of  the  civil  eftablifh- 


ment  of  his  majefty's  colony  of  Georgia,  and  other 
incidental  expences  attending  the  fame,  from  June 
24,  1758,  to  June  24,  1759,  upon  account      — . 


March   19. 

1.  To  replace  to, the  finking  fund  the  like  fum, 
paid  out  or  the  fame,  to  make  good  the  deficiency 
on  July  5,  1758,  of  the  additional  llamp  duty  on  li- 
cences for  retailing  of  wine,  duty  on  coals  export- 
ed, and  furplus  of  the  duty  on  licences  for  retailing 
fpirituous  liquors,  made  a  fund  by  an  adt  of  30 
George  II.  for  paying  annuities  at  the  bank  of  Eng- 
land, after  the  rate  of  3I.  percent,  on  three  millions, 
and  alfo  the  life  annuities  payable  at  the  Exchequer, 
and  other  charges  thereupon  —  ■■ 

2.  To  replace  to  the  finking  fund  the  like  fum,  paid 
out  of  the  fame,  to  make  good  the  deficiency  on  July 
5,  1758,  of  the  duties  on  glafs  and  fpirituous  liquors, 
to"  anfwer  annuities  on  fingle  lives,  payable  at  the 
Exchequer,  granted  by  an  adl  of  19  George  II.     — 

3.  To  be  employed  in  maintaining  andfupport- 
ing  the  Britifh  forts  and  fettlements  upon  the  coafts 
of  Africa  ■  • 

4.  To  be  paid  to  Roger  Long,  D.  D.  Lowndes's 
aflronomical  and  geometrical  profefTor  in  the  univer- 

fi  ty 


»759- 


</. 


20000 


eSjyyi    19     7 


9902     5     o 


11278  18     5 


4057   10     o 
25238  13     5 


24311     6  ii-J 


8881   II   10^ 


lOOOO     o     o 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.    175 

fixty  of  Cambridge,  without  account,  to  enable  him 
to  difcharge,  in  purfuance  of  the  will  of  Thomas 
Lowndes,  Efq.  (the  inventor  of  a  method  for  melio- 
riating  the  brine  fait  of  this  kingdom)  a  mortgage 
upon  an  eftate  devifed  for  the  endowment  of  the  faid 
profefforfhip,  by  the  faid  Thomas  Lowndes  ;  and  to 
reimburfe  to  the  faid  Roger  Long,  the  intereft  mo- 
nies he  \v3i's,  paid,  and  that  are  growing  due,  and 
the  expences  he  has  incurred  in  refped  to  the  faid 
mortgage,  and  that  the  fame  be  paid  without  fee  or 
reward  ■  <  «  1280    o    o 


44532   II    lOf 


March  29. 

1.  That  towards  the  defraying  the  charge  of  pay, 
and  cloathing  for  the  militia,  from  December  31, 
1758,  to  March  25,  1760,  and  for  repaying  to  his 
majefty  the  fum  of  1332I.  los.  advanced  by  him  for 
the  fervice  of  the  militia,  purfuant  to  an  addrefs  of 
this  houfe  of  November  29  laft,   there  be  granted 

upon  account  •    '  ■ ■  '  90000    o    o 

2.  That  towards  enabling  the  governors  and  guar- 
dians of  the  Foundling  hofpital,  to  receive  all  fuch 
children  under  a  certain  age,  to  be  by  them  limited, 
as  Ihall  be  brought  to  the  faid  hofpital,  before  Janu- 
ary I,  1760;  and  alfo  towards  enabling  them  to 
maintain  and  educate  fuch  children  as  are  now  under 
their  care  ;  and  to  continue  to  carry  into  execution  the 
good  purpofes  for  which  they  were  incorporated ; 
and  that  the  fame  be  iffued  and  paid  for  the  ufe  of  the 
faid  hofpital,  without  fee  or  reward,  or  any  deduc- 
tion whatfoever;  there  be  granted  the  farther  fum  of        30000    o    o 


1 20000     o     o 


April  2.  ■ 

For  defraying  the  extraordinary  expences  of  his 
majefty's  land  forces,  and  other  fervic«s  incurred  in 
the  year  1758,  and  not  provided  for  by  parliament,       466785   10     5i 

April  10. 
I.  For  enabling  the  commiflioners  appointed,  by 
virtue  of  an  aft  made  in  the  laft  feffion  of  parliament, 
intituled,  "  An  Adl  for  vefting  certain  mefluages, 
lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments,  for  the  better 
fecuring  his  majefty's  docks,  &c.*'  to  make  compen- 
fation  to  the  proprietors  of  fuch  lands  and  heredita- 
ments at,  and  near  Chatham,  as  have  been  purchafed 
for  the  purpofes  mentioned  in  the  faid  aft,  and  for 

damage  done  to  the  lands  adjacent       — —        708     3    o 

2.  For 


iyS      ANNUAL    R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,   1755. 


^/ 


2.  For  enabling  the  faid  commiffioners  to  make 
compenlation  to  the  proprietors  of  fuch  lands  and  he- 
reditaments at,  and  near  Portfmouth,  as  have  been 

purchafed  for  the  purpofes  mentioned  in  the  faid  aft,  6957   13     7^ 

3.  For  enabling  the  faid  commiffioners  to  make  '^ 
compenfation  to  the  proprietors  of  fuch  lands  and  he- 
reditaments at,   and  near  Plymouth,    as  have  been 

purchafed  for  the  purpofes  mentioned  in  the  faid  ad         25159  17     6 

4.  Towards  carrying  on  the  works  for  fortifying 

and  fecuring  the  harbour  of  Milford        -^        — 10000    o    o 


April  12. 
Upon  acc6unt  for  paying  and  difcharging  the  debts^ 
with  the  neceffary  expences  attending  the  payment 
of  the  fame,  claimed  and  fuftained  upon  the  land 
and  eflates  which  became  forfeited  to  the  crown,  by 
the  attainder  of  John  Drummond,  brother  to  James 
Drummond,  entitled  Duke  of  Perth,  or  fo  hiuch  of 
the  fame  debts  as  (hall  be  remaining  unfatisfied,  ac- 
cording to  the  feveral  decrees  in  that  behalf  refpec- 
tively  made,  by  the  lords  of  feffion  in  Scotland,  and 
purfuant  to  an  aft  of  the  25th  of  his  prefent  majefty, 
intituled,  "An  Acl  for  annexing  certain  forfeited 
eflates  in  Scotland  to  the  crown  unalienably^  &c." 

April  30.  • 

1.  Upon  account,  to  be  paid  to  the  Eafl  India  com- 
pany, towards  enabling  them  to  defray  the  expence 
of  a  military,  force  in  their  fettlements,  to  be  main- 
tained by  them  in  lieu  of  the  battalion  of  his  majefty's 
forces,  commanded  by  Col.  Adlecrorn,  withdrawn 
from  thecbce,  and  now  returned  to  Ireland  . 

2.  Upon  account,  to  enable  his  majelly  to  give  a 
proper  compenfation  to  the  refpedlive  provinces  in 
North  America,  for  the  expences  incurred  by  them, 
in  the  levying,  cloathing,  and  pay  of  the  troops 
raifed  by  the  fame,  according  as  the  aftive  vigour 
^nd  flrenuous  efforts  of  the  refpeftive  provinces  (hall 
be  thought  by  his  majefly  to  merit 


42805    14      i: 


May  20. 
I.  To  make  good  the  like  fum  ifTued  by  his 
majefly  to  John  Mill,  Efq;  to  be  by  him  paid 
over  to  the  vidluallers  and'innholders  of  the  county 
and  town  of  Southampton,  and  other  vidluallers  and 
innholders  in  the  like  circumflanccs,  in  confideration 

of 


69910  15 


9i 


20000 


260060    o    6 


220000 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.        177 

ef  the  great  expence  they  were  put  to  by  the  Heffian  jf.     /.     d, 

troops  having   been  fo  long  billeted  at  their  houfcs, 

purfuant  to  an  addrefs  of  this  houfe — —         2500     o     o 

2.  To  make  good  the  like  Aim  ifTued  by  his  ma- 
jefty  to  the  judges  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Wales, 
in  augmentation  of  their  falaries,  purfuant  to  an  ad- 
drefs of  this  houfe  ■  11 450     o    o 

3.  To  make  good  the  like  fum  which  has  been  if- 
fued,  purfuant  to  the  addrefs  of  this  houfe,  to  the 
widow  and  adminiftratrix  of  Nicholas  Hardinge,  Efq; 
deceafed,  in  repayment  and  full  fatisfadion  for  the 
balance  or   furplus   of  his  account   for  printing    the 

journals  of  the  houfe  of  commons  ■  778  16     6 


14728  16     6 


May   15. 

1.  That  the  fcveral  annual  fums  following,  be 
granted  to  his  majefty,  to  be  applied  in  augmentation 
of  the  falaries  of  fuch  of  the  judges,  for  the  time  be- 
ing, in  the  fuperior  courts  of  jultice,  in  England,  as 
are  herein  after  mentioned,  that  is  to  fay,  5cx>l.  10 
each  of  the  puifne  judges  in  the  court  of  King's- 
Bench  ; — 500I.  to  each  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of 
Common-Pleas,  at  Weftminfter;  locol.  to  the  chief 
baron  in  the  court  of  Exchequer  at  Weftminfter ;  and 
500I.  to  each  of  the  other  barons  of  the  coif,  in   the 

faid  court,  in  every  year  6000     O     • 

2.  The  like  grant  for  the  judges  in  the  courts  of 
feffion  and  exchequer  in  Scotland ;  that  is  to  fay, 
300I.  to  the  prefident  of  the  faid  court  of  feffion  ; 
300I.  to  the  chief  baron  of  the  faid  court  of  the  ex- 
chequer ;  and   200I.    to   each  of  the   other  judges  of 

the  laid  courts,  in  every  year  ■■  —         4200     o     O 

3.  The  like  grant  to  the  juftices  of  Chefter,  and 
of  the  great  fefljons  for  the  counties  in  Wales  j  that 
is  to  fay,  200I.  to  tl\^e  chief  juftices  of  Chafter,  150I. 
to  the  fecond  juftices  of  Chefter;  and  150I.  to  each 
of  the  juftices  of  the  great  feffions  for  the  coaniies  in 

Wales,  in  every  year  ■  ■  1250     o     o 


May  21. 

I.  To  make  good  the  intereft  of  the  fcveral  prin- 
cipal fums  to  be  paid  in  purfuance  of  an  a£t  of  the 
3irt  of  his  prefent  inajefty,  for  the  purchafe  of.feve- 
ral  lands  and  hereditaments,  for  the  better  fecuring 
his  majefty's  docks,  Ihips,  and  ftores  at  Portfmouth, 
Chatham   and  Plymouth,    from  the   refpedive   times 

Vol.  II.  N  lie 


1450 


178        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 

the  fald  lands  and  hereditaments  were  firft  made  ufe  j^,     s,     d, 
of  for  the  purpofes  aforefaid,  or  interell  became  pay- 
able, to  Auguil  25,   1759             —         1716     I     7!- 

2.  For  defraying  the  charges,  incurred  in  purfuance 
of  an  ad  of  the  31ft  of  his  prefent  majefty,  for  pur- 
chafing  lands,  for  the  better  fecuring  his  majelty*s 
docks,  fhips,  and  flores,  ac  Portfmouth,  Chatham, 
and  Plymouth  ■  ■  2443     3     i 

%       '      .  I.  t 

4159     4     8| 


May  24. 

Upon  accompr,  to  enable  his  majefty  to  defray  any 
extraordinary  expences  of  the  war,  incurred,  or  to  be 
incurred,  for  the  fervice  of  1759  ;  and  to  take  all  fuch 
meafures  as  may  be  neccffary  to  difappoint  or  defeat 
any.  enterprizes  or  defigns  of  his  enemies,  and  as  the 
exigencies  of  affairs  may  require  ■  -r- —  1 000000 


Total  of  the  grants  made  by  the  committee  of  fupply    1276 13 10  19     5  J 

Thefe  were  all  the  grants  made  by  the  committee  of 
fupply  in  the  courfe  of  laft  feflion  ;  and  as  foon  as  the 
two  firft  refolutions  of  this  committee  were  agreed  to 
by  the  houfe,  on  November  30,  it  was  refolved,  that 
the  houfe  would  the  next  morning  refolve  itfelf  into 
a  committee  of  the  whole  houfe^  to  confider  of  ways 
and  means  for  raifing  the  fupply  granted  to  his  ma- 
jefty ;  which  committee  was,  by  feveral  adjournments, 
continued  to  the  25th  of  May,  and  the  refolutions  it 
came  to  in  that  time  were  agreed  to  by  the  houfe  on 
the  days  as  follow,  viz. 

December  2,    1758. 

1.  A  refolution  in  the  ufual  form  for  raifing  a  land 
tax  of  4s.  in  the  pound  for  one  year,  from  March  25, 

1759  -^^ —  >  2037854  18   II 

2.  A  refolution  in  the  ufual  form  for  continuing  the 

malt  tax  from  June  23,   1759,  to  June  24,   1760  750000     o    p 

January  31,  1759. 
I.  That  the  3I.  percent,  annuities,  amounting  to 
3, 100,000 1.  granted  anno  1757,  be,  with  the  confent 
of  the  feveral  proprietors,  added  to,  and  made  a  part 
of  the  joint  Hock  of  3 1.  per  cent,  cransferrable 
annuities  of  the  bank- of  England,  confolidated  by 
the  ads  ?5,  ^8,  and  29,  of  his  prefent  majefty 's 
rejgn,  and  the  charges  and  expences  in  refped  thereof 
be  charged  upon,  and  paid  out  of  the  finking  fund, 
until  redemption  thereot  by  parliament,  in  the  fame 
iiua  ii)ce  mdiiner  as   the  annuities  confoiidaied  afore- 

faid 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.      179 


faid  are  paid  and  payable;  and,  that  fach  perfons 
who  ftiall  not,  on  or  before  April  5,  1759,  figni fy 
their  diflent,  in  books  to  be  opened  at  the  bank  for 
that  purpofe,  fhall  be  deemed  and  taken  to  aflent 
thereto. 

2.  That  all  the  monies  that  have  arifen  fince  January 
5,  1759,  or  that  fhall  or  may  hereafter  arife,  of  the 
produce  of  the  feveral  additional  ftamp  duties  on 
pamphlets,  and  printed  papers,  the  additional  duty  on 
coals  exported,  the  furplus  of  the  new  duty  on  licences 
for  retailing  wine  ;  and  the  furplus  of  the  duties  on 
licences  for  retailing  fpirituous  liquors,  which  were 
made  a  fund  for  payment  of  3  1.  per  cent,  per  ann.  at 
the  bank  on  3,000,0001.  borrowed  by  virtue  of  an 
aft  of  30  George  II.  towards  the  fupply  of  the  year 
1757,  alfo  the  annuities  on  iingle  lives,  payable  at  the 
receipt  of  the  exchequer  in  refpeft  of  the  fame,  Ihall 
be  carried  to,  and  made  a  part  of  the  fund  commonly 
called  the  finking  fund. 

3.  That  jthe  feyeral  annuities  on  fingle  lives  grant- 
ed anno  1757,  payable  at  the  exchequer,  in  refpedl  to 
the  aforefaid  3,000,000!.  be  from  January  5,  1759, 
charged  upon,  and  made  payajble  out  of  the  produce 
of  the  faid  finking  fund. 

Februarv  3. 
That  towards  raifmg  the  fupply  granted  to  his  ma- 
jefly,  the  fum  of  6,600,000 1.  be  raifed  by  transfer- 
rable  annuities  after  the  rate  of  5I.  per  cent,  per  ann. 
and  that  an  additional  capital  of  fifteen  pounds  be 
added  to  every  one  hundred  pounds  advanced  ;  which 
additional  capital  fhall  confifl  of  lol.  given  in  a  lot- 
tery ticket  to  each  fubfcriber,  and  of  5 1.  in  like  trans- 
ferrable  annuities  at3l.  per  cent.  Th'e  blanks  and 
prizes  of  the  lottery  to  be  attended  with  like  annuities^ 
after  the  rate  of  3I.  per  ceuc.  per  ann,  to  commence 
from  the  fifth  day  of  January,  1760  ;  and  that  the  fum 
of  6,600,000 1.  tojgether  with  the  faid  additional  capi- 
tal of  5I.  percent,  amounting  to  330,000!.  making  in 
the  whole  6,930,000).  do  bear  an  interefl  after  the  rate 
of  3  1.  per  cent,  per  ann.  which  intereft  fhall  commence 
from  the  fifth  day  of  July,  1759.  The  faid  feveral  an- 
nuities ihall  be  transferrable  at  the  bank  of  England, 
and  charged  upon  a  fund  to  be  eftablifhed  in  this  fefEon 
of  parliament  for  paynjent  thereof,  and  for  which  the 
finking  fund  fliall  be  a  collateral  fecurity,  and  fhall  be 
redeemable  by  parliament  in  the  who^e,  or  in  part, 
by  furas  not  lefs  than  500,000!.  at  one  time,  fix 
N  2  monthf 


j8o     annual    register,    175c,. 

£■    '•    <f« 

months  notice  having  been  firft  given  pf  fuch  payment 
or  payments  refpeftively.  That  the  lottery  fhall  con- 
iift  of  tickets  of  the  value  of  ten  pounds  each,  in  a  pro- 
portion not  exceeding  eight  blanks  to  a  prize;  the 
blanks  to  be  of  the  value  of  fix  pounds  each. 

That  every  fubfcriber  fhall,  on  or  before  the  13th 
day  of  February  inftant,  make  a  depofit  of  151.  per 
cent,  on  fuch  fum  as  he  fhall  choofe  to  fubfcribe  to- 
wards raifing  the  faid  fum  of  6,6oo,oool.  with  the 
cafhiers  of  the  bank  of  f  ngland,  as  a  fecurity  for  his 
jnaking  the  future  payment,  on  or  before  the  times 
herein  after  limited,  that  is  to  fay  ; 

lol.  per  cent,  on  or  before  the  30th  of  March  next. 
lol.  per  cent,  on  or  before  the  27th  of  April  next, " 
lol.  per  cent,  on  dr  before  the  3ifl  of  May  next, 
lol.  per  cent,  on  or  before  the  28th  of  June  next. 
15I.  per  cent,  on  or  before  the  27th  of  July  next. 
3fol.  per  cent,  on  or  before  the  3ifl  of  Augufl /next, 
lol.  per  cent,  on  or  before  the  28th  of  Sept.  next. 
10!.  per  cent,  on  or  before  the  26th  of  Od.  next. 
Which  feveral  fums  fo  received,  fhall  by  the   fai4 
cafhiers,    be    paid  into   the    receipt   of   his   majefly's, 
exchequer,  ro  be  applied,  from  time  to  time,  to  fuch 
fervices  as  fliall  then  have  been   voted  by  this  houfe 
in    this    feflion    of    parliament,    and    no    otherwife. 
That  any  fubfcriber  paying  in  the  whole,  or  any  part 
of  his   fubfcription,   previous   to    the   days    appointed 
for  the  refpedive  payments,  fhall  be  allowed  a  dif- 
count  after  the  rate  of  3I.  per  cent,  per  ann.  from  the 
days  of    fuch    refpedlive   payments  to   the   refpedtive 
times   on   which    fuch   payments   are  direfted   to    be 

made  -  6600000    q    c 

March  10. 
i.  That  a  fubfldy  of  poundage  of  one  fhilling  in 
the  pound,  be  laid  upon  tobacco,  foreign  linen,  fu- 
gar  and  other  grocery,  Eaft-India  goods,  foreign 
brandy,  and  •  fpirits,  and  paper  imported  into  this 
kingdom,  according  to  the  value  or  rate  refpedlively 
fettled  upon  each  commodity,  by  the  feveral  books 
of  rates,  or  any  a^  or  ads  of  parliament  relating 
thereunto,  over  and  ^bove  the  prefent  duties  charged 
thereupon. 

2.  That  an  additional  inland  duty  be  charged 
upon  all  coffee,  to  be  fold  in  Great-Britain  by  whole- 
fale  or  retail,  and  upon  all  chocolate  to  be  made  or 
fold  in  Great-Britain,  to  be  paid  by  the  refpedive  fel- 
lers of  fuch  coffee,  and  by  the  refpedive  makers  and 
fellers  of  fuch  chocolate. 

'3.  That  •    ' 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.      i8i 

3.  That  the  faid  additional  duty  upon  all  coffee, 
be  after  the  rate  of  is.  per  pound  wc.  avoirdupois,  and 
in  that  proportion  for  a  greater  or  leffer  quantity,  over 
and  above  the  prefent  inland  duty)  and  over  and  above 
all  cuftoms  and  duties,  payable  upon  the  importation 
thereof. 

4.  That  the  faid  additional  duty  upon  all  chocolate, 
be  after  the  rate  of  pd.  per  pound  wt.  avoirdupois,  and 
in  that  proportion  for  a  greater  or  leffer  quantity, 
over  and  above  the  prelent  inland  duty  payable 
thereupon. 

Ap  R  I  L  3.  , 
That  fuch  part  of  the  fum  of  ibo,oool.  granted 
In  the  laft  feflion,  iipon  accompt,  towards  defraying 
the  charge  of  pay  and  cloathing  for  the  riiilitia  for 
1758,  and  for  defraying  fuch  expences  as  were  adlually 
incurred  upon  the  account  of  the  militia,  in  the  year 
1757,  as  fhall  remain  in  the  exchequer,  after  fatis- 
fadion  of  the  faid  charges  and  expences,  be  iffued 
and  applied  towards  raifing  the  fupply  granted  in  this 
feflion. 

A  !>  R  I  L   12. 

1.  That  from  and  after  July  5,  1759,  all  perfons 
may  trade  in,  fell,  or  vend  any  goods  or  wares,  in 
which  the  quantity  of  gold,  in  any  feparate  and  diftindt 
fiece  of  goods  or  wares,  fhall  not  exceed  two  penny 
weights,  or  the  quantity  of  fllver  in  any  one  feparate 
and  diftinft  piece  of  goods  or  wares,  fhall  not  exceed 
five  penny  weights,  without  being  liable  to  take  out  a 
licence  for  that  purpofe. 

2.  That  from  and  after  the  fifth  of  July,  I759,  ev^ry 
perfon  who  fhall  trade  in,  fell,  or  vend  gold  or  filver 

Jjlate,  or  any  goods  or  wares,  in  which  any  gold  or 
ilver  fhall  be  manufaftured,  and  the  quantity  of  gold 
in  any  one  fuch  piece  of  plate  or  goods,  or  wares,- 
Ihall  be  of  the  weight  of  two  ounces  or  upwards,  or 
the  quantity  of  filver,  in  any  one  fuch  piece  of  plate 
or  goods,  or  wares,  fhall  be  of  the  weight  of  thirty 
Ounces  or  upwards,  fhall  pay  5I.  for  each  annual 
licence,  inftead  Of  the  40s.  now  payable. 

3.  That  from  and  after  the  5th  of  July,  1759,  all 
pawnbrokers  trading  in,  vending  or  felling,  gold  or 
filver  plate,  and  all  refiners  of  gold  and  filver,  fhall, 
be  obliged  to  take  out  annual  licences,  for  each  of 
which  they  fhall  pay  a  duty  of  5I.  inftead  of  the  40s. 
now  payable. 

4.  That  the  fums  to  be  paid  for  the  faid  licences, 
ihall  be  applicable  to  the  fame  ufcs  and  purpofes,  as 

N  3  the 


i82         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 

the  funis  charged  on  licences  by  an  ad  of  laft  fcffion 
were  applicable. 

5.  That  a  claufe  in  an  afl  of  the  9th  and  loth  of 
William  III.  intitled,  **  An  aft  to  fettle  the  trade  to 
Africa,'*  for  allowing,  during  a  limited  time,  a  draw- 
back of  the  duties  upon  the  exportation  of  copper 
bars  imported,  and  with  a  provifo  continued  by  ieve- 
ral  adts  to  June  24,  1758,  and  from  thence  to  the 
end  of  the  next  feffion,  is  expiring,  and  fit  to  be  con- 
tinued. 

6.  That  fo  much  of  an  adl  of  the  8th  of  George  I. 
for  the  encouragement  of  the  filk  manufaftures  of  this 
kingdom,  &c.  as  relates  to  the  encouragement  of  our 
filk  manufadures,  and  to  the  taking  off  the  feveral  du- 
ties on  merchandize  exported,  is  near  expiring,  and 
fit  to  be  continued. 

7.  That  fo  much  of  an  aft  of  the  fecond  of  his  pre- 
fent  majefty,  for  the  better  prefervation  of"  his  maje- 
lly's  woods  in  America,  &c.  as  relates  to  the  pre- 
miums upon  mails,  yards,  and  bowfprits,  tar,  pitch 
and  turpentine,  is  near  expiring,  and  fit  to  be  con- 
tinued. 

8.  That  an  aft  of  the  5th  of  his  prefent  majefty, 
for  encouraging  the  growth  of  coffee  in  our  planta- 
tions in  America,  is  near  expiring,  and  fit  to  be 
continued. 

9.  That  an  aft  of  the  19th  of  his  prefent  majefty, 
for  the  more  efTeftual  fecuring  the  duties  on  foreign 
made  fail  cloth  imported  into  this  kingdom,  &c.  is 
near  expiring,  and  fit  to  be  continued. 

A  p  R  1  L  30. 

1.  That  the  fum  remaining  in  the  receipt  of  the 
exchequer,  difpofable  by  parliament,  of  the  produce 
of  the  finking  fund,  for  the  quarter  ended  April  5, 
1758,  be  ifTued   and   applied   towards    making   good 

the  fupply  granted  in  this  feflion  ■  180076  17     oj 

2.  That  the  fum  now  remaining  in  the  exchequer, 
being  the  overplus  of  the  grants  for  the  fervice  of  1758, 
be  ifTued  and  applied  towards  making  good  the  fupply 

granted  in  this  feifion  ■  ■■  73 3°^     3   10  • 


May   17. 

1.  That  \he  duties  now  payable  upon  raw  fhort  filk 
or  capiton,  and  filk  nubs,  or  hufks  of  filk,  fhall,  from 
and  after  July  5,  17591  ceafe  and  determine,  and  be  no 
longer  paid. 

^.  That   in   lieu   thereof,    the    fame   duties   fhall. 


253384     O  II 


from 


APPENDIX   to  the   CHRONICLE.      1S3 

£.     ,.    J. 

from  and  after  July  5,  1759,  be  paid  upon  the  impor- 
tation of  raw  fhort  filk  or  capiton,  and  filk  nubs,  or 
huflcs  of  filk,  as  are  now  payable  upon  raw  long  filk 
imported,  and  be  applied  to  the  fame  ufes  and  pur- 
pofes. 

3.  That  the  fum  repaid  into  the  receipt  of  the  ex- 
chequer, and  now  remaining  there,  being  the  fum 
which  was  granted,  December  15,  I755>  to  enable 
his  majefty  to  make  good  his  engagements  with  the 
emprcfs  of  Ruffia,  be  iflued  and  applied  towards  mak- 
ing good  the  fupply  granted  in  this  feflion  — —         looooo     O     0 

4.  That  towards  raifing  the  annual  fums  of  money 
granted  to  his  majefty  to  be  applied  in  augmentation 
of  the  falaries  of  the  puifne  judges  in  the  court  of 
King's  Bench,  the  judges  in  the  court  of  Common 
Pleas,  the  barons  of  the  coif  in  the  court  of  the 
Exchequer   at   Weftminfter,    and   of  the  juftices   of 

Chefter,    and    the   great    feflions   for  the  counties  of  ' 

Wales,  an  additional  (lamp  duty  of  fix-pence  be 
charged  upon  every  piece  of  vellum  or  parchment,  or 
iheet  or  piece  of  paper,  on  which  (hall  be  engrof- 
fed  or  written  any  affidavit  to  be  made  ufe  of  in 
any  court  of  law  or  equity  at  Weftminfter,  or  in  the 
courts  of  the  great  feflions  in  Wales,  or  county  pala- 
tine of  Chefter,  except  affidavits  taken  purfuant  to 
feveral  ads  made  in  the  thirtieth  and  thirty- fecond 
year  of  the  reign  of  King  Charles  II.  for  burying  in 
woollen,  and  except  fuch  affidavits,  as  Ihall  be  taken 
before  the  officers  of  the  cuftoms,  or  any  juftice  or 
juftices  of  the  peace,  or  before  any  commiffioners  ap- 
pointed, or  to  be  appointed  by  an  a£l  of  parliament, 
for  the  afiTeffing  or  levying  any  aids  or  duties  granted, 
or  to  be  granted  to  his  majefty,  his  heirs  and  fucceftbrs, 
and  which  affidavits  fhall  be  taken  by  the  faid  officers 
of  the  cuftoms,  juftices,  or  commiffioners,  by  virtue  of 
their  authority,  as  juftices  of  the  peace,  or  commif- 
fioners, refpedlively. 

5.  That  towards  raifing  the  faid  annual  fums,  an 
additional  ftamp  duty  of  fix-pence  be  charged  upon 
every  piece  of  vellum  or  parchment,  or  fhfet  or 
piece  of  paper,  on  which  (hall  be  engrofied  or  written 
any  copy  of  fuch  affidavit,  as  is  herein  before  charged, 
that  fliall  be  filed  or  read  in  any  of  the  aforefaid 
courts,  ^ 

6.  That  an  additional  ftamp  duty  of  fix-pence  be 
charged  upon  every  piece  of  vellum  or  parchment, 
or  iheet  or  piece  of  paper,   on   which  ihall  be  en- 

N  4  groffed 


i8.4       ANNUAL   REGISTER,   17^9: 

I. 

grofied  or  written  any  common  bail  to  be  filed  in  any 
court  of  law  at  Weftminfter,  or  in  any  of  the  afore- 
faid  courts,  and  any  appearance  that  Ihall  be  made 
upon  fuch  bail. 

7.  That  an  additional  ftamp  duty  of  fix-pence  be 
charged  upon  every  piece  of  vellum  or  parchment,  or 
Iheet  or  piece  of  paper,  on  which  fbaU  be  engrofTed  or 
written  any  rule  or  order  made  or  given  in  any  court 
of  law  or  equity  at  Weftminfter. 

8.  That  an  additional  ftamp  duty  of  iix-pence  be 
charged  upon  every  piece  of  vellum  or  parchment,  or 
Iheet  or  piece  of  paper,  on  which  fhall  be  engrofled 
or  written  any  copy  of  fuch  rule  or  order. 

9.  That  an  additional  ftamp  duty  of  fix-pence  be 
charged  upon  every  piece  of  vellum  or  parchment,  or 
Oieet  or  piece  of  paper,  on  which  fhall  be  engrofTed 
any  original  writ,  (except  fuch  original  on  which  a 
writ  of  capias  iffues)  fubpoena,  bill  of  Middlefex^ 
latitat,  writ  of  capias,  quo  minus,  vi^rit  of  dedimus 
poteftatem  to  take  anfwers,  examine  witnefTes,  or  ap- 
point guardians,  or  any  other  writ  whatfoever,  or  any 
other  procefs  or  mandate,  that  fhall  ifTue  out  of,  or  pafs 
the  feals  of  any  of  the  courts  of  Weftminfter,  courts 
of  the  great  feflions  in  Wales,  courts  in  the  counties 
palatine,  or  any  other  court  whatfoever  holding  pleas^ 
where  the  debt  or  damage  doth  amount  to  forty  fhil- 
lings,  or  above,  or  the  thing  in  demand  is  of  that 
value  ;  writs  of  covenant  for  levying  fines,  writs  of 
entry  for  fulFering  common  recoveries,  and  writs  of" 
habeas  corpus  excepted. 

10.  That  an  additional  ftamp  duty  of  one  penny  be 
charged  upon  every  piece  of  vellum  or  parchment,  or 
flieet  or  piece  of  paper,  on  which  fhall  be  engrofTed 
or  written  any  depofition  taken  in  the  court  of  Chan- 
cery, or  other  court  of  equity  at  Weftminfter,  (except 
the  paper  draughts  ofdepofiiions  taken  by  virtue  of  any 
commiflion  before  they  are  engrofTed)  or  upon  which 
fhall  be  engrofTed  or  written  any  copy  of  any  bill,  an- 
fwer,  plea,  demurrer,  replication,  rejoinder,  interro- 
gatories, depofitions,  or  other  proceedings  whatfoever 
in  fuch  courts  of  equity. 

11.  That  an  additional  ftamp  duty  of  one  penny 
be  charged  upon  every  piece  of  vellum  or  parch- 
ment, or  fheet  or  piece  of  paper,  on  which  fhall  be 
engrofTed  or  written  any  declaration,  plea,  replica- 
tion, rejoinder,  demurrer,  or  other  pleading  what- 
foever. 


APPENDIX  to  the  CHRONICLE.      i8j 


foever,  in  any  court  of  law  at  Weflminfter,  or  in  any 
of  the  courts  of  the  principality  of  Wales,  or  in  any 
of  the  courts  in  the  counties  palatine  of  Chefler,  Lan- 
cafter,  or  Durham. 

12.  That  an  additional  ftamj)  duty  of  one  penny 
be  charged  upon  every  piece  of  vellum  or  parchment, 
or  fheet  or  piece  of  paper,  on  which  Ihall  be  en- 
grofled  or  written  any  copy  of  fuch  declarations, 
pleas,  replications,  rejoinders,  demurrers,  or  other 
pleadings. 

13.  That  the  annual  fdms  of  money  granted  to 
his  majefty,  to  be  applied  in  augmentation  of  the  fa- 
]aries  of  the  judges  in  the  courts  of  feflion  and  exche- 
quer, in  Scotland,  be  charged  upon,  and  made  pay- 
able out  of  the  duties  and  revenues,  in  that  part  of 
Great  Britain  called  Scotland,  which,  by  an  aft 
made  in  the  loth  year  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne, 
v/ere  charged,  or  made  chargeable,  with  the  pay- 
ment of  the  fees,  falaries,  and  other  charges  allowed, 
or  to  be  allowed,  by  her  majefty,  her  heirs  or  fuc- 
ceflbrs,  for  keeping  up  the  courts  of  feffion  and  juftici- 
ary,  and  exchequer  court  in  Scotland. 

May  22. 

That  towards  raifing  the  fupply  granted  to  his 
majefty,  there  be  iffued  and  applied  out  of  fuch  mo- 
nies as  fhall  or  may  arife,  of  the  furpluffes,  excefles, 
or  overplus  monies,  compofing  the  finking  fund,  the 
fum  of  __  ' 

May  26. 

That  there  be  raifed  by  loans  or  exchequer  bills, 
to  be  charged  on  the  firft  aids  to  be  granted  in  the 
next  fefiion,  the  fum  of  — —  — — 

Total  of  the  liquidated  provifions  made  by  the 
committee  of  ways  and  means  ■  — — 


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[     19'     3 


STATE      PAPERS. 


IN  Oaober  laft  all  differences 
were  made  up  with  the  feveral 
tribes  of  Indians  inhabiting  beyond 
the  mountains  as  far  as  the  lakes ; 
and  a  firm  peace  was  concluded 
with  them  upon  the  ancient  foot- 
ing. The  treaty  for  this  purpofe 
took  up  from  the  8th  to  the  26th 
of  Oftober  to  fettle  ;  and  tho'  the 
minutes  of  each  day's  proceedings 
are  not  equally  interefting,  yet 
they  will  fervc  to  convey  an  idea 
of  their  manner  of  tranfading  coun- 
cil affairs. 

At  this  treaty  the  governors  of 
Penfylvaniaand  New  Jerfey  attend- 
ed; accompanied  by  Mr.  George 
Croghan,  deputy  agent  under  Sir 
William  Johnfon  for  the  Indian  af- 
fairs ;  four  members  of  the  Penfyl- 
vania  council  ;  fix  commiffioners, 
members  of  the  affembly  ;  two 
agents  for  the  province  of  New  Jer- 
fey ;  a  great  number  of  gentlemen 
of  property  in  the  provinces  ;  and 
near  forty  of  the  principal  citizens 
of  Philadelphia,  chiefly  Quakers. 
Thefe  were  met  at  Eallon,  about 
ninety  miles  from  Philadelphia,  by 
the  Mohawks,  Oneidoes,  Ononda- 
goes,  Cayugas,  Senecas,  Tufcaro- 
ras,  Nanticokes,  and  Conoys,  Tu- 
teloes,  Chugnucs,  Delawares,  and 
Unamines,  Munfeys,  or  Minifinks, 


Mohlckons,  and  Wappingers ;  the 
chiefs  of  all  thefe  nations,  with  their 
women  and  children,  made  the 
whole  number  507. 

On  the  7th  of  Odober,  the  go- 
vernor, with  his  council,  coming  to 
Eafton  in  the  afternoon,  was  waited 
upon  immediately  by  Teedyufcung, 
accompanied  by  Mofes  Tittamy  ; 
Daniel  ;  Teepufcung  ;  and  Ifaac 
Stille,  (Delaware  chiefs  and  inter- 
preters, with  whom  peace  had  beea 
concluded  the  year  before)  who  af- 
ter the  ufual  compliments  faid. 

Brother,  you  defire  me  to  hollow 
loud,  and  give  notice  to  all  the  In- 
dians round  about.  I  have  raifed 
my  voice,  and  all  the  Indians  have 
heard  me  as  far  as  the  Twigh twees*, 
and  have  regarded  my  voice,  and 
are  now  come  to  this  place.  I  bid 
you  welcome,  and  entreat  you  to 
join  with  me  in  calling  up  our  eyes 
to  heaven,  and  praying  the  bleffing 
of  the  fupreme  being  on  our  endea- 
vours. According  to  our  ufual 
cuftom,  I  with  this  firing  wipe  the 
dull  and  fweat  off  your  face,  and 
clear  your  eyes,  and  pick  the  briars 
out  of  your  legs ;  and  defire  you  will- 
pick  the  briars  out  of  the  legs  of  the 
Indians  that  are  come  here,  and 
anoint  one  of  them  with  your  heal- 
ing oil,  and  I  will  anoint  the  other. 
A  firing. 


*  The  Twightwees  are  the  nations  between  the  Ohio  and  the  lakes,  the  moft 
rcMnote  of  all  the  others,  and  the  molt  hearty  in  the  French  interell.  Though 
they  were  not  prcfent  at  this  treaty  of  1758,  yet  a  dilcreet,  fober,  religious 
man  named  Frederic  Poll,  accomjianied  by  i*il'q\ietomen,  Daniel,  and  Thomas 
Hickman,  Delaware  Indians,  had  been  lent  among  them  the  preceding  year, 
ami  had  effe6lually  paved  the  way  for  a  peace  ;  but  the  preliminaries  not  being 
fulJy  fettled,  they  declined  meeting  till  they  were  waited  upon  again. 

4  '■  The 


194        ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1759, 


The  governor  thanked  him  for 
|iis  vifit  and  advice,  and  appoint- 
ed the  next  day  to  begin  the  confer 
rencGs.         '^     ^ - 

Sunday,  0£l.  8.  The  governor  of 
J'enfylvania,  ^ith  his  whole  com- 
pany, met  in  council  the  chiefs  of 
the  naxlons,  and  opened  the  confe- 
rences with  a  ihort  fpeech, 

Brethren,  itgiv£s  me  pleafure  to 
fee  fo  many  of  yovi  of  fo  many  dif- 
ferent nations  at  this  council  fire. 
i  bid  you  heartily  welcome.  Bre- 
thren, with  this  firing  I  wipe  the 
fweat  and  dull  out  of  your  eyes, 
that  you  may  fee  our  faces,  and  look 
<;hearful.  With  this  firing  I  take 
all  bittemefs  from  your  heart.  With 
this  firing  I  take  the  blood  from 
your  council-feats,  that  your  clothes 
ipay  not  be  flained,  nor  your  minds 
diflurbed.  Three  firings. 

After  a  fhort  paufe,  Tagafhata, 
(the  Seneca  chief)  rofe  up,  and  re- 
peating, as  ufual,  every  thing  the 
governor  faid,  returned  thanks,  and 
went  througK  the  fame  ceremonies 
to  the  governors  and  all  in  autho- 
rity. He  delivered  his  belts  of  in- 
vitation, which  the  nations  had  re- 
ceived to  come  to  the  conferences ; 
and  iefired  to  fee  the  belts  fent  by 
them  in  return  ;  which  the  gover- 
nor faid  fhould  be  given  them  :  and 
after  all  ceremonies  had  pafTed,  the 
council  broke  up  for  this  day. 
Conrad  Weifer,   Efq;    attended 

as  provincial  interpreter. 
|[:apt.  Mountour,    interpreter  in 
the  Six  Nations  and  Delaware 
languages. 


Steven  Calvin 
Ifaac  Stille 
Mofes  Tittamy 


Ivin,      V 
amy,     J 


Delaware  Indi- 
ans, interpre- 
ter* in .  that 
language. 

Monday,  Oftober  9.  Governor 
Bernard  arrived,  and  defired  a  meet- 
ing with  the  Indians  to  bid  them 
welcome;  but  was  told,  that  they 
were  in  council  ^mong  themfelves. 

Tuefday,  Od.  10.  The  Indian 
chiefs  remained  in  council  all  day, 
and  defired  the  governors  not  to  be 
impatient. 

V/ednefday,  G£l.  1 1.  Thismprn- 
ing  the  Indian  chiefs  communicat- 
ed the  bufmefs  they  had  been  upon 
to  the  governor.  At  four  in  the 
afternoon,  the  conferences  opened  ; 
Tagailiata  intending  to  fpeak  firft, 
had  laid  fome  firings  upon  the 
table ;  when  Teedyufcung  got  up, 
and  holding  a  firing,  faid,  he  had 
fomething  to  deliver*.  But  Go- 
vernor ^Bernard  fignifying  his  de- 
fire  to  bid  the  Indians  welcome,  put 
an  end  to  the  conteft,  angl  he  was 
heard. 

Gov.  Bernard.]  Brethren,  I  bid 
you  welcome,  and  wifh  the  good; 
work  of  peace  may  profper  in  your 
hands.  Having  fent  a  mefTage 
fome  months  ago  to  the  Minifmks, 
I  received  an  anfwer  from  our  bre- 
thren the  Senecas  and  Cayugas, 
in  which  they  tsJ^e  upon  them  to 
fpeak  for  the  Minifinks.  To  you, 
therefore,  brethren,  I  now  addrefs- 
myfelf,  and  mull  remind  you,  thatj 
if  you  are  difpofed  to  be  ourj 
friends  for  the  future,  you  fhould,' 
return  us    the   captives    that   have 


'  *  The  fubjea  of  their  conferences  was  the  treaty  made  by  Teedyufcung  the 
year  before,  who  pretended  he  aded  as  ambaflUdor  for  the  Six  Nations,  as  well 
L  Sachem  for  Fotir  Nations  of  his  own.  The  Six  Nations  wanted  to  have  can- 
celled that  peace  as  not  properly  made  j  but  as  a  general  peace  was  now  to  be 
Blade,  the  thing  was  waved,  as  altogether  imraatenal.  ^^^^ 


STATE     PAPERS. 


»9 


been  taken  out  of  our  province, 
and  are  now  within  your  power. 
It  is  not  ufual  for  our  king's  go- 
vernors to  go  out  of  their  pro- 
vinces, to  attend  treaties  of  this 
kind  ;  but  I  have  waved  forms  to 
fliew  my  good  difpofitions  to  re- 
Itore  peace,  and  fettle  all  manner 
of  differences  for  the  mutual  benefit 
of  all  parties.  ' 

Then  Teedyufcung  rofe  up  and 
/aid.  Brethren,  you  defire  me  to 
call  all  the  nations  who  live  back. 
Such  as  have  heard  my  halloo  are 
here  prefent.  If  you  have  any 
thing  to  fay  to  them,  or  they  to 
you,  fit  and  talk  together.  I  have 
nothing  to  do  but  to  fee  and  hear. 
I  have  made  known  to  the  gover- 
nor of  Penfylvania  why  I  llruck 
him,  and  have  made  up  all  difFer- 
ences  for  our  future  peace. 

J  firing. 
Tagafhata,  chief  of  the  Senecas.j 
Brethren,  It  has  pleafed  the  raoft 
high  to  bring  us  together  with' 
chearfulnefs ;  but  as  it  is  now  late, 
I  defire  to  be  heard  to-morrow. 

Thurfday,  Oa.  12.  TagaOiata.] 
We  approve  of  what  the  governor 
of  Jerf^y  faid  yellerday  concerning 
the  Minifinks ;  they  defireJ  us  to 
bring  about  the  good  work  of 
peace,  have  affured  us  ihey  will 
•  deliver  up  the  prifoners,  and  doubt 
not  but  all  differences  will  be  made 
up  between  them  aad  the  province 
of  New  Jerfey. 

Brethren,    I    now    fpeak  at    the 

reqneft  of  TeeJyufcung,    and  our 

nephews  the  Dt^lawares,  living   at 

\,    Wyomink,    and  on  the  waters    of 

;     Sufquehannah;    they  have  afTured 

*     us    they    will    never  think  of  war 

againft  their  brethren  the  Englilh 

any  more. 

A  bilt. 


Brethren,  our  nephews,  the  Mi- 
nifink  Indians,  have  declared  the 
fame,  and  the  warriors  of  the  four 
different  tribes  of  the  fame  nation, 
have  entreated  us  to  ufe  our  endea- 
vours to  make  their  peace,  declar- 
ing their  forrow  for  what  they  have 
done  at  giving  this  belt. 

"       ^     .  A  belt. 

Brethren,  we  the  Mohawks,  Se- 
neca?, and  Onondagoes,  deliver 
this  ftring  likewife,  to  remove  the 
hatchet  out  of  your  heads,  that  ha 
been  ftruck  into  it  by  the  Ohio  In- 
dians, in  order  to  lay  a  foundatioa 
for  peace. 

Eight  Ji rings  of  ^wampum , 
Tokaaio,  chief  of  the  Cayugas.] 
I  fpeak  in  behalf  of  the  younger 
nations,  part  of  and  confederatid 
with  the  Six  Nations,  namely,  the 
Cayugas,  Oneidoes,  Tufcarores, 
TuteIoes,Nanticokes,  and  Conoys. 
A  road  has  been  opened  for  us  ta 
this  council  fire  ;  but  by  fome  raif- 
fortune,  blood  has  lately  been  fpiit 
upon  that  road.  By  thefe  firings 
we  wafh  that  blood  away,  and  take 
the  hatchet  out  of  your  heads. 

Three  firings. 
Brethren,  I  now  fpeak  only  tor 
my  own  nation.  I  will  hide  no- 
thing from  you  ;  the  French,  like 
a  thief  in  the  nighr,  ,  have  ftolen 
fome  of  our  young  men,  and  cor- 
rupted them  to  do  mifchief.  Our 
chiefs  held  them  fall,  but  the 
French  artfully  unloofed  them  ;  we 
take  the  hatchet  out  of  your  hea Js 
with  which  they  have  ftruck  you, 
and  are  forry  for  what  they  have 
done. 

A  bslt  of  10  roijjs. 

Friday,  OfSt.  13,  Gov.  Denny.] 

Brethren,    chiefs,    and  warriors,    1 

invited   you    down   to  the   council 

fire,  kindled   at   this  place  by   me 

O  and 


ANNUAL   REGISTEI7T759, 


194 

and  your  nephew  Teedyufcung.  I 
am  now  about  to  communicate  to 
you  matters  of  great  confcquence, 
and  to  anfwer  all  that  has  been  fuid 
by  you  to  me  fincc  our  meeting  to- 
gether. I  therefore^  by  this  ftring, 
open  your  ears  ihac  you  may  hear 
clearly. 

A  Jlring. 

[Here  he  repeated  all  that  had 
been  faid  by  the  chiefs,  producing 
their  belts  and  firings  j  and  then 
proceeded.] 

Brethren,  you  may  remember, 
that  the  day  before  yellerday  your 
nephew  Teedyufcung  told  me  by 
this  ftring,  that  he  had  made  me 
acquainted  with  the  caufe  why  he 
ftruck  us,  that  he  had  given  the 
halloo  :  that  he  would  fit  by,  &c. 

Now  as  there  are  many  of  you 
here  who  were  not  prefent  at  our 
former  meetings,  I  think  it  proper 
for  your  information  to  give  a  ihort 
account  of  what  pafied  between 
your  nephews  the  Delawares,  and 
us. 

About  three  years  ago,  your 
brethren  the  Englifh,  living  on  the 
borders,  were  flruck  of  a  fudden  ; 
many  killed  ;  and  ethers  carried 
a\Vay  captive.  V/e  knew  not  by 
whom,  but  fent  mefiengers  up  the 
Sufquehannah  as  far  as  the  Six  Na- 
tions, to  enquire  from  whence  the 
blow  came,  and  for  what  reafon. 
On  the  return  of  thefe  meiTengers, 
we  were  informed,  that  the  Dela- 
wares and  5hawanefe  were  the  ag- 
grelTors.  Some  time  after  this  dif- 
covery,  a  ceiTation  of  hoftilities  was 
brought  about ;  Teedyufcung  came 
down  to  our  c'ouncil  lire,  told  us  the 
caufe  of  the  war  was  the  proprieta- 
ries taking  from  him  by  fraud,  the 
ground  on  which  we  now  ftand  : 
and^  that  the  inducement,  to  begin 
it,  was  from  the  perfuafion  of  the 


falfe -hearted  French  King.  Atlaf! 
all  blood  was  wiped  away  ;  and 
Teedyufcung  then  declared  to  us, 
that  he  afted  in  behalf  of  ten  na- 
tions, and  promiftd  to  reftore  to  us 
all  our  feUow-fubjeds  that  had  been 
carried  away  prifoners.  I  defire 
therefore  to  know  the  true  reafon, 
why  our  fiefh  and  blood  who  are  in 
captivity  are  withheld  from  us,  and 
what  is  become  of  thofe  belts  we 
gave  him  to  confirm  the  peace,  and 
that  promife,  for  till  that  promife 
is  complied  with  we  can  never  fleep 
in  quiety  or  reft  latisfied  in  the 
friendJfhip  of  thofe  who  detain  our 
children  and  relations  from  us. 

A  belt. 
Gov.  Bernard.]  What  thegover- 
nor  has  now  declared,  fo  far  as  it 
relates  to  my  province,  I  confirm 
by  this  Belt. 

Here  Frederic  Poft's  negotia- 
tion with  the  Ohio  Indians  was 
introduced  by  Pifquitomen  who' 
attended  him  ;  and  it  appearing 
that  three  ftrings  of  wampum  had 
been  returned  by  them,  he  was 
afked  to  whom  they  were  fent  ? 
Pifquitomen  replied.  One  to  the 
governor  at  Penfylvania  ;  one  to 
Teedyufcung  ;  and  the  third  to 
Ifaac  Pemberton  ;  at  which  Ni- 
chas,  the  Mohawk  chief,  rofe  up 
and  fpoke  with  great  vehemence 
for  fome  lime;  frequently  point- 
ing to  Teedyufcung,  and  Mr. 
Weifer  was  dtfired  to  interpret 
what  he  faid  ;  but  as  it  was 
merely  perfonal,  Mr.  Weifer 
referred  it  to  a  private  confe- 
rence. 

Saturday,  0£l.  14.  Thelndians 
declined  meeting. 

Sunday,  Oft.  15.  At  a  private 
co-:ference,  Nichas  rofe  up  and 
faid.  Brothers,  you  all  know,  that 
our    nephew    Teedyufcung     gives 

out 


STATE    PAPERS. 


J95 


I 


Out  that  he  is  the  great  man,  and 
chief  of  ten  nations ;  now  I  on  be- 
half of  the  Mohawks  fay  we  do  not 
know  he  is  fuch  a  great  man.  If 
he  is  fuch  a  great  m^n,  we  defire 
to  know  who  made  him  fo.  Per- 
haps you  have,  and  if  this  be  the 
^afe,  tell  us  fo.  It  may  be  the 
French  have  made  him  fo.  We 
want  to  enquire  and  know  whence 
his  greatnefs  arofe. 

Tagafhata.]  We  do  not  know 
who  made  him  this  great  man  over 
ten  nations. 

AfTarandonguas,  chief  of  the  On- 
ondagoes.]  No  fuch  thing  was 
ever  faid  in  our  towns,  as  that 
Teedyufcung  was  fuch  a  great 
man. 

Thomas  King,  for  the  Oneidas, 
Cayugas,  Tufcaroras,  Nanticokes, 
and  Conoys.]  We,  for  our  parts, 
entirely  difown  his  having  any  fu- 
periority  over  us. 

Tokaaio,  chief  of  the  Cayugas, 
addrelhng  himfelf  to  the  Englifti.] 
Brethren,  you  may  remember  you 
faid,  you  could  not  be  eafy  without 
your  prifoners.  We  fpeak  from 
the  bottom  of  our  hearts,  you  (hall 
have  them  all.  You  told  us  a  ten- 
der father,  hufband,  wife,  brother, 
or  filler,  could  not  ileep  found  when 
they  refleded  their  relations  were 
prifoners ;  we  know  it  is  fo  with 
us,  and  we  will  therefore  make 
your  hearts  '  eafy,  and  give  you 
this  belt  that  we  will  perform  our 
wordi.  ^  ie/t. 

Nichas  confirmed  hispromife  with 
A  firing  of -J  ro-vjs. 

Monday,  0£l.  i6.  Yellerday's 
private  conference  was  read,  and 
interpreted  to  Teedyufcungand  the 
Delawares. 

Gov.  Denny.]  Brethren,  you  fay 
we  know  that  Teedyulcuiig  gives 
out  that  he  is  the  great  man  ;   and 


by  his  belt  you  denied  him  to  hz 
fo,  and  defired  to  know  of  me  who 
made  him  fo.  I  will  anfwer  you 
truly.  Soon  after  the  Delawares 
had  flruck  us,  we  invited  them  to 
meet  us  at  a  council  fire  kindled  at 
this  place.  At  the  time  appointed, 
Teedyufcung  came  and  told  us  he 
represented  ten  nations,  his  own  as 
chief,  and  the  United  Nations  as  a 
mefTenger ;  we  believed  what  he 
faid,  and  therefore  made  him  a 
counfellor  and  agent  for  "us  to  pub- 
li/h  to  the  nations  what  we  did  at 
our  council  fires,  and  how  fincerely 
we  were  difpofed  to  peace.  But  I 
affure  you,  I  never  made  Teedyuf- 
cung the  great  man  ;  and  I  muft  do 
him  the  juftice  to  fay,  that  he 
never  afTumed  any  authority  over, 
but  on  many  occafions  fpoke  of  the 
Six  Nations  as  his  uncles  and  fupe- 
riors.  I  never  (hall  attempt  to  im- 
pofe  a  chief  on  any  Indian  nation  ; 
but  on  all  occafions,  will  pay  due 
regard  to  thofe  who  are  chofen  by 
their  countrymen. 

Brethren,  by  this  belt  and  ftring 
you  promifed  to  make  diligent 
fearch  in  your  towns  for  our  flefh 
and  blood,  who  are  prifoners,  and 
return  them  to  us.  We  have  al- 
ways found  you  honeft  and  pun(^iial 
in  the  performance  of  your  pro- 
mifcs ;  your  words  therefore  give  us 
comfort. 

A  belt  and  firing. 

Gov.  Bernard.]  I  know  not  who 
made  Teedyufcung  fo  great  a  man, 
nor  do  I  know  that  he  is  any  great- 
er than  a  chief  of  the  Delaware  In- 
dians fettled  atWyomink. 

Brethren,  you  fay  you  willretura 
our  prifoners  ;  we  hope  you  will 
be  mindful  to  engage  your  nephews 
to  do  fo  too  ;  for  which  I  give  yea 
this  Belt 


O    2 


After 


196"       ANNUAL  REGISTER,  1759. 

After  the  governors  had  done  the  Mohawk  chief,  acquainted  the 
fpeaking,  the  Indian  chiefs  were  governors,  that  as  counfellors,  they 
afked,    if  "  they   had   any    thing     had  finillicd  ;  having  nothing  inore 


more  to  fay,  on  which  TagalTiata 
arofe,  and  addrefiing  himielf  to 
the  Delawares  and  Minifiiiks, 
faid  : 

Nephews,  the  governors  who  fit 
there  have  put  you  in  mind  of 
what  was  agreed  upon  lail  year. 
You  both  promifed  to  return  the 
prifoners.  We,  your  uncles,  put 
you  in  mind  of  this  promife,  and 
defire  you  will  perform  it.  You 
have    promifed    it,    and   you    fnujf 


to  propofe  at  this  meeting.  The 
warriors  were  to  fpc?.k  now,  and 
Tho,  King  was  appointed  to  deli- 
ver their  words. 

Thomas  King,  [addrefiing  him- 
felf  to  the  governors  and  all  in  au- 
thority.] Brethren,  you  have  been 
defirous  to  know  the  true  caufe  of 
the  war,  and  of  the  bitterncfs  of  our 
hearts.  Look  well  about  you,  and 
you  will  find  you  gave  the  firll 
offence.        In     time    of    profound 


perform  it.     As  foon  as  sou  come     peace,  fome  of  the  Shawanefe  paf- 


home,  caufe  this  to  be  done  ;  you 
know  it  is  an  article  of  the  peace 
for  which  you  have  received  a 
belt. 

Robert  White  the  Naniiccke 
chief,  fpoke  in  Englifh.]  When 
our  coufins  the  Delawares  firll  took 


fing  through  S.  Carolina  to  go  to 
war  with  their  enemies,  as  their 
yearly  cudom  is,  were  perfuaded 
in  a  friendly  manner  into  your 
houfes,  deceitfully  and  unjuHifiably 
dragged  to  prifon,  where  one,  who 
was  a  head  man,  loft  his  life,  and 


up  the  hatcher,  we  invited  thetn  to  the  others  were  feverely  ufed.    This 

ourtown  of  Otfaningo, and  perfuad-  iirft  railed  ill-will  in    the  minds  of 

ing  them  to  peace,  gave  them  a  belt  the  Shawanefe  ;   the  French  aggra- 

of'  a  fathom  long,  and  tv.enty-five  vated  theofrence;  put  the  hatchet 

rows  in  breadth  ;  but  net  hearing  into  their   hands    to   revenge     the 

f'om  our  coufins  of  a  long  time,  v.e  blood  of  their   brother;    they'bc- 

fent   them  two  other  belts,  one  cf  fought  "the  Delawares  to  join  them 

fixtecn,  the  other  of  twelve  rcwj,  to  make  the  blow  fall  the  heavier  ; 

defiring    them    once    more    to  lay  a  id    by   degrees    the   young   men 

down    the    hatchet ;    but    ftill    we  anong  us   were  ftirred    up  to  ven- 

heard  nothing  from  them.    Indeed,  geance, 
fome  time  afterwards  we  underftood         Brethren,  this  was  the  cafe  of  the 


zt^r  Delawares  (hould  fay,  the  In- 
dianb  at  Otfaningo  had  grey  eyes, 
and  were  like  Engllihmen,  and 
ihouM  be  ferved  in  the  fame  man- 
ner. As  our  coufins  have  been  loih 
to  give  an  anfwer  to  thefe  belts,  we 
defire  they  would  let  us  know  in  a 
publick  conference  what  ihey  have 
done  wi.h  them. 

Tuefiay,  Oa.  17.     The  I  idians 
in  council  all  day.  ^ 

Wedncfday,   Oft.   18.     Ni^has, 


Shawanefe.  Another  of  the  like 
nature  happened  about  three  years 
ago  to  the  Senecas,  when  eight  of 
their  warriors  were  returning  from 
war,  with  feven  prifoners  and  fcalps 
with  them  through  Virginia  ;  ihefe 
at  a  place  called  Green  Briar,  met 
a  party  of  foldiers,  not  lefs  than 
150,  who  kindly  i.;vited  them  to  a 
certain  Ilore,  and  faid,  they  would 
fupply  them  with  provifions  ;  two 
days  they  travelled  with  them  in  a 
friendly  manner;    bat    when  they 


STATE    PAP  E  R  S. 


'97 


came  to  the  houfe  on  the  third,  they 
began  to  dilarm  them;  the  head 
man  cried  out.  Here  is  death y  da- 
tend  yourfelves^  two  of  them  were 
hilled  on  the  fpor,  and  one,  a  boy, 
was  taken  prifoner.  As  this  was 
upon  the  warriors  road  in  time  of 
profound  peace,  judge  ye  of  the 
degree  of  provocation.  Brethren, 
you  have  jullly  demanded  your  pri- 
foners  ;  it  is  right  fo  to  do  ;  and, 
if  this  unhappy  boy  is  alive,  as  we 
have  reafon  to  think  he  is,  we  de- 
fire  you  may  return  him.  ^  If  he  is 
dead,  we  are  content.  His  name 
is  SquiiTatago. 

Six  firings  ofn^jampum. 

Brethren,  the  caufe  why  the  In- 
dians at  Ohio  left  you  was  owing 
to  yourfelves ;  when  we  heard  of 
the  French  coming  there,  we  de- 
fired  the  governors  of  Virginia  and 
Penfylvania  to  fupply  us  with  im- 
plements and  neceffaries  for  war, 
and  we  would'  defend  our  lands  ; 
but  thefe  governors  difregarded  our 
mefTage  ;  the  French  came  to  us  ; 
traded  with  our  people  ;  ufed  them 
kindly  ;  and  gained  their  afFe6lions. 
The  governor  of  Virginia  fettled 
on  our  ^ands  for  his  own  benefit  ; 
but  when  we  wanted  his  afliilance 
he  forfook  us. 

A  lelt. 

Brother,  [addrefling  himfclf  to 
the  governor  of  Jerfey]  our  coufms 
the  Minifinks  tell  U5,  they  were 
wronged  of  a  great  deal  of  land, 
and  pufbed  back  by  the  Englilh 
fettling  fo  fad  upon  them,  fo  as  not 
to  know  whether  they  have  any 
lands  or  no.  You  deal  hardly  wit!\ 
as;  you  claim  all  the  wild"  crea- 
tures, and  will  not  let  us  come  oh 
your  lands- fo  much  as  to  hunt  after 
chem  ;  you  will  not  let  tjs  peel  a 
fmgle  tree.  Surely,  this  is  hard. 
You  take  of    us  what  lands    you 


pleafe,  and  the  cattle  you  raife  |^ 
them  are  your  own  ;  but  thofe  *hat 
are  wild  are  ftill  ours,  and  (hould 
be  common  to  both;  for  our  ne- 
phews when  they  fold  the  lir.d,  did 
not  propofe  to  deprive  themfelves 
of  hunnng  the  wild  deer,  or  ufing  a 
flick  of 'wood.  We  defire  you  the 
governor,  to  take  this  matter  into 
your  care,  and  fee  juftice  done  to 
the  Minifinks. 

Tnvo  firings  of  an  amp  um, 
AddrelTing  himfelf  to  the  gover- 
nor of  Penfylvania,  he  faid.  Bro- 
ther, we  muft  put  you  in  mind, 
that  four  years  ago,  you  bought  at 
Albany  a  large  traft  of  land,  for  a 
part  of  which  that  was  fettled,  the 
proprietaries  agents  then  paid  looo 
pieces  of  eight.  We  acknowledge 
the  receipt  of  that  money,  and  the 
validity  of  fo  much  of  the  purchafe  ; 
but  for  the  other  part  that  was  not 
paid  for,  that  we  reclaim.  Our  war- 
riors, our  hunters,  when  they  heard 
of  this  vaft  fale,  difapproved  our 
condud  in  council  ;  in  the  deed  our 
hunting  grounds  are  included,  and 
without  them  we  muft  perifh. 

Three  firings. 
[The  Six  Nation  chiefs  being  afked 
if  they  had  any  thing  farther  to  fay, 
anfwered,  they  had  done.] 

Teedyufcung.]  About  three  years 
ago,  nine  of  my  countrymen  were 
killed  near  Golhan  in  time  of 
peace,  for  no  other  reafon  than 
becaufe  they  were  hunting  upon 
that  land  ;  one  pf  their  brethren 
aflures  me,  that  he  then  went  witti 
tears  in  his  eyes  to  George  Free- 
land,  and  prefented  him  with  three 
belts  JO  have  the  matter  cleared 
up  ;  but  has  never  received  an  an- 
fwer  to  this  day.  I  give  you  this 
firing  to  enquire  what  is  become  of 
thefe  belts. 

Three  firings  of  ivhite  ix>af!:pnr»: 
O   3  Brethren, 


198 


ANNUAL 


Brethren,  I  have  already  ac- 
quainted you  with  my  grievances. 
I  told  you  that  the  proprietaries 
had  wronged  me,  and  I  referred 
my  caufe  to  the  great  king  ;  now  I 
defire  to  know  if  King  George  has 
yet  decided  that  matter  between  you 
and  me.  I  do  not  mention  my 
uncle's  lands  ;  only  what  we  the 
Delawares  own  as  far  as  the  heads 
of  the  Delaware. 

J  belt. 

Teedyufcung  then  took  up  an- 
other belt,  intending  to  fpeak  to 
his  uncles  the  United. Nations  ;  but 
\vhilft  he  was  fpeaking,  as  above, 
the  chiefs  had  one  after  another 
left  the  council,  feemingly  much 
difpleafed ;  he  therefore  held  his 
peace. 

Thurfday,  061.  19.  At  a  private 
council  Gov.  Bernard,  after  recit- 
ing the  requeft  of  the  United  Na- 
tions to  take  the  cafaof  the  Mini- 
finks  under  his  care,  faid.  That  as 
the  people  of  New  Jerfey  declared, 
they  had  bought  all  the  Minifinks 
lands,  and  the  Minifinks  faid  they 
had  a  great  deal  unfold,  he  could 
not  tell  which  was  in  the  right; 
but  would  fuppofe  the  Minifinks  ; 
he  therefore  del/red  the  mediation  of 
the  United  Nations,  and  left  it  to 
them  to  propofe  a  reafonable  fum  by 
way  of  fatisfadion,  of  which  he  de- 
fired  they  would  confider  and  give 
an  anfwer.  The  United  Nations 
faid  it  was  a  kind  propofal,  and  re- 
commended it  to  the  confideration 
of  the  Minifinks. 

Teedyufcung  waited  on  Gov. 
Penny  at  his  houfe,  and  acquainted 
him,  that  his  ration  did  not  claim 
lands  high  up  the  Delaware  river  ; 
ihofe,  he  faid,  belonged  to  his 
uncles;  of  which  he  deli  red  the 
governor  to  take  notice,  that  no 
xiiifundcrllanding  might  arils  fiom 


REGISTER,    1759. 

been   faid  at  the  public 


what  has 
council. 

Friday,  0£l.  20.  Gov.  Denny 
defired  to  know  of  Teedyufcung, 
if  he  propofed  to  fpeak,  as  the 
abrupt  departure  of  the  Six  Nation 
chiefs  had  interrupted  his  difcourfe 
the  day  before. 

Teedyulcung.]  Uncles,  accord- 
ing to  antient  cuilom,  we  ufed  to 
fpeak  one  to  another  at  home  :  but 
now  I  muft  fpeak  to  you  in  the 
prefence  of  the  Eng'ifli  governors. 
Ycu  may  remember  that  you  have 
placed  us  at  Wyomink  and  Sha- 
mokin,  places  where  Indians  have 
lived  before.  Now  1  hear  fince, 
that  you  have  fold  that  land  to  our 
brethren  the  Englilli ;  let  this  mat- 
ter be  now  cleared  up.  1  fit  like 
a  bird  on  a  bough.  I  look  aj^out, 
and  do  not  know  where  I  may  be 
driven  to.  Let  me  therefore  come 
down  upon  the  ground,  and  make 
that  my  own  by  a  dc-:d,  and  Ifhall 
have  a  home  for  ever;  for  if  you, 
n\y  uncles,  or  I  die,  our  brethren 
the  Englifli  will  fay  they  have 
bought  it  from  you,  and  fo  wrong 
my  pollerity  out  of  it. 

A  belt. 

Gov.  Denny  then  requeued  the 
attention  of  all  the  Indians,  ad- 
drefling  himfelf  to  the  chiefs  and 
warriors  of  the  United  Nations,  and 
their  nephews,  he  repeated  di- 
flindlly  all  their  complaints  in  the 
order  they  were  delivered.  He 
thanked  them  for  declaring  the 
true  caufe  of  the  bitternefs  of  their 
hearts ;  and  faid  he  would  join 
with  them  in  endeavouring  to  pre- 
vent the  like  evils  for  the  future  ; 
he  promifed  to  make  enquiry  con- 
cerning the  Seneca  boy,  and,  if 
alive,  to  return  him  ;  he  afTured 
them,  ^hat  the  proprietaries  chear- 
fully  agree  to  reieafe  all   that  part 

of 


STATE    PAPERS. 


99 


of  the  purchafe  reclaimed,  and  de- 
fired  they  might  fettle  the  bounda- 
ries to  their  own  fatisfadlion  ;  he 
acknowledged  their  juftice  in  pro- 
mifing  to  return  the  prifoners.  And 
then  addrefiing  himielf  to  the  chiefs 
of  the  United  Nations,  he  faid.  Pro- 
vidence has  brought  you  and  your 
nephews  together  at  this  meeting, 
face  to  face  with  us,  that  every 
thing  may  be  fettled,  fo  as  no  doubt 
may  remain  to  create  any  uneafinefs 
in  our  hearts  hereafcer.  You  know, 
brethren,  there  is  an  old  agreement 
between  the  proprietaries  and  you, 
that  you  will  not  fell  any  of  the 
lands  lying  within  this  province,  to 
any  but  them,  and  they  never  take 
poiTeffion  of  lands  till  they  have 
bought  them  of  Indians ;  you  know 
alfo,  that  the  United  Nations  have 
ibid  lands  to  the  proprietaries,  which 
your  nephews  the  Delewares  now 
claim  as  their  right.  This  is  the 
cafe  with  regard  to  fome  part  of  the 
lands  which  Teedyufcung,  in  your 
hearing,  faid,  the  proprietaries  had 
defrauded  him  of.  The  proprieta- 
ries are  defirous  of  doing  ftrid  juf- 
tice to  all  the  Itidians,  but  it  cannot 
be  fuppofed  they  can  know  in  which 
of  you  the  right  is  veiled.  This  is 
a  matter  that  mull  be  fettled  among 
yourlelves,  and  till  it  is  done,  there 
will  probably  remain  fome  j;:aloufy 
and  difconccnt  anjongll  you,  that 
may  interrapt  both  your  and  our 
future  quiet.  A  firings 

He  concluded  with  telling  them, 
that  llores  of  all  forts  of  goods  had 
been  opened  at  Shamokin  ;  where 
they  might  be  fupplied  on  the  moll 
realbnahle  terms,  and  have  the  bell 
price  for  their  peltry  ;  and  that  an- 
other was  intended  to  be  opened  for 
them  at  Fort  Alien.  A  firing. 

After  the  governor  had  done 
fpeaking,    Tagafliata   and   Nichas 


arofe,  and  faid  in  fome  heat.  They 
did  not  rightly  underftand  what  the 
governor  meant  by  fettling  matters 
about  lands  among  themfelv:?s.  He 
left  things  in  the  dark  ;  if  he  meant 
the  lands  on  the  other  ^i^e  of  the 
mountains,  he  knew  the  proprieta- 
ries had  their  deeds  for  them,  which 
ought  to  be  produced  and  (hewed  to 
them.  Their  deeds  had  their  marks, 
and  when  they  (hould  fee  them,  they 
would  know  their  marks. 

Governor  Barnard  rofe,  and  faid 
he  had  fomething  to  fay  to  them  ; 
they  replied,  they  chofe  to  be  fpoken 
to  by  one  governor  at  a  time  ;  and 
called  for   the  deed,   which   being 
produced,  Nichas  faid.  This  deed  we 
well  remember,  we  fold  the  land  ; 
the  land  was  ours,  and  we  will  juf- 
ti fy  it.     The  conference  then  broke  up, 
Teedyufcung  having,  on  the  iptli, 
requelled   the  governor,    that   two 
belts  which  he  then  prefented  tohim, 
might  be  fent  as  their  joint  belts  to 
the  Ohio  Indians;  the  United  Na- 
tions had  this  day  a  meeting  with 
Teedyufcung,  and  two  of  the  go- 
vernor's council,  about  the  anfwer 
that  was  to  be  fent  back  to  thofe  In- 
dians ;  which  being  fettled  and  ap- 
proved, the  Indian  chiefs  were  alk- 
ed,  if  the  Ohio  Indians  might  not 
be  defircd  to  take  up  the  hatchet 
and  join  General  Forbes  againft  the 
French ;  their  anfwer  was.  By  no 
means.      Their  wounds  were   not 
yet  healed,    nor  peace  confirmed  ; 
their  warriors  were  not  ye:  called 
home;  they   might  kill  their  owa 
flelTi  and  blood  ;  let  it  fuHice,  to  aA- 
vife  them  to  fit  Hill ;  and   that  ad- 
vice, they  faid,  will  be  hearkened  to.. 
They  then  defircd,  that  two  whits 
inhabitants  might  accompany  Pif- 
(juiiomen   and  Thomas  Hickman, 
the  two  meifengers,  to  the  Ohio  In- 
dians, and  promiled  themfelves  to 
O  4  fend 


200        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


fend  the  like  number.  Teedyufcung 
faid,  he  would  fend  one. 

Saturday,  Oft.  21.  At  a  private 
conference.  Governor  Barnard  pro- 
j)cfed  to  fettle  the  claitns  of  the  Mi- 
nifinks ;  and  having  a&ed  the  ad- 
vice of  the  United  Nations,  Thomas 
King  faid,  that  they  th-e  Six  Nations 
had  no  claim  to  thofe  lands,  and 
Ihoald  therefore  leave  the  price  to 
themfelves.  The  Minifinks  deiired 
to  know  what  the  governor  was  wil- 
ling to  give;  and  he  having  named 
the  fum  of  800  Spanifli  dollars,  as 
an  extraordinary  price,  the  United 
Nations,  by  Thomas  King,  f;iid, 
that  it  vv  IS  an  honourable  offer  ;  but 
in  regard  that  many  perfons  were  to 
ffiare  in  the  purchafe  money,  they 
recommended  it  to  his  excellency  to 
add  200  dollars  more,  the  report  of 
which  would  be  carried  to  all  the 
nations,  and  would  be  very  agree- 
able to  them.  The  governor,  after 
paying  a  polite  compliment  to  the 
chiefs  as  mediators,  chearfully  com- 
plied :  and  then  Tagalliata  rofe  up, 
and  faid. 

Nephews,  now  you  muft  remem- 
ber the  friendfhip  between  you  and 
your  brethren  the  Englifh,  and  tranf- 
mit  it  to  your  children  ;  and  make 
them  .acquainted  with  the  tranfadi- 
ons  of  this  day  ;  it  fhould  feem  that 
your  grandfathers  forgot  the  trea- 
ties they  ufed  to  make  with  their 
brethren,  and  buried  them  with 
them  in  the  grave.  Give  over  all 
further  thoughts  of  your  lands  ; 
and  take  care,  that  your  young 
men  do  no  more  violence  to  their 
brethren  the  Englifh. 

■  The  Egohohowen  (the  ?\/IInifink 
chief)  addrefled  himfclf  to  the  go- 
viernor,  and  faid.  We  are  now  fa- 
tisfied,  and  we  ftillretain  a' friend- 
fhip for  the  Englifh  ;  and  we  defire 
that  if  we  ihouid''c6me  into  your 


province  to  fee  our  old  friends,  and 
Ihould  have  occafion  for  the  bark  of 
a  tree  to  cover  a  cabin,  or  a  little 
refrefiimenc,  that  we  Ihould  not  be 
denied,  but  be  treated  as  brethren  ; 
and  that  your  people  may  not  look 
on  the  wild  beads  of  the  forell,  or 
fiih  of  the  waters,  as  their  fole  pro- 
perty, but  that  we  may  be  admitted 
to  an  equal  ufe  of  them. 

I'he  governor  anfwered,  that  as 
foon  as  he  got  home,  he  fhould  no- 
tify the  peace  through  all  the  pro- 
vinces by  proclamation  ;  but  defir- 
ed  the  Indians  might  not  go  into 
thofe  parts  where  they  had  fo  lately 
committed  hoililities,  until  the  paf- 
fions  of  the  people  were  cooled  ;  for 
that  he  could  not  anfwer  for  his  peo- 
ple's behaviour;  while  their  fuffer- 
ings  were  freih  upon  their  minds. 

This  day,  at  a  meeting  of  the 
United  Nations  with  theDelawares, 
their  nephews,  about  fettling  the 
deed  in  difpute,  the  members  of  the 
Penfylvanian  council  were  invited 
to  be  prcfent ;  when  Teedyufcung 
rofe  up,  and  faid.  We  have  feen  the 
deed  for  the  lands  beyond  the  Kit- 
tochtinny  hills,  and  acknowledge  its 
validity  ;  our  chief,  Nutimus,  re- 
members it,  and  received  forty-four 
dollars  for  his  fhare  of  the  purchafe 
money  ;  but  this  is  not  the  land 
that  I  have  difputed  with  my  bre- 
thren the  Englifh  ;  that  land  lies 
between  Tohiccon  creek,  and  the 
Kittochtinny  hills.  A  firing. 

Tokaaio  and  the  Six  Nation  chiefs 
flood  up  and  faid,  Coufin,  I  thank 
you  for  your  opennefs  and  honefty 
in  freely  acknowledging  the  truth.  I 
wifh  the  governors  of  Penfylvania, 
Virginia,  Carolina,  and  Jerfey,  were 
fo  honeft  and  pfecife.  They  have 
called  us  down  to  a  council  fire,  to 
brighten  the  chain  of  friendfhip  j 
but  our  lime  is  taken  up  in  a  fruit- 

lefs 


STATE     PAPERS. 


20, 


lefs  difpute  about  lands,  njoiihout 
foming  to  the  main  point.  The 
Englifh  firft  began  to  do  mifchief ; 
we  told  them  fo.  They  only  thanked 
us  for  our  franknefs  ;  but  they  heal- 
ed no  wounds.  In  fhort,  when  they 
fpeak  to  us,  they  do  it  with  a  ihort- 
er  belt  and  ftring,  than  that  which 
wc  fpeak  to  them  with,  though  they 
can  make  wampum,  and  we  cannot. 
They  ought  not  thus  to  treat  with 
Indians  in  council  affairs.  Several 
of  our  ftrong  belts  are  loll  in  their 
bands.  I  fear  they  fpeak  only  from 
their  mouth,and  not  from  their  heart. 

Sunday,  0£l.  22.  The  Six  Nation 
chiefs  held  a  private  council,  and 
named  two  of  their  people  to  fend 
to  the  Ohio.  Frederic  Foil  arrived 
with  the  news  from  General  Forbes, 
that  a  large  body  of  French  and  In- 
dians having  attacked  his  advanced 
pod  at  Loyal  Hanniiig,  wererepulf- 
cd  wifh  great  lofs,  which  lofs  he 
communicated  to  the  Indians. 

Monday,  Oft.  23.  Gov.  Den- 
ny.] Brethren,  by  this  belt,  we  heal 
your  wounds ;  we  remove  your 
grief;  we  take  the  hatchet  out  of 
your  heads ;  we  make  a  deep  hole 
in  the  earth,  and  bury  the  hatchet 
fo  low,  that  nobody  ftiall  be  able  to 
dig  it  up  again.  A  belt. 

Brethren,  now  we  have  healed 
your  wounds ;  we  by  this  belt  re- 
new all  our  treaties  ;  we  brighten 


the  chain  of  friend flilp  ;  we  return 
to  our  firft  affedlion  ;  we  confirm 
our' ancient  union;  we  put  frefh 
earth  to  the  roots  of  the  tree  of 
peace,  that  i3  may  bear  up  again ll 
every  llorm  that  can  blow,  and  live 
and  flourifh  to  the  end  of  time, 
whilft  the  fun  Ihines,  and  the  rivers 
run.  And  we  deiire  you  to  publiih 
this  to  all  the  nations,  your  friends 
and  allies.  A  large  peace  belt. 

Brethren,  we  now  open  a  road  to 
the  old  council  fire  at  Philadelphia, 
and  be  aflured,  we  (hall  always  be 
glad  to  fee  you  there.  A  belt. 

Brethren,  this  treaty  will  convince 
all  our  enemies,  that  we  are  now 
united  in  the  firmeft  band  of  amity, 
and  while  we  join  our  flrength  to- 
gether, it  will  not  be  in  their  power 
to  hurt  either  you  or  us.  A  belt. 
Brethren,  as  a  token  of  our  love, we 
prefent  you  with  a  quantity  of  goods*, 
and  defire  your  acceptance  of  them  ; 
fenfible  of  the  approaching  feafon, 
and  of  the  many  difficulties  you  live 
under  from  the  prefent  war,  we  give 
it  with  an  hearty  good  will. 

Brother  Teedyufcung,  you  put 
me  in  mind  of  your  having  referred 
your  difpute  to  the  great  King,  and 
you  defired  to  know  if  he  has  de- 
cided it ;  you  may  depend  upon  it, 
that  as  foon  as  his  anfwer  can  be 
obtained,  it  ihall  be  communicated 
to  you. 


*  Three  groce  narrow  ftarred  gartering  ;  56  ditto,  various  forts  j  33  lookinor, 
glallcs  ;  la  pieces  red  ftroud  J  15  ditto,  blue  j  i  ditto,  black;  1  red  ;  i  blue  j  z 
ditto,  6  quarter  blue  clufHI  ;  z  ditto,  7 -8th  ;  i  ditto  napped  ;  1  ditto,  ftamped 
fcrge  ;  i  ditto,  red  hnU"  thicks  ;  i  brown  half-thicks  ;  2  ditto,  white  j  1  ditto,  blue 
broad  cloin  3  5  laced  coats,  S  plain  :  50  pair  of  (hoes  ;  37  pair  of  womens  worfced 
rtockings  ;  iz  ditto,  yarn;  2  piects  and  2  Ban^anoe  handkerchiefs  ;  i  ditto, 
Lungee  rotnals  ;  i  ditto,  cotton  romals  ;  4  ditto,  none-To-pretties  ;  81b.  coloured 
thread  j  46  worfted  caps  ;  2  dozen  of  knives  ;  i  dozen  of  tobacco-boxes  ;  5  pieces 
of  linen  handkei chiefs ;  4  ditto,  figured  gartering  :  4O  plain  hata;  24  taylors 
flieers  ;  6  gun  locks  ;  1  bunch  of  black  leads  j  3  apd  a  half  grofs  of  fleeve  but- 
tons ;   48  ivory  cori^bs  ;    i  grois  of  thimbles  j    100  blankets  j    160  watch  coats  ; 

Then 


^46  ihiits,  plain ^    and  1S7  ditto,  rudied. 


202       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


Then  Governor  Bernard,  requeft- 
ing  the  attention  of  the  Indians,  ac- 
quainted them,  that  in  confequence 
of  their  advice,  he  had  come  to  a 
full  agreement  with  i*ie  Minifinks, 
for  all  the  lands  in  difpute  on  the 
part  of  this  province,  to  which  he 
defired  they  would  pay  a  particular 
regard,  that  the  remembrance  of  it 
might  never  be  forgotten.     J  belt. 
Then  addreffmg  himfelf  to  Tee- 
dyufcung,  he  faid,    the  nine  men 
killed  at  Gofham,  of  which  he  had 
juftly  complained,  were  not  in  his 
province  ;  the  three  belts  he  would 
make  enquiry  about  of  the  gover- 
nor of  Nevv-York,  and  would  fend 
him  an  anfvver.    He  added,  that  the 
faft  had  been  blamed  by  all  good 
and  wife  men.  A Jiring, 

Governor  Denny,  being  obliged 
to  return  to  Philadelphia,  took  his 
leave,  affiiring  them  of  his  affedlion, 
and  wiflies  for  their  happinefs. 

Teedyufcung  defired  to  be  heard 
on  behalf  of  the  Wappinger  In- 
dians, living  near  Efopus,  and  pro- 
duced a  fhort  belt  of  white  wampum 
with  a  double  heart,  which  was  gi- 
ven them  by  the  government  of  New 
York  in  1745,  reprefenting  their 
union,  which,  he  faid,  was  to  laft  as 
long  as  the  fun  ihould  continue  in  the 
firmament;  hetherefore  recommend- 
ed them  to  the  proteftion  of  Gover- 
nor Bernard  ;  and  as  their  chief'was 
old,  he  requelled  a  horfe  to  carry 
him  home,  which  was  granted. 

The  Six  Nation  chiefs  confulted 
together,  and,  in  a  little  time,  Ni- 
chas,  in  behalf  cf  the  reft,  returned 
anfwcis  to  the  governors  fpeeches, 
repeating  diilinCtly  what  each  of 
them  had  faid,  and  expreffing  the 
liigheft  fatisfaclion. 

Tucfday,  O^.  24.  The  proprie- 
taries agents  fetclcd  the  limits  of  the 
Undo  to  be  rcieulVd  with  the  Indian 


chiefs ;  and  the  deed  of  confirma- 
tion, as  well  as  that  of  releafe, 
were  refpeftively  executed. 

Wednefday,  Ocl.  25.  The  In- 
dians were  employed  ail  day  in  di- 
viding the  prefents. 

Thurfday,  Od.  26.  The  fecre- 
tary  of  the  conferences  having  ob- 
ferved  to  the  Six  Nation  chiefs, 
that  the  governors  wpre  charged  by 
Tokaaio  with  not  coming  to  the  point, 
by  which  it  was  underltood,  that 
fome  things  had  been  omitted  in 
their  aniwers;  Thomas  King  faid, 
they  were  afterwards  fupplied;  but 
for  the  fuller  fatisfa(5ition  of  all  pre- 
fent,  he  recommended  a  farther  ex- 
planation :  agreeable  to  which,  the 
members  of  the  Penfylvania  coun- 
cil made  the  following  addition  to 
the  governor's  fpeech. 

Brethren,  as  we  have  now  fettled 
all  differences,  and   confirmed  the 
antient    leagues     of    amity,     and 
brightened  the  chain  of  friendfhip, 
we  now  clean  the    bl«od  off  your 
council  feats,  that  when  you  hold 
councils  at  home,  you  may  fit  as  you 
formerly   ufed  to  do  in  your  feats 
with  the  fame  peace  and  tranquility. 
Aftring  of  1 000  grains  of  ^wampum. 
Brethren,    with    this    firing    of 
wampum  we  condole  with  you  for 
the  lofs  of  your  wife  men,  and  for 
the  warriors  that  have  been  killed 
thefe  troublefome  times,  and  like- 
wife  for  your  women  and  children  ; 
and  we  cover  the  graves  decently, 
agreeable   to   the   cuftom   of  your 
forefathers.  A fring  as  before. 

Brethren,  We  dilperfe -the  dark 
clouds  that  hang  over  your  heads, 
during  thefe  troubles,  that  we  may 
fee  the  fun  clear,  and  look  on  each 
other  with  the  chearfulnefs  our  fore- 
fathers did.  The  fame. 
The  Five  Nation  chiefs  having 
laid  all  the  belts  and  firings  on  the 

table 


STATE     PAPERS. 


203 


table  that  were  delivered  at  this  and 
the  laft  conference,  Tokaio  defued 
all  prefent  to  hearken  to  what  Tho- 
mas King  was  going  to  fay  ;  on 
yvhich  Tho.  King  arofe,  and  taking 
up  the  belt  given  by  Tcedyufcung, 
when  he  requefted  the  grant  of  the 
Wyomink  lands,  he  addrefled  the 
Delawares,  Teedyufcung  not  being 
prefent,  in  this  manner. 

Coufins,  by  this  belt  Teedyuf- 
cung defired  us  to  make  you  owners 
of  the  lands  at  Wyomink,  Shanao- 
kin,  and  other  places  on  the  Sufque- 
hannah  river.  In  anfwer  to  which, 
we  who  are  here  at  prefent,  fay,  that 
we  have  no  power  to  convey  lands 
to  any  one  ;  but  we  will  take  your 
requeft  to  the  great  council  lire,  for 
their  fcntimejits,  as  we  never  con- 
vey or  fell  any  lands,  before  it  be 
agreed  in  the  great  council  of  the 
United  Nations.  In  the  meaii  time 
you  may  ufe  thofe  lands  in  common 
with  other  Indians,  in  confirmation 
of  which  we  give  you  this. 

A  firing. 

Then  taking  up  each  belt  and 
firing,  he  proceeded  to  repeat  what 
had  been  faid  upon  each,  approved 
of  all  that  had  palFed,  and  made 
particular  mention  of  the  large 
peace  belt,  which,  he  faid,  Ihould 
be  made  known  to  the  nations. 
Then  addrefiing  himfelf  to  governor 
Bernard,  he  thanked  him  for  his 
kind  afiiilance  at  this  treaty,  which, 
he  faid,  the  United  Nations  would 
remember  with  pleafure. Af- 
ter a  paufe,  he  defired  to  be  excufed 
in  mentioning  one  thing,  which  he 
believed  the  governors  had  forgot. 
You  have,  faid  he,  forgot  to  bring 
with  you  ammunition,  of  which  we 
always  ufed  to  receive  a  fullicicnt 
quantity,  not  only  to  fervc  us  our 
journey,  but  to  fupport  us  in  our 
hunting  ftafon,  that  wc  might  be 


enabled  to  make  provifions  for  our 
families.  You  have  given  us  gun- 
locks,  but  no  guns ;  it  is  impoflible 
for  Indians  to  fubfift  without  guns, 
powder,  and  lead,  of  which  we  have 
received  none. 

He  then  took  up  the  proprietaries 
releafe,  and  returned  thanks  for  it. 
When  it  was  referred  to  Onas,  The 
United  Nations,  he  faid,  had  no 
doubt  but  Onas  would  grant  their 
requeft  ;  this  aft  has  confirmed  our 
good  opinion  of  him. 

Having  now  finiihed  what  the  na- 
tions had  commiffioned  him  to  fay, 
he  caft  his  eyes  round  the  room,  and 
feeing  Mr.  Vernon,  the  clerk  of 
the  ftore5,  he  defired,  that  now 
council  bufinefs  was  over,  the  lock 
might  be  taken  off  the  rum,  that  i^ 
might  run  freely,  and  the  hearts  of 
all  be  made  glad  at  parting. 

Some  wine  and  punch  was  then 
ordered  in,  and  the  conference  con- 
cluded with  great  joy  and  mutual 
fatisfaftion. 


SEVERAL  princes  of  the  em- 
pire having  acceded  to  the  late 
famous  arret  or  refolution  of  the 
evangelical  body  at  the  diet  of  Ratif- 
bon,  on  the  6th  of  December,  1758, 
an  imperial  decree  of  commiflion 
was  carried  to  the  didature  againft 
that  refolution,  wherein  it  is  faid, 
among  other  things,  **  That  the 
imperial  court  could  not  deliberate 
farther  about  getting  its  declarati- 
ons executed,  concerning  the  affair 
of  the  ban,  without  infringing  the 
twentieth  article  of  the  eledion  ca- 
pitulation :  That  the  invalidity  of 
the  evangelic  body's  refolut'on  is 
manifeft:  That  theEleftorsof  Bran- 
denburgh  andBrunfwick,  theDukes 
of  Saxe-Gotha  and  Brunfwick-Wol- 
fen  buttle,    and  the   Landgrave   of 

Hefle- 


204     A  N  N  U  A  L  R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R, 


^1d9- 


HefTe-CafTel,  are  the  very  perfons 
that  difturb  the  empire  ;  and  as  this 
is  an  affair  in  which  themfelves  are 
concerned,  it  is  evident  that  they  are 
not  qaalified  to  concur  in  a  refolu- 
tion  of  that  nature :  That,  moreover, 
the  number  of  the  other  ftates  that 
tave  acceded  thereto,  is  very  fmall. 
Therefore,  the  emperor  cannot  but 
confider  the  refolution  in  queftion, 
as  an  a6t,  whereby  the  general 
peace  of  the  empire  is  difturbed, 
both  by  the  parties  that  have  incur- 
red the  ban,  and  by  the  ftates  that 
have  joined  them,  in  order  to  fup- 
port  and  favour  them  in  their  fri- 
volous pretenfions.  That  his  im- 
perial majefty  dares  to  flatter  him- 
ielf  that  the  other  electors,  princes, 
and  ftates  of  the  empire,  will  vote 
the  faid  refolution  to  be  null  and 
of  no  force,  and  never  fufFer  a  fmall 
number  of  ftates,  and  adherents  to, 
and  abettors  of  the  difturbers  of  the 
empire*s  tranquillity,  to  prejudice 
the  rights  and  prerogatives  of  the 
Germanic  body  ;  to  abufe  the  name 
of  the  afTociated  ftates  of  the  con- 
feffions  of  Augfburg,  in  order  to 
cram  down  by  force  ^  factum  entire- 
ly repugnant  to  the  conftitution  of 
the  empire ;  to  deprive  their  co- 
eftates  of  the  right  of  voting  freely, 
and  thereby  endeavour  to  fubvert 
totally  the  fyftem  of  the  Germanic 
body." 

This  commiirorial  decree  was  pre- 
ceded by  a  refcript  from  the  Em- 
peror, to  the  impferial  proteftant  ci- 
ties, requiring  them  to  retraft  their 
acceilion  to  the  refolution  of  the 
evangelic  body  :  but  they  will  not 
rcrcde  from  it,  though  this  accef- 
fion,  in  ftiiftriefs  of  formality,  is 
quite  inconiiftent  with  their  for- 
mer', ^'acceftion  to  the  refolutions 
of  the  diet  againft  the  King  of 
Pruiila. 


I'ranjlation  of  a  neav  Treaty  Lctu^veen 
Great  Britain  and  PruJJiay  fgncd 
at  London,  December  7,    1758. 

FOrafmuch  as  the  burthenfome 
^  war  in  which  the  King  of  Pruf- 
fta  is  engaged,  lays  him  under  a  ne- 
ccflity  of  making  frefh  efforts  to  de- 
fend himfelf  againft  the  multitude  of 
enemies  who  attack  his  dominions, 
he  is  obliged  to  take  new  meafures 
with  the  King  of  Great  Britain,  for 
their  reciprocal  defence  and  fafety  : 
And  as  his  Britannic  Majefty  hath 
at  the  fame  time  ftgnified  his  earneft 
defire  to  ftrengthen  the  friendftiip 
fubfifting  between  the  two  courts, 
and,  in  confequence  thereof,  to  con- 
clude a  formal  convention,  for 
granting  hisPruffian  majefty  fpeedy 
and  powerful  afliftance  :  Their  faid 
majefties  have  nominated  and  au- 
thorifed  their  minifters  to  concert 
and  fettle  the  following  articles. 

1.  All  former  treaties  between 
the  two  crowns,  particularly  that 
figned  at  Weftminfter,  January  16, 
1756,  and  the  convention  of  April 
II,  1758,  are  confirmed  by  the 
prefent  convention,  in  their  whole 
tenor,  as  if  they  were  herein  infertr 
ed  word  for  word. 

2.  The  King  of  Great  Britain 
fhall  caufe  to  be  paid  at  London,  to 
fuch  perfon  or  perfons  as  fnall  be 
authorifed  by  the  King  of  Pruftia 
for  that  end,  the  fum  of  four  milli- 
ons of  rixdoUars,  making  670,000!, 
fterling,  at  one  payment,  immedi- 
ately on  the  exchange  of  the  ratifi- 
cations, if  the  King  of  Pruflia  Ihall 
fo  require. 

2.  His  Pruftian  majefty  ftiall  em^ 
ploy  the  faid  fum  in  fupporting  and 
augmenting  his  forces,  which  fhall 
ad  in  fuch  a  manner  as  fhaii  be  of 
the  greateft  fervice  to  the  common 
caufe,  and  contribute  moft  to  the 
A.  mutual 


STATE     PAPERS. 


105 


mutual  defence  and  fafety  of  their 
faid  inajefties. 

4,  The  King  of  Great  Britain, 
both  as  King  and  Eleftor,  and  the 
King  of  Pruffia,  reciprocally  bind 
themfelves  not  to  conclude  with  the 
powers  that  have  taken  part  in  the 
prefent  war,  any  treaty  of  peace, 
truce,  or  other  fuch  like  convention, 
but  by  common  advice  and  confbnt, 
each  exprefly  including  therein  the 
other. 

5.  The  ratifications  of  the  pre- 
fent convention  (hall  be  exchanged 
within  fix  weeks,  or  fooner  if  pof- 
fible. 


Mimorial  iieli'vered  by  Major  Gen, 
Torke  to  the  deputies  of  the  States- 
General,  Dec.  22,   1758. 

High  and  Mighty  Lords, 

I  Had  the  honour  to  acquaint  you 
at  the  conferences  I  obtained  of 
year  High  MightinefTes  on  the  7th 
jnftant,  that  the  king  my  mailer 
had  authorized  and  inftrudled  me 
to  enter  into  a  negotiation  with 
fuch  perfons  as  your  High  Migh- 
tinefTes {hould  think  proper  to  no- 
minate for  that  end  ;  but  that,  as 
the  affair  required  a  minute  difcuf- 
fion,  it  would  be  impoffible  to  ter- 
minate it  without  fome  farther  ex- 
planations. It  is  with  the  higheft 
pleafure  that  I  this  day  open  our 
conferences  on  this  important  fub- 
jed;  and  I  flatter  mjf^felf  that  if 
your  High  Mightineffes  are  as, de- 
firous  of  a  reconciliation  as  his 
majefly  is,  it  will  foon  be  happily 
conclutkd. 

By  the  two  refolutlons/of  Sept. 
12,  and  Sept.  25,  which  were  de- 
livered to  me  the  day  following, 
your  High  Mighiinefies  thought 
proper  to  make  fomc  diiHcuIty  of  re- 


ceiving the  declaration  which  I  had 
the  honour  to  prefent  to  you,  in  the 
King's  name,  againft  the  trade  car- 
ried on  by  your  fubjetls  to  the 
French  colonies  in  America,  for  the 
account  of  thofe  very  colonies.  If 
his  majefty,  on  being  informed 
thereof,  commanded  me  to  declare 
that  he  could  not  depart  from  his 
precedingdeclarati0n,itwasbecaufc 
he  thought  this  claim  had  no  foun- 
dation in  the  treaties  fubfifting  be- 
tween them  and  the  republic.  Befides, 
Ihould  the  perfons  concerned  in  this 
trade  even  be  able  to  wreft  the  fenfe 
of  treaties  fo  as  to  deceive  their 
friends,  and  make  the  obftrudling 
of  it  by  England  pafs  for  a  griev- 
ance ;  flill  his  majefty  is  perfuaded 
that  their  High  MightinefTes  will 
fee  with  pleafure,  that  his  majefty 
fets  afide  the  difcufllon  of  that  treaty, 
which  is  conneded  with  fo  many 
others,  and  fets  himfelf  wholly  to 
do  the  fubjefts  of  his  ancient  allies 
all  the  fervice,  and  to  grant  them 
every  flivour  that  fhall  not  notably 
prejudice  the  welfare  and  fafety  of 
his  people.  It  is  in  this  light  that 
his  majefty  confiders  the  trade,  di- 
redly  or  indireftly,  to  the  French 
colonies  in  America. 

His  majefty  is  at  war  with  the 
moftChriftianKing:  hecannothope 
to  get  out  of  it  with  fafety,  or  obtain, 
a  fpeedy  and  lafting  peace,  which  \% 
his  majefty's  fole  aim,  if  the  Princes  . 
who  have  declared  themfelves  neu- 
ter, inftead  of  contenting  them* 
felves  with  trading  as  ufual,  with- 
out any  rifk,  afTume  a  right  ol  car- 
rying on  thai  trade  of  the  King's 
enemies  which  is  not  allowed  them 
in  time  of  peace.  The  injuftice  of 
this  proceeding  is  too  apparent  to 
require  more  to  be  faid  oa  it ;  one 
may  venture  to  appeal  to  your 
High  MightinefTes  own  conduft  ia 

the 


loS       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


the  like  cafe :  A  trade  of  this  na- 
ture was  never  fufFered  by  you;  and 
it  hath  been  oppofed  by  the  Salus 
Populi  in  all  countries,  in  like  cir- 
cumftances. 

His  majefty  fees  with  pleafure  the 
trade  of  his  neighbours  flourlfh,  and 
would  behold  its  increafe  with  fatis- 
faftion,  if  its  profperity  were  not 
repugnant  to  this  primary  law.  But 
he  likewife  perfuades  himfeif,  that 
never,  for  the  fake  of  fome  tranfienc 
profit  to  individuals,  will  his  anci- 
ent allies  be  the  firft  to  injure  Eng- 
land in  this  efiential  part.  Confi- 
dering  the  thing  in  this  light,  I 
cannot  doubt  but  that  your  High 
Mightineffes  will  give  the  King  the 
pleafure  to  hear  that  ^.hey,  for  their 
fubjeds,  have  honetlly  abandoned  it, 
and  that  this  ftumbling  block  is  for 
ever  removed.  In  fettling  this 
point,  his  majefly  commands  me  to 
include  in  it  the  charge,  commonly 
called  Overfcheepen,  which  is  made 
of  a  French  veflel  into  a  Dutch 
veffel,  when  the  former  dares  not 
continue  her  courfe,  and  endeavours 
to  fave  herfelf  by  carrying  neutral 
colours,  in  order  to  avoid  feizure 
at  fea  by  the  King's  ftiips.  Your 
High  Mightineffes,  while  you  ac- 
knowledge the  juftice  of  my  firft 
demand,  cannot  refufe  the  fecond  ; 
iince  that  would  be  to  declare,  that 
you  treat  with  good  faith,  whilft, 
at  the  fame  time,  a  more  dangerous 
door  will  be  left  for  fraud.  Such  a 
condu6l  is  unworthy  of  the  equity  of 
j'our  High  Mightineffes,  efpecially 
zn  the  prefent  cafe,  when  thequefti- 
on  is  the  prevention  of  any  fubjedl 
of  future  difpute,  and  the  reftora- 
tion  of  harmony  and  good  neigh- 
bourhood between  the  two  powers. 

The  laft  point  of  my  inftrudions, 
which  relates  to  the  amicable  de- 
mands made  by  his  majerty  to  your 


High  Mightineffes,  requires  a  more 
minute  confideration.  I  cannot  en- 
ter upon  that  fubjeft  yet;  but  re- 
ferve  it  till  afterwards.  I  muft  ne- 
verthelefs  obferve  to  you,  that  the 
King  has  feen,  not  without  pain, 
yet  without  giving  them  any  mo- 
leftation,  a  great  number  of  Dutch 
fhips  pafs  by  his  harbours  fince  the 
commencement  of  the  war,  laden 
with  all  forts  of  materials  for  build- 
ing and  repairing  the  enemy's  fleets. 
His  Majefty  afks,  that  certain  ar- 
ticles of  naval  ftores  may  be  com- 
prehended in  the  clafs  of  contra- 
band :  but  he  will  fo  fettle  it  with 
your  High  Mightineffes,  as  that 
the  inoffenfive  trade  of  your  fubjeds 
to  the  north  of  Europe  (if  I  may 
ufe  that  term)  fhall  not  be  involved 
in  this  article.  Your  High  Mighti- 
neffes, who  are  yourfelves  a  mari- 
time power,  and  know  how  to  con- 
tend for,  and  defend  your  preroga- 
tives as  fuch,  muft  always  allow, 
that,  in  the  prefent  war  againft 
France,  it  is  both  the  King's  in- 
tereft,  and  his  duty,  not  only  to  hin- 
der the  maritime  of  his  enemy  from 
becoming  too  formidable,  but  alfo 
to  employ  all  means  to  weaken  it. 
Can  it  be  difputed  that  naval  ftores 
are  not,  in  this  view,  as  prejudicial 
as  balls  and  gunpowder  ? 

Let  France  be  without  fhips,  and 
her  warlike  ftores  will  never  make 
England  uneafy.  The  importance 
of  this  article  is  fo  evident,  that  the 
King  ventures  to  refer  it  to  the 
judirment  of  your  High  Mighti- 
nefies.  Thefe,  my  Lords,  are  my 
inftrudions  with  regard  to  the  fatis- 
fadlion  which  the  King  would  think 
himfelf  eniitled  to  require  from 
the  friendfhip  and  juftice  of  the  re- 
public, if  he  had  no  other  foun- 
dation for  his  claim.  But  I  have 
already  informed  you,  that  it  is  his 
majefty's 


STATE     PAPERS, 


207 


majefly*s  finccre  defire  to  unite  his 
own  fafety  with  the  convenience  of 
your  High  Mightineffes  ;  which 
makes  it  unneceflary  for  me  to  en- 
large on  this  head. 

In  this  reprefentation  of  the 
points  on  which  I  have  orders  to 
infift  with  your  High  Mightineffes, 
I  have  endeavoured  to  follow  the 
method  which  you  yourfelves  have 
begun  to  put  in  practice  ;  that  is  to 
fay,  firft  to  Hate  the  claim,  and 
afterwards  propofe  the  expedients. 

I  come  now  to  the  articles  of 
your  refolutions  of  the  25th  of  Sep- 
tember laft. 

I.  As  to  the  demand  contained  in 
the  firft  article,  I  muft  obferve  to 
your  High  Mightineffes,  that  this 
very  treaty,  which  you  fo  ftrongly 
infift  on,  prefcribes  the  manner  of 
proceeding  in  cafe  of  feizure  or  de- 
tention ;  and  that  you  cannot  claim 
the  exercife  of  an  extrajudicial  power 
by  his  majefty,  whofe  hands  are  tied 
with  regard  to  his  own  fubjedls,  by 
the  laws ;  and  with  regard  to  foreign- 
ers, by  treaties.  If  there  have  been 
any  irregular  fentences,  either  the 
judge  muft  have  been  miiled  by  ap- 
pearances at  the  hearing  of  the  cauie, 
or  delays  were  made,  of  which  there 
vvasjuftreafon  to  complain.  The 
fupreme  court,  eftablifhed  forjudg- 
ing in  the  laft  refort,  hath  always 
been  ready  to  revife  and  correal  abu- 
fes,  if  at  any  time  any  could  be  dif- 
covered  in  the  fentences  of  the  infe- 
rior courts.  But  your  High  Mighti- 
neffes will  give  me  leave  to  obferve, 
that  it  is  very  extraordinary,  that 
not  one  appeal  hath  yet  been  thrown 
in,  notwiihftanding  the  affurances 
given  to  your  High  Mightineffes  by 
many  perfons.  This  is  a  fad  at 
which  every  body  in  Engjand  is 
aftoniflied:  and,  doubilefs,  had  the 
appellants    defired    to    be    heard. 


the  number   of  complaints   would 
have  been  greatly  diminifhcd. 

Mean  while,  to  affift  and  relieve 
the  fubjeds  of  your  High  Mighti- 
neffes as  much  as  poffible,  and  to 
avoid  confounding  the  innocent 
with  the  guilty,  his  majefty  h^th 
juft  now  ordered  an  exad  lift  to  bo 
delivered  to  him  of  all  the  Dutcl* 
veffels  detained  in  his  harbours,  ia 
order  to  call  thofe  to  an  acqouat 
who  may  have  brought  them  in  oi» 
frivolous  pretences ;  to  oblige  them? 
to  releafe  them,  and  to  haften  the 
finifhingof  the  trials  in  general.  If 
there  remains  any  thing  more  to  be 
done  for  the  further  facility  and  Se- 
curity of  the  navigation  of  the  re- 
public, it  will  readily  be  agreed  t^. 
by  his  majefty.  The  nation  is  de- 
firous  to  fecond  the  King's  good, 
intentions  on  this  head.  I  flaitter 
myfelf  that  thefe  affurances  \MilI  be- 
fufBcient  to  diflipate  thofe  ill- 
grounded  fears  which  pofTefs  cer-. 
tain  perfons  in  thefe  provinces.  Ai 
mutual  confidence,  and  the  defire  tOi 
avoid  any  fubje£l  of  animofity,  arc 
highly  requifite  in, treating  of  mat-, 
tersof  fuch  importance,  and  of  fucll' 
a  complicated  nature. 

II.  As  to  the  fecond  article  of  the 
faid  refolutions,  I  almoft  dare  ^'€n- 
ture  to  affure  your  High  Migbti-. 
neffes,  that  if  you  cordially  intetcft 
yourfelves  in  his  majefty's  fnuatioa 
in  the  prefent  war,  and  difcover  a. 
readincfa  to  grant  the  points  which 
he  thinks  he  hath  a  right  to  require 
of  you,  you  will  receive  »li  poffible 
fatisfatlion  and  fecurity.  It  is  his 
majefty's  intention  that  the  fubjecls; 
of  your  High  Mightineffes  fhould 
enjoy  all  the  privileges  and  irnmu-. 
nities  refulting  from  the  treaty  of 
1674,  fo  far  as  the  tenok-  of  it  is 
not  derogated  from  by  the  prefent 
accommodation. 

III.  Aj^ 


4o8      A  N  N  U  A  L    R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,  1759. 


ill.  As  to  the  third  article,  as 
foon  as  yoor  High  Migh'tinefles 
Ihall  have  agreed  with  his  m^jelly 
on  the  points  which  I  have  men- 
tioned in  his  name,  it  fliall  b6  eafily 
fettled. 

IV.  The  fourth  article  contains 
complaints  for  which  perhaps  there 
is  too  much  foundation  by  the  vio- 
lences coran)itted  bvEnglifii  priva- 
teers, or  veffels  "pretending   to  be 
fuch.       His    majefty    is    fincerely 
grieved  that  fuch  diforders   fhould 
have  been  committed,  to  -the  dif- 
grace  of  his  fubjeds.'    The  whole 
nation  joins  with  the  king  in  en- 
deavouring to  fupprefs- thofe  rob- 
beries.    I  take  the  liberty  to  com- 
municate to  you  the  orders  ilTued 
by  the  admiralty  of  Qreat  Britain 
againft   fuch    behaviour :    and,  for 
the  honour  of  the  merchantsof  Lon- 
don, 1  muft  add  the  advertifement 
publiftied   by  them,  offering  a  re- 
ward for  difcovering   the  offenders. 
His    majefty    in  treats    your    High 
Mightineffes    to  affilt  him   on  this 
occafion,  by  exhorting  your  fubjeds 
to  bring  to  juftice  the  authors  of 
thofe  offences ;  in  which  they  may 
depend  on  the  utmoft  protection  and 
encouragement.     Aato  the  reft,  the 
king   is   aftoniftied,  that,   after   fo 
many    applications  made  here   for 
obtaining  proofs  of  the  fads  alledg- 
cd,  not  one,  notwithftanding  the  re- 
ward offered,  has  gone  over  to  Eng- 
land to  give  evidence. 

I  take  the  liberty  to  refer  to  the 
contents  of  my  firft  article  for  an 
anfwer  to  the  fifth  refolution  of  your 
High  Mightineffes  ;  only  adding, 
that  his  majelly  will  with  pleafu.e 
agree  to  any  method  that  iliall  be 
propcfed  to  him  for  authenticating 
the  genuinenefs  of  Ihip  papers,  in 
which  point  too  many  abufes  have 
been  committed. 


J  Memorial  prefented  to  the  Xieneral 
of  the  French  iJJands^  by  the  Go-ver" 
7iors  and  Lieutenants  da  Rot  of  the 
fcveral  quarters  in  the  ijland  of 
Marti nico,  fan.  i,    1759. 

THE  orders  given  us  by  the 
general,  the  25th/of  laft  No- 
vember, for  holding  our  feveral  dif- 
trids  in  readinefs.to  march  ;  and  the 
report  fpread  of  an  armament  fitted 
out  in  England,  which-  was  faid  to 
be  deflined  for  thefe  colonies,  have 
determined  us  to  lay  before  the  ge- 
neral the  conjdiiion  of  this  ifland, 
and  its  different  diftrids,  the  com- 
mand of  which  is  intrufted  to  us, 
under  his  diredions. 

The  precautions  neceffary  for  fe- 
curing  his  majefty's  poffefhons  be- 
come more  preffing,  as  we  are 
threatened  by  the  enemy:  and  we 
fhould  think  ourfelves  deficient  in 
our  duty,  if  we  omitted  reprefenting 
to  our  governor  the  means  condu- 
cive to  the  fccurity  and  defence  of 
the  ifland. 

Our  trade  with  the  Dutch  is  be- 
come our  fole  dependence;  thegene- 
ral  mufl  be  convinced  of  it,  lince  he 
had  authorifcd  it :  he  can  pxpetl  no 
fuccour  from  Europe,  as  we  have 
been  abandoned  by  it  ever  fince  the 
war  broke  out;  and  the  manner  in 
which  traders  have  been  fuffered  to 
come  among  us  has  been  of  little  fer- 
vice  to  the  colony.  The  merchants, 
who  have  had  permilfjons  granted 
them,  have  abufed  and  defeaLcd  the 
intention  of  the  general.  Poffcffed  of 
this  privilege,  they  have  made  them- 
{t\\Gt  the  arbitrary  difpofers  of  all 
provifions  brought  in,  and  of  all  our 
own  commodities  fent  out,  and 
of  coiifequence,  the  former  have 
been  at  as  high  a  price  as  their 
avarice  could  raife  it,  and  the  lat- 
ter 


STATE    PAPERS. 


209 


latter  as  low  as  felf-interell   could 
fink  it.     While  the  general  meant 
providing,  by  this  means,  lupports 
for  the  country,  and  the  inhabitants 
were  the  objed  of  his  good  inten- 
tions, they,  by  a  criminal  abufe  of 
the  permiflions  granted,    have  not 
reaped  the  leaft  benefit  from  them. 
The  colony,   for  two  months,   has 
been  dellilute  of  ail  kinds  of  provi- 
iions  ;    the  view  of  the  general  was 
to  provide  fome,  in  fending  men  of 
war  to  convoy  vefTels  from  St.  Eufta- 
tia,  to  this  iiland  ;    but  the  ufe  the 
merchants  of  St.  Pierre's  have  made 
of  their  permiflions,  has  dellroyed 
all  our  expedations  of  relief  by  that 
method.     By  this  meaps,  the  ifland 
ftill  fuffers  for  want  of  provifions : 
all  our  own  commodities  lie  upon 
our  hands ;  and  mailers  are  unable 
to  fupport  their  flaves,   who  are  pe- 
rilling through  hunger.     The  inte- 
refts  of  the  king  and  country  are  mu- 
tual and  reciprocal ;    the  lofs  of  ne- 
groes  diminilhes  his  majefty's  re- 
venue :    and  the  great,    not  to  fay 
the  entire  Hop  put  to  the  exportation 
of  our  commodities,  is  fuch  a  blow 
to  our  trade,  thac  we  feel  it  in  the 
moil  fenfible  manner.     Many  of  our 
inhabitants  have  not  been  able  to 
repair  the  mifchief  and  damage  done 
their  buildings  and  plantations  by 
the  lad  hurricane  ;  and  their  reduced 
fituation    incapacitated   them    from 
furnifhing  negroes,  fo  eafily  as  could 
have  been  willied,  for  the  ufe  of  the 
public  works.     Every  one  is  ani- 
mated with   the  warmell  zeal  and 
inclination:   but  ought  we  not  to  be 
apprehenfive     of    dreadful     confe- 
quences  from  Haves,  who  are  half- 
Uarved,  and  to  whom  all  bondage  is 
equal.     Milery  debafes    mankind; 
and  when  it  has  reduced  them  to  a 
precarious  fituation,  we  often  find 
them  have  recourfc  to  con/iifion  and 
Vol.  If. 


defpair,  as  a  remedy  agalnft  the  ills 
which  opprefs  them. 

From  the  accounts  we  daily  re- 
ceive of  what  palTes  in  our  diftricls^ 
and  the  enquiries  it  is  our  duty  to 
make  into  every  condition,  we  can, 
without  exaggeration,  affirm,  thac 
the  beft  provided  of  our  inhabitants 
partake  largely  of  the  prefent  cala[- 
mity,  and  want  many  of  the  com- 
mon neceflaries  of  life,  whilft  others 
have  not  fo  much  as  a  grain  of  falc 
in  their  houfes. 

Another  great  misfortune.  Is,  that 
the  inhabitants  are  reduced  to  the 
necefiity  of  killing  their  cattle,  to 
keep  their  negro  children  and  fick 
people  alive  :  but  this  refource  malt 
ibon  fail,  and  our  mills  Hand  ilill 
for  want  of  cattle  to  work  them  ; 
and  by  this  means,  we  (hall  confume 
beforehand  the  referve  we  might 
otherwife  have  in  cafe  of  a  fiege. 

It  is  fufficient  to  reprefent  to  the 
general  thefe  misfortunes :  the  good- 
nefs  of  his  heart  for  a  people  entrufl- 
ed  to  his  care,  will  point  out  a  re- 
medy, in  fupprelfing  the  permiflions 
granted  to  particular  merchants,  and 
in  permitting  neutral  veffels  to  come 
freely  into  all  our  ports,  and  trade* 
with  the  inhabitants,  without  firft 
addreffing  themfelves   to  our  mer- 
chants.    When  every   quarter    be- 
comes (locked  with  provifions,  and 
men  can  eat,  we  ihall  fee  their  zeal, 
which  the  famine  had  damped,  re- 
vive again  ;  and  when  the  inhabi- 
tants fee  their  properties  fecurcd,  by 
finifliing  the  public  works,  and  tak- 
ing all  precautions  neceflavy  for  their 
defence,  they  will  be  eafy,  and  unite 
themfelves  in  repulfing  the  enemy, 
with  the  courage   they  hav-e  always 
hitherto  tellified.     Care,   however, 
ought  to  be  taken  for  iecuring  hii 
majclly's  duties,  and  there  is  a  me- 
thod of  doing  it ;  for  ia  Qvery  pore 
P  where 


i2io       ANNUAL    RE 

where  there  are  no  guns  to  com- 
mand fuch  veffels  importing  the 
provifions,  the  commandant  of  the 
quarter  may  oblige  the  cuftom-houle 
officers  to  vifit  them,  and  bring 
their  fails  on  (hore,  till  the  King's 
duties  are  paid. 

In  times  of  calamity,  the  king 
gives  every  afliftance  to  his  diltrefled 
fubjefts,  and  this  colony  claims  help 
and  relief  againft  the  famine,  which 
is  devouring  it. 

The  citadel  of  Fort  Royal  feems 
the  princpial  objeft  on  which  the 
Safety  and  defence  of  the  country 
depends.  Thelofs  of  that  muft  ne- 
ceflarily  be  attended  with  the  lofs  of 
the  whole  ifland.  We  may  indeed 
retire  into  the  woods ;  but  how  are 
we  to  fubfift  there  ?  When  the  ene- 
«iy  are  become  mailers  of  this  place, 
how  ^c  we  to  expe£l  fuccours, 
from  without  J  The  whole  colony 
Dught  to  make  the  moft  vigorous 
efforts  to  ftop  the  progrefs  of  an  in- 
vading army,  and  every  man  will 
fet  about  it  in  earneft,  if  the  fort  was 
properly  provided  with  every  thing 
for  its  fafety  and  defence  ;  ax\d  if 
magazines  for  furnifliing  the  necef- 
faries  of  life,  as  well  as  of  war,  were 
cftablifhed  in  the  different  quarters 
of  the  ifland.     Signed, 

Chaillon,  Ltu.  ViUiers, 

De  Folle^villey      De  Poincey, 
De  Ligne)'yj         Rcuille. 


*The  genuine  legal  fefitence  pronounced 
hy  the  high  court  of  judicature  of 
Portugal  upon  thecoifpiratonngainfl 
the  life  of  his  mojl  Faithful  majefy^ 
nuith  thejuf  moti-ves  for  the  fame. 

The  preliminary  fa£ls  are  as  follov:i. 

IT   appears    that    the   Duke   of 
Aveiro  had  conceived  an  impla- 
CAble  reArntmcnt  againft  the  King, 


GISTER,    i7i9. 

for  preventing  a  marriage  which  he 
had  precipitately  adjultcd  between 
his  fon  and  the  fifter  of  the  Duke  of 
Cadaval,  endeavouring,  at  the  fame 
time,  by  vexatious  a/tificcs,  to  pre- 
vent the  duke,  who  is  a  minor,  from 
marrying,  in  order  to  fecure  to  his 
family,  the  poiTefTions  and  honours 
of  thathoufe;  and  for  defeating  fe- 
vcral  projeifts  to  preferve  a  pernici- 
ous influence  which  he  acquired,  in 
the  latter  years  of  the  late  reign. 

That  he  endeavoured  to  ingra- 
tiate himfelf  with  all  perfons  who 
were  difl*atisfi:;d  with  the  govern- 
ment, of  what  party  or  condition 
foever,  and  therefore,  as  f  ion  as  the 
jefuits  weredifmiffed  from  court,  he 
forgot  an  inveterate  enmity  which 
till  then  had  been  implacable  againft 
them,  invited  them  to  his  houfe, 
and  made  them  frequently  long  and 
fecret  vifus,  <it  their  houfes,  where 
the  death  of  the  King  was  concert- 
ed, the  jefuits  declaring,  that  who- 
ever fhould  kill  his  majefty  would 
not  by  that  a£l  become  guilty  even 
of  venial  iin. 

That  the  Duke  of  Aveiro,  and 
the  jefuits,  drew  the  Marchionefs  of 
Tavora  into  the  confederacy,  not- 
withflanding  the  mutual  jealoufy 
between  the  two  houfes ;  and  the 
marchionefs  drew  in  the  reft  of  her 
family. 

That  :he  Marquis  of  Tavora  hav- 
ing entrufted  Jofeph  Romeiro,  an 
old  fervant,  who  had  attended  him 
to  and  from  the  Indies,  with  the 
cofifpiracy,  committed  to  him  the 
care  of  waiting,  with  hcrfes  ready 
faddled,  where  the  confpirators 
were  to  mount. 

That  the  Duke  of  Aveiro  feveral  ■ 
times  rode  and  walktd  with  Alvares 
Ferreira,   his  late  wardrobe  keeper, 
and  Jofeph  Policarp,  Ferreira's  bro- 
ther-in-law, to  acquaint  them  with 

the 


STATE    PAPERS. 


the  carriage  in  which  the  King  ufu- 
ally  rode  ;  that  he  ordered  ihcm  to 
buy  two  hoiTes,  not  known,  and 
ibme  unknown  arms. 

7'hai  after  the  fadt,  the  duke  re- 
proached AlvareS)  telling  him  the 
fhot  which  he  difcharged  did  no 
Service  ;  but  when  he  was  about  to 
reply,  he  added,  '*  Hu(h  !  for  the 
*'  devil  himfelf  can  know  nothing 
'*  of  the  matter,  if  thou  doft  not 
**  tell  him.'*  He  then  ordered  him 
not  to  fell  the  unknown  horfe  he 
had  bought  diredly,  leil  it  ihould 
caufe  fufpicion. 

The  legal  fentence  of  the  court  is  as 
follows  : 
Agreed    by  the    perfons   of  the 
council  and  the  fenaie  of  our  Lord 
the  King,    &c.      After  examining 
the  proceedings,    which   according 
to  the  form  of  law  and  his  majelty's 
decrees   were   fuccinftly  carried  on 
againft  the  criminals,   Jofeph  Maf- 
carenhas,  heretofore  Duke  of  Avei- 
ro ;   Lady  Eleanor  of  Tavora,  here- 
tofore Marchionefs    of  that    title ; 
Francis-Affizes  of  Tavora,   hereto- 
fore   Marquis   of    the    faid    title ; 
Lewis  Bernard  of  Tavora,   hereto- 
fore Marquis  of  the  famfe  title  ;  Don 
Jerome  of  Ataide,  heretofore  Count 
of  Atouguia  J  Jofeph-Maria  of  Ta- 
vora, heretofore  adjutant  of  the  mi- 
litary orders  of  the  Marquis  his  fa- 
ther ;   Blaize- Jofeph  Romeiro,  cor- 
poral in  the  company  commanded 
by  the  criminal,  Lewis-Bernard  of 


2It 

Tavora  ;  Antony- Alvares  Ferreira  j 
Jofeph  Policarp  de  Azevedo  ;  Ema- 
nuel Alvares  Ferreira,  keeper  of  the 
wardrobe  to  the  criminal,  Jofeph 
Mafcarenhas ;  and  John  Michael, 
attending  page  to  the  faid  criminal 
Jofeph  Mafcarenhas  ;  together  with 
the  red  of  the  depofiiions,  and  pa- 
pers annexed  ;  allegations,  articles, 
and  deiences  made  by  the  faid  cri- 
minals, &c.  &c.  Sec, 

L    And  whereas  it  appears  fully 
proved  by  the  confeflions  of  the  ma- 
jor part  of  the  faid  criminals,  and 
by  many  witnefles,  that  the  Duke 
of  Aveiro  *    had  conceived  an  im- 
placable wrath  againll  oar  Lord  the 
King,     for  defeating    the   fchemea 
with  which  he  had  endeavoured  to 
preferve   all   that  pernicious  influ- 
ence, which,  by  means  of  the  au. 
thority  of  his  uncle  F.  Gafpar  da  In- 
carna^ao,    he   had  had  during   the 
latter  years  of  the  foregoing  reign  ; 
and    for   annulling    the   important 
commendams,  which  had  been  held^ 
as  grants  for  life,  by  the  adminif- 
trators  of  the  houfe  of  Aveiro  ;   and 
for  having  put  a  ftop  to  the  marriage^ 
which   he  had  hallily  adjufted  be- 
tween his  fon  the  marquis  of  Gouveaj 
and  Lady  Margaret  deLorenna,  im- 
mediate fifter  to  the  Duke  of  Cada- 
val,  with  the  defign  of  making  ihut 
marriage  the  means  of  blending  with 
his  own  houfe  the  illuftrious  houfe 
of  Cadaval,  the  adual  lord  of  which 
was  a  minor,  liable  to  the  fmall-pox 
(fatal  to  his  family)  and  unmarried. 

P    2  It 


'■*  Don  Jofepli  Mafcarenhas  and  Lencaftre  (or  Lincafter)  Duke  of  Aveiro, 
Marquis  of  lones  Novas,  and  of  Gouvea,  and  Earl  of  Santa  Cruz,  hereditary 
lord  llcward  of  the  Kmg's  hou(hold,  which  is  the  higheft  office  in  the  pakct, 
antj  prefident  of  the  palace-court,  or  laft  tribunal  of  appeal  in  the  kingdom, 
which  is  the  fecond  ftate  officer  in  the  realm  ;  was  related  himfelf  to  the  Tavo- 
ras,  and  married  to  a  fiftcr  of  the  el«ier  mrirquis  of  that  title.  He  wa«  in  the 
fill  year  of  his  age  j  of  the  lowed  middle  fizc,  well  made  in  his  perfon,  of  an 
agreeable  countenance,  and  lively  difpofiiion. 


212         ANNUAL    REGISTER,  1759. 


It  further  appears,  that  the  faid 
criminal  being  excited  by  his  ma- 
lignant fpirit,  had  diftinguifhed 
himfeir  bv  his  endeavours  to  gain 
over  all  thofe  whom  he  knew  to  be 
unjuftly  difcontented  with  his  ma- 
jcfty's  inolt  happy  government  ; 
alienating  them  ftill  more  from  the 
royal  fervice,  by  infamoufly  fhun- 
ning  it  himfelf ;  and  running  into 
the  infamous  extreme  of  faying, 
•*  that  for  him,  it  was- one  and  the 
fame  thing,  to  be  ordered  to  go  to 
court,  as  to  have  his  legs  cut  off  j 
and  giving  into  the  folly  of  flatter- 
ing himfelf,  and  approving  his 
being  told  by  others,  that  there  was 
now  no  other  eminence  for  him  to 
reach  than  the  throne,  by  becoming 
King  himfelf. 

It  further  appears^  that  not- 
withftanding  the  implacable  aver^ 
fion  which  fubfifted  between  the 
faid  Duke  of  Aveiro  and  the  jefuits, 
as  foon  as  ever  they  were  difmified 
from  receiving  the  confelTions  of 
their  majefties  and  royal  highnefTes, 
and  univerfally  forbidden  all  accefs 
to  court,  he  artfully  patched  up  a 
re-union  and  intimacy  with  them, 
paying  them  frequently,  long,  and 
fecret  vifits  in  all  their  houfes ;  and 
receiving  them  in  like  manner  at 
his  own  houfe. 

It  further  appears,  that  the  exe- 
crable effeds  of  that  reconciliation 
were,  that  all  the  aforefaid  perfons 
linked  themfelves  together,  in  a  con- 
fpiracy,  for  contriving  the  d-eath  of 
the  King,-the  faid  jeluits  promifing 

*  Marchionefs  of  Tavora  in  her  own 


indemnity  to  the  faid  criminal,  hi 
the  execution  of  that  infernal  parri- 
cide ;  and  giving  it  as  their  opi- 
nion, that  whoever  fhould  be  the 
parricide  of  our  faid  lord,  would 
not  fo  much  as  fin,  even  lightly. 

11.  It  further  appears,  that  the 
criminal,  and  the  faid  jefuits,  pro- 
ceeded to  the  drawing  the  Mar- 
chionefs of  Tavora  *  into  the  fame 
deteftable  confederacy,  in  which 
by  their  united  artifices,  they  fuc- 
ceeded,  notwithftanding  that  there 
had  conftantly  exifted  a  declared 
jealoufy  between  the  faid  mar- 
chionefs and  the  criminal,  con- 
cerning which  fiiould  gain  the  af- 
cendant  in  ambition  and  haughti- 
nsfs ;  notwithftanding  the  moll  Iti- 
mulating  envy,  with  which  the  faid 
marchionefs  was  tortured,  at  fee- 
ing the  houfe  of  the  faid  criminal 
exalted  above  her  own  in  honours 
and  wealth  ;  and  notwithftanding 
the  faid  criminal  had  rendered 
that  hatred  ftill  more  ftinging,  by 
the  many  and  great  efforts  he  had 
made,  while  the  marquis,  her  huf- 
band,  was  abfent  in  India,  to 
deprive  him  of  the  copyholds  of 
Margaride,  and  of  the  free  ftatcs  of 
his  houfe. 

It  further  appears,  that  the  mar- 
chiouefs  fet  herfelf  up  for  one  of  the 
three  ringleaders  of  this  barbarous 
and  horrid  confpiracy  ;  and  in  con- 
jundlion  with  the  faid  jefuits  fet 
about  periuading  all  rheir  acquaint- 
ance that .  Gabriel  Malagrida,  a 
member  of  the  fociety  of  Jefus,  was 

a  man 

jght,  and  wife  to  ihe  iruirqu;?,  v/a?  in 


the  59th  year  of  her  age  ;  fhe  was  of  the  lower  middle  fize,  acd  rbin  j  cxtreiuel.y. 
j^enteel }  and  in  her  youth  had  been  very  beautiful.  In  the  duties  of  life  fhe. 
appeared  highly  amiable,  being  an  extreme  good  mother,  and  demonftiated  her- 
felf as  a  good  wife,  by  accompanying  her  hufband  to  India,  at  the  age  of  5c, 
when  he  was  appointed  viceroy  of  the  Portnguefc  dominions  in  that  country  j  ot 
■which  undertaking,  before  hers,  there  had  been  but  a  fmgle  example.  Hei  de- 
purtment  in  general  was  couitecus  and  aftftbk;  and  ftie  was  allowc;!  to  be  i\ 
ijdy  of  good  undcrltanding. 


STATE     PAPERS. 


213 


the  perverfion  of  them  alJ.  Ufing,  for 
the  inrtrumentof  this  infernal  work, 
not  only  the  opinion  fhe  afFeded  to 
have  of  the  pretended  fandity  of 
the  afore-named  Gabriel  Malagrida; 
but  alfo  the  letters,  which  he  fre- 
quently wrote  to  her,  to  perfuade 
all  her  relations  to  join  with  him 
in  fpiritual  exercifes. 

III.  It  further  appears,  that,  ia 
confequence  of  thefe  diabolical  pre- 
vious Iteps,  the  firft  of  the  followers, 
who  miferably  plunged  himfelf  into 
the  faid  confpiracy^  was  the  Mar- 
quis Francis- Affizes  of  Tavora  % 
the  hu(band  ;  who  perfonally  aflift- 
ed  in  one  of  the  ambufhes,  which 
were  infamoufly  laid  in  that  raofi: 
unfortunate  night  of  the  3d  of  Sep- 
tember ;  in  order  that  our  Lord  the 
King,  cfcaping  from  any  of  them, 
might  fall  into  the  others,  and  con- 
tributed twelve  moidores  towards 
that  infamous  reward,  which  fell  to 
the  ftiare  of  the  two  aflaflins  already 
mentioned. 

IV,  It  farther  appears,  that  the 
fecond  of  the  followers,  whom  the 
faid  marchionefs  drew  into  the  fame 
infamous  confpiracy,  was  the  Mar- 
quis Lewis-Bernard  of  Tavora  f , 
her  fon,  who,  two  days  before  the 

per- 

*  FranclTco  de  Afiiz  and  Tavora  (this  family  being  above  taking  the  title  of 
Don)  Marquis  of  Tavora,  and  Earl  of  St.  John  and  of  Alvor,  general  of  horfe, 
-^cc.  This  nobleman  was  himfelf  the  eldeft  branch  of  the  Alvor  family,  the  thiid 
noble  houfe  of  the  Tavoras  ;  and  by  marrying  his  kinfwoman,  the  heirefs  of  the 
laid  marquifate,  became,  in  her  right,  the  Earl  of  St.  John  and  Marquis  of  Ta- 
vora. The  family  of  Tavora  is  the  mod  illuftrious  of  the  kingdom,  as  well  for 
the  purity  as  antiquity  of  their  defcent  j  deriving  their  origin  from  the  Kings 
©f  Leon,  and  having  ever  preferved  their  dignity,  by  difdaining  to  make  any 
other  than  the  inoft  noble  alliances^  infomuch,  that  it  has  of  late  been  the 
pradice  of  the  branches  of  this  family,  to  marry  only  with  one  another.  They 
themftlves  conquered  from  the  Moors  the  lands  they  poflcfs,  and  on  which 
there  is  a  town,  a  river,  and  an  ancient  caftle  of  their  name  ;  and  they  even  pre- 
tend to  be  lords  of  Tavora,  by  the  Grace  of  God.  The  marquis  was  in  the 
56th  year  of  his  age,  of  the  higheft  middle  ftature  j  a  genteel  perfon,  comely 
countenance,  and  grave  deportment. 

f  Luis  Bernardo  de  Tavora,  younger  marquis  of  that  title,  was  the  eldeA 
ion  of  the  abovemcntioned  couple,  and  in  the  36th  year  of  his  age.     He  was  mar- 

P  3  ;ie(l 


A  man  of  great  felf-denial,  and  a 
faint;  the  faid  marchionefs  per- 
forming fpiritual  exercifes  under  his 
guidance  anddiredion,  and  ihewing 
that  Ihe  entirely  followed  his  dic- 
tates and  counfels,  in  order  to  ex- 
cite averfion  and  hatred  to  his  ma- 
jefty's  royal  perfon  and  moft  happy 
government;  agreeing  that  it  would 
hQ  very  ufeful,  that  our  faid  lord 
ihould  ceafe  to  live  ;  and  fupporting 
the  facrilegious  infult  of  the  night 
of  the  3d  of  September  of  laft  year, 
by  affociating  herfelf  immediately 
with  the  perfidious  and  facrilegious 
perpetrators  of  that  execrable  infult, 
and  contributing  fixteen  moidores, 
in  part  of  the  reward,  which  was 
given  to  the  infamous  monllers,  who 
in  the  aforefaid  night  fired  the  fa- 
crilegious ihot,  which  produced 
thofe  enormous  mifchiefs,  which 
we  all  deplore. 

It  further  appears,  that  the  faid 
marchionefs,  having  arrogated  to 
herfelf  the  defpotic  diredions  of  aU 
the  adions  of  the  marquis  her  hirf- 
band  ;  ofher  fons;  of  her  daughters; 
of  her  fon-in-law  ;  of  her  brothers- 
in-law  ;  and  of  other  perfons;  infa- 
moully  proltituted  the  authority, 
which   Ibe  aiTumed  over  them,    to 


214     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


peiipetration  of  the  facrilegious  in- 
Jult  of  the  third  of  September,  with 
lludiou.  precaution  fent  to  the  lla- 
bles  of  the  Duke  of  Aveiro,  two 
horfes  ready  bridled  and  faddled, 
and  covered  with  their  faddle  cloths; 
and  perfonally  affifted  at  the  am- 
^^odies  which  in  that  rnoft  unfortu- 
nate night  were  laid  againd  his  ma- 
jefty  ;  as  alfo  at  the  family-meeting, 
which  was  held  at  the  houfc  of  the 
Duke  of  Aveiro  ;  at  which  fome  of 
the  perfons  prefent  reproached  the 
aiTaflins,  who  fired  the  facrilegious 
Ihot,  for  that  thefe  had  not  all  their 
deteftable  efFeft  ;  while  others  flat- 
tered themfelves,  that  the  (aid  de- 
teftable crime  had  been  fully  ac- 
compliflied,  if  the  carriage  of  our 
Xord  the  King  had  but  pafTed  by 
the  place  where  thefe  barbarous 
boafters  were  way-laying  hinn. 

V.  It  further  appears  that  the 
third  of  the  followers,  whom  the 
faid  three  feditious  and  deteflable 
ringleaders  drew  into  this  infa- 
mous confpiracy,  was  Don  Jerome 


of  Ataide  f ,  Count  of  Atouguia^ 
fon-in-law  to  the  aforefaid  Marquis 
Francis-Aflizes,  and  Lady  Eleanor 
of  Tavora  ;  it  being  proved,  that 
he,  with  the  countefs,  his  wife, 
almoft  every  night,  aflifted  at  the 
feditious  and  abominable  cabals, 
which  were  held  in  the  houfe  of 
the  marquis  and  marchionefs,  his 
father  and  mother-in-law  ;  that  he 
contributed  eight  moidorcs  towards 
the  rnoft  worthlefs  reward  of  the 
afTaffins,  who  firec^  the  facrile'^ious 
iiiot  :  and  that  he  was  an  ijfibciate 
in  the  way  layings  which  were 
pofted  againft  his  majeAy. — — 

VJ.  It  further  appears,  that  the 
fourth  follower,  entangled  in  this 
confpiracy,  was  Jofeph  Maria  of 
Tavora*,  adjutant  of  the  military 
orders  of  the*Marquis  of  Tavora 
his  father:  for  it  is  proved,  that 
this  youth  was  alfo  perfonally  pre- 
fent at  the  infidious  and  facrilegi- 
ous  ambuHies  fo  often  mentioned  ; 
that,  in  like  manner,  he  was  pre- 
fent at  the  other   meetings  ;    and 


Tied  with  difpenfation  from  the  Pope,  to  his  father's  youngeft  filler.  Dona  The- 
reza  da  Tavora,  and  Lorena  (or  Lorain)  who  was  twenty  days  elder  than  himfelf. 
This  is  the  lady  who  is  faid  to  be  in  the  nunnery  of  Santos,  witlwut  our  having 
been  infornaed  whether  fhe  was  fent  thither  a  prifoner  by  order  of  the  court.  She 
i^  a  middle-fized  lady,  comely  in  her  perfon,  and  extiemeiy  elegant  in  her  de- 
portment. The  raaiquis  her  hufband  was  a  little  man,  and  thin  j  well  enough 
made,  but  not  of  a  pleafing  aifpeft,  though  with  a  coufiderable  refcmblance  of 
his  mother.  He  was  neither  deficient  in  wit  nor  humour,  but  not  amiable  in  his 
conduft,  nor  extremely  correal  in  his  morals.  This  couple  have  a  daughter  living, 
in  the  twelfth  year  of  her  age,  Dona  Joanna  daTavuia,  who  is  exceeding  beau- 
tiful J  but  who  i-s,  by  the  fentence  of  her  father,  grandfather  and  grandmother, 
deprived  of  the  very  name,  of  which  (he  fhould  otherv/ile  become  chief. 

■f  Don  Jcronymo  de  Ataide,  Earl  of  Atouguia,  cue  of  the  oldeft,  if  not  the 
moft  antient  title  of  the  kingdom.  This  nobleman  was  in  the  38th  year  cf  his 
age,  related  himfelf  to  the  Tavoras,  and  married  to  the  eideft  daughter  of  the 
elder  marquis  and  marchionefs  of  Tavora,  fifter  to  the  young  marquis  and  Joieph- 
Maria  of  that  name.  He  was  of  a  middle  ftaturc,  clumly  in  his  make,  of  a 
heavy  afpeft,  and  ungraceful  demanour,  and  of  flow  parts,  but  in  his  general 
conduct  an  inofrenfive  man. 

*  Jofeph-Maria  de  Tavora,  fecond  and  youngeft  fon  of  the  elder  marq'uis  and 
marchionefs  of  Tavora,  in  the  z'jd  year  of  his  age  ;  of  a  middle  fize,  molt  beau- 
tiful face,   genteel  perlbn,  agreeable  deportment,  and  amiable  difpofition. 

that 


STATE      PAPERS. 


215 


that  he  was  the  very  perfon  who  (al- 
luding to  the  prodigy  of  his  majef- 
ty's  eicaping  with  his  life)  uttered 
thofe  favage  and  (hocking  words  : 
**  Alas!  the  man  ought  not  to  have 
Cfcaped." 

VII.  It  further  appears,  that  the 
fifth  follower  in  the  before  men- 
tioned facriiegious  infult,  was 
Blaize- Joleph  Romeiro,  an  old  fer- 
vant  ot  the  Marcjuis  and  Marchlo- 
nefs  of  Tavora,  who  had  attended 
them  to  and  from  the  Indies,  and 
was  now  in  the  fervice  of  the  mar- 
quis their  fon  ;  was  a  corporal  in 
his  company,  lleward  of  his  houf- 
liold,  and  his  grand  favourite;  by 
whofe  confeiGon  it  was  proved,  that 
the  faid  marquis,  Lewis-Bernard 
of  Tavora,  not  only  truiled  him 
with  all  that  pafled,  but  alfo  that 
the  marquiiles,  father  and  fon,  had 
given  h.m  the  charge,  under  tie 
of  fecrecy,  to  lead  the  three  horfe.s 
which  in  the  night  of  the  infult, 
they  ordered  to  be  faddled,  armed, 
and  forwarded  to  the  grounds, 
where  the  faid  infult  was  commit- 
ted, and  where  he  was  prefent, 
when  that  execrable  crime  was  per- 
petrated. 

Vill.  IX.  It  further  appears,  that 
the  fixth  and  feventh  followers, 
whom  the  head  of  this  confpiracy 
the  Duke  of  Aveiro,  engaged  in 
it,  were  the  criminals,  Antony- 
Alvares  Ferreira,  formerly  keeper 
of  the  wardrobe  to  the  faid  duke, 
and  Jofeph  Policarp  de  Azevedo, 
brother- in  law  to  the  fame  Antony 
Alvares.  It  being  fully  proved, 
that  both  the  faid  criminals  went 
feveral  times  on  foot,  and  horfeback, 
in  company  of  the  faid  duke,  in 
order  to  become  acquainted  with 
the  carriage  in  which  his  majelly 
ufually  rode  ;    that,    for   this  pur- 

c,  he  ordered  them  to  buy  two 


horfes  not  known,  which  the  cri- 
minal Antony- Alvares  did  ;  that  he 
alfo  ordered  them  to  buy  unknown 
arms,  which  <he  aforefaid  criminal, 
Antony-Alvares,  did  not  buy  ;  he, 
together  with  his  faid  brother-in- 
law,  making  ufe  of  one  blunderbufs 
of  his  own,  of  another  which  was 
borrowed,  and  of  two  piftols  which 
he  had  borrowed  from  a  foreigner, 
(under  pretext  of  making  trial  of 
them).  That  the  premium,  which 
thefe  two  moft  favage  criminals  re- 
ceived from  the  duke  was  forty 
moidores ;  fixteen  at  one  time,  four 
at  another,  and  twenty  at  another : 
that  immediately  after  having  dif- 
charged  the  faid  arms  on  the  back 
of  the  carriage,  the  faid  Antony- 
Alvares,  and  his  brother-in-law, 
retreated  diredly  to  Li(bon  :  and 
finally,  that  the  criminal  Antony^ 
Alvares,  going  two  days  afterwards 
to  the  houfe  of  the  duke,  he  re- 
proached him  greatly,  faying : 
•*  That  thofe  fhot  had  been  of 
no  fervice :  and  uttering  (with  his 
finger  on  his  mouthy  and  great- fere- 
nity)  the  following  words,  •*  Hufh  ! 
for  the  devil  himfelf  can  know 
nothing  of  the  matter,  if  thou  doft 
not  tell  him  v*'  and  charging  him 
not  to  fell  the  horfes  direAly,  that 
he  might  nor  become  fufpeded. 

X.  It  further  appears,  that  the 
eighth  followers,  whom  the  Duke 
de  Aveiro  drew  into  his  confpira- 
cy, was  Emanuel  Alvares  Ferreira, 
who  brought  to  the  faid  duke  the 
cloaks  and  wigs  with  which  he  dif- 
guifed  himfelf  the  night  of  the  in* 
fult :  who,  till  the  time  of  his  being 
taken,  concealed  the  knowledge  he 
had  of  the  whole  tranfadlion  ;  and 
who  was  the  very  perfon,  that  at 
the  country  houfe  of  Azeiao,  made 
the  refiftance,    by    fnatching    the 

P  ^  (word 


2i6         ANNUAL    REGISTER,  1759. 


fword  from  the  fide  of  the  notary 
Lewis-Antony  de  Leiro,  when  he 
honourably  and  refolutely  Hopped 
the  Duke  of  Aveiro,  in  the  efcape 
he  was  attempting  to  make. 

XL  It  further  appears,  thas  the 
ninth  follower  was  John  Michael, 
attending  page,  and  the  grand  con- 
fident of  the  aforefaid  duke;  this 
appearing,  by  the  name  of  John, 
to  have  been,  in  the  night  of  the 
third  of  September  of  the  laft  year, 
one  of  the  afTociates  in  the  infult 
5n  queftion  :  and  his  faid  mafter 
afterwards  declaring  this  very  cri- 
minal, John  Michael,  to  have 
been  the  very  identic  John,  who 
was  afibciated  with  him  pnder  the 
arch. 

It  further  appears,  that,  by  means 
of  all  the  confederacies,  affociatiohs 
and  alTiilances,  above  rehearfed,  the 
aforefaid  three  ringleaders  of  this 
confpiracy,  and  their  afTociates, 
prepared  and  executed  the  moll 
horrid  infult  of  the  faid  night  of 
the  third  of  September  of  lall  year, 
in  manner  following  ;    namely, 

That  after  Jofeph  Mafcarenhas, 
and  Lady  Eleanor  of  Tavora,  had 
fettled  a  moil  fordid  gathering,  to 
which  the  other  afibciates  did  alfo 
contribute,  towards  making  up  the 
paultry  fum  of  192  milreis,  which 
were  the  premium  given  to  the 
two  favage  and  unnatural  aflaffins, 
Antony-Alvares  Ferreira,  and  Jo- 
feph Policarp ;  and  after,  with  the 
two  infamous  and  favage  malefac- 
tors aforefaid,  the  afTociates  in  the 
crime  had  compleated  the  number 
of  eleven,  they  all  polled  them- 
felves  on  horfcback,  divided  into 
different  parties,  or  ambufcades, 
within  the  liule  trail  of  ground 
which  lies  between  the  northern 
extremity  of  the  houfes  belonging 
^o  the  garden  called  do  Meyq^  and 


the  oppofite  fouthern  extremity  of 
the  garden  called  de  Cima,  through 
which  our  Lord  the  King  ufually 
returned  home,  when  he  had  been 
abroad  in  a  private  manner,  as  was 
the  cafe  the  night  of  the  mod  hor- 
rible infult  in  queltion  ;  that  if  his 
majefty  efcaped  from  the  firft  way- 
layings,  he  might  not  fail  of  being 
deilroyed  by  the  others  which  fuc- 
ceeded  them. 

It  further  appears,  that  our  faid 
lord  having  turned  the  corner  of 
the  faid  northern  extremity  of  the 
above-mentioned  houfes  belonging 
to  the  garden  do  Meyo,  the  ring- 
leader of  the  confpiracy,  Jofeph 
Mafcarenhas,  came  forth  imme- 
diately from  the  arch,  which  was 
in  that  place,  and  prefented  againft 
Coflodio  da  Cofta,  the  coachman 
who  drove  his  majefly,  a  blunder- 
bufs,  which  miffing  fire,  and  warn- 
ing the  coachman  with  the  fnap 
and  fparks  from  the  flint,  obliged 
him,  without  declaring  to  his  ma- 
jefly what  he  had  feen  and  heard, 
to  pulh  on  the  mules,  fo  as  to  avoid 
the  murder  which  he  apprehended. 
The  mifcarriage  of  this  firing  was 
the  firft  of  the  apparent  miracles,^ 
with  which  the  Divine  Omnipo- 
tence, in  that  moft  fatal  night,  fuc- 
coured  all  thefe  realms,  by  the  pre- 
fervation  of  the  ineilimable  life  of 
his  majelly  ;  it  being  impoffible  he 
fhould  have  efcaped,  if,  the  coach- 
man falling  dead  with  that  infamous 
difcharge,  our  faid  lord  had  re- 
mained a  prey  in  the  hands  of  thofe 
horrible  monflers,  who  flood  arm- 
ed, in  10  many  and  fuch  neighbour- 
ing ambufhes,  againft  his  mofl  au- 
guil  and  precious  life. 

It  further  appears,   that  on    ac- 
count of  the  hafty  pace  with  which 
the  coachman  endeavoured  to  fave 
himfelf,  the  two  moft  fayage  ma- 
lefaftors. 


STATE     PAPERS. 


217 


lefaAors,  Antony-Alvares,  and  Jo- 
feph  Policarp,  who  were  pofted  in 
the  ambufli,  immediately  follow- 
ing, could  not  take  a  (leady  aim  at 
the  fpot  againft  which  they  ihould 
6re,  Wherefore  galloping  after 
the  faidcarriage,  they  fired  as  fait  as 
they  poflibly  could  upon  the  back 
of  the  fame,  the  two  facrilegious 
and  execrable  fliot,  which  caufed 
in  his  majcfty's  moft  augull  and 
jnoft  facred  perfon,  thofe  moft  griev- 
ous and  moft  dangerous  wounds 
and  dilacerations ;  which,  from  the 
right  fiioulder  along  the  arm  and 
down  to  the  elbow  on  the  outfide, 
and  alfo  on  the  inner  part  of  the 
fame,  occaiioned  a  confiderable  lofs 
of  fubftance,  from  the  variety  of 
the  contofions ;  fix  of  which  went 
fo  far  as  to  offend  the  breaft ;  a 
great  number  of  fiugs  being  ex- 
tradled  from  them  all.  When  on 
one  hand  is  manifeftly  feen  the  cru- 
elty with  which  the  flugs  were  pre- 
ferred to  bullets,  in  order  by  that 
means  the  more  certainly  to  fecure 
the  moft  fatal  purpofe  of  that  favage 
and  facrilegious  infult :  and,  on 
the  other,  that  this  was  the  fe- 
cond  of  the  miraculous  works  of 
the  Divine  Omnipotence  in  that 
moft  unfortunate  night,  for  the 
common  benefit  of  theie  realms  ;  for 
it  cannot  be  in  the  common  order 
of  events,  nor  can  it  be  in  any 
wife  afcribed  to  the  cafualty  of  ac- 
cidental occurrences,  that  two 
charges  of  flugs,  fired  out  of  fuch 
pieces,  fhould  make  their  way  thro' 
the  narrow  fpace  of  a  carriage,  with- 
out totally  and  abfolucely  deftroy- 
ing  the  perfons  who  were  in  fuch 

carriage .       . 

It  further  appears,  that  this  mi- 
raculous event  was  followed  by  a 
ihird,  equal  to  it,  or  rather  great- 
er.     For,    our  Lord  God  making 


ufe  in  that  critical  conjundlure  of 
his  majefty's  heroic  courage  and 
unftiaken  ferenity,  to  mani'eft  his 
prodigies  to  us  ;  his  majefty  rot 
only  bore  thofe  unexpected  and  moft: 
torturing  mifchiefs,  without  utter- 
ing a  fingle  word  which  indicated 
a  complaint  ;  but  took  the, won*, 
derful  refolution  to  order  the  car- 
riage to  xeturn  back  imjnediately. 
from  where  he  then  was,  to  tko 
houfe  of  the  chief  furgeqn  of  tte 
kingdom  ;  where,  not  iiifferting  his 
wounds  to  be  uncovered  tilljhc  had, 
by  the  facrament  of  penance,  firft  re- 
turned thanks  to  the  fupreroe  King 
of  kings  for  the  prefervation  oi 
his  life  from  fo  great  a  danger, 
he  firft  confeffed  at  the  feet  of  a 
minifter  of  the  gofpel,  and  thea 
proceeded  with  the  fame  filence,  fe- 
renity, and  firmnefs,  to  fubmit  to 
the  painful  operations  nece/Tary  to- 
wards a  cure.  By  thefe  means  his 
majefty  avoided  thd  perils  from  the 
other  favages,  afTociates  in  the 
crime,  which  he  could  not  have 
efcaped,  had  he  continued  the  route 
he  was  accuftomed  to  take  in  re« 
turning  home  to  his  palace. 

It  further  appears,  that  the  afore- 
faid  criminals  afTembled  again  the 
faid  night,  and  inftead  of  Ihewing 
any  fymptons  of  remorfe,  boafted 
of  it  one  with  another  ;  the  criminal 
Jofeph  Mafcarenhas,  then  Duke  of 
Aveiro,  beating  on  the  ftones  the 
blunderbufs,  which  had  milled  go- 
ing off,  and  faying  in  a  paffion 
thefe  infernal  words,  ••  Damnation 
feize  thee !  when  I  want  thee, 
thou  art  of  no  ufe.  to  mc."  The 
criminal  Francis- Aflizes,  expreffing 
fome  doubt  whether  his  majefty 
had  periihed  ;  the  faid  criminal 
Jofeph  Mafcarenhas  re-afTuming  the 
difcourfe  faid,  **  No  matter,  if  he 
is  not  deadi  he  ihall  die."    Ano^ 

ther 


2i8       ANNUAL    RE 

ther  of  the  afibciates  taking  up 
thefe  words  and  replying,  with  the 
moft  impious  threat,  "  The  point 
is,  that  if  he  do  but  go  abroad." 
And  the  other  criminal  Jofeph-Ma- 
ria  of  Tavora  enquiring  with  great 
conipofure  after  the  aflbciate  John 
Michael,  who  was  not  as  yet  ar- 
rived. On  the  day  immediately 
following,  in  a  family  meeting,  in 
confequence  of  the  fame  inflexible 
obftinacy,  favage  defpair,  and  de- 
plorable abandoning  of  all  divine 
graces,  they  there  perfifted,  fome  in 
reproaching  the  aiTaffms  Antony- AI- 
vares  and  Jofeph  Policarp,  for  that 
they  had  not  aimed  their  fires  in  fuch 
a  manner,  as  to  complete  all  their 
moft  mifchievous  intent ;  others  in 
boalling  that  they  lliould  have  ef- 
feftually  completed  the  faid  execra- 
ble intent,  had  our  Lord  the  King 
pafled  by  the  ambufhes,  where  they 
themfeves  were  polled  to  way-lay 
him,  inftead  of  turning  back,  as 
he  did,  by  the  defcent  of  Ajuda  to 
Junqueira. 

It  further  appears,  that  even  if 
all  the  exuberant  and  conclufive 
proofs  above  rehearfed  had  really 
been  wanting,  the  prefumptions  of 
the  law,  which  condemns  the  ring- 
leaders and  fuch  others  as  his  majel- 
ty  fhall  be  pleafed  to  permit,  would 
amply  fuffice  :  for  whereas  all  pre- 
fumptions of  the  law  are  held 
for  lo  many  every  way  un control- 
able  proofs,  which  difpenfe  with 
^he  want  of  every  other  proof,  and 
lay  the  perfon  who  has  them  againft 
him,  under  the  incumbency  of 
producing  other  contrary  proofs  of 
fuch  ftrength  and  efficacy,  as  may 
conclufively  deftroy  them  :  not  one 
only,  but  many  are  the  prefomp- 
ticns  in  law,  which  the  faid  ring- 
leaders of  this  confpiracy,  and 
principally    the    criminal     jofeph 


GISTER,    1759. 

Mafcarenhas,  heretofore  Duke  of 
Aveiro,  and  the  perverted  members 
of  the  fociety  of  Jefus,  have  againil 
them. 

It  further  appears,  in  confirma- 
tion of  the  above  premifes,  that 
whereas  the  law  prefumes  that  he 
who  has  been  once  bad,  will  be  al- 
ways fuch  in  crimes  of  the  fame 
fpecies  with  that  he  has  already 
committed  ;  not  one,  but  many 
have  been  the  iniquities  which  * 
thefe  two  ringleaders  have  medi- 
tated againft  the  augult  perfon  and 
moil  happy  government  of  our  Lord 
the  King,  by  a  feries  of  fads  con- 
tinued from  the  very  commence- 
ment of  his  majelty's  moll  happy 
governhient. 

It  further  appears,  with  regard 
to  the  faid  jeluits,  that  finding 
themfelves,  by  his  majefty's  incom- 
parable penetration,  deprived  of 
that  defpotifm  in  this  court,  with- 
out which  they  could  by  no  means 
cover  the  ufurpations  they  had  made 
in  the  Portugal  dominions  in  Afri- 
ca, Afia,  and  America;  and  much 
lefs  palliate  the  open  war,  which 
they  had  kindled  in  the  north 
and  fouih  of  the  Hates  of  Brazil  ; 
theydevifed  the  mod  deteftable  in- 
trigues againil  his  majefty's  high 
renown,  and  the  public  tranquil- 
lity, by  various  projefts  of  an  exe- 
crable nature,  in  order  to  excite 
fediiions  in  the  very  heart  of  the 
court  and  kingdom,  and  to  draw 
the  fcourge  of  war  upon  the  fubjedls 
thereof.  From  all  which  it  follows, 
that  the  faid  jefuits  are  thereby 
conflituted  in  the  proper  terms 
of  the  aforefaid  rule  and  prefump- 
tion  of  the  law ;  and  it  would> 
then  fuffice,  if  all  other  proofs 
had  failed,  to  convince  our 
minds,  that  they  were  afterwards 
the  perfons,    who,  devifed  the  in- 


STATE      PAPERS 


fult  in  queftion  ;  till  they  fhould 
prove,  in  a  conclufive  manner,  that 
ihe.  criminals  guilty  thereof  were 
other  people. 

It  further  appears,  in  flill  fuller 
confirmation  of  all  that  has  been 
faid,  that  at  the  juncture  in  which 
our  Lord  the  King  was  dilcon- 
certing  all  thofe  wicked  devices  of 
the  jefuits,  by  depofing  the  royal 
penitentiaries  of  that  fraternity, 
and  by  forbidding  to  all  tie  mem- 
bers thereof  all  accefs  to  the  palace, 
it  was  feen  on  one  hand,  that  ia- 
{lead  of  being  humble,  lo  far  did 
they  behave  on  the  reverfe,  that 
they  openly  and  undifguifedly  went 
on,  increafing  in  arrogance  and 
pride,  publickly  bragging,  that  the 
iTioie  the  court  threw  them  off,  fo 
much  the  more  the  nobility  clung  to 
them  ;  threatening  the  court  with 
divine  chaftifements,  and  fuggell- 
ing,  till  the  very  latter  end  of 
Auguft,  that  his  rcajefty's  life 
would  be  fhort ;  that  the  month  of 
Septenaber  would  be  the  final  period 
of  it ;  and  Qabriel  Malagrida 
writing  to  different  perfons  of  the 
court,  the  faid  mod  wretched  prog- 
noilics,  in  tone  of  prophecies  :  on 
the  other  hand,  in  contradidion 
of  all  this,  it  was  feen,  that  when 
the  criminals  guilty  of  this  horri- 
ble confpiracy  were  feized,  the 
tone  of  the  fraternity  was  fuddenly 
changed  ;  and  John  Henriques, 
their  provincial,  writing  to  Rome, 
implores  the  fathers  of  their  order 
to  recommend  them  to  God,  for 
that  all  the  community  were  in 
great  afflidion ;  that  the  public 
involved  them  in  the  infult  of  Sep- 
tember  3d,  and  fentenced  them  to 
imprifonmenls,  exiles,  and  a  total 
expulfion  from  the  court  and  king- 
dom ;  that  they  were  in  the  greatell 
^raiti^    in    the    utmoU    calamity. 


219 

full  of  dreads  and  frights,  without 
any  confolation,  and  without  any 
hopes  thereof,  Sec.  There  refult- 
ing  from  thefe  two  contradidory 
extremes  of  writing,  this  plain  de- 
monitration  ;  that,  before  the  faid 
infult,  they  conhded  in  the  confpi- 
racy, which  emboldened  ihem  to 
fpcak  and  write  with  fo  much  tem- 
poral baughtinefs,  and  with  fo 
much  fpiritual  arrogance,  and  in  a 
lone  of  fatal  and  facrilegious  pro- 
phecy ;  and  that  after  the  difcovery, 
all  that  chimerical  ftrudure  of  pride 
and  arrogance  neceffarily  funk  in- 
to that  abjed  faint-heaitfednefs, 
which  is  indifpenfibly  annexed  to 
the  convidion  of  guilt,  and  the 
v/ant  of  means  to  cover  and  fupport 
the  diffimulation  with  which  it  was 
committed. 

With  regard  to  the  other  ring- 
leader, Don  Jofeph  Mafcarenhas,  . 
that  he  alfo  would  be  found  under 
the  fame  prefumptions  of  the  law, 
even  had  there  been  nothing  more 
againft  him  ;  for  it  is  notorious, 
that  from  the  time  of  the  deceafe  of 
our  late  Lord  the  King,  Don  John 
V.  to  the  prefent,  he  was  author 
of  the  innumerable  intrigues  and 
cabals,  with  which  he  filled  the 
court  of  our  Lord  the  King,  in  or- 
der to  furprife  his  majefty,  and 
obftrud  his  refolutions,  as  well  in 
the  courts  of  judicature  as  in  the 
cabinet,  by  means  of  the  fadion  of 
his  uncle  F.  Gafpar  da  Incarna- 
936,  and  of  his  own  party,  in  fuch 
manner  as  that  neither  truth  mioht 
approach  the  prefence  of  our  faid 
lord,  nor  any  refolutions  be  taken, 
which  were  not  obreptifious,  fub- 
reptitious,  and  founded  on  falfe. 
and  capiiou*  informations.  And 
as  to  the  prefumption  that  he  was 
the  perfon  who  committed  the  ex- 
ecrable infult  in  queHion,    it  will 

fu£ce 


a2o      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 

/uffice  to  reflet,  that  both  before  and  the  monarchy,  that  ducal  title, 
and  after  it,  he  afted  the  very  fame 
part,  which  was  a6led  by  the  jefuits  ; 
}iis  pride  and  arrogance  before  it 
were  generally  fcandalous^  but  after 
it  had  /ailed  of  producing  the  hor- 
rible effed,  all  that  pride  and  ar- 
rogance funk  into  confufion  and 
dread,  (hunning  tlie  court,  and  re- 
tiring 10  his  country- feat  at  Azeitao, 
where  he  was  feized,  after  attempt- 
ing to  fave  himfelf,  firft  by  flight, 
and  then  by  an  ill-judged  refiH- 
iance. 

With  regard  to  Lady  Eleanor  of 
Tavora,  heretofore  marchionefs  of 
that  title,  the  third  ringleader,  it 
is  notorious,  that  her  diabolical 
fpirit  of  pride  and  infatiable  am- 
]iition,  was^  fufHcient  to  excite  her 
to  the  greateft  infults.  Inftigated 
^y  thofe  blind  and  ardent  paiTions, 
Ihe,  had  the  bold nefs  (along  with 
her  hufband)  to  offer  a  remoniirance 
to  our  Lord  the  King,  for  him  to 
he  made  a  duke,^  notwithftanding 
his  infignifi-cant  fervices  had  been 
fully  requited  with  the  promotions 
he  had  obtained  in  India  ;  and  that 
there  were  no  precedents  in  the 
chanceries  of  the  realm,  of  any 
perfon  of  his  poft  being  promoted 
to  that  title ;  yet  both  the  faid 
criminals,  without  confideration  or 
fliame,  were  inftantly  perfecuting 
the  fecretary  of  ftate  for  domeilic 
affairs  for  that  promotion  ;  info- 
inuch  that,  in  order  to  check  thofe 
importunities,  it  became  neceflary 
to  make  them  co  nprehend  in  a  po- 
lite and  decent  manner,  that  their 
pretention  had  no  precedent  to 
lupport  it :  this  proved  the  founda- 
tion of  that  paffion,  with  which 
the  faid  march ionefi  went  and  re- 
conciled herfelf  with  the  Duke  of 
Aveiro,  in  order  to  obtain  by  his 
favour,  with  the  ruin  of  his  majeily 


which  her  vehement  ambition  had 
inflamed  her  with.  However,  all 
that  pride,  ambition  and  haughti- 
nefs,  which  flie  had  exerted  till  the 
fatal  epoch  of  the  execrable  infult 
of  the  third  of  September  lafl,  did, 
after  the  faid  infult,  fall  fpiritlefs  in- 
to manifeft  confufion  and  difmay. 

All  which  confidered,  and  the 
reft  contained  in  the  procefs,  this 
tribunal,  to  the  end  that  it  may 
proportion  the  penalties  deferved 
by  thofe  infamous  and  facrilegious 
criminals  as  much  as  poflible  to 
their  execrable  and  moft  fcandalous 
crinaes  ; 

*'  They  condemn  the  criminal 
Jofeph  Mafcarenhas  (who  is  alrea^ 
dy  unnaturalized,  divefled  of  the 
honours  and  privileges  of  a  Portu- 
guefe,  and  of  thofe  of  a  vaflfal  and 
fervant ;  degraded  of  the  order  of 
St.  Jago,  of  which  he  was  a  com- 
mendatory ;  and  refigned  up  to  this 
tribunal  and  to  the  lay  jullice, 
(which  is  therein  adminiilred)  to  the 
f  unifhment,  that  he,  as  one  of  the 
three  heads,  or  chief  ringleaders  of 
this  infamous  confpiracy,  and  of 
the  abominable  infult  which  refult- 
ed  from  it,  be  conveyed,  with  a 
halter  about  his  neck,  and  procla- 
mation of  his  crimes,  to  the  fquare 
upon  the  quay  of  the  town  of  JBe- 
lern  ;  and  that  there,  upon  a  high 
fcaflx>ld,  which  fliall  be  fufficiently 
elevated  for  his  punifliment  to  be 
vifible  to  the  whole  people,  whom 
the  fcandal  of  his  moft  horrible 
crime  has  offended,  after  he  has 
been  broken  alive,  by  the  fradure 
of  the  eight  bones  of  his  legs  and 
arms,  he  be  expofed  on  a-  wheel, 
for  the  fatisfadtion  of  the  prefent 
and  future  vaflals  of  this  realm  : 
and  that,  after  this  execution  being 
done,   the  fame  criminal  be  burnt 

alive» 


STATE    PAPERS. 


221 


alive,  with  the  faid  fcafFoId  on 
which  he  was  executed,  till  all  be 
reduced  by  fire  into  afhes  and  pow- 
der,  which  fliall  be  thrown  into  the 
Tea,  that  there  may  be  no  more  no- 
lice  taken  of  him  or  his  memo- 
ry:  and  though,  as  a  criminal 
guilty  of  the  abominable  crimes  of 
rebellion,  fedition,  high-treafon, 
and  parricide,  he  be  already  con- 
demned by  the  tribunal  of  military 
orders,  to  the  confifcation  and  for- 
feiture of  all  his  real  and  perfonal 
eftate  to  the  ufe  of  the  crown,  as 
has  been  pradlifed  in  thefc  cafes, 
wherein  the  crime  of  high-treafon 
of  the  firfl  rate  has  been  commit- 
ted :  neverthelefs,  coniidering  this 
as  having  been  a  cafe  fo  unexped- 
ed,  fo  unufual,  and  fo  extravagant- 
ly horrible  and  unthought  of  by 
the  laws,  that  not  even  they  have 
provided  for,  nor  can  there  be 
found  therein  a  punifliment  pro- 
portionable to  its  exorbitant  foul- 
nefs ;  therefore  from  this  motive 
our  faid  lord  was  entreated  in  the 
confultation  of  this  court,  and  his 
majeily  was  pleafed,  in  conformity 
to  its  requeft,  to  grant  it  the  ample 
jurifdiftion  to  eftabli(h  all  the  pu- 
nifhments  which  (hould  be  fettled 
by  a  plurality  of  votej,  over  and 
above  thofe  which  by  the  laws, 
and  the  difpofitions  of  law,  are  al- 
ready eftabliflied  :  and  confidering 
that  the  punifhment,  the  moil  con- 
formable to  equity,  is  that  of  eraf- 
ing  and  obliieratir^g,  by  every 
means,  evety  memorial  of  the 
name  and  remembrance  of  fuch 
enormous  criminals ;  they  alfo  con- 
demn the  fame  criminal,  not  only 
in  the  penalties  of  the  common 
law,  that  his  arms  and  atchieve- 
ments,  wherever  placed,  be  pulled 
<iown,  and  rent  in  pieces ;  and 
that    the    houfes,     and    material 


edifices  of  his  abode  be  demo- 
lifhed,  ar.d  erafed  in  fuch  fort,  that 
there  may  not  a  fign  of  them  re- 
main, being  reduced  to  a  wild, 
and  covered  with  fait  ;  but  alfo, 
that  all  efFedive  houfes  or  cilates  by 
him  enjoyed,  in  thofe  parts  there- 
of, which  have  been  eftablifhed  ia 
properties  of  the  crown,  or  have 
iffued  from  thence,  be  confifcated, 
and  from  this  time  forward  for- 
feited, with  eifejfiual  revcrfion, 
and  re- incorporation  in  the  faid 
crown,   from  whence  thty  derived, 

&c. The  fame  they  order  to 

be  obferved,  with  refped  to  the 
copyholds  of  any  kind  whatever, 
with  the  provlfo  eftablifhed,  con- 
cerning the  fale  thereof  ia  benefit 
of  the  lords  of  the  manors.  With 
regard  to  the  other  entailed  eilates, 
fettled  with  the  patrimony  of  the 
entailers,  they  declare,  that  the 
ftatutes  are  to  be  obferved,  in  be- 
nefit of  thofe,  who  ought  to  fuc- 
ceed  to  them." 

They  condemn  to  the  fame  pains 
the  criminal  Francis  Afllzes  of  Ta- 
vora,  and  ordain,  that  no  perions 
whatever  Ihall  ufe  the  furname  of 
Tavora,  on  pain  of  confiftaiion  and 
outlawry. 

They  condemn  the  two  favage 
monfters  Antonio-Alvares  Ferreira 
and  Jofeph  Policarp,  who  fired  the 
two  facrilegious  fhot,  to  be  convey- 
ed with  halters  about  iheir  necks  to 
the  great  fquare ;  and  that  being 
there  exalted  on  two  ports,  fire  be 
fet  to  them,  which  fhall  confume 
them  alive,  till  their  bodies  be 
reduced  to  afhes  and  powder, 
which  (hall  be  thrown  into  the 
fea,  their  dwelling-houfes  crafed, 
and  their  names  blotted  out.  But 
the  criminal  Jofeph  Policarp  having 
abfconded,  a  power  is  given  to 
any  body  to   fcizc   and   kill  him,. 

and 


222        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


and  a  reward  of  lo.coo  crufados 
is  ofFcred  for  bringing  him  dead  or 
alive  before  the  Senator  of  the  pa- 
lace ;  or  20,000  if  taken  in  a 
foreign  countr^. 

7'hey  condemn  the  criminals 
LeNv  is- Bernard  of  lavora,  Don 
Jerome  of  Ataide,  jofeph-Maria  of 
Tavora,  Blaize-jofcph  Romeiro, 
John  Michael,  and  Emanuel-AI- 
vares,  to  be  conveyed  to  the  fame 
place  of  execution,  with  halters 
about  their  necks,  to  be  firll 
ilrangled,  and  afterwards  to  have 
the  eight  bones  of  their  legs  and 
7  J  arms  broken,  and  then  their  bodies 
to  be  reduced  by  fire  into  powder, 
and  throwjD  into  the  fea,  &c.  with 
confifcation  and  forfeiture  of  goods, 
&c.  to  the  ufe  of  the  crown,  de- 
molition, erazement,  and  falting 
of  their  dwelling-houfes,  and  pull- 
ing  down  and  defacement  of  arms 
and  atchievements. 

And  the  criminal,  Lady  Eieanor 
of  Tavora,  for  certain  julc  confide- 
rations,  they  condemn  only  to  be 
conveyed  to  the  fame  place  of  exe- 
cution, with  a  halter  about  her 
heck,  and  there  to  be  beheaded, 
her  body  reduced  to  powder  by 
'fire,  and  thrown  alfo  into  the  Tea, 
&c.  with  extindion  of  memory, 
and  all  other  confifcations. 


Oh/ewations  on  the/entence  proncun- 
ced  upon  the  co?tj'pirators  agaitiji  the 
life  of  the  King  of  Portugal.  By 
William  Shirley,  late  of  Lijbon, 
Merchant. 


MR.  Shirley's  principal  objec- 
tion againft  the  pamphlet  on 
which  he  animadverts  is,  that  it 
does  not  exhibit   the  evidence  hy 


which  the  faiEls  alledged  in  it  weffe 
proved  ;     that    the   letters    faid    to 
have    been  written  by  the  jefuiis, 
are  not  made  public  ;    and  that  the 
criminals    were   proceeded    agair^lt 
with  more  feverity,  than  thofe  who 
attempted    to    ailaffinate    a  former 
King  of  Portugal,   tho'  their  crime 
was  attended  with  many  aggrava- 
tions,    from    which    the   crime  of 
thefe  is  UcQ.     The  four  lords  who 
were    executed     for    a    confpiracy 
againft    John   IV.    in   1641,    were 
conveyed  to  a  great  fquare  in  the 
city,  called  the  Rocio,  the  preceed- 
ing  night,  and  lodged  in  feparate 
apartments  of  the  fame  houfe.     On 
the   next  morning  they  were  con- 
duced  from   the  firft  floor  of  the 
houfe  by  a  paffage  which  had  been 
built  on   purpoie,  up  to  a  fcaffold, 
whereon  there  were  placed  four  arm- 
ed  chairs  in  which  they  were  exe- 
cuted, with  an  obfervance  of  rank 
in  their  fuuations ;   Don  Agoftinho 
Manoel's  being  placed  on  the  floor 
of  the  fcafrold  ;  the  Conde  de  Arma- 
mar's  on  an  elevation  of  one  Hep  j 
that  of  the  Marquis  of  Villareal  on 
one  of  two  ilcps  ;    and  that  of  the 
Doke  of  Gaminha  on  one  of  three  j 
while    all    the  meaner  confpirators 
were    hanged  on  a  higher  gallows 
than  ordinary,  and  afterwards  quar- 
tered. Thus  far  were  the  proceedings 
againft  thofe  offenders  without  any 
levelling  of  diftintlion.    The  noble- 
men had  no  halters  put  about  their 
necks,  nor  were  condemried  to  any 
fuch  ignominy*     When  they  went 
feparately  out,  each  had  his  thumbs 
tied  together  with  a  black  ribbon^ 
and    was   accompanied    by   judges^ 
juHices,    gentlemen,    and   his   own 
fervanis,    with    Portugal    king    at 
arms,    in   his  habit,    to   make  the 
publication   of  offences  j    and   they 
were   afterwards    buried   in  facred 
ground. 


STATE      PAPERS. 


22^ 


ground.  Nay,  with  fuch  humanity 
docs  a  cotcmporary  court  writer 
treat  of  their  fuffering,  that  he  men- 
tions, with  deieflation,  a  barbarity 
of  the  rabble's  towards  the  Marquis 
of  Villareal  in  the  following  words : 
**  The  executioner,  who  with  his 
face  covered  performed  the  execu- 
tion, bound  him  by  the  arms  and 
legs  to  the  chair  in  which  he  was 
feated.  In  this  horrid  fituation,  he 
fent  to  afk  of  the  people,  who  in 
great  numbers  were  aflembled  in  the 
Rocio,  their  pardon  for  the  offence 
he  had  committed  againft  the  king- 
dom. But  that  blind  and  outrageous 
monfter  imagined  the  pardon  he 
afked  was,  that  he  might  live,  and 
with  high  fury  repeated  three  times, 
Die.  An  outrage  that  greatly  af- 
fedled  the  fpirics  of  thofe  who  were 
lefs  inconfiderate."  Such  was  the 
decorum  of  high  judicial  proceed- 
ings in  thofe  days ;  fuch  were  the 
regards  paid  to  rank  in  the  worft 
of  offenders  ;  and  fuch  the  delicacy 
of  reprefentation  of  the  matter  by 
a  court  author ;  in  all  points  far 
differing  from  what  we  have  lately 
feen  and  heard  of  from  the  fanx 
country. 

Mr.  Shirley,  upon  this  occafion, 
relates  a  barbarous  execution  made 
by  Peter  the  Firft,  lurnamed  the 
Cruel,  in  the  year  1357.  Peter  had 
married  in  his  father's  life- time,  and 
was  become  a  widower  with  but  one 
fon  ;  and  having  had  an  intrigue 
with  Donna  Agnes  de  Caflro,  a  lady 
of  diilin£lion,  his  pafRon  for  her 
became  fo  violent,  that  he  was  mar- 
ried to  her  in  fecret.  His  father, 
Alfonfo  IV.  who  had  no  other  fon 
living,  nor  any  collateral  heirs  to 
his  crown,  knowing  of  Peter's 
amour,  but  not  of  his  marriage,  was 
extremely  defirous  of  efpoufing  him 
to  another;    but  finding  his  fon's 


attachment  to  a  fuppofed  miflrefs 
unalterable,  he  at  lall  employed 
three  of  his  courtiers  to  make  away 
with  her.  This  they  did,  unhap- 
pily for  themfclvcs ;  for  Peter  foon 
after  fucceeded  to  the  throne,  when 
they,  fearing  his  indignation,  fled 
the  kingdom.  But  his  wrath  was 
fo  implacable,  that  he  was  deter- 
mined on  revenge,  and  accordingly 
agreed  with  Peter  the  Cruel  of 
Cadile,  to  give  up  fome  offenders  to 
him,  who  had  taken  (belter  in  Por- 
tugal, for  Pedro  Coelbo  and  Alvaro 
Gonfalves  two  of  the  affaflins  : 
as  for  Deogo  Lopez,  the  third,  he 
fortunately  got  a  fecurer  fanftuary. 
When  he  had  thofe  two  men  in  his 
power,  he  ordered  their  hearts  to 
be  torn  out  alive,  and  their  bodies 
to  be  burned,  which  was  accord- 
ingly executed  in  his  prefence.  This, 
however,  Mr.  Shirley  obferves,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  no  condemna- 
tion of  the  law,  but  the  arbitrary 
ad  of  ay.  inflamed  tyrannical  fpirit, 
as  may  be  judged  from  the  frantic 
extravagance  of  affeiflion  that  ap- 
peared in  every  thing  he  did  con- 
cerning that  lady,  whofe  body  he 
caufed  to  be  taken  from  the  grave, 
had  it  folemnly  crowned,  obliging 
the  dates  of  the  kingdom  to  kifs  hef 
hand,  in  token  of  their  acknow- 
ledging her  for  queen,  and  then 
buried  her  at  the  royal  convent  of 
Alcobaca,  with  every  circumflance 
of  regal  pomp,  declaring  her  to 
have  been  legally  his  wife;  and 
fome  of  the  children  he  had  by  her 
he  moreover  caufed  to  be  acknow- 
ledged for  legitimate  princes. 

There  is  in  this  pamphlet  ano- 
ther remarkable  relation,  which  we 
extrad  with  great  pleafure,  not  only 
becaufe  it  produces  a  lively  fenfe 
of  the  privilege  of  Britifti  fubjeds, 
but  becaufe  it  it  a  Rriking  proof, 

that 


224        ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1759, 


that  the  cruelty  praflifed  in  other 
countries  is  ineffectual  for  the  pur- 
pofes  it  is  intended  to  anfwer. 

A  confcientious  judge  haying  ob- 
ferved  the  effect  of  the  rack  on 
iuppoTed  criminals,  in  makjng  them 
jeady  to  confefs  any  thing,  to  the 
facrificing  of  their  lives,  in  order 
to  get  releafed  from  the  torture, 
ielt  in  his  own  ir.ind  fome  ftrong 
fenfations  on  the  convi6lion  of  ac- 
cufed  perfons  by  fuch  methods ;  in- 
fomuch  that,  from  fomething  which 
iad  happened  in  a  particular  cafe, 
bis  concern  was  fo  great  as  to  de- 
termine him  upon  trying  an  expe- 
riment. 

It  is  a  capital  crime  in  that  coun- 
try to  kill  a  horfe  or  mule,  and  he 
happened  to  have  one  of  the  former 
fpecies  which  he  very  much  efteem- 
cd.  In  profecuting  of  his  fcheme, 
he  took  care  one  night  to  keep  all 
his  fervants  employed,  fo  that  no 
one  but  the  groom  could  go  into 
the  ftable.  But,  when  all  were  af- 
terwards fall  afleep  in  their  beds, 
he  ftole  thither  himfelf,  and  cut 
off  the  tail  of  his  horfe,  by  which 
wound  the  creature  bled  to  death. 
Great  confufion,  it  may  be  fup- 
pofcd,  followed  the  difcovery  of  the 
jnifchief  on  the  fucceeding  morn- 
ing, when  the  mailer,  upon  being 
informed  of  what  had  happened, 
appeared  highly  incenfed.  Strict 
enquiries  being  made  about  the 
pevfon  who  cotjld  have  ccmmitted 
the  crime,  the  other  fe/vants  all 
found  means  cafily  for  the  juftifying 
of  their  own  innocence  ;  fo  that  the 
whole  of  the  imputation  of  courfe 
refted  on  the  groom,  who  was  there- 
upon apprehended  and  committed 
to  prifon.  The  poor  fellow,  upon 
his  arraignment,  i:  may  be  lup- 
pofed,  pleaded  not  guilty  :  but  the 
jirefumptions    being     very    flrong 


againft  him,  he  was  ordered  to  the 
rack,  where  the  extremity  of  tor-^ 
ture  foon  wrung  from  him  a  con- 
feffion  of  the  crime,  he  choofing  to 
fubmit  to  death,  rather  than  endure 
the  mifery  he  was  undergoing; 
Upon  this  confeffion  he  had  fen- 
tence  of  hanging  paiTed  upon  him, 
when  his  malter  (who  from  having 
been  profecutor,  could  not  of  courfe: 
be  one  of  his  judges)  went  to  the 
tribunal,  and  there  expofed  the 
fallibility  of  confeffions  obtained  by 
fuch  means,  by  owning  the  fa6t 
himfelf,  and  difclofmg  the  motives 
that  had  influenced  his  making  the 
experiment:  fmce  which  time  the 
practice  has  been  difcontinued  of 
applying  the  torture  in  any  cafes 
that  are  determined  in  their  pub- 
lic courts. 


Tranjlation    of    an    intercepted  letter 
from  M.  Lallyy  to  M.  de  Leyrit. 

From  the  camp  before  Madrafs,  the 
I  ^ih  of  February,    1759. 

A  Good  blow  might  be  flruck 
here  :  there  is  a  Ihip  in 
the  road,  of  20  guns,  laden  with 
all  the  riches  of  Madrafs,  which  it: 
is  faid  will  remain  there  till  the 
20th.  The  Expedition  is  juft  ar- 
rived, but  M.  Gorlin  is  not  a  man 
to  attack  her  ;  for  fhe  has  made 
him  run  away  once  before.  The 
Briilol,  on  the  other  hand,  did  but 
juft  make  her  appearance  before  St. 
Thomas ;  and  on  the  vague  report 
of  13  fhips  coming  from  Porto 
Novo,  flie  took  fright ;  and  after 
landing  the  provifions  with  which 
flie  was  laden,  flie  would  nor  Hay 
long  enough,  even  to  take  on  board 

twelve 


STATE     PAPERS. 


2215 


fvvelve  of  her  own  gunsy  which  Ihe 
had  lent  oiii  for  the  fiege. 

If  I  \vns  the  judge  of  the  point 
of  honour  of  the  company's  officers, 
I  would  break  him  like  glafs,  as 
well  as  fome  others  of  them. 

The  Fidelley  or  the  Harlem,  or 
even  the  aforefaid  Briilol,  wiih  her 
twelve  guns  reftored  to  her,  would 
be  fuflicient  to  make  themfelveS 
ftiafters  of  the  Englifh  fhip,  if  they 
could  manage  fo  as  to  get  to  wind- 
ward of  her  in  the  night.  Maug.en- 
dre  and  Trcrniiller  are  faid  to  be 
good  men  ;  and  were  they  employ- 
ed only  to  tranfport  200  wounded 
men,  that  we  have  here,  their  fer- 
vice  would  be  of  importance. 

We  remain  flill  in  the  fame  po- 
fition  J  the  breach  made  thefe  fj 
days  ;  all  thfe  time  within  15  toifes 
of  the  wall  of  the  place,  and  ne- 
ver holding  dp  out  hesds  to  look 
at  it. 

I  reckon  we  flial!/  at  otfr  arrival 
at  Pondicherry,  endeavour  to  learn 
fome  other  trade;  for  this  of  war 
requires  too  much  patience. 

Of  1 500  Cipayes  which  attended 
hur  arrtjy,  I  reckon  near  806  are 
employed  upon  the  road  to  Pondi- 
cherry»  laden  with  fugars,  pepper, 
and  other  gooda;  and  as  for  the 
Coulis,  they  ae  all  employed  for 
the  fame  pn«pofe,  from  the  fir  ft  day 
we  came  Ivcre. 

I  am  taking  my  meafures  from 
this  day,  ro  fet  fire  to  the  Black- 
town,  and  to  blow  up  the  powder 
^ills. 

You  will  never  imagine,  that  ^ 
French  dcferiers,  and  100  Swifs, 
.ire  aclually  ftopping  the  progrefs 
of  2000  men  of  the  King's  and 
company's  troops,  which  are  ftill 
here  cxifting,   notwithihnding  the 


exaggerated  accounts  that  every 
one  makes  here,  according  to  his 
own  fancy,  of  the  (laughter  that 
has  been  made  of  them  ;  and  yoix 
will  be  ftill  more  furprized,  if  I  tell 
you  that,  were  it  not  for  the  two 
combats  and  four  battles  we  fuf- 
tained,  and  for  the  batteries  which 
failed,  or,  fpeaking  more  properly, 
which  were  unfkilfully  made,  we 
fhould  not  have  loft  50  men,  from 
the  commencement  of  the  fiege  to 
this  day. 

I  have  wrote  to  M.  de  Larche, 
tnat  if  he  perfift  in  not  coming  here^ 
let  who  will  raife  money  upon  the 
P'aleagers  for  me,  I  will  n6t  do  it ; 
and  I  renounce  (as  I  informed  you 
a  month  ago  I  would  do)  meddling, 
direflly  or  indirectly,  with  any  thing 
whatever,  that  may  have  relation  to 
your  adminiftration,  whether  civil 
or  military.  For  I  had  rather 
go,  and  command  the  CafFres  of 
Madagafcar,  than  remain  in  this 
Sodom  J  which  it  is  impoflible  bat 
the  fire  of  the  Englifh  muft  deftroy, 
fooner  or  later,  even  though  that 
from  heaven  ftiould  not. 
I  have  the  honour  to  be,  &c.  &c. 
Signed.  LALLY." 

P.  S.  I  think  it  neceflary  to  ap- 
prize you,  that,  as  M.  de  Soupire 
has  refufed  to  take  upon  him  the 
command  of  this  army,  which  I 
have  offered  to  him,  and  which  he 
is  impowered  to  accept,  by  having 
received  from  the  court  a  duplicate 
of  my  commifiion,  you  muft  of  ne- 
celfity,  together  with  the  council, 
take  it  upon  you.  For  my  part,  I 
undertake  only  to  bring  it  back, 
either  to  Arcotte,  or  Sadrafte.  Send 
therefore  your  orders,  or  come  your- 
felves,  to  command  it  j  fori  fhall 
quit  it  upon  my  arrival  there. 


Vol.  II. 


<J. 


JlrticUs 


426       ANNUAL    RE 

Articles  of  capitulation  betivcen  thetf 
Excellencies  the  hon.  Major  General 
Barringtony  and  John  Moore,  Efq% 
commanders  in  chief  of  his  Britan- 
nic Majejiy'  s  land  and fea  forces  in 
thefefeasy  and  M.  Nadau  Dutreily 
goiiernor  for  his  m^ft  chriftian  mn- 
jeftyy  of  Guadaloupe,  Grand  Terre, 
Defeada,  and  the  Saintes. 

Akticle  I. 

WE,  the  governor,  ftafF  and 
other  ofircers  of  the  regular 
iroops,  {hall  march  out  of  oar  polh, 
with  one  mortar,  tv^o  field-pieces 
of  brafs  cannon,  with  ten  rounds 
for  each  piece,  arms,  baggage,  and 
Che  honours  of  war. — Granted,  ex- 
cept the  mortar  ;  and  as  to  the  can- 
iion,  we  will  allow  only  four  rounds 
for  each  piece;  and  on  condition 
that  the  troops  cA  his  Britannic 
majefty  (hall  take  pofleffion  of  the 
different  pofts  at  the  three  rivers, 
and  the  hofpital,  to-morrow  morn- 
ing the  fecond  of  May,  at  eight 
o'clock;  and  that  all  magazines 
of  provifions,  ammunition,  and 
implements  of  war,  as  well  as  all 
papers  relating  to  the  revenue,  be 
delivered  into  the  pofle^ion  of  a 
commifTary  tO'  be  named  by  us  for 
that  purpofcy 

II.  ThatwefliallbefenttoMar- 
tinico,  in  a  good  vefTel,  well  pro- 
Yided,  and  by  the  fhorteft  pafFage. 
• — Granted. 

III.  That  the  commiffary-gene^ 
ral,  officers  of  juftice,  admiralty, 
and  all  fuch  as  have  the  King's 
commiflion,  Ihall  likewife  be  fent 
to  Marti nico  in  a  good  veffel,  and 
well  provided,  and  by  the  fhorteft 
palTage.  —  Granted  only  for  the 
com  mi  fl>:ry -general,  and  to  (he  of- 


GISTER,    1759, 

ficers  of  the  admiralty,  and  refufcd 
to  the  other; 

IV.  That  the  ftaff  iind  other  of- 
ficers fiiall  have  leave  to  take  with 
them  their  wives  and  children  to 
Martinico  ;  and  fhall  have  a  good 
veflel  well  provided  to  carry  them 
by  the  fliorteft  palTage. — Granted. 

V.  That  the  ftaff  and  other  of- 
ficers fliall  have  the  fame  number 
of  fervants  granted  them  as  were 
allowed  by  the  moft  chriftian  King, 
viz.  To  the  governor  24;  to  the 
commiffary-general  24 ;  to  the  lieu- 
tenant-governor i8  ;  to  the  fort- 
major  115  ;  to  the  captains  \z 
each  ;  to  the  lieutenants  eight 
each  ;  and  to  the  enfigns  fix  each, 
—Granted. 

VI.  That  it  (ball  be  allowed  to 
all  the  officers  who  have  eftates  in 
this  colony  (except  me  the  gover- 
nor, unlefs  the  King  permits  me 
alfo)  to  appoint  attornies  to  a<S  for 
them  until  the  peace;  and  if  the 
iftand  is  not  then  ceded,  the  above- 
mentioned  officers  ftiall  have  leave 
to  fell  their  eftates-,  and  carry  oil 
the  produce. — Granted. 

VII.  That  a  good  veffel  fiiall  be 
allowed  to  the  lady  of  M.  Duclieu, 
lieutenant-governor-general  of  the 
iflands,  and  captain  of  one  of  the 
King's  ihips-,  to  carry  her  to  Mar- 
tinico, with  hsT  equipage,  furni- 
ture, and  plate,  and  fervants  fuit- 
able  to  her  rank  ;  and  alfo  to  the 
governor's  lady,  and  the  wives  and 
widows  of  the  ftaft"  officers  c.i  this 
ifland. — Granted  :  one  vef'ei  for  all 
the  ladies. 

Vin.  That  M.  de  Folleville, 
lieutcnant-gov^ruor  of  Martinico, 
ftiall  have  a  good  veifel  to  carry 
him  and  his  volunteers  thither, 
by  the  fiiorteft  pailage,  wiih  only 

fuch 


StATE     PAPERS. 


227 


fuch  arms,  baggage,  dnd  fervants, 
as  they  brought  with  them. — ■ 
Granted. 

IX.  ThattheSIeur  AvrilofDo- 
minico  and  his  detachment,  fhall 
be  Tent  thither  with  their  arms  and 
baggage.— -Granted. 

X.  That  the  prifoners,  foldiers> 
and  Tailors,  fhall  be  mutually  ex- 
changed. — G  ranted . 

XI.  That  all  the  negroes  who 
were  enlifted  and  continued  till  the 
laft  day  of  the  attack,  in  the  com- 
panies of  Bologne,  Petit,  Dumo- 
lier,  and  Ruby,  agreeable  to  the 
lift  that  will  be  given  in  of  them; 
Ihali  have  their  freedom  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  the  colony,  as  by  agree- 
ment.— Granted,  upon  condition 
that  they  are  immediately  fent  out 
of  the  iflarid. 

XII.  That  the  men  belonging  to 
the  privateers,  who  delire  to  go  to 
Martinico,  fhall  have  a  vefFel  to 
carry  them  thither. — Granted. 

XIII.  That  there  fliall  be  a  rea- 
fonable  time  allowed  fOr  removing 
the  furniture,  effetSls,  and  cloaths 
that  are  in  the  redirit,  or  other 
places,  belonging  to  the  perforiS 
who  are  to  be  fent  to  Martinico  ; 
and  that  his  excellency  General 
Barrington  Ihall  grant  his  protedion 
for  the  fafe  conveyance  of  the  above- 
mentioned  effecls  to  the  place  of 
embarkation. — Granted. 

XIV.  That  there  fball  be  ah  hof. 
pital  (hip  provided  for  the  wound- 
ed arid  fick  that  are  in  a  condition 
to  be  removed  ;  and  the  reft  ftiall 
be  taken  care  of,  and  fent  with  a 
flag  of  truce  to  Martinico,  as  foori 
as  they  arc  recovered.  — Granted. 
Thofe  that  remain  here  fhaJl  be 
taken  care  o/",  at  the  expence  of  his 
moft  chriftian  majefty. 

XV.  That  the  fubjeas  formerly 
belonging  to  the  King  of  Great 


Britain,  who  for  crimes  were  forced 
to  fly  their  conntry,  and  have  car- 
ried arms  in  this  ifland,  fhall  be 
pardoned,  and  allowed  to  remain 
in  the  ifland  as  inhabitaats.— They 
muft  go  out  of  the  ifland. 
'  XVI.  That  the  fame  honours 
and  conditions  fhall  be  granted  to 
the  King's  troops  in  the  Grande 
Terre,  as  are  given  to  thofe  ill 
Guadaloupe.  They  fhall  have  nei- 
ther mortar  nor  cannon; 

XVII.  That  the  troops  at  the 
head  of  the  reduit,  as  well  as  thofe 
at  the  three  rivers,  fhall  march  td 
the  poft  of  the  camp  de  la  Garde; 
and  remain  there  until  the  day  of 
embarkation.-— 

The  tranfpbrt  fhips  fhall  be  at 
the  -great  bay  to-morrow  morning; 
to  receive  the  troops  of  the  garri- 
fon,  the  privateers  men,  and  thofe 
who  are  to  pafs  to  Martinico. 

John  Moore,  J,  Bari'irtgton, 

Nadau  DutreiU 


Articles  of  capitulation  betnveen  their 
Excellencies  the  Hon.  Major  Gene- 
rhl  Barrington^  and  John  Moor ^9 
Efqi  commanders  in  chief  of  his 
Britannic  majejly^s  land  and  fea 
forces  in  thofe  fe as  y  and  the  inha- 
bitants of  the  ifandofGuadaloitpe; 
reprefented  by  MeJJ'rs.  Debourg^  De 
Clain'villiers,  and  Duqueruy  y  by 
n^irtue  offullpoioers  to  them  ginjert 
for  that  purpofcy  and  ant  her  if cd  by 
Monfieur  Dutreil,  Knight  of  the 
noble  military  order  of  St.  Louis , 
go  vernor  of  the  ifland. 

Article  I. 

THE  inhabitants  fhall  march 
out  of  their  pofts,  with  all 
the  honours  of  war,  viz.  with  two 
field-pieces,  their  arms,  colours  fly- 
0^2  ing. 


228       ANNUAL   REGISTER, 


>7S9. 


ing,  drums  beating,  and  lighted 
match.— -Granted,  in  confideration 
of  the  brave  defence  which  the  in- 
habitants have  made,  during  an 
attack  of  three  months,  upon  con- 
dition that  they  lay  down  their  arms, 
lb  fcon  as  they  have  marched  by 
our  troops ;  and  that  all  the  forts, 
J>ofts,  batteries,  cannon,  mortars, 
iirelocks,  and  bayonnets,  with  all 
kind  of  ammunition,  and  imple- 
ments of  war,  be  delivered  to  a 
commifTary  to  be  named  by  us ; 
and  that  we  fhall  have  a  power  of 
fixing  garrifons  in  all  fuch  places, 
as  we  fhall  think  proper. 

II.  The  inhabitants  of  the  iflands 
of  Martinico,  Marigalante,  and  Do- 
minico,  who  came  to  the  affillance 
^f  this  illand,  fhall  have  leave  to 
retire^  with  their  arms  and  bag- 
gage, and  a  Ihip  Ihall  be  provided  to 
carry  them,  and  the  fervants  they 
brought  with  them,  to  their  refpec- 
tive  iflands,  with  provifion  for  their 
paflage.-— Granted,  excepting  thofe 
from  Marigalante,  who  ihall  ba 
fent  to  Martinico, 

III.  The  inhabitants  fliall  be  al- 
lowed the  free  and  public  exercife 
of  their  religion  ;  the  prielb  and 
religious  fhall  be  preferved  in 
their  parifhes,  convents,  and  all 
other  poflelfions  ;  and  the  fuperiors 
of  the  fevcral  orders  Ihall  be  per- 
mitted to  fend  for  fuch  as  they 
think  neceffary,  from  France,  and 
the  neighbouring  iilands;  but  all 
letters  wrote  upon  this  occaiion  (hall 
be  tr  an  fill  it  ted  by  the  governor  ap- 
pointed by  his  Britannic  majefly. 
-^Granted. 

IV.  They  (hall  obferve  a  ftria 
neutrality,  and  not  be  forced  to  take 
up  arms  againil  his  moft  Chriftian 
majefty,  or  againft  any  other  power. 
— Granted,  on  condition  that  they 
lake  an  oath  within  a  month,  or 


fooner,  if  poflible,  to  maintain  all 
the  claufes  of  the  capitulation,  as 
well  as  to  remain  exadly  faithful 
and  neuter. 

y.  They  ihall  be  allowed  their 
civil  government,  their  laws,  cuf- 
toms,  and  ordinances;  jui^ice  ihall 
be  adminiliered  by  the  fame  per- 
fons  who  are  now  in  oiHce ;  and 
what  relates  to  the  interior  police 
of  theiiland  fhall  be  fettled  between 
his  Britannic  majelly'«  governor  and 
the  inhabitants.  And  in  cafe  this 
iiland  fhall  be  ceded  to  the  King 
of  Great  Britain,  at  the  peace,. the 
inhabitants  fhall  have  their  choice, 
either  to  keep  their  own  political 
government,  or  to  accept  that  which 
ir  eftabliflied  at  Antigua  and  St. 
Chriflopher's. — Granted;  but  when 
any  vacancies  happen  in  the  feats 
of  juilice,  the  fuperior  council  of  the 
iiland  is  to  name  proper  pesions  to 
fill  up  thofe  vocancies,  who  muit 
receive  their  commiifions  from  his 
Britannic  majefty  ;  and  all  afts  of 
juftice  whatfoever,  are  to  be  in  his 
name.  But  in  regard  to  any  change 
in  the  political  government,  we 
grant  it,  if  agreeable  to  his  majefty 's 
pleafure. 

VI.  The  inhabitants,  as  well  as 
the  religious  orders,  fhall  be  main- 
tained in  the  property  and  enjoy- 
ment of  their  poiTeffions,  goods 
moveable  and  immoveable,  noble 
and  ignoble,  of  what  nature  fo- 
ever  they  be;  and  lliall  be  preferv- 
ed in  their  privileges,  rights,  ho- 
nours, and  exemptions :  and  the 
free  negroes  and  rnulattoes  in  their 
liberty. — Granted. 

VII.  They  ihall  pay  no  other 
duties  to  his  Britannic  majefty,  but 
fuch  as  they  have  hitherto  paid  to 
his  moft  chriftian  majefty,  without 
any  charge  or  impofts  ;  the  ex- 
pences  attending  the  adminiftration 

of 


STATE    PAPERS. 


229 


oTjuftice,  the  penfions  to.  curates, 
and  other  cuftomary  charges,  Ihall 
be  paid  out  of  the  revenue  of  his 
Britannic  majefty,  in  the  fame  man- 
ner as  under  the  government  of  his 
moll  chrilUan  majefly.-r-^Granted; 
but  if  this  ifland  is  ceded  to  his 
Britannic  majeliy  at  the  peac«,  it 
ihall  be  fubjed  to  the  fame  duties 
and  imports  as  the  other  Englilh 
Leeward  iflands  the  moll  favoured. 

VII (.  AJl  prifoners  taken  during 
the  attack  of  this  iiland,  ihall  be 
mutually  exchanged. T-^Granted, 

IX.  The  free  mulattoes  and  ne- 
groes, who  have  been  taken,  fhall 
be  coniidered  as  prifoners  of  war, 
and  not  treated  as  (laves. — Granted. 

X.  The  fubjeds  of  Great  Britain, 
who  have  taken  refuge  in  this  ifland , 
whether  criminals  or  debtors,  ihall 
have  leave  to  retire.— ^-Granted. 

XI.  Noother  but  the  inhabitants 
aftuaily  refiding  in  this  iiland  ihall 
poflefs  any  lands  or  houfes,  by  pur- 
chafe,  grant,  or  otherwife,  before  a 
peace  ;  but  if  at  a  peace  this  ifland 
ihould  be  ceded  to  the  JCing  of 
Great-Britain,  then  fuch  of  the  in- 
habitants as  do  not  chufe  to  live 
under  the  Englifh  government,  (hall 
be  permitted  to  fell  their  poiTeifions, 
moveable  and  immoveable,  to  whom 
they  will,  and  retire  wherever  they 
pleafe ;  for  which  purpofe  there 
ihall  be  a  reafonable  time  allowed. 

' — Granted;  but  fuch  of  the  inha- 
bitants as  chufe  to  retire,  ihall  have 
leave  to  fell  to  none  but  fubjecb  of 
Great  Britain. 

XII.  In  cafe  there  ihould  be.any 
exchange  at  the  peace,  their  Bri- 
tannic and  moft  Chriftian  majeilies 
are  dellred  to  give  the  preference  to 
this  ifland. — This  will  depend  on 
his  majeily's  pleafure. 

Xlil.  The  inhabitants  fliall  have 
free  liberty  to  fend  their  children  to 


be  educated  in  France,  atid  to  fend 
for  them  back;  and  to  make  re- 
mittances to  them  whilil  there. — 
Granted. 

XIV.  Theabfent  inhabitants, and 
fuch  as  are  in  the  fervice  of  his  moft 
Chriftian  majeft;^,  ihall  bcmaintain- 
ed  in  the  enjoyment  and  property  of 
their  eftates,  which  ihall  be  managed 
for  them  by  attgrnies. — Granted. 

XV.  The  wives  of  oificers  and 
others,  who  are  out  of  the  ifland, 
(haJl  have  leave  to  retire  with  their 
eiFeds,  and  a  number  of  fervants, 
fuitable  to  their  rank. — Granted. 

XVI.  The  Engliih  government 
ihall  procure  for  the  inhabitants  zn 
exportation  for  fuch  commodities  as 
the  ifland  produces,  and  are  not 
permitted  to  be  imported  into  Eng- 
land.— Granted ;  as  the  ifland  pro- 
duces nothing  but  what  may  be  im- 
ported into  England. 

XVIL  The  inhabitants  fliall  not 
be  obliged  to  furnilh  quarters  for 
the  troops,  nor  ilaves  to  work  on  the 
fortiiications, — Granted;  but  bar- 
racks will  be  provided  as  foon  as 
poflible,  for  the  lodgment  of  the 
troops ;  and  fuch  negroes,  who  ihall 
be  employed,  with  the  confent  of 
their  mafters,  in  public  works,  ihall 
be  paid  for  their  labour. 

XVIII.  The  widows,  and  other 
inhabitants,  who  through  illnefs, 
abfence,  or  any  other  impediment, 
cannot  immediately  fjgn  the  capi- 
tulation, ihall  have  a  limited  time  al- 
lowed them  to  accede  to  it. — Grant- 
ed; butalltheinhabitantswhochufe 
to  partake  of  the  advantage  of  the 
capitulation,  ihall  be  obliged  to  figa 
it  within  a  month  from  the  date 
hereof,  or  to  quit  the  ifland. 

XIX.  The  men  belonging  to  the 
privateers,  and  others  who  have  no 
property  in  the  ifland,  and  are  de- 
firous  to  leave  it,  fliall  have  veffelt 

0.3  W 


230      ANNUAL    R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,   1759. 


o  carry  them  to  Martinico,  or  to 
I>ominico,  (at  their  option)  and 
ihall  be  furnilhed  with  provisions 
for  the  pafTage.  Neverthelefs  thofe 
perfons  who  have  any  debts  with 
the  inhabitants  of  the  jfland,  fliail 
be  obliged  to  fettle  their  accounts 
with  them  before  they  leave  the 
illand. — Granted. 

XX.  The  inhabiunts  ihall  have 
leave  to  give  freedom  to  fuch  ne- 
groes as  they  have  promifed  it  to, 
for  the  defence  of  this  ifland.— 
Granted,  on  confideration  they  are 
immediately  fent  off  the  iiland. 

XXI.  The  inhabitants  and  mer- 
chants of  this  ifland,  included  in  the 
prefent  capitulation,  fiiall  enjoy  all 
the  privileges  of  trade,  and  upon  the 
fame  conditions  as  are  granted  to  his 
Britannic  majt:  fly 'sfubjefts  through- 
out the  extent  of  his  dominions. — 
Granted,  but  without  affefting  the 
privileges  of  particular  companies 
cllablilhed  in  England,  or  the  laws 
of  the  kingdom,  which  prohibit 
the  carrying  on  the  trade  in  any 
other  than  Engiiih  bottoms. 

•XXII.  The  deputies  of  the  Grand 
Terre,  not  having  a  fufficient  power 
to  fign  the  capitulation,  though  the 
colony  adheres  to  the  conditions  of 
it,  under  the  authority  of  M.  Na- 
dau,  may  fign  it  when  they  have 
their  full  powers,  and  they  will  be 
comprehended  in  all  the  claufes. 
i— Granted. 

Given  at  the  head  quarters  in  the 
Capeilerre  Guadaloupe,  the  ill  day 
of  May,    1759. 
y.  Barrington.     Moore, 
'Nadau  Dutreil.     D .  de  Clain'v  tillers, 
Duqueruy. 


THE  Dutch  having  complain- 
ed of  frefh  piracies  commit- 
ted ojj  their  fhips,  and  even  pretend- 


ed that  they  had  in  their  power  Qn§ 
of  the  robbers,  who  they  however 
releafed,  although  the  Lords  of  the 
Admiraltyofferfive  hundred  pounds 
reward  for  an  evidence  of  the  fad; 
the  Earl  of  Holdernefs  wrote  the 
following  letter  to  M.  Hop,  the 
Dutch  refident  at  London,  on  re- 
ceiving a  complaint  of  this  fort. 

**  Sir,  the  letter  which  you  hay; 
been  pleafed  to  write  to  me,  a  few 
days  fince,  gave  me  the  firft  advice 
of  a  piracy  committed  by  an  Englifli 
fhip.     I  immediately  gave  notice 
thereof  to  the  Admiralty.     By  the 
following  poll,  1  received  from  Mr. 
Yorke,  a  circumftantial  account  of 
that  affair,  and  faw  with  great  regret 
that  they  had  releafed  in  Holland 
the  Engiifh  feaman  whom  they  had 
in  cuitody,  inftead  of  fending  him 
prifoner  to  England.  I  am  perfuad- 
ed.  Sir,  that  you  do  jullice  to  the 
fentiments  of  the  King  and  of  his 
minillry,  and  that  you  mull  be  (en- 
fible  how  much  they  ardently  wifh 
to  punifh  rigorouHy  thofe  who  are 
found  guilty  of  crimes,  like  unto 
thai  in  queflion:   but,  at  the  fame? 
time,  you  cannot  be  ignoranr,  that 
the  fundamental  bafis  of  our  liberty 
is,  that  no  perfon  can  be  tried  in 
a  criminal  cafe  without  witneffes. 
Therefore   it  appears    ailonilhing, 
that  fuch  as  have  caufe  to  complain 
of  having  been  ill-treated  in  this 
manner,  Ihould  not  proceed  form- 
ally, and  in  a  due  coarfe  of  juftice, 
againll  thofe  from  whom  they  re- 
ceived the  damage ;  and  the  more 
fo,  as  the  Admiralty  has  offered, 
long  fince,  a  reward  of  500 1.  fler- 
ling,  to  whomfoever  fhall  give  in- 
formation of,   and  prove  an  aft  of 
piracy.     You  know.  Sir,   that  no 
magiilrate  can  iffue  a  warrant  for 
the  apprehending  of  any  perfon  ac- 
cijfed,  without  taking  depofitions ; 


STATE    PAPERS, 


23* 


and  that,  confequently,  the  Admi- 
ralty cannot  enter  an  aftion  upon  a 
ilmple  reprefentation. 

This,  Sir,  is  all  I  can  fay  at  pre- 
fent,  in  anfwer  to  your  letter.  I 
cannot,  neverthelefs,  difpenfe  with 
adding,  that  if  it  be  true,  that  fuch 
kind  of  exceffes  have  been  frequent, 
you  cannot  render  a  more  acceptible 
fervice  to  the  King,  than  by  ena- 
bling him  to  fupprefs  thefe  robbe- 
ries, methodically,  and  according 
to  the  laws  of  the  country,  &c. 


^ranjlatlon  of  the  fpeech  made  to  the 
King  by  the  Dutch  deputies ,  on  de- 
livering their  credentials. 

WE  have  the  honour,  Sire,  to 
prefent  to  your  majefty  our 
letter  of  credence  from  their  High 
Mightineffes  the  States-General  of 
the  United  Provinces,  our  lords  and 
mailers.  Your  majefty  will  fee,  by 
its  contents,how  ardently  their  High 
Mightineffes  defire  to  cultivate  the 
lincere  friendfliip  which  hath  fo  long 
fubfifted  between  the  two  nations, 
and  which  is  fo  neceffary  to  their 
common  ^velfare.  May  we  be  hap- 
py enough,  purfuant  to  our  mafters 
commands,  to  remove  thofe  diffi- 
culties which  have  for  fome  time 
paft  diminifhed  this  friendfhip,  and 
caufed  fo  much  prejudice  to  the  prin- 
cipal fubjeds  of  the  republic,. who, 
by  the  trade  they  carry  on,  are  its 
greateft  iirength  and  chief  fupport. 
We  place  our  whole  confidence  in 
your  majefty^i  equity,  for  which  the 
republic  hath  the  higheft  regard  ; 
and  in  the  good-will  your  majefty 
Jaath  always  expreffed  towards  a 
ftate,  which  on  all  occafions  hath 
interefted-iifelf  in  promoting  your 
glory,  and  which  is  the  guardian 
of  the  precious  truft  left  by  a  prin- 
;Cefs  fo  df  ar  to  your  majefty. 


Full  of  this  confidence,  we  pre. 
fume  to  flatter  ourfelves,  that  your 
majefty  will  be  gracioufly  pleafed  to 
liften  to  our  juft  demands ;  and  we 
ftiall  endeavour,  during  the  courfe 
of  our  miniftry,  to  merit  your  ap- 
probation, and  to  ftrengthen  the 
bonds  which  ought  to  unite  die  two 
nations  for  ever. 

His  Majejly^s  anf--wer. 

Gentlemen,  I  have  always  had  a 
regard  for  the  republic,  and  I  look 
upon  their  High  Mightineffes  as 
my  beft  friends.  If  difficulties  have 
arifen  touching  trade,  they  ought 
to  be  confidered  as  the  confequence* 
of  a  burthenfome  war  we  are  ob  < 
liged  to  wage  with  France.  Yoii 
may  affure  their  High  Mightineffes, 
that  I  ftiall  endeavour,  on  my  part> 
to  remove  the  obftacles  in  queftion  5 
and  I  am  glad  to  find,  gentlemen, 
that  you  are  come  here  with  the 
fame  difpofition. 


Thefollonving  declarations  tuerepuh- 
lijhed  by  Count  Dohna,  a  Prujjlan 
general,  on  his  entering  Poland 
twith  a  body  ofPruJpan  troops. 

On  the  l^th  of  June, 

HIS  Prufiian  majefty,  findinjr 
himfelf  under  a  neceffity  t9 
caufe  part  of  his  armies  to  enter  the 
territories  of  the  republic  of  Poland, 
in  order  to  proteft  them  againft  the 
threatened  invafion  of  the  eaemy, 
declares,  that. 

It  muft  not  be  underftood  that  hi« 
majefty,  by  this  ftep  taken,  intends 
to  make  any  breach  into  the  regard 
he.  has  always  had  for  the  illuftrious 
republic  of  Poland,  or  to  leften  the 
good  underftanding  which  has  hi- 
therto fubfifted  between  them,  but, 
on  the  contrary,  to  ftrengthen  the 
fame,  in  expedation  that  the  il- 
0^4  luftrious 


«3is      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


trious  republic  will,  on  its  part, 
aft  with  the  like  neighbourly  and 
friendly  good-will  as  is  granted  to 
the  enemy,  thaij  whicjT  nothing 
jnore  is  defired. 

The  nobility,  gentry,  and  magi- 
ftracy,  in  their  refpeftive  diftrias, 
between  the  frontiers  of  PruiTia,  fo 
far  as  beyond  Pofen,  are  required 
to  furnifh  alj  kinds  of,  provifions, 
corn,  and  forage,  necefTary  to  fup- 
port  an  army  of  40,000  men,  with 
the  utmoft  difpatch,  with  an  afTur- 
ance  of  being  paid  ready  money 
for  the  fame.  But  if,  contrary  to 
cxpeftation,  any  deficiency  fhopid 
happen  in  fupplying  this  demand, 
his  majefty's  troops  will  JDe  obliged 
to  forage,  and  ufe  the  fame  means 
as  thofe  taken  by  the  enemy  for 
their  fubfiftence. 

In  confidence  therefore  that  the 
feveral  jurifdiftions  upon  the  Pruf- 
iian  frontiers,  within  the  territories 
pf  Poland,  will  exert  themfelves  to 
comply  with  this  demand  as  foon  a§ 
poffible,  for  the  fubfiftence  of  the 
royal  army  of  Pruflia,  they  are  af- 
fured  that  thereby  all  diforders  will 
jbe  prevented,  and  whatever  is  de- 
livered will  be  paid  for  in  ready 
money. 

On  the  lyth  cfjune. 
It  was  with  the  greateft  aftonifh- 
jnent  that  the  King,mymoft  gracious 
lord  and  mailer,  heard  that  feveral 
of  his  own  fubjedls  had  fufferM  them- 
felves to  be  feduced  from  their  al- 
legiance fo  far,  as  to  enter  into  the 
fervice  of  a  potentate,  with  whom 
he  is  at  war  ;  his  majefly,  therefore, 
makes  known  by  thefe  prefepts,  that 
all  of  his  fubjeds  ferving  in  the  ene- 
my's armies,  who  Ihall  be  taken, 
with  arms  in  their  hands,  ihall, 
agreeably  to  all  laws,  be  fentenced 
to  be  hanged,  without  mercy,  as 
^raitOfs  to  their  king  and  country. 


Of  which  all  whom  it  may  conc^rj| 
are  defired  to  take  notice,  &c. 
On  the  22d  of  'June. 
We  invite  and  deiire,  ihat  the 
nobility,  archbifliops,  bifihops,  ab- 
beys, convents,  fcignories,  magi- 
llrates,  and  inhabitants  of  the  re- 
public of  Poland,  on  the  road  tp 
Pofnania,  and  beyond  it,  would  re- 
pair in  perfon,  or  by  deputies,  in 
the  courfe  of  this  week,  or  as  foon 
after  as  poflible,  to  the  PrulTiaa 
head  quarters,  there  to  treat  witl\ 
the  commander  in  chief,  or  the  com- 
mi/Tary  at  war,  for  the  delivery  of 
forage  and  provifions  for  the  fub- 
fiflence  of  the  army,  to  be  paid  for 
with  ready  money. 

We  promife  and  affure  purfelves, 
that  no  perfon  in  Poland  will  at- 
tempt to  feduce  the  Prufiian  troops 
to  defert ;  that  no  afliilance  will  be 
given  them  in  fuch  perfidious  prac- 
tices ;  that  they  will  neither  be 
fheltered,  concealed,  or  lodged  ; 
which  would  be  followed  by  very 
difagreeable  confequences :  we  ex- 
pedl,  on  the  contrary,  that  perfons 
of  all  ranks  and  conditions  will  ilop 
any  run-away  or  deferter,  awd  de- 
liver him  up  at  the  firll  advanced 
poll,  or  at  the  head  quarters:  and 
all  expences  attending  the  fame 
fhall  be  paid,  and  a  reafonable  gra- 
tification fupcradded. 

If  any  one  ^ath  an  inclination 
to  enter  into  the  King  of  Prufila's 
fervice,  with  an  intention  to  behave 
well  and  faithfully,  he* may  apply 
to  the  heafi-quarters,  and  be  afiured 
of  a  capitulation  for  three  or  four 
years. 

If  any  prince  or  member  of  the 
republic  of  Poland,  be  dilpofcd  to 
aflemble  a  body  of  men,  and  to  join 
in  a  troop,  or  in  a  company,  the 
Pruffian  army,  to  make  a  common 
caufe  with  it,  he  may  depend  on  a 
gracious 


STATE     PAPERS. 


«33 


gracious  reception,  and  that  due 
regard  will  be  ihewn  to  his  merit, 
&c. 


Orders  of  his  ferene  highnefs  Prince 
Ferdinand  of  Brunjnvick,  relative 
to  the  behauiour  of  the  troops  under 
him  at  the  famous  battle  near  Min- 
den  en  the  \ft  of  Juguji,  1759. 

T  T I S  ferene  highnefs  orders  his 
x\  greateil  thanks  to  be  given 
the  whole  army,  for  their  bravery 
and  good  behaviour  yellerday,  par- 
ticularly  to  the  pnglifh  infantry, 
and  the  two  battalions  of  Hanove- 
rian guards ;  to  all  the  cavalry  of  the 
left  wing,  and  to  General  Wagen- 
hcim's  corps,  particularly  the  regi- 
ment of  Holftein,  the  Heflian  ca- 
valry, the  Hanoverian  regiment  du 
Corps  and  liammerftin's;  the  fame 
to  all  the  brigades  of  heavy  artillery. 
His  ferene  highnefs  declares  public- 
ly, that  next  to  God  he  attributes 
the  glory  of  the  day  to  the  intrepidi- 
ty and  extraordinary  good  behaviour 
of  thefe   troops,    which  he  afTure'^s 
them  he  (hall  retain   the  ftrongeft 
fenfe  of  a*  long  as  he  lives  ;  and  if 
ever,  upon  any  occafion,  he  fhall  be 
able  to  ferve  thefe  brave  troops,  or 
any  of  them  in  particular,  it  will 
give  him  the  utmoft  pleafure.    His 
ferene  highnefs  orders  his  particular 
thanks  to  be  likewife  given  to  Ge- 
neral Sporcken,  the  Duke  of  Hol- 
ftein, Lieutenant  Generals  Imhofi* 
and   Urf.     His  ferene  highnefs  is 
extremely  obliged  to  the  Count  de 
Buckeburg,   for  his  extraordinary 
care  and  trouble  in  the  management 
of  the  artillery,   which  was  ferved 
with  great  f:S&&. ;  likewife  to  the 
commanding  officers  of  the  feveral 
brigades  of  artillery,  viz.  Colonel 
^rowne,  Lientenant  Cojonel  Hutte, 


Major  Hafle,  and  the  three  Englilh 
captains  Philips,  Drummond,  and 
Foy.     His  ferene  highnefs  thinks 
himfelf  infinitely  obliged  to  Major 
G  enerals  VValdegrave  and  Kingfley^ 
for  their  great  courage  and  good 
order,  in  which  they  conduced  their 
brigades.    His  ferene  highnefs  fur- 
ther orders  it  to  be  declared  to  Lieu- 
tenant   General    the    Marquis   of 
Granby,  that  he  is  perfuaded,  that  if 
he  had  had  the  good  fortune  to  have 
had  him  at  the  head  of  the  cavalry  of 
the  right  wing,  his  prefence  would 
have  greatly  contributed  to  make 
the  decifion  of  that  day  more  com- 
pleat  and  nrore  brilliant.    In  fhort, 
his  ferene  highnefs  orders,  that  thofe 
of  his  fuite  whofe  behaviour  he  moft 
admired,  be  named,  as  the  Duke  of 
Richmond,  Colonel  Fitzroy,  Cap- 
tain   Ligonier,    Colonel   Watfon, 
Captain   Wilfon    aid-de-camp    to 
Major  General  Waldegrave,  Adju- 
tant Generals  Erftoff,  Bulowi  Du- 
rendolle,  the  Count  Tobeand  Ma- 
lerti ;  his  ferene  highnefs  having 
much  reafon  to  be  fatisfied  with 
their  condu6l.  And  his  ferene  high- 
nefs defires  and  orders  the  generals 
of  the  army,  that  upon  all  occafions 
when  orders  are  brought  to  them 
by  his  aid-de-camps,   that  they  be 
obeyed   punftually,    and    without 
delay. 

And  his  ferene  highnefs  on  dif- 
covering  a  miftake  in  the  preceding 
order  of  thanks,  to  the  officers  of  the 
Britifh  artillery,  by  which  Captain 
Macbean  was  omitted  to  be  menti- 
oned, his  ferene  highnefs  was  pleaf- 
ed  to  write  a  letter  with  his  own 
hand  to  Captain  Macbean,  which 
was  delivered  by  his  excellency 
Count  La  Lippe  Buckeburg,  grand 
mailer  of  the  artillery  in  the  allied 
army,  and  of  which  die  following 
is  a  tranfI;^tion. 

SIR, 


^34     ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


SIR, 
**  It  is  from  a  fenfe  of  your  merit, 
and  regard  to  juftice,  that  I  do  in 
this  manner  declare  I  have  reafon 
to  be  infinitely  fatisfied  with  your 
behaviour,  adlivity,  and  zeal,  which 
in  fo  confpicuous  a  manner  you 
made  appear  at  the  battle  of  Thon- 
Jiaufen  on  the  firft  of  Auguft.  The 
talents'  which  you  poflefs  in  your 
profeffion  did  not  a  little  contribute 
to  render  our  fire  fuperior  to  that 
of  the  enemy  ;  and  it  is  to  you  and 
your  brigade  that  I  am  indebted 
for  having  filenced  the  fire  of  a  bat- 
tery of  the  enemy,  which  extremely 
galled  the  troops,  and  particularly 
the  Britifh  infantry. 

Accept  then.  Sir,  from  me,  the 
juft  tribute  of  my  moft  perfect  ac- 
knowledgements, accompanied  with 
my  fincere  thanks.  I  fhall  be  happy 
in  every  opportunity  of  obliging 
you,  defiring  only  occafions  of 
proving  it,  being  with  the  Biofl 
diftinguifhed  elleem. 

Your  devoted,  and 
entirely  affectionate  fervant, 
Ferdinand, 
Duke  of  Brunfwick  and 
Luenburgh," 
To  Captain  Macbean,  of  the 
Royal  Britifli  artillery. 
Again    his    ferene  highnefs   on 
the  third  iiTued  the  fgllovying  or- 
der. 

*'  In  the  compliment  his  ferene 
iighnefs  made  to  the  troops  yefter- 
day,  he  forgot  four  regiments  that 
paticularly  diftinguifhed  them- 
t'elves,  viz.  Hardehburgh's  third 
battalion  of  HcfTian  guards.  Prince 
William's,  and  Gillfe's  :  it  is  not 
that  his  ferene  highnefs  has  reafon 
to  complain  of  any  others  ;  but,  as 
they  had  particular  opportunities 
of  diftinguilhing  themfelves,  it  is 
for  that  reafon  iiis  ferene  highnefs 


mentions  the  attention  he  himfelf 
gives  to  their  good  condudl." 

*'  Head  quarters  at  Bielefeld, 
Aug.  7,  1759. 
"  His  ferene  highnefs  Duke  Fer- 
dinand fent  orders  to  Monfieur  He^ 
deman,  his  treafurer,  to  pay  the  fol- 
lowing officers  of  the  Britifh  artil- 
lery the  undermentioned  gratuities, 
as  a  teflimony  of  his  great  fatis- 
fadlion  of  their  gallant  behaviour 
in  the  late  aftion  of  the  firft  of  this 
month. 

To  Capt.  Phillips     looo  crowns 
To  Capt.  Macbean     500 
To  Capt.Drummond  500 
To  Capt.  Williams     500 
To  Capt.  Foy  500 

I  hope  the  faid  gentlemen  will 
accept  of  this  prefent  from  his  high- 
nefs, as  a  mark  6f  his  particular 
citeem  for  them.'* 


Several  accounts  ofMarJhal  Belleijle*  s 
letters  to  Marjhal  de  Contades, 
^vjith  Mr.  Maubert's  refedions 
upon  them. 

AMong  the  papers  which  were 
taken  at  Detmold,  on  the  5th 
of  Auguft,  by  his  majelly*s  light 
troops,  an  original  letter  is  found, 
from  the  Marfhal  Due  de  Belleifle 
to  Marfhal  Contades,  dated  Ver- 
failles,  July  23,  1759,  in  which 
there  is  the  following  pafTage. 

*'  I  am  Hill  afraid  that  Fifcher 
fets  out  too  late  :  it  is,  however, 
very  important  and  very  effential, 
that  we  fhould  raife  large  contribu- 
tions. I  fee  no  other  refource  for 
our  mofl  urgent  expences,  and  for 
refitting  the  troops,  but  in  the  mo-r 
ney  we  may  draw  from  the  enemy's 
country  ;  from  whence  we  mufl 
likewife  procure  fubfiflence  of  all 
kinds  (independently  of themoney); 

that 


STATE     PAPERS. 


235 


that  is  to  fay,    hay,  llraw,   oats, 
for  the  winter,  bread,  corn,  cattle, 
horfes,  even  men  to  recruit  oar  fo- 
reign troops.     The  war  muft  not 
be  prolonged,  and  perhaps  it  may 
be  neceflary,  according  to  the  events 
which   may   happen    between    this 
time  and  the  end  of  September,  to 
make   a    downright   defart   before 
the  line  of  the  xjuarters  which  it 
may   be  thought   proper   to   keep 
du  ing  the  winter,   in  order   that 
the   enemy  may  be  under  a  real 
impolfibility  of  approaching  us :  at 
the  fame  time  referving  for  our- 
felves  a  bare  fubfiftence  on  the  route 
which  may  be  the  moft  convenient 
for   us    to  take,  in  the  middle  of 
winter,  to  beat   up,  or  feize  upon 
the  enemy's  quarters.     That  this 
objedt  may  be  fulfilled,  I  caufe  the 
gregteft   affiduity  to    be    ufed,    in 
preparing   what    is    necefTary    for 
having    all    your    troops,    without 
exception,  wellcloathed,  well  arm- 
ed, and  well  equipped,   and  well 
refitted  in  every  refpe«5l,  before  the 
end  of  November,  with  new  tents, 
in  order  that,  if  it  fhould  be  ad- 
vileable    for   the  King's    political 
^nd   military  affairs,  you   may  be 
well  able  to  afiemble  the  whole,  or 
part  of  your  army,   to  adl  oflen- 
fively  and   with   vigour,  from  the 
beginning   of  January  :    and  that 
you    may  have  the  fatisfa6tion   to 
Ihew  your  enemies,  and  all  Europe, 
that  the   French  know  how  to  aft, 
and  carry  on  war,  in  all  feafons, 
when  they  have  fuch  a  general  as 
you  are,  and  a  minifter  of  the  de- 
partment of  war,  that  can  forefee, 
and  concert  matters  with  the  ge- 
neral. 

You  muft  be  fenfible,  Sir,  that 
what  I  fay  to  you  may  become  not 
only  ufeful  and  honourable,  but 
perhaps  even  neceflary,  with  refpeCl 


to  what  you  know,  and  of  which 
I  fhall  fay  more  in  my  private 
letter. 

M.  Due  DE  Belleisle.*' 


Some  account  of  the  letters  from  the 
Duke  de  Belleijle  to  Marjhal  de 
Contades, 

I'^HESE  letters,  which  are 
undoubtedly  genuine,  were 
found  among  Contx^de's  papers  af- 
ter the  battle  of  Minden,  and  dif- 
clofe  many  of  thofe  artiHces  which, 
in  a  public  capacity  are  praftiied 
without  either  compunftion  or  dif- 
grace,  but  which  in  a  private  ca- 
pacity could  only  be  the  effecl  of 
habitual  villainy,  and  would  incur 
not  only  infamy,  but  the  pillory. 
The  following  extrads  are  inferted' 
to  juftify  this  cenfure. 

**  After  obferving  all  the  forma- 
lities due  to  the  magiftrates  of  Co- 
logne, you  muft  feize  on  their  great 
artillery  by  force,  telling  them,  that 
you  do  fo  for  their  own  defence 
againft  the  common  enemy  of  the 
empire  ;  that  you  will  reftore  them 
when  their  city  has  nothing  far- 
ther to  fear,  &c.#  After  all,  you 
muft  take  every  thing  you  have  oc- 
cafion  for,  and  give  them  receipts 
for  it." 

"  You  mud,  at  any  rate,  con- 
fume  all  forts  of  fubfiftence  on 
the  higher  Lippe,  Paderborn,  and 
Warlburg;  you  muft  deftroy  every 
thing  which  you  cannot  confume, 
fo  as  to  make  a  defart  of  ?.ll  Weft- 
phalia,  from  Lipftadt  and  Munfter, 
as  far  as  the  Rhine,  on  one  hand  ;  and 
on  the  other,  from  the  higher  Lippe 
and  Paderborn,  as  far  as  CafTel; 
that  the  enemy  may  find  it  quite 
imprafticable  to  dired  their  march 
tp  the  Rhine,  or  the  Lower  Roer ; 

and 


?36      ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


and  this  with  regard  to  your  army, 
and  with  regard  to  the  army  under 
M.  de  Soubife,  that  they  may  not 
have  it  in  their  power  to  take  pof- 
feflion  of  CaiTel,  and  much  lefs  to 
march  to  Marpourg,  or  to  the  quar- 
ters which  he  will  have  along  the 
Lahn,  or  to  thofe  which  you  will 
occupy  from  the  lower  part  of  the 
left  fide  of  the  Roer,  and  on  the 
right  fide  of  the  Rhine  as  far  as 
Dulleldorp  and  at  Cologne."' ■  .  .- 

**  You  know  the  necefUty  of  conr 
fuming,  or  deftroying,  as  far  as  is 
poflible,  all  the  fubfiilence,  efpeci- 
ally  the  forage,  betwixt  the  Wefer 
and  the  Rhine  on  the  one  hand  ; 
and  on  the  other,  betwixt  the  Lippe, 
the  bifhoprick  of  Paderborn,  the 
Dymel,  the  Fulda,  and  theNerraj 
and  fo  to  make  a  defart  of  Well- 
phalia  and  Hefle.'' 

**  Although  the  Prince  of  WaU 
deck  appears  outwardly  neutral,  he 
is  very  ill  difpofed,  and  deferves  ve- 
ry  little  favour.  You  ought,  there- 
fore, to  make  no  fcruple  of  taking 
all  you  find  in  that  territory  ;  but 
this  muft  be  done  in  an  orderly  man- 
ner, giving  receipts,  and  observing 
the  moft  exact  difcipline.  All  the 
fubfiilence  you  leave  in  his  country 
will  fall  to  the  enemy's  Ihare,  who 
will,  by  that  means,  be  enabled 
to  advance  to  the  Lahn,  and  tOr 
wards  the  quarters  which  you  are 
to  occupy  on  the  left  fide  of  the 
Roer.  It  is  therefore  a  precaution, 
become  in  a  manner  indifpenfably 
neceiTary  to  carry  it  all  away  from 

thence." 

*'  The  quellion  now  is,  what 
plan  you  fhall  think  moft  proper 
for  accomplifhing,  in  the  quick- 
efl  and  fureft  manner,  our  great 
purpofe ;  which  muft  be  to  con- 
fume,  carry  off,  or  dcftroy  all  the 
forage  or  fubftftence  of  the  country 


1759- 

which   we  cannot  keep    poftciTion 
of." 

*'  The  upper  part  of  the  Lippe, 
and  the  country  of  Paderborn,  are 
the  moft  plentiful ;  they  muft  there- 
fore be  eat  to  the  very  roots." 

*'  You  did  mighty  well  to  talk 
in  the  moft  abfolute  tone  with  re- 
gard to  the  necefTaries  Racroth  and 
Duyft)Ourg  muft  furnilh  our  troops ; 
it  is  neceiTary  to  fpeak  in  that  tone 
to  Germans ;  and  you  will  jBnd  your 
account  jn  ufing  the  fame  to  the  re- 
gencies of  the  Eledor  of  Cologne, 
and  ftill  more  to  that  of  the  Pala- 
tine."  

**  After  ufing  all  becoming  cere- 
mony, ^s  we  have  the  power  in  our 
hands,  we  muft  make  ufe  of  it,  and 
draw  from  the  country  of  Bergue 
what  ft?&U  be  neceftary  for  the  fub- 
fiftence  of  the  garrifon  of  Duffel- 
dorp,  and  of  the  light  troops,  and 
referve  what  may  be  brought  thi- 
ther from  Alface  and  the  biftiop- 
ricks  for  a  cafe  of  neceffity,"-- — 

It  appears  by  the  following  letter, 
written  by  the  l^repch  King's  agent 
at  Cologne,  to  M,  PAbbe  Bernis, 
that  the  accounts  which  have  from 
time  to  time  been  publiftied  of  the 
diffolute  and  irregular  behaviour  of 
the  French  troops  were  not  without 
foundation.-  ■ 

^'  Sir,  I  muft  not  conceal  from 
you  what  the  chancellor  told  me; 
that  the  Eledorwas  extrernely  fur- 
prifed  to  fee  how  little  the  French 
were  on  their  guard.  The  french, 
faid  he  to  me,  have  neither  guards^ 
out-pofts,  nor  centinels  j  there  is 
no  order  in  their  camp,  every  body 
lives  there  in  the  utmoft  fecurity ; 
ftrangers  walk  there  atpleafure,  nQ 
body  afks  them  any  qieftions-; 
they  are  fuffered  to  go  every  where, 
even  among  your  batteries  ;  fpies 
have  nothing  to  fea,r  ;here  ;  they 


STATE     PAPERS. 


m 


fay,  llkewife,  that  Hanoverian  of- 
ficers in  difguife  come  there  every 
day,  hear  every  thing  that  is  faid, 
,  fee  every  thing  that  pafles,  and  ob- 
ferve  all  your  pofts  :  your  councils 
of  war  are  held  in  a  tent,  where 
they  fpeak  To  Ipud,  that  the  peo- 
ple in  the  field,  if  they  be  any 
thing  nigh,  hear  every  thing  that 
is  treated  in  them.  We  hear,  how- 
ever, that  your  army,  after  this 
day  (which  was  the  fixth)  will  en- 
camp in  one  line ;  this  gives  us 
fome  fecurity  ;  but  you  fee  hew 
much  this  expofes  you,  and  us  at 
the  fame  time.  Every  day  there  is 
almoft  a  third  of  your  army  taking 
their  pJeafure  in  Cologne,  who 
frequently  return  to  the  camp 
drunk  ;  and,  it  is  faid,  that  inllead 
of  paying  your  fpics  liberally,  you 
think  it  enough  to  make  them 
drink. 

1  have  obferved  that  within  thefe 
two  days  that  people  Have  been  in- 
formed of  thefe  particulars,  fear 
and  difquiet  have  very  much  in- 
creafcd  at  this  court." 

The  exhaulled  Hate  of  the  French 
finances,  and  the  exigences  to  which 
they  were  driven,  long  before  the 
late  Hoppage  of  their  payments,  ap- 
pears from  the  following  extradr 

'*  I  am  going  to  write  a  long 
letter  to  M.  Gayot  on  the  article 
of  expences ;  they  are  infupport- 
able  ;  and  as  I  am  inceffantly  aiking 
money  from  the  comptroller  gene- 
ral, who  has  none  to  give  me,  we 
muft,  at  leaft,  do  our  endeavour,, 
and  i  beg  you,  Sir,  to  help  me,  as 
well  as  Mr.  Gayot,  to  fave,  other- 
wife  we  Ihall  want  money  for  the 
moft  cfiential  articles." 

It  appears  alfo  from  the  following 
paiTage,  that  the  clamour  of  a  cor- 
rupt and  difappointed  faftion  againft 
our  expedition  on  the  French  coall 


was  the  efFeft  either  of  igiil)rancc 
or  of  enmity  to  their  country. 

'*  You  don't  doubt  how  much  I 
delire  to  procure  you  the  pleafure 
of  having  your  fon  and  nephew 
with  you.  I  had  taken  fome  fteps 
towards  it ;  but  the  new  enterprife 
with  which  the  Englilh  again  threa- 
ten us,  has  obliged  me  to  retain  all 
the  troops  on  the  coafts.  All  the 
orders  were  already  expedited.  I 
have  been  obliged  to  difpatch  cou- 
riers into  Normandy,  Bretagne, 
Poitou,  and  Annis,  to  draw  all  the 
troops  nearer  the  coafts.  How  was 
it  poffible  then  for  me,  during  the 
winter,  to  call  back  regiments 
which  were  pofted  on  the  molt 
weftern  parts  of  the  coaft,  and  or- 
der them  to  join  your  array  ?  Thofe 
regiments  mull  have  come  to  you 
^uite  harraffed  and  ruined,  efpeci- 
aJly  as  they  have  had,  and  have 
ftill,  many  lick." 


T'ht  follotxing  reflexions  oh  tht  pulf- 
li  cat  ion  of  Belleijle^s  letter  by  the 
Englijh  fninijfryy  are  publijhed  in 
the  BruJJeh  Gazette,  the  author 
fays,  by  dejir&. 

"  T  N  confequcnce  of  the  affair 
X,  of  the  firft  of  Auguft,  a  part 
of  the  allied  army  carried  ofi^,  among 
other  papers  of  the  Marflial  de  Con- 
tadesoflittle  importance,  a  difpatch 
of  the  Marflial  dc  Belkifle,  dated 
July  23,  which  turned  chiefly  on 
the  meafures  which  it  might  per- 
haps be  proper  to  taiie  for  making 
a  barrier,  at  the  end  of  the  cam- 
paign, between  the  quarters  of  the 
[French]  King's  army,  and  thofe 
of  his  Britannic  majefty's  forces. 

A  few  days  after,  a  part  of  the 
letter  in  queftion  appeared  in  the 
Gazette  that   is  printed  zx  Lon- 
don 


238       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


don  hf  authority  ;  and  feveral  pa- 
per.^, difperfed  in  England,  have 
fufficiently  Ihewn  what  was  the  de- 
fign  of  the.Engiilli  miniliry  in  pub- 
liihing  this  paiTage.  They  iiat- 
t-e.ed  chemlelves  that. every  body 
ivouid,  as  they  had  done;  take  in 
the  literal  fenfe  tnac  pa liige,  which 
men  •"ions,  X.\\^l  .perhaps  it  mighe  be 
necejfary  to  make  a  do^K>nrigbt  defart 
before  the  line  of  the  quarters^  nuhicb 
it  might  be  thought  proper  to  keep 
during  the  injinter ;  and  that  they 
iliouid  thereby  pc  able  to  convidt 
France  of  adopting  a  plan  of  de- 
vallatloh^  .which  that  crown  will 
ever  hold  in  abhorrence.  We 
fhould  not  be ,  furprifed  that  it 
fliould  be  natural  for  the  court  of 
London,  as  if  it  were  in  fpight  of 
themfelves,  to  give  fuch  a  falle  and 
odious  interpretation  to  the  ex- 
prefiion  juft  mentioned:  the  un- 
^ heard  -  of  vexation's-  exercifed  by 
their  ally  the  King  of  Pruffia  in 
Saxopy,  in  Mecklenbourg,  and  in 
Franconia,  have  accuilomed  therii 
to  think  that  there  is  no  other 
method  of  making  a  barrier  before 
the  quarters  to  be  kept  bat  total 
devaftation  ;  but  thi^  fenfe  will  ne- 
ver enter  into  the  heads  of  the  im- 
partial public  on  reading  the  paf- 
fages,  who  know  how  repugnant 
fuch  a  condu6l  would  be  to  that 
fyftem  of  equity,  difmtereftednefs 
and  moderation,  from  which  France 
has  never  once  departed.  It  is 
eafy  to  conceive,  that  a  country 
may  be  made  a  downright  defart 
for  an  army,  without  making  a  de- 
fart for  the  inhabitants.  To  make 
a  defart  which  may  ferve  for  a  bar- 
rier againfl:  any  enemy,  is  to  leave 
in  it  no  tenable  poll,  nor  ^ny  fub- 
fiftence  which  may  draw  them  thi- 
ther: and  in  this  fenfe  the  expref- 
fion  ia  the  Marfhai  de  Belleifxe's  let- 


ters, of  a  downright  defart,  will  bd 
generally  underllood. 

It  is,  moreover,  fufHclentty  evi- 
dent, from  the  very  part  of  the 
letter  which  is  publifhed,  that  only 
fubfi Hence  proper  for  an  army  is 
meant  ;  for  it  exprefsly  fays,  re^ 
fer-vingfor  ourfclvet  a  barefuhftjience 
on  the  route  nuhich  may  he  tnojl  con-, 
lenient  for  us  to  take  in  the  middle  of 
'winter.  It  ihoald  fe^m  that  this 
refiedion  efcapcd  the  Englirti  mi- 
niftry.  It  were  to  be  wirtied,  for 
the  fake  of  their  honour,  that  the 
fame  fuppofition  could  be  made 
with  regard  to  fome  other  pafTages, 
which  they  have  not  thought  pro- 
per to  publilh;  they  may  recoiled 
one,  in  which  M.  de  Contades  is 
commended  for  the  rigid  difcipline 
which  he  caufes  to  be  obferved, 
and  for  the  meafur^s  taken  by  him 
in  relation  to  fome  outrages  commit- 
ted at  Ofnaburg  againjl  the  EngliJJ? 
prifoners  ;  '  and  another  pafihge, 
wherein  it  U  exprefsly  recommend- 
ed to  him,  to  fee  that  enjery  body 
be  fatisfiedi  and  that  the  country  be 
not  laid  <^j)afe  ;  and  that  nothing  be  ^ 
taken  by  pillage y  or  any  other  kind  of 
exaSiicn.  This  may  fuffice  to  (hew 
the  defign  of  the  Englifh  in  pub- 
lilhing  a  part  only  of  the  Marflial 
deBelleiile's  letter. 


Tranjlation  of  a  Letter  from  M.  de  la 
Clue  to  the  Coujit  de  Msrie^  am- 
l/ajjfadur  of  France  at  the  tonrt  of 
Lijhcn,  dated  La'pSy  Atlgy ft  z%. 

Was  not  in  a  condition  to  write 
to  your  excellency  when  I  dif- 
patched  a  domellic  to  inform  yorf 
of  the  difailer  that  had  beifalien  the 
King's  fquadron  under  my  com- 
mand. I  palTed  the  Streights  in  the 
nitht  between  the   i6th  and   17th 

•f 


STATE     papers; 


239 


of  Atfguft,  with  twelve  ftiips  of  the 
line,  and  three  frigates.  I  was 
not  afraid  of  meeting  Admiral 
Bofcawen,  though  his  fquadron  was 
ftronger  than  mine;  but  by  an 
unaccountable  fatality,  five  of  my 
fhips  and  three  frigates  parted  from 
me,  fo  that  next  morning  at  day- 
break I  found  I  had  only  feven 
with  me :  fortunately  they  were 
the  largeft,  viz.  the  Ocean,  the  Re- 
doubtable, the  Centaur,  the  Guer- 
rier,  the  Souverain,  the  Temeraire, 
and  the  Modefte.  At  fun-rifing 
we  difcovered  eight  fail  to  wind- 
ward ;  I  believed  them  to  be  my 
ihips,  and  waited  for  them,  keep- 
ing as  near  the  wind  as  poflible, 
with  very  little  fail.  In  a  little 
time  their  number  increafed  fo 
much  that  we  counted  eighteen. 
J  made  no  doubt  of  their  being  the 
enemy's  fleet.  I  immediately  de- 
termined to  make  all  the  fail  I 
could  to  gain  the  weather  gage, 
and  made  the  proper  fignal  to  my 
fhips,  but  I  was  obliged  to  wait 
for  the  Souverain,  which  is  a  heavy 
failer,  and  by  that  means  the  ene- 
my got  up  with  me  fooner  than 
they  could  otherwife  have  done. 
Whilft  the  wind  blew  a  brilk  gale, 
they  had  no  advantage  over  us  : 
but  at  noon  the  wind  dying  away, 
I  found  that  they  failed  much  bet- 
ter than  we.  At  half  an  hour  after 
two,  the  Centaur,  Capt.  de  Sa- 
bran,  which  was  in  the  rear,  was 
attacked  by  two  ftiips,  one  on  the 
larboard,  the  other  on  the  ftarboard 
fide,  and  defended  herfclf  with  un- 
common bravery.  The  Guerrier 
was  attacked  foon  after ;  then  the 
Ocean  and  the  Souverain.  The 
heat  of  the  adion  was  with  thefe 
four  ftiips,  each  of  which  fought 
both  fides  of  the  ftiip  without  inter- 
snidion.  Admiral  Bofcawen,  wlio 
c^me  dowu  upon  me  with  all  the 


fail  he  could  make,  came  athwart 
me  within  gun  ftiot,  about  four 
o'clock,  and  poured  a  furious  broad- 
fide  into  me,  which  I  returned, 
and  my  fhot  were  fo  well  aimed,- 
that  his  mizen-maft  was  carried 
away,  his  main-top-fail  yard  came 
in  two  upon  the  deck,  the  fprit- 
fail  yard  and  the  jack-ftafF  were 
cut  away,  all  his  fails  were  torn, 
and  he  fheared  off  to  be  out  of  the 
reach  of  my  fire.  I  was  ftruck  at 
this  time  with  a  piece  of  iron, 
which  made  a  large  wound  in  my 
right  legy  and  broke  my  left  leg, 
fo  that  1  was  forced  to  leave  the 
Count  de  Carne  to  fight  the  fhip. 
Never  was  fuch  a  fire  feen  as  my 
fquadron  kept  up.  I  have  all  the 
reafon  in  the  world  to  believe,  that 
if  I  had  all  my  ftiips,  I  ftiould  have 
beat  them.  The  Englifti  admiral, 
on  leaving  me,  fell  upon  the  Cen- 
taur, and  made  the  fifth  fhip  which 
fhe  had  to  engage ;  fo  that  ftie  was 
forced  to  ftrike,  after  performing 
prodigies  of  valour.  At  night  the 
engagement  ceafed,  the  enemy  kept 
the  wind  under  an  eafy  fail. 

I  cannot  exprefs  to  your  excel- 
lency the  valour  and  courage  (hewn 
by  our  Ihips  companies,  which  did 
not  flacken  one  moment.  The 
enemy's  fuperiority  did  not  fright- 
en them.  This  was,  no  doubt, 
owing  to  the  example  of  the  of- 
ficers, who  difcovered  a  courage" 
truly  heroic.  My  ftiip  fired  2500 
cannon- (hot.  I  judge  that  we  had 
about  100  killed  on  the  fpot,  atid 
fcventy  dangeroufly  wounded  ;  one 
garde  pavilion  was  killed,  and  fc- 
veral  ofiicers  were  wounded.  We 
employed  the  night  in  preparing 
fpr  a  fecond  engagement ;  but  the 
Count  de  Panat,  who  commanded 
the  Souverain,  and  M.  de  Roche- 
more,  captain  of  the  Guerrier,  left. 
me '  in  tiic   night,    which  greatly 

dimi- 


240      ANNUAL     REGISTER,    1759. 


diminiihed  the  force  of  my  fqua- 
dron,  and  daunted  the  courage  of 
my  people. 

On  the  18th,  at  day-break,  the 
enemy  crowded  fail  to  come  up  with 
me.  I  then  judged  my  ruin  un- 
avoidable.  Finding  riiyfelf  on  the 
coall  of  Portugal,  I  determined  to 
burn  the  king's  Ihips  there,  rather 
than  furrender  them  to  the  enemy. 
I  ran  the  Ocean  alhore  two  leagues 
from  Lagos,  under  the  fort  called 
Almadana,  and  fent  notice  to  the 
commander  of  that  forr,  who  fired 
three  canrion  fhot  at  the  Englifii^ 
Tjut  they  paid  no  regaM  to  them. 
The  Marquis  de  St.  Aignan  alfo 
ran  his  Ihip  on  fhore,  and  both  of 
us  endeavoured  to  land  our  men, 
but  the  fea  being  rotfgh,  this  took 
up  a  great  deal  of  time.  M.  de 
Caftillon ,  captain  of  the  Temeraire, 
andM.  de  Mouvfe,  captain  of  the 
Modefte,  did  not  follow  my  exam- 
ple, but  anchored  as  near  as  they 
could  to  forts  Exavier  and  Lagres, 
hoping  that  the  Englifh  would  re- 
fpe£l  thefe  forts ;  but  they  paid  no 
regard  to  them,  and  came  and 
anchored  clofe  by  the  two  French 
fhipsi  which  they  fought  until  they 
ftruck. 

One  of  the  enemy's  fhips  came 
and  anchored  behind  the  Ocean, 
and  fired  into  her,  and  into  the  boats 
that  were  carrying  the  men  afhore. 
The  Count  de  Carne,  finding  he 
could  not  get  out  of  the  ihip,  was 
forced  to  ftrike  his  colours,  and  to 
furrender  prifoner,  with  M.  Dar- 
baud,  and  the  Chevalier  de  Glan- 
deves,  M.  de  Sufrim,  the  chevalier 
de  Damas,  and  five  inferior  officers  ; 


the  reil   were  Ibldiers, 


ith  forne 


gtinners,  making  in  all  about  fixty, 
whom   the  Englifh  took  on  board, 
and   fet  fire    to  the  vei&l,    which 
burnt  in  the  night. 
I  was  carried  oa  ihore,  andpaf- 


fed  the  night  with  the  officers  ancf 
the  wounded  men,  without  either 
bread  or  water.  On  the  rpth  the 
governor  of  Lagos  fent  to  invite 
me  to  that  place.  I  was  carried 
thither;  and  all  my  people  follow- 
ed me  ;  he  gave  us  all  the  affiftance 
that  wretched  country  could  afford. 
Our  people  had  no  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  pound  of  bread  a  day, 
each  day,  for  two  days ;  nor  could 
I  procure  flraw  for  the  fick  and 
wounded.  I  and  the  wounde<i  of- 
ficers are  lodged  with  the  Capu- 
chins ;  thefe  good  fathers  take 
great  care  of  us.  I  am  infinitely 
obliged  to  the  Corregidor  for  his 
civilities. 

We  have  fent  all  our  fhips  com- 
panies to  Cadiz,  chiefly  by  fea:  I 
remain  here  with  three  wounded 
officers,  the  Chevalier  Beaucour; 
and  my  nephew,  who  ftays  to  bear 
me  company ;  he  ferves  me  for  fe- 
cretary,  and  prefents  his  compli- 
ments to  your  excellency. 

My  wounds  are  in  a  very  good 
way ;  but  I  know  not  when  1  fhall 
be  able  to  leave  this  place;  I  am 
uneafy  aboiit  the  domeflic  I  fent  to 
you,  OTi  account  of  the  difficulties 
which,  I  hear,  attend  travelling  in 
this  country.  If  you  have  not  (cen 
him,  I  defi!re  yon  would  caufe  en- 
quiry to  be  made  about  hi.Ti. 


Abridgment  of  the  placart  piiblijhed 
by  his  excellency  Gen.  James  Wolfe^ 


troops 
on  his 


commander  iri  chief  of 
of  his   Britannic  majejly 
arrinjal  in  the  ri'ver  St.  Laurence, 
in  the  month  of  Augujly  1759. 

•'  "T^^H  E  King,  juftly  exafpera- 
X  ted  ajjainll  France,  has  fet 
on  foot  a  confiderable  armament 
by  land  arid  feay  to  bring  down  the 
haughtinefs  of  that   crown.     Hi-s 

aim 


STATE 

aim  is  tb  (Jeftroy  the  mod  conAder- 
ilble  fettlcmenc  of  the  French  in 
North  America.  It  is  not  againft 
theindulLipus  peafants,  their  wives, 
and  children,  nor  againll  the  mi- 
nillers  of  religion,  that  he  defigns 
making  war.  He  laments  the  mii- 
fortunes  U  which  this  quarrel  ex- 
pofes  them,  and  promifes  them  his 
proteftion,  offers  to  maintain  them 
in  their  poflefiions,  and  permits 
them  to  follow  the  worfhip  of  ^heir 
religion  j  provided  that  they  do  not 
eake  any  part  in  the  difference  be- 
tween the  two  crowns,  dircdly  or 
indireftly. 

The  Canadians  cannot  be  igno- 
rant of  their  fituation  :  the  Englilh 
are  mailers  of  the  river,  and  block- 
ing up  the  pafTage  to  all  fuccours 
from  Europe.  They  have,  befides, 
a  powerful  army  on  the  continent, 
under  the  command  of  General 
Amherft. 

The  refolutlon  the  Canadians 
ought  to  take  is  by  no  means 
doubtful :  the  utmoll  exertion  of 
their  valour  will  be  entirely  ufe- 
lefs,  and  will  only  Cervc  to  deprive 
them  of  the  advantages  that  they 
might  enjoy  by  their  neutrality. 
'J'he  cruellies  of  the  French  againft 
t!ie  fabjeds  of  Great  Britain  in 
Americn,  would  excufe  the  moft 
fevere  reprifals  j  but  Engliflimen 
are  too  generous  to  follow  fo  bar- 
barous examples.  They  offer  to 
the  Canadians  the  fvveets  of  peace 
amidft  the  horrors  of  war;  it  is  left 
to  their  ownfelves  to  determine 
their  fate  by  their  condu6V»  If 
their  prefamption,  and  a  wrong- 
placed,  as  well  as  fruitlefs  courage, 
Hiould  make  them  take  the  moft 
dangerous  part,  they  will  only 
have  their  ownfelves  to  blame, 
when    they   ftiall  groaa  under  the 


PAPERS. 


241 


weight  of  that  mifery  to  which  th<J/ 
will  expofe  themfelves. 

General  Wolfe  flitters  himfelf 
that  the  whole  world  will  do  him 
juitice,  if  the  inhabitants  of  Cana- 
da force  him,  by  their  refufal,  to 
have  recourfe  to  violent  methods.* 
He  concludes  in  laying  before  them 
the  ftrength  and  power  of  England, 
which  generoufly  ftretches  out  her 
hand  to  them  ;  *  a  hand  ready  to 
affift  them  on  all  occafions,  and 
even  at  a  time  whpn  France,  by  its 
weaknefs,  is  incapable  of  aflifting 
them,  and  abandons  them  in  the 
moft  critical  moment.' 


The  foUo^jing  letter  is  inferted  as  the 
Jlro7igeJi  piSlure  that  can  be  draiion 
of  the  difficulties  that  oppofed  them^ 
/elves  to  the  Britijh  arms,  in  the 
redu6lion  of  ^ebec,  as  nuell  as  of 
the  aSHvity  and  patience  of  the 
general  nxjho  fur  mounted  them.  The 
piece  is  no  lefs  njaluahky  as  one  of 
the  clear eji  and  mojl  elegant  ac^ 
comits  of  a  feries  of  military  opera- 
tions,  <uohich  haSf  perhaps ^  ever 
been  publijhedi 

Head  quarters  at  Montmorenci,  in  the 
rrver  St.  Laurence,  Sept.  2,  1759. 

S   I  R, 

IWiih  I  could,  upon  this  occafion, 
have  the  honour  of  tranfmitting 
to  you  a  more  favourable  accoiint 
of  the  progrefs  of  his  majefty'sarms; 
but  the  obftacles  we  have  met 
with  in  the  operations  of  the  cam- 
paign, are  much  greater  thaa 
we  had  reafon  to  expedt,  or  could 
forefee  ;  not  fo  much  from  the 
number  of  the  enemy,  (though 
fuperior  to  us)  as  from  the  natural 
ftrengih  of  the  country,  which  the 
i^  Marquis 


242      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


Marquis  de  Montcalm  feems  wifely 
to  depend  upon. 

When  I  learned  that  fuccours  of 
all  kinds  had  been  thrown  into 
Qaebec  ;  that  five  battalions  of  re- 
gular troops,  compleated  from  the 
"beft  inhabitants  of  the  country, 
fome  of  the  troops  of  the  colony, 
and  every  Canadian  that  was  able 
to  bear  arms,  befides  feveral  na- 
tions of  favages,  had  taken  the  field 
in  a  very  advantageous  fituation  ; 
I  could  not  flatter  myfelf  that  I 
ihould  be  able  to  reduce  the  place. 
I  fought  however  an  occafion  to  at- 
tack their  army,  knowing  well,  that 
with  thefe  troops  I  was  able  to  fight, 
■and  that  a  viflory > might  difpcrfc 
^•them.  •.^"    ■•-V/.-^  . 

-  We  found  them  encamped  along 
the  (hore  of  Beaufort,  from  the  river 
St.  Charles  to  the  falls  of  Montmo- 
renci,  and  intrenched  in  every  ac- 

-  ceflible  part.  The  27th  of  June  we 
landed   upon   the  ifle  of  Orleans ; 

-  but  receiving  a  meifage  from  the  ad- 
miral, that  there  was  reafon  to  think 
that  the  enemy  had  artillery,  and  a 
force  upon  the  point  of  Levi,  I 
detached  Brigadier  Monckton  with 
fbiir  battalions,  to  drive  them  from 
thence.  He  pafTed  the  river  the 
29th  at  night,  and  marched  the 
next  day  to  the  point ;  he  obliged 

•  the  enemy's  irregulars  to  retire,  and 
poflefTed  himfelf  of  that  poft  ;  the 
advanced  parties  upon  this  occafion 

'  had  two  or  three  flyrmifhes  with  the 
Canadians  and  Indians,  with  little 
lofs  on  either  fide. 

Colonel  Carleton  marched  with  a 
detachment  to  the  wellernmoft  point 
of  the  ifle  of  Orleans,  from  whence 
our  operations  were  like  to  begin. 

It  was  abfolutely  necefTary  to  pof- 
iefs  thefe  two  points,  and  fortify 
them,  becaufe,  from  either  Ore  or 
-the  other  the  enemy  might  make 


it  impoflible  for  any  fhip  to  lie 
in  the  bafon  of  Quebec,  or  even 
within  two  miles  ot  it. 

Batteries  of  cannon  and  mortars 
were  erefled  with  great  difpatch  on 
the  point  of  Levi,  to  bombard  the 
town  and  magazines,  and  to  injure 
the  works  and  batteries :  the  enemy 
perceiving  thefe  works  in  fome  for- 
wardnefs,  pafTed  the  river  with  1600 
men  to  attack  and  deftroy  them  ; 
unluckily  they  fell  into  confufion, 
fired  upon  one  another,  and  went 
back  again  ;  by  which  we  loft  an 
opportunity  of  defeating  this  large 
detachment.  The  effeft  of  this  ar- 
tillery has  been  fo  great,  (though 
acrofs  the  river)  that  the  upper  town 
is  confiderably  damaged,  and  the 
lower  town  entirely  deftroyed. 

The  works  for  the  fecurity  of  our 
hofpitals  and  flores  on  the  ifle  of 
Orleans,  being  finifhed,  on  the  9th 
of  July,  at  night,  we  paffed  the  N. 
channel,  and  encamped  near  the 
enemy's  left,  the  river  Montmoren- 
ci  between  us.  The  next  morning 
Capt.  Dank's  company  of  rangers, 
polled  in  a  wood  to  cover  fome 
workmen,  were  attacked  and  defeat- 
ed by  a  body  of  Indians,  and  had  fo 
many  killed  and  wounded,  as  to  be 
almoft  difablcd  for  the  reft  of  the 
campaign  :  the  enemy  alfo  fuffered 
in  this  affair,  and  were  in  their  turn 
driven  off  by  the  neareft  troops. 

The  ground  to  the  eaftward  of 
the  falls,  feemed  to  be  (as  it  really 
is)  higher  than  that  on  the  enemy's 
fide,  and  to  command  it  in  a  manner 
which  might  be  made  ufeful  to  us. 
There  is  befides  a  ford  below  the 
falls,  v^'hich  may  be  pafTed  for  fome 
hours  in  the  latter  part  of  the  ebb 
and  beginning  of  the  flood  tide  ; 
and  I  had  hopes,  that  poffibly  means 
might  be  found  of  paffing  the  river 
above,,  fo  as  to  fight  M.  Montcalm,. 

ufoa 


STATE      PAPERS. 


243 


Upott  terms  of  lefsdifad vantage  than 
diredly  attacking  his  incrench- 
ments.  In  reconnoitring  the  river 
Montmorenci,  we  found  it  fordable 
at  a  place  about  three  miles  up;  but 
the  oppofite  bank  was  intrenched, 
and  fo  fteep  and  woody,  that  it  was 
to  no  purpofe  to  attempt  a  pafTage 
there.  The  efcort  was  twice  attack- 
ed by  the  Indians,  who  were  as  of- 
ten repulfed  ;  but  in  thefe  rencoun- 
ters we  had  forty  (officers  and  men) 
killed  and  wounded. 

The  1 8th  of  July,  two  men  of 
war,  two  armed  floops,  and  two 
tranfports,  with  fome  troops  on 
boardi  pafTed  by  the  town  without 
any  lofs,  and  got  into  the  upper 
river.  This  enabled  me  to  re- 
connoitre the  country  above,  where 
I  found  the  fame  attention  on  the 
enemy*s  fide,  and  great  difficulties 
on  ours,  arifing  from  the  nature  of 
the  ground,  and  the  obftacles  to  our 
communication  with  the  fleet.  But 
what  I  feared  moft,  was>  that  if  we 
fhould  land  between  the  town  and 
the  river  Cape  Rouge,  the  body  firft 
landed  could  not  be  reinforced  be- 
fore they  were  attacked  by  the  ene- 
my's whole  army. 

Notwithftanding  thefe  difficulties, 
I  thought  once  of  attempting  it  at 
St.  Michael's,  about  three  miles  a- 
bove  the  town  ;  but  perceiving  that 
the  enemy  were  jealous  of  the  de- 
iign,  were  preparing  againll  it,  and 
had  aftually  brought  artillery  and  a 
mortar,  (which,  being  fo  near  to 
Quebec,  they  could  increafe  as  they 
pleafed)  to  play  upon  the  fhipping: 
and  it  muft  have  been  many  hours 
before  we  cpuld  attack  them,  (even 
fuppofing  a  favourable  night  for  the 
boats  to  pafs  by  the  town  unhurt)  it 
feemed  fo  hazardous  that  1  thought 
it  bell  to  defift. 

However,  w  divide  the  enemy's 


force,  and  to  draw  their  attention 
as  high  up  th6  river  as  pcffible,  and 
to  procure  fome  intelligence,  I  fenC 
a  detachment  under  the  command 
of  Colonel  Carleton,  to  land  at  the 
Point  de  Trempe,  to  attack  what- 
ever he  might  find  there,  bring  off 
fome  prifoners,  and  ail  the  ul'eful 
papers  he  could  get.  I  had  been 
informed  that  a  number  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Quebec  had  retired  to 
that  place,  and  that  probably  we 
fhould  fijid  a  magazine  of  provifions 
there. 

The  colonel  was  fired  upon  by  a 
body  of  Indians  the  moment  he 
landed>  but  they  were  foon  dif- 
perfed  and  driven  into  the  woods  : 
he  fearched  for  magazines,  but  to 
no  purpofe,  brought  off  fome  pri- 
foners, and  returned  with  little  lofs. 

After  this  bulinefs,  I  came  Ijack 
to  Montmorenci,  where  I  found 
that  Brigadier  Townlhend  had,  by 
a  fuperior  fire,  prevented  the  French 
from  erefling  a  battery  on  the  bank 
of  the  river,  from  whence  they  in- 
tended to  cannonade  our  camp.  I 
now  refolved  to  take  the  iirfl  oppor- 
tunity which  prefented  itfelf,  of  at- 
tacking the  enemy,  though  polled 
to  great  advantage,  and  every 
where  prepared  to  receive  us. 

As  the  men  of  war  cannot  (for 
want  of  a  fufficient  depth  of  water) 
come  near  enough  to  the  enemy'^  in- 
trenchments  to  annoy  them  in  the 
lea.t,  the  admiral  had  prepared  two 
tranfports  (drawing  but  little  water) 
which  upon  occafion  could  be  run 
a-ground,  to  favour  a  defcent.  With 
the  help  of  thefe  veffels,  which  I 
underftood  would  be  carried  by  the 
tide  clofe  in  Ihore,  I  propofed  to 
make  myfelf  mailer  of  a  detached 
redoubt  near  to  the  water's  edge, 
and  whofe  fituation  appeared  to  be 
out  of  mufket-fhot  of  the  inirench- 

R  2  ment 


444        ANNUAL     RE 

ment  upon  the  hill :  if  the  enemy 
fupported  this  detached  piece,  it 
would  necefTarily  bring  on  an  en- 
gagement, what  we  moft  wifhed 
for  ;  and  if  not,  I  (houjd  have  it  in 
my  power  to  examine  their  fitua. 
tion,  fo  as  to  be  able  to  determine 
where  we  could  beft  attack  them. 
'  Preparations  were  accordingly 
made  for  an  engagement.  The  31ft 
of  July  in  the  afternoon,  the  boats 
of  the  fleet  were  filled  with  grena- 
diers, and  a  part  of  General  Monck- 
ton's  brigade  from  the  point  of  Levi : 
the  two  brigades  under  the  bri- 
gadiers Townfhend  and  Murray, 
were  ordered  to  be  in  readinefs  to^ 
pafs  the  ford,  when  it  fhoujd  be 
thought  necefTary.  To  facilitate  the 
^alTage  of  this  corps,  the  admiral  had 
placed  the  Centurion  in  the  chan- 
nel, fo  that  ihe  might  check  the  fire 
of  the  lower  balitery  which  com- 
manded the  ford  :  this  fhip  was  of 
great  ufe,  as  her  fire  was  very  judi- 
cioufly  diredled.  A  great  quantity  of 
artillery  was  placed  upon  the  emi- 
nence, fo  as  to  batter  and  enfilade 
the  left  of  their  intrenchments. 

From  the  vefiei  which  run  a- 
grouhd  neareft  in,  1  obltrved  that 
the  redoubt  was  too  much  com- 
manded to  be  kept  without  very 
great  lofs-;  and  the  more,  as  the  two 
armed  ftiips  could  not  be  brought 
near-enough  to  cover  both  with  their 
artillery  and  murqueiFV,  which  I  at 
firft  conceived  they  might.  But  as 
the  enemy  feetned  in  fome  confu- 
ilon,'  and  we  were  prepared  for  an 
ai,\iow,  i  thought  it  a  proper  time 
to  make  ah  att<:;mpt  upon  their  in- 
trenchments. Orders  were  fenc  to 
the  brigadiers  general  to  be  ready 
with  the  troops  under  their  com- 
mand. Brigadier  Monckton  to  land, 
and  fhe  BngaVJiers  Townfhend  and 
■  M  err  ay  to  pafs  th^  fordi 


GISTER,   1759. 

At  a  proper  time  of  the  tide,  the 
fignal  was  made,  but  in  rowing  to- 
wards the  fhore,  many  of  the  boats 
grounded  upon  a  ledge,  that  runs 
olF  a  confiderable  diltance.  This 
accident  put  us  in  fome  diforder, 
loft  a  great  deal  of  time,  and  obliged 
me  to  fend  an  officer  to  ilop  Briga- 
dier Townfhend's  March,  whom  I 
then  obferved  to  be  in  motion. 
While  the  feamen  were  getting  the 
boats  off,  the  enemy  fired  a  number 
of  fhells  and  fhot,  but  did  no  confi- 
derable damage.  As  foon  as  this 
diforder  could  be  fet  a  little  to 
rights,  and  the  boats  were  ranged 
in  a  proper  manner,  fome  of  the  offi- 
cers of  the  navy  went  in  with  me  10 
find  a  better  place  to  land  :  we  took 
one  flat-bottomed  boat  with  us  to 
make  the  experiment,  and  as  foon 
as  we  had  found  a  fit  part  of  the 
fhore,  the  troops  were  ordered  to 
difembark,  thinking  it  not  yet  too 
late  for  the  attempt. 

The  thirteen  companies  of  grena- 
diers, and  200  of  the  fecond  royal 
American  battalion,  got  firft  on 
Ihore.  The  grenadiers  were  ordered 
to  form  themfelves  into  four  diftinft 
bodies,  and  to  begin  the  attack, 
fupported  by  Brigadier  Monckton*s 
corps,  as  foon  as  the  troops  had  paf- 
fed  the  ford,  and  were  at  hand  to 
affilh  But  whether  from  the  noife 
and  hurry  at  landing,  or  from  fome 
other  caufe,  the  grenadiers,  inllead 
of  forming  themielves  as  they  were 
direded,  ran  on  impetuoufly  to- 
wards the  enemy's  intrenchments  in 
the  utmoll  diforder  and  confufion, 
without  waiting  for  the  corps  which 
'  were  to  fuftain  them,  and  join  in  the 
attack.  Brigadier  Monckton  was  not 
landed,  and  Brigadier  Townihend 
was  at  a  qonfiderable  diftance,  tho' 
upon  his  march  to  join  us,  in  very 
great  order.  The  grenadiers  weje 
checked 


STATE     PAPERS. 


245 


cltecked  by  the  enemy's  firft  fire, 
and  obliged  to  ihelcer  themfelves 
in  or  about  the'redoubt,  which  the 
French  abandoned  upon  their  ap- 
proacli.  In  this  fituation  they  con- 
tinued for  fome  time,  unable  to 
form  under  fo  hot  a  iire,  and  having 
many  gallant  oJiicers  wounded,  who 
(carelefs  of  their  perfons)  had  been 
Iblely  intent  upon  their  duty.  I 
faw  the  abfolute  neceflity  of  calling 
them  oiF,  that  they  might  form 
themfelves  under  Brigadier  Monck- 
ton's  corps,  which  was  now  landed, 
and  drawn  upon  the  beach,  in  ex- 
treme good  order. 

By  this  new  accident,  and  this  fe- 
cond  delay,  it  was  near  night,  a  fud- 
den  ftorm  came  on,  and  the  tide  be- 
gan to  make  ;  fo  that  1  thought  it 
mofl  advifeable,  jict  to  perfevere  in 
fo  difficult  an  attack,  left  (in  cafe  of 
a  repulfe)  the  retreat  of  Brigadier 
Townlhend's  corps  might  be  ha- 
zardous and  uncertain. 

Our  artillery  had  a  great  effe6k 
upon  the  enemy's  left,  where  Bri- 
gadiers Towniiiend  and  Murray 
were  to  have  attacked :  and  it  is 
probable,  that  if  thofe  accidents  I 
have  fpoken  of  had  not  happened, 
we  Ihould  have  penetrated  there, 
whilft  our  left  and  center  (more  re- 
mote from  our  artillery)  mud  have 
bore  all  the  violence  of  the  mufque- 

1  he  French  did  not  attempt  to 
interrupt  our  march.  Some  of  their 
{av3iges  came  down  to  murder  fuch 
wounded  as  could  not  be  brought 
off,  and  to  fcalp  the  dead,  as  their 
cuftom  is. 

The  place  where  the  attack  was 
intended,  has  thefe  advantages  over 
all  others  hereabout.  Our  artillery 
could  be  brought  into  ufe.  The 
greateft  part,  or  even  the  whole,  of 
fhe  troops  might  ad  at  once  ;  and 
th^  retreat   (in  cjife  of  a  repulfe) 


was  fecure,  at  leaft  for  a  certain 
time  of  the  tide.  Neither  one  nor 
other  of  thefe  advantages  can  any 
where  elfe  be  found.  The  beacK 
upon  which  the  troops -were  drawn 
up,  was  of  deep  mud,  with  holes, 
and  cut  by  fcveral  gullies.  The 
hill  to  be  afcended,  very  iieep,  and 
not  every  where  practicable.  The 
enemy  numerous  in  their  intrench- 
ments,  and  their  fire  hot.  If  the  at- 
tack had  fucceeded,  our  lofs  mufl: 
certainly  have "  been  great,  and 
theirs  inconfiderable,  from  the  fhel- 
ter  which  the  neighbouring  woods 
afforded  them.  The  river  of  St. 
Charles  flill  remained  to  be  pafTed, 
before  the  town  was  invefted.  All 
thefe  circumllances  I  confidered  ; 
but  the  defire  to  ad  in  conformity 
to  the  King's  intentions,  induced 
me  to  make  this  trial,  perfuaded 
that  a  vidorious  army  finds  no  dif- 
ficulties. ' 

Immediately  after  this"  check,  I 
fcnt  Brigadier  Murray  above  the 
town  with  1200  men,direding  him 
to  alTift  Rear- Admiral  Holmes  in  the 
deftrudion  of  the  French  fhips,  (if 
they  could  be  got  at)  in  order  to 
open  a  communication  with  Gene- 
ral Amherlt.  The  brigadier  was  to 
feek  every  favourable  opportunity 
of  fighting  fome  of  the  enemy's  de- 
tachments, provided  he  could  do  it 
upon  tolerable  terms,  and  to  ufe  all 
the  means  in  his  power  to  provoke 
them  to  attack  him.  He  made  two 
different  attempts  to  land  upon  the 
north  (hore,  without  fuccefs  ;  but 
in  a  third  was  more  fortunate.  He 
landed  unexpededly  at  De  Cham- 
baud,  and  burnt  a  magazine  there; 
in  which  were  fome  provifions,  fome 
ammunition,  and  all  the  fpare  (lores, 
cloathing,  arms,  and  baggage,  of 
their  army. 

The  prifoners  he  took,  informed 
him  of  the  furrender  of  the  fort  of 

K  3  Niagara; 


24<5  ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1759, 


Niagara  ;  and  we  difcovered  by  in- 
tercepted letters,  that  the  enemy 
bad  abandoned  Carillon  and  Crown 
Point,  were  retired  to  the  ifle  Aux 
Noix  ;  and  that  General  Amherft 
was  making  preparations  to  pafs 
the  lake  Champlain,  to  fall  upon 
M.  Bourlemaque's  corps,which  con- 
fifts  of  three  battalions  of  foot,  and 
a§  many  Canadians,  as  make  the 
whole  amount  to  3000. 

The  admiral's  difpatches  and 
mine  would  have  gone  eight  or  ten 
days  fooner,  if  I  had  not  been  pre- 
vented from  writing  by  a  fever.  I 
found  royfelf  fo  ill,  and  am  dill  fo 
weak,  that  I  begged  the  general 
officers  to  confult  together  for  the 
public  utility.  They  were  all  of 
opinion,,  that  (as.  more  fhips  and 
provifions  have  now  got  above  the 
tpwn)  they  ftiould  try,  by  conveying 
up  a  corps  of  4  or  5000  men, 
(which  is  nearly  the  whole  ftrength 
of  the  army,  after  the  points  of 
IfiCvi  and  Orleans  are  left  in  a  pro- 
per ilate  of  defence)  to  draw  the 
enemy  from  their  prefent  (ituation, 
and  bring  them  to  an  a<flion.  I 
have  acq^uiefced  in  their  propofal, 
^nd  we  are  preparing  to  put  it  into 
execution. 

The  admiral  and  I  have  examin- 
ed the  town,  with  a  view  to  a  gene- 
ral aifault;  but,  after  confulting 
with  the  chief  engineer,  who  is  well 
acquainted  with  the  interior  parts  of 
it,  and,  after  viewing  it  with  the 
ucmoft  attention,  we  found,  that 
though  the  batteries  of  the  lower 
town  might  be  eafily  filenced  by  the 
men  of  war,  yet  the  bufinefs  of  an 
aflault  would  be  little  advanced  by 
that,  fince  the  few  paiTages  that  lead 
from  the  lower  to  the  upper  town, 
are  carefully  intrenched  ;  and  the 
upper  batteries  cannot  be  afFedled  by 
the  (hips,  which  mull  receive  con- 
iiderdble  damage  from  them,    and 


from  the  mortars.  The  admiral 
would  readily  join  in  this,  or  in  any 
other  meafure  for  the  public  fervice  ; 
but  I  could  not  propofe  to  him  an 
undertaking  of  fo  dangerous  a  na- 
ture, and  promifing  fo  little  fuccefs. 

To  the  uncommon  ftrength  of 
the  country,  the  enemy  have  added 
(for  the  defence  of  the  river)  a  great 
number  of  floating  batteries  and 
boats.  By  the  vigilance  of  thefe, 
and  the  Indians  round  our  different 
pofts,  it  has  been  impolTible  to  exe- 
cute any  thing  by  furprize.  We 
have  had  almoft  daily  fkirmifties 
with  thefe  favages,  in  which  they 
are  generally  defeated,  but  not 
without  lofs  on  our  fide. 

By  the  lift  of  difabled  officers 
(many  of  whom  are  of  rank)  you 
may  perceive.  Sir,  that  the  army  is 
much  weakened.  By  the  nature  of 
the  river,  the  moft  formidable  part 
of  this  armament  is  deprived  of  the 
power  of  afting,  yet  we  have  almoft 
the  whole  force  of  Canada  to  op- 
pofe.  In  this  fituation,  there  is  fuch 
a  choice  of  difficulties,  that  I  owa 
myfelf  at  a  lofs  how  to  determine. 
The  affairs  of  Great  Britain,  I 
know,  require  the  moft  vigorous 
meafures ;  but  then  the  courage  of 
a  handful  of  brave  men  fliouid  be 
exerted  only,  where  there  is  fome 
hope  of  a  favourable  event.  How- 
ever, you  may  be  afTured,  Sir,  that 
the  fmall  part  of  the  campaign, 
which  remains,  ftiall  be  employed 
(as  far  as  I  am  able)  for  the  honour 
of  his  majefty,  and  the  intereft  of 
the  nation,  in  which  I  am  fure  of 
being  well  feconded  by  the  admiral, 
and  by  the  generals.  Happy  if  our 
efforts  here  can  contribute  to  the 
fuccefs  of  his  majefty's  arms  in  any 
other  parts  of  America,  I  have  the 
honour  to  be,  with  the  greateft  re- 
fpeft.  Sir,  your  moft  obedient  and 
moft  humble  fervant, 

J.  Wolfe, 


S  f  A  T  E    PAPERS. 


247 


Articles  of  capitulation  agreed  on,  he- 
■tiveen  General  To^vonjhend  and  M. 
deRamzay,  Commander  o/^e6ec. 

Article  T, 

MDE  RAMZAY  demands 
*  the  honours  of  war  for  his 
garrifon,  and  that  it  Ihall  be  con- 
duced back  to  the  army  in  fafety 
by  the  fiiortell  road,  with  their 
arms,  baggage,  fix  pieces  of  brafs 
cannon,  two  mortars,  or  howitzers, 

and    twelve  rounds. The 

garrifon  of  the  town,  compofed  of 
land  forces,  marines,  and  failors, 
Ihall  march  out  with  their  arms  and 
baggage,  drums  beating,  lighted 
matches,  with  two  pieces  of  cannon, 
and  twelve  rounds,  and  ihall  beem-- 
barked  as  conveniently  as  poffible, 
in  order  to  be  landed  at  the  firft 
port  in  France. 

II.  That  the  inhabitants  fhall  be 
maintained  in  the  pofTeffion  of  their 
houfes,  goods,  efFefts,  and  privi- 
leges.— Granted,  provided  they  lay 
down  their  arms. 

III.  That  the  faid  inhabitants  (hall 
not  be  molefted  on  account  of  their 
having  borne  arms  for  the  defence 
<if  the  town,  as  they  were  forced  to 
it,  and  as  it  is  cuftomary  for  the 
inhabitants  of  the  colonies  of  both 
crowns  to  ferveas  militia. -Granted. 

IV.  That  the  effej^s  belonging 
to  the  abfent  officers,  or  inhabitants, 
Ihall  not  be  touched — Granted. 

V.  That  the  faid  inhabitants  fhall 
not  be  removed,  nor  obliged  to  quit 
their  houfes,  until  their  condition 
fhall  be  fettled  by  a  definitive  treaty, 
between  their  moil  Chriftian  and 
Britannic  majeflies. — Granted. 

VI.  That  the  exercife  of  the  Ca- 
tholic, Apoilolic,  and  Roman  reli- 
gion ihall  be  preferved,  and  that 
fafe-guards  ihall  be  granted  to  the 
houies  of  the  clergy,  and  to  the  mo- 


naileries,  particularly  to  the  bifhop  " 
of  Quebec,  who,  animated  with  zeal 
for  religion,  and  charity  for  the  peo- 
ple of  his  diocefe,  defires  to  reiide 
conilantly  in   it,  to  exercife  freely, 
and  with  that  decency,  which  his 
character,  and  the  facred  mylleries.- 
of  the  Catholic,  Apoilolic,  and  Ro-. 
man  religion  require,   his  epifcopal 
authority  in  the  town  of  Quebec, 
whenever  he  fhall  think  it  proper, 
until  the  pofTeiTion  of  Canada  ftiall 
have  been  decided  by  a  treaty  be- 
tween their  mofl  Chriftian  and  Bri- 
tannic majefties.  —  The  free 

exercife  of  the  Roman  religion, 
fafe-guards  granted  to  all  religious 
perfons,  as  well  as  to  the  biftiop, 
who  ihall  be  at  liberty  to  come  and 
exercife  freely  and  with  decency  the 
fundlions  of  his  ofHce  whenever  he 
fhall  think  proper,  until  the  pof- 
feiGon  of  Canada  ihall  have  been 
decided  between  their  Britannic  and 
moft  Chriftian  majeilies. 

VII.  That  the  artillery  and  war- 
like ftores  ihall  be  delivered  up  6ona 
Jide,  and  an  inventory  taken  thereof. 
— Granted. 

VIII.  That  the  fick,  wounded, 
commiiTaries,  chaplains,  phyficians, 
furgeons,  apothecaries,  and  other 
perfons  employed  in  the  hofpitals, 
fhall  be  treated  agreeable  to  the  car- 
tel fettled  between  their  moft  Chrif- 
tian and  Britannic  majefties  on  Feb. 
6,  i759.-»Granted. 

IX.  That  before  delivering  up 
the  gate,  and  the  entrance  of  the 
town  to  the  Engliih  forces,  their 
general  will  be  pleafed  to  fend  fome 
foldiers  to  be  placed  as  fafe-guards 
at  the  churches,  convents,  and  chief 
habitations. — Granted. 

X.Thatthe  commander  of  the  city 
of  Quebec  ihall  be  permitted  to  fend 
advice  to  the  Marquis  de  Vaudreuil, 
governor-general,  of  the  redudion  of 

R  4  th« 


248       ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759, 


the  town  ;  as  alfo  that  this  general 
ftiall  be  allowed  to  write  to  the 
French  miniftry,  to  inform  them 
thereof. — Granted. 

XI.  That  the  prefent  capitula- 
tion fhall  be  executed  according 
to  its  form  and  tenor,  without  being 
liable  to  non-e?fecution,  under  pre- 
tence of  reprifals,  or  the  non-exe- 
cution of  any  preceding  capitula- 
tion.— Granted. 

The  prefent  treaty  has  been  made 
and  fettled  between  us,  and  duf  li- 
cates  figned  at  the  camp  before 
Quebec,  Sept.  18,   1759. 

C.  SaundiLn,  G.  TQiijnJheud. 

J)e  Ramzay. 

Killed  in  the  battle  of  the  13th. 
One  general,  one  captain,  fix  lieu- 
tenants, one  enfign,  three  ferjeants, 
forty-five  rank  and  file. 

Wounded,  One  brigadier  gene- 
ral, 4  ft afi^- officers,  12  captains,  26 
lieutenants,  loenfigns,  25  ferjeants, 
4  drummers,  506  rank  and  file. 

Artillery,  One  engineer  wounded,' 
1   gunner  killed,   1   bombardier,   i 
gunner,  5  matrofles  wounded. 

Jtt  account  of  the  guns  ^  &c.  found  in 
^ebec,  en  its  fur  render  /j  his  ma- 
jejiys  troops, 
Brals  guns  6pd.  ijBrafsmor.  I3in.i 
4         3iD^howitz.8 
2         2|Ironp3ort.  13 
10 
45 


trenching  tools,  &c.  the  number  of 
which  cannot  be  afcertained. 


Ironguns36 
24 
18 
12 


13 

43 

30 


10 

8 

7 


Shells  13  in.  770 
10    15P 
8  and  ) 
6    [50 

7|Brafs  petards       2 


with  a    confiderable    quantrty    of 
j:o.vder,  bali,  fmall  arms,  and  in- 


There    have  been    a! 


0    37  guns 
on    feveral 


and  one  mortar  found 

batteries  between  Sc.  Charjes  river 

and  Beauport. 


Memorial  preftnted  to  the  States  Ge- 
neral on  the  I  gth  of  Odober  of  this 
year^  by  the  Count  d' Jffriy ,  ambaj- 
fadorfrom  France. 

High  apfl  mighty  Lords, 

1"^  H  E  R  E  are  at  this  time  at 
Amflerdam,  iron  cannon  and 
balls  of  dilFerent  fizes  belonging  tq 
the  King  my  mafter.  Upon  the  re- 
port which  I  made  to  his  majefty, 
that  your  High  Mightinefies  made 
a  difficulty  of  fuffering  ihem  to  be 
carried  out  of  your  country,  he  has 
commanded  me  to  reprefent  how 
contrary  this  refuial  is  10  the  neu- 
trality which  your  High  Mighti- 
neffes  have  embraced. 

Your  High  Mightinefies  will  be 
pleafed  to  remember,  that  during 
the  whole  courfe  of  this  war,  the 
King  has  required  nothing  from 
your  friendlliip  that  was  inconfiftent 
with  the  ilrictelt  impartiality  ;  and 
if  his  majefty  has  departed  from  the 
engagements  th.Jt  fubfilled  between 
him  and  your  High  Mightinefies,  it 
was  by  granting  the  moft  efientiaj 
and  lucrative  favours  to  the  com- 
merce of  your  fubjc^s,  who  would 
ro'.v  have  been  in  poflefilon  of  the 
immenfe  advantages  which  the  pru- 
dence of  your  refolutiohs  had  pro- 
cured for  them,  had  they  not  been 
difturbed  in  it,  in  violation  of  the 
faich  of  the  moftfoiemn  treaties,  by 
the  enemies  of  the  King  my  mafter, 
and  your  rivals  in  trade. 

iihallnot  enter  into  a  circumftan- 

'tial 


STATE    PAPERS. 


249 


tinl  detail  of  the  aflillance  which  our 
enemies,  notwithllanding  their  be- 
haviour to  your  republic,  have  de- 
rived from  the  trade  of  your  fub- 
jeds,  and  the  protection  which  their 
efFedts  have  found  in  the  territory  of 
the  republic.  I  cannot,  however, 
forbear  taking  notice,  tjiigh  and 
Mighty  Lords,  that  the  artillery, 
llores,  and  gunpowder,  that>vas  at 
Weflel,  were  depcfited  in  the  Unit- 
ed Provinces  ;  that  every  body 
knows  how  little  the  Hanoverian 
army  refpefted  the  territory  of  the 
republic  on  occafion  of  their  pafling 
the  Rhine,  and  the  circumftances 
that  preceded  and  followed  that 
event. 

It  is  alfo  known,  that  when  that 
army  was  obliged  to  repafs  the 
Rhine,  it  had  recourfe  to  the  only 
meihod  of  faving  a  great  part  of 
their  fick  and  wounded,  whom  they 
were  obliged  to  leave  behind,  from 
falling  in  our  hands,  by  putting 
them  into  boats,  and  fending  them 
to  places  whither  they  knew  that 
cur  refpedl  for  the  neutrality  of  the 
republic  would  not  fufler  us  to  fol- 
low them.  It  was  at  this  time  that 
the  Hanoverian  army  favcd  pioft  of 
the  grain,  that  was  in  the  maga- 
zines, a  part  oi  which  is  ftill  laid 
up  in  fome  towns  of  the  republic. 
Our  enemies  have  alfo  purchafed 
and  contracted  for  very  confiderable 
quantities  of  gunpowder  in  the 
United  Provinces. 

Thefe  and  fcveral  other  circum- 
ftances  might  have  made  the  fub- 
iecl  of  the  juftelt  complaints  ;  but 
ilie  king  did  not  think  it  proper  to 
rL-quire  that  the  freedom  and  inde- 
pendency of  the  fubjeds  of  the  re- 
public (hbuld  be  reftrained  in  bran- 
ches of  trade,  that  are  not  inronfill- 
ent  with  its  neutrality,  becaufe  he  is 
perfuadcd,  that  the  faith  of  an  en- 


gagement ought  to  be  inviolably 
preferved,  notwithftanding  fome  ac- 
cidental and  tranfient  difadvan- 
tages.  Add  to  this,  that  his  majefty, 
being  informed  of  the  prefent  criti- 
cal ftaie  of  the  republic,  was  defirous 
of  giving  your  High  Mightineffes 
ah  eflential  proof  of  his  friendlhip, 
by  ordering  the  generals  of  his  army 
carefully  to  avoid  encroaching  on 
the  territory  of  the  republic,  and 
transferring  thither  the  theatre  of 
war,  when  the  enemy's  generals, 
before  they  were  forced  to  repafs 
the  Rhine,  feemed  to  ihun  the 
King's  army* 

Your  High  Mightine/Tes  will 
certainly  acknowledge,  that  after 
fuch  marks  of  regard  on  the  part 
of  the  King,  his  majefty  would 
have  the  jufteft  ground  of  com- 
plaint, if,  contrary  to  expeftation, 
he  fhould  hear  that  the  cannon 
and  balls  belonging  to  him,  which 
are  at  Amilerdam,  were  detained 
there  ;  and  that  he  could  not 
help  regarding  fuch  a  proceeding 
as  a  violation  of  the  neutrality 
which  your  High  Mightinefleshave 
folemnly  engaged  to  obferve, 
whilll  the  enemy,  under  cover  of 
this  neutrality,  draw  from  the  fub- 
jeRs  of  your  republic  the  fuccours 
they  want. 

1  therefore  demand,  in  the  name 
of  the  king  my  mailer,  that  your 
High  Mightinefles  will  be  pleafed 
to  give  the  moft  efficacious  orders, 
that  the  artillery  and  balls  in  quef- 
tion,  may  be  carried  without  delay, 
by  the  canals  of  Amfterdam,  and 
the  inland  navigation  to  Flanders. 
Your  High  Mightinefles  will  doubt- 
lefs  not  hefitate  about  this  juil  de-' 
mand,  fo  agreeabU  to  your  known 
equity  and  your  grateful  fenfe  of 
repeated  marks  of  invariable  friend- 
ihip  given  you  by  the  King  my  maf- 

icr 


259..      ANNUA/L   RE 

ft^r;  dirregarding  the  imperious  and 
grbundlefs  pretcnfions  of  a  neigh- 
bouring and  JL-alous  power,  which, 
not  content  with  interrupting  your 
navigation  and  commerce,  pretends 
to  give  lav/  in  the  bofom  of  your 
ftate,  and  whofe  national  fyftem 
tends  to  ruin  your  fubjedls,  if  it 
cannot  make  them  fhare  in  the  ca- 
lai^itjles  .  and  dangers  of  the  war. 
England  will  not  accomplifli  this  ; 
ana  your  High  Mightinefles  will 
pj-ove  to  all  Europe,  that  nothing 
can  m^ke  them  depart  from  that, 
ipoft  impartial  neutrality  which  they 
have  embraced,  by  giving  the  King 
nay  mailer  the  fpeedieft  and  moll 
ample  fatisfadlion  where  he  is  fo 
rouch  intitled  to  it ;  by  leaving  to 
your  fubjedls  that  liberty  which  is 
neceflary  to  their  trade  ;  and  by 
granting  them  that  protection  which 
the  fyftem  and  proceedings  of  the 
^nglifh  render  indifpenfible. 


GISTER,    1759. 

with  which  I  could  not  avoid  being 
offended  ;  I  have  been  obliged  to 
caufe  all  of  them  to  be  removed  to 
the  town  of  Spandau, which  mull  not 
be  confounded  with  the  fortrefs  of 
that  name,  from  which  it  is  entirely 
feparate,  and  where  they  will  enjoy 
the  fame  eafe  as  at  Bierlin,  but  will 
be  more  narrowly  obferved.  This 
is  a  refolution  no  one  can  blame.  I 
am  fufficiently  authorifed  in  it  by 
the  law  of  nations,  and  by  the  pow- 
ers who  are  leagued  againft  me  ;  the 
court  of  Vienna  having  never  fuf-' 
fered  any  of  my  officers,  that  have 
fallen  into  their  hands,  to  go  to 
Vienna,  and  the  court  of  Ruffia 
having  fent  fome  of  them  even  to 
Cafan.  However,  as  my  enemies 
let  flip  no  opportunity  of  blacken- 
ing my  moft  innocent  proceedings, 
I  have  thought  proper  to  acquaint 
you  with  my  reafons  for  making 
this  alteration,  with  regard  to  the 
officers  who  arc  my  prifoners,  &c." 


TH  E  enemies  of  his  Pruf- 
ftan  majefty  havingcomplain- 
cd  of  the  treatment  of  their  prifon- 
crs  of  war  in  the  Pruffian  territo- 
ries, that  monarch,  who  fuffers  no 
unjull.  calumny  to  prevail  againft 
him,  has  caufed  the  following  jufti- 
fication  of  his  conduft  to  be  ient  to 
Ids  minifters  at  foreign  courts. 

"  It  is  known  to  all  Europe,  that 
I  have  provided  for  all  the  officers 
who  are  my  prifoners  of  war,  as 
well  Swedes,  as  French  and  Au- 
ilrians,  and  lately  for  the  Ruffians, 
ijhc  bell  accommodations,  and  every 
cpnveniency;  having,  for  that  end, 
permitted  them  to  pafs  the  time  of 
Jheir  captivity  in  my  capital.  Ne- 
yerthelefs,  as  fome.  of  them  have 
grofsly  abufed  the  liberty  allowed 
them,  by  keeping  up  illicit  corre- 
fpondencies,  and  by  other  praftices. 


Saturday  y  Oil.  20.  This  day  the  right 
bon.  the  lord  mayor ^  aldermen,  and 
commons  of  the  city  of  London,  nuait-' 
ed  on  his  majejiy,  and  being  intrO' 
duced  by  the  right  hon.  Mr.  Secre- 
tary Pitt,  made  their  compliments 
on  the  late  fucceffes  of  his  majeffs 
arms,  in  the  foUonuing  addrefs. 

May  it  pleafeyourMajeJly, 

TO  accept  the  moft  humble 
but  warmeft  congratulations 
of  your  majefty's  dutiful  and  loyal 
fubjedls,  the  lord  mayor,  aldermen, 
and  common  council  of  the  city  of 
London,  in  common  council  alTem- 
bled,  upon  the  rapid  and  uninter- 
rupted feries  of  victories,  and  fuc- 
ceffes, which,  under  the  divine  blef-* 
fing,  have  attended  your  majefty's 

arms 


STATE      PAPERS. 


«5i. 


by  fea  and  land,  within  thecompafs 
of  this  diftinguifhed  and  ever  me- 
morable year. 

The  redudion  of  Fortdu  Quefne, 
on  the  Ohio;  of  theifland  of  Goree, 
in  Africa;  and  Gaudaloupe,  with 
its  dependence,  in  the  Weft  Indies ; 
the  repulfe  and  defeat  of  the  whole 
French  army  by  a  handful  of  infan- 
try, in  the  plains  of  Minden  ;  the 
taking  of  Niagara,  Ticonderoga, 
and  Crown  Point;  the  naval  vifto- 
ry  off  Cape  Lagos ;  the  advantages 
gained  over  the  French  nation  in 
the  Eaft  Indies ;  and  above  all,  the 
conqueft  of  Quebec,  (the  capital  of 
the  French  empire  in  North  Ameri- 
ca) in  a  manner  fo  glorious  to  your 
majefty's  arms,  againft  every  ad- 
vantage of  fituation  and  fuperior 
numbers,  are  fuch  events,  as  will  for 
ever  render  your  majefty's  aufpicious 
reign  the  favourite  ^ra  in  the  hifto- 
ry  of  Great  Britain. 

But  whilft  we  reflefl  wirh  furprife 
and  gratitude  upon  this  laft  and 
moft  important  conqueft,  permit  us, 
moft  gracious  fovereign,  to  exprefs 
our  regret  for  the  immenie  (though 
almoft  only)  lofs  which  has  attended 
it,  in  the  death  of  that  gallant  ge- 
neral, whofe  abilities  formed,  whofe 
courage  attempted,  and  whofe  con- 
dudl  happily  effe*ltcd  the  glorious 
enterpriie  in  which  he  fell,  fcrving 
to  future  times  as  an  heroic  example 
of  military  Ikili,  difcipline  and  for- 
titude. 

Meafures  of  fuch  national  con- 
cern, fo  invariably  purfucd,  and  ac- 
quifitions  of  fo  much  confequence 
to  the  power  and  trade  of  Great 
Britain,  are  the  nobleft  proofs  of 
your  majefty's  paternal  affedtion  and 
regard  for  the  true  intereft  of  your 
kingdoms,  and  refledl  honour  upon 
thole  whom  your  majefty  has  been 
pleafed  to  admit  into  your  council?. 


or  to  intruft  with  the  conduft  of, 
your  fleets  and  armies. 

Thefe  will  ever  command  the 
lives  and  fortunes  of  a  free  and 
grateful  people,  in  defence  of  your, 
majefty's  facred  perfon,  and  royal 
family,  againft  the  attempts  of  all 
your  enemies.  And  we  humblyH 
truft,  that  Almighty  God  will  blefs. 
your  majefty's  falutary  intentions, 
with  a  continuance  of  fuccefs,  and 
thereby  in  time  lead  us  to  a  fafe  and 
honourable  peace. 

To  'which  addrefs  his  majejiy  <was 
plea/ed  to  return  this  moj}  gracious 
aripwer, 
^  I  receive  with  particular  fatisfac- 
tion,  this  moft  dutiful  and  loyal  ad- 
drefs, as  an  additional  mark  of  your 
afFedion  to  my  perfon,  and  of  your 
fignal  zeal  for  the  honour  of  my  go- 
vernment, in  this  juft  and  neceflary 
war.  Our  fuccelTes  are,  under  the 
bleffing  of  God,  the  natural  and 
happy  fruit  of  union  amongft  my 
people,  and  of  ability  and  valour 
in  my  fleets  and  armies.  I  have  an 
entire  confidence  in  this  truly  nation- 
al fpirit ;  and  the  city  of  London 
may  depend  on  my  tender  care  for 
the  rights,  trade,  colonies,  and  na- 
vigation of  my  faithful  fubjeds. 


Abjlra£l  of  the  report  made  to  his  Ca- 
tholic majejiy  by  the  phyjicians 
appointed  to  examine  the  Prince 
Royal y  his  eldeji  Jon,  in  confequence. 
of  n.vhich  his  royal  highnefs  has  been 
declared  incapabh  of  fucceeding  to, 
the  throne  of  Spain.  Tranjlated 
from  the  original,  publijhed  at  Na- 
ples,  Sept.   27. 

i-nr^Hough    his  royal   highnefs 

JL      Don  Philip  is  13  years  old, 

he  is  of  low  ftature,   and  yet  the 

King  his  father,  and  the  Queen  his 

mother. 


252        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


mother,  are  both  of  a  very  proper 
height. 

2.  His  royal  highnefs  has  fome 
cbntraftion  in  his  joints,  though  be 
can  readily  move,  and  make  ufe  of 
them  on  all  occafions. 

3.  His  royal  highnefs  is  apt  to 
ffoop,  and  to  hold  down  his  head, 
ss  people  of  weak  eyes  often  do. 

4.  The  prince  mod  evidently 
fquints,  and  his  eyes  frequently- 
"water  and  are  gummy,  particularly 
his  left  eye ;  though  we  cannot 
fay  he  is  blind,  but  are  rather  cer- 
tain of  the  contrary,  as  his  royal 
highnefs  can  without  doubt  diftin- 
guifh  obje»5ls,  both  as  to  their  co- 
lour and  fituatlon. 

5.  In  his  natural  funftions,  and 
the  moft  common  fenfations,  he  is 
fometimes  indiiTerent  to  things  that 
are  convenient  for  him,  and  at 
other  times  is  too  warm  and  impe- 
tuous. In  general,  his  prions  are 
not  retrained  by  reafon. 

6.  The  prince  has  an  obftinate 
averfion  to  fome  kind  of  common 
food,  fuch  as  fruits,  fweatmeats,  &c. 

7.  All  forts  of  noife  or  found  di- 
fturbs  and  difconcerts  him,  and  it 
has  the  fame  effect  whether.it  be 
foft  and  harmonious,  or  harfh  and 
difagreeable. 

8.  The  impreffions  that  he  re- 
ceives from  pain  or  pleafure,  are 
^either  ilrong  nor  laiting,  and  he 
is  utterly  unacquainted  with  all  the 
punftilio*s  of  politenefs  and  good 
breeding. 

9.  As  to  fa^s  and  places,  he 
fometimes  remembers  them,  and 
fometimes  not;  but  he  feems  not 
to  have  the  leaft  idea  of  the  myfte- 
ries  of  our  holy  religion. 

10.  He  delights  in  childifh  ar 
mufements  ;  and  thofe  which  are 
fiQoIl  boilleroiis  pleafe  him  bell*  He 


is  continually  changing  them,  and 
fhifcing  from  one  thing  to  another. 
Signed  by  Don  Francis  Beniore, 
chief  phyfician  to  the  King 
and  kingdom  ;  Don  Emanuel 
della  Rofa,  phyfician  to  the 
Queen  ;  and  the  phyficians 
Casfar  Ciribue,  Don  Thomas 
Pinto,  Don  Francis  Sarrao, 
and  Don  Dominique  San  Se- 
verino. 


j^tff  of  abdication  and  fettkment  of  the 
cro-wn  of  the  Tn.vo  Sicilies  by  his 
moft  Catholic  Majefty,  in  Jan; our 
cf  his  third  fony  and  in  prejudice  to 
the  natural  right  of  the  elder. 

WE  Charles,  &c.  &c.  &c. 
The  manifeft  weaknefs  of 
mind  under  which  the  Prince  royal, 
our  eldeft  fon,  molt  unhappily  la- 
bours, has  greatly  increafed  the 
anxiety  occafioned  by  the  important 
affairs  and  concerns  of  the  monar- 
chy of  Spain  and  the  Indies,  de- 
volved to  us  by  the  death  of  our 
well- beloved  brother,  his  Catholic 
majefty,  Ferdinand  VI.  According 
to  the  fpirit  of  the  treaties  of  this 
age,  Europe  requires  that  the  fove- 
reignty  of  Spain  Ihould  be  feparated 
from  that  of  Italy,  when  it  can  be 
efFeded  without  tranfgrelhng  the 
rules  of  juftice.  As  we  are  refolved 
then  to  provide  a  legal  fucceflbr  to 
our  dominions  in  Italy  before  we 
fet  out  for  Spain,  it  is  necelfary  be- 
fore we  proceed  to  the  choice  of  on^ 
of  the  many  fons  beltowed  on  us 
by  heaven,  to  determine  which  of 
our  youngell  fons  fhall  be  found 
qualified  to  govern  the  people,  and 
fucceed  to  the  flates  of  the  Two 
Sicilies,  without  uniting  them  with 

tho(s 


STATE     PAPERS. 


255 


thofe  of  Spain  ard  the  Indies. 
This  reafon  of  convenience  for  the 
tranquillity  of  Europe  (which  we 
are  defirous  of  adopting,  left  it 
fhould  take  the  alarm  on  feeing, 
by  our  leaving  this  affair  undecid- 
ed, the  fovereignty  of  Spain  united 
in  our  perfon  with  the  Italian  mo- 
narchy) demands  that  we  imme- 
diately take  our  refolution,  with  re- 
gard to  the  fucceflion  of  Italy. 

A  confiderable  bociy  which  we 
have  compofed  of  our  counfellors 
of  ftate,  the  privy  counfellor  of 
Caftile,  the  chamber  of  St.  Clair, 
the  chamber  of  the  finances,  and 
the  whole  junto  of  Sicily,  to  whom 
we  have  added  fix  of  our  moft  emi- 
nent phyficians,  have  reported  to 
us,  that,  notwithftanding  all  the 
examinations,  and  all  the  experi- 
ments which  they  have  made,  they 
have  not  been  able  to  find  in  the 
unfortunate  prince  royal,  either  the 
principles  of  reafon,  reflexion,  or 
judgment,  and  that  as  he  has  been 
in  that  ftate  ever  fince  his  infancy, 
he  is  not  only  incapable  of  any  aft 
of  religion  or  reafon,  but  there  is 
not  even  the  leaft  Ihadow  of  hope 
that  he  can  ever  acquire  the  ufe  of 
his  faculties  ;  unanimoufly  con- 
cluding from  thence,  that  we  could 
not  think  of  difpofing  of  it  in  his 
favour,  though  it  might  be  agree- 
able to  nature,  and  our  paternal 
duty  and  affettion.  Being  con- 
Itrained  then  by  the  divine  will,  for 
this  time  to  pafs  by  the  right  of 
our  eldeft  fon,  in  favour  of  the  in- 
fant Don  Ferdinand,  our  third  fon, 
according  to  the  order  of  nature, 
his  minority  obliges  us,  when  we 
fhall  refign  the  fovereignty  of  Ita- 
ly, to  velt  the  management  of  thefe 
realms  in  a  regency,  as  it  it  im- 
pofiible  for  us  lu  aft  as  a  guardian 


to  a  fon  who  (hall  be  King  of  the 
Two  Sicilies  immediately  on  our 
departure  for  Spain. 

Having  therefore  put  Don  Fer- 
dinand, our  third  fon,  in  a  condi- 
tion of  receiving  the  ceflion  of 
the  Italian  kingdoms,  we  previouf- 
ly  declare,  though  perhaps  it  is  un- 
neceffary,  that  we  emancipate,  and 
fet  him  at  liberty  by  this  prefent 
aft  (which  we  ordain  to  be  folemnly 
obferved,  and  have  all  the  force  of 
a  legal  aft,  nay  even  of  a  law)  and 
that  he  is,  from  this  time,  freed, 
not  only  from  all  obedience  to  our 
paternal  power,  but  even  from  all 
fubmiflion  to  our  fupreme  and  fo- 
vereign  authority. 

In  the  next  place,  we  eftablifti 
and  appoint  a  council  of  regency, 
for  the  time  of  the  minority  of  our 
above  mentioned  third  fon  (who  is 
to  be  fovereign  of  our  Italian  king- 
doms, and  lord  of  all  the  eftates 
formerly  poflefl^ed  by  us)  in  order, 
that  this  council  may  exercife  the 
fovereignty  during  that  time,  ac- 
cording to  the  orders  prefcribed  by 
us  in  an  ordinance  of  this  day's 
date,  figned  with  our  own  hand, 
fealed  with  our  own  feal,  and  coun- 
terfigned  by  our  counfellor  and 
fecretary  of  ftate  for  the  depart- 
ment of  ftate  and  palace  royal ;  de- 
firing  that  this  ordinance  ftiall  be 
regarded  as  an  efiential  part  of  this 
prefent  aft,  as  if  it  were  inferted 
therein,  and  repeated  word  for 
word,  to  the  end  that  it  may  have 
equally  the  farce  of  a  law. 

In  the  third  place,  we  fix  and 
determine  (according  to  the  per-  ' 
petual  and  eftabliftied  law  of  our 
ellates  and  dcmefnes  of  Italy)  that 
the  minority  of  the  princes,  who 
lucceed  to  the  kingdom  of  the 
Twp  Sicilies,  ftiall  cj^pire  whc.i  they 

have 


254        ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


have  accompliflied  their  fixteenth 
year,  and  that  then  -they  (hall  aft 
as  fovereigns,  and  have  the  entire 
'power  of  the  adminiftration. 

In  the  fourth  place,  we  eftablifh 
likewife,  as  a  conftant  and  per- 
petual law,  with  regard  to  the  fuc- 
ceffion  of  the  infant  Don  Ferdi- 
liand,  and  for  the  more  ample  ex- 
J>lanation  of  the  foregoing  arrange- 
'^tifents,  that  this  fucceffion  be  re- 
gulated, according  to  primogeni- 
ture,  with  right  of  reprefentation 
in-  the  riiafculine  line,  from  male 
t6  male.  In  cafe  the  laft  reprefen- 
tative  of  the  dired  line  fliould  die 
without  children,  the  eldell  of  the 
males  of  the  neareft  branch  ihall 
fucceed  to  him,  whether  it  be  his 
uncle  by  the  father's  fide,  or  his 
brother;  or  in  a  more  diftant  de- 
gree, provided  he  is  the  eldeft  of 
the  line,  (according  to  the  form  be- 
fore fpecified)  and  fprung  from  that 
branch,  which  (hall  become,  or  has 
already  become,  the  neareft  to  the 
■eldeft  and  dired  line  of  the  infant 
Don  Ferdinand,  or  the  immediate 
preceding  reigning  prince. 

We  eftablifli  the  fame  order  in 
default  of  all  the  male  iffue  of  the 
males  of  the  mafculine  line  of  the 
above  mentioned  Don  Ferdinand 
(from  male  to  male)  in  courfe,  to 
the  infant  Don  Gabril,  our  fon,  to 
whom  the  fuccefiion  fhall  then  de- 
volve, and  to  his  defcendants  from 
male  to  male,  as  it  is  before  fet 
forth.  If  the  faid  Don  Gabril,  or 
his  defcendants,  fhall  fail  of  iffue, 
(proceeding  from  males)  the  fuc- 
cellion  fhall  pafs,  in  the  fame  order 
as  above,  to  the  infant  Don  Antho- 
ny, and  to  his  male  defcendants 
^proceeding  from  males ;')  and  in 
failure  of  male  ifTue  (proceeding 
from  males)  of  this  lafl,  and  his 
pofterity,  the   fucceiTion   fhall   de- 


1759- 

volve,  always  after  the  fame  rti6- 
thod,  to  the  infant  Don  Xavier^ 
and  after  him  and  his  mafculine 
defcendants,  (as  before  fpecified)  to 
thofe  infants,  which  it  fhall  pleafe 
God  hereafter  to  grant  us,  accord- 
ing to  the  order  of  nature,  and>  in 
courfe,  to  their  iffue  male. 

In  cafe  of  the  extindlion,  in  our 
pofterity,  of  all  the  males  (pro- 
ceeding from  males)  the  fuccefliort 
fhall  belong  to  the  female  ifTue  of 
the  fame  blood,  (defcending  in  a  di- 
reft  male  line)  who  fhall  be  living 
at  the  time  of  this  extinftion  (whe- 
ther it  be  our  daughter,  or  the 
daughter  of  any  other  prince  of* 
our  pofterity,  proceeding  from  the 
male  line)  who  fhall  be  neareft  to 
the  reigning  king,  or  to  the  laft  of 
the  males  (defcended  from  males) 
who  fails  of  ifTue,  or  to  the  imme* 
diateJy  preceding  prince,  who  fhall 
die  without  ifTue ;  always  under- 
ftanding,  neverthelefs,  that  the 
right  of  reprefentation  be  conftant- 
ly  obferved,  and  that  the  proxi- 
mity, and  quality  of  the  eldeft  fe- 
male be  adjufted  accordingly,  with 
refpefl  to  the  male  defcent,  in  re- 
gard to  which,  as  well  as  the  maf- 
culine defcendants  of  the  male  ifTue 
of  her  who  fhall  fucceed,  the  order 
above  eftablifhed  fhall  be  obferved. 

In  default  of  all  which  the  fuc- 
cefTion  fhall  devolve  to  the  infant 
Don  Philip,  our  very  dear  brother, 
and  to  his  defcendants,  from  male 
to  male,  a<:/  infuntum  ;  and  if  this 
branch  fhould  likewife  fail,  the 
faid  fuccefTion  fhall  likewife  pafs  to 
our  very  dear  brother  the  infant 
Don  Lewis,  and  to  his  defcendantSj 
from  male  to  male ;  and  in  fhort, 
if  thefe  fliould  likewife  fail,  to  the 
heirs  female  in  direft  male  line, 
following  therein  the  order  above 
prefcribedj  obferving  always,  that 

accord- 


STATE     P  A  F  ER  g. 


255 


according  to  the  order  of  fucceffion 
before  fet  forth,  the  monarchy  of 
Spain  ihall  never  be  united  with  the 
fovereignty  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Two  Sicilies.  .  .,,   •,](,;.->.. 

That  the  males  or  fcmaW  de- 
fcended  from  us,  above  fpecified, 
may  never  be  adpiitted  to  the  fove- 
reignty of  the  flakes  of  Italy,  ia  cafe 
they  fhall  be,  or  ought  to  be  de- 
clared Kings  of  §pain  or  Princes  of 
Afturias,  another  male  mufl:  be  ap- 
pointed, who,  in  virtue  of  this  pre- 
sent difpofition,  may  fucceed  to  the 
Italian  kingdoms ;  but  if  fuch  is 
not  to  be  found,  the  King  of  Spain 
fliall  be  obliged  to  transfer  the  do- 
minions in  Italy  to  a  younger  fpn, 
a  nephew,  or  a  nephew's  fon,  if 
any  he  has. 

Having  thus  eftablifiied  the  fuc- 
ceffion of  our  defcendants  in  the 
kingdoms  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  we 
humbly  recommend  to  God  the  in- 
fant Don  Ferdinand,  giving  him 
at  the  fame  time  our  paterryal  be- 
nedidion,  recommending  to  him 
the  Catholic  religion,  jqllice,  cle- 
mency, vigilance,  and  a  love  for 
the  people,  who  deferve  our  fincere 
acknowledgments  for  the  unfeigned 
fidelity  they  have  always  mani- 
fefted  for  us,  and  for  our  royal  fa- 
mily. We  cede,  transfer,  and 
make  over  to  the  faid  Don  Ferdi- 
nand, our  third  fon,  according  to 
the  order  of  nature,  the  kingdoms 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  all  the 
other  eftates,  prctenfions,  rights, 
titles,  goods,  and  flocks,  which 
we  pofTefs  in  Italy,  making,  from 
this  moment,  a  full  and  compleat 
delivery,  without  refervation  of  the 
fmallefl  particle ;  to  the  end  that 
from  the  inftant  of  our  departure 
from  this  capital,  the  faid  infant 
may,  with  advice  of  the  council  of 
ftaie  and  the  regency,  adminifler 


and  govern  all  that  which  we 
have  jufl  now  affigned,  transferred, 
and  made  over.  We  hope  that  this 
law  of  emancipation,  the  confTjtu- 
^on  for  the  age, of  majority,  the 
appoju|m^ent  of  the  tutelage  and  cu- 
ratage  for  th?  King,  during  his  mi- 
nority, the  fucceflion  of  the  efla'tes 
and  jurifdidions  of  Italy,  the  ceflion 
and  donation,  will  turn  out  for  the 
advantage  of  the  people,  the  tran- 
j  quillity  of  our  royal  laipily,  and 
that  in  fhort  it  will  contribute  to 
the  repofe  of  all  Europe. 

The  prefent  ordinance  is  ligncd 
by  us,  and  by  our  fon  the  irifant 
Don  Ferdinand,  and  fealed  with 
_  our  arms,  and  coiinterfigned  by  the 
counfeliors,  and  fecretary  of  Hate, 
who  underfign  it  likewife,  in  qua- 
lity of  members  of  the  regency, 
and  tutors  of  the  above  named  in- 
fant Don  Ferdinand. 

At  Naples,  Odl.  6,  1759. 

Charles-Ferdinand. 

This  law  has  been  read  in  pre- 
fence  of  the  chamber  royal  of  St. 
Claire,  the  Syndic,  &c.  of  the  city 
of  Naples,  the  deputies  of  the  fe- 
nateand  cities  of  Palermo,  &c.  &c. 


TranfLation  of  a  memorial  pre/ented 
to  the  States  General,  by  Major 
Gen.  Torke,  on  the  zSth  of  Sep- 
tember, of  this  year. 

I  Am  exprefsly  commanded  by  the 
King  my  mafler,  to  acquaint 
your  High  MightinelTes,  that  his 
majefly  hath  received  repeated  ad- 
vices of  a  contraband  trade  carried 
on  by  fome  merchants  refiding  in 
thefe  provinces,  in  favpur  of  France. 
This  trade  confifls  in  cannon  and 
warlike  flores  which  are  brought 
from   the    Baltic    to    Holland    in 

Dutch 


456       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


Dutch  vefTels:  and  his  majelly  hath 
too  much  confidence  in  the  friend- 
fhip  of  the  republic,  to  entertain  the 
leaft  doubt  that  your  High  Mighti- 
jiefles  will  not  fufFer  his  enemies  to 
be  aided  by  your  fubjefls,  and  Hill 
lefs  permit  them  to  make  arfenals 
of  your  towns.  Such  a  trade  is, 
on  the  one  hand,  wholly  repugnant 
to  the  connexions,  which,  by  trea- 
ty, ought  to  fubfift  between  the 
King  and  your  High  Mightinefles, 
and  on  the  other  to  every  idea  of 
neutrality,  whether  formal  or  tacit. 
Your  High  Mightinefles  are  in- 
formed, not  only  by  the  public  voice 
and  the  immenfe  preparations  mak- 
ing on  the  coaft  of  the  ocean,  but 
alfo  in  an  authentic  manner,  by  the 
French  ambaffador  refiding  here, 
that  his  court  intends  to  invade 
his  majefty's  kingdoms ;  and  your 
High  MightinefTes  will  eafily  per- 
ceive that  fuch  an  acknowledge- 
ment authorifes  the  King  to  take 
his  meafures,  on  every  fide,  for  his 
fecurity ;  and  the  demand  I  have 
this  day  the  honour  to  make  to 
you,  is  much  lefs  than  his  majefty 
is  intitled  by  treaty  to  reclaim  in 
fuch  a  conjundure. 

The  vigilance  of  the  Englifh 
fquadroii  hinders  warlike  ftores 
from  being  openly  carried  to  the 
pcirts  of  France,  and  lays  that 
crown  under  a  neceffity  of  procur- 
ing them  by  the  moll  fecret  me- 
thods, which  it  hopes  to  do  under 
the  borrowed  names  of  private  per- 
fons,  by  bringing  them  on  the  ri- 
vers and  canals  of  this  country,  and 
through  the  Dutch  fortrefTes  to 
Dunkirk,  an5  other  places. 

Your  High  Mightine/Tes  will  ea- 
fily perceive  how  hurtful  this  con- 
du£l  is  to  the  King;  and  I  doubt 
not  but  you  will  make  him  eafy  on 


that  head,  and  immediately  put  i 
Hop  to  it. 

The  attention  which  his  majefly 
hath  lately  given  to  the  reprefenta- 
tions  of  your  High  Mightineffe-, 
againft  the  exceffp  of  the  Englifh 
privateers,  by  confining  their  crui- 
zes and  their  fearches,  by  an  atSb 
of  parliament,  gives  his  majefty  a 
good  title  to  the  fame  regard  on 
your  part. 

The  trading  towns  of  your  pro- 
vinces feel  the  good  efFeds  of  it, 
and  that  freedom  of  navigation 
which  your  fubjefts  enjoy,  amidll 
the  troubles  by  which  Europe  is 
diftrafted,  hath  augmented  your 
commerce  much  above  what  it  hath 
been  for  feveral  years  paft.  Some 
return  ought  to  be,  made  for  fuch  a 
folid  proof  of  the  King's  fri&nd- 
fhip  and  moderation  ;  at  leaft  the 
merchants  who  are  fo  ready  to  com- 
plain of  England,  ought  not  ta 
be  permitted  to  give  into  exceffes 
which  would  have  juftifted  the  moft 
rigorous  examination  of  their  con- 
dud.  Accordingly,  his  majefty  hath 
no  doubt  that  your  High  Mighti- 
nefTes will  give  all  poHible  atten- 
tion to  this  matter.  Permit  me. 
High  and  Mighty  Lords,  to  re- 
call to  your  memories,  that,  dar- 
ing the  courfe  of  the  prefent  war, 
the  King  hath  feveral  times  ap- 
plied, through  me,  to  your  High 
MightinefTes  and  to  your  minifters 
on  the  liberty  given  to  carry  ftores 
through  the  fortrefTes  of  the  repab- 
lic,  for  the  ufe  of  France,  to  in- 
vade his  dominions ;  and  if  his 
majefty  hath  pafled  over  in  frlence 
many  of  thefe  inftances  of  com- 
plaifance  to  his  enemy,  hi?  maj«fty 
was  not  the  lefs  fenfible  of  them  ; 
but  he  chofe  rather  to  be  a  fulFercr 
himfelf,  than   to  increafe  the  em- 

bar- 
6 


STATE     PAPERS. 


257 


barraffinent  of  his  neighbours,  or 
extend  the  flames  of  war.  ,  . 
.  Even  the  court  of  Vienna  has^ 
on  more  than  one  occafion,  employ- 
«!d  its  intereft  with  your  High 
Mightinefles,  and  lent  its  name  to 
get  pafles  for  warlike  (lores  and  pro- 
vifions  for  the  French  troops,  un- 
der pretence  of  the  Barrier  treaty, 
wJiich  it  no  longer  obferves ;  and 
after  having  put  France  in  pofTeflion 
of  the  ports  of  Oftend  and  Nieu- 
port,  in  manifeft  breach  of  that 
treaty,  and  without  any  regard  to 
the  rights  which  your  High  Mighti- 
neiTes,  and  the  King  my  mafter, 
have  acquired  in  that  treaty,  at  the 
price  of  their  treafures,  and  the 
blood  of  their  fubjefts,-  all  the 
world  knows  that  that  treaty  was 
never  made  to  fcrve  France  againft 
Great-Britain. 

The  underfigned  flatters  himfelf 
that  from  the  equity  of  your  High- 
Mightinefl*es,  and  the  value  you  fet 
on  the  friendlhip  of  the  King  my 
inafter>  you  will  foon  be  able  to 
make  his  itiajefty  eafy  by  the  wife 
meafures  you  ftiall  take  to  prevent 
any  thing  from  being  done  for  the 
fake  of  private  intereft,  that  may 
prejudice  the  King*3  caufe,  arid  the 
treaties  fubfifting  between  his  ma- 
jcfty  and  you. 

J.   YoRKE. 

Hague,  Sept.  28,  1759. 


^his  piece  may  be  deemed  curious ^  in- 
a/much  as  it  Jhenxjs  the  independency 
of  the  States  of  the  United  Pro- 
njinces  of  each  other, 

Hague,  Nov.  8. 

THE    following    placart    has 
been   ftuck    up    in    all    the 
towns  of  this  province. 

"  The   dates  of  Holland  and 

YOL.  II. 


Weft- friezel and,  to  all  whom  thefe 
prefer ts  fliall  come,  greeting  -: 
^yhereas  the  States  of  the  town  of 
Groninguen  and  Ommelanden  did, 
in  former  times,  negotiate,  in  be- 
half of  their  province,  large  fums 
of  money  on  annuities,  which  were 
furniihed  to  them  by  many  inhabit 
tants  of  this  province,  as  letters 
delivered  to  the  perfons  concerned 
do  teftify  :  the  faid  Lords  the  States 
were  at  firft  very  negligent  in  ful- 
filling their  promifes,  and  after- 
wards, from  time  to  time,  fell  fo 
much  in  arrear,  that,  fmce  the  year 
1685,  '^s  greateft  part  of  the  faid 
annuities  have  remained  unpaid  ; 
io  that  the  total  of  the  juft  claims 
on  them  amounts  to  feveral  hundred 
thbufand  florins^ 

Though  the  faid  Lords  the  States 
could  not  controvert  the  authenti- 
city, of  the  debtj  neverthelefs  the 
frequent  juft  complaints  made  by 
the  parties  concerned  of  default  of 
payment,  and  the  divers  repeated 
reprefentations  and  folicitations 
which  we  caufed  to  be  made,  and 
which  were  often  fupported  by  their 
High  Mightinefl^s  themfelves,  have 
not  had  any  efi^eft  (except  a  fmall 
payment  made  feveral  years  ago, 
when  vigorous  proceedings  were 
begun  in  this  province  ;)  inafmuch 
as  the  faid  Lords  the  States,  who 
always  found  methods,  to  content 
their  own  fubjefts,  have  never 
wanted  pretexts  to  protraft  this  af-r 
fair,  as  far  as  the  inhabitants  of 
this  province  were  concerned,  tho' 
they  made  continual  promifes  to 
take  the  fpeedieft  and  moft  efFedual 
refolutions  to  remove  all  fubjedl  of 
complaint.  But  all  thefe  folema 
promifes  have  had  no  efted,  and 
we  are  fully  perfuadcd  that  they 
were  not  made  with  an  intencioii, 
to  be  fulfilled :  of  which  we  had 
S  latol/ 


258         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 

lately  a  palpable  proof :  for  his 
late  moft  ferene  highnefs,  of  glo- 
rious memory,  having  in  1749,  by 
virtue  of  powers  given  him  by  the 
faid  Lords  the  States,  put  the  po- 
litical and  juridical  affairs  of  the 
faid  province  upon  a  folld  and  equi- 
table footing,  by  a  law  and  regula- 
tion that  was  never  to  be  repealed  ; 
and  in  conformity  thereto,  the  par- 
ties   concerned    having    fued    the 

faid  Lords  the  States  for  the  ar- 
rears they  owed,  and  after  the  fuit 

had   lalled   fome   years,    the    faid 

Lords  the  States  feeing  no  way  to 

avoid  being  call,  did,  in  contempt 

of  the  laws    they    themfelves   had 

made,  exclude  the  faid  concerned 

from  the  courts  of  jullice  ;  without 

regarding  the  powerful  interceffion 

of  his  late  royal  highnefs  of  glori- 
ous memory,  and  his  repeated  in- 

ilances    to  them   to  difcharge   this 

juft  debt,  or  at  leaft  to  take  proper 

jneafures  in  behalf  of  the  faid  con- 
cerned. 

The  affair  being  thus  managed, 

and   brought  into  a  fituation    that 

ill  fuited   between  allies,  and  was 

even  inconfiftent  with  all  juftice,  or 

even   common    honefty  ;    we   have 

judged  upon  the  whole,  that  ac- 
cording to  law  and  equity,  as  well 

as    precedents,    nothing    remained . 

for    us    but   to   grant    the    parties 

concerned     our     protedlion,      and 

permiffion    to   make    ufe    of   open 

force,    in    fuch    a    manner   as  the 

faid  parties  have  aLeady  employed 

it,  as  the  only  method  of  recovering 

the  arrears  jullly  due  to  them  :  and 

this  ftep  was  not  taken  by  us,  till 

after   giving   notice    thereof    long 

before-hand  to  the  faid  Lords  the 

States,  that  they  might  prevent  it 

by   reafonable    meafures  ;    but    as 

they  paid  no  regard  thereto,  and 

contented  themfelves  with  oiferinr;^, 
5 


in   a  difobliging  and  indecent  rc- 
fcript,    15  per  cent,  of  the  faid  ar- 
rears, which  would  fcarce  pay  the 
cods  the  parties  had  been  at  in  fo 
many    years    to    obtain    payment  : 
and    moreover,    we    having    heard 
with  great  furprize,    that  the  faid 
Lords  the  States  of  Groninguen,  in- 
ftead  of  being  thereby  induced  to 
make    fome    amicable    regulations 
with  regard  to  a  debt  which  they 
themfelves    acknowledge    to  be  fo 
juft,    and    afcerwards    to    make  us 
equitable  propofals  to  prevent  fur- 
ther broils,  and  hinder  the  province 
and  its  inhabitants  from  receiving 
other  detriment,  they  were,  on  the 
contrary,    greatly    piqued    at    our 
manner   of    proceeding,    to   which 
they    themfelves    forced    us  ;    and 
fought  to  blacken  it,   by  alledging 
that  it  was  contrary  to  all  law,   to 
revive  old  claims,   to  the  prejudice 
of  their  inhabitants ;  from  this  idea 
they  have  proceeded   to  meafures, 
which    we,    in    order    to  fhew  our 
moderation  towards  our  allies,  de- 
ferred   taking    till    we    Ihould    fee 
what  other  turn  might  be  given  to 
affairs,  and  of  all  with  v/hich  the 
province  of  Groninguen  charges  us, 
there  is  not  one  thing  which  did 
not  take  its  rife  from  themfelves, 
who  ought  to  have  granted  redrefs : 
and  as  we  are  by  no  means  difpo- 
fed   to  drop  our  legal  proceeding, 
till   we  obtain   proper  fatisfadtion, 
we  find   ourfelves  forced  to  oppofe 
the  unjuft  condudl  of  the  States  of 
Groninguen,  and  to  grant  the  mpft 
efficacious  protection  to  our  inliabi- 
tants  who  are  {0  much  injuitd. 

For  thcfe  caufes,  we  have- 
thought  proper  to  grant  permiffion, 
as  we  do  by  thefe  prefer ts,  that 
the  parlies  concerned  in  the  faid 
annuities  on  the  province  of  Gro- 
ninguen   (.befides    the    atcachmenc 

they 


STATE     PAPERS. 


259 


they  have  already,  in  confequence 
of  our  permiflion,  laid  on  fome  vef- 
fels,  effects,  or  merchandize  belong- 
ing to  the  faid  province,  or  fome  of 
its  inhabitants,    or  the  attachment 
they   may  hereafter    lay)    feize   all 
Other  effefls,  a6iions, debts, and  fams 
of  money,  without  ejtception,  which 
the  inhabitants  of  the  province  of 
Groniriguen     may    poflefs     or    be 
entitled    to   in   this  province  ;   the 
inhabitants  whereof  we  enjoin  not 
to  make,  in  any  manner  whatever; 
any  remittances  of  money  or  effedls 
to  thoft  of  the  province  of  Gronin- 
guen,  nor  to  make  them  any  pay- 
ments or  transfer,  but  to  keep  the 
whole  in  their  pofTeffion  ;  we  more- 
over will,  that  thofe  who,  contrary 
to   this   prefent   prohibition,    fhall 
make    thefe   forts   of  payments  or 
transfers,    be  not  only  judged   to 
have   violated    thofe   attachments ; 
but  farther  that,  in  cafe  thofe  fums 
of  money  or  effefts  ihould  be  de- 
manded   of  them    a  fecond  time, 
the    receipts    they   may    have    for 
fuch   payments    or   deliverers    fhall 
not    be    judged    valid  ;     but    they 
fhall  be  bound  to  deliver  fuch  fums 
of  money  and  eiFefts    to  the  per- 
fons  appointed  by  a  judge,  in  the 
fame  manner  as  if  they  had  paid 
nothing:  the  whole  to  the  end  that 
in  cafe  the  faid  Stares  of  Gronin- 
guen    fhould,   contrary  to  expsdla- 


alfo   repugnant   to    the    laws    and 
principles  of  right  and  equity. 

We    moreover    give    notice    by 
thefe  prefents  to  all  our  trading  in-, 
habitants,  and  all  others  whom  it 
may  concern,   that  on  occafion  of 
the    violences    committed    by    the 
States  of  Groninguen,  contrary  to 
all  right  and   reafon,    and  merely 
to   elude    the   payment   of  a  debt 
acknowledged   to    be  jull,    againft 
the  ftates  and  effefts  of  the  inha- 
bitants of  this  province,  that  they 
abftain  from  fending  any  eiFedts  or 
merchandizes    to    the    province   of 
Groninguen,  that  they  may  not  be 
expofed   to  fuffer   lofs  :    the  whole: 
provifionally,    and    until    we   give 
further  orders." 


The  humble  addrefs  of  the  right  ho- 
nourable the  Lords  fpiritual  and 
temporal  in  parliament  aj/ernbled, 
prefented  to  his  majefiy  on  the  four" 
teenth  day  ofh'o'vember,  1759* 


Mojl  gracious  So'vereigriy 


tion,  perfill  in  refufing  to  give  the 
faid  concerned  proper  fati'sfaclion, 
by  this  or  other  methods-  hereaf- 
ter to  be  employed,  payment  of 
the  faid  arrears  may  be  procured, 
witl)  fome  indemnification  for  the 
farther  damage  caufed  to  our  in- 
habitants by  the  proceedings  begun 
by  the  States  of  Groninguen,  and 
all  other  lofles  refuiting  from  a  con- 
duQ,  not  only  fo  unjull  in  itfclf, 
anil  fo  unufual  anrong  allies,    bnit 


WE  your  majefl:y*s  moft  duti- 
ful and  loyal  fubjeds,  the 
Lords  fpiritual  and  temporal  in  par- 
liament affembled,  beg  leave  to  ap- 
proach your  majefty  with  the  warm- 
eft  fentiments  of  duty,  and  with 
hearts  full  of  the  moft  fincere  joy,  to 
congratulate  your  majefty  upon  the 
great  and  fignal  faccefs,  with  which 
it  has  pleafed  Almighty  God  to 
profper  your  majefty's  unwearied 
endeavours  for  the  fafety,  welfare," 
and  honour  of  your  people. 

We  acknowledge,  with  all  th'ank- 
fulnefs  and  humility,  the  goodnefsr 
of  the  divine  providence,  in  the  many 
glorious  events,  which  will  tor  ever 
diftingniifh  this  memorable  year. 

We  entirely  rely  upon  your  ma- 
jefty's  conftant  regard  and  attention 

s  2  xa 


26o        ANNUAL   REGISTER, 


I759' 


to  the  true  intereft  of  your  fubjeds, 
from  the  full  experience  which  we 
have  had  of  the  wife  and  effe<^ual 
ufe  which  your  majelly  has  made 
iOf  all  the  extenfive  powers,  with 
which  the  confidence  of  parliament 
has,  from  time  to  time,  ftrengthened 
your  majefty's  hands.  Butwemuft, 
in  a  particular  manner,  gratefully 
acknowledge  the  extraordinary  vi- 
gilance, vigour,  and  wifdom  of  your 
majefty's  meafures,  in  the  fteady  and 
fuccefsful  dire£lion  of  fo  many  va- 
rious operations  in  di^erent  parts  of 
the  world. 

The  happy  progrefs  of  your  ma- 
jefty's  arms,    from    the    taking  of 
Goree  on  the  coall  of  Africa,  and 
fome  of  the  French  fugar  illands  in 
the  Well- Indies,  to  the  acquiiition 
of  many  important  places  in  Ame- 
rica, and  the  defeat  of  the  enemy's 
army  in  Canada,  with  the  redudion 
of    the    capital    city    of    Quebec, 
a^ainll  the  greatell  difadvantage  of 
fituation  and  numbers,  has  exceeded 
the  moll  fanguine   hopes   of  your 
majefty's  faithful  fubjeds :  nor  has 
the  good   efFedls  oFyour  majefty's 
prudent  meafures  been  lefs  confpi- 
cuous,    in    the    difappointment   of 
the  dangerous  defigns  of  your  ene- 
mies in  the  Eaft-Indies;  in  the  ef- 
fedual    blocking    up  the  principal 
part  of  the  French  fleet   in    their 
own  ports ;  and  the  important  ad- 
vantage  gained  off  Cape   Lagos  ; 
while  your  majefty's  care  has  pre- 
ferved   your   own    kingdoms   from 
any  hoftile  attempt,  ana   has  pro- 
tedled  the  navigation  and  Commerce 
of  your  own  lubje£ts,  in  almoft  as 
full  a  fecurity  as  during  the  time  oC 
profound  peace. 

The  memorable  victory  gained 
over  the  French  near  Minden,  can- 
nOL  but  make  a  deep  and  lafting 
iispreflion  upon  every  Britifti  miad. 


Whether  we  confider  the  great 
and  able  conduct  of  your  majefty'^ 
general  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunf- 
wick,  the  valour  of  your  majefty's 
troops,  the  inequality  of  force,  or 
the  imminent  peril  of  that  impor- 
tant crifis ;  the  happy- deliverance 
wrought  by  that  adion,  and  the 
glorious  confequences  of  it,  muft 
ever  be  the  fubjed  of  our  praife  and 
thankfulnefs. 

It  is  matter  of  juft  exultation  to 
us,  that  the  Britilh  officers  aad  pri- 
vate men,  both  by  fea  and  land^ 
have  given  fo  many  ihining  in- 
ftances  of  perfonal  bravery  and 
military  condud.  Their  example 
will  animate  others :  their  reputa- 
tional  is  national  ftrength,  and  will 
convince  the  enemy  what  they  have 
to  apprehend  from  a  brave  and 
gallant  people,  fired  with  zeal  in  de- 
fence of  their  King  and  country. 

We  beg  leave  to  exprefs  the  high 
fenfe  we  have  of  the  magnanimity 
and  tranfcendentabilitiesoftheking 
of  Pruffia  ;  which  have,  in  a  furpriz- 
ing  manner,  prevented  the  mifchie- 
vous  effeds  of,  the  united  force  of 
fo  many  confiderable  powers,  by 
which  he  has  been  attacked  and  fur- 
rounded  on  all  fides ;  againft  whom 
he  has  bore  up  and  fupported  him- 
felf  by  the  fortitude  and  inexhauf- 
tible  refources  of  his  own  mind, 
and  the  courage  and  difcipline  of 
his  troops. 

Permit  us  to  de<;lare,  how  highly 
we  applaud  your  majefty's  mode- 
ration and  true  grcatnefs  of  mind, 
in  reftraining  every  impulfe  of  re- 
/entment,  ^nd  defiring  to  prevent 
the  farther  effufion  of  chriftian 
blood,  by  putting  an  end  to  Ihc 
war,  (into  which  your  majefty  <n- 
tered,  not  from  views  of  ambition, 
but  folely  for  the  defence  of  toe 
laudable  rights^  poffeflions,  and 
commer- 


STATE     PAPERS. 


261 


commercial  interefts  of  your  king- 
doms) as  foon  as  fuch  terms  of  peace 
can  be  eflabliflied,  as  (hall  be  juft 
and  honourable  for  your  majefty 
and  your  allies ;  and  by  procuring 
fuch  advantages,  as,  from  the  fuc- 
cefles  of  your  majefty's  arm?,  may 
in  reafon  and  equity  bfi  expe<5led, 
ihall  bring  with  them  full  fecurity 
for  the  future. 

In  order  to  the  attainment  of  this 
great  and  defirable  end,  we  beg 
leave  to  afTure  your  majefty  of  our 
utmoft  readinefs  to  concur  in  the 
cfFedlual  fupport  of  fuch  further 
meafures  as  your  majefty,  in  your 
great  wifdom,  Ihall  judge  neceflary 
or  expedient  for  carrying  on  the 
war  with  vigour  in  all  parts,  and 
for  difappointing  and  repelling  any 
defperate  attempts  which  may  be 
made  upon  thefe  kingdoms. 

Our  prayers  are  fincere  and  fer- 
vent for  the  prolongation  of  your 
majefty's  moft  precious  life  ;  our 
endeavours  fhall  never  be  wanting 
to  continue  and  confirm  that  affec- 
tion to  your  majefty's  facred  perfon, 
that  confidence  in  your  government, 
that  zeal  for  the  proteftant  fuccef- 
fion  in  your  royal  family,  and  that 
union  and  harmony  fo  confpicuous 
amongft  all  your  fubjedls,  which  is 
fo  eftential  to  their  own  fecurity 
and  happinefs,  and  to  the  fruftrating 
the  defignsofyour  majefty's  enemies. 

His  majefty's  moft  gracious  anfvver. 

My  Lords, 
I  thank  you  for  this  very  dutiful 
and  affefticnate  addrefs.  The  fatis- 
fadlion  you  fo  unanimoufly  exprefs 
in  the  fucceftes  with  which  it  has 
pleafed  God  to  blefs  my  arms  by 
ica  and  land,  and  the  aiTurances  you 
-give  me  of  your  further  fupport, 
are  extremely  agreeable  to  me  ;  and 
cannot  fail  to "  produce  the  beft 
ei(elts  ia  the  prcieat  conjundure. 


The  humble  adJrffs   of  the  boufe   of 
Commons  to  the  King* 

Moji  gracious  So'vereign, 

WE  your  majefty*^  moft  dutiful 
and  loyal  fubjefts,  the  Com- 
mons of  Great-Britain  in  parlia- 
ment affcmbled,  return  your  ma- 
jefty  our  moft  humble  thanks  for  the 
fpeech  delivered,  by  your  majeftyV 
command,  to  both  houfes  of  par- 
liament. 

Permit  us,  Sir^  with  the  fincereft: 
zeal  and  duty,  to  congratulate  your 
majefty  on  the  glorious  and  unin- 
terrupted feries  of  fuccefs  and  vic- 
tory,'which  hath  attended  your  ma- 
jefty's arms,  during  the  whole  courfe 
of  this  diftinguiftied  and  memorable 
year. 

With  the  deepeft  reverence,  and 
moft  devout  gratitude  to  divine  pro- 
vidence, we  acknowledge  that  ma- 
nifeft  bleffing  and  proteftion,  which 
God  hath  vouchfafed  to  beftow  up- 
on your  majefty's  counfels  and  arms, 
and  offer  up  our  moft  ardent  vows 
and  prayers  for  its  continuance. 

Your  majefty's  faithful  Commons 
will  not  attempt  to  enumerate  all 
the  advantages  and  glories  derived 
to  your  majefty,  and  thefe  king- 
doms, from  the  various  fuccefies, 
which  have  been  extended  into 
every  quarter  of  the  world  ;  but 
we  humbly  beg  leave  to  affure  your 
majefty,  that  our  hearts  are  filled 
with  the  moft  grateful  and  lively 
fenfe  of  the  happy  confequences, 
which,  under  God,  are  owing  to 
the  wildom,  vigilance,  and  vigour, 
of  your  majefty's  meafures  in  the 
profecution  of  this  juft  and  neceflary 
war  :  particularly  the  taking  of  the 
ifland  of  Goree,  and  the  extenfion 
of  our   commerce   on  the  coaft  of 

S  3  Africa: 


2fi2       ANNUAL   REGISTER,   i?^^, 


Africa  :  the  defeat  of  the  French 
fleet  in  the  Eaft  Indies,  and  the  re- 
pul fc  of  their  land  forces  before 
Madrafs,  whereby  the  dangerous 
defigns  of  our  enemies  there  have 
mifcarried,  and  protedion  hath  been 
given  to  our  trade  and  fettlenients 
in  thofe  countries  :  the  valuable 
conqueft  of  Guadaloupe  and  Marie- 
galante  in  the  Weft-Indies :  the  re- 
dudlion  of  fo  many  forts  and  pUces 
S.n  North  America,  compleated  and 
crowned  by  thjit  glorious  and  de- 
clfive  vidory  over  the  French  army 
in  Canada,  and  the  furrender  of 
their  capital  city  Quebec,  efFeded 
with  fo  much  honour  to  the  cou- 
rage and  condudl  of  your  majefty's 
officers  both  by  fea  and  land,  and 
with  fo  much  luftre  to  your  intrepid 
forces :  the  important  fuccefs  of 
your  majefty's  fleet,  in  purfuing, 
taking,  and  deftroying  a  confider- 
able  part  of  the  French  fquadron  oiF 
Cape  Lagos ;  and  blocking  up,  for 
fo  niany  aionths,  the  reft  of  the 
navy  of  France,  in  their  own  ports, 
which  has  greatly  augmented  the 
diftrefs  of  our  enemies,  whilft  it  has 
proteded  and  fecured  our  commerce 
and  navigation. 

Nor  can  we  ever  forget  that  cri- 
tical, fignal,  and  memorable  defeat 
of  the  French  army  near  Minden, 
fo  juftly  the  fubjed  of  lafting  ad- 
miration and  thankfulnefs,  if  we 
confider  the  fuperior  numbers  of 
the  enemy,  the  great  and  able  con- 
dud  of  his  ferene  highnefs  Prince 
Ferdinand  of  Brunfwick,  or  the 
unconquerable  valour  of  your  ma- 
jefty's troops. 

When  We  refled  upon  this  con- 
tinued train  of  fucceiTes,  part  of 
which  would  have  been  fufficient 
to  have  fignalized  this  long  and  ac- 
tive campaign,  it  is  impoffible  for 
us  not  to  exprefs  the  highefl  fatis- 


fadion  at  the  great  ability,  refolu- 
tion,  and  perfed  harmony,  fo  con- 
fpicuous  in  your  niajefty's  admirals 
and  generals  throughout  the  execu- 
tion of  your  commands;  and  at  the 
ardent  courage,  which  hath  mani- 
fe&cd  itfelf  in  the  behaviour  of  thp 
officers  and  forces  by  fea  and  land, 
with  fuch  perfonal  and  national 
glory.  Nothing  but  this  fpirit 
could  have  enabled  them  to  fur- 
mount  every  difficulty  arifing  froni 
the  fuperior  number,  and  advanta- 
geous fituation  of  the  enemy;  and 
we  are  fully  perfuaded,  that  the  like 
refolution,  ardour,  and  z;eal,  excited 
and  animated  by  thefe  beft  incen- 
tives, your  majefty's  gracious  ac- 
ceptance and  royal  apprcbation  of 
their  eminent  fervices,  followed  by 
the  warmeft  and  moft  univc-fal  ap- 
plaufe  of  their  country,  will  con- 
tinue to  give  terror  to  the  enemies, 
and  confidence  to  the  allies  of 
Great-Britain. 

We  view,  with  the  higheft  admi- 
ration, the  magnanimity  and  unex- 
ampled efforts  of  that  great  prince, 
your  majefty's  ally  the  King  of 
Pruffij,  whofe  copfummate  genius, 
unwearied  adivity,  and  unfhakeri 
conftancy  of  mind,  feconded  by  the 
bravery  of  his  troops,  have  been 
able,  in  every  fituation,  to  fupply 
refources  fufficient  to  refift  the  unit- 
ed forces  of  fo  many  and  fuch  for- 
midable powers. 

Your  majefty's  faithful  Commons 
feel,  with  due  gratitude,  your  pa- 
ternal care  and  concern  for  the 
peace  and  happinefs  of  your  peo- 
ple ;  and  cannot  too  much  admire 
that  true  greatnefs  of  mind,  which 
difpofes  your  heart,  in  the  midft  of" 
profperities,  to  wilh  that  a  flop 
may  be  put  to  the  efFufion  of  chri- 
Hian  blood,  and  that  public  tran- 
quillity may  be  rellored. 

Wc 


STATE     PAPERS. 


i^3 


We  entirely  rely  on  your  majefty*s 
known  wifdom  and  firmnefs,  that 
this  defirable  objed,  whenever  it 
fhall  be  attained,  will  be  on  fuch 
terms  as  fhall  be  juft  and  honourable 
for  your  majefty  and  your  allies; 
and  (hall  bring  along  with  them  full 
fecurity  for  the  future,  on  folid  and 
durable  foundations,  by  procuring 
fuch  advantages  as  mny,  in  reafon 
and  equity,  be  expedlcd  from  the 
fuccefs  of  our  arms,  and  which  will 
fix,  in  the  minds  of  a  grateful  people, 
the  lading  remembrance  of  this  hap- 
py a:ra,  and  of  the  benefits  derived 
to  them,  under  your  majefty's  glo- 
rious and  aufpicious  government. 

In  order  to  efFeft  this  great  end, 
we  are  thoroughly  fenfible  that  am- 
ple provifion  mult  be  made  for  car- 
rying on  the  war,  in  all  parts,  with 
the  utmoft  vigour  :  and  we  afTure 
your  majefty,  that  we  will  chearfully 
grant  your  majefty  fuch  fupplies,  as 
fhall  be  found  neceffary  to  fuftain, 
and  prefs  with  efFeft,  all  ourexten- 
five  operations  againft  the  enemy, 
and  at  the  fame  time,  by  the  blef- 
fing  of  God,  to  repel  and  fruftrate 
their  daring  defigns  againft  thefe 
kingdoms ;  convinced  from  the 
long  experience  we  have  had  of  the 
wifdom  and  goodnefs  of  your  majef- 
ty, that  they  will  be  applied  in  fuch 
a  manner,  as  will  beft  anfwer  thefe 
great  purpofes. 

We  cannot  fufficiently  teftify  our 
grateful  fenfe  of  the  high  fatisfac- 
tion,  which  your  majefty  has  been 
pleafed  to  exprefs,  in  that  perfed 
union  and  good  harmony,  which 
fo  happily  fubfifts  amongft  your 
faithful  fubjedls,  the  fahitary  efFeds 
of  which  have  been  moft  confpicu- 
ous;  and  the  pleafing  experience  we 
have  had  of  them,  joined  to  your 
majefty's  paternal  recommendation, 
muft  be  the  moft  powerful  motives 


to  enforce  the  continuance  of  thofe 
difpofitions,  fo  eftential  to  the  full 
exertion  of  our  utmoft  ftrength,  as 
well  as  to  the  tranquillity,  good 
order,  and  happinefs,  of  your  ma- 
jefty's people. 

His  majefty's  moft  gracious  anfwer, 
1  return  you  my  hearty  thanks 
for  this  moft  dutiful  and  afFeAio- 
nate  addrefs,  and  for  your  unani- 
mous zeal,  for  the  defence  of  my 
crown,  and  for  the  fupport  of  my 
allies.  You  may  always  rely  on 
my  conftant  care  for  the  lafting 
welfare  of  my  people. 

Extract  of  a  letter  fublijhed  in  the 
Paris  Gazette,  from  Marjhal  Con- 
flans  to  Comte  St.  Florentine,  fecre- 
tary  of  marine,  dated  at  Vannes  in 
Bretagne,  No'v.  22,  1 759. 

PUrfuant  to  his    moft  chriftian 
majefty's   orders,    having   re- 
ceived a  reinforcement  of  men  out 
of  M.  Bompart's  fquadron,  I  failed 
from  Breft  the   i^ih  inftant,  with 
a  defign  to  give  battle  to  the  Bri- 
tifh    fleet,   who  had   been   making 
their  bravadoes  all  the  laft  fummer 
oft"  our  harbour :  but  was  deceived 
in  my  expectation  ;  for  the  enemy 
(as  I  imagine)  being  informed  of 
our    defign,    had    abandoned    the 
coaft.     I  cruized  two  days  in  hope$ 
of  their  return,  but  to  no  purpofe. 
At  laft  I  formed  a  refolution  to  cut 
off  Commodore   Duff"'s   fquadron, 
confifting  of  twenty  fail  of  the  line, 
moored   in  Quiberon  Bay.     Upon 
the  20th  in  the  morning,  being  a 
little  S.  W.  of  Belleifle,  the  wea- 
ther hazy,  and  a  frefti  gale  at  N.  W. 
I  faw  to  windward  a  fleet  of  ftiips, 
which  I   took   to   be  a   convoy  of 
viifluallers  for  M.  Duff's  fquadron, 
not  judging  it  poflible  for  the  ene- 
my's fleet  to  be  fo  near  ;  ncverthe* 
S  4  lefs. 


and  the  river  Vilaine  :  and  as  they 
have  not  fullained  more  damage 
than  may  be  foon  repaired,  I  expedt, 
by  the  jundion  of  Monf.  Ecmpart's 
fquadron,  to  be  foon  able  to  give 
a  good  account  of  the  enemy,  not- 
withftanding  they  have  the  boldnefs 
to  moor  upon  Qur  coajl. 


264      A  N  N  U  A  L    R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,   1759, 

lefs,  whatever  might  happen,  I 
made  the  fignal  for  a  line  of  battle. 
We  were  cot  half  formed,  when 
the  weather  clearing  up,  we  could 
plainly  fee  it  was  the  enemy's  fleet, 
cbnfilHng  of  forty  fail  of  the  Vihe  of 
battle,  befidcs  frigates,  advancing 
in  three  diviiions  ;  fo  that  we  were 
in  a  manher  furrounded.  Ijudged 
it  moft  conducive  to  the  good  of 
his  majefty*s  fervice  to  avoid  ha- 
zarding a  general  engagenr^ent  at 
that  time  ;  and  rather  to  train  on 
^he  enemy  through  the  ihoals  and 
rocks  in  the  entrance  of  the  river 
Vilaine.  At  half  an  hour  pall  two 
in  the  afternoon,  the  e^iemy's  van 
came  up  with  our  rear,  and  were 
warmly  received  by  Monf.  Verger, 
who  commanded  that  divifion  :  but 
4le  and  all  his  officers  being  killbd, 
there  being  no  lefs  than  twelve  of 
the  enemy's  fhips  engaged  with  him, 
his  (hip,  the  Formidable,  llruck  at 
laft  to  Admiral  Flavvke.  The  T he- 
fee  and  Superbe  were  overfet  by  a 
fquall  of  wind.  At  half  an  hour 
pall  four,  a  fhip  of  three  decks  car- 
rying a  flag,  which  I  took  to  be 
iMonf.  Hawke's,  came  alcngfide 
the  Soleil  Royal,  where  I  com- 
manded'; hut  he  met  with  fuch  a 
Warm  reception,  that  he  was  oblig- 
ed to  {heeroiFin  a  little  time  ;  though 
our  rigging  and  fails  were  fo  ftiat- 
tered,  that  the  ihip  not  anfwering 
the  helm,  was  obliged  to  run  alhore 
in  the  night  ;  as  did  the  Kero  in 
the  fame  condition  :  nor  couid  we 
hinder  the  enemy  from  burning 
both  fhips  next  morning.  Mean 
time  (he  Orient  alohe  drove  two 
of  their  capital  ihips  aftiore  upon  a 
fand  called  Le  Four.  Next  day 
we  had  the  misfortune  to  lofe  the 
jutte  upon  a  rotk  in  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Loire.  The  remainder 
of  onr  fleet  got  fafe  into  Rochfort 


St.  James's,  Friday,  Ncv.  23. 

TH  E  humble  addrefs  of  the 
chancellor,  mailers  and  fcho- 
lars  of  the  univerfuy  of  Oxford,  was 
prefented  to  his  majefty  by  the  Rev. 
Doctor  Brown,  vice-chancellor,  and 
provoft  of  Queen's  college  ;  which 
his  majelly  received  very  graciouf- 
)y.  And  they  all  had  the  honour 
of  kiffing  his  mgjelly's  hand. 

Tp   the    Ring's    moll   excellent 

majeliy. 

MoJ}  gracious  So'vereign., 
t*  We  the  chai:cellor,  mailers 
and  fcholars  of  your  majelly's  moil 
loyal  and  faithful  ur.iveriity  of  Ox- 
t.ird,  beg  leave,  amidft  the  gene- 
ral acclamations  of  a  joyful  and 
united  people,  to  approach  your 
facred  perfon  with  hearts  full  of 
duty  an4  aftietSlion,  moil  humbly  td 
congratulate  your  majefty  on  the 
many  glorious  and  happy  events  of 
this  memorable  year. 

The  uninterrupted  and  unparal- 
leled feries  of  fuccefles  which  have 
attended  your  majeily's  plan  of  o- 
peration,  during  the  courfe  of  a  war 
fo  uncommonly  complicated  and 
extenfiv-e,  will  ever  ftand  diftin- 
guiflied  with  a  peculiar  lullre  in  the 
annals  of  Great-Britain  :  fuccefles, 
equally  remarkable  for  their  num- 
ber, variety  and  importance  ;  every 
quarter  of  the  globe  having  afford- 
ed fcenes  for  your  majefty's  fignal, 
triumphs   both  by  fq.^  a^d  land^ 

and 


STATE     PAPERS. 


z6§ 


^r\d  been  a  witnefs  of  the  repeated 
difeppointraents  and  defeat  of  your 
refUefs  and  ambitious  enemies. 

Among  the  numerous  and  happy 
e^edls  of  your  majefty's  prudent 
^n^  vigorous  measures ;  whether 
concerted  for  the  fupport  of  the 
proteftant  religion  and  the  liberties 
of  Europe;  or  more  immediately 
direded  towards  the  prefervation 
and  advancement  of  the  commer- 
cial intereft  of  your  Britifti  domi- 
nions ;  the  truly  difficult  and  glo- 
rious conqueil  of  Quebec  (attertipt- 
^^  in  vain  more  than  once  by  your 
royal  pre4ecefrors)  doth,  on  many 
accounts,  demand  more  particyilar- 
ly  our  warmed  congratulation.  So 
valuable  and  important  an  acquif)- 
tion  feems  to  have  been  referyed  by 
providence  to  complete  ancj  crown 
all  the  preceding  glories  of  yoiir 
majefty's  moft  aufpicious  reign. 

In  this  and  many  other  arduous 
and  fuccefsful  enterprifes,  we  can- 
not but  fee,  and,  after  your  maje- 
(ly!s  gre^t  and  pious  example,  de- 
youtly  adore  the  hand  of  divine  pro- 
vidence, whiclj  hath  on  all  occa- 
lions  fo  vifibly  fupported  the  juftice 
of  your  caufe,  and  the  progrefs  of 
your  arms. 

And  we  doubt  not,  but  tha;,  lin- 
ger the  protedion  of  the  fame  good 
providence,  the  utmoll  efforts  of  an 
enraged  and  defponding  enemy,  will 
te  baffled  and  frullrated  through 
)pur  Hiajefty's  known  wifdom  and 
experience,  through  the  abilities 
and  adivi^y  of  your  minifters,  the 
courage  and  condi^d  of  your  com- 
manders, the  intrepidity  of  your 
forces,  and  that  perfeft  harmony 
and  union,  which  happily  fubfifb 
^mong  all  your  fubjefts. 

May  your  enemies  themfelves 
perceive  at  length,  and  acknowledge 
ijie  interpofition  of  heaven,  fo  con- 


fpicuous  in  your  majefty's  favour; 
and,  by  entertaining  more  ferious 
fentiments  of  equity  and  modera- 
tion, give  your  majefty  an  opportu- 
nity  of  accomplifhing  the  dcfire  of 
your  heart,  by  difpenfing  to  contend- 
ing nations  the  greatell  and  mofl 
comprehenfiveof  all  temporal  blef- 
fings,  a  general  and  lafting  peace  I 

May  your  majefty  Ipng  live  to  en- 
joy fuch  glorious  fruits  of  your  un- 
wearied labours  for  the  public  good! 
and  may  there  never  be  wanting  ia 
your  royal  houfe  a  fucceflion  of  il- 
luftrious  princes,  inheriting  your 
majefty's  crown  and  virtues,  and 
reigning,  like  your  majefty,  in  the 
hearts  of  all  their  fubjeds ! 

Given  at  our  houfe  of  convo- 
cation, this  twentieth  day  of 
November,  in  th^  ye^r  of 
our  Lord  1759." 


DUBLIN. 

T^e  follo'wing  addrefs  of  the  Romqn 
Catholics  of  the  city  of  Corky  hav- 
ing  been  tranfmitted  to  the  Earl  of 
Shannon^  has  by  his  lordjhip  been 
frefented  to  his  grace  the  Lord 
Lieutenant* 

To  his  grace,  John,  Duke  cf  Bedford, 
Lord  Lieutenant  General,  and  Ge- 
neral Go'vernor  of  Ireland. 

The  humble  addrefs  of  the  Roman 
Catholics  of  the  city  of  Cork, 
*'  May  it  pie afe  your  Grace , 

WE  his  majefty's  dutiful  an4 
faithful  fubjeds,  the  Roman 
Catholics  of  the  city  of  Cork,  hum- 
bly beg  leave  to  congratulate  your 
grace  on  the  unparalleled  fucceftes 
which  have  attended  his  majefty's 
arms,  in  the  profecution  of  this  juft 
and  neceffary  war. 

We  are  truly  fenfible  of  his  ma- 
jefty's patern*-^!  care  an4  tcndcrnef^ 
•         ■    •    for' 


266      ANNUAL    RfiCrsTER, 


for  his  kingdom  of  Ireland.  And 
It  is  with  the  deepeft  fenfe  of  g^rati- 
tude,  we  acknowledge  the  protec- 


^759' 

'this  kingdom,  the  Roman  Citho- 
Hcs  of  this  city,  as  well  as  of  Corke, 
having  offered  large  loans,  in   cafe 


tion  and  indulgence  we  have  expe-     of  neceflity,  to  fupport  our  prefent 


-  rienced   under    his    majefly's   moll 
Btiild  and  aufpicious  reign. 

With  the  greateft  indignation  do 
^  we  hear  of  the  threatened  hoftile  in- 
vafion   of  this  kingdom,    (particu- 
larly intended  again  ft  thefe  coafts) 
by  an  enemy,  who  grown  defperate 
from  repeated  defeats,  may  poffibly 
roake  that  attempt  as  a  laft  effort, 
Tainly  flattered  with  the  imagina- 
ry hope  of  affiftance  here,  from  the 
former  attachments  of  our  deluded 
predeceflbrs.   But  fo  inconfillent  are 
fach   fchemes   with    our  principles 
and  intentions,  that  we  aifure  your 
grace,  in  the  mofl  folemn  manner, 
we  will  to  the  utmoft  exertion  of  our 
abilities,  with  our  lives  and  fortunes, 
join  in  the  defence  and  fupport  of 
his  majefty's  royal  perfon  and  go- 
vernment, againil  all  invaders  what- 
foever.     And  will  be  always  ready 
to  concur  in  fuch  meafures,  and  to 
aft  fuch  parts  in  the  defence  of  this 
kingdom,  in  common  with  the  reft 
cf  his  majefty's   fubjefts,   as   your 
«race  in  your   great  wifdom   ihall 
be   pleafed  to  appoint.      And   we 
think  ourfelvcs  particularly  happy, 
to  be  under  the  diredlion  and  com- 
tnand  of  fo  known  an  affertor  of  li- 
berty, and  fo  important  and  diftin- 
guifhed  a  governor  as  your  grace. 

We  m.oft  earneftly  wifh  that  his 
majefty's  arms  may  be  crowtied 
with  fuch  a  continuance  of  fuccefs, 
as  may  enable  him  to  defeat  the  de- 
vices of  all  his  enemies,  and  obtain 
a  fpeedy  and  honourable  peace." 

It  muft  be  a  great  pleafure.to  all 
true  lovers  of  his  majefty's  perfon 
and  government,  to  find  fo  much 
loyalty  amongft  all  the  fubjects  of 


happy  eftablilhmcnt,  againft  all  our 
enemies,  which  is  the  itrongeft  teft 
of  their  fidelity. 


Admiral  Bofcanjoen^s  letter^  in  relatibft 
to  fome  complaints  of  his  fioppinv 
and fearching  Dutch  Jhips, 

"SIR, 

N  anfwer  to  your's  of  the  4th 
nftant,  concerning  a  memorial 
of  MefTrs.  Hopp,  Boreel,  and  Meer- 
man,  complaining  that  I  caufed  fome 
Dutch  merchantmen  to  be  fearched 
near  Cape  Palos,  who  were  under 
convoy  of  the  Prince  William,  man 
of  war.  Captain  Betting;  and  far- 
ther alledging,  that  notwithftanding 
the  reprefentations  of  this  captain, 
I  detained  fome  of  them  ;  I   muft 
obfer've,  that  having  certain  advice, 
that  the  Dutch  and  Swedes  carried 
cannon,  powder,  and  other  warlike 
ftores  to  the  enemy,  I  gave  particu- 
lar orders  to  the  captains  of  all  the 
ihips  under  my  command,  careful- 
ly   to   examine    all    the   vefTels   of 
thofe  nations  bound  to  the  ports  of 
France.     On  the  day  mentioned  in 
the  memorial,  and  near  Cape  Pa- 
los, I  made  the  fignal  for  the  War- 
fpite,  Swiftfure,  America,  and  Jer- 
fey,  to  intercept  fome  veffels  then 
in  fight;  and  which,  on  their  ap- 
proach, were  found  to  be  fome  of 
the  Dutch    fliips  under  convoy  of 
the  Prince  William,  and  bound  to 
different   ports   of    the  Mediterra* 
nean,  particularly  two  to  Marfeilles, 
and  two  to  Toulon.     They  were  as 
ftrifliy  fearched  as  could  be  done, 
at   fea,  in  the    fpace  of  an  hour  ; 
but  as  no  pretext  was  found  for  de- 
taining 


STATE     PAPERS. 


267 


gaining  them,  they  were  fufFered  to 
proceed  on  their  voyage,  and  the 
captains  afTured  me,  that  every 
thing  pafTpd  with  great  civility  and 
good  order.  I  never  received  any 
complaint  on  this  fubjeftfrom  Cap- 
tain Betting^  nor  indeed,  had  he 
an  opportunity  to  make  me  any,  as 
he  continued  his  ccurfe  to  the  Me- 
diterranean, and  I  fteered  for  Gi- 
braltar, from  whence  I  came  foon 
after  to  England.  As  it  is  well 
known  that  the  Dutch  merchants 
aflid  the  King's  enemies  with  war- 
like (lores,  1  think  I  did  no  more 
than  my  duty  in  fearching  the  vef- 
fels  bound  to  thofe  parts. 

I  would  have  anfwered  your  letter 
fooner,  but  I  was  willing  to  inform 
niyfelf,  firft,  from  the  captains  who 
are  row  in  England,  whether  any 
thing  had  happened  on  occafion  of 
this  fearch,  which  they  had  omitted 
to  mention  in  their  report  to  me. 

E.  BOSCAWEN." 


Wednefday,  Dec.  5.  TranJIation  of 
the  declaration,  njohicb  his  Jerefie 
highnefs  Duke  Lenx;is  of  Brunfvuiclk 
has  deli'vered  to  the  minijiers  of  the 
belligerent  pomjers,  refiaing  at  the 
Haguey  in  the  name  of  his  Majejly, 
and  of  the  King  cf  PruJJia, 

THEIR  Britannic  and  Pruflian 
majefties,  moved  with  com- 
panion at  the  mifchiefs  which  the 
war,  that  has  been  kindled  for  fome 
years,  has  already  occafioned,  and 
muft  neceflarily  produce — fhould 
think  themfelves  wanting  to  the  du- 
ties of  humanity,  and  particularly 
to  their  lender  concern  for  the  pre- 
fervation  and  well-being  of  their 
refpeftive  kingdoms  and  fubjeds,  if 
fhey  neglefted  the  proper  means  to 


put  a  flop  to  the  progre fs  of  fo  fe- 
vere  a  calamity,  and  to  contribute 
to  the  re-eftablifhment  of  public 
tranquility.  In  this  view,  and  in  or- 
der to  manifell  the  purity  of  their 
intentions,  in  this  refpeft,  their  faid 
majefties  have  determined  to  make 
the  following  declaration,  viz. 

*'  That  they  are  ready  to  fend 
plenipotentiaries  to  the  place,  which 
fhail  be  thought  moll  proper,  in 
order  there  to  treat,  conjointly,  of 
a  folid  and  general  peace,  with 
thofe  whom  the  belligerent  parties 
Ihall  think  ^t  to  authorife,  on  their 
part,  for  the  attaining  fo  falutary 
an  end." 


ji  Jhort   addrefs  from    Lord  George 
Sack'ville  to  the  public. 

THE  various  reports  that  have 
been  propagated  to  my  dif- 
ad vantage,  and  the  many  falihoods 
which  have  been  aiTerted  to  ruin  my 
charafter,  lay  me  under  the  necef- 
iity  of  remaining  not  entirely  filent, 
though  I  am  debarred  at  prefenc 
from  dating  my  cafe  to  the  public, 
as  I  (hould  have  done,  had  I  not  had 
aflurances  of  obtaining  a  court-mar- 
tial for  my  trial,  the  only  legal  and 
effectual  method  of  convincing  the 
world,  how  little  foundation  there 
has  been  for  the  torrent  of  calumny 
and  abufe,  which  has  been  fomali- 
cioufly  thrown  out  againft  me. 

I  had  rather,  upon  this  occafion, 
fubmit  myfelf  to  all  the  inconveni- 
encies  that  may  arife  from  the  want 
of  ilile,  than  borrow  a flifta nee  froni 
the  pens  of  others,  as  I  can  have 
no  hopes  of  eftablifhing  my  cha- 
rader,  but  from  the  force  of  truth. 
I  Ihall  therefore,  as  plainly,  and 
diftindlly,  as  poflible,  relate  a  few 
circum- 


!268 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


circamflances,  which  will  at  lead 
fliew  that  nobody  could  be  more 
defirous  than  I  was  to  bring  truth 
to  light,  and  fubjed  my  condud  to 
the  ftrideft  fcrutiny. 

The  inlhnt  I  found  by  the  im- 
plied cenfure  given  out  in  orders, 
the  2d  of  Auguft,  that  my  condud 
hao.  appeared  in  an  unfavourable 
light  to  Prince  Ferdinand,  on  the 
day  of  adion,  I  endeavoured  to  in- 
ionA  myfelf  what  particular  I  had 
cither  failed  in,  or  negledled  my 
duty  ;  I  heard  in  general  of  difobe- 
dience  of  order$,  but  I  could  fix  no 
certain  period  of  time  to  my  fuppof- 
cd  crime,  till  Colonel  Ficzroy  ac- 
quainted me  with  what  had  paffed 
between  his  ferene  highnefs  and  him 
upon  this  fubjeft,  in  regard  to  the 
orders  delivered  to  me  by  him  (Co- 
lonel Fitzroy)  that  day:  whenever 
Biy  trial  comes,  I  (hall  endeavour  to 
c^ear  up  that  point  to  the  fatisfac- 
tion  of  the  public  :  my  own  affer- 
ticns  may  have  little  weight,  but 
the  oaths  of  witneffes,  whofe  vera- 
city cannot  be  called  in  queftion, 
uill,  I  traft,  prove  my  innocence 
beyond  the  poribility  of  doubt. 

Under  thefe  circum  fiances,  I  im- 
mediately applied  for  his  majeily's 
permiiiion  to  return  to  England, 
that  I  might  anfwer  any  accufation 
that  Ihould  be  brought  againil  me  ; 
for,  as  commander  in  chief  of  the 
Bri'tifh  forcf-s  in  Germany,  no  per- 
fon  there  could  order  a  court-mar- 
tial for  my  trial,  had  there  been  an 
accufation  laid  ;  the  power  of  fum- 
inoning  courts-martial,  and  approv- 
ing their  fentences,  was  veiled  in 
jne  by  my  commilHon,  and  no  Bri- 
tifh  officer  or  foldier  could  be  tried 
by  any  other  authority. 

As  foon  as  I  arrived  in  iLondon, 
on  Friday  evening  the  7th,  I  in- 


ftantly  wrote  the  following  letter  to 
the  Secretary  of  Hate. 
My  Lord, 

**  I  have  the  honour  of  acquaint- 
ing your  lordftiip  with  my  arrival  in 
England,  in  purfuance  of  his  ma- 
jelly's  permiflion,  fent  to  me,  at 
my  requeft,   by  your  lordihip. 

**  I  thought  myfelf  much  injured 
abroad,  by  an  implied  cenfure  upon 
my  condudl :  I  find  I  am  ftill  more 
unfortunate  at  home,  by  being  pub- 
licly reprefented  as  having  negledl- 
ed  my  duty  in  the  ftrongeft  manner, 
by  difobeying  the  pofitive  orders  of 
his  ferene  highnefs PrinceFerdinand. 
As  I  am  confcious  of  neither  negledl 
nor  difobedience  of  orders  ;  as  I  am 
certain  I  did  my  duty  to  the  utmoft 
of  my  abilities ;  and  as  I  am  per- 
fuaded  that  the  prince  himfelf  would 
have  found,  that  he  had  no  jufi: 
caufe  of  complaint  againfl  me,  had 
he  condefcended  to  have  enquired 
into  my  condu6l,  before  he  had  ex- 
prelTed  his  difapprobation  of  it> 
from  the  partial  reprefentation  of 
others:  I  therefore  moft  humbly 
requeft,  that  I  may  at  laft  have  a 
public  opportunity  given  me  of  at- 
tempting to  juftify  myfelf  to  his  ma- 
jeily,  and  to  my  country,  by  a  court- 
martial  being  appointed  ;  that  if  I 
am  guilty,  I  may  fuiFer  fuch  punifh- 
ment  as  I  may  have  deferved  ;  and, 
if  innocent,  that  I  may  Hand  ac- 
quitted in  the  opinion  of  the  world  : 
but  it  is  really  too  fevere  to  have 
been  condemned  before  I  was  tried, 
and  to  be  informed  neither  of  my 
crime,  nor  my  accufers. 

/  am,  my  Lord,  i^c.  l^c,  l^c. 

G.  Sackville.** 

I  received  an  anfwer  to  this  letter 

on  Monday  the   loth,  in   which  I 

was   afTured,  that  a  court-martial, 

upon   my   application,    would    be 

granted. 


STATE    PAPERS. 


269 


granted,  as  foon  as  the  officers  ca- 
pable of  giving  evidence,  could 
Jeave  their  pofts  ;  but  previouily  to 
the  receipt  of  that  letter,  I  was 
difmifled  from  all  my  military  em- 
ployments :  notwithftanding  which 
difmiffion,  I  ftill  hope,  and  am  in- 
formed, that  I  may  have  the  ad- 
vantage of  a  legal  trial. 

In  uie  mean  time,  the  only  indul- 
gence I  have  to  afk  is,  that  the  pub- 
lic will  fufpenditsjudgmenttill  fuch 
faftscan  be  produced,  from  whence 
alone  the  truth  can  appear.  But  if 
plans  of  a  battle  are  to  be  referred 
to,  which  can  give  no  jull  idea  of  it ; 
if  difpofitions  of  the  cavalry  and  in- 
fantry are  fuppofed,  which  never  ex- 
ited ;  if  orders  for  attacks  and  pur- 
fuits  are  quoted,  which  never  were 
delivered  ;  and  if  difobedience  to 
thofe  imaginary  orders  is  afferted 
as  a  crime,  what  can  an  injured  of- 
ficer, under  fuch  circumftances,  have 
recourfe  to,  but  claiming  that}uf- 
tice,  which  is  due  to  every  Engliih- 
man,  of  being  heard  before  he  is 
condemned  ?  The  fooner  that  hap- 
pens, the  happier  I  Ihall  be,  as  I  am 
confcious  my  innocence  muft  ap- 
pear, when  real  fa6ls  are  truly  ftat- 
ed  and  fully  proved. 

G.  Sackville. 


We  /hall  likenjoife  fuhjoin  the  follonv 
ing  letters ^  luhich  ha<ve  been  pub- 
lijhed  under  the  title  of  a  Vindica- 
tion of  his  lordjhip's  condud. 

Copy  of  Lord  G 5 \  letttr  to 

Colonel  Fitzroy, 

Minden,  Aug.  3,  1759. 
Dear  Sir, 

TH  E  orders  of  yefterday,  you 
may  believe,  afFed  me  ^ti'f 
ienfibly.     His  ferene  highnefs  has 


been  pieafed  to  judge,  condemn, 
and  cenfuir  me,  without  hearing 
me,  in  the  moft  cruel  and  unprece- 
dented manner :  as  he  never  afked 
me  a  fingle  queflion  in  explanation 
of  any  thing  he  might  difapprove, 
and  as  he  muft  have  formed  his 
opinion  on  the  report  of  others, 
it  was  Hill  harder  he  would  not  give 
me  an  opportunity  of  tirft  fpeaking 
to  him  upon  this  fubjedt :  but  you 
know,  even  in  more  trifling  mat- 
ters, that  hard  blows  are  Tome 
times  unexpectedly  given.  If  any 
body  has  a  right  to  fay  that  1  hefi- 
tated  in  obeying  orders,  it  is  you. 
I  will  relate  what  I  know  of  that, 
and  then  appeal  to  you  for  the 
truth  of  it. 

When  you  brought  me  orders  to 
advance  with  the  Britilh  cavalry,  I 
was  very  near  the  village  of  Halen, 
I  think  it  is  called  j  1  mcaa  that 
place  which  the  Saxons  burnt.  I 
was  there  advanced  by  M.  Mal- 
horte's  order,  and  no  farther,  when 
you  came  to  me.  Ligonier  follow- 
ed almoft  inftantly  ;  he  faid,  the 
whole  cavalry  was  to  advance.  I 
was  puzzled  what  to  do,  and  begged 
the  favour  of  you  to  carry  me  to  the 
duke,  that  I  might  alk  dca.  explana- 
tion of  his  orders. — But,  that  no 
time  might  be  loft,  I  fent  Smith  with 
orders  to  bring  on  the  Britifn  caval- 
ry, as  tliey  had  a  wood  before  they 
could  advance,  as  you  di reeled  ; 
and  I  reckoned,  by  the  time  I  had 
feen  his  ferene  highnefs,  I  Ihould 
find  them  forming  beyond  the  wood. 
—This  proceeding  of  mine  might 
poffibly  be  wrong ;  but  I  am  fure 
the  fervicc  could  not  fuffcr,  as  no 
delay  was  occafioned  by  it. — The 
duk'^  then  ordered  me  to  leave  fome 
fcjuadrons  upon  the  right,  which  I 
did ;  and  to  advance  the  rell  to  fup- 

port 


S70       ANNUAL    REGISTER, 

port  the  infantry.  This  I  declare  I 
did,  as  fail  as  1  imagined  it  was  right 
in  cavalry  to  march  in  line. — I  once 
halted  by  Lord  Granby,  tocomplete 
jny  forming  the  whole.  Upon  his 
advancing  the  left  before  the  right. 


I  again 
faid. 


fent  to  him  to  flop. — He 
as  the  prince  had  ordered  us 
to  advance,  he  thought  we  iliould 
move  forward. — I  then  let  him  pro- 
ceed at  the  rate  he  liked,  and  kept 
my  right  up  with  him  as  regularly 
as  I  could,  till  we  got  to  the  rear 
of  the  infantry  and  our  batteries. — 
We  both  halted  together,  and  after- 
wards received  no  order,  till  that 
which  was  brought  by  Colonel 
Webb,  and  the  Duke  of  Richmond, 
to  extend  one  line  towards  the  mo- 
rafs. — It  was  accordingly  executed  ; 
and  then,  inflead  of  finding  the 
enemy's  cavalry  to  charge,  as  I  ex- 


pelled, the  battle  was  declared  to 
be  gained,  and  we  were  told  to 
difmount  our  men. 

This,  I  protell,  is  all  I  know  of 
the  matter  ;  and  I  was  never  fo  fur- 
prifed,  as  when  I  heard  the  Prince 
was  difTatisfied  that  the  cavalry  did 
not  move  fooner  up  to  the  infantry. 
—It  is  not  my  bufinefs  to  aik,  what 
the  difpofition  originally  was,  or  to 
iind  fault  with  any  thing. — All  I 
infifl  upon  is,  that  I  obeyed  the  or- 
ders I  received,  as  punftually  as  I 
was  able  ;  and  if  it  v/as  to  do  over 
again,  I  do  not  think  I  could  have 
executed  them  ten  minutes  fooner 
than  I  did,  now  I  know  the  ground, 
and  what  was  expelled  ;  but,  in- 
deed, we  were  above  an  hour  too 
late,  if  it  was  the  duke*s  intention 
to  have  made  the  cavalry  pafs  be- 
fore our  infantry  and  artillery,  and 
charge  the  enemy's  line. — I  cantio.t 
think  that  was  his  meaning,  as  all 
the  orders  ran—to  fullain  our  infan- 


ns9' 

try.  —  And  it  appears,  that  both 
Lord  Granby  and  I  underftood  we: 
were  at  our  polls,  by  our  halting 
when  we  got  to  the  rear  of  our 
foot. 

I  hope  I  have  flated  impartially 
the  part  of  this  tranfadion  that 
comes  within  your  knowledge. — 
li  I  have,  I  muft  beg  you  would 
declare  it,  fo  as  I  may  make  ufe  of 
it  in  your  abfence  ;  for  it  is  impoffi- 
ble  to  fit  filent  under  fuch  reproach, 
when  I  am  confcious  of  having  done' 
the  bell  that  was  in  my  power. — ' 
For  God's  fake,  let  me  fee  you  be- 
fore you  go  for  England. 

I  am,  dear  Sir, 

Your  faithful  humble  fervant. 


Copy    of   Colonel    Fitzrofs    letter  to' 
Lord  G S . 


Minden,  Aug.  3,   1759. 
My  Lord, 

HI  S  ferene  highnefs,  upon 
fome  report  made  to  him  by 
the  Duke  of  Richmond  of  the  fitu- 
ation  of  the  enemy,  fent  Captain 
Ligonier  and  myfelf  with  orders 
for  the  Britifli  cavalry  to  advance. 
— His  ferene  highnefs  was,  at  this 
infliint,  one  or  two  brigades  beyond 
the  Englifh  infantry,  tovv-ards  the' 
left. — Upon  my  arrival  on  the  right 
of  the  cavalry,    I    found  Captain 

Ligonier  with    your  lordfhip. >- 

Notwithflanding,  1  declared  his  fe- 
rene highnefs's  orders  to  you  :  upon 
vyhich  your  dcfired  I  would  not  be" 

in  a  hurry r-l  made  anfwer,'  that 

galloping  had  put  me  out  of 
breath,  which  made  me  fpeak 
very  quick. — I  then  re|)eated  the 
orders  for  the  Britifh  cavalry  to 
advance  towards  the  left,  and  at 
the  fame  time,  mentioning  the  cir- 
r  cum  flan  ce. 


STATE    PAPERS. 


271 


cumfUnce,  that  occafioned  the  or- 
ders, added,  "-That  it  was  a  glo- 
rious opportunity  for  the  Engjilh  to 
diftinguilh  themfelves ;  and  that 
your  lordihip,  by  leading  them  on, 
would  gain  immortal  honour." 

You  yet  exprefTed  your  furprize 
at  the  order,  laying  it  was  impof- 
lible  the  duke  could, mean  to  break 
the  line. — My  anfwer  was,  that  I 
delivered  his  ferene  highncfs's  or- 
ders, word  for  word,  as  he  gave 
them.  Upon  which,  you  a&ed, 
which  way  the  cavalry  was  to 
march,  and  who  was  to  be  their 
guide. — I  undertook  to  lead  them 
towards  the  left,  round  the  little 
wood  on  their  left,  as  they  were 
then  drawn  up,  where  they  might 
be  little  expofed  to  the  enemy's 
cannonade. 

Your  lordfhip  continued  to  think 
my  orders  neither  clear  nor  exadly 
delivered  ;  and  exprefling  your  de- 
fire  to  fee  Prince  Ferdinand,  order- 
ed me  to  lead  you  to  him  ;  which 
order  I  was  obeying  when  we  met 
his  ferene  highnefs. — During  this 
time  I  did  not  fee  the  cavalry  ad- 
vance.— Capt.  Smith,  one  of  your 
aids  de  camp,  once  or  twice  made 
me  repeat  the  orders  1  had  be- 
fore delivered  to  your  lordihip ; 
and  I  hope  he  will  do  me  the 
juftice  to  fay,  they  were  clear  and 
exad. — He  went  up  to  you,  whilft 
we  were  going' to  find  the  duke, 
as  I  imagine  being  fenfible  of  the 
clearnefs  of  my  orders,  and  the 
neceflity  of  their  being  immediate- 
ly obeyed.     I  heard  your  lordfhip 

give  him  fome  orders.  What 

the  were  I  cannot  fay.  — But  he 
immediately  rode  back  towards  the 
cavalry. 

Upon  my  joining  the    duke,    I 
fepeated  to  him  the  orders  I  had 


delivered  to  you,  and  appealing  to 
his  ferene  highnefs,  to  know  whe- 
ther they  were  the  fame  he  had 
honoured  me  with,  I  had  the  fatis- 
faftion  to  hear  him  declare,  they 
were  very  exadl. — His  ferene  high- 
nefs immediately  afked,  where  the 
cavalry  was  ;  and  upon  my  making 

anfwer,    that  lord   G did  not 

underiland  the  order,  but  was 
coming  to  fpeak  to  his  ferene 
highnefs,  he  exprefTed  his  furprize 
flrongly. 

I  hope  your  lordfhip  will  think 
I  did  nothing  but  my  duty  as  aid  de 
camp,  in  mentioning  to  his  ferene 
highnefs  my  orders  being  fo  much 
queflioned  by  your  lordihip. 

1  am,  &c. 


Copy  of  the  declaration  of  Captain 

Smith,  aid  de  camp  to  Lord  G 

5 . 

Minden,  Aug.  3,  1759. 

Wli  A  T  I  have  to  fay  with 
regard  to  the  orders  Col. 
Fitzroy  brought,  and  to  their  not 
being  put  in  execution,  is— -I  heard 

Lord  G S fay,  on  hi« 

receivifi_^  them,  as  they  differed 
from  thofe  he  had  juft  before  re- 
ceived by  Captain  Ligonier,  he 
would  fpeak  to  the  Prince  himfelf ; 
and  a(fcordingIy  put  his  horfe  in  a 
gallop  to  go  to  him.  I  immediate- 
ly went  up  to  Colonel  Fitzroy,  and 
made  him  repeat  the  orders  to  me 
twice. — I  thought  it  fo  clear  and 
pofitive  for  the  Britifh  cavalry  only 
to  advance  where  he  fhould  lead, 
that  I  took  the  liberty  to  fay  to  his 
lordihip,  I  did  think  they  were  fo; 
and  offered  to  go  and  fetch  them^ 
whim  he  went  to  the  prince,  that 
no  time  might  be  loSt,    His  anfwer 


!272       ANl^UAL    REGISTER,    ijs^; 

was,  he  had   alfo    an   order  from  cordingly  I  went,    as   fafl   as  my 

the  prince,  from  Mr.  Ligonier,  for  horfe  could  go,  to  General  Moftvn. 

the  whole  wing    to   come    away  ;  — He  knows  the  reft. — This  is'all 

and  he  thought  it   impoflible    the  that  paft^  as  near  as  I  can  recolleft. 

prince  could  mean  that.     I  replied,  —It  was  fpoke  as  we  gaflloped,   and 

that  if  he  would  allow  me  to  fetch  could  not  be  long  about,  as  I  have 

the  Britifli,  they  were  but  a  part,  been  on  the  ground  fince,  and  do 

and  if  it  was  wrong,    they  could  not  believe,  when  his  lordlhip  fent 

fooner  remedy  the  fault. —He  faid,  me  back,  I  had  above  fix  hundred 

Then  do  it  as  faft  as  you  can. — Ac-  yards  to  go  to  Generail  Moftyn. 


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T    . 


[  274  'J 


CHARACTERS. 


CharaSler  of  Edvoard  Ijyde,  Earl  of 
Clarendon, 

WE  fliall  look  upon  this  no- 
bleman in  two  diftindl 
lights  ;  as  a  ftatefman,  in  which  we 
fhall  confider  his  integrity  and  cor- 
ruption ;  as  a  writer,  in  which  we 
ihall  obferve  his  genius  or  incapa- 
city. And  firrt,  as  a  llarefman  ; 
that  he  was  a  very  able  counfellor 
and  a  trufty  one  to  his  prince,  will 
appear  from  his  great  excellence  in 
penning  thofe  feveral  remonrtrances, 
arguments,  anfwers,  and  declara- 
tions, which  tended  to  fupport  the 
conftitgtion  of  the  people,  in  vin- 
dication of  that  jull  equilibrium 
between  the  King,  Lords,  and 
Commons,  which  was  notorioufly 
invaded  by  the  ufurpation  of  Crom- 
well and  his  partizans.  The  merit 
of  thefe  arguments  has  been  hither- 
to given  to  his  mailer  Charles  the 
iirfl: ;  and  the  enemies  of  Mr.  Hyde 
have  accufed  him  of  having  led  the 
King  too  far  into  non-compliance 
with  the  will  of  his  parliament  : 
this  imputation,  however,  will  ap-. 
pear  groundlefs  to  any  one  who 
will  pleafe  to  remember,  that  he 
prefumed  fo  far  a»  to  advife  the 
King  to  amend  and  fofien  the  acri- 
mony of  his  anfwers  to  the  parlia- 
ment, from  whom  he  was  one  of 
the  commilTiDners  :  if  he  had  fo 
great  an  inclination  to  prevent  the 
King  from  non-compliance/  as  has 
been  faid  by  fome,  he  had  here  a 
fair  opportunity  of  making  a  moll 
fatal  breach  between  thsm,  by  fuf- 


fering  the  acrimony  of  that  anfvrer 
to  have  pafled  to  the  commons. 

His  tender  concern  for  that  im- 
portant branch  of  the  conllitution, 
cpifcopacy,  cannot  be  too  much 
commended  by  thofe  who  have  a 
regard  for  the  religion  of  the  church 
of  England.  He  muft  be  allowed. 
to  have  well  difcharged  his  truft, 
iti  faithfully  attending  and  inftrud- 
ing  his  pupil,  the  Prince  of  Wales ; 
and  to  Lord  Clarendon  cannot  be 
imputed  any  of  his  royal  highnefs's 
excefies,  who  held  them  in  the 
higheft  detellation,  and  by  repeat- 
ed and  open  advice  endeavoured  to 
deprefs  them  ;  which  freedom  of- 
ten and  greatly  provoked  the  King, 
who  faid,  that  the  lord  chancellor 
was  obftinate  and  imperious,  and 
never  liked  any  thing  but  what  he 
propofed  himfelf ;  a  manifeft  fymp- 
tom  that  he  advifed  him  well,  but 
not  gratefully  ;  that  the  counfel  was 
falutary,  but  not  palatable.  Indeed 
mofl  of  the  allegations  laid  to  his 
charge  iare  fo  unreafonabie  at  firll 
fight,  that  we  are  apt  to  be  furprifed 
at  the  virulence  of  his  too  powerful 
enemies,  who  at  length  triumphed 
in  his  difgrace  :  and,  to  make  that 
difgrace  more  contemptuous,  caufed 
his  apology  to  the  Lords  to  be 
burnt  by  the  common  hangman, 
which,  with  the  punfter,  was  cer- 
tainly a  hurning  Jhame  ZXi^  2l  flagrant 
ignominy. 

Neither  Charles  the  firll  or  fe- 
cond  were  fools  as  to  their  under- 
ftaydings,  and  they  both  equally 
revered  the  courjels  of  Mr.  Hyde 
and  Lhe  lord  chancellor  :    the  foa 

paid 


CHARACTERS. 


"^15 


paid  a  veneration  to  his  advice, 
becaufe  he  believed  it  to  be  juft  and 
wife,  though  to  him  not  toothfome. 
His  generofity  to  his  moft  invete- 
rate enemies,  Coventry  and  Arling- 
ton, was  illuftrious ;  for  when  it 
was  well  known  that  a  combina- 
tion had  been  entered  into  by  thofe 
gentlemen  to  undo  the  chancellor, 
under  the  mediation  of  the  favour- 
ite lady,  it  is  well  known,  that  he 
was  applied  to  by  feveral  members 
of  the  houfe  of  commons  to  accufe 
them,  who  told  him,  that  they 
would  accufe  him,  and  be  before- 
hand with  him,  if  he  did  not. 
They  faid,  **  That  there  was  but 
one  way  to  prevent  the  prejudice 
againft  him,  which  was  by  falling 
firft  upon  them,  which  they,  the 
members,  could  and  would  aifift 
him  in,  if  he  would  join  them  in 
fuch  information  as  it  could  not  but 
be  in  his  power  to  do  if  he  pleafed  : 
that  they  were  both  grown  very 
odious  in  general ;  the  one  for  his 
fupercilious  behaviour  towards  all 
men,  and  for  the  manner  of  getting 
into  his  office,  by  having  an  old 
faithful  fervanc  turned  away  ;  and 
the  other,  for  being  formerly  en- 
trufted  and  employed  by  Cromwell, 
and  as  nororioufly  corrupt  in  felling 
all  offices,  when  entrulled  by  the 
King."  They  further  told  the 
lord  chancellor,  **  That  he  never 
faid  or  did  any  word  or  adion  in 
the  moft  fecret  council,  but  they 
two  had  declared  to  his  prejudice  ; 
and  that  if  he  would  now,  as  fe- 
crcily  as  might  be,  give  them  fuch 
information  and  light  as  might  fur- 
nifli  matter  of  impeachment  againll 
thofe  two  gentlemen,  they  would 
divert  the  ftorm  which  was  gather- 
ing, and  which  threatened  to  break 
upon  his  head  ;"  all  which  appli- 
cation he  politely  rejc6ted. 


As  to  the  calumny  of  his  having 
hoarded  vaft  eftates  in  his  admini- 
ftration,  by  corruption  and  bribery, 
the  badnefs  of  his  fortune,  at  the 
time  of  his  difgrace,  very  evident- 
ly proves  the  contrary  ;  which 
could  not  be  owing  to  diffipations 
of  his  own,  from  which  he  was 
very  avcrfe,  being  a  temperate 
man,  a  great  reader,  and  no  way 
inclined  lo  wafte.  Another  impu- 
tation of  being  chief  minifter,  and 
having  the  power  and  credit  to  do, 
or  advife  to  be  done,  all  he  had  a 
mind  to,  it  mull  be  urged  in  his 
defence,  ihat  he  had  no  luch  weak 
mafters,  or  joint  privy  counfellors, 
to  deal  with,  as  to  be  governed 
folely  by  him,  or  to  be  control- 
led or  direded  in  their  meafures 
(often  of  a  very  delicate,  danger- 
ous, and  extraordinary  texture)  by 
one  man,  he  often  having  given  up 
his  opinion,  particularly  in  the 
war,  from  which  he  was  more  a- 
verfe  than  any  other  man  in  the 
kingdom,  whofe  conftitution  was 
fore,  and  whofe  pulie  he  had  a 
right  to  feel  and  underftand  as  well 
as  moft,  and  whofe  wealth,  the 
finews  of  war,  was  no  ways  able  to 
fupport,  as  there  was  little  or  no 
money  in  the  nation,  and  no  alli- 
ances made  with  the  neighbouring 
princes ;  a  war  which,  the  chancel- 
lor forefaw,  would  be  the  greateft 
misfortune  to  the  kingdom.  Nor 
was  it  owing  to  his  majefty's  want 
of  forefight,  that  alliances  had  not 
been  made  previoully  thereto,  nor 
to  his  own  want  of  care,  nor  to  that 
of  the  other  privy  counfcllors  in- 
trufted  with  him,  as  co-operatois 
in  the  direction  of  ftate  ;  but  to  the 
conjunct  and  complicated  affairs 
which  dillraded  France,  Spain, 
Holland,  Denmark,  Sweden,  the 
Empire  and  England.     As  he  did 

T  2  from 


276      ANNUAL    REG  ISTER,   1759. 


from  his  foul  abhcr  the  entering 
into  this  war,  fo  likewife  did  he 
never  prefume,  when  it  was  en- 
tered into,  to  give  any  advice  or 
counfel,  or  any  other  way  meddle 
in  the  conducing  it,  than  merely 
as  a  privy  counfellor,  leaving  the 
other  extrajudicial  branches  of  it 
to  thofe  of  the  military  depart- 
ment. He  abfolutely  and  determi- 
nately  refufed,  with  fcorn,  10,000 1. 
a  year  offered  to  him  by  the  French 
King,  to  bring  his  n)ajerty  into  a 
treaty  with  that  monarch  ;  and  was 
fo  far  from  being  fole  manager 
in  thofe  affairs,  that  it  was  well 
known,  and  not  to  be  denied,  that 
he  WmS  not  twice  in  any  room  alone 
with  hi^  majefty  for  one  whole 
year,  and  very  feldom  for  three 
whole  years  together;  which  could 
not  very  well  have  happened,  if  he 
had  had  the  king's  ear  at  his  com- 
mand. 

The  diftraftion  and  difcompofure 
of  thofe  times  were  evidently  and 
frequently  amended,  rather  than 
made  woife  by  his  adminiftration  ; 
and  if  he  cannot,  in  the  firft  place, 
be  charged  with  invading  the  con- 
ftitution  with  Cromwell,  fo  neither 
can  he  be  charged  with  deferting 
or  prejudicing  the  regal  authority, 
to  which  he  was  a  profeffed  friend. 
The  number  of  illicit  grants  to 
which  he  refufed  to  fet  the  feal  in 
Charles  the  lecond's  rime,  the  la- 
dy in  favour  with  the  King,  her 
creature  Mr.  Bennet,  and  the  duke's 
dangerous  favourite  Mr.  Coventry, 
all  together,  with  the  accumulated 
weight  of  the  unprecedented  Duke 
of  Buckingham,  concurring  at  once 
to  undo  him,  did  really  and  effec- 
tually make  him  odious  to,  the  peo- 
ple, fince  to  him  this  powerful 
junio  imputed  every  raifcarriage  : 
we  believe,  and  may  aijirm,    that 


he  was  no  ways  inftrumental  in 
introducing  thofe  great  calamities 
the  plague  and  peitilence,  which 
ruined  the  lives  and  connections 
of  the  people  ;  nor  will  th^  tire  of 
London  be  laid  at  his  door ;  nor 
ought  Brounket's  infamous  trea- 
chery and  cowardice,  though  never 
punifhed,  but  fkreened  and  pro- 
teded,  to  be  alledged  againil  him  ; 
and  yet  thefe  calamitous  times  gave 
many  opens  to  his  enemies  towards 
exerting  their  power  and  improving 
their  influence  againil  him  wherein 
he  was  no  ways  concerned  ;  how 
then  can  he  be  charged  v/ith  the 
more  exorbitant  accufations  of  a 
defign,  with  the  King,  to  eftablifii 
abfoluce  monarchy,  to  diffolve  par- 
liaments, by  fupporting  a  (landing 
army,  and  overturning  the  efta- 
biilhment ;  who  had  a  fair  oppor- 
tunity, in  a  more  diftrafted  time, 
to  have  joined  ambitious  men  in 
fuch  formidable  proje6ls  ?  and  with 
as  little  colour  of  reafon  can  he  be 
fuppofed  fo  weak  as  to  exprefs  him- 
felf,  in  the  hearing  of  many  of  his 
majefty 's  fubjeds,  that  the  King 
was  in  his  heart  a  papift,  admitting 
that  he  had  fo  believed. 

To  the  charges  of  venality  and 
other  articles,  particularly  that  of 
his  having  advifed  the  King  to  the 
fale  of  Dunkirk,  the  treatment 
which  he  received  from  the  French 
King  in  his  flight,  and  exile  in  that 
kingdom,  was  a  fufficient  tellimo- 
ny,  that  that  prince  did  never  ap- 
prehend himfelf  or  crown  any  way 
obliged  to  the  lord  chancellor  for 
that  or  any  other  fervice  ;  nor  were 
or  could  any  of  the  feventeen  arti- 
cles of  impeachment  againft  him  be 
proved  ;  though,  if  it  was  poffible  to 
have  been  effetled,  it  is  notorious, 
he  had  enemies  enough  who  would 
find  out  ways  and  means  to  prove 

anv 


CHARACTERS. 


any  fingle  one  of  them,  much  more 
all  of  them. 

And  now  having,  as  we  appre- 
hend, vindicated  -die  lord  chancel- 
lor from  corruption,  or  foul  ad- 
ir.ini  ft  ration  as  a  ftatefman,  and 
proved  his  ability,  integrity,  and 
trull  as  a  fervant,  we  Ih  ill  confider 
him  as  a  genius  aad  a  writer  ;  and 
a  n^oft:  excellent  writer  he  is  con- 
fefl'ed  to  be  by  his  vvorfl:  enemies. 
His  hillory  of  the  civil  wars  ftands 
a  monumental  proof  of  his  being 
the  beft:,  the  moft  accurate,  and 
polite  hiftorian  of  his  time,  or  in- 
deed any  other  time.  He  does  not, 
like  other  hillorians,  trifle  away 
his  labour  in  a  detail  of  fads,  a 
dry  narrative,  and  infipid  relation, 
a  minute  circumftantial  account  of 
things,  perfons,  times,  or  places ; 
but  he  illuflrates  thofe  points  by 
throwing  incidental  lights  *  upon 
them  ;  and  a  fa<5t,  when  he  relates 
it,  becomes  like  a  precious  bril- 
liant, reflecting  rays  from  every 
point  of  it.  When  he  makes  us 
acquainted  with  perfons,  he  intro- 
duces them  with  the  accuracy  of  a 
diligent  obferver,  one  who  knew 
the  utmoft  receiTes  of  the  heart  of 
man  ;  he  traverfes  their  defi^ns, 
and,  like  a  lord  chancellor,  inve- 
iligates,  unravels,  and  developes, 
all  die  windings,  turnings,  and  eva- 
fions  of  the  moft  fubtile.  How 
amiably  does  he  handle  a  good 
charadler  ?  we  are  enamoured  with 
the  virtuous,  and  lament  the  decay 
of  goodnefi  on  the  comparifon  with 
a  vicious  charader,  which  he  un- 
mafks  and  lays  open  with  the  judg- 
ment of  an  artill.  His  colourings 
are  of  a  moil  vivid  and  glofly  com- 
plexion. His  features  are  admira- 
ble, whether  extraordinary  on  the 
fide  of  virtue  or  vice.  In  fhort, 
few  will  deny  to  joia  in  commend- 


277 

ing  the  Lord  Clarendon,  as  a  very- 
great  man,  but  as  a  writer  one  of 
the  bell  in  the  univerfe. 


Charaiier  of  the  Stuart  family;  from 
Clarendon  s  life, 

THEY  were  naturally  credu- 
lous, and  fubmitted,  very  of- 
ten, their  judgments,  which  were 
very  good,  to  be  impofed  upon  by 
thofe  who  were  weak.  They  were 
naturally  virtuous,  but  eafily  led 
over  and  corrupted  by  the  inclina- 
tions of  thofe  who  were  vicious  ; 
too  much  inclined  to  like  men  at 
firll  fight;  did  not  care  for  men  much 
older  than  themfelves;  defpifed  old 
acquaintance,  for  no  other  reafon, 
than  becaufe  they  were  old.  They 
could  not  deny  any  thing,  and  Icfs 
to  llrangers  than  to  themfelves  ; 
they  were  enamoured  of  royal  pre- 
rogative over-inuch,  and  thought 
a  King  of  England,  contrary  to  the 
conllitution  of  England,  (hould  be 
like  the  King  of  France,  agreeable 
to  the  confTitution  of  France,  that 
is,  defpotic.  They' were  bounteous 
and  generous,  not  for  the  fake  of 
bounty  or  generofity,  (which  lall 
was  a  flower  that  never  grew  natu- 
rally in  the  hearts  of  the  Stuart  fa- 
mily, or  that  of  Bourbon)  but  be- 
caufe they  could  not  deny,  or  with- 
fland  importunity,  and  ofcen  con- 
fented,  where  they  were  convinced 
they  ought  to  have  denied.  If  the 
Duke  of  York  was  more  fixed  than 
his  brother  Charles  II.  it  was  owing 
to  his  obilinacy,  not  to  his  judgment ; 
he  hated  debate  ;  and,  to  avoid  it, 
refolved  very  often  what  and  when 
he  fliould  not :  his  judgment  was 
more  fubjed  to  perfons,  than  to  ar- 
guments, which  weighed  little  with 
him  ;  whereas  the  king's  judgment 
T  3.  wai 


273        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


was  in  greateft  danger  from  quick 
ftarts,  and  was  to  be  taken  hy  jur- 
prtfe.  The  duke  had  both  reve- 
rence and  love  for  the  king,  and 
was  in  every  refpe*^  more  dutiful, 
fubmilTive,  and  obedient  to  him, 
than  any  other  fubjedt  the  king 
had,  fome  of  whom  he  permitted 
to  affront  him  unpunifhed  :  and  to 
extort  things  from  him  by  violence 
before  his  face,  and  contrary  to  his 
judgment :  for  the  king's  good- 
nature was  exceffive ;  he  was  over- 
facetious,  over-faipiliar  ;  and  his 
excefs  in  good-nature  begat  his  ex- 
cefs  in  every  thing  elfe. 


A  fuccinS  account  of  the  per  fin,  the 
^way  of  li-vingy  avd  of  the  court  of 
the  King  of  PruJJia. 

THE  King  of  Pruffia  is  about 
forty-feven  years  of  age,  in 
ftature  about  five  feet  fix  inches, 
extremely  well  made,  but  fomevvhat 
remarkable  in  his  deportment,  yet 
very  polite;  his  countenance  is 
agreeable  and  fprightly  ;  his  voice 
mufical  and  fine,  even  when  he 
fwears,  which  he  rarely  does,  except 
when  in  a  paffion.  He  is  better 
verfed  in  the  French  language,  and 
fpeaks  it  more  fluent  and  correftly 
than  the  German,  and  never  makes 
ufe  of  the  latter,  but  to  thofe  whom 
he  knows  to  be  ignorant  of  the  for- 
mer. His  hair  is  of  a  dark  fine  chef- 
nut  colour,  and  always  in  queue; 
he  takes  a  pleafure  in  dreffing  it 
himfeir,  and  never  wears  night-cap, 
night  gown,  or  flippers,  but  only 
puts  on  a  linen  cloak  when  he 
drejTes  his  hair.  Three  times  in 
the  year  he  has  a  new  fuit  of  the 
uniform  of  the  firft  battalion  of  his 
guards,  which  is  a  blue  cloth  faced 
with  red,  and  filvcr  Brandenburgs, 


after  the  Spanifh  manner ;  his  waii!- 
coat  is  plain  yellow,  a  point  d'<f- 
pagne  hat,  and  white  feather.  He 
wears  boots,  and  never  appears  in 
ihoes,  even  at  his  public  court  days ; 
this  trifle  gives  him  an  air  very  con- 
firained  and  particular  to  his  fo- 
reign courtiers. 

He  always  rifes  about  five,  and 
is  bufy  till  three  quarters  after  fix  : 
at  feven  he  dreffes,  and  then  receives 
letters,  petitions,  and  memorials, 
and  dircfts  anfwers ;  and  having  dif- 
patched  thefe,  at  nine  his  miniflers 
(or  rather  his  domeftics)  attend  him 
till  eleven,  at  which  time  precifely 
he  relieves  his  guards,  and  fees 
them  perform  their  exercifes ;  is 
very  exaft  in  corredting  any  miftafee, 
and  giving  the  word  of  command 
himfelf,  unlefs  he  is  indifpofed  ;  'tis 
not  therefore  to  be  wondered,  that 
moft  of  the  generals  of  other  princes 
endeavoi^r  to  imitate  the  Pruflian 
exercife  and  difcipline,  as  they  are 
the  bcft  now  in  Europe  :  after  this 
is  done,  he  returns,  and  continues 
in  the  great  hall  of  his  palace,  and 
grants  public  audience  to  any  of  his 
iubjedls,  and  permits  them  to  prefent 
their  own  petitions ;  and  fo  defirous 
is  he  to  do  juftice,  and  relieve  all 
injuries  and  opprefTions,  that  he 
ftridly  commands  his  executive  of- 
ficers, to  hear,  determine,  and  ad- 
judge all  difputes  without  delay. 
Having  difpatched  his  public  affairs, 
he  returns  to  his  clofet ;  and,  tho' 
only  his  own  domeflics  are  prefent, 
hehas  fo  habituated  himfelf  in  bend- 
ing his  body  in  a  bowing  pollure, 
that  he  always  retires  bowing  in  th6 
mofl  courtly  manner.  As  focn  as 
he  enters  his  clofet,  he  refumes  his 
bufinefs  alone,  or  linifhes  with  his 
minifters,  if  any  thing  remains  un- 
done before  his  going  to  the  paradC;, 
which  frequently  is  the  cafe  ;  for  let 

the 


CHARACTERS. 


279. 


the  bufinefs  be  never  (o  important, 
he  is  punftual  in  relieving  his  guards 
at  the  ftroke  of  eleven. 

He  fits  down  to  dinner  at  half  an 
hour  after  twelve  in  general,  accom- 
panied with  his  own  minifters,  and 
ihofe  of  foreign  princes,  who  are  at 
Potzdam,  and  the  officers  of  his  iirft 
battalion  of  guards.  His  table  con- 
fifls  of  twenty- four  covers,  though 
it  frequently  exceeds  that  number. 
He  is  very  elegant  and  particular 
in  his  deferts  of  fruit.  The  dinner- 
time does  not  exceed  an  hour ;  after 
dinner  he  walks  about  a  quarter  of 
an  hour,  converging  with  fome  of 
the  company,  and  then  retires  to 
his  clofet,  bowing  in  his  ufual  man- 
ner as  he  goes  out. 

He  continues  in  private  till  five 
o'clock,  when  his  reader  comes  to 
him  and  reads  till  feven,  and  his 
reading  is  fucceeded  by  a  concert, 
which  lafts  till  nine.  He  takes 
great  delight  in,  and  underftands 
mufic  extremely  well,  and  few  can 
equal  him  upon  the  flute.  His  dai- 
ly concert  conlills  chiefly  of  wind 
inftruments,  and  vocal  mufic,  which 
are  the  beft  in  Europe;  namely,  three 
eunuch?,  a  counter-tenor  voice,  and 
Mademoifelle  Aftra,  an  Italian. 
Thefe  fingers  cannot  be  equalled, 
for  he  will  admit  of  none  that  are 
not  fuperlatively  excellent. 

At  nine  fome  of  the  Vcltaires,  Al- 
garottis,  Maupertuis,  and  the  other 
wits,  never  exceeding  eight,  includ- 
ing the  King,  and  one  or  two  of  the 
King's  favourites,  who  ufually  fup 
with  him,  meet  in  an  apartment  for 
that  purpofe  :  and  fupper  is  ferved 
up  at  half  an  hour  after  nine,  which 
never  confifts  of  more  than  eight 
dijhes,  wll  introduced  at  the  fame 
time:  from  the  time  of  fUpper  wit 
ilies  about  very  freely  till  twelve, 
^ui^ng  which  ume  the  King  lays 


afide  his  majefty,  and  is  only  dif- 
tinguifhedfrom  the  refl  of  the  com- 
pany by  his  fuperior  wit  and  bon« 
mots :  at  the  ftroke  of  twelve  the 
King  withdraws  to  bed,  and  is  {o 
exaft,  that  the  mod  entertaining 
fa bjedls  never  make  him  exceed  the 
time  above  five  or  ten  minutes.  la 
this  manner  the  twenty-four  hours 
are  fpent  throughout  the  whole 
year,  particularly  during  the  nine 
months  which  the  King  fpends  at 
Potzdam  ;  unlefs  fomething  extra- 
ordinary intervene,  fuch  as  the  pre- 
fent,  when  his  thoughts  are  diverted 
from  his  private  pleafures  and 
amufements,  and  direded  to  the 
bufinefs  of  war.  .  .  .  He  has  an  ut- 
ter averfion  to  all  forts  of  gaming, 
and  in  general  to  moft  rural  amufe- 
ments. 

The  daily  expence  of  his  table  for 
the  kitchen  is  fixed  at  33  German 
crowns,  or  five  guineas  and  a  half 
Englilh  money.  For  this  fum  he 
has  24  diihes,  16  for  dinner,  and  8 
for  fupper  ;  the  former  confifts  of 
24  covers,  an'd  the  latter  of  eight  ; 
if  there  be  more  than  24  covers,  he 
pay?  the  overplus  to  the  purveyor  of 
the  kitchen,  at  the  rate  of  a  crown 
a  head  ;  all  the  fea-fifti  and  game  is 
not  included  in  this  expence,  but  is 
charged  to  the  King  over  and  above 
the  five  guineas  and  a  half.  Out 
of  the  thirty-three  crowns,  the  pur- 
veyor pays  for  wood  and  coals,  and 
buys  the  kitchen  furniture,  fuch  as 
tables,  kitchen  linen,  and  in  gene- 
ral," every  thing  that  belongs  to  it, 
the  wages  of  the  cooks  excepted, 
which  the  King  is  charged  with  ex- 
traordinarily. There  are  four  cooks 
employed  in  the  kitchen,  a  Frencl^- 
man, Italian,  Auftrian, and  Pruffian, 
and  each  of  them  drefles  four  difhes 
for  the  dinner,  and  two  for  the  fup- 
per ;  fo  that  in  this  variety  of  cook- 

T  4  ry. 


zSo     ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


ly,  'tis  calculated  that  every  man's 
palate  may  be  pleafed,  which  is  the 
intent  of  the  King  in  having  four 
cooks  of  four  diiFercnt countries,  of 
yvhich  his  company  generally  con- 
fiHs.  Whether  the  K^ng  be  prefent 
or  not,  he  gives  ^dinner  all  the- 
year  through  to  the  officers  of  his 
battalion  ;  and  allows  them  a  bottle 
of  wine  and  a  bottle  of  beer  alier- 
iiately  each  day,  between  two. 
There  are  alfo  made  ready  every 
day  at  twelve  o'clock,  three  large 
difties  of  roaft  and  boiled  meat,  bread 
and  beer,  for  the  officers  of  his  two 
other  battalions  of  foot-guards,  and 
erery  one  may  take  oi  this  as  he 
pleafes ;  'tis  a  fort  of  whet  before 
dinner,  the  price  of  which  is  alfo 
fixed  with  the  purveyor  of  the  kit- 
chen, who  provides  at  his  own  dif- 
•cretion  a  certain  quantity.  .  .  . 

The  King  has  an  univerfal  know- 
ledge ;  but  excels  in  nothing  fo 
niuch  as  in  the  art  of  war,  in  which, 
by  the  mere  natural  ftrength  and 
fuperiority  of  his  judgment,  he  at 
once  became  a  general  and  a  hero. 
He  diftinguifhes  with  precifion,  what 
Inferior  minds  never  dilcover  at  all, 
the  difference  between  great  diffi- 
culties and  impofiibilities,  and  be- 
ing never  difcouraged  by  the  former, 
^as  often  feemed  to  execute  the  lat- 
ter. He  is  indefatigably  laborious 
and  adive,  cool  and  intrepid  in  ac- 
tion, difcerns  as  by  intuition,  feises 
with  rapidity,  and  irnproves  with 
Ikill  the  fhort  but  favourable,  and  of- 
ierydecifive  moments  cf battle.  Mo- 
deft  and  magnanimous  after  viftory, 
lie  becomes  the  generous  proted^or 
ofihefubdued  an<;l  captive  enemies. 
Refolute  and  undejefted  in  misfor- 
tunes, fuperior  to  diftreiTes,  and 
ftruggling  with  difHrulties,  which 
no  courage  nor  conftancy  but  his 
>own  would  have  refilled,  or  coaJd 


have  furmounted.  .  .  .  He  is  a  very 
good  judge  of  compofition,  whe->r 
ther  in  verfQ  or  profe,  in  both  which 
he  has  been  an  author  himfelf  with 
good  fuccefs.  He  has  a  great  deal 
of  humour,  and  fucceeds  well  in 
raillery,  and  is  very  fatyrical  on 
ihofe  whom  he  has  any  difliketo. 

He  is  a  great  politician,  and  very 
conyerfant  on  the  nature  of  finances, 
and  more  fo  as  to  the  value  of  com- 
merce ;  and  knows  very  well  how 
to  fow  in  order  to  reap.  He  treats 
every  body  with  great  civility  and 
reCpet\y  being  extremrly  folicitous 
to  oblige  the  raeanell:  of  his  fubje(fts, 
and  makes  his  dignity  familiar  to 
them,  by  the  modefty  and  fimplicity 
of  his  behaviour,  and  never  thinks 
himfelf  too  great  for  the  loweft  cf- 
fices  of  friendlhipand  humanity.  .  , 
The  fal?.ries  are  but  trifling  which  he 
annexes  to  the  great  officers  of  his 
court,  and  mort  of  them  ijipartilus^ 
Through  all  his  territo/ies  he  ha$ 
no  governors  of  provinces  or  cities; 
he  himfelf  commands  alone.  The 
commanding  officers  of  the  regi- 
ments ferve  for  governors,  wJiercver 
they  are  in  garrifon  ;  nor  has  he 
any  eftablifhment  for  a  ftaff  in  any 
of  his  places.  Thcfe  three  articles 
coft  immenfe  fums  to  other  poten- 
tates. A  foldier  who  dillinguifhts 
himfelf,  and  is  obfervant  of  military 
difcipline,  generally  meets  with  the 
King's  particular  favour,  and  xtrj 
probably  in  twenty  or  thirty  years, 
m.ay  rife  through  all  the  fteps  till  he 
gets  the  command  of  a  regiment. 

His  only  niinifters  are  juftice  and 
humanity,  though  he  has  an  officer 
filled  a  chancellor,  who  does  hot 
open  his  mouth.  A  grand  veneur, 
who  dare  not  kill  a  quail.  A  cup- 
bearer, who  knows  not  whether  he 
hss  any  wine  in  his  cellar.  A  maf- 
tCf  of  the  horfe,  who  dare  not  order 

one 


CHARACTERS. 


281 


one  of  them  to  be  faddled.  A 
chamberlain,  who  has  never  given 
him  his  fiiiri.  A  great  mafter  of 
the  wardrobe,  who  does  not  know 
his  taylor.  The  funftions  of  all 
thefe  great  officers  are  exercifcd  by 
one  lingle  perfon,  vvhofe  name  is 
Frcdeiickftoff,  who  is  likewife  valet 
de  chambre,  and  private  fecretary 
in  (wdinary,  and  has  filled  all  thefe 
nominal  polls  for  feveral  years.  His 
own  extenfivc  mind  forms  all  his 
plans  of  government,  undebafed  by 
rainifterial  interells  and  mifrepre- 
fentations. 

His  \yhoie  houfiiold  confifls  of 
eight  gentlemen  pages,  as  many 
footmen,  fourteen  running  footraen, 
and  fixteen  men  with  drefies  of  dif- 
ferent forts,  after  the  manner  of  the 
Eailern  nations,  all  in  rofe  colour 
with  galloon  lace.  In  aH  his  apart- 
ments the  furnifure  is  very  neat  and 
plain,  the  hangings  of  rofe  colour 
pale  lilicf,  both  for  himfelf,  the 
two  queens^  and  the  reft  of  the  royal 
family. 

The  Jate  King  his  father  loved 
hunting,  and  kepc  a  very  cxpenfive 
equipage  on  tha:  account ;  but  his 
prefent  majcfty  has  an  uiter  aver- 
fion  to  it ;  and  on  his  advancement 
to  the  throne,  fent  for  the  grand 
veneur  (who  was  a  great  lover  of 
the  diverfion)  to  lay  before  him  an 
account  of  the  annual  cxpence  of 
the  chafe  ;  who  reprcfented  it  as  a 
great  benefit  to  the  King  to  continue 
it,  and  urged  it  Co  fir  as  to  tell  him, 
that,  if  he  fuppreffed  it,  he  would 
lofe  23,000  crowns  a  year  by  it  : 
upon  which  the  King  told  him,'  that 
he  would  give  him  all  his  game,  antT 
the  iifti  in  his  rivers,  in  confidera- 
tion  of  20,000  crowns  a  year,  and 
would  pay  him  for  all  he  had  occa- 
fion  for  himfelf.  The  poor  veneur, 
who  had  afl'erted  by  his  own  account 


that  he  muft  be  a  great  gainer  at 
this  rate,  duift  rot  refufe  the  offer, 
and  inadvertently  laid  a  fnare  ia 
which  he  was  caught  himfelf,  and 
proved  his  ruin  :  for  he  was  at  jalt 
obliged  toabfcond,  and  had  neither 
money  nor  game. 

The  queen  confort  is  as  good  9 
woman  as  lives,  and  greatly  ellcem- 
ed  by  the  King  for  her  virtues,  the* 
he  feldom  fees  her,  and  never  coha- 
bits with  her.  The  Priricefs  Amelia 
is  very  agreeable  and  lovely,  and 
poffeffed  of  every  amiable  qualifi- 
tion  to  render  her  accompl:fhcd. 
Prince  Henry  is  very  amiable,  and 
extremely  polite  and  generous. 
Prince  Ferdinand  has  diftinguiflied 
himfelf  in  fuch  an  extraordinary 
manner  in  Germany,  that  his  great 
qualifications  are  too  well  known  to 
ueed  a  recital  liere :  therefore  let  it 
fuffice  to  fay,  that  he  is  loved  and 
efteemed  by  all  who  know  him.  . , 


Chara^er  of  General  Wolff, 

GEneral  Wolfe  feemed  by  nature 
formed  for  military  greatnefs; 
his  memory  was  retentive,  his  judg- 
ment deep,  and  his  comprehenfion 
amazingly  quick  and  clear  :  his 
conftituiional  courage  was  not  only 
uniform,  and  daring,  perhaps  to  an 
extreme,  but  he  poifeiTed  that  higher 
fpecies  of  it,  (if  I  may  be  allowed 
theexpreffion)  that  ftrength,  fteadi- 
nefs,  and  adivity  of  mind,  which  no 
difficulties  could  obftruft,  nor  dan- 
gers deter.  With  an  unufual  live- 
linefs,  almoft  toimpetuofity  of  tem- 
per, he  was  not  fubjed  to  paffion  : 
with  the  greateft  independence  of 
fpirit,  free  from  pride.  Generous 
almoft  to  ^rofufion  :  he  contemned 
every  little  art  for  the  acquifition  of 
wealth,  whiLI  he  fearched  after  ob- 

jeds 


282      A  N  N  U  A  L  R  E 

je£ls  for  his  chanty  and  beneficence: 
the  deferving  foldier  never  went  un- 
rewarded,  and  even  the  needy  in- 
ferior officer  frequently  tafted  of  his 
bounty.  Conftant  and  diftinguiih- 
ing  in  his  attachments  :  manly  and 
unreferved,  yet  gentle,  kind,  and 
conciliating  in  his  manners.  He 
enjoyed  a  large  (hare  of  the  friend- 
Ihip,  and  almoll  the  univerfal  good- 
will of  mankind ;  and,  to  crown  all, 
fincerity  and  candour,  a  true  fenfeof 
honour,  juftice,  and  public  liberty, 
feemed  the  inherent  principles  of 
his  nature,  and  the  uniform  rule  of 
his  condud. 

He  betook  himfelf,  when  very 
young,  to  the  profeffion  of  arms ; 
and  with  fuch  talents,  joined  to  the 
mod  unwearied  affiduity,  no  wonder 
he  was  foon  fingled  out  as  a  moft  ri- 
fing  military  genius.  Even  fo  early 
at  the  battle  of  La-feldt,  when  fcarce 
twenty  years  of  age,  he  exerted 
himfelf  in  fo  mafterly  a  manner,  at  a 
very  critical  junfture,  that  it  drew  the 
higheft  encomiums  from  the  great 
oiEcer  then  at  the  head  of  the  army. 

During  the  whole  war  he  went 
.on,  without  interruption,  forming 
the  military  character  ;  was  prefent 
at  every  engagement,  and  never 
palTed  undiftinguiftied.  Even  after 
the  peace,  whilft  others  lolled  on 
plcafure's  downy  lap,  he  was  culti- 
vating the  arts  of  war.  He  intro- 
duced (without  one  a^  of  inhuma- 
nity) fuch  regularity  and  exadnefs 
of  difcipline  into  his  corps,  that,  as 
long  as  the  fix  Britifti  battalions  on 
the  plains  of  Minden  are  recorded 
in  the  annals  of  Europe,  fo  Jong 
will  Kingfiey's  iland  amongft  the 
foremoft  of  that  day. 

Of  that  regiment  he  continued 
lieutenant-colonel,  till  the  great  mi- 
r.ifter  who  rouzed  the  fleeping  ge- 
nius of  his  country,  called  him  forth 


GISTER,    1759; 

into  higher  fphercs  of  adlion.  Itc 
was  early  in  the  moft  fecret  conful- 
tations  for  the  attack  of  Rochfort : 
and  what  he  would  have  done  there, 
and  what  he  afterwards  did  do  ac 
Louifbourg,  are  very  frelh  in  every 
memory. 

He  was  fcarce  returned  from 
thence,  when  he  was  appointed  to 
command  the  important  expedition 
againft  Quebec.  There  his  abilities 
ihone  out  in  their  brighteft  luftre  ; 
in  fpight  of  many  unforefeen  diiR- 
cnlties,  from  the  nature  of  the  fitua- 
tion,  from  great  fuperiority  of  num- 
bers, the  ftrength  of  the  place  it- 
felf,  and  his  own  bad  ftate  of  health, 
he  perfevered,  with  unwearied  dili- 
gence, praclifing  every  ftratagem  of 
war  to  effedl  his  purpofe;  at  laft, 
fingly%  and  alcne  in  opinion,  he  form- 
ed, and  executed,  that  great,  that 
dangerous,  yet  neceflary  plan,  which 
drew  out  the  French  to  their  defeat, 
and  will  for  ever  denominate  him 
^rhe  Conqueror  of  Canada.    But  there 

tears  will  flow there,  when 

within  the  grafp  of  vidlory,  he  firft 
received  a  ball  through  his  vvrift, 
which  immediately  wrapping  up,  he 
went  on,  with  the  fame  alacrity,  ani- 
mating his  troops  by  precept  and  ex- 
ample :  but,  in  a  few  minutes  after, 
a  fecond  ball,  through  his  body,  ob- 
liged him  to  be  carried  off  to  a  fmall 
dillance  in  the  rear,  where  rouzed 
from  fainting  in  the  laft  agonies  by 
the  found  of  they  run,  he  eagerly 
afked,  **  Who  run  r "  and  being 
told,  the  French,  and  that  they 
were  defeated,  he  faid,  **'  Then,  I 
**  thank  God  ;  I  die  contented  ; 
and  almoft  inftantly  expired. 

On  Sunday,  November  17,  at 
feven  o'clock  in  the  morning,  his 
majefty's  fhip  Royal  William  (in 
v^hich  this  hero's  corpfe  was  brouj^ht 
from  Q^jebec  to  Portfmouth)  fired 

two 


CHARACTERS. 


283 


two  fignal  guns  for  the  removal  of 
his  remains.  At  eight  o'clock  the 
body  was  lowered  oat  of  the  fliip 
into  a  twelve-oar'd  barge,  towed 
by  two  twelve-oar'd  barges,  and 
attended  by  twelve  twelve-oar'd 
barges  to  rhe  bottom  of  the  point, 
in  a  trarn  of  gloomy  filent  pomp, 
fuirable  to  the  melancholy  occafion, 
grief  fhutting  up  the  lips  of  the 
fourteen  barges  crews.  Minute 
guns  were  fired  from  the  (hips  at 
Spithead,  from  the  time  of  the  bo- 
dy's leaving  the  fhip  to  its  being 
landed  at  the  point  at  Portfmouth, 
which  was  one  hour.  The  regi- 
ment of  invalids  was  ordered  under 
arms  before  eight,  and  being  join- 
ed by  a  company  of  the  trairi  in 
the  garrifon  at  Portfmouth,  march- 
ed from  the  parade  there,  to  the 
bottom  of  the  point,  to  receive  the 
remains.  At  nine  the  body  was 
landed,  and  put  into  a  travelling 
liearfe,  attended  by  a  mourning 
coach  (both  fent  from  London) 
and  proceeded  through  the  garrilon. 
The  colours  on  the  fort  were  ftruck 
half  flag  ftafF;  the  bells  were 
muffled,  and  rung  in  folemn  con- 
cert with  the  march  ;  minute  guns 
were  fired  on  the  platform  from 
the  entrance  of  the  corpfe  to  the  end 
of  the  proceflion  ;  the  company  of 
the  train  led  the  van  with  their 
arms  reverfed  ;  the  corps  followed  ; 
and  the  invalid  regiment  followed 
the  hearfe,  their  arms  reverfed. 
They  conduced  the  body  to  the 
Land  port  gates,  where  the  train 
opened  to  the  right  and  left,  and 
the  hearfe  proceeded  through  them 
on  their  way  to  London.  Although 
there  were  many  thoufands  of  peo- 
ple aflcmbled  on  this  occafion,  not 
the  lead  difturhance  happened  ; 
nothing  tobehcaid  but  murmuring 
broken  accents  in  praile  of  the  dead 


hero.— On  the  20th  at  night,  his 
body  was  depofited  in  the  burying 
place  belonging  to  his  family,  at 
Greenwich. 


Some  particulars  of  the  life  of  Dr, 
'  Hatteyi 

EDmund  Halley  was  the  only 
fon  of  a  foap boiler  in  Win- 
chefter-ftreet.  He  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, Od.  29,  i6q6,  and  educated  at 
Sr.  Paul's  fchooL  under  the  tuition 
of  Dr.  Gale.  In  his  early  years  he 
difcovered  an  uncommon  genius  for 
learning,  and  before  he  was  fifteea 
had  made  a  confiderable  progrefs 
in  mathematics,  more  particularly  ia 
thofe  branches-  that  led  to  the  know- 
ledge of  heavenly  bodies.  In  his 
feventeenth  year  he  was  entered  a 
commoner  in  Queen's  College;  and 
before  he  was  nineteen  publiflied, 
in  the  Philofophical  Tranfaftions, 
a  diredl  and  geometrical  method  of 
finding  the  Aphelia  and  Eccentri- 
city of  the  planets,  by  which  the 
hypothefis  advanced  by  Kepler  was 
reduced  to  demonftration.  Some 
obfervations  which  he  made  on  aa 
eclipfeofthe  moon,  June  27,  1675, 
and  upon  a  fpot  in  the  fun  the  year 
following,  determined  the  motion 
of  the  fun  round  its  own  axis, 
which  was  not  till  then  fufficiently 
afcertained.  The  fame  year  he  ob- 
ferved  at  Oxford  an  occultation  of 
Mars  by  the  moon,  which  he  after- 
wards had  occafion  to  refer  to  in 
fettling  the  longitude  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

Aftronomy  now  became  his  fa- 
vourire  lludy.  He  had  in  his  youth, 
by  unwearied  application,  an  un- 
common fhare  ofclaflical  learning; 
and  this  in  his  riper  years  gave  him 
the  more  leifure  to  purfue  his  pro- 
grefs 


iS4         ANNUAL   REGISTER,    ly^c,. 


grefs  in  the  fciences.  He  ^ad  ac- 
carately  obferved  the  motions  of 
Jupiter  and  Satuj-n,  and  had  cor- 
reded  fome  errors  in  the  tables. of 
thole  planets  ;  and  he  had  taken 
fome  pains  to  complete  the  cata- 
logue of  fixed  ftars,  a  tafe  which 
he  foon  found,  upon  enquiry,  was 
in  other  hands.  He  then  formed 
'  ,  his  great  defign  of  perfedling  the 
whole  fcheme  of  the  heavens,  by 
the  addition  of  thofe  ftars  which  lie 
fo  near  the  South  pole,  that  they 
could  neither  be  feen  by  Mr.  Flam- 
ilead  at  Greenwich,  nor  Hevelius 
at  Dantzick,  the  two  aftronomers 
who  had  undertaken  to  complete 
the  catalogue.  Full  of  this  projed 
he  left  the  univeriity,  and  with  the 
confent  of  his  father,  and  the  royal 
lecommendation,  he  embarked  for 
St,  Helena  on  board  one  of  the  Eaft- 
Jndia  company's  ihips,  in  Novem- 
ber 1676,  before  he  liad  acquired, 
by  his  refidence,  any  title  to  thofe 
degrees  of  univerfity  honours,  that 
are  alike  conferred  on  wife  men  and 

After  his  arrival  he  loft  no  time 
in  puiTuing  his  tafk,  and  having 
iinilhed  it  to  his  own  fatisfadion, 
in  1678  he  returned  to  London,  and 
delineated  a  planifphere,  on  which 
he  laid  down  the  exad  place  of  all 
the  ftars  near  the  South  pole,  and 
prefented  it  to  his  majclly,  who 
had  already  honoured  hina  with  his 
patronage,  and  who,  as  a  further 
mark  of  his  royal  favour,  gave  him 
a  letter  of  mandamus  to  his  univer- 
fity  for  the  degree  of  m after  of  arts, 
in  compliance  with  which  the  de- 
gree was  conferred  Dec.  3,  1678, 
and  the  fame  year  he  was  chofen  a 
fellow  of  the  royal  focietyo 

By  the  tables,  which  he  foon  af- 
ter publiflied,  he  ftiewed,  from  his 
own  obfervations,  that  former  aftro- 


nomers had  been  defedive  in  calcu- 
lating the  motions  of  the  heavenly 
bodies;  that  Saturn  moved  much 
flower,  and  Jupiter  more  fwiftly 
than  had  been  before  imagined; 
and  that  the  obliquity  of  the  eclip- 
tic was  no  lefs  erroneous. 

About  this  time  a  conteft  had 
arifen  between  our  countryman  Mr. 
Hook,  and  the  renowned  Hevelius, 
already  mentioned,  about  the  pre- 
ference of  plain  or  glafs  lights  in 
aftronomical  inftruments ;  and  Mr. 
Halley,  who  wns  fcarce  two  and 
twenty,  was  pitched  upon  by  the 
royal  fociety  to  go  over  to  Dantzick, 
to  terminate  the  difpute.  Mr.  Hal- 
ley  was  charmed  with  the  old  gen- 
tleman's manner,  who  had  been  an 
obferver  above  forty  years,  and  he 
was  no  lefs  fo  with  his  converfation 
and  the  politenefs  with  which  he 
was  received.  From  May  26,  till 
July  18,  the  two  aftronomers  con- 
tinued their  obfervations  almoft 
every  night,  and  on  taking  leave, 
Mr.  Halley  gave  a  teftimony  of  the 
accuracy  of  the  old  aftronomer's 
apparatus,  which  not  a  little  pleafed 
him,  and  difgufted  Mr.  Hook.  It 
would  be  foreign  to  our  defign  to 
enter  into  the  merits  of  this  difpute, 
and  therefore  wc  fliall  only  take 
notice  that  the  learned  Dr.  Wallis 
took  upon  him,  in  fome  meafure, 
tojuftify  Mr.  Halley,.  by  declaring 
thus  far  in  his  favour,  that  if  he 
had  been  too  lavilh  in  his  com- 
mendations of  Hevelius,  Mr.  Hook 
had  been  the  fame  in  his  reprehen- 
fions ;  and  thus  the  matter  rcfted. 

In  1680  Mr. Halley,  accompanied 
by  his  friend  and  fchool- fellow,  the 
pious  Mr.  Robert  Ne]fon,fet  out  for 
Fiance,  and  about  the  midway  be- 
tween Calais  and  Pari:  he  was  the 
firft  who  difcovered  the  remarkable 
comet  of  that  year,  in  its  return  from. 

the 


CHARACTERS. 


285 


the  fun.  Tic  had  already  obferved  it 
in  its  defcent,  and  had  no^  the  fa- 
tisfadlion  of  a  complete  gratification 
of  hiscuriofiiy,  in  viewing  that  ex- 
traordinary  phxnomenon  from  the 
royal  obfervatory,  which  was  then 
but  juft  erefled  in  France  ;  and  at 
the  fame  time  an  opportunity  of 
eftablifhing  a  friendly  correfpond- 
ence  between  the  royal  aftronomers 
of  Paris  and  Greenwich,  the  cele- 
brated Caffini  and  Mr.  Flamilead. 

From  Paris  the  travellers  conti- 
r.ued  their  journey,  with  a  view  to 
make  what  is  commonly  called  the 
grand  tour;  and  paffing  .through 
Lyons,  arrived  in  Italy,  where  they 
fpent  the  greatcft  part  of  the  year 
1681  :  Mr.  Halley's  affairs  calling 
him  home,  he  left  his  companion  at 
Rome,  and  returning  by  the  way  cf 
Paris,  he  had  a  fecond  opportunity 
of  vifiting  Signior  Caffi^i,  whom 
he  aflifted  in  reforming  his  inftru- 
ments,  which  he  found  very  diffi- 
cult to  manage  ;  and  having  com- 
municated to  one  another  their  for- 
mer obfervations  upon  this  comet, 
as  well  thofe  made  at  Greenwich, 
as  thofe  made  at  Paris,  a  foundation 
was  laid  for  fettling  the  path  of  it, 
and  of  the  eftablifhing  a  new  aftro- 
nomy  with  refpedt  to  thefe  celeftiai 
bodies. 

It  was  not,  however,  till  two 
years  after,  that  he  predicted  the 
comet  which  row  appears,  and 
which  muft  now  be  univerfally  ac- 
knowledged, to  the  honour  of  his 
memory,  to  have  been  foretold  by 
an  Engliftiman  *. 


Upon  his  return  to  England  he 
married  Mary  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Tooke,  at  that  time  auditor  of  the 
Exchequer,  a  young  lady  amiable 
in  her  perfon,  and  of  excellent  en- 
dowments, with  whom  he  lived 
happy  fifty- five  years. 

The  following  year,  1682,  he 
fettled  at  Iflington,  and  publifhed 
his  theory  of  the  variation  of  the 
magnetical  compafs,  in  which  he 
fuppofes  the  whole  globe  cf  the 
earth  to  be  one  great  magnet,  hav- 
ing four  poles  or  points  of  attrac- 
tion, by  which  the  needle  is  fuc- 
ceflively  governed  as  it  approaches 
reared  to  either.  But  this  hypo- 
thefis,  tho'  well  received  at  firft,  by 
reafon  of  its  novelty,  was  afterwards 
found  irreconcileabie  to  pra^icc 
and  rejefted  by  himfelf  for  one  that 
appeared  to  many  no  lefs  whim/ical 
than  the  formej  ;  but  this  he  perfift- 
ed  in  with  great  obftinacy,  and  the 
rather,  as  it  folved  all  the  appear- 
ances of  the  variation,  without  a^b-* 
folutcly  giving  up  the  four  poles  on 
which  relied  the  credit  of  his  firft 
conjedure.  He  fuppofed  the  outer 
furface  of  the  earth  to  be  a  ihell 
like  that  (for  illuftration  fake)  of  a 
cocoa  nut:  that  within  this  Ihell 
was  a  fmaller  Aell,  not  occupying 
the  whole  hollow  fpace,  but  ad- 
mitting a  boating  tnedium  between 
the  infide  of  the  outer,  and  the  out- 
fide  of  the  inner  Ihell ;  that  both 
thefe,  having  the  fame  common 
center  and  axis  of  diurnal  rotation, 
would;  by  continual  turning,  vary 
a  little;    and   by   that   means  the 


*  This  comet  in  i68z  was  accurately  obferved  at  Greenwich  by  Mr.  Flam- 
ftead,  when  it  came  to  its  perihelion,  Sept.  4  j  and  Mr.  Halley  hj^ving  traced  it 
back  to  its  appearance  in  1607,  when  the  time  of  its  peilhelion  was  Od.  16  ; 
and  thence  to  1551,  when  it  tame  to  its  perihelion  A\ig.  25  j  ventured  to  foretell 
that  it  would  appear  again  about  the  end  of  1758,  or  the  beginning  of  1759  ;  ^ 
prediction  which  reflects  immortal  honour  upon  the  memory  of  this  great  man, 
and  upon  the  country  in  which  he  was  born. 

poles 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


286 

poles  would  in  time  become  difFer- 
ent ;  but  that  both  die  inner  and 
outer  poles,  having  the  fame  power 
of  attraclion,  would  produce  ihe 
greater  or  lefler  variation  as  they  ^ 
happened  to  be  at  a  greater  or  lefs 
diftance  from  each  other:  this  a- 
inendment  is  by  fome  difregarded  ; 
by  none  that  we  know  of  adopted  ; 
and  yet  fome  late  experiments, 
made  both  by  the  French  and  Rng- 
li(h  in  different  parts  of  the  world, 
feem  now  to  favour  it. 

Mr.  Halley  fpared  no  pains  to 
eftablifh  his  theory  by  repeated  ex- 
periments, and  he  had  fo  much 
credit  with  King  William  after  the 
revolution,  that  he  obtained  the 
command  of  the  Paramour  P  nk  to 
complete  his  obfervations.  In  his 
£ril  attempt,  his  men  proving  fick- 
Jy,  and  his  firft  lieutenant  refuting 
to  obey  orders,  he  returned  without 
cfFeding  any  thing  ;  but  having  fuf- 
pended  his  lieutenant,  and  procured 
of  the  government  another  fhip  of 
lefs  burthen  to  attend  him,  he  took 
his  departure  from  the  coaft  of 
England  in  September  1699,  and 
having  traverfed  the  vail  Atlantic 
ocean  from  one  hemifphere  to  the 
other,  as  far  as  the  ice  would  per- 
mit, in  his  way  back  he  touched  at 
St.  Helena,  the  coaft  of  Brazil, Cape 
Verd,  Barbadocs  Madeira,  the  Ca. 
naries,  the  coaft  of  Barbary,  and  in 
many  other  latitudes,  till  at  length 
he  arrived  in  England  in  1700,  and 
publiflied  a  general  chart,  fliewing, 
at  one  view,  the  variatioh  of  the 
compafs  in  all  thcfe  fcas  where  the 
Engliih  navigators  were  acquaint- 
ed; by  which  he  laid  a'foundation 
for  the  dif^overy  of  the  laws  of  that 
variation,  fo  different  in  different 
parts  of  the  world. 

The  method  of  finding  the  lon- 
gitude at  fta,    by   the  motions  of 


the  moon,  was  firft  projected  by 
M/.  IlUley,  vtho  took  great  pains 
to  reduce  it  to  pradice  ;  but  at  the 
very  time  when  he  was  moft  intent 
upon  pe:  feeling  his  obfervaiions, 
his  father's  death,  and  the  unex- 
pefted  revcife  of  fortune  that  hap- 
pened to  him  on  that  occafion,  put 
a  period  to  his  pleafurable  ftudies, 
and  obliged  him  to  turn  his  thoughts 
tp  the  fupportof  a  numerous  family. 
His  father,  who,  before  the  fire  of 
London,  was  poflefted  of  an  eft  ate 
in  houfes  of  locol.  a  year,  partly  by 
imprudence  in  marrying  a  fecond 
wife,  and  partly  by  misfortunes, 
died  infolvent. 

Mr.  Halley,  difappointed  of  his 
paternal  inheritance,  began  to  think 
ferioufly  of  converting  that  know- 
ledge and  experience,  which  had 
coft  him  (o  much  labour  and  ftudy, 
to  his  own  more  immediate  advan- 
tage ;  and  it  was  fortunate  for  him 
that  he  made  himfelf  acceptable  to 
Sir  Ifaac  Newton,  by  applying  to 
him  for  the  folution  of  a  problem 
which  had  baffted  the  ikill  of  Sir 
Chriftopher  Wren  and  Mr  Hook, 
who  were  at  that  time  celebrated  all 
over  Europe  for  their  great  (kill  in 
the  mechanical  powers,  and  for  their 
knowledge  in  the  fciences  ;  which 
Mr.  Newton. anfwered  without  he- 
fitation.  Mr.  Newton  was  then  at 
Cambridge,  and  employed  in  his 
Pi  incipia,a  work  now  To  well  known, 
that  it  is  fcarce  neceffary  to  mention 
more  of  the  title :  he  was  pleafed 
with  the  application  made  lo  him 
by  Halley,  and  ever  after  conceived 
a  friend  fhip  for  him. 

In  the  interval  between  his  firft 
voyage  and  his  father's  death,  Mr. 
Plalley  had  made  many  ufeful  dif- 
coveries,  which  are  omitted  in  their 
place,  particularly  a  method  of 
meafuring   the   elevation     of  very 

hicfi 


CHARACTERS, 


287 


hi^h  mountains  and  other  emi- 
nences, by  the  barometer,  and  the 
phyfical  caufes  of  the  trade  winds 
and  monfoons,  which  he  illuftrated 
by  a  chart,  reprefcnting  their  di- 
reftion,  wherever  they  blow,  in 
every  part  of  the  globe  ;  he  ac- 
counted alfo  for  the  equality  of 
height  in  the  Mediterranean  fea 
xiotvvithftanding  the  continijal  ac- 
cumulation of  waters  to  it  by  nine 
large  rivers,  and  the  conftant  fet- 
ting  in  of  the  current  in  the  mouth 
of  the  Straits,  without  any  vifi- 
ble  difcharge  by  any  canal  what- 
ever. 

We  fhould  likewife  have  taken 
notice,  that  Mr.  Halley  was  chofen 
afliftant  fecretary  to  the  royal  focie- 
ty,  on  the  refignation  of  Dr.  Muf- 
grave,  in  1685  ;  and  in  1691,  he 
was  difappointed  of  the  Savilian 
profeflbrlhip  at  Oxford,  by  the  jea- 
loufyofMr.  Flamftead,  who  took 
it  in  his  head  that  he  had  fuiFered  in 
the  eftimation  of  Sir  Ifaac  Newton, 
by  Mr.  Halley's  growing  friendfhip 
with  that  great  man. 

Soon  after  this  mortification,  he 
publiflicd  his  tables,  fhewing  the 
value  of  annuities  for  lives,  calcu- 
lated from  the  bills  of  mortality 
at  Breflau  in  Silefia ;  and  the  fame 
year  came  out  his  famQus  univerfal 
theories  for  finding  the  foci  of  optic 
glafles. 

In  1695  he  refigned  the  oflice  of 
aflillant  fecretary,  and  was  appoint- 
ed comptroller  of  the  Mint  at  Chef- 
ter  in  1696.  Here  his  adive  ge- 
nius gave  no  way  to  idlenefs.  He 
employed  himfelf  during  the  two 
years  that  this,  fubfi (led,  in  philo- 
fophical  experiments,  and  phylical 
ciiiquifitions,  and  his  hypothtfis 
concerning  the  caufe  of  the  uni- 
verfal deluge  by  the  approach  of  a 
comet,  which  Mr.  Whilton  adopted 


in  his  new  theory  of  the  earth,  was 
about  this  time  produced. 

We  have  already  related  the  fuc- 
cefs  of  his  voyages  in  the  Paramour 
Pink,  before  which  he  was  errtployed 
by  King  James  II.    to  obferve  the 
courfe  of  the  tides  in  every  part  of 
the  Britilh  channel,  and  to  take  the 
latitude  and  longitude  of  the  prin- 
cipal headlands,  which  he  perform- 
ed with  great  accuracy,  and  in  1702 
publifhed  a  large  map  of  the  Britiih 
channel.      The  fame  year  he  was 
fent  by  Queen  Anne  to  the  Emperor 
to  view  the  coaft  of  Dalmatia,  and 
to  conftruft  a  fafe  harbour  for  fhip- 
ping,  as  commodious  as  poflible  for 
the  trade  of  the  Adriatic  fea ;    but 
fome  objedions  being  made  to  this 
projed  by  the  Dutch,  the  execution 
of  the  deiign  was  deferred,  and  Mr. 
Halley  returned  home,    with  very 
fingular  marks,    however,    of  the 
Emperor's  favour,    who  gave  him 
from  his  own  finger  a  ring  of  confi- 
derable  value.      Not  long  after  his 
arrival  in  England,  he  was  again  fent 
upon  the  fame  errand,  and  in  bis 
way  to  the  Emperor's  court,  had  the 
honour  to  fup  with  his  late  majelly 
King  George  I.   at  his   palace  of 
Herenhaufen,  where  he  was  enter- 
tained with  great  marks  of  refped. 
On  his  arrival  at  Vienna,  he  was 
again  prefented  to    the    Emperor, 
who  ordered  his  chief  engineer  to 
attend   him  to    Iftria,    where  they 
added  fome  new, works  to  the  for- 
tifications of  TricHe,    the   port  of 
Boccari  being  found  capable  of  re- 
ceiving Ihips  of  all   burdens   with 
the  greateft  fafety. 

In  the  year  1703,  juft  before  the 
great  florm,  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  Dr.  Wallis  being  then 
dead,  he  was  now  appointed  Savi- 
lian ProfcfTor  at  -Oxford  without 
o^ipoficion,  and  was  complimented 

WlLh 


48S       ANNUAL  REGISTER,  1759. 

with  the  degree  of  do(J!tor  of  laws     majelly    to    the    throne, 


by  that  univerfity.  Here  he  was 
employed  in  tranflating,  and  re- 
vifing  fome  ancient  authors  on  the 
abilrufer  parts  of  tiiathematics,  par- 
ticularly Appollonius  defeftione  ra- 
tionis  and  Serenus's  Conies. 

In  17 1 3  he  fucceedcd  Sir  Hans 
Sioane  in  the  poll  of  fecretary  to 
the  royal  fociety  ;  and,  as  perfedl- 
ing  the  theory  of  the  moon^s  mo- 
tion was  always  uppermod  in  his 
thoughts,  though  prevented  from  it 
by  the  multiplicity  of  public  buii- 
nefs,  he  now  applied  all  his  leifure 
hours  to  that  fubjedl,  and  in  1715 
ke  was  able  by  that  means  to  pre- 
<iid  the  central  eclipfe  of  the  fun 
to  a  few  minures,  and  to  projeft  a 
map  of  the  extent  of  the  moon's 
iliadow  to  fuch  a  degree  of  exaft- 
jnefs,  as  advanced  his  reputation  in 
that  article  of  aftronomy  beyond 
the  reach  of  party  oppofition.  On 
tl^e  death  of  Mr.  Flamftead  in  1 7 19, 
he  was  appointed  to  fucceed  him. 
By  this  new  employment^  he  was 
not  only  enabled  to  purfue  his  fa- 
vourite iludies  without  interruption, 
but  he  was  alfo  poffeffed  of  a  com- 
petency to  fupport  his  family  with- 
out that  anxiety  of  mind,  to  which, 
by  the  uncertainty  of  his  income, 
he  had  long  been  fubjedt. 

When  he  was  advanced  to  Green- 
wich he  was  in  the  64th  year  of  his 
age  ;  no:with {landing  v/hich  he  at- 
tended the  tclefeope  with  uncom- 
mon application  for  18  years  with- 
out any  aihilance:  in  all  which  time 
a  meridian  view  of  the  moon  fjarce 
ever  efcaped  him  whenever  the  dif- 
pofition  of  the  heavens  would  per- 
mit. In  1721,  herefigr.ed  the  poll 
of  fecretary  to  the  royal  fociety, 
that  nothing  might  interrupt  the 
buiinefs  of  his  new  employment. 
Upon  the  accefiion  of  his  prefent 


to  the  throne,  the  Ute 
Queen  Caroline  made  a  vifu  ro  the 
royal  obfervatory,  and  being  high- 
ly delighted  with  the  polite  recep- 
tion Ihe  met  with,  was  pleafed  to 
add  to  his  falary  the  half-pay  of  a 
captain  of  the  navy,  to  which,  by 
his  former  commiffion,  he  had  an 
undoubted  claim  ;  but  he  declined 
the  offer  that  was  made  hiai  of  be- 
ing appointed  mathematical  pre- 
ceptor to  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
as  incompatible  with  his  years,  and 
the  ordinary  attendance  of  his  duty 
at  Greenwich. 

In  Augull  J 729  he  was  admitted 
a  foreign  member  of  the  academy 
of  fciences  at  Paris,  in  the  room  of 
Signior  Branchini ;  and  in  1731  he 
publiftied  a  propofal  for  linding 
the  longitude  at  fea  within  a  de- 
gree, having  perfected  his  tables  for 
one  whole  period  of  the  moon's 
apogasum,  in  which  time  he  had 
obferved  the  right  afcenfion  of  the 
moon  at  her  tranfit  over  the  meri- 
dian near  1500  times,  a  number 
not  lefs  than  Tycho  Brahe,  Heve- 
lius,  and  Flamilead's,  added  toge- 
ther. 

In  1737  he  was  feized  with  a 
paralytic  diforder  in  his  right  hand, 
an  attack  the  more  alarming  as  it 
was  the  firft  he  had  ever  felt  upon 
his  conftitution ;  which  gradually 
mcreafing,  he  came  at  length  to 
be  wholly  fupported  by  fuch  cor- 
dials as  were  ordered  by  his  phy- 
ficiars,  till  being  tired  with  thefe, 
he  afked  for  a  glafs  of  wine,  and 
having  drank  it,  expired  as*he  fat 
in  his  chair,  on  the  14th  of  Janu- 
ary, and  in  the  Szd  year  of  his 
age,  without  a  groan.  He  was  in- 
terred at  Lee,  ne-ir  Greenwich,  in 
the  fame  grave  with  his  beloved 
confort.  And  as  he  was  a  member 
whofc-  name  reflected  "honour  upon 

the 


CHARACTERS. 


289 


the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Paris,    Mr.    Mairan,    according   to 
cul^om,     pronounced    his     eulogy, 
from  which   theic  further    particu- 
lars   are    extraded.      *'   He,     fays 
Mairan,    po/Te/i'ed  all  the  qualifica- 
tions   nece/Tary    to    pleale    princes 
who    are    delirous    of    inllrudtion, 
great  extent  of  knowledge,  and  a 
conftant  pre  fence  of  mind  ;    his  an- 
fvvers  were  ready,  and  at  the  fame 
time,    pertinent,   judicious,  polite, 
and  fincere.    When  Peter  the  Great, 
Emperor  of  Ruffia,  came  into  Eng- 
land, he  fen  I  for  Mr.  Halley,   and 
found  him  equal  to  the  great  cha- 
rader  he  had  heard  of  him.     He 
aiked  him  many  queftions  concern- 
ing the  fleet  he  intened  to  build, 
the  fciences  and  arts  which  he  willi- 
ed  to  introduce  into  his  dominions, 
and  a  thoufand  other  fubjeds  which 
his  unbounded  curiofity  fuggefted  ; 
he  was  fo  well  fatisfied  with  Mr. 
Haliey's   anfwers,    and    fo  pleafed 
with  his  converfation,  that  he  ad- 
mitted him  familiarly  to  his  table, 
and   ranked   him  among  the  num- 
ber of  his  friends ;    a  term  which 
we  may  venture  to  ufe  with  refped 
to   a   prince   of  his    character :    a 
prince  truly  great,   in   making   no 
diftinftions  of  men  but  that  of  their 
merit.     But  Mr.  Halley,   continues 
this  writer,    poffefTed  Ilill  more  of 
the  qualifications    necefl'ary  to  ob- 
t;iin    him    the  love  of  his  equals. 
In   the  firll  place   he  loved  mem  ; 
naturally  of  an  ardent  and  glowing 
temper,    he  appeared    animated   in 
their     prefencc    with    a     generous 
warmth,  which   the  pleafure  alone 
of  feeing  them  feemed  to  infpire  ; 
he  was  open  and  punctual  in   his 
dealings,  candid  in  his   judgmeni, 
uniform  and  blamelefs  tn  his  man- 
ners,    fweet    and    aitable,     always 
ready  to  communicate,  and  difin- 
VOL.  Ji. 


terelled.      He    opened    a   way    to 
wealth  by  all  that  he  efFedled   for 
the   iinprovement    of    navigation  : 
to  the  glory  of  which  he  has  add- 
ed,   that  of  having    done  nothing 
to   enrich   himfelf :    he   lived   and 
died    in    that  mediocrity   fo  much 
extolled  by   philofophers,    the  free 
choice   of   which   implies   a  great 
degree  both  of  virtue  and  vvildom. 
The  only  mere  lucrative  place  he 
over  had,  was  that  in  the  mint  at 
Cheller,    which    foon    determined, 
and  he  never  defired  another.     He 
was  gentroub,    and  his    generofit/ 
exerted  itfelf  even  at  the  expence 
of  vanity,  from  which  the  learned 
are  no  more  exempted  than  other 
men,  and  which  perhaps  they  more 
frequently  betray.     1  am  furnilhed, 
proceeds  Mr.  Mairan,  with  an  in- 
Ilance  of   this,    by  a  letter  which 
accidentally   came   into  my  hands 
about   fix    years   ago,    written    by 
him  to  an  author  whom  he  knew 
only   by   reputauon.     Mr.  Halley, 
in    his  letter,    with   equal   fagacity 
and  politenefs,   points  out  an  error 
in  a  very  critical  calculation  which 
that  author  had  fallen  itito,  in  treat- 
ing on   the    priiicipal    point    of   a 
queihon  in  aftronomy  and  phyiics. 
It  muft  not  however  be  concealed, 
thai   Mr.    Halley    never    p.biilhed 
that  letter,  although  it  would  cer- 
tainly have  done  him  honour  ;    but 
we  muit  not  too  particularly  reveal 
a  (cere t,  from   the  concealment  of 
which  he  derives  Itill  more. 

The  reputation  of  others  gave 
him  no  uneahnefs,  a  reitleis  jeal  ufy 
and  anxious  emulation  were  ftran- 
gers  to  his  brealt.  He  was  equal- 
ly ignorant  of  thv»ie  cxcravv-caiit 
prejudices  in  favour  of  one  nation, 
whiCh  are  injurious  to  all  others. 
The  friend,  countryman,  and  dif- 
ciple  oi  Nevvconi  he  Ipoke  ot  Des 
U  ■     Carres 


290      ANNUAL    R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,   1759. 


Cartes  with  refpeft  ;  and  facceflbr 
to  Dr.  Wallis,  he  did  juflice  to  the 
memory  of  our  ancient  geometri- 
cians. To  conclude,  thefc  un- 
common and  valuable  qualificationsS 
were  tempered  in  Mr.  Halley  v/ith 
a  vein  of  gaiety  and  good  hu- 
mour, which  neither  his  abilra6\ed 
Speculations,  the  infirmities  of  old 
age,  nor  the  pally  itfelf,  which 
fcized  him  fome  years  before  his 
death,  could  impair :  and  this 
happy  diipofuion,  the  gift  of  na- 
ture, was  the  more  perfctl,'  as  it 
was  ftill  attendant  upon  that  peace 
of  mind,  which  is  the  noblcft  en- 
dowment of  virtue."  S:nce  his 
death,  his  long  expelled  tables  of 
the  fun  and  planets  were  publifhed 
in  J 752,  in  4:0.  with  this  title, 
Aftronomical  tables,  with  precepts 
both  Engiilh  and  Latin,  for  com- 
puting the  places  of  the  fun,  moon, 
planets,  and  comets. 


Jn    account   of  Baron   Holherg^    ex- 

tratfed  from  An  enquiry  inlo  .the 
prcfut  jiate  of  polite  Itarntng  in 
Europe. 

THE  hirtory  of  polite  learn- 
ing in  Denmark,  maV  be 
ComprKed  in  the  life  of  one  fingle 
man  ;  it  rofe  and  fell  with  the  late 
famous  Baron  Holberg.  This  was, 
perhaps,  one  of  the  moft  extraor- 
dinary perfonages  that  has  done 
honour  to  the  pre  fen  t  century. 
His  being  the  fon  of  a  private  cen- 
tinel,  did  not  abate  the  areiour  of 
his  ambition  ;  for  he  learned  to 
read,  though  without  a  mailer. 
Upon  the  death  of  his  father,  being 
left  entirely  dclliiute,  he  was  in- 
volved in  all  that  diilrefs  which  is 
C'lmmon  a^nong  the  poor,  and  of 
which   the   g^rcat   have    fcarce  any 


idea.  However,  tho'  only  a  b(jy' 
of  nine  years  old,  he  ftill  perfifted 
in  pjrfuing  his  fludies,  travelled 
about  from  fchool  to  fchool,  and 
begged  his  learning  and  his  bread. 
When  at  the  age  of  feventeen,  in- 
flead  of  applying  himfelf  to  any 
of  the  lower  occupations,  which 
feem  beft  adapted  to  fuch  circum- 
ftances,  he  was  refolved  to  travel 
for  improvement  from  Norway, 
the  place  of  his  birth,  to  Copenha- 
gen, the  capital  city  of  Denmark. 
He  lived  here  by  teaching  French, 
at  the  fame  time  avoiding  no  oppor- 
tunity of  improvement,  that  his 
fcanty  funds  could  permit.  But  his 
ambition  was  not  to  be  reftrained, 
or  his  third  of  knowledge  fatis- 
fied,  until  he  had  feen  the  world. 
Without  money,  recommendations, 
or  friends,  he  undertook  to  fet  out 
upon  his  travels,  and  make  the  tour 
of  Europe  on  foot.  A  good  voice, 
and  a  trifling  (kill  in  mu/ic,  were 
the  only  finances  he  had  to  fupporc 
an  undertaking  fo  extenfivc  ;  fa  he 
travelled  by  day,  and  at  night  fung 
at  the  doors  of  peafants  houfes,  to 
^^t  himfelf  a  lodging.  Jn  this  man- 
ner young  Holberg  pafled  through 
France,  Germany,  and  Holland, 
and,  coming  over  to  England,  took 
up  his  refidence  for  two  years  in 
the  univerfity  of  Oxford.  Here  he 
fubfilted  by  teaching  French  and 
mufic,  and  wrote  his  Univerfal 
Hiftory,  his  earlieft,  but  worft  per- 
formance. Furnifhed  with  all  the 
learning  of  Europe,  he  at  lail 
thought  proper  to  return  to  Copen- 
hagen, where  his  ingenious  pro- 
ductions quickly  gained  him  that 
favour  he  deferveu.  He  coaipoled 
not  lefs  than  eighteen  comedies  ; 
'. hofe  in  his  Ovvn  language  are  faid 
10  excel,  and  thofe  ^^/hich  are  wrote 
in  French  have  peculiar  ment.     He 

w&s 


CHARACTERS. 


291 


was   honoured    with   nobility,   and    copy  nature  exadlly,  bu^  who  never 

ftudy  nature  in  her  beauties.  Buc 
thefe  cenfures  are  too  ievere ;  be- 
caufe  the  profelPjr  Holberg  de- 
ferves  Ibme  indulgence,  for  his 
being  not  only  the  father  of  the 
ftage,  but  befides  that  he  has  no 
fucceflbr  ;  not  to  mention  that  he 
is  the  firil  profefTor  of  a  college 
who  h:is  obliged  the  world  with 
valuable  comedies. 

Melampus,  The  Honeft  Ambi- 
tion, The  Whimfical  Lady,  Henry 
and  Ferine,  arc  not  farces  :  we 
tranflate  every  day  Rnglifti  plays 
that  are  much  i:iferior  to  them  :  this 
author  had  without  doubt  excelled 
in  polite  comedy,  if  the  pit  had 
permitted  him  to  follow  his  own 
tafle  ;  it  was  this  pit  that  extorted 
from  him  the  Political  Pewterer, 
Plutus  and  UlyfleL. 

The  liage  might  be  eafily  per- 
fedled  ;  we  ought  firft  to  prcfcribe 
all  the  French  farces  which  pafinful 
traniiiiLor:  turn  into  Danifh,  at  tea 
cro  vns  a-piece  ;  tiiere  is  in  twtvy 
country   more  tnan   wit  enough  to 


enriched  by  the  bounty  of  the 
King  ;  fo  that  a  life  begun  in  con- 
tempt and  penury,  ended  in  opu- 
lence and  efteem. 

To  this  account  nve  Jhall  fuhjoin  the 
follonuing  extract  from  a  <work  of 
Alonf  BeaumelUy  ivritten  origi- 
nally in  Frenchy  and  publifhed  a 
feixj  years  Jince  under  the  title  of 
Mes  PenseeSy  giving  a  fuwiher  ac- 
count of  Baron  Holbergy  and  the 
frefent  Jiate  of  the  Danijh  flage. 

TH  E  Danifli  comedy  owes  its 
birth  and  progrefs  to  the  Ba- 
ron Holberg  :  this  learned  and  in- 
genious gentleman  has  drawn  from 
his  fruitful  vein  feven  or  eight  vo- 
lumes of  dramatic  performances  ; 
his  manner  is  exaft,  ^v^y  natural, 
at  leaft  if  one  can  judge  by  the 
German  tranflaiion  ;  every  where 
as  correal  as  Terence,  and  fome- 
times  as  pleafant  as  Plautus ;  the 
reading  of  the  modern  French  co- 
mic writers  has   not  fpoiled   hiin  ; 


no  infipid  dialogues,  no  meraphy-     compofe  gjod  farces ;    what   occa- 
fical  fcenes,    no  over  exquiiite  and     ^on  therefore  is  there  for  tianfl;uing 


fine-fpun  fentiments.  It  is  eaiier 
for  a  foreigner  to  fay  what  he  is  not, 
than  to  guefs  what  he  is ;  among 
his  countrymen,  fuch  as  are  deli- 
cate and  nice  judges  objed  to  him 
his  low  jefts,  and  a  profufion  of 
that  grofs  humour   proper  only    to 


any  ?  We  ought  io  be  exceeding 
delicaij  in  ^.a  choice  of  tianila- 
tions :  in  this  krnd  th'^ir  lift  of  plays 
ihould  offer  f)ii]y  what  are  wrought 
in  the  higheil  perfettii  .1  ;  good 
cecooomy  requires  that  ki  matters 
of  piedfure  nothing  ihould  be  bor- 


pleafe  the  talle  of  the   mob  ;    they     rowed  from  foreigners,    but  what  is 
i'^'i  that  Mr.  Holberg  has  not  the     cxcellt^i.t    and    exqi^ifitely   fiuiOied. 


language  of  the  polite  world  j  that 
he  makes  choice  only  of  the  low  and 
trivial  in  manners  ;  that  he  Ihould 
have  made  more  brilliant  foibles 
the  objeds  of  his  humour;  that  he 
might  have  found  in  high  life  per- 
fons,  charafters,  and  follies  oiore 
ioteieftirg  ;  in  a  word,  they  com- 
pare   him    to   ihofe    painters    who 


A  itage  ihould  tranliate  only  to  form 
itfelf ;  it  ihould  rherefcre  copy 
only  great  models  :  The  Miler, 
the  Miianihrope,  the  Gameiler,  the 
Boafter,  will  perfedl  the  taltc  of 
authors  and  of  the  pit.  The  Moclc 
Dodor,  the  Fellin  dc  Pierre,  and 
Naninc,  are  enough  to  vituie  both 
the  one  and  the  other. 

U  ;6  To 


292      ANNUAL    RE 

To  have  good  original  pieces, 
it  is  neceirary  to  encourage  the  au- 
thors ;  2nd  to  encourage  them,  we 
muft  folicit  them  with  the  tempta- 
tion of  gain  :  the  flage  fnould  be 
the  patrimony  of  men  of  parts  and 
wit,  and  every  performance  paid 
according  to  the  number  of  the  re- 
prefentatiops.  If  authors  confult- 
cd  their  intereft,  they  would  not 
print  their  pieces  till  after  the  firft 
jfire  of  the  public  curiofity  was 
fomewhat  abated.  The  culiom  ob- 
ferved  in  Denmark  of  printing  the 
piece  at  the  fame  time  with  the 
play. bill,  irritates  the  fpirit  of  cri- 
ticifm,  and  blunts  the  "edge  of  our 
curiofity.  The  fclf-loveof  thepoet 
cannot  pay" too  great  a  regard  to 
the  delicacy  of  the  fpec^ators. 

The  Danilli  flage  will  be  imper- 
fe<^  as  long  as  there  are  no  trage- 
dies performed  there ;  it  will  be, 
if  I  may  be  allowed  the  exprefTion, 
a  limping  llage^  The  Danes  have 
only  fome  few  fcenes  of  the  Cid 
tranflated  by  Mr.  Roltgaerd,  the 
bell  ok  their  poets.  Some  perfons 
charge  their  language  for  not  being 
proper  for  tragedy  :  but  is  it  cre- 
dible that  a  tongue,  whofe  tone  is 
fo  plainiive  and  fo  moving,  fhould 
not  be  proper  to  convey  tlse  pa- 
thetic, and  exprefs  fentimentsr 
Others  pretend  that  the  character 
of  the  nation  is  repugnant  to  it  : 
but  is  it  conceivable,  that  a  haugh- 
ty, noble,  and  generous  nation,  can- 
not produce  authors  that  can  treat 
of  the  moll  highly  interelting  fub- 
jedls ;  that  are  acquainted  with  the 
human  heart,  and  are  capable  of 
moving  the  palTions  ?  If  the  Danes 
have  no  tragedies,  *tis  neither  the 
fault  of  their  language,  nor  their 
w^nt  of  genius ;  but  is  purely  to  be 
alcribed  to  circumftances :  their 
luge  is  but  in  its  infancy  ;  and  the 


GISTER,    1759. 

language  of  the  poets  among  themf 
is  not  yet  become  the  language  of  the 
gods.  Be  this  as  it  will,  they  never 
will  have  excellent  comedies,  till 
they  have,  at  lealt,  bad  tragedies. 

1  forgot  to  obierve,  that  their  co- 
medies are  all  in  profe.  At  Paris, 
it  is  found  infinitely  difficult  to  keep 
up  the  fpirit  of  the  piece,  in  profe, 
for  five  ads :  at  Copenhagen  they 
judge  it  infinitely  more  fo  to  keep 
it  up  in  verfe,  without  reckoning 
that  the  mechaniim  of  poetry  feems 
there  ridiculous  in  the  mouths  of 
people  who  Jhould  fpeak  naturally, 
iimply,  and  without  any  prepa- 
ration. 

The  aflors  are  as  good  as  the 
pieces  they  perform.  As  the  pro- 
feffion  of  a  comedian  in  Denmark 
is  neither  ftigmatized  by  the  law, 
nor  by  religion,  nor  by  the  cuftoms 
of  the  country,  this  occupation  is 
exercifed  by  young  perfons,  who 
for  the  moll  part  nave  had  a  libe- 
ral education,  who  have  natural 
and  improved  underflandings.  In 
France  players  are  defpifed  by  the 
people,  and  careiTed  by  the  nobi- 
lity :  in  Denmark  they  are  not,  'tis 
true,  carefled  by  the  men  of  qua- 
lity, but  neither  are  they  defpifed 
by  the  commonalty.  It  were  to  be 
wiihed,  for  the  perfeclion  of  the 
ilage,  that  they  ihould  be  admitted 
into  the  heft  company  ;  they  would 
foon  catch  their  manner,  and  amufe 
the  public  by  copying  them.  Their 
Harlequin  is  tolerable  :  a  tour  to 
Paris  would  quite  form  him.  Their 
Pop  is  fuch  as  fuits  a  country  where 
no  fuch  charader  is  found  in  per- 
tcdlion. 

As  to  the  aflrelles,  they  are  lefs 
handibme  than  pretty,  more  pretty 
than  agreeable,  more  agreeable  than 
good.  The  public  is  divided  be- 
tween Madcmoifslle  Shilo  and  Ma- 
demcilelle 


CHARACTERS. 


•^93 


tSemoifelleMaterne;  theoneismore 
applauded,  the  other  is  betier  loved. 
Paris  would  look  upon  the  firil  as  a 
very  delicate  morfel. 

Some  people  complain  that  the 
aftors  want  calle  in  drefs  :  this  re- 
proach falls  with  more  juttice  upon 
the  adlrefTes.  Yet,  I  muil  declare 
xny  fentiments,  even  -at  the  rilk  of 
lying  under  the  imputation  of  rude- 
nefs:  their  ornaments  are  without 
elegance,  and  their  drefs  without 
imagination.  The  ftage  ihatfhould 
give  the  tone  to  fafhions,  receives 
them  from  the  court,  the  court  bor- 
rows them  from  the  city,  the  city 
has  them  from  Hamburgh,  which 
imports  ihem  from  Paris,  from 
Berlin,  from  Drefden,  and  from 
Hanover,  and  fpoils  them  all,  by 
mixing  with  them  that  clumfy  fpirit 
which  the  heavy  air  of  trade  throws 
upon  every  thing. 

Methinks  the  diretSlors  are  not 
attentive  enough  to  procure  new 
fubjedls  ;  they  never  have  the  firft 
appearance  of  an  aSrefs,  or  fetting 
out  of  a  new  a^or.  This  is,  how- 
ever, the  only  means  of  putting  the 
ftage  upon  a  folid  footing,  and  of 
keeping  continually  alive  the  curi- 
ofity  of  the  public. 

The  falaries  of  the  a^ors  are  not 
very  confiderable,  nor  are  thofe  of 
the  adrefles  proportionable  either 
to  their  talents  or  to  their  conduft. 

The  room  of  the  play-houfe  is 
built  with  judgment,  the  feats  di- 
ftributed  with  cfccononiy,  the  ma- 
chines compofed  with  a  great  ex- 
pence  and  fimpliciiy  :  the  ftage  is 
almoft  as  large  as  the  pit  ;  which  is 
a  fenfible  defed.  They  fay  that  the 
muHc  of  the  orchreftra  is  very  good  ; 
it  may  be  fo  ;  but  the  interludes  are 
fo  long,  that  it  »ias  always  conlider- 
ably  tired  me. 

This  company  has  its  diredlors : 


would  it  not  be  better  that  they 
direded  themfelves ;  and  that  they 
had,  as  in  France,  the  gentlemen  of 
the  bed-chamber  for  their  iuperiors? 

Nothing  of  what  tends  to.  the 
perfe6lion  of  the  public  fpedacles 
and  fciences  can  be  indifferent  to 
the  public  good  ;  and  I  (hould  be 
glad  that  Denmark,  which  diftin- 
guifhes  itfelf  in  fo  many  particulars, 
would  diftinguilh  itfelf  in  every 
thing. 

There  is  at  Copenhagen  a  com- 
pany of  French  comedians ;  they 
have  a  penfion  from  the  King.  It 
would  be  an  eafy  matter  to  take 
proper  meafures  to  put  them  in  the 
condition  to  reprefent  all  the  good 
pieces,  and  to  reprefent  them  with 
fuccefs. 


CbaraSiers  of  Magliahechi,  and  Hill, 
an  Englijh  t  ay  lor,  nuith  a  parallel , 
ky  Mr.  Spence, 

THE  Italian,  who  forms  one 
part  of  this  comparifoa,  is 
Signior  Antonio  Magliabechi,  li- 
brarian to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuf- 
cany.  This  man  was  born  at  Flo- 
rence, 0£l.  29,  1633.  Such  was 
the  poverty  of  his  parents,  that 
they  thought  themfelves  happy  in 
getting  hini  into  the  fervice  of  a 
man  who  fold  herbs  and  fruit.  Here 
he  took  every  opportunity,  though 
he  could  not  tell  one  letter  from 
another,  to  pore  on  the  leaves  of 
fome  old  books  that  fervcd  for  wafte 
paper, -declaring  that  he  loved  it 
of  ?.]{  things.  A  neighbouring 
bookfcller,  who  obferved  Lhis,  took 
him  into  his  fervice.  Young  Mag- 
liabechi foon  learned  to  read  ;  and 
his  inclination  for  reading  be- 
came his  ruling  pafiion  ;  and  a 
prodigious  raenaory  bis  diftiii^uifti- 
U  3  ed 


2^4-      A  N  N  U  A  L    R  E 

c<3  talent.  He  read  every  book 
that  came  into  his  hands,  and  re- 
tained not  only  the  fenfe  of  what 
he  read,  but  often  all  the  words, 
and  the  very  manner  of  fpelling,  if 
fingular.  To  make  trial  of  the 
force  of  his  memory,  a  gentleman 
lent  hiiii  a  manufcript  he  was  going 
to  print.  Some  time  after  it  was 
returned,  the  gentleman  came  to 
him,  with  a  melancholy  face,  and 
pretended  it  was  loft.  Magliabechi 
being  requefted  to  recolledl  what 
lie  remembered  of  it,  wrote  the 
whole,  without  mifling  a  word,  or 
varying  the  fpelling.  He  was  con- 
fulted  by  all  the  learned  who  pro- 
pofed  to  write  on  any  fubjeft.  If  a 
prieil,  for  inflance,  was  going  to 
compofe  a  panegyric  en  a  faint, 
Magliabechi  would   tell  him  every 

^  author,  to  the  number  of  an  hun- 
dred fometimes,  who  had  faid  any 
-  thing  of  that  faint,  naming  the  book 
and  the  page,  and  the  very  woids. 
He  did  this  fo  often,  and  fo  readily, 
that  he  came  at  laft  to  be  looked 
npon  as  an  oracle :  and  Cofmo  III. 
Grand  Duke  of  Florence,  made 
him  his  librarian,  the  moft  fuitaWe 
office  to  Magliabechi's  genius.  In 
the  latter  part  of  his  life,  when  a 
hook  came  into  hi?  hands,  he  would 
reiid  the  title  pnp^e  all  over,  dip 
here  and  there  in  the  preface,  de- 
dication, and  prefatory  advertife- 
inents,  if  there  were  any  ;  and  then 

V  call  his  eyes  on  each  of  the  divi- 
liohs,  fedions,  or  chapters.  After 
this  he  could  tell  at  any  time  what 
the  book  contained.  * 

Though  Magliabechi  mud  have 
Jived  a  very  ftdentary  life,  yet  he 
stuined  to  the  age  of  8i.  He  died 
July  14,  17 14,  in  tiie  iiiidllof  the 
public  applauf*',  after  enjoying, 
ciiiiii^  all  the  Utter  part  of  his 
4 


GISTER,    1759. 

life,  fach  an  affluence  as  very  few 
perfons  have  ever  procured  by  their 
knowledge  or  learning.  By  his 
will  he  left  a  very  fine  library  col- 
lected by  himfelf,  for  the  ufe  of  the 
public,  with  a  fund  to  ii^aintain  it ; 
and  the  overplus  of  the  fund  to  the 
poor.  It  had  been  ufual  for  every 
author  and  printer  to  make  him  a 
prefent  of  a  copy  of  every  thing 
they  publilhed. 

Though  he  was  not  an  ecclefia- 
ftic,  he  would  never  marry.  He 
was  quite  (lovenly  in  his  drefs.  He 
received  his  friends,  and  ihofe  who 
came  to  confult  him  on  any  point 
of  literature,  in  a  civil  and  oblig- 
ing manner  ;  though  in  general  he 
had  almoll  the  air  of  a  favage,  and 
even  aftefted  it  ;  together  with  a 
cynical  or  contemptuous  fmile.  In 
his  manner  of  living,  he  afFeded 
the  character  of  Diogenes  :  three 
hard  eggs,  and  a  draught  or  two 
of  water,  were  his  ufual  repalt. 
When  any  one  went  to  fee  him, 
they  moft  ofually  found  him  lolling 
in  a  fort  of  fixt  wooden  cradle  in  the 
middle  of  his  ftudy,  with  a  multi- 
tude of  books,  fome  thrown  in 
heaps,  and  others  fcattered  about  the 
floor,  all  around  him  ;  and  this 
his  cradle  or  bed,  was  attached  to 
the  neareft  pile  of  books  by  a 
number  of  cobv^ebs.  At  there  en- 
trance he  commonly  ufed  to  call 
cut  to  them,  **  Not  to  hurt  his 
fpiders." 

Mr.  Spence  felefls  to  compare 
with  this  \'ery  extraordinary  man, 
ROBERT  HILL,  bom  Jan.  n, 
I'' 99,  at  Mifvvell,  near  Tring,  in 
Hertford fli ire.  His  mother  loll  her 
huiband  within  the  year  :  and  a- 
bout  five  years  after  married  ano- 
ther at  Buckingham.  This  child 
was    Ith    with    his    grandmotht-r, 

who 


CHARACTERS, 


295 


who  taught  him  to  read,  and  fent 
liira  to  Tchool  for  feven  or  eight 
weeks,  to  learn  to  write  :  which 
was  all  the  fchooling  he  ever  had. 
At  the  age  of  eleven  he  was  fet  to 
drive  the  plough  :  hut  his  confli- 
tution  being  weakly,  he  was 
bound  apprentice,  in  1714,  to  his 
father  in-law,  whofe  name  was 
Robinfon,  a  taylor  at  Buckingham. 
Two  years  afterwards  he  got  part 
of  an  accidence  and -grammar,  and 
about  three  fourths  of  Littleton's 
didionary.  He  conceived  a  violent 
pafiion  for  reading,  and  wanted 
greatly  to  learn  Latin,  for  no 
other  reafon,  that  he  remembers, 
but  that  he  might  be  able  to  read 
the  Latin  epitaphs  in  the  church. 
As  his  mailer  would  not  allow  h'm 
time  from  his  work  by  day,  he 
ufed  to  procure  candles  as  privately 
as  he  could,  and  read  for  good  part 
of  the  nights.  In  1717,  the  Imall- 
pox  coming  into  Buckingham,  he 
was  fent  to  Tring-grove,  and  em- 
ployed in  keeping  his  uncle's  flieep. 
The  happinef*  of  tl)e  Arcadian 
fwains  of  romance  writers  was  not 
equal  to  Robin's,  while  he  could  lie 
under  an  hedge,  and  read  all  day 
long;  though  his  library  confille4 
only  of  the  Practice  of  Piety,  the 
Whole  Duty  of  Man,  and  lyi^ugef'^ 
French  Grammar. 

Returning  to  Buckingham  in 
1719,  he  had  the  fatisfadion  of 
meeting  with  his  old  friepd  the 
Latin  grpmmar,  and  by  the  ^{^l\. 
ance  of  the  boy?  at  the  free-fchool, 
attained  to  read  the  Latin  Tella- 
ment,  and  Cxfar's  Commentaries. 
A  Greek  Tellament  being  foon 
after  added  to  his  books,  he  re 
folvcd  to  learn  Greek,  fn  the  mean 
time,  his  wife  proving  a  very  good 
breeder,  his  income  became  defi- 
cient :    he   therefore;  in   1724,   fee 


up  for  a  fchool- mailer,  as  well  as 
a  taylor.  In  this  new  employment 
he  was  brought  into  a  terrible 
dilemma  :  a  boy  from  a  neighbour- 
ing fchool,  who  had  learned  deci- 
mal fradlons,  came  to  Hill's  fchool, 
when  Hill  himfelf  had  got  but  a 
little  way  in  divifion.  He  fet  his 
new  fcholar  to  copy  the  tables  of 
decimal  fradions  in  Wingate,  which 
engaged  him  about  fix  weeks  ; 
and  in  the  mean  lime,  by  fitting 
up  the  greatell  part  of  every  night, 
he  made  himfelf  mafter  of  decimal 
fradions  before  that  time  was  ex- 
pired. About  1726  he  mainained 
a  controverfy  for  two  years  with  a 
popiih  bilhop,  who  endeavoured  to 
feduce  one  of  his  fcholars.  Two 
years  after  this,  he  loft  his  wife,  and 
in  1730,  married  a  fecond,  who 
pryved  a  bad  woman  in  all  re- 
fped?.  The  debts  fhe  brought 
upon  him,  obliged  him,  at  the  end 
of  two  years,  to  leave  Buckingham, 
and  to  travel  and  work  about  the 
country  as  a  taylor  aod  flay-maker. 
^ome  rime  before  he  fet  out,  upon 
feeing  fo me  Hebrew  quotations  in 
the  works  of  Mr.  Weemfe,  pre- 
bendary of  Durham,  he  became  ex- 
tremely defirous  of  learning  that 
language.  For  want  of  proper 
helps  he  laboured  feveral  years  in 
this  lludy  wi'h  little  fuccefs  :  and 
the  difficulty  of  dillinguifhing  be» 
tween  the  pronuncianon  of  the  two 
vowels  fo  alike,  Cameiz,  and  C«- 
metfcattir^  at  lafi  quite  tired  his 
patience,  and  he  parted  with  all 
his  Hebrew  books.  This  was  only 
a  fudden  gull  of  pnlfion  :  his  eager- 
nefs  to  mailer  'lie  Hebrew  returned  j 
and  having  bought  (in  1737) 
Stennit's  g»ammar,  it  immrdiately 
cleared  up  his  grand  difficulty  ; 
and  after  this  he  wertt  on  fuc- 
ccfsfuliy. 

U  4  All 


tgS       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


All  this  while,  as  it  wa?  neceflary 
his  place  of  refidence  fliouM  be  con- 
cealed, he  kept  up  no  correfpon- 
dence  at  Buckingham,  To  that  death 
had  kindly  removed  his  greateft 
trouble,  two  or  three  years  before 
he  heard  of  it.  She  had,  as  he 
Jiimfelf  allows,  one  child,  and,  as 
ftie  ufed  to  aflirm,  two  by  hrm  : 
bot  the  parentage  of  the  latter  was 
very  equivocal.  However,  they 
both  died  foon  after  the  mother, 
and  Hill  returned  to  Buckingham 
5n  the  end  of  January,  1744, 
N.  S.  He  maintained  himfelf  for 
four  or  five  years,  by  his  iirft  oc- 
cupation of  taylor  and  ftay-maker  ; 
but  marrying  a  third  wife,  in  1747, 
who  proved  as  good  a  breeder  as 
his  firil:,  this,  with  the  dearnefs 
tf  |)rclvifions,  and  hardnefs  of  the 
times,  reduced  him  to  inexprelTible 
^iftrefs. 

Though  his  modefty  had  always 
Jnade  him  keep  his  acquifition  of 
the  learned  languages  as  fecret  as 
fioffible,  it  was  rumoured  about  the 
country,  **  That  he  could  read 
the  bible  in  the  fame  books,  and  the 
fame  ftrange  figures  as  the  travel- 
ling Jews  did."  A  neighbouring 
clergyman,  finding  it  to  be  true, 
took  a  liking  to  him,  and  has  been 
fcis  friend  ever  fince.  This  gentle- 
man, fome  time  after,  fet  him  to 
write  remarks  on  the  EJ/ay  on  Spi- 
rit,  which  appeared  in  175^,  and 
was  the  firft  piece  of  Mr.  Hill's  that 
was  printed.  The  next  thing  the 
faire  gentleman  employed  him  a- 
bout  was,  a  trad  againft  the  pa- 
pifts,  ihewing  that  the  favourite 
dodlrines  of  the  church  of  Rome 
are  novel  inventions.  About  the 
fame  time  he  wrote  ^fhe  CbaraBer 
cf  aJe-iUf  when  the  bill  for  natura- 
lizing that  people  was  in  agitation. 
T^is,  he  fays,  was  the  belt  thing 
4.  ■ 


he  ever  wrote,  and  was  the  leaf^ 
approved  of.  And,  latterly,  he  has 
written  Criticijms  on  Job^  in  five 
Iheets,  which  is  the  largeft  of  all 
his  works. 

He  fays,  he  would  now  engage 
to  tedch  Hebrew  to  any  body  of 
tolerable  parts,  and  with  very  mo- 
derate application,  in  fix  weeks,  at 
an  hour  each  morning,  and  another 
each  afternoon.  He  is  writing  a 
Hebrew  grammar,  on  which  fort 
of  fubjetl  he  will  probably  fucceed 
better  than  in  any  other,  becaufe 
it  has  been  the  mod  general  fludy 
of  his  life.  Mayr's  gram  mar  he 
thinks  mu.h  the  beft  of  twenty 
Hebrew  grammars  he  has  read  : 
he  therefore  intends  to  build  his 
chiefly  on  Mayr's  ;  as  Mayr  him- 
felf did  on  that  of  Cardinal  Bellar- 
mine.  He  fays,  it  is  very  har4 
work  fometimes  to  catch  a  Hebrew 
root  ;  but  that  he  never  yet  hunt, 
ed  after  one  which  be  did  not 
catch *in  the  end.  He  might  afiirm 
the  fame  of  every  thing  he  has  at- 
tempted, for  his  application  and  at- 
tention exceed  what  any  one  can 
conceive,  who  hath  noc  obferved 
the  procefs  of  his  Itudies.  He  is  a 
vaft  admirer  of  St.  Jerom,  whom 
he  equals  to  Cicero.  He  lays,  he 
has  had  more  light  from  father 
Simon,  than  from  all  our  other 
writeri  put  together.  He  thinks 
the  Hutchinfonians  wrong  in  al- 
moll  every  thing  they  advance. 
He  is  a  moll  zealous  fon  of  the 
church  of  England.  Of  the  poets, 
his  chief  acquaintance  have  been 
Homer,  Virgil,  and  Ogilvy.  The 
Iliad  he  has  read  over  many 
times. 

The  pdyfTey  being  put  into  his 
hands,  in  1758,  both  in  the  origi- 
nal, and  in  Mr.  Pope's  tranflation, 
he  was  charmed  with  both  j    but 

faid 


CHARACTERS. 


97 


faid  tKat  it  read  finer  in  the  latter, 
than  itl  Homer  hi nifelf.  Pope's 
Effav  on  Cri'tirjim  charmed  him  ftill 
incrc:    he  cllled   it   "  The  wifeft 

f)oein  he.  had  ever  read  in  his  whole 
ife."  .,   ;,' 

Htll  feems  to  have  been  the  bet- 
ter citizen,  in  marrying  three  times; 
and  IVfagriabechi,  perhaps,  was  the 
•wifeft  ftuG'ent,  in   not  marrying  at 

a"- 

I  am  very  forry  that  there  is  ftill 

one  point  rerr^aining,  in  which  Hill 
is  as  unlike  M^gliabechi,  as  many 
of  the  ipreceedinj^.  Magliabcchi 
lived  and  died,  as  has  been  already 
faid,  in  very  great  affluence:  he 
abounded  in  nnoney,  and  his  cx- 
peni.es  were  very  fiuall,  except  for 
books ;  which  he  regarded  as  his 
trnell  treafure :  whereas  poor  Mr. 
Hill  has  generally  lived  in  want, 
and  lately  more  than  ever.  '  The 
very  high  price,  even  of  the  moft 
recefTary  provifions,  for  this  and*  the 
laft  year,  [that  is  1758  and  ^1757] 
have  not  only  mnde  itoft'-'n  difficult 
for  him  to  provide  bread  for  him- 
felf  and  his  family  ;  bur  have  in 
part  (lopt  up  even  the  fources  for 
It,  in  lefTening  his  bufmefs.  Buck- 
ingham is  no  rich  place  at  bell ;  and 
even  there  his  bufinefs  has  chiefly 
Deen  among  the  lower  fort  of  people; 
and  when  thele  are  not  able  to  pur- 
chafe  the  food  that  is  nece/fary  for 
them,  they  cannot  think  of  buying 
new  cloaths.  This  has  reduced 
him  Co  very  low,  that  I  have  been 
informed,  that  he  has  pa/Tcd  many 
and  many  whc!e  days,  in  this  and 
the  fwrmer  year,  without  tailing 
any  thing  but  water  and  tobacco. 
He  has  a  wife  and  four  fmall 
children,  the  cldeli  of  them  not 
above  eight' jears  old  ;  and  what 
bread    they    could    get,    he   often 


fpared  from  his  own  hunger,  to 
help  towards  fatisfying  theirs. — 
People  that  live  always  at  their 
eafe,  do  not  know,  and  can  icarce 
conceive,  the  difiiculties  bur  poor 
have  been  forced  to  undergo  in 
thefe  late  hard  times.  H«  himfelf 
afiared  me,  upon  my  mentioning 
this  particular  to  him,  that  it  was 
too  true. — *'  But  alas!  (added  he) 
it  is  not  only  my  cafe,  but  has  beeji 
that  of  hundreds  in  the  town  and 
neighbourhood  of  Buckingham,  in 
the  laft,  and  for  the  former  part  of 
/this  year  (1758);  and  I  fear  we 
mufl:  make  many  more  experiments 
of  the  fame !kind,  before  jt  ^f^^  aa 
end,'*  ,  ..     \,  .. , 

If  any  one  in  this  age,  fo  juftly 
eminent  for  charities  of  almoft  all 
kinds,  Ovall.  be  fo  far  mqyed  wjth 
the  '  diHrefs'  and  neceffitie?  of  fo 
worthy  and  induflrious  "a  poor 
man,  as  to  be  inclined  to  help 
towards  relieving  him ;  they  are 
humbly  entreated  to  fend  any  prcr 
fent  which  they  might  wilh  in  hi^ 
hand-s  either  to  Mr.  Richardfonp 
in  Salifbury-court,  Fleec-dfeet,  ©r 
Meff,  Dodfley,  boo^fellers,  in  Pallw 
mall,  London;  Mr.  Prince,  at  Ox-, 
ford;  Mr.  ThurIbourr>,  at  Cam- 
bridge;  Meff.  Hamilton  and  Bal- 
four, at  Edinburgh  ;  Mr.  Faulkner, 
at  Dublin  ;  Mr.  Owen,  at  Tun- 
bridge;  Mr.  Leake,  at  Bath  ;  Mr. 
Cadell,  at  Briflol  ;  Mr,  Hinxman, 
at  York  ;  Mr.  Richardfon,  at  Dur- 
ham ;  Mr.  Creighton,  at  Ipfwich  ; 
Mr.  Chafe,  at  Norwich  ;  Mr.  Bur- 
din,  at  Winchefter  ;  Mr.  Collins, 
at  ,Sali(bury  ;  and  Mr.  Seely,  at 
Buckingham  :  and  they  may  be  af- 
fiyed,  that  whatever  may  be  thus 
coHedTed,  ihall  be  put  to  the  pro- 
pereft  ufe  for  the  fcrvice  of  him  and 
his  family. 

Some 


298      ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


Some  anecdotes  extracted  from  the  life 
€f  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  (fon  to 
the  great  Duke  of  Buckingham^ 
kilhd  by  Feltouy  in  the  reign  cf 
Claries  J.J  from  an  original  ma- 
nufc.ipt  in  the  ff>JJeJ/ion  of  the  late 
Bijhcp  Atterbury^  n.vritten  by  Mr, 
Fairfax,  and  lately  publijhed. 

TH  E  duke,  fays  Mr.  Fairfax, 
inherited  from  his  father  the 
greateft  title,  and  from  his  mother* 
the  greateft  eftate  of  any  fubjedt  in 
England  ;  and  from  them  both  fo 
graceful  a  body,  as  gave  a  luftre  to 
ihe  ornaments  of  his  mind. 

The  duke  and  his  brother 
Francis  were  fent  to  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  whence  they  re- 
paired to  King  Charles  I.  at  Ox- 
ford ;  and  there,  fays  this  their 
panegyrift,  they  choie  two  good 
tutors  to  enter  them  in  the  war. 
Prince  Rupert,  and  my  Lord  Ge- 
rard ;  and  went  with  them  into  a 
very  fharp  fervice,  the  ftorming  of 
the  Clofe  at  Litchfield.  For  this 
the  parliament  feized  on  their 
eflates ;  but  by  a  rare  example  of 
their  compaflion,  reflored  it  again, 
in  confideration  of  their  non-age. 

They  were  now  committed  to 
the  care  of  the  Earl  of  Northum- 
berland, and  were  fent  to  travel  in 
France  and  Italy,  where  they  lived 
in  as  great  ftate  as  fome  of  thofe 
fovereign  Princes.  Florence  and 
Rome  were  the  places  of  their  re- 
fidence,  and  they  brought  their  re- 
ligion home  again,  wherein  they 
had  been  educated,  under  the  eye 
of  the  mod  devout  and  beft  of 
Kings.  The  duke  did  not,  as  his 
predeceflbr,  in  the  title  of  Lord 
Rofs,  had  done  before  him,  who 
changed  his  religion  at  Rome,  and 
left  his  tutor,    Mr.   Mole,    in   the 


1759- 

inquifition,  for  having  tranflated 
King  James's  book,  his  Admonition 
to  Princes,  in  Latin  ;  and  Du  Pleffis 
Mornay's  book  of^the  mafs  into 
Englifli. 

Their  return  into  England  was 
in  fo  critical  a  time,  as  if  they  had 
now  chofen  the  laft  opportunity,  as 
they  had  done  the  firft,  of  ventur- 
ing all  in  the  King's  fervice. 

In  the  year  1648,  the  King  was 
a  prifoner  in  the  lile  of  Wight,  and 
his  friends  in  feveral  parts  of  Eng- 
land, defigning  to  renew  the  war  ; 
Duke  Hamilton  in  Scotland,  the 
Earl  of  Holland  and  others  in  Sur- 
ry, Goring  in  Kent,  many  in  Lon- 
don and  EfTex,  and  thefe  were  the 
laft  efi^orts  of  the  dying  caufe. 

The  duke  and  brother,  my  Lord 
Francis,  in  the  heat  of  their  cou- 
rage, engaged  with  the  Earl  of  Hol- 
land ;  and  were  the  firft  that  took 
the  field  about  Rygate  in  Surry. 

The  parliament,  with  their  old 
army,  knew  all  thefe  defigns,  and 
defpifed  them  ;  till  they  grew  fo 
numerous  in  Kent,  that  the  general 
himfelf  was  fent  to  fupprefs  them, 
who  found  fharp  fervice  in  ftorm- 
ing of  Maidftone,  and  taking  of 
Colchefter. 

Some  troops  of  horfe  were  fent 
under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Gibbons,  to  fupprefs  them  in  Surr 
ry  ;  and  then  drove  my  Lord  of 
Holland  before  them  to  Kingrton, 
but  engaged  his  party  before  they 
got  thither,  near  Non-fuch,  and  de- 
feated them. 

My  Lord  Francis,  at  the  head  of 
his  troop,  having  his  horfe  flaih 
under  him,  got  to  an  oak-tree  in  the 
higii-way,  about  two  miles  from 
Kingftom,  where  he  flood  with  his 
back  againft  ir,  defending  himfelf, 
fcorning  to  afk  quarter,    and   they 

bar  - 


*  Lady  Cathai Inc  MimnerSj  fole  J.-uu^littr  and  hc-Ir  of  Francis  Earl  of  Rutland^ 


CHARACTERS. 


299 


barbaroufly  refufing  to  give  it ;  till, 
with  nine  wounds  in  his  beautiful 
face  and  body,  he  wvas  ilain.  The 
oak-tree  is  his  monunaent,  and  has 
the  two  hrlt  Iei:crs  of  his  name, 
F.  V.  cut  in  it  to  this  day. 

Thus  died  this  noble,  valiant, 
and  beautiful  youth,  in  the  twen- 
tieth year  of  his  age.  A  few  days 
before  his  dt  th,  when  he  left 
London,  he  ordered  his  fleward, 
Mr.  John  May,  to  bring  him  in  a 
lill  of  his  debts ;  and  he  fo  charged 
his  ellate  with  them,  that  the  par- 
Jiamcnt,  who  feized  on  the  cftate, 
paid  his  debts. 

His  body  was  brought  from  King- 
lion  by  water  to  York-houfe  in  the 
8trand,  and  was  there  embalmed, 
and  depofited  in  his  father's  vault 
in  Henry  the  Vllth's  chapel. 

The  duke,  after  the  lofs  of  his 
brother,  fled  to  St.  Need's,  where, 
the  next  morning,  finding  the 
houfe  where  he  lay  furrounded, 
and  a  troop  of  horfe  drawn  up 
before  the  gate,  he  had  time  with 
his  fervants  to  get  to  horfe;  and 
then  cauijng  the  gate  to  be  open- 
ed, he  charged  tne  enemy,  and 
killed  the  officer  at  the  head  of 
then,  and  made  his  elcape  to  the 
fea-/ide,  and  to  Prince  Charles, 
who  was  in  the  Downs,  with  thofe 
ihips  that  had  deferted  the  Earl  of 
Warwick. 

And  now  again  the  parliament 
ga  'e  him  forty  days  time  to  return 
10  England  :  but  he  refufed,  and 
choJe  rather  to  ftay  with  the  prince, 
who  was  foon  after  King  Charles 
the  fecond,  and  to  follow  him  in 
his  exile. 

The  parliament  feized  on  his 
eflare,  the  greatell  of  any  fubjeft  in 
Engl.ind,  having  row  his  brother's 
eltaie  fallen  to  him  ;  the  yeaily 
value  was  above  25,000  1. 


It  happened  that  the  manor  of 
Helmefley,  which  was  his  brother's, 
was  given  to  my  Lord  Fairfax,  with 
York  houfe  in  the  Strand,  for  part 
of  his  arrears,  and  this  fortunately 
came  to  him  by  his  marrying  my 
Lord  Fairfax's  daughter. 

All  that  he  had  to  live  on  beyond 
fea,  was  the  money  he  got  at  Ant- 
werp for  his  pidlures,  which  were 
part  of  that  coftly  and  curious  col- 
ledlion  his  father  got  together  from 
Italy,  by  the  help  of  Sir  Henry 
Wootton,  and  others,  which  adorn- 
ed York-houfe,  to  the  admiration  of 
all  men  of  judgment  in  pidlure-.  A 
note  of  their  names  and  dimenfions 
is  all  that  is  now  left  of  them.  The 
Ecce  Homo  of  Titian  was  valued  at 
5C00I.  being  the  figure  of  all  the 
great  perfons  in  his  time.  The 
archduke  bought  it,  and  it  is  now 
in  the  caflle  of  Prague.  Thefe  pic- 
tures were  fecured  and  fent  10  him 
by  his  old  trufty  fervant,  Mr.  John 
Traylman,  who  lived  in  York- 
houfe. 

The  King  (Charles  H.)  refolving 
to  go  into  Scotland,  the  duke  at- 
tended him,  and  now  again  the  par- 
liament offered  him  to  compound 
for  his  eftate  for  20,ocol.  which 
was  lefs  than  a  year's  value  ;  but  he 
chofe  to  run  the  King's  fortune 
in  Scotland,  worfe  than  exile,  came 
with  him  out  of  Scotland  into  Eng- 
land ;  and  at  Worceiier  his  efcape 
was  almoft  as  miraculous  as  the 
King's  in  tfie  Royal  Oak.  He  es- 
caped again  into  France,  and  went 
a  volunteer  into  the  French  army, 
and  was  much  regarded  by  all  the 
great  officers,  fignalizing  his  cou- 
rage at  the  fiege  of  Arras  and  Va- 
lenciennes. 

When  he  came  to  the  Englifli 
court,  which  was  but  feldom,  the 
King  was  always  glad  to  fee  him. 

lie 


AN  NUAL   REGISTER,    17 


300 

He  loved  his  perfon  and  his  com- 
pany ;  but  the  great  men  about 
him  defired  rather  his  room  than  his 
company. 

There  then  happened  a  greai  turn 
in  the  courfe  of  hi5  life.  My  Lord 
Fairfax  had  part  of  his  eftat€,  »bout 
5000 1.  per  annum,  allotted  him  by 
the  parliament,  towards  the  pay- 
ment of  his  arrears,  due  to  him  as 
general,  and  he  remitted  mort  than 
would  have  purchafed  a  greater 
cftate.  They  gave  him  the  manor 
of  Helmefley,  the  feat  of  the  noble 
family  of  Rutland  in  Yorkihire,  as 
a  falve  for  the  wound  he  received 
there,  being  (hot  through  the  body. 
They  gave  him  alfo  York-houfe  in 
London,  which  was  alfo  the  duke's. 
The  duke  heard  how  kind  and 
generous  my  Lord  Fairfax  was  to 
the  countefs  of  Derby,  in  paying  all 
the  rents  of  the  Ifle  of  Man,  which 
the  parliament  had  alfo  affigned  to 
him,  for  his  arrears,  into  her  own 
hands,  and  fhe  confelTed  it  was 
more  than  all  her  fervants  before 
had  done. 

The  duke  had  reafon  to  hope  my 
Lord  had  the  fame  inclinations  as  to 
this  eftate  of  his,  which  he  never 
accourted  his  own,  and  the  duke 
wanted  it  as  much  as  the  countefs. 

He  was  not  deceived  in  his  hopes, 
for  my  Lord  Fairfax  only  wiftied  for 
Jin  opportunity  of  doing  it.  He 
lived  in  York-houfe,  where  every 
chamber  was  adorned  v/ith  the  arms 
cf  Villiers  and  Manners,  lions  and 
peacock? .  He  was  defcended  from 
the  fame  anceiiors.  Earls  of  Rut- 
land, Sir  Guy  Fairfax  his  two  fons 
having  married  two  of  the  daugh- 
ters of  the  Far!  of  Rutland  ;  which 
DiyLord  took  fi equentoccafion  to 
remember. 

'  The  iduke  refolvcd  to  try  his  for- 
tune,, which  had  hitherto  been  ad- 


verfe  enough,  and  he  had  fome  re- 
venge on  her,  by  '  uilaiion  of 
the  cde  in  Horace  tuna  fa^vis 
*'  ]aeta  negotii  <er  he  came 
into  England  ike  love  to  his 
only  daughti  r,  a  mofl  virtuous  and 
amiable  lacjy.  lie  found  a  friend 
to  propofe  it,  and  I  think  it  was 
Mr.  RoberL  H.i.low. 

The  parents  confented,  and  the 
young  lady  could  not  refift  his 
charms,  being  the  moft  graceful  and 
beautiful  perfon  that  any  court  in 
Europe  ever  faw,  &c.  All  his  trou- 
ble in  wooing  was,  he  came,  faw, 
and  conquered. 

When  he  came  into  England,  he 
was  not  fure  either  of  life  or  liberty. 
He  was  an  out-law,  and  had  not 
made  his  peace  with  Cromwell, 
who  would  have  forbid  the  banns  if 
he  had -known  of  his  coming  over. 
He  had  a  greater  fhare  of  his  eftate, 
had  daughters  to  marry,  and  would 
not  have  J  iked  fuch  a  conjunflion  of 
Mars  and  Mercury,  as  was  in  this 
alliance;  knowing  my  Lord's  affec- 
tion to  the  royal  family,  which  did 
afterwards  produce  good  effeds  to- 
wards its  reftoration. 

They  were  married  atNun-Ap- 
pleton,  fix  miles  from  York,  Sept. 
9,  1657,  a  new  and  noble  houfe 
built  by  my  Lord  Fairfax,  and 
where  he  kept  as  noble  hofpita- 
lity. 

Cromwell,  it  fccms,  was  fo  of- 
fended at  this  match,  that  he  fent 
the  duke  to  the  Tower ;  which  fo 
provoked  Lord  Fairfax,  that  high 
words  arcfe  between  him  and  the 
Proteftor  ;  but  the  latter  dying  Toon 
after,  I  (continues  this  writer)  car- 
ried the  duke  the  news,  and  he  had 
then  leave  to  be  prifoner  at  Wind* 
for  caftlt%  where  his  friend  Abraham 
Cowley  was  his  conilant  companion, 
Richard  Cromwell  foon  after  abdi- 
cated, 


CHARACTERS. 


301 


cated,  and  then  his  liberty  came  of 
courfe. 

This  was  the  happieft  time  of  all 
the  duke's  life,  when  he  went  to  his 
father-in-law's  houfe  at  Appleton, 
and  there  lived  orderly  and  decent- 
ly with  his  own  wife  ;  where  he 
neither  wanted,  nor  (o  abounded  as 
to  be  tempted  to  any  fort  of  e^ftra- 
vagance,  as  he  was  after,  when  he 
came  to  poilefs  his  whole  eftate. 
He  now  underllood  the  meaning  of 
that  paradox,  DimUium  plus  toto^ 
with  which  he  ufed  to  pofe  young 
fcholars ;  and  found  by  experience, 
that  the  half,  or  third  part  of  his 
own  eftate  which  he  now  enjoyed, 
was  more  than  the  whole  which  he 
had  at  the  King's  reftoration. 

Now  he  lived  a  moll  regular  life, 
no  courtfhips  but  to  his  own  wife, 
not  fo  much  as  to  his  after- beloved 
and  coftly  miftrefs,  the  philofopher's 
ilone. 

My  Lord  Fairfax  was  much 
pleafed  with  his  company,  and  to  fee 
him  fo  conformable  to  the  orders 
and  good  government  of  the  fa- 
mily. If  they  had  any  plots  toge- 
ther, they  were  to  the  heft  purpoles, 
the  relloration  of  the  royal  family. 

My  Lord  Fairfax's  maxim  in  po- 
litics was,  that  the  old  veteran  army 
which  he  had  commanded,  was  not 
to  be  beaten  by  any  new  raifed  force 
in  England,  and  that  the  King's 
friends  fhewed  more  affedion  than 
difcretion  in  their  plois  to  reltore 
him,  while  they  were  united  ;  and 
that  this  old  army  would  never  be 
beaten  but  by  itfelf ;  as  the  event 
fhewed,  when  Lambert  and  Monk 
divided  them.  But  the  moil  fatal 
influence  of  this  opinion  in  my  Lord 
Fairfax,  was  the  night  before  the 
30th  of  January,  vvljen  fome  of  his 
friends  propofcd  to  him  to  attempt 
the  next  day  to  relcuc  the  King, 


telling  him  that  20, ©00  men  were 
ready  to  join  with  him  ;  he  faid  he 
was  ready  to  venture  his  own  life, 
but  not  the  lives  of  others,  againft 
the  army  now  united  againfl  them. 

The  fame  appeared  in  the  in- 
furredtion  of  Sir  George  Booth, 
which  Lambert,  with  a  brigade 
of  this  old  army,  did  fo  eafily 
fupprefs  ;  the  fuccefs  whereof  in- 
fpired  him  with  the  ambition  of 
imitating  Cromwell,  in  diflblving 
the  parliament,  and  making  him- 
felf  Protedor. 

The  duke  had  given  fufficient 
teftimony  of  his  loyalty,  and  my 
Lord  Fairfax  of  his  affeftion  and 
defire  to  fee  the  royal  family  re- 
flored  ;  and  now  was  the  time  of 
doing  it. 

General  Monk  in  Scotland  de- 
clared againft  Lambert,  who  march- 
ed againft  him  with  a  ftrong  body 
of  horfe. 

My  Lord  Fairfax,  and  the  duke 
with  him,  declared  for  Monk  ia 
Yorkfhire  ;  but  the  duke  was  obli- 
ged to  withdraw,  becaufe  his  pre- 
fence  gave  a  jealoufy,  that  the  de- 
fign  was  to  bring  in  the  King, 
which  was  too  foon  to  be  owned. 

What  the  event  was,  is  well 
known.  I  ftiall  only  Repeat  the 
duke's  words  in  an  export ulatory 
letter  to  King  Charles  fome  years 
after  :  *•  As  to  your  majefty's  return 
into  England,  I  may  juftly  pre- 
tend to  lome  ihare  ;  fince  without 
my  Lord  Fairfax  his  engaging 
in  Yo;kftvire,  Lambert's  army  had 
never  q.uitted  him,  nor  the  Duke 
of  Albemarle  marched  out  of  Scot- 
land." 

The  King's  reftoration,  molvenda 
dies  en  attulit  uliroy  reftored  tll^ 
duke  to  his  eftate  j  but  fuch  a  train 
of  expence  with  it,  as  brought  him 
acquainted  with  bdiikcrs  and   Rri- 

vencrs. 


301       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


Veners,  that  infelled  it  with  the  gan- 
grene of  ufury,  which  it  never  re- 
covered. 

Farther  anecdotes  from  Lord  Claren- 
don, ivhich  helps  to  put  in  a  <vcry 
Jirong  light  the  character  of  this 
exeraordinary  perfon. 

THE  Duke  of  Buckingham 
has  been  mentioned  before  as 
a  man  of  extraordinary  conduft  ; 
the  livelinefs  of  his  wit,  and  the  fal- 
lies  of  his  imagination,  bore  him 
away  ;  and  indeed  he  paid  as  much 
fubmiffion  to  his  paflions  as  other 
men  would  or  fhou)d  pay  to  their 
reafon ;  but  in  nothing  more  con- 
fptcuous  does  this  prodigy  of  a  man 
appear,  than  in  his  behaviour  with 
refpeft  to  the  King,  whom  he  often 
groiFy  infulted.  li  the  King  had 
faults,  this  nobleman  multiplied  and 
magnified  them  with  great  afliduity 
to  the  eyes  of  the  people,  who  loved 
the  duke  to  that  excefs,  that  he  was 
willing  to  believe  that  they  had  a 
defign  of  making  him  King,  For 
proof  of  this  Lord  Clarendon  gives 
us  the  following  Diort  hiftory. 

There  was  one  Braythwaite,  a  ci- 
tizen, who  had  been  a  great  confi- 
dent of  Cromwell,  and  of  the  coun- 
cil of  flate.  Upon  the  King's  re- 
turn this  man  fled  beyond  fea  ; 
but,  incognito^  made  feveral  voyages 
backwards  and  forwards,  from 
Holland  to  London.  Sir  Richard 
Browne,  then  lord  mayor  of  the 
city,  a  very  diligent  magillrate,  dif- 
covered  the  prefumptioo  of  Mr. 
Braythwaite,  and  informed  the 
King  of  it ;  and  having  long  en- 
deavoured to  apprehend  him,  he  at 
length  had  an  opportunity,- but  un- 
derftood  "ne  was  a  fervant  of  the 
Duke  of  Backingham,  and  in  great 
truft  vvi'vh  him,  as  indeed  he  was  his 


fleward.  The  major-general  told 
the  King  of  this  man,  and  conferred 
his  furpiife  that  the  duke  fhould  re- 
tain fo  known  and  fo  virulent  an 
offender,  reprefenting  him  to  his 
majefty  as  a  perfon  of  dangerous 
parts,  one  worthy  to  be  fufpeded 
for  all  difloyal  purpofes,  and  as  like 
to  bring  them  to  pafs  as  any  man  in 
England,  of  his  condition.  At  this 
time  the  facetious  duke,  by  thofe 
faculties  towards  mirth  in  which  he 
excelled  all  other  men  of  the  age, 
had  rendered  himfelf  very  accept- 
able to  the  King,  who  delighted  in 
nothing  more  than  in  thofe  extra- 
vagancies of  ridicule,  with  which 
the  duke  entertained  himfelf  and 
all  other  people,  fo  as  to  become 
their  darling. 

His  majerty  told  the  duke  what 
he  had  heard  concerning  his  ftew- 
ard  ;    the  duke   received    the  ani- 
madverfion  fubmilTively,  and  Teem- 
ed to  thank  the  King  for  his  free- 
dom ;    but  begged  him  to  hear  what 
the  man  could  fay  for  himfelf;    for 
that  he  was  a  very  faithful  fervant 
to  his  eftates,    and   was  convinced 
that  he  repented  heartily  for  being 
concerned    with   Cromwell.      The 
King  admitted  Braythwaite,   heard 
him,    and    took   him   into  favour. 
Some  time  after  this  he  came  pri- 
vately to  the  King,  and  told  him, 
that    in    duty   he   thought  himfelf 
bound  to  acquaint  his  majefty  with 
what  he  had  obfcrved  lately  of  the 
duke  his  mailer's  condudl,  for  that 
he  was  very  much  altered,  and  kept 
company  with  people  of  very  mean 
conditions,  and  of  as  defperate  in- 
tentions, whom  he  ufed  to  meet  at 
very  unfeafonable  hours,    and   that 
he  believed  the  duke  was  falling  off 
from    his  allegiance,    and    humbly 
hoped,  that  whatever  unreafonable 
projeds  and  extravagancies  the  duke 

ihould 


CHARACTEJIS 


fhouldfall  into,  his  majefty  would 
not  impute  them  to  him,  for  that 
he    defigned   to   withdraw  himfelf 
from  his   fervice.     The  Lord  Ar- 
lington farther  confirmed  this  tefti- 
mony ;    and  it  appeared  that  there 
was  a  poor  fellow,  who  had  a  poorer 
lodging    fomewhere   about  Tower- 
hill,   and  who  profefTed  knowledge 
in  horofcopes,  or  judicial  aftrology, 
and  had,  from   a  calculation  of  the 
duke's  nativity,  foretold  him,  that 
he  would  be  king.     Loid  Arlington 
produced  letters  which  he  had  in- 
tercepted between  the  duke  and  the 
fortune-teller,  and  the  fufpicion  be- 
came fo  flagrant,  that  the  man  and 
fome  others  were  committed  to  the 
Tower,  where  Lord  Arlington  exa- 
mined them,  and  by  full  evidence 
proved  the  guilt  and  treafon  to  the 
King.     One  letter  produced  was  to 
this  effztly  **  That  the  duke,  whom 
he  Ailes  prince,  was  the  darling  of 
the  people,  who  had  fet  their  hearts 
and  afFedtions,  and   all  their  hopes 
upon  his  highnefs,  and  what  great 
things  his   liars   had    deftined   him 
to" — with  many  other  fuch  fooliih 
and  fullian  expreffions.    His  majefty 
was   pleafed  to  inform  the  chancel- 
lor, and  told  h'm  in  what  places  the 
duke  had  been  fince  he  abfconded  ; 
that  he  ftayed  very  little  in  any  one 
place,  and  that  he  intended,  on  fuch 
a  day,    to  be  at  the  houfe  of  Sir 
Charles  Wolefly,   in    Stafford  (hire, 
one  of  great  eminence  wlih  Crom- 
well, of  his  council,  and  of  thofe 
who  had  been  fent  by  the  houfe  of 
commons  to  perfuadc*  that  uf'.irper 
to  accept  of   the   crown  with  the 
title  of  King.    Upon  the  whole  mat- 
ter, which  was  evident  enough,  his 
majefty  alked  the  chancellor,  what 
way  was   the  bcft  lo  proceed  with 
the  duke  ;    to  which  he  anfwered, 
that  he  Ihould  be  apprehended,  and 


303 

committed  to  the  Tower  ;    and  the 
King  ifTued  out  his  warrant  to  ap- 
prehend him,    which  came   to  the 
duke's  ears,    who  fecreted  himfelf 
in   holes  and  obfcure  places.     The 
ferjeant  at  arms  followed  him  into 
Northamptonftiire,  but  was  refufed 
admittance  into  the  houfe  where  he 
faw  the  duke  enter  ;  upon  which  in- 
formation  of  the  ferjeant,   he  was 
immediately   proclaimed,    and    re- 
moved from  the  privy- council,   and 
from  his  place  of  gentleman  of  the 
bed-chamber,    being   fucceeded   by 
the  Earl  of  Rochefter.     The  duke, 
in  fo  dangerous  a  fituaticn,  fent  his 
own  fecretary,  Mr.  Clifford,  lo  the 
lord  chancellor,  to  intreat  him  to 
interpofe  with  his  majefty  in  his  be- 
half; who  fent  for  anfwer,  that  he 
would  do  well  to  furrender  himfelf, 
and,   if  poftible,   purge  himfelf  of 
the  foul  crimes  with  which  he  was 
accufed  :     the   duke  alfo  wrote   to 
the  King,  profefTing  his  innocence, 
defiring  him  to  let  him  be  heard  in 
private,  and  imputing   to  his  ene- 
mies the  malice  of  his  profecution. 
'I'he   King  foon   became  weary  of 
the  profecution,  and  feemed  to  have 
much   apprehenfion  of  the   duke's 
intereft  in  parliament  :    upon  thefe 
favourable  afped>.,  at  d  the  interpo- 
fition  of  Sir  Robert  Howard,    the 
duke  furrendered  himfelf,  was  com- 
miued  to  the  Tower,  examined  at 
the   council-board,    forgiven,    and 
the  whole  weight  of  the  accufation 
and  profecuiion  laid  upon  the  (boul- 
ders of  the  chancellor,   who  abo-Jt 
this    time  was   little   able    to  bear 
fuch  an  additional  weight,  having 
loll  his  wife,  the  fevereft  blow  that 
ever  berel  him.     But  as  if  this  was 
not  fufficient  to  bear  him  down,  the 
j^uice  of  York  was  fent  by  the  King 
with   many  gracious  expre(rions  of 
condole  men  t  for  his  iofs,    to  wiih 

and 


304      ANNUAL 

and  dcfire  that  he  would  refign  his 
feal  of  chancellor,  for  that  his  ma- 
jelly  was  well  informed,  that  the 
parliament  was  incenfed  fo  much 
againil  him,  that  they  would,  on 
their  next  meeting,  have  him  im 


REGISTER,    1759. 

defired  to  keep  his  office,  but  that  it 
lliould  be  taken  from  him  in  ihat  un-^ 
gracious  manner  by  the  King  him- 
felf,  which  teemed  amarkof  his  hea- 
vy difpleafure,  and  would  give  room 
to  his  bitterell  enemies  to  triumph  iu 
peached  ;    and  that  it  would  be  out     hisdifgrace,  when  they  faw  the  King 


of  his  power  to  fave  him  ;  for  that 
their  rage  was  fo  great  ^t  the  laft 
prorogation,  which  they  imputed 
to  his  advice,  that  to  his  majeily  it 
appeared,  as  if  they  were  bent  to 
take  away  his  life.  The  chancellor 
was  indeed  as  much  amazed  at  this 
relation  of  the  duke,  as  he  could 
have  been  at  the  fight  of  a  warrant 
for  his  execution  :  and  though 
many  eminent  perfons,  particularly 
the  Duke  of  York,  together  with 
the  Archbiihop  of  Canterbury,  and 
the  general,  went  in  perfon  to  fu3 
for  him,  his  majefty  only  anfwered. 
That  what  he  did  was  for  the  lord 
chancellor's  good,  and  the  only 
way  to  preferve  him  from  an  en- 
raged parliament  :  that  his  degra- 
dation would  pacify  them,  and  per- 
haps, by  removing,  would  fave  him, 
whom  they  had  vowed  to  dellroy. 

The  lord  chancellor  had  requeft- 
ed,  that  his  majeily  would  vifit  him 
at  his  own  houfe  (Clarendon- houfe), 
and  though  the  King  promifed  to 
grant  him  that  favour,  he  did  not; 
and  thereupon  he  begged  to  be  per- 
mitted to  wait  on  him  at  Whitehall, 
where  the  King  did  meet  him,  with 
the  duke,  and  had  a  long  confe- 
rence  with  him  on  his  fudden  dif- 
grace.  The  King  granted  that  he 
had  been  ever  a  faithful  fervant,  but 
that  he  muil  of  necefnty  take  this 
falutary  expedient  ;  for  that  his  in- 
nocence would  po  more  defend  him 
or  fecurc  him  from  the  power  of  his 
enemies,  than  ii  had  in  the  cafe  of 
the  Earl  of  Strafford.  The  lord  chan- 
cellor urged  iiiany  pleas,  not  that  hs 


immediately  indrumental  m  pro- 
moting it.  Thefe  and  other  pleas 
were  urged  in  vain  ;  and  the  chancel- 
lor, on  going  into  the  coach,  faw  Sir 
William  Coventry  his  old  and  inve- 
terate enemy,  with  Lord  Arlington 
and  the  Lady,  triumph,  and  looking 
together,  out  of  the  window  with 
great  gaiety  at  the  chancellor  on  his 
returning  home,  to  him  a  fufiicient 
and  evident  token  from  whence  this 
unexpected  fhaft  was  fliot.  Some 
uays  palTed  without  any  farther  rc- 
foiuticns  as  ro  the  feal;  but  on  the 
30th  day  of  Auguit,  1667,  the  King 
fent  Secretary  Morrice  with  a  war- 
rant under  the'  fign  manual  to  re- 
quire and  receive  the  great  feal ; 
and  LS  foon  as  the  lord  chancellor 
had  delivered  it  to  the  fccretary,  and 
he  to  the  King,  Mr.  May  came  into 
the  King's  clofet,  and  falling  on  his 
knees  to  kifs  his  raajefty's  hand, 
faid,  I'ou  are  no<vj  King,  ^a:hich you 
ne'ver  nvas  before. 

The  Lord  Clarendon  believed 
that  now  the  ftorm  was  over,  as  he 
had  no  reafon  to  have  the  Icaft  ap- 
prehenfion  (innocent  as  he  declares, 
himfelf )  from  the  difpleafure  of  the; 
parliament;  but  the  Duke  jf  Buck- 
ingham unmaliced  himfelf,  and 
being  now  reflored  to  all  his  places 
and  honours,  openly  joined  the  con- 
federacy againlt  Lord  Clarendon  ; 
aid  the  King  himfelf,  together  with 
Lord  Arlington,  Sir  XViliiam  Co- 
ventry, the  Lady,  Mr.  May,  and 
Brounker,  boafied  that  they  had 
cifeded  fo  great  a  ftep  towards  his 
ruin.      The  Duke  of  Buckingham 

was 


CHARACTER   S. 


30s 


was  made  to  believe  that  it  was  by 
the  Lord  Clarendon's  means  he  was 
difgraced,  proclaimed,  and  impri- 
ibned)  whereas  Lord  Clarendon  af- 
fures  us,  thit  he  concerned  himfc:If 
no  morj  in  thiit  profecution,  than 
as  a  privy  counfcllor  for  the  King's 
fervice  and  fafety. 

The    parliament   met,    and   the 
King  begin  his  fpeech  with  notable 
reflections  on  the  chancellor:  hefaid, 
"  That  there  had  been  fome  mif- 
carriages  lately,    which   had  juitly 
provoked  them,  and  wh?ch  led  to 
create  fome  differences  between  him 
and  his  parliament ;   but  that  as  he 
had  now  altered   his  councils,    he 
made  no  queftion,    but   that  they 
fiiould    agree  for  the   future,    and 
hoped  they  would  fupply  his  necef- 
fities,  and  provide  for  the  payment 
of  his  debts;  with  an  infinuation, 
that  what  had  been  formerly  done 
amifs  was  by  the  advice  of  the  per- 
fon  whom  he  had  removed  from  his 
councils,  and  with  whom  he  /hould 
not  hereafter  advife."   Not  fatisfied 
with   this,    he   let  the   parliament 
know,  that  he  expefted  their  t'.anks 
exprefsly  in  terms,  for  his  having 
removed    the  lord  chancellor,    but 
this  was  debated  long,  and  warmly, 
by  both  houfts.     The  King  grew 
angry,  and  acquaitited  t)oth  hoafes 
he  expefted  it,  as  his  honour  was 
concerned  in  it,  and  fent  the  Duks 
of  York  to  demand  it  in  his  name  ; 
he  fent  thf*  Archbifiiop  of  Canterbu- 
ry to  require  it  of  the  biihops,  and 
that  if  they  cppofed  "him,  they  fhould 
forely  repf'nt  it.     In  confequence  of 
which    repeated  follicitation,    both 
houfcs  agreed   not  to  difpleafe  the 
King,  and  they  accordingly  voted 
their  thanks  to  his  majefty,  for  hav- 
ing   removed    the   lord   chancellor 
from  his  councils.     And  now  mea- 
fures  were  entered  into  by  the  Duke 
of  Buckingham,  and  the  reil  of  the 
Vol.11. 


confederates,  to  furnifl^  materials  of 
impeachment  againft  him. 

Mr.  Seymour,  a-  young  man  of 
great  confidence  and  boldnefs.  Hood 
up  in  the  houfe  of  commons,  and  in 
a  long  inventive  accufed  him  of  high 
treafon  and  corruption. 

The  Lord  Clarendon  gives  us  the 
fifteen  articles  of  the  charge  againft         «. 
him.     His  friends  repairt-d  to  him  f ' 

with  intreaties  that  he  would  fly  or 
make  his  efcape,  which  fcandalous 
advice  he  rejected,   as  he  knew  his 
innocence,  and  was  well  fatisfied  of 
his  probity  and  integrity,  in  relation 
to  every  article  of  the  charge,  which, 
indeed,  is  heavy,  and  pregrant  with 
piauilble  teftimony  agamil  him  ;  but 
which,  however.  Lord  Clarendon  as 
pofitively   combats  and  redargues, 
particularly  that  one,  of  having  kept 
a  correfpoiidence  with  Oliver  Crom- 
well while  the  King  was  in  exile  ;  a 
calumny  fo  improbable  and  foolifti, 
thai  the  King  had  publicly  at  Paris 
refuted  it.     However  Mr.  Seymour 
conduced  the  profecution  with  great 
virulence,  both  within  and  without 
doors,  and  accufed  him  of  high  trea- 
fon at  the  bar  of  ihe  houie  of  lords, 
who  iiebated  about  committing  him 
to  the  Tower  ;  and   the  King  was 
iiiduced  to  fend  the  Bilhop  of  Here- 
ford to  him,   to  adviie  him  to  with- 
draw and  leave  the  king^Iom. 

It  this  crifi?,  he  was  deprived  of 
the  Duke  of  York's  intereft,  by  his 
highnefshaving  taken  the  fnial!-pox. 
He  declined  the  advice  from  his  ma- 
jeity  withouc  an  abfolute  and  pcfi- 
tive  command  ;  the  French  ambaf- 
fador  wifhed  him  to  retire  to 
France,  and  the  King  fignifitd  to 
him,  by  the  Duke  of  York,  who  was 
now  recovered,  that  it  was  his  ma- 
jefly's  pleafure,  that  he  fhould  be 
gone  ;  and  llrejBiftiop  of  Winchelter 
came  from  the  duke,  who  told  him 
it  was  the  duke's  own  advice,  and 
X  that 


3o6         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


that  it  was  abfolutely  neceffary  for 
him  fpeedily  to  be  gone;  which  at 
length  he  unwillingly  obeyed  j  and 
having,  by  the  friencfhip  of  Sir  John 
Wolftenholm,  got  a  boat  at  Erith, 
he  took  coach  at  his  houfe  on  Sa- 
turday night  the  29th  of  November, 
1667,  when  it  was  dark,  with  two 
fervants,  and  being  accompanied  by 
his  two  Tons,  and  two  or  three  other 
friends  on  horfeback,  he^  found  the 
boat  ready  ;  and  fo  he  embarked 
about  eleven  o'clock  that  night,  and 
in  three  nights  more  arrived  at  Ca- 
lais, all  places  out  of  England  be- 
ing to  hinfi  indifferent. 


An  account  of  a  dijpute  between  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham  and  Lord 
OJfory, 

THE  Duke  of  Buckingham^ 
who  affamed  a  liberty  of 
fpeaking  when  and  what  he  would, 
in  a  dialeft  unufual  and  ungrave, 
his  fimilies  and  other  expreffions  giv- 
ing occafion  of  much  mirth  and 
laughter,  one  day  faid  in  the  debate, 
**  that  whoever  was  againft  that 
bill,  had  either  an  Irifli  intereft  or 
an  Ififh  underllanding  :"  which  fo 
much  offended  the  Lord  OaTory, 
who  was  eldeft  fon  to  the  I>uke  of 
Ormond,  (who  had  very  narrowly 
elcaped  the  cenfure  of  the  houfe 
lately,  for  reproaching  the  Lord 
Aihley  with  having  been  a  counfel- 
lor  to  Cromwell,  and  would  not 
therefore  truil  hirof^lf  with  giving  a 
prefent  anfwer)  that  meeting  him 
afterwards  in  the  court,  he  defired 
the  duke,  '*  that  he  would  walk  in- 
to the  next  room  with  him  i"  and 
^  there  told  him,  **  that  he  had  taken 
the  liberty  to  ufe  many  loofe  and 
unworthy  ^xprefTions  which  retiedl- 
ed  upon  the  whole  Irifli  nation,  and 
which  lie  himfelf  refenied  'lo  much. 


that  he  expedled  fatisfadion,  and  to 
find  him  with  his  fword  in  his 
handj"  which  the  duke  endeavoured 
to  avoid  by  all  the  fair  words  and 
fhifts  he  could  ufe  ;  but  was  fo  far 
prefled  by  the  oiher,  whofe  courage 
was  never  doubted,  that  he  could 
not  avoid  appointing  a  place  where 
they  Ihould  prefently  meet ;  which 
he  found  the  other  would  exadt  to 
prevent  difcovery,  and  therefore  had 
chofen  rather  to  urge  it  him felf, 
than  to  fend  a  meffage  to  him.  And 
fo  he  named  a  known  place  in 
Chel Tea- fields,  and  to  be  there 
within  lefs  than  an  hour. 

The  Lord  Offory  made  hafte  thi- 
ther, and  expe<5led  him  much  be- 
yond the  time :  and  then  feeing 
fome  peribns  come  otu  of  the  way 
towards  the  place  where  he  was, 
and  concluding  they  were  fent  out 
to  prevent  any  adion  between  them, 
he  avoided  fpeaking  with  them,  but 
got  to  the  place  where  his  horfe  was, 
and  fo  retired  to  London.  The 
duke  was  found  by  himfelf  in  ano- 
ther place,  on  the  other  fide  of  the 
water,  which  was  never  known  by 
the  name  of  Chelfea-fields,  which 
he  faid  was  the  place  he  had  ap- 
pointed to  meet. 

Finding  that  night  that  Lord 
OfTory  was  not  in-  cuftody,  and  fo 
he  was  fure  he  fhould  quickly  hear 
from  him,  and  upon  conference  with 
his  friends,  that  the  miftake  of  the 
place  would  be  imputed  to  him  ; 
he  took  a  ihange  refolution,  that 
every  body  wondered  at,  and  his 
friends  diffuaded  him  from.  And 
the  next  mornings  as  foon  as  the 
houfe  was  fate,  the  Lord  Offory  be- 
ing likewife  prefent  that  he  might 
find  feme  opportunity  to  fpeak  with 
him,  the  duke  told  the  houfe,  **  that 
he  mull  inform  them  of  fomewhat 
that  concerned  himfelf ;  and  being 
fuie^that  it  would  come  to  their  no- 
tice 


CHARACTERS, 


307 


tivC  fome  other  way,  he  had  there- 
fore chofc  to  acquaint  them  with  it 
himfelf;"  and  thereupon  related, 
•*  how  the  Lord  Oflbry  had  the  day 
before  fourrd  him  in  the  court,  and 
defired  him  to  walk  into  the  next 
room,  where  he  charged  him  with 
many  particulars  which  he  had  fpo- 
ken  in  that  place,  and  in  a  few  words 
he  told  him  that  he  ftiould  fight 
with  him  ;  which  though  he  did 
rot  hold  himfelf  obliged  to  do,  in 
maintenance  of  any  thing  he  had 
faid  or  done  in  the  parliament,  yet 
that  it  being  fuitable  and  agreeable 


own  courage  and  readinefs  to  fight 
upon  any  opportunity,  when  it  was 
clear  enough  that  he  had  declined 
it  by  a  grofs  (hift :  and  it  was  won- 
dered at  that  he  had  not  chofe  ra- 
ther that  fome  other  perfon  might 
inform  the  houfe  of  a  quarrel  be- 
tween two  members,  that  it  might 
be  examined,  and  the  mifchief  pre- 
vented. But  he  believed  that  way 
would  not  fo  well  reprefent  and  ma- 
nifeft  the  luftre  of  his  courage,  and 
might  leave  him  under  an  exami- 
nation that  would  not  be  fo  advan- 
tageous to  him,  as  his  own  informa- 


to  his  nature,  to  fight  with  any  man-^tion  ;    and  therefore  no  perfuafion 


who  had  a  mind  to  fight  with  him,'* 
(upon  which  he  enlarged  with  a 
little  vanity,  as  if  duelling  were  his 
daily  exercife  and  inclination)  '*  he 
appointed  the  place  in  Chelfjra- 
ficlds,  which  he  underftood  to  be  the 
fields over-againftChelfea;  whither, 
having  onfy  gone  to  his  lodging  to 
change  his  fword,  he  haftened,  by 
prefently  crcfling  the  water  in  a  pair 
of  oars,  and  ftaiyed  there  in  expec- 
tation of  Lord  OiTory,  until  luch 
"  gentlemen,'*  whom  he  named, 
**  found  him  there,  and  faid,  T^ey 
n<:ere  J'ent  to  fre'veytt  his  and  the  Lord 
OJfory^s  meeting,  ivhom  others  ^jsre 
likrivi/c  J'ent  to  Jind  for  the  fame  p>e- 
ijention.  Whereupon,  concluding 
that  for  the  prcfent  there  would  be 
no  meeting  together,  he  returned 
with  thofe  gentlemen  to  his  lodging, 
being  always  re^dy  to  give  any  gen- 
tleman fatisfaftion  that  (hould  re- 
quire it  of  him." 

Every  body  was  exceedingly  fur- 
prifed  with  the  oddncfs  and  unfea- 
fonablenefs  of  the  difcourfe,  which 
C'infided,  with  ibme  confulion,  be- 
.  twcen  aggravating  the  prefumption 
of  the  Lord  Ofl!bry,  and  makmg  the 
oflTence  as  heinous  as  the  violating  all 
the  privileges  of  parliajijent  could 
xncunr  unto  ;    and  magnifying  hi» 


or  importunity  of  his  friends  could 
prevail  with  him  to  decline  that 
method. 

The  Lord  Oflbry  feemed  out  of 
countenance,  and  troubled,  that  the  . 
conteft  was  like  to  be  only  in  that 
place,  and  cared  not  to  deny  any 
thing  that  the  duke  had  accufed 
him  of;  only  **  wondered,  that  he 
fhould  fay  he  had  challenged  him 
for  words  fpoke  in  the  houfe,  when 
he  had  exprefsly  declared  to  him, 
when  his  grace  infifted  much  upon 
the  privilege  of  parliament  to  de- 
cline giving  him  any  fatisfadion, 
that  he  did  not  quefion  him  for  any 
iK'ords  fpoken  in  parliament,  but  for 
'words  fpoken  in  other  places,  and  for 
ajfronts,  njohich  he  had  at  other  times 
chofen  to  bear,  rather  than  to  dijiurb 
the  company.  He  confeflcd,  he  had 
attended  in  the  very  place  where  the 
duke  had  done  him  the  honour  to 
promlfe  to  meet  him  ;"  and  men- 
tioned fome  expreffions  which  he 
had  ufed  in  defigning  it,  which  left 
the  certainty  of  it  not  to  be 
doubted. 

When  they  had  bofh  faid  as  much 
as  they  had  a  mmd  to,  they  were 
bo:h  required,  as  is  the  cuftom,  10 
withdraw  to  feveral  rooms  near  the 
houfe  :  and  then  the  lords  entereci 
X  2  upoa 


3oS        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


upon   debate  of  the  tran/grcfilon  ; 
many  infilling  "  upon  the  magni- 
tude of  the  offence,  which  concerned 
the  honour  and  fafety  of  the  higheft 
tribunal  in  the  kingdom,  and  tlie  li- 
berty and  fecurity  of  every  member 
of-  the  houfc.     That  if  in  any  de- 
bate any  lord  exceeded  the  modeft 
limits   prcfcribed,  in  any  oSenfive 
exprefiions,  the  houfc  had  the  power 
and  the  pra^Ttice  to  reilrain  and  re- 
prehend and  imprifon  the  psrfbn, 
according  to  the  quality  and  degree 
cf  the  offence ;  and  that  no  other 
lemedy  or  examination  could  be  ap- 
plied to  ft,  even  by  the  King  him- 
felf.    But  if  it  fhould  be  in  any  pri- 
vate man  to  take  exceptions  againft 
any  words  which  the  hpufe  finds  no 
fauh  with,  and  to  require  men  to 
juftify  with  their  ^ords  all  that  they 
fay  in  difcharge  of  their  confcience, 
and  for  the  good  and  benefit  of  their 
country  ;  there  is  an  end  of  the  pri- 
vilege of  parliament  and  the  free- 
dom of  fpeech  :  and  therefore  that 
there  could  not  be  too  great  a  pu- 
niihment  infiicled  upon  this  noto- 
rious and  monllrous  cfFence  of  the 
Lord  OiTory,  which  concerned  every 
lord  in  parliament,  as  much  as  it 
did  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  ;  who 
had  carried  himfelf  as  well  as  the 
ill  culiom  and  iniquity  of  the  age 
would  admit,  and  had  given  no  of- 
fence to  the  houle.,  towards  which 
he  had  always  paid  all  poifibie  re- 
fpeft  and  reverence." 

They  who  confidered  the  honour 
and  dignity  only  of  the  houfe,  and 
the  ill  confequence  of  fuch  violations 
as  chefe,  which  way  foever  their  af- 
fedioQS  were  inclined  with  reference 
to  their  perfons,  were  all  of  opinion, 
"  That  their  offences  were  (o  xear 
equal,  that  their  puniihment  oupht 
f  to  be  equal  :  for  that  bcfides  the 
Lord  Offory's  denial   thai    he  had 


made  any  reflexion  upon  any  words 
fpoken  in  parliament,  which  was 
the  aggravation  of  his  offence,  there 
was  fome  teflimony  given  to  the 
houfe  by  Tome  lo;ds  prefent,  that 
the  Lord  Oiibry  had  complained  of 
the  duke's  comportment  towards 
him,  before  thole  words  ufed  in  the 
houfe  by  him,  c/ihe  Irijh  mtereji^  or 
Jrijh  underjianding,  and  refolved  to 
expoftulate  with  him  upon  it ;  fo 
that  ihofe  words  could  not  be  the 
ground  of  the  quarrel.  And  it  was 
evident  by  the  duke's  own  confef- 
fion  and  declaration,  that  he  was  as 
ready  to  fight,  and  went  to  the  place 
appointed  by  himfelf  for  encounter ; 
which  made  the  oii^isnce  equal." 
And  therefore  they  moved,  '*  that 
they  might  be  brought  to  the  bar, 
and  upon  their  knees  receive  the 
fentence  of  the  houfe  for  their  com- 
mitment to  the  Tower." 

Some  who  would  fhew  their  kind- 
nefs  to  the  duke,  were  not  willing 
that  he  (hould  undergo  the  fame 
punifhment  with  the  other,  until 
fome  lords,  who  were  *'  known  not 
to  be  his  friends,  were  very  earneft 
that  the  duke  might  receive  no- 
puniihment,  becaufe  he  had  com- 
mitted no  fault ;  for  that  it  was 
very  evident  that  he  never  intended 
to  fight,  and  had,  when  no  other 
tergiverfation  would  ferve  his  turn, 
prudently  millaken  the  place  that 
was  appointed  by  himfelf;"  which 
was  preffed  by  two  or  three  lords  ia 
fuch  a  pleafant  manner,  with  re- 
fledions  upon  fome  expreffions  ufed 
by  himfiJf,  that  his  better  friends 
thought  it  would  be  more  for  hid 
honour  to  undergo- the  cenfure  of 
the  houfe  than  the  penalty  of  fuch 
a  vindication  :  and  fo  they  were 
bo'h  fent  to  the  Tov^er. 

And  during  the  time  ihey  remain- 
ed there,  the  bill  againll  Ireland  re- 
mained 


C  H  A  R  A  C  T  E  R  S. 


309 


mained  in  fufpence,  and  uncalled 
for  by  thofe,  who  wovld  nothaz.ird 
their  caufe  in  the  abienci  of  their 
ftrongell  champion.     Bat  the  fame 
fpirit  was  kepi  up  in  all  other  argu- 
ments, the  difpleafure,that  had  jti- 
fen  ar^ain ft  eav.h  other  in  that,  •''*nt- 
ingitTelfin  contradidlionsand  (harp 
replies  on  ail    other    occafions  j    a 
mifchief  that  is  always  con  traded 
from  the  agitation  of  private  affairs, 
where  different  intereils   are    pur- 
fued  ;  from  whenc?  perfonal  animo- 
fities  arife,  which  are  not  quickly 
laid  afide,  after  the  affairitfelf,  that 
produced  thofe  paffions,  is  compofed 
and  ended.     And  this  kind  of  dif- 
temper  never   more  appeared,  nor 
ever  lafted   longer,   than   from  the 
debate  and  contellation  upon   this 
bill. 

Thofe  two  lords  were  no  fooner 
at  liberty,  and  their  difpleafure  to- 
wards   each    other    fuppreffed    or 
filenced  by  the   King's  command, 
but  another  more  untoward  outrage- 
happened,  that  continued  the  fame 
difturbance.     It  happened  that  up- 
on the  debate  of  the  fame  affair,  the 
Jri/h  bill,   there   was  a  conference 
appointed  with  the  houfe  of  com- 
mons, in  which  the  Dukeof  Buck- 
ingham was    a   manager ;    and  as 
ihey  were  fitting  down  in  the  paint- 
ed chamber,  which  is  feldom  dene 
in  good  order,  it  chanced  that  the 
Marquis  of  Dorcheller  fat  next  the 
Duke  of    Buckingham,     between 
whom  there  was  no  good  correfpon- 
dcnce.     The  one  changing  his  po- 
ll ure  for  his  own  eafe,  which  made 
the  ftation  of  the  other  the  more 
uneafy,  they  firft  endeavoured    by 
julllinpr,  to  recover  wiiat   they  had 
djfpoff.-ffed  each  other  of,  and  af^er^ 
wards  tell  loxlhett  blows ;  in  which 
the  marquis,  who  was  the  lower  of 
the  two  in  Itature,  and  was  leis  ac- 


tive in  his  limbs,  loft  his  periwig, 
and  received  fome  rudenefs,  which 
nobody  imputed]  to  his  want  of 
courage,  which  was  ever  lefs  quef- 
tioned  than  that  of  the  other. 

The  mifdemeanor,  greater  than 
had  ever   happened  in  that  place, 
and  upon  fuch  an  occafion,  in  any 
age,  when  the  leaft  reverence  to  go- 
vernment was  preferred,  could  not 
be  concealed  ;   but  as  foon    as   the 
conference  was  ended,  was  reported 
to    the    houfe,    and    bo:h    parties 
heard,  who  both  confeffed  enough 
to  make  them  undergo  the  cenfure 
of  the  houfe.     The  duke's  friends 
would  fain  have  juftified  him,    as 
being  provoked  by  the  other ;   and 
it  was  evident  their  mutual  under- 
valuing each  other,  always  difpofed 
them  to  affetfl  any  opportunity  to 
manifeft  it.  But  the  houfe  fent  them 
both  10  the  Tower  ;    from  whence 
after  a  few  days  they  were  again  re- 
leafed  together,  and  fuch  a  reconci- 
liation made,  as  after  fuch  rencoun- 
ters  is    ufual,  where  either   party 
thinks  himfelf  beforehand  with  the 
other,  as  the  marquis  had  much  of 
the  duke's  hair  in  his  hands  to  re- 
compenfe  for  his  pulling  off  his  pe- 
riwig,   which  he  could  not  reach 
high  enough  to  do  the  other. 


T^e  charaSler  of  Ben  John/on, 


B 


EN  JOHNSON'S  name 
can  never  be  forgotten,  hav- 
ing by  his  \^xy  good  learning,  and 
the  feverity  of  his  natu  e  and  man- 
ners, very  much  reformed  the  ftage; 
and  indeed  the  Englifii  poetry  it- 
{t\i.  His  natural  advantages  were, 
judgment  to  order  and  govern 
fancy,  rather  than  excels  of  fancy, 
his  produiflions  being  flow  and  up- 
on deliberation,  yet  then  abound- 
-X  3  1"^ 


3IO       ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 

ing  with  great  wit  and  fancy,  and 
will  live  accordingly  ;  and  fqrely 
as  he  did  exceedingly  exalt  the 
Englifh  language  in  eloquence, 
propriety,  and  ntafcuiine  expref- 
iions ;  (o  he  was  the  beft  judge  of, 
and  fitteft  to  prefcribe  rules  to 
poetry  and  poets,  of  any  man  who 
had  lived  with,  or  before  him,  or 
fince  :  if  Mr.  Cowley  had  not  made 
a  flight  beyond  all  men,  with  that 
modefly  yet,  as  to  afcribe  much  of 
this  to  the  example  and  learn* 
ing  of  Ben  Johnfon.  His  conver- 
fation  was  very  good,  and  with 
the  men  of  molt  pote;  and  he  had 
for  many  years  an  extraordinary 
kindnefs  for  Mr.  Hyde,  till  he 
found  he  betook  hiipfelf  to  bufi- 
nefs,  which  he  believed  ought 
never  to  be  preferred  before  his 
company-  He  lived  to  be  very 
old,  and  till  the  palfy  made  a  deep 
irapreffion  ppon  his  body,  and  his 
mind. 


T^e  charader  of  Mr.  S  eld  en, 

MR.  Selden  wa?  a  perfon, 
whom  np  chara^er  can  flat- 
ter or  tranfmit  in  any  expreffions 
equal  to  his  merit  and  virtue.  He 
was  of  fo  ftupendous  learning  in 
all  kinds,  and  in  all  languages,  (as 
may  appear  in  his  excellent  and 
tranfcendent  writings)  that  a  man 
.^ould  have  thought  he  had  been 
entirely  converfant  amongll  books, 
^nd  had  never  fpent  an  hour  but 
in  reading  and  writing  j  yet  his 
humanity,  courtefy,  and  afrability 
wrs  fuch,  that  he  would  have  been 
thought  to  have  been  bred  in  the 
beft  courts,  but  that  his  good  na- 
ture, charity,  and  delight  in  doing 
good,  and  in  communicating  all 
\ip  knew,  exceeded  that  breeding. 


His  ftile  in  all  his  writings  feem* 
harfh,  and  fometimes  obfcure  ; 
which  is  not  wholly  to  be  imputed 
to  the  abllrufe  fubjeds  of  which  he 
commonly  treated,  out  of  the  paths 
trod  by  other  men  ;  but  to  a  little 
undervaluing  the  beauty  of  «  llile, 
and  too  much  propenfity  ^o  the 
language  of  antiquity  ;  but  in  his 
converfation  he  was  the  mod  clear 
difcourfer,  and  had  the  bell  faculty 
in  making  hard  things  eafy,  and 
prefenting  them  to  the  underlland- 
ing,  of  any  man  that  hath  been 
known.  Mr.  Hyde  was  wont  to 
fay,  that  he  valued  himfelf  upon 
nothing  more  than  upon  having  had 
Mr.  Selden's  acquaintance  £ror^ 
the  time  he  was  very  young;  and 
held  it  with  great  delight  as  long 
as  they  were  fufFered  to  continiie 
together  in  London  ;  and  he  was 
very  much  troubled  always  when 
he  heard  him  blamed,  cenfured, 
and  reproached,  for  ftaying  in 
London,  and  the  parliament,  after 
they  were  in  rebellion,  and  in  the 
vvorft  times,  which  his  age  oblige4 
him  to  do  ;  and  how  wicked  foever 
the  adiions  were,  which  were  every 
day  done,  he  was  confident  he  Ilad 
not  given  his  confent  to  them  ;; 
but  would  have  hindred  them  if 
he  could,  with  his  own  fafety,  to 
which  he  was  always  enough  in- 
dulgent. If  he  had  fome  infirmi- 
ties with  other  men,  they  were 
weighed  down  with  wonderful  and 
prodigious  abilities  and  excellencies 
in  the  other  fcale. 


The  churaSier  of  Mr,  Cotton, 

CHARLES  COTTON  was  a 
gentleman  born  to  a  compe- 
tent fortune,  and  fo  qualified  in  his 
perfon    ftnd    education,     that    for 

many 


CHARACTERS. 


3" 


many  years  he  continued  the  great- 
eft  ornament  in  the  town,  in  the 
efteem  of  thofe  who  had  been  beft 
bred.  His  natural  parts  were  very 
great,  his  wit  flowing  in  all  the 
parts  of  converfation  ;  the  fuper- 
ftrufture  of  learning  not  raifed  to 
a  confiderable  ^eight  ;  but  having 
pafled  fome  years  in  Cambridge, 
and  then  in  France,  and  converfing 
always  with  learned  men,  his  ex- 
preffions  were  very  proper,  and  fig- 
nificant,  and  gave  great  luftre  to 
his  difcourfe  upon  any  argument  ; 
that  he  was  thought  by  thofe  who 
were  not  intimate  with  him,  to 
have  been  much  better  acquainted 
with  books  than  he  was.  He  had 
all  thofe  qualities  which  in  youth 
laife  men  to  the  reputation  of  be- 
ing fine  gentlemen  ;  fuch  a  plea- 
fantnefs  and  gaiety  of  humour,  fuch 
a  fweetnefs  and  gentlenefs  of  nature, 
and  fuch  a  civility  and  delightful- 
nefs  in  converfation,  that  no  man 
in  the  court,  or  out  of  it,  appeared  a 
more  accompliftied  pe;  fon  ;  all  thefe 
extraordinary  qualifications  being 
fupported  by  is  extraordinary  a 
clearnefs  of  courage,  and  fearlelTnefs 
of  fpirit,  of  which  he  gave  too  often 
Wianifeftations.  Some  unhappy  fi^its 
in  law,  and  wafte  of  his  fortune  in 
thofe  fuits,  made  fome  impreflion 
upon  his  mind  ;  which  being  im- 
proved by  domeftic  afflidions,  and 
thofe  indulgences  to  himfelf,  which 
naturally  attend  thofe  afflidionb, 
rendered  his  age  lefs  reverenced 
than  his  youth  had  been  ;  and 
gave  his  beft  friends  cauie  to  have 
vvi(hed,  that  he  had  not  livjed  fo 
long. 


Chara£2er  of  Mr,  Vaughan, 

JOHN  VAUGHAN  was  then  a 
ftudent  of  the  law  in  the  Inner 


Temple,  but  at  that  time  indulged 
more  to  the  politer  learning  ;  and 
was  in  truth  a  man  of  great  parts 
of  nature,  and  very  well  adorned 
by  arts  and  books ;  and  fo  much 
cherilhed  by  Mr.  Selden,  that  he 
grew  to  be  of  entire  truft  and  friend- 
(hip  with  him,  and  to  that  owed 
the  beft  part  of  his  reputation  ; 
for  he  was  of  fo  magifterial  and 
fupercilious  a  humour,  fo  proud  and 
infolent  a  behaviour,  that  all  Mr, 
Selden's  inftrudions,  and  autho- 
rity, and  example,  could  not  file 
off  that  roughnefs  of  his  nature, 
fo  as  to  make  him  very  grate- 
ful. He  looked  moft  into  thofe 
parts  of  the  law,  which  difpofed 
him  to  leaft  reverence  to  the  crown, 
and  moft  to  popular  authority  ; 
yet  without  any  inclination  to  any 
change  in  government ;  and  there- 
fore, before  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  war,  and  when  he  clearly  dif- 
cerned  the  approaches  to  it  in  par- 
liament (of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber) he  withdrew  himfelf  into  the 
faftneiTes  of  his  own  country,  North 
Wales,  where  he  enjoyed  a  fecure, 
and  as  near  an  innocent  life,  as  the 
inquity  of  that  time  would  permit  ; 
and  upon  the  return  of  King  Charles 
the  fecond,  he  appeared  under  the 
character  of  a  man,  who  had  pre- 
ferved  his  loyalty  entire,  and  was 
elleemed  accordingly  by  all  that- 
party. 

His  friend  \Ax.  Hyde,  who  was 
then  become  lord  high  chancellor 
of  England,  renewed  his  old  kind- 
nefs  and  friendftiip  towards  him, 
and  was  defirous  to  gratify  him  all 
the  ways  he  could,  and  earnertly 
prclTed  him  to  put  on  his  gown 
again,  and  rake  upon  him  the 
office  of  a  judge  ;  but  he  excufed 
himfelf  upon  his  long  difcontinu- 
ance  (having  not  worn  his  gown, 
and  wholly   difcontinued   the   pro- 

X  4.  ieflion 


312        ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1759. 


feffion  from  the  year  1640,  full 
twenty  years)  and  upon  his  age, 
and  exprefily  refufcd  to  receive  any 
pron[)Ocion  :  but  continued  all  the 
profeffions  of  relpe^t  a.^d  gratitude 
amaginable  to  the  th.ncellir,  till 
it  WdS  in  his  power  to  manifefi  the 
contrary,  to  his  prejudice,  which 
he  did  with  circumllances  very  un- 
comatcudable. 


Chara£icr  of  Sir  Kenelm  Dighy, 

SIR  Kenelm  Digby  was  a  perfon 
very  eminent  and  very  notorious 
throughout  the  whole  courfe  of  his 
■l:fe,  from  his  cradle  to  his  grave  ; 
of  an  ancient  family,  and  noble  ex- 
iraftion  ;  ^nd  inherited  a  fair  and 
pieijtiful  fortune,  notwitbftanding 
ihe  attainder  of  his  father.  He 
was  a  man  of  a  very  extraordinary 
perfon  and  prefencc,  which  drew 
the  eyes  of  all  men  upon  him, 
which  were  mere  fixed  by  a  won- 
derful graceful  behaviour,  a  flow- 
ing courtefy  and  civility,  and  fuch 
a  volubility  of  language,  as  fur- 
prized,  and  delighted :  ana  though 
in  another  man  it  might  have  ap- 
peared to  have  fomewhat  of  affec- 
tation, it  was  marvellous  graceful 
in  him,  and  feemed  natural  to  his 
fize,  and  mould  of  his  perfon,  to 
the  gravity  of  his  motion,  and  the 
tone  of  J, is  voice  and  delivery. 
He  had  a  fair  reputation  in  arms, 
of  which  he  gave  an  early  tefti- 
mony  in  his  youth,  in  fbme  en- 
counters in  Spain,  and  Italy,  and 
afterwards  an  action  in  the  iVIediter- 
ranean  fea,  where  he  had  the  com- 
mand of  a  fquadron  of  ihips  of  war, 
f.n  out  at  his  own  charge  undet  the 
Ki  'g's  corr.miiriun  :  '  with  which, 
upon  an  itijury  received,  or  ap- 
prehended from  the  Vsiietians,  he 


encountered  their  whole  fleet,  kill- 
ed many  of  their  men,  and  funk 
one  of  their  galeafl^s  ;  which  in 
thatdrowly  and  unadive  time.,  was 
looked  upon  with  a  general  eftima- 
tion,  though  :he  crown  difavowed 
it.  In  a  word,  he  had  all  the  ad- 
vantages shat  iiatiye  and  art,  and 
an  excellent  education  could  give 
him  ;  wb.ch,  with  a  great  confi- 
dence and  prefentnefs  of  mind, 
buoyed  nim  up  againil  all  thofe 
prejudices  and  difadvancagt-s,  (as 
the  attainder,  and  execution  of  his 
father,  for  a  crime  of  the*  highell 
nature  J  his  own  marriagr  with  a 
lady,  though  of  an  extraordinary 
beauty,  of  as  extraordinary  a  fame  ; 
his  changing,  and  rechanging  his 
religion  ;  and  fome  pcrfonal  vices, 
and  licences  in  his  life)  which 
would  have  fuppreffed  and  funk 
any  other  man,  but  never  clouded 
nor  eclipfed  him,  from  appearing 
in  the  beft  places,  and  the  bell 
company,  and  with  the  bell  eltima- 
tion  and  fatisfu^lioh. 


Charaaer  of  Mr.  lUy. 

THOMAS  MAY  was  the 
eldeft  fon  of  his  father,  a 
knight,  and  born  to  a  fortune,  if 
his  father  had  not  fpent  it  ;  fo  that 
he  had  only  an  annuity  left  him, 
not  proportionable  to  a  liberal  edu- 
cation ;  yet  fince  his  fortune  could- 
not  raife  his  mind,  he  brought  his 
mind  down  to  his  fortune,  by  a 
great  modelly  and  humility  in  his 
nature,  which  was  not  affefted, 
but  very  well  became  an  imper- 
fedion  in  his  fpeech,  which  was  a 
great  mortification  to  him,  and 
kept  him  from  entering  upon  any 
difcourfe  but  in  the  company  of 
his  very  friends.  His  parts  of  na- 
ture 


CHARACTERS. 


313 


tureand  art  were  very  good,  as  ap-  fore  they  pretended  to   be   of  it  ; 

pe  .rs  by   his  tra  il  .tion  of  Lucan  and  he  was  very  much  efteemed  by 

?rroi.e  of  tne   eafieit    ^vorlc  of  that  the    moft  emineut  perfons    in   the 

ti  d)  and  more  by  his  4ipp]cment  court,  and  well  looked  upon  by  the 

tv  Lacap,   i.hich  being  ei  :irely  his  King  himfelf  fome  years  before  he 


own,  for  rhe 'earning,  the  wit,  and 
the  language,  may  be  well  looked 
Upon  as  ci\f  of  the  beft  epic  poems 
in  t'lv"  Eci^iifh  !ar>g  lage.  He  writ 
fome  other  co'iimfcndable  pi'^cfs,  of 
the  rei^n  of  ioms  of  our  Kings. 
H"  was  '  herilbed  by  many  perfons 
oi  honour,  ;.nd  very  acceptable  in 
all  places  ;  yet  (co  (hew  that  pride 
ana  envy  have  ^heir  influences  upon 
the  n.'iroweft  rninds,  and  which 
have  the  greatelt  iemblance  of  hu- 
milty)  though  he  had  received 
piuch  countenance,  and  a  very 
coniiderable  donative  from  the 
King;  upon  his  majefly*s  refufing 
to  give  him  a  fmall  penfion,  whicti 
he  had  deiigned  and  promiled  to 
another      very     inr;enious      perfon 


could  obtain  to  be  fewer  to  the 
King :  and  when  the  King  con- 
ferred that  place  upon  him,  it 
was  not  without  the  regret  even 
of  the  whole  Scotch  nation,  which 
united  themfelves  in  recommending 
another  gentleman  to  it ;  of  (o 
great  value  were  thofe  relations 
held  in  that  age,  when  majefty 
was  beheld  with  the  reverence  it 
ought  to  be.  He  was  a  perfon  of 
a  pleafant.  and  facetious  wit,  and 
mi:de  many  poems  (efpecially  ia 
the  amorous  way)  which  for  the 
iharpnefs  of  the  fancy,  and  the 
elegancy  of  the  language,  in  which 
that  fancy  was  fpread,  were  at  leaft 
equal,  if  not  fuperior  to  any  of  that 
time  :  but  his  glory  was,   that  after 


whofe  qualities  he  thought  inferior  fifty  years  of  his  life,  fpent  with  lefs 

to  his  ovn ;  he   fell  from  his  duty,  feverity  or  exadlnefs   than  it  ought 

and    all    his   former  friends  ;    and  to   have  been,    he   died   with   the 

proftiiuted  himfelf  to  the  vile  office  greateit  remorfe  for  that    licence, 

of  celebrating  the  infamous  afts  of  and  with  the  greateft  manifeftation 

thofe  who  were  in  rebellion  againil  for  chriftianity,  that  his  bell  friends 


the  King  ;  which  he  did  fo  meanly, 
that  he  fcemed  to  all  men  to  have 
loft  his  wits,  when  he  left  his  ho- 
nefty  ;  and  fo  iliortly  after  died 
miferable  and  negleded  ;  and  de- 
fer ves  to  be  forgotten. 


Chara£2er  of  Mr.   Care-w. 


could  defire. 


Chara^er  of  Sir  Lucius  Carey, 

HE  had  the  advantage  of  a  no- 
ble extradion,  and  of  being 
born  his  father's  eldeft  fon,  when 
there  was  a  greater  fortune  in 
profpeft  to  be  inherited  (befides 
whnt  he  might  realonably  expedt 
by  his  mother)  than  came  after- 
wards to  his  pofTelHon.  His  edu- 
carion    was  equal   10  his  birth,   at 


THOMAS  CAREWwasa 
younger  brother  of  good  fa- 
mily, and  of  excellent  parts,  and 
had  fpent  many  years  of  his   youth 

in  France  and  Italy ;  and  returning  leaft  in  the  care,  if  not  in  the  cli» 
from  fravel,  followed  the  court;  mate;  for  his  father  being  deputy 
wh^ch  the  modefty  of  that  time  of  Ireland,  before  he  was  of  age 
difpofcd  men  to  do  fome  time,  be-     fit  to  be  fent  abroad,  his  breeding 

was 

4 


314        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


was  in  the  court,  and  in  the  uni- 
verfity  of  Dublin,  but  under  the 
care,  vigilance,  and  diredlion  of 
fuch  governors  and  tutors,  that  lie 
learned  all  thofe  exercifes  and  lan- 
guages, better  than  mod  men  do  in 
'  the  mort  celebrated'  places  ;  info- 
much  as  when  he  came  into  Eng- 
land, which  was  when  he  was  about 
the  age  of  eighteen  years,  he  was 
not  only  maflerof  the  Latin  tongue, 
and  had  read  all  the  poets,  and 
others  of  the  beft  authors  with  not- 
able judgment  for  that  age,  but  he 
underftood,  and  fpake,  and  writ, 
French,  as  if  he  had  fpent  many 
years  in  France. 

He  had  another  advantage  which 
was  a  great  ornament  to  the  reft, 
th^t  was  a  good  and  plentiful 
cftate,  of  which  he  had  the  early 
pofTeffion.  His  mother  was  the 
fole  daughter  and  heir  of  the  Lord 
Chief  Baron  Tanf^eld,  who  having 
given  a  fair  portion  with  his  daugh- 
ter in  marriage,  had  kept  himfelf 
free  to  difpofe  of  his  land,  and  his 
other  eftate,  in  fuch  manner  as  he 
fhould  think  fit ;  and  he  fettled  it 
in  fuch  a  manner  upon  his  grandfon 
Sir  Lucius  Carey,  without  taking 
notice  of  his  father  or  mother,  that 
upon  his  grandmother's  death, 
which  fell  out  about  the  time  that 
he  was  nineteen  years  of  age,  all 
the  land,  with  two  very  good 
houfes  very  well  furniihed  (worth 
above  two  thoufand  pounds  per  an- 
num)  in  a  moft  pleafant  country, 
and  the  moft  pleafant  places  in 
that  country,  with  a  very  plentiful 
perfonal  eftate,  fell  into  his  hands 
and  poffeflion,  and  to  his  entire 
difpofal. 

With  thefe  advantages,  he  had 
one  great  difadvantage  (which  in 
the  firft  entrance  into  the  world  is 
attended  with  too  much  prejudice) 


in  his    perfon  and  prefence,  which 
was    in    no    degree    attracting  and 
promifing.       His  ftature   was   low, 
and   fmaller  than    moft    men ;    his 
motion  not  graceful-;  and  his  afpeft 
fo   far  from   inviting,  that  it   had 
fomewhat  in  it  of  fimplicity  ;    and 
his    voice   the  worft  of  the   three, 
and  fo  untuned,   that  inftead  of  re- 
cOBciling,    it  offended  the  ear,    fo 
that  nobody   would   have  expeded 
mufic  from  that  tongue  :  and   fure 
no  man   was   lefs   beholden  to  na- 
ture for   its   recommendation    into 
the  world  :   but  then  no  man  fooner 
or  more  difappointed   the  general 
?nd  cuftomary  prejudice  ;  that  little 
perfon  and  fmall  ftature  was  quickr 
ly  found  to  contain  a  great  heart,  a 
courage  fo  keen,    and  a  nature  fo 
fearlefs,  that  no  compofition  of  the 
ftrongeft  limbs,   and  moft  harmoni- 
ous and  proportioned  prefence  and 
ftrength,    ever  more   difpofed   any 
man  to  the  greateft  enterprize;  it 
being  his  greateft  weaknefs  to   be 
too  folicitous  for  fuch    adventures: 
and  that  untuned  tongue  and  voice 
eafily  difcovered  itfelf  to    be   fup- 
plied  and  governed  by  a  mind  and 
underftanding  fo  excellent,  that  the 
wit  and  weight  of  all  he  faid,    car- 
ried   another   kind   of  luftre,    and 
admiration  in  it,  and  even  another' 
kind  of  acceptation  from   the  per- 
fons    prefent,    than   any   ornament 
of  delivery   could    reafonably  pro- 
mife  ijfelf,    or  is  ufually   attended 
with  :  and  his  difpofition  and  na- 
ture was  fo  gentle  and  obliging,   fo 
much  delighted  in   courtefy,  kind- 
nefs,   and  generofity,  that  all  man- 
kind   could   not     but   admire   and 
love  him. 

In  a  Ihort  time  after  he  had  pof« 
feflion  of  the  eftate  his  grandfather 
left  him,  and  before  he  was  of 
age,  he  committed  a  fault  againft 

his 


CHARACTERS. 


3^5 


y\$  father,    in    marrying   a  young 
^ady,  whom  he  paflionately  Ipved, 
jvithout  any   confiderable    portion, 
jyhich  exceedingly  offended   him  ; 
and  difappointed  all  his  reafonable 
hopes  and  expeftation  of  redeem- 
ing and  repairing  his  own    broken 
forti^ne,    and    defperate    hopes    in 
court,  by  fome  advantageous  mar- 
riage to  his   fon  ;    about  which  he 
had  then  fome  probable  treaty.     §ir 
Lucius  Carey  was  very  confclous  to 
himfeif  of   his   offence  and  tranf- 
greflion,  and  ths  confecjuenpe  of  it, 
which  though  he  could  not  repent, 
having  married    a  lady  of  a    mod 
extraordinary    wit    and  judgment, 
and  of  the  moft  fignal  virtue  and 
exemplary  life,  that  the  age  pro- 
duced, and  who  brought  him  many 
hopeful  children,  in  which  he  took 
great  delight )  yet  he  confeffed   it, 
with    il^e    moft    ftncere   and   duti- 
ful applications   to    his    father   for 
)iis  pardon  that  could  be  niade  ;  and 
for  the   prejudice    he  had  brought 
upon  his  fortune,  by  bringing  no 
portion  to  him,    he  offered  to  re- 
pair it,    by    refigning    his    whole 
eftate  to  his  difpofal,  and  to  rely 
wholly  upon    his  kindnefs  for   his 
own    maintenance     and     fupport ; 
and  to  that  purpofe  he  caufed  con- 
veyances to  be  drawn  by  counfel, 
)vhich  he  brought  ready   engroffed 
to  his  father,    and  was  willing  to 
feal  and  execute   them,    that  they 
might  be   yalid  ^    but  his  father's 
palfion  and  indignation  fo  far  tranf- 
ported    him     (though     he    was    a 
gentleman  of  excellent  parts)   that 
he  refufed   any   reconciliation,  and 
rejefted   all    the    offers    that    were 
made  him  of   the  eftate  ;     fo  that 
his  fon  remained  ftill    in   the  pof- 
feffion    of    his    eftate    againft    his 
will;  for  which  he  found  great  rea- 
ibn  afterwards  to  rejoice  j   but  he 


was  fpr  the  prefent  fo  much  af- 
flicted with  his  father's  difpleafure, 
that  he  tranfported  himfeif  and  his 
wife  into  Holland,  refolving  to 
buy  fome  military  command,  and 
to  fpend  the  remainder  of  his  life 
in  that  profeflion  :  but  being  dif- 
appointed in  the  treaty  he  expeft- 
ed,  and  finding  no  opportunity  to 
accofumodate  himfeif  with  fuch  a 
command,  he  returned  again  to 
England  ;  refolving  to  retire  to  a 
country  life,  and  to  his  books ;  and 
fince  he  was  not  like  to  improve 
himfeif  in  arms,  he  might  advanc« 
in  letters. 

In  this  refolution  he  was  fo  fc- 
vere  (as  he  was  always  naturally 
very  intent  upon  what  he  was  in- 
clined to)  that  he  declared  he 
would  not  fee  London  in  many 
years,  which  was  the  place  he  loved 
of  all  the  world  ;  and  that  in  his 
ftudies,  he  would  firft  apply  himfeif 
to  the  Greek,  and  purfue  it  without 
intermiftion,  till  he  fhould  attain 
to  the  full  underftanding  of  that 
tongue  ;  and  it  is  hardly  to  be  cre- 
dited, what  induftry  he  ufed,  and 
what  fuccefs  attended  that  induftry  ; 
for  though  his  father's  death,  by 
an  unhappy  accident,  made  his 
repair  to  London  abfolutely  ne- 
ceffary,  in  fewer  years  than  he 
had  propofed  for  hiSabfence;  yet 
he  had  firft  made  himfeif  mafter  of 
the  Greek  tongue ;  (in  the  Latin 
he  was  very  well  verfed  before)  and 
had  read  not  only  the  Greek  hif- 
torians,  but  Homer  likewife,  and 
fuch  of  the  poets  as  were  worthy  to 
be  perufed. 

Though  his  father's  death  brought 
no  other  convenience  to  him,  but 
a  title  to  redeem  an  eftate  mort- 
gaged for  as  much  as  it  was  worth, 
and  for  which  he  was  compelled  to 
fell  a  finer  feat  of  his  own  ;  yet  it 
impofed 


3i6        ANNUAL    REGISTER, 

impofed  a  burthen  upon  him,  of 
the  title  of  a  Vifcount,  and  an  in- 
creafe  of  expence,  in  which  he  was 
not  in  his  nature  too  provident,  or 
reftrai.ied  ;  having  naturaliy  luch  a 
generofity  and  bounty  in  him,  that 
he  feemed  to  have  his  eltate  in  truft, 
for  all  worthy  perfons,  who  Hood 
in  want  of  fupplies  and  encourage- 
ment, as  Ben  Johnfon,  and  many 
others  of  that  time,  whofe  fortunes 
required,  and  who/e  fpirits  made 
them  fuperior  to  ordinary  obliga- 
tions ;  which  yet  they  were  con- 
tented to  receive  from  him,  be- 
caufe  his  bounties  were  fo  gene- 
roufly  diftributed,  and  fo  much 
without  vanity  and  oftentation,  that 
except  from  thofe  few  perfons,  from 
whom  he  fometimes  received  the 
characters  of  fit  objefts  for  his  be- 
nefits, or  whom  he  intrufted,  for  the 
more  fecret  deriving  them  to  them, 
he  did  all  he  could,  that  the  per. 
/bns  themfelves  who  received  them, 
fhould  not  know  from  what  foun- 
tain they  flowed ;  and  when  that 
could  not  be  concealed,  he  fuf- 
tained  any  acknowledgment  from 
the  perfons  obliged,  with  fo  much 
trouble  and  bafhfulnefs,  that  they 
might  well  perceive,  that  he  was 
even  aftiamed  of  the  little  he  had 
given,  and  to  receive  fo  large  a  re- 
commendation for  it. 

As  foon  as  he  had  finifhed  all 
thofe  tranfadlions,  which  the  death 
of  his  father  had  made  necefTary  to 
be  done,  he  retired  again  to  his 
country  life,  and  to  his  fevere 
coune  of  ftudy,  which  was  very 
delightful  to  him,  as  foon  as  he 
was  engaged  in  it:  but  he  was 
>vont  to  fay,  that  he  never  found 
reludlancy  in  any  thing  he  refolved 
to  do,  but  in  his  quitLing  London, 
and  departing  from  the  converfa- 
tion   of  thole   he    enjoyed   there  j 


1759- 

which  was  in  fome  degree  preferr- 
ed, and  continued  by  frequent  let- 
ters, and  ofien  vifits,   which  were 
made  by  his  friends,  f^om   thence, 
whilft  he  continued  wedtied   to  the 
country  ;  and  which  were  fo  grate- 
ful to  him,  that  during   their  Hay 
with   him,     he    looked    upon    no 
book,     except    their    converfation 
made   an    appeal    to   fouie   book ; 
and   truly    his    whole  converfation 
was  one  continued  Con'Vi'vium  Phi- 
Uj  op  hi  cum,    or    Con^vivium   Tr.eologi' 
cum,  enlivened  and  refrefhed   with 
all    the  facetioufnefs    of  wit,    and 
good-humour,  and   pleafantnefs  of 
difcourfe,  which  made   the  gravity 
of  the  argument  itfelf  (wha':ever  it 
was)   very  delegable.      His  houfe 
where  he   ufually  refided  (7<?w,  or 
Eurford  in  Oxfordjhire)   being  with- 
in ten  or  twelve  miles   of  the  uni- 
verfity,  looked  like  the    univerlity 
itfelf,  by  the  company  that  was  al- 
ways   found    there.       There  were 
Dr.    Sheldon,    Dr.    Morley,     Dr. 
Hammond,  Dr.  Earles,  Mr.  Chil- 
lingworth,  and  indeed  all  men  of 
eminent  parts  and  faculties  in  Ox- 
ford,   befides    thofe    who  reforiei 
thither    from    London,      who    all 
found  their  lodgings  there,  as  ready 
as   in    the    colleges,    nor    did    the 
lord  of  the   houfe    know   of  their 
coming,    or  going,    or   who    were 
in  his  houfe,  till  he  came  to  din- 
ner, or  fupper,  where  all  flill  met ; 
otherwife,    there  was    no   trouble- 
fome  ceremony,    or   conllraint,  to 
forbid  men  to  come   to  the   houfe, 
or  to  make  them  weary  of  flaying 
there  ;  fo  that  rnany  c^ine   thither 
to  rtudy  in  a  better  air,  finding  all 
the  books  they  could  defire,   iu  his 
library,  and  all  the  perfons    toge- 
ther,   whofe    company   they  could 
wilh,   and   not  find,    in   iany  other 
fociety.     Here  Mr.   Chillingworih 

wrote. 


CHARACTERS. 


5»7 


w/rotc,  and  formed,  and  modelled 
his  excellent  book  againft  the  learn- 
ed jefuit  Mr.  Nott,  after  frequent 
debates  upon  the  moil  important 
particulars ;  in  many  of  which,  he 
fufrered  himfelf  to  be  over-ruled 
by  the  judgment  of  his  friends, 
though  in  others  he  ftill  adhered 
to  his  own  fancy,  which  was  fcep- 
tical  enough,  even  in  the  highcil 
points. 

In  this  happy,  and  delightful  con- 
verfation,  and  reftraint,  he  remain- 
ed in  the  country  many  years,  and 
until  he  had  made  fo  prodigious  a 
progrefs    in    learning     that    there 
were    very    few    claffic   authors   in 
the  Greek  and  Latin  tongues,  tha^ 
he  had  not  read  with  great  exad- 
nefs.     He  had  read  all  the  Greek 
and  Latin   fathers ;    all    the    moft 
allowed  and  authentic  ecclefiaftical 
writers ;  and  all  the  councils  with 
wonderful    care    and    obfervation ; 
for  in  religion  he  thought  too  care- 
ful,   and   too   curious    an    enquiry 
could  not  be  made,  amongft  thofe 
whofe  purity  was  not    queilioned, 
and  whofe  authority  was  conilantly, 
and    confidently    urged,     by    men 
who    were  far  the  ft    from    being  of 
one  mind  amongft  themfelves ;  and 
for  the  mutual  lupport  of  their  fe- 
veral  opinions,  in  which  they  moft 
contradidled  each  other  ;  and  in  all 
ihofe  controverfies,  he  had  To  dif- 
paffioned   a   confideration,    fuch   a 
candour  in  his  nature,  and  fo  pro- 
found a  charity   in    his  ccnfcience, 
that  in  thofe   points,  in  which   he 
was  in  his  own  judgment  the  moft 
clear,  he  never  thought  the  worfe, 
or  in  any  degree  declined  the  fami- 
liarity of  thofe  who  were  of  ano- 
ther mind;    which,  without   quef- 
tion,  is  an  excellent  temper  for  the 
propagation,    and  advancement  of 
chriftianity.     With  thefe  great  ad- 


vantages of  induftry,  he  had  a  me- 
mory retentive  of  all  that  he  had 
ever  read,    and    an    underftanding 
and  judgment  to  apply  it  feafonably 
and  appofitely,  with  the  moil  dex- 
terity and  addrefs,  and  the  leaft  pe- 
dantry  and  afreftation,    that  ever 
man,    who   knew    fo    much,    was^ 
poflefled  with,  of  what  quality  fo- 
ever.     It  is  not  a  trivial  evidence  of 
his  learning,  his  wit,  and  his  can- 
dour, that  may  be  found  in  that 
difcourfe  of  his,  againft  the  infal- 
libility of   the   churclv-of    Rome, 
publiihed  iince  his  death,  and  from 
a  copy  under  his  own  hand,  tho' 
not  prepared  and  digefted  by  him 
for   the   prefs,    and    to    which    he 
would    have  given    fome   caftiga- 
tions., 

But  all  bis  parts,  abilities,  and 
faculties,  by  art  and  induHry,  were 
not  to  be  valued  or  mentioned,  ia 
comparifon    of   his    moft    accom- 
pli fhed    mind    and    manners :    his 
gentlenefs    and    affability    was    fo 
tranfcendent.  and  obliging,   that  it 
drew  reverence,  and  f  )me  kind  of 
compliance  from  the  rougheft,  and 
moft  unpoliftied,  and  ftubborn  con- 
ftitutions ;  and  made  them  of  ano- 
ther temper  in  debate^  in  his  pre- 
fcnce,    than    they   were    in    other 
places.     He  was  in  his  nature  fofe- 
vere  a  lover  of  juftice,  and  fo  pre- 
cife  a  lover  of  truth,  that  he  was' 
fuperior  to  all  polSble  temptations 
for  the  violation  of  either;  indeed 
fo  rigid  an  exader   of  perfedion, 
in  all  thofe  things   which   feemed 
but  to  border  upon  cither  of  them, 
and    by   the   common    pradice    of 
men  were  not  thought  to   border 
upon  either,  that  many  who  knew 
him  very  well,  and  loved,  and  ad- 
mired his  virtue  (as    all   who  did 
know  him,  niuft  love  and  admire, 
it)  did.  believe,  that  he  was  of  a 

temper 


pi         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


temper  and  compofition,  fitter  to 
live  in  Republicd  Platonis,  than  in 
Ftece  Romuli :  but  this  rigid nefs 
was  only  exercifed  towards  him- 
felf;  towards  his  friends  infirmi- 
ties no  man  was  more  indulgent. 
In  his  converfation,  which  was  the 
mod  chearful  and  pleafant  that  can 
be  imagined,  though  he  was  young 
(for  all  I  have  yet  fpoken  of  him 
doth  not  exceed  his  age  of  twenty- 
five  or  twenty-fix  years)  and  of 
great  gaiety  in  his  humour,  with  a 
flowing  delightfulnefs  of  language, 
he  had  fo  chafte  a  tongue  and  ear, 
that  there  was  never  known  a  pro- 
fane or  a  loofe  word  to  fall  from 
J)im,  nor  in  truth  in  his  company  ; 
the  integrity  and  cleanlinefs  of  the 
wit  of  that  time,  nor  exercifing  it- 
felf  in  that  licence,  before  peribns 
for  whom  they  had  any  efteem. 


Charaaer  of  Mr.  Edmund  Waller. 

EDMUND  WALLER  was  born 
to  a  very  fair  eftate,  by  the 
parfimony,  or  frugality,  of  a  wife 
father  and  mother;  and  he  thought 
it  fo  commendable  an  advantage, 
that  he  refolved  to  improve  it  with 
the  utmoft  care,  upon  which  in  his 
nature  he  was  too  much  intent  ; 
and  in  order  to  that,  he  was  fo 
much  referved  and  retired,  that  he 
was  fcarce  ever  heard  of,  till  by  his 
addrefs  and  dexterity,  he  had  got 
a  very  rich  wife  in  the  city,  againft 
all  the  recommendation,  and  coun- 
tenance, and  authority  of  the  court, 
which  was  thoroughly  engaged  on 
the  behalf  of  Mr.  Crofts  ;  and 
which  ufed  to  be  fuccefsful  in  that 
age,  againft  any  oppofition.  He 
had  the  good  fortune  to  have  an 
alliance  and  friendlhip  with  Dr. 
Morley,  who  had  affilted  and  in- 


ftro6led  him  in  the  reading  mnny 
good  books,  to  which  his  natural 
parts  and  promptitude  inclined  him  ; 
efpecially  the  poets  ;  and  at  the  age 
which  other  men  ufed  to  give  over 
writing  verfes  (for  he  was  near 
thirty  years  of  age  when  he  firft 
engaged  himfelf  in  that  exercife, 
at  leaft,  that  he  was  known  to  do 
fo)  he  furprifed  the  town  with 
two  or  three  pieces  of  that  kind  ; 
as  if  a  tenth  mufe  hsd  been  newly 
born,  to  cheriih  drooping  poetry. 
The  Do(^or  at  that  time  h'-ought 
him  into  that  company,  which  was 
moft  celebrated  for  good  converfa- 
tion ;  where  he  was  received,  and 
efteemed,  with  great  applaufe  and 
refpedl.  He  was  a  very  pleafant 
difcourfer  in  earneft  and  in  jeft, 
and  therefore  very  grateful  to  all 
kind  of  company,  where  he  was 
not  the  lefs  efteemed  for  being  vtxy 
rich . 

He  had  been  even  nurfed  in  par- 
liaments, where  he  fat  when  he 
was  very  young  ;  and  fo  when  they 
were  again  refumed  (after  a  long 
intermilfion)  he  appeared  in  thofe 
afiemblies  with  great  advantage ; 
having  a  graceful  way  of  fpeaking, 
and  by  thinking  much  upon  feveral 
arguments  (which  his  temper  and 
complexion,  that  had  much  of  me- 
lanchoHck,  inclined  him  to)  he 
feemed  often  to  fpeak  upon  the 
fudden,  v/hen  the  occafion  had  only 
adminiftered  the  opportunity  of  fay- 
ing, what  he  had  thoroughly  con- 
fidered,  which  gave  a  great  luftre 
to  all  he  faid  ;  which  was  rather  of 
delight  than  weight.  There  needs 
;  no  more  to  be  faid  to  extol  the  ex- 
cellence and  power  of  his  wit,  and 
pleafantnefs  of  his  converfation,- 
than  that  it  was  of  magnitude 
enough,  to  cover  a  world  of  very 
great   faults ;  that  is,  fo  to  cover 

them. 


CHARACTERS. 


3^9 


them,  that  they  were  not  taken  no- 
tice of  to  his  reproach:  viz.  a  nar- 
rownefs  in  his  nature  to  the  lovveft 
degree  ;  an  ahjcftnefs,  and  want 
of  courage  lo  fupport  him  in  any 
virtuous  undertaking  ;  an  infinua- 
tion,  and  fervile  flattery  to  the 
height,  the  vaineft,  and  moft  im- 
perious nature  could  be  contented 
with  ;  that  it  preferved  and  won  his 
life  from  thofe,  who  were  moft  re- 
folved  to  take  it ;  and  in  an  occa- 
fion  in  which  he  ought  to  have 
been  ambitious  to  have  loft  it ;  and 
then  preferved  him  again  from  the 
reproach  and  contempt  that  was 
due  to  him,  for  fo  preferving  it, 
and  for  vindicating  it  at  fuch  a 
price  ;  that  it  had  power  to  recon- 
cile him  to  thofe,  whom  he  had 
moft  offended  and  provoked  ;  and 
continued  to  his  age  with  that  rare 
felicity,  that  his  company  was  ac- 
ceptable where  his  fpirit  was  odi- 
ous;, and  he  was  at  leaft  pitied, 
where  he  was  moft  detefted^ 


Charaaer  of  Mr.  Hales  of  Eton, 

MR.  John  Hales*  had  been 
Greek  profeflbr  in  the  uni- 
vcrfity  of  Oxford  ;  and  had  borne 
the  greateft  part  of  the  labour  of 
that  excellent  edition  and  im- 
prelHon  of  St.  Chryfoftom's  works, 
iet  out  by  Sir  Harry  Savile,  who 
was  then  warden  of  Merton  col- 
lege, when  the  other  was  fellow  of 
that  houfe.  He  was  chaplain  in 
the  houfe  with  Sir  Dudley  Carle- 
ton,  ambaflTador  at  the  Hague  in 
Holland,  at  the  time  when  the  {y- 
nod  of  Dort  was  held,  and  fo  had 
liberty  to  be  prefent  at  the  conful- 
tations  in  that  afiembly  ;  and  hath 
left  che  beft  memorial  behind  him, 
of  the  ignorance,  and  paffion,  and 


animofity,  and  injufti'ce  of  that  con- 
vention ;  of  which  he  often  made 
very  pleafant  relations :  though  at 
that  time  it  received  too  much 
countenance  from  England.  Being 
a  perfon  of  the  greateft  eminency 
for  learning,  and  other  abilities, 
from  which  he  might  have  promif- 
ed  himfelf  any  preferment  in  the 
church,  he  withdrew  himfelf  from 
all  purfuits  of  that  kind,  into  a 
private  fellowftiip  in  the  colkge  of 
Eton,  where  his  friend  Sir  Harry 
Savile  was  provoft  ;  where  he  lived 
amongft  his  books,  and  the  moft 
feparated  from  the  world  of  any 
man  then  living ;  though  he  was 
not  in  the  leaft  degree  inclined  to 
melancholy,  but,  on  the  contrary, 
of  a  very  open  and  pleafant  conver- 
fation  ;  and  therefore  was  very  well  , 
pleafed  with  the  refort  of  his  friends 
to  him,  who  were  fuch  as  he  had 
chofen,  and  in  whofe  company  he 
delighted,  and  for  whofe  fake  he 
would  fometimes,  once  in  a  year, 
refort  to  London,  only  to  enjoy 
their  chearful  converfation. 

He  would  never  take  any  cure 
of  fouls;  and  was  fo  great  a  con- 
temner of  money,  that  he  was 
wont  to  fay,  that  his  fellowftiip, 
and  the  burl'ar's  place  (which  for 
the  good  of  the  college  he  held 
many  years)  was  worth  to  him  fifty 
pounds  a  year  more  than  he  could 
fpend  ;  and  yet,  befides  his  being 
very  charitable  to  all  poor  people, 
even  to  liberality ;  he  had  made 
a  greater  and  better  colledion  of 
books,  than  were  to  be  found  in 
any  other  private  library  that  I 
have  feen  ;  as  he  had  fure  read 
more,  and  carried  more  about  him, 
in  his  excellent  memory,  than 
any  man  I  ever  knew,  my  Lord 
Falkland  only  excepted,  who  I 
think  fided  him.  He  had,  whe- 
ther 


320        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 

ther  fi-om  his  natural  temper  and     the  world  from  agreeing  upon  fuch 
conftitution,  or  from  his   long  re-     a  liturgy,   f»s  mighr  bnrg  them  in- 


tirement  from  all  crowds,  or  fr  rn 
his  profound  judgment,  and  dif- 
cerning  fpirit,  con trad^'d  fome  opi- 
nions, which  were  not  re-eivcd, 
nor    by   him    publifhed,  except   in 


to  one  com  in  union  ;  all  dodrinal 
parts  upon  wnich  men  differed  in 
their  opir.ions,  being  lo  have  no 
place  in  any  liturgy.  Upon  an  oc- 
cafional     dif^^ourfe    with    a   friend. 


private  dilcourlcs  ;  and  then  rather     of  thf  frequent,  and    uncharitable 
upon  occafion  of  difpute,    than  of    reproathrs  of  heretic,  and  fchifma- 


pofitive  opinion  ;  and  he  would  of- 
ten fay,  his  opinions  he  was  fure 
did  him  no  harm,  but  he  .vas  far 
from  being  confidejit,  that  they 
might  not  do  others  harm,  who 
entertained  ihem,  and  mig«^c  enter- 
tain other  refuhs  from  them,  than 


tic,  too  lightly  thrown  at  each 
oihor,  amo:igft  men  who  differ  in 
their  fi'flgnient,  he  vvritalitile  d}f- 
courie  of  Tchiim,  contained  in 
kfs  than  two  fheets  of  paper,  which 
being  tranfmirted  from  friend  to 
friend  in  writing,  was  at  lalt,  with- 


he  did  ;  and  therefore  he  was  very     out  any  malice,  brought  to  the  view 
referred  in  Comtflunicatihg  what  he     of  ihe  Archbifliop  of  Canterbury, 


thought  himieif  in  thofe  points,  in 
which  he  differed  from  what  was  re- 
ceived. 

Nothing  troubled  him  more, 
than  the  brawls  which  were  grown 
from  religion ;  and  he  thereiore 
exceedingly  tietefled  the  tyranny 
of  the  church  of  Rome  ;  more  for 
their  impofmg  uncharitably  upon 
the  coniciences  of  other  men,  than 
for  the  errors  in  their  own  opi- 
nions ;  arid  would  often  fay,  that 

he  would  renounce  the  religion  of  for  having  never  come  to  him, 
the  church  of  England  to-morrow,  having  been  of  his  old  acquaint- 
if  it  obliged  him  to  believe  that  ance:  then  afked  him,  vvheii;  r  he 
anly  other  chriftian  fhculd  be  dam-  had  writ  a  fliort  difcoui  fe  of  fchifm, 
ned  ;  and  ihat  nobody  would  con-  and  whether  he  was  of  that  opinion, 
elude  another  man  to  be  damned,     which  that  difcoarfe  imp;ied.     He 


Dr.  Laud,  who  was  a  v^ry  rigid 
furveyor  of  ail  things  which  never 
fo  little  bordered  upon  fchifm  :  and 
thought  the  church  could  not  be 
too  vigilant  agamft,  and  jealous  of 
fuch  incurfions. 

He  fent  for  Mr.  Hales,  whom, 
when  they  had  both  lived  in  the 
univerfiry  of  Oxford,  he  had  known 
well  ;  and  tola  him  that  he  had  in 
truth  believed  him  to  be  long  fmce 
dead  ;  and   chid    him  very  kindly 


who  dfd  not  wifh  him  fo.  No  man 
more  ftridl  and  fevere  to  hinifeif; 
to  other  men  fo  charitable  as  to 
their  opinions,  that  he  thought  that 
other  men  were  more  in  fault  for 
their  carriage  towards  them,  than 
the  men'  thenifelvcs  were,  who  err- 
ed ;  and  he  thought  that  pride  and 


told  him,  that  he  had,  for  the  fa- 
tisfaflion  of  a  private  friend,  (who 
was  not  of  his  mind)  a  year  or  two 
before,  writ  fuch  a  fmall  trad, 
without  any  imagination  that  it 
would  be  communicated  ;  and  that 
he  believed  it  did  not  contain  any 
thing,    that   was   not  agreeable  to 


paifion,  more  than  confcience,  were  the  judgment  of  the  primitive  fa 
the  caufe  of  all  feparation  from  thers  ;  upon  which,  the  archbiiliop 
each  others  communion  ;  and  he  debated  with  him  upon  fome  ex- 
fre<|uendy  faid,  that  that  only  kept    prefSons  of  Irena:us,  and  the  molt 

ancient 


CHARACTERS. 


22t 


encient  fathers ;  and  concluded  with 
iaying,  that  the  time  was  very  apt 
to   fct  new   dodrines  on    foot,  of 
which  the  wits  of  the  age  were  too 
fufceptible ;   and  that  there  could 
not  be  too  much  care  taken,  to  pre- 
ferve  the  peace  and  unity  of  the 
church  ;    and   from   thence   afked 
hira  of  his  condition,  and  whether 
he  wanted  any  thing ;  and  the  other 
anfvvering,  that  he  had  enough,  and 
wanted,  or  defired  no  addition,  fo 
difmi/Ted  him  with  great  courtefy  ; 
and  ihortly  after  fent  for  him  again, 
when  there  was  a  prebendary   of 
Windfor  fallen,  and  told  him,  the 
King  had  given  him  the  preferment, 
becaufe  it  lay  fo  convenient  to  his 
fellowftiip  of  Eton  ;  which  (though 
indeed  the  moll  convenient  prefer- 
ment that  could  be  thought  of  for 
him)  the  archbiihop  could  not  with- 
out great  difficulty,  perfuade  him  to 
accept,  and  he  did  ^cept  it,  rather 
to  pleafe  him,  than  himfelf;  bp- 
caufe   he  really    believed   he   had 
enough  before.    He  was  one  of  the 
leaft  men  in  the  )cingdpm ;  and  one 
of  the  greateft  fcholars  in  Europe. 


Chara^er  of  Mr,  Chilling'WQrtb, 

R.  Chillingworth  was  of  a 
ftature  little  fuj^erior  to  Mr. 

[ales  (and  it  was  an  age,  in  which 
there  were  many  gre^t  and  wonder- 
ful men  of  that  fize)  and  a  man  of 
fo  great  a  fubtilty  of  underlland- 
ing,  and  fo  rare  a  temper  in  debate, 
that  as  it  was  impoffible  to  provoke 
him  into  any  paffion,  fo  it  was  xoiy 
difficult  to  keep  a  man's  felf  from 
being  a  little  difcompofed  by  his 
iharpnefs,  and  quicknefs  of  argu- 
ment, and  inftances,  in  which  he 
had  a  rare  facility,  and  a  great  ad- 
vantage over  all  the   men  I  ever 

Vol.11. 


knew.  He  had  fpent  all  his  younger 
time  in  difputation  :  and  had  arriv- 
ed to  fo  great  a  maftery,  as  he  was 
inferior  to  no  man  in  thofefkirmilhes: 
but  he  had,  with  his  notable  perfec 
tion  in  thisexercife,  cpntraded  fuch 
an  irrefolution,  and  habit  of  doubt- 
ing, that  by  degrees  he  grew  con- 
fident of  nothing,  and  a  fceptic,  at 
leaft  in  the  great  myfteries  of  faith. 

This  made  him  from  hrft  waver- 
ing in  religion,  and  indulging  no 
fcruples,  to  reconcile  himfelf  too 
foon,  and  too  eafily  to  the  church  of 
Rome ;  and  carrying  ftill  his  own 
inquifitivenefs  about  him,  without 
any  refignation  to  their  authority 
(which    is    the  only   temper   caii 
make  that  church  fure  of  its  profe- 
lytes)  having  made  a  journey  to  St. 
Omers,  purely  to  perfect  his  conver- 
fion,  by  the  converfation  of  thofc, 
who  had  the  greateft  name,  he  found 
as  little  fatfsfaftion  there ;  and  re- 
turned with  as  much  hafte  from  them: 
with  a  belief  that  an  entire  exemp- 
tion from  error,  was  neither  inhe- 
rent in,  nor  neceflary  to  any  churclir 
which  occalioned  that  war,  which 
was  carried  on  by  the  jefuits  with 
fo  great  afperity,  and  reproaches 
againft  him,  and  in  which  he  de- 
fended himfelf,  by  fuch  an  admira- 
ble eloquence   of   language,    and 
clear,  and  incomparable  power  of 
reafon,  that  he  not  only  made  them 
appear  unequal  adverfaries,  but  car- 
ried the  war  into  their  own  q  uarters ; 
and  made  the  pope*s  infallibility  to 
be  as  much  fhaken,  and  declined 
by  their  own  doftors,  (and  as  great 
an    acrimony   amongft    themfelves 
upon  that  fubjeft)  and  to  be  at  leaft 
as  much  doubted,  as  in  the  fchools 
of  the  reformed  or  Proteftant ;  and 
forced  them   fince,  to  defend  and 
maintain  thofe  unhappy  controver- 
iies  in  religion,  with  arms  and  wea- 
y  pon»  / 


312       ANNUAL    REGLST'ER,   1759. 


pons  of  another  nature,  than  were 
ufed,  or  known  in  the  church  of 
Rome,  when  Bellarmine  died  ;  and 
which  probably  will  in  time  under- 
mine the. very  foundation  that  fup- 
ports  it. 

Such  a  levity,  and  propenfity  to 
change,  is.commonly  attended  with 
great  infirmities  in,  and  no  lefs  re- 
proach, andpr^pjudicetotheperfon; 
,  but  the  fmcerity  of  his  heart  yvas  fo 
confpicuous,  and  without  the  Icaft 
temptation  of  any  corrupt  end;  and 
the  innocence,  and  candour  of  his 
nature  fo  evident,  and  without  any 
perverfenefs,    that   all   who   knew 
him,    clearly   difcerned,    that   all 
thofe  reitlefs  motions  and  fluclua- 
.tions    proceeded    only    from    the 
warmth  and  jealoufy  of  his  own 
thoughts,  in  a  too  nice  inquifition 
for  truth.     Neither  the  books  of 
the  adverfary,  nor  any  of  their  per- 
fons,  tho'  he  was  acquainted  with 
the  heft  of  both,  had  ever  made 
great  impreifion  upon  him ;  all  his 
doubts  grew  out  of  himfelf,  when 
.  he  affifted  his  fcruples  with  all  the 
ftrength  of  his  own  reafon,  and  was 
then  too  hard  for  himfelf;  but  find- 
ing as  little  quiet  and  repofein  thofe 
vi6lories,  he  quickly  recovered,  by 
a  new  appeal  to  his  own  judgment ; 
fe  that  he  was  in  truth,  upon  the 
matter,  in  all  fallies  and  retreats, 
his  own   convert;    though  he  was 
not  fo  totally  divcilcd  of  all  thoughts 
of  this  -world,  but  .that  when   he 
was  ready  for  it,  he  admitted  fome 
great  and  coniiderable.  churchmen, 
to  be  iharers  with.  him.  4°  his  pub- 
lic converfation.      '  ;        '       . 

Whilll  he  was  in  perplexity,  or 
rather  fome  pallionate  difinclination 
to  the  religion  he  had  been  educat- 
ed in,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  have 
much  acquaintance  with  one  Mr. 
Lugar,  a  minifter  of  that  church; 


a  man  of  a  competency  of  learning', 
in  thofe  points  mofl  controverted 
with  the  Romanifts,  but  of  no  acute 
parts  of  wit,  or  judgmeht  ;  and 
wrought  fo  far  upon  him^  by  weak- 
ening, and  enervating  thofe  argu- 
ments, by  which  he  found  he  was 
governed,  (as  he  had  all  the  logic, 
and  all  the  rhetoric,  that  was  necef- 
fary  to  perfuade  very  powerful  men 
of  the  greatell:  talents)  that  the  poor 
man,  not  able  to  liVe  long  in  doubt, 
top  haflily  deferted  his  own  church, 
and  betook  himfelf  to  the  Roman  : 
nor  could  all  the  arguments  and 
reafons  of  Mr.  ChilJingworth  make 
him  paufe  in  the  expedition  he  was 
ufing;  or  reduce  him  from  that 
church  after  he  had  given  himfelf  to 
it;  but  he  had  always  a  great  ani- 
mofity  againfl:  him,  for  having  (as 
hefaid)  unkindly  betiayed  him,  and 
carried  him  into  another  religion, 
and  there  left  him.  So  unfit  are 
fome  conftitutions  to  be  troubled 
with  doubts,  after  they  are  once 
fixed. 

He  did  really  believe  all  war  to 
be  unlawful ;  and  did  not  think 
-that  the  parliament  (whofe  pro- 
ceedings he  perfedly  abhorred)  did 
in  truth  intend  to  involve  the  nation 
in  a  civil  war,  till  after  the  battlQ^pf 
Edgehill ;  and  then  he  thought  any 
expedient,  or  llratagem  that  was  j 
like  to  put  a  fpeedy  6nd  to  it,  to  ' 
be  the  moll  commendable:  and  fo 
having  too  mathematically  conceiv- 
ed an  engine,  that  fhould  move  fo 
lightly,  as  to  be  a  breaft-work  in  all 
encounters,  and  afTauIts  in  the  field  ; 
he  carried  it,  to  make  the  experi- 
ment, into  that  part  of  his  majefty's 
army,  which  was  only  in  that  win- 
ter feafon  in  the- field,  under  the 
command  of  the  Lord  Hopton,  in 
Hamplhire,  upon  the  borders  of 
SufTex  ;  where  he  was  ilmt  up  in 

the    ■ 


CHARACTERS. 


323 


the  caftle  of  Arundel  ;  which  was 
forced,  after  a  fhort  fliarpe  fiege, 
to  yield  for  want  of  viduals ;  and 
poor  Mr.  Ghillingworth  with  it, 
faHing  irto  the  rebels  hands,  and 
being  molt  barbaroui'ly  treated  by 
thent^'icfpecially  by  .that  qlergy, 
broken  with  fickncis,,  con  traded 
by  the  111  accommodatioh,  and  want 
of  meat,  and  iire  during  the  fiege, 
which  vvas.'ia  a  terrible  feafon  of 
fro(b  a,nd  fnow,  he  died  Ibortly  afr 
ter:  in  prifon.  He  was  a  man  of 
excellent  parts,  and  of. a  chearful 
difpoiition.j  void  of  all  kind  of 
vice,  and  endowe'd  with  many  no- 
tabje  virtues  ;  of  a  very  "  public 
hearti  and  an  indefatigable  defire 
to.  do. good  ;  his  only  unhappinefs 
proceeded  from  his  fleeping  too  lit- 
tle, and  thinking  too  mach  ;  which 
fome times  .threw  iiimx  into  violent 
fevers.    ■•:/'•   r    ■, 


Ttanjlaiion  of  a  Letter  fr'orn  Mary 
^ueen    of  Scots'  to  '^een  Eliza- 

befhr  '  -  .:  .;,  .. 

AGreeably  to;  m.yjpromife  and 
to  your  defire,  I  now  ac- 
quaint you  (withregret,  that  fuch 
things  -fhould  be  Ipoke  of,  and 
with  the  litmoll  fmcerity  and  free- 
dom from  pafiion,  which  I  call 
God  to  vvitnefs)  that  the  countefs 
oTShrewibury  told  roe  of  you  what 
follows  almoft  in  thefe  words.  To 
the  greateil  part  of  which  1  proteft 
to  you  .  1  made  anfwer,  by  re- 
proving that  lady  for  believing,  or 
fpeaking  with  fuch  liberty  of  you, 
as  they  were  things  1  did  not  be- 
lieve, nor  do  I  believe  them  now, 
knowing  the  countefs's  temper, 
and  how  much  (he  was  offended  at 
you. 


Firft  fhe  faid.  That  a  perfon,  to 
whom  you  had  promifed  marriage 
in  prefence  of  a  lady  of  your  bed- 
chamber, had  lain  with  you  an 
infinite  number  of  times,  with  all 
the  freedom  and  intimacy  of  a 
hulband  with  his  wife;  but  that 
certainly  you  were  not  like  other 
women  ;  and  that  therefore  it  was 
great  folly  to  prefs  your  marriage 
with  the  Duke  d'Anjou,  as  it  never 
could  take  place  ;  and  that  you 
would  never  part  with  the  liberty 
of  having  love  made  to  you,  and 
of  wantonly  dallying,  at  any  time, 
with  new  lovers:  flie,  at  the  fame 
time,  regretted  that  you  would  not 
content  yourfelf  with  Mafter  Hat- 
ton,  or  fome  other  of  this  kingdom: 
but  that  which  vexed  her  moft,  for 
the  honour  of  the  country,  was,  that 
you  had. not  only  parted  with  your 
honour  to  a  foreigner,  one  Simier 
(going  in  the  night  to  meet  him  in 
the  apartment  of  a  lady,  whom  the 
countefs  greatly  blamed  on  that  ac- 
count, where  you  kiffed  him,  and 
ufed  many  indecent  familiarities 
with  him)  but  that  you  alfo  reveal- 
ed to  him  the  fecrets  of  ilate,  thus, 
betraying  your  own  counfels  ;  that 
you  behaved  in  the  fame  loofe  man- 
ner to  the  duke  his  mailer,  who 
went  one  night  to  the  door  of  your 
chamber,  where  you  met  him  \yiih 
nothing  on  but  your  fhift  and  your 
bed-gown,  and  foon  fuffered  hiA 
to  come  in,  and  he  Itaid  with  you 
near  three  hours. 

That,  as  to  Hatton,  you  followed 
him  fo,  that  the  whole  court  took 
notice  of  your  paffion  for  him  ; 
and  he  himfelf  was  forced  to  leave 
the  court ;  and  that  you  gave  Kil- 
ligrew  a  blow  on  the  ear,  becaufe 
he  could  not,  as  you  ordered  him, 
bring  back  Hatton,  who  had  parted 

y  2  from 


324       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


from  you  in  anger  for  fome  abu- 
fivc  language  you  had  given  him, 
on  account  of  fome  gold  buttohs  he 
had  on  his  cloaths. 

That  fhe  had  endeavoured  to 
make  a  match  between  Hatton  and 
rii€  late  Countefs  of  Lenox,  her 
daughter ;  but  that,  for  fear  of  you, 
lie  durft  not  lillen  to  the  propofal ; 
that  even  the  Earl  of  Oxford  durft 
iiot  make  up  his  differences  with 
his  lady,  for  fear  of  lofmg  the 
favours  he  expeded  by  making 
Jove  to  you :  that  you  were  lavifti 
to  all  thefe  jperfcms,  and  to  fuch  as 
intrigued  with  you  as  they  did  ; 
J)articularly  one  George,  a  gen  tie- 
man  of  your  bed-chamber,  to  whom 
Tou  gave  three  hundred  pounds  a 
year  for  bringirtg  you  the  ne\Vs  of 
Hatton's  return  :  that  to  every 
l)ody  elfe  you  were  moft  ungrateful 
and  niggardly ;  and  th&t  you  had 
3ft"ever  done  any  thirtg  for  above 
«liree  or  four  p^rforts  in  your  whole 
kingdom. 

She  advifed  me  (tai%hing;  at  the 
^ame  time  moft  immoderately)  to 
put  my  fon  on  making  love  to  you  ; 
i^hich  fhe  faid  Would  be  of  infinite 
fe'rvice  to  me,  and  would  make 
you  fhake  off  the  Duke  of  Anjou, 
ivho  would  Otherwife  do  me  a  great 
prejudice.  Arid  upcri  my  anfwer- 
fng,  that  this  would  ^3e  taken  for  a 
pjece  of  downright  mockery,  fhe 
/e^Iied,  that  you  Were  fo  vain,  that 
you  had  as  high  an  opinion  of 
your  beauty,  as  if  you  were  fome 
celeflial  goddefs ;  that  fhe  ^vould, 
on  pain  of  l6fing  her  head,  under- 
take to  make  you  believe  that  he 
was  pafTionately  in  love  with  you ; 
and  would  alfo  keep  him  in  a  pro- 
per temper.  That  you  were  fo 
delighted  with  the  moft  extrava- 
gant /latteries,  that  yOu  could  bear 


to  be  told,  that  people  could  not 
look  at  you  full  in  the  face,  becaufe 
the  brightnefs  of  your  countenance 
was  like  that  of  the  fun .  That  fhe 
and  all  other  ladies  of  the  court 
were  obliged  to  talk  to  you  in  this 
ilrain  ;  and  that  the  lafl  time  fhe 
went  to  wait  on  you,  with  the  late 
Countefs  of  Lenox,  they  durfl  not 
look  at  one  another,  for  fear  of 
burning  into  laughter  at  the  ridi- 
culous and  fulfome  bombafl  with 
which  fhe  loaded  you  ;  and  at  her 
return  fhe  defired  me  to  chide  her 
daughter,  whom  fhe  never  could 
prevail  with  to  do  the  fame  :  and 
that  as  to  her  daughter  Talbot, 
fhe  told  me,  fhe  could  fcarce  ever 
forbear  laughing  in  your  face.  This 
lady  Talbot,  on  returning  from 
paying  her  compliments  to  you,  and 
taking  the  oaths  as  one  of  your 
fervants,  told  me  of  it  as  a  thing 
done  by  way  of  mockery,  and  beg- 
ged of  me  to  receive  from  her  the 
fame  homage,  but  paid  with  more 
fmcerity ;  which  I  long  refufed, 
but  at  length  moved  by  her  tears, 
1  fufFered  it.  She  faid  fhe  would' 
not  for  any  thing  be  in  your  fer- 
vice  to  be  near  your  perfon,  fo 
much  was  flie  afraid,  that  when 
you  were  in  a  pafTion,  you  would 
do  to  her,  as  you  had  done  to  her 
coufin  Skedmur,  whofe  finger  you 
broke,  and  gave  out  at  court,  that 
it  was  done  by  the  falling  of  a 
candleflick ;  and  that  another  of 
your  fervants  you  cut  crofs  the 
hand  with  a  great  knife  ;  that  in 
fhort,  for  thefe  things,  and  feve- 
ral  others  that  were  commonly 
reported,  you  were  mimicked  and 
made  game  of,  as  in  a  comedy,  by 
my  women ;  on  hearing  of  which 
I  fwear  to  you,  that  I  forbad  them 
ever  to  do  fu  any  more. 

Moreover, 


CHARACTERS. 


3H 


Moreover,  the  countefs  formerly 
told  me,  that  you  wanted  to  ap- 
point Rolfon  to  make  love  to  me, 
and  endeavour  to  difhonour  me, 
either  in  fad,  or  by  reports,  about 
which  he  had  inftrudions  from  your 
own  mouth.  That  Ruxby  came 
here  about  eight  years  ago  to  make 
an  attempt  on  my  life,  having  fpo- 
ken  about  it  with  yourfelf,  who  told 
him  to  do  as  Walfingham  Ihould 
recommend  to  him  and  direft  him. 
When  the  countefs  was  making  up 
the  match  between  her  fon  Charles 
and  one  of  Lord  Paget's  nieces,  and 
that,  on  the  other  hand,  you,  of 
your  own  pure  and  abfolute  autho- 
rity, would  have  her  for  one  of 
the  Knolles*s,  becaufe  he  was  your 
relation  ;  fhe  exclaimed  loudly  a- 
gainft  you,  and  faid  that  it  was 
downright  tyranny  for  you  to  dif- 
pofe  of  all  the  hcireffes  of  the  coun- 
try at  your  fancy ;  and  that  you 
had  ufed  Baget  in  a  fhameful  man- 
ner by  opprobrious  words ;  but  that 
fomc  others  of  the  nobility  of  the 
kingdom,  whom  fhe  knew,  if  you 
ihould  addrefs  yourfelf  to  them, 
would  not  put  up  with  fo  tamely. 

About  four  or  five  years*  ago, 
when  you  was  ill,  and  I  was  ill  at 
the  fame  time,  fhe  told  me  that 
your  illnefs  proceeded  from  the 
cloiing  of  a  running  fore  in  your 
leg  ;  and  that  as  a  great  change  in 
your  habit  of  body  had  jull  pre- 
ceded it,  you  would  certainly  die, 
at  which  fhe  greatly  rejoiced,  from 
a  vain  imagination  fhe  had  long 
conceived  from  the  predidions  of 
one  John  Lenton,  and  of  an  old 
book  which  foretold  your  death 
by  violence,  and  the  fucccffion  of 
another  queen,  who  (he  interpreted 
to  be  me ;  regretting  only  that  ac- 
cording to  the  aforefaid  book  the 
queen   that   fhould   fucceed   you. 


would  reign  only  three  years,  and 
die,  like  you,  by  violence,  which 
was  even  reprefented  in  a  pidure  ia 
the  faid  book,  in  which  there  was 
one  leaf,  the  contents  of  which  fh^ 
would  never  tell  me.  She  knows 
herfelf  that  I  always  looked  on  this 
as  a  foolifh  thing ;  but  fhe  made 
her  account  that  fhe  fhould  be  the 
firfl  in  my  good  graces  ;  and  evea 
that  my  fon  fhould  marry  my  niec^ 
Arabella. 

As  to  the  reft,  I  again  folemnly 
declare  to  you,  upon  my  word  an4 
honour,  that  what  is  faid  above  is 
flridly  true :  and  that  what  youf 
honour  is  concerned  in,  it  never 
once  entered  into  ray  thoughts  to 
injure  you  by  revealing  it ;    ^nd 
that  I  fhall  never  fpeak  of  it,  95 
I  look  upon  it  to  be  very  falfe.     If 
I  could  have  an  hour  to  fpeak  with 
you,  I  would  tell  you  more  parti- 
cularly the  names,  time,  place,  and 
other  circumflances,  that  you  might 
know  the  truth  both  of  this,  and  of 
other  things,  which  I  referve  till  1 
be  afTured  of  your  friendfhip,  which 
as  I  wifli  for  it  more  than  ever,  fi> 
if  I  could  once  obtain  it,  you  never 
had  relation,  friend,  or  even  fub- 
jed:,  more  faithful  and  affedionatc 
to  you,  than  I  fhould  prove.     For 
God's  fake  fecure  to  yourfelf  her 
who  is  both  willing  and  able  to  do 
you  fervice.  From  my  bed,  putting 
a  force  upon  my  arm  and  my  pains 
to  fatisfy  and  obey  you. 

Marie,  R; 


From  Lloyd^s  Evening  Pofi, 

SIR, 

AS  tKe  generality  of  judicious 
readers  are  curiou?  and  fond 
of  meeting  with  the  anecdotes  of 
great  men,  I  have  coUeded  fome 
y  3  relating. 


326      ANNUAL    REGISTER; 


relating   to  that   admired   genius, 
Dean  Swift,  which  I  am  furprized 
have  never    yet   tranfpirei  "to  the 
public  knowiedge :  I  am  the  more 
fo,    when  I  refled  that  they  have 
even    efcaped    the    penetration    of 
Mrs.  Pilkington,  who  certainly  ne- 
ver was  acquainted  with  them,  or  (he 
would  have   enriched  her  memoirs 
with  them  ;  the  few  flie  did  colieft 
being,  in  my  opinion,  the  moll  va- 
luable part,  if  not  the  entire  worth, 
of  her  memoirs.    Mr.  Thomas  She- 
ridan,.who  publilhed  the  poilhu- 
*inous  volume  of  Swift's  writings, 
has  pafled  them  by,  tho'  his  father 
Dr.  Sheridan  was   particularly  ac- 
quainted with  the  deaa.   As  for  the 
Earl  of  Orrery,  I  have  perufed  him, 
and  he  fays  nothing  or  the  matter. 
In  order,  therefore,  to  refcue  them 
;from  oblivion,  and  to  preferve  thefe 
anecdotes  to  pofteriry,  I  have  col- 
le<S:ed  them  from  papers  of  my  own 
which  have  long  fmce  lain  by  me ; 
and    which,    being   an    indigefted 
mifcellany  of  every  thing  which  I 
could  pick  up,  worth)  my  attention, 
for   tjiefe  thirty  years  paft,  among 
other  things  contained  thofe  anec- 
dotes fcattered  in  the  collection,  as 
they  happened,  by  chance,  to  arrive 
at  my  knowledge.  This  is  the  truth, 
and  as  fuch  you  have  them  genuine 
from  me  ;  I  lay.  Sir,  genukie,  as  the 
wit  of  them  will  fufficiently  prove 
they  could  come  from  nobody  elfe. 
I.  In  the  reign  of  King  William, 
to  whom   Swift  was  no  friend,  on 
account  of  a'  neglecl  he  niet  with 
from  that  Prince,  and  therefore  had 
connected  himfelf  with  the  oppo- 
fite  party,  it  happened,    that    the 
King  had  either  chofen,  or  adtually 
had  taken  this  motto  for  his  ftate- 
coach  in  Ireland, 

Non  Rapui,  fed  Recepi, 

I  did  not  fteal,  but  I  received ; 


1759- 

alluding  to  his  'beiog-called- to  the 
throne  by  the  people,  and  to  clear 
himfelf  frorti  the  imputation  of  vid- 
lencc.  This  was  indudriouHy  re- 
ported to  Swift  by  on-j  of  hisemif- 
faries :  and  what,  f aid  he  to  the 
dean,  do  you  think  the  Prind*  df 
Orange  has  chofen  for  his  motto 
on  his  ftate  coach  ?  •  ■  Dutch 
cheefey  faid  the  dean,  with  a' reluc- 
tant fmile  (forhe  fcorned  to  lajgh, 
and  ev«n  a  fmile  was  extoi'ted.)  No, 
faid  the  gentleman,  but,  Non  rapui, 

fed  recepi; Ay,   fays  Swift 

but'  th'eie    is  an    old  faying 

and  a  true,'  TV^^  recehuer  is  ai  hdd as 
the'^fhief.  'An  embittered  rcfiec- 
tion'i  nOt>  unworthy  of  his  known 
mifanthropy,,  and  rather  fupcrior 
contempt  of  the  degeneracy  of  the 
human  fpecies.  I  had  the  pleafure 
of  knOv;ing  the  dean,  and  of  hear- 
ing him  both  in  his  pleafantries, 
and  his  peeviih  pets,  and  can  pic- 
ture to  myfelf  his  manner  of  expref- 
fing  himfelf  at  that  moment. 

il.  He  could  never  reply  to  a 
repartee-,  notwithftanding  his  ready 
wit,  becaufe  it  trod  upon  the  corns 
of  his  pride.  He  was  croiTing  over 
the  ferry  in  Dublin,  and  he  was 
remarkably  fond  of  chatting  with 
the  moll  indifFerfcnt  meii,  overlook- 
ing the  better  fdrt  as  below  the  no- 
tice of  his  dignity.  Turning  him- 
felf from  the  paliengers'inthe  fiern 
of  the  boat,  he  add  re  (Ted  a  poor 
man  near  him,  *  Well,  friendy  what 
profeffion  are  you  of?'  I  am' a  tay- 
lor.  Sir,  fay's  the  other  (ftpf  kndw- 
ing  the  dean,)  *  Wha*,  are  yda  mar- 
ried, fays  Swift?' — Yes,  Sir,  re- 
plied the  taylor,  *  And  who  wears 
the  breeches,  faid  the  dean  ?* '  My 
a—  anfwered  the  other.  'Which  re- 
tort fo  itiorti lied  the  dean  ("as  moll 
in  the  boat  knew  him)  that  to  fave 
his    pride,    he  gav&   the  -taylor   a 


C  H  A  R  A  C  T  E  R  S. 


327. 


crown,  bidding  him  wear  a  better 
pair,  fince  it  was  what  the  mod 
noble  bums  in  Europe  could  not 
boall. 

III.  Some  perfon,  I  think'it  was 
Dr,  Deiany,  having  this  motto  on 
his  coach  ; 

J>lam  A'vos  et  Proavos  et  qua 

non  fecimus  ipfit^ 
Vix  ea   nojira  njoco. 
For  to  boaji  of  birthy  and  matters 
in  'which  nve  have  no  merit y   I 
Jcaree  can  callfuch  things  mine. 
SwiJi  ieeing  it,  wrote'  under  it. 

By  'this  gra've  motto  be  it  kno-ivn, 
Deiany' s  coach  is  not  his  o^ivn. 

IV.  Lord  S in  Ireland  hav- 
ing this  motto  on  his  coach ; 

Eques  .haud  male  notus. 

A  Nobleman  fiot  ill  knowun. 
And  this  gt:ntleman  not  having 
the  greateft  alacrity  in  prompt  pay- 
ments of  his  tradefmens  bills,  Dr. 
Swift  very  gravely  obferved,  I 
think  the  Latin  moito  on  Lord 
S 's  coach  may  be  literally  ren- 
dered. 

Better  kno^jun  than  trujied- 

V.  I'hefcholars  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  had,  in  a  gaite  du 
caiury  invited  themfelves  tofupper 
with  the  dean  one  Friday  night,  on 
which  night  they  never  have  any 
fupper  throughout  the  year,  and 
therefore  flung,  as  they  call  it, 
among  their  friends.  Thp  dean 
very  pleafantly  received  them  ;  and, 
to  their  furprize,  fupper  was  brought 
in  before  they  could  imagine  it  was 
ready.  The  table  was  laid  out  in 
the  moll  neat  manner,  and  the 
dean  being  feated,  fcvepal  fervants 
brought  in  the .  dilhes  covered. 
Come, gentlemen,  fays  He,  uncover ; 
which  they  did,  and  found  the 
dilhes  contain  nothing  but  r<igouts 
of  old  books  ai^d  muily  junxs;  at 


which,  though  perhaps  not  well 
pleafed  with  their  fare,  they  forced 
their  features  into  a  grin  of  com- 
plaifance,  as  admiring  the  dean's 
wit,  not  doubting  but  that  the  fe- 
cond  courfe  would  make  amends  for' 
the  infipidity  of  the  firft,  and  that 
Epicurus  would  follow  Burgerfdi- 
cius  and  Keckerman.  The  fecond 
courfe  came  in,  covered  alfo.  They 
did  as   before,  and  found  nothing 

but  fait. There,  fays  the  dean, 

there  is  a  feaft  for  Plato.  There 
is  Sales  Attic ce  for  you  ;  indulge, 
indulge.—^ — This  produced  another 
laugh.  The  fecond  courfe  being 
removed,  in  came  the  third,  which 
confilled  of  plates  covered,  in  num- 
ber tallying  with  the  guefts  ;  each, 
uncovering  his  plate,  found  half  a 
crown.  Some  took  them  up,  and 
others  left  them,  and  thus  ended 
the  entertainment ;  the  dean  uiher- 
ing  them  to  the  door,  in  the  wai- 
ter's phrafe  of.  Kindly  welcome, 
gentlemen. 

VI.  The  dean  was  verjf  fond  of 
his  fervants,  whom  on  any  neglecls 
he  punifhed  in  a  humourous  man- 
ner, rather  than  with  feverity.  His 
cook-maid  Catherine  had  obtained 
leave  to  go  to  Rafarnam  on  a  fum- 
mer's  evening,  and  being  got  half 
the  way,  a  mile  or  fo  on  the  road, 
the  dean  difpatched  a  naan  and 
horfe  after  her,  w  ith  charge  to  bring 
her  back  diredlly  to  drefs  fupper 
for  fome  guefts  which  he  had  not 
expeded,  but  not  to  give  her  a  lift 
on  the  horfe.  She  was  very  fat, 
and  the  weather  melting  warm ; 
and  when  Ihe  returned  to  the  dean- 
ry-houfe  (he  was  all  in  a  bath  ; 
and  very  gravely  making  a  courtfy, 
afked  his  reverence,  what  were  his 
commands?  *  Not  much,  Catharine^ 
faid  the  dean,  only  you  forgot  to 

T4  H\ 


and  clinching  it  with.  After  tht 
Jieed's  Jiolen,  Jhut  the  Jiable  door  ; 
after  which  he  never  faid  a  fen- 
fible  word  ;  fo  that  thefe  lines 
may  be  faid  to  have  been  the  lajl 
Jpeechy  a7id  dying  njoords  of  his 
Wit. 


328      ANNUAL    REGISTER, 

ihut  the  door.     You   may  go  to 

Rafarnam.*     Poor  Catherine^  thus 

mortified,  went  do\Vn  and  ufidref- 

ling  herfelf  in  tears,  deferred  her 

journey  to  another  opportunity. 
VII.  The  dean  was  invited  to  a 

|;6ntleman*s  houfe,  where  at  dinner 

he  obferved  fome  beautiful  children 

of  his  friends ;  and  oft  his  eagerly 

looking   round,    as  if  he   wanted 

fomething,  was  afked  <vhat  he  would 

have  :  to  which  he,  with  too  much 

ill-nature,  if  not  ill-manners,  re- 
plied, I  aril  looking  to  fee  which  is 

the  handfomeft  footmkn  here.    For 

the  gentleman  was  remarkably  de- 
formed, and  ordinary  both  in  per- 

foh  and  features.     I  heard  a  gen- 
tleman obferve  on  this  llory  bsihg 

told,  that  he  defervcd  to  be  kicked 

down  flairs,  had  he  been  the  arch- 

bifhop  of  Canterbury. 

VIII.  The  dean,  in  his  lunacy, 

had  fome  intervals  of  fenfe,  at  which 

time  his  guardians,  or  phyficians, 
took  him  out  for  the  air ;    when 

they  came  to  the  Park,  Swift  re- 
marked a  new  building,  which  he 
had  never  feen,  and  afked  what  it 
Was  defigned  for ;  to  which  Dr. 
K^ingfbury  anfwered.  That,  Mr. 
Dean,  is  the  magazine  for  arms  and 
powder,  for  thefecurity  of  the  city. 
Oh!  oh!  fays  the  dean,  pulling  out 
his  pocket-book,  let  me  take  an  item 
df  that.  This  is  worth  remarking ; 
ihy  tablets,  as  Hamlet  fays,  my 
tablets — memory  put  down  that— 
which  produced  the  following  lines, 
being  the  laft  he  ever  wrote ; 
jbehald  !  a  proof  of  Irijh  fenfe  / 

Here  Irijh  <wit  is  feen^ 
When  nothing^ s  left,  that's  'n»orth 
defsnce. 
We  bfiild  a  magazine* 
And  then  put  up  his  pocket-boo^, 
laughing  heartily  at  the  ^bhceit, 
5 


An  account  of  the  hunting y  ccconomy, 
and  trade  of  the  Laplanders  ;  as 
alfo  of  the  fate  of  agriculture  in 
the  Snjuedijh  colonies  fettled  among 

■    that  people.    By  M.  de  Jut er bog, 

\Extra3ed  from  the  Journal  OeconO' 
mique.  j 

T  F    neceflity  is    the    mother    of 
X  thofe  arts  that  are  molt  necef- 
fary,    as  opulence  produces  thofe 
that  are  more  frivolous,  I  imagine, 
that,  in  order  to  learn  the  fecrets 
of  a   prudent  oeconomy,  we  can- 
not choofe  better  mafters  than  thofe 
people  to  whom  nature  feems  to 
have  refufed  all  the  conveniences 
of  life.     As  the  induftry  and  fru- 
gality of  thefe  nations  fupply  all 
their  wants,  and  they  are  obliged 
to  avail  themfelves  of  thofe  things 
that  are  defpifcd  or  neglefted  in 
weathly    countries,    they   may   in 
fome  fenfe  be  faid  to  owe  more  to 
themfelves  than  to  nature,  which, 
with  regard  to  them,  feems  to  have 
been  a  little  too  unjuft  in  the  dif- 
tribution  of  her  benefits.     Yet  the 
ceconomy  of  fuch  people  is  a  very 
inflrudlive  fchool  even  to  thofe  na- 
tions who   are    moil  favoured    by 
nature.      In    the   mofl   flourifhing 
countries   of  the  world,  there  arc 
fome  diflri(fls  lefs  happy  than  others, 
where  the  inhabitants  may  fucceff- 
fully  imitate  thofe  nations  which 
are  in  the  famefituation.    B'tiides, 

fome 


CHARACTERS. 


329 


fome  years  occur,  in  which,  thro'the 
in  temperance  of  the  air,  or  other  ac- 
cidents fatal  to  fruit,  the  moll  fertile 
lands  will  bear  nothing  but  barren 
heath ;  and  then  we  may  find  re- 
fources  in   the  practice  of  people 
who  have  been  inftrufted  by  con- 
tinual neceffity :  fach  are  the  Lap- 
landers, a  people   otherwife   little 
known  among  us.    Lapland,  which 
the  nations  call  Sameaednaor  Same- 
ladde,  is  divided  into  Swedifh,  Da- 
nifh,    and  Ruffian  ;  its  whole  ex- 
tent amounting  to  480  leagues  in 
length,  and   pretty  near  as  much 
in  breadth :  but  the  number  of  its 
inhabitants  is  fofmall,  that  the  worll 
inhabited  province  of  France  con- 
tains more  people  than  that  vail  nor- 
thern country.     It  is  not  furprifmg 
that    other    nations    Ihould   have 
little  temptation  to  fend  colonies  to 
a  country  which  is  partly  fituated 
beyond  the  ardic  circle  ;  and  pro- 
duces no  fort  of  food  for  the  inha- 
bitants but  fi(h  and  fome  wild  bealls; 
and  whofe  deferts  never  echo  with 
the  fong  of  the  lark  or  nightingale: 
where,  inllead  of  an  agreeable  va- 
riety of  fruitful  hills  and  laughing 
meadows,    almoll  nothing  is  feen 
but  mountains  covered  with  eternal 
fnow,  and  marfhes  here  and  there 
producing  a  few  willows  and  fmall 
birches,    that   wither    before  they 
attain  the  growth  which  is  natural 
to  them  in  milder  climates.     Add 
to  thefe  reafons,  that  in  the  nor- 
thern parts  of  Lapland,  night  pre- 
vails during  a  certain  feafon,  almofl 


without  intermiffion ;    that   altho' 
after   the  month  of  March,   their 
days  begin  to  be  longer  than  coun- 
tries fituated  on   this  fide   of  the 
arftic  circle,  the  fun  has  not  force 
enough    to   produce    an    univerfal 
fpring  in    thefe   icy   climes ;    for, 
there  are  fome  mountainous  diilrids 
where,  even  while  the  fun  appears 
ten  hours  above  the  horizon,  the 
people  crofs  with  carriages,   lakes 
and   rivers  frozen   to  the  bottom, 
which  often  are  not  thawed  during 
a  fucceffion  of  years  ;  and  finally, 
that  in  other  diflrifls,  the  extremelt 
heat  of  fummer  brings  along  with 
it    different    kinds    of  •  gnats    or 
infeds,    every  fpecies  of  which  is 
more  infupportable  than   another, 
and  fo  prodigioufly  numerous,  that 
fometimes  they  veil  the  fun,  fo  as 
to  caufe  the  darknefs  of  night  at 
mid-day.     But  as  it  is  well  known 
that  the  finell  countries  which  we 
fee  in  the  world,  owed  great  part 
of  their  fertility  and  goodnefs  to 
the  indullry  of  the  nations  that  in- 
habited them  ;  and  it  is  plain  that 
the   ancient    Germans,    and   Scy* 
thians,     the    firll    inhabitants    of 
Thrace,    and    the    Aborigenes    of 
Italy,  would  not  have  left  a  barren 
and   ungrateful  country    to    other 
defcendents,  if  they  had  preferred 
application  and  agriculture  to  idle- 
nefs  and  rapine :  the  Swedifh  na- 
tion, to  the  dominion  of  which  the 
moft  confiderable  part  of  Lapland 
is  fubjed,  hath  not  yet  loll  hopes 
of  turning  this  great  extent  of  coun- 


•  Thefe  are  diftinguiflied  into  three  fpecies;  the  firft  is  in  Swedifh  called  May- 
gor,  in  the  Lapland  language  Tjucika,  and  appears  in  the  month  of  June  j  the 
fecond,  which  is  fmaller  than  the  firft,  begins  likewife  to  appear  in  the  month  of 
June,  being  called  ^nait,  by  the  Swedes,  anil  Muockir  by  the  Laplanders  j  the 
third,  called  Hya  by  the  Swedes,  and  Muciva  by  the  natives,  is  the  fmallett  of 
the  three,  the  moft  v^noraQUS  and  troublefome  to  travellers  and  the  people  who 
work  in  the  fields. 


ANNUAL    REGISTER 


330 

try  t©.  fome  account.  There  are 
means  for  draining  the  marlhes 
and  augmenting  the  good  black 
mould  ;  in  fome  places  grubbed  by 
the  Swedes,  as  well  as  in  the  lands 
adjoining  to  fome  perfonages,  they 
hav'e  already  fo'wn  and  reaped  rye ; 
yet  this  fuccefs  was  deemed  impolTi- 
ble  when  SchefFer  publifhed  his  de- 
fcription  of  Lapland. 

This,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  gra- 
dually excite  the  endeavours  of  the 
Laplanders,    who  are  attached  to 
their  own  country  by  a  prejudice 
which  in  fome  fort  conftitutes  their 
happinefs :  for  they  are  fully  con- 
vinced, that  in  the  whole  univerfe, 
they  could  not  find  a  place  of  abode 
more   fecure    and   agreeable    than 
their  own.  Befides,  tho'  the  greaieil 
part  of  Lapland  is  fo  ftony  that  it 
feems  incapable  of  any  fort  of  agri- 
culture,    there    are  fome    fpots  fo 
covered  with  a  foft  fat  mould,  that 
the  natives,    when  they   tranfport 
tlieir  habitations  to  thofe   places, 
are  obliged    to   carry   along   with 
them  rtones  for  the  conilrudion  of 
their  hearths.     SchefFer  is  miftaken 
when  he  fays,  that  rain  is  lefs  fre- 
quent here  than  in  other  climates  ; 
and   that   from,  this    fcarcity,    the 
barrennefs  of  the  country  proceeds. 
Nor  is  this  occafioned  by  the  fhort 
duration  of  the  fummer  ;  for  when 
the  heats  begin,  they  are  fo  power- 
ful, that  often  in  lakes  which  have 
been    croffed   with   fledges  in   the 
evening,    there    is     not    the   leaft 
vellige  of  ice  to  be  feen   by  next 
day.     By  this  fudden  change,  the 
earth  is  dried  and  purified  much 
fooner  than  in  other  countries,  and 
herbs,  plants  and  leaves  appear  all 
at  once,  where  but  a  few  days  be- 
foxe,     the    rudell  winter    reigned. 
Every  thing  ripens  with  the  fame 


759' 


difpatch  ;  and  whereas  in  font  hern- 
provinces,  the  people  are  fometimes 
obliged  to  wait  for  the  harvell  four 
months  after  the  corn  is  fown,  here 
the   crop  is    gathered    at   the  end 
of  fix,  feven,  eight,  or  at  moft  nine 
weeks   after   feed  time.    ^Now,    if 
the  natives  would  apply  thenifelves 
to   the  melioration   of  the  ground, 
fearch   after   the   fpots   proper    tor 
agriculture,  and  find  out  (as  fome 
people  would  make  us  hope)  a  kind 
of  corn  that  would  agree  with  the 
climate;    we  iriighr,  according  to 
ail   appearances,  reap   as  plentiful 
crops  in  this  as  in  any  other  coun- 
try.    Nay,    perhaps,    there    is    no 
occafion   to  tra\d!  for  that  kind  of 
corn  which  is  wanted  :  who  knows 
but  fome  plant,   a   native  of  the 
country,    and    accuftomed    to   the 
climate,    may    be  ennobled    by    a 
careful   cultivation  ?  for  it  is  cer- 
tain  that  our  greens  and  corn  did 
not  arrive  at   their  prefent  degree 
of  perfection,  without  the  care  of 
mankind  ;    and    that    they    would 
foon  degenerate,  if  by  long  negied 
they  were  fufiered  to  return  to  their 
original  nature.  But  it  will  be  more 
to  the  purpofe,  at  firii,  to  enter- 
tain our  readers  with  wiiat  nature 
produtes  here  of  herfelf,    without 
the  aiTiftance   of  human   induftry. 
/The  firft  thing  that  prefeuts  itfelf 
is  a  vaft  extent  of  heath  all  covered 
with  mofs.     Now,   this  mofs  being 
the  ordinary  food  of  the  rein-deer, 
which  is  almoft  the  whole  kind  of 
cattle  in  Lapland,  thefe  heaths  muft 
be   of  great  fervice.       There    are 
fome  places,  efpecially  in  the  val- 
leys, on    the   banks  of  rivers  and 
lakes,  which  bear  pines,  hr,  birch, 
juniper-trees,  willows,  alders,  pop- 
lars, &c.  fo  that,  in  fevcral  diflrifts, 
the    natives    would    be    under   no 
neceflity 
6 


CHARACTERS. 


32^ 


necefllty  of  living  expofed  to  the 
air,  asiheyare,  and  dying  of  cold, 
if  they    would    make    ufe   of  the 
wood  which  nature  offers.     There 
is  liicewife  a  great  number  of  mea^ 
dows,  which  produce  grafs^futhcient 
for  maintaining  the  cattle  of  the 
Swedifli  colonies':   fometimes  it  has 
been  feen  to  grow  at  the  very  roots 
of  mountains  covered  with  ice  ;  and 
it  is  very  probable,  that  themarlhy 
places,     by    drainino^,    might    be 
changed  into  meadow  or  labour- 
able  ground.     Lapland,  moreover, 
produces    fcveral   kinds  of  berries 
or  apples  (a  round  foft  fruit,  ufu- 
ally  covered  with  a  fmooth,  thin 
ikin)    which  the  inhabitants  know 
to  ufe  to  advantage,  tho'  ihcy  are, 
for   the  moil  part,  unknown  every 
where  but  in  the  northern  countries ; 
and  has  likewife  its  own  particular 
flowers  and   plants,  the  enumera- 
tion of  which  may  be  feen  in  tine 
work   of   M.    Linnasus,    entituled 
Flora  Lapponica.  Though  here  are 
no  gardens  planted  by  the  hand  of 
man,   nature  feems  to  have   taken 
that    charge   upon    herfelf;   for  at 
the    feet  of  fome  mountains,    we 
fee   trees  fo  well  diftributed,  that 
art  could  not  invent  a  more  agree- 
able difpofition.    Befides,  the  pine- 
forefts  are  more  ufeful  to  the  Lap- 
landers,   and    inhabitants   of    the 
weilern    Bothnia,,  than    the  faireft 
orchards  are   to  more  fertile  pro- 
vinces ;  for,  from  the  bark  of  tnofe 
trees  they  are  ufed  to  make  bread, 
and  this   nourifhment,    bad   as  at 
iirft  it  may  feem  to  be,   maintains 
their  bodies  in  full  vigour.     Here 
we    fee    mountains   of   prodigious 
height  and  terrible  afped  ;   but  as 
they   feem  to   have  been  raifed  as 
buttrefles  -to  reiift  the  fury  of  the 
winds,  which  prevail  in  that  coun- 
try with  fuch    violence    as    would 
replunge    nature    in    her   original 


chaos,  they  are  to  be  regarded  as 
benefits.     As  for  the  tradition^  im- 
porting that  the  clouds  fometimes 
whirl    aloft   men    and    rein    deer 
from  thcfe  heights,  it  is  no  other 
than  fable:   but  Linnaeus  defcribes 
circumllantially ,  the  profound  dark- 
nefs  which  fometimes  fuddenly  in- 
velopes  the  tops   of  thefe   moun- 
tains.    Thofe  who  are  acquainted 
with  Lapland,  contradidl  the  com- 
mon opinion,  that  pretends  there 
arc  no  pradticable   roads  even  in 
fummer,  and  that  it  is  impoffible 
to  crofs  the  country  in   that  fea- 
fon  :  they  affirm,  on  the  contrary, 
that  the  mountains    always    leave 
between  them,    fpaces     large    and 
convenient  enough  for  the  paflage 
of   travellers.     But  certain  it   is, 
that   in    long    journies    they    are 
obliged  to  carry  with  them  fmall 
boats    for    croHing   the    lakes  and 
rivers.     The    Swedes  boaft   much 
of  the  admirable  profpedls  that  are 
here  produced  from  the  contrail  of 
mountains    wholly   whitened  with 
fnow  and  ice,    hills  covered  with 
mofs,  lakes  full  of  iilands,  ferpen- 
tine  .  rivers,  cafcades,  flat  country 
and  woods ;  but  we  have  reafon  to 
obferve  with  M.  Maupertuis,  that 
fome  of  thofe  countries  would  be 
too  beautiful,  if  they  were  not  fitu- 
ated  in  Lapland.     The  authors  of 
that  nation  fpeak  of  certain  things 
with     extravagant    exaggerations. 
Olaus  Rudbeck,  for  example,  goes 
fo  far  as  to  fay,  that  he   has  feen 
diilrifts    in    Lapland,     which    he 
could  very  eafily  believe  might  have 
been  the  terreltrial  Paradife. 

With  regard  to  metals  contained 
in  the  earth,  there  is  found  atSkan- 
liware,  in  the  march  of  Torno,  a 
mineral  which  is  a  mixture  of  gold 
and  filver  ;  and  at  Keckfiafware,  in 
the  fame  march,  another  that  con^ 
tains  lead  mixed  with  filver.   They 

work 


ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


332 

work  iron  mines  at  Gelliware,  in 
the  march  of  Lullo,  and  at  Jonuf- 
Tondo,    in    the  march  of   Torno, 
where  there  is  likewife  a  foundery 
2s  well   as    in    fome   other   parts. 
Copper  is  found  in   the  mines  of 
Swappaware,  in  the  march  of  Tor- 
no,    and  in  thofe    of   Wordnacka 
in  the  march  of  Lullo,     Silver  is 
extraded  from  the  mines  of  Na- 
fefiael,    in    the    march    of    Pi  to, 
which  is  purified  in  the  foundery 
of  Silbojock,   and    from    thofe   of 
Kindeware,  in  the  march  of  Lullo, 
which    is    melted  in  the  foundery 
of  Quickjock,     We  ihall  fay  no- 
thing of  the  marks  of  mines  that 
are  found  at  Anuas-Jerta,    Orta- 
Ibiwe,  &c.  fituated  in  the  march  of 
Lullo.  The  treafures  of  thefe  places 
are  not  yet  difcovered,  becaufe  of 
the  bad  direction  of  the  Laplan- 
ders,  who    had  procured  the  iirft 
pieces   of  ore.     We  likewife  fee, 
in  the  mineralogy  of  Bromell,  that 
there    is    no  fcarcity  in  Lapland, 
©f  very  large  and  beautiful  foffil  cry- 
ftals  J  and  Scheffer  gives  us  to  un- 
<ierftand,  that  heretofore  the  natives 
ufed  them  as  flints  to  their  fufils. 
Here  likewife  are  found  amethyfts 
©f  a  purple  colour,  topazes,  load- 
fiones,  quickiilver,  and  cinnabar  ; 
hat  in  all  likelihood  thefe  things  are 
»otin  great  plenty.  Butwe  will  add, 
that   in   certain   places  are  found 
ibme  marks  of  mineral  waters. 

Let  us  now  proceed  to  the  diffe- 
rent kinds  of  animals  which  live  in 
Lapland,  barren  as  it  appears  :  for 
this  confideration  is  that  in  which 
we  are  chiefly  interefted.  In  furs 
confifts  the  principal  trade  of  the 
country,  and  this  is  almoft  the  only 
commodity  from  which  it  draws 
money.  The  principal  game  in 
this  and  the  neighbouring  countries 
is  the  elk.  Some  of  thefe  the  na.- 
lives  take  by  4l  trap,  called  in  the 


'759- 

Sweedifh  language /^^,  confiftingofa 
fpring  made  of  a  brafs  wire,  which 
when  the  elk  paflTes  over  it,  flies  up, 
and  drives  an  iron  fl:ake  into  his 
body.     They  are  likewife  caught 
in  a  kind  of  pit,  like  thofe  that  are 
made  for  taking  wolves.     The  fiefli 
of  this  animal  is  eaten  either  frefli  or 
fmoaked.  In Jaemteland,aSwedifli 
province  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Lapland,  it  is  the  cufl:om  to  carry  a 
ilioulder  of  every  elk  that  is  killed, 
to  the  minifler  of  the  parilh.     In 
certain  diftrifts,  the  bear  as  well  as 
the  elk,  is  taken  in  the  Ite  :  but  it 
is  likewife  killed  by  means  of  cer- 
tain hand  guns,  to  which  they  fix 
a  bait  with  a  brafs  wire,  in  fuch  a 
manner,  that  the  gun  fires  as  foon 
as  the  animal  touches  it ;  though 
the  ufual  method  is  to  Ihoot  them 
with  a  fufil,  when  they  approach 
thofe  baits.    Neverthelefs,  this  ex- 
pedient is  attended  with  fome  dan- 
ger, and  for  a  long  time  the  inhabi- 
tants of  countries  infeiled  by  thefe 
powerful  favages,  have  been  advifed 
to  furniih  their  fufils  with  bayonets, 
that  they  may  be  in  a  condition  to 
defend  themfelves  when  the  bears, 
after  having  been  mifled,  come  to 
attack  them.  The  Laplanders  have 
a  particular  fong,  which  they  fing 
after  having  killed  a  bear.     They 
begin  by  thanking  the  vanquiflied 
enemy,  for  his  having  been  pleafed 
to  do  them  no  mifchief,   and  ex- 
prefs  their  fatisfadilion  at  his  arrival. 
Then  they  addrefs  their  thanks  to 
the   Divinity  which  hath  created 
beafts  for  the  ufe  of  man,  and  given 
him  llrength  and  addrefs  to  over- 
come them.     Moreover,  it  is  faid, 
that  in  confequence  of  a  fuperfti- 
tion    univerfally   received    among 
the  Laplanders,  he,  who  has  had  the 
good   fortune    to   kill   a   bear,    is 
Forbid  to  lie  with  his  wife  for  three 
days  after  the  exploit.    Wolves  arc 

here 


CHARACTERS, 


333 


here  In  great  numbers,  and  make 
terrible  havock,  efpecially  among 
the  elks  and  rein-deer.    The  man- 
ner in  which  they  take  the  firil,  is 
too  fmgular  to  be  fuppreffed.  Wiien 
the  wolf,  having  purfued   the  elk 
until  he  is  quite  tired,  lies  down  to 
take  fome  reil,  the  elk  repofes  him- 
felf  alfo  :  but  the  firll  has  no  fooner 
recovered  his  ftrength, than  he  roufes 
the  other  anew,  which  foon  becomes 
his  prey  ;  for  the  nerves  of  that  poor 
animal  grow  ftiff  during  his  halt ; 
fothat,  flying  with  great  difficulty, 
his  death  becomes  inevitable.    The 
wolf-pits  which   we    ufe,  are  the 
ordinary  and  fureft  means  of  catch- 
ing thefe  dangerous  animals.  It  has 
been  obferved,  that  when  a  wolf- 
hole  is  deftroyed,  the  old  ones  be- 
take themfelves  to  flight  atfirft,  but 
return  when  they  hear  the  diftrefs 
and  cries  of  their  little  ones,  and 
that  is  the  moft  convenient  time  for 
ihooting  them.     This    method   of 
making  the  whelps  cry,  deferves  our 
imitation.     The  glutton  is  pretty 
c«mmon  in  this  country ;  but  Schef- 
fer  is  miilaken  when  he  fays  it  can 
live  in  the  water  like  an  otter  :  for 
it  always  remains  upon  the  land. 
This  animal  is  fo  allonifliingly  vo- 
racious, that  one  is  almoll  tempted 
to  believe  it  difcharges  its  food  jult 
*s  it  is  fwallowed,  and  the  llench 
of  the  creature  is  infupportable.    In 
Lapland  are  found  feveral  kinds  of 
foxes,  white,  red,  black.  Sec. 

Here  the  beaver  builds  his  habi- 
tation, as  in  Canada.  Their  houfes 
conlift  of  four  Ilories,  and  though 
they  are  made  with  riones  that  men 
would  be  at  a  lofs  to  put  to  any  fort 
of  ufe,  they  are  fo  well  vaulted 
above,  and  built  fo  firm,  that  they 
willlaft  an  hundred  years.  As  the 
water  rifes,  the  beaver  afcends  from 
one  llory  to  another,  fo  as  that  he  is 


always  level  with  the  furface,  but 
although  the  addrefs  of  thefe  ani- 
mals is  altogether  furprifmg,  it  can- 
not fecure  them  from  that  of  man- 
kind.    Ermines  and  fquincls  arc 
taken  in  fome  dillrids  of  the  north, 
by  a  very  Ample  kind  of  moufe-  trap. 
It  is  reported,  that  the  Laplanders, 
for  fear,  of  piercing  the  iTcins  of  thefe 
animals,  flioot  them  with  blunt  ar- 
rows, and  are  fo  dextrous  as  to  hit 
them  always  on  the  head.     If  we 
add  to  the  number  of  animals, whick 
we  have  mentioned,  the  wild  rein- 
deer, hares,  otters,  and  fables,  which 
are  likewife  common   enough,    it 
muil  be  owned,  that  the  trade  they 
carry  on  with  their  furs,  fome  of 
which  are  very  dear,  becomes  an 
objedt  of  great  importance.     The 
bell  refource  of  the  Laplanders,  next 
to  their  tame  rein-deer  and  huntings 
is   that  which   they    find   in    their 
lakes  and  rivers,  which  are  very  nu- 
merous.    The  chief  lakes  are,  the 
Great  Uma,  the  Great  Windel,  the 
Horeaven,  the  Storawan,  the  Great 
Lula,  the  lakes  of  Kartom,  ,Kali^ 
Torno,  Enara,  andKimi.  Some  qf 
thefe  extend  fixty  leagues  in  lei^gth, 
and  contain   a    great   number   of 
iflands.     Schefier  reports,  that  in 
Storawan  there  are  as  many  iflands 
as  days  in  the  year :  and  that  the 
lake  of  Enara  forms  a  kind  of  Ar- 
chipelago, which  contains  iflands  fo 
large,   that  no  Laplander  has  lived 
long  enough  to  vifit  all  the  di/^erent 
parts  of  them.     The  principal  ri- 
vers, great  and  fmall,  which  ci  cfs  the 
different  marches  on  every  fide,  arc 
calledAngermann ;  Uma,orIm3us ; 
Skellefta;  Pito,  or  Pajeto,  or  Guer- 
ra;   Lula,   or  Leulius ;    Kalis,  or 
Gallus ;    Torno    or    Taranus,    or 
Taruntus ;    and   Kimi.     In    thefe 
lakes  and  rivers  are  found  falraon, 
pike,  tench,  perch,  fmelts,  red  eyed 

blays. 


ANNUAL     REGISTER, 


334 

blays,  beams,    loaches,    and  fome 
other Tortb  of  fifh,  in  fnch  plenty, 
that  a  great  number  of  Laplanders, 
and  Swedes  who  are  fettled  among 
them,  not  only  fupply  themfelves, 
with  enough  for  their  own  con  famp- 
tion   during   the  whole  year,    but 
•likevviie  with  a  great  quantity  be- 
lides,  which   they  fell  to  flrangers. 
Over  and  above  the  fifh  we  have 
mentioned,  fome  rivers  in  Lapland 
yield  pearls,  and  the  Swedes,  ever 
jealous  of  the  produftions  of  coun- 
tries fubjed  to  thdr'dominiorts,  pre- 
tend they  are  the  faireft  in  the  uni- 
verfe.     The  birds  that  live  in  fome 
provinces  of  I^apland,  are  either  na- 
'  tives  of  the  country,  and  remain  al- 
■ways  there,  or  fowls  of  palTage,  that 
ftay  only  part  of^the  year.     Of  the 
•firft  kind   are  heath-tocks,  wood- 
cocks, hawks,  &c.  and,  among  the 
laft,  the  moll  remarkable  are  fwans, 
^ild  geefe  and  wild  ducks.    Thofe 
•great   flights   of  fwans    and    wild 
geeie,    which   we  fee  crofiing   the 
fouthern    countries  in   fpring  and 
autumn,  are  either  going  to  Lap- 
land, or  returning  from  it.     In  the 
fpring,   they  choofe  their  abode  in 
the  countries  vvhich  the  Laplanders 
havequitted,forreafons  thatihall  be 
explained  in  the  feqiiel,  in  order  to 
repair  to  the  coall  of  the  wefiern  fea ; 
and  before  thefe  wandering  people 
return  in  the  autumn,  thefe  birds 
are  gone,  as  if  nature  had  ordained 
that  thofe  diftrifts  Ihould  be  inhabit- 
ed alternately  by  rational  and  irra- 
tional   creatures,    fo  as  that   they 
ihould  never  be -altogether  deferted. 
Befides,   it  is   here  obferved,  that 
fome  kinds  of  fowl,  as  well  as  other 
animals,  love  to  make  their  abode 
'  in  the  neighbourhood  of  new  colo- 
nies, where  they  are  much  more  nu- 
merous than  in  any  other  parts  of  the 
country;  whether  it  is,  that  tiature 


1759. 

has  given  them  inrtinft  to  approach 
thofe  for  whofe  maintenance  they 
feemed  to  have  been  deftined,  or 
(which  is  more  probable)  that  they 
go  thither  fo  feed  upon  the  labours 
of  man.  Upon  the  coaft  of  thb  icy 
fea,  or  Mare  Glaciale,  the  fowl  is 
more  fcarce  than'  in  the  fouthern 
provinces;  but  then  thofe  countries 
breed  more  beavers,  wildreih-deer, 
and  other  land  animals*  >  The  de- 
fcription'  we  have  given  Ctf-Lap'lialid 
plainly  (hews  it  has  in  efFt'v5l  real  ad- 
vantages, which  may  In  fbfiie  fh^pfe 
alleviate-  the  inconvcniencies  to 
.which  the  inhabitants  are  exflo fed  ; 
nay,  we  may  affirm,  that  thefe  itt- 
conveniencies  are  not  fo  rigorotis  as 
they  appear  to  be  from  the  Simple 
recital.  Thegnacs,  vVhi'ch  \ve  have 
mentioried,'  do  riot  cbnltitute  Ian 
inevitable  evil :  it  is  obf^rVtd,  that 
they  u-fualTy  make  their  abode  in 
woods,  and  "that  they  "^re  much-lefs 
troublefome  upon  the  mountains, 
and  in  thebell  cultivated  fpOts ;  fo 
that  they  fee m  to  be  Nothing  more 
than  '-the'  puniibment'of'idlehefs. 
The  coritin-uaMight  df  the  fummer 
atoned  for  the  darknefs  that  prevails 
during  part  of  winter;  and  yet  this 
darknefs  is  not  total ;  for  the  fnow, 
together  with  the  moon-  and  ftars, 
afford  light  enough  for  tratifacling 
themoft  neceflary  affairs.  BeiideSj 
the  Aurora  Borealis,  whidh  is  more 
frequent  and  bright  in  this  than  in 
fouthern  countries,  often  fupplies 
the  want  of  day;  and,  in  certain 
feafoT^Sjthc  natives  avail  themfelves 
of  the  twilight,  v.'hich  begins  four  or 
five  houT-s  beforetherifmgj  and  con- 
tin  ue^'as  long  after  the  fetting  of  the 
fun.  -Moreover,  it  will  befufficient 
to  obferve  in  general,  th&t  the  Lap- 
landers, as  well  as  other  na.tions  that 
live  on  both  fides  of  the.  torrid  70ne, 
have  the  greatell  fhare  of  light  in 

thofe 


CHARACTERS. 


335 


thofe  times,  when  it  ismoft  requir- 
ed. The  winters,  indee<ii  are  here 
extremtly  rude  ;  but,  in  order  to  fe- 
cure  themfelves  from  their  violence, 
arc  not  the  inhabitancTon  the  fpot, 
where  they  can  provide  themfelves 
with  fars  ?  Nobody  dies  of  cold, 
€\ct!pt  lome  perfon,  perhaps,  who 
is  bewildered  in  the  woods,  or  who, 
being  fatigued  with  hunger,  or  long 
journies,  has  not  ftrength  enough 
left  to  return  to  his  own  home. 
The  prodigious  quantity  of  fnow 
that  yearly  falls,  inftead  of  being  a 
burthen  to  the  natives,  forms  the 
fincfl:  roads  in  the  world  for  fledges  ; 
and  the  Laplanders  have  contrived 
a  ki-rid  of  apparatus  for  their  legs  and 
feet,  by  means  of  which  they  tra- 
verfe  the  fnow  with  fuch  amazing 
fwiftnefs,  that  they  are  able  to 
overtake  and  knock  down  a  wolf 
at  full  fpced.  From  whence,  per- 
haps, the  ancients  have  taken  oc- 
cafion  to  forge  thofe  fables  of  men, 
who  furpaffed  the  wild  beafts  in 
running. 

We  lliall,  doubtlefs,  exceed  the 
bounds  we  have  prefcribed  to  our- 
felvcs,  by  repeating  what  authors 
have  faid  touching  the  origin  and 
hiltory  of  this  people.  The  Lap- 
landers are  not  to  leaTn  that  the 
world  had  a  beginning,  but  their 
tradition  adds,  that  God,  before  he 
produced  the  earth,  conlulted  with 
Perkel,  which  in  their  language 
fignifies  the  evil  fpirit,  in  order  to 
determine  how  every  thing  was  to 
be  ordained  ;  that  God  propofed 
the  trees  (hould  be  of  marrow,  the 
lakes  filled  with  milk,  inllead  of 
water,  and  that  all  herbs,  flowers, 
and  plants  fliould  bear  fruit ;  but 
that  Perkel  oppofed  this  fcheme,  fo 
that  God  did  not  make  things  fo 
good  as  he  intended  they  fliould  be. 
I'hey  have  fome  knowledge  of  a 


general  deluge;  and  the  tradition 
fays,  that  all  the  earth  was  in- 
habited before  God  deftroyed  it ; 
but  in  confequence  of  its  being 
turned  topfy-turvy,  the  waters  rufli- 
ed  Out  of  the  lakes  and  rivers, 
overfpread  the  face  of  the  earth, 
and  fwal  lowed  up  the  whole  hu* 
man  race,  except  a  brother  and 
filler,  whom  God  took  under  his 
arms,  and  carried  to  the  top  oF 
the  great  mountain  called"  Pafle- 
ware  ;  that  the  danger  of  the  in- 
undation being  paft,  thefe  two  fe- 
parated,  in  order  to  fearch  \f  there 
was  any  other  remainder  of  peo'p4e 
upon  the  earth;  but  after  a  journey 
of  three  years  they  returned,  and  re- 
cognized one  another  for  brother 
and  fifter,  upon  which  they  parted 
again ;  and  having  known  one  ano- 
ther, after  this  fecond  journey,  they 
repeated  the  fame  expedient ;  but 
at  the  end  of  the  other  three  years, 
they  m^t  again,  without  knowing 
•each  other  ;  that  they  lived  toge- 
ther, and  procreated  children,  from 
whom  are  defcended  all  the  nations 
that  now  inhabit  the  earth.  Their 
tradition  concerning  their  origin  is 
ludicrous  enough.  *'  The  Lap- 
landers and  Swedes  (fay  they)  arc 
defcended  from  two  brothers,*  who 
were  very  different  in  point  of  cou- 
rage. A  terrible  tempeft  having 
arofe  one  day,  one  of  them  was  fo 
frighted,  that  he  crept  for  fafety 
under  a  plank,  which  God,  through 
compafiion,  changed  into  a  houfe, 
and  from  1  .  n  are  the  Swedes  de- 
fcended :  but  the  other  being  more 
courageous,  braved  the  fury  of  the 
tempefl,  without  feeking  to  hide 
himfeif,  and  he  was  the  father  of 
the  Laplanders  who  to  this  day  live 
without  houfes  or  flielter. 

Although  the  Laplanders  are  uni- 
verfally  reckoned  the  moft cowardly 

people 


336      ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


people  exifting  upon  earth,  their 
tradition  mentions  divers  battles 
with  the  Ruffians,  whom  they  call 
Karul.  And  they  relate,  that  the 
moft  confiderable  was  fought  in  the 
inarch  to  Kai torn.  To  a  fmall  num- 
ber of  fuch  traditional  accounts  is 
jheir  knowledge  of  their  own  hifto- 
ry,  and  that  of  the  world,  reduced. 
We  have  alfo  obferved,  that  the 
Laplanders  are  not  the  only  inhabi- 
tains  of  the  country.  The  Swedes 
and  Finlanders  have,  within  thefe 
eighty  years,  made  feveral  fettle- 
mentsinit;  but,  notvvithftanding 
the  privileges  which  have  been 
granted  to  them,  they  have  not  met 
with  much  fuccefs,  becaufe  thefet- 
tlers  ruin  themfelves  at  firft  by  ex- 
pennve  experiments,  which  they  are 
obliged  to  make,  in  order  to  know 
the  nature  of  the  foil,  and  the  beft 
manner  of  turning  it  to  advantage  : 
and  indeed,  in  all  appearance,  they 
cannot  expeft  great  fuccefs  until  the 
government  ihall  defray  the expence 
of  the  firft  cultivation.  Yet,weakas 
thefe  colonies  are,  the  Laplanders 
i^m  never  accuftom  themfelves  to 
look  upon  them  with  a  favourable 
eye.  In  effedl,  thefe  new  comers, 
by  cutting  down  the  forefts,  ^nd  of- 
ten, through  negligence  or  premedi- 
tated defign,  fetting  fire  to  the  mofs, 
as  alfo  by  deftroying  the  wild  rein- 
deer, partly  deprive  them  of  the 
means  of  fubfifting,  andreducethem 
to  the  cruel  alternative  of  cither 
quitting  the  place  or  becoming  their 
ilaves.  Por  it  rarely. happens  that 
a  Laplander  thinks  of  building  an 
houfe,  and  engaging  in  agriculture  : 
he  never  takes  this  refolution  until 
he  has  fuilained  fuch  a  lofs  of  his 
rein-deer,  that  he  cannot  poffibly 
retrieve  it ;  and  frequently  even  in 
that  cafe,  he  choofes  rather  to  gain 
his  livelihood  by  fiihing,  or  tending 


1759- 

flocks,  than  fubjeft  himfelf  to  the 
labour  of  the  ground. 

As  the  greateft  wealth  of  the 
Laplanders  confifts  in  their  herds 
of  rein-deer,  nature,  which  dif- 
po.feth  every  thing  with  admirable 
fagacity,  has  given  them  a  country 
abounding  with  mofs.  It  covers 
whole  plains,  and  is,  efpecially  in 
winter,  the  only  food  of  the  rein- 
deer; for  in  fummer,  thefe  animals 
likewife  eat  leaves  and  grafs.  Al- 
though this  produdion  of  the  earth 
feems  referved  for  them,  the  people 
at  Abo  in  Finland,  and  in  fome 
other  places,  have,  during  a  fcar- 
clty  of  hay,  endeavoured  to  make 
their  cattle  and  Iheep  eat  of  it.  I 
Ihall,  by  the  bye,  defcribe  how  it 
is  managed,  and  I  hope  I  ihall  be 
pardoned  for  this  fmall  digreilion, 
in  favour  of  thofe  to  whom  it  may- 
be pffervice. 

This  mofs  is  collefted  towards 
Michaelmas,  and  laid  in  great  heaps 
in  the  open  field  ;  for  as  it  attradts 
a  great  deal  of  moiflure,  and  pre- 
serves it  a  long  time,  it  would  rot 
in  barns.  They  never  take  in  more 
at  a  time  than  will  ferve  them  for 
eight  days ;  and  after  having  clean- 
ed it  from  the  fand  which  it  may 
contain,  it  is  waihed  in  boiling  wa- 
ter on  the  evening  before  it  is  given 
to  the  cattle.  As  the  cows  and 
fheep  do  not  eafily  accuftom  them- 
felves to  fuch  food,  a  little  fait  or 
meal  is  thrown  into  the  hot  water, 
with  which  it  is  moiftened  when 
prefented  to  them  ;  by  which  means 
the  tafte  of  the  moi's  is  improved, 
and  the  appetite  of  thofe  animals 
excited.  This  is  their  food  in  the 
morning,  and  when  they  are  water- 
ed, it  is  given  to  them  by  way  of 
ftraw  or  hay.  This  kind  of  nourifti- 
ment  has  been  obferved  to  render 
their  fiefti  more  juicy,  and  improve 

the 


CHARACTERS, 


337 


the  qaajity  of  t,heir  dung  ;  but  ic 
can  be  ufed  only  in  the  winter,  for 
in  the  fpring,  the  too  great  moifture 
which  it  contains,  would  injure  the 
health  of  the  cattle. 

But  this  is  not  the  cafe  with  the 
rein-deer,  for  whofe  fole  benefit,  as 
we  have  already  obferved,  the  nrofs 
feems  to  grow  in  the  country. 
Thefe  animals  are  endowed  with 
fuch  a  fure  inllind  for  knowing 
where  it  is,  even  under  the  fnow, 
that  when  the  Lapland  herdfman 
perceives  them  browzing  upon  that 
which  flicks  to  the  trees,  without 
<iigging  beneath  the  fnow,  he  takes 
it  for  granted  that  the  ground  in 
that  diftridl  produces  none,  and 
drives  his  herd  eirewhcre  to  feed. 
The  rein-deer  are  almoft  the  only 
cattle  of  the  Laplanders,  require 
very  little  care,  and  anfwer  almoft 
all  their  occafions.  They  cat  very 
little,  and  are  never  houfed  ;  in 
fu miner,  when  the  natives  travel, 
they  carry  their  cloaths,  provifions 
and  utenfils  ;  in  winter  they  draw 
their  fledges  with  great  fpeed,  in- 
fomuch  as  to  go  eighteen  or  twenty 
of  our  leagues  at  one  ftage,  without 
eating,  drinking,  or  halting.  Were 
they  pufhed,  they  would  make  ftill 
more  way,  but  then  they  would  be 
fatigued.  After  their  moll:  fevere 
journies,  they  require  no  more  food 
than  as  much  mofs  as  a  man  can 
hold  in  both  hands. 

The  flelh  of  the  rein-deer  is  the 
ordinary  food  of  the  Laplanders. 
They  are  cloathed  with  their  Ccins, 
from  head  to  foot,  and  exchange 
the  fuperfluity  for  fummcr  habits, 
and  tents,  which  ferve  them  inltead 
of  houfes.  They  yield  milk  thro' 
all  the  year,  and  this  in  fummer  is 
dried  in  the  llomachs  and  hides  of 
thefe  animals,  and  in  autumn  it  is 
frozen  in    fmall  calks  ;  the  chcefe 

Vol..  IL 


which  they  make  of  it  being  a  de- 
licacy not  only  for  them,  but  alfo 
for  their  neighbours ;  but  the  blood 
and  marrow  of  the  rein-deer  are 
the  mod  delicious  difhes  of  the 
natives  ;  they  make  twine  of  their 
nerves,  and  offer  up  their  horns  to 
their  idols ;  for,  notwithftanding 
all  the  efforts  which  the  Swedes 
have  hitherto  made,  they  have  not 
been  able  to  detach  them  from  ido- 
latry. 

The  MountaineerLapIanders  pof- 
fefs  the  greateft  herds  of  rein-deer  ; 
fomeof  them  being  owners  of  three 
thoufand.  Thefe  herds  are  apt  to 
wander  from  the  places  where  they 
are  brought  to  feed ;  fometimed 
they  run  away  of  themfelves,  and 
fometimes  they  are  debauched  and 
carried  off  by  the  wild  rein-deer, 
which  are  continually  traverfing  the 
country.  In  winter  their  keepers 
eafily  find  them  by  tracing  their 
footfteps  in  the  fnow  :  but  they  find 
more  difficulty  in  fummer,  becaufe 
in  that  feafon  their  track  is  necefTa- 
rily  extinguiilied.  Another  care  of 
the  Laplanders  is  to  defend  their 
rein-deer  from  the  attacks  of  the 
wolves,  which,  when  they  fall  up- 
on one  of  their  herds,  will  flrangle 
forty  or  fifcy  in  one  night. 

It  is  fometimes  pretty  difficult  to 
rear  the  rein-deer,  the  fuccefs  de- 
pending upon  the  temperature  of 
the  air.  When  the  fnow  that  falls 
in  autumn  turns  into  ice,  the  year 
becomes  very  {evcre  to  them,  be- 
caufe they  can  no  longer  find  the 
mofs  under  it  ;  and  unlefs  that  of 
the  trees  be  in  greater  plenty,  a 
great  number  of  them  perifh.  Be- 
sides, all  of  them,  great  and  fmall, 
arc  fubjed  to  a  diftemper  that  fome- 
times carries  off  a  third  part  of  the 
herd.  As  in  France,  the  cattle  and 
goats  are  attacked  by  the  fame  dif- 

Z  oirder. 


338       ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1759. 

order,  we  imagine  it  will  not  be  un- 
ufeful  to  delcribe  it,  together  with 
the  remedy,  which  M.  Frievvald  has 
publiflied  in  the  Memoirs  of  the 
academy  at  Stockholm. 

Thisdiiiemperis,  in  the  language 
of  the  country,  called  Curbma,  con- 
iifting  of  largf  buinps  formed  upon 
the  backs  of  the  rein-deer,  having 
in    the    middle    an    opening    large 
enough  to  admit  a  goofe-quill,  if 
the  bottom  was  not  occupied  by  a 
black,  tenfe  lliin,  which  is  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  grub,  contained  in  the 
bump.      This    grub,   or  chryfalis, 
-white  in  every  other  part  but  jull 
under  the  opening  we  have  men- 
tioned, is  about  the  fize  of  an  acorn, 
and  has  the  figure  of  an  eggy  fur- 
rounded  with  fmall  wreathed  circles: 
it  is  produced  by  a  fly  refembling 
the  gadbee  and  drone,  which  is  very 
common  in  Lapland,  and  of  which 
Linnaeus  has  given  an  anatomical 
defcription  in  a   memoir  which  is 
adopted  by  the  academy  of  Stock- 
holm.    As  this   fly   has   no  iling, 
though  fome  naturalills  have  given 
it  one  upon  hearfay,  it  cannoc  dig 
a  hole  for  its  eggs  iu  the  hide  of  the 
rein^deer,   but  drops  them  on  the 
:backs  of  thele  animals,  whofe  backs 
are  always  rough  at  the  time  when 
'this  infedt  lays  its  eggs.     An  egg, 
falling  in   this   man'ier  among  the 
hair  ot  a  rein-deer,  ilicks  fsft  like  a 
nit,  and  being  hauhed,  in  the  fequ^-l 
produces  a  imail  wotm  which  pieices 
the  hide,  and  lodges  uiolf  between 
that  and   the   flelh    of  the  aniinal. 
There  it  is  nietau-.orphofed  into  a 
chryfali?,  from  which  at  length  pro- 
ceeds a  tly,    through  (he  aperture  of 
.the  bump.  Or.e  would  in?agine,:hat 
on  the  iiril  attacks  of  the  g^jiawing- 
worm,    with    which    the    rein- deer 
finds  itfelf  incommoded,  it  might 


free  itfelf  from   fuch  «  dan;jerous 


gueft,  either  by  crufhing  or  putting 
it  off  with  its  horn  ;  but  at  that  ve- 
ry feafon  he  has  (lied  his  horns, 
and  young  ones  bud  out  fo  tender 
and  fenfible,  that  nothing  can  touch 
them,  without  caufing  the  feverell 
pain.  Neverthelefs,  nature,  which 
hath  thus  left  the  rein-deer  without 
defence  againft  this  injury,  hath 
given  them  inftind  to  forefee  and 
avoid  it.  As  foon  as  he  perceives  ' 
this  fatal  fly  approaching,  he  is  feiz- 
edwith  conllernation,  betakes  him- 
felf  to  flight,  quits  the  plains,  and 
gains  thefummitsof  the  mountains 
covered  with  fnow,  from  whence 
he  dares  not  defcend,  even  to  ap- 
peafe  the  hunger  that  devours  him. 
There  he  flands  continually  upon 
his  guard,  with  his  ears  pricked  up, 
and  his  eyes  wide  open,  flamping 
with  his  feet,  fnorting,  and  in- 
cefTantly  ftiaking  his  tail  and  his 
whole  body.  Indeed  all  thefe  pre- 
cautions are  no  more  than  necelTar)*, 
to  avoid  thofe  formidable  infects, 
which  having  but  two  or  thrte 
weeks  to  live,  fpend  that  whole 
time  in  quefl:  of  the  back  of  fome 
rein-deer,  where  they  may  depofit 
tlic  fruitof  their  fecundity,  and  the 
hope  of  perpetuating  the  fpecies. 
During  this  ftiort  period  of  life, 
they  take  no  nourifhment,  but  are 
abfolutely  in  inceffant  motion,  and 
in  fuch  violent  agitation,  thatfome- 
tiines,  through  mere  fatigue,  they 
fall  as  dead  upon  the  ground. 

In  order  to  hinder  thefe  flies  from 
letting  their  eggs  fall  among  the 
hair  of  rein-deer,  and  the  worms 
from  piercing  the  fkin  of  thele  ani- 
mals, M.Friewald  thinks  the  Lap- 
landerb  ought  to  ufe  for  their  cattle 
the  fame  precaution  they  take  to 
themfelves,  againil  the  afl*aults  of 
thofe  goats  we  have  mentioned  in 
the  foimer  pare  of  this  memoir; 
namely. 


C  H  A  R  A 

to  rub  their  fkins,  in  every 


C  T  E  R  S. 


nimely 

part  that  ii    not  covered    by    their 
cloathsi  with  an  ointment,  compofed 
of  tar,  and  the    milk  of  the  rein- 
deer.     If,    therefore,    they    would 
Ijkewife   anoint  the    bodies  of  the 
rein-deer,  in  all  thofe  parts  where 
the  fly  can   depofit  its  eggs,  it  is 
probable  the  would  cautioufly  avoid 
truiling  them  to  fuch  a  prepofterous 
matrix  ;   for  every  thing  that  is  fat 
and  oily,  becomes  mortal  toinfefts, 
by  obftrutting  their  pores.     On  this 
principle  he  concludes,   that  even  if 
the  egg  Ihould  fall  among  the  hair 
and  be  hatched,   the   worm    would 
never  be  able  to  lodge  itfelf  under 
the  hide  of  the  rein-deer,  becaufe 
it  could  not  proceed  fo  far,  till  after 
having  eaten  the  tar  which  covered 
it,  and  this  it  could  not  do,  without 
being  poiloned.     For  the  lame  rea- 
fon  he  imagines,  that  if  the  Lap- 
landers would   pour  fome  tar  into 
the  openings  of  the  bumps,  the  con- 
icquence  would  infallibly   be  this  : 
either  the  chryfalis  would   die  for 
want  of  air,  or  if  the  fly  lliouid  be 
formed,  it  would  come  before   the 
natural   time;   the  tar  on  one  fide 
defending  it  from   the  external  air, 
and  the  heat  of  the  rein-d<^er  ading 
with    greater    force    on    the   other, 
whence   the   fly   ekaping  from   the 
piilon   fo  ioon,  would  be  furprized 
bv   the  cold,   under  which  it  could 
Jiot  lubfill  i  fo  that  perhaps  the  whole 
fpeciei  wcjld  b^  ueftroyed. 

The  rein-deer  are  not  the  only 
food  of  the  Laplanders  j  the  richelt 
(ort,  in  the  journies  they  mak*;  in 
lummer,  ro  the  frontiers  of  Nor- 
way, pufcliafe  kineand  ilieep,  which 
they  do  not  kill  uniii  the  fuow  be- 
gins to  fall.  They  iikewifc  go  a 
hunting,  and  the  game  which  is 
moil  to  their  tafte,  is  the  bear  an  I 
lifcs  beaver.     They  ufually  ba^e  the 


339 

whole  bear,  and  divide  it  amongft 
ihole  who  killed  it.     The  bones  are 
religioufly    gathered,  and   interred 
with  two  wooden  fpoons,  a  joiner's 
plane,  a  knife,  and  fome  other  uten- 
fils  ;  thefe  people  firmly  believing 
that  the  bear  will  one  day  rife  and 
return,  and  have  occafioq    for    all 
thefe  things :  for  this  reafon   they 
will  not  fuffer  a  dog  to  carry  away 
one  of  his   bones,  or  if  he  fhould 
Ileal  one,  he  is  immediately  killed, 
and  the  lofs  fupplied  by  one  of  his 
own.  The  Laplanders  alfo  eat  horfe- 
flefh,  either  that  which  they  kill,  or 
that  which  they  find  dead  ;  they  in 
like  manner  acculiom  themfelves  to 
the  flefli  of  dogs,  foxes,  and  wolves, 
Neverthelefs,  we  muft  except  thofe 
among   them,  who   employ  them- 
felves in  fifliing,  and  do  nothing  in 
life,  but  pafs  from  one  lake  and  one 
ifland   to  another,    living   entirely 
upon  fiOi,  which  they  drefs  in  many 
different  fhapes,   in  fome  diilrifts, 
bruiiing,  beating,  and  mixing  it  with 
the  powder  of  pine- bark,  in  order 
to  make  a  kind  of  bouille. 

But,  whether  the  Laplanders  live 
upon  flefh,  or  upon  fifh,  cookery  is, 
among  them,  luch  a  noble  office, 
that  it  is  referved  as  a  right  belong- 
ing to  the  mailer  of  a  family,  who 
lometimes  however  refigns  it  to  his 
iv;rvant.  But  the  women  never  in- 
lerineddle  in  this  domellic  fundion  : 
it  is  enough  that  they  are  allowed 
to  take  care  of  the  children  ;  they 
are  not  deemed  pure  enough  to  pre- 
pare food  for  the  men,  or  to  touch 
rhofe  ieiicate  mefles  which  v^e  hav» 
dekribcd. 

I'he  induftry  of  the  Laplanders 
not  only  fupplics  their  neceflary 
wants,  but  even  their  magnificence. 
Tney  make  very  commodious  ca- 
noeji,  fo  lipht  that  a  man  can  carry 
one  upon  hi»  back ;  and  their  fledges 
?  2  arc 


34Q       AN  NU  AL   REGISTER,  1759 


are  entirely   of  their   own   manu- 
fafture,  even  thofe  that  are  adorned 
with  all  forts  of    figures  in    horn. 
Their  neighbours  buy  of  them  little 
boxes  and  bafltets  ;  and  their  fnuff- 
boxes,    ornamented   with    different 
figures,  are  known  and  in  requeil 
through  the  whole  north  ;  but  their 
mafter- pieces    are    magic    drums, 
which    heretofore    they   commonly 
ufed,  and  ftill  ufe  in  private,  for  the 
purpofes  of  divination.    They  make 
horn-fpoons,  and  every  man  com- 
pofes  his  own  almanack,  made  of 
little  bits   of  wood  or  horn,  upon 
which  are  marked  the  days,  weeks, 
and  months.    Nor  do  they  need  any 
alTiftance  in  making  their  moulds, 
and    melting   their   pewter-plates. 
Their  women  are  very  dextrous  in 
making  pewtcr-wire,    with    which 
they  adorn  the  girdles  and  garments 
of  the  men,  as  well  as  the  harnefs 
of  the  rein- deer  ;  they  can  drefs  all 
forts  of  fkins,  and  fhapc  them  into 
all    the    different    parts   of   drefs. 
Their  cards  and  patterns  are  of  their 
owr)  fabric  ;  and  they  make  ropes 
of  the  roots  of  trees,  and    a  very 
good  even  thread  of  the  finews  of 
animals.     I^inally,  they  make  very 
ferviceable  bovvsof  flifffirand  pliant 
birch,  which  they  join  together  and 
unite  with  a  glue,   prepared  in  this 
manner  :  they  flea  a  river  iifh  called 
perche,  and  after  having  dried  the 
ikin,  put  it  to  foak  in  cold  water, 
nntil  the  fcales  can  be  taken  off : 
then  they  put  four  or  five  of  thefe 
Ikins  in  the  bladder  of  the  rein-deer, 
6r  in  the 'bark  of  a  birch-tree,  that 
the  water  may  not  wet  them  in  the 
follov»'ir.g  operation,  but  that  they 
may  be  penetrated  by  the  vapour 
alone.      Thefe    fkins,    being   thus 
wrapped  up  are  boiled  in  water  for 
the  fpace  of  half  an  hour,  or  more, 
care  being  taken  tb  fmk  them  with 


a  (lone  to  the  bottom  of  the  vefTef* 
When  they  have  been  boiled  the 
due  time,  the  bundle  is  taken  out, 
and  the  fkins  are  found  reduced  in- 
to real  glue,  fo  tenacious,  that  pieces 
of  wood  joined  together  by  it,  never 
feparate,  provided  the  precaution 
has  been  taken  to  keep  them  toge- 
ther by  rolling  them  round  with 
packthread,  that  the  glue  may  have 
fufficient  time  to  dry. 

From  what  we  have  faid  of  Lap- 
land, and  its  inhabitants,  a  judge- 
ment may  be  formed  of  the  trade  of 
that  people,  which  in  winter  they 
carry  on  with  the  Swedes,  and  in 
fummer  with  the  Norwegian*.  The 
Swedifh    merchants    repair   to   the 
places  where  the  Laplanders  affem- 
ble   for   divine  iervice,  for   trying 
their  fults,  or  paying  their  tribute. 
There  they  buy  rein-deer,  fkins  of 
rein-deer,  fowls,  fifh,  flefh  of  rein- 
deer dried  in  the  air,  all  forts   of 
furs,  cheefe  made  of  the    milk  of 
rein-deer,  butter,  bafkets,  bufkins, 
fhoes,  gloves,  and  many  other  things 
of  the  Lapland  manufacture.  They 
fell    to    the    Laplanders,    tobacco, 
meal,  broad  cloth,  hemp,  kitchen- 
tackle  of   iron  and  copper,    filver 
fpoons,    bracelets,    girdles,    ring?, 
cups,   hatchets,    cutlery-ware,    ox- 
hides, gunpowder,  fufils,  lead,  pins, 
brimftone,  pewter,  wine,  beer,  fig?, 
feathers,  down,  and  other  fuch  com- 
modities, a  fmall  part  of  which  they 
fell  again  in  their  fummer  excurfions 
to  the  frontiers  of  Norway;  but  they 
do  not  in  this  fcafon  carry  on  fuch 
an  advantageous    trade    as    in    the 
winter;  for  at  that  time  the  fkirs 
are  not  fo  good  as  during  the  frofl  ; 
fo  that  they  neither  vend  many  furs 
nor  much  dried  flefh,  the  merchan- 
d*ize  of  their  country  being  almofl 
reduced  to  bark,  ropes,  and  cheels 
ir.ade  of  the^  milk  of  rein-dcer.    On- 

the 


CHARACTERS. 


341 


the  contrary,  they  furni(h  themfelvcs 
with  felt,  cows,  Iheep,  llieep-fkins, 
which  ihc  richer  fort  cover  with 
blue  or  red  cloth  to  ferve  them  for 
matralfes,  fait,  tobacco,  and  efpe- 
cially  with  aqua  vitas,  which  is  pro- 
hibited in  Sweden.  While  they  were 
accounted  forcerers,  they  got  a  great 
deal  by  felling  to  failors  magic  knots, 
of  fuch  virtues  as  to  accommodate 
them  with  favourable  winds,  whi- 
therfoever  they  were  bound  ;  but  at 
prefent,  the  world  being  better  in- 
formed on  that  fu|)jeft,  they  find  no 
buyers,  and  this  fine  branch  of  trade 
is  abfolutely  lolt. 

The  Laplanders,  for  a  long  time, 
traded  by  way  of  barter,  though 
now  n^oney  is  current  among  them  ; 
.but  they  receive  nothing  from  the 
Swedes,  who  give  them  that  money, 
but  Danish  and  Dutch  crowns,  be- 
caufe  they  cannot  carry  any  other 
in^o  Norway.  It  is  not  very  fingular 
that  their  neighbours  fliould  pretty 
well  underftand  their  language,  as 
there  is  upon  the  frontiers  of  Swe- 
den, a  neutral  language  called  the 
language  of  the  burghers \  but  we 
ought  to  afiure  the  reader,  that  the 
l^apland  language  is  not  fo  barba- 
rous as;  many  imagine,  and  that 
fome  people  have  written  in  it. 
Softer  than  that  of  Finland,  and 
more  regular  than  the  Swedilh,  it 
exprefl'es  rhinos  with  great  preci- 
fion.  For  example,  it  has  fi^x  or 
feven  terms  to  f^gnify  the  different 
kinds  of  roads,  as  ra.any  for  the 
mountains,  and  about  four  and 
twenty  to  diftinguifti  the  rein-deer, 
according  to  their  fex,  age,  and. 
properties.  The  moods  of  the  verbs 
are  more  numerous  than  in  any 
other  language,  and  they  have  no 
fewer  than  thirteen  different  cafes 
for  thqir  nouns  fubHantiye. 


An  account  .of  a  fociefy  called  Dun- 
kardsy  in  Penfl'vania,  by  a  gen- 
tleman  of  America, 

THE    Dunkard   town,  called 
Bphrata,  is  fituated   in   the 
frontier  part  of  Lancafter   county^ 
fourteen  miles  from  Lancafter,  and 
lies  between  two  fmall  hills.    From 
the  top  of  each  of  thefe  there  is  a 
regular    declivity    to   the    bottom, 
where  a  fmall  river  runs,  and  by 
one  of  its  windings  encircles  about 
one  half  of  the  ground  pofTefTed  by 
the  Dunkards.    This  river  ferves  as 
a  kind  of  natural  fence  on  the  one 
fide  J  theother  is  fecuredby  aditch, 
and  a  large  bank  planted  with  trees  ; 
the  whole   tradl   containing  about 
250  acres.     The  road  from  Lancaf- 
ter to  Ephrata  is  very  good,  and  the 
variety  of  landfcapes  that  flrike  the 
eye,  make  it  agreeable.     That  part 
of  it  next  Ephrata,  is  very  folitary, 
where   the   inhabitants   are   thinly 
fcatiered,  and  the  country  becoming 
more,  hijly,  makes  the  road  take  I'e- 
vfrral  windings  through  the  interja- 
cent vallies,  which  are  all  well  fup- 
plied  with  rivulets  of  water,  and  co- 
vered over  with  trees.     Nothing  is 
feen  but  the  works  of  nature  uncor- 
reded  by  the  hand  of  man.     This 
little  fociety  had  its  rife  upwards  of 
twenty  years  ago,  from  a  German 
who    fettled    in   the    place    where 
Ephrata  now  rtands,  and  was  then 
altogetijer  uncultivated,  as  well  as 
the  adjicej^   country,    for   feveral 
miles  round.     He  lived  in  "this  foli- 
tude  iome  year?,  having  little  or  no 
intercourfe  wiili   the   reft  of  man- 
kind, but  fupplied  by  his  own  in- 
dullry  whatever  neceffaries  he  want- 
ed.    After  fome   time  the  country 
near  him  began  to  be  fettled  by  fome 
of  his  own  countrymen  :    and   his 
Z  3  un- 


341      A  N  N  U  A  L    R  E 

uncommon  exemplary  piety  induced 
forae  of  ihem,whofe  principles  near- 
ly correfponded  with  his  own,  tojoin 
him.  Their  fociety  foon  increafed, 
numbers  of  both  fexes  reforting  to 
them.  The  females  were  difpofed 
of  in  a  nunnery  by  themfelves,  and 
put  under  the  tuition  of  a  fage  ma- 
tron. Ambition  or  pecuniary  views 
had  no  fhare  in  their  union  ;  and  as 
they  gave  themfelves  up  entirely  to 
devotion  and  induftry,  their  gains 
were  thrown  into  a  common  ftock, 
out  of  which  private  as  well  as  pub- 
lic exigencies  were  fuppjiedt 

The  fituation  of  their  town  is  ju- 
dicioufiy  chofen,  being  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  little  hill  which  faces 
the  fouth-eaft,  and  fcreens  them 
from  the  piercing  north-winds  in 
the  winter.  The  town  is  built  in 
the  form  of  a  triangle,  with  a  large 
or-ch^rd  in  the  middle.  Along  the 
6ut(ide  arc  planted  thick  rows  of 
lipple,  peach,  and  cherry-trees, 
which  bear  great  quantities  of  fruit. 
*  'J  heir  houfes  are  ail  wood,  and  for 
the  moft  part  three  ftories  high. 
Each  perfon  has  his  own  -dilhnft 
apartment,  that  he  may  have  no 
interruption  in  his  private  devotions. 
Their  rooms  are  plain,  white,  and 
clean.  A  feparate  part  of  the  town 
is  afligned  for  the  women,  who  have 
no  communication  with  the  men, 
ijnlefs  in  joining  at  public  worfhip, 
and  what  is  neceflary  in  the  ceco- 
nomy  of  their  affairs.  The  number 
of  men  and  women  together  exceed 
250.  If  any  of  them  chufe  to  marry, 
they  muil  leave  the  fociety,  but  are 
fupplied  out  of  the  public  fund  with 
neceflaries  to  fettle  in  Tome  place, 
as  they  generally  do,  as  rear  the 
Ephrata  as  they  conveniently  can, 
ind  afterwards  fend  their  children 
to  be  educated  among  their  bre- 
thren. 


GISTER,    1759, 

They  endeax'our  to  retrench  every 
fuperfluity  in  drefs,  diet,  and  plea- 
fure.  'I'heir  garb  in  winter  is  a  lon<r 
white  gown,  tied  round  the  wailt 
with  a  belt.  Behind  hangs  a  large 
cap  like  a  capuchin,  which  they 
put  on  in  the  tinrje  of  rain,  or  cold, 
for  they  wear  no  hats  :  a  waiftcoat 
of  the  fame  cloth,  a  coarfe  fhirt, 
trowfers,  and  fhoes.  In  fummer 
their  cloaths  are  of  the  fame  form 
and  colour,  but  made  of  linen. 
The  women's  is  the  f:^me  with  that 
of  the  men  ;  only  ir.ftead  of  trow- 
fers, they  wear  petticoats,  and  al- 
ways keep  their  faces  muffled  up  in 
their  l^rge  capuchins  when  nut  of 
the  nunnery.  The  men  let  their 
beards  grow  to  the  full  length,  and 
wear  their  hair  fhort.  Their  diet 
is  for  the  moft  part  vegetables; 
they  abftain  from  flefh-m.eat,  not 
through  principle,  but  judge  it  moft 
agreeable  to  themortifted  abftemious 
life  a  Chriftian  ought  ro  lead.  It 
is  certain  that  luxury  is  unknown 
among  them,  which  is  eafily  drf- 
covered  on  hrft  feeing  them,  being 
quite  lean  in  the  body,  and  not  the 
leaft  appearance  of  blood  "in  their 
faces.  Their  recreations  are  no 
other  than  the  alternate  perform- 
ance of  religions  and  domeftic  du- 
ties, which  they  endeavour  to  inter- 
mix in  fuch  a  manner,  that  neither 
may  be  burthenfome.  They  regu- 
larly celebrate  public  worfliip  twice 
every  day,  and  as  often  every  night. 
Inftead  of  beds,  they  fleep*  on  -j 
benches,  and  ufe  a  little  wooden  i 
block  for  a  pillow.  Each  room  is 
furnilhed  with  a  couple  of  thefe. 

Their  prefident  is  a  perfon  who 
had  a  regular  education  at  Halle 
in  Germany.  He  took  orders,  and 
was  a  minifterin  the  Caivinifts  com- 
munion feveral  years;  but  not  be- 
ing 


CHARACTERS. 


343 


inj;  able  to  fatlsfy  hlmfejf  in  fome 
points,  he  left  that  fed,  and  went 
over  to  the  Dunkards.  He  is  a 
man  of  nn  open,  affable  temper,  and: 
free  in  converfation  beyond  what 
you  would  exped  from  a  perfon  (o 
rigid  in  his  manner  of  life.  The 
following  account  of  their  principles 
J  had  from  him.  They  retain  both 
f  icraments,  but  admit  adults  only, 
to  baptifm,  which  they  adminifterby 
dipping  or  plunging.  They  entire- 
ly deny  original  fin,  as  to  its  effetls 
en  Adam's  potterity ;  and  conie- 
quently  hold  free-will.  All  vio- 
L-nce  they  efteem  unlawful,  even 
f  if-dcfcnce  in  times  of  danger. 
Going  to  law  they  think  contrary 
to  the  gofpel,  even  when  defrauded, 
or  when  their  properly  is  unjuftly 
leized.  They  are  flricl  in  obferv- 
ing  the  Jewilh  fabbath,  to  a  degree 
of  fuperllition.  They  have  no  fet 
form  of  fervice,  but  pray  and  preach 
extempore.  Their  difcourfes,  by  all 
that  I  could  learn,  treat  in  general  of 
Chriftian  virtues,  humility,  chiiility, 
temperance,  &c.  They  believe  the 
dead  had  the  gofpel  preached  to 
them  hy  our  Saviour ;  and  that,  fince 
his  refurredtion,  the  louls  of  the  juft 
are  cmpioyed  in  preaching  the  go- 
fpel to  thole  who  have  had  no  re- 
velation of  it  in  their  life,  nor  fufii- 
cient  means  to  be  convinced  of  its 
truth.  They  deny  the  eternity  of 
torments,  which  they  think  are  my- 
ftically  alluded  to  in  thejewifli  fab- 
bath, fabbatical  year,  and  year  of 
jubilee.  They  look  upon  each  of 
thefe  as  typical  of  certain  periods 
after  the  general  judgment,  in  which 
the  fouls  of  thofe  who  are  not  then 
admitted  into  happlriefs,  are  puri- 
fied and  purged  from  their  corrup- 
tion and  obduracy.  If  any  within 
the  fmaller  periods  are  fo  far  hum- 
ified as  (0  ^ckoowledge  God  co  be 


holy,  jaft,  and  good,  and  Chrift  to 
be  their  only  Saviour,  they  are  re- 
ceived into  happinefs.  Thofe  who 
continue  obftinate  are  dill  kept  in 
torment,  till  rhe  grand  period  typi- 
fied by  the  jubilee  arrives,  when  uni- 
verfal  redemption  will  take  place, 
and  all  niade  happy  in  the  endlefs 
fruition  of  the  Deity. 

Harmony  and  mutual  afFeftlpn 
reigns  furprlfingly  among  them  } 
every  perfon  is  induilrious,  and  quite 
contented  with  the  taflc  alTigned  Ifiim, 
They  are  remarkably  hofpitable  to 
all  firangers.  If  a  traveller  afka 
them  any  thing,  they  will  chear- 
fullygive  it  him,  and  if  it  happens 
to  be  late  in  the  evening,  will  alk 
him  to  flay  all  night,  but  refufe  to 
accept  of  any  recompence. 

The  nuns  are  very  ingenious  in 
drawing  flowers  and  pieces  of  wri-< 
ting;  efpecially  the  latter,  with 
which  they  adorn  their  churches  ; 
and  among  thefe  are  fome  curious 
and  finiflied  pieces  done  in  German 
text. 


j4  <haraSler  from  Sully, 

WHEN  the  Duke  de  Sul- 
ly, in  1603,  fet  out  on  an 
embaflage  for  the  court  of  England, 
he  was  attended  by  a  numerous, 
retinue  of  the  principal  gentlemen 
in  France  :  amongll  the  refl  Mr. 
Servin  prefented  his  young  fon  to 
him  ;  at  the  fame  time,  earneftly 
begging  the  duke,  that  he  would 
ufe  his  befl  endeavours  to  make 
him  an  honed  man.  This  requeft, 
gave  Sully  a  great  curiofity  to 
learch  into  his  charafler  :  and  he 
gives  the  following  ftriking  accounj 
of  him.  .1 

His  genius,  fays  he,  was  fo  live- 
ly, that  nothing  could   efcape  hif 

Z  4  P^*^^' 


S4+        ANNUAL    HE 

penetration  ;  his  apprehenfion  was 
ib  quick,  that  he  undcrftood  every 
thing  in  an  inftant  j  and  his  me- 
"inory  (o  prodigious,  that  he  never 
forgot  any  thing.  He  was  mailer 
of  all  the  branches  of  philofophy, 
the  mathematics,  particularly  for- 
tification and  defigning.  Nay,  he 
was  fo  thoroughly  acquainted  with 
divinity,  that  he  was  an  excellent 
preacher,  when  he  pleafed,  and 
could  manage  the  controverfy  for, 
or  againft,  the  proteftant  religion, 
with  the  greateft  ability.  He  not 
only  underftood  the  Greek,  He- 
brew, and  other  learned  languages, 
but  all  the  jargons  of  the  moderns. 
Jit  entered  w  exaftly  into  their 
pronunciation  and  accent,  to  which 
he  joined  iuch  a  perfe^  imitation 
of  their  air  and  manners,  that  not 
only  the  people  of  the  different 
jiations  in  Europe,  but  the  feveral 
provinces  of  France,  would  have 
taken  him  for  a  native  of  the  coun- 
try. He  applied  his  talent  to  imi- 
tate all  forts  of  perfons,  which  he 
performed  with  wonderful  dexte- 
rity ;  and  was  accordingly  the  beil 
comedian  in  the  world.  .  He  was  a 
good  poet,  an  excellent  mufician, 
and  fling  with  equal  art  and  fweet- 
nefs.  He  faid  maU  ;  for  he  would 
do  every  thing,  as  well  as  know 
every  thing.  His  body  was  perfed- 
ly  proportioned  to  his  mind.  He 
was  well  made,  vigorous,  and  agile, 
formed  for  all  forts  of  exercifes.  He 
rode  a  horfe  well,  and  was  admired 
for  dancing,  leaping,  and  wreftling. 
He  was  acquainted  with  all  kinds 
of  fports  and  diverfions,  and  could 
praftii'e  in  mod  of  the  maihertati- 

cal  arts, — Reverfe  the  medal, 

iays  Sully:  he  was  a  liar,  falfe, 
treacherous,  cruel,  and  cowardly, 
a  (harper,  drunkard,  and  glutton. 
He  was  a  gamefter,  an  abandoned 


GISTER,    1750. 

debauchee,  a  blafphemer,  and  a- 
theiil;  in  a  word,  was  poffeire4 
of  every  vice  contrary  to  nature, 
to  honour,  to  religion,  and  fociety  ; 
he  perfifted  in  his  vices  to  the  laft, 
and  fell  a  facrifice  to  his  debauch- 
eries, in  the  flower  of  his  age  ;  he 
died  at  the  public  flew,  holding 
the  glafs  in  his  hand,  fwearing, 
and  denying  God.  -) 

Any  refledlions  upon  this  cha- 
racter would  be  needlefs,  it  muft 
appear  fo  thoroughly  vicious ;  atid 
the  more  dangerous  from  all  thofe 
extraordinary  qualities  both  of  body 
and  mind  which  accompanied  it, 
even  the  unhappy  father  pronounc- 
ed it  fo  in  a  fon  ;  and  the  Duke  de 
Sully  obferves,  that  he  was  at  once 
a  miracle  and  moniler.  To  con- 
clude, it  is  then  evident,  that  vir- 
tue does  not  confiH  in  the  poiTeffiori 
of  the  greateft  perfonal  or  excernal 
advantages,  but  in  the  right  ufe  and 
application  of  thefe,  from  a  con- 
ftant  and  pure  intention.  It  is  this 
only,  which  properly  excites  the 
moral  fentiment  of  efteem  and  ap- 
probation ;  nor  can  the  moft  Ihining 
abilities,  which  the  human  nature 
is  fufceptible  of,  avert  that  infamy 
and  contempt,  which  is  the  natural 
portion  of  vice. 

**  If  parts  allure  thee,  think  how 
Bacon  Ihin'd, 

*♦  The  wifeft,  brighteft,  meaneft, 
of  mankind." 

I  am.  Sir, 

your  moil  humble  fervanr, 
M.D, 


Anecdotei  of  the  frefent  authcr  of  the 
Bruffels  Gazette. 

HIS  name  is  Maubcrt,  and  he 
is    by    birth    a  Frenchman. 
He  was  educated  in  &  feminary  of 

jefuits 


CHARACTERS. 


345 


jefuits  in  Picardy,  and,  at  lengrh, 
entered  the  lociety  ;  but  being  ena- 
moured of  a  beautiful  nun,  he  made 
an  elopement  with  her,  and  pro- 
feiTed  himfelf  a  protellant.  He  came 
to  BrufTels,  where  he  obtained  the 
prelection  of  M.  Kinfchot,  refident 
of  the  States,  by  whofe  means  he 
got  fafc  to  Holland.  He  now  found 
himfelf  imnierged  in  great  difficul- 
ties, and  reduced  to  extreme  want; 
the  generofuy  of  the  prote(lant5  fell 
iliort  of  his  expeclacions,  and  his 
converfion  was  far  from  anfwering 
his  views.  Some  bookiellers  em- 
ployed him  to  write  for  them  ; 
but  his  convened  nun  was  the  prin- 
cipal fource  of  fupport.  A  Saxon 
count,  in  his  travels  through  Hol- 
land, met  with  her  at  the  Hague, 
and  taking  a  fancy  to  her,  carried 
her  with  him  to  Drefden.  Maubert 
was  taken  notice  of  on  her  account, 
and  found  ^  friend  and  prote£lor  in 
his  rival,  who  recomiiiended  him 
to  a  Saxon  nobleman,  to  be  pre- 
ceptor to  his  fons.  Hefoon  ac- 
quired the  efteem  of  the  family  by 
his  wit  and  agreeable  coiiverfation. 
This  nobleman  was  an  inveterate 
enemy  to  Count  Bruhl,  and  had  en- 
gaged with  fome  of  his  friends  to 
ruin  him.  Maubert  was  pitched 
on  as  a  proper  pcrfon  to  draw  up 
a  dedudlion  of  grievanct.s,  and  his 
performance  gained  him  the  ap- 
plaufe  and  confidence  of  the  anti- 
minifterial  party.  He  was  admitted 
to  their  conferences,  and  confuhed 
by  them  on  the  means  of  attaining 
their  aim  ;  and  had  his  advice 
been  taken,  it  is  more  than  proba- 
ble Count  Bruhl  had  been  depofed^ 
and  the  prefent  war  prevented  ; 
but  fuch  was  the  perplexity  and 
irrefolution  of  the  cabal,  they  could 
not  agree  on  the  meafures,  though 
they  were  determined  to  llrike  the 


blow.  The  confidence  of  people 
in  their  fphere  of  life,  greatly 
elated  Maubert  :  he  conlirued  the 
notice  they  took  of  him  into  friend- 
ihip,  and  their  vifus  flattered  his 
ambition.  But  one  morning  he  re- 
ceived a  vint  of  an  officer  of  the 
Saxon  guards,  who  thus  addrefTed 
him  in  a  furly  tone  :  **  I  arrcft  you 
in  the  King's  name  as  a  prifoner 
oF  ftate."  His  papers  were  feized  ; 
he  was  hurried  into  a  coach,  and 
carried  to  the  callle  of  Konigilein, 
a  few  miles  from  Drefden,  towards 
the  confines  of  Bohemia.  He  con- 
tinued there  twenty-three  months, 
and  employed  his  time  in.clofe  ap- 
plication to  Hudy,  and  made  con- 
siderable progrefs  in  politics.  In 
the  mean  time,  he  remarked,  that 
one  of  his  fellow  pri{bner,s  had  the 
liberty  of  walking  where  he  pleafed, 
and  that  he  was  a  prifoner  only  be- 
caufe  he  preferred  being  a  prifoner, 
with  a  penfion  that  enabled  him  to 
live  comfortably,  and  fmoke  to* 
bacco  from  morning  till  night,  to 
any  fuuation  in  which  he  would  be 
expofed  to  the  viciffitudes  of  for- 
tune. This  honeft  philofopher  al- 
ways wore  a  greafy  night  gown, 
a  wig  of  a  monflrous  fi.e,  a  re* 
markable  large  flouched  hat,  and 
flippers.  Maubert  cultivated  a  flrift 
intimacy  with  the  philoropher,whoin 
one  day,  in  fultry  hot  weather,  he 
found  fall  afleep.  Maubert  im- 
proved this  circumflance  to  his 
advantage  ;  he  put  on  his  friend's 
night  gown,  hat,  wig,  and  flip- 
pers, and  after  lighting  his  pipe, 
he  walked  gravely  out,  without 
being  difcovered,  and  arrived,  in 
a  couple  of  hours  after,  at  Pscerf- 
walde  in  Bohemia,  where  ke  was 
in  fafety  ;  but  his  fituation  was  Hill 
difmal ;  he  had  little  money,  and 
neither  Ihoes  nor  coat.     Next  day 

he 


ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1759. 


.34^ 

he  exchanged  his  night-gown  and 
wig  with  the  prielt  of  Peterfvvalde, 
tor  an  old  black  coat,  and  the  flip- 
pers for  a  pair  of  fhoes,  and  then 
<et  out  for  Prague.  By  the  aflilt- 
ance  of  fome  friends,  which  the 
oddity  of  his  late  adventure  had 
acquired  him,  he  was  enabled  to  go 
to  Francfort  on  the  Maine,  and 
from  thence  to  Berlin,  Holland, 
and  England,  where  he  had  many 
adventure*:,  and  made  many  a  (hift 
to  live.  From  England  he  was  ob- 
liged to  make  a  precipitate  retreat, 
being  taken  for  a  fpy  ;  and  a  Dutch 
fifhing-boat,  that  had  fold  her  car- 
go in  the  Thames,  procured  him 
the  means  of  preferring  his  liberty. 
He  once  more  landed  in  Holland, 
where  the  prefent  troubles  offered 
him  the  means  of  gaining  a  liveli- 
hood by  his  pen.  He  was  advan- 
tageoufly  known  by  his  teftament 
of  C.  Alberoni,  and  by  his  political 
hiftory  of  this  age.  He  pubiifhed 
feveral  political  pamphlets;  for 
which  he  was  paid  by  the  very  fame 
Count  Bruhl,  who  had  profecuted 
him  fome  years  before.  Ephrairn 
jujiified  h  a  falfe  reprefentation  of 
the  htuation  of  Saxony,  under  the 
Pi  uflians  :  the  affair  of  the  coinage, 
the  levies  of  recruits,  and  the  raif- 
ing  of  contributions,  are  painted  in 
odious  and  falfe  colours  ;  erroneous 
calculations,  and  fa^ls  that  never 
exifted  but  in  his  brain,  ferve  to 
illurtrate  this  performance.  Count 
Bruhl  and  Count  Kaunitz's  penfions 
to  him  were  but  fcanty,  which  ob- 
liged him  to  make  an  offer  of  his 
pen  to  defend  the  Britiih  caufe  in 
polemic  writing?.  His  propofals 
were  rejected :  piqued  at  iuch  a 
mark  of  indifference,  he  fwore  re- 
venge. A  letter  which  he  wrote  in 
the  name  of  the  late  prince  royal  to 
the  King  of  PrulTia,  was  intended 


to  blacken  the  greatelt  hero  of  the 
age.  M.  Van  Hdlen  demanded 
fati^fjdtion  of  the  States  in  his 
mailer's  name,  and  he  was  ordered 
by  a  ftate  meffenger  twice  to  leave 
Holland.  He  paid  no  regard  to  the 
compliment ;  but  a  furly  foout,  with 
his  fatellites,  carried  him,  hon  gre, 
malgre,  in  a  coach  to  the  limits  of 
the  States  territories,  where  he  was 
left  to  meditate  on  human  viciffi- 
tudes.  He  went  again  to  BrufTels, 
where  he  was  received  with  open 
arms;  he  returned  to  the  bofbm.of 
the  church,  was  made  a  confeiller 
de  Cour  by  her  Aportolic  Majelly, 
gratified  with  a  pei.fion  of  6co 
ducats,  and  probably  has  received 
from  Rome  abfolution  for  all  the 
lies  he  is  to  tell  in  the  Brufl'els 
Gazette. 


Singular  account  of  a  Mi/er. 

AVarice,  of  all  other  paffions, 
is  the  lead  to  be  accounted 
for,  as  it  precludes  the  miier  from 
all  pleafure  except  that  of  hoard- 
ing :  the  Prodigal,  the  Gamefter, 
the  Ambitious,  having  fomething 
to  plead  by  way  of  palliatives  for 
their  inordinate  afFedlions  to  their 
refpe^live  objedts  and  purfuits ;  but 
the  mifer  gratifies  his  paffion  at  the 
expence  of  every  conveniency,  in- 
dulgence, or  even  neceffary  of  life. 
He  is  aptly  compared  to  the  mag- 
pye,  who  hides  gold  which  he  can 
make  no  ufe  of. 

M.  Vandille  was  the  moil  re- 
markable man  in  Paris,  both  on 
account  of  his  immenfe  riches,  and 
his  extreme  avarice  He  lodged  as 
high  up  as  the  roof  would  admit 
him,  to  avoid  noife  or  vifits,  main- 
tained one  poor  old  woman  to  at- 
tend him  in  his  garret,  allowed  hev 

only 


CHARACTERS. 


347 


on]y  Teven  fous  per  week,  or  a  penny 
per  diem.  His  ufual  diet  was  bread 
and  milk,  and  for  indulgence,  lome 
poor  four  wine  on  Sunday,  on  which 
day  he  conftantly  gave  one  farrhing 
to  the  poor,  being  one  Hulling  and 
a  penny  per  ann.  which  he  call  up, 
and  after  his  death,  his  extenfive 
charity  amounted  to  forty-three 
Ihillings  and  four- pence.  This  pru- 
dent aconcmift  had  been  a  magi- 
strate, or  officer,  at  Boulogne,  from 
which  obfcurity  he  was  promoted 
to  Paris,  for  the  reputation  of  his 
wenlih,  which  he  lent  upon  unde- 
niable fecurity  to  the  public  fands, 
not  caring  to  trull  individuals  with 
his  life  and  foul.  While  a  magiftratc 
at  Boulogne,  he  maintained  himfelf 
by  taking  upon  him  to  be  milk- 
tafter-gereral  at  the  market,  and 
from  one  to  another  filled  his  belly 
and  wafhed  down  his  bread  at  no 
cxpence  of  his  own,  nor,  doubtlefs, 
from  any  other  principle  than  that 
of  ferving  l+ie  public  in  re^u-lating 
the  goodnefs  of  milk.  When  he 
h?.d  a  call  to  Paris,  knowing  that 
ftage  vehicles  are  expenfive,  he  de- 
termined to  go  thither  on  foot ; 
and  to  avoid  being  robbed,  he 
took  care  to  export  \yith  hitnfelf 
neither  more  nor  jefs  than  the  con- 
siderable fum  of  three-pence  fterling 
to  carry  him  one  hundred  and  thirty 
jniles;  and  with  the  greater  faci- 
lity to  execute  his  plan  of  opera- 
tion, he  went  in  the  quality  of  a 
poor  prieft  or  mendicant,  and  no 
doubt  gathered  fome  few  pence  on 
the  road  from  fuch  piou?  and  wcll- 
tlifpofed  perfons  of  the  country  who 
were  ftran^ers  to  him. 

The  great  value  a  mifcr  annexes 
to  a  farthing,  will  make  us  lefs  fur- 
prifed  at  the  infinite  attachment  he 
muft  have  to  a  guinea,  of  which  it  is 
t\ic(ecdf   growing  by  gentle  grada- 


tions, into  pence,  fhllUngs,  pounds, 
thoufands,  and  ten  thoufand-&^,  which 
made  this  worthy  connoilfeur  fay, 
take  care  of  the- farthings,  and  the 
pence  and  ihillings  will  take  care 
of  themfelves  ;  thefe  femina  of 
wealth  mav  be  compared  to  fecond» 
of  time,  which  generate  years,  cen- 
turies, and  even  eternity  itfelf. 

When  he' became  extenfive  rich, 
being  in  the  year  1735  ^^^^^  feven 
or  eight  hundred  thoufand  pounds, 
which  he  begot  or  multiplied  on 
the  body  of  a  lingle  Ihillinjg,  from 
the  age  of  fixteen  to  the  age  of 
feventy-two  :  One  day  he  heard  ^ 
woodman  goirig  by  in  futnrtier,  at 
which  feafon  they  ftock  themfelves 
with  fuel  for  the  winter  ;  he  agreed 
with  him  at  the  lowell  rate  poffible, 
but  ftole  from  the  poor  man  feveral 
logs,  with  which  he  loaded  him- 
felf  to  his  fecret  hiding-hole,  and 
thus  contracted,  in  that  hot  feafon, 
a  fever;  he  then  fent,  for  the  firft 
time,  for  a  furgeon  to  bleed  him, 
who  aflcihg  half  a  livre  for  the  ope- 
ration, was  difmified  ;  he  then  fent 
for  an  apothecary,  but  he  Was  as 
high  in  his  demand  ;  he  then  fent 
for  a  poor  barber,  who  undertook  to 
open  a  vein  for  threepence  a  time  ; 
but,  fays  this  worthy  occonomift, 
friend,  hnw often  will  it  be  requifite 
to  bleed  ?  three  times,  faidhe:  an^ 
what  quantity  of  blood  do  you  in- 
tend to  take?  about  eight  ounces 
each  time,  anfwered  the  barber. 
That  will  be  ninepence — too  much, 
too  much,  fays  the  old  mifer,  I  have 
determined  to  go  a  cheaper  way  to 
work  ;  take  the  whole  quantity  you 
defign  to  take  at  three  times,  at 
one  time,  and  that  will  fave  me 
fixpence  ;  which  being  infilled  on, 
he  loll  twenty-four  ounces  of  blood, 
and  died  in  a  few  days,  leaving  all 
his  vaft  trcafures  to  the  King,  whom 

he 


34^      ANNUAL    RE 

Ije  made  bis  fole  heir.  Thus  he 
contradled  hisdiforder  by  pilfering, 
^nd  hi§,  cjeath  by  an  unprecedented 
piece  of  paifimony. 


C9py  of  the  'tut II  of  the  late  Lieut enarit 
General  Henry  Ha-jjley. 

I  Being  perfedly  well,     boih  in 
body  and   mind,    know    that  I 
am  writing  this  my    laft  will,    by 
which  I  do  hereby  give,  order  and 
difpofe  of  what  is  mine,  both  real 
and  perfonal,  that  there  may  be  no 
difputes  after  I  am  gone.     There- 
fore  as   I  began   the    world    with 
nothing,  and  as  all  I  have  is  of  my 
own  acquiring^  I  can  difpofe  of  it 
as  Ipleaf?.     But  fir|i,,I',direft  and 
i).rder  (that  as  there  is  now  a  peace, 
and  I  may  die  the  common  way) 
xn'y  carcafe  may  be  put  any  where  ; 
'tis  equal  tp  me  ;  but  I  vviiU  have 
ho    more    expence  '  or    ridiculous 
Ihew,  .than  if  a  poor  fpldier  (who 
IS  as  good  a  man)  was  to  be  buried 
an  the  hofpitaU     The  prieft,  I^con- 
elude,  will  l^ave  his  fee  :    let   the 
puppy  havei':.  Pay  the  carpervter  for 
ihe  carcafe  box,.    Debts  I  have  none 
at  this' time;  fome  very  fmall  trifles 
of  courfe  there  may  be  :  let  them  be 
paid ;  there  >s  wherewith  to  do  it. 
Firft  then  to   my  only   filler  Anne 
Havyley,  if  ihe  furviv^s  me,   I  give 
aad   bequeath    5000!.    fterling  out 
of  the  75001.  which  I   have  at  this 
time  in  bank  annuities  of  17.48.  Be 
that  altered  or  not,  1  Hill  give  her 
5,660!.   out   of  what  :I    die   worth, 
to  difpof^  of  as   fhe   pleafes ;    and' 
this   to   be'  made  over   to   her,    or 
paid  as  foon    a^   pollible,    after    I 
am  dead  ;  a  month'  at  mod.     As  to 
9.ny   other  relations,   I  have   none 
who  want,  and  as  I  never  was  mar- 
ried^ have  no  heirs.     X  therefore 


GISTER,    1759. 

have  Jong  fince  taken  rt  into  my 
head  to  adopt  one  heir,  and  fon, 
after  the  manner  of  the  Romans, 
who  1  hereafter  name. 

But  fiiH,  there's  one  Mrs.  Eliz, 
Toovey,  widow,  motiier  of  this 
aforefaid  adopted  fon,  who  has 
been  for  many  years  my  friend  and 
companion,  and  often  my  careful 
nurfe,  and  in  my  abfence  a  faithful 
fteward  :  fhe  is  the  perfon  I  think 
myfelf  bound  in  honour  and  gra- 
titude to  provide  for,  as  well  as,I| 
can,  during  her  life.  \  do  there- 
fore give  and  bequeath  to  the  faid 
Eiiz.  Toovey,  widow,  all  that  my 
freehold  ellate,  houfes,  out-hoafes, 
&c.  and  all  the  land  thereto  belong- 
ing, fituate  at    the   upper   end  of 


.Weil-green,  in  the  parifa  of  Hart- 
ley Win  tny,  and  county  of  South- 
ampton, wiiichl  bought  of  William 
Ship  way  :  I  like  wife  give  to  the 
faid  Elizabeth  Toovey  the  lands,  or 
farm  commonly  called  Exell's  farm, 
which,  join  to  the  aforefdid  lands 
bought  of  William  Shipway,  and 
which  I  bought  of  Lord  Caftlemain. 
I  alfp;  give  her  the  field  adjoining 
tiieietq,  which  I  bought  of  farmpr 
Hellhoufe,  called  the  Paddock.  ^,1 
likewiie  ,^ive  to  the  faid  Elizabeth 
Toovey,  .my  farm  -  houfe,  other 
hojjfe,  and  all  out-houfes,  &;c.  and 
all  the  lands  thereto  belonging, 
fituate  at  the  bottom  of  Weli- 
green  parifh,.  apd  county  afore- 
faid, which  farm,  lands,  .&c.  \ 
bought  of  farmer  Hellhouie.  I 
likewife  give  and  bequeath  to  the 
faid  Elizabeth  Toovey,  the  great 
meadow,  which  I  bought  of  Tho- 
mas Ellis,  carpenter,  or  wright, 
which-is  commonly  callod  Tiliga- 
ny  ;  and  I  give  alio  the  little  mea- 
dow overagainft  the  great  one, 
part  of  the  purchafe  made  of  far- 
n^er  Hellhoafc,  to  hsr.     And  I  alfo 

give 


CHARACTERS. 


3+9 


give  to  \.\\r  faid  Elizabeth  Toovey 
a  little  barn  and  farm  I  lately  pur- 
chafed,  called  Birchen  Reeds,  up- 
on Hafty-hcath  in  the  parifh  of 
Mactlingly,  or  Hetzfield.  I  like- 
wife  give  and  bequeath  to  the  faid 
Elizabeth  Toovey,  my  houfe,  fta- 
bles,  out-houfes,  and  all  the  ground 
thereto  belonging,  which  I  pur- 
chafed  lately  of  the  widow  Rooke, 
fituate  in  the  pariih  of  St.  George's 
near  Hyde-park-gate,  in  the  county 
of  Middlefex,  ihe  to  hold  and  pof- 
feCs  thefe  feveral  houfes  and  eftates 
during  her  natural  life;  and  then, 
after  her  deceafe,  I  give  and  be- 
queath them  to  her  fecond  fon 
Captain  William  Toovey,  my  a- 
dopted  fon  and  heir  (at  prefent  a 
captain  in  the  regiment  of  Royal 
Dragoons  under  my  command)  then 
when  his  mother  dies,  and  not  be- 
fore, the  whole  which  I  have  and 
do  give  to  her,  to  come  to  him, 
and  to  be  his  and  his  heirs  for  ever. 
And  I  do  direct  and  require  the  faid 
Captain  William  Toovey,  that  as 
foon  as  I  am  dead,  he  Ihall  forth- 
with take  upon  him  both  my  names, 
and  fign  them,  by  aft  of  parlia- 
ment or  othcrwife,  as  fhall  be  need- 
ful. I  do  order  and  appoint  that 
the  aforei'aid  Elizabeth  Toovey, 
fhall  have  the  ufe  of  all  my  goods, 
plate,  &c.  during  her  life,  as  alio 
the  ufe  and  intercll  of  all  the  fums 
of  money  I  die  pofleiTed  of  in  pre- 
fent, as  alfo  what  (hall  be  due  to 
me  from  the  government,  during 
her  natural  life,  excepting  always 
the  5000I.  which  1  give  my  fitter, 
and  what  legacies  hereafter  follow, 
and  debts  paid,  and  my  horfes  and 
arms  excluftre. 

I  do  appoint  Captain  William 
Toovey  my  fole  executor  and  truf- 
tee,  to  fee  this  my  will  executed 
punftually,  aud  to  asfl  in  behalf  ef 


my  fifter,  his  mother,  brother,  and 
himfelf,  and  to  ftate  my  accounts 
with  my  agent  for  the  time  being, 
and  all  others  concerned. 

As  to  his  brother  Lieutenant  Co- 
lonel John  Toovey,  I  give  and  be- 
queath to  him  loool.  out  of  the 
money  the  government  owes  me, 
when  paid.  I  alfo  give  him  all  my 
horfes  and  arms.  I  alfo  give  him 
up  the  writings  and  money,  which. 
his  brother  Captain  William  Too- 
vey owes  me,  lent  him  for  his  feve- 
ral preferments  in  the  regiment. 

I  give  and  bequeath  to  Elizabeth 
Burkett,  fpinfter,  lool.  as  a  lega- 
cy, fhe  having  been  a  ufeful,  agree- 
able handmaid  to  me;  bat  upon 
this  condition,  that  fhe  never  mar- 
ries Lieutenant  Colonel  John  Too- 
vev,  if  fhe  does  I  give  her  nothing. 
Likewife  if  Lieutenant  Colonel 
John  Toovey  fhould  be  fool  enough 
to  marry  her,  Elizabeth  Burkett, 
I  difannul  whatever  relates  to  him 
and  her,  and  I  give  nothing  either 
to  Lieutenant  Colonel  John  Too- 
vey or  her.  And  if  after  all  uhiff 
they  fliculd  be  both  fools  and  marry, 
I  ho  hereby  give  (what  I  had  giveni 
to  them)  I  fay,  1  give  it  to  my 
fifter  Anne  Hawley,  and  her  heirs  J 
and  order  her  or  them  to  fue  for 
the  fame. 

I  once  more  appoint  Captain 
William  Toovey  my  executor  and 
truftee  ;  and  I  order  him  to  ad- 
miniftcr ;  there^s  no  debts  will 
,  trouble  him,  or  his  mother ;  whac 
there  is  fhe  will  pay  ;  and  that  he 
immediately  wait  on  my  fifter  with 
a  copy  of  this  will,  if  fhe  furvives 
me  ;  if  not,  what  I  give  her  is  his. 
In  cafe  I  have  not  time  to  make 
anothef  will,  my  houfe  in  the 
Mews,  which  leafe  is  almoft  out,  my 
fifter  has  already  by  my  gift.  My 
houfe  at  Charlton  I  (halt  fell  ;  fo 

don^c 


350        ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


don't  mention  it.  1  have  no  other 
will  but  this,  which  is  my  lail.  In 
witnefs  whereof  I  have  hereunto 
let  my  hand  and  feal,  having  writ 
it  all  with  my  own  hand,  and  iign- 
cd  each  page:  and  this  I  did,  be- 
caufe  I  hate  all  prieits  of  all  profef- 
iions,  and  I  have  the  worii  opinion 
of  all  members  of  the  law.  This 
the  29th  of  March,  1 749. 

[L.  S.]  He.  Hawley. 

Signed,  fealed,  and  delivered  by 
Lieutenant  General  Henry 
Hawley,  in  our  prefence,  who 
likewife  in  his  prefence  have 
fubfcribed  our  names  as   wit- 

J,.  Wilkinfon, 
islam.  Mofs, 
Patt.  Maguire. 
What  follows  in  this  (heet  is  a 
codicil  to  the  foregoing  will;  but, 
without  making  any  alteration  in 
the  faid  foregoing  will,  1  by  this 
give  and  bequeath  to  Captain  V/il- 
liam  Toovey,  and  his  heirs,  that 
farm  and  lands  called  Hurlebatts 
/arm,  lying  near  Hartford  Bridge  ; 
which  lands  I  lately  purchafed  of 
James  Hare,  yeoman  ;  the  houfe 
and  barns  not  being  yet  purchafed, 
<ior  twenty  pounds  a  Arear  belong- 
ing to  it:  but  as  tjle  faid  James 
Hare  is  under  an  obligation  to  fell 
it  to  me  at  a  flipulated  price,  with- 
in twelve  months,  1  do  give  the 
faid  houfe,  lands,  &c.  to  the  faid 
Captain  William  Toovey,  in  the 
fame  manner  as  the  lands  firil  men- 
tioned ;  therefore  I  have  hereunto 
fet  my  hand  and  feal  this  yih  day  of 
November,  J749- 

(L.  S.)  He.  Hawley. 

Signed,  fealed,  and  delivered.  Sec. 
Am.  Hodges, 
Tho.  Gibfon, 
Hen.  Romerman. 
This  (heet  is  alfo  a  codicil  to  my 
will. 


Whereas  my  eftate  is  incraftdi 
fince  the  former  date,  by  the  pur- 
chafe  of  Dipley  mill,  and  lands, 
&c.  thereto  belonging,  at  the  rent 
of  50I.  a  year,  and  by  a  mortgage 
of  loool.  upon  the  eftate  of  one 
John  Fly  at  Odiam,  as  alfo  of  or 
by  a  mortgage  of  1500I.  upon  the 
toll  of  the  turnpike  at  Pheanife 
Green,  parifh  of  Hartley  Wintny  ; 
I  do  give  to  the  aforefaid  Anne 
Hawley,  my  filler,  the  abovefaid 
mill,  lands,  vcc.  for  her  life  ;  after 
her  to  Captain  William  Toovey  ; 
and  order  hiai  to  pay  her  50I.  a 
year  penny  rent,  by  half-yearly 
payments.  I  give  to  Elizabeth 
Burkett,  the  loool.  mortgage  up- 
on John  Fly's  eftate  ;  and  1  give 
to  Captain  William  Toovey,  the 
1500I.  loan  on  the  toll  as  above, 
in  prefent  to  him.  Witnefs  my 
hand  and  feal  this  22d  of  October, 
1750. 

(L.  S.)  He.  Hawley. 

Signed,  fealed,  and  delivered.  Sec. 
John  Smith, 
John  Baignan, 
Jaque  Guaiilard. 

This  ftieet  is  alio  a  codicil  to  my 
will. 

Whereas  iince  the  foregoing  co- 
dicil, I  have  purchafed  that  ellate 
at  Odiam,  on  which  I  had  a  mort- 
gage, being  50L  a  year,  I  give 
that  in  prefent  to  my  fifter  Anne 
Hawley,  inftead  of  Dipley  mill,  &c. 
the  mill  I  give  to  Captain  William 
Toovey,  and  order  him  as  before 
to  pay  my  filler  50I.  a  year  penny 
rent  quarterly.  And  whereas  T 
have  already  articled  for  an  eftate 
called  Blue-houle  farm  (though  the 
writings  are  not  yet  finiihed)  when 
done  1  give  it  to  Captain  Willianx. 
Toovey  in  prefent.  I  give  to  Eliz. 
Burkett  icool.  to  be  paid  to  her 
by  her  aunt  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Too- 

vey. 


CHARACTERS. 


35^ 


vey,  out  of  the  ready  money  I 
leave  to  her,  either  in  the  funds, 
or  elfevvhere  :  this  in  lieu  of  the 
mortgage  mentioned  before.  I  give 
more  to  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Toovey, 
widow,  the  1500I.  lent  upon  the 
turnpike,  as  before  mention,ed.  I 
give  unto  Lieutenant  Colonel  John 
Toovey,  all  my  arms,  horfes,  hooks, 
plans,  and  every  thing  that  is  mi- 
litary. Witnefs  my  hand  and  feal 
this  28th  of  Febiuarv,    1752. 

(L.  S.)  IHe.  Hawley. 

Signed,  fealed,  and  delivered,  Src 
John  Smith, 
William  Dollery, 
John  Caignan. 
This  flieet  is  alfo  a  codicil  to  my 
will.  Whereas  my  eftate  is  again 
increafed,  fince  the  lall  date,  hav- 
ing now  purchafed  the  aforefaid 
Blue-houfe  f^irm,  as  alfo  a  farm  and 
houfe  and  lands,  at  Hallfide,  near 
Odiam,  of  one  Mr.  Horn,  rent 
21L  a  year  ;  I  give  the  faid  lands. 
Sec.  of  both  the  above  farms,  to 
the  forefaid  William  Toovey.  [I 
alf  j  ive  unto  him  the  mo  J  gage  of 
four  I  thoufand  pounds,  vvh  j  ch  I 
am  to  h  I  upon  Mr.  Cotting- 
ham*s  I  llate  in  Ham  (  ire,  when 
the  title  is  j  ade  good,  wh  |  h  is 
now  before  coun  j  il.]  If  it  Ihould 
not  be  made  good,  I  give  the  in- 
terelt  of  thar  4000!.  to  his  mother 
Elizabeth  Toovffy,  for  her  life  ; 
and  afterwards  to  him  the  faid 
William  Toovey ;  as  likewife  all 
the  monies  he  fliall  receive  on  my 
account  due  from  the  governmeut; 
the  interell  of  which  1  have  before 
given  her  for  life.  The  title  of 
the  mortgage  having  not  been 
made  good,  I  have  fciatched  thofe 
lines  out,  as  above.  Whatever 
purchafes  I  may  hereafter  make, 
or  whatever  money  I  ihall  hereafter 
lend  upon  mortgages,  I  give  to  live 


aforefaid  Captain  William  ""['oovey. 
Witnefs  my  hand  and  feal  this  i6tli 
day  of  May,  1753. 

(L.  S.)  He.  Hawley. 

Signed,  fealed,  and  delivered,  &c. 
Robert  Legat. 
Henry  Romerman. 
Proved  London,  with  four  codi- 
cils,, the  24th  of  March,   1759,  be- 
fore the  worlhipful  George  Harris, 
dodlor   of  laws,  and  furrogaie,  by 
the  oath  of  William  Toovey,  Efq; 
the  fole  executor  named  in  the  faid 
will,  to   whom   adminiftration  was 
granted,    having    been   firll  fwora 
duly  to  adminifter. 
March  27,   1759. 

Wm.  Lesrard,    7  n 


T^e  remarkable  trial  of  Eugene  Aram, 
cf  Knarejboroughy  in  the  county  of 
Torky  Jchoolmajiery  for  the  murder 
of  Daniel  Clark,  fljoemaker,  com- 
mitted on  the  %th  day  of  Fehruary^ 
1744-5. 

DANIEL  CLARK,  the  de- 
ceafed,  had  been  newly  mar- 
ried ;  under  the  colour  of  having 
received  a  good  fortune  with  his 
wife,  entered  into  a  confederacy 
with  Aram  and  Houfeman,  a  flax- 
drelfer,  to  defraud  feveral  perlon5 
of  great  quantities  of  plate,  and 
other  gODds,  which  Clark  was  to 
borrow  from  his  friends  and  ac- 
quaintance, to  aiake  a  lirlt  appear- 
ance in  the  marriage  Itate.  This 
Clark  eifectuaJJy  did,  and  borrow- 
ed goods  of  great  value,  fuch  as 
linen  and  woollen  drapery  goods, 
befides  three  fiiver  tankards,  four 
liiver  mugs,  one  fiivcr  milk  pot, 
one  ring  fee  with  an  emerald,  and 

two 
6 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


352 

two  brilliant  diamonds,  another 
with  three  rofe  diamonds ;  a  third 
with  an  ameihyft,  and  fix  plain 
yings,  eight  watches,  two  Ijiuff- 
boxes,  &c.  all  thefc  in  a  private 
manner,  and  from  different  people. 
Clark  having  fraudulently  obtained 
thefe  goods,  the  place  of  diftribu- 
tion  was  fixed  at  Aram's  houfe. 
Clark  foon  after  was  niiiring;  and 
upon  his  ituimacy  with  Aram  and 
Houfeman,  a  fufpicion  arjfing  that 
they  might  be  concerned  in  the 
fraiud,  fearch  was  made,  fome  of 
the  good?  vve|-e  found  at  Houfe- 
man's,  and  others  dug  up  in  Aram's 
garden  ;  but  as  no  plate  was  found, 
it  was  believed  that  Clark  had  gone 
off  with  that,  and  the  bufincfs  was 
dropt  till  the  month  of  June  1758, 
when  Aram  was  found  to  be  at 
Lynn  in  Norfolk,  where  he  was 
uliier  of  a  fchool,  and  arreited  for 
the  murder  of  Clark. 

The  wife  of  Eugene  Aram,  af- 
ter bis  departure  from  her,  in- 
timated her  fufpicion  of  Clark's 
being  murdered,  having  feen  her 
hufband  and  Houfeman  in  a  clofe 
conference,  and  on  miffing  Clark, 
afked  what  they  had  done  with 
him.  She  overheard  their  concern 
at  her  fufpicion,  on  which  Aram, 
hier  hufband,  faid  to  Houfeman, 
that  he  would  fhoot  her,  and  put 
her  out  of  the  way  ;  and  after  their 
departure,  llie  went  down  and 
found  feveral  pieces  and  fhreds  of 
linen  and  woollen,  vvhicls  fhe  fuf- 
pefted  to  be  Clark's  wearing  ap- 
parel. 

This,  and  other  teftlmony,  was 
given  before  the  inquefi,  a:  which 
Houfeman,  being  prefent,  fhewed 
ail  the  marks  of  guilt,  as  trembling, 
palenefs,  Hammering,  Sec.  Up- 
on the  ficeleton's  being  produced, 
Houfeman  alfo  dropt  this  unguard- 


ed expreffion  ;  taking  up  one  of  ihs 
bones,  he  faid,  *  Tliis  is  no  more 
Dan.  Clark's  bone  than  itis  mine  ;" 
which  fhewed,  that  if  he  was  fo 
fure  that  thofe  bones  before  him 
were  not  Daniel  Clark's,  he  mull 
know  fomething  more,  as  indeed 
he  did ;  for  thefe  were  not  the 
bones  of  Clark;  but  an  accident 
defigned  to  bring  the  real  body  to 
light ;  which  Houfeman,  after  fome 
evaiions  in  his  firll  depofition,  dif- 
covered  to  be  in  St.  Robert's  cave, 
near  Knarefborough,  where  it  was 
found  in  the  pofture  defcribed  ;  he 
then  was  admitted  King's  evidence' 
againft  Aram,  and  brought  in  one 
Terry,  as  an  accomplice  in  the 
murder,  Houfeman  gives  depofi- 
tion as  follows  : 

'*  That  Daniel  Clark  was  mur* 
dered  by  Eugene  Aram,  late  of 
Knarefborough,  fchoolmaUer,  and, 
as  he  believes,  on  Friday  the  8th 
of  February,  1744-5  '»  ^^^  ^^^^ 
Eugene  Aram  and  Daniel  Clark 
were  together  at  Aram's  houfe  ear- 
ly that  morning,  and  that  he 
[Houfeman]  left  the  houfe,  and 
went  up  the  ftrcet  a  little  before, 
and  they  called  to  him,  defiring 
he  would  go  a  little  way  with  them, 
and  he  accordingly  went  along 
with  them  to  a  place  called  St. 
Robert's  cave,  near  Grimble  bridge, 
where  Aram  and  Clark  flopped, 
and  there  he  faw  Aram  ftrike  him 
feveral  times  over  the  brealt  and 
head,  and  faw  him  fall  as  if  he  was 
dead,  upon  which  he  came  away 
and  left  them  :  but  whether  Aram 
ufed  any  weapon  or  not  to  kill 
Clark  he  could  not  tell:  nor  does 
he  know  what  he  did  with  the 
body  afterwards,  but  believes  that 
Aram  left  it  at  the  mouth  of  the 
cave  ;  for  that  feeing  Aram  do 
this,  left  he  might  fliare  the  fame 

fate. 


CHARACTERS* 


3S3 


fate,  he  made  the  beft  of  his  way 
from  him,  and  got  to  the  bridge- 
end  ;  where,  looking  back,  he  law 
Aram  coming  from  the  cave  fide, 
(which  is  in  a  private  rock  adjoin- 
ing the  river)  and  could  difcern  a 
bundle  in  his  hand,  but  did  not 
know  what  it  was  j  upon  this  he 
haded  away  to  the  town,  without 
either  joining  Aram,  or  feeing  him 
again  till  the  next  day,  and  from 
that   time   to   this   he   never   had 
any   private   difcourfe   with    him. 
Afterwards,    however,    Houfeman 
faid,  that  Clark's  body  was  buried 
in  St.  Robert's  cave,  and  that  he 
was  fure  it  was  then    there;    but 
delired  it  might  remain    till  fuch 
time  as  Aram  Jhould  be  taken.    He 
added  further,  that  Clark's  head 
lay  to  the  right,  in  the  turn  at  the 
entrance  of  the  cave»" 

Aram    being   thus    accufed    by 
Houfeman,  was  taken  in  the  fchool 
at  Lynn  in  Norfolk,  and  after  fome 
cvalions  on  his  firft  examination, 
ligned  the  fubfequent,  as  follows : 
**  That  he  was  at  his  own  houfe 
the  7th  of  Feb.  1744-5,  at  night, 
when  Richard  Houfeman  and  Da- 
niel Clark  came  to  him  with  fome 
plate,  and  both  of  them  went  for 
more  feveral  times,  and  came  back 
with   feveral   pieces    of  plate,    of 
which  Clark  was  endeavouring  to 
defraud   his    neighbours :   that  he 
could  not  but  obferve,  that  Houfe- 
man was  all  that  night  very  dili- 
gent to  affill  him,  to  the  utmoft  of 
his  power;  and  infilled,  that  this 
was  Houfeman's  bufmefs  that  night, 
and  not  the  figning  any  note  or  in- 
llrument,  as  is  pretended  by  Houfe- 
man.    That  Henry  Terry,  then  of 
Knarelborough,  ale-keeper,  was  as 
much  concerned   in    abetting   the 
faid  frauds  as  either  Houfeman  or 
Clark  ;  but  was  not  now  at  Aram's 
Vol.  II. 


houfe,  becaufe,  as  ft  was  market 
day,  his  abfence  from  his  guells 
might  have  occafioned  fome  fuf- 
picion;  that  Terry,  notwithftand- 
ing,  brought  two  filver  tankard* 
that  night,  upon  Clark's  account, 
which  had  been  fraudulently  ob- 
tained ;  and  that  Clark,  fo  far  from 
having  borrowed  20I.  of  Houfe- 
man, to  his  knowledge  never  bor- 
rowed more  than  9I.  which  he  had 
paid  him  again  before  that  night. 

That  all  the  leather  Clark  had, 
which  amounted  to  a  confiderable 
value,  he  well  knows,  was  con- 
cealed under  flax  in  Houfeman's 
houfe,  with  intent  to  b»p,  difpofed 
of  by  little  and  little,  in  order  ta 
prevent  fufpicion  of  his  being  con- 
cerned in  Clark's  fraudulent  prac- 
tices* 

That  Terry  took  the  plate  in  a 
bag,  as  Clark  and  Houfeman  did 
the   watches,    rings,    and    feveral- 
fmall  things  of  value,  and  carried 
them  into  the  flat,  where  they  and 
he   [Aram]  went  together  to  St. 
Robert's  cave,  and  beat  moll  of  the 
plate  flat.    It  was  then  thought  too 
late  in  the  morning,  being  about 
four  o'clock,  on  the  8th  of  Feb. 
1744-5,  ^or  Clark  to  goofffo  as  to 
get  to  any  dillance ;  it  was  there- 
fore agreed   he  Ihould  Hay   there 
till  the  night  following,  and  Clark 
accordingly  (laid  there  all  that  day^ 
as  he  believes,  they  having  agreed 
to  fend  him  viduals,  which  were 
carried  to  him  by  Henry  Terry,  he 
being  judged  the  mod  likely  perfon 
to  do  it   without    fufpicion,    for 
as  he  was  a  Ihooter,  he  might  go 
thither  under  the  pretence  of  fport* 
ing:  that  the  next  night,  in  order 
to  give  Clark  more  time  to  get  off, 
Henry  Terry,  Richard  Houfeman, 
and   himfelf,    went   down   to   the 
cave  very  early  j    but  he  [Aram] 
-4  a  did 


^54      ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


did  not  go  into  the  cave,  or  fee 
CJark  at  all ;  that  Richard  Houfe- 
man  and  Henry  Terry  only  went 
into  the  cave,  he  Haying  to  watch  at 
a  little  dilUnce  on  the  outfide,  left 
an  body  Ihould  furprize  them. 

That     he    believes    they    were 
-beating  fome  plate,   for  he  heard 
them  make  anoile ;  they  ftaid  there 
about  an  hour,  and  then  came  out 
of   the   cave,   and  told   him  that 
Clark  was  gone  oiF.     Obferving  a 
bag  they  had  along  with  them,  he 
took  it  in  his  hand,  and  faw  that  it 
contained  plate.     On  aiking,   why 
Daniel  did  not  take  the  plate  along 
with  him  ?     Terry  and  Houfeman 
replied,  that  they  had  bought  it  of 
him,  as  well  as  the  watches,  and 
had  given  him  money  for  it ;  that 
.being  more  convenient  for  him  to 
'go  off  with,  as  lefs  cumberfome  and 
idangerous.     After  which  they  all 
'three  went  into  Houfeman's  ware- 
houfe,  and  concealed  the  watches 
with  the  fmall  plate  there,  but  that 
Terry  carried  away  with  him  the 
great  plate  :  that  afterwards  Terry 
•  told  him  he  carried  it  to  How-hill, 
and  hid  it  there,  and  then  went  in- 
to Scotland,  and  difpofed   of  it : 
but  as  to  Clark,  he  could  not  tell 
whether  he  was  murdered  or  not  : 
-he  knew  hothing  of  him,  only  that 
ihey  told  him  he  was  gone  off.*' 

After  he  had  iigned  his  confefiion 
he  was  conduced  to  York  Caille, 
where  he  and  Houfeman  remained 
till  the  affizes. 

From  the  above  examination  of 
Aram,  there  appeared  great  reafon 
to  fufpedl  Terry  to  be  an  accom- 
plice in  this  black  affair  ;  a  war- 
rant was  therefore  granted,  and  he 
likewife  was  apprehended  and  com- 
mitted to  the  caftle.  Bills  of  in- 
.didlmenc  were  found  againft  them  : 
but  it  appealing"  to  the  cou^rt  upon 


-affidavit,  that  the  profecutor  could 
not  be  fully  provided  with  his  wit- 
neffes  at  that  time,  the  trial  was 
poftponed  till  Lammas  affizec. 

On  the  third  of  Auguft  1759, 
Richard  Houfeman  and  Eugene 
Aram  were  brought  to  the  bar. 
Houfeman  was  arraigned  on  his 
former  indidment,  acquitted,  and 
admitted  evidence  againft  Aram, 
who  was  thereupon  arraigned. 
Houfeman  was  then  called  upon, 
who  depofed,  **  That,  in  the  night 
between  the  7th  and  8th  of  Febru- 
ary 1744-5,  about  II  o'clock,  he 
went  to  Aram's  houfe  ;  that,  after 
two  hours,  and  upwards,  fpent  in 
paffing  to  and  fro  between  their  fe- 
veral  houfes,  to  difpofe  of  various 
goods,  and  to  fettle  fome  notes  con- 
cerning them,  Aram  propofed,  firft 
to  Clark,  and  then  to  Houfeman, 
to  take  a  walk  out  of  town  :  that 
when  they  came  to  the  field  where 
St.  Robert's  cave  is,  Aram  and 
Clark  went  into  it  over  the  hedge, 
and  when  they  came  within  fix  or 
eight  yards  of  the  cave  he  faw  them 
quarrelling :  that  he  faw  Aram 
ftrike  Clark  feveral  times,,  upoii 
which  Clark  fell,  and  he  never  faw 
him  rife  again  :  that  he  faw  no  iij- 
ftrument  that  Aram  had,  and  knew 
not  that  he  had  any:  that  upon 
this,  without  apy  interpofition  or 
alarm,  he  left  them  and  returned 
home :  that  the  next  morning  he 
went  to  Aram's  houfe,  and  afked 
whatbufinefs  he  had  with  Clark  laft 
night,  and  what  he  had  done  with, 
him  ?  Aram  replied  not  to  thi.s 
queftion;  but  threatened  him  if  he 
fpoke  of  his.bcing  in  Clark's  com- 
pany that  night ;  vowing  revenge, 
either  by  himfelf  or  fome  other  per  • 
fon,  if  he  mentioned  any  thing  re- 
lating to  the  affair." 

Peter    Moor   (Clark's    feryani) 
depofecl. 


CHARACTERS. 


355 


dcpofed,  "  That  a  little  time  be- 
fore his  difappearing,  Clark  went 
to  receive  his  wife's  fortune  :  that 
upon  his  return  he  went  to  Aram's 
houfe,  where  Moor  then  was :  up- 
on Clark's  coming  in,  Aram  faid, 
Hoiv  dnyou  do  Mr.  Clark  ?  Vm  glad 
to  fee  you  at  home  again  ;  pray  "luhat 
fucce/s  F  To  which  Clark  replied, 
/  haije  recei'ved  my  nvife^s  fortune t 
and  have  it  in  my  pockety  tho*  it  ivas 
ijoith  difficulty  I  got  it.  Upon  which 
Aram  faid  to  Clark  (Houfeman  be- 
ing prefent)  Let  us  go  up  fairs  ;  ac- 
cordingly they  went ;  upon  which 
this  witnefs  returned  home." 

Mr.  Beckwith  depofed,  **  ^That 
when  Aram's  garden  was  fearched, 
on  fufpicion  of  his  being  an  accom- 
plice in  the  frauds  of  Clark,  there 
were  found  feveral  kinds  of  goods, 
bound  together  in  a  coarfe  wrapper ; 
and,  among  the  reft,  in  particular, 
a  piece  of  cam  brick,  which  he  him- 
felf  had  fold  Clark  a  very  little  time 
before." 

Thomas  Barnet  depofed,  "  That 
on  the  8th  of  Feb.  about  one  in  the 
morning  he  faw  a  perfon  come  out 
of  Aram's  houfe,  who  had  a  wide 
coat  on,  with  the  cape  about  his 
head,  and  fecmed  to  ihun  him  ; 
whereupon  he  went  up  to  him,  and 
put  by  the  cape  of  his  great  coat  ; 
and  perceiving  it  to  be  Richard 
Houfeman, wiihed  him  agood  night, 
alias  a  good  morning." 

John  Barker  the  conftable,  who 
executed  the  warrant  granted  by 
Mr.  Thornton,  and  indorfed  by  Sir 
John  Turner,  depofed,  **  That,  at 
Lynn,  Sir  John  Turner,  and  fome 
others,  firft  went  into  the  fchool 
where  Aram  was,  the  witnefs  wait- 
ing at  the  door.  Sir  John  afked 
him  if  he  knew  Knarelborough  ? 
He  replied,  A'^.  And  being  further 
5ikcd,    if  he  bad  any  acou(ii/iin»c( 


fwith  one  Daniel  Clark  f'  He  denied, 
that  he  enjer  kne~jdfuch  a  man.  The 
witnefs  then  entered  the  fchool,  and 
faid,  Ho'iu  do  you  do,  Mr.  Aram  ? 
Aram  replied,  Ho'iu  do  you  do,  SirF 
I  don't  knoiuyou.  What!  faid  the 
witnefs,  don't  you  know  me?  Don't 
you  remember  that  Daniel  Clark  and 
you  airways  had  a  fpite  againft  me 
<when  you  linjed  at  Knarefborough  ? 
Upon  this  he  recolledled  the  wit- 
nefs, and  owned  his  relidence  at 
Knarefborough.  The  witnefs  then, 
alked  him.  If  he  did  not  knonv  S.t^ 
Robert's  cave?  He  anfwered,  Tes. 
The  witnefs  replied,  Jyc,  to  yaur 
forrovj.  That,  upon  their  journey  to 
York,  Aram  enquired  after  his  old 
neighbours,  and  what  they  faid  of 
him.  To  which  the  witnefs  re- 
plied, that  they  were  much  enraged 
againft  them  for  the  lofs  of  theijr 
goods.  That  upon  Aram's  afking, 
if  it  was  not  poffible  to  make  up  the 
matter  ?  the  witnefs  anfwered.  He 
believed  he  might  fave  himfelf,  if 
he  would  reftore  to  them  what  they 
had  loft.  Aram  anfwered,  that  was 
impoffible  ;  but  he  might  perhaps 
find  them  an  equivalent." — Aram 
was  then  afked  by  the  judge.  If  he 
had  any  thing  to  fay  to  the  witnefs 
before  him  ?  He  replied.  That,  to 
the  beft  of  his  knowledge,  it  was 
not  in  the  fchool,  but  in  the. room 
adjoining  to  the  fchool,  where  Sir 
John  Turner  and  the  witnjefs  were, 
when  he  firft  faw  them. 

The  fkull  was  then  produced  in 
court,  on  the  left  fide  oi  which 
there  was  a  fradure,  that  from  the 
nature  of  it  could  not  have  been 
made  but  by  ^he  ftroke  of  fome 
^blunt  inftrument ;  the  piece  was 
beaten  inward,  an4  could  not  .be 
, replaced  but  from  within.  Mr.  Lo- 
cock,  the  furgeon,  who  produced  it, 
^ave  it  \s  hjs  opinion/  That  no  fuch 

A  a  2  breach 


356       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


breach  tou\6.  proceed  Yrom  any  na- 
tural decay  ;  that  it  was  not  a  recent 
fradure  by  the  inftrument  with 
which  it  was  dug  up,  but  feemed 
to  be  of  many  years  ftanding. 

It  Ihould  feeni,  that  Houfeman 
and  Aram  murdered  Clark,  and  did 
jointly  drag  his  body  into  the  cave, 
where  it  was  found  in  the  pofture 
defcribed  by  Houfeman  ;  and  that 
thev  returnerd  home  with  the  cloaths, 
which  they  burnt,  according  to  the 
teftimony  of  Aram's  wife,  who 
found  the  fhreds,  and  overheard 
their  conference.  Aram  being  afked 
what  motive  could  induce  him  to 
commit  the  murder,  anfwered,  that 
lie  fufpecled  Clark  to  have  had  a 
criminal  correfpondence  with  his 
wife.  It  appeared  further  on  the 
trial,  that  Aram  pofreffedhimfelf  of 
Clark's  fortune,  which  he  got  with 
hiswife,  a  little  before,  about  160I. 
And  thus,  after  fourteen  years  con- 
cealment, this  notable  difcovery  was 
made  by  two  (keletons  being  found 
much  at  the  fame  time.  Having 
thus,  in  brief,  given  the  fttbllance 
of  the  trial  and  conviftionof  Aram, 
we  fhall  give  his  defence,  which  he 
delivered  into  court  in  writing. 

*'  Firft,  my  Lord,  the  whole 
tenor  of  my  conduft  in  life  contra- 
didls  every  particular  of  this  indift- 
ment.  Yet  I  had  never  faid  this, 
did  not  my  prefent  circumftances 
extort  it  from  me,  and  feem  to 
make  it  neceffary.  Permit  me  here, 
my  Lord,  to  call  upon  malignity 
itfelf,  fo  long  and  cruelly  bufied  in 
this  profecution,  to  charge  upon  me 
any  immorality,  of  which  prejudice 
was  not  the  author.  No,  my  Lord, 
I  concerted  no  fchemes  of  fraud, 
projeaed  no  Violence,  injured  no 
,  man's  perfon  or  property.  My  days 
were  honeftly  laborious,  ifty  nights 
in.tenfely  ftudious.     And  I  humbly 


conceive,  my  notice  of  this,  efpcci- 
ally  at  this  time,  will  not  be  thought 
impertinent  or  unfeafonable ;  but, 
at  leall  deferving  fome  attention : 
becaufe,  my  Lord,  that  any  perfon, 
after  a  temperate  ufe  of  life,  a  feries 
of  thinking  and  ading  regularly, 
and  without  one  fmgle  deviation 
from  fobriety,  ihould  plunge  into 
the  very  depth  of  profligacy,  preci- 
pitately and  at  once,  is  altogether 
improbable  and  unprecedented,  and 
abfolutely  inconfiltent  with  the 
courfe  of  things.  Mankind  is  never 
corrupted  at  once ;  villainy  is  always 
progrefTive,  and  declines  from  right, 
ftep  by  ftep,  till  every  regard  of 
probity  is  loft,  and  every  fenfe  of 
all  moral  obligation  totally  periflies. 

Again,  my  Lord,  a  fufpicion  of 
this  kind,  which  nothing  but  male- 
volence could  entertain,  and  igno- 
rance propogate,  is  violently  oppof- 
ed  by  my  very  fituation  at  that  time, 
with  refpeft  to  health  :  for,  but  a 
little  fpace  before,  I  had  been  con- 
fined to  my  bed,  and  fuffered  under 
a  very  long  and  fevere  diforder,  and 
was  not  able,  for  half  a  year  toge- 
ther, fo  much  as  to  walk.  The 
diftemper  left  me  indeed,  yet  flowly 
and  in  part ;  but  fo  macerated,  fo 
enfeebled,  that  I  was  reduced  to 
crutches ;  and  was  fo  far  from  be- 
ing well  about  the  time  I  am  charg- 
ed with  this  fadl,  that  I  never  to 
this  day  perfeftly  recovered.  Could 
then  a  perfon  in  this  condition  take 
any  thing  into  his  head  fo  unlikely, 
fo  extravagant  ?  I,  paft  the  vigour 
of  my  age,  feeble  and  valirudinary, 
with  no  inducement  to  engage,  no 
ability  to  accomplifti,  no  weapon 
wherewith  to  perpetrate  fuch  a  fa<^ ; 
without  intereft,  without  power, 
without  motive,  without  means. 

Befides,  it  muft  needs  occur  to 

every  one,  that  an  aftion  of  this 

arroclouR 


CHARACTERS. 


357 


atrocious  nature  is  never  heard  of, 
but  when  its  fprings  are  laid  open 
it  appears  that  it  was  to  fupport 
fome*  indolence,  or  fupply  {ome 
luxury  ;  to  fatisfy  fome  avarice,  or 
oblige  fome  malice ;  to  prevent 
fome  real  or  fome  imaginary  want : 
yet  I  lay  not  under  the  influence  of 
any  One  of  thefe.  Surely,  my  Lord, 
I  may,  confiftent  with  both  truth 
and  modefly,  aflirm  thus  much  ; 
and  none  who  have  any  veracity, 
and  knew  me,  will  ever  queftion 
this. 

In  the  fecond  place,  the  difap- 
pearance  of  Clark  is  fuggefied  as 
an  argument  of  his  being  dead : 
but  the  uncertainty  of  fuch  an  in- 
ference from  that,  and  the  falli- 
bility of  all  conclufions  of  fuch  fort, 
from  fuch  a  circumftance;  are  too 
obvious,  and  too  notorious,  to  re- 
quire inftances :  yet  fuperfcding 
many,  permit  me  to  produce  a  very 
recent  one,  and  that  afforded  by 
this  caflle. 

In  June  1757,  William  Thomp- 
fon,for  all  the  vigilanccof  this  place, 
in  open  day-light,  and  double- 
ironed,  made  his  efcape;  and  not- 
withftanding  an  immediate  enquiry 
fet  on  foot,  the  ftricleft  fearch,  and 
all  advertifement,  was  never  feen 
nor  heard  of  fince.  If  then  Thomp- 
fon  got  off  unfeen,  through  all  thefe 
difficulties,  how  very  eafy  was  it 
for  Clark,  when  none  of  them 
oppofed  him?  But  what  would  be 
tnoughtofaprofecution  commenced 
againft  any  one  feen  lall  with 
Thompfon  ? 

Permit  me  next,  my  Lord,  toob- 
ferve  a  little  upon  the  bones  which 
have  been  difcovered.  It  is  faid, 
which  perhaps  is  faying  very  far, 
that  thefe  are  the  Ikeleton  of  a  man. 
Jt  is  poffible  indeed,  they  may  :  but 
18  there  any  certain  kaown  criterion. 


which  incontefliblydiflinguifhes  the 
fex in  human  bones?  Letitbecon- 
fidered,  my  Lord,  whether  the  af- 
ccrtaining  of  this  point  ought  not 
to  precede  any  attempt  to  identify 
them. 

The  place  of  their  depofitura  too 
claims  much  more  attention  than 
is  commonly  beftowed  upon  it;  for 
of  all  places  in  the  world,  none 
could  have  mentioned  any  one, 
wherein  there  was  greater  certain- 
ty of  finding  human  bones,  than  a 
hermitage  ;  except  he  fhould  point 
out  a  church-yard  ;  hermitages,  in 
time  paft,  being  not  only  places  of 
religious  retirement,  but  of  burial 
too.  And  it  has  fcarcely  ever 
been  heard  of,  but  that  every  cell 
now  known,  contains,  or  contained, 
thefe  relicks  of  humanity ;  fome 
mutilated,  and  fome  entire.  I  do 
not  inform,  but  give  me  leave  to 
remind  your  lordfhip,  that  here  fat 
folitary  fanftity,  and  here  the  her- 
mit, or  the  anchorefs,  hoped  that 
repofe  for  their  bones,  when  dead, 
they  here  enjoyed  when  living. 

AH  this  while,  my  Lord,  I  am 
fenfible  this  is  known  to  your  Lord- 
fhip, and  many  in  this  court,  better 
than  I.  But  it  feems  neceffary  to 
my  cafe  that  others,  who  have  not 
at  all,  perhaps,  adverted  to  things 
of  this  nature,  and  may  have  con- 
cern in  my  trial,  fhould  be  made 
acquainted  with  it.  Suffer  me  then» 
my  Lord,  to  produce  a  few  of  many 
evidences,  that  thofe  cells  were 
ufed  as  repofitories  of  the  dead,  and 
to  enumerate  a  few,  in  which  hu- 
man bodies  have  been  found,  as  it 
happened  in  this  in  queftion  :  left, 
to  fome,  that  accident  might  feem 
extraordinary,  and,  confequcntJy, 
occafion  prejudice. 

I.  The  bones,  as  was  fuppofed, 
of  the  Saxon,  St.  Dubritius,  were 

A  a  ^  difcpvercd 


35^       A  N  N  U  A  L    R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,   1759. 


difcovered  buried  In  his  cell  at 
Guy's  clifF,  near  Warwick,  as  ap- 
pears from  the  authority  of  Sir 
AVilliam  Dugdale. 

2.  The  bones  thought  to  be 
thbfe  of  .the  anchorefs  Rofia,  were 
but  lately  difcovered  in  a  cell  at 
Royfton,  entire,  fair,  and  undc- 
cayed,  though  they  mufl  have  Iain 
interred  for  feveral  centuries,  as  is 
proved  by  Dr.  Stukeley. 

3.  But  our  own  country,  nay  al- 
mofl  this  neighbourhood,  fupplies 
another  inllance  :  for  in  January 
1747,  was  found  by  Mr.  Stovin,  ac- 
companied by  a  reverend  gentle- 
ihan,  the  bones,  in  part,  of  fome 
reclufe,  in  the  cell  at  Lindholm, 
near  Hatfield.  They  were  believed 
to  be  thofe  of  William  of  Lind- 
holm, a  hermit  who  had  long  made 
this  cave  his  habitation. 

',4,  In  February  1744,  part  of 
Woburn-abbey  being  pulled  down, 
a  large  portion  of  a  corpfe  ap- 
peared, even  with  the  fleilion,  and 
which  bore  cutting  with  a  knife  ; 
though  it  is  certain  this  had  laid 
above  200  years,  and  how  much 
longer  is  doubtful ;  for  this  abbey 
was  founded  in  ,i  145,  and  dilTolved 
jn  1538  or  9.    ' 

What  would  have  been  faidi  what 
l)elieved,  if  this  had  been  an  acci- 
dcjit  to.  the  bones  in  quelHon  ?       ^ 

'^'f*urther^  my  Lord,  it  is  not  yet 
.but  of  living  memory,  that  a  little 
diflahce  from  Knarefborough,  in  a 
£eld,  part  of  ,the  manor  of  the 
yyorthy  and  patriot  baronet,  who 
idoes  that  borough  the  honour  to 
reprefent  it  in  parliament,  were 
found  in  digging  for  gravel,  not 
one  human  feeleton  only,,  but  five 
or  fix  depofited  fide  by  iide,  with 
each  an  urn  placed  on  its  head,  as 
your  Lordlhip  knows  was  ufuaj  in 
ancient  interments. 


About  the  fame  time,  and  in 
another  field,  almoft  clofe  to  this 
borough,  was  difcovered  alfo  in 
fearching  for  gravel,  another  human 
Skeleton  ;  but  the  piety  of  the  fame 
worthy  gentleman  ordered  both  pits 
to  be  filled  up  again,  commend  ably 
unwilling  to  dilturb  the  dead. 

Is  the  invention  of  thefe  bones 
forgotten,  then,  or  induflrioully 
concealed,  that  the  difcovery  of 
thofe  in  queftion  may  appear  the 
more  fingular  and  extraordinary? 
whereas,  in  fadl,  there  is  nothing 
extraordinary  in  it.  My  Lord,  al- 
moft every  place  conceals  fuch  re- 
mains. In  fields,  in  hills,  in  high- 
way fides,  in  commons,  lie  frequent 
and  unfufpeded  bones.  And  our 
prefent  allotment  of  reft  for  the  de- 
parted, is  but  of  fome  centuries. 

,  Another  particular  feems  not  to 
claim  a  little  of  your  lordfhip's  no- 
tice, and  that  of  the  gentlemen  of 
the  jury;  which  is,  that  perhaps  no 
example  occurs  of  more  than  one 
fkeleton  being  found  in  o«£'f^//;  and 
in  the  cell  in  queftion  was  found 
but  cne ;  agreeable,  in  this,  to  the 
peculiarity  of  every  other  known 
cell  in  Britain.  Not  the  invention 
of  one  ikeleton,  then,  but  of  two, 
would  have  appeared  fufpicious  and 
uncommon. 

But  then,  my  Lord,  to  attempt 
to  identify  thefe,  when  even  to  iden- 
tify living  men  fometimes  has  prov- 
ed fo  difficult,  as  in  the  cafe  of  Per- 
kin  Warbeck  and  Lambert  Symnel 
at  home,  and  of  Don  Sebaftian  a- 
broad,  will  be  looked  upon  perhaps 
as  an  attempt  to  determine  what  is 
indeterminable.  And  I  hope  too, 
it  will  not  pafs  unconfidered  here, 
where  gentlemen  believe  with  cau- 
tion, think  with  reafon,  and  decide 
with  humanity,  what  intereft  their 
endeavour  to  do  this  is  calculat- 
ed 


C  H  A  R  A  C  T  p  R  S. 


359 


ed  to  ferve,  in  afligning  proper  per- 
fonality  to  thefe  bones,  whole  parti- 
cular appropriation  can  only  appear 
to  eternal  Omnifcience. 

Permit  me,  my  Lord,  alfo  very 
humbly  to  remonftrate,  that,  as 
human  bones  appear  to  have  been 
the  infeparablc  adjun6b  of  every 
cell,  even  any  perfoh's  naming 
fuch  a  place  at  random  as  contain- 
ing them,  in  this  cafe  (hews  him 
rather  unfortunate  than  confcious 
prefcient,  and  that  thefe  attendants 
on  every  hermitage  accidentally 
concurred  with  this  conjedlure.  A 
mere  cafual  coincidence  of  luords 
j^nd.  things. 

But  it  feems  another  fkeleton  has 
bden  difcovered  by  fome  labourer, 
which  was  full  as  confidently  aver- 
red to  be  Clark's  as  this.  My  Lord, 
jmuft  fome  of  the  living,  if  it  pro- 
motes fome  intereft,  be  made  an- 
fwerable  for  all  the  bones  that  earth 
has  concealed,  or  chance  expofed  ? 
And  might  not  a  place  wjiere 
bones  lay  be  mentioned  by  a  per- 
fon  by  chance,  as  well  as  found  by  a 
labourer  by  chance  ?  Or,  is  it  more 
criminal  accidentally  to  nafne  where 
bones  lie,  than  accidentally  lofind 
where  they  lie? 

Here  too  is  a  human  fkull  produ- 
ced, which  is  fradlured ;  but  was  this 
the  cau/e,  or  was  it  the  confequence, 
of  death  ?' Was  it  owing  to  violence, 
or  the.^if^d  of  natural  decay  ?  If 
it  was  "violence,  was  that  violence 
before  pr  after  death  ?  My  Lord, 
in  May  1732,  the  remains  of  Wil- 
liam Lord  Archbilhop  of  .this  pro- 
vince were  taken  up,  by  permif- 
fion,  in  this  cathedral,  and  the 
bones  of  the  fkull  were  found 
broken  :  yet  certainly  he  died  by 
no  violence  offered  to  him  alive, 
that  could  occafion  that  fradure 


r  Let  it  be  confidered,  my  Lord, 
that  upon  the  diifolution  of  reli- 
gious houfes,  and  tte  commence- 
ment of  the  reformation,  the  ra- 
vages of  thofe  times 'both  affedled 
the  living  and  the  dead.  In  fearch 
after  imaginary  treafures,  coffins 
were  broken  up,  graves  and  vaults 
dug  open,  monuments  ranfacked, 
and  ihrines  demoliihed ;  your  Lord- 
fliip  knows  that  thefe  violations  pro- 
ceeded fo  far,  as  to  occafion  a  parlia- 
mentary authority  to  reftrain  them  ; 
and  it  did,  about  the  beginning  of 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  I 
entreat  your  Lordfhip  fufFer  not  the 
violences,  the  depredations,  and  the 
iniquities  of  thofe  times  to  be  im- 
puted to  this. 

Moreover,  what  gentleman  here 
is  ignorant  that  Knareiborough  had 
a  caftle  •  which  though  nbw  run  to 
ruin,  was  once  confiderable  both 
for  its  ftrength  and  garrifan.  All 
know  it  was  vigoroufly  bf^fieged 
by  the  arms  of  the  parliament :  at 
which  Ijege,  in  faliies,  conflidls, 
flights,  purfuits,  many  fell  in  all 
the  places  round  it ;  and  where 
they  fell  were  buried ;  for  every 
place,  my  Lord,  i^  burial  earth  in 
war;  and  many,  queftionlefs,  of 
thefe  reft  yet  unknown,  whofe  bones 
futurity  Ihall  difcover. 

I  hope,  with  all  imaginable  fub- 
mifllon,  thai  what  has  been  faid 
will  not  be  thought  impertinent  ta 
this  indiftment ;  and  that  it  will  be 
far  from  the  wifdom,  the  learning, 
and  the  integrity  of  this  place,  to 
impute  to  the  living  what  zeal  in  its 
fury  may  have  done  ;  what  nature 
may  have  taken  off,  and  piety  in- 
terred ;  or  what  war  alone  may  have 
deftroyed,  alone  depofited. 

As  to  thecircumftances  that  have 
been  raked  together  j  X  have  no- 
thing to  obferv^ ;  but  that  all  cir- 

Aa  4.  cuuiftauccs 


360      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


cumftanccs  whatfoever  are  precari- 
ous, and  have  been  but  too  fre- 
quently found  lamentably  fallible ; 
even  the  ilrongeil  have  failed.  They 
may  rife  to  the  utmolt  degree  of 
probability  ;  yet  are  they  but  pro- 
bability ftill.  Why  need  I  name  to 
your  Lordfhip  ^he  two  Harrifons 
recorded  in  Dr,  Howel,  -who  both 
iuffered  upon  circumflances,  be- 
cairfe  of  thefudden  difappearance  of 
their  lodger,  who  was  in  credit,  had 
contraded  debts,  borrowed  money, 
and  went  off  unfeen,  and  returned 
again  a  great  many  years  after  their 
execution  ?  Why  name  the  intricate 
affairs  of  Jacques  de  Moulin,  under 
King  Charles  II.  related  by  a  gen- 
tleman who  was  counfel  for  the 
crown  ?  and  why  the  unhappy  Cole- 
man, who  fuffered  innocent,  tho* 
convided  upon  pofitive  evidence; 
and  whofe  children  perilhed  for 
want,  becaufe  the  world  uncharita- 
bly believed  the>  father  guilty  ?  Why 
mention  the  perjury  of  Smith,  in- 
cautiouilyadmitted  king's  evidence ; 
who  to  fcreen  himfelf,  equally  ac- 
xufed  Faircloth  and  Loveday  of  the 
murder  of  Dun  ;  the  firft  of  whom 
in  1749  was  executed  at  Win- 
chefter,  and  Loveday  was  about  to 
fuffer  at  Reading,  had  not  Smith 
been  proved  perjured,  to  the  fatif- 
fadion  of  the  court,  by  the  furgeon 
cf  the  Gofport  Hofpital  ? 

Now,  my  Lord,  having  endea- 
voured to  ihew  that  the  whole  of 
this  procefs  is  altogether  repugnant 
to  every  part  of  my  life  ;  that  it  is 
inconfiftent  with  my  condition  of 
health  about  that  time ;  that  no  ra- 
tional inference  can  be  drawn,  that 
a  perfon  is  dead  who  fuddenly  dif- 
sppears  j  that  hermitages  were  the 
f  onftant  repofitories  of  the  bones  of 
the  reclufe  ;  that  the  proofs  of 
tl>is  aje  well  authenticated  j  thac 


the  revolutions  in  religion,  or  th« 
fortune  of  war,  has  mangled,  or 
buried,  the  dead;  the  conclufion 
remains,  perhaps,  no  lefs  reafonably 
than  impatiently  wiihed  for.  I,  laft, 
after  a  year's  confinement,  equal  to 
either  fortune,  put  myfelf  upon  the 
candour,  the  juftice,  and  the  hu- 
manity of  your  Lordftiip,  and  upon 
yours,  my  countrymen,  gentlemen 
of  the  jury," 


Some  particulars  of  the  life  andnvrit" 
ings  of  Eugene  Aram* 

EUGENE  Aram  feems  perfedly 
acquainted  with  his  family,  as 
he  is  able  to  trace  it  up  to  the  reign 
of  Edward  lU.  It  was  of  the  mid- 
dle gentry  of  Yorkfhire,  and  feveral 
of  his  relative  name  were  high  fhe- 
riffs  for  the  county. 

He  was  removed,  when  young, 
to  Skelton  near  Newby,  and  thence 
to  Bondgate  near  Rippon ;  it  was 
here  he  received  the  firft  rudiments 
of  literature,  and  he  ftudied  mathe- 
matics fo  as  to  be  equal  to  the  ma- 
nagement of  quadratic  equations, 
and  their  geometrical  conllrudions. 
He  was,  after  the  age  of  i6,  fent 
for  to  London  by  Mr.  Chriftopher 
Blacket,  to  ferve  him  as  clerk  in 
his  compting-houfe  ;  here  he  pur- 
fued  his  ftudies,  and  foon  became 
enamoured  of  the  belles  lettres  and 
poHte  literature,  whofe  charms  de- 
ftroyed  all  the  heavier  beauties  of 
numbers  in  lines,  that  he  quitted  the 
former  ftudy  for  poetry,  hiftory  and 
antiquity.  After  a  ftay  of  a  year  or 
two  in  London,  and  having  the 
fmall-pox,  he  returned  to  his  native 
place;  whence  being  invited  to 
Netherdale,  he  engaged  in  a  fchooJ, 
where  he  married,  and,  as  he  fays, 
unfortunately  for  him;   '  for  the 

•  mil- 


CHARACTERS, 


361 


*  mlfconduft  of  the  wife,  which  that 

*  place  afforded,  did  procure  him 
«  this  place,  (the  prifon)  this  profe- 

*  cution,  this  infamy,  this  fentence.' 
He  next  having  perceived  his  de- 
ficiency in  the  learned  languages, 
applied  himfelf  to  grammar,  in  both 
the  Greek  and  Latin  languages, 
and  with  great  avidity  and  diligence 
read  every  one  of  the  Latin  claflics, 
hiftorians  and  poets ;  then  went 
through  the  Greek  Teftament;  and, 
laftly,  ventured  upon  Hefiod,  Ho- 
mer, Theocritus,  Herodotus,  Thu- 
cydides,  together  with  all  the  Greek 
tragedians. 

Jn  the  year  1734,  a  man  and 
horfe  came  for  him  from  his  good 
friend  William  Norton,  Efq;  invit- 
ing him  to  Knarclborough,  the  fcene 
of  his  misfortune;  here  he  attained 
fomc  knowledge  in  the  Hebrew ;  he 
/ludicd  this  language intenfely,  and 
went  thro*  the  Pentateuch.  In  1744 
he  returned  to  Lohdon,  and  ferved 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Painblancas  ufherin 
Latin  and  writing  in  Piccadilly,  and 
from  this  gentleman  he  learned  the 
French  language,  with  which,  by 
fevcre  application-  he  became  tole- 
rably well  acquainted.  He  fucceed- 
cd  to  feveral  tuitions  and  ufherlhips 
in  different  places  in  the  fouth  of 
England,  and  in  the  fundry  inter- 
vals got  acquainted  with  heraldry 
.nnd  botany  ;  and  there  was  fcarce 
an  individual  plant,  domeilic  or 
exotic,  which  he  did  not  know  ; 
he  alfo  ventured  upon  Chaldee  and 
Arabic,  the  former  of  which  he 
found  eafy  from  its  near  connexion 
with  the  Hebrew.  Not  fatisfied 
with  this  unwearried  application,  he 
refolved  to  ftudy  his  own  language, 
and  in  order  thereto  began  with  the 

•f  It  is  generally  believed,  and  upon  good  grounds,  that  Aram  got  all  the 
money  Clark  had  received  for  his  wife's  fortune,  viz.  about  160I.  and  there  were 
l|rong  circumltances  to  prove  u,  but  it  was  thought  unncceffary,  as  there  was  iut^ 
;fec»ent  proof  againft  hini  without  it, 

chifm 


Celtic,  which,  as  far  as  it  was  pof- 
fible,  he  inveftigated  through  all  its 
dialedls  ;  and  having  dilcovered, 
through  all  thefe  languages,  and 
the  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  French, 
Chaldee,  Arabic  and  Celtic,  fuch  a 
furprifing  affinity,  he  refolved  to 
make  a  comparative  lexicon,  hav- 
ing already  collected  for  that  pur- 
pofe  above  1000  notes. 

And  now  he  comes  to  the  fad  for 
which  he  was  committed,  and  fays, 
**  All  the  plate  at  Knarelborough, 
except  the  watches  and  rings,  were 
in  Houfeman's  pofTeilicn  ;  as  for 
me,  I  had  nothing  at  all  f.  My 
wife  knows  that  Terry  had  the  large 
plate,  and  that  Houfeman  himlelf 
took  both  that  and  the  watches,  at 
my  houfe,  from  Clark's  own  hand; 
and  if  fhe  will  not  give  in  this  evi- 
dence for  the  town,  ihe  wrongs  both 
that  and  her  own  confcience :  and 
if  it  is  not  done  foon,  Houfemaa 
will  prevent  her.  She  likewife 
knows  Terry's  wife  had  fome  vel- 
vet ;  and,  if  flie  will,  can  teflify  it: 
fhe  deierves  not  the  regard  of  the 
town  if  Ihe  will  not.  I'hat  part  of 
Houfeman's  evidence,  wherein  he 
faid  I  threatened  him,  was  abfolute- 
ly  falfe  ;  for  what  hindered  him, 
when  I  was  fo  long  abfent  and  far 
diftant  ?  I  muft  needs  obferve  ano- 
ther thing  to  be  perjury  in  Houfe- 
man's evidence,  wherein  he  faid  he 
went  home  from  Clark  ;  whereas 
he  went  Uraight  to  my  houfe,  as  my 
wife  can  alfo  teftify,  if  I  be  not 
believed.  Eugene  Aram." 

^be  Editor's    Remarks  on  the  pro- 
ceedings againji  Eugene  Aram. 

Aram's  fentence  was  a  juft  one^ 
and  he  lubmitted  to  it  with  that  floi- 


362      ANNUAL 


REGISTER, 


cifm  he  fo  much  afFefted ;  and  the 
jnorning  after  he  was  condemned, 
jie  confefTed  the  juilice  of  it  to  two 
clergymen,  (who  had  a  licence  from 
,the  judge  to  attend  him)  by  declar- 
ing that  he  murdered  Clark.  Be- 
ring afked  by  one  of  them.  What 
his  motive  was  for  doing  that  abo- 
minable- adlion  ?  he  told  them, 
**  He  fufpefted  Clark  of  having  an 
unlawful  commerce  with  his  wife  ; 
that  he  was  perfuaded,  at  the  time 
Jie  committed  the  murder,  he  did 
right ;  but  fince  he  has  thought  it 
wrong." 

>;  /After  this.  Pray,  fays  Aram, 
ntthat  became  of  Clark^s  body,  if 
lioufeman  ixient  home  (as  he  f aid  up- 
cn  my  tibial)  tTnmediately  on  feeiyig 
him  fall?  One  of  the  clergymen 
replied,  ril  tell  you  <ivhat  became  of 
it ;  ydU  and  Houfematt  dragged  it  in- 
fo the  caije,  and  f  ripped  and  buried 
if  iherty  brought  a<voay  his  deaths , 
and  burnt  them  at  your  cr^vn  houfe: 
to  which  he  aflented.  'He  was 
ytfktd.  Whether  Houfeman  did  not 
earneftly  prefs  him  to  murder  his 
wife,  for  fear  fhe  ihoUld  difcover  the 
bufinefs  they  had  been  about:  he 
liallily  faid,  He  did,  and  preffed  nu 
fe'veral  times  to  do  it. 

This  was  the  fubftance  of  what 
pafledwith  Aram  the  morning  after 
le  was  condemned;  and  as  he  had 
promifed  to  make  a  more  ample 
confeifion  on  the  day  he  was  exe- 
cuted, it  was  generally^  believed 
every  thing  previous  to  the  murder 
would  have  been  difclofed  ;  but  he 
prevented  any  further  difcovery,  by 
a  horrid  attempt  upon  his  own  life. 
When  he  was  called  from  bed  to 
'have  his  irons  taken  off,  he  would 
not  rife,  alledging  he  was  very  weak. 
-Gn  examination  his  arms  appeared 
bloody  ;  proper  afTiftance  being 
called,  it  was  found  he  had  at- 
tempted to  take  away  his  own  life. 


^759- 

by  cutting  his  arms  in  two  places 
with  a  razor,  which  he  had  con- 
cealed in  the  condemned  hole.fome 
time  before.  By  proper  applica- 
tions he  was  brought  to  himfelf, 
and,  though  weak,  was  conduced 
to  Tyburn  ;  where  being  afked  if 
he  had  any  thing  to  fay,  he  an- 
fwered.  No.  Immediately  after  he 
was  ejfecuted,  aodhis  body  conveyed 
toKnarefborough-Foreft,  and  hung 
in  chains,  purfuant  to  his  fentence. 
Orr  his  table,  in  the  cell,  <was  found 

the follonving  paper,  containing  his 

reafons  for  the  abo'vefaid  lAiicked 

attempt, 

'•  What  a;n  I  better  than  my  fa- 
thers ?  To  die  is  natural  and  necef- 
fary.  Perfeftly  fenf»ble  of  this,  I 
fear  no  mdre  to  die  than  I  did  to  be 
born.  But  the  manner  of  it  js  fome- 
thing  which  flaould,  in  my  opinion, 
be  decent  and  manly.  I  think  I 
have  regarded  both  thefe  points. 
Certainly  nobody  has  a  better  right 
todifpofe  of  man's  life  than  himfelf  ; 
and  he,  not  others,  ihould  deter- 
mine how.  As  for  any  indignities 
oftered  to  my  body,  or  filly  reflec- 
tions on  my  faith  and  morals,  they 
are  (as  they  always  were)  things  in- 
different to  me.  I  think,  the*  con- 
trary to  the  common  way  of  think 
ing,  I  wrong  no  man  by  this,  and 
hope  it  is  not  offenfive  to  that  eter- 
nal Being  that  formed  me.f^nd;>the 
world:  and  as  by  this  I  injure  no 
jnan,  no  man  can  be  reafon^bly  of- 
fended. I  folicitoufly  recommend 
myfelf  to  the  eternal  and  almighty 
Being,  the  God  of  nature,  if  I-have 
done  amifs.  But  perhaps  I  have 
not ;  and  I  hope  this  thing  will  ne- 
ver be  imputed  to  me.  Tho'Jam 
now  ftained  by  malevolence,  and 
fuffer  by  prejudice,  I  hope  to  rife 
fair  and  unblemilhed.  My  life  was 
not  polluted,  my  morals  irreproach- 
able, and  my  opinions. onhodox. 

I  fl£pt 


C  H  A  R  x\  C  T  E  R  S. 


3^3 


I  fiept  found  till  three  o'clock, 
awaked,  and  writ  thefe  line^    ' 

Come,  pleafing  reft,  eternal  (lumber 

fall. 
Seal  mine,  that  once  muft  feal  the 

eyes  of  all; 
Calm  and  compos'd  xnyr,(QVkl  Iter 

journey  lakcs^  .    • 

No  guilt  that  trouble$,and.nphe^rt 

that  aches ; 
Adieu !  thou  fun,  all  bright  like 

her  arife; 
Adieu!  fair  friends,  and  all. that's 
good  and  wife."  .-'  •  i/'  .< 
Thefe  lines,  found  albtl^.^ith 
the  foregoing,  were  fuppofed  to  be 
written  by  Aram  juft  before  he  cot 
himfelf  with  the  razor. 

Notwithftanding  he  pleaxls  a  fo- 
vereign  ri^ht  over  himfelf,  in  vin- 
dication' of  this  laft  hbfrtd  crime, 
and  appears,  at  ftTft  view,  aftuited 
by  honour  and  courage';  yet  alirtle 
refledlioh  will  corivirice  iihy  one,  his 
motive  for  fuch  an  inhumari  deed 
was  nothing  more  than  the  fear  of 
fhartie.  His  pride  would  not  permit 
him  to  cohfefs  a  crime  he  had  once 
fo  ftreiiuoufty  denied ;  and  guilty 
as  he  khew  himfelf  to  have  been, 
his  obilinacy  held  out  to  his  laft 
moments.  That  he  murdered  Clark 
is  beyond  all  doubt,  as  he' himfelf 
voluntarily  cbnfeffed  it  :  but  the 
excufe  he  afterwards  made  for  it  is 
greatly  to  bg  fufpe^led,'  'it  being  at 
the  expense  <if  an  innocent  induftri- 
ous  p6br  woman,  whom  he  has  ever 
treated  in  an  infamous  inhuman 
manner.   . 

To  his  life  ire  fubjoined  feve- 
ral  pieces  and  fragments,  which 
he  poffibly  might  have  finilhed, 
had  he  livied.  The  firft  is  a  lexi- 
con, or  ra'ther  art  eflay  towalfds 
it,  upon  an  entire  new  plan  ;  in 
this  eiTay  are  m^hy  very  curibus, 
and  pertinent  remarks,  parjicularly 


his  animadveriions  on  lexicogra- 
phers :  '  Allour lexicographers,  fays 
he,  a  very  few  excepted,  for  aught 
I  have  adverted  to,  have  been  long 
employed,  and  have  generally  con- 
tented themfelves  too,  within  the 
limits  of  a  narrow  field.  They 
Teem  to  have  looked  no  farther  thaii 
the  facilitating  for  youth  the  attain- 
ment of  the  Latin  and  Greek  lan- 
guag;es,  and  'dlmoft  univerfally  con- 
fider  the  former,  as  only  derived 
from  the  latter.  Thefe  two  fingle 
points  feem  to  have-  confined  their 
whole  view,  pofTefied  their  whole 
attention,  a:nd  engroffed  all  thefr 
indruftry.  '   '  "'''•'  '  '    "'    ''    -' 

Here  and  tliere  indeed;  and  lii 
■B.  few  pieces  of  this 'kind,  one  fcti 
interfperfed',  derivations  of  theEn^- 
lifh  from  the  Latin,  Greek,  &<i.  ir^- 
ferred  from'  a  conformity  of  orthtf- 
•^raphy,  found,  and  fignification, 
and  thefe  are  very  triie.  But  whtfiVee 
■this  relation,  this  confonancy  arofe, 
why  it  has  continued  from  age  tt> 
age  to  us,'  Has  floated  on  the  ftreaiti 
of  time  fo  long,  and  paiTed  to  fuch 
a  diftance  of  place,  hoW'  ancien't 
words  have  furvived  conquefts,  thje 
migrations  of  people,  and  the  fb- 
'veral  coalitions  of  nations,  and  co- 
•lonies,  notwithftanding  the  fluftii- 
ating  condition  of  languages  in  its 
own  nature,  they  have  neither  ob- 
ferved  with  diligence,  norexplain-- 
ed  with  accuracy. 

Almoft  every  etymologift  that 
has  fallen  into  my  hands,  and  de- 
tained tny  eye,  have  not  been  mif- 
taken  then  in  the  cdmparifon  they 
have  made,  or  the  uniformity  they 
have  obfervecl,  between  the  Latin 
and  the  Greek,  and  between  bbtji 
thofe  languages  and  our  own  ;  bat 
then  their  inftances  have  been  but 
fhort  and  few,  and  they  have  failed 
in  accounting  for  this  uniformity^ 
they  have  indeed  fufficiently  evinced 

a  fimi- 


364      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


a  fimilarity,  but  produced  no  rea- 
fons  for  it.  It, is  not  to  be  thought 
of,  much  lefs  concluded,  that  the 
multitude  of  words  among  us, 
'which  are  certainly  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Phoenician,  are  all  the  relics 
of  the  Roman  iettlements  in  Bri- 
tain, or  the  effefts  of  Greek  or 
Phoenician  commerce  here:  no,  this 
jrefemblance  was  coasval  with  the 
primary  inhabitants  of  this  ifland, 
and  the  acceluon  of  other  colonies 
did  not  obliterate,  but  confirm  this 
refemblance,  and  alfo  brought  in 
an  increafe,  and  acceflion  of  other 
words,  from  the  fame  original,  and 
confequently  bearing  the  fame  con- 
formity. How  nearly  related  is  the 
Cambrian,  how  nearly  the  Irilh,  in 
Mumberlefs  inftances,  to  the  Latin, 
the  Greek,  and  even  Hebrew,  and 
i)0th  poiTefied  this  confimilarity  long 
ago,  before  Julius  Ciefar,  and  the 
Roman  invaiion?  I  know  not,  but 
the  Latin  dilFered  more  from  itfelf 
in  -the  fucceflion  of  fix  continued 
centuries,  than  the  Welfh  and  Irifh 
at  this  time  from  the  Latin.  Con- 
cerning this  agreement  of  theirs 
with  the  Latin,  G^eek,  and  He- 
brew, not  to  mention  others,  a  gen- 
tleman of  great  penetration,  and 
extraordinary  erudition.  Dr.  Davis, 
may  be  confulted ;  and  the  learned 
Shcringham,  who  has  exhibited  a 
long  and  curious  fpecimen  of  Greek 
and  Cambrian  words,  fo  exaftly 
coT/efppndent  \\\  found  zxi^  fenfe,  or 
at  1  call  fo  vifibly  near,  that,  as  far 
as  1  know,  no  gentleman  has  ever 
yet  queftioned,  much  lefs  difputed 
their  alliance. 

-This  iimilitude  fubfifting  in 
common  between  the  IriOi,  Cam- 
brian, Greek,  Latin,  and  even 
Hebrew,  as  it  has  not  efcaped  the 
notice  and  animadverfions  of  the 
learned,  fo  their,  furprize  has  gene* 


rally  increafed  with  their  refearch- 
es,  and  confiderations  about  it : 
new  circumftanccs  of  agreement 
perpetually  arifing.  A  great  many 
gentlemen,  converfant  in  antiqui- 
ties, and  pleafed  with  literary  a- 
mufements  of  this  kind,  have  a- 
fcribed  thefe  palpable  connexions 
to  conqueft  or  to  commerce :  they 
have  fuppofed  that  the  intercourfe, 
which  on  the  latter  account  anci- 
ently fubfifted  between  the  Phoeni- 
cians, Greeks,  and  the  Britons  (fee 
Boch.  Huet.  &c.)  occafioned  this 
very  remarkable  community  be^ 
tween  their  languages.  Indeed  this 
accident  of  commerce  muft  needs 
have  had  its  influence;  but  then 
this  influence  muft  have  been  but 
weak  and  partial ;  not  prevalent 
and  extenfive.  Commerce  has,  and 
always  will  make  continual  addi- 
tions to  any  language,  by  the  in- 
troduction of  exotic  words  ;  yet 
would  words  of  this  kind,  and  at 
that  time  hardly  extend  a  great 
way;  they, would  only  afi^eft  the 
maritime  parts,  and  thofe  places 
frequented  by  traders,  and  that  but 
feebly,  and  would  be  very  far  fronj 
ading  or  making  any  confiderable 
impreilion  upon  the  whole  body  of 
our  language. 

But  even  fuppofmg  that  a  num- 
ber of  Greek  vocables  may  have 
found  admittance  and  adoption  in 
Britain,  and  after  this  manner, 
yet  could  they  never  penetrate  into 
the  more  interior  parts  of  it,  into 
recefies  remote  from  thefea;  ftran- 
gers  to  all  correfpondence,  with- 
out the  temptation,  without  the 
inclination  to  leave  their  natural 
foil,  their  own  hereditary  village, 
yet  is  Greek  even  here ;  we  find 
pure  Greek  in  the  Peak  itfelf, 
whitTier  foreigners,  efpec.'ally  at  the 
diftance  of  more   than  twice  ten 

cen- 


CHARACTERS, 


365 


centuries,  can  fcarcely  be  fuppofed 
to  have  come.  There  could  have 
been  but  few  invitations  to  it  then ; 
and  perhaps  there  are  not  many 
now.* 

As  a  fpecimen  of  his  knowledge 
in  mofl  languages,  we  (hall  give  his 
cnfampler  word  Beagles. 

*  Beagles,  a  race  of  hounds,  fo 
named  for  being  little  ;  and  per- 
feftly  agreeable  to  the  primary  fig- 
nification  of  the  Celtic  Pig,  i.  e. 
little.  The  Greeks  have  antiently 
ufed  this  word  too,  and  in  the  fenfe 
oi  little,  of  which  they  feem  to  have 
conftituted  their  'Trvyixctiei,  i.  e.  a 
dwarf.  It  Hill  fubfifts  among  the 
Irifli,  and  ftill,  in  that  language, 
conveys  the  idea  of  little-,  as,  fir 
fig,  a  little  man ;  ban  pig,  a  little 
woman ;  beg  aglach,  little  fearing. 
It  was  common  in  Scotland,  in  the 
fame  acceptation  alfo :  for  one  of 
the  Hebrides  is  named  from  this  cu- 
bital people,  Dunie  Begs  (fee  Mr. 
Irvin)  and  it  yet  exills  in  Scotland 
in  the  word  philibeg,  /.  e,  a  little 
petticoat.  And  we  ourfelves  retain 
it  in  the  provincial  word  peagles, 
r.  e.  cowflips,  a  name  impofed  upon 
them  of  old,  from  the  littlenefs  of 
their  flowers.  And  our  northern 
word  Peggy,  is  properly  applicable 
to  no  female  as  a  Chrillian  name ; 
but  is  merely  an  epithet  of  fize,  and 
a  word  of  indearment  only.' 

He  left  feveral  other  curious  trafts 
relative  to  Britilh  antiquities. 


8ome  account  of  'John  Ayliffe,  E/q; 
lately  executed  for  forgery, 

JOHN  AylifFe  was  the  fon  of  one 
AylifFe,  an  upper  fervant  in  the 
family  of  Gerrard  Smith,  Efq;  a 
jufticeof  the  peace  of  Tockenham, 
in  Wilt/hire,  by  his  wife,  who  was 


alfo  houfekeeper  In  the  fame  family ; 
he  was  taught  the  firft  rudiments  of 
learning  at  Tockenham,  where  he 
was  born,  and  then  fent  to  Harrow 
on  the  Hil  1 .  Some  years  afterwards 
he  became  teacher  of  a  iizz  fchool  at 
Lineham  in  Wiltlhire,  worth  about 
ten  pounds  a  year,  where,  about 
fixteen  years  ago,  he  married  the 
daughter  of  a  clergyman  of  Tock- 
enham, with  whom  he  had  500 1, 
though  the  marriage  was  againfl  the 
confent  of  her  friends;  this  money 
he  foon  fpent  in  idle  extravagances, 
and  about  two  years  after  his  mar- 
riage, was  taken  into  the  family  of 
Mrs.  Horner,  mother  of  Lady  II- 
cheller,  being  recommended  to  her 
as  a  perfon  in  diftrefs.  The  capa- 
city in  whicn  he  hrft  adled  was  that 
of  houfe-fteward,  and  he  was  after- 
wards advanced  to  fome  (hare  in  the 
management  of  her  eltates  ;  how 
he  became  known  to  Mr.  Fox  we 
are  not  told ;  but  he  was,  by  his 
favour,  appointed  a  commiffary  of 
the  mufters ;  and  thus  he  became 
an  efquire. 

What  his  income  in  this  fituatlon 
was,  does  not  appear.  The  next 
thing  that  we  are  told  of  him, 
though  the  dillance  of  time  is  uot 
mentioned,  is,  that  he  built  him- 
^ii{  a  houfe  at  Blandford  Forum  in 
Donctfliire,  and  furni(hed  it  with 
pidlurcs,  and  many  other  coftly  fu- 
perfluities  ;  he  appears',  however, 
at  this  tim.e,  to  have  been  pcflefled 
of  a  confiderable  fum  of  money, 
which  he  rilked  in  various  projeds, 
with  a  view  to  more  than  com- 
mon gain,  and  ar  length  loft  it  ; 
as  his  expeiiCes  in  the  mean  time 
were  rather  in  proportion  to  his 
hopes  thva  to  his  poffeflions,  when 
he  found  his  hopes  difappointed,  lie 
alfo  found  himfelf  conhderably  in 
debt ;  and  being  pre/Ted  by  his  cre- 
ditors^ 


S66     ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


ditors,  he  had  recourfe  to  feveral 
fraudulent  and  iniquitous  projefts 
to  rsile  money.  He  forged  a  grant 
of  the  next  prefentation  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Brink  worth,  in  Wiltlhire, 
to  which  he  counterfeited  Mr.  Fox's 
hand-writing,  and  the  hand-writ- 
ing of  two  perfons  as  fubicribing 
witnefTes  ;  with  a  profpetfl  of  this 
prefentation,  he  prevailed  upon  a 
clergyman,  faid  to  be  of  a  refped- 
able  character,  to  become  his  fecu- 
jity,  and  alfo  to  engage  to  marry 
a  certain  young  woman ;  it  hap- 
pened that  the  marriage  did  not 
take  place  before  AyliiFe's  affairs 
became  defperate,  upon  which  the 
clergyman  being  alfo  ruined,  it 
broke  his  heart.  After  his  death 
the  following  paper  was  found  in 
his  pocket. 

July  29,   1759. 

Wrote  th6  following  letter  to  John 

Ayliffe  Satan,  Efq; 

Sir,  I  am  furprized  you  can  write 
to  me,  after  you 'have  robbed  and 
moft  barbaroufly  murdered  me.  Oh 
Brinkworth. 

Yours,         T.  E d. 

In  April  lad  he  alfo  forged  the 
leafe  upon  Mr.  Fox,  upon  which  he 
borrowed  a  fum  that  relieved  him 
from  the  exigency  which  immedi- 
ately prefied  him.  But,  in  the  May 
following,  he  was  arretted,  and 
being  charged  with  aftions  to  the 
amount  of  i  lool.  he'  became  a  pri- 
foner  in  the  Fleet ;  during  his  con- 
finement he  produced  a  deed  of  gift 
from  Mrs.  Horner  to  him  of  420 1, 
a  year,  and  3000I.  in  money.  Mrs. 
Horner  died  the  latter  end  of  the 
year  1757,  and  Mr.  Ayliffe  alledg- 
cd,  that  fhe  being  unwilling  to  let 
Lady  Ilchefter  and  her  relations 
know  how  flie  had  difpofed  of  her 
eflates,  direfted  him  not  to  difclofe 
what  fhe.  had  done  for  him  till  after 
her  death  -,  and  that  he  had  con- 


cealed it  twenty  months  after  that 
time,  fearing  the  knowledge  of  it 
might  hurt  his  interefl  with  Mr. 
Fox.  Soon  after  this  claim  of  420I. 
a  year,  and  3000I.  was  fet  up,  un- 
der the  fuppofed  deed  of  gift,  a 
difcovery  was  made  of  his  forgery 
of  the  leafe,  and  a  profecution  fet  on 
foot,  which  fufpended  all  attempts 
to  obtain  poffeflion  of  his  pretended 
eftate. 

In  the  mean  time  he  affected  to 
reprefent  Mr.  Fox's  profecution  as 
a  contrivance  to  deprive  him  of  itj 
and  as  having  no  view  but  to  extort 
from  him  a  renunciation  -of  his 
deed  of  gift,  by  procuring  witnefTes 
to  fupport  the  charge  of  forgery  a- 
gainll  him,  of  which  he  was  known 
to  be  innocent;  that  his  life  being 
thus  put  into  the  hands  of  his  pro- 
fecutor,  he  might  either  dcftroy  or 
fave  him,  as  he  fhould  grant  or  re- 
fufe  what  he  thought  fit  to  re- 
quire. 

In  comparifon  of  this  infinuation, 
his  forgery  can  fcarce  be  confidered 
as  a  crime.  This  was  fuch  a  com- 
plication of  villainy,  with  all  the 
aggravations  of  ingratitude,  as  can 
fcarce  be  paralleled  ;  he  notwith- 
llanding  perfifted  in  his  diabolical 
accufation  of  Mr.  Fox  to  others, 
even  while  he  was  confelfing  his 
guilt  to  him,  and  imploring  his 
mercy,  as  appears  from  the  follow- 
ing paragraph,  in  a  paper  called  the 
flate  of  John  Aylifie's  affairs,  which 
he  fent  to  Mr.  Secretary  Well,  and 
the  fubjoined  letter  to  Mr.  Fox, 
both  which  he  fent  away  at  the  fame 
time. 

**  Mr.  Fox  is  now  plegfed  to  dif- 
own  the  figning  or  fetting  his 
hand  to  the  leafe,  alledging  it  not 
to  be  the  original,  though  he  ac- 
knowledged his  having  iigned  the 
iaid  leafe  fo  mortgaged  as  afore- 
faid    to  feveral  perfons^    and  for 

this 


C  H  A  R  A  C  T  E  R  S. 


367 


this  your  petitioner  Is  convifled  and 
fentcnced  to  death." 

To  Mr.  Fox. 
**  Honoured  Sii', 
The  faults  I  have  been  guilty  of 
lliock.  my  very  foul,  and  particular- 
ly thofe.  Sir,  towards  you,  for  which 
1  heartily  afk  God,  and  your  par- 
don.  The  fentence  I  have  pro- 
nounced againft  me,  fills  me  with 
horror,  fuch  furely  as  was  never  felt 
by  mortal.  What  can  I  fay  ?  Oh  my 
good  God !  that  I  could  think  of 
any  thing  I  could  do  to  induce  you 
to  have  mercy  on  me,  and  to  pre- 
vail on  you,  good  Sir,  to  intercede 
for  my  life.  I  would  do  any  thing  in 
the  whole  world,  and  fubmit  to  any 
thing  for  my  life,  either  at  home  or 
abroad ;  for  God's  fake,  good  fir, 
have  compaflion  on  your  unhappy 
and  unfortunate  fervant, 

John  Ayliffe." 
Prefs-yard,  Neiugate, 

oa.  28,  1759. 

Mr.  Fox,  however,  with  a  kind- 
nefs  and  generofity  not  often  found, 
continued  to  procure  for  him  zvtvy 
convenience  that  his  fituation  would 
admit;  fending  him  money  and  pro- 
vifions,  and  paying  his  chamber  rent 
from  the  time  of  his  confinement  to 
his  death  ;  having  before  prevented 
his  being  removed  to  Newgate  till 
he  was  advifed  of  its  neceility,  con- 
fcnted  to  his  trial's  being  put  off, 
fuppreffed  two  feveral  confeflions  of 
the  forgery,  made  to  Mr.  Paterfon 
and  Mr.  Stroud,  defifted  from  try- 
ing him  for  a  fecond  forgery,  after 
"lic  was  convifted  of  the  firft,  order- 
ed a  phyfician  to  attend  him  during 
liis  illnefs,  and  paid  a  fpecial  keeper 
to  take  care  of  him,  that  he  might 
not  be  ironed. 

Ayliffc,  however,  when  he  found 
>il.s  artifices  as  ineffectual  as  Tht?y 


were  wicked,  declared,  in  another 
letter  to  Mr.  Fox,  that  he  was  rea- 
dy to  make  a  full  confeflion  of  his 
guilt  ;  to  this  Mr.  Fox  wrote  him 
an  anfwer,  in  which,  to  prevent  his 
fuppofing  any  confeffion  that  he 
Ihould  make  would  fpare  his  life,  he 
told  him  that  he  had  long  forgiven 
him,  and  ftill  pitied  him,  but  that 
.all  hope  of  life  was  vain,  and  he  had 
nothing  to  do  but  to  make  his  peace 
with  God.  Ayliffe,  in  anfwer  to 
this  letter,  whether  ftung  with  re- 
morfe,  or  whether  merely  in  the 
anguifh  of  defpair,  confeffed  that  the 
deed  of  gift  from  Mrs.  Horner  was 
a  fraud,  and  that  he  having  prepared 
it  ready  for  execution,  flipped  it  in 
among  forae  leafes  which  Mrs.  Hor- 
ner executed  without  reading. 

The  night  before  his  execution  he 
fpent  in  great  agonies,  except  about 
two  hours,  in  which  nature  being 
exhaufted,  he  flept;  he  once  tafted  a 
cordial,  but  the  tumult  and  anguifh 
of  his  mind  producing  an  intolera- 
ble thirft,  he  drank  feveral  pints  of 
water,  with  which  he  was  fupplied 
by  the  keeper.  In  the  morning  he 
appeared  morecompofed,  and  about 
half  an  hour  after  nine,  was  put  in- 
to a  cart,  and  conveyed  to  the  place 
of  execution.  In  the  way  he  fat 
quiet  and  motionlefs,  fometimes 
reading,  and  fometimes  meditating; 
when  he  came  under  the  gallows, 
he  raifed  himfelf  upon  his  knees, 
and  while  he  was  kneeling,  a  cry 
of  reprieve,  by  fome  accident,  was 
raifed  among  the  mob,  of  which, 
however,  he  took  no  notice,  ftill 
continuing  on  his  knees  ;  from 
which  thofe  at  a  diftance,  who  had 
heard  the  cry,  concluded  he  was 
giving  God  thanks  for  his  fudden 
and  unexpected  deliverance  ;  he 
fpoke  a  few  words  juft  before  he 
was  turned  off  to  Mr.  Fannen,aper- 

fon 


368      ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


fon  who  had  been  a  principal  evi- 
dence again  ft  him,  expreffing  his 
obligations  to  Mr.  Fox,  and  requeft- 
ing  to  be  buried  in  Hertfbrdfliire. 
After  execution,  his  body  was  car- 
ried off  in  a  hearfe  and  four  horfes, 
which  had  been  procured  to  wait 
for  him,  at  Mr.  Fox's  diredion  and 
expence. 


Some  account  of  William  Andrenjj 
Horne^  E/q;  nvho  nvas  connjided 
at  Nottingham  AJJiz.es,  Auguji  i  o, 
'759' y^"*  ^^^  murder  of  a  child  in 
the  year  1724,  and  executed  there 
on  the  nth  of  Decemher,  1759. 

William  Andrew  Home,  was 
the  eldeft  fon  of  a  gentleman 
who  po/Teffed  a  fmall  eftate  at  But- 
terley,  in  the  parilh  of  Pentridge  in 
Derbyihire.  He  was  born  on  the 
30th  of  November,  1685,  and  was 
taught  Latin  and  Greek,  in  which 
he  made  fmall  progrefs,  by  his  fa- 
ther, who  was  reputed  the  beflclaf- 
ffcal  fcholar  in  the  country.  He 
was  the  favourite  of  his  father,  who 
indulged  him  with  a  horfe  and  mo- 
ney in  early  life,  to  ramble  from  one 
place  of  diverfion  to  another.  In 
this  courfe  of  diflipation  he  gave 
a  loofe  to  his  paiTion  for  women. 
Not  content  with  debauching  his 
mother's  maid  fervants,  he  acknow- 
ledged, in  a  paper  written  with  his 
own  hand,  his  being  the  occafion  of 
the  murder  of  a  fervant  girl,  who 
was  with  child  by  him,  and  that  he 
ufed  to  lie  with  his  own  filters.  By 
one  woman  he  had  two  natural 
children,  both  girls,  one  of  which 
lived  to  be  fifteen;  the  other  is  now 
alive,  afenfible  well-behaved  young 
woman,  who  might  have  been  mar- 
ried to  a  perfon  of  fublUnce,  who 
offered  to  fettle  a  jointure  of  30I.  a 


year  on  her,  if  her  father  would  give 
her  50I.  only,  which  he  tefufed. 

In  the  month  of  February  1724^ 
his  fifter  was  delivered  of  a  fine 
boy.  Three  days  after  he  came  to 
his  brother  Charles,  who  then  lived 
with  him  at  his  father's^  at  ten 
o'clock  at  night,  and  told  him  he 
muft  take  a  ride  with  hirti  that 
night.  He  then  fetched  the  child, 
which  they  put  into  a  long  linen 
bag.  They  took  two  horfes  out  of 
the  flable,  and  rode  flraight  to 
Annefley  in  Nottinghamfhire,  five 
computed  miles  from  Butterley,  car- 
rying the  child  by  turns.  When 
they  came  near  that  place,  William 
alighted,  and  afked  whether  the 
child  was  alive ;  Charles  anfwering 
in  the  afHrmative,  he  took  it  in  the 
bag  and  went  away,  bidding  the 
other  flay  till  he  fhould  return. 
When  Charles  afked  what  he  had 
done  with  it^  he  faid  he  had  laid  it 
by  a  hay.  flack,  and  covered  it  with 
hay.  After  his  condemnation,  he 
faid  that  he  had  no  intention  the 
child  fhould  die :  that  to  preferve  its 
life,  he  put  it  into  a  bag  lined  with 
wool,  and  made  a  hole  in  the  bag 
to  give  it  air ;  that  the  child  was 
well-drefTed,  and  was  defigned  as  a 
prefent  to  the  late  Mr.  Chaworth  of 
Annefley,  and  intended  to  be  hid 
at  his  door  ;  but  on  takmg  it  from 
his  brother,  and  approaching  the 
houfe,  the  dogs  made  fuch  a  con- 
flant  barking  that  he  durfl  not  go  up 
to  the  door  for  fear  of  a  difcovery, 
there  being  a  little  light  in  one  of 
the  windows:  that  upon  thisdifap- 
pointment  he  went  back  to  fomc 
dillance,  and  at  lall  determined  to 
lay  it  under  a  warm  hay-ftack,  in 
hopes  of  its  being  dlfcovered  early 
next  morning  by  the  people  who 
came  to  fodder  the  cattle.  The 
child  was  indeed  found  next  morj^- 

irg 


CHARACTERS. 


3^9 


iiig,  but  flarved  to  death  by  being 
hit  all  nighi  in  ihc  cold. 

Charles,  not  long  after,  upon 
fome  difJtrrence  with  his  brother, 
mentioned  the  affair  to  his  father, 
who  inlifted  he  rt)ould  never  fpeak 
of  it.  It  was  accordingly  kept  a 
fecrct  till  the  old  gentlenr^an's  death, 
which  happened  about,  the  year 
1747,  when  he  wa§  in  the  lozd 
year.  Soon  after,  being  with  Mr. 
Cooke,  an  attorney  of  Derby,  about 
parilh  bufinefs,  Charles  told  him  the 
affa'ir,  Mr.  Cooke  faid,  he  ought 
to  go  to  a  magiftrarc,  and  make 
a  full  difcovcry.      He  accordingly 

^ent    to  Jartice  G rne  :     but 

this  gentleman  told  him  he  had  bet- 
ter bfe  quieti  as  it  was  an  affair  of 
long  Handing,  and  might  hang  half 
the  family.  Charles  mentioned  it 
to  fome  other  perfons. 

About  five  years  ago,  ^^^^'^s, 
being  very  ill  of  a  fiux,  fen t  for  Mr. 
John  White,  of  Ripley,  and  faid, 
*'  he  was  a  dying  man,  and  could 
hot  go  out  of  the  world  without  dif- 
clofing  his  mind  to  him  ;"  and  told 
hinn  of  the  inceil  and  murder.  Mr. 
White  faid  it  was  a  nice  affair,  and 
he  could  not  tell  how  to  advife.  A 
fevv  days  after,  Mr.  While  feeing 
him  furprifmgly  recovered,  afked  to 
what  it  was  owing.  He  faid,  to  his 
difclofing  his  mind  to  him, 

Some  years  ago,  William  Andrew 
Home  threatened  one  Mr.  Roe  for 
killing  game;  and  meeting  him 
foon  after  at  a  public- houfe,  words 
arofe  about  the  right  to  kill  game  : 
Roe  called  Home  an  ince/fuous  eld 
dog:  for  which  words  he  was  pro- 
fecuted  in  the  ecclefialtical  court  at 
Litchfield,  and  being  unable  10  prove 
the  charge,  wa*  obliged  to  fubmir, 
and  pay  all  expcnces.  Kot  being 
afterwards  informed  that  Charles 
Home  had  meniioued  to  fome  per- 

Vol.  H. 


fons,  that  his  brother  William  had 
ftarved  his  natural  child  to  death, 
went  to  him,  and  found  it  was  true. 
Upon  which  he  applied,  about 
Chriftmas  1758,  to  a  jullice  ia 
Derbyfhire,  for  a  warrant  to  appre- 
hend Charles,  that  the  truth  might 
come  out.  The  warrant  was  grant- 
ed ;  but  as  the  juftice  did  public  bu- 
fmefs  on  Mondays  only,  the  confta-i 
ble  took  Charles's  word  for  his  ap- 
pearance the  Monday  following. 

Meanwhile  William  being  in- 
formed of  the  warrant,  fent  ior  his 
brother  Charles,  and  bid  him  for- 
fwear  himfelf,  and  he  would  be  a 
frieftd  to  him.  Charles  refufed  to 
do  this  ;  and  faid,  *'  that  confider- 
ing  his  behaviour  to  him,  he  had  no 
reafon  to  exped  any  favour  from 
hrm  ;  but  as  he  was  his  brother,  if 
he  would  give  him  five  pounds  to 
carry  him  to  Liverpool,  he  would 
immediately  embark  for  another 
land."  Williaoi  refufed  to  part 
with  the  money. 

The  juftices  of  Derbyfhife  dif- 
covering  fome  reludance  to  fift  the 
, affair  to  the  bottom,  application  waa 
made,  about  the  middle  of  March 
laft,  to  a  juftice  of  the  peace  in  Not- 
tinghamfiiirc;,  who  granted  a  war- 
rant for  apprehending  William, 
which  was  foon  indorfed  by  Sir 
John  Every,  a  gentleman  in  the 
commiilion  of  the  peace  for  the 
county  of  Derby.  About  eight  ac 
night  the  conftable  of  Annefiey  wenC 
to  Mr.  Home's  houfe  at  Butterley, 
and  knocked  at  the  door,  but  was 
refufed  admittance.  He  then  left 
the  above-mentioned  Roe,  and  two 
others,  to  guard  the  houfe,  and 
came  again  the  next  morning  ;  and 
was  then  told  by  a  man-lervant, 
that  Mr.  Home  was  gone  out. 
They  infifted  he  was  in  the  houfe, 
and  threatened  to  break  the  door ; 
B  b  upon 


370         ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759; 


Upon  which  they  were  let  in.  They 
fearched  all  over  the  houfe,  but 
could  not  find  him.  Roe  prefr«?d 
them  to  make  a  fecond  fearch.  In 
one  of  the  rooms  they  obferved  a 
large  old  cheft.  Mr..  Home,  Mr. 
Home's,  wife,  faid,  there,  w^s  no- 
thing in  it  but  table  linen  and 
Iheets.  Roe  infifted  on  looking  in 
it;  and  going  to  break  the  lid, 
Mrs.  Hprne  opened  it,  and  her  hus- 
band ftarted  up  in  a  fright,  bare- 
headed, faying,  **  It  is  a  fad  thing  to 
hang  me  ;  for  my  brother  Cl.arles  is 
as  bad  as  myfelf,  and  he  can't  hang 
me  without  hanging  himfelf 

He  was  earned  before  two  jufHces 
of  Nottinghatjifhire,  and  after  an 
examination  of  fome  hours,  having 
little  to  offer  in  his  defence,  he  was 
committed  to  Nottingham  gaol,  to 
take  his  trial  at  the  aflizes.  Soon 
after  his  commitment  he  made  ap- 
plication to  the  court  of  King's 
Bench,  to  be  removed  by  Habeas 
Corpus^  in  order  to  be  bailed  ;  foi 
which  purpofe  he  came,  in  cultody 
of  the  gaoler,  to  London  ;  but  the 
court  denied  him  bail.  So  he  was 
obliged  to  return  to  Nottingham 
gaol,  there  to  remain  till  the  fummer 
alTize,  held  on  Saturday  the  loth  of 
Auguft  1759)  before  the  Lord  Chief 
Baron  Parker  ;  when,  after  a  trial 
which  lailed  near  nine  hour?,  the 
jury,  having  withdrawn  half  an 
hour,  brought  him  in  guilty  of  the 
murder.  The  very  perfons  wh& 
found  the  child  appeared,  and  cor- 
roborated the  brother's  evidence. 
He  im mediately  received  fen  te nee  to 
be  hanged  the  Monday  following  : 
but  in  the  evening,  at  the  interceflion 
of  fome  gentlemen,  who  thought 
the  time  too  fhort  for  fuch  an  old 
linner  to  fearch  his  heart,  the  judge 
was  pleafed  to  refpitc  the  fentence 
for  a  month  ;  at  the  expiration  of 


which  he  obtained  another  refpittf 
till  further  orders.  This  time  he 
fpent  in  fruitkfs  applications  to  per- 
fons in  power  for  pardon,  difcover- 
ing  little  fenfe  of  the  crime  of  which 
he  had  been  convi£led,  and  often 
faid,  it  was  doubly  hard  to  fufre'  on 
the  evidence  of  a  brother,  for  a  crime 
committed  fo  many  years  before. 
A  day  or  two  before  he  died,  he 
folemnly  denied  many  atrocious 
things  which  common  report  laid 
to  his  charge  ;  and  faid  to  a  per- 
fon,  ♦*  My  fr.end,  my  brother 
Charles  wa«?  tried  at  Derby  about 
twenty  years  ago,  and  acquitted, 
my  dear  lifter  Nancy  forfwearing 
herfelf  at  that  time  to  fave  his  life. 
His  life,  you  fee,  was.  preferved  io 

hang  me  ;    but  you'll  fee  him " 

He  told  the  clergyman  who  attend- 
ed him,  "  That  he  forgave  all  his 
enemies,  even  his  brother  Charles  ; 
but  that,  at  the  day  of  judgment, 
if  God  Almighty  Ihould  afk  him, 
how  his  brother  Charles  behaved, 
he  would  not  give  him  a  good  cha- 
rafter."  He  was  executed  on  his 
birth- day,  and  was  exadlly  74  years 
of  age  the  day  he  died.  This  he 
mentioned  feveral  times  after  the 
order  of  his  execution  was  figned  ; 
and  faid,  he  always  ufed  to  have 
plum-pudding  on  his  birth-day, 
and  would  again,  could  he  obtain 
another  refpiie.  He  was  of  fo  pe- 
nurious a  difpofition,  that  it  is  faid 
he  nevtr  did  one  generous  a<5lion  in 
the  whole  courfe  cf  his  life.  Not-- 
withftanding  his  licentious  conduct, 
his  father  left  him  all  his  real  eftate, 
having  fome  time  before  his  death 
given  all  his  perfonal  cftate,  by  a 
deed  of  gift,  to  Charles.  The  fa- 
ther died  on  a  couch  in  the  kitchen, 
and  happened  to  have  about  twelve 
guineas  in  his  pocket,  which  cer- 
lainly    belonged    to  Charles  ;   the 

other. 


CHARACTERS. 


37* 


bther,  however,  took  the  cafli  out 
of  his  dead  father's  pocket,  and 
would  not  part  with  it  till  Charles 
promif(*d  to  pay  the  whole  expence 
of  burying  the  old  man  ;  which  he 
did  ;  andinfifting  afterwards  on  his 
right,  the  elder  brother  turned  him 
out  of  doors  ;  and  though  he  knew 
he  was  mafter  of  fuch  an  important 
fecret,  would  not  give  the  leait  affif- 
tance  to  him,  nor  a  morfel  of  bread 
to  his  hungry  children  begging  at 
their  uncle's  door.  Charles  kept  a 
little  ale-houfe  at  a  gate  leading 
down  to  his  brother's  houfe  ;  which 
gate  he  ufed  frequently  to  open,  to 


him,  pulling  off  his  hat  at  the 
fame  -time ;  yet  he  would  nevej: 
fpeak  to  him.  Not  only  his  bro- 
ther, but  the  whole  country  rounds 
had  reafon  to  complain  of  his  churi- 
iihnefs  and  rigour.  He  would  fcarce 
fniFer  a  man,  not  qualified,  to  keep 
a  dog,  or  a  gun  ;  fo  that  he  was 
univerfally  feared  and  hated.  Be- 
fides  his  inceft,  and  the  murder  of 
the  young  woman,  who  was  with 
child  by  him,  he  confefled  that  he, 
broke  one  Amos  Killer's  arm,  with 
a  violent  blow,  which  occafioned 
the  poor  fellow's  death* 


B  b  i 


KA^ 


372       ANN  UAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


NATURAL     HISTORY 


An    EJpxy    on    a    tnethod    of  clajjing 
aviniah, 

TT7ITH  ri'gard  ta  the  gene- 
VV  ral  order,  and  the  method 
of  dillribution  of  the  diiierent  fub- 
jtds  of  natural  hiftory,  it  is  purely 
arbitrary ;  and  therefore  we  are 
fiifiicienty  at  liberty  to  chufe  that 
which  appears  the  molt  commo- 
dious, or  the  moil  commonly  re- 
ceived. But,  before  we  give  the 
reafons  that  might  determine  us  to 
adopt  one  order  rather  than  another, 
it  is  necefTary  to  make  fome  further 
refie<flions,  whereby  we  will  endea- 
vour to  fhew  what  reality  there  may 
be  in  the  divifions  that  have  been 
of  natural  produdions.  In  order 
to  know  this,  we  mull,  for  a  mo- 
ment, diveft  ourfelves  of  our  preju- 
dices, and  even  ftrip  ourfelves  of 
our  notions.  Let  us  fuppofe  a  man 
who  had  adually  forgot  every 
thing,  or  who  awakes  quite  fr^ih  to 
view  iheobje^lTis  that  furround  him  ; 
Jet  us  place  fuch  a  man  in  the  field, 
where  animals,  birds,  filhes,  plants, 
ftonesy  &:c.  prefent  theinfelves  fuc- 
ceffively  to  his  eyes.  In  the  firft 
rencounters  he  will  difl^inguilli  no- 
thing, and  confound  every  thing  ; 
but  let  his  ideas  be  gradually  con- 
firmed by  reiterated  fenfaiions  of  the 
fame  objeds  be  will  foon  form  to 
himfelf  a  general  idea  of  animated 
matter  :  he  will  eafily  difiinguilh  it 
from  inanimated  matter,  and  in  a 
little  lime  after,  he  will  diilinguifli 
\try  well  animated  matter  from 
vegetative,  and  naturally  arrive  at 
this  fidl  grand  diviiion,  namely,  ani- 


mal, vegetable,  and  mineral ;  and 
a-;  he  fhall  have  taken,  at  the  fame 
time,  a  clear  idea  of  thefe  grand 
objeds  that  are  fo  difierent,  viz. 
the  earth,  the  air,  and  the  water, 
he  will  come  in  a  little  time  to  form 
a  particular  idea  of  animals  that 
dwell  upon  the  earth,  of  thofe  that 
refide  in  the  waters,  and  thofe  that 
fly  aloft  in  the  air  ;  and  confequent- 
ly,  he  will  eafily  form  to  himfelf 
this  fecorid  divifion  of  animals, 
namely,  quadrupeds,  birds,  and 
ii flies :  the  fame  thing  will  happen 
in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  as  trees 
and  plants ;  he  will  diilinguifli  them 
very  well,  either  as  to  their  bulk, 
their  fubllance,  or  figure.  'I'his  is 
what  a  bare  infpeclion  mufl  necelfa- 
rily  produce  in  him,  and  what  with 
a  very  flender  degree  of  attention, 
he  cannot  fail  to  know,  and  this 
is  likewife  what  we  ought  to  confi- 
der  as  real,  and  as  a  divifion  which 
nature  herfelf  has  made  ;  let  us 
pui  ourfelves  in  the  place  of  fuch 
a  man,  or  let  us  fuppofe  he  has  ac- 
quired the  fame  degree  of  know- 
ledge, and  has  the  fame  degree  of 
experience  as  we  have  r  he  will 
judge  of  the  objects  of  natural  hif- 
tory  according  to  the  relations  they 
bear  to  him  :  thofe  objedls  that  are 
the  moft  neceflary  and  ufeful,  will 
hold  the  firft  rank;  fur  inftance,  he 
will  give  the  preference,  in  the  or- 
der of  animals,  to  the  Lorfe,  the 
dog,  the  ox,  <i'C.  and  he  will  al- 
ways much  bettci'  know  thofe  that 
are  moll  familiar  to  him  ;  in  the 
next  place,  he  will  be  taken  up  with 
fuch  animals,  as,  though  not  fo  fa- 
miliar 


NATURAL    HISTORY, 


373 


miliar  to  him,  yet  live  in  the  fame 
place  and  climate,  as  the  deer, 
hares,  and  all  the  wild  animals  ; 
and  it  will  be  only  after  the  acqui- 
iition  of  all  this  knowledge  that  his 
curiofity  will  lead  him  to  find  out 
what  may  be  the  animals  of  foreign 
climates,  as  the  elephant,  drome- 
dary, &c.  The  cafe  will  be  the  fame 
as  to  fifties,  birds,  infedls,  ftiells, 
plants,  minerals,  and  all  other  pro- 
dui5tions  of  nature;  he  will  ftudy 
thefe  in  proportion  to  the  ufes  he 
may  draw  from  them,  according  as 
they  prefent  themfelves  the  more 
familiarly  to  him  ;  and  he  will  ar- 
range them  in  his  mind,  accord- 
ing to  this  order  of  his  knowledge, 
becauie  it  is  actually  the  order  ac- 
cording to  which  he  has  acquired 
it,  and  accor^^ing  to  which  it  con- 
cerns him  to  retain  them. 

This  order,  the  moft  natural  of 
all  others,  is  that  which  I  would  re- 
commend, believing  that  this  Am- 
ple and  natural  method  of  confider- 
ing  things  is  preferable  to  any  me- 
thods that  are  more  far  fetched  and 
more  compounded,  becaufe  there 
is  none  either  of  fuch  as  have  been 
already  adopted,  or  of  all  thofe  that 
may  be  formed,  but  in  •  which 
there  is  more  of  the  arbitrary  than 
in  this  ;  and  that,  to  take  every 
thing,  it  is  much  eafier,  and  more 
agreeable  and  ufeful  for  us,  to  con- 
fider  things  wi';h  regard  to  ourfelves, 
than  under  any  other  point  of  view. 

Two  objev^ions,  I  forefec,  may  be 
here  ftarted  :  firft,  that  thefe  grand 
divifions,  which  we  confider  as 
real,  are  not,  perhaps,  accurate ; 
that,  for  inftance,  we  are  not  cer- 
tain, that  a  lineof  feparation  can  be 
drawn  betwixt  the  anim?.l  and  ve- 
getable kingdoms,  or  even  betwixt 
the  vegetable  kingdom  and  the^pii- 
neral,  and  that  there  may  be  found 
in  nature  fome  things  that  equally 


partake  of  the  properties  of  the  one 
and  the  other  ;  which,  confequent- 
ly,  ^cannot  enter  into  the  one  or  the 
other  of  thefe  divifions.  To  which 
I  anfwer,  that  if  there  exift  any 
things  which  are  cxadtly  half  animal, 
and  half  plant,  or  half  plant,  and 
half  mineral,  Sec.  they  are  hitherto 
unknown  to  us ;  fo  that,  in  faft,  the 
divifion  ftands  entire  and  accurate ; 
and  it  is  evident,  that,  the  more  ge- 
neral divifions  are,  there  will  be  the 
lefs  hazard  to  meet  with  bipartite 
obje<5ls,  that  participate  of  the  na- 
ture of  two  things  comprifed  in  thefe 
divifions  ;  fo  that  this  very  objec- 
tion, which  we  have  made  ufe  of  to 
advantage,  againft  particular  dillri- 
butions,  cannot  hold  good  in  treat- 
ing of  divifions  that  are  full  and  ge- 
neral, efpecially  if  thefe  diitribu- 
tions  be  not  made  cxclufive  ;  and  if 
we  do  not  pretend  to  comprize 
therein,  without  exception,  not  only 
all  knowa  beings,  but  likewife  all 
thofe  that  may  hereafter  be  difco- 
vered  :  add  to  this,  if  we  attend  to 
it,  we  Ihall  plainly  fee,  that  our 
general  ideas  being  only  compofed 
of  particular  ideas,  they  have  a  re- 
lation to  a  continued  fcale  of  ob- 
jects, of  which  we  clearly  perceive 
only  the  mean  terms,  and  whofe 
t^vo  extremities  always  more  and 
more  difappear,  and  efcape  our  un- 
derftandings ;  fo  that  we  never  con- 
fine ourfelves,  to  things  but  in  the 
grofs,  and  that  confcquen^tly  we 
ought  not  to  think  our  ideas,  how 
general  focver  they  may  be,  com- 
prize the  particular  ideas  of  every 
thing  exifting  or  poffible. 

The  fecond  objection  may  be, 
that  by  purfuing  this  order  we  muil 
join  together objeds  very  different; 
for  example,  in  the  hiilory  of  ani- 
mals, if  we  begin  with  thofe  that  are 
the  moft  ufeful  and  familiar  to  us, 
we  (hall  be  obliged  to  give  the  hif- 
,     B  b  3  tory 


ANNUAL   REGISTER,  1759. 


37+ 

tory  of  a  dog;  after  or  before  that 
of  a  horfe;  a  thing  which  does  not 
feem  natural,  becaafe  thefe  animals 
arc  fo  different  in  all  other  refpefts, 
that  they  do  not  at  all  appear  to 
have  been  made,  to  be,  placed  fo 
near  each  other,  in  a  treatife  of  na- 
tural hiilory ;  and  perhaps  it  may 
be  further  urged,  that  it  would  be 
better  to  follow  the  antient  method 
of  the  divifion  of  animals  into 
whole- footed,  and  cloven-footed,  or 
the  modern  method  of  divifion,  by 
their  teeth,   and  teats,  &c. 

This  objedion,  which  at  firft  may 
appear  pretty  plaufible,  will  va- 
niih  when  we  come  to  examine  it. 
Were  it  not  better  to  arrange,  not 
only  in  a  treatife  of  natural  hiflory, 
but  even  in  a  pifture,  or  any  where 
elfe,  objefts  in  the  order  and  por- 
tion in  which  th^y  are  commonly 
found,  than  to  force  them  to  be 
joined  together  by  virtue  of  any  hy- 
ipothefis  ?  Would  it  n:,t  be  better  to 
make  the  horfe,  who  is  whole-hool- 
ed,  to  be  followed  by  the  dog,  who 
is  claw-footed,  and  aftually  ufes  to 
follow  him,  than  an  animal  we 
know  little  of,  and  which  probably 
bas  no  other  relation  with  a  horfe 
than  that  of  being  whole-hoofed  ? 
Add  to  this,  does  there  not  arife  the 
fame  inconvenience  from  the  diffe- 
rences in  this  Arrangement  as  in 
ours  ?  Does  a  lion,  becaufe  claw- 
footed,  refemble  a  rat,  which  is  fo 
too,  more  than  a  horfe  refembles  a 
dog  ?  Does  a  whole-hoofed  elephant 
refemble  an  afs  that  is  whole-hoof- 
ed too,  more  than  a  (lag,  which  is 
eleven-footed  ?  And  Ihould  we  fol- 
low the  new  method,  in  which  the 
teeth  and  the  teats  are  the  fpecific 
characters,  and  upon  which  the  di- 
viiions  and  dillributions  are  found- 
ed, fhall  we  find  that  a  lion  is  more 
like  a  bat,  than  a  horfe  is  like  a 
S 


dog  ?  Qr  rather,  to  make  our  com- 
parilon  a  little  more  exaft,  does  a 
horfe  refemble  a  hog  more  than  a 
dog,  or  is  a  dog  more  like  a  mole 
than  a  horfe  ?  And  fincc  there  arc 
as  many  inconveniencies,  and  as 
great  differences  in  thefe  methods 
of  arrangement,  as  in  that  we  have 
adopted,  and  feeing,  befides  this, 
thefe  methods  have  not  the  fame  ad- 
vantages, and  are  a  great  deal  more 
remote  from  the  common  and  na- 
tural method  of  confidering  things, 
we  have  fufficient  reafon  for  giving 
it  the  preference. 

We  ihall  not  particularly  examine 
all  the  artificial  methods  that  have 
been  given  in  the  divifion  of  ani- 
mals :  they  are  all  more  or  lefs  fub- 
jeA  to  inconveniencies :  and  it  ap- 
pears to  us,  that  the  examen  of  one 
of  them  only,  is  fuliicient  to  difco- 
ver  the  faults  of  the  reft  ;  we  ihall 
therefore  here  confine  ourfelves  to 
examine  the  method  of  the  celebrat- 
ed Linnaeus,  which  is  the  moft  mo- 
dern, whereby  we  may  be  enabled 
to  judge  whether  we  had  reafon  to 
reject  it,  and  confine  ourfelves  folely 
to  the  natural  order  in  which  all 
mankind  are  wont  to  view  and  con- 
fider  things.  Linnaeus  divides  all 
animals  into  fix  clafTes,  viz.  qua- 
drupeds, birds,  amphibious  crea- 
tures, fifhes,  infefts,  and  worms. 

The  firft  divifion  is  very  arbitrary 
and  very  incomplete  :  for  it  give* 
us  no  idea  of  certain  kinds  of  ani- 
mals, which  are,  neverthelefs,  very 
confiderable  and  extenfive ;  ferpents 
for  example,  fheli-fifh,  and  crufta- 
ceous  animals,  appear  at  firft  glance 
to  have  been  forgotten  ;  for,  at 
iirft,  one  does  not  imagine  that  fer- 
pents are  amphibious,  that  crufta- 
ceous  animals  are  infedls,  and  fhell 
animals  worms ;  if,  inftead  of  mak- 
ing only  fix  daifes,   he  had  made 

twelve, 


NATURAL    HISTORY. 


375 


twelve,  or  more,  and  had  faid  qua- 
drupeds, birds,  reptiles,  amphibious 
creatures,  cetaceous  fi(h,  oviparous 
fifli,  foftfiih,  crullaceous  fifh,  fhell- 
n(h,  terreftrial  infeds,  marine  in- 
feds,  and  thofe  found  in  frcih  wa- 
ter, &e.  he  would  have  exprefled 
himfelf  more  diftindly,  and  hi:  di- 
vifions  would  have  been  more  true, 
and  lefs  arbitrary  ;  for,  in  general, 
the  more  the  number  of  the  divilions 
of  natural  prododtionsis  augmented, 
the  nearer  we  ihall  approach  to  the 
truth,  fince  only  individuals  do  re- 
ally exilt  in  nature,  and  fince  ge- 
nuies,  orders,  and  claficb,  only  exift 
in  our  own  imaginations.  Upon  exa- 
mining ihe  general  charafters,  which 
he  makes  ufe  of,  and  the  manner  in 
which  he  makes  his  particular  divi- 
iions,  we  fhall  find  defefts  therein, 
that  are  much  more  efiential  ;  for 
example,  a  general  charadler,  fuch 
as  that  taken  from  the  mammze  or 
teats,  in  the  divifion  of  quadrupeds, 
ought  at  lead  to  belong  to  all  qua- 
drupeds, and  yet  from  the  time  of 
Ar;llotle,  we  know  that  the  horfe 
hi.s  no  mammae. 

He  divides  the  clafs  of  quadru- 
peds into  five  orders:  the  iirft  he 
calls  anthromorphay  or  ihofe  refem- 
biing  the  human  form  ;  thefecond, 
feree,  or  wild  bealts ;  the  third, 
ghres^  or  wild  rats  ;  the  fourth, 
jumcntuy  or  beafts  of  burden  ;  and 
the  fifth,  pecora^  or  cattle;  and  ac- 
cording to  him,  all  quadrupeds  are 
included  in  thefe  five  clafles.  We 
may  difcover,  by  the  bare  enume- 
ration of  thefe  orders,  that  this  di- 
vifion is  not  only  arbitrary,  but  \zxy 
injudicioufly  made  :  for  he  places  in 
this  firft  order,  man,  the  monkey, 
the  Guinea  lubbard,  and  the  (hell- 
'lizard.  Let  us  go  on  to  the  fecond 
43rder,  which  he  calls  wild  beails  j 


and  here  indeed  he  begins  with  the 
lion  and  tiger,  but  he  proceeds  with 
the  cat,   the  weazle,  the  otter,  the 
fea-calf,  the  dog,  the  bear,  the  bad- 
ger ;   and  he  ends  with  the  hedge- 
hog, the  mole,  and  the  bat.     Who 
could  ever  have  imagined,  that  the 
name  of  a  wild   beaft    could    have 
been  gsven  to  the  bar,  the  mole,  and 
ttie  hedge- hog!    that  fuch  domeftic 
animals  as  the  dog  and  the  cat  were 
wild  beafts  I    and  is  there  not  hereia 
as  great  an  ^mbiguicy  with  regard 
to  good  fenfe,  as  well  as  with   re- 
gard to  the  words  ?    But  let  Us  pro- 
ceed to  the  third  clafs,  namely,   the 
wild  rats  of  M.  Linnseus,  which  arc 
the  porcupine,  the  hare,  the  fquirrel, 
the  beaver,    and   the  common  rat. 
I  declare,  that  in  all  this,  I  fee  buc 
one  fpecies  of  ;<its,  which,  in  faft, 
is  the  wild  rat.     The  fourth  order 
is  that  of  beads  qi  carriage,  which 
are  the  elephant,  the  hippopotamus, 
or  river  horfe,  the  Ihrew-moufe,  the 
horfe  and  the  pig.     What  a  ftrange, 
what  a  chimerical  arrangement  this ! 
His   fifth  and  laft   order  is  cattle, 
which  comprizes  the  camel,  thedeer,^ 
the  goat,  the  ram,  and  the  ox.     But 
what  difference  is  there  not  evident- 
ly between  a  camel  and  a  ram,   or 
between  a  deer  and  a  goat  ?    And 
what  reafon  can  there  be  to  pretend 
that  there  are  animals  of  the  fame 
clafs,  if  it  be  not  this,  that  having 
abfolutely  a  mind  to  form  claffes, 
and  but  a  fmall  number  of  them,  we 
mull  comprize  therein  beails  of  all 
kinds  ?    In  fine,  by  examining  the 
lail  divifions  of  animals  into  parti- 
cular fpecies,  we  find  that  the  lupus 
cernjinus  is  no  other  than  a  fpecies 
of  cats ;  the  fox  and  wolf  a  fpecies 
of  dog  ;  the  civet  a  fpecies  of  bad- 
ger ;    the   Indian  pig  a  fpecies  of 
hare ;    the  watcc^rac  a   fpecies  of 
B  b  4  beaver; 


376 


ANNUAL  REGISTER,   1759, 


beaver  ;  the  rhinoceros  a  fpecies  of 
elephant ;  and  the  afs  a  fpecies  of 
horfes,  &c.  and  all  this  for  no  other 
reafon,  but  that  there  is  ibme  little 
analogy  betvyeen  the  number  of  the 
teats  and  the  teeth  of  thefe  animals, 
or  fome  like  refemblance  in  the 
figure  tof  their  hoofs.  And  this  is, 
however,  without  omitting  any 
thing,  the  whole  to  which  this  fyf- 
tem  of  nature  for  the  four-footed 
animals  is  reducible.  Would  it  not 
be  more  fimple,  natural,  and  true, 
to  fay  that  an  afs  is  an  afs,  and  a  cat 
a  cat,  than  to  mak^,  without  know- 
ing for  what  reafon,  an  afs  a  horfe, 
and  a  cat  a  lynx,  or  wild  fpotted  cat  i 
jOne  may,  by  this  flight  fpecimcn, 
judge  of  all  the  rell  of  Linnaus's 
iyttem.  Serpents,  according  to  this 
author,  are  amp!  Js»)ious  animals, 
lobfters  infe£ls,  and  not  only  fo,  but 
inifc<13:s  of  the  fame  order  v;ith  lice 
and  fleas  ;  and  all  fliell  fifh,  crulta- 
ceous,  and  foft  fifh  are  worms  ;  oyf- 
tiers,  the  thorn- back,  fea-ftars,  fcut- 
tle-filh,  &c.  are,  according  to  him, 
no  other  than  worms.  Is  tnere  then 
any  thing  further  necefTary,  to 
evince  how  arbitrary,  how  chime- 
rical his  diviiions  are,  and  how  ill 
1  grounded  his  fyllem  is  ? 


ji  defcriftion  of  an  American  Qua- 
drujsd  rarely  feen  in  Europe^  'which 
Linnaus  has  placed  in  the  clafs  of 
hearsy  dnd^  fcr  dijiindion^  called 
the  long-  tailed  bear, 

THIS  animal  was  not  much 
higher  than  a  large  cat  ',  bu: 
its  length  from  the  extremity  of  the 
trunk  to  the  tail  was  fomething  more 
than  three  feet,  and  the  tail  itfelf 
vas  one  foot  and  an  inch  long : 
the  body  was  covered  ail  over  very 
fhick  with  hair,  that  was  remark- 
6 


ably  long  and  foft,  but  longeft  upon 
the  belly  ;  the  colour  was  in  loine 
places  black,  and  in  fomc  a  mix- 
ture of  yellow  arid  brown  :  the  back 
was  chiefly  bla^k,  not  however 
without  fame  mixture  of  brown  ; 
on  the  coixrary,  the  neck,  the  head, 
and  the  Tail,  were  rather  tawney 
than  black  ;  the  face  was  whitifh, 
with  yellow  firipes  that  cauie  down 
between  the  eyes,  from  the  top  of 
the  hedd  to  tlie  ntfe  j  the  hair  round 
the  eyes  was  almclt  entirely  black  j 
the  ears  had  more  white  than  yel- 
low, and  the  legs  were  thinly  co- 
vered with  Ihort  brown  hair;  the 
tail  was  confiderably  thicktr  to- 
wards the  body  than  towai-ds  the 
end,  and  was  marked  with  three 
black  rings,  and  three  yellow,  very 
beautiful  and  exadt,  growing  gradu- 
ally narrower  as  the  tail  grew  lefs  : 
the  general  figure  of  the  head  was 
triangular  ;  it  was  largelt  in  the  up- 
per and  hinder  part,  and  gradually 
diminiihed  towards  the  noie,  whit^h 
was  very  lliarp,  with  two  nolljiis 
of  a  femicircuiar  figure ;  on  each 
fide  of  ;he  mouth  were  fmcllers, 
or  whilkers,  of  white  brillly  hair  ; 
thqfe  of  the  upper  lip  being  longer 
than  thofe  of  the  lower ;  the  upper 
lip  itfelf  being  much  the  longelt,  lo 
as  to  project  beyond  the  other  an 
inch  and  an  half;  the  ears  were 
Jarge  towards  the  bafe,  and  lliarp 
at  the  .extremity  ;  they  were  re- 
markable for  their  quick  motion, 
and  were  provided  with  s^^xy  ^Irong 
mufcles. 

The  eyes  were  not  large  in  pro- 
portion to  the  reft  of  the.  body  ;  one 
of  them  had  a  catarj'dl,  and  both 
of  them  were  manifellly  covered 
v.'ith  a  nidiiating  membrane:  this 
membrane,  which  was  turned  in 
the  form  of  an^  arch,  extended  from 
the   inner   to   the   outw/ird   corner, 

where 


NATURAL 

where  it  flrong]y  adhered,  as  well 
as  lower  down.  It  was  bound  to 
each  corner  of  the  eye  by  a  fraall 
tendon  j  it  was  coloured  with  red 
veffels,  and,  as  it  was  extremely 
moveable,  it  was  drawn  up  with 
great  facility  when  it  perfetlly  co- 
vered or  doled  the  whole  eye. 

The  feet,  or  paws,  were  not  very 
loflt^,  but  thoie  of  the  hinder  legs 
were  much  larger  and  ftronger  than 
thcic  of  tiie  fore;  the  boaon?.s  of 
them  were  quite  without  hair,  but 
were  covered  from  the  talons  to  the 
heel,  with  a  thick  hard  ikin  of  a 
brown  red  colour :  this  (kin  was 
marked  with  many  lines  like  thofe 
of  ihe  palm  of  the  hand  ;  and  rifes 
higher  on  the  hind  feet  than  the 
fore,  as  the  aninjal  fon:etinieswalks 
tiecl  upon  then:i. 

Each  foot  terminated  in  five 
claws,  Hkc  thofe  of  a  bear;  the  firft 
was  very  Ihort,  the  fecond  long,  the 
third  and  the  fourth  were  of  an 
equal  lengthy  but  both  longer  than 
the  fecond  ;  and  the  fifrh  was  a 
litle  iliortcr  than  thefe,  but  foqie- 
what  longer  than  the  firft;  each 
of  thefc  claws  terminated  in  a 
talon,  which  was  black,  fnarp,  and 
hooked. 

The  whole  animal,  which  was 
very  fat,  weighed  fixteen  pounds 
and  an  half.  1:  wai  a  female,  and  the 
uterus  opened  below  the  abdomen 
by  a  very  kirge  exiernal  aperiure. 

By  its  internal  flrudture,  it  ap- 
peared io\  be  formed  both  for  car- 
nivorous apd  granivorous  food.  It 
is  found  both  in  North  and  South 
America,  from  whence  the^fkins, 
which  are  excellent  furs,  are  fen t  in 
conliderable  quantities  to  Europe. 
It  has  been  dcfcribed  by  many  wri- 
ters of  great  authority,  particularly 
Worniius,  Ray,  and  Linn.tus,  but 
with  fuc|i  diil'.'fcace  as  ujakea  the 


HISTORY.  377 

accounts  in  many  particiilars  wholly 
irreconcikible  with  each  other. 

The  Brafilians  call  it  the  Cceti, 
and  by  fome  writers  it  has  been  con- 
fidered  as  a  fox,  by  fome  as  a  bad- 
ger, and  by  others  as  a  cat.  The 
reafon  why  Linnx^us  lias  called  it  a 
bear,  is  its  having  five  claws,  and 
the  fhort  one  or  thumb  claw  placed 
on  the  outfide  ;  but  it  ^differs  fo 
much  from  a  bear,  both  externally 
and  anternally,  that  the  propriety 
of  placing  it  in  the  bear  clafs  may 
be  well  doubted.  It  is  very  nimble, 
and  climbs  trees  as  nimbly  as  a 
monkey,  running  to  the  extremity  ' 
of  the  branches  which  bend  under 
its  weight.  Ifs  manner  of  eating  is 
like  that  of  a  dog,  holding  its  food, 
whether  vegetable  or  animal,  be- 
tween its  fore-p^aws. 


j^fj  account  of  a  Catj  that  li'ved 
t^ventyjix  months  ^without  drink" 
vtg.  Frcm  the  Hijlory  of  the  Royal 
Acaaemy  rf  Sciences  at  Paris j  for 
the  year  1753. 

L'Abbe  de  Fontenu  of  the 
0  Royal  Academy  of  Infcrip- 
tions  and  Belles-Lettres,  to  whom 
the  academy  is  indebted  for  feveral 
curious  obfervations,  was  pleafed 
to  communicate  to  it  this  year  a 
very  fingular  one.  Having  remark- 
ed how  cats  often  habituate  them-  ' 
felves,  and  oftener  than  one  couM 
vvilh,  to  dry  warrens,  where  ihey 
certainly  cannot  find  drink  but 
very  feldon),  he  fancied  that  thefe 
animals  could  do  for.-^  \tiy  long 
time  without  drinking.  To  fee  , 
whether  his  notions  were  well 
grounded,  he  made  an  experiment 
on  a  very  large  and  fat  caftrated  cat 
he  had  at  his  difpofal.  He  began 
by  retrenching  hy  liille  and  littla 

his 


378       ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759, 


kis  drink,  and,  at  laft,  debarred 
him  of  it  entirely,  yet  fed  hioi  as 
ufual  with  boiled  meat.  The  cat 
had  not  drank  for  feven  months, 
when  this  obfervation  was  commu- 
nicated to  the  academy,  and  has 
fince  paffed  nineteeh  without  drink- 
ing. The  animal  was  not  lefs  well 
in  health,  nor  lefs  fat :  it  only 
feemed  that  it  eat  lefs  than  before, 
probably  becaufe  di^eftion  was 
ibmewhat  flower.  The  excrements 
were  more  firm  and  dry,  which  were 
not  evacuated  but  every  fecond  day, 
though  urine  came  forth  fix  or  feven 
times  during  the  fame  time.  The 
cat  appeared  to  have  an  ardent  de- 
iire  to  drink,  and  ufed  his  beft  en- 
deavours to  tellify  the  fame  to  Mr. 
/  Fontenu,  cfpecially  when  he  faw  a 
pot  of  water  in  his  hand.  He 
licked  greedily  the  mug,  the  glafs, 
iron,  in  fliort,  every  thing  that 
could  procure  for  his  tongue  the 
ienfation  of  coolnefs ;  but  it  does 
not  appear  in  the  leaii  that  his 
licalth  fuifered  any  alteration  by  fo 
fevere  and  fo  long  a  want  of  all  lorts 
of  drink.  It  may  be  inferred  from 
hence,  that  cats  may  fupport  thirft 
for  a  confiderable  tiine,  without 
rifque  of  madnefs  or  other  fatal  ac- 
cident. According  to  M.  de  Fon- 
tenu's  remark,  thefe  perhaps  are 
not  the  only  animals  that  enjoy  this 
faculty,  and  this  obfervation  might 
lead  perhaps  to  more  important 
objefts. 


On  the  force  of  Imagination  ;  from 
the  Gentleman^ s  Magazine* 

Mr.  Urban, 

IN  the  laft  number  of  the  Philofo- 
phical  IVanfaftions  of  the  Royal 
Academy  at  Berlin,  there  is  the 
following  wonderful  relation  of  a 


monftrous  dog:  which  is  the  only 
inftance  that  has  con^e  to  my  know- 
ledfte  of  the  force  of  imagination 
upon  quadrupeds;  and,  therefore, 
J  have  ient  you  an  abftratl  of  the 
memoir  in  which  it  is  contained. 

Tour's,  ^c.  P.  P, 

**  A  citizen  of  Berlin  had  a  very 
little  female  lap-dog,  which  ran 
about  a  back- yard  belonging  to  the 
houfe,  where  the  citizen  kept  fome 
poultry.  It  happened,  that,  when 
the  creature  was  pregnant,  there 
was  in  this  yard,  among  the  fowls, 
a  turkey-cock  ;  the  turkey-cock  up- 
on the  little  dog's  coming  into  the 
yard  as  ufual,  ran  after  it,  llretch- 
ing  out  his  neck,  making  his  noife, 
and.flriking  ac  it  with  his  beak: 
this  was  often  repeated,  the  dog 
always  running  away  greatly  ter- 
rified. The  poor  perfecuted  animal 
fome  time  afterwards  produced  a 
puppy,  which  had  a  head  greatly 
refembling  that  of  its  enemy  the 
turkey-cock,  not  only  in  its  exter- 
nal appearance,  but  in  the  very 
bones  themfelves ;  the  reft  of  the 
body  was  that  of  a  dog,  perfect 
and  in  its  natural  ftaie.  This  mon- 
fter  died  foon  after  its  birth,  and 
was  difTcdled  by  an  eminent  furgeon 
of  Berlin,  by  whom  the  fkeleton  is 
ftill  preferved.  The  figure  of  the 
head  was  a  kind  of  oval,  without 
either  mouth  or  nofe,  and  confe- 
quently  the  long  chaps  of  a  dog 
were  entirely  wanting  ;  in  the  ftead 
of  thefe  there  was  a  kind  of  pendc^ 
loch,  or  bob  of  red  flelh,  perfedlly 
refembling,  both  in  its  figure  and 
fize,  the  red  gills  of  a  turkey  cock. 
The  diameter  of  this  fleihy  excref- 
cence  towards  its  bafe,  was  about 
nine  lines,  but  it  was  hollow  within, 
to  receive  a  kind  of  beak,  or  rather 
a  boney  hook,  which  was  perfeftly 

folid. 


NATURAL    HISTORY. 


379 


foUd,  without  any  aperture,  and 
meafured  about  four  lines  in  diame- 
ter, and  twelve  in  length.  This 
hook  was  not  faftened  to  the  bone 
of  the  forehead,  but  to  the  tempo- 
ral bones,  by  a  kind  of  future,  in 
the  place  where  thefe  two  bones 
join,  near  the  bafe  of  the  pericrane, 
in  which  there  were  not  the  leall 
traces  of  orbits,  fo  that  eyes  were 
totally  wanting ;  two  ears,  how- 
ever, appeared  at  the  lower  part  of 
the  head,  near  the  commencement 
of  the  neck;  they  were  furrounded 
by  a  kind  of  unfhapely  chin,  full 
of  liLtle  red  knobs,  like  thofe  of  a 
turkey-cock;  the  Htdeears,  which 
were  of  the  fame  colour,  were  bald, 
and  the  tpertnre  pierced  the  bone 
near  the  bafe  of  the  cranium,  which 
was  fupportea  by  eight  little  verte- 
brae, inllead  of  fix  ;  the  ufual  num- 
ber in  a  dog's  neck.  The  upper- 
moll  of  thefe  vertebras  was  fome- 
thing  larger  and  thicker  than  the 
reft. 

This  faa  is  related  by  M.  Eller, 
who  takes  this  opportunity  to  ex- 
plode the  notion,  that  the  force  of 
imagination  in  the  mother  can  im- 
press any  mark  upon  the  embryo, 
or  mutilate  or  deform  it.  Our 
knowledge  of  nature  is  in  general 
fo  fuperficial  and  imperfed,  that  it 
is  fcarce  ever  difficult  to  raife  ob- 
jeftions,  which  it  is  impoffible  to 
remove.  It  is  eafy  to  objedl  againft 
what  is  but  imperfeftly  underllood, 
and  often  the  objeftion  rifes  from 
the  imperfeftion  of  our  knowledge  ; 
but  to  remove  the  objedion,  the 
fubjeft  muft  be  underftood  perfect- 
ly ;  and  therefore  it  is  no  wonder 
that  among  beings  who  underftand 
nothing  perfectly,  or  at  leaft,  whofe 
knowleiige  extends  very  little  far- 
ther than  phenomena  and  efFeds, 
objeftions  ihould  ftand  unreniQved 


againft  all  the  caufes  that  human 
wit  has  been  able  to  affign  for  fadls 
which  are  too  notorious  to  be  de- 
nied. M.  Eller  is  one  of  the  unfor- 
tunate philofophers  who  has  fhewn 
the  paucity  of  his  knowledge,  both 
by  his  objejflions  to  the  opinion  he 
would  remove,  and  his  rcafons  for 
that  he  would  eftablilh. 

Imagination,  fays  he,  is  nothing 
more  than  that  operation  of  a  think- 
ing being,  which  reprefents  in  it 
the  image  or  idea  of  abfent  objefts 
which  have  been  before  introduced 
by  the  organs  of  fenfe.  Imagina- 
tion can  operate  only  by  the  nerves, 
and  the  imagination  of  the  mother 
cannot  affed  the  infant,  becaufe 
the  nerves  of  the  mother  have  no 
connexion  with  thofe  of  the  infant; 
the  conredion  between  the  mother 
and  infant  fubfifting  only  by  means 
ot  the  placenta,  which  adheres  to 
tb?  womb,  not  by  the  continuity 
but  the  contiguity  only  of  its  vef- 
fels,  which  are  not  broken,  whea 
the  placenta  is  feparated  from  the 
matrix,  and  becaufe  there  is  no 
continuity,  or  anaftamoiis,  even  be- 
tween the  bloodvelTels  of  the  mo- 
ther and  the  foetus,  and  confe- 
quently,  no  circulation  common  to 
the  mother  and  infant,  tho'  it  is 
confefTed  that  the  innumerable  vef- 
fels  which  are  diftributed  over  the 
placenta  do,  in  their  minute  rami- 
fications, mingle  with  thofe  of  the 
matrix,  and  like  the  fibres  of  the 
roots  of  vegetables,  may  imbibe 
the  blood  that  exudes  from  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  arteries  of  the  ma- 
trix, as  the  little  veins  of  the  ma- 
trix may  in  their  turn  re-abforb  the 
blood  which  the  arteries  of  the  um- 
bilical chord  of  the  placenta  con- 
vey from  the  infant  towards  the 
womb. 

But,  if  imagination  can  operate 

only 


38o     ANNUAL    REGISTER, 

only  by  the  nerves,  can  this  author 
Ihevv  how  the  images  of  lenlible 
objedls,  after  he  has  traced  them  to 
the  brain,  are  communicated  to  the 
mind  ?  Is  there  any  continuity,  or 
anaftomafis,  between  the  mind  and 
the  brain  ?  Or,  fuppofing  all  to  be 
mere  matter,  can  he  tell  us  how 
mere  motion  can  make  mere  mat- 
ter confcious  ?  If  he  finds  this  im- 
poflible,  will  he  therefore,  deny  that 
there  are  coi-fcious  beings  perci- 
pient of  ideas  from  fenfible  objetTts? 
If  in  one  inftance,  he  is  compelled 
to  admit  a  fact,  for  which  he  can- 
rot  account,  why  fhould  he,  in 
another,  deny  a  fa£l  merely  becaufe 
be  has  attempted  to  account  for  it 
without  fuccels  ? 

It  is  as  well  known  as  any  faft 
can  be,  that  there  is  very  often  a 
firiking  correfpondence  between 
fome  mark  or  defefl  in  the  infant, 
and  fome  ftrong  imagination  or 
paffion  of  the  mother  ;  fuch  a  cor- 
refpondence as  perfuaded  every  one 
to  believe  that  they  were  caufe  and 


effed,  till  the  pride  of  philofophy 
alfeded  to  difbelieve  it,  becaufe  it 
could  not  trace  one  into  the  other. 

It  would,  however,  be  an  a6"t  of 
unpardonable  injuftice  to  M.  Eller, 
to  fuppref:  the  ingenious  hypothecs 
which  he  has  invented,  to  folve  the 
difficulties  with  which  others  have 
been  embarrafied  on  this  fobjeit. 

He  confiders  the  infant  as  liable 
to  receive  cutaneous  ftrains,  or 
marks,  and  to  become  monilrous 
either  by  defedl  or  excefs. 

The  cutaneous  marks  he  fuppofes 
to  be  caufed  either  by  a  comprelTion 
of  the  veins  of  the  infant,  arifing 
from  fome  faalt  in  the  pofition  of 
the  wom^b,  by  feme  violence  from 
wiihoui,  or  by  fome  conHriclion 
within,  which  prevents  an  equal 
circulation^  and  converts  the  lateral 


1759' 

lymphatic  arteries  into  blood  vef- 
fels,  the  ramifications  of  which  be- 
ing fpread  under  the  epidermis, 
gives  a  red  colour  to  the  Ikin.  The 
finsilitude  of  ihefe  fpots  to  any  thing 
which  the  mother  is  known  to  have 
defired,  with  a  fpecies  of  longing 
peculiar  to  the  ftate  of  pregnancy, 
or  to  any  thing  which  has  alarmed 
or  terrified  her,  fuch  as  plun^.s, 
grapes,  apples,  currants,  mice,  and 
the  like,  he  fuppoics  to  be  merely 
fanciful  and  arbitrary. 

To  account  for  monfters  by  de- 
fed,  he  fuppofes  they  are  the  con- 
iequence  of  a  fright,  caufed  by  a 
fire,  by  thieves,  by  fome  frightful 
animal,  or  other  circumftances  of 
danger,  which,  producing  a  violent 
agitation  in  the  mother,  with  fpafms 
in  the  womb  ;  thefe  fpafms  being 
attended  with  conftri6tions  may  ob- 
ftrud  the  paffage  of  the  blood  in 
the  extremities  of  the  infant,  and 
the  part  thus  deprived  of  its  nou- 
rifhment  will  necefiarily  perifh.  Hs 
does  not,  however,  vouchfafe  to 
tell  us,  why  a  fright  conceived  ac 
feeing  a  hand  or  leg  cuD  off,  or 
wounded,  caufes  fuch  a  particular 
fpafmodic  conllridion  in  the  womb 
as  Affet\s  the  hand  or  arm  of  the 
infant,  rather  than  ;he  leg  or  foot? 
or  why,  if  the  objedl  of  fear  af- 
fefted  a  foot  or  hg,  the  fpafmodic 
conftridion  becomes  fuch  as  muti- 
lates thofe  parts  of  the  infant,  and 
not  the  hand  or  arm  ;  yet  this  is 
known  by  univerfal  experience  to 
be  the  hit 

To  account  for  the  formation  of 
monfters  by  excefs,  he  feems  to 
have  ma^e  a  very  extraordinary  ufe 
of  fc*T|^  new  notions  of  M.  Bufton 
concerning  generation.  M.  BuiTon 
fuppofes  that  the  little  moving 
parts,  which  others  have  fuppoled 
to    be  animalcule    in   the   feminal 

.  fluid. 


NATURAL    HISTORY. 


3S1 


fli.iiJ,  are  only  the  corporal  prin- 
ciples oF  ani-.Tials,  not  animals,  hav- 
ing obferved  that  their  motion  is 
fflvyays  uniform  and  arbitrary,  that 
this  motion  is  preierved  in  boiling 
water,  and  that  the  Tame  moving 
bodies  are  found  in  the  infuftons 
of  the  feeds  of  vegetables.  Thefe 
moving  bodies  he  calls  moleculce, 
or  moving  original  parts,  lervirig 
as  well  tp  the  formation  of  animal 
as  vegetable  bodies.  He  fuppofes 
that  there  are  parts  proper  to  form 
the  head,  heart,  and  every  other 
particular  part,  in  the  proper  fluids 
of  both  fexes,  thai  when  thefe  fluids 
are  mixed,  the  parts  appointed  to 
form  the  feveral  members  refpec- 
tively,  are,  by  mere  phyfical  caufes, 
brought  together,  and  fo  the  head, 
arms,  leg?,  and  heart,  are  perfedly 
formed  by  this  union  ;  taking  all 
this  for  granted,  M.  Eller  is  of 
opinion,  that  monfters  by  excefs 
are  caufed  by  fuperfiuous  parts  in 
the  mixture.  But  the  cafe  of  the 
monlhous  dog,  juft  mentioned,  is 
ftill  unfolved,  for  this  dog  was  a 
monller  by  the  acceifion  of  parts 
proper  to  a  different  fpecies,  and  a 
want  of  parts  proper  to  its  own. 
i^o  folve  this  difiicuky  then,  with- 
out having  recourfe  to  imagination, 
M.  Eller  fuppofes,  that  the  mo- 
ther of  this  little  dog  eat  up  one 
of  the  turkey's  eggs,  and  the  mo- 
lecular of  the  egg  not  being  de- 
ftroyed  by  the  heat  or  aftion  of  the 
llomach,  did,  in  the  courfe  of  cir- 
culation, by  fome  means  or  other, 
get  to  the  matrix,  and  join  them- 
felves  to  the  moleculae  of  the  dog, 
to  the  great  injury  of  fetch  mole- 
t'.ilae,  and  having  turned  the  dog- 
'ead  molecuhe  out  of  their  place, 
violently  fubllituted  themfelves  in 
;heir  ilead,  and  thus  produced  the 
yha;nomeron,  which  looU  and  wo- 


men imputed  to  the  force  of  ima- 
gination, ar.d  a  fright.  As  th^fe 
lurrcptitious  moleculaj  related  only 
to  the  head,  and  were  yet  able  to 
ellablifii  themfelves  againll  all  op- 
pofition,  it  feems  not  at  all  impro- 
bable, that  by  eating  eggs,  t{pe^ 
cially  under  the  diredion  of  a  phi- 
lofopher,  dogs  may  be  made  to  pro- 
duce, not  only  compleat  turkeys, 
but  fowls  of  all  kinds,  to  the  great 
improvement  of  experimental  know- 
ledge, and  illuHration  of  occult 
principles. 


An    account  of  the   tranfmutation    of 
cue  fpecies  of  corn  into  another, 

^  ■  '^  HIS  phsenomenon  was  firft 
J^  obferved  in  Sweden,  where 
it  was  difcovered  by  mere  accident. 
A  countryman  having  fown  fome 
oats  in  his  field,  and  wanting  pro- 
vifions  for  his  horfes,  mowed  the 
young  fhoots  of  the  grain,  foon  af- 
ter they  were  come  v^  :  the  graia 
fhot  forth  again,  as  ulual,  and  the 
farmer  mowed  it  as  before.  He 
did  this  at  intervals,  three  times  : 
the  winter  coming  on,  no  more 
blades  appeared  till  the  following 
fpring  ;  when,  fliooting  up  as  be- 
fore, they  were  permitted  to  grow 
to  perfedlion  ;  and  the  crop,  to  the 
furprize  of  the  poor  hulbandman, 
inftead  of  proving  oats,  turned  out 
abfolutely  good  rye.  This  faft 
coming  to  the  ear  of  a  very  inge- 
nious naturalift  of  that  country, 
Mr.  Job-Bern  Vergin,  he  fufpedted 
there  might  be  fome  deception  : 
and  accordingly,  in  the  year  1756, 
repeated  the  experiment,  obfcrvmg 
ejfr^dly  the  fame  meafurf^s,  by  de- 
fign,  as  the  countryman  had  taken 
by  chance.  The  refult  of  bis  ex- 
periment was  the  fatr.e ;    and  bis 

oatr 


^82       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    175a, 


oats  produced  good  rye,  as  that  of 
the    peafant  had  dene  before.      A 
circumftantial  relation  of  this  extra- 
ordinary difcovery  was  foon    after- 
wards lent  to  their  High  Mighti- 
nelles  the  States  General,    by   Mr, 
de   Martiville,    their  envoy  at  tne 
court  of  Sweden.     Guriofity,    and 
the    defire    of    farther    k'owledge 
concerning  this  furprifnig  phseno- 
menon,    induced    fome  of   the  na- 
tural ills  of  that  counrry,  to  try  th^ 
experiment  again.     Amoqg  the  reft 
was    Mr.    Syperflein,    cne    of   the 
magiiirates  oi  Haerlem,   and  then 
prefident  of  the  fcciety,  lately  efta- 
blifhed  there,   for  the  improvement 
of  arts  and  fciences.     This  gentle- 
man fowed  a  handful  of  oats,  on  the 
2ift  of  June,  1757  ;    and  again  an- 
other on  the   26th  of  July  follow- 
ing.    The  firll   he  cropt  at   three 
ieveral  times,  viz.   on  the  29th  of 
July,  the  8th  of  September,  and  the 
»8th  of  November.     The    laft  he 
cut  only  twice,  viz.  on  the  13th  of 
September,    and  the  i8th  of   No- 
vember.     The    fucceeding    winter 
happening  to  prove  very  fevere,  al- 
moii  all  the  grains  perifhed  in  the 
earth,    through    the  inclemency  of 
the  we4ther :    five  of  them,  how- 
ever, remained  alive,  fliot  up  in  the 
fpring,  and  produced  large  and  full 
ears  af  good  rye  ;  which  was  reaped 
the  7ih  of  laft  Auguft. 
^  As    the    utmoll  care  was  taken 
in   this  experiment,    to   avoid   any 
mixture  in  the  grain,  as  wdl  as  to 
prevent  any  grains  of  rye  from  fall- 
ing accidentally,  or  otherwife,   on 
the  fpot  of  ground  Town,  this  tranf- 
mutation,   however  ftrange  it  may 
jippear  to   the  ignorant,  or  incon- 
iiftent  with  the  fyilems  of  natung* 
rifts,  is  looked  upon  here  as  an  in- 
iiibitable  fad. 
With  a  view  of  profecating  this 


difcovery  ftil!  further,  Mr.  Sypei*- 
ftein  has  fown  a  frefti  parcel  ot  >ats, 
treaiing  them  as  before.  He  has 
alfo  fown  fome  of  t*  e  rye  prodivied 
from  the  oaisj  which  he  ha:  crop- 
ped in  the  fame  manner  as  he  did 
the  oats  that  pioduted  it  He  pro- 
pcfes  alfo  t'  make  ieveral  expeit- 
ments,  with  a  little  viria  ion.  in 
order  to  improve  on  this  difcovery. 
I  am.  Sir,  9 
Tour's,  &€; 

A.  Q. 


The  late  Mr.  A.  Hill's  direahhi  fat 
culti'uating  'vines  in  America, 

MR.    Hill   obferves,    that    the 
board  of  trade,  in  a  ftate  of 
the     plantations     laid    before    the 
houfe    of  Lords,    affirm    that  they 
had  reafon  iov  concluding  it  prac- 
ticable, to  produce  at  Bermudas  the 
wine  made  in  Madeira  ;    and  that 
the    plantations    of   Carolina    and 
Virginia    could    produce   excellent 
wine,  is  evident,  fays  Mr.  Hill,  from 
their  being  encumbe  ed  with  wild 
vines ;    and  likewife  from,  anothet 
circumftance,  that  flips  cr  cuttings 
of    vines     brought    from    Europe, 
being   planted  in  Virginia,  in   the 
fpring,  produces  grapes  in  the  au- 
tumn  of  that  very  fame  year  they 
are  planted.      Since  grapes  are  of  (q 
eafy   a  growth  in    thoie  countries, 
why  is   not  wine  a  ftaple  commo- 
dity among   them  ?     The   truth  is, 
fays  Mr.  Hill,   they  want  (kill  and 
philofophy.      Their'  glebe,   having 
never    been   weakene^J    by   culttirej 
retains   tod  rich  and  too  oily  a  ran- 
cour.     Hence    the    flefti    o^   their 
grapes  is  too  clammy,  and  inftead 
of  a  free  fluid  liquor,  emits,  in  the 
preflln;^,    a  juice   of  a  ropy  confiil- 
ence,  "like   jelly,    mixed    with    a 

febroas 


Natural  history. 


^3 


fibrous  and  pulpous  coarfe  fubftance, 
that  floats  up  and  down  in  the  li- 
quor; and  the  natural  heat  of  thofe 
k      latitudes  excites  a  rapid  and  ftrong 
fermention.       This    exceCs    in    the 
ferment  is  increafed  by  the  foulnels 
of  too  turbid  a  muj^,  (o  that  before 
it  can  clarify,  it  works  itfelf  acid. 
As  they  do  not  know  the  caufe  of 
this  fault,  they  are  fure  to  fall  fhort 
of  its  remedy.     They  ought  to  dig 
vaults,  and   therein  let  down  clofe 
covered  fermenting  backs,  deep  into 
the  ground,  where  the  air  would  be 
cooled,    and  kept  temperate.      In 
thefe   backs,    iheir   bruifed  grapes, 
after  treading  or  breaking,  ihould 
lie  five  or  fix  days  more,    before 
prefSng,    during  which  time,    the 
(kins  fermenting  and  foaking  toge- 
ther with  the /««/?,  would,  by  means 
of  their  tartarous  fait,  mixing  with 
and  rarifying  the  oily  tenacity  of 
the  juice,  feparate  the  winey  part 
from  the  fleihy,  and  give  thinnefs 
and  fluidity  to  the  liquor,  fo  that 
being  afterwards  prefled  out  in  hair 
bags,  and  put  fine  into  the  fame 
bags    to    work,    the    fermentation 
would  Hop  at  its  due  point  of  time, 
,         and   the  wine  be  rich,  lively,  and 
durable.      The   Portuguefe,    as    a 
check  to  the  aptnefs  in  their  Ma- 
deira wines  to  grow  eager,  inftead 
of    the    method    I  have   defcribed 
above,    put  in  a  confiderable  por- 
tion of  lime  :    (they  call   it  giej/b, 
Uom  gyp/uniy  burnt  plaiftre,  or  ala- 
bafter.)     Hereby  indeed  they  break 
the  coherence  of  too  ropy  a  »;»/?, 
and  introduce  an  alcaline  balance, 
that  may  refill  an  acid  tendency,  in 
the    courfe   of    the    ferment ;     but 
then,   on  the  other  fide,  lime,  as 
we  fee  in  the  refining  of  fugars,  ab- 
forbs  and   deftroys  vegetable  oils, 
which    give  wines    all  their  odour 
and  flavour  J   leaving    a  hot  and 


burnt  tafte  in  their  room,  that  re- 
quires very  long  keeping,  extraor- 
ordinary  agitation  in  the  cafks,  and 
fometimes  a  too  warm  and  impro- 
per expofure,  before  it  can  throw 
off  a  twang  that  is  difagreeable  at 
firft  to  all  palates.  The  wearing 
out  of  this  tafte,  in  fome  meafure, 
by  incefliant  commotions  at  fea,  is 
the  true  caufe  of  that  difference  fo 
often  obferved  in  favour  of  Madeira 
wines  carried  firfi:  to  our  colonies, 
and  then  brought  back  to  England, 
compared  with  thofe  which  come 
over  diredly  from  Madeira  to  Lon- 
don. Mr.  Hill  obferves  further, 
that  the  people  in  Bermudas  and 
Virginia,  have  for  thefe  many  years 
pall  been  in  a  great  error,  in  look- 
ing on  Frenchmen  «s  the  only  men 
proper  to  inftrud  them  with  regard 
to  their  vineyards  ;  for,  if  they 
mull  have  help  from  a  foreigner,  a 
Spaniard  would  make  the  beft  vig- 
neron,  for  a  latitude  fo  nearly  ap- 
proaching his  own  ;  whereas  the 
wine  countries  of  France  lying  at 
a  medium  about  48°  N.  fuch  a  dif- 
ference as  16°  in  the  lat.  produces 
a  proportionable  difagreemcnt  of 
quality  in  the  wines,  and  therefore 
each  muft  require  to  be  managed  in 
a  method  the  reverfe  of  the  other  : 
and  po  doubt,  the  wife  Frenchmen 
they  fent  for,  took  no  fmall  pains 
to  mifcarry,  by  prefling^  (as  they 
were  ufed  to  do  at  home)  no  bun- 
ches but  the  full  ripe,  and  picked 
ones;  and  this  care  it  was  that  con- 
founded their  purpofe  ;  for  in  fuch 
delicious  grapes  as  grew  in  Bermu- 
das and  Virginia,  the  oil  is  the 
predominant  quality,  and  the  green 
grapes,  which  nature  has  kindly 
mixed  on  the  fame  branches  with 
ripe  ones,  prepares  a  tartar  to  tem- 
per the  lufcious  excefs  of  the  oil. 
Mr.  Hill  having  thus  pointed  out 

the 


3^4      A]S  N  U  AL    RE 

the  reafons  qf  former  attempts  mif- 
carrying,  proceeds  to  mention  the 
method  by  which  thoufands  of 
wine-cuttings  may  be  brought  inm 
Madeira  at  a  very  l"m all  expence  ; 
how  are  they  to  be  planted  and 
managed  when  they  g^t  to  the 
plantations;  the  method  of  gather- 
ing and  preiTmg  the  grapes,  as  alfo 
of  the  making,  faf'e  keeping,  and 
fale  of  the  wine;  and,  lalUy,  its 
calculated  charges  and  profit.  But 
for  thefe  parriculars  muil  refer  your 
readers,  who  defire  further  infor- 
mation, to  the  book  itfelf,  as  I  have 
faid  enough  to  fhew,  that  former 
attempts  not  proving  fuccefsful, 
owing  to  wrong  management, 
ought  not  to  difcourage  the  plant- 
ers from  further  trials,  fince  Mr. 
Hill,  who  was  well  acquainted  with 
the  methods  in  all  the  wine  coun- 
tries in  Europe, » declares  that  the 
plantations,  by  following  the  di- 
redlion^  laid  down  by  him,  would 
produce  excellent  wine.  Before  I 
conclude,  I  mull  obferve,  that  Mr. 
Hill,  in  one  of  his  letters  to  Mr. 
Popple,  inferred  in  the  fame  vo- 
lume the  above  is  extraded  from, 
lias  fome  excellent  dirediions  to  pre- 
sent that  twang  of  the  fire,  fo  much 
complained  of  in  the  rum  of  the 
Leeward  iflands,  and  gives  us  Irke- 
wjfe  the  way  they  make  the  beft 
fort  of  arrack  in  the  Eaft  Indies, 
which  is  made  from  fugar-canes, 
and  might  with  fmall  expence  he 
made  at  Barbad'oes. 

Yoiu-'s  &c.         S.  E. 


Jcacia  food  for  cattle. 

Bodafch,  counftlkr  of  com- 
^     merce    to    the    Queen    of 
Hungary,    proft'Ubr   of  ph)lic    and 
natural  philofophy  in  the    uaiver-^ 


M 


GlSTER,    i75y. 

fity  of  Prague,  and  me/nber  of  the 
Florentine  academy,  publilhed  the 
iilt  year,  a  treatife  in  the  German 
language,  wherein  he  proposes  a 
noble  addition  to  the  food  of  horfes 
and  horned  cattle  ;  by  cultivating 
the  acacia.  In  confequence  of  a 
Jong  courfe  of  obfervations,  he  af- 
{(txii^  that  cattle  are  exceedingly 
fond  of  its  leaves,  which  are  la 
them  a  more  agreeable  nourifh- 
ment  than  any  of  the  nioft  reputed 
vegetables,  as  lucerne,  faintfoin, 
clover,  &c.  The  leaves  may  be' 
given  them  either  green  or  dry  j 
alone,  or  mixed  with  hay  or  chop- 
ped Itraw.  The  culture  of  the  aca- 
cia is  no  way  difricult ;  it  delights 
more  in  dry  elevated  foils,  but  al- 
moft  any  will  fuic  it  ;  and  may  be 
raifed  from  feed  or  flips.  Care  in- 
deed fhould  be  taken  not  to  plant 
it  near  gardens  or  arrable  lands,  be- 
caufe  its  roots  are  apt  to  fpread  to 
a  great  diftance. 

The  fpecies  of  acacia  fit  for  this 
purpofe,  is  probably  the  acacia 
Americana  filiquis  glabris  of  Ray. 
Hiil.  Plant.  Robinia  Pfeudo-acacia 
of  Linnsus,  not  only  bccaufe  it  has 
long  gone  under  the  name  of  aca- 
cia fimply,  and  as  it  is  naturally  an 
inhabitant  of  North- America,  bears 
our  climate  extremely  well,  but 
principally  as  it  is  a  tree  of  the 
diadelphous  or  leguminous  clafs,  ot 
which  the  leaves  are  well  known, 
almoft  without  exception,  to  be 
very  acceptable  to  cattle  :  my  ac- 
quaintance with  exotic  plants,  how- 
ever, is  but  flender,  and  therefore 
I  leave  this  matter  to  the  determi- 
nation of  better  judges. 

Your's  &c.      R.  P. 


Effay 


1^  AT  URAL    HISTORY; 


385 


^ffay  ch  ths  fmut  in  corn ^  and  a  cuYe 
for  it. 

I.T  is  agreed  on  all  hands,   that 
the  grsatcft'  misforcune   which 
can   poHiblv  happen   to    a  crop  of 
Whear,  is  that  or  its  turning  black 
or  fmutfy  ;  and  as  the  real  caufe  of 
fuch  blackncfs  (I  fear)  hath  not  yet 
been  found  out,  the  remedy  againft 
it  hath  not  been  generally  and  con- 
ilantly  made  ufe  of. — The  caufe  af- 
figned  by  all,  or  moll  of  the  wri- 
ters on  ag^ricUlture,  is,  that  at  cer- 
tain feafons  a  denfe  glutinous  va- 
pour defcends,  "between   the  fetting 
and  rifmg  of  the  fun,    upon    the 
cars  of  corn,  and  fo  binds  up  the 
valves,  (commonly  called  the  chaff) 
ill  which   the  growing  corn  is  in- 
Veloped,  that  vegetation  is-  thereby 
obftrucled,  becaufe  in  fuch  circum- 
ftances,  \i  cannot  imbibe  thofe  ni- 
trous particles    of   the  air,    which 
tend  to  its  maturation^   and  of  con- 
fequence  it  becofhes  a  mere  rotten 
heap  of  piitrefaftion.'      From   this 
method   of  realoning,    we  obfetve 
the  Engliih  farmers  frequently  in  a 
Tummer's-  morning  hauling  a  rope 
extended  by  two  perfOns  along  and 
through   the  corn  fields,    to  fhake 
off  this  condenfed  air  or  dew;  but 
I  humbly  apprehend,  from  the  fol- 
lowing reafons,  that  they  are  much 
milbken,    as    to  the  real  caulb  of 
that  diftemper. 

Ic  being  a  difHcuIt  matter,  ibme 
time  ago,  to  procure  good  clean 
feed  wheat,  in  that  part  of  the 
country  where  I  occupy  a  farm,  I 
prevailed  upon  a  friend  to'  obtain 
for  me  three  barrels-  of  the  red 
lammas  wheat  from  England  ;  wlicn 
I  had  if  home,  it  carried  the  a.p- 
pearance  of  as  fine  grain,  and  a> 
tlean  and  c>?af  of  dirt  and  fmut. 
Vol,  If, 


aseverfprung  fromr  the  earth  ;  but 
'iipoft   caltiirg  a    few   bulhcls   of  ic 
i'nto  my  velfel  of  pickle,    I  fotind 
that  at  leaft  a  fixth   part  fwam  ac 
fop,  and   notwithftanding  the   fre- 
cjuent  ftirring   of  it,    I   could    not 
force  it    to    fubfide :    thereupon    I 
ikimmed   it   off,    but  to  my  great 
aftoniihment  it  had  the  appearance 
of  as  plump  and   round    grain   as 
that  which  fell  to  the  bottom  ;   1 
fprcad  k  upon  a  table  and  examin- 
ed it  more  minutely,  and  could  not 
perceive  the  leall  defe£l  in  it :  but 
upon  opening  it  with  my  penknife, 
I  found   it  was  concaved,  or  made 
hollow    on  one  fide  of  the   grairt^ 
and  not  in  the  center,  which  I  ap- 
prehend  was    occafioned    by   fome 
animalculai  imperceptible    to    the 
naked  eye;    whereupon,  for  expe- 
riment's fake,  i  fowcd  the  whole  of 
what  I   fkimmed   off,  on  one  part 
of  my  fallows  by  itfelf,  atid  fowed 
what  fubfided  on  another  part,  and 
the  confctjuence  of  that  experiment 
was,  that  the  grcateft  (hare  of  thac 
fwimming  corn,  at  the  enfuing  fea- 
fon,  produced    a  fmucty  crop,  and 
I  had  not  a  firigle  fmutty  head  on 
the  part  of  the  held  where  the  fub- 
fiding   coin    was    fowed  :    but   rot 
being  fatisfied  \Vith  what  then  a^)- 
pearcd,    I    e.Vamined    more  ftridtly 
that  fmutty  crop,  and  I  found  not 
only  there,  but  ip    my  neighbour's 
'fields,  which  I  alfo  examined,  thac 
where  two  or  more  Itamina  or  flalks 
were  produced  from   one   grain    of 
corn   (which  I  difcovered  by   trace- 
ing   them  downward    to  the    root) 
they  were  all  fmutty;  and   the  dif- 
ferent   found    ftamina     proceeding 
from  one  and  the  fame  root,  were 
all  found  ;  from  whence  it  may  Hfc 
i-eafonabl ;-•  inferred,   that  vegetation, 
is  principally  produced,  and  plants 
are  -fuftaincd    and    grow,    by    the 
C  c  rogtj 


^86      ANNUAL  REGISTER, 


roots  or  fibres  coUefting  their  nu- 
tritive juices  from  the  moift  earth, 
which  are  carried  up  through  th 
perpendicular  tubes  by  the  power  of 
attraftion  ;  but  by  the  lofs  of  one 
part  of  the  grain  fo  maimed,  and 
confequently  by  a  proportional  de- 
ficiency in  the  roots  or  fibres  (which 
are  fo  many  mouths  to  colled  nou- 
rifhmcnt  for  the  new  grain)  they 
exert  only  fo  much  ftrength  as*to 
throw  out  the  ftalks  and  heads,  but 
cannot  colled  fufHcient  nutriment 
to  compleat  or  maturate  the  dif- 
ferent ears  of  corn  :  and  it  may 
likewife  be  reafonably  fuppofed, 
that  thofe  animalculae  which  took 
up  their  l9dgment  in  the  fingle 
grain,  are  in  vegetation  communi- 
cated upwards  through  the  tube  of 
the  ilamen  to  the  head  of  the  corn, 
where  they  are  colleded  and  mul- 
tiplied into  an  heap  of  black  cor- 
rupted matter;  as  a  proof  of  which, 
every  fuch  fingle  fmutty  head,  upon 
a  nice  furvey,  is  found  to  abound 
with  little  living  creatures. 

This  I  take  to  be  a  more  rational 
kypoihefis  ;  for  if  fuch  fmuttinefs 
were  produced  from  the  air,  is  it 
to  be  prefumed  that  it  would  par- 
tia:lly  flrike  thofe  heads  oi>ly  which 
grow  from  one  root,  when  pro- 
mifcuoufly  intcrfperfed  with  heads 
proceeding  from  other  roois  ? 
-Wherefore  I  apprehend  it  may 
juftly  be  recommended  to  all  good 
hulbandmen  to  be  careful  in  making 
a  flrong  pickle  for  their  feed  wheat, 
and  to  Ikim  off  and  caft  away  all 
t-he  corn  which  floats,  as  the  fnre 
means  of  preferving  it  from  fmut  ; 
but  let  them  be  cautious  not  to  let 
it  ftand  too  long  in  their  pickling 
tubs,  before  the  fwimming  corn  be 
taken  off;  for  if  it  is  permitted  to 
ftand  long,  thofe  hollow  or  con- 
.  cave  grains  will  fooft  imbibe  the 


>759- 

water,  and  fubfide  with  the  foun^ 
corn  ;  and  as  I  have  gone  fo  fary  I 
will  aifo  give  you  the  pickling  re- 
ceipt  underneath,  in  hopes  it  mar 
be  of  utility  to  the  public,  which  in 
tjie  principal  motive  of  this  trouble 
given  to  you,  by,  Sir, 

Yours,  H.  Carmichael. 
Saw  Mount,  nearDungarfon, 
,  Ireland,  Sept.  28. 
The  Receipt.  —  *'  Take  as 
much  dunghill  or  rotten  water 
which  diftils  from  a  dunghill,  as 
will  make  your  quantity  of  corn 
fwim  ;  put  therein  as  much  fait, 
with  a  pound  of  pulverized  nitre, 
commonly  called  falt-petre,  or  in 
lieu  thereof,  two  pounds  of  coppe- 
ras, as  will  caufe  it  to  bear  an  egg  ; 
fteep  your  corn  twelve  hours,  after 
being  (kimmed  of  the  light  corn  as 
above,  flrain  it  out,  and  dry  it  with 
flacked  lime  or  dry  turf  alhes,  an4 
fow  it,  but  be  careful  to  fow  it  the 
next  day,  or  the  day  following  :  for 
if  wet  weather  happens,  and  it  be 
kept  four  or  live  days  out  of  the 
ground,  the  corn  peels  and  will 
not  grow  ;  as  the  pickle  decreafes 
it  may  be  augmented,  by  adding 
more  water  and  fait,  &c.  until  all 
the  feed  intended  to  be  fowed  be 
pickled." 


Jn  account  of  fome  extraordinary 
pbanomsna  in  the  Ajphaltum  mine,, 
called  the  Sand-pit,  in  the  Lo^wer 
Saxony^ 


the  zjih  of  laft  June,  a 
vem  was  difcovered  exceed- 
ing rich.  The  joy  it  occafioned 
was  however  but  of  Ihort  duration  ; 
for  the  very  next  day  this  vein  was 
found  to  be  interrupted  by  a  rock, 
which  they  were  obliged  to  bore. 
This  took  them  uo  till  the  27th  of 


NATURAL    HISTORY; 


387 


July,  having  in  that  time  pierced, 
with  incredible  labour,  about  forty- 
four  feet.     The  fame  day  between 
nine  and  ten  at  night,  the  workmen 
gave   notice,    that   they    had    dif- 
covered  a   fpring  which  caft  forth 
water  and  a  greafy  liquid  in  fuch 
abundance,    that,    in   lefs   than   a 
quarter  of  an  hour,  the  gallery  of 
four  feet  broad,  fix  high,  and  150 
long,  was  filled  with  it  fonie  feet 
deep  :  upon  going  down,  this  was 
found  to  be  fa£t,    and  the  mailer 
miner  happening  to  bring  a  light 
within   about    half  a   foot    of  the 
aperture,  the  waters  took  fire,  and 
Caft  up  flames  of  various  colours. 
About  midnight  the  waters  kindled 
of  themfelves,  and  flafties  of  light- 
ening   were    driven    through    the 
gallery.      A    hurricane  fucceeded> 
with  a  hollow  noife,  which  feemed 
to  forebode   fomething  of  a»   ex- 
traordinary  nature.       Two   work- 
men at  the  end  of  the  gallery  were 
flruck  down,  and  their  hair  burnt ; 
they   were  fo    terrified    that    t.ley 
made  the  bcft  of  their  way  out  of 
the  pit,  and  others   fupplied  their 
place.      Thunder   and    lightening 
was  heard  and  feen   feveral  times, 
and  about  five  in  the  morning,  all 
the  labourers  agreed,    that  it  was 
no  longer  fafe   to  continue  there, 
and  refolved  to  retire.     They  were 
fcarce  got  to  the  middle  of  the  gal- 
lery before  they  faw  the  whole  in 
a  blaze,  with  fuch  a  clap  of  thun- 
der as  was  heard  half  a  league  off ; 
the  •violence   of    it   (hattered    (he 
tiling  of  a  Ihcd.      Several  wheel- 
barrows   were    thrown   almdft    the 
length  of  the   gallery   by   it,  and 
ftaved   to   piecef,  as  were  like  wife 
many  of  the  air  pipes.    Four  of  the 
workmen  were  miferably  hurt,  and 
two  of  them  had  the  fkin  ftripped 
from  their  faces.    When  the  thun- 


der and  lightening  was  ovcr,^  the 
matter  miner  ventured  down  to  the 
entrance  of  the  gallery,  and  could 
fee  nothing,  but  heard  a  noiie, 
which  lafted  for  fome  time,  and  a 
fcent  of  fulphur  and  falt-petre  con- 
tinued for  feveral  hours,  whicli 
changed  to  an  infupportabl^  ftench. 
The  waters  abated  by  degrees,  but 
continued  to  the  laft  to  take  fire  i£ 
a-  lamp  was  brought  near  the  fur- 
face,  though  the  flame  might  be 
eafily  extinguilhed  by  the  fanning 
of  a  hati 


An  account  tif  the  difco'very  »f  the 
cinnamon  tree  in  America,  in  a  let" 
ter  from  Madridk 

SIR, 

IN  the  forefts  of  South  America, 
lying  nearly  under  the  equinoc- 
tial, and  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the 
Cordilleras  of  the  Andes,  are  founds 
among  other  curious  produdlions 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  the  cin- 
namon tree.  It  has  been  long 
known,  that  a  tree  refembling  the 
cinnamon  of  Ceylon  was  common 
in  thefe  forefts ;  but  it  was  fuppofed 
to  be  only  a  fpecies  of  that  genus 
of  trees,  and  greatly  inferior  id 
hofe  of  the  eaft,  from  whence  the 
cinnamon  is  imported  into  Europe. 
It  was  however  known  that  the 
flower  and  feed  even  furpaflled  thofe 
of  India  in  aromatic  fragrancy  ;  a 
fufficient  indication,  that  the  trees 
alfo  were  not  inferior  to  them  ;  but 
no  farther  trial  was  made  of  their 
properties.  They  were  fuffered  to 
grow  and  die  in  thefe  extcnfive 
woods,  without  any  one  thinking 
it  worth  their  while  to  make  any 
experiment  on  the  bark  they  pro- 
duced, in  order  to  difcover  whether 
it  poflefied  the  fame  virtue  as  that 
C  c  ^  im* 


388        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


imported  from  the  eaft.  At  la  ft 
Don  Juan  de  Mayano,  an  inhabi- 
tant of  the  city  of  Avila,  thought 
thefe  trees'  worth  his  notice,  and 
removed  fome  of  them  into  his 
garden,  that  they  might  enjoy  the 
greater  bc-nefit  of  the  fun's  rays, 
from  which  they  were  in  a  great 
meafure  excluded  in  thefe  thick 
and  unfrequented  forells.  His  at- 
tempt fucceeded  ;  and,  from  a  fpe- 
cimen  of  the  cinnamon  he  has  juft 
ffi.nt  from  America,  it  appears,  that 
it  has  all  the  properties  of  that  im- 
ported from  Ceylon. 

If  this  experiment  fhould  be  pro- 
fecuted,  there  is  the  greateft  rcafon 
to  hope,  that  large  quantities  of 
this  precious  bark  may  be  fent  to 
Ilurope,  by  which  the  enormous 
.price  will  be  greatly  leffened,  and 
the  noble  oil  extraded  from  it  fold 
very  reafonably.  It  will  be  need- 
lefs  for  me  to  point  out  the  ufe  of 
this  oil  in  medicine  ;  it  is  fuffici- 
cntly  known  to  every  praditioner; 
but  the  prodigious  price  at  which 
it  is  fold,  prevents  its- being  fo  of- 
ten ufed  as  it  deferves.  And  hence 
we  fee  the  great  injuftice  of  the 
."Dutch,  who  often  burn  great  quan^ 
titles  of  this  ufeful  bark,  to  prevent 
its  price  from  falling,  and  confe- 
quently  prevent  many  of  their  fel- 
low-creatures from  ufing  it  in  their 
diftrefs. 


^Ihe  great  coh/equmce  of  Niagara, 

NIAGARA  commands,  in  a 
manner,  all  the  interior  parts 
of  North  America,  and  is  a  key  to 
the  whole  continent;  it  opens  or 
obftruds  a  communication  with  all 
the  natives  of  North  America,  the 
Six  Nations,  Ohioes,  Shawanoes, 
Miamis,  Tvvightvvics,  Illinois,  Pou- 


tewatamis,  Nadoueffians,  Iluroni/ 
Utavvas,  McfTefagues,  and  man^ 
others;  it  awes  and  commands  all 
thofe  people;  it  lies  in  the  midftof 
the  extenfivc  territories  of  the  Siji 
Nations,  commands  their  beaver 
country  entirely,  and  fecures  their 
fur-trade,  and  all  the  other  iftlAA'ct 
trade  of  North  America.  '       •' 

It  commands  all  the  great  lak^s^ 
and  fecures  the  navigation  of  them, 
which  extend  12  or  1300  miles ;'  i^ 
prevents  or  fecures  the  junction  of 
the  two  French  colonies  in  Cana- 
da and  Louifiana  ;  it  cuts  off  0/ 
maintains  their  paflage  to  the  river 
Ohio,  Miffii??ppi,  Lake  Erie,leD/e-' 
troit,  Sandofki,  Miamis,  Fort  St. 
Jofeph,  Illinois,  Kafkafkis,  ^c. 
and  flops  the  farther  progrefs  of  the 
Englifli  or  of  the  French  (which-- 
ever  are  pofTefTed  of  it)  in  North 
America. 

The  great  claim  that  Britain  has 
in  the  inland  parts  of  North  Ame- 
rica, is  over  the  territories  of  the 
Five  Nations,  which  this  place 
lies  in  the  midfl  of,  and'in  a  man- 
ner entirely  commands.  The  river 
Ohio,  thoughof  great  confequence, 
feems  to  be  of  lefs  confequence 
than'  Niagara,  which  in  a  manner 
commands  it. 


^  letter  from  Mr.  Kalm^  a  Sivedijh 
gentleman^  late  on  his  tranjels  in 
America,  to  his  friend  in  Philu' 
delphia  ;  containing  a  particular 
account  of  the  great  fall  of  hiar 
gara. 

Albary,  Sept.  2,  1750. 

SIR, 

A  FTER  a  pretty  long  journey 
j[\,  made  in  a  fhort  time,  I  am 
come  back  to  this  town.  Yon  may 
remember,  that  when  i  took  leave 

of 


NATURAL. HISTORY. 


389 


of  you.  I  told  yoa  I  would  this 
fummer,  if  time  permitted,  take  a 
view  of  Niagara  fall,  efteemed  one 
of  \.\ic great cjl  curiojilies^  in  the  world. 
When  I  came  laft  year  froin  Que- 
bec, you  enquired  of.  me  feveral 
particulars  concerning  this  fall ;  and 
I  told  yo:i  what  1  heard  of  it  in 
Canada,  from  feveral  French  gen- 
tlemen, who  had  been  there  :  but 
this  was  Hi II  all  relato  refcro  \  I 
could  not  afTure  you  of  the  truth  of 
it,  becaufe  \  had  not  then  feen  it 
?nyfelf,  and  fo  it  could  not  fatisfy 
my  own,  much  lefs  your  couriofity. 
Now,  fince  I  have  been  on  the  fpot, 
it  is  in  my  power  to  give  you  a 
more  perfect  and  fatisfaftory  de- 
fer! ption  of  it. 

After  a  fatiguing  travel,  firfl  on 
horfeback  through  the  country   of 
the  Six  Indian  Nations,  to  Ofwego, 
and  from  thence  in  a  battoe  upon 
Lake  Ontario,  I  came  on  the  12th 
of  Augufl  in  the  evening  to  Niagara 
fort.      The  French  there   feemed 
much  perplexed  at  my  firll  coming, 
imagining  I  was  an  Englilh  officer, 
who,  under  pretext  of  feeing   Ni- 
agara falls,    came   in    fonie  other 
view  ;  but  as  foon  as  I  (hewed  them 
my  pafTports,    they  changed    their 
behaviour,    and    received  me  with 
the  greateil  civility.     Niagara  fall 
is  fix  French  leagues  from  Niagara 
fort :  you  go  firft  three  leagues  by 
land  over  the  carrying  place.     As 
it  was  late  when  I  arrived  at  the 
fort,  I  could  not  the  fame  day  go 
to  the  fall,  but  f  prepared   myfelf 
to  do  it  the  next   morning.     The 
commandant  of  the  fort,  M.  Beau- 
jeau,    invited    all  the  officers  and 
gentlemen    there    to    fupper   with 
him.     I  had  read  heretofore  almoU 
all  the  authors  that  have  wrote  any 
thing  ^about  this  fall ;  an4  the  lall 
year,  in  Canada,    I    had  made  fo 


many    enquiries    about   it,    that  I 
thought  I  had  a  pretty  good  idccj,' 
of  it  ;    and  now  at  fupper,   I  beg- 
ged the  gentlemen  to   tcli    me  all 
they  knew  and   thought  worth  no- 
tice relating  to  it,  which  they  ac- 
cordingly did.     I  obferved  that  in 
many  things  they  all    agreed,    in 
fome  things  they   were;  of  different 
opinions,  of  all  which  I  took  par- 
ticular notice.  When  they  had  told 
me  all  they  thought  they  knew,  I 
made  feveral  queries  to  them  conr 
cerning  what  1  had  read  and  heard 
of  it,  whether  fuch  and  fuch  a  thing 
was  true  or  net  ?  and  had  their  an- 
fwers  on  every  circumftance.     But 
as  I  have    found  by  experience  in 
my  oiher  travels,  that  very  few  ob- 
ferve  nature's  works  with  accuracy, 
or  report  the  truth  precifely,  I  can- 
not now  be  entirely  fatisfied  with 
out  feeing  with  my  own  eyes  when- 
ever it  is  in   my  power.     Accord- 
ingly the  next  morning,  being  the 
13th  of  Auguft,  at  break  of  day, 
I  fet  out   for  the  fall :     the  com- 
mandant  had  given  orders  to  two^ 
of    the   officers   of   the  fort  to  go 
with  me  and  (hew  me  every  thing, 
and  moreover  fent  by  them  an  or- 
der to  M.  Joncaire,  who  had  lived 
ten    years    by   the    carrying-place, 
and  knew  every  thing  worth  notice 
of  the  fall,  better  than  any  other 
perfon,  to  go  with  me,    and  (hew 
and  tell  me  whatever  he  knew.     \ 
little  before  we  came  to  the  carry- 
ing-place,   the    water  of  Niagara 
river  grew  fo  rapid,  that  four  men 
in  a  light  birch  canoe,  had  mucb 
ado  to  gee  up  thither.     Canoes  can 
go  yet  half  a  league  above  the  be- 
ginning of  the  carrying-place,   tho*" 
they  muft  work  againft  a  water  ex- 
tremely rapid;  but  higher  up  it  is 
quite  impoffible,  the  whole  courfe 
of  the  water,  for  two  leagues,  and 
C  c  3  ^    a  h^f 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


a  half  up  to  the  great  fall,  being 
a  feries  of  fmaller  falls,  one  under 
another,     in    which    the    greateft 
capoe  or  battoe  would   in    a   mo- 
inent  be  turned  up-fide  down.    We 
went  afhore,  therefore,  and  walk- 
ed over  the  carrying-place,  having, 
befides  the  high  and  deep  fide  of 
the  river,  two  great  hills  to  afcend 
one   above  the  oiher.     Herf,    on 
the    carrying-place,    I   faw   above 
two  hundred  Indians,  mod  of  them 
"belonging  to  the  Six  Nations,  buly 
3n  carrying  packs  of  furs,    chief- 
3yof  deers  and  bears,  over  the  car- 
jying-place.     You  would    be   fur- 
prized  to  fee    what  abundance    of 
fuch    things    are     brought     every 
day  over    this    place.     An   Indian 
gets  twenty  pence  for  every   pack 
lie  carries  over,  the  diftance  being 
three  leagues.     Half  an  hour  paft 
ten  in  the    morning   we    came   to 
the   great  fail,    which  I  found  as 
follows : 

The  river  (or  rather  ftrait)   runs 
here  from  S.  S.  E.  to  N-  N.  \V.  and 
the   rock  of  the  great  fall    crofles 
It,  not  in  a  right  line,  but  forming 
almoft  the  figure  of  a  femicircle  or 
horfe-fhoe.     Above  the  fall,  in  the 
middle  of  the  river,    is  an  ifland, 
jying  alfo  S.  S.  E.    and  N.  N.  W. 
Of    parallel  with    the  fides   of   the 
liver ;  its  length  is  about  feven  or 
eight  French  arpents,    (an    arpent 
being   120  feet.)     The  lower  end 
of  this  ifland  is  juft  at  the  perpen- 
dicular edge  of  the  fall.     On  both 
fides  of  this  ifland  runs  all  the  wa- 
ter that  comes  from  the    lakes   of 
Canada,  viz.  Lake  Superior,  Lake 
Mifchigan,  Lake  Huron,  and  Lake 
Erie,    which  you  know  are  rather 
fmail  feas  than  lakes,  and  have  be- 
fides a  great  many  large  rivers  that 
empty     their    water     into     them, 
A^hereof   the   greateft  part   conies 


down  this    Niagara    fall.      Before 
the  water  comes  to  this  ifland,    it 
runs  but  flowly,  compared  with  its 
motion    when     it   approaches    the 
ifland,  where  it  grows  the  moft  ra- 
pid  water   in    the  world,  running 
with  a  furprifing   f,viftnefs    before 
it  cpiiifs  to  the  fall  ;     it   is    quite 
white,  and  in  many  places  is  thrown 
high   up  into  the  air;  the  greateft 
and  ftrongefl:  battoes  would  here  in 
a  moment  be  turned  over  and  over. 
The  water  that  goes  down  on  the 
weft -fide  of  the  ifland  is  more  ra- 
pid, in  greater  abundance,  whiter, 
and  feems  almoft  to  out-fly  an  ar- 
row in  fwiftnefs.      When  you   arc 
at  the  fall,  and  look  up  the  river, 
you  may  fee,  that    the  river  above 
the  fall    is  every  where  exceeding 
fteep,  almoft  as  the  fide  of  a  hill. 
When  all  this  water  comes  to  the 
very  fall,  there  it  throws  itfelf  down 
perpendicular;    the  hair   will   rife 
and  ftand  upright    on    your  head, 
when  you  fee   this  !  I  cannot  with 
words  exprefs  how  amazing  it  is  1 
you  cannot    fee   it   without   being 
quite    terrified,    to   behold   fo  vaft 
a  quantity  of  water  falling   abrupt 
from   fo  furpriziiTg    a    height  !    I 
doubt  not  but  you  have  a  defire  to 
learn  the  exad  height  of  this  great 
fall.        Father    Hennepin    calls    it; 
600  feet  perpendicular  ;  but  he  has 
gained  litde  credit  in  Canada  ;  the 
name    of    honour    they  give   him 
there,  is  the  great  Liar  ;  he  writes 
of  what  he  faw  in  places  where  he 
never  was.     It  is  true  he  fa,w  this 
fall  :  but  as   it  is  the  way  of  fomc 
travellers  to  magnify  every  thing, 
fo  has  he  done  with  regard  to  the 
fall  of  Niagara. 

This  humour  of  travellers,   has 
occafioned    me     many   difappoint- 
ments  in»my  travels,  having  fcldom 
been  fo  happy  as  to  find  the  wonder- 
ful 


N  A  T  U  R  A  L    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y. 


391 


fal  things  that  had  been  related  by 
others.     Since    Father  Hennepin's 
(ime,  this  fall,   in  all  the  accounts 
that  have    been    given  of  it,     has 
grown  lefs  and  lefs ;  and  thofe  who 
have  meafured  it  with  mathematical 
inftruments,  find  the  perpendicular 
fall  of  the  water  to  be  exadtly   137 
feet.      When   the  water    is    come 
down  to  the  bottom  of  the  rock  of 
the  fall,   it  jumps   back  to  a  very 
great   height  in  the  air ;    in  other 
places  it   is    as   white  as    milk  or 
fnow ;    and  all   in   motion  like   a 
boiling  cauldron. You  may  re- 
member   to  what  a  great  diftance 
Hennepin  fays  the  noife  of  this  fall 
may  be  heard.     All  the  gentlemen 
who  were   with  me   agreed,     that 
the  farthefl  one  can  hear  it,  is  15 
leagues,     and    that    very   feldom. 
When  the  air  is  quite  calm,  you  can 
hear  it  to  Niagara  fort,  6  leagues  ; 
but  feldom  at  other  times,  becaufe 
when  the  wind  blows,  the  waves  of 
Lake  Ontario  make  too  much  noife 
there  againft  the  ihore.     They  in- 
formed  me,  that   when   they  hear 
at   the   fort  the  noife  of  the  fall, 
louder  than  ordinary,  they  are  fure 
anorth-eaftwind  will  follow,  which 
never  fails.      This  feems  wonder- 
ful, as  the  fall  is  fouth-weft  from 
the  fort ;  and  one  would  imagine  it 
to  be  rather  a  fign  of  a  contrary 
wind.     Sometimes,    *iis  faid,    the 
fall   makes  a  much   greater  noife 
than  at  other   times;    and  this  is 
looked  on  as  a  certain  mark  of  ap- 
proaching bad  weather  or  rain  ;  the 
Indians  here  hold   it  always  for  a 
fure  fign.      When  I  was  there,   it 
did  not  make  an  extraordinary  great 
noife  :   juft  by  the   fall,  we  could 
eafily  hear   what   each  other  faid, 
without  fpeaking  much  louder  than 
common  when  converfing  in  other 
places.    I  <1q  n©t  know  how  others 


have  found  fo  great  a  noife  here ; 
perhaps  it  was  at  certain  times  as 
above-mentioned.     From  the  place 
where  the   water  falls,  there  rifes 
abundance    of   vapours,    like   the 
greateft  and   thickeft   fmoak,    tho' 
fometimes   more,     fometimes  lefs. 
Thefe  vapours  rife  high  in  the  air 
when  it  is  calm,  but  are  difperfed 
by  the  wind  when   it  blows  hard. 
If  you  go  nigh   to  this  vapour  or 
fog,  or  if  the  wind  blows  it  on  you, 
it  is  fo  penetrating,  that  in  a  few 
minutes  you  will  be  as  wet  as  if  you 
had  been  under  water,     I  got  two 
young    Frenchmen    to    go  down, 
to  bring  me  from  the  fide  of  the 
fall  at  the  bottom,  fome  of  each  of 
the  feveral  kinds  of  herbs,  ftones, 
and  (hells,  they  fhould  find  there  ; 
they  returned  in  a  few  minutes,  and 
I  really  thought  they  had  fallen  in- 
to the  water ;  they  were  obliged  to 
ftrip  themfelves  quite  naked,    and 
hang  their  cloaths  in  the  fun  to  dry. 
When  you  are  on  the  other,  or  caft 
fide  of  Lake  Ontario,  a  great  many 
leagues  from  the  fall,    you   may, 
every  clear  and  calm  morning,   fee 
the  vapours  of  the  fall  rifing  in  th^ 
air ;     you    would   think    all    the 
woods  thereabouts  were  fet  on  fire 
by  the  Indians,  fo  great  is  the  ap- 
parent fmoak.  In  the  fame  manner 
you  may  fee  it  on  the  weft  fide  of 
Lake  Erie,  a  great  many  leagues 
oiF.     Several  of  the   French  gen- 
tlemen told  me,    that  when  bird* 
come  flying  into  this  fog  or  fmoak 
of  the  fall,  they  fall  down  and  perilh 
in   the  water  j  either  becaufe  their 
wings  are   become   wet,     or    that 
the  noife  of  the  fall  aftonilhes  them, 
and  they  know  not  where  to  go  in 
the   darknefs :  but  others  were  of 
opinion,  that  feldom  or  never  any 
bird  perifhes  there  in  that  manner  ^ 
becaufe,  as  they  all  agreed,  among 
C  c  ^  iht 


394        ANNUAL    RE 

the  abundance  of  blr4s  found  dead 
below  the  ia!!,   there  are   i\o  other 
forts  than  fuch  a^  live  and  rwim  fre- 
quently in  the  water  ;     as    fwans, 
gteCe,  ducks,  water-hens,  teal,  and; 
the  like.      And  very  often  are  great 
ilocks  of  theai  feen  going   to  de- 
Uruftion  in  this  manner  ;  they  i\wifti 
in  the  river  above  the  fall,  and  fa 
are  carried  down  lower  and  icv/er 
\)y  the  water;    and    as  water- fowl 
commonly  take  great  delight  in  be-  . 
ing  carried  with  the  ftreara,  fo  hers 
they  indulge  chcriirelves  in  enjoy- 
jpg  this  pleafure  fo  long,  till    the 
fwiftnefs  of   the  water  becomes  fo 
great,  that  it  is  no  Jonger  poffible 
for  them  to  rife,  bui  they  are  driven 
down    the    precipice    and    perlfli. 
They  are  obferved  when  they  draw  . 
nigh  the  fall,  to  endeavour  with  all 
their  might  to  take  wing  and  leave 
the  water  ;   but  they  cannot.  In  the 
jnonths  of  SeptenDber  and  Odo^er 
:fuch  abundant  quantities    of  dead 
water-fowl  are  found  every  morning 
below  the  fall,  on  the   fliore,  that 
the  garrifon  of  the   fort  (or  a  long 
time  live  chiefly  upon  them.     Ee- 
fides  the  fowl,  they  hnd  alfo  fevcral 
forts  of  dead  fiih,  alfo  deer,  bears, 
and  other  animals  which  have  tried 
to  crofs  the  water  above    the  fall  ; 
the    larger  animals    are    generally 
found  broken  to  pieces.     Jull   be- 
low, a  little  way  from  the  fail,  the 
water  is  not  rapid,  but  goes  all  in 
circles    and,  whirls  like  a    boiling 
pot  ;  which   hov^ever  does  not  hin- 
der the  Indians  going  upon  it  in 
fmall  canoes  a  iifning  ;.  biit  a  little 
further  and  lower  begin  the  other 
fnr.aller  falls.      When  you  are  above 
the  fall,  and  look  dov/n,  your  head 
begins   to  turn  :  the    French., ^  who 
have  been  hefe  a  hundred    tinncs, 
will  feldom  venture  to  lookjown:,^ 
without  at    the   fair:e   ti^r^e   keep- 


GISTER,    1759. 

ing  fall  hold  of  fome  tree  witli  or^ 
hand. 

It  was  formerly   thought  im pof- 
fible for  any   body  living   to   come 
at  the  illand  that  is  in  the  middle  of 
the  fall:  but  an  accideiit  that  h-^p- 
pened  twelve  years  ago,  or  there 
abouts,  made  it  appear  otherwife. 
The  hiftory  is  this  :    Two  Indian^  of 
the    Six  Nations    weut    out    from 
Niagara   fare    to    hunt     upon    an 
illand  ihat  .is   in  the  middle  of  the. 
river,  or  llrait,  above  the  great  fall, 
on   which  there  ufed  to    be  abun- 
'.^ance  of  deer.      They   took   fome 
fVench    brandy    with  jhem    froni^ 
the  fort,  which  they  tailed  feveral 
times  as  they  were  going  over  the, 
carryirg-place ;    ,  and    ^hen     they 
were    in    their    canoe,     they  took 
row  and  then  a  dram,  and  Co  went 
along    up    the    Ibait    towards    the 
i{land  vvhere  they  propofed  to  hunt  ;, 
but  growing  fleepy,  they  laid  them- 
felves  down  in    the  canoe,    which 
getting  loofe  drove  back  with  the 
llream,    farther  and  farther  down,, 
till  it:  came  nigh  that  illand  that  is 
in  the  middle  of  the  fall.    Here  one 
of  them,  awakened  by  the  noife  of 
the    fall,    cries  out   to   the    other, 
t'lat    they    were  gone  !     Yet    they 
tried  if  polTible  to  lave  life.     This 
illand  was  nigheft,  and  with  much 
working  they    got  on  (hore   there. 
At  firft  they  were  glad  ;  but  when 
they    had  confidered    every    thing, 
they  thought  themfelves,  hardly  in 
a  better  Hate  than  if  they  had  gone 
down  the  fall,  fince  they  had   fcp^w 
no    other    choice,    than    either  tOj 
throw  themfeives  down   the    fame,' 
or  pcriih  with  hunger.      But   hard 
neceitity    put  them    on    invention. 
At  the.Iower  end   of  the  ifland  the 
rock  is  perpendicular,  and  no  wa- 
ter IS  running  there.      The  iiland 
has  plen:y'of  wood  i  they  went  to 

work 


NATURAL    HISTORY-. 


i93 


work  then,  and  rtiade  a  laddrr,  or 
ilirouds,   of  the  bnrk  of  the  lind- 
tree     (which    is    very    tough    and 
flrorg)   lb  long  till  they  could  vvi:h 
it  reach  the  water  bciovv  ;  one  end 
of  this  bark  ladder  they  tied  fall  to 
a  great  tree  that  grew  at  the  fide  of 
the  rock  above  the  fall,  and  let  the 
other  end  down  to  the  water.     So 
they  went  down  along  their  new- 
invented    (lairs,    and     when    they 
came  to  the  bottom  in  the  middle 
of    the  fall   they    relied    a   little; 
and  as   the  water  next   below  the 
fall    is   not   rapid,  as   before-men- 
tioned, they  threw  themfelves  out 
into  it,  thinking  to  fwim  on  fliore. 
1  have  faid  before,  that  one  part  of 
the  fall  is  on  one  fide  of  the  ifland, 
the  other  on  the  other  fide.     Hence 
it  is,  that  the  waters  of  the  two  ca- 
tarads  running  againft  each  other, 
turn  back  againft  the  rock  that  is 
juft  under  the  iHand,     Therefore, 
hardly  had    the  Indians   begun    to 
fwim,  before  the  waves  of  the  eddy 
threw    them    down    with    violence 
againft  the  rock  from  whence  they 
came.     They  tried  it  feveral  times, 
bat  at  laft  grew  weary  ;    and    by 
being  often  thrown  againft  the  rock 
they  were  much  bruifed,  and  the 
ikin   torn  off  their  bodies  in  many 
places.     So   they   were  obliged  to 
climb  up  flairs  again  to  the  ifland, 
not  knowing  wh:^t   to  do.     After 
fome  time  they   perceived   Indians 
on  the  fhore,  to  whom  they  cried 
out.     Thefe  faw  and  pitied  them, 
but  gave  them  little  hope  or  help  ; 
yet  they  made  h:ii\e  down   to   the 
fort,    and    told    the    commandant 
where  two  of  their  brothers  were. 
He  perfuaded  them  to  try   all  pof- 
Oble   means   of  relieving  the  two 
poor  Indians  j  and  it  was  done  in 
this  manner. 


The  wiUer  that  runs  on  the  eaft 
fide  of  this  Hand  is  fnallow,  efpc- 
cially  a  little  above  the  ifland  to- 
wards the  enllern  fliore.  The  com- 
mand nt  caufed  poles  to  be  made 
and  pointed  with  iron  :  two  Indi- 
ans took  upon  them  to  walk  to  this 
ifland  by  the  help  of  thefe  poles,  to, 
fave  the  other  poor  creatures,  or 
perifli  themfelves.  They  took 
leave  of  all  their  friends  as  if  they 
were  going  to  death.  Each  had 
two  fuch  poles  in  his  hands,  to  fet 
to  the  bottom  of  the  ftream,  t6. 
keep  them  fteady.  So  they  went 
and  got  to  the  ifland,  and  having 
given  poles  to  the  two  poor  Indians 
there,  they  all  returned  fafely  to 
the  main.  Thofe  two  Indians  who 
in  the  above-mentioned  manner 
were  firft  brought  to  this  ifland,  are 
yet  alive.  They  were  nine  days 
on  the  ifland,  and  almoft  ready  to 

ftarve  to  death. Now  fince  the 

road  to  this  ifland  has  been  found, 
the  Indians  go  there  often  to  kill 
deer,  which  have  tried  to  crofs  the 
river  above  the  fall,  and  are  driven 
upon  the  ifland  by  the  ftream  :  but 
if  the  king  of  France  would  give 
me  all  Canada,  I  would  not  venture 
to  go  to  this  ifland ;  and  were  you 
to  iee  it.  Sir,  I  am  fure  you  would 

have  the  fame  fentiment. 

On  the  weft  fide  of  this  ifland  are 
fome  fmall  iflands  or  rocks  of  no 
confequence.  The  eaft  fide  of  the 
river  is  almoft  perpendicular,  the 
weft  fide  of  the  river  more  floping. 
In  former  times  a  part  of  the  rock 
at  the  fall,  which  is  on  the  weft  fide 
of  the  ifland,  hung  over  in  fuch  a 
manner,  that  the  water  which  fell 
perpendicularly  from  it,  left  a  va- 
cancy below,  fo  that  people  could 
go  under  between  the  rock  and  the 
watQr;    but    the    promiiient    part 

fome 


ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


394 

fomc  years  iince  broke  ofF  and  fell 

<Iown. The  breadth  of  the  fall, 

as  it  runs  in  a  femi-circle,  is  reckon- 
ed to  be  about  fix  arpents.  The 
itland  is  in  the  middle  of  the  fall, 
and  from  it  on  each  fide  is  almoll 
the  fame  breadth  9  the  breadth  of 
the  ifland  at  its  lower  end  js  two 
thirds  of  an  arpent,  or  there- 
abouts.— Below  the  fall,  in  the  holes 
of  the  rocks,  are  great  plenty  of  eels, 
which  the  Indians  and  French  catch 
with  their  hands  without  any  other 
ineans :  1  Tent  down  two  Indian 
i)oys,  who  diredlly  came  up  with 

twenty    fine    ones. Every    day 

when  the  fun  Ihines,  you  fee  here 
from  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  to 
two   in   the  afternoon, 
fall,    and   under 


you, 


below    the 
where  you 


fiand  at  the   fide  of    the   fall,    a 

glorious   rainbow,    and   fometimes 

two,  one  within  the  other.     I  was 

fb  happy  as  to  be  at  the  fall  on  a 

fine  clear  day,  and  it  was  with  great 

delight    I    viewed    this     rainbow, 

which  had   almoft  all  the   colours 

you   fee  in  a  rainbow  in  the   air. 

The   more    vapours    the    brighter 

and  clearer  is  the  rainbow.     1  faw 

it  on  the  eafl  fide  of  the  fall  in  the 

bottom   under   the   place  where   I 

jftood,  but  above  the  water.     When 

the  wind  carries  the  vapours  from 

that  place,    the  rainbow  is  gone, 

but  appears  again  as  foon  as  new 

vapours  come.      From  the  fall  to 

the  landing  above   it,    where  the 

canoes  from  Lake  Erie  put  aftiore 

(or  from  the  fall  to  the  upper  end 

ef  the  carrying-place)  is  half  a  mile. 

Lower  the  canoes   dare  not  come, 

left  they  ihould  be  obliged  to  try 

t|ie  fate  of  the    two   Indians,  and 

perhaps    with    lefs   fuccefs.-— They 

have  often    found   below   the    fall 

pieces  of  human  bodies,   perhap.J 


1759- 

drunken  Indians,  that  have  unhap, 
pily  come  down  to  the  fall.     I  was 
told  at  Ofwego,  that  in  Oftober  or 
thereabout,  fuch  plenty  of  feathers 
are  to  be  found  here  below  the  fall, 
that  a  man  in  a  day's  time  can  ga- 
ther enough  of   them    for   feveral 
beds,  which  feathers  they  faid  came 
off  the  birds  killed  at  the  fall.     I 
afked  the  French,  if  this  was  true  ? 
They  told  me  they  had  never  fecn 
any  fach   thing;    but  that  if  the 
feathers  were  picked  off  the  dead 
birds  there  might  be  fuch  a  quan- 
tity.    The  French  told  me,    they 
had  often  thrown  whole  great  trees 
into  the  water  above,  to  fee  thenv 
tumble  down  the  fall :   they  went 
down  with  furprizing  fwiftnefs,  but 
could    never    be   feen    afterwards ; 
whence  'twas  thought  there  was  a 
bottomlefs  deep  or  abyfs  juft  under 
the  fall.     I  am  too  of  opinion,  that 
there   muft   be  a   vaft  deep   here; 
yet  I  think  if   they  had  watched 
very  well,  they  might  have  found 
the  trees  at  fome  diftance  below  the 
fall.     The  rock  of  the  fall  confills 
of  a  grey  limeftone. 

Here  you  have.  Sir,  a  fhort  de- 
fcription  of  this  famous  Niagara 
catarad ;  you  may  depend  upon 
the  truth  of  what  I  write  to  you- 
You  muft  excufe  me  if  you  find  in 
my  account  no  extravagant  won- 
ders. I  cannot  make  nature  other- 
wife  than  I  find  it.  I  had  rather  it 
Ihould  be  faid  of  me  in  time  to  come 
that  I  related  things  as  they  were, 
and  that  all  is  found  to  agree  with 
my  defcription,than  to  be  efteemed 
a  falfe  wonder-maker. 

J  am.  Sir,  yours,  &c. 

I'etf R  Kalm. 

A  N  T  I- 


C    395    1 


A  N  T  I  Q^U  I  T  I  E  S. 


BxtraSis  from  federal  Utter i  concern- 
ing the  Roman  antiquities,  and  the 
temples  of  the  ancients, 

AFTER  all  the  wonders  that 
have  been  related  of  the  tem- 
ples of  Jupiter  Olympius,  Diana  of 
Jiphefus,  Serapis,  &Ct  it  may  well 
be  queftjoned,  if,  upon  the  whole, 
thofe  ancient  edifices  furpafled  the 
modern  churches  in  grandeur  and 
riches.  To  determine  the  point,  it 
will  be  necefTarv  to  take  a  view  of 
the  temples  built  in  the  plains,  ^nd 
thofe  ereded  in  great  cities. 

Traverfe  the  open   countries  of 
Greece,  Peloponnefus,  and  the  adja- 
cent ifles,  and  you  will  every  where 
meet  with  little  edifices,  faid  to  be 
temples  ;  fome  half  in  ruins,  others 
in  tolerable  good  condition,  without 
any   thing   material   to   diftinguifh 
them  ;  no  external  ornaments,  rooft 
of  them  brick,  and  the  beft  of  them 
finiihed  in  a  dome  or  roof,  orna- 
mented with  fome  flight  fculpture. 
A  few  indeed  there  are  furrounded 
with  groves,  confecrated  by  fuper- 
llition,    or   defigned    to  fliade    the 
worfliippers  of  theidol ;  all  of  them 
placed  in  defarts,  uninhabited,  ex- 
cept by  here  and  there  a  hermit, 
who  makes  it  his  whole  ftudy   to 
amufe  travellers  with  fables.     It  is 
not  therefore  among  thefe  llruflures 
that  you  are  to  look  for  the  magni- 
ficence of  the  Grecian  temples. 

The  Romans,  who  were  alfo  ac- 
cuftomed  to  eredl  temples  in  the 
country,  derived  all  their  deities, 
celeftiai,  terreftrial,  and  infernal, 
from  Greek  origin.    There  was  np; 


a  fingle  canton  of  Attica,  or  Thef» 
faly,  where  fome  metamorphofis  had 
not  been  wrought,  or  fome  divine 
combat  happened.  Thefe  exploits 
ferved  to  extend  fuperftition,  and 
multiply  the  monuments  that  were 
to  perpetuate  ic.  But  the  Romans, 
who  were  the  petty  imitators  of  the 
Greeks,  fell  (hort  of  their  mailers  ia 
the  dimeniions  of  their  infulated 
temples. 

It  may  perhaps  be  faid,  that  we 
give  the  name  of  temples  to  edi^- 
ces,  which  in  ancient  times  were  ne- 
ver confidered  as  fuch  ;  but  without 
entering  into  a  ditquflion,  let  it  fuf- 
fice,  that  the  buildings  we  are  fpeakr 
ing  of,  were  facred  and  public  ;  ftill 
retaining  their  firll  furniture  of  fta- 
tues,  altars,  and  tripods.     We  meet 
with  nothing  more  elfential  to  the 
ceremonious  part  of  worfhip  among 
the  larger  temples  of  Athens   ana 
Corinth.       If  no   other   llrudures 
were  to   be  comprehended   in    the 
denomination  of  temples,  but  thofe 
whofe  extent  is  to  be  meafured  by 
acres  and  ftadia,  it  mull  be  admitted 
that  Rome  herfelf,  the  city  of  all 
the  Gods,  had  no  more  than  three ; 
thofe   of    Jupiter  Capitolinus,    of 
Peace,  and  the  Pantheon.     Thefe 
are  the  only  ones  that  were  above 
the  ordinary  fize  ;  the  laft,  ftiil  fub- 
fifting,  is  but  144.  feet  in  diameter. 
Time  has  alfo  fpared  the  temple  of 
Fortuna  Virilis,  and  of  Vefta  :   the 
one  is  an  oblong  fquare,  the  other 
round  :    the    Pantheon    will    hold 
them  both. 

We  know  to  what  heights  the 
bold   imaginations  of  the   ancient 

arclu- 


396        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1759. 

archite(fls  afcended,  in  their  profdne     number  of  temples  contained  with- 


edifices,  as  theatres,  baths,  and  Ba- 
filic:p.  But  we  n»ofl  examine  their 
city  temples,  to  know  if  they  did  as 
much  in  honour  to  their  Gods. 

Mod  of  the  antiquarians,  who 
have  treated  of  ancient  temples, 
have  b- en  more  curious  in  defcrib- 
ing  their  magnificence,  th^n  in  fix- 
ing their  dimenfions.  In  what  they 
have  faid  upon  this  head,  we  have 
difcovered  two  marks  of  inaccuracy, 
oat  of  which  has  rifen  the  falfe  Idea 
that  has  prevailed  of  the  facred  edi- 
fices of  GrcQce  and  Rome,  i .  They 
apply  to  temples  in  general,  what 
appertained  only  to  fome  particular 
ones.  2.  T^^y  diftinguifh  not  be- 
tween the  temple  and  its  appen- 
dages. They  tell  us,  that  in  the 
front  of  thefe  temples,  there  was  al- 
ways a  fpacious  court,  called  the 
Area,  where  merchants  vended  the 


in  It,  we  muftfuppfife  it  three  tunes 
as  large  as  it  really  was,  if  all  thofe 
temples  were  furnifhcd  with  Forti-. 
coes,  Prodromi,  &c.  it  is  certain,, 
that  during  the  lirfl  fix  centuries  of 
Rome,  the  temples  were  no  larger, 
nor  more  magnificent,  than  the 
houfes  of  the  citizens,  which  were 
but  of  one  floor ;  their  poverty 
would  admit  of  no  more.  Such,  at 
leaft,  was  the  flate  of  things  before 
the  Romans  made  conquers  in 
Greece.  Pliny  aflures,  that  in  the 
663d  year  of  the  city,  there  was  not 
a  marble  column  in  any  public  edi- 
fice ;  at  which  time  the  temple  of 
the  Feretrian  Jupiter  was  but  fifteen 
feet  in  length.  Fortune  was  one  of 
the  deities  moft  honoured  by  the 
Romans :  the  worfhip  of  Vefta  was 
held  moll  facred,  and  what  I  have 
remarked   of  the   temples  of  thefe 


neceffaries  for  facrifices,  offerings,     goddeffes,  which  are  ilill  {landing, 
and  libations ;  that  there  was  be-     may  fuffice  to  moderate  the  ideas  of 


fides  a  fountain,  for  purifying  the 
jacrificators  and  vidlims ;  that  from 
the  Area  you  pafied  into  a  court  cal- 
led Atrium  ;  thence  to  the  VeHibu- 
]um,  and  then  into  the  body  of  the 
building,  named  Cella,  where  were 
the  Gods,  :iltars.  Sec.  This  Cella 
confifled  of  three  principal  divi- 
fions :  the  Bafilica,  anfwering  our 
nave;  the  Adytum,  like  our  fanc- 
tuary  ;  and  the  tribunal,  where  flood 
;he  ftatue  of  the  deity  whofe  name 
the  temple  bore.  They  fpeak  of  the 
Penetrale  and  Sacrarium,  and  are 
liot  a  little  perplexed  about  the  dif- 
trlbuiion  of  thefe  feveral  parts.  If 
this  defcriptlon  holds  good  of  the 
temple  of  Diana  Epheiea,  or  of  Ju- 
piter Olympius,  it  cannot  of  moft 
of  the  reft. 

Ancient  Rome  was  of  immenfe 
extent ;  but  confidering  the  great 


ay 

thofe,  who  have  not  fei?n  then^,  as 
to  their  extent. 

The  revolution  in  the  govern- 
ment under  Julius  C^far,  brought 
about  a  general  one  in  the  arts; 
which,  till  then,  were  the  concern 
only  of  a  few  opulent  citizens,  as 
Qraffus,  Lucullus,  Pompey,  Sec. 
The  temples  of  the  Gods  were  the 
firft  public  ftru6lures  where  magni- 
ficence fucceeded  meannefs,  and 
brick  was  converted  into  marble  5 
yet  the  facred  buildings  increafed 
but  little  in  fize.  The  great  meri. 
built  more  for  themfelves  than  for 
the  Gods;  they  enlarged  their  pa- 
laces; they  erected  aqueducts,  baths, 
and  the  Forum. 

We  «re  not  td  rely  upon  the  re- 
port of  architedls,  concerning  the 
facred  monuments  of  antiquity. 
Frequently  led  by  prejudice^  they 


A  N  T  I  Q^U  IT  I  E  S. 


nre  too  fnoiing  of  criticifm  in  their 
obfervations  ;  they  too  readily  ima- 
gine beauties  in  the  antique;  and, 
in  reprercntirig  ruins,  when  they 
meet  not  with  all  that  their  fancy 
fuj^gefts,  they  are  apt  to  add  fome- 
ihing  of  their  own.  Palladio,  for 
inftance,  who  has  defighed  the  tem- 
ple of  Fauftina,  fays,  that  though  hfc 
could  difcover  no  ornartients  within 
it,  yet  it  maft  certainly  have  been 
enriched  with  very  magnificentones; 
andfo  takes  his  crayon  and  ficetches 
niches,  ftataes,  and  pedeftals,  and 
then  cries  oat, \/uch  ivas  the  injiih  of 
the  temple  sf  Fauftina  !  He  goes  ft  ill 
further,  and  Ih'thc  heaf  of  his  com- 
pofition,  in  the  front,  and  on  the 
right  and  left,  he 'adds  grand  porti- 
coes', wfthout-recol'refting,  that  he 
encroached  on  I  the  temple  of  Rhe- 
mus,  which  flood  but  ten  paces 
from  the  other,  and  without  ccn- 
fidering  that  he  barred  up  the  paf- 
fage  of  the  triuqiphers,  who  pro- 
ceeded to  the.  Capitol  alQng  the  'via 
facra,  ,"'•'".    "       "  •        '    •  ''-'^ 

The  tempTe  of  the'  Olympian 
Jove  at  Athens,  we  are  told;  was 
more  than  four  ftadia  in  circumfe- 
rence ;  that  is,  above  two  thoufand 
four  hundred  feet:  be  it  fo.  But 
let  us  make  the  fame  diftribution  of 
this  fpace  as  the  ancients  did,  and 
we  (hall  have  a  juft  idea  of  its  real 
lize.  In  this  circle  muft  be  includ- 
ed, a  monument,  facred  to  Saturn 
and  Rhea,  a  wood,  ftatues  without 
number,  and  ColofTufes  as  enormous 
as  thofe  at  Rhodes,  all  which  muft 
reduce  Jupiter's  temple  to  the  fize 
t)f  an  ordinary  houfe,  as  v/e  fhall  fee 
hereafter  it  really  was.  What  then 
Ihall  we  fay  of  the  Greek  temples, 
in  which  were  libraries,  gymnafia, 
and  baths?  Why  doubtlefs,  that 
they  were  facred  vrL'<e,  but  no  tcm- 


597 

M.  le  Roi's  Ruins  of  the  MonU' 
mints  of  Greece,  lately  publilhed, 
have  given  me  the  fatisfadiori  ttf 
finding  examples  fofHcient  to  juftify 
my  notions,  as  to  the  magnitude  of 
the  ancient  temples;  According  to 
this  gentleman's  dimenfions,  the 
columns  of  the  Pantheon  of  Ha- 
drian >  one  of  the  Vafteft  monumen{;S 
of  Greece,  were  fcarce  above  fixteca 
feet  high,  though  not  formed  Out 
of  one  block.  Thofe  at  Rome  in 
the  Campo  Vacciho,  in  the  forutti 
of  Nerva,  and  in  that  of  Pallas,  Av% 
ftill  Ihorter,  though  of  feveral  pieces'; 
yet  as  thefe  ferved  for  decoration* 
of  public  places,  it  is  nafvlral  td 
think  they  were  of  fome  of  th* 
largeft  proportions. 

Perhaps  it  wilf  be  tirged  that  th$^ 
jilaced  feveral  orders  one  above  ano- 
ther, which  was,  indeed,  thecafeia 
fome  temples  of  Greece.  Paufanias 
mentions  only  tWOor  three  of  thefe; 
whiehi  in  (o  exa6l  and  attentive  a 
traveller,  is  a  convincing  proof  that 
the  double  order  was  rare.  Vitru- 
vius  does  not  aflert  it  of  the  Hypaj- 
thrum,  and  afiigns  temples  of  that 
form,  to  no  lefs  deities  then  Jupiter, 
Coelus,  and  the  fun. 

By  entering  into  thefe  particulars^ 
I  pretend  not  to  inform  the  connoif- 
feurs,  but  to  give  an  account  of 
fuch  works  as  I  think  neceffary  to- 
wards forming  a  juft  idea  of  the  an- 
cient temples.  Their  ftrufrure  dif- 
fering fo  widely  from  that  of  our 
churches,  that  the  one  can  by  no 
means  lead  us  to  an  exaft  know- 
ledge of  the  other.  Whoever  has 
feen  St.  Sulpice  at  Paris,  but  not  St. 
Roeh,  may  pretty  nearly  imagine  • 
the  compoiition,  form,  and  diftribu- 
tion of  the  latter  church,  from  a  barfc 
knowledge,  that  it  is  fon-.ewhat  lef? 
than  the  former  :  but  fuch  degrees 
oi  comparifon  will  be  infufficient 
bex\^een 


598     ANNUAL.  REG  I  STERj    1759, 


between  the  ancient  and  the  modern. 
It  will  give  very  little  fatisfaftion, 
to  obferve,  that  all  antiquity  never 
produced  any  thing  of  a  facred 
building,  fo  vail  as  St.  Peter's  at 
Rome;  a  reafon  fhould  alfo  be 
given,  why  ic  did  nor,  nor  ceuld 
doit. 

I  am  fufficiently  apprifed  of  what 
iftrikes  the  imagination,  and  raifes  it 
^o  fuch  romantic  heights,  whilll  we 
attend  to  the  defcriptions  of  ancient 
temples :  it  was  the  prodigious  num- 
ber of  columns  they  were  enriched 
with,  that  inchants  us.  How  can 
we  avoid  believing  an  edifice  to  be 
extremely  vaft,  that  is  i^upported  by 
a  hundred,  or  a  hundred  and  fifty 
pillars?  We  have  feen  Gothic 
jchurches,  with  not  above  forty  or 
£fjty,  wide  enough  to  lofe  ourfelves 
in.  How  vaft  then,  we  fay^  muft 
the  temples  have  been,  which  had 
twice  or  thrice  that  number.?  The 
mifiake  of  the  fancy  arifes  from 
this,  that  it  places  within  the  body 
of  riie  temple,  or  in  the  Cella,  that 
which  really  flood  without  it.  It 
Ihould  be  noted,  in  general,  that 
this  Cella  was  the  leaft  obje£l  of  the 
old  architedls  care ;  they  never  be- 
gan to  think  about  it,  before  they 
bad  dillributed  and  adorned  the  ex- 
terior, becaufe  that  was  to  be  the 
proof  of  genius,  tafte,  and  magnifi- 
cence. The  grand  was  not  then 
cflimated  by  the  number  of  fquare 
feet  contained  in  the  area,  which 
the  wall  inclofcd,  but  from  their 
outworks,  of  an  hundred  and  twen- 
ty columns,  as  thofe  of  Hadrian's 
Pantheon,  or  of  thirty-fix  only,  as 
of  thofe  of  the  temple  of  Thefeus. 
From  the  ruins  of  Athens  it  even 
appears,  that  the  richncfs  and  extent 
of  the  outworks  were  fometimes  the 
Ysry  caufe  of  contrading  the  CeUa, 


within  a  narrower  fpace  than  might 
have  been  otherwife  allotted  it. 

What  I  have  been  lafl  obferving^ 
refpetls  temples  of  an  oblong  fquare, 
the  moft  ufual  form.  They  did  not 
keep  altogether  to  the  fame  rules  in 
their  rotundo*s,  or  circular  temples  ; 
fome  were  furrounded  with  pillars, 
without  any  portico  to  the  entrance ; 
fuch  are  the  temples  of  Vefta,  at 
Rome  and  Tivoli ;  others  had  por. 
ticoes  before  them,  without  any  en- 
circling columns,  an  inftance  of 
which  we  meet  with  in  the  Romart 
Pantheon,  the  moft  fuperb  and  vaft 
monument  of  that  fftrm,  which  per- 
haps the  ancients  ever  creded ;  of 
this  latter  form  of  circular  temples 
Vitruvius  makes  no  mention  ;  and, 
to  the  former,  he  alTigns  a  diameter 
of  the  length  of  on^  column  only, 
with  its  capital  and  bafe,  fo  that 
nothing  of  a  grand  extent  could 
ever  take  place  here. 

But  to  ftrengihen  my  proofs  of 
the  fmall  extent  of  the  ancient  tem- 
ples ;  I  will,  in  the  firft  place,  bring 
that  of  Jupiter  Olympiusat  Athens, 
as  an  example.  According  to  M4 
le  Roi,  the  Cella  was  no  more  than 
fix  toifes  wide,  and  fomething  ex- 
ceeding fixteen  in  length.  Obferve 
now,  to  what  a  fmall  matter  is  an 
edifice  reduced,  which  has  been  af- 
firmed to  be  no  lefs  than  four  ftadia 
in  circumference !  Take  notice  too 
that  this  was  an  IIypa:thram,  or 
open  at  top.  Hadrian's  Pantheon 
was  twenty  toifes  long,  by  lefs  than 
fourteen  wide.  Puuianias  affigns 
the  height  of  fixty- eight  feet  to  the 
temple  of  Jupiter  of  Olympia,  and 
makes  it  two  hundred  and  thirty 
feet  long,  and  ninety-five  wide. 
From  the  length  and  breadth  wc 
mull  deduft  thofe  of  the  ailes.  Pro- 
dromus,  and  Opifthodomus,  taking 

the 


A  N  T  I  Q.U  I  T  I  E  S 


the  height  from  the  ceiling,  and  not 
from  the  angular  vertex  of  the  Fafti- 
gium  ;  and  then  this  temple  will, 
at  moft,  be  upon  an  equality  with 
many  churches  in  Rome  and  Paris, 
built  about  two  centuries  ago,  in 
the  tafte  of  the  Greek  architedure  j 
but  nothing  to  compare  with  our 
Gothic  cathedrals,  in  point  of  fpa- 
cious  magnitude. 

If  we  come  from  Greece  to  Rome, 
and  examine  the  temple  of  Vefpa- 
fian,  wefhall  find  that  it  was  really 
grand.  And,  if  the  tafte  of  the  ar- 
chitedlure  had  been  anfwerable  to 
the  capacity  and  richncfs  of  it, 
Athens  itfelf  could  not  have  fhewn 
any  thing  beyond  it ;  but  the  archi- 
teft  aiming,  perhaps,  atfomething 
new,  was,  it  muft  be  allowed,  bold 
in  his  defign,  but  lefc  it  quite  defli- 
tute  of  graces.  Its  length,  of  three 
hundred  and  forty  feet,  befides  the 
portico,  with  a  breadth  of  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty,  fet  it  plainly  above 
all  the  modern  churches  of  France 
or  Italy,  except  St.  Peter's ;  but 
It  dill  falls  fhort  of  many  Gothic 
ones. 

What  added  much  to  the  majefty 
of  the  ancient  temples,  was  their 
high  elevation  above  the  fubjacent 
plain,  with  an  eafy  afcent  to  their 
porticoes  by  a  flight  of  five,  feven, 
or  nine  broad  flairs,  which  always 
disjoined  them  from  every  profane 
building,  and  gave  the  diftant  eye 
a  full  view  of  their  form  and  orna- 
ments on  every  fide;  the  number 
of  bronze  and  marble  ftatues,  which 
decorated  the  avenues  and  infide  of 
the  porticoes,  the  profufion  of  gilt 
work,  and  the  allegoric  groups  in 
the  front,  all  combining  to  form  a 
mafs,  which  carried  gravity  without 
heavinefs ;  grand,  but  not  gigantic. 
Thofe  rich  and  elegant  compofi- 
tions,  charm  us  even  in  the  graver's 
reprefenutions ;    what  effect   then 


399 

muft  they  not  have  produced  on  the 
minds  of  thofe  who  had  ihe  infi- 
nitely greater  advantage  of  viewing 
them  on  the  fpot,  in  their  own  pre- 
cious materials! 

After  what  has  been  faid  concern- 
ing the  temples  of  the  ancients,  it 
is  natural  to  confider  the  buildings 
called  churches,  which  fucceeded 
them,  after  Chriftianity  began  to 
take  place  of  Paganifm.  Thefe 
buildings,  during  a  long  period  pf 
time,  wanted  both  the  elegance  and 
the  riches  of  the  ancient  temples, 
and  it  is  thofe  only  which  have  beea 
erefted  fince  the  fifteenth  century, 
that  can  be  confidered  as  models, 
either  of  proportion  or  ornament. 
The  feveral  changes,  however, 
which  thefe  buildings  have  fuf- 
fered  in  their  figure,  ftrufture,  and 
decoration,  is  a  fubjedl  that  feems 
not  altogether  unworthy  of  atten- 
tion. 

To  mark  the  gradual  progrefs  of 
any  art,  from  its  firft  rudiments  to 
its  perfe6lion,  is  exiremely  pleafing ; 
but  we  are  much  more  ftruck  whea 
we  fee  this  art  difappear  at  once, 
as  if  by  a  ftroke  of  inchantment : 
when,  not  even  the  idea  of  perfec- 
tion remains,  when  the  moll  obvi- 
ous and  eafy  rules  are  forgotten, 
the  moft  natural  principles  negledt- 
ed,  and  the  moft  rude  and  dilguft- 
ing  heaps  thrown  together,  while 
models  of  beauty  and  bropriety 
were  every  where  to  be  feen  in  the 
buildings  of  former  times. 

It  is  difficult  to  conceive  by 
what  ftrange  fatality  it  could  hap- 
pen, that  the  architetts  of  the 
fifth  and  fixth  centuries,  in  all 
purts  of  Europe,  rejeding,  as  if 
by  common  confent,  the  Greek 
and  Roman  manner,  chole  to  fet 
up  pillars  more  like  the  Doric, 
the  heavieft  of  the  thiee  Grecian 
orders,    than    any    oihef.       They 


400      ANN  UAL    REGIS  tERi   1759. 


faw  in  the  frizes  of  regular  ftruc- 
tures,  6gures  of  eagles  and  griffins : 
the  eagle  they  neglt£led,  and  they 
copied  the  griffin  for  no  other  ap- 
parent reafon  than  becaufe  it  was  a 
inonfter  not  exilling  in  nature  :  in 
the  bas  relief  they  tound  geniufles, 
trophies  and  flowers,  none  of  which 
they  thought  proper  to  imitate,  but 
they  hewed  out  owls,  and  frogs,  and 
ftionkeys,  and,  in  a  thoufand  other 
inftances,  fhewdd  a  perverfion  of  tafte 
and  judgment,  which  would  have 
been    altogechcr  incredible,  if  the 
monuments  of  it  were  not  liiU extant 
among  us.    Of  thefethe  old  Englifh 
•^Gothic  are  certainly  the  chief,  boch 
for  their  antiquity  "and  their  gran- 
deur; but  before  there  was  any  ilruc- 
ture  eredled  in  the  Gothic  ityle,  ma- 
ny execrable  things, called  buildings. 
Were  produced   upon  the  degraded 
principles  of  Grecian  architedure, 
and  the  time  from  the  extin£lion,or 
father  perverfion  ofantienttafte,  may 
be  divided  into  three  periods ;  from 
the  fourth  century  to  the  ninth, from 
the  ninth  to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth, 
and  from  that  time  to  the  prefent. 

Though  the  ChriHians  were  at 
firft  fo  fcattered  and  opprefled  by 
perfecution,  that  they  had  no  better 
places  of  worHiip  than  the  caves, 
which  they  formed  or  made  on  the 
jides  of  rocks,  or  below  the  furface 
of  the  ground,  yet  they  had  public 
places  of  worihip  before  the  fourth 
Century.  Some  ecclefiailical  authors 
have  afTefted,  that  the  Chriftians  had 
Spacious  churches  richly  adorned 
before  the  time  of  Conilantine  the 
Great;  for  they  fay,  that  the  iirit 
bbjeft  of  his  care,  after  the  de- 
feat of  Maxentius,  was  the  repara- 
tion of  the'temples  of  the  true  God  ; 
but  to  give  thefe  authors  all  their 
weight,  their  teftimony  can  only 
refer  td  the  churches  of  the  Eaft  ; 
thofh  ill  the  Lefler  Afia^  in  Syria, 


and  the  Lower  Hg\'Vt;  thofe  of  the 
"  Weft,  and  even  of  Rome,  are  entir?- 
'  Jy  out  of  the  ciueftion  j   for  though 
it  be  true>  that,  from  the  time  of 
Trajan,  to  that  of  Conilantine,  the 
emperors  refided  as  much  in  y^fiaas 
in  Europe,  yet  it  is  equally  true; 
that   Chriflianity  was   much   more 
reprefled  and  reftraincd  in  Eufcpe 
than  in  Afia.     During  the  reign  of 
Dioclcfian,  and  feme  other  empe- 
rors, who  dillinguiflied  themfelves 
by  their  moderarion,  the  Chriftians 
ventured  to  quit  their  vaults  and  ca- 
tacombs, and  ereded  fome  build- 
ings, which  were  Cez  apart  for  the? 
public  wor/hip  of  God  ;  but  as  they 
were  in  perptitud  fear  of  perfecution, 
even  when  they  did  not  fuffer  it, 
fo  long  as  the  emperors  continueti 
idolaters,  they  did  not  dare  to  give 
their  churches  an  aif  of  grandeur, 
left  the  jealoufy  of  the  infidels  (hould 
raife  a  new  ftorm  againll  them.     It 
feems  therefore  probable,  that  the 
fpacious  and  rich  churches  mention- 
ed by  Eufebiusand  Nicephorus,were 
only  fpacious  and  rich  in  comparifon 
of  the  caverns  and  dens,  in  which  the 
Chriftians  affembledin  times  of  ac- 
tual perfecution  ;  of  thefe  there  are 
not  now  the  leaft  remains,  but  per- 
haps it  is  eafy  to  form  a  juft  idea 
of  them,  by  confidering  what  the 
churches  were,  which  were  eredled 
when  Chriftianity  was  firft  the  efta- 
blifhed  religion,  when   its  patrons 
were  the  lords  of  the  world,  and  its 
profefTors    might    fafely    hold    the 
power  of  idolaters  in  defiance.     OF 
thefe  there  are  feveral  now  extant  5 
feme  that  were  built  in  the  reign  of 
Conftantine,  and    others    from  thfe 
time  of  his  children  and  fuccelTorS, 
till  the  total  ruin  of  the  empire. 

We  muft  therefore  date  cur  en« 
quiry  into  the  form  of  the  architec- 
ture and  decorations  of  the  churches 
of  the  Weft  from  the  reign  of  Con- 
ft.antine< 


A  N  T  I  Q^U  I  TIES. 


hantine.  This  prince,  after  his 
converfion;  did  not  content  himfeiif 
with  repairing  the  churches  which 
had  been  built  already,  but  he  iig- 
halized  his  zeal  by  raany  monu- 
ments, of  the  triumph  of  that  reli- 
gion which  he  had  adopted.  He 
might  indeed  have  devoted  tp  the 
fervice  of  Chriilianity  fome  of  the 
finelt  temples  of  Pagan  fuperftition, 
and  pollerity  would  then  not  only 
have  commended  his  piety,  but  ad- 
mired his  talle.  He  thought*  per- 
haps, that  the  Pagan  temples  had 
been  too  much  profaned  by  idolatry 
to  receive  the  pure  worlliippers  of 

Chrill;  he  might  think  them,  too    ginal  Hate,  does  by  no  means  give 
fmall,    or    he  might    not  chufe  to     us  a  jull:  idea  of  the  ^afilics  of  an- 


401 

building  within,  and  formed  onp 
grand  walk  in  the  middle,  between 
one  row  of  columns  and  the  other, 
and  two  narrower  walks,  one  be- 
tween each  row  of  columns  and 
the  wall.  To  the  extremity  ter^ 
minated  by  the  hemicycle,  there 
was  fometimes  added  a  branch,  or 
arm,  reaching  from  one  lide  to  the 
other,  and  giving  the  whole  build- 
ing the  form  of  a  T.  This  form 
of  building  was  preferred  by  Coa- 
ftantine,  probably  becaufe.  it  was 
roomy,  folemn>  majellic,  and  ex- 
preiTed'the  figure  of  the  crofs.  St, 
Paul's,  however,  though  in  its  ori- 


give  his  heathen  ful>je<51s  offence; 
however,  for  thefe,  err  fome  other 
reafons,    he  chofe   rather  to  build 
iicw    ftruclures,    than    change  the 
ufe  of  the  old  ;  and,  therefore,  he 
gave  his  own  pahice  of  Latran,  at 
Mount  Ccelius,  to.  fupply  materi- 
als for  building  a  Chriltian  church. 
Soon  after  which  he  built  that  of 
St.  Peter,  at  Mount  Vatican,  and 
another  in  the  Oflian  way,  dedi- 
cated to  St.  Paul.     AU  thefe  were 
built    upon    the    fame    plan,     and 
that  of  St.  Paul,  ilill  preferves  its 
original   form,    called  the  Bafilic* 
becaufe  it  was  the  fame  with  that 
of  certain  large  buildings  adjacent 
to  royal  pakc^s,  where  fovereigii 
rinces  adminiilered  juitice  to  their 
eoplc  ;  fcJme  other  buildings,  qall 


tiquity,  from  which  it  was  copied; 
for  its  want  of  proportion,  and  the 
bad   talle  of  its  ornaments,    fufS- 
ciently .  Ihew  that  architcdlure    wa^ 
greatly  degenerated,   even  in    the 
time  of  Conftantine.     The  nave  is 
adorned  with  four  rows  of  columns, 
twenty  in  each  row,  which  divide 
it  into  five  walks,  each  column  be- 
ing one  block  of  marble,  except  a 
very  few ;  of  the  forty  that  form 
the  middle  walk,  twenty-four  are 
(aid  to  have  been  brought  from  the 
tomb  of  Adrian  ;  they   are   about 
three  feet  in  diameter,  of  the  Co- 
rinthian order,  fl;2ted;  the  marble 
is  veined  with   blue,  and  there  is 
nothing  of  the  kind  among  all  the 
remains  of  antiijuity  tliat  e.xcecds 
them,    either   in    workmanfhip  01; 


ed  alfo  from  their  figure,  Bafilics,     materials  :  the  other  fixteen  are  of 


<vere  tifed  as  a  kind  of  exchange 
for  merchants  to  negpeiate  their 
bufmefs  in  the  time  of  this  emperor. 
A  Bafilic  was  a  ulle  of  building 
twice  as  long  as  it  was  wide,  and 


a  greyiih  white,  and  are  the  moil 
clumly  and  heavy  imaginable  • 
fcarcc  any  two  of  them  are  the  fime 
in  all  iheir  proportions,  and  there 
is  not  One  in  which  the  lines  of  the 


terminated  at  one  of  its  extremities  fluting  are  flraight,  or  the  iiollow 

by   a   hemicycle;    two   orders   of  cut  out^  and  of  an  equal  depth.    It 

columns  placed  one  upon  another  appears,  at  the  firft  glance,  that  the 

reached  the  whole  length  of  the  carver  worked  merely  by  his  eye. 

Vol.  11.  t>  d                                    wiih- 


40Z      ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


without  any  principle  to  direft  him, 
and,  at  evefy  ftroke  of  Ms  chifTel, 
looked  with  a  fcrupulous  perplexity 
at  his  model,  firppofirrg  that  he  had 
not  ill  imitated  it,  when  he  had 
chipped  the  ihaft  into  grooves  from 
the  capital  to  the  bafe.  The  other 
forty  columns  are  of  granite,  and 
are  much  lefs  :  the  furface  may  be 
faid  to  be  fmooth,  as  a  diftindlion 
from  being  fluted,  but,  in  every 
other  fenfe,  it  is  rough  and  irregu- 
lar. In  the  two  branches  of  the 
tranfverfe  part  of  the  building,  at 
the  end  which  forms  the  top  of  the 
T,  there  are  many  columns  of  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  marble,  fome  red, 
fome  grey,  and  fome  of  a  dirty 
white,  not  anfwering  to  each  other, 
in  any  kind  of  fymmetry. 

The  good  Greek  and  Roman  ar- 
thxtefts  always  gave  their  columns 
an  entablature :  but  the  architefls 
of  Conftantine  not  thinking  that 
neceiTary,  the  columns  of  St.  Paul's 
nave  are  without  it.  Over  the  co- 
lumns there  is  a  wall  carried  up 
more  than  thirty  feet,  which  fup- 
plies  the  place  of  the  fecond  order 
©f  columns,  ufed  in  the  Bafilics  of 
the  Romans  ;  the  two  branches 
of  the  crofs  only  have  a  cieling ;  the 
nave  is  only  covered  with  a  floping 
loof,  of  which  the  naked  timbers 
'  are  feen  from  below.  Upon  this 
occafion,  it  may  be  remarked,  that 
none  of  the  firft  Roman  churches 
were  vaulted,  for  among  all  that 
remain,  there  is  not  one  with  fuch 
a  roof  to  be  found,  and  in  thofe 
which  have  cielings,  the  cieling  ap- 
pears roanifeftly  to  have  been  added 
m  later  times;  for  it  was  not  com- 
mon, even  in  the  fixteenth  century, 
for  any  part  of  the  church  to  be 
cieled,  but  the  chancel.  This  de- 
feft  might  have  been  imputed  to  the 
umid  ignorance  of  the  buU<ier5,  if 


it  was  not  certain  that  thofe  who 
vaulted  the  baths  of  Conftantine, 
might,  if  they  had  thought  fit,  have 
vaulted  a  church:  and  it  might 
have  been  imputed  to  a  fervile  imi- 
tation of  the  Pagan  Bafilics,  if  we 
had  not  been  told  by  Vitruvius,  that 
fome  of  them  were  covered  with 
vaulted  roofs.  As  to  the  front  of 
the  Balfilic  of  St.  Paul,  there  is  a 
modern  portico  about  twenty  feet 
high,  and  the  rell  is  a  brick  wall, 
having  on  the  point  at  top  a  Greek 
crofs,  decorated  with  fome  rude 
mofaic.  To  this  general  defcription, 
many  particulars  may  be  added, 
which  will  fhew  in  a  ftronger  light 
the  ftupidity  and  ill  tafle  of  the  time ; 
fome  of  the  columns  have  no  bafe 
at  all :  others  are  all  bafe,  being 
one  fquare  block;  in  one  place  a 
column  of  the  Corinthian  order  is 
placed  oppoiite  to  one  of  the  Com- 
pofite ;  in  another,  the  Tufcan  is 
contrafled  with  the  Ionic,  yet  the 
whole  appears  to  have  been  the 
painful  effort  of  long  labour,  and 
unremitted  diligence  ;  nor  muft  it 
be  forgotten,  that  the  twenty-four 
columns,  which  are  already  ex- 
quifitely  finifhed,  are,  by  an  inge- 
nious contrivance,  made  to  fhare 
in  the  general  impropriety,  for,  in- 
Head  of  being  equally  divided  in 
oppofite  rows,  thirteen  of  them  are 
placed  on  one  fide,  and  eleven  on, 
the  other. 

Thus  it  appears  that  all  which 
the  magnificence  of  Conftantine, 
who  ere6led  the  edifice,  and  of 
Theodofius,  who  added  fome  orna- 
ments, could  effe6l,  was  to  raife  a 
vaft  ftrudture,  and  to  decorate  it 
with  the  fpoils  of  thofe  buildings 
that  had  been  eredled  when  the  arts 
were  in  their  perfection.  After 
the  perfecutions  againft  Chriftianity 

ha4  entirely  ceafed,  more  churches 
abounded 


A  N  t  I  Q.U  i  t  i  E  S. 


4^3 


abounded  at  Rome,  than  at  any 
other  place  ;  they  were  ereded 
over  the  tombs  of  martyrs,  and  even 
formed  out  of  the  houfeS,  which 
they  had  inhabited  j  little  obfcUre 
oratories  were  enlarged  into  public 
templfes,  and  the  edids  that  were 
|)ublifhed  from  the  timeof  Conftan- 
tine>  to  that  of  Theodofius,  for  the 
deftrudlion  of  Pagan  temples^  fur- 
nifhed  the  pious  founders  with  fpoils 
of  inellimable  valuer  of  which, 
howevcr>  they  made  a  very  bad  life  ; 
for  the  plan  of  Gonftantine's  Bafi- 
lics  was  univerfally  followed,  whe- 
ther the  church  to  be  built  was  little 
Or  great,  except  that  fometimes  the 
building  at  the  end,  which  gave  the 
whole  the  figure  of  the  croft,  was 
omitted  :  they  are  all  filled  with 
columns,  taken  from  ancient  build- 
iilgSi  and  fet  up  without  the  leaft 
regard  to  their  height  or  their  dia- 
meterj  to  the  kind  of  marble^  the 
order,  or  the  decorations  by  which 
they  are  diliinguifhed  ;  from  thofe 
which  were  too  long  the  bafe  is 
taken  away,  and  to  thofe  that  were 
too  fhort  a  fupplemental  bafe  was 
added,  fo  that  fome  columns  irt 
the  fame  row  have  two  bafes*  and 
fome  have  none;  Entablatures  were 
quite  out  of  faftiion,  and  neither 
frieze  nor  moulding  of  the  Corrtice 
was  to  be  attempted :  fuch  are  all 
the  churches  that  are  at  this  time  to 
be  found  in  Rome,  except  two  or 
three  rotundas,  and  thofe  which 
have  been  creded  or  modernized 
fmce  the  revival  of  the  atts.  Such 
arc  the  principal  produdlions  of 
twelve  fucceflive  ages,  and  when 
they  are  beheld  and  confidered,  it 
is  eafy  to  make  a  juft  eftimation  of 
the  magnificence  which  has  been 
attributed  to  them  by  the  authors 
of  the  lives  of  the  popes,  fuch  as 
Anaftafius  the  library  keeper,  Pla- 
tina>  and  fome  others.   There  arc> 


however,  feven  or.  eight  ancieni 
buildings  that  have  been  converted 
into  Chriftian  churches,  but  they 
are  neither  great  nor  beautiful,  the 
Pantheon  excepted  *  and  fo  diligent 
were  the  faints,  in  the  firft  ardour 
of  their  zeal,  to  fulfil  thfe  cdidj 
of  the  emperor,  for  the  abolition  of 
Pagan  ingenuity,  that  of  2000  tem- 
ples, which  were  Handing  withiii 
the  walls  of  Rome,  in  the  meridi- 
an of  her  glory,  thefe  are  all  that 
remain  1  the  temple  of  Fauftina 
ferves  at  this  hour  for  a  chapel  to  a 
religious  hoiife,  arid  the  temple  of 
Remus  is  become  a  kind  of  velli- 
bule  to  a  cbtiveritual  church. 


Extfa^  of  fonie  lilt eH  from  P^OThe^ 
concerning  the  Pantheon  of  Agrip^ 
pa,  no<vj  called  the  Rotunda. 

THIS  beautiful  edifice  has  the 
following  infcription  on  the 
freize  of  the  portico: 
M.  AGRIPPA.  L.  F.  COS.  TER- 

TIVUM  FECIT, 
which  has  given  rife  to  an  opinion 
generally  receivedi  that  the  whole 
temple  was  built  by  Agrippa,  Yet 
feveral  antiquarians  and  artifts  have 
fuppofed  that  the  Pantheon  exilied 
as  Ion?  ago  as  the  commonwealth^ 
and  tnat  Agrippa  only  embellifhed 
iti  and  added  the  portico*  Thd 
antiquarians  lay  great  ftrefs  Upon 
the  authority  of  Dion  Caluus,  who^ 
fpeaking  of  the  magnificence  of 
Agrippa,  fays,  and  he  alfo  finipsed 
or  perfedcd  the  PaHtheon,  Michael 
Angelo  was  perfuaded,  that  the  bo- 
dy of  the  temple,  and  the  portico 
which  leads  into  it^  were  the  work 
of  three  feveral  architeds.  His 
reafon  was,  that  the  roof,  arid  the 
order  which  fupports  it,  do  not  tal- 
ly with  each  other,  and  want  rriUch' 
of  that  elegance  and  fymmetry  fo 
JD  d  2  ftriking 


404       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


Uriking  in  the  portico,  which  is  of 
a  far  more  majeftic  architefture 
than  any  tliing  within^  This  por- 
tico carries  indeed  all  the  evidence 
of  an  additional  work.  It  ftands 
unconneded  with  the  temple,  which 
projeds  behind  it,  and  finifhes  with 
a  pediment.  Now  the  ancients  ne- 
ver had  any  idea  of  placing  one 
pediment  behind  another,  or  over, 
or  within  another.  Thefe  were  in- 
novations of  the  fixteenth  and  fe- 
venteenth  centuries. 

I  fhall  attempt  an  account,  not  a 
minute  and  particular  defcription, 
of  the  Pantheon,  as  Agrippa  left  it, 
at  leaft  fuch  as  it  was  before  the  ir- 
ruption of  the  Barbarians. 

The  form  of  the  body  of  the  Pan- 
theon is  round,  or  cylindrical,  and 
its  roof  or  dome  is  fpherical ;  it  is 
144  feet  diameter  within,  and  the 
height  of  it,  from  the  pavement  to 
the  grand  aperture  on  its  top,  thro' 
which  it  receives  the  light,  is  juft  as 
much.  It  is  of  the  Corinthian 
order  ;  the  inner  circumference  is 
divided  into  feven  grand  niches, 
wrought  in  the  thicknefs  of  the  wall : 
fix  of  which  are  flat  at  the  top,  but 
the  feventh,  oppofite  to  the  entrance, 
is  arched.  Before  each  nich,  are 
two  columns  of  antique  yellow  mar- 
ble fluted,  and  of  one  entire  block, 
making  in  all  fourteen,  the  finell 
in  Rome.  The  whole  wall  of  the 
temple,  as  high  as  the  grand  cor- 
nice incliJfive,  is  cafed  with  divers 
forts  of  precious  marble  in  com- 
partments. The  frieze  is  entirely 
of  porphyry.  Above  the  grand 
cornice-  arifes  an  attic,  in  which  were 
wrought  at  equal  diftances  fourteen 
oblong  fquare  niches  :  between 
each  nich  were  four  marble  pilaf- 
ters,  and  between  the  pilallers,  mar- 
ble tables  of  various  kinds.  This  at- 
^ic  had  a  compleat  entablature;  but 
the  cornice  projeded  lefs  tl\^n  that 


of  the  grand  order  below,  lirrm^^ 
diately  from  the  cornice,  fprings 
the  fpherical  roof,  divided  by  bands, 
which  crofs  each  other,  like  the  me- 
ridians and  parallels  of  an  artificial 
terrellrial  globe.  The  fpaces  be- 
tween the  bands,  decreaAi  in  fize  as 
they  approach  the  top  of  the  roof;  to 
which,  however,  they  do  not  reach, 
there  being  a  conliderable  plain 
fpace  between  them  and  the  great 
opening.  That  fo  bold  .a  roof 
might  be  as  light  as  poffible,  the 
ardiited  formed  the  fubflance  of 
the  fpaces  between  the  bands,  of  no- 
thing but  lime  and  punice  ftcnes. 
The  walls  below  were  decorated 
with  lead  and  brafs,  and  works  of 
carved  filver  over  them  ;  and  the 
roof  was  covered  on  the  outfide 
with  plates  of  gilded  bronze.  There 
was  an  afcent  from  the  fpringing  of 
the  roof  to  the  very  fummit,  by  a 
flight  of  feven  flairs.  And  if  cer- 
tain authors  may  be  credited,  thefe 
flairs  were  ornamented  with  pede- 
flrian  ftatues,  ranged  as  an  amphi- 
theatre. This, notion  is  founded  on 
a  paffage  of  Pliny,  who  fays,  that 
Diogenes,  thr./culptor,  decorated  the 
Pantheon  of  Kc^w^h  nvith  elegant 
JiatueSf  yet  that  it  nvas  dijficult  to 
judge  of  their  merit j  upon  account  of 
their  ele^vated  Jituation.  For  my 
Own  parr,  I  cannot  believe  thefe 
flatues  were  any  other  than  thofe 
placed  in  the  niches  of  the  attic, 
if  not  thofe  on  the  top  of  the  por- 
tico. This  portico  is  compofed  of 
flxteen  columns  of  granite,  four 
feet  in  diameter,  eight  of  which 
fland  in  front,  with  an  equal  inter- 
columniation  all  along,  contrary 
to  the  rule  of  Vitruvius,  who  is 
for  having  the  fpace  anfwering  to 
the  door  of  a  temple,  wider  than 
the  reft.  On  thefe  columns  is  a 
pediment,  whofe  tympanum,  or 
flaw,  wa5  ornamented  with  bas-re- 

nef* 


¥ 


A  N  T  I  Q^ 

Uefs  in  brafs ;  the  crofs  beams 
w.hich  formed  the  cieling  of  the 
portico  were  covered  with  the  fame 
metal,  and  fo  were  the  doors.  The 
afcent  up  to  the  portico  was  by 
eight  or  nine  i\cps. 

isuch  was  the  Pantheon,  the  rich- 
nefs  of  which  induced  PJiny  to  rank 
it  among  the  wonders  of  the  world. 

I  have  not  taken  notice  of  eight 
little  altars,  which  are  between  the 
grand  niches,  and  advance  into  the 
church  ;  I  mufl  own  they  are  very 
rich,  but  I  do  not  take  them  to  be 
antique;  no  older,  I  dare  fay,  than 
the  period  when  the  Pantheon  was 
converted  into  a  church,  and  the 
bed  things  about  them  are  iliil  more 
modern. 

The  eruption  of  V'efuvius,  in  the 
reign  of  Tiberius,  damaged  the 
Pantheon  very  con fiderably;  it  was 
repaired  by  Domitian,  which  occa- 
iioned  fome  writers  to  mention  that 
prince  as  the  founder  of  the  build- 
ing. The  emperor  Adrian  alfo  did 
fomething  to  it.  But  it  appears, 
that  the  Pantheon  is  more  indebted 
to  Septimius  Severus,  than  to  any 
one  fince  its  eredlion.  The  moit 
perhaps  that  any  of  his  predecefibrs 
had  done,  was  the  adding  fome  or- 
nament to  it:  Septimius  beftowed 
effential  reparations  upon  it.  l"he 
following  infcription  appears  upon 
the  architrave : 

IMP.  CAES.  SEPTIMIVS.   SEVERVS. 

PI  VS    PERTINAX. 
ARABICVS.  PARTHICyS.    PONTIF. 

MAX.    TRl?.    POT.. 

XI.  cos.  111.    P.  P.  ET-  IMP.  CAES. 

MARCVS. 

AVRELIIVS.   ANTONINVS.    PIVS. 

FELIX.    AVG.    TRIE. 

|»0T.  V.  COS.  PROCOS.  PANTHEVM. 

VETVSTATE. 

9BRVPTVM.    CVMOMNI.    CVL. 

TV.    RESTITV^RVNT. 


U  I  T  I  E  S. 


405 


It  is  really  a  matter  of  aftonifh- 
ment,  that  a  iirudure,  which  grant- 
ing it  to  have  been  built  by  Agrip- 
pa,  was  not  more  than  ?oo  years 
old,  fhould  have  fallen  into  decay 
through  age.  This  fmgle  confi- 
deration  feems  fuflicient  to  confirm 
the  opinion  of  thofe  who  believe  it 
to  have  Hood  in  the  time  of  the 
commonwealth. 

The  temple  fubfiiled  in  all  its 
grandeur,  till  the  incurfionof  Alaric 
in  the  time  of  Honorius.  Zozymus 
relates,  that  the  Romans  having 
enaged  to  furnifli  this  Barbarian 
prince  with  3000  pounds  weight 
of  gold,  and  5000  pounds  weight 
of  filver,  upon  condition  that  he 
ihould  depart  from  their  walls  ; 
and  it  proving  impofiible  to  raife 
thofe  fums,  either  out  of  the  public 
treafury,  or  private  purfes,  they 
were  obliged  to  ftrip  the  temples 
of  their  ftatues  and  ornaments  of 
gold  and  filver.  It  is  probable  that 
the  Pantheon  fupplied  a  good  part, 
as  that  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  was 
the  only  one  in  Rome,  that  could 
vie  with  it  for  riches. 

Alaric  carried  off  nothing  from 
the  Romans  befides  their  precious 
metals.  Thirty-nine  years  after 
this,  Genferic,  King  of  the  Van- 
dals, took  away  part  of  their  mar- 
bles ;  and  whether  from  a  greedi- 
nefs  of  plunder,  or  from  arelilh  of 
the  productions  of  art,  loaded  one 
of  his  ihips  with  llatues.  It  cannot 
be  quellioned,  but  that  on  this  oc- 
cafion,  the  Pantheon  was  forced  to 
part  with  more  of  its  ornaments, 
and  that  the  ineflimable  works  of 
Diogenes  became  the  [prey  of  this 
Barbarian. 

Before  thcfe  unwelcome  vifits  of 
the  Goths  and  Vandals,  the  Chri- 
ftian  emperors  had  iilued  edi6ls  for 
demolifliing    the    Pagan    temples. 

P  d  4  But 


*o$       ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


But  thp  Romans,  whatever  were 
their  motives,  fpared  the  Pantheon, 
which  is  known  to  have  fuftered  no 
damage  from  the  zeal  of  the  pon- 
tiffs or  the  indignation  of  the  faints, 
before  the  firft  fiege  of  Rome  by 
Aiaric,  It  remained  fo  rich  till  a- 
bout  the  year  655,  as  to  excite  the 
^variceof  Qonltantinell.  who  came 
from  Conflantinople  to  pillage  the 
pantheon,  and  executed  his  pur- 
pofe  fo  far  as  to  ftrip  it  both  of  its 
anfide  and  outfidc  brazen  coverings, 
which  he  tranfported  to  Syrac^fe, 
where  they  foon  after  feU  into  the 
hands  of  the  Saracens. 

About  fifty  years  before  this, 
pope  Boniface  IV.  had  obtained  the 
Pantheon  of  the  gmperor  Phocas, 
to  make  a  church  of  it.  The  artifls 
of  thofe  days  were  totally  igno- 
rant of  the  excellence  of  the  Greek 
and  Roman  architedure,  and  fpoil- 
ed  every  thing  they  laid  their 
hands  upon.  To  this  period,  cerr 
tain  alterations  are  to  be  referred, 
of  which  I  fh^ll  fpeak  by  and 
by. 

After  the  devaftations  of  the  Barr 
harians,  Rome  was  contrafted  with- 
in a  narrow  compafs,  the  feven  hills 
were  abandoned,  and  the  Campus 
Martius,  being  an  even  plain,  and 
near  the  Tyber,  became  the  ground 
plat  of  the  wholy  city.  The  Pan-, 
iheon  happening  to  ftand  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Campus  Martius,  was 
prefently  furrounded  with  houfes, 
which  spoiled  the  fine  profped:  of 
it ;  and  it  was  yet  more  deplorably 
difgraced  by  fonie  of  them  which 
ilood  clofe  to  its  walls,  pedlars 
iheds  were  built  even  within  its 
portico,  and  the  intercolumniations 
ivere  bricked  up,  to  the  irreparable 
damage  of  the  matchlefs  pillars, 
of  which  fome  loft  part  of  their 
capitals,  forac  of  their  bafes,  and 
others  were  chiiTeled  out  fix  or  {^-^ 


ven  inches  deep,  and  as  many  feet 
high,  to  let  in  pofts.  Which  ex^ 
cavations  are  to  this  day  half  filled 
up  with  brick  and  mortar,  a  fad 
monument  of  the  licentioufnef^  of 
the  vulgar,  of  the  ftupid  avarice  of 
thofe  who  fold  them  the  privilege 
to  ruin  the  nobleft  piece  of  art  ia 
the  world  \ 

This  diforder  continued  till  the 
pontificate  of  Eugene  IV.  vvhofe 
zeal  for  the  decency  of  a  confe- 
crated  place,  prevailed  upon  him 
to  have  all  the  houfes  cleared  away 
that  incumbered  the  Pantheon,  and 
fo  the  miferable  barracks  in  the 
portico  were  knocked  down. 

From  the  time  Conftantius  car- 
ried off  the  brafs  plating  of  the  ex- 
ternal ropf,  that  part  was  expofed 
to  the  injuries  of  the  weather,  or, 
at  beft^  v/as  but  flightly  tiled  in,  till 
Benedict  II.  covered  it  with  lead, 
which  Nicholas  V.  renewed  in  a 
better  ftyle. 

I  cannot  find  that  from  this  time 
to  Urban  VIII.  any  pope  did  any 
thing  rernarkable  to  the  Pantheon. 

Raphael  Urbin,  who  had  no 
equal  as  a  painter,  and  who  as 
an  archite^  had  no  fuperlor,  left  a 
confiderable  fum  by  his  will,  for 
the  reparation  of  the  PantheoU;, 
where  his  tomb  is  placed.  Perino 
de  la  Vagua,  Jacomo  ydino,  An- 
nibale  Carrachi,  Flaminio  Vacca, 
and  the  celebrated  Archangelo  Co- 
relli  did  the  fame.  All  the  orna^ 
ments  within,  that  have  any  claim 
to  be  called  good,  are  of  the  latter 
times,  the  paintings  merit  efteem, 
and  the  llatucs,  tho*  not  mafter- 
pieces,  do  honour  to  fculpf.ire, 
which  alone  is  a  proof  that  they  are 
poflerior  to  the  15th  century. 

But  I  muft  fay,  with  all  the  re- 
fpecl  due  to  a  pontiff,  who  was  other- 
wife  a  protestor,  and,  even  a  prac- 
lifer  of  the  *yts,  it  were  much  to 

bs, 


A  N  T  I  Q^U  I  T  I  E  S. 


407 


be  wilhed  that  Urban  VIII.  had  not 
known  that  the  Pantheon  exifled. 
The  infcriptions  cut  at  the  fide  of 
the  door  inform  us,  that  he  repair- 
ed it ;  yet,  at  the  fame  time  that  he 
built  up  with  one  hand,  he  pulled 
down  with  the  other.  He  caufed 
two  bellfries  of  a  wretched  tafte  to 
be  eredled  on  the  ancien t  front  work, 
and  he  diverted  the  portico  of  all 
the  remains  of  its  ancient  grandeur, 
I  mean  the  brazen  coverture  *  of 
the  crofs  beams,  which  amounted 
to  fuch  a  prodigious  quantity,  that 
not  only  the  vaft  baldaquin,  or 
canopy^  of  the  confefljonal  in  St. 
Peter's  was  cad  out  of  it,  but  like- 
wife  a  great  number  of  cannon  for 
the  caftleof  St.  Angelo. 

Is  it  not  marvellous,  that  whilft 
all  thefe  operations  were  carrying  on 
in  the  portico,  he  never  once  thought 
of  repairing  the  damages  which  time 
had  wrought  in  it  ?  Of  the  fixteen 
pillars,  which  fupported  this  mag- 
nificent pile,  there  were  no  more 
than  thirteen  left ;  the  three  next 
the  temple  of  Minerva  had  difap,- 
peared ;  with  thefe  the  entablature 
and  an  angle  of  the  front  had 
tumbled  down.  Were  there  not  in 
Rome  fragments  enough  of  antique 
columns  that  might  have  been  put 
together  and  fet  up,  to  have  pre- 
vented the  downfall  of  a  pile,  which 
deferved  to  (land  as  long  as  the 
world  endured  ? 

Alexander  VII.  did  what  Urban 
VIII.  had  neglefted  to  do.  At  the 
fame  time  that  Bernini  was  con- 
llrudling  the  colonnade  of  St.  Peter, 


this  pontiiF  ordered  fearch  to  be 
made  for  pillars  to  match  thofe  of 
the  portico  of  the  Pantheon,  ard 
fome  were  found  not  far  from  tic 
French  church  of  St.  Louis,  of  th« 
very  fame  model.  They  were  gra- 
nite of  the  ifle  of  Ilva,  and  thofe 
of  the  portico  were  Egyptian  gra- 
nite;  the  colour  however  was  the 
fame,  fo  that  the  effeft-  was  equal. 
The  pope's  zeal  did  not  Hop  here  ; 
be  caufed  all  the  old  houfes  before 
the  portico  to  be  pulled  down,  and 
the  foil  and  rubbifh  to  be  cleared 
away,  which  covered  the  fteps,  and 
even  the  bafes  of  fome  of  the  pillars. 
He  began  covering  the  roof  with 
marble,  and  raifed  a  lantern  over 
the  aperture,  to  keep  out  rain ;  but 
d.eath  took  him  off  before  his  pro- 
jed  was  compleated.  Clement  IX, 
his  fucceflbr,  enclofed  the  portico 
within  iron  rails.  Several  later 
popes  have  added  to  its  decora- 
tions, which  were  all  in  the  tafle 
of  the  times  they  were  done  in,  and 
the  body  of  the  edifice  and  its  ar- 
chitedlure,  gained  nothing  from 
them.  The  main  objedl  of  their 
holinefTes  liberality  was  the  embel- 
lifhment  of  the  grand  altar.  One 
gave  purple  curtains,  another  be- 
llowed filver  tabernacles,  others 
again  vafes,  and  the  fuperb  drefles, 
fuited  to  the  folemn  ceremonies  of 
religion.  All  thefe  might  be  called 
rich,  but  they  had  in  no  fenfe  a 
tendency  to  retrieve  the'  ancient 
majeily  or  original  fplendour  of  the 
temple.  The  true  gullo  of  the  or- 
naments was  a  little  imitated  at 


*  Perhaps  the  writer  of  this  letter  never  heard  that  this  pop;?,  who  was  of  the 
family  of  BarbarinI,  prefented  alfo  as  much  of  this  metal  to  his  nephew,  as  was 
fufficient  for  the  decoration  of  his  new  palace  j  on  which  occafion  this  remarkable 
pafquinade  was  ftuck  up. 

**  Quod  non  fecerunt  Barbari  fccere  Barbarini." 
If  ever  gingle  added  fyrce  to  wit,  it  was  certainly  in  this  inftance, 

D  d  4  the 


4o8      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


the  revival  of  the  arts.  Good  fta- 
tues  took  place  of  the  ficeletons 
9nd  fquat  figures  that  ridiculoufly 
diigraced  the  altars  for  the  fpace 
of  eight  centuries.  The  paintings 
of  Perugino,  Cozza,  and  Grefli,  co- 
vered the  dull  molaics,  with  which 
the  Greeks  of  Conflantinople  had 
loaded  the  walls  of  moil  of  the 
churches  in  Rome.  The  porphyry 
and  the  green  and  yellow  antique, 
found  among  the  old  ruins,  were 
employed  to  much  advantage. 

Thus  you  have  feen.  Sir,  how 
far  the  ancient  Pantheon  has  been 
modernized  from  age  to  *ge:  you 
may  obferve  by  the  by,  that  before 
j\lexander  VJI.  none  prefumed  to 
meddle  with  the  roof,  nor  has  any 
iince,  till  in  the  year  1757,  when 
a  monftrous  project  took  place  for 
modernizing  it  all  over.  Thefe 
new  works  may,  perhaps,  be  the 
jfubjeft  of  fome  future  letters. 


^^e  alterations  lately  propcfed  to  be 
made  in  the  Paritheony  h'a<ui7ig  been 
ten/ured,  the  follo^wing  is  a  defence 
of  them. 


N 


O  alteration  is  propofed  ex- 
cept in  the  dome,,  the  attic, 
and  the  pavement.  The  baluftrade 
of  the  fanftuary  indeed  has  been 
new  done  already  ;  but  there  is  no 
reafon  that  this  fliould  at  all  difgull 
the  antiquarians,  for  the  old  one 
was  certainly  of  much  later  date 
than  the  age  of  Agrippa,  or  eveu 
of  Septimius  Severus. 

Nothing  at  this  tin^e  remains  of 
the  ^ncicnt  ornaments  of  the  dome, 
put  the  cornice  of  gilt  brais  which 
fiirrounds  the  grand  apertu-re  ;  all 
'the  other  parts  having  bt^en  ftript 
lof  the  marbles  and  metals  which 
covered  tliem.,  offer  nothing  to  the 

v..  ^ 


view  but  rough  mafoi?ry  of  a  dark 
dirty  complexion.  The  pannels, 
heretofore  decorated  with  filver, 
ftill  retain  fome  fragments  of  the 
lead  to  which  the  plating  was  affix- 
ed ;  but  moll:  of  thepi  liave  lo^i 
even  that ;  and  the  who]e  raifes  the. 
idea  of  an  edifice  falling  to  ruin, 
rather  than  of  the  magnificence  of 
ancient  architedure.  WJiat  thei;i 
can  the  critics,  who  thus  feverely 
cenfure  the  reparations  now  carry- 
ing on,  find  to  admire,  in  any  thing 
which  the  reparations  will  hide? 

As  for  the  attic,  there  is  great 
reafon  to  doubt  of  its  antiquity, 
and  to  fufpedl  that  the  pilafters  are 
cf  that  kind  of  ornaments  dillin- 
guifned  by  the  appellation  of  mo- 
dem antiques,.  Fontana  was  of  opi- 
nion, that  in  Agrippa's  time  tht? 
place  of  thefe  pilalters  was  fupplied 
by  the  Caryatides  which  Pliny 
fpeaks  of,  and  which  the  antiqua- 
rians have  fought  for  in  vain.  In- 
deed, it  is  irnpoflible  to  conceive 
where  thefe  Caryatides  could  be 
placed,  if  the  pilallers  are  really 
coeval  with  the  temple  itfelf :  but 
granting  the  pilafters  to  have  beei; 
of  the  bell  age  of  architecture,  they 
were  two  years  ago  broken  to  pie- 
ces, and  fallen  into  ruins. 

Jt  is  with  ftill  lefs  reafon- the  new- 
laying  of  the  pavement  gives  fo 
mych  oflence  ;  for  it  is  almofl  cer- 
tain, that  this  part  of  the  Pantheon 
was  not  antique,  I  mean  not  as  old 
as  Agrippa,  or  Severus ;  but  if  i,t 
were  fo,  its  fnattered  condition  cal- 
led loudly  for  repair.  The  fac^  how- 
ever is,  that  five  or  fix  feet  belovv 
the  pavement  there  lies  another,  as 
feveral  eminent  artifts  have  aflured, 
me;  fo  that  the  antiquity  of  the 
upper  one  mult  fall  to  the  ground  ; 
and  it  is  probable  that  it  did  not 
exill  before  Boniface  lY-  obtained 

the 


A  N  T  I  Q^U  I  T  I  E  S. 


tlip  Pantheon  of  the  emperor  Pho- 
pas,  to  convert  it  into  a  church. 

But  though  it  cannot  be  deinon- 
flrated  precifely  at  what  time  the 
floor  of  the  building  was  laid,  it  is 
neverthelefs  certain  that  it  had  not 
always  the  elevation  it  has  now  ; 
this  is  manifeil  from  the  plinths 
of  the  columns  being  buried  more 
than  two  thirds  underground,  four 
of  which  are  p'cn  upon  a  level  with 
the  pavement. 

There  remains  one  article  of  al- 
teration, as  to  which  I  will  not  take 
Upon  metojullifythofe  who  thought 
ft  to  propofe  it;  the  lantern  to  be 
placed  over  the  grand  aperture  of 
the  dome.  This,  however,  is  no 
conceit  of  the  archjtedl,  but  pro- 
ceeds from  a  much  highgrauthprity. 
At  the  fame  time  that  it  was  re- 
folved  to  embellifli  the  dome,  it  was 
iikewife  determined,  by  means  of 
this  lantern,  to  fecure  it  from  the 
future  injuries  of  the  weather.  It 
inuft  indeed  be  admitted,  that  the 
large  aperture  gf  the  dome  is  ex- 
tremely incommodious  to  the  con- 
gregation. Together  with  fnowand 
rain,  catarrhs  and  rheumatifms 
are  too  apt  to  defcend  through  it ; 
but  to  clofe  it  up  with  a  cupola, 
is  not  only  to  exclude  much  of  the 
light,  but  Iikewife  to  furcharge  the 
edifice  with  a  mod  ridiculous  addi- 
tion. In  a  word,  it  is  to  be  wifhed 
that  this  projed  had  never  taken 
place. 


Account   of  the  Papyrus^   by  M.    le 
Compte  de  Caylus. 

THE  Papyrus,  or  the  Cyperus 
Niliacus,  is  a  large  plant  that 
grows  wild  in  the  midft  of  the  (lag- 
ijating  water  left  in  hollow  places 
after  the  inundation  of  the  Nile. 


409 

We  are  told  by  Theophraftus  and 
Pliny,  that  the  natives  ufed  the  root 
cf  it  lor  firing,  as  well  as  for  other 
purpofes  of  wood  :   that  they  built 
little  boats  of  the  plant  itfelf,  and 
formed  the  inner  bark  into   fails, 
mats,  garments,  coverlids,  and  cor- 
dage; that  they  chewed  it  both  raw 
and  fodden,  and  fwallowed  the  juice 
as  a  dainty  ;  but,  of  all  its  ufes,  the 
moft  celebrated  was  that  of  its  ferv- 
ing  to  write  upon,  like  the  paper 
of   thefe    days,    ^hich  derives  its 
name    from    this    plant  of  Egypt^ 
The  intermediate  part  of  the  ftalk 
was  cut  and  feparated  into  different 
laminae,  which  were  fet  apart,  and 
dried  in  the  funforthe  manufadlure. 
Thefe  laminae  were  joined  together 
horizontally    and    tranfverfely,  in 
fheets   or    leaves,  upon   a   fraooth 
board ;  then  moillened  with  water, 
which  diflblved  a  kind  of  vifcous 
glue  in  the  pores  of  the  plant,  ferv- 
ing  to  cement  and  render  the  whole 
uniform.     The    Iheet   being   thus 
formed   was  pyt  into  a  prefs,  and 
afterwards  dried  for  ufe.    Such  was 
the   procefs  of  making   paper  in 
Egypt :    but   as    the   fheets   were 
coarfe,    brown,    unequal  and  im- 
perfed,  the  Romans  invented  me- 
thods to  bring  the  fabric   to  per- 
fedion.     They  contrived  a  glue  or 
gum,  by  means  of  which  they  could 
occafionally  enlarge  the  fize  and  vo- 
lume. They  bleached  it  to  a  furprif- 
ing  degree  of  whitenefs  :  they  beat 
it  with  hammers,  fo  as  to  render  it 
more  thin   and  lefs   porous:    they 
fmoothed  andpoliflied  it  with  ivory; 
and  by  a  fort  of  calendar,  gave  it  a 
fliining  glofs  like  that  of  the  Chi- 
nefe  paper.     According  to  the  dif- 
f<;rent  degrees  of  delicacy,  white- 
nefs and  fize,  it  acquired  different 
appellations,  either  from  the  names 
of   particular  manufadures,  from, 

the 


410      ANNUAL     REGISTER, 


the  great  perfonages  who  ufed  it, 
or  from  the  particular  ufes  to  which 
it  was  put,  fuch  as  the  Fanniam^  the 
Le-viathany  the  Claudian,  the  Impe- 
fialy  the  Hieratic,  and  the  Jmphi- 
theatric. 


A  dijfertation  on  the  ancient  manner 
of  dating  the  beginning  of  the 
year, 

AS  I  have  not  met  with  an  ac- 
count of  the  time  from  whence 
our  anceftors  begun  their  year, 
treated  of,  either  accidentally  or 
profefledly,  in  any  late  author,  an 
Kiftorical  deduftion  of  pafTages  in 
our  old  hiftorians,  tending  to  illuf- 
tratc  the  fubjeft,  may  not  be  un- 
acceptable to  many  of  our  readers, 
£nce  the  knowledge  of  it  is  necef- 
lary  to  clear  up  feveral  pafTages  in 
^nglifh  hiftory. 

Froni  Bede's  time  quite  down  to 
the  Norman  conqueft,  the  conflant 
way  of  computation  feems  to  be 
from  Chriftmas  -  day.  For  Bede 
(hift.  V.  23.)  plainly  makes  January 
to  be  the  begiriningofthe  year.  He 
places  the  death  of  Beretwald,  arch- 
bifliop  of  Canterbury,  to  the  ides  of 
January,  A.  D.  731,  and  further 
informs  us,  under  the  fame  year, 
that  Tatwin  was  confecrated  in  his 
^oom,  on  the  tenth  of  June  follow- 
ing; a  manifeft  proof,  that  January 
was  at  that  time  one  of  the  iirft 
months,  as  June  comes  after  it  in 
the  fame  year.  The  Saxon  chroni- 
cle begins  the  year  from  the  nativity 
of  our  Lord.  See  A.  D.  763,  827, 
963,  1066,  &c.  quite  down  to  the 
^nd. 

After  the  conqueft,  Gervafe,  a 
xnonk  of  Canterbury,  in  the  pre- 
face to  his  chronicle  (Gerv.  Dero- 
born,  int.  x.  fcript.  col.  1336,  &c.) 


1759- 

takes  notice  of  many  different  ways 
of  computation  in  his  time,  that  is 
at  the  end  of  the  xiith,  or  the  be- 
ginning of  the  xiiith  century.  He 
fays,  that  fome  computed  from  the 
annunciation,  fome  from  the  nativi- 
ty, fome  from  the  circumcifion,  and 
others  from  the  paffion  of  our  Lord. 
The  folar  year,  continues  he,  ac- 
cording to  the  cuftom  of  the  Ro- 
mans, and  of  the  church  of  God, 
begins  from  the  calends  of  January ; 
but  he  rather  chufes  to  fix  thp  com- 
mencement of  it  to  Chriflmas-day, 
**  becaufe  (ibid.  141 8,  50.)  we 
compute  the  age  of  men  from  the 
day  of  their  birth." 

This  fhews  there  was  no  flanding 
fixed  rule  of  computation  in  Ger- 
vafe's  time ;  and  the  following  ob- 
fervation  confirms  it,  not  only  in 
his  age,  but  alfo  for  feveral  centu- 
ries after  him.  Matt,,  Paris  (edit, 
Watts,  p.  5.)  Matt.  Weftm.  (p. 
255.)  Ralph,  de  Diceto  (int.  x. 
fcript.  col.  480.)  and  Polydo^e  Vir- 
gil (p.  150.)  place  the  coronation 
of  William  the  conqueror  upon 
Chriftmas-day,  A.  D.  1067,  that 
is,  thefe  authors  begin  their  new 
year  with  that  day,  at  leaft  in  this 
inftance;  whereas,  on  the  contrary, 
T.  Walfmgham  (Ypodigma  Neuf- 
tria,  p.  436.)  R.  Hoveden  (p.  258.) 
and  Brompton  int.  x.  fcript,  col. 
661.)  all  refer  it  to  Chriflmas-day, 
A.  D.  1066,  which  proves,  that  they 
do  not  in  this  place  begin  the  year 
till  after  that  day.  Mi^tt.Wellm.  (p. 
268,  ad  ann.  1209.)  takes  notice 
of  this  difference  in  authors,  for  he 
obferves,  that  **  becaufe  king  John's 
fon  was  born  in  the  Chriftmas 
holidays,  which  authors  generally 
put,  as  it  tvere,  betiusen  the  old  and 
ne^jo  year,  in  confnio  anni  pratiriti 
l£futuriy  fome  place  his  birth  to  the 
year  1209,  oUiers  to  the  foregoing 

ope.'' 


A  N  T  I  Q_U  I  T  1  E  S. 


411 


one,"  But  it  is  no  wonder,  that 
different  authors  iliould  difagreein 
this  point,  when  T^  Walfmgham, 
one  of  the  moll  accurate  of  our 
monkiih  hillorians,  does  not  always 
count  from  the  fame  day.  In  this 
infUnce  he  does  not  begin  the  year 
fooner  than  the  circumcifion  j  we 
ihall  fee  below  that  he  fomepimes 
dates  it  from  the  nativity. 

According  to  this  laft  mentioned 
author,  who  lived  in  the  xvth  cen- 
tury, Edward  IIJ[.  was  made  king 
on  the  20th  day  of  January  (Hift, 
Ang.  p.  127.)  and  proclaimed  his 
peace  to  the  people,  that  is,  as  I 
apprehend  it,  publifhed  a  general 
pardon,  on  Sunday,  February  the 
firft,  1327.  Now  the  particular 
obfervation  of  the  firft  of  February 
being  on  a  Sunday,  fixes  it  to  what 
we  fhould  have  called,  before  the 
Jate  alteration  of  the  ftyle,  1326-7, 
and  not  1327-8;  confequently  it 
is  a  demonftration,  that  he  counted 
January  and  February  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  year.  Any  perfon,  that 
will  be  at  the  trouble  to  compute 
the  dominical  letter,  will  find  it  to 
be  D.  in  that  year,  which  letter  is 
fixed  in  the  calendar  to  be  the 
firft  of  February,  and  confequently 
proves  it  to  have  then  fallen  on 
ft  Sunday, 

The  fame  author  (ibid.  p.  382,) 
informs  us,  that  Henry  ly.  kept 
his  Chriftmas  in  1413,  at  Eltham, 
that  he  died  the  20th  of  March 
following,  and  that  his  fon  was 
crowned  on  Paflion  Sunday,  the 
5th  of  April  in  the  fame  year, 
v^^hich  agrees  only  with  the  year, 
1413,  when  Eafterday  actually  fell 
on  April  the  23d.  Here  our  au- 
thor dates  the  beginning  of  the  year 
from  Chriftmas,  though,  as  was 
above-mentioned,  when  he  fpeaks 
pf  William  the  Conqueror's  coro- 


nation, he  does  not  begin  it  till  the 
feaft  of  the  circumcifion.  Shall  we 
fay,  that  in  thisYpodigma  Neuftria, 
he  writes  as  a  Norman,  and  that 
they  computed  the  year  only  from 
the  circumcifion,  whereas  in  his  hif- 
toryof  England  he  writes  as  an  Eng- 
liftiman,  who  in  his  time  generally 
reckoned  from  the  nativity  ? 

Hitherto  nothing  of  our  late  cuf-  ^ 
tom  of  computing  from  the  annun- 
ciation, has  appeared  in  any  of  our  * 
old  hiftorians,  except  the  bare  men- 
tion of  it  in  Gervafe.  There  if 
good  reafon  to  think  it  began  about 
the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  king 
Edward  IV.  for  the  continuator  of 
the  hiftory  of  Croyland  Abbey  does 
not  feem  at  all  exaft  in  his  com- 
mencement of  the  year,  which  he 
fometimes  begins  from  the  circum- 
cifion, and  at  others  from  the  annun- 
ciation. He  mentions  the  death  of 
Richard  Duke  of  York,  as  happen- 
ing in  Chriftmas  week,  at  the  very- 
end  of  the  year  1460,  (ejufdenx 
anni  jam  ad  terminum  vergente  cur- 
riculo,  p.  530.  1.  52.  edit.  Oxon^ 
1684.)  which  ftiews  he  there  ends 
the  year  with  the  month  of  Decem- 
ber, and  yet,  two  pages  after,  (p. 
532.  1.  ?7.)  he  places  the  following 
month  of  March  to  the  fame  year, 
^.  proof  he  does  not  begin  it,  in 
this  laft  mentioned  inftance,  till  the 
annunciation,  and  this  inaccuracy 
feems  to  indicate  the  beginning  of 
the  cuftom,  for  he  ufes  both  com- 
putations indifferently  in  many 
places ;  he  begins  the  year  1467 
with  themonth  of  January  (p.  541.) 
and  does  not  end  1469  till  after  thcs 
fame  month  (p.  544.) 

Thomas  Chandler,  who  was 
chancellor  of  Oxon  from  1458  to 
1462  (Wood.  Hift.  &  Ant.  Oxon. 
II.  410.  in  his  fliort  account  of 
William  of  Wickham,  printed  by 
Wharton, 


412      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


Wharton,  Angl.  Sacra  2.  355.) 
begins  this  year  with  the  annunci- 
ation. 

About  15  or  16  years  after,  this 
^urtom  feems  to  have  been  fully 
fettled  ;  for  another  continuator  of 
the  Hifrory  of  Croyland  Abbey, who 
wrote  about  that  time,  conltantly 
computed  from  the  annunciation  ; 
and  (in  p.  552.)  under  the  ypaj- 
1469,  gives  the  reafon  of  the  dif- 
ference of  the  computation  between 
the.  two  churches  of  Rome  and 
England,  and  mentions  this  laft  as 
the  only  one  then  ufed  h^re. 

Indeed  Bifhop  Godwin,  in  his 
annals,  wrote  150  years  after  the 
time  now  fpoken  of,  dates  his  year 
from  the  firit  of  January,  (anni  hu- 
jus,  1511,  primo  die,  ipfis  vide- 
licet calendis  Januarii).but  it  is  to 
be  remembered,  he  wrote  them  for 
the  ufe  of  foreigners,  who  were  not 
nfed  to  any  other  way  of  computa- 
tion. 

At  the  reformation  both  the  civil 
and  ecclefiallical  authority  inter- 
^  pofed  to  fix  the  commencement  of 
the  year  to  the  feaft  of  the  annun- 
ciation, by  adding  the  following 
rubric  to  the  calendar,  immediately 
after  the  table  of  moveable  feafts 
for  40 years,  viz.  **  Note,  That  the 
fupputation  of  the  yearof  our  Lord, 
in  the  church  of  England,  begins 
Beth  the  25th  of  March,  the 
fame  day  fuppofed  to  be  the  firil 
day  upon  which  the  world  was 
created,  and  the  day  when  Chrill 
was  conceived  in  the  womb  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  ;"  which  flood  thus 
down  to  the  Savoy  conference,  foon 
after  the  reftoration,  when  it  was 
thought  proper  to  retain  the  order, 
and  drop  the  reafon  given  for  it, 
and  in  this  (hape  it  was  continued 


down  to  the  late  parliamentary  cor^ 
redion  of  the  calendar,  which 
brings  it  back  to  the  fiiil  of  Janua- 
ry, and  is  indeed  the  only  legal 
fectlementof  it  for  civil  afiairs  that 
I  have  met  with;  for  the  rubric 
above-mentioned  fettles  only  the 
fupputation  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, and  fays  nothing  of  the  civil 
government,  which  feems  to  have 
never  ufed  any  other  date  than  that 
of  the  king's  reign,  till  after  the  re- 
lloration,  not  even  in  common 
deeds.  During  the  ufurpation  of 
Oliver  Cromwell,^  the  years  of  our 
Lord  feem  to  have  been  introduced, 
becaufe  they  did  pot  chufe  to  date 
by  the  years  of  the  king's  reign, 
and  continued  for  convenience  af- 
terwards, without  the  intcrpofition 
of  legal  authority.  Ihave  feen  fomc 
deeds  before  that  time  with  the  date 
of  the  year  infcrted,  not  in  the 
body  of  the  deed,  but  in  the  middle 
of  the  initial  letter,  after  this  man^ 


ncr. 


548  Tb^s  indenture. 


Our  neigbours  the  Scots,  from 
time  immemorial,  have  invariably 
obferved  the  25th  day  of  March  as 
the  lirll  day  of  the  year,  till  No- 
vember 27,  1599,  when  the  fol- 
lowing entry  was  made  in  the  books 
of  the  privy  council  :  On  Monday, 
proclamation  made  by  the  king^s  nvar- 
randf  ordaining  the  Jirji  of  January y 
in  tyme  corning,  to  be  the  beginning  of 
the  neiv  year,  which  they  have  as^ 
conftantly  followed  ever  fince. 


October  18, 

1759.- 


I  am,  &c. 


N. 


Ef^X 


A  N  T  I  a  U  1  T  I  E 


^  Bjfay  upon  the  ufe  ofjiops. 

IT  is  not,  perhaps,  an  enquiry 
wholly  ufelefs,  or  unentertain- 
ing,  when  the  ufage  of"  Hops  began 
amongll  us,  lince  upon/^fw  all  pro- 
riety  of  reading  and  pronunciation 
fo  much  depends. 

We  will  firrt  confider,  when  they 
were  7/0/,  and  it  will  appear  that  * 
Lipfiusison  the  fide  of  truth,  when 
he  fays,  **  that  all  ancient  records, 
which  were  within  his  experience, 
were  without  notes  of  dillinCtion  ;" 
by  which  he  mult  mean,  regular, 
determinate,  and  fixed  Hops  f .  Pu- 
tean,  in  his  obfcrvations  upon 
Quintilian,  is  of  the  fame  opinion. 
What  within  our  own  knowledge  at 
this  day  puts  this  beyond  difpute, 
is  the  Alexandrian  raanufcript, 
which  I  have  particularly  confuked 
on  this  occaiion.  This  curious  mo-r 
nument  of  antiquity  is  at  prefent 
in  the  King*s  library,  at  the  Britilh 
Mufaeum.  Whoever  examines  this, 
will  find,  that  the  whole  is  written 
contintio  duciu^  without  dillindion 
of  words  or  fentences.  How  the 
ancients  read  their  works,  written 
in  this  manner,  is  not  cafy  to  con- 
ceive. -  Their  manner  of  reading 
was,  very  poflibly,  the  fame  with 
that  ufed  in  courts  of  judicature; 
and  what  feems  to  favour  this  fur- 
mife,  is  the  ancient  cuilom  conti- 
nued in  thefe  tribunals,  of  writing 
without  Hops. 

It  has  been  imagined  by  fome, 
that  this  invention  of  pointing 
fprung  up  in  the  time  of  Adrian ; 


413 

but  this  is  a  miftake,  and  arofc 
from  the  mifinterpretation  of  a  paf- 
fage  in  Suidas.  Sui^as,  fpeaking 
of  Nicanor  J  the  grammarian,  fays, 
that  he  compofcd  a  little  treatife, 

TMi  'z^.pi  YLaKKiuAya.  But  who* 
ever  will  take  the  pains  to  exa* 
mine  Suidas's  meaning  here,  will 
clearly  fee  that  he  is  not  talking  of 
Hops  and  pointing,  but  of  empha- 
fis,  accent,  and  pronunciation.  Lip- 
fius§  indeed  fuppofes,  that  thefc 
words  intimate  a  propofal  to  intro* 
duce  pointing,  and  that  the  propo-^ 
fal  was  rejedled.  His  error  lies,  ia 
not  having  given  due  attention  to 
the  import. 

Jfidorejl,  indeed,  feems  to  have 
made  a  new  difcovery,  when  he 
tells  us,  that  in  this  time  they 
made  ufe  of  three  points,  or  dif-* 
tin^^tions.  According  to  him  they 
were  called,  comma,  coloti,  z.n6.  pe-^ 
rlod.  The  form  of  all  three  was  the 
fame,  but  their  pofition  different; 
the  firil  being  placed  at  the  bottom, 
the  fccond  at  the  middle,  and  the 
third  at  the  top  of  tiie  letter.  Pq^ 
Jitura,  fays  he,  ejl  figura  ad  dijiin- 
guend:s  fcnfus  per  cola,  commata, 
et  periodus.  iOua  dum  or  dine  fiio 
apponitur ,/enfum  nobis  leclionis  ojlen- 
dit. '  Ubi  enim  in  initio  pronuncia- 
tionisy  refpirare  oportet.  Jit  comma, 
et  ad  imam  liter  am  ponitur.  Ubi 
autem  fententia  fcvfum  prajiat,  fit 
colon,  mediamqus  literanx  pundo 
notamus.  Ubi  njero  pUnam  f extent i a 
claujulam  facimusy  fit  periodus, 
pundlumque  ad  caput  litt^res  ponimut. 
It  mull  oe  obferved  here,  that  Ifi- 
dore  wrote  about  that  time,  when 

t  De  Dlllina.  Lib.  iv. 


•  In  his  letter  de  Diftinii. 

\  See  Suidas  in  hac  voce.  > 

^  In  his  letter  about  pointing,  printed  with  Putean's  Difiert.  de  Diitioftr 

)!  De  Orig,  Lib*  i.  c.  19. 


the 


414     ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


the  old  pradice  of  joining  words 
together  ceafed,  and  writings  be- 
gan to  be  more  legible,  by  feparat- 
ing  and  diftinguilhing  words  from 
each  other.  About  this  time  we 
£nd  from  monumental  infcriptions, 
that  they  made  ufe  of  certain  marks 
placed  at  the  end  of  every  word; 
not  to  diftinguifh  fentenct^s  but 
nx)ords  *.  And,  tho*  we  call  fome 
of  our  Hops,  at  this  day,  by  the 
fame  name,  it  does  not  follow  that 
we  ufe  them  for  the  fame  purpofe. 
From  Ifidore's  words,  here  cited, 
one  would  at  iirft  imagine,  that  the 
points  were  only  in  thofe  places  he 
fpecifies;  but  it  muft  be  under- 
ftood,  that,  agreeable  to  the  prac- 
tice of  that  age,  thofe  notes  of 
diftinftion  were  placed  after  en}ery 
word,  tho*  perhaps  not  in  the  fame 
manner. 

In  all  the  editions  of  the  Fafti 
Capitolini  ii\ie(Q  points  occur.  The 
fame  are  to  be  feen  on  the  Columna 
Rcjirataf.  For  want  of  thefe,  we 
find  fuch  confufion  in  the  Chronicon 
Marmoreuffiy  and  the  covenant  be- 
tween the  Smyrna^ans  and  Magne- 
fians,  which  are  both  now  at  Ox- 
ford. In  Salmafius's  edition  of 
dedicatio  Jlatuee  rigilla:  Herodis,  the 
like  confufion  occurs,  where  we  find 
^ETPITF  for  A?up'  Vt5. 

An  inftance  to  prove,  that  marks 
of  diftinftion  were  placed  at  the 
end  of  each  word,  by  the  ancients, 
will  appear  from  the  Walcote  in- 
fcription  found  near  Bath.  It  pre- 
fents  itfelf  to  the  eye  in  the  follovv- 
in"g  manner : 

IVLIUSv  VITALISv  FABRI 
CESISv  LEGv  XXv  Vv  V 
STIPENDIORUMv&c. 

After  every  word  here,  except  at 
the  end  of  a  line,  we  fee  this  mark  ^. 


There  is  an  infcription  in  Mohfi 
faucon  which  has  a  capital  letter 
laid  in  an  If  or  i  zoni  ai  pofitiont  byway 
of  interlHtial  mark,  which  makes 
one  apt  to  think  that  this  way  of 
pointing  was  fometimes  according 
to  the  fancy  of  the  graver. 

P.  FERRARIVS  HERMES 
CAECINIAEHDIGNAE 
CONIVGI  ^  KARRISSIMAEI 
NVMERIAE  ^  Sec, 

Here  wfe  obferve  after  the  words  a 
T  laid  horizontally,  but  not  after 
each  word,  which  proves  this  to 
be  of  a  much  later  age  than  the 
former. 

Having  now  confidered,  that 
the  prefent  ufage  of  ftops  was  un- 
known to  the  ancients,  I  proceed 
to  affign  the  time  in  which  this 
commendable  improvement  of  lan- 
guage began. 

As  it  appears  not  to  have  taken 
place,  while  tnamtfcripts  and  mojiw 
mental  infcriptions  were  the  only 
known  methods  to  convey  know- 
ledge, we  mult  concludcj  that  it 
was  introduced  with  the  art  ofpfint^ 
ing.  The  14th  century ^  to  which 
we  are  indebted  for  this  myftery, 
did  not,  however,  bellow  thofe  ap- 
pendages, we  call  Hops  ;  whoever 
will  be  at  the  pains  to  examifie  the 
firft  printed  books,  will  difcbver  no 
Hops  of  any  kind;  but  arbitrary 
marks  here  and  there,  according  to 
the  humour  of  the  printer.  In  the 
i5th  century.  We  obferve  their  firft 
appearance.  We  find,  from  the 
books  of  this  age,  they  were  not  all 
produced  at  the  fame  time  :  thofe 
we  meet  with  there  in  ufe,  being 
only  the  comma y  the  parentheJtSy  the 
interrogation,  and  full  point.  To 
prove  this,  we  need  but  look  into 
Bale's  A^s  ofEngliJh  votaries,  black 


*  See  Cellarius's  Orthographyj  p.  70^ 
t  Vide  Livii  Hift,  Edit,  Qxon,  6i  B.  ^oU 


lettefi 


A  N  T  £  Q^tJ  I  t  I  E  S. 


letter,  printed  1550:  a  book  not 
commonly  to  be  had,  but  which  I 
have  in  my  colledion.  Indeed,  in 
the  dedication  of  this  book,  which 
is  to  Edward  VI.  we  difcover  a 
colon  :  but,  as  this  is  the  only  one 
of  the  kind  throughout  the  work, 
it  is  plain  this  flop  was  noteftabliih- 
ed  at  this  time,  and  fo  warily  put  in 
by  the  printer  :  or  if  it  was,  that 
it  was  not  in  common  ufe.  X^iirty 
years  after  this  time,  in  that  fenfible 
and  judicious  performance  of  Sir 
Thomas Elyot,  entitled,  TheGo'ver- 
nour,  imprinted  1580;  we  fee 
the  colon  as  frequently  introduced, 
as  any  other  ftop ;  but  the  femi- 
colon  and  the  admiration  were  ftili 
wanting,  neither  of  thefe  being 
vifible  in  this  book.  In  Hackluyt's 
'voyages,  printed  1599,  we  fee  the 
iirll  inftance  of  2i/emicolon  :  and,  as 
if  the  editors  did  not  fully  appre- 
hend the  propriety  of  its  general 
admiffion,  it  is  but  fparingly  intro- 
duced. The  admiration  was  the 
laft  ftop  that  was  invented,  and 
fecms  to  have  been  added  to  the 


415 

reft,  in  a  period  not  (o  far  diftant 
from  our  own  times. 

Thus  we  fee,  that  thefe  notes  of 
diftinftion  came  into  ufe,  as  learn- 
ing was  gradually  advanced,  and 
improved  :  one  invention  indeed  ! 
but  enlarged  by  feveral  additions* 
Nothing  is  more  probable,  as  wc; 
can  trace  them  no  higher  than  the 
1 5th  century,  than  that  the  thought 
was  monaJiic»  The  monks,  how- 
ever ridiculous  in  fome  things,  have 
obliged  pofterity  with  others,  truly- 
valuable.  Learning,  fuch  as  it  was, 
did  not  want  advocates  in  this  age. 
If  Waliingham,  a  benedidline  monk 
of  St.  Alban's  in  this  century, 
wrote  the  Hijioria  brcvis,  a  work 
much  efteemed  at  that  time,  and 
was  diftinguiftied  for  his  literary  ac- 
compliftiments  -,  'tis fomething  more 
than  conjefture  to  attribute  this 
invention  to  him. 


Weftminfter, 
Jan.  8. 


Yours,  &c 
Edgar.  Bochart* 


USEFUL 


t    4.6    3 


USEFUL     PROJECTS. 


Mr»  DuhameVs  methcfd  of  prefernjing 
the  health  of  Seamen, 

AFTER  feveral  obfervations 
on  the  di/Fcrence  of  places 
whofe  fituation  is  more  or  lefs 
wholefome,  Mr.Duhamei  conclades 
in  general,  that  riiing  grounds,  and 
cxpofed  to  the  wind,  are  the  moll 
wholefome;  that  thofe  lituatc  near 
tides,  frefhor  fait  water,  are  not  fub- 
jedtotheepedemicsfthatinfedlhips; 
that  the  feais  not  the  caufe  of  thefe 
€pedemics ;  that  the  fearaen  are  more 
cxpofed  to  them,  when  they  anchor 
ill  roads,  furrounded  by  mud,  mar- 
ihes,  and  fheltered  from  the  wind  ; 
that,  when  their  health  obliges 
them  to  go  on  fnore,  they  fhould  be 
compelled  to  return  on  board  for  the 
night;  or^  if  this  cannot  be  con- 
veniently effeded,  fhould  be  kept  at 
a  diilance  from  marihy  grounds, 
and  ilot  permitted  ever  to  encamp, 
or  to  lie  without  good  tents,  fet  up 
in  dry,  high  and  open  places. 

To  difcover  the  particular  caufes 
of  infetflion  in  Ihips,  M.  Duhamel 
lays  down  this  general  principle; 
that  the  different  qualities  of  the  air, 
the  vapours  that  humeri,  the  exha- 
lations that  penetrate  it,  influence, 
to  a  great  degree,  the  health  cf  the 
animals  that  breathe  it.  Nothing 
but  malignant  "vapours,  or  putrid 
exhalations  in  the  air,  can  occaiion 
thofe  dreadful  contagions  that  lay 
wafte  cities,  and  fometimes  pro- 
vinces. The  more  the  aij"  is  debar- 
red of  a  free  circulation,  the  more  it 
is  fufceptible  of  imprelfionsfrom  the 
C^ufes    |hat   alter   and  corrupt  it. 


Now  all  thefe  incoftveniencies  con- 
cur to  infect  the  air  in  fhips,  ^{'^t- 
cially  in  the  hold  of  aihip.  It  there 
becomes  thick,  and  its  thicknef-s 
does  riot  permit  the  perfpiration  of 
animals  that  breathe  it,  to  difcufs 
and  diflipate  it.  Whence  it  hap- 
pens, that  the  warmth  of  this  con- 
hned  air  is  more  fenfible  than  .  that 
of  the  exterior  air,  and  its  elafUcity 
is  prodigioufly  weakened.  It  has 
not,  therefore,  that  degree  of  con- 
denfation,  that  frefhnefs,  that  mo- 
tion, which  makes  it  fo  favourable 
to  refpiration.  This  may  be  evin- 
ced from  the  accidents  that  happen 
to  a  bird  fhut  up  under  a  bell,  where 
the  air  it  breathes  cannot  be  renew- 
ed. Between  decks,  and  in  the 
holds  of  fhips,  provifions  contra(^ 
heat,  ferment,  and  fend  forth  ex- 
halatit)ns  ;  of  which  the  volume, 
itench,  and  malignity  are  augment- 
ed by  the  like  produced  by  the  dung 
of  animals,  the  fmell  of  their  wool, 
their  refpiration  and  tranfpiration, 
and  the  vapours  exhaled  from  the 
putrid  waters  in  fhips  and  in  the 
fink,  and  even  by  the  bitumen  ex- 
haled from  the  fea. 

If  the  fnip's  crew  are  attacked  by 
any  ficknefs,  thecaufes  for  infedling 
the  air  are  flill  more  multiplied. 
During  voyages  into  cold,  and 
much  more  into  hot  countries,  fea- 
men  meet  with  new  fources  of  dif- 
orders.  The  changes  of  air  and 
climate  are  the  more  dangerous  by 
their  indifcretion  in  braving,  and 
even  provok-.ng  their  pernicious 
impreffious.  Laflly,  fait  aliments, 
though  \di  fubjea  to  corrupt,  yet, 

bv 


I 


USEFUL    PROJECTS.        417 

(hips.  Therefore  the  vents  for  in- 
troducing the  pure  air  cannot  be 
placed  too  low,  nor  ihofe  for  letting 
out  the  infedled  vapours  too  high  j 
and  if  they  were  too  narrow,  the 
vapours  would  find  in  them  a  fric- 
tion, which  mult  obftrucl,  and  can- 
not be  conquered  by  their  levity. 
As  to  the  other  machines,  M.  Du- 
hamel  propofes  fome  methods  for 
making  their  play  more  eafy,  and 
their  adion  more  eftedual. 

Fire  is  another  agent,  which  may 
fervc  the  fame  purpofes  :  it  ratifies 
the  ambient  air,  and  the  vapours  it 
is   loaded  with.     This   rarefadioa 
augments  confiderably  their  levity, 
and  confequently  accelerates  their 
going  out.     Perfumes  are  alfo  rec- 
koned as  a  means  for  purifying  the 
air  of  Ihips.     The  author  alledges 
fome  examples  of  very  troublefome 
and  obllinate  fainting  fits,  wherein 
the  fmell  of  vinegar  alone  produced 
the  moft  falutary  effeds.     This  vir- 
tue he  attributes  lefs  to  the  Simula- 
ting adlion  of  vinegar,  than  to  the 
impreffion  it  produces  on  the  air  the 
fick  perfons   breathe:    **  For,  fays 
he,  there  are  none  but  have  found 
fome  pjcafure  in  breathing  the  va- 
pour of  vinegar  on  days  dilpofed  for 
ilormy   weather;    wherein   the   air 
being  lefs  fit  for  refpiration,  cne  is 
obliged  to  fetch  frequent  and  pro- 
found refpirations ;  and  thus  it  is 
fufficiently  proved,  that  it  is  necef- 
fury  to  fprinkle  good   vinegar  be- 
tween the  decks,  and  efpecially  in 
the  apartment  of  the  fick."    How- 
ever, it  feems    probable,  that   the 
eftedl  is  almoft  as  tranfient  as  falu- 
tary ;    that  is,  that  the  falubrious 
quality  communicated    by   vinegar 
to  the  air,  is  not  fo  durable  as  the     ^ 
eafe  it  procures  to  the  fick. 

The  vapours  of  burning  fulphur, 

continues  our  author,  hinder  fermen- 

K  e  ution. 


by  being  hard  of  digeftion,  bring  on 
a  multiplicity  of  difeafes,  efpecially 
the  fcurvy.  Thefe  are  the  enemies 
M.  Duhamel  endeavours  to  deftroy. 
He  firft  propofes  precautions 
againft  their  attacks  by  preventing 
them  ;  perfuaded,  that  it  is  always 
eafier  to  guard  againll  difeafes,  than 
to  cure  them  ;  or  that,  if  they  can- 
not be  entirely  avoided,  their  vio- 
lence may,  in  a  great  meafure,  be 
checked  or  abated. 

Thefe   precautions  are:     i.   To 
admit  none  aboard,  but  frefh  and 
healthy  failors,  and  well  provided 
with   all  neceffaries,  in   linen  and 
cloaths,  to  keep  themfelves  clean. 
Sick,  fatigued,  ill  cloathed  failors 
are,  in  (hips,  a  fourceof  contagion. 
2.  To  clean  frequently  the  fick  ;  to 
fweep  and  fcrub,  efpecially  on  the 
infide,  all  the    upper  parts  of  the 
/hip,  and  particularly  the  poll  of  the 
fick  and  cattle-fold.     All  (hould  be 
carefully  wafiied  ;   but   this   ought 
to  be  only  during  the  heat  of  the 
day,  that  it  may  diflipate  the  moi- 
fture  before  night.      Cleanlinefs  in 
the  failors,  and    keeping    the  (hip 
from  ail  filth,  infedtion,  and  every 
thing  produflive  of  putrid  exhala- 
tions and  vapours,  cannot  be  fuffi- 
ciently attended  to.     3.    To  purify 
and  renew,  as  much  as  polfible,  the 
air  in  the   hold  and  under  decks. 
For  this  purpofe  are  ufed  the  vent- 
h'^les,  the  wind  fleeve,  bellows,  and 
principally  Dr.  Hales's  ventilator. 

Vent-holes  are  only  apertures, 
through  which  the  infetSled  air  may 
elcape.  Some  obfcrvations  are  ne- 
ccflctry  to  diredl  their  ufe.  Vapours 
are  lighter  than  pure  air,  and  their 
levity  determines  them  to  afcend 
through  the  vent  given  ihem.  This 
is  a  general  principle,  that  re- 
gulates the  form  and  ufv:  of  all  the 
machines  for  renewing  the  air  of 
Vol.  II. 


4i8         ANNUAL   REG  1ST  EK,    1759, 


tation,    and   confequently    corrup- 
tion, even  in  the  liquors  that  are 
moft  difpofed  to  ferment,  fuch  as 
wine,  beer,  &c.     It  is  allowed  that 
thefe  vapours  ferve  to  difinfed  the 
merchandize  that  come  from  coun- 
tries fufpeded  of  contagion,    Thofe 
captains  of  fhips  are  therefore  to  be 
commended,   who,    from   time    to 
time,  burn  priming  powder  fleeped 
in  vinegar  between  decks,  or  who 
perfume   the   decks    with    vinegar 
poured  upon  a  red-hot  ball.     M. 
Duhamel  prefers   the   afperfion   of 
vinegar  to  its  vapour,  whereof  the 
imoak  is  difagreeable,  and  may  be 
hurtful,  if  too  ftrong ;  for  indeed 
the  fmell  of  vinegar  is  more  grate- 
ful than  breathing  its  vapour ;  and 
he  alfo  counfels,  in  certain  roads, 
when  the  weather  is  fair,  to  perfume 
with  the  vapouroffulphur  the  decks 
and   bread  rooms.     Care,   at  the 
fame  time,  fiiould  be  taken  to  guard 
againft  all  accidents  of  fire ;  and  the 
ventilator  of  Dr.  Hales,  a  bellows 
fo  powerful  for  pumping  air,,  would 
BOt  be  lefs  fo,  in  diffiifing  the  per- 
fumes throughout  all  parts  of  the 
Ihip.     If  any  difagreeable  fmell  re- 
mained, it  might  be  eafily  difii pa- 
ted,  by  going  about  with  a  red-hot 
iron  ladle,  filled  with  aromatic  drugs 
of  little  value,    as  juniper- berries 
and  fuch  like. 

From  all  this  praftical  doftrine 
M.  Duhamel  concludes,  '*  That 
the  hold,  where  the  air  is  more  cor- 
rupt than  in  any  other  part  of  the 
fliip,  fliould  never  be  the  lodgment 
of  the  fick,  except  in  the  time  of 
an  engagement.  He  affigns  them 
a  place  where  there  are  no  hatches 
from  the  hold  nor  the  lower  deck, 
becaufe  the  air  ilTuing  i/cm  thefe 
places  is  almoll  always  very  un- 
wholefome ;  and  adviles,  in  a  parti- 


cular manner,  thofe  that  are  in  good 
health,  to  make  no  ufe  of  the  wear- 
ing apparel  and  the  hammocks  of 
the  fick,  contagious  maladies  being 
chiefly  communicated  by  cloathf. 
**  In  the  time  of  a  plague,  it  has 
been  obferved,  fays  he,  that  whole 
families  have  preferved  themfelves 
from  the  contagion,  by  (hutting 
themfelves  up  in  their  houfes,  tho' 
they  received  their  provifions  from 
infeded  perfons,  who  fometimes  fell 
dead  whilft  they  converfed  with 
them  from  their  windows  ;  whereas 
at  the  fame  time,  a  fingle  rag  would 
have  communicated  the  plague.  Of 
this,  adds  he,  I  have  a  very  decifive 
proof  in  the  contagion  that  deftroy- 
ed  fo  great  a  number  of  cattle  in 
France  and  elfewhere.  One  of  our 
farmers  preferved  all  his  cows,  by 
keeping  them  fhut  up  in  a  liable, 
and  by  hindering  his  domellics  ta 
go  into  infe£led  ftables,  and  thofe  of 
his  neighbours,  whofe  cattle  died, 
to  come  into  his.'* 

It  is  true,  all  thofe  precautions 
for  keeping  Ihips  from  being  infeA- 
ed,  are  an  addition  to  the  feamen's 
toil  ;  but  they  need  not  be  deemed 
fuch  when  found  highly  expedient 
fof  obtaining  the  great  ends  re- 
quired from  their  fervice.  M.  Du- 
hamel propofes  likewife  fome  fub- 
llitutes  to  the  ordinary  food  of  fea- 
men ;  but  as  the  viftualling  of 
(hips>  particularly  thofe  of  war,  is 
provided  for  as  the  wifdom  of  a 
government  thinks  moft  proper,  we 
fhall  not  here  touch  upon  that  ar- 
ticle. 

When  Ihips  are  arrived  at  their 
place  of  deftination,  M.  Duhamel 
recommends,  that  their  ftay  (hould 
be  as  fhort  as  poflible  in  rivers  and 
muddy  ports,  (heltered  from  the 
wind,  and  known  to  be  unwholc- 

ibme. 


tJ'S  E  F  U  L    PROJECTS. 


4f9 


i'ome.  He  alfa  advifes  to  avoid 
places  where  the  fea  is  too  calm  ; 
to  abide  only  where  there  is  good 
anchorage;  to  quit,  from  time  to 
time,  the  road,  and  cruize  about,  in 
order  to  exercife  the  feamen  ;  to 
place  the  land  hofpital  far  from 
vallies,  raarfhes,  and  ftagnant  wa- 
ters ;  to  diflribute  prefervatives 
againll  ficknefs  to  the  foldiers,  that 
repair  at  night  to  the  tents ;  to 
furnifh  them  with  frefh  provifions  in 
fruits,  pulfe,  fi(h.  Sec.  This  care 
will  be  particularly  neceflary  in  the 
torrid  zone  :  cold  countries  require 
a  peculiar  treatment  in  cloathing, 
exercife,  regimen,  &c.  and  failors 
ftruck  with  cold  fhould  be  kept 
"^  from  the  ufe  of  fpirituous  liquors 
till  they  are  made  to  receive  a  cer- 
tain degree  of  warmth. 


Methoits  fot  reSfifying  the  Jlench  and 
corruption  of  frejh  paters. 

GREAT  inconveniency  hap- 
pens but  too  often  at  fea, 
•when  the  flock  of  frelh  water,  by 
long  (landing,  contrads  a  naufeous 
fmell,  and  is  often  foul  with  maggots 
or  worms.  To  apply,  therefore, 
proper  and  experienced  remedies, 
in  order  to  corred  the  fame,  the 
following  methods  are  prefcribed. 

Take  a  glafs  veflel  or  bottle,  and 
fill  it  up  to  the  neck  with  f.Jt ;  then 
pour  fome  oil  upon  the  fait,  and 
Hop  well  the  apercure  oF  the  vefTel 
with  lime,  to  hinder  any  water  from 
penetrating.  Let  this  veflel  fall 
fo  as  to  hang  in  the  niidll  of  a  ci- 
ttern, or  hoglhead  full  of  water  : 
no  patrefadion  will  h:ippen  in  the 
water,  though  it  (hould  ftand  ever 
fo  long.  Some  quickiilver  may  be 
added. 

When  water  begins  to  grow  pu- 


trid, it  may  be  fufficiently  purged, 
by  throwing  in  a  handful  of  fait, 
and,  if  fait  is  wanting,  fea-water. 
For  this  reafon  the  feamen  at  Ve- 
nice, in  Italy,  when  bound  on  a 
long  voyage,  rake  their  fupply  of 
water  from  St.  Nicholas's  well, 
which,  by  being  near  the  fea,  is  im- 
pregnated with  fait,  and  on  that 
account  continues  long  pure  and 
wholefome,  the  brackifh  tafte  being 
fcarce,  after  a  few  days,  perceptible. 
We  read  of  the  like  in  the  fcriptures, 
to  have  been  done  by  the  prophet 
Elifha;  who,  in  Jericho  of  Paleftine, 
by  throwing  fait  into  a  fountain, 
made  the  waters  potable,  which  be- 
fore were  brackifh  and  putrid.  If 
the  water  begins  to  engender  mag- 
gots, they  are  killed  by  throwing  in 
lime.  Any  of  the  ingredients  ufed 
for  the  clarifying  of  wine  may  be 
applicable  towards  the  purifying 
and  preferring  of  water. 


A  defcriptim  of  a  cork  fwaiftcoat. 

MR.  Dubourg,  a  gentleman 
very  fond  of  fwimming,  but 
fubjed  to  the  cramp,  was  led  to 
confider  of  fome  contrivance  to  fe- 
cure  to  himfelf  the  pleafure  of  that 
exercife,  without  danger.  For  this 
purpofe  he  has  invented  a  cork 
vvaillcoat,  compofed  of  four  pieces 
of  cork,  two  for  the  breafls,  and  two 
for  the  back,  each  pretty  near  in 
length  and  breadch  to  the  quarter;: 
of  a  waiflcoat  without  flaps;  the 
whole  is  covered  with  a  coarfe  can- 
vas, with  two  holes  to  put  the  arms 
through  ;  there  is  a  fpace  left  be- 
tween the  two  back  pieces,  and  the 
fame  be:w;xt  each  back  and  breaft- 
plece,  that  they  may  fit  the  eafier 
to  the  body.  By  this  means  the 
wailkoat  is  open  only  before,  and 
£  e  2  may 


420        ANNUAL    RE 

may  be  fallen ed  on  the  wearer  with 
firing?,  or,  if  ic  fliould  be  thought 
more  fecure,  with  buckles  and  lea- 
ther  ftraps.      This    vvaiftcoat    does 
not  weigh  above  twelve  ounces,  and 
may  be  made  up  for  about  five  or 
fix  (hillings  expence.     Ic  is  more 
iimple  in  its  make  than  the  bag,  not 
liable  to  the  inconvenience  of  being 
blown  up,  as  is  abfolutely  necefiary 
to  the  ufe  of  the  bag,  nor  like  that, 
fubjeft  to  be  torn.     Mr.  Dubourg 
has    tried     his     waiflcoat    in    the 
Thames,  and  foand  that  it  not  only 
fupported    him  on    the  water,  but 
that  even   two  men  were  not  able 
to  fink  him,  though  they  made  their 
utmoft  efforts  for  that  purpofe.     If 
thofe  who  ufe  the  fea  occaHonaily, 
and  efpecially  thofe  who  are  obliged 
to  be  almoil  conflantly  there,  were 
to  have  thefe  waillcoats,  it  would 
be  next,  to   impolTible    that   they 
ihould  be  drowned.     This  expedi- 
ent, confidered  as  a  pleafurable  ar- 
ticle, to  thofs  who  love  fwimming, 
is  not  contemptible,  but  further  and 
greater  ufes  may  be  derived  from  it. 
It  would  be  of  vaft  fervice  to  thofe, 
who,  for  their  health  fake,  bathe  in 
the  fea,  and  even  the  moft  timoroos 
and    delicate    young    lady    might 
boldly  venture,  with   one  of  thefe 
waiftcoats,    into   a  rough   fea.      I 
need  not  fay  how  ufeful  they  would 
be    to    the   navy,    and   how    many 
lives  they  would  fave.     And  as  we 
have    now    experienced,     that   the 
coafts  of  France  are  not  inaccelTible, 
furely  thefe  waillcoats  might  be  of 
prodigious  fervice   to    our  men    in 
embarking  and  diftmbarkirig  ;  as  it 
v,'OuKl  be  impolTible,  that  even  thofe 
who  CHnnotfvvim,  (hould  be  drown- 
ed  before  they  couid  receive  help 
f'om    the  boats.     The  expence  of 
provding    a 'fuiKcient    nu'ubcr   of 
Hh?m  for  our  navy,  can  be  no  objec- 


GISTER,    1759. 

tion  to  a  nation  fo  wifely  and  grate- 
fully fond  of  a  marine.  Beiides, 
the  charge  cannot  be  great:  if  a 
fingle  one  can  be  made  for  about 
five  fliilling?,  furely  30  or  40,000 
may  be  made,  upon  an  average,  for 
much  lefs  a  price. 

-Again,  it  is  to  be  remembered, 
that  the  cork  will  lalt  for  a  very 
long  time  ;  and  the  canvas,  which 
v/ould  feldom  want  renewing,  is  the 
lead  chargeable  material.  1  there- 
fore hope  to  live  to  fee  them  intro- 
duced an  board  our  whole  navy; 
and  to  hear  that  many  lives  are 
faved  by  them.  T.  F. 


A  particular  7nethcd  of  reco<vering 
p erf 071  s  that  are  dronxmed  ;  exem- 
plified in  the  cafe  of  a  young  <ivo?nan 
nKsho  had  lain  fome  hours  under 
njoater. 

THIS  account  is  communi- 
cated to  the  author  of  Jour- 
nal  Hifiorique  ftr  les  matieres  du 
terns,  for  December  1758,  by  Dr. 
Da  Moulin,  an  eminent  phyfician, 
who  accidentally,  and  luckily  for 
the  poor  girl,  happened  to  hear  of 
her  misfortune  foon  after  fhe  was 
taken  out  of  the  water. 

A  fervant  maid,  he  fays,  of  about 
eighteen  years  of  age,  had  fallen 
into  the  river,  down  which  fhe  was 
carried,  by  the  force  of  the  llream, 
upwards  of  150  paces  from  the 
place  fhe  fell  in  at.  But  her  doaths 
catching  hold  of  fome  piles,  driven 
down  for  the  ufe  of  a  neighbouring 
tanner,  fhe  there  flopt ;  and,  foms 
hours  after,  the  tanner's  people  com- 
ing that  way,  fhe  v.a3  taken  up. 
Being  perfonally  unknown  to  thofe 
who  firil  found  her,  fhe  was  expofed 
fome  time  before  her  friends  heard 
of- the  d:fai\er  that  had  happened. 

A; 


USEFUL    PROJECTS. 


4(21 


At  length  ilie  was  carried  to  the 
houfe  ot  hcrmiftrefs :  where  Ihe  was 
ilrrpt  and  laid  down  before  the  fire, 
without  any  hopes,  however,  of  her 
recovery.  In  this  fituation  the  doc- 
tor found  her  without  motion,  ftifF, 
and  cold  ;  her  eyes  (hut,  her  mouth 
open,  her  countenance  pale  and  hol- 
Jow,  and  her  whole  body  n;iuch 
fwelled  and  fui:  of  water.  She  had 
no  pulfe,  and  the  cafe  being  looked 
upon  as  defperate,  the  do6lor  had  a 
mind  to  try  an  experiment,  fuggeft- 
ed  to  him  by  what  he  had  obferved 
of  flies  and  other  infeds,  that  being 
drowned  and  apparently  dead,  will 
yet  recover  by  half  burying  them  in 
aflies  or  fait.  He  accordingly  or- 
dered a  fufficient  quantity  of  dry 
pot-afhes  to  be  ftrewed  upon  a  bed 
to  about  three  inches  deep:  upon 
this  layer  of  afhes  the  girl  was 
placed,  and  another  layer  of  aflies  of 
about  two  inches  deep,  was  fprink- 
led  over  her.  On  her  head  was  put 
a  cap,  containing  a  good  quantity 
of  aflies  alfo  :  and  round  her  tJiroat 
a  flocking  filled  with  the  £ame. 
The  blankets  were  now  laid  oo  the 
bed,  and  thus  the  patient  lay  about 
half  an  hour ;  when  her  pulfe  began 
to  bear,  by  degrees  flie  recovered 
her  voice,  and  foon  cried  out  articu- 
lately, O I  ojn  frozen! — /  ain  frozen  ! 
A  cordial  was  adminiflered,  and 
ilie  continued  to  lie  eight  hours  in 
the  aflies;  during  which  time  the 
water  came  away  by  the  urinary 
paflTages  to  an  amazing  quaniity  : 
after  which  flie  found  herfeif  greatly 
relieved  ;  and  though  for  the  three 
following  days  flie  was  lUil  a  little 
indifpcfed,  the  indifpofition  was 
Tiight,  and  went  foon  off.  In  want 
of  a  fufficient  quantity  of  dry  pot- 
alhef,  dry  fait  may  be  ufed,  and, 
r.ccording  to  the  dodor,  with  the 
Tame  fucccfs. 


An  account  of  fome  preftrvatinjes 
(nxjith  their proccjfts )  againfl  hunger 
and  thirfiy  equal,  perhaps^  in  ^vir- 
tue  to  the  Jo-much  boajl.d  French 
alimentary  po^wder. 

THERE  were  fome  compofi- 
tions  in  vogue  among  the  an- 
cients, for  averting  the  direful  ef- 
fefts  of  hunger  and  thirft,  and  were 
held  by  them  to  be  extremely  ne- 
cciTary  in  time  of  fcarcity,  long 
voyages,  and  warlike  expeditions. 
Pliny  fays,  that  a  fmall  portion  of 
fome  things  allays  the  hunger  and 
thirfl,  and  preferves  flrength  :  fuch 
as  butter,  cheefe  made  of  mare*s 
milk,  and  liquorice.  The  Ameri- 
can Indians  ufe  acorapofition  of  the 
juice  of  tobacco,  with  calcined  fhells 
of  fnails,  cockles,  oyflers,  hz.  which 
they  make  into  pills,  and  dry  in  the 
fliade.  Whenever  they  go  upon 
a  long  journey,  and  are  likely  to  be 
(^eflitute  of  provifions  by  the  way, 
they  put  one  of  thefe  pills  between 
the  lower  lip  and  the  teeth,  and  by 
fvaliowing  what  ihey  fuck  from  it, 
feel  neither  hunger,  thirfl^,  nor  fa- 
tigue, for  ((?ur  or  five  days  toge- 
ther. 

The  following  compofition  is  an 
extrafl  from  a  nianufcript  fcholium 
on  a  book  of  Heron  in  the  Vatican 
library  :  and  one  much  to  the  fame 
efFedl,  with  fome  others,  may  be 
feen  in  Philo's  fifth  book  of  Mili- 
tary afl^airs.  It  was  reputed  an  ex- 
ceeding nutritive  medicament,  and 
alfo  very  cfteduai  ^or  banifhing 
thirfl.  Both  the  befiegers  of  ciiies, 
and  the  belieged,  fed  upon  it,  in 
time  of  extremity,  and  called  it  the 
Epimenidian  Compofition,  from  the 
fea-onion,  which  was  an  ingredient 
in  its  compofition.  The  ;procefs  is 
thus  : 

The     fea-onion     being     boiled, 
E  e  3  wafhed 


4,22        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    i 


759' 


waflied  with  water,  and  afterwards 
dried,  it  was  cut  into  very  thin 
Hices,  to  which  a  fifth  part  of  fe- 
fame  was  added,  and  a  fifteenth  of 
poppy  ;  all  which  being  mixed  and 
worked  up  into  a  mafs  with  honey, 
the  whole  was  divided  into  portions 
about  the  bignefs  of  a  walnut, 
whereof  two  in  the  day,  taken  morn- 
ing and  evening,  were  fufficient  to 
prevent  hunger  and  thirft. 

There  was  another  way  of  pre- 
paring it,  by  taking  a  pint  of  fe- 
fame,  the  fame  quantity  of  oil,  and 
two  quarts  of  unfhelled  fweet  al- 
monds ;  when  the  fefame  was  dried, 
and  the  almonds  ground  and  fift- 
cd,  the  fea  onions  were  to  be  peeled 
and  fliced,  the  roots  and  leaves  be- 
ing cut  off:  then,  pounding  them 
in  ai  mortar,  till  reduced  to  a  pap, 
an  equal  part  of  honey  was  to  be 
added,  and  both  worked  up  with 
the  oil :  afterwards  all  the  ingre- 
dients were  to  be  put  into  a  pot,  on 
the  fire,  and  ftirred  with  a  wooden 
ladle,  till  thoroughly  mixed.  When 
the  mafs  acquired  a  folid  confiftence, 
it  was  taken  off  the  fire,  and  formed 
info  lozenges,  of  which  two  only. 


as  above,  were  very  fufficient  for  a 
day's  fubfiftence. 

Avicenna  relates,  that  a  perfon, 
fetting  out  upon  a  journey,  drank 
one  pound  of  oil  of  violets,  mixed 
with  melted  beef  fuet,  and  after- 
wards continued  falling  for  ten  days 
together,  without  the  leaft  hunger. 
He  fays,  that  the  oil  of  almonds, 
and  beef  fuet,  will  effed  the  fame 
by  their  vifcidity.  Hence  it  was 
that  this  celebrated  phyfician,  who 
knew  thin2;s  more  by  unquefcion- 
able  experiments,  than  by  idle  fpe- 
culations  and  conje(^ures,  prefcrib- 
ed  the  following compofition,  which 
in  time  of  famine,  by  fea  or  land, 
might  be  extremely  ferviceable. 

Take  of  fweet  almonds,  unfheird, 
one  pound,  the  like  quantity  of 
melted  beef  fuet ;  of  oil  of  violets 
two  ounces;  a  fufficient  quantity  of 
mucilage ;  and  of  the  roots  of 
marfh-mallows  one  ounce  :  let  al! 
together  be  brayed  in  a  mortar,  and 
made  into  boluffes  about  the  big- 
nefs of  a  common  nut.  They  muft 
be  kept  fo  as  to  prevent  their  melt- 
ing by  the  heat  of  the  fun. 


M  1  S- 


[    423     3 


Miscellaneous   Essays. 


A  fable y  hy  the  celebrated  Linrueus^ 
tranjlated  from  the  Latin' 

ONCE  upon  a  time  the  feven 
wife  men  of  Greece  were  met 
together  at  Athens,  and  it  was  .nro- 
pofed  that  every  one  of  them  fhould 
mention  what  he  thought  the  great- 
ell  wonder  in  the  creation.  One 
of  them,  of  higher  conceptions 
than  the  reft,  propofed  the  opinion 
of  fome  of  the  aftronomers  about 
the  fixed  ftars,  which  they  believed 
to  be  fo  many  funs,  that  bad  each 
their  planets  rolling  about  them, 
and  were  ftored  with  plants  and 
animals  like  this  earth.  Fired  with 
this  thought,  they  agreed  to  fup- 
plicate  Jupiter,  that  he  would  at 
leaft  permit  them  to  take  a  journey 
to  the  moon,  and  ftay  there  three 
days,  in  order  to  fee  the  wonders  of 
that  place,  and  give  an  account  of 
them  at  their  return.  Jupiter  con- 
fented,  and  ordered  them  to  af- 
femble  on  a  high  mountain,  where 
there  fhould  be  a  cloud  ready  to 
convey  them  to  the  place  they  de- 
fired  to  fee.  They  picked  out  fome 
chofen  companions,  who  might  af- 
fiit  them  in  defcribing  and  paint- 
ing the  objedls  they  (hould  meet 
with.  At  length  they  arrived  at 
the  moon,  and  found  a  palace  there 
well  fitted  up  for  their  reception. 
The  next  day,  being  very  much 
fatigued  with  their  journey,  they 
kept  quiet  at  home  till  noon  ;  and 
*'  being  itill  faint,  they  refreihed 
themfelves  with  a  moll  delicious 
^ptercainment,  which  they  reliOi^d 


fo  well,  that  it  overcame  their  cii- 
riofity.  This  day  they  only  faw 
through  the  windows  that  delight- 
ful fpot,  adorned  with  the  moft 
beautiful  flowers,  to  which  the 
beams  of  the  fun  gave  an  uncomr 
mon  luftre,  and  heard  the  fmging 
of  moft  melodious  birds  till  even- 
ing came  on.  The  next  day  they 
rofe  very  early  in  order  to  begin 
their  obfervations  ;  but  fome  very 
beautiful  young  ladies  of  that  coun- 
try coming  to  make  them  a  vifit, 
advifed  them  firft  to  recruit  their 
ftrength  before  they  expofed  them- 
felves to  the  laborious  talk  they 
were  about  to  undertake. 

The  delicate  meats,  the  ricK 
wines,  the  beauty  of  thefe  dam- 
fels,  prevailed  over  the  refolutioa 
of  thefe  ftrangers.  A  fine  concert 
of  mufic  is  introduced,  the  young 
ones  begin  to  dance,  and  all  is 
turned  to  jollity  ;  fo  that  this  whole 
day  was  fpent  in  gallantry,  till 
fome  of  the  neighbouring  inhabi- 
tants growing  envious  at  their 
mirth,  rufhed  in  with  fwords.  The 
elder  part  of  the  company  tri^d  to 
appeafe  the  younger,  promifing  the 
very  next  day  they  would  bring 
the  rioters  to  juftice.  This  they 
performed,  and  the  third  day  the 
caufe  was  heard,  and  what  with 
accufations,  pleadings,  exceptions, 
and  the  judgment  itfelf,  the  whole 
day  was  taken  up,  on  which  the 
term  fee  by  Jupiter  expired.  On 
their  return  to  Greece,  all  the 
country  flocked  in  upon  them  to 
hear  the  wonders  of  the  moon  d^- 

Ee  4  fcribed. 


424        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


fcribed,  but  all  they  could  tell  was, 
/or  that  was  all  they  knew,  that  the 
ground  was  covered  with  green,  in- 
termixed withilowers,  and  that  the 
"birds  fung  among  the  branches  of 
the  trees ;  but  what  kinds  of  flowers 
they  faw,  or  what  kind  of  birds 
they  heard,  they  were  totally  igno- 
rant. Upon  which  they  were  treat- 
ed every  where  with  contempt. 

If  we  apply  this  fable  to  men  of 
the  prefent  age,  we  ftiall  perceive 
a  very  juft  hmilitude.  By  thefe 
three  days  the  fable  denotes  the 
three  ages  of  man.  Firft,  youth, 
in  which  we  are  too  feeble  in  every 
refpedl  to  look  into  the  works  of 
the  Creator,  All  that  feafon  is 
given  up  to  idlenefs,  luxury,  and 
paflime.  Secondly,  manhood,  in 
which  men  are  employed  in  fet- 
tling, marrying,  educating  chil- 
drei),  providing  fortunes  for  them, 
and  raifing  a  family.  Thirdly,  old 
age,  in  which,  after  having  made 
their  fortunes,  they  are  overwhelm- 
ed with  law-fuits,  and  proceedings 
relating  to  their  eftates.  Thus  it 
frequently  happens  that  men  never 
confider  to  what  end  they  were  de- 
flined,  and  why  they  were  brought 
into  the  world. 


From  the  London  Chronicle. 
On  Bcarding'fchoDls  for  Girls. 
SIR, 

By  the  fpirited  endeavours  of 
tie  marine  focieiy,  oar  va- 
grant boys  are  refcued  from  want 
and  the  gallows.  By  the  Afyium, 
our  deferted  girls  are  favfd  from 
infamy,  difeale,  and  proJtiturion. 
By  the  iMagdalen-houfe  a  icrreat  is 
oii'ered  to  the  moil  miferabl'?,  the 
mod  forlorn  of  creatures,  the  re- 
penwui   prQlUtute,  who  may  now 


know  where  to  hide  her  wretched 
head. 

Thefe  great,  thefe  noble  chari- 
ties, have  been  very  forcibly  re- 
commended to  the  attention  of  the 
public.  I  beg  your  affiftance  to 
convey  fome  hmts  on  a  fubjed  I  do 
not  remember  to  have  feen  yet 
treated  of,  which,  though  it  can- 
not be  confidered  in  the  light  of 
the  above  charities,  is  neverthelefs 
of  fome  confequence.  I  mean  the 
improper  education  given  to  a  great 
number  of  the  daughters  of  low 
tradefmen  and  mechanics.  Every 
village  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
this  great  city  has  one  or  two  little 
boarding-fjhools,  with  an  infcrip- 
tion  over  the  door,  Toung  ladies 
boarded  and  educated.  The  expence 
is  fmall,  and  hitner  the  blackfmith, 
the  aiehoufe-keeper,  the  fhoe-ma- 
ker,  &c.  fends  his  daughter,  who, 
from  the  moment  ihe  enters  thefe 
walls,  becomes  a  young  lady.  The 
parent's  intention  is  an  honeft  one  ; 
his  time  is  too  much  taken  up,  as 
well  as  his  wife's,  by  the  neceffary 
duties  of  their  profeiTion,  to  have 
any  to  bellow  on  the  education  of 
their  children;  they  are.  therefore 
obliged  to  fend  them  from  home. 
As  this  is  the  cafe,  there  ought 
certainly  to  be  proper  fchools  for 
their  reception  :  but  furely,  the 
plan  of  thefe  fchools  ought  to  differ 
as  much  from  that  of  the  great 
fchools,  intended  for  the  daugh- 
ters of  the  nobility  and  gentry,  as 
the  flatioR  in  life  of  the  Scholars  at 
the  one  differs  from  thofe  of  the 
other.  This  is,  however,  fo  far  from 
being  the  cafe,  that,  the  article  of 
expejice  excepted,  the  plan  is'  the 
fame  ;  and  the  daughter  of  the 
Joweil  fhopkeeper  at  one  of  thefe 
fchools,  is  as  much  Pvlifs,  and  a 
young  lady,  as  the  daughter  of  the 
.  fiiil 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.        425 


iirft  vlfcount  in  England,  at  one  of 
the  other.  The  miftrefs  of  the 
fchool  13  called  governefs,  for  the 
word  Mijirefs  has  a  vulgar  found 
with  it  ;  and  Mifs,  whofe  mamma 
fells  oyfters,  tell  Mifs,  whofe  papa 
deals  in  fmall-coal,  that  her  gover- 
nefs (hall  know  it,  if  Ihe  fpits  in 
her  face,  or  does  any  thing  elfe  un- 
becoming a  young  lady.  Was  a 
foreigner  acquainted  with  our  lan- 
guage, to  overhear  a  converfation 
of  this  kind,  and  fome  fuch  con- 
verfation is  to  be  heard  every  day 
in  fome  alley  or  other  in  this 
town,  how  would  he  be  aftonifhed 
at  the  opulence  of  a  country,  where 
the  meaneft  tradefmen  kept  gover- 
neffes  for  their  daughters.  French 
and  dancing  is  alfo  to  be  taught  at 
thefe  fchools,  neither  of  which  can 
be  of  any  ufe  to  young  ladies  of 
this  fort.  The  parents  may  ima- 
gine,' the  firft  may  procure  them 
a  place  ;  but  in  this  they  may  be 
greatly  miftaken  ;  as,  I  believe, 
there  is  hardly  a  fingle  inftance  of 
a  girl's  having  learnt  that  language 
to  any  degree  of  perfection  at  one 
of  thefe  fchools.  ^s  to  the  lall,  I 
could  give  reafons  againft  that  ac- 
complilhment  making  a  part  of 
their  education,  far  too  numerous 
to  be  inferted.  I  (hall  only  men- 
tion that  it  cannot  poffibly  be  of  ufe 
to  them,  and  that  it  would  be  of 
much  more  confequence  they  (hould 
be  well  inftruded  how  to  wafh  the 
floor,  than  how  to  dance  upon  it. 
I  nm  very  certain,  there  are  feveral 
fathers  of  this  rank,  who  have  had 
caufe  to  wifh  their  daughters  had 
loft  the  ufe  of  their  limbs,  rather 
than  be  taught  this  pernicious 
ufe  of  them,  by  the  dancing-maf- 
ter,  the  confequence  of  which  has 
often  been,  that  of  inducing  them 
to  quit  their  parents    fober  dwel- 


ling, at  a  raid-night  hour,  for  the 
licentious  liberties  of  a  ball  of 
'prentices,  where  the  young  lady, 
no  governefs  prefent,  may  be  ex- 
pofed  to  great  dangers,  at  a  place 
where  the  fcheme  for  the  ruin  of 
many  an  innocent  girl  has  been, 
formed  and  executed.  The  needle- 
work taught  at  thefe  fchools  is  of  a 
kind  much  more  likely  to  ftrength- 
en  the  natural  propeniity  in  all 
young  minds  to  fhow  and  drefs, 
than  to  anfwer  any  houfewifely 
purpofe.  One  of  thefe  young  la- 
dies, with  the  affiftance  of  an  ounce 
of  coarfe  thread,  and  a  yard  of  cat- 
gut, drefTes  herfelf  up,  in  what  has 
the  appearance  of  point,  or  Bruf- 
fels-lace. 

How  difappointed  will  the  ho- 
nell  fhop- keeper  be,  if,  at  an  age 
when  he  thinks  proper  to  take  his 
daughter  from  fchool,  he  fhould 
expedl:  any  afliftance  from  her  !  Can 
he  fuppole  a  young  lady  will  weigh 
his  foap  for  him?  or  perform  any 
other  office,  the  gentility  of  her 
education  has  exalted  her  fo  far 
above  ?  Though  ignorant-  of  every 
thing  elfe,  Ihe  will  be  fo  perfeft  in 
the  leffons  of  pride  and  vanity, 
that  ihe  will  defpife  hira  and  his 
nafty  (hop,  and  quit  both,  to  go 
off  with  the  firft  man  who  promiics 
her  a  filk  gown,  and  a  blonde  cap. 
In  (hort,  the  plan  of  thefe  fchools 
appears  to  me  much  better  calcu- 
lated to  qualify  the  fcholars  to  be- 
come, in  a  few  years,  proper  inha- 
bitants of  the  Magdalen-houfe,  than 
to  make  of  them  induftrious  frugal 
wives  to  honeft  tradefmen,  or  fober 
faithful  fervants ;  and  I  cannot  fup- 
pofe  the  ambition  of  any  father  of 
this  rank,  amongft  us,  rifes  higher, 
than  to  fee  his  children  in  one  or 
the  other  of  thefe  ftations.  That 
be  may  not  ,be  difappointed  in  fo 
laudable 


426       ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


laudable  a  view,  I  would  propofe 
that  fchools  for  the  education  of 
fuch  girls  fhould  be  kept  by  dif- 
creet  women  ;  thofe  who  have  been 
houfe-keepers  in  large  families 
would  be  the  propereft  perfons  for 
this  purpofe :  that  the  young  peo- 
ple Ihould  be  taught  fubmiffion  and 
humility  to  their  fuperiors,  decency 
and  modelly  in  their  own  drefs  and 
behaviour.  That  they  ihould  be 
very  well  inftruded  in  all  kinds  of 
plain-work,  reading,  writing,  ac- 
compts,  paftry,  pickling,  preferv- 
ing,  and  other  branches  of  cook- 
ery ;  be  taught  to  weave,  and  walh 
face,  and  other  linen.  Thus  in- 
llrufted,  they  may  be  of  great  com- 
fort and  aifiilance  to  their  parents 
^nd  hulbands ;  they  may  have  a 
light  to  expeft  the  kindeil  treat- 
ment from  their  miltrefies  ;  they 
are  fure  to  be  refpeded  as  ufeful 
members  of  fociety  ;  whereas'young 
ladies  are  the  moll  ufelefs  of  all 
God's  creatures. 

I  am,  SIR, 
Your  conflant  reader,  and 

obedient  humble  fervant,  C.  S. 


Thf   advantages   of  Ancejit-y  demon- 
Jirated. 

ANCESTRY,  however  now 
flighted  by  fome,  and  in- 
duftr'ioully  decried  by  others,  has 
been  in  all  preceding  times  efteem- 
ed  and  revered.  But  in  this  refined 
and  innovating  age,  when  it  is  the 
mode  to  profefs  a  licentioufnefs 
of  fentiment,  even  in  the  mofl  fa- 
cred  and  important  concerns  ;  it  is 
not  fo  much  to  be  wondered  at, 
-that  there  are  not  wanting  a  fet  of 
men,  who,  from  a  levelling  difpo- 
fition,  fpeak  evil  of  dignities  and 
diftinftions,  and  have  in  particular 


aimed  at  extirpating  the  diiFerence 
heretofore  paid  to  birth.  —  Genea- 
logies, or,  as  they  more  fneeringly 
phrafe  it.  Pedigree,  they  have 
earnellly  endeavoured  to  abolilh, 
by  ridicule;  a  few  leading  men  of 
this  call  have  not  failed  to  make  a 
number  of  profelytes,  not  fo  much 
from  their  arguments,  as  from  the 
humour  of  the  prefent  century,  in 
exploding  every  thing,  from  which 
our  predeceflbrs  derived  any  innate 
fatisfaftion  or  enjoyment,  as  fuper- 
ftitious,  antiquated,  or  abfurd,  and 
from  a  fond,  hut  far  from  gene- 
rally true  conceit,  indullrioufly 
propagated  by  their  afore-mention- 
ed preceptors,  that  every  genera- 
tion grows  wifer  and  wifer.  But 
the  difcountenancing  ancellry  is 
fure  fo  far  from  a  proof  of  our  be- 
ing wifer  than  formerly,  that  many 
mufl  be  cf  the  opinion  it  is  a  di- 
rect proof  to  the  contrary.  For  is 
there  any  one  benefit  it  will  be  pro- 
duftive  of?  will  it  either  tend  to 
reform  the  vices  of  the  prefent,  or 
any  future  generation  I  will  it  aug- 
ment the  few  virtues  extant  among 
ns  ?  will  it  e]^tirpate  voluptuouf- 
nefs  and  effeminacy,  or  reftore  the 
hofpitality  and  martial  bravery,  for 
which  we  were  anciently  fo  re- 
nowned r  No ;  it  is  certainly  highly 
confident  with  the  policy  of  every 
government  and  Hate,  to  inculcate 
and  countenance  family  honour. 
'Tis  effential  to  the  preferving  that 
fcale  of  gradation,  requifite  in  every 
well  ordered  political  body  •  for  if 
all  diftindion  and  degree  be  dif- 
folved,  government  can  never  long 
exift;  and  it  is  fomevvhat  to  be 
doubted,  when  once  a  levelling 
fpirit  prevails,  if  the  unequal  dif- 
tribution  of  forcune  alone  will  be 
fufficient  to  keep  the  multitude  in 
fubordinance.      Nothing  will  more 

pro- 


MISCELLANEOUS  ESSAYS. 


427 


promote  a  fpirit  of  emulation,  than 
the  countenancing  family  repute  ; 
it  was  in  a  confiderable  degree 
this  that  heightened   the  valour  of 

the  ancient  Engli(h. They  well 

knew  that  the  elHmation  of  merit 
was  not  confined  to  the  fhort  pe- 
riod of  their  own  lives,  but  that 
their  good  or  evil  actions  would 
tranfrait  fome  degree  of  honour  or 

infamy   to   their   defcendants. 

'Twas  then  family  vied  with  fami- 
ly, which  ihould  produce  the  great- 
cfl  number  of  heroes  and  other 
worthies.— This  was  their  incentive 
to  magnanimity,  hofpitality,  and 
many  other  virtues  they  pofi'effed. 
This  thirft  after  family-renown,  it 
was,  together  with  the  reflection  on 
the  example  of  their  anceftors,  that 
animated  them  in  the  bitterell  con- 
fliAs,  and  occasioned  them  to  meet 
death  rather  with  tranfport  than  re- 
luftance.  The  hiftones  of  many 
noble  families,  both  extant  and ex- 
tindl,  among  us,  will  fufhciently 
verify  this  alTertion,  fuch  as  Percy, 
Howard,  Vere,  Neville,  &:c.  &c, 
—And  there  is  no  truth  more  ob- 
vious, than  that  if  men  will  not  adl 
greatly  for  the  enhancing  of  their 
family  honour,  to  which  they  have 
foclofe  an  affinity,  they  feldom  will 
for  the  good  (^f  their  country  ;  for 
the  more  diffufed  their  conne«Etions 
become,  in  general,  the  lefs  inte- 
reited  will  they  think  themfelves, 
and  confequently  the  lefs  tenacious 
will  they  be  of  the  public  welfare. 
— Thus,  when  it  fhall  no  longer 
be  accounted  of  any  confideration 
to  be  born  of  ancellors,  who  have 
eminently  dillinguifhed  themfelves 
by  any  worthy  ads  of  public  uti- 
lity ;  but  the  man  of  yeflerday,  by 
the  pofleflion  of  opulence,  however 
oppreffively  or  fraudulently  acquir- 
ed, (hall  be  held  in  equal  reverence 


and  repute  ;  emulation  will  inevit- 
ably fubfide,  and  the  defire  of 
fame,  which  has  been  the  fource 
of  fo  many  meritorious  atchieve- 
ments,  will  in  a  manner  be  extin*' 
guilhed  ;  for  every  one  will  then 
live  uninfluenced  by  the  conduft 
of  his  progenitors,  and  equally  un- 
awed  by  any  odium  infamous  ac- 
tions might  defervedly  leave  upon 
record. 

But  if  the  Almighty  (as  we  are 
told  in  the  Decalogue)  vifits  the 
fins  of  the  fathers  upon  the  chil- 
dren, unto  the  third  and  fourth 
generation,  and  on  the  contrary, 
ihews  mercy  and  favour  to  the  ifl'ue 
of  the  virtuous ;  why  are  not  the 
defcendants  of  the  one,  and  of  the 
other,  to  be  duly  diftinguifhed 
among  men  ?  Birth,  on  the  one 
hand,  is  not  to  be  too  highly  and 
immoderately  elleemed;  we  fhould 
confider  that  the  moft  illuftrious  fa- 
milies, could  they  be  traced  to 
their  origin,  were  at  firft  obfcure, 
and  not  diftinguifhed  from  the  com- 
mon race  of  mortals;  and  that, 
however  mortifying  it  may  be, 
many  of  the  greateft  families  that 
ever  exifted,  after  gradually  rifing 
from  obfcurity  to  the  greateft  emi- 
nence, wealth,  and  power,  and  af- 
ter having  been  confpicuous  a  few 
centuries,  have  again  as  progreflive- 
ly  dwindled  into  extinction.  Many 
fuch  there  were,  the  names  of 
which  alone  only  now  remain, 
which  all  perfons  converfant  in  the 
hillory  and  antiquities  of  Europe 
muft  allow.  And  how  many 
thoufand  families  of  a  fecond  clafs 
have  there  been,  who  after  furnifli- 
ing,  for  5,  6,  7,  or  800  years, 
a  long  fucceffion  of  knights  and 
gentlemen,  have  after  fuch  various 
periods  of  time  (and  often  a  much 
lefs)  dropt  into  oblivion,  cither  by 

a  total 


4iB         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


a  total  ceflation  of  defcendants,  by 
the  alienation  of  their  eftates  (thro* 
prodigality,  profufion,  and  excefs) 
or  by  fome  other  human  contingen- 
cy.— Empires  and  kingdoms  have 
hitherto  had  an  origin,  meridian, 
and  period  to  their  glory  and  con- 
tinuance; and  (hall  families,  which 
are  only  fo  many  limbs  of  Hates 
and  governments,  expeft  to  have 
a  more  protra£led  duration  ?  No ; 
there  feems  to  be  nothing  human 
defigned  for  us  to  pride  ourfelves 
too  highly  upon  ;  thofe  therefore 
only  delude  themfelves,  who,  in- 
ftead  of  an  humble  and  due  de- 
portment, affume  haughtinefs  and 
arrogance. 

As  to  the  influence  of  blood,  or 
the  qualities  inherent  from  defcent, 
though  they  are  not  to  be  infifted 
upon  as  infallible,  yet  they  are  not 
to  be  treated  as  wholly  chimerical, 
by  any  candid  or  rational  perfon. 
The  advocates  of  this  fay,  it  is  fo 
very  apparent,  even  in  animals, 
that  they  wonder  any  one  will  dif- 
pute  it :  and  many  are  the  argu- 
ments made  ufe  of,  which  are  ad- 
mitted or  difputed,  as  they  tally 
with  the  principles  or  prejudices  of 
the  peribns  contending  ;  but  that 
Which  feems  at  once  to  furinount 
every  objeftion  that  can  be  made 
is,  that  we  feldom  fail  to  fee  the 
infirmities  and  maladies  of  human 
nature  entailed  on  pofterity.  Mad- 
nefs,  chronical  difeafes,  violent  and 
inordinate  paiTions,  and  the  various 
-evils  pf  intemperance,  are  ufually 
tranfmitted  from  the  parent  to  his 
offspring  ;  why  then  may  we  not 
from  hence  prefume  to  infer,  that 
many  valuable  and  amiable  endow- 
iTicnts  are  as  often  derived  from 
birth  ?  An  inherent  j^enercfity  and 
benevoience  have  been  the  diilin- 
guiiJKng  characieri flics  of  fome  fa- 


milies, and  various  other  virtues  of 
others.  Children  often  more  re- 
femble  their  parents  by  a  parity  of 
manners  and  condud,  than  in  the 
external  fimilitude  of  their  perfons. 
This  has  been  obferved  in  orphans 
and  pofthumous  iffue,  where  neither 
paternal  example  nor  precept  could 
have  been  the  immediate  caufe  of 
it.  Certain  it  is,  that  as  there  are 
no  general  rules  without  excep- 
tions, fo  there  are  many  men,  who, 
without  the  advantages  of  birth, 
are  poffefied  of  the  moft  valuable 
qualifications;  and,  on  the  con- 
trary, that  there  are  many  of  a  dif- 
tinguifhed  rank,  of  the  moft  profli- 
gate and  odious  difpofitions ;  but 
thefe  laft  are  of  an  unthinking,  in- 
confiderate  kind,  who,  by  being 
immerged  in  a  continual  fuccefuon 
of  fenfual  gratifications,  never  fuffer 
themfelves  to  refled  at  all,  or 
trouble  themfelves  about  ihofe 
which  have  gone  before,  or  Ihall 
come  after  them. 

But  where  perfons  have  been  ob- 
ferved to  be  filled  with  a  juft  and 
due  veneration  of  the  virtues  of 
their  predeceflbrs,  I  believe  they 
have  feldom  been  known  very 
glaiingly  to  deviate  therefrom,  but 
to  imitate,  if  not  improve  upon 
them,  has  been  a  plan  they  have 
continually  kept  in  view  ;  nay,  I 
am  perfuaded,  that  next  to  reli- 
gion, nothing  has  fo  ftrongly  ac- 
tuated thinking  men,  nor  indeed 
produced  fo  many  good  and  brave 
men,  as  their  being  infpired  with  a 
defire  of  keeping  up  to  the  ex- 
amples of  their  forefathers. 

Such  a  fpirit,  therefore,  (how- 
ever vlfionary  its  bafjs)  it  is  nation- 
ally requifite  it  fhou-ld  be  cherifhed, 
particularly  amongft  a  military  peo- 
ple. Our  neighbours  the  French 
^.nd  Germans  ieem  more  thorpugh- 


MISCELLANEOUS   ESSAVS. 


429 


]y  convinced  of  this  :  we  find  this 
anteftrian  enthufiafin  breathing 
through  all  their  noblefle.  And 
many  are  of  the  opinion,  it  would 
be  more  confonanc  to  the  epithet 
our  modern  lucubratifts  affume, 
of  being  publicly  beneficial,  if  they 
were  properly  to  inculcate  and  en- 
force it,,  in  (lead  of  advancing  any 
thing  derogatory  thereto. 


On  imprifonment  for  debt. 
From  the  Idler* 

WE  often  look  with  indiffe- 
rence on  the  fucceffive  parts 
of  that,  which,  if  the  whole  were 
feen  together,  would  (hake  us  with 
emotion.  A  debtor  is  dragged  to 
prifon,  pitied  for  a  moment,  and 
then  forgotten  ;  another  follows 
him,  ard  is  loft  alike  in  the  caverns 
of  oblivion  :  but  when  the  whole 
mafs  of  calamity  rifes  up  at  once, 
when  twenty  thoufand  reafonable 
beings  are  heard  all  groaning  in 
unnecelTary  mifery,  not  by  the  in- 
firmity of  nature,  but  the  miftake 
or  negligence  of  policy,  who  can 
forbear  to  pity  and  lament,  to  won- 
der and  abhor  ? 

There  is  no  need  of  declamatory 
vehemence  ;  we  live  in  an  age  of 
comn>erce  and  computation  ;  let  us, 
therefore,  coolly  enquire  what  is 
the  fum  of  evil  which  the  imprifon- 
ment of  debtors  brings  upon  our 
country. 

It  feems  to  be  the  opinion  of  the 
later  computilb,  that  the  inhabi- 
tants of  England  do  not  exceed  fix 
millions,  of  which  twenty  thoufand 
is  the  three  hundredth  part.  What 
Ihall  we  (ay  of  the  humanity  or  the 
wifdom  of  a  nation,  that  voluntarily 
facrifices  one  in  every  three  huri- 
dred  to  lingering  dcllrut\ion? 


The  misfortunes  of  an  individual 
do  not  extend  their  influence  to 
many  ;  yet,  if  we  confider  the  re- 
lations and  effefts  of  confanguinity 
and  friend  (hip,  and  the  general  re- 
ciprocation of  wants  and  benefits, 
which  makes  one  man  dear  or  ne- 
ceflfary  to  another,  it  may  reafon- 
ably  be  fuppofed,  that  every  man 
languifhing  in  prifon  gives  trouble 
of  fome  kind  to  two  others,  who 
love  or  need  him.  By  this  multi- 
plication of  mifery  we  fee  diftrefs 
extended  to  the  hundredth  part  of 
the  whole  fociety.- 

If  we  eftimate  at  a  (hilling  a  day 
what  is  loft  by  the  inaction,  and 
confumed  in  the  fupport  of  each 
man  thus  chained  down  to  involun- 
tary idlenefs,  the  public  lofs  will 
rife  in  one  year  to  three  hundred 
thoufand  pounds  ;  in  ten  yeiars  to 
more  than  a  fixth  part  of  our  circu- 
lating coin. 

I  am  afraid  that  thofe  who  are 
beft  acquainted  with  the  ftateofour 
prifons,  will  confefs  that  my  con- 
jecture is  too  near  the  truth,  when 
I  fuppofe  that  the  corrofion  of  re- 
fentment,  the  heavinefs  of  forrow, 
the  corruption  of  confined  air,  the 
want  of  exercife,  and  lometimes  of 
food,  the  contagion  of  difeafes  from 
which  there  is  no  retreat,  and  the 
feverity  of  tyrants,  againft  whom 
there  can  be  no  refiftance,  and  all 
the  complicated  horrors  of  a  pri- 
fon, put  an  end  every  year  to  the 
life  of  one  in  four  of  thofe  that  are 
Ihut  up  from  the  common  comforts 
of  human  life. 

Thus  perifh  yearly  five  thoufand 
men,  overborne  with  forrow,  con- 
fumed  by  famine,  or  putrified  by 
filth  ;  many  of  them  in  the  moft  vi- 
gorous and  ufeful  part  of  life  :  for 
the  thoughtlefs  and  impiudent  are 
commonly  young,  and  the  adivc 
and  bufy  are  feidom  old. 

Accord- 


430       ANNUAL   REGISTER, 


1759- 


According  to  the  rule  generally 
received,  which  fuppofes  that  one 
in  thirty  dies  yearly,  the  race  of 
man  may  be  faid  to  be  renewed  at 
the  end  of  thirty  years.  Who  would 
have  believed  till  now,  that  of  every 
Englifti  generation,  an  hundred  and 
fifty  thoufand  periih  in  our  gaols! 
That  in  every  century,  a  nation 
eminent  for  fcience,  ftudious  of 
commerce,  ambitious  of  empire, 
fhould  willingly  lofe,  in  noiiome 
dungeons,  five  hundred  thoufand  of 
its  inhabitants  :  a  greater  number 
than  has  ever  been  deftroyed  in 
the  fame  time  by  the  peftilence  and 
fword  ! 

A  very  late  occurrence  may  ftiew 
us  the  value  of  the  number  which 
we  thus  condemn  to  be  ufelefs :  in 
the  re-eftabli(hment  of  the  trained- 
bands,  thirty  thoufand  are  confi- 
dered  as  a  force  fufficientagainft  all 
exigencies :  while,  therefore,  we 
detain  twenty  thoufand  in  prifon, 
we  Ihut  up  in  darknefs  and  ufeleff- 
nefs  two  thirds  of  an  army,  which 
ourfelves  judge  equal  to  the  defence 
of  our  country. 

The  monaftic  inftitutions  have 
often  been  blamed,  as  tending  to 
retard  the  increafe  of  mankind. 
And  perhaps  retirement  ought  rare- 
ly to  be  permitted,  except  to  thofe 
whofe  employment  is  confiftent 
with  abftradtion,  and  who,  though 
folitary,  will  not  be  idle ;  to  thofe 
whom  infirmity  makes  ufelefs  to 
others,  or  to  thofe  who  have  paid 
their  due  proportion  to  focisty,  and 
who,  having  lived  for  others,  may 
be  honourably  difmiffed  to  live  for 
themfelves.  But  whatever  be  the 
evil,  or  the  folly  of  thefe  retreats, 
thofe  have  no  right  to  cenfure  them 
whofe  prifons  contain  a  greater 
number  than  the  monafieries  of 
other  countries.  It  is,  furely,  lefs 
foolifti  and  lefs  criminal  to  permit 


inadion  than  compel  it ;  to  con7- 
ply  with  doubtful  opinions  of 
happinefs,  than  condemn  to  cer- 
tain and  apparent  mifery  ;  to  in- 
dulge the  extravagancies  of  er- 
roneous piety,  than  to  multiply 
and  enforce  temptations  to  wicked- 
nefs. 

The  mifery  of  gaols  is  not  half 
their  evil  :  they  are  filled  with  every 
corruption  which  poverty  and  wick- 
ednefs  can  generate  between  them  ; 
with  all  the  fhamelefs  and  profligate 
enormities  that  can  be  produced  by 
the  impudence  of  ignominy,  the 
rage  of  want,  and  the  malignity  of 
defpair.  In  a  prifon  the  awe  of  the 
public  eye  is  loft,  and  the  power  of 
the  law  is  fpent ;  there  are  few 
fears,  there  are  no  bluflies.  The 
lewd  inflame  the  lewd  ;  the  auda- 
cious harden  the  audacious.  Every 
one  fortifies  himfelfas  he  can  againft 
his  own  fenfibility,  endeavours  to 
praftife  on  others  the  arts  which 
are  pra^^lifed  on  himfelf,  and  gains 
the  kindnefs  of  his  aflbciates  by  fi' 
militude  of  manners. 

Thus  fome  fink  amidft  their  mi- 
fery, and  others  furvive  only  to  pro- 
pagate villainy.  It  may  be  hoped 
that  our  lawgivers  will  fome  time 
take  away  from  us  this  power  of 
ftarving  and  depraving  one  another. 
But,  if  there  be  any  reafon  why  thi$ 
inveterate  evil  Ihould  not  be  remov- 
ed in  this  age,  which  true  policy 
has  enlightened  beyond  any  former 
time,  let  thofe,  whofe  writings  form 
the  opinions  and  the  modes  of  their 
contemporaries,  endeavour  to  tranf- 
fer  the  infamy  of  fuch  imprifon- 
ment  from  the  debtor  to  the  credi- 
tor, till  univerfal  infamy  fhall  pur- 
fue  the  wretch,  whofe  wantonneA 
of  power,  or  revenge  of  difappoint- 
ment,  condemns  another  to  torture 
and  to  ruin,  till  he  ftiall  be  hunted 
through  the  world  as  an  enemy  to 

xnan^ 


MISCELLANEOUS    ESSAYS.      431 

confinement  lefTens  the  profpeft  of 
their  payment,  by  increaling  their 
difability.  And  what  is  worfe  is, 
that  this  rigour  of  the  law  generally 
falls  on  the  moH  innocent,  and  the 
mofl  deferving  of  commiferation  : 
whilft  the  unfair  debtor,  thofe  who 
have  meditated  their  fraud,  are  al- 
ways thofe  who  are  the  leaft  liable 
to  the  fufferings  the  others  undergo 
in  a  greater  degree,  for  want  of 
having  deferved  them. 

A  fraudulent  debtor,  who  is  ia 
courfe  prepared  for  an  arreft  by  his 
juftly  incenfed  creditor,  commonly 
takes  his  meafures  fo  well,  that 
when  the  circumftance  of  confine- 
ment falls  upon  him,  he  has  already 
fecreted  wherewithal  to  make  his 
imprifonment  eafy  to  himfelf,  and 
to  nofe  his  creditors  with  his  riot  at 
their  expence,  whilft  he  looks  on 
himfelf  as  in  fome  fort  acquitted  to 
them,  by  the  fatisfadtion  the  lofs  of 
his  liberty  is  fuppofedto  give  them. 
If  the  fenfs  of  that  lofs  has  fome- 
times  engaged  fome  fuch  debtors 
(and  they  are  the  lefs  apt  to  be  en- 
gaged to  it,  from  their  anticipation 
of  that  cafe)  to  pay  their  debts,  in 
whole  or  in  part,  according  as  they 
might  be  able  ;  by  much  the  greater 
number  having  already  lolt  their 
reputation,  even  by  the  manner  in 
which  it  becomes  known  their  debts 
were  contraifted  ;  to  fay  nothing  of 
their  being  expofed  by  the  bare  ar- 
reft, or  circumftance  oFbeing  carried 
to  a  gaol,  referve  what  they  have 
got  by  their  unfair  dealings,  to 
Iweeten  the  horrors  of  one,  and  ta 
fee u  re  a  fupport,  at  leaft  for  fome 
time,  without  thinking  themfelves 
obliged  to  confulc  the  intereft  of 
thofe  creditors,  efpecially  who  ftiall 
not  have  fpared  them,  and  whofe 
fuiterings  they  look  on  as  compen- 
fated  in  {bm.e  mcalure  by  their  own. 
Whereas, 


man,  and  find  in  riches  no  ftielter 
from  contempt. 

Surely,  he  whofe  debtor  perifhed 
in  prifon,  tho*  he  may  acquit  him- 
felf of  deliberate  murder,  muft  at 
leaft  have  his  mind  clouded  with 
difcontent,  when  he,  confiders  how 
much  another  has  fufFered  from  him  ; 
when  he  thinks  on  the  wife  bewail- 
ing her  huftjand,  or  the  children 
begging  the  bread  which  the  father 
would  have  earned.  If  there  are 
any  made  fo  obdurate,  by  avarice  or 
cruelty,  as  to  revolve  thefe  confe- 
quences  without  dread  or  pity,  I 
muft  leave  them  to  be  awakened  by 
fome  other  power,  for  I  write  only 
to  human  beings. 

To  the  above,  we  ftiall  fubjoin 
fome  very  pertinent  refledlions  on 
the  fame  fubjeft,  of  one  of  the  au- 
thors of  the  Critical  Review. 

**  It  is  but  too  common  a  faying 
with  creditors,  where  they  expeft 
no  benefit  or  intereft  from  throwing 
their  unhappy  fellow-creatures  into 
a  gaol,  that  they  do  it  by  way  of  pu- 
nilhment,  and  that  they  will  at  leaft 
have  that  fatisfadlion."  In  too  many 
cafes  they  have  indeed  a  right  to 
be  exafperated,  at  fome  particular 
circumftances  that  may  have  attend- 
ed the  incurrence  of  the  debt,  on 
the  part  of  the  debtors.  But  the 
law,  which  never  attends  to  the  vin- 
didtivenefs  of  private  parties,  be- 
yond what  is  neceftary  for  the  good 
offociety,  might  furely  interpofe, 
without  injuftice  to  them,  and  of* 
tener  to  their  advantage,  to  limit 
the  extent  and  duration  of  that  pu- 
niftimenr,  which,  as  things  ftand,  is 
now  arbitrarily  left  to  the  creditors, 
who,  blinded  themfelves  by  re- 
fentment,  not  feldom  the  greater  in 
proportion  to  its  injuftice,  will  fuffer 
their  debtors  to  languifti  out  their 
lives  in  a  gaol,  whilft  every  day's 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,   1759. 


432 

Whereas,  was  the  law,  which  with 
fo  much  propriety  and  juiVice  grants 
to  the  injured  creditors  the  attach- 
ment and  imprifonnient  of  their 
perfons  to  compel  from  them  a 
inoft  exatl  and  rigorous  account  of 
what  they  fiiould  have  at  that  time 
in  polTeffion,  to  be  imnoediately  fe- 
cured  forthe  benefit  of  the  creditors, 
with  fuch  reparation  and  farther  fe- 
curity  to  them,  as  the  nature  of  the 
debtor's  circumftances  fhould  admit ; 
how  many  creditors  would  haverea- 
fon  to  blefs  fuch  a  difpofition  ?  And 
the  fame  law  determining  the  dura- 
tion of  a  debtor's  imprifonment,  ac- 
cording to  the  didates  of  renfon  and 
humanity,  after  his  making  all  the 
fatisfa^ition  in  his  power,  (and  what 
4nore  ought  to  be  required  ?)  would 
not  only  favour  the  creditor's  great- 
eft  intereft,  but  reftore  to  the  ufes  of 
civil  life,  numbers  of  debtors,  re- 
formed, if  fufceptibie  of  reforma- 
tion, by  fuch  reafonable  temporary 
punifhment ;  and  at  theworll,  ren- 
dered by  the  lofs  of  credit,  more 
incapable  of  hurting  others,  whom 
fuch  a  circumftance  muft  naturally 
put  on  their  guard. 

But,  if  even  the  cafe  of  fraudu- 
lent or  ill  defigning  debtors  claims 
the  emendation  of  the  law  for  the 
fake  of  their  creditors,  how  much 
inore\ioes  that  of  only  unfortunate 
ones  deferve  it  for  their  own  ?  And 
for  the  honour  of  human  kind,  it  is 
to  be  hoped,  they  are  infinitely  the 
greater  number  of  the  two,  and 
v/hcm  it  would  be  cbnfequently  the 
greateTt  injuftice,  as  well  as  cruelty, 
to  facrifice  to  any  confidera'ions 
of  the  other  ;  even  if  thofe  confi- 
dera:ions  did  not  favour  the  credi- 
tors themfelves,  or  that'tendernefs 
for  liberty,  which  charaderifes  our 
nation,  did  not  fo  iirongly  recom- 
mend it. '^ 


A  letter  from  Bijijop  Atterbury   to  h'fs 
Jon     Obadiah     at     Chriji- church, 
Oxon. 

Dear  Obby, 

I  Thank  you  for  your  letter,  be- 
caufe  there  are  manifeft  figns 
in  it  of  your  endeavouring  to  excel 
yourfelf,  and  by  confequence  to 
pleafe  me.  You  have  fucceeded  in 
both  refpeds,  and  will  always  fuc*- 
ceed,  if  you  think  it  worth  your 
while  to  confider  what  you  write, 
and  to  whom,  and  lee  nothing,  the* 
of  a  trifling  nature,  pafs  through 
your  pen  negligently  ;  get  but  the 
way  of  writing  correftly  and  juftly, 
time  and  ufe  will  teach  you  to  write 
readily  afterwards  ;  not  but  that  too 
much  care  might  give  a  ilift'nefs  to 
your  ilyle,  which  ought,  in  all  let- 
ters, by  all  means  to  be  avoided. 
The  turn  of  them  fhould  be  natu- 
ral and  eafy,  for  they  are  an  image 
of  privnre  and  familiar  converfation. 
I  mention  this  with  refped  to  the 
four  or  five  firft  lines  of  yours, 
which  have  an  air  of  poetry,  and  do 
therefore  naturally  refolve  them- 
felves  into  blank  verfes.  I  fend 
you  your  letter  again,  that  you 
yourfelf  may  now  make  the  fame 
obfervation.  Butyoutook  thehint 
of  that  thought  from  a  poem,  and 
it  is  no  wonder,  therefore,  that  you 
heightened  the  phrafe  a  little,  when 
you  were  exprelling  it.  The  reft  is 
as  it  fhould  be  ;  and,  particularly, 
there  is  an  air  of  duty  and  fincerity, 
that  if  it  comes  from  your  heart,  is 
the  moft  acceptable  prefent  you  can 
make  me.  With  thefe  good  qua- 
lities, an  incorredl  letter  would 
pleafe  me;  and  without  them,  tha 
fineft  thoughts  and  language  would 
make  no  hilling  impreflion  upon  me. 
The  great  Being  fays,  you  know — 
Myjon  gl'-ve  ?ne  thy  heart,  implying, 

ihac« 


MISCELLANE'DUS   ESSAYS.      433 


t^at  without  it,  all  other  gifts  figni- 
iy  nothing.  Let  me  conjure  you, 
therefore,  never  to  fay  any  thing, 
either  in  a  letter,  or  common  con- 
verfatidn,  that  you  do  not  think; 
but  always  to  let  your  mind  and 
your  words  go  together^  on  the  moft 
trivial  occafions.  Shelter  not  the 
leaft  degree  of  infincerity  under  the 
notion  of  a  compliment,  which,  as 
far  as  it  defcrves  to  be  pradlifed  by 
a  man  of  probity,  is  only  the  moft 
civil  and  obliging  way  of  faying 
what  you  really  mean  ;  and  who- 
ever employs  it  otherwife^  throw^ 
away  truth  for  breedirig  ;  I  need 
not  tell  you  how  little  his  character 
gets  by  fuch  an  exchange. 

I  fay  not  this  as  if  I  fufpe£led  that 
in  any  part  of  your  letter  you  intend- 
ed to  write  what  was  proper,  with- 
out any  regard  to  what  was  true  ; 
for  I  am  refolved  to  believe  that 
you  were  in  earneft,  from  the  be- 
ginning to  the  end  of  it,  as  much  as 
I  am  when  I  tell  you,  that  I  am. 

Your  loving  father.  Sea 

An  EJfay  on  Monojyllables, 

WH  A  T  I  have  to  offer  on 
this  fubjedl  may  be  called  a 
vindication  of  our  language,  and  of 
our  beft  poets,  who  have  authorifed 
the  ufe  of  monofyllable  lines  by  fre- 
quent examples  of  them,  not  out  of 
choice,  but  becaufe  they  could  not 
avoid  them  between  the  multitude 
of  Englilh  monofyllables  and  the 
reftraint  of  rhime  and  meafure. 
Pope,  in  his  Eflay  on  Criticifm,  ex- 
pofes  monofyllable  verfes  that  are 
rough  ;  but  there,  and  in  his  other 
poems,  he  is  free  enough  in  the  ufe 
of  thofe  that  are  fmooth,  and  fo  are 
Dryden,  Waller,  Prior,  Sec.  The 
author  of  Love  Elegies  is  an  har- 
monious writer,  and  yet,  ia  ch« 
Vol.  U. 


very  (horteft  of  them,  if  I  remenl* 
ber  right,  he  has  thefe  monofyalla- 
ble  lines : 

She  hurs'd  my  hopes^  and  taught  mi 

honjo  to/ue  ; 
She  is  my  faint  y  to  her  my  prayers  are 

made  ; 
One  tear  of  her^s  is  more  than  all  thy 

pain.       ^ 

Thefe  three  in  a  poem  of  thirty- 
two  lines,  exceed  by  accident  the 
ufual  proportion  of  fuch  lines,  which 
are  not  above  two  or  three  in  it 
hundred  ;  and  as  for  lines  with  but 
one  word  of  more  fyllables  thail 
one,-  which  are  likewife  blamed; 
you  will  generally  me6t  with  about 
five  and  twenty  of  them  in  fevery 
hundred :  but  td  proceed ;  as  far 
as  the  conftant  practice  of  our  moft 
celebrated  poets  can  be  of  weighty 
monofyllable  verfes  are  jullified  : 
and  to  prove  that  they  deferve  tO  b^ 
fo  inllead  of  being  only  excuTed,  as 
flips  and  defeds  incident  to  the  beft 
writers,  I  Ihall  admit  wb^t  a  certain 
author  lays,  that  verfes  oOght  to  rua 
like  Ovid's,  or  walk  like  Virgil's^- 
and  not  to  Itand  rt6ck  illll  like  Doc- 
tor Donne's.  [f  therefore  niioho. 
fyllable  lines,  under  proper  ma- 
nagement, can  both  walk  and  fun 
Wnen  occafion  requi;es  ihcm  fo  to 
do,  nothing  better  can  be  expcfted 
from  polyfyllables  by  thofe  who  are 
fondelt  of  them;  and  this  will  al- 
ways be  the  cafe  where  well-vow- 
elled  words  (as  Dryden  calls  them) 
are  chofen,  and  where  there  is  a 
convenient  mijfiure  of  liqaids  atid 
fhort  fyllables  :  though  long  ones 
will  ferve  the  turn  now  and  then, 
if  they  open  upon  one  another, 
more  or  lefs,  by  beginning  or  end- 
ing with  more  vowels. 

Thus  in  the  firit  line  of  Drydcn^sf 
tranflaiion  oflhc  -^^ntid; 

F  f  Arms 


434        ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1759. 


Arms  and  the  man  Ifing,  nuho  forced 

by  fate. 
Of  ten  fyllables  five  are  fhort,  and 
more  fliort  ones  would  have  been 
too  many.  The  firft  foot  is  jndeed 
a  ("pondee,  but  the  fecond  is  a  pyr- 
rich,  and  the  three  laft  are  iambics. 
This  verfe,  therefore,  muft  of  ne- 
ceflity  run,  whereas  the  fecond  line 
of  Milton's  Paradife  Lolt, 
Of  that  forbidden  tree,  nvhofe  mortal 

tajie, 
moves  very  flowly,  though  it  has 
one  triffyllable,  nor  can  it  do  other- 
wife,  as  it  confifts  of  long  fyllables, 
viz.  five  fpondees,  and  the  commu- 
nication between  the  words  is  pretty 
much  cut  off,  by  their  generally 
ending  and  beginning  with  ccnfo- 
nants.  The  author  of  Cooper's 
Hill,  fpeaking  to  the  Thames,  fays, 
O  could  I  foiv  like  thee,  and  make 

thy  Jlreamj  l^c. 
he  has  his  wifh,  and  flows  like  the 
Thames  in  monofyllables  ;  and 
without  doubt  the  prejudice  againft 
them  is  grounded  upon  the  pradlice 
of  our  antiquated  poets,  who  having 
little  help  from  the  Latin,  dealt  fre- 
quently in  Teuton  monofyllables, 
and  thofe  generally  rough ;  and 
hence  arofe  the  confequence  ah  abu- 
fu  ai  ufum^  from  rough  monofylla- 
bles to  monofyllables  as  fuch,  tho' 
never  fo  fmooth,  and  from  many 
that  occur  in  our  old  Englifh,  to 
the  very  few  that  are  required  in 
the  courfe  of  our  modern  verfifica- 
tion  upon  any  fubjed  whatfoever ; 
tliough  were  they  many  more,  and 
not  oftenfive  to  the  ear,  it  is  hard 
to  fay  why  they  fhould  be  cenfur- 
cd.  Of  the  four  following  lines  in 
Cooper's  Hill, 
hike  him   in  hirth^   thou  JkouUVJi  be 

like  in  fame. 
As  thine  his  fate,  if  thine  had  been 

his  fame  : 

6  .    - 


But  fwhofoe'er  he  n.vas,     nature    de- 

fign'd, 
Firji   a    bra've  place,    and  then    as 

bra've  a  mindy 
three  are  monofyllables,  and  full  as 
fmooth  as  the  other,  though  indeed 
each  of  them  takes  up  more  room 
in  paper,  if  that  be  an  objedion  : 
and  now  we  are  upon  Cooper's  Hill, 
we  fhall  find  it  has  many  more  mo- 
nofyllable  lines,  in  proportion  to  its 
length,  than  any  other  good  poem 
you  fhall  meet  with  ;  but  if,  not- 
withflanding  its  charader,  its  author 
ihould  be  thought  not  fufficiently 
modern,  take  the  following  couplet 
from  the  Hind  and  Panther. 
Good  life  be  no^iv  my  tafz,  my  doubts 
.  are  done. 
What  fnore  could  fright  my  faith  than 

three  in  one  ! 
And  if  thefe  two  monofyjlable  lines, 
fucceeding  each  other,  give  you 
more  difguft  than  any  one  of  them 
would  have  done,  they  fhall  be 
turned  into  diffyllables,  with  a  pro- 
per mixture  of  triffyllables,  and 
monofyllables,  merely  for  the  fake 
of  variety. 
Goodlife     benonumy     tajk,     mydoubts 

aredcne  ; 
Whatmore    could  frightmyfaith    than 

ihreeinone  ! 
Here  your  objedlion  is  entirely  re- 
moved ;  you  wanted  polyfyllables, 
and  you  have  them  ;  fo  that  if  the 
lines  are  not  rough  in  all  (hapes 
(which  would  be  another  queilion) 
you  arc  bound  upon  your  own  prin- 
ciple, to  be  pleafed  with  them;  and 
yet,  pray,  why  fo  ?  as  Dr.  Trapp 
would  fave  faid  ;  the  fyllables  in 
this  new  form  are  the  very  fame  they 
were  before,  and  follow  one  another 
in  the  fame  order,  fo  that  of  necef- 
fity  they  muft  have  the  fame  efiedl 
upon  the  ear,  which  they  had  when- 
they  were  all  monofyllables.      Sup- 

po  fc 


MISCELLANEOUS   ESSAYS. 


pofe  a  foreigner,   acquainted  with 
the  mcafure  of  our  poetry,    but  a 
llranger     to   our   language ;     Ihew 
him   the   two  foregoing  lines,    di- 
vided into  five  feet,    and  aflc  him 
his   opinion  of  their  harmony,    he 
wiJl  have  no  other  way  to  anfwer 
you     but    by    confulting    his    ear, 
without  enquiring  how  many  fylla- 
bJes  go  to  a  word,  or  whether  there 
are    as    many  words   as  fyallables. 
Again,  take   the   mod  harmonious 
line  confiihng  of  polyfylJables  that 
you   can    think  of,    and  it  will  be 
full  as  harmonious  if  you  divide  it 
into  monolyllables,   as  a  rough  line 
of    monofyilables   will    be   equally 
rough  when    you  have  turned  them 
into    polyfyllables  ;     and    I    have 
dwelt    the   longer  upon  this  argu- 
ment, as  I  think  it  places  the  quef- 
tion  in    that  point  of  light  which 
amounts  to  a  demonilration  ;    and 
proves,  with  great  fubmiflion,^  that 
the  objection  againft   monofyllable 
lines    is  quite   imaginary,    as  it  is 
grounded  upon  a  diftinclion  with- 
out a  difference.     The  moft  gallop- 
ing of  all  meafures  is  an  hexameter 
ofdaftyls,  viz. 


435 

fF/^en   young    at    the   bar  yon  Jlrjl 

taught  me  to  fcorey 
And  bade  me  be  free  of  my  lips  and 

no  more. 

Upon  the  whole  matter  it  feems  to 
refult  pretty  clearly,  from  what  has 
been  laid  down,  that  monofyilables 
or  polyfyllables  is  not  the  queftion, 
but  harmony  or  diffonance.  No  mo- 
dern verfificator  can  have  occafion 
for  monofyllable  lines,  except  it  be 
now  and   then  ;    and  when  he  has 
occafion,    it  is  no  hard  matter  for 
him  to  fecure  their  harmony  by  the 
quantity,  the  found,  and  the  fitua- 
tion  of  his  fyllables,  after  which  he 
will  he  in  a  fair  way  of  carrying  his 
point,  by  appealing,  from  a  man's 
prejudices  to  his  ear. 


Pul'verulenta  putrim  fonitu  qaat'it  un- 
gula  campum  ; 

and  you  may  compofe  fuch  another 
•vhen   you  pleafe  of  Englifli  mono- 
vllables,  viz. 

i!  'LiJi  on  A plain}MQ  trip ;/  by  7k. groove. 


or  diJlreafHt  or  sl  green  hill. 

jmcthing  like  this  occ^prs  in  the 
meafure  of  fome  of  our  ballads 
when    they  gallop  away  in  mono- 


An  Indian  Tale,  from  the  Idler. 

AS  the  Englifh  army  was   paf- 
fing   towards   Quebec,    along 
a  foft  favanna,  between  a  mountaia 
and  a  lake,  one  of  the  petty  chiefs 
of  the  inland  regions  flood  upon  a 
rock  furrounded   by  his  clan,    and 
from    behind    the    fhelter    of    the 
bufhes  contemplated  the  art  and  re- 
gularity of  European  war.     It  was 
evening ;    the  tents   were   pitched. 
He  oblerved  the  fecurity  with  which 
the  troops  refled  in  the  night,  and 
the   order   with   which    the  march 
was  renewed  in  the  morning,     fie 
continued  to  purfue  them  with  his 
eye  till  they  could  be  feen  no  longer, 
and  then  flood  for  fome  time  fiknt 
and  penfive. 

Then  turning  to  his  followers, 
**  My  children  (("aid  he)  I  have 
often  heard  that  there  was  a  time 
when  our  anceftors  were  abfolute 
lords  of  the  woods,  the  meadows, 
F  f  2  and 


436       ANNUAL     REGISTER,    1759. 


and  the  lakes,  wherever  the  eye  can 
reach  or  the  foot  can  pafs. 

A  rtevv  race  of  men  entered  our 
country  from  the  great  ocean  : 
they  inclofed  themfelves  in  habita- 
tions of  Hone,  which  our  anceftors 
could  neither  enter  by  violence,  nor 
deflroy  by  fire  :  they  ifTued  from 
thofe  fatnefies^  fometimes  covered 
like  the  armadillo  vsith  fhells,  from 
which  the  lance  rebounded  on  the 
ftriker,  and  fometimes  carried  by 
mighty  beads,  which  had  never 
been  feen  in  our  val^s  or  forefts,  of 
fuch  llrength  and  fwiftnefs  that 
flight  and  oppofition  were  vain 
alike.  Thofe  invaders  ranged  over 
the  continent,  flaughiering  in  their 
rage  thofe  that  refilled,  and  thofe 
that  fubmitttd  in  their  mirth.  Of 
thofe  that  remained,  fome  were 
buried  in  caverns,  and  condemned 
to  dig  metal  for  their  mailers ; 
feme  were  employed  in  tilling  the 
ground  of  which  foreign  tyrants 
devoured  the  produce  ;  and'  when 
the  Avord  and  the  mines  have  de- 
llroyed  the  natives,  they  fupply 
their  place  with  human  beings  of 
another  colour,  brought  from  fome 
diftant  country  to  peri(h  here  under 
toil  and  torture. 

Some  there  are,  who  boaft  their 
humanity,  that  content  themfelves 
to  feize  our  chafes  and  fiflleries,  who 
drive  us  from  every  tract  of  ground 
where  fertility  and  pleafantnefs  in- 
vite them  to  fettle,  and  make  no 
war  upon  us  except  when  we  intrude 
upon  our  own  lands. 

Others  pretend  to  have  purchafed 
a  right  of  refidence  and  tyranny  ; 
but  furely  the  infolcnce  of  fuch 
i)argains  is  more  oifenfive  than  the 
allowed  and  open  dominion  of 
force.  . 

But  the  time  perhaps  is  now  ap- 
proaching, when  (he  pride  of  ufur- 


pation  fliall  be  crufhed,  and  tH'e 
cruelty  of  invafion  fhall  be  reveno--- 
ed.  The  fons  of  rapacity  have  now 
drawn  upon  each  other,  and  refer- 
red their  claims  to  the  decifion  of 
war  :  let  us  look  unconcernedly 
upon  the  flaughter,  and  remembet 
that  the  death  of  every  European 
delivers  the  country  from  a  tyrant 
and  a  robber  ;  for  what  is  the  claim 
of  either  nation,  but  the  claim  of 
the  vulture  to  the  leveret,  and  the 
tyger  to  the  fawn  ?  Let  them  then 
continue  to  difpute  their  title, to  re- 
gions which  they  cannot  people,  to 
purchafe  by  danger  and  blocd  the 
empry  dignity  of  dominion  over 
mountains  which  they  will  never 
climb,  and  rivers  which  they  will 
never  pafs.  Let  us  endeavour,  in 
the  mean  time,  to  learn  their  dif- 
cipline,  and  forge  their  weapons  ; 
and  when  they  Ihall  be  weakened 
with  mutual  (laughter,  let  us  rufh 
down  upon  them,  force  their  re- 
mains to  take  (helter  in  their  fhips, 
and  reign  once  more  in  our  native 
country." 


On  Biography  y  from  the  Idler. 

"Dlography  is,  of  the  various- 
-*-*  kinds  of  narrative  writing, 
that  which  is  mofl  eagerly  read,  and 
moll  eafily  applied  to  the  purpofes 
of  life. 

In  romances,  when  the  field  of 
pcllibility  lies  open  to  invention, 
the  incidents  may  eafily  be  made- 
more  numerous,  the  vicifiitudes 
more  fudden,  and  the  events  more 
wonderful  :  but  from  the  time  of 
life  when  fancy  begins  to  be  over- 
ruled by  reafon,  and  correfted  by 
experience,  the  moll  artful  tale 
raifes  little  curioficy  when  it  is 
known  to  be  falfe  ;  it  may,  perhaps, 

be 


MISCELLANEOUS  ESSAYS.         437 


he  fometimes  read  as  a  model  of  a 
plain  or  elegant  ftile,  not  for  the 
fake  of  knowledge  of  what  it  con- 
tains, but  how  it  is  written  ;  or 
thofe  that  are  weary  of  themfelves 
may  have  recoufe  to  it  as  a  pleafing 
dream,  of  which,  when  they  awake, 
they  voluntarily  difmifs  the  images 
from  their  minds. 

The  examples  and  events  of  hi- 
llory  preis,  indeed,  upon  the  mind 
with  the  weight  of  truth  ;    but  when 
they  are  reported  in   the  memory, 
they  are  oftener  employed  for  fhew 
than  ufe,  and  rather  diverfify  con- 
verfation    than   regulate   life;     few 
are  engaged  in  fuch  fcenes  as  give 
them     opportunities     of     growing 
wifer  by  the  downfal  of  ftatefmen, 
OJ-    the    defeat    of  generals.     T'he 
flratagems  of  war,  and  the  intrigues 
of  courts,  are  read  byfar  the  greater 
part  of  mankind  with  the  fame  iji- 
difference  as  the  adventures  of  fa- 
bled  heroes,  or  the  revolution  of  a 
fairy  region.  Between  falfehood  and 
ufelefs    truih    there    is  little    diffe- 
rence ;    as   gold    which    he  cannot 
fpend   will  make   no  man  rich,  fo 
knowledge  which  he  cannot  apply 
will  m..ke  no  man  wife. 

The  mifchievous  co.nfcquences 
of  vice  and  folly,  of  irregular  de- 
fires  and  predominant  palFions,  are 
bell  difco  ered  by  thofe  relations 
which  are  levelled  with  the  general 
furface  of  life,  which  tell  not  how 
any  man  became  great,  but  how 
he  was  made  happy  ;  not  how  he 
loll  the  favour  of  his  prince,  but 
how  he  becan:>e  difcoDtened  with 
himfelf. 

Thofe  relations  are  therefore 
commonly  of  mod  value  in  which 
the  writer  tells  his  own  ftory.  He 
that  recounts  the  life  of  another, 
commonly  dwells  mod  upon  con- 
ft)icuous  events,   lelfens  the  famili- 


arity of  his  tale  to  increafe  its  dig- 
nity, Ihews  his  favourite  at  a  diC 
tance,  decorated  and  magnified  lik$ 
the   ancient   adtors  in  their   tragic 
drefs,   and   endeavours  to  hide  the 
man  that  he  might  produce  a  hero. 
But  if  it  be  trudiwhich  was  faid 
by   a  French   prince,    /l?at  no  man 
njuas   a  hero  to  the  fervanis  of  his 
chamber y  it  is  equally  true  that  eve- 
ry man  is  yet  lefs  a  hero  to  him- 
felf.   He  that  is  mod  elevated  above 
the  crowd,  by  the  importance  of  his 
employments,  or  the  reputation  of 
his  genius,  feels  himfelf  affeded  by 
fame  or  bufinefs  but  as  they  influ- 
ence his  domeftip  life.     The  high, 
and  low,  a^  they  have  the  fame  fe- 
cuhies  and  the   fame   fenfes,    have 
no  lefs  firailitude  in  their  pains  and 
pleefures.     The  fenfations  are  the 
fame  in  all,  tho*  produced  by  very 
different    occafions.      The    prince 
fepis   the  fame  pain   when  an   inr 
vader  feizes  a  province,  as  a  farmer 
when  a  thief  drives  away  his  cow. 
Men  thus  equal  in  themfelves,  will 
appear   equal    in    honeit   and    im- 
partial biography  :   and  thofe  whom 
fortune  or  nature  place  at  the  great- 
eft  diftance  may  afford  iniiruftioil  to 
each  other. 

The  writer  of  his  own  life  has  at 
leaft  the  firft  qualification  of  an  hif- 
torian,  the  knowledge  of  the  truth; 
and  tho'  it  may  be  plaufibly  objec- 
ted, that  his  temptations  to  difguife 
it  are  equal  to  his  opportunities  of 
knowing  it,  yet  I  cannot  but  think 
that  impartiality  may  be  e>:peded 
with  equal  confidence  from  him  that 
relates  the  paffages  of  his  own  life, 
as  from  him  that  delivers  the  tranf- 
adtions  of  another. 

Certainty  of  knowledge  not  only 
excludes  miftake,  but  fortifies  vera- 
city.    What  we  colleft  by  conjec- 
ture,   and   by  conjedure  only  can 
F  f  3  ontf 


438         ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1759. 

one  man  judge  of  another's  motives  posver  the  vigHance  of  a  mind  ha- 
or  fentiments,  is  eafily  modified  by  bitually  well  dirpofcd,  and  prevail 
fancy  or  by  defire  ;  as  objefts,  im-  over  unaflilled  and  unfriended  ve- 
perfeftly  difcerned,  take  forms  from 
the  hope  or  fear  of  the  beholder. 
But  that  which  is  fully  known,  can- 
not be  falfified  but  with  reluftance 
of  underltanding,  and  alarm  ofcon- 
fcicnce  ;  of  underftanding  the  lover 
of  truth,  of  confcience  the  centinel 
of  virtue. 

He  that  writes  the  life  of  ano- 
ther is  either  his  friend  or  his  ene- 
my, and  wiflies  either  to  exalt  his 
praife  or  aggravate  his  infamy  ; 
tb  him  many  temptations  to  falfe- 
hood  will  occur  in  the  difguife  of 
paffions,  too  fpecious  to  fear  much 
refinance.  Love  of  virtue  will  ani- 
mate panegyric,  and  hatred  of 
wickednefs  imbitter  cenfure.  The 
zeal  of  gratitude,  the  ardour  of  pa- 
triotiim,  fondnefs  of  an  opinion,  or 
fidelity  to  a  party,  may  eafily  over- 


racity. 

But  he  that  fpeaks  of  himfclf 
has  no  motive  to  falfehood  or  par- 
tiality except  felf-love,  by  which 
all  have  fo  often  been  betrayed, 
that  all  are  upon  the  watch  againft 
its  artifices.  He  that  writes  an  apo- 
logy for  a  lingle  adion,  to  confute 
an  accufation,  or  recommend  him- 
felf  to  favour,  is  indeed  always  to 
be  fufpe£led  of  favouring  his  own 
caufe ;  but  he  that  fits  down  calm- 
ly and  voluntarily  to  review  his  life 
for  the  admonition  of  pofterity,  or 
to  amufe  himfelf,  and  leaves  his  ac- 
count unpublilhed,  may  be  com- 
monly prefumed  to  tell  truth,  fince 
falfehood  cannot  appeafe  his  own 
mind,  and  fame  will  npt  b^  hear4 
beneath  the  tomb. 


POETRY. 


C    439    ] 

O      E      T      R      Y. 


A      SIMILE. 

CORINNA,  in  the  country  bred, 
Harbour'd  ftrange  notions  in  her  head ; 
Notions  in  town 'quite  out  of  fafhion  ; 
Such  as,  that  love's  a  dangerous  paflion. 

That  virtue  is  the  maiden's  jewel,  * 

And  to  be  fafe,  Ihe  mull  be  cruel. 

Thus  arm'd,  fhe  long  fecur'd  her  honour 
From  all  aflaults,  yet  made  upon  her; 
Had  fcratch'd  the  impetuous  captain^'s  hand. 
Had  torn  the  lawyer's  gown  and  band. 
And  gold  rcfiis'd  from  knights  and  'fquires. 
To  bribe  her  to  her  own  defires : 
For,  to  fay  truth,  fhe  thought  it  hard. 
To  be  of  pleafures  thus  debarrM, 
She  faw  by  others  freely  tailed. 
So  pouted,  pin'd,  grew  pale,  and  walled : 
Yet,  notwithftanding  her  condition. 
Continued  firm  in  oppofition.j  • 

At  length  a  troop  of  horfe  came  doWn, 
And  quarter'd  in  a  neighboring  town  ; 
The  cornet  he  was  tall  and  young. 
And  had  a  moll  bewitching  tongue. 
They  faw  and  lik'd  :  the  fiege  begun  : 
Each  hour  he  fome  advantage  won. 

He  ogled  firft  ; Ihe  tnrn'd  away  ; 

But  met  his  eyes  the  following  day  : 
Then  her  reludlant  hand  he  feizes. 
That  foon  Ihe  gives  him  when  he  pleafes ; 
Her  ruby  lips  he  next  attacks : 
She  llruggles  ;  —  in  a  while  fhe  fmacks : 
Her  fnowy  breaft  he  then  invades ;      '    ■" 
That  yields,  too,  after  fome  parades  : 
And  of  that  fortrefs  once  pofTcIl, 
He  quickly  maflers  all  the  reft. 
No  longer  no'w  a  dupe  to  fame,  "j 

She  /mothers  or  refifts  her  flame y  N 

But  lo'ves  ^without  or  fear  or  Jhame.      j 

So  have  I  feen  the  Tory  race 
Long  in  the  pouts,  for  want  of  place; 

F  f  4  Nevejj' 


440        ANNUAL  REGISTER,  1759, 


\ 


Never  in  humour,  never  well, 
Wifhing  for  what  they  dar*d  not  tell ; 
Their  head§  with  country  notions  £iaught. 
Notions  in  town  not  worth  a  grqat ; 
Thefe  tenets  all  reluctant  quit. 
And  ftep  by  ftep  at  laft  fubmit 
9^0  Reafon,  Eloquence,  and  P— t. 
At  firft  to  Hanover  a  plum 

Was  fent ; they  faid a  trivial  fum  : 

3ut  if  he  \vei^t  one  tittle  further. 

They  vow'd  and  fwore,  they'd  cry  out  murder: 

Ere  long  a  larger  i^m  is  wanted ; 

They  pilh'd  and  frowned  —  but  ftill  they  granted ; 

Jfe  pufh'd  for  more,  and  more  agen  -— — 

"Well— ~;noney's  better  fent  than  men  ; 

Here  virtue  made  another  Hand 

No—— not  a  man  ihall  Ipave  the  land. 

What  ?  not  one  regiment  to  Embden  ? 

They  ftart-r—  bpt  now  they're  fairly  hem'd  in  ; 

Thefe  foon,  and  many  more  are  fent ; 

They're  filent-Trr- iilence  gives  confent. 

Our  troops,  they  now  can  plainly  fee. 

May  Britain  guard  in  Germany  ; 

The  Hanovei^ap^,  Heffians,  Pruffians, 

Are  paid  to  oppofe  the  French  and  Ruffians  ^ 

Nor  fcruple  they  with  truth  to  fay. 

They  are  fighting  for  i^merifa  : 

No  more  they  make  a  fiddle-faddl^ 

About  a  Heflian  horfe  or  faddle  j 

No  more  of  continental  meafuresj, 

No  more  of  waiUng  B.ritifli  t;-eafures ; 

Ten  millions,  and  a  yote  of  credit,  — — 

'Tis  right-sir — he  can't  be  wrong  who  did  it; 

They're  fairly  fous'd  o'er  head  and  cars. 

And  cur'd  of  all  their  ruilic  fears. 

PPLL     CpMMQN. 

4 fragmeTit,  in  anpwer  to  ihe  foregoing. 

f#»     ♦#***»**»* 

So,  loll:  to  fenfe  of  Ihame  and  duty, 
Doll  c?ame  to  town  to  fell  her  beauty  ; 
Caelia,  her  frieijd,  with  heart-felt  pain. 
Had  preach'd  up  virtue's  lore  in  vain  : 
In  vain  Ihe  try'd  each  winning  art ; 
For  Dpll  had  lewdnefs  in  her  heart. 


Th^2 


POETRY,  441 

Thus  bent  to  be  a  fordid  whore. 

She  knock'd  at  Proftitution's  door: 

•:*  •  »  arofe  and  let  her  in. 

And  ftroak'd  her  cheek  and  chuck'd  her  chin  ; 

While  far  from  whimpers,  fobs  or  weeping, 

Doll  curt'fied,  and  was  foon  in  keeping: 

Now  in  Hyde-Park  (he  flaunts  by  day. 

At  night  fhe  flutters  at  the  play. 

This  keeper,  and  a  fecond  dy'd ; 

Now  Doll  is  humbled  in  her  pride. 

At  length  flie  comes  upon  the  town  ; 

Firft  palms  a  guinea ;  then  a  crown  ; 

Nay,  flander  fays,  that  underhand. 

The  forlorn  wretch  did  walk  the  Strand  j 

'Till  grown  the  fcorn  of  man  and  woman, 

A  pot  of  beer  would  buy  Doll  Common. 

Mean  time,  deep  fmit  with  honefl:  flame, 
Caelia  efpous'd  a  youth  of  fame. 
From  the  chafte  bed  fair  iflTue  fprung ; 
With  peals  of  joy  the  country  rung. 
Again  the  matron  pregnant  grown. 
Now  haftens  to  lye-in  in  town. 
There,  near  the  Park,  Doll  Qomisii^n  found  her, 
(Her  little  family  around  her.) 

Then  Doll  began "  So,  modell  mifs ! 

?*  Is  all  your  prudery  come  to  this  ? 
^*  Why,  but  your  apron's  round,  I  fee  ; 
?'  You're  e'en  a  ftrumpet  rank,  like  me  ; 
**  ^ite  cur^d  of  all  your  rujiic  fears, 
**  And  fairly  fous^  d  o'er  head  and  ears. 
'*  Coy  fimp 'ring  maids  I  find  can  fm: 
'*  For  fliame,  your  belly's  at  your  chin  j 
*'  In  fpite  of  all  your  virtuous  lore, 
**  You're  now  become  an  arrant  whore." 

Fair  Cjelia's  cheek  a  blufli  o'erfpread; 
And  thus,  with  calm  difdain,  (he  faid: 
•'  That  Iqye  poflTelTes  me,  'tis  true  ; 
**  Yet,  heav'n  be  prais'd  !  I  am  not  you  : 
**  My  head's  'with  country  notions  fraught, 
^'  Notions  (to  you)  not  ixjorth  a  groat. 
"  Aided  by  ev'ry  virtuous  art, 
f  A  generous  youth  has  won  my  heart. 
•*  Yet  never  did  I  yield  my  charms. 
*'  Till  honour  led  me  to  his  arms. 
"  My  charms  I  never  bafely  fold; 
"  I  am  no  prollitute  for  gold  ; 
"  On  my  own  rents  I  liv'd  before, 
**  Nor  has  my  William  added  more. 


f« 


Wealth 


+4^v      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 

*'  Wealth  is  our  fcorn  ;  our  humble  labours 
**  Aim  but  to  fer'ue  or  fave  our  neighboursi 

**^  See heav'n  has  blefl:  our  chaile  embrace,: 

•*  Behold  this  little  fmiling  race, 
**  The  offspring  of  an  honeft  bed  ; 
**  Here,  Senegal,  hold  up  your  head  : 
*•  This  tawny  boy,  his  parents*  boaft, 
<*  Shall  bring  us  gold  from  Afric's  coaft. 
**  And  mark  ^hefe  twins,  of  Indian  mien  ; 
**  Thi3  Louifbourg,  and  that  Du  Quefne  : 
"  Their  bold  and  honeft  looks  prefage, 
**  They'll  be  our  comfort  in  old  age. 
«'  And  if  the  child  that  fwells  my  womb 
*'  To  a  propitious  birth  fhall  come, 
•'  O'erjoy'd  I'll  blefs  the  happy  day, 
**  And  call  our  child  America." 

Thus  Czelia  fpake  with  modell:  grace  ; 
But  rage  deform'd  the  harlot's  face  : 
Her  fiery  eyes  began  to  roll, 
A  hag  in  look,  aiiend  in  foul : 
And  now  Ihe  vomits  forth  the  din 
Of  oyfter  wenches  drunk  with  gin. 
Nay,  j-umour  fcruples  ndt  to  tell  ye. 
The  ftrumpet  kick'd  the  matron's  belly ; 
Of  the  fair  coming  birth  afraid  ; 
For  black  abortion  was  her  trade* 

The.  S  I  MJ'LE    anfivered. 

CO  R I N  N  A,  in  a  maiden  flate. 
You  liken  to  a  Tory  : 
She  jealous  of  her  virgin  fame; 
He  of  his  country's  glory 

Corinna,  when  debauch'd,  you  hint. 

By  forae  falfe  flattering  prig. 
Becomes  a  proflitute  as  vile 

As  any  fawning  W4iig. 

Granted  your  principles  are  fair ; 

Not  fo  your  fly  concluflon  : 
The  Simile  is  faintly  drawn. 

Nor  jufl  is  thcallulion 

Expunge  Corinna's  name,  and  place 

Britannia's  full  in  view. 
Each  lively  ftroke  your  wit  purfues. 

Is  apt,  and  ftri^Uy  true.    : 


Britannia 


P  ^O  ^E    T    R    Y.  44ij 

Britannia  loft  'her -Virgin  pride. 

Her  faith  and  former  plight. 
By  Hogan-Mogan  wiles  debauchM, 

And  plundered  of  her  right.  - 

He  *  ftript  her  frrfl:,*'^n(!  every  ill 

Of  dire  Pandora^s  box, 
Transfus'd  throughout  her  tender  frame. 

And  left  her  in  a  pox. 

High  German  Doftors  now  were  call'd, 
^     To  prop  her  conftitution :  ' 

But. what  the  foreign  quacks  prefcBbM, 
Irtcreas'd  the  firft  pollution. 

A  group  of  home-bred  coblers  next, 

(The  vileft  fcum  on  earth) 
Bled,  purgM  and  grip'd  the  wretched  d^me> 

And  tokens  brought  of  death. 

At  length  a  Patriot  Doflor  came. 

Scorning  reward  or  fee  ; 
Who,   aided   by   Britannia^s  friends, 

F^om  ruin  fet  her  free. 

He  easM  her  pains;  reftor'd  her  healtl?., 

No  more    her   fpirits  fret;    ' '''   '    '' 
No  running  e'vil  now   fhe   feels. 

But 'r«»;r??j^  more  in   debt, 

,      This  fymptom  too  in  prdper  t^nip 
He  will  fubdue,  no  doubt, 
Forikilful  doclors  ne^er   djirtnge,  ^^u"t -xk^-l 

'Till' all  the^ar^«o/«*s  out.  "* 

Some  STAiimxHaddrsfedfo  no  Minifler  nor  -Great  Man. 

"fir  IT  H  all  thy  titles;  all  thy  large  eft  ate, 
^^     And  all  the  favours  which  a  king  can  grant. 
Something  is  wanting  ftill  to  make  thee  greats 
And^ftill  that  fomething  thou  wilt  ever  want. 

Tor  is  it  greatnefj  at  a  fumptuous  board 
To  feaft  a  country,  and  to  hear  thy  name 

'Mid  noify  revels  riotoufly  roar'd,     ;      "  , 

When  longer  than  the  banquet  lafts  not  fame;? 

Or,  is  it  greatnefs,  in  the  pomp  of  pow*r. 

Each  morn  a  crowd  obfequious  to  colleft, 
PleasM  to  accept  th*  obeifance  of  an  hour. 

When  with  the  levee  endeth  all  refped  ? 

♦  Some  read  <*  clapt." 

He 


444     ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1755; 

He  who  is  great  fome  nobler  purpofe  fliews. 
Nor  feafts  nor  levees  his  attention  claim : 

That  which  is  fit  and  right  he  firft  purfues. 
And  after  finds  it  juftify'd  by  fame. 

What  tho'  a  fawning  academic  train 

(O  fhame  to  learning !)  on  thy  footfteps  wait, 

Tho'  flattering  mufes,  in  a  courtly  ilrain. 
Salute  thee  pillar  of  the  Brztifi  ftate : 

Yet  in  f^ir  hiHory's  impartial  page, 

Penn'd  not  in  flattering  nor  inveflive  ftpain. 
Truth  will   report  thee  to  the  future  age 
No  ftatefman,  but  a  courtier  light  and  vain. 

For,  hath  thy  civil  prudence  well  upheld 
The  ftate  ^gainft  foreign  and  domeftic  foe  ? 

Was  fierce  rebellion   by  thy  counfel  quell'd  ? 
By  thee  averted  Gallia's   threatened  blow  ? 

Where  was  thy  forefight  when  the  Gaul  prepared 
To  feizc  the  provinces  of  Albion's  realm  ? 

That  foul  difgrace  with  thee  tho'  others  fhar'd. 

Yet  feiz'd  they  were  when  thou  v/ert  at  the  helm. 

And  tho'  once  more  Britannia  lifts  her  head. 
By  powerful  nations  fee$  herfelf  rever'd* 

And  hails  her  valiant  fons,  by  glory  led, 

T*  aflTault  that  realm  whence  late  afTault  fhe  fear'd ; 

Yet  from  their  ^eeds  no  honour  thou  can'Il  gain, 
Tho'  viftory's  laurels  Ihould  their  brows  intwine: 

For  when  did'fl:  thou  thefe  arduous  tpils  maintaip  ? 
Or,  of  their  bold  exploits,  which  plan  was  thine? 

Didft  th£K  fecure  the  harveft  of  the  land 
Amid  invafion's   threat  and  war's  alarm? 

When  martial  weapons  fill'd  the  reaper's  hand. 
Was  it  thy  voice  exhorted  him   to  arm  ? 

Have  fleets  and  armies  by  thy  orders  mov'd 
To  diftant  lands,  and  oceans  far  remote  ? 

And,  when  fuccefs  thofe  orders  hath  approv'd. 
Do  crowds-  thy  wifdom  and  thy  fpirit  note  ? 

Yet  in  the  triumph  thou  afl'um'ft  a  fliare, 
Buftling,  important,  full  of  giddy   zeal ; 

And  vainly  fitt'lV,  with  minifterial  air, 
A  fly  oi  Hate  on  glory's  ch?iriot-wheeL 


Stanzas  i 


POETRY.  445 

STANZAS'  addrcjfed  to  a  Great  Miaifter  and  Great  Man. 

WITH  titles,  honours,  and  a  large  eUatc, 
And  all  a  favoured  fubjeft  can  poffefs. 
Can  aught  be  wanting  ftill  to  make  thee  great. 
Or  can  envefiom'd  flander  make  thee  lefs  ? 

For  fure  'tis  greatnefs,  nobly  to  difdain 

The  high  rewards  that  wait  the  ftatefman's  toils. 

And  rather,  with  unfparing  hand,  to  drain 

The  private  wealth,  than  fliare  the  public  fpoils. 

And  fure  'tis  greatnefs,  to  the  mufe*s  choir 

Thy  foft'ring  care  and  bounty  to  extend. 
With  royal  fmiles  her  grateful  train  to  fire. 

And  Attic  grace  with  Spartan  morals  blend. 

Who,  fuch  a  length  of  years,  'midft  party  rage 
And  veering  patriots,  with  deferv'd  applaufe. 

In  place,  in  pow*r,  has  llione,  from   youth  to  age. 
True  to  his  King  and  to  his  country's  caufe  ? 

On  whofe  firm  credit,  ere  the  terms  were  known. 
Have  Britain^s  wealthy  fons  fo   oft  rely'd. 

In  whom  fuch  boundlefs  confidence  been  fhewn. 
Or  on  whofe  word  fuch  millions  been  fupply*d  ? 

Hence  to  thy  toils  each  diftant  nation  pays 

That  juft  reward  which  envy  here  denies  ; 
Hence,  future  annals  fhall  record  thy  praif<?. 

And  lafting  trophies  to  thy  honour  rife. 

Who,  when  of  old  the  public  torrent  ran 
With  boilProus  rage,  polluted  from  its  fource. 

In  early  life,  with  care  and  coft  began 
To  check,  to  turn,  and  regulate  its  courfe  ? 

Who,  unreproach'd,  has  fince  for  half  an  age. 
In  Freedom's  caufe  fuch  lledfaft  zeal  approv'd? 

Who  cou'd  the  efteem  of  Sire  and  Son  engage. 
By  each  entrufted,  and  by  each  belov'd  ? 

And  tho'  Detraftion  now  thofe  wreaths  would  tear. 
And  break  thofe  bands  whence  all  our  triumphs  flow. 

Who  plac'd  our  Tully  in  the  conful's  chair  ? 
To  whofe  advice  this  ftatefraan  do  we  owe  ? 

Say,  when  Hortenfius  in  the  fen  ate  rofe. 

Who  on  his  rival  fix'd  his  fov'reign's  choice? 

That  welUweigh'd  choice,  deplor'd  by  Britain^ %  foes. 
And  prais'd  with  tranfport  by  the  public  voice! 

Still 


446       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 

Still  may  the  world,  dijiinguijh^ d pair ^  behold 
What  blifs  your  country  to  this  union  owes  ! 

Still  to  the  winds  her  conqu'ring  flags  unfold. 
And  pour  her  ftrength  colleded  on  h9r  foes! 

And  oh !  in  glory*s  radiance  tho'  the  flies 
Of  envy  float,  on  brifk  but  tranfient  wing. 

Their  harmlefs  rage  regard  with  fcornful  eyes. 

Nor  heed  their  buzz, — you  cannot  fear  their  fting.     Crito. 

An  Ode  to  Mr.  Pitt. 

/^UR  pray'rs  unbrib'd,    unpenfion'd,   rife 
^^  For  thee  the  favVite  of  the  fkies^ 

The  guardian  of  the  land  : 
For  thee,  defender  of  the  laws. 
The  foremoft  in  fair  Freedom's  caufc. 

The  chief  of  Virtue's   band. 

Long  may  thy  light  thy  country  chear ! 
Thou  minifter  without  a  peer, 
■    .        Long  may  thy  wifdom  warm  ! 
For,  like  the  fpring  thy  genial  ray 
Improves  the  fun,  adorns  the  day. 
And  guards  us  all  from  harm. 

Behold  the  ox  in  fafety   feeds. 
And  Ceres  fcatters   all  her  feeds. 

And  Plenty  fmiles  around. 
Each  fhip  triumphant  rides  the  main, 
Bright  Honour  dreads  black  Slander's  ftairii 

And  dances  glad  the  ground. 

Britannia  now  for  battle  burns. 
Behold  her  genius  now  returns. 

Her  foes  difmay'd  with   fear ; 
Her  vengeance  ftiall  affright  the  brave^ 
Reduce  the  proud,  and  crufti  the  flave^ 

If  Pitt  but  points  her  fpear. 

Aufpicious  Pitt !  thy  glory  beams 
On   Miflifippi's  filver  ftreams. 

And  Ohio's  favage  fliores ; 
It  dazzles  Afric's  tawny  race, 
Infpires  the  noble,  fcares  the  bafe^ 

And  ev'ry  heart  explores. 

Now  bleft,  and   free,  each  Briton  roves 
Along  his  hills,  or  thro'  his  groves. 

Nor  fears  the  frowns  of  kings : 
Enjoys  himielf  (that  blifs  divine) 
Or  to  the  elm  he  joins  the  vine. 

Or  clears  the  bubbling  fprings. 

Thsa 


I 


POETRY.  447 

Then  focial  quaffs  the  chearful  bowl, 
While  gratitude  inflames  his  foul. 

And  Pitt  employs  his  praife  ; 
In  folemn  pomp  he  crowns  his  bull, 
Amidft  the  great,  the  good,  and  juft, 

With  laurels,  palms,  and  bays. 

Oh  !  be  it  thine  at  laft  to  clofe 
The  fcene  of  war,  of  Europe's  woes. 

And  hufti  the  world  to  reft : 
Bid  Peace  advance  with  placid  mien. 
Proclaim  her  fports  on  ev'ry  green. 

And  let  each  land  be  bleft. 

This  is  our  pray'r,  when  cool  we  rife. 
Ere  morning  blufhes  llreak  the  Ikies, 

Or  Phoebus  fips  the  dew  : 
This  is  our  pray'r,  when  thee  we  toaft, 
Aufpicious  Pitt!  as  Britain^ &  boafl. 

And  ev'ning  joys  renew. 


Ode  for  bis  Majeflfs  Birth-Day,    Nov,   lO,    1759* 
By  William  Whitehead,  E/q;  Poet  Laureat, 


Strophe.  « 

T)  Egin  the  fong — Ye  fubjefl  choirs, 
^  The  bard  whom  liberty  infpires 
Wakes  into  willing  voice  th*  accordant  lays.— 
Say,  ihall  we  trace  the  hero's  flame  ,- 

From  the  firft  foft'ring  gale  of  fame, 
Which  bade  tk'  expanding  bofom  pant  for  praife  ? 
Or  hail  the  itar,  whofe  orient  beam 
Shed  influence  on  his  natal  hour. 
What  time  the  nymphs  of  Leyna\  Itream, 

Emerging  from  their  wat*ry  bowel*, 
Sung  their  foft  carols  thro'  each  ofier  /hade. 
And  for  the  pregnant  fair  invok'd  Lucin<kt*%  aid  r 

Antiftrophe. 
No.     Hafte  to  Scke/d's  admiring  wave, 
Diftlnguifh'd  amidft  thoufands  brave. 
Where  the  young  warrior  flefti'd  his  ^aget  fword  ; 

While  AlkiotC%  troops  with  rapture  view'd 
The  ranks  confus'd,  the  Grta/fubdu'd, 
And  haiL'd,  prophetic  hail'd,  their  future  lord^ 

Waiting 


448      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1753. 

Waiting  the  chief's  maturer  nod^ 

On  his  plum'd  helmet  vi£l*ry  fate. 
While  fuppliant  nations  round  him  bow*d. 

And  Aujiria  trembled  for  her  fate, 
*Till,  at  his  bidding  flaughter  fwell'd  the  MaynSt  . 
And  half  her  blooming  fons  proud  Gallia  wept  in  vain, 

Epode. 
Bat  what  are  wreaths  in  battle  won  ? 
And  what  the  tribute  of  amaze 
Which  man  too  oft  miftaken  pays 
To  the  vain  idol  Ihrine  of  falfe  renown  ? 
The  nobleft  wreath  the  monarch  wears 
Are  thofe  his  virtuous  rule  demands, 
Unftain'd  by  widows,  or  by  orphans'  tears^' 
And  woven  by  his  fubjedts*  hands,    - 
Comets  may  rife,  aind  wohdfer  mark  their  way 
Above  the  bounds  of  naturd's  fober  laws. 
But  'tis  th'  all-chearing  lamp  of  day. 
The  permanent,  th'  unerring  caufe. 
By  whom  th'  enliven'd  world  its  courfe  maintains. 
By  whom  all  naicure  fmiles,  and  beauteous  order  reigns* 

Ode  for  the  Neiu  Year  1759. 

Written  4y  William  Whitehead,  Efq\  Poet  Laureat,  and /et  hj 
Dr,  Boy  c  E,  majler  of  his  Majejly's  band  af  mvjick. 

Strophe. 

YE  guardian  powers,  to  whofe  command. 
At  nature's  birth,  th'  Almighty  mind 
The  delegated  tafk  affign'd 
To  watch  o'er  Albion^  favour'd  land, 
What  time  your  hofts  with  choral  lay. 
Emerging  from  its  kindred  deep, 
Applaufive  hail'd  each  verdant  fteep, 
And  white  rock,  glittering  to  the  new-born  day  ! 
Angelic  bands,  where'er  ye  rove, 

Whilft  lock'd  in  fleep  creation  lies. 
Whether  to  genial  dews  above 

You  melt  the  congregated  fkies^ 
Or  teach  the  torrent  ftreams  below 
To  wake  the  verdure  of  the  vale, 
Or  guide  the  varying  winds  that  blow 

To  fpeed  the  coming  or  the  parting  fail  j 
Where'er  you  bend  your  roving  flight, 
Whilft  now  th«  ardent  lord  of  light 

WiKi 


5 


\ 


POETRY.  449 

Winds  to  the  north  his  Aiding  fphcre. 
Avert  each, ill,  each  blifs  improve, 
And  teach  the  minutes  as  they  move, 

To.blefs  the  op'ning  year. 

Antiflrophe: 

Already  Albion's  lif^ted  fpear. 

And  rolling  thunders  of  the  main, 
iWhich  jultice*  facred  laws  maintain, 
l^ave  taught  the  haughty  Gaul  to  fear. 
On  other  earths,  in  other  Ikies, 

Beyond  old  Ocean's  weftern  bound, 
Tho'  bleeds  afrelh  th' eternal  wound. 
Again  Britan)uas  crofs  triumphant  flies. 
Ilo  Brittjh  George,  the  King  of  ifles, 

The  tribes  that  rove  th'  Arcadian  fnows  -. 
Redeem'd  from  Gallia  s  poiifh'd  wiles, 
-     Shall  breathe  their  voluntary  vows  : 
Where  nature  guards  her  laft  retreat. 

And  pleas'd  Aflrad  lingers  ftill, 
While  faith  yet  triumphs  o'er  deceit, 

And  virtue  reigns  from  ignorance  of  ill. 
Yet,  angel  powers,^  tho'  Gallia  bend,  ^ 

Tho'  Fame,  with  all  her  wreaths,  attend 
On  bleeding  war's  tremendous  fway. 
The  fons  of  Leifure  ftill  complain. 
And  mufing  Science  fighs  in  vain. 
For  Peace  is  ftill  away. 

Go,  then,  yt  faithful  guides 
Clf  her  returning  (teps,   Angelic  band, 
Explore  ths  I'acred  feuts  where  Peace  refides. 
And  waves  her  olive  wand. 
Bid  her  the  wades  of  war  repair. 

, O  fouthward  feek   the  flying  fair. 

)^or  not  on   poor  Gcmuihi^^  harrafs'd  plain, 

N(5^r  where  the  Fij}uia's  proud  current  fwellsf, 
Nor  oq   the  borders  of  the  frighted  Seise, 

Nor  in  the  depth  oiRujjfia'h  fnows  fhc  dwells. 
Yet  O,  where'er,  deferting  Freedom's  ifle. 
She  gilds  the  fla^ve's  delufive  toil. 
Whether  on  Ebrt's  banks  Hie  ftrays. 
Or  fighing  traces  Taio's  winding  ways, 
Or  foft  AufonicC%  ihores  her  feet  detain, 
O  bring  the  wanderer  back  with  glory  in  her  train. 

Vol.  II.  Gg  r* 


450       ANNUAL   REGISTER,   1759. 


To  the  Rev.  Mr.  H  u  r  d.     Jn  Elegy, 

T^RIEND  of  my  youth,  who  when  the  willing  Mufe 
-*•       StreamM  o'er  my  bread  her  warm  poetic  rays, 
Saw'ft  the  frefli  feeds  their  vital  power  diiFufe, 
And  feed'il  them  with  the  fofl'ring  dew  of  praife  ! 

V/hate*er  the  produce  of  th'  unthrifty  .foil, 

The  leaves^  the  flowers,  the  fruits  to  thee  belong  : 

The  labourer  earns  the  wages  of  his  toil ; 

Who  form'd  the  poet  well  may  claim  the  fong. 

Yes,  *tis  my  pride  to  own,  that  taught  by  thee 

My  confcious  foul  fuperior  flights  effay'd  j 
Learn'd  from  thy  lore  the  poet's  dignity, 

And  fpurn'd  the  hirelings  of  the  rhyming  trade. 

Say,  fcenes  of  Science,  fay,  thou  haunted  flream  ! 

(For  oft  my  rnufe-led  fteps  didft  thou  behold) 
How  on  thy  banks  I  rifled  every  theme, 

That  Fancy  fabled  in  her  age  of  gold. 

How  oft  Icry'd,  **  O  come,  thou  tragic  queen  ! 

*'  March  from  thy  Greece  with  firm  majeflic  tread ! 
*'  Such  as  when  Athens  faw  thee  fiU  her  fcene, 

**  When  Sophocles  thy  choral  Graces  led  : 

•*  Saw  thy  proud  pall  its  purple  length  devole, 
«*  Saw  thee  uplift  the  glitt'ring  dagger  high, 

^*  Ponder  with  fixed  brow  thy  deep  refolve, 
**  Prepar'd  to  ftrike,  to  triumph,  and  to  die. 

<*  Bring  then  to  Britain's  plain  that  choral  throng, 
**  Difplay  thy  bufkin'd  pomp,  thy  golden  lyre, 

**  Give  her  hiftoric  forms  the  foul  of  fong, 

•*  And  mingle  Attic  art  with  Shakefpear's  fire." 

•*  Ah  what,  fond  boy,  doft  thou  prefume  to  claim  ?" 
The  Mufe  replied.     **  Miftaken  fuppliant,  know, 

*»  To  light  in  Shakefpear's  bread  the  dazzling  flame 
*'  Exhauded  all  Parnaflus  could  bedow. 

•*  I'rue,  art  remains ;  and,  if  from  his  bright  page 
**  Thy  mimic  power  one  vivid  beam  can  feize, 

**  Proceed  ;    and  in  the  bed  of  talks  engage, 
**  Which  tends  at  once  to  profit  and  to  pleafe." 

She  fpake  ;  and. Harewood's  towers  fpontaneous  rofe  > 

Soft  virgin  warblings  echo'd  thro'  the  grove  j 
And  fair  Elfrida  pour'd  forth  all  her  woes. 

The  haplefs  pattern  of  connubial  love, 

2  More 


P    O    £     T    R    t.  451; 

More  avveiful  fcenes  old  Mona  next  difplay'd ; 

Her  caverns  gloom'd,    her  forefts  wav'd  on  high, 
While  flara'd  within  her  confecrated  fliade 

The  Genius  (tern  of  Briiifh  liberty. 
And  fee,  my  Hurd  !   to  thee  thofe  fcenes  confjgn'd  ; 

O  !   take  and  (lamp  them  with  thy  honour'd  name. 
Around  the  page  be  friendfhip's  chaplet  twin'd  j 

And  if  they  find  the  road  to  honelt  fame. 
Perchance  the  candour  of  fome  nobler  age 

May  praife  the  bard  who  bid  gay  folly  bear 
Her  chief  applanfes  to  the  bufy  ilage, 

And  leave  him  penfive  Virtue's  filent  tear  ; 
Choofe  too  to  confecrate  his  favourite  ftrain 

To  him,  who  grac'd  by  ev'ry  liberal  art. 
That  belt  might  fhine  amid  the  learned  train. 

Yet  more  excelFd  in  morals,  and  in  heart : 

Whofe  equal  mind  could  fee  vain  fortune  (bower 

Her  flimly  favours  on  the  fawning  crewj 
While  in  low  Thurcaflan*s  fequeiter'd  bower 

She  (ixt  him  dillant  from  promotion's  view  : 
Yet,  (helter'd  there  by  calm  Contentment's  wing;  » 

Pleas'd  he  could  fmile,  and  with  fage  Hooker's  eye 
•*  See  from  his  mother  earth  God's  bleflings  fpring, 

**  And  eat  his  bread  in  peace  and  privacy.'* 
March  20,  1759.  W.  Mhsoki 


Aft  Ode  to  Mi/s  L .     On  the  death  of  General  Wolfe, 

ID  R  I T  O  N  S,  the  work  of  war  is  done ! 
^   Conqueft  is  your's,  the  battle's  won. 

Loud  triumphs  rend  the  air  : 
Yet,  tho'  with  martial  pride  elate. 
Each  heart  bewails  Wolfe's  haplefs  fate. 

Nor  taftes  its  joy  fincere  ; 

Too  well  they  knew  his  dauntlefs  mind; 
They  knew  it  open,  unconfin'd. 

Awake  to  glory's  call : 
The  foldier  heard  this  bold  command  ; 
They  fiuv  him  lead  their  forembft  band  ; 

They  faw  their  leader  fall. 

One  common  grief  their  hearts  po(reft— — . 
You,  gentle  maid,   above  the  reft. 

His  fate  untimely  mourn  ; 
Who  vow'd,  if  heav'n  (hould  fpare  his  youth, 
With  love,  with  conftancy  and  truth. 

To  crown  his  wilh'd  return. 

G  g  2  y^t 


452        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759.    . 

Yet  weep  no  more,  but  nobly  claim 
A  proud  alliance  with  his  fame. 

And  all  his  glory  (hare  : 
His  country's  caufe  requir'd  his  aid  ; 
For  viftory  to  heav'n  he  pray'd. 

And  heav'n  hath  heard  his  pray'r. 

His  wound  was  honeft,  oh  his  breaft-^- — 
Lay  me  in  peace,  and  let  me  reit, 

Th' expiring  hero  cryM  : 
The  pitying  fates  his  death  delay, 
'Till  heav'n  for  him  declares  the  day 

He  heard,  rejoic'd  and  dy'd. 

An  EJJay  to  ah  Epitaph  on  the  truly  great  and  jujily  lamented  Major  General 
Wolfe y  ixbo  fell ^ji6lorioujly  before  ^ebec,   Sept.  12,    1759. 

HERE  refts  from  toil,  in  harrow  bounds  confin'd. 
The  human  fhell  of  a  celeftial  mind  ; 
Who  once,  with  fplendor,  fill'd  a  fcene  fo  large ; 
And  took  the  fate  of  empires  in  his  charge. 
A  hero,  with  a  patriot's  zeal  infpir'd  ; 
By  public  virtue,  not  by  paffion,  iir'd. 
A  hero,  difciplin'd  in  wifdom's  fchool  j 
la  adion  ardent,  in  refledtion  cool. 
In  bloom  of  years,  who  gaip'd  a  glorious  name. 
And  reap'd  betimes,  the  harvell  of  his  fame. 
Before  Quebec  he  charg'd  the  daring  foe, 
And,  quick  as  lightning,  (Iruck  the  fatal  blow; 
By  adlive  valour  made  the  day  his  own, 
And  liv'd  to  fee  the  num'rous  foe  o'erthrown. 
Crown'd  by  juii  vid'ry  drQ\N  his  lateil  breath; 
As  wont  to  fmile  on  danger,  fmil'd  on  death  : 
And,  having  bravely  ^or  hiscouptry  fought, 
Dy'd  nobly  as  he  wifn'd,  and  calmly  as  he  ought. 
The  troops  around  him  (har'd  a  glorious  grief. 
And  while  they  gather'd  laurels  wept  their  chief: 
Their  chief!    to  whom  the  great  Montcalm  gave  way; 
And  fell  to  crown  the  hono'urs  of  the  day  1 

On  the  Vt:ar  of  W d, 

'Tp  H  E  vicar's  irlch,  lii^  income  clear, 
-*•      Exceeds  eight  hund'red  pounds  a  year. 
Yet  weeping  want  goes  by  his  door,. 
Or  knocks  unheard —the  vicar's  poor. 
His  daughter  weds,   her  hufDand  fails. 
The  rogue  may  beg,  Qf  biieiliis  nails. 

But 


POETRY.  453 

But  (hall  the  daughter  ftarve  ?  unkind, 
The  match  was  not  the  vicar's  mind; 
Befides  (he  once  has  had  her  dow'r, 

What  can  he  more  ? -the  vicar's  poor. 

Tom  gracelefs  quits  the  band  and  gown. 
To  fpend  a  winter  once  in  town  ; 
The  vicar  faw  the  approaching  curfe. 
And  hard  he  ftrung  his  heart  and  purfe  ; 
But  Tom's  refolves  as  iixt  remain, 
His  heart  and  purfe  are  ftrung  in  vain. 
Slow  then  he  told  with  trembling  thumb 
Five  guineas ;  death,  a  dreadful  fum  1 
Tom  faw  the  fplendid  pieces  lie, 
But  faw  them  with  a  thanl^lefs  eye: 
What  then,  'tis  not  fufRcient,  well. 
Back  go  the  guineas  to  their  cell. 
Unhappy  Tom,  whate'er  thy  lot, 
A  prieft,  a  fquire,  a  faint,  or  fot ; 
A  cit  polite,  or  fage  demure. 

Or  fink  or  fwim the  vicar's  poor. 

While  fairer  than  her  mother's  fair. 
With  fparkling  eye,  and  golden  hair, 
Mifs  Betty  ftill  divine  appears, 
Nor  feels  the  force  of  forsy  years  ; 
What  pity  fuch  enchanting  charms 
Shoa'd  fill  no  generous  lover's  arms ; 
Be  doom'd  to  pleafe  fome  country  boor. 
It  muft  be  fo the  vicar's  poor. 

To  fee  the  vicar  once  there  came, 
A  friend  of  equal  years  and  fame, 
A  brother  parfon,  free  and  gay, 
Who  nothing  grudg'd  the  tedious  way. 

He  knock'd admitftd down  he  fat. 

And  ancient  deeds  records  in  chat. 
A  pipe  was  call'd,  he  lov'd  to  fmoke, 
He  fpoke,  and  puffed,  and  puffed  and  fpoke. 
Two  pipes  were  done,  the  thirfty  vicar. 
Who  long  had  look'd  in  vain  for  liquor. 
Impatient  now,  he  whifper'd,  John  ! 
Bring  out  the  horfes,  let's  begone  ! 
With  whip  and  hat,  enrag'd  he  flew. 
Nor  bad  his  wretched  friend  adieu  ! 
Yet  none  far  this  will  blame  him  fure. 
What  cou'd  he  do  ? the  vicar's  poor. 

The  pulpet  oft  with  black  befpread. 
To  mourn  fome  fool  of  fa(hion  dead. 
What  won't  he  do  to  favc  his  riches. 
Supplies  the  vicar's  coat  and  breeches. 

G  g  3  But 


<J54      ANNUAL   REGISTER,    1759., 

But  then  to  pay  the  taylor's  pains. 

And  ev'ry  little  trifle  drains, 

His  wife  fupplies  the  taylor's  art, 

She  meafur'd  juft  his  nether  part ; 

A  well-known  talk,  and  next  with  Hitches, 

To  work  Ihe  falls,  and  forms  his  breeches. 

But  buckram  muft  be  bought,  I  fear ! 

Let  'fcutcheons  do  for  that,  my  dear. 

And  can  there  be  a  greater  farce, 

Thofe  coats  of  arms  (hall  kifs  your  a — fe, 

Befides,  my  dear,  you  need  not  lock  it. 

When  rampant  lions  guard  your  pocket. 

Unhappy  vicar,  and  unhappy  wife. 

By  endlefs  riqhes  doom'd  to  endlefs  llrife ; 

Content  unknown,  'tis  poverty  they  flee. 

And  are  for  ever  what  they  dread  to  be. 

^^f  foUoiving  is  the  Prologue  and  Epilogue  to  ihe  jldelphi  of  Terence^   nvhick 
<was  a£ied  this  year  by  the  young  Gentlemen  of  Wejiminfter  College » 

PRLOGUGUS. 

/^UM  patres  populumque  dolor  communis  haberet, 
V>     Fleret  k  ^milium  maxima  Roma  fuum, 
Funebres  inter  ludos,  his  dicitur  iplis 

Scenis  extindum  condecoraffe  docem. 
Ecquis  adeil — — fcenam  node  hac  qui  fpeflat  eandem. 

Nee  ludum  nobis  fentiat  elle  parem  ? 
Utcunque  arrifit  pulchris  vidloria  caeptis, 

Qua  fol  cxtremas  vifit  uterque  plagas, 
SuccefTus  etiam  medio  de  fonte  Britannis 

Surgit  amari  aliquid,  legitimufque  dolor. 
Si  famas  generofa  fiiis,  fi  bellica  virtus, 
"^Ingenium  felix,  intemerata  fides. 
Pifficiles  Laurus,  ipfoque  in  fiore  juventa?, 

Heu  !   lethi  nimium  praecipitata  dies  ; 
Si  quid  habent  pulchrum  haec,  vel  {\  quid  amabile,  juxe 

Efto  tua  haec,  Wolfi,  laus  propriumque  decus. 

Nee  moriere  omnis -quin  ufque  corona  vigebit, 

'   Unanimis  Britonum  quam  tibi  neftit  amor. 
Regia  quin  pietas  marmor  tibi  nobile  ponet. 

Quod  tua  perpetuis  pra:dicet  a6la  notis. 
Confluet  hue  ftudio  vifendi  Martia  pubes, 

Sentiet  et  fiamma  corda  calere  pari ; 
Pumque  legit  mediis  cecidifle  heroa  triumphis, 
'  Dicct,  fic  detur  vincere,  fie  xnoriar. 

E  P  I- 


POETRY.  455 


EPILOGUS.      [Syrus  ib^uilur.] 

OUanta  intus  turba  eft!  quatjto  molimine  fudat 
Accindus  cuitro  &  forcipe  quifque  coquus  ! 
Monftram  informe  maris  teftudo  in  prandia  fertur. 

Quae  varia  &  fimplex  omnia  fola  fapic. 
PuUina  efca  placet,  vitulina,  fuilla,  bovina? 

Prasfto  eft.     Haec  quadrupes  fingula  pifcis  habet. 
De  gente  ^Ethiopum  conducitur  Archimagirus, 

Qui  fecet  Sc  coquat  &  concoquat  arte  nova. 
Qui  docle  contundat  aromata,  mifceat  apte 

Thus,  apium,  thyma,  fal,  cinnama,  cepe,  piper, 
Qui  jecur  &  pulmonem  in  fruftra  minutula  fcindat, 

Curetque  uc  penitus  fint  faturata  mero, 
Multo  ut  ventriculus  pulchre  flavefcat  ab  ovo, 

Ut  tremulis  circum  vifcera  vernet  adeps. 
His  rite  inftruflis  conchse  fint  fercula,  nam  tu, 

Teftudo,  &  patinis  fufficis  atque  cibo. 
Quam  cuperem  in  laudes  utriufquc  excurrere  conchsl 

— Sed  vereor  CaJepaJh  dicere  vel  Calepee. 
Vos  etiara  ad  cosnam  mecum  appellare  juvaret, 

Vellem  &  reliquias  participare  dapum. 
At  funt  convivse  tam  multi  'tamque  gulofi, 

Reftabic,  metuo^  nil  nifi  concha  mihi. 


^be  Dying  Rake*s  Soliloquy  :  altered  and  enlarged  from  the  Vni'USTcfal  Vifitor,, 
Numo.  3.  p,  40.  by  Dr.  Bartholomenju, 

IN  the  fever  of  youth,  ev'ry  pi^lfe  in  a  flame, 
Regardlefs  of  fortune,  of  health  and  of  fame  ; 
Gay  pleafure  my  aim,  and  profufion  my  pride. 
No  vice  was  untafted,  no  wifti  was  deny'd. 
Grown  headftrong  and  haughty,  capricious  and  vain^ 
Not  decency  aw'd  me,  nor  laws  could  reftrain; 
The  vigils  of  Comus  and  Venus  I  kept, 
Tho'  tired,  not  fated  ;  in  funftiine  I  flept : 
All  my  appetites  pall'd,  I  no  pleafure  enjoy'd, 
Excefs  made  'em  taftelefs,  their  frequency  cloyM : 
When  my  health  and  my  fortune  to  riot  gave  way. 
And  my  parts,  and  my  vigour,  felt  total  decay; 

'        The  doctors  were  fent  for,  who,  greedy  of  fees. 
Engaged  that  their  fkill  ibould  remove  the  difeafe ; 

,         With  looks  moft  important  each  fymptom  was  weigh'd. 
And  the  farce  of  prcfcription  full  gravely  was  play'd. 

Qg4  R,cd«Lc'4- 


456      ANNUAL   R  E^  I  ST  ER,  ^1759. 

ReducM  by  their  arts,   and  quite  worn  to  a  lath. 
My  carcafe  was  fent  to  the  vultures  of  Bath  ; 
When  drench'd  and  well  drain'd  by  the  faculty  there. 
All  the  hope  that  remainM  was  to  try  native  air. 
Scarce  a  doit  in  my  purfe,  or  a  drop  in  my  veins. 
To  my  old  mortgag'd  hcufe  they  convey'd  my  remains; 
No  friend  to  affill,   no  relation  to  grieve. 
And  fcarcely  a  bed  my  bare  bones  to  receive; 
With  folitude  curs'd,  and  tormented  wiih  pain, 
DitUmper'd  my  body,  didraAed  my  brain. 

Thu3  from  folly  to  vice,  and  from  vice  to  the  grave, 
'  I  fink,  of  my  paflions  the  vidlim  and  flave. 

No  longer  debauch,  or  companions  deceive. 
But  alarm'd  at  the  vengeiance,  Td  fain  difbelieve; 
With  horrors  foreboding,  defponding  I  lie, 
Tho'  tired  of  living,  yet  dreading  to  die. 

Monf.  Brocks  a  /on  Lit, 

n'^HE  JTRE  des  ris  et  des  pkurs  : 

Lit!  ou  je  nais  et  cu  je  7ncurs— 
Tu  nos  fais  'voir  combien  njoijim 
Sent  not  plaijirs  et  nos  chagrins. 


IMITATED.. 

np  H  O  y  bed  !  in  which  I  firft  began 

-■-     To  be  that  various  creature,  man  ; 
And,  when  again  the  fates  decree. 
The  place  where  I  mull  ceafe  to  be: 
When  ficknefs  comes,  to  nvhom  I  fly. 
To  footh  my  pain,  and  clofe  my  eye : 
When  cares  furroijnd  me,  where  I  weep  ; 
Or  lofe  them  all  in  balmy  fleep: 
When  fore  with  labour,  whom  I  court. 
And  to  thy  downy  breaft  refort : 
Where  Coo  ecftatic  joys  1  find. 
When  deigns  my  Delia  to  be  kind  ; 
And  full  of  love,  in  all  her  charms 
Thou  giv'll  the  fair  one  to  my  arms : 
The  center  thou  !  where^oy  and  pai*:, 
Difeafe  and  reft  alternate  reign  ! 
Inftrudlive  emblem  of  mankind. 
In  whom  thofe  oppofnes  are  joined  : 
Oh  1  if  within  thy  little  fpace 
3q  many  different  fcenes'have  place, 

'    6    -  LefTons 


POETRY.  457 

Leflbns  as  ufeful  (halt  thou  teach 

As  fages  dictate,  churchmen  preach  ; 

And  man,  convinc'd  by  thee  alone. 

This  great  important  truth  fhall  own,  ' 

That  thin  partitions  do  divide 

The  bounds  where  good  and  ill  refide : 

That  nought  is  perfed  here  below. 

But  biifs  ilill  borjlprs  up6n  woe.  R.  B, 


Ode  io  Health, 

DAughter  of  Exercife!  at  whofe  command 
Mirth  fpreads  a  fmile  upon  the  cheek  of  care : 
At  whofe  re- kindling  breath 
Sicknefs  looks  up  and  lives ; 
Say!  where  (for  much  thy  haunts  I  long  to  woo) 
Shall  I  thy  joy-infufing  prefence  hail^ 

Amidft  what  fylvan  fcenes. 

Or  unfrequented  plains? 
Say  !  when  the  rofeate  finger  of  the  Morn 
Points  out  the  glories  of  her  fhort-liv'd  reign. 

Shall  I  thy  fteps  purfue, 

Climbing  the  mountain's  fide. 
From  whofe  tall  brow,  in  eminence  fuperb, 
J^air  Nature  views  her  fruitful  vales  below. 

While  Phoebus  darts  around 

His  oriental  eye  ? 
Or  ihall  I  trace  thy  veftige  o'er  the  heath. 
Where  in  derifion  of  the  florift's  aid. 

Shoots  up,  untaught  by  art. 

The  voluntary  flovv'r? 
For  well  ?tis  known,  that  oft  upon  the  heath, 
\Ti  contemplation,  devious  art  thou  feen. 

Or  panting  up  the  deep 

Of  un-imprin:ed  hill. 
Or,  when  cool  Evening,  in  her  floating  veft 
Sweeps  o'er  the  lawns  diffufing  ihady  pomp. 

And  bids  the  fun  recline 

On  Amphitrite's  breaft, 
I  will  attend  thee  to  the  folemn  grove. 
Where  loye  ftands  regifter'd  on  ev'ry  tree. 

Where  the  rook  rocks  his  young. 

And  Echo  learns  to  caw. 
Or  {landing  on  the  margent  of  the  ftream, 
\  will  furvey  thee  on  the  pafTive  wave. 

Then  prefs  the  liquid  bed 

To  meet  tfiy  Naiad  kifs. 

Olell 


458      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 

O  tell  me,  nymph,  thy  chofen  refidence. 

Be  it  on  mountain  top,  or  forefl  wild. 

And  I  will  confecrate 
A  temple  to  thee  there. 

J.   COPYWELL. 

A  Tankard  of  Porter, 

Nunc  ej}  bibendum,  HoR. 

T^  HE  foaming  cup  replete  with  mad'ning  juice 
-■'     Of  Gallic  vines,  to  others'  tafte  I  leave. 
Why  fhould  I  ficken  for  exotic  draughts. 
Since  with  kind  hand  domeftic  Ceres  gives 

Potation  more  robufll Replenish  here 

Boy,  take  this  honeft  tankard fill  it  high 

With  buxom  porter,   fuch  as  Hercules, 
Was  HerCules  in  being,  would  imbibe. 
Behold  its  pyramid  of  tow'ring  froth. 
Brown  as  a  nut,  and  fparkling  on  the  fight; 
Tho'  fome  prefer  it  white  as  Alpine  fnow. 
Or  Caelia's  milky  orbs !  encircled  oft 
Amidft  my  jovial  intimates,  to  her. 
Benignant  goddefs  of  the  barley-mow. 
Who  ever  guards,  and  fwells  the  fmiling  ear^ 
Her  own  libation  let  me  offer  up 
With  thanks  exulting,  'till  I  can  no  more. 
'Tis  this  enlivens  the  freethinker'' s  brain. 
Great  bulwark  of  the  Robinhood  debate  ! 
By  this  he  dares  his  florid  argument. 
And  pours  forth  unpremeditated  tropes. 
How  ihall  I  fpeak  its  praife  !  this  mental  bahn. 
To  the  defponding  chairman,  vigorous  nurfe 
Of  fpirits  warlike,  to  the  foldier's  breail 
Impenetrable  fieel,  nerve  of  his  nerves ; 
And  comfort  to  the  failor  in  the  ftorm  1 
Rouz'd  from  the  lethargy  of  fleeping  thought, 
^y  porter^  fluid,  the  mechanic  prates 
Of  ilate  connexions,   as  at  night  he  fits. 
With  fmoke  envelop'd,  over  Trueman's  mild. 
Say  1  is  it  he,  who  pleads  for  Britijh  freedom, 
'     This  little  monarch  in  his  potent  cups  ! 
Is't  he,  whofe  ample  mind  excurfive  roves 
To  where  the  Pruffian  hero  leads  his  troops 
Againll  united  forces!  this  the  man 
Who  plans  an  expedition,  lays  down  rules 
To  fettle  politic  concerns,  and  dares 
With  fage  advice  to  didlate  to  a  throne  ? 


G/ant 


POETRY.  459L 

Grant  it !  but  'tis  the  porter'^  manly  juice 

That  animates  his  organs,  gives  his  tongue 

The  liberty  of  fpeech,  his  hollow  thought 

Impregnates  quick,  and  fets  his  brain  on  iire. 

At  rich  Hortenfio*s  table  though  thou'rt  held 

In  eftimaticn  cheap,  thy  charms  to  me 

Are  not  diminifli'd  ;  for  fecure  from  ills, 
I  quaff  thy  faJutif^rous  dream,  whilil  he, 

(Sad  flave  to  appetite,  that  knows  no  bounds) 

Drinks  in  each  glafs  th'  inflammatory  gout, 

^'  And  thoufand  other  ills  that  flefli  is  heir  to»"  > 

Can  dear-bought  claret  boift  of  fervices 
With  thine  co-equal  ?  or  can  punch  itfelf. 
However  temper'd,  or  with  Wenman's  rum. 
Or  Afhley's  brandy,  or  Batavian  'rack. 
High  priz'd,  difFufe  hilarity  like  thine  ? 
Abfurd — before  the  nodding  barley-fheaf 
The  Gallic  vinemuft  bow,  and  Gallic  butlers 
To  the  ftout  Britifh  draymen  muft  give  way. 
Now  when  the  evening  creeps  wiih  gradual  Hep, 
And  wraps  the  day  within  her  fable  fhroud ; 
Come,  tankard y  to  my  hand,  and  with  thee  bring 
The  pipe,  companion  meet.     Attended  thus 
My  neftar  will  I  quaff,  and  fill  the  room 
With  fmoak  voluminous,  'till  Morpheus'  wand 
Slow- breaking  thro'  the  cloud  mine  eye-lids  clofe. 
And  fix  me  fnoring  in  my  elbow-chair. 

J.  Copyw£LL. 

A  Drinkirig  Song,  from  a  colUiiion  puhlijhed  at  Berlin, 

T     E  T  Euler  go  meafure  the  fun, 

^-^     His  knowledge  muft  truckle  to  mine, 

I  meafure  the  fize  of  my  tun. 

And  I  know  it  in  bottles  of  wine. 

I^et  Meyer  chop  logic  for  nought 

A  fyllogift  is  but  an  afs ; 
While  I,  without  wafting  a  thought. 

Can  infer  from  the  bottle  the  lafs. 

Let  Haller  mifpend  half  his  time. 

O'er  mofs,  weeds,  and  rubbifh  to  pore  ; 
I  only  feek  out  for  a  rhime, 

h^  himfelf,  wifer  once,  did  before. 

Let  Bodmer  his  inference  draw. 

And  ftoutly  with  cafuifts  fight ; 
He  might  as  well  balance  a  ftraw. 

He  will  never  put  folly  to  flight. 

And 


46o       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 

And  to  ages  to  come,  tho'  they  cry, 
*  Such  men  when  again  fhall  we  fee  !' 

While  I  am  forgot — What  care  I — 
What  are  ages  to  come,  pray,  to  me  r 

On  Happifiefs. 

/^  Happineis,  where's  thy  refort : 
^-^  Amidft  the  fplendor  of  a  court  ? 
Or  doft  thou  more  delight  to  dwell 
With  humble  hermit  in  his  cell. 
In  fearch  of  truth  ?  or  doft  thou  rove 
Thro*  Plato's  academic  grove  ? 
Orclfewith  Epicurus  gay. 
Laugh  at  the  farces  mortals  play  ? 
Or  with  the  Graces,  doft  thou  lead 
The  fportive  dance  along  the  mead  ? 
Or  in  Bellona's  bloody  car. 
Exult  amidft  the  fcenes  of  war  ? 
No  more  Til  fearch,  no  more  I'll  mind  thee. 
Fair  fugitive  : 1  cannot  find  thee  I 


TheSky-Lark.     A  Song, 

$y  William  Shenstone,   E/q-y 

r^  O,  tuneful  bird,  that  glad'ft  the  fkies, 
^^   To  Daphne's  window  fpeed  thy  way  ; 
And  there  on  quivering  pinions  rife. 
And  there  thy  vocal  art  difplay. 

And  if  fhe  deign  thy  notes  to  hear. 
And  if  (he  praife  thy  matin  fong. 

Tell  her  the  founds  that  footh  her  ear. 
To  Damon's  native  plains  belong. 

Tell  her,  in  livelier  plumes  array'd. 
The  bird  from  Indian  groves  may  fhine; 

But  afk  the  lovely  partial  maid. 

What  are  his  notes  compar'd  to  thine  ? 

Then  bid  her  treat  yon  witlefs  beau. 
And  all  his  flaunting  race  with  fcorn  ; 

And  lend  an  ear  to  Damon's  woe. 
Who  iings  her  praife,  and  lings  forlorn. 


An 


POETRY.  4^1 


Jn  INSCRIPTION. 

Within  this  mmument  doth  lie 
What's  left  of  C mli \' s gallantry . 

-CTRANGER,  whoe'er  thou  art,  beftow 

*^   One  figh  in  tribute  ere  you  go  : 

But  if  thy  breaft  did  ever  prove 

The  rapture  of  fuccefsful  love. 

Around  her  tomb  the  myrtle  plant ; 

And  berry'd  fhrubs,  which  ring- dove«  haunt  j 

The  fpreading  cyprefs ;  and  below 

Bid  clumps  of  arbor  viiae  grow  ; 

Th'  uxorious  plant  that  leans  to  find 

Some  female  neighbour  of  its  kind. 

With  beech  to  tell  the  plighted  flame. 

And  favine  to  conceal  the  fhame  : 

That  ev'ry  tree  and  ev*ry  flow'r 

May  join  to  form  theam'rous  bow'r; 

Wherein,  at  clofe  of  fummer's  heat. 

The  lovers  of  the  green  Ihall  meet. 

While  Caelia*s  ihade  propitious  hears 

Their  fanguine  vows,  their  jealous  fears; 

Well  pleas'd  to  confecrate  her  grove 

To  Venus,  and  the  rites  of  love. 

To  Dr,  H ,  upon  his  Petition  of  the  Letter  I  to  t> 0       ■ ,  Ef^\ 


I 


F  *tis  true,  as  you  fay,  that  I've  injurM  afetter,    '  - 
I'll  change  my  note  foon,  aad  I  hope  for  the  better; 
May  the  juft  right  oi  letters,  as  wellas  of  mettf 
Hereafter  be  fix'd  by  the  tongue  and  the  pen  ; 
Moft  d'^voutly  I  wifh  that  they  both  have  their  due. 
And  thkt  /may  be  never milntken  for  U. 


The  Beldames.     A  Poem. 

H  E  charafter  which  this  author  has  fatyrlzed,  under  the  name  of 
Beldame,  he  has  thus  defcribed  : 

By  no  degree,  no  fex  definM, 
Their  virtues  (lamp  the  Beldame-kind, 
Who  cringe  and  flander,  ftingand  fawn^ 
In  rags,  in  lice,  or  fur,  or  lawn  ; 
Whether  in  periwig?  or  piuDcrs*^-     ':i' 
If  Whiifield's  faints,  qi  Arthur's  iinners ; 

If 


462        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 

If  now  the  fcold  at  Wapping  flames. 
Or  flaunts  a  dutchefs  at  St.  James'  ; 
Alike,  if  they  revile  or  flatter, 
(Who  lie  in  praife,  will  lie  in  fatire) 
All  the  foul  fiilerhood  compofe. 
Ail  thofe,  and  all  refembling  thofe. 

The  following  extrafts  may  ferve  as  a  fpecimen  of  this  piece,  in  which, 
though  there  is  not  minute  accui-acy,  there  is  iruth,  elegance,  and  fpiriti 

As  in  the  fun's  meridian  blaze 
A  cloud  obfcene  of  infedls  plays, 
y  Or  with  invenomM  fling  invades 

The  quiet  of  fequefter'd  fliades ; 
Now  fwarms  on  filth,  and  now  pollutes 
The  neftar  of  the  faireft  fruits : 
So  thro'  each  rank,  thro'  every  ftage. 
Wantons  the  ceafelefs  Beldame's  rage. 
Sublimely  wrapt  in  patriot  heat. 
Furious  ihe  fliakes  the  monarch's  feat ; 
Now  ftooping,  fpurns  the  lowly  cell 
Where  calm  content  and  concord  dwell. 
Well  pleas'd  degraded  worth  to  fee,  * 

Or  felons  load  the  groaning  tree. 

Behold  the  fiend  all  pallid  ftand, 
A  pencil  trembling  in  her  hand. 
I  See  malice  mix  the  various  dyes 

Of  fainter  truths  and  bolder  lies. 
The  deep'ning  gloom  thick  fpreads  around. 
And  low'ring  fliades  the  dufky  ground. 
There  ficknefs  blights  the  cheek  of  health. 
And  begg'ry  foils  the  robe  of  wealth. 
Here,  columns  moulder  in  decay  ; 
There,  virtue  fits  with  dubious  ray. 
Now  heav'nly  beauty  fades,  and  now 
The  laurel  droops  on  valour's  brow. 

Around  the  daemon  throngs  her  race,  C 

The  weak,  the  bufy,  and  the  bafe  ; 
Eager  to  copy,  and  difperfe  : 
Hence  fland'rous  profe,  and  ribald  \tx{t  i 
The  heaps  that  croud  Suilla's  board. 
And  fwell  wife  Paulo's  precious  hoard. 
There  fcandal  all  its  flores  unloads. 
Ballads,  and  epigrams,  and  odes. 
'  Stern  party  whets  her  blunted  knife. 

And  ftabs  the  huft)and  thro'  the  wife ;' 
While  notes  hillorically  fage 
Fill  the  broad  margin  of  each  page; 

Initial^/ 


POETRY.  463 


Initials,  dafhes,  well  fupply'd. 
And  all  that  fear  or  fliame  would  hide ; 
Faithful  record  for  future  times. 
To  harden  by  their  fathers'  crimes.— 
With  liquid  fire  the  goblet  crownM, 
The  livid  tapers  gleaming  round. 
While  wifdom,  valour,  beauty,  fleep. 
The  midnight  hags  their  fabbath  keep. 
And  recent  from  impure  delights. 
Fell  Hecat'  leads  th*  infernal  rites. 
O'er  her  wan  cheek  diffufely  fpread. 
Fierce  glares  the  bright  vermilion's  red. 
The  borrow'd  hair  in  ringlets  flows 
Adown  her  neck  of  art-form'd  fnows ; 
While  baleful  drugs  in  vain  renew 
Departing  beauty's  faded  hue. 

Some  fpotlefs  name  their  rage  demands. 
The  name  rebellowing  thro'  the  bands; 
Some  holy  fage  of  fainted  life, 
A  virgin  pure,  a  faithful  wife. 
And  yoo,  who  dauntlefs  dar'd  to  brave 
The  ruthlefs  foe,  and  threat'ning  wave. 
Vainly  you  'fcap'd  th*  unequal  fight; 
Deep  yawns  the  gulph  of  deadlier  fpight; 
There  plung'd, — th'  infatiate  Beldames  roar. 
And  the  wide  ruin  gapes  for  more. 


Ad 


464      ANNUAL     REGISTER,    175^ 


An  Account  of  Books  publiflied  in  iy^g: 


Th  continuation  of  the  Life  of  £d- 
nj)ard  Earl  of  Clarendon,  Lord 
High  Chancellor  of  England. 

A  Work  of  Lord  Clarendon  ap- 
pearing at  this  time,  interelts 
the  learned  world  in  the  fame  man-, 
ner  as  a  fine  antique  (tatue  dug  up 
would  the  curious  in  arts  and  anti- 
quities. We  receive  .it  with  all 
the  pleafure  of  novelty,  and  at  the 
fame  time,  with  all  the  veneration 
we  ufually  have  for  an  cftablifhed 
character.  The  hiftory  which  we 
have  before  us,  is  not  in  general 
fo  correft  in  the  language  and  dif- 
pofition  as  the  great  work  ;  it  is 
indeed  doubtful  whether  the  noble  ■. 
author  originally  intended  it  fhould 
,be  publifhed  at  all  ;  for  it  is  out 
of  the  general  mafsofthis,  as  from 
the  rude  materials,  that  thathiflory 
of  the  great  rebellion  is  taken.  Yet 
this  work  is  by  no  means  lefs  enter- 
taining than  the  other,  as  it  enters 
yet  more  minutely  and  faithfully 
into  the  fecret  motives,  the  real 
springs  and  principles  of  aAicn 
of  thofe  who  a6led  on  the  great 
jlage  ;  and  as  it  defcribes  the  pri- 
vate life,  and  marks  the  progrefs 
4)f  the  private  fortune  of  a  virtu- 
ous man,  and  marks  the  equanimi- 
ty and  lleadinefs  of  his  mind  in  the 
great  revolution  that  fortune  under- 
went, it  may  be  of  greater  ufe  to 
the  generality  of  readers^  than  the 
more  finifhed  work.  The  Hyle  of 
this  hiltory  is,  like  that  of  his 
works  which  have  before  appeared, 
full  and  flowing  J    but  as    it  does 


not  feem  to  be  adjuftei  to  any  cri- 
tie^I  rqles,  tHe  periods  are  long- 
winded,  the  fenfe  fometimes  em- 
.barraired>  and  the  conftrudlion  fre- 
quently even  ungrammatical.  It  is 
impoHible  not, to  obferve  fometimes 
an  over  minute  attention  to  things, 
which  nobody  but  a  perfon  who' 
writes  an  accqunt  of  hiTnfelf  could 
think  of  importance  ;  indeed  there 
is  diiFufed  through  the  whole  work 
fomething  of  that  character  of  va- 
nity and  feif- partiality,  that  never 
fails  to  attend  a  w; iter  of  an  hiftorv 
of  his  own  1/fe  and  times.  Hov^- 
^y^r^  it  may  be  doubted  whether 
thefe  little  im perfections,  which 
Jheyv  us  the  man  as  well  as  the 
writer,  dp  not  make  fuch  books 
more  entertaining,  and  foften  dovva 
fomething  of  the  feverity  of  ftudy. 
Few  books  have  been  more  read, 
or  pleafed  more,  than  Burnet's 
hiftory  ;  though,  along  with  vtxy 
many  other  faults,  it  h.id  this  in  a 
great  degree.  Montaigne  pleafes 
the  good-humoured  and  compani- 
onable reader,  in  proportion  as  he 
offends  the  ftcrn  critics  of  Porr- 
Royal.  On  the  whole,  with  what- 
ever faults  it  may  have,  this  work 
muil  always  have  a  d'iftinguifhed 
rank.  The  narrative  glows  with 
the  feeling  of  a  man  converfant 
and  interefted  in  the  events  he  de- 
fcribed.  The  author  was  perfeftly 
acquainted  with  the  court,  the  na- 
tion, the  laws,  and  human  nature  j- 
and  certainly  no  perfon,  at  that 
time,  had  fuch  opportunities  of 
knowing  the  true  ftate  of  public 
affairs,  and  of  particular  charafters  f 

lhef» 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


465 


thefe  cliarafters  which  he  has  an 
admirable  talent  at  drawing,  a- 
bound  in  the  work,  and  are  often 
authenticated  by  well  chofen  and 
pleafing  anecdotes.  As  we  have 
given  fome  of  them  in  another  ar- 
ticle in  our  work,  which  may  ferve 
as  a  fpecimen  of  his  happinefs  in 
that  way,  we  (hall  content  ourfelves 
with  an  extraft,  which  may  give 
an  idea  of  his  ftyle  and  manner  on 
other  occafions;  and  it  is  itfelf  a 
paflage  curious  enough  ;  painting 
m  very  good  colours  a  very  impor- 
tant fcene ;  and  it  (hews  in  a  ftrong 
Jight  that  odd  mixture  of  human 
affairs,  by  which  fome  difagree- 
able,  though  minute  incidents,  are 
fufHcient  to  take  off,  in  a  great 
meafure,  the  pure  and  (incere  reli(h 
of  the  higheft,  and  mod  unexpedled 
good  fortune. 

"  It  will  be  convenient  here,  be- 
fore we  defcend  to  thofe  particu- 
lars which  had  an  influence  upon 
the  minds  of  men,  to  take  a  clear 
view  of  the  temper  and  fpirit  of 
that  time  ;  of  the  nature  and  in- 
clination of  the  army  4  of  the  dif- 
pofiiion  and  intereft  of  the  feveral 
factions  in  religion,  all  which  ap- 
peared in  their  feveral  colours, 
wi  thou  tdi(rerabling  their  principles, 
and  with  equal  confidence  demand- 
ed the  liberty  of  confcience  they 
had  enjoyed  in  and  fince  the  time 
of  Cromwell;  and  the  humour  and 
the  prefent  purpofe  and  defign  of 
the  parliament  itfelf,  to  whofe 
judgment  and  determination  the 
whole  fettlement  of  the  kingdom 
both  in  church  and  ftate  flood  re- 
♦ferred  by  the  King's  own  declara- 
tion from  Breda,  which  by  God's 
infpiration  had  been  the  fole  viiible 
motive  to  that  wonderful  change 
that  had  enfucd.  And  whofocvcr 
takes  a  profpcft  of  all  thofe  Cevcral 

Vol.  H. 


pa(fions  and  appetites  and  interefts, 
together  with  the  divided  affedions, 
jealoufies,  and  animoiities  of  thofe 
who  had  been  always  looked  upoa 
as  the  King's  party,  which  if  unit- 
ed would  in  that  conjuncture  have 
been  powerful  enough  to  have  bal- 
lanced  all  the  other  :  1  fay,  who 
ever  truly  and  ingenuoufly  confiders 
and  reflefts  upon  all  this  compoft- 
tion  of  contradictory  wifhes  and 
expectations,  mull  confefs  that  the 
King  was  not  yet  mailer  of  the 
kingdom*  nor  his  authority  and 
fecurity  fuch  as  the  general  noife 
and  acclamations,  the  bells  and  the 
bonfires,  proclaimed  it  to  be ;  and 
that  there  was  in  no  conjuncture 
more  need,  that  the  virtue  and 
wifdom  and  induftry  of  a  prince 
fhould  be  evident  and  made  mani-  ' 
fell  in  the  prefervation  of  his  dig- 
nity, and  in  the  application  of  his 
mind  to  the  government  of  his  af- 
fairs ;  and  that  all  who  were  emi- 
nently trufted  by  him,  fhould  be 
men  of  unqueftionable  fincerity, 
who  with  induftry  and  dexterity 
fhould  (irll  endeavour  to  compofe 
the  publie  diforders,  and  to  pro- 
vide for  the  peace  and  fettjement 
of  the  kingdom,  before  they  ap- 
plied themfelves  to  make  or  im- 
prove their  own  particular  fortunes. 
And  there  is  little  queftion,  but  if 
this  good  method  had  been  pur- 
fued,  and  the  refolutions  of  that 
kind,  which  the  King  had  ferioufly 
taken  beyond  the  leas,  when  he 
firft  difcerned  his  good  fortune 
coming  towards  him,  had  been  ex- 
ecuted and  improved  ;  the  hearts 
and  affections  of  all  degrees  of 
men  were  fo  prepared  by  their  own 
natural  inclinations  and  integrity, 
by  what  they  had  feen,  and  what 
they  had  fuffered,  by  their  obfer- 
vations  and  experience,  bv  their 
H  h  '    fears 


466      ANNUAL    REGISTER, 


ftars  or  by  their  hopes ;  that  they 
might  have  been  all  kneaded  into 
a  firm  and  conftant  obedience  and 
reljgnation  to  the  King's  authority, 
and  to  a  lading  ellablifhment  of 
monarchic  power  in  all  the  juft 
extents  which  the  King  could  cx- 
peft,  or  men  of  any  public  or  ho- 
nell  affcdlions  could  wiih  or  fub- 
uiit  to. 

The  iirft  mortification  the  King 
met  with  was  as  foon  as  he  arrived 
at  Canterbury,  which   was  within 
three  hours  after  he  landed  at  Do- 
ver ;    and  where   he  found   many 
of  thofe  who  were  julily  looked 
upon,    from    their   own   i'ufferings 
or  thofe  of  their  fathers,  and  their 
conUant  adhering  to  the  fame  prin- 
ciples,   as    of    the    King's    party, 
who  with  joy  waited    to    kifs   his 
hand,  and  were  received  by  him 
with  thofe  open  arms  and  flowing 
cxpreflions  of  grace ;    calling    all 
thofe    by   their    names    who  were 
known    to   him,   that   they   eafily 
affured   themfelves  of  the  accom- 
plifliment  of  all  their  defires  from 
luch  a  generous  prince.    And  fome 
of  them,  that  they  might  not  lofe 
the    firll  opportunity,    forced  him 
to  give  them  prefent  audience,  in 
which  they  reckoned  up  the  infup- 
portable  lofies  undergone  by  them- 
felves or  their  fathers,  and  fome 
fervices  of  thc^ir  own;  and  there- 
wpon  demanded  the  prefent  grant 
or  promife  of  fuch  or  f«ch  an  of- 
fice.    Some^  for  the  real  fmall  va- 
lue of  one,  though  of  the  firll  claf- 
ki, -prefled  for  two  or  three  with 
iach  confidence    and   importunity, 
and  with  iuch  tedious   difcourfes, 
that  the  King  was  extremely  nau- 
icatcd  with  their  fuits,  though  his 
modelly  knew  not  how   to  break 
from  them  :  that  he  no  fconer  got 
lit©  his  chamber,  which  for  fome 
5 


1759- 

hours  he  was  not  able  to  do,  than 
he  lamented  the  condition  to  which 
he  found  he  mull  be  fubjed  ;  and 
did  in  truth  from  that  minute  con- 
tra<^  fuch  a  prejudice  again II  the 
pcrfons  of  fome  of  thofe,  though 
of  the  greatell  quality,  for  the  in- 
decency and  incongruity  of  their 
pretences,  that  he  never  afterwards 
received  their  addreffes  with  his 
ufual  grace  or  patience,  and  rare- 
ly granted  any  thing  they  defircd, 
though  the  matter  was  more  rea- 
fonabie,  and  the  manner  of  afking 
much  more  modefl. 

But  there  was  another  mortifica- 
tion which  immediately  fucceeded 
this,    that   gave    him   much   more 
trouble,  and  in  which  he  knew  not 
how  to  comport  himfelf.     The  ge- 
neral, after  he  had  given  all  ne- 
ceiTary  orders  to  his   troops,    and 
fent  a  fliort  difpatch  to  the  parlia- 
ment of  the  King's  being  come  to 
Canterbury,  and  of  his  purpofe  to 
ftay  there    two   days  till  the  next 
Sunday  was  pall,  he  came  to  the 
King  in  his  chamber,  and  in  a  fliort 
fecret  audience,  and   without  any 
preamble  or  apology,    as    he  wa» 
not  a  man  of  a  graceful  elocution., 
he  told  him,   **  that  he  could  not 
do  him  better  fcrvicc,  than  by  re- 
comnicjiding  to  him  fuch  perfons, 
v^ho  v/erc  moil  grateful  to  the  peo- 
ple,  and  in  reipc«:^  of  their  parts 
and  luterells  were  Ix'll  able  to  ferve 
him  :  "     And  iheicupon  gave  him 
a  large  paper  full  of  names,  which 
the    King  in  diforder   enough  re- 
ceived, and  without  read'eng  it  pat 
it  into  hi^  pocket  thac  he  might  not 
enter    int»   any  pariicwiar  deL;ate 
upon  the  perfons,    and   told  him, 
**  that  ho  would  be  always  ready  to 
received  his  advice,  and  willing  to 
gratify  him  in  any  thing  he  Ihould 
defire,   and  which  Ihoiild   not   be 

pre- 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


467 


prejudicial  to  his  fervice."     The 
King,  as  foon  as  he  could,  took 
an   opportunity,    when    there    re- 
mained no  more  in  his   chamber, 
to  inform  the  chancellor  of  the  firlt 
aflaults  he  had  encountered  as  foon 
as  he  alighted  out  of  his  co;ich, 
and  afterwards  of  what  the  general 
had   faid  to  him  ;   and   thereupon 
took  the  paper  out  of  his  pocket 
and    read   it.     It    contained    the 
names  of  at  Icaft  threefcore  and  ten 
perfons,  who  were   thought  fitteft 
to   be  made  privy  counfelJors  ;  in 
the  whole   number  whereof  there 
were  only  two,  who  had  ever  ferv- 
ed  the  King,  or  been  looked  upon 
as  zealoufly  affefted  to  his  fervice, 
the  Marquis  of  Hertford,   and  the 
Earl  of  Southampton,    who  were 
both  of  fo  univerfal  reputation  and 
interell,  and  fo  well  known  to  have 
the  very  particular  efleem  of  the 
King,  that  they  needed  no  fuch  re- 
commendation.    All  the  reft  were 
cither   thofc   counfellers   who  had 
ferved  the  King,  and  deferted  him 
by  adhering  to  the  parliament ;  or 
of  thofe  who  had  mofl  eminently 
difierved  him  in  the  beginning  of 
the  rebellion,  and  in  the  carrying  it 
on  with  all  fiercenefs  and  animofity 
until  the  new  model,  and  difmiiTjng 
the   Earl  of  Eflex  ;    then    indeed 
Cromwell  had   grown    terrible   to 
them,  and  difpofed    them  to  wifh 
the  King  were  again  pofle/Ted  of  his 
regal  power,  and  which  they  did 
but  wilh.     There    were  then  the 
names  of  the  principal  perfons  of 
the  prcfbyterian  party  to  which  the 
general  was    thought    to   be   moft 
inclined,    at    leaii   to   fatisfy    the 
fooliih  and  unruly  inclinations  of 
his  wife.     There  were  likewife  the 
Jiames  of  fome  who  were  moft  no- 
torious  in   all  the  other  fadions ; 
And  of  fbrne  who  in  refpedt  of  their 


mean  qualities  and  meaner  qualifi- 
cations no  body  could  imagine 
how  they  could  come  to  be  named, 
except  that,  by  the  very  odd  mix- 
ture, any  fober  and  wife  refolu- 
tions  and  concurrence  might  be 
prevented. 

The  King  was  in  more  than  or- 
dinary confufion  with  the  reading 
this   paper,     and    knew   not   well 
what   to  think  of  the  general,   in 
whofe  abfolute  power  he  now  was. 
However,   he  refolved  in  the  en- 
trance upon  his  government  not  to 
confent  to  fuch  impofitions,  which 
might  prove  perpetual  fetters  and 
chains  upon  him  ever  after.     He 
gave    the  paper   therefore    to   the 
chancellor,   and  bade  him  **  take 
the  firft  opportunity  to  difcourfe  the 
matter  with  the  general,"  (whom  he 
had  not  yet  faluted)  **  or  rather 
with  Mr.  Morrice,  his  moft  intimate 
friend,'*  whom  he  had  newly  pre- 
fented  to  the  King,  and    **  with 
both  whom  he  prefumed  he  would 
fhortly  be  acquainted,*'  though  for 
the  prefent  both  were  equally  un- 
known to  him.  Shortly  atter,  when 
mutual  vifits  had  paflcd   between 
them,  and   fuch  profeflions  as  na- 
turally are  made  between  perfons 
who  were  like  to  have  much  to  do 
with  each  other;  and  Mr.  Morrice 
being   in    private   with    him,    the 
chancellor  told  him,  **  how  much 
the  King  was  furprized   with   the 
paper  he   had   received   from    the 
general,  which  at  leaft  recommend- 
ed (and  which  would  have  always 
great    authority    with    him)    fome 
iuch  perfons  to  his  truft,  in  whom 
he  could  not  yet,    till  they  were 
better  known  to  him,   repofe  any 
confidence.**      And  thereupon  ha 
read  manyof  their  names,  and  faid, 
'*  that  if  fuch  men  were  made  pri- , 
vy  counfellprs,   it  would  cither  b« 
li  h  2  im- 


468-      ANNUAL    R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,   1759. 


imputed  to  the  King's  own  elec- 
tion, which  would  caufe  a  very  ill 
meafure  to  be  taken  of  his  ma- 
jelly's  nature  and  judgment;  or 
(which  more  probably  would  be 
the  cafe)  to  the  inclination  and 
power  of  the  general,  which  would 
be  attended  with  as  ill  effects. '* 
Mr.  Morrice  feemed  much  trou- 
bled at  the  apprehenfion,  and  faid, 
/*  the  paper  was  of  his  hand- writ- 
ing, by  the  general's  order^  who 
he  was  aflured  had  no  fuch  inten- 
tion ;  but  that  he  would  prefently 
fpeak  with  him  and  return,"  which 
he  did  within  lefs  than  an  hour, 
and  exprelTed  the  trouble  the  ge- 
neral was  in  upon  the  King's  very 
juft  exception ;  and  that  the  truth 
was,  he  had  been  obliged  to  have 
much  communication  with  men  of 
all  humours  and  inclinations,  and 
fo  had  promifed  to  do  them  good 
offices  to  the  King,  and  could  not 
therefore avoidinferting  their  names 
in  that  paper,  without  any  imagi- 
nations that  the  King  would  accept 
them :  that  he  had  done  his  part, 
and  all  that  could  be  expefted  from 
Jl)im,  and  left  the  King  to  do  what 
lie  had  thought  belt  for  his  own 
fervice,  which  he  would  always  de- 
fire  him  to  doy  whatever  propcfi- 
tion  he  fliould  at  any  time  prefume 
to  make  to  his  majefty,  which  he 
would  not  promife  ihould  be  al- 
v/ays  reafonable.  However,  he 
did  fti  11  heartily  wifli,  that  his  ma- 
jefty would  make  ufe  of  fome  of 
ihofe  perfons,  whom  he  named, 
and  faid,  "  He  knew  mod  of  them 
were  not  his  friends,  and  that  his 
fervice  would  be  more  advanced  by 
admitting  them,  than  by  leaving 
them  out."  ■  H.."?  r.. 

The  King  was  abundantly  pleafed 
with  the  good  temper  of  the  ge- 
Mera^lf  andleis  diHikedihofe^  who 
^  -.;;.  .5  -      - 


he  difcerned  would  be  grateful  to 
him,  than  any  of  the  reft  ;  and  fo 
the  next  day,  he  made  the  general 
knight  of  the  garter,  and  admitted 
him  of  the  council ;  and  likewife 
at  the  fame  time  gave  the  fignet 
to  Mr.  Morrice,  who  was  fworn 
of  the  council  and  fecretary  of  ftate ; 
and  vSir  Anthony  Afhley  Cooper, 
who  had  been  prefented  by  the 
general  under  afpecial  recommend- 
ation, was  then  too  fworn  of  the 
council^  and  the  rather,  becaufe 
having  lately  married  the  niece  of 
the  Earl  of  St)uthampton  (who  was 
then  likewife  prefent,  and  received 
the  garter  to  which  he  had  been 
eleded  fome  years  before)  it  was 
believed  that  his  flippery  humour 
would  be  eafily  reftrained  and  fixed 
by  the  uRcle.  All  this  was  tranf- 
aded  daring  his  majefty's  ftay  at 
Canterbury." 


T^i^e  genuine  remains  in  prcfe  and 
I'erfe  of  Mr,  Samuel  Butler,  au- 
thor of  Hudibrasy  pablijhed  from 
the  original  manufcripts,  formerly 
in  the  poffejjton  of  W .  Longue'ville, 
Efqi  'with  notes  by  R.Thyer,  keeper 
cf  the  public  library  at  Manchefler. 
In  tnvo  njols.  O^a'vo.  J.  aird^. 
Tonfon,  in  the  Strand. 

THAT  extraordinary  age 
which  is  the  fubje6l  of  th« 
foregoing  hiftory,  abounded  in- 
great  and  uncommon  revolutions. 
It  was  the  moft  fertile  in  new  reli- 
gions ;  in  new  models  of  govern- 
ment;  in  new  fyftems  of  politics^ 
morality  and  phiiofopliy,  that  per- 
haps ever  v.as.  There  was  a  per- 
fon  at  that  time  among  the  many 
extraordinary  ones  which  it  pro- 
duced, that  looked  on  all  thefe 
things  which  had  .caufed  fo  muclv 

feriou* 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


4^9 


ferious  good  and  evil  in  the  world 
in  a  light  of  plcafantry  and  hu- 
mour J  and  as  there  were  in  all 
much  falfe  pretence  and  many 
tlriking  follies,  no  man  poffeiTcd 
more  ilrongly  the  talent  of  expofmg 
them  with  all  the  force  of  wit,  hu- 
mour and  fatire.  This  was  Butler. 
His  Hudibras  is  the  moll  witty- 
book  in  the  world.  The  pollhu- 
mous  pieces,  though  they  are  few 
of  them  perfeftly  finilhed,  carry  the 
proof  of  their  genuinenefs  about 
them.  Nobody  could  have  written 
them  but  Butler.  Andit  is  pleafmg 
even  in  the  unfinifhed  (ketches,  to 
trace  the  firll  drawings  of  thought 
in  an  ingenious  mind,  and  to  fee 
in  what  manner  a  great  mafter 
worked;  we  value  the  moil  incor- 
reft  fcratches  of  a  firll-rate  painter. 
Thefe  pollhumous  pieces  Ihew 
Butler  in  a  light  in  which  he  was 
not  known  in  his  own  age,  that  of 
a  profe  writer;  but  it  is  a  light 
in  which  he  has  great  merit ;  his 
fpeeches,  ^nd  bis  occafional  reflec- 
tions, are  written  in  a  fpirited  and 
raafculine  llile,  and  are  full  of  wit 
and  good  fenfe«  A  whole  volume 
confiits  of  characters  ;  the  drawing 
of  which  was  a  fort  of  exercife  of 
the  wits  of  that  time  ;  but  to  fay 
the  truth,  they  are  rather,  for  the 
greater  part,  monftrous  caricatu- 
ras  than  jufl  and  regular  piclures. 
They  are  forced  and  unnatural,  and 
tire  by  the  repetition  of  the  fame 
thing  in  new,  indeed,  but  often 
odd  and  extravagant  lights.  How- 
ever they  have,  like  the  reft  of  But- 
ler's works,  a  profufion  of  wit ;  and 
there  are  detached  parts  where  the 
thoughts  are  incomparable,  and  de- 
ferve  to  be  better  placed.  To  give 
the  reader  fomc  idea  of  this  way  of 
writing  (for  the  falhion  is  the  fame 
in  all  that  drew  fanciful  characters 


at  that  time,  tho'  the  ftuff  is  here 
better  than  common)  we  infert  the 
following. 

**  An  impudent  man  is  one, 
whofe  want  of  money  and  wit 
have  engaged  him  beyond  his 
abilities.  The  little  knowledge  he 
has  of  himfelf,  being  luitable  to 
the  little  he  has  in  his  pofleffion,  has 
made  him  believe  himfelf  fit  for  it.' 
This  double  ignorance  has  made 
him  fet  a  value  upon  himfelf,  as 
he  that  wants  a  great  deal  appears 
in  a  better  condition,  than  he  that 
wants  a  little.  This  renders  him 
confident,  and  fit  for  any  under- 
taking, and  fom£times  (fuch  is  the 
concurrent  ignorance  of  the  world) 
he  profpers  in  it,  but  oftener  mif- 
carries,  and  becomes  ridiculous  ; 
yet  this  advantage  he  has,  that  as 
nothing  can  make  him  fee  his  error,, 
fo  nothing  can  difcourage  him  that 
way  ;  for  he  is  fortified  with  his  ig- 
norance, as  barren  and  rocky  places 
are  by  their  fituation,  and  he  will 
rather  believe  that  all  men  want 
judgment,  than  himfelf.  For  as  no 
man  is  pleafed,  that  has  an  ill  opi- 
nion of  himfelf,  nature,  that  finds 
out  remedies  herfelf,  and  his  own 
eafe,  renders  him  infenfible  of  his 
defect. — From  hence  he  grows  im- 
pudent ;  for  as  men  judge  by  com- 
parifon,  he  knows  as  little  what  it 
is  to  be  defective,  as  what  it  is  to 
be  excellent.  Nothing  renders 
men  modeft,  but  a  juft  knowledge 
how  to  compare  themfelves  with 
others;  and  where  that  is  wanting, 
impudence  fupplies  the  place  of  it : 
for  there  is  no  vacuum  in  the  minds 
of  men,  and  commonly,  like  other 
things  in  nature,  they  fwell  more 
with  rarefadion  than  condenfation. 
The  more  men  know  of  the  world, 
the  worfe  opinio©  they  have  of  it? 

H  h  ;  and 


47<i       ANNUAL    RE 

and  the  more  they  underlland  of 
truth,  they  are  better  acquainted 
with  the  difficulties  of  it,  and  con- 
{cquently,  are  the  leaft  confident  in 
their  affertions,  efpecially  in  mat- 
ters of  probability,  which  com- 
monly is  fquint-ey'd,  and  looks 
nine  ways  at  once.  It  is  the  office 
of  a  juft  judge  to  hear  both  parties, 
and  he  that  confiders  but  the  one 
iide  of  things  can  never  make  a 
jull  judgment,  though  he  may  by 
chance  si  true  one.  Impudence  is 
the  baflard  of  ignorance,  not  only 
unlawfully,  but  incefluoufly  begot- 
ten by  a  man  upon  his  own  under- 
ftanding,  and  laid  by  himfelf  at 
his  own  door,  a  monfler  of  unna- 
tural produillion  ;  for  fhame  is  as 
much  the  property  of  human  na- 
ture (though  overfeen  by  the  phi- 
iofophers)  and  perhaps  more  than 
reafon,  laughing,  or  looking  a- 
fquint,  by  which  they  dillinguifh 
man  from  beails ;  and  the  lefs  men 
have  of  it,  the  nearer  they  approach 
to  the  nature  of  brutes.  Modelly 
is  but  a  noble  jealoufy  of  honour, 
and  impudence  the  proilitution  of 
it ;  for  he,  whofe  face  is  proof  a- 
gainfl  infamy,  mu(l  be  as  little  fen- 
fible  of  glory.  His  forehead,  like 
a  voluntary  cuckold's,  is  by  his 
horns  made  proof  againll  a  bluili. 
Nature  made  man  ba-efaced,  and 
civil  ( ullom  has  preferved  him  fo  ; 
but  he  that's  impudent  does  wear  a 
vizard  more  ugly  and  deformed  than 
highway  thieves  difguife  themfelves 
with.  Shame  is  the  tender  moral 
confcience  of  good  men.  When 
there  is  a  crack  in  the  fkull,  nature 
hcrfelf  with  a  tough  horny  callus 
repairs  the  breach  ;  fo  a  flaw'd  in- 
tellect is  with  a  brawny  callous  face 
fupplied.  The  face  is  the  dial  of 
the  mind  ;  and  where  they  do  not 
go  together,  'tis  a  fign,  that  one  or 


G  1  S  T  E  R,    1759. 

both  are  out  of  order.  He  that  is 
impudent  is  like  a  merchant,  that 
trades  upon  his  credit  without  a 
flock,  and  if  his  debts  were  known, 
would  break  immediately.  The 
infide  of  his  head  is  like  the  out- 
iide ;  and  his  peruke  as  naturally 
of  his  own  growth,  as  his  wit. 
He  pafTes  in  the  world  like  a  piece 
of  counterfeit  coin,  looks  well 
enough  until  he  is  rubbed  and 
worn  with  ufe,  and  then  his  cop- 
per complexion  begins  to  appear, 
and  nobody  will  take  him  but  by 
owl  light." 

That  part  Intitled,  Thoughts  on 
various  fubjefts,  is  much  better,  of 
which  the  following  is  a  fpecimen. 

**  The  ambition  of  feme  men* 
and  the  wants  of  others,  are  the 
ordinary  caufes  of  all  civil  wars. 

Governments,  like  natural  bo- 
dies, have  their  times  of  growing, 
perfeiflion,  and  declining  ;  and  ac- 
cording to  their  coniHtutions  fome 
hold  out  longer,  and  fome  decay 
fooner  than  others ;  but  all  in  their 
beginnings  and  infancies  are  fub- 
jed  to  fo  many  infirmities  and  im- 
perfedlions,  that  what  Solomon 
faid  of  a  monarchy,  fVo  to  that 
kingdom  iKihofe prince  is  a  child ^  may 
be  more  jultly  faid  of  a  new  re- 
public :  and  we  may  with  as  much 
reafon  fay,  Wo  beta  that  people  ^  that 
live  under  a  young  go'vcrnment  :  for 
as  both  mufl:  of  neceffity  be  under 
tutors,  proteftors,  and  keepers  of 
liberties,  until  they  can  give  the 
world  an  account,  that  they  are 
able  to  govern  of  themfelves  (which 
a  prince  does  in  fewer  years  than  a 
republic  can  in  ages)  the  people 
always  fulFer  under  fo  many  lords 
and  mailers  ;  and  though  a  fcun^ 
dation  of  liberty  be  laid,  the 
fruition  of  it  is  for  after-ages,  like 
the  planting  of  trees,  whofe  fnadc 

and 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


471 


and  fruit  is  only  to  be  enjoyed  by 
pollerity. — For  what  proteclion  can 
a  nation  have  from  a  government 
that  muil  itfelf  be  protected  ?  that 
mui\  maintain  guards  and  armies  at 
th-cir  own  charge  to  keep  themfelves 
in  obedience,  that  is,    in   flavery, 
until  in  procefs  of  time  by  flow  de- 
grees, that   which   was  rugged  at 
lirll    becomes  gentle  and   eafy?  — 
For  as  that,   which  was  tyranny  at 
firft,  does  in  time  become  liberty  : 
fo  there  is  no  liberty,  but  in  the  be- 
ginning was  tyranny.     All   unripe 
fruit  ii  harlli  ;  and  they  that  live 
in  new-built  houfes,  are  apt  to  catch 
difeafes  and  infirmities.     Nor  is  it 
pofiible   to  fettle  any  government 
by  a  model,  that  fnall  hold,  as  men 
contrive  fhips  and  buildings :  for 
governments  are  made,  like  natural 
productions,  by  degrees,  according 
as  their  materials  are  brought  in  by 
time,  and  thofe  parts  of  it,  that  are 
unagreeable  to  their  nature,  caft  off. 
He   that  keeps  a  watchful  and 
vigilant  eye  upon  that  man's  intereft 
whom  he  is  to  treat  withal,  and  ob- 
fcrves  it  as  the  compafs  that  all  men 
generally  lleer  by,  fhall  hardly  be 
deceived  with  fair  pretences. 

Principles  of  jultice  and  right 
have  chiefly  relation  to  the  general 
good  of  mankind,  and  therefore 
have  fo  weak  an  infaiencc  upon 
particulars,  that  they  give  place  to 
the  mcanell  and  moll  unworthy  of 
private  interells. 

The  defens  of  good  men  do  not 
produce  (o  bad  eifedls  being  un- 
rewarded, as  the  crimes  of  evil  men 
unpunilhed.— For  good  men  are 
but  difcouragcd,but  the  bad  become 
more  pcrverfe  and  wicked. 

It  is  fafer  for  a  prince  to  tolerate 
all  forts  of  debauchery  than  fedi- 
t;ous  meetings  at  conventicles.—— 


As  thofe,  that  have  the  ftone,  the 
gout,  or  confumption,  are  not  fhut 
up,  becaufe  their  difeafes  are  only 
hurtful  to  themfelves;    but  thofe, 
that  have  any  contagious  maladies 
that  are  apt  to  fpread   and  infeft 
multitudes,  are  with  all  care  to  be 
fhut  up,  and  kept  from  converfing 
with  others,  whom  their  diftempers 
may  endanger,  and  in  time  propa- 
gate among  the  people. 

The  word  governments  are  the 
beft,  when  they  light  in  good  hands : 
and  the  boll  are  the  worll,  when 
they  fall  into  bad  ones. 

The  worft  governments  are  al- 
ways the  moil  chargeable,  and  coll 
the  people  dearcft ;  a^  all  men  in 
courts  of  judicature,  pay  more  for 
the  wrongs  that  are  done  them, 
than  the  right. 

Princes  that  have  loft  their  credit 
and  reputation,  are  like  merchants 
inevitably  deftined  to  ruin  :  for  all 
men  immediately  call  in  their  loy- 
alty and  refpeft  from  the  firlh  as 
they  do  their  money  from  'he  latter. 
The  vices  of  tyrants  run  in  a 
circle,  and  produce  one  another, 
begin  with  luxury  and  prodigality, 
which  cannot  be  fupplied  but  by  ra- 
pine. Rapine  produces  hate  in  the 
people,  and  that  hate  fear  in  the 
prince :  fear  cruelty,  cruelty  de-» 
fpair,  and  defpair  deftruflion. 

A  tyrant  is  a  monller  of  prodigy 
born  to  the  dellruiflion  of  the  bell 
men  ;  as  among  the  ancients,  when 
a  cow  calved  a  monller,  great  num- 
bers of  cattle,  that  were  fair  and 
perfect  in  their  kinu,  were  prefentl-/ 
Sacrificed,  to  expiate  and  avert  the 
ominous  portent. 

All  governments  are  in  their  ma- 
nagements fo  equal,    that  no  one 
has  the  advantage  of  another,  un- 
IcCs  in  fpeculation  ;  and  in  that  there 
Hh  4  is 


A,Ti       ANNUAL    RE 

is  no  convenience  that  any  particu- 
lar model  can  pretend  to,  but  is  as 
liable  to  as  great  inconveniencies 
feme  other  way  ;  infoniuch  that  the 
worll  of  all  governments  in  fpecu- 
lation,  that  is,  tyranny,  is  found 
to  be  the  bell  in  the  hands  of  excel- 
lent princes,  who  receive  no  advan- 
tage from  the  greatnefs  of  their 
power,  but  only  a  larger  latitude  to 
do  good  to  their  fubjefts ;  which 
the  beft  conllitution  forms,  that  is, 
the  n;oft  limited,  do  but  deprive 
them  of,  and  tye  them  up  from 
doing  good,  as  well  as  hurt. 

Princes  have  great  reafon  to  be 
allowed  flatterers  to  adore  them  to 
their  faces,  becaufe  they  are  more 
expofed  to  the  infamy  and  detrac- 
tion of  the  world,  than  the  meaneft 
of  their  fubjefts ;  otherways  they 
would  be  dealt  with  very  unequally, 
to  be  bound  to  all  the  infamyi  true 
cr  falfe,  that  can  be  laid  upon  them, 
and  not  to  be  allowed  an  equal 
freedom  of  praife  to  qualify  it;  for 
though  he  may  be  abufed  at  any 
man's  pleafure,  he  cannot  be  flat- 
tered without  his  own. 


Mi/c^Uaneous  traBi  relating  to  natii- 
ral  hijioryy  hujbandry  and  phyfic. 
Tranjlated  from  the  Latin,  nvith 
notes,  by  Benj.  Stillingjlee^,  R. 
and  J.  Dodfley,  fdll-msdL 

TH»E  pieces  which  compofe 
this  book,  we  are  informed 
by  the  tranflator,  were  fele6led 
from  many  others  publiflied  by  fe- 
veral  ingenious  members  of  the 
great  and  hitherto  unrivalled  fchool 
of  natural  hiftory,  the  univerfity  of 
Upfal  in  Sweden.  Thefe  were  not 
felefted  as  the  bell  of  the  colleftion, 
but  as  anfvvering  beil  the  excellen; 


GISTER;  1759. 

purpofeof  the  tranflator,  which  was 
to  make  known  more  generally  hcv/ 
far  all  mankind  is  concerned  in  the 
fludy-  of  natural  hiftory.  Indeed 
nothing  can  be  better  adapted  to 
that  purpofe  than  the  pieces  he  has 
chofen,  which  are  not  only  written 
with  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the 
fubjea,  but  with  a  fpirit  and  elo- 
quence very  rare  in  thofe  who  make 
profeffion  of  the  fciences ;  and  on 
that  account  they  are  extremely  ufe- 
ful  to  excite  in  young  minds  that 
laudable  curiofity  which  is  one  of 
the  great  principles  of  fcience.  To 
thefe  pieces  is  prefixed  by  the  tranf- 
lator a  preface,  to  explain  his  rea- 
fons  for  publiihing  them,  together 
with  a  defence  of  thofe  enquiries  in 
natural  philofophy,  the  praftical 
ufe  of  which  does  not  immediately 
appear  ;  and  it  is  indeed  fuch  ^ 
piece  of  writing  as,  we  believe,  will 
make  every  body  wifli  that  learned 
author  otherwife  employed  than  in 
tranflation. 

•*  I  can  (fays  he)  fcarcely  con- 
demn mankind  for  treating  with 
contempt  a  virtuofo  whom  they  fee 
employed  in  poring  over  a  mofs  cr 
an  infeft  day  after  day,  and  fpend- 
ing  his  life  in  fuch  feemingly  un- 
important and  barren  fpeculations. 
The  firfl  and  moll  natural  reflec- 
tions that  will  arife  on  this  occafion 
mull  be  to  the  difadvantageof  fucH 
purfuits.  Yet  were  the  whole 
fcene  of  nature  laid  open  to  our 
view,  were  we  admitted  to  behold 
the  connedlions  and  dependencies 
of  every  thing  on  every  other,  and 
to  trace  the  ceconcmy  of  nature 
thro*  the  fmaller  as  well  as  greater 
parti)  of  this  globe,  we  might  per- 
haps be  obliged  to  own  we  were 
millaken ;  that  the  Supreme  Ar- 
chitet'l  had  contrive^  his  works  in 

fack 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


473 


fuch  a  manner,  that  we  cannot  pro- 
perly be  faid  to  be  unconcerned  in 
any  one  of  them  ;  and  therefore 
that  lludies  which  feem  upon  a  flight 
view  to  be  quite  ufelefb,  may  in  the 
end  appear  to  be  of  no  fmall  im- 
portance to  mankind.  Nay,  were 
we  only  to  look  back  into  the  hiftor 
ry  of  arts  and  fciences,  we  mull  be 
convinced  we  are  apt  to  judge  over- 
haftily  of  things  of  this  nature. 
We  fliould  there  find  many. proofs, 
that  he  who  gave  this  inftindlive  cUt 
riofity  to  fomeof  his  creatures,  gave 
it  for  good  and  great  purpofes,  and 
that  he  rewards  with  ufeful  difco- 
veries  all  thefe  minute  refearches. 

It  is  true,  this  does  not  always 
happen  to  the  fearcher,  or  his  co- 
temporaries,  nor  even  fometimes  to 
the  immediate  fucceeding  genera- 
tion :  but  I  am  apt  to  think  that 
advantages  of  one  kind  or  other 
always  accrue  to  mankind  from,  fuch 
purfuits.  Some  men  are  born  to 
obferve  and  record  what  perhaps  by 
itfelf  is  perfectly  ul'elefs,  but  yet  of 
great  importance  to  another  who 
follows  and  goes  a  ftep  farther  ilill 
as  ufelefs.  To  him  another  fuc- 
ceeds,  and  thus  by  degrees :  till  at 
laft  one  of  a  fuperior  genius  comes, 
who  hying  all  that  has  been  done 
before  his  time  together,  brings  on 
ix  new  face  of  things,  improves,  a- 
dorns,  exalts  human  fociety. 

All  thofe  fpeculations  concerning 
lines  and  numbers  fo  ardently  pur- 
fued,  and  fo  exquifitely  conduced 
by  the  Grecians ;  what  did  they  aim 
^t  ?  or  what  did  they  produce  for 
a^es  ?  A  little  aritiimetic,  and  the 
iiril  elemefits  of  geometry  were  all 
they  had  need  of.  This  Plato  af- 
ferts;  and  tho'  as  being  himfelf  an 
able  mathematician,  and  remark- 
ably fond  of  thefe  fciences,  he  re- 
cpmmends  the  lludy  of  them,  yet 


he  makes  ufe  of  motives  that  have 
no  relation  to  the  common  purpofes 
of  life.  , 

When  Kepler,  from  a  blind  and 
ftrong  inipulfe  merely  to  find  ana- 
logies in  nature,  difcovered  that  fa- 
mous one  between  the  diftances  of 
the  feveral  planets  from  the  fun, 
and  the  periods  in  which  they  com- 
plete their  revolutions  ;  of  what  im- 
portance was  it  to  him  or  to  the 
world  ? 

Again :  when  Galileo,  puflied 
on  by  the  fame  irreliftble  curiofity, 
found  out  the  law  by  which  bodies 
fall  to  the  earth,  did  he,  or  could 
he  forefee.  that  any  good  would 
come  from  his  ingenious  theorems, 
or  was  any  immediate  ufe  made  of 
them? 

Yet  had  not  the  Greeks  pufhed 
their  abftradl  fpeculations  fo  far ; 
had  not  Kepler  and  Galileo  made 
the  above-me.Ttioned  difcoveries  ; 
we  never  could  have  feen  the 
greateft  work  that  ever  came  from 
the  hands  of  man.  Every  one  will 
guefs  that  I  mean  Sir  Ifaac  New- 
ton's Principia. 

Someobfcureperfon,  whofename 
is  not  fo  much  as  known,  diverting 
himfelf  idly,  as  a  llander-by  would 
have  thought,  with  trying  experi- 
ments on  a  feemingly  contemptible 
piece  of  ftone,  found  out  a  guide 
for  mariners  on  the  ocean,  and 
fuch  a  guide  as  no  fcience,  however 
fubtilc  and  fublime  its  fpeculations 
may  be,  however  wonderful  its 
conclufions,  would  ever  have  ar- 
rived at.  It  was  bare  curiofity  that 
put  Sir  Thomas  Millington  upon 
examining  the  minute  parts  of  flow- 
ers ;  but  his  difcoveries  have  pro- 
duced the  moft  perfedl  and  moft 
ufeful  iyftem  of  botany  that  the 
world  has  yet  feen. 

Other  inftances  might  be  pro- 
daced 


474      ANNUAL    RE 

duccd  to  prove,  that  bare  curiority  in 
one  age  is  the  fource  of  the  greateft 
utility  in  another.  And  what  has 
frequently  been  laid  of  chymills 
may  be  applied  to  every  other  kind 
of  vir'tuoli.  They  hunt  perhaps 
after  .chimeras  and  impoflibilities, 
they  find  fomething  really  valuable 
by  and  by.  We  are  but  inftroments 
under  •  tiie  Supreme  Diredor,  and 
do  not  So  nwich  as  know  in  many 
cafes  what  is  of  moll  importance  for 
Us  to  fearch  after.  But  we  may  be 
fure  of  one  thing,  viz.  that  if  we 
iludy  and  follow  nature,  whatever 
paths  we  are  led  into,  we  Ihall  at 
laJft  arrive  at  fomething  valuable  to 
©urfelves  and  others,  but  of  what 
kind  we  mull  be  content  to  remain 
ignorant. 

I  am  feniible,  that  after  all  I  have 
faid,  or  can  fay,  many  people  will 
»ot  be  perfuaded  to  allow  that 
iludy  of  fome  parts  of  natural  hif- 
tory  can  be  worthy  of  a  rational 
creature.  They  never  will  vouch- 
fafe  to  look  on  mcffes  and  infeds 
in  this  light.  Yet  why  may  not 
the  iludy  of  thefe  likewife  have  its 
u{e  in  future  times?  It  ought  to  be 
confidered,  that  the  number  of  the 
latter  is  immenfe,  that  it  is  but 
lately  that  any  great  attention  has 
been  paid  to  them,  that  one  of 
them  has  been  long  the  means  of 
cloathing  thoufands,  and  feeding 
more,  that  another  affords  us  honey, 
another  a  fine  dye,  not  to  mention 
ibme  few  befidcs,  of  acknowledged 
benefit  to  mankind.  Lallly,  that 
they  are  capable  of  doing  the  great- 
ell  mifchief,  and  that  it  is  poflible 
that  a  more  thorough  knowledge  of 
them  may  inftrud  us  how  to  fecure 
ourfelves  againll  their  attacks. — 
Whether  this  be  pofiible  we  can 
never  know,  till  proper  encourage- 


GISTER,    1759. 

ment  has  been  given  to  this  branCxV 
of  natural  hiilory." 

As  in  this  con  traded  fcale  we 
cannot  give  a  full  idea  of  the  work, 
nor  is  it  our  intention  to  do  more 
than  to  excite  and  dired  the  read- 
ei-*s  curiofity,  we  mull  be  contented 
with  giving  one  fhort  extrad  from 
the  firll  of  thefe  pieces,  which  is  an 
oration  of  the  celebrated  Linnaeus 
on  the  curious  and  uncommon  fub- 
jed  oi  'Tra'velling  in  one^s  own  Cou?e- 
iry.  See  what  he  fays  of  himfelf 
and  his  country;  nothing  can  be 
more  fenfible  and  animated. 

"  My  defign  was,  in  the  little 
time  allotted  me,  to  fpeak  to  you, 
gentlemen,  not  of  the  peculiar  ad- 
vantages of  univerfities,  or  of  {q- 
journing  at  this,  rather  than  any 
foreign  one :  but  chiefly  of  travel- 
ling in  one's  own  country,  thro'  its 
fields,  and  roads  ;  a  kind  of  travel- 
ling, I  confefs,  hitherto  little  ufed, 
and  which  is  looked  upon  as  fit 
only  for  amufement.  I  once  more, 
moll  honourable  auditors,  beg  your 
patience,  and  that  I  may  not  forfeit 
all  right  to  your  favour  and  bene- 
volence, 1  promife  to  be  as  Ihort  as 
pofiible.     You  know  the  poet  fays. 

The  farmer  talks  of  grafles/and  of 

grain. 
The  failor  tells  you  llories  of  the 

main; 

You  ought  not  therefore  to  wonder 
that  I  chofe  to  make  travelling  in 
one's  own  country  the  fubjed  of  my 
difcourfc.  Every  one  thinks  well 
of  what  belongs  to  himfelf,  and 
every  one  has  pleafures  peculiar  to 
himfelf.  I  have  travelled  about, 
and  paiTed  over  on  foot  the  frofly 
mountains  of  Lapland,  have  climb- 
ed up  the  craggy  ridges  of  Norland, 

and 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


475 


and  wandered  along  its  fteep  hills, 
and  almofl  impenetrable  woods.     I 
made    large    excurfions    into    the 
forefts  of  Dalecarlia,  the  groves  of 
Gothland,  the  heaths  of  Smoland, 
and  the  unbounded  plains  of  Sca- 
nia. There  is  icarccly  any  confider- 
able  province  of  Sweden,  which  1 
have  not  crawled  thro*  and  examin- 
ed ;    not  without  great  fatigue  of 
body  and   mind.      xVIy  journey  to 
Lapland  was  indeed  an  undertaking 
of  iramenfe    labour;    and  I    mult 
confefs,  that  I  was  forced  to  under- 
go more  labour,  and  danger  in  tra- 
velling through  this  one  trad  of  the 
northern  world,  than  thro'  all  thofe 
foreign    countries     put     together, 
which  I  have  ever  vifited  j  though 
even   thefe  have  coll  me  no  fmall 
pains,  and  have  not  a  little  exhauft- 
ed  my  vigour.     But  love  to  truth, 
and  gratitude  towards  the  Supreme 
Being,  oblige  me  to  confefs,  that 
no  fooner  were  my  travels  finiihed, 
but,  as  it  were,  a  Lethean  oblivion 
of  all   the  dangers  and  difficulties 
came   upon    me  ;    being  rewarded 
by  the  inellimable  advantages  which 
I  reaped  from  thofe  devious  purfuits. 
Advantages  the  more  conspicuous, 
for  that  I   became  daily  more  and 
more  fkilful,  and  gained  a  degree 
of  experience,  which  I  hope  will  be 
of  ufe  to  myfclf,   and  others ;  and, 
what  I  cfteem  above  all  other  con- 
fiderations,   as  it  comprehends  in 
one  all  other  duties,  and  charities; 
to  my  country  :  and  the  public. 

Good  God !  how  many,  igno- 
rant of  their  own  country,  run  ea- 
gerly into  foreign  regions,  to  fearch 
out  and  admire  whatever  curiofities 
are  to  be  found  ;  many  of  which 
are  much  inferior  to  thofe,  which 
offer  themfelves  to  our  eyes  at 
fcome.  Jl  have  yet  beheld  no  foreign 


land,  that  abounds  with  more  na- 
tural curiofities  of  all  kinds,  than 
our  own.     None  which  prefents  fo 
many,  fo  great,  fo  wonderful  works 
of  nature  ;  whether  we  confider  the 
magazines  of  fnow  heaped  up  for  fo 
many  ages    upon   our    Alps,    and 
amongft  thefe  vafl  tracks  of  fnow, 
green  meadows,  and  delicious  val- 
lies  here  and  there  peeping  forth, 
or  the  lofty  heads  of  mountains,  the 
craggy  precipices  of  rocks,  or  the 
fun  lying  concealed  from  our  eyes 
for  fo  many  months,  and  thence  a 
thick   Cimmerian   darknefs  fpread 
over  our  hemifphere,  or  eife  at  ano^ 
ther  feafon  darting  his  rays  conti- 
nually along  the  horizon.  The  like 
to  all  which  in  Jcind,  and  degree, 
neither  Holland,   ror  France,  noc 
Britain,  por  Germany,    nor  laftly, 
any  country  in  lEurope,   can  ihew  ; 
yet  thither  oqr  youth,  greedy  of  no- 
velty, flock  in  troops.     But  it  was 
not  my   intent  to  fpeak    of   thefe 
things  at  prefent.  I  come  now  clofer 
to  my  purpofe,  being  about  to  ihcw 
by  inftances,  that  the  natural  phi- 
lofopher,  the  mineralogift,  the  bo- 
tanift,  the  zoologift,  the  phyfician, ' 
the  oeconomifl,  and  all  others  ini-. 
tiated  in  any  part  of  natural  know- 
ledge, may  find  in  travelling  thro* 
our  country  things,  which  they  will 
own  they  never  dreamed  of  before. 
Nay,  things  which  to  this  day  were' 
never    difcovered    by    any   perfon 
whatever.     Lallly,   fuch  things  as 
may  not  only  gratify  and    fatiate 
their  curiofity  ;  but  may  be  of  fer- 
vicc  to  themfelves,  their  country, 
and  all  the  world. 

To  give  a  few  examples.     The 
fagacious  fearchcr  after  nature  will 
find  here,  wherewithal  to  fharperf 
and  exercife   his   attention   in   be-- 
holding  the  top  of  mount  Swucku, 

of 


476      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


of  Co  immenfc  a  height,  that  it 
reaches  above  the  clouds.  The 
wonderful  firufture  of  mount  Torf-' 
"burg,  the  horrid  precipices  of  the 
Tock  Blakulla  in  an  iftand  of  that 
"name,  fituated  near  Oeland,  and 
that  prefents  by  its  name.  Hill  ufed 
taming  the  Sueogothic  vulgar,  no 
lefs  than  by  its  difmai  afpedi,  an 
idea  of  the  ftupidity  and  fuperfti- 
'tion  of  that  ancient  people. 

Befides  the  wonderful  vaults  and 
'Caverns  of  the  Skiula  mountains,- 
the  high  plains  of  the  ifland  Caro- 
lina, the  unufual  form  and  ftrufture 
«f  the  Kierkerfian  fountains  in  Oe- 
land ;  to  pafs  over  numberlefs  other 
•firange  works  of  nature,  the  like 
to  which  perhaps  are  no  where  to 
\ye  met  with. 

.  Where  can  we  have  gi'eater  op- 
jjortunities,  than  in  this  Sueogo- 
thic trad,  of  confidering  the  in- 
■^nfe  rigour  and  vehemence  of  vvin- 
^ter,  the  incredible  marble  -  like 
ftrcngth  of  ice?  And  yet  in  this 
inclement  climate  grain  of  all  forts 
is  obferved  to  fpring  forth  fooner, 
grow  quicker,  and  ripen  in  lefs 
cime  than  in  any  other  part  of  the 
world*. 

Whoever  delires  to  contemplate 
tTie  ftupendous  metamorphofes  of 
fea  and  land,  will  fcarcely  find  any 
where  a  more  convenient  opportu- 
nity, than  in  the  fouth  and  eaft 
pearts  of  Gothland  ;  where  the 
rock-giants,  as  they  are  called, 
feem  to  thrcraten  heaven,  and  where 
the  epochas  of  time,  the  ages,  the 
years,  if  I  may  fo  fay,  are  as  it 
.  were    carved   out   in    a   farprifing 


feries  upon  the  fea-fhore,  and  the 
ground  above  the  fliore. 

The  philofopher  will  find  room 
to  exercife  his  ingenuity  fufficiently 
in  the  Oeland  Hone,  by  trying  to 
difcover  how  to  overcome  its  moift 
nature  and  quality,  which  whpever 
could  accompliih  would  do  no  fmall 
fervice  to  his  country,  and  above  all 
would  infinitely  oblige  the  inhabit- 
ants of  that  place. 

I  Hiall  fay  no  mo're  than  what  is 
known  and  confefied  by  all  the 
world,  when  I  fay  that  there  is  no 
country  in  the  habitable  part  of  the 
globe,  where  the  mineralogill  may 
make  greater  progrefs  in  his  art, 
than  in  this  country.  Let  any  one 
that  can,  tell  me,  and  I  Ihall  elleem 
him  no  mean  prophet,  in  what  re- 
gions more  rich  and  ample  mines 
of  metal  are  found,  than  in  Sweden, 
and  where  they  dig  deeper  into  the 
very  bowels  of  the  earth  than  here. 

Let  the  mines  of  Norburg,  the 
ridge  of  Taberga,  the  pits  of  Dan- 
nemore,  Bitlberg,  Grengia,  and 
lallly  the  immenfe  treafures  of  Sal- 
bergen  and  Fahluna,  be  my  wit- 
m;fl'es,  which  exceed  all  in  the 
known  world. 

Where  do  the  pofleflbrs  fufTer 
foreigners  more  freely  to  approach 
their  furnaces,  and  obferve  their 
operations?  Where  are  there  men 
more  ready  to  communicate  their 
knowledge  ?  Strangers  are  received 
by  us  with  civility,  and  even  preiTed 
to  Hay. 

Who  would  not  fh udder  on  be- 
holding thofe  forges,  vomiting 
forth  immenfe  clouds  of  fire,  and 


*  Vid.  a  treatife  concerning  the  foliation  of  trees  publiflied  in  this  colle£lion, 
and  the  prolegomena  to  the  Flora  Lappoiiica  of  this  author,  where  he  fays  that 
at  Purlcyar  in  Lapland  anno  1732,  barley  iown  May  1731,  vvas  ripe  in  July  zi, 
3.  e.  in  58  days  j  and  rye  (own  May  31;  was  ripe,  and  cut  Aug.  ^,  i.  e.  in 
(6  days. 

fmoak« 


ACCOtTNT     OF    BOOKS. 


47> 


fmdak,  where  our  iron  ores  are 
melted  ?  Who  would  not  behold 
with  pleafure  the  fimple  country- 
men in  the  thick  pine  groves  of 
Dalecarlia,  without  furnace,  with- 
out any  apparatus,  extracting  an 
iron  fo  very  hard,  fo  fit  for  ufe, 
that  it  yields  to  no  other,  tho'  pre- 
pared with  the  fiercett  fir€s>  and 
greateft  expence  V* 


The  Hiftory  of  Raffelas,  Prince  of 
AbiJJiniay  in  inxjo  fmall  pocket 
'volumes.  Printed  for  R.  and  J. 
Dodfley,  andW,  Johnfton. 

THE  inftruftion  which  is  found 
in  moft  works  of  this  kind, 
when  they  convey  any  inftru6tion 
at  all,  is  not  the  predominant  part, 
but  arifes  accidentally  in  the  courfe 
of  a  ftory  planned  only  to  pieafe. 
But  in  this  novel  the  moral  is  the 
principal  objeft,  and  the  ftory  is  a 
mere  vehicle  to  convey  the  inftruc- 
tion. 

Accordingly  the  tale  is  not  near 
fo  full  of  incidents,  nor  fo  diverting 
in  itfelf,  as  the  ingenious  author,  if 
he  had  not  had  higher  views,  might 
eafily  have  made  it ;  neither  is 
the  diftinftion  of  charaders  fuffi- 
ciently  attended  to:  but  with  thefe 
defefts,  perhaps  no  Isook  ever  in- 
/pulcatcd  a  purer  and  founder  mo- 
rality ;  no  book  ever  made  a  more 
juft  eftimate  of  human  life,  its  pur- 
fuits,  and  its  enjoyments.  The  de- 
fcriptions  are  rich  and  luxuriant, 
and  (hew  a  poetic  imagination  not 
inferior  to  our  beft  writers  in  verfe. 
The  ftylc,  which  is  peculiar,  and 
charaderiftical  of  the  author,  is 
lively,  correft,  and  harmonious.  It 
has,  however,  in  a  few  places,  an' 
»ir  too  exad  and  ftt'died. 

The  ideas  which  travellers  have 


given  us  of  a  mountain  in  whick 
the  branches  of  the  royal  family  of 
Abiffinia  are  confined,  though  it 
may  not  be  very  well  founded  in 
fa6l,  affords  a  ground  for  the  mofi 
ftriking  defcription  of  a  terreftrial 
paradife,  which  has  ever  been 
drawn ;  in  this  the  author  places 
the  hero  of  his  tale. 

"  The  place,  which  the  wifdom 
or  policy  of  antiquity  had  deftined 
for  the  refidence  of  the  Abifliniaa 
princes,  was  a  fpacious  valley  in 
the  kingdom  of  Amhara,  furround- 
ed  on  every  fide  by  mountains  of 
which  the  fummits  overhang  the 
middle  part.  The  only  paffage  by 
which  it  could  be  entered  was  a 
cavern  that  paffed  und^r  a  rock,  of 
v/hich  it  has  been  long  difputed 
whether  it  was  the  work  of  nature 
or  of  human  induftry.  The  out- 
let of  the  cavern  was  concealed  by 
a  thick  wood,  and  the  mouth  which 
opened  into  the  valley  was  clofed 
with  gates  of  iron,  forged  by  the 
artificers  of  antient  days,  fo  maffy 
that  no  man  could,  without  the 
help  of  engines,  open  or  fhut 
them. 

From  the  mountains  on  every 
fide,  rivulets  defcended  that  filled 
the  valley  with  verdure  and  fertili- 
ty, and  formed  a  lake  in  the  middle 
inhabited  by  filh  of  every  fpecies, 
and  frequented  by  every  fowl  whom 
nature  has  taught  to  dip  the  wing 
in  water.  This  lake  difcharged  its 
fuperiluitics  by  a  Itream  which  en- 
tered a  dark  cleft  of  the  mountain 
on  the  northern  fide,  and  fell  with 
dreadful  noife  from  precipice  to  pre- 
cipice till  it  was  heard  no  more. 

The  fides  of  the  mountains  were 
covered  with  trees,  the  banks  of 
the  brooks  were  diverfified  with 
flowers ;  every  blaft  (hook  fpices 
from  the  rycks,  and' every  month 
dropped 


478      ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


dropped  fruits  upon  the  ground. 
All  animals  that  bite  the  grals,  or 
broufe  the  ihrub,  whether  wild  or 
tame,  wandered  in  this  extenfive 
circuit,  fecured  from  beafts  of  prey 
by  the  mountains  which  confined 
them.  On  one  part  were  flocks 
and  herds  feeding  in  the  pallures, 
on  another  all  the  bealls  of  chace 
friiking  in  the  lawns ;  the  fprightly 
kid  was  bounding  on  the  rocks,  the 
fubtle  monkeys  frolicking  in  the 
trees,  and  the  foleran  elephant  re- 
pofing  in  the  fhade.  All  the  di- 
verj&cies  of  the  world  were  brought 
together,  the  bleflings  of  nature 
were  collefted,  and  its  evils  extraft- 
ed  and  excluded. 

The  valley,   wide  and  fruitful, 
fupplied   its  inhabitants   with    the 
xieceflaries  of  life,  and  all  delights 
and  fuperfluities  were  added  at  the 
annual  vifit  which  the  emperor  paid 
his   children,  when   the  iron  gate 
was  opened  to  the  found  of  ipufic ; 
and  during  eight  days  every  one 
that  relided  in   the  valley  was  re- 
quired to  propofe  whatever  might 
contribute  to  make  feclufion  plea- 
fant,  to  fill  up  the  vacancies  of  at- 
tention, and  lefien  the  tedioufnefs 
of  time.    Every  defire  was  immedi- 
ately granted.     All  the  artificers  of 
pleafure  were  called  to  gladden  the 
feftivity  ;     the    muficians    exerted 
their  power  of  harmony,  and   the 
dancers  Ihewed  their  adivity  before 
the    princes,    in    hopes   that    they 
fhould  pafs  their  lives  in  this  blifs- 
ful  captivity,  to  which  thofe  only 
were  admitted  whofe  performance 
was  thought  able  to  add  novelty  to 
luxury.     Such  was  the  appearance 
of  fecurity  and  delight  which  this 
retirement  afforded,    that  they   to 
whom  it  was  new,  always  dcfired 
that  it  might   be  perpetual  ;  and 
as  thofe,  on  whom  the  iron  gates 


had  once  clofed,  were  never  fuffer- 
ed  to  return,  the  efFed  of  longer 
experience   could    not    be  known. 
Thus    every   year    produced    new 
fchemes  of  delight,  and  new  com- 
petitors for  imprifonment."  In  this 
delightful  feclufion,  nothingthatart 
or  nature  could  fupply,  was  want- 
ing to  folace  or  gladden  its  inha- 
bitants ;    and    the    palace   of  the 
princes  was  decorated  in  the  moil 
fumptuous  manner.     *^   Here   the 
fons  and  daughters  of  AbilHnia  liv- 
ed only  to  know  the  foft  vicifTitudes 
of  pleafure  and  repofe,  attended  by 
all  that  were  fkilful  to  delight,  and 
gratified  with  whatever  the  fenfes 
can  enjoy.    They  wandered  in  gar- 
dens of  fragrance,  and  flept  in  the 
fortreffes  of  fecurity.  Every  art  was 
pradifed  to  make  them  pleafed  with 
their  condition.     The   fages    who 
inflruded   them,  told  them  of  no- 
thing but  themiferies  of  public  life, 
and  defcribed  all  beyond  the  moun- 
tains as  regions  of  calamity,  where 
difcord    was   always    raging,    and 
where  man  preyed  upon  man. 

To  heighten  their  opinion  of 
their  own  felicity,  they  were  daily 
entertained  with  fongs,  the  fubjetl 
of  which  was  the  Happy  Valley, 
Their  appetites  were  excited  by 
frequent  enumerations  of  different 
enjoyments,  and  revelry  and  mer- 
riment was  the  bufmefs  of  every 
hour,  from  the  dawn  of  morning  to 
the  clofe  of  evening. 

Thefe  methods  were  generally 
fuccefsful  ;  few  of  the  princes  had 
ever  willied  to  enlarge  their  bounds, 
but  paffed  tJieir  liv^es  in  full  convic-. 
tion  that  they  had  all  within  their 
reach  that  art  or  nature  could  be- 
flow,  and  pitied  thofe  whom  fate 
had  excluded  from  this  tranquility, 
as  the  fport  of  chance,  and  the 
Haves  of  mifery.'* 

RafTelas, 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


479 


RaiTelas,  in  the  26th  year  of  his 
age,  began    to    be    uneafy  in   his 
iituation,   and  thus   cxprefTed    the 
iburce  of  his  grief.  **  What,  faid  he, 
makes  the  difference  between  man 
and   all    the    reft   of    the    animal 
creation  ?    Every  beail  that  llrays 
befide  me   has   the  fame  corporal 
iieceflities  with  myfelf;  he  is  hun- 
gry and  crops  the  grafs,  he  is  thir- 
liy  and  drinks  the  ftream,  his  third 
and  hunger  are  appeafed,  he  is  fa- 
tisfied,  and  deeps :  he  rifes  again, 
and  is  hungry,  he  is  again  fed,  and 
is  at  reft.     I  am  hungry  and  thir- 
ty, like  him  ;  but  when  thirft  and 
hunger  ceafe,  I  am  not  at  reft  :  I 
am,  like  him,  pained  with  want ; 
but   am   not,    like  him,    fatisfied 
with  fulncfs.      The    intermediate 
hours  are  tedious  and  gloomy  ;  I 
long  again  to  be  hungry,  that  I  may 
again  quicken  my  attention.     The 
birds  peck  the  berries  out  of  the 
coin,  and  fly  away  to  the  groves, 
where  they  fit  in  feeming  happinefs 
on   the  branches,    and  wafte  their 
lives  in  tuning  one  unvaried  feries 
of  founds.     I  like  wife  can  call  the 
iutenift  and  the  finger;    but   the 
(ounds   that  pleafed  me   yefterday 
weary  me  to-day,   and  will   grow 
yet  more  wearifome  to-morrow.     1 
can  difcover  within  me  no  power 
of  perception,  which  is  not  glutted 
with  its  proper  pleafure ;  yet  I  do 
not  feel  myfelf  delighted.  Man  has 
furely  fome  latent  fenfe  for  which 
this  place  affords  no  gratification  ; 
or  he  has  fome  defires  diftinft  from 
fenfe,  which  muft  be  faiisfied  be- 
fore he  can  be  happy.'* 

In  confequence  of  thefe  reflec- 
tions, he  contrives  to  efcape  out  of 
the  valley  ;  but  if  the  hero  of  the 
talc  was  not  happy  in  this  iitua- 
tion, we  are  not  to  be  furprifed, 
vhiu  he  did  not  find  happinefs  in 


his   cxcuriion    into    the    worldat 
large. 

Though  the  author  has  not  put 
his  name  to  this  work,  there  is  no 
doubt  that  he  is  tl.e  fame  who  has 
before  done  fo  much  for  the  im- 
provement of  our  tafte  and  our 
morals,  and  employed  a  great  part 
of  his  life  in  an  allonifliing  work 
for  the  fixing  the  language  of  this 
nation  ;  whilft  this  nation,  which 
admires  his  works,  and  profits  by 
them,  has  done  nothing  for  the 
author. 


A  letter  from  M.  Rouffeau  of  Geneva^ 
to  M.  d*  Alemberty  of  Paris y  con- 
cerning the  effedis  of  theatrical  en^ 
tertainments  on  the  manners  ofmaU'* 
kind, 

NON E  of  the  prefent  writers 
have  a  greater  ihare  of  ta- 
lents and  learning  than  Roufleau  ; 
yet  it  has  been  his  misfortune  and 
that  of  the  world,  that  thofe  of  his 
works  which  have  made  the  greateft 
noife,    and  acquired   to  their  au- 
thor the   higheft  reputation,  have 
been  of  little  real  ufe  or  emolument 
to  mankind.     A    tendency  to  pa- 
radox,   which  is  always  the  bane 
of  folid  learning,  and  threatens  now 
to  deftroy  it,  a  fplenetic  difpofition 
carried  to  mifanthropy,  and  an  au- 
ftere  virtue  purfued  loan  unfociable 
fiercenefs,  have  prevented  a  great 
deal    of    the   good    eftefts    which 
might    be    expeded    from    fuch  a 
genius.    A  fatire  upon  civilized  (cy- 
ciety,  a  fatire  upon  learning,  may 
make  a  tolerable  fport  for  an  inge- 
nious fancy;  but  if  carried  farther, 
it  can  do  no   more    (and   that  in 
fuch  a  way  is  furely  too  much)  than 
to  unfettle  our  notions  of  right  and 
wrong,  and  lead  by  degrees  to  uni- 
verfal  fcepticifm.     His  having  be- 
fore 


480     ANNUAL    RE 

fore  attempted  tw6  fuch  fubjeds, 
muft  make  his  attack  upon  the  ftage 
far  lefs  formidable  than  otherwife  it 
would  have  been.  This  lall  fubjedt 
has  been  often  difcuiTed  before 
him;  more  good  pieces  have  been 
written  againft  the  ildge  than  in  its 
favour  ;  but  this  is  by  far  the  mofl 
ingenious,  fpirited,  and  phiiofophi- 
cal  performance  that  ever  appeared 
t)n  theatrical  entertainments.  The 
author  has  placed  the  mattee  in  a 
light  almoft  wholly  new.  So  far  as 
his  remarks  relate  to  fmall  and  in- 
digent ftates  in  general,  and  to  that 
cf  Geneva  in  particular,  they  are  as 
juft  as  they  are  ingenious  ;  but  with 
regard  to  the  ftage  writers  and  per- 
formers in  nations  not  fo  circum- 
ftanced,  he  feems  to  have  pufhed 
his  objedlions  much  too  far.  There 
^re  certainly  plays  which  fhew,  that 
the  ftage  may  at  leaft  be  made  as 
innocent  as  any  other  public  enter- 
tainments ;  as  innocent  as  his  fa- 
vourite entertainment  of  dancing ; 
and  there  are  adors  of  both  fexes, 
who  (though  it  muft  be  admitted 
their  Situation  is  a  little  dangerous) 
have  proved  by  their  condud  the  in- 
juftice  of  his  aficrtion,  which  makes 
vice  infeparable  from  their  pro- 
feflion,  and  its  infamy  not  created, 
but  only  declared  by  the  laws.  We 
fliall  give  two  extrads,  in  order  to 
convey  to  our  readers  an  idea  of 
his  manner  of  writing  ;  one  with 
regard  to  plays,  the  other  with  re- 
gard to  the  adors. 

"  Public  entertainments  are  made 
for  the  people,  and  it  is  only  by  their 
eftefts  on  them  that  we  can  deter- 
mine their abfolute qualities.  There 
may  be  an  infinite  variety  of  thefe 
entertainments,  as  there  is  an  infinite 
variety  of  manners,  conftitutions, 
and  characters  of  different  jiations* 


GISTER,   175^. 

Nature  is  the  fame,  I  allow;  but  na- 
ture, modified  by  religion,  govern- 
ment, law,  cuftoms,  prejudice,  and 
climates,  becomes  fo  different  from 
itfelf,  that  we  muft  no  longer  en- 
quire for  what  is  fuitable  to  man  in 
general,  but  what  is  proper  for  him 
in  luch  a  place  or  country.  Hence 
Menandcr's  plays,  which  had  bceit 
written  for  the  Athenian  ftage,  did 
not  at  all  fuit  that  of  Rome;  hencd 
the  fhews  of  gladiators,  which  in 
the  times  of  the  republic  nfed  to 
infpire  the  Romans  with  courage^ 
had  no  other  effeft,  under  the  em- 
perors, than  to  make  thofe  very  Ro- 
man^ ferocious  and  cruel :  from  the 
fanie  fpeftacle,  exhibited  at  difter- 
ent  times,' the  people  learned  at  firft 
to  undervalue  their  ovn  lives,  and 
afterwards  to  fport  with  thofe  of 
others. 

With  regard  to  the  fpecies  of  pub- 
tic  entertaiilments,  this  muft  be 
determined  by  the  pleafure  the/ 
afford,  and  not  by  their  utility.  If 
there  is  any  utility  to  be  obtained 
by  them,  well  and  good :  but  the 
chief  intent  is  to  pleafe  ;  and  pro- 
vided the  people  are  amufed,  this 
view  is  fulfilled.  This  alone  will 
ever  hinder  thefe  inftitutions  front 
having  all  the  advantages  of  which 
they  are  fufceptible  ;  and  they  muft 
be  greatly  miftaken  who  form  an 
idea  of  perfeftion,  which  cannot  be 
reduced  to  pradlice,  without  offend- 
ing thofe  whom  we  would  willingly 
inftrudl.  Hence  anTeth  the  differ- 
ence of  entertainments,  according 
to  the  different  charafler  cf  nations. 
A  people  of  an  intrepid  fpirit,  but 
determined  and  cruel,  will  have 
fpe6tacles  full  of  danger,  where  va- 
lour and  refolution  are  moft  con- 
fpicuou's.  A  hot  fiery  people  are  for 
bloodftied,  for  battles,  for  the  in- 
<iulging  of  fanguinary  paffions.  A 
volu  ptuou 


ACCOUNT     OF     BOOKS. 


481 


foluptuous  nation  wants  mufic  and 
dancing.  A  polite  people  require 
Jove  and  gallantry.  A  trifling  peo- 
ple are  for  mirth  and  ridicule  :  tra- 
hlt  fua  quemque  voJuptas.  To  pleafe 
all  the/e,  the  entertainments  muft 
encourage,  whereas  in  right  reafon 
they  ought  to  moderate  their  afFec- 
tions. 

The  ftage  in  general  is  a  pifture 
of  the  human  paffions,  the  original 
of  which  is  imprinted  in  every 
heart;  but  if  the  paincer  did  not 
take  care  to  flatter  thefe  paflions, 
the  rpedlators  would  Toon  be  ofi^end- 
cd,  not  chufing  to  fee  their  faces  in 
fuch  a  light  as  mufl:  render  them 
contemptible  to  them'felves.  And 
if  he  draws  fome  in  odious  colours, 
it  is  only  fuch  as  cannot  be  called 
general,  and  are  naturally  hated. 

Let  us  not  then  attribute  to  the 
ftage  a  power  of  changing  opinions 
or  manners,  when  it  has  only  that 
of  following  of  heightening  them. 
An  author  who  offends  the  general 
tafte,  may  as  well  ceafe  to  write,  for 
nobody  will  read  his  works.  When 
Moliere  reformed  the  ftage,  he  at- 
tacked -modes  and  ridiculous  cuf- 
toms  ;  but  he  did  not  affront  the 
public  tafte,  he  either  followed  or 
explained  ic,  as  Corneille  did  alfo 
on  his  part.  It  was  the  ancient 
French  tiieatre  that  began  to  offend 
this  tafte  ;  for  tho'  the  age  improv- 
ed in  politenefs,  the  ftage  ftill  pre- 
ferved  its  primitive  rudenefs.  Hence 
the  general  tafte  having  changed 
fince  thofe  two  authors,  if  both  their 
J.  mafter-pieces  were  ttiil  to  make 
their  firft  appearance,  they  would 
certainly  be  damned.  Nor  does  it 
Signify  ihnrthey  are  yet  admired  by 
connoiflT^urs ;  if  the  public  ftill  ad- 
mirer them,  it  is  rather  through 
fhame  of  retra^^ing,  than  from  any 
rf  al  fenfc  of  their  beauties.     It  \t 

VojL.  11. 


faid  that  a  good  play  will  never 
mifcarry;  indeed  I  believe  it :  and 
this  is  becaufe  a  good  play  never 
runs  counter  to  the  manners  of  the 
prefent  time.  Who  can  have  the! 
leaft  doubt,  but  the  very  beft  trage- 
dy of  Sophocles  would  be  hifi"ed  oiF 
our  modern  ftage?  We  cannot  pu* 
ourfelves  in  the  place  of  people 
with  whom  we  have  not  the  leafl 
refemblance. 

The  general  efFt£l  of  a  play,  is  to 
heighten  the  national  chara^er^  to 
ftrengthen  the  natural  inclinations, 
and  to  give  a  new  vigour  to  the  paf- 
fions.  In  this  fenfe,  one  would 
imagine,  that  as  this  effed  confifts 
in  heightening,  and  not  in  changing 
the  eftabliftied  manners,  the  comic 
mufe  would  have  a  good  effeft  lipoa 
the  good,  and  an  ill  one  upon  the 
vicious.  Even  in  the  firft  cafe  the 
point  would  ftill  be  to  know,  whe- 
ther when  the  paflions  are  too  much, 
irritated,  they  do  not  degenerate 
into  vices.  I  am  not  ignorant  that 
the  poetic  art>  fo  far  as  it  regards 
the  theatre,  pretends  to  a  contrary 
efFedt ;  and  to  purge  while  it  ex- 
cites the  paflions:  but  I  have  great 
difliculty  to  underftand  this  rule. 
Is  it  that  to  grow  temperate  and 
wife,  we  fliould  begin  with  being 
intemperate  and  mad  ? 

*'  Not  at  all  I  it  is  not  that,  fay 
the  defenders  of  the  ftage.  Tragedy 
indeed  pretends,  that  the  feveral 
paflions  Ihould  move  us ;  but  it  does 
not  always  require,  that  we  fhould 
have  the  fame  feeling,  as  a  maa 
really  tormented  by  a  paflion.  Oi;i 
the  contrary,  its  aim  more  frequent- 
ly is,  to  excite  quite  dfferent  fcnti- 
ments,  from  thole  wi^h  which  it  in- 
fpires  its  heroes."  They  tell  us, 
tha?  a  faithful  reprefentation  of  the 
paflions,  and  of  th[e  anxieties  attend- 
ing themj  is  al^oe  fufficient  to  make 

I  i  ^% 


482        ANNUAL   REGISTER, 


us  avoid  this  rock  with  all  poflible 
care. 

To*  be  convinced  of  the  infinceri- 
ty  of  thefe  anfwers,  we  need  only  to 
cbnfulc  our  own  brealls  at  the  end 
of  a  tragedy.     Can    the    concern, 
the   pain,  the  pity  we  feel  during 
the  play,  and  which  continue  (ome 
time  after  it  is  over,  can  thefe  be 
faid  to  be  the  fbrerunners  of  a  dif- 
pofition  to  regulate  and  fubdue  our 
paffions?  Thofe  lively  impreffions, 
which  by  frequent  repetition  mull 
needs  grow  habitual,  are  they  pro- 
per   to    moderate    our   afFedions  ? 
Why  Ihould  the  idea  of  pain  arifing 
from    the    palfions,    efface  the  re- 
membrance of  joys  which  alfo  flow 
from  the  fame  fource,    and  whicli 
the  poet  takes  care  to  reprefent  in 
lively  colours,  in  order  to  embellifh 
his  play?    Is  it   not   well  known, 
that  all  the  paffions  are  fillers,  that 
one  only  is    fufficient  to  excite    a 
thoufand,  and  that  to  combat  one  by 
means   of  another,   is   the  way  to 
render  the  heart  more   fenfible   to 
them  all  ?  The inftrument  that  ferves 
to  purge  theni  is  reafon  ;  and  reafon, 
I  have  already   taken    notice,    has 
tioeffeft  upon  the  ftage.     It  is  true, 
we'  are  not  equally  affeded  with  all 
the  charaders  :    for,  as  their  inte- 
Tefts   are   oppofite,    the  poet  mud 
m^ke  us  prefer  fome  particular  one 
W  atiOthef ,  bthervvife  we  (houM  not 
ht  affeftcd  at  all :'  but  to  attain  this 
end,  he  is' fat  from  chufing  the  paf- 
iion  he  likes  himfelf,  he  is   rather 
obliged  to  chufe  that  which  is  bur 
favburite.    -What  has  been   faid  of 
the  fprcies  of  plays,  ought  alfo  to  be 
underllood  of  the  interell  by  which 
they  engage  the  audience.  At  Lon- 
,     don  a  lady  interefts  the  fptdtators  in 
iier  favciir,  by   making  them  hate 
the  French  ;.  at  Tunis  the  favourite 
pafiion  would  be  piracy ;  at  Meffi- 


1759- 

na,  deep  revenge;  at  Goa,  the  ho' 
nour  oF  committing  Jews  to  the 
flames." 

**  When  the  Romans  declared 
comedians  infamous  by  law,  was  it 
with  a  view  to  difnonour  the  profef- 
fion  ?  Of  what  ufe  would  fo  cruel 
a  decree  have  been  ?  No ;  they  did 
not  diihonour  the  profeflion,  they 
only  gave  open  teilimony  of  the  dis- 
honour infoparable  from  it ;  for 
good  laws  never  alter  the  nature  of 
things,  they  are  only  guided  by  it«; 
and  fuch  laws  only  are  obferved. 
The  point  is  not  therefore  to  cry 
out  againft  prejudices ;  but  to  know 
firft  of  all  whether  thefe  are  really 
prejudices;  whether  the  profeflion 
of  a  comedian  is  not  in  itfelf  dif« 
honourable. 

What  is  then  the  fo  much  boafled 
ability  of  a  comedian  ?  It  is  the  art 
of  counterfeiting,     of  afTuming  a 
ilrange  charader,  of  appearing  dif- 
ferently from  what  he  really  is,    of 
flying  into  a  paflion  in  cold  blood, 
of  faying  what  he  does  not  think  as 
naturally  as  if  he  really  did  think  it ; 
in  fhort,  of  forgetting  his  own  fta- 
tion   to    perfonate   that   of  others. 
What  is  this  profeflion  of  a  come- 
dian ?   A  trade  by  which  a  man  ex- 
hibits himfelf  in  public,  with  a  mer- 
cenary view;  a  trade  by  which  he 
fubmits  to  ignominies  and  affronts 
from  people,   who  think  they  have 
purchafed  a  right  to  treat  him  in 
this  manner:  a  trade,   in  fhort,  by 
which  he  expofes  his  perfon  to  pub- 
lic fale.     I  conjure  every  ingenuous 
man  to  tell  me,  whether  he  is  con- 
fcious  in    the  bottom  of  his  heart, 
that  this  traffic  has  fomething  in  it 
fervile  and  bafe.    What  fort  of  fpi- 
rit  is  it   then   that  a  comedian  im- 
bibes from  his  condition  ?  A  mean 
fpirit,  a  fpirit  of  falfehood,  pride, 
and  low  ridicule,  whichqualifies  him 

for 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS 


for  aftlng  every  fort  of  charadler, 
except  the  nobleft  of  all,  that  of 
jnan,  which  he  lays  afide. 

I  am  ncJt  ignorant,  that  the  ac- 
tion of  a  comedian,  is  not  like  that 
of  a  cheat,  who  wants  to  impofe 
Upon  you  ;  that  he  does  not  pre- 
tend you  fhould  take  him  for  the 
real  perfon  he  reprcfents  ^  or  that 
you  fliould  think  him  actuated  by 
the  paffions  which  he  only  imitates  i 
I  know  alfo,  that  by  giving  this  imi- 
tation for  what  it  really  is,  he  ren- 
ders it  altogether  innocent.  There- 
fore I  do  not  abfoliirely  charge  him 
with  being  a  cheat,  but  with  mak- 
ing it  his  whole  bufinefs  to-euhivate 
the  art  of  deception,  and  with  prac- 
tifing  it  in  habits,  which,  though 
innocent  perhaps  on  the  ftage,  muft 
C^'ery  where  elfe  be  fublervieht  to 
vice.  Thofe  fellows  fo  genteely 
equipped,  aftd  fo  well  pradifed  in 
the  theory  of  gallantry  and  whining, 
tvill  t:»ey  never  make  ufe  of  this  art 
to  fedoce  the  young  and  innocent  ? 
Thofe  lying  varlets,  fo  nimble  with 
their  tongue  and  fingers  upon  the 
ftage,  fo  artful  in  fupplying  the  ne- 
Cemties  of  a  profeffioti  more  ex- 
penfive  than  profitable,  will  they 
never  try  their  abilities  otF  the  ftage  ? 
Comedians  mult  be  honefter  by  far 
than  the  rell  of  mankind,  if  they 
are  not  more  corrupt. 

The  orator  and  the  preacher,  you 
will  fay.expole  their  perfonsin  pub- 
lie,  a:>  well  as  the  coinedians.  There 
is  a  very  great  difi^erence.  Whrn 
the  orator  appears  in  public,  it  is  to 
fpeak,  and  not  to  exhibit  himfelf  as 
a  ihow :  he  reprefenis  only  his  own 
perfon,  he  ads  only  his  own  proper 
part,  he  fpeaks  only  in  his  own 
name,  he  iays,  or  he  ought  to  fay, 
no  more  than  he  really  thinks :  as 
the  man  and  the .  cbarader  are  the 
fame  being,  he  is  in  his  rig^ht  place  ^ 


483 

he  is  in  the  cafe  of  every  other  citi- 
zen that  difcharges  the  duties  of  his 
flatio^.  But  a  player  is  a  perfon 
who  delivers  himfelf  upon  the  ftage 
in  fentimchts  not  his  own  ;  who 
fays  only  what  he  is  made  to  fay  ; 
who  oftentimes  reprelents  a  chime- 
rical being  :  confequently  he  is  lolt^ 
as  it  were,  in  his  hero.  What  (hail 
I  fay  of  thofe  who  feerti  apprehen- 
five  of  being  too  much  refpeded  in 
their  native  Colours,  and  therefore 
degrade  themfelves  {o  far  as  to  ad 
in  charaders,  which  they  would  be 
extremely  forry  to  refemble  in  real 
life?  It  U  doubtlefs  a  fad  thing  to 
fee  fuch  a  number  of  villains  in  the 
world,  who  pafs  for  honeft  men : 
but  what  can  be  more  odious  and 
(hocking,  or  more  bafe,  than  to  fee 
an  honeft  comedian  ading  the  part 
of  a  villain,  a;nd  exerting  his  whole 
abilities  to  eftablilh  criminal  max- 
ims, which  he  fincerely  detefts  in 
his  own  heart  ? 

All  this  (hews,  there  is  fomething 
di(honourable  in  the  profeffion  ;  but 
there  is  Hill  another  foflrce  of  cor- 
ruption in  the  debauched  manners 
of  the  adre(res,  which  nece(rarily 
draws  after  it  the  fame  immorality 
in  the  adion.  Yet  why  (hould  this 
imniorality  be  inevitable  ?  Why, 
fay  you  ?  At  any  other  time  there 
would  be  no  occafion  to  afk  this 
queftion  ;  but  in  this  prefent  age, 
when  prejudice  and  error  reign  tri- 
umphantly under  the  fpecious  name 
of  philofophy,  mankind,  intoxicat- 
ed by  their  empty  learning,  are 
grown  deaf  to  the  voice  of  human 
reafon,  as  well  as  nature. 

in  all  countries,  and  in  all  Condi* 
tions  of  life,  there  is  fo  ftrong  and 
fo  natural  a  connedion  between  the 
two  fexes,  that  the  manners  of  the 
one  ever  determine  thofe  of  the 
othe/.     Not  that  thefe  manners  are 

X  i    2.  always 


484         ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759, 


always  the  fame,  but  they  have  al- 
ways the  fame  degree  of  goodnefs, 
modified  in  ench  fex  by  their  own 
peculiar  inclinations.  In  England 
the  women  are  gentle  and  timid  r 
the  men  are  rough  and  bold  ; 
Whence  comes  this  Teeming  oppo- 
iition  ?  It  is  becaufe  the charader  of 
each  fex  is  thus  heightened;  and  it 
is  natural  for  this  nation  to  carry 
every  thing  to  extremes.  This  except- 
ed, in  other  refpedts  they  are  alike. 
The  two  fexes  chufe  to  live  afun- 
der ;  they  are  both  fond  of  good 
eating  ;  both  retire  after  dinneV,  the 
men  to  the  bottle,  the  women  to  the 
tea :  both  fit  down  to  play  without 
any  violent  eagernefs,  and  feem  to 
make  rather  a  trade  of  it,  than  a 
pafllon  ;  both  have  a  great  refpeft 
for  decency  ;  both  do  honour  to  the, 
conjugal  vow  ;  and  if  ever  they  vio- 
late their  fidelity,  they  do  not  boaft 
of  the  violation  ;  they  are  both  fond 
of  domeftic  quiet ;  they  are  both  re- 
markable for  taciturnity  ;  they  are 
both  difficult  to  move ;  they  are 
both  hurried  by  their  pafTions  ;  in 
both  love  is  terrible  and  tragical, 
it  determines  the  fate  of  their  days, 
the  confequence  is  nothing  lefs,  fays 
Muralt,  than  to  lofe  either  their  rea- 
fon  or  life  ;  finally,  they  are  both 
fond  of  the  country,  and  the  Eng- 
lifh  ladies  are  as  well  delighted  in 
wandering  alone  in  their  parks,  as 
in  fliewing  themfelves  at  Vauxhall. 
From  this  general  tafte  for  folitude, 
arifeth  that  for  meditation,  and  ro- 
mances, with  which  England  is 
over-run.  Thus  both  (exes,  more 
recolleded  within  themfelves,  are 
lefs  influenced  by  foolifh  modes, 
liave  a  greater  relifli  for  the  real 
pleafures  of  life,  and  ftudy  lefs  to 
appear  than  to  be  happy. 

1  have  quoted   the    Bnglilh  thro' 
preference,  becaufe  of  all  nations  in 


the  world,  there  is  none  where  the 
manners  of  the  two  fexes  feem  to 
difier  more  at  firft  fight.  From  the 
relation  between  men  and  women 
in  that  country,  we  may  conclwde 
for  every  other.  The  whole  differ- 
ence confifts  in  this,  that  the  life  of 
the  females  continually  fhews  their 
manners  ;  whereas  that  of  the  men 
being  more  loll  in  the  uniformity  of 
bufinefs,  you  cannot  judge  rightly 
of  them  without  feeing  them  in  their 
pleafures.  If  you  will  therefore 
know  the  men,  you  mull  ftudy  the 
women.  This  is  a  general  maxim, 
and  fo  far  all  the  world  would  agree 
with  me.  Butiflfhould  add,  that 
the  virtues  of  the  fair  fex,  are  to  be 
found  no  where  but  in  a  retired 
life  ;  that  the  peaceful  care  of  a 
family  is  their  peculiar  province  ; 
that  their  dignity  confifts  in  mode- 
fty  ;  that  baftifulnefs  is  the  infe- 
parable  companion  ofchaftity  ;  that 
to  court  the  looks  of  men  is  a  proof 
of  corruption  ;  and  that  every  wo- 
man, who  is  fond  of  ihewing  her 
charms,  brings  diftionour  on  her 
perfon  :  inftantly  I  hear  the  noifeof 
this  new-fangled  philofophy,  which 
has  its  rife  and  declenfion  in  the 
corner  of  a  large  city,  and  would 
fain  ftifie  the  voice  of  nature  and 
all  mankind. 


7">6^  theory  of  Moral  Sentiments  y  by 
Adam  Smithy  ProfeJJor  of  Moral 
Philofophy  in  the  unvverjity  of 
Glafgoiv. 

IT  is  very  difficult,  ifnotimpofli- 
ble,  confiftently  with  the  brevity 
of  our  defign,  to  give  the  reader  a 
proper  idea  of  this  excellent  work. 
A  dry  abftrad  of  the  fyftem  would 
convey  no  j'ufter  idea  of  it,  than  the 
fkeleton  of  a  departed  beauty  would 

of 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


485 


of  her  form  when  (he  was  alive;  at 
the  fame  time  the  work  is  fo  well 
methodii'ed,  the  parts  grow  fo  na- 
turally and  gracefully  out  of  each 
other,  that  it  would  be  doing  it 
equal  injuftice  to  (hew  it  by  broken 
and  detached  pieces.  There  will, 
in  a  work  of  this  kind,  always  be 
great  deficiencies ;  but  we  are  far 
from  profeffing  to  make  our  ac- 
counts ftand  to  the  reader  in  the 
place  of  the  books  on  which  we 
remark.  Had  we  thought  that  this 
in  any  degree  would  happen,  we 
Ihould  certainly  think  ourfelves  ob- 
liged totally  to  omit  this  article  in 
the  Regifter,  as  it  would  be  an  ef- 
fect the  fartheft  in  the  world  from 
our  defign,  which  is  in  the  llrongcll 
manner  to  recommend  to  the  at- 
tention of  our  readers,  fome  of 
thefe  books  which  we  think  deferv- 
ing  of  it  ;  we  chufe  none  which  we 
-cannot  recommend  ;  we  give  our 
judgment  with  candour  and  imp;:r- 
tiality  ;  but  never  aiming  to  impofe 
our  opinions  dogmatically  on  the 
public,  we  think  it  but  jufiice  to 
the  authors  and  the  readers,  to  give 
fome  fpecimen,  however  imperfcd^, 
of  each  writer's  way  of  thinking 
and  exprefllon.  We  mean  to  raifc, 
not  to  fatisfy  curiofity. 

There  have  been  of  late  many 
books  written  on  our  moral  duties, 
and  our  moral  fenfations.  One 
would  have  thought  the  matter  had 
been  exhaufted.  But  this  author 
has  ftruck  out  a  new,  and  at  the 
fame  lime  a  perfcdly  natural  road 
of  fpeculation  on  this  fubjeil.  Had 
it  been  only  an  ingenious  novelty 
on  any  other  fubjeft,  it  might  have 
been  praifed  ;  but  with  regard  to 
morals,  nothing  could  be  more 
dangerous.  We  conceive,  that^^here 
the  theory  is  in  all  its  effential  parts 
juil,  and  founded  on  truth  and  na- 


ture. The  author  feeks  for  the 
foundation  of  the  juft,  the  fit,  the 
proper,  the  decent,  in  our  mofl 
common  and  moft  allowed  paflions  ; 
and  making  approbation  and  dif- 
approbation  the  tells  of  virtue  and 
vice,  and  fhewing  that  thofe  are 
founded  on  fympathy,  he  raifes 
from  this  fimple  truth,  one  of  the 
moft  beautiful  fabrics  of  moral 
theory,  that  has  perhaps  ever  ap- 
peared. The  illullrations  are  nu- 
merous and  happy,  and  (hew  th© 
author  to  be  a  man  of  uncommon 
obfervation.  His  language  is  eafy 
and  fpirited,  and  puts  things  be- 
fore you  in  the  fulleft  light ;  it  is 
rather  painting  than  writing.  We 
infert  the  firft  fedlion,  as  it  con- 
cerns fympathy,  the  bafis  of  his 
theory  ;  and  as  it  e)?hibits,  equally 
with  any  of  the  reft,  an  idea  of  his 
ftyle  and  manner. 

Of  Sympathy, 

"  How  felfifh  foever  man  may 
be  fuppofed,  there  are  evidently 
fome  principles  in  his  nature,  which 
intereft  him  in  the  fortune  of  others, 
and  render  their  happinefsriece(rary 
to  him,  though  he  derives  nothing 
from  it  except  the  pleafure  of  feeing 
it.  Of  this  kind  is  pity  or  com- 
paflion,  the  emotion  which  we  feel 
for  the  mifery  of  others,  when  we 
either  fee  it,  or  are  made  to  con- 
ceive it  in  a  very  lively  manner. 
That  we  often  derive  forrow  from 
the  forrow  of  others,  is  too  obvious 
to  require  any  inftances  to  prove  it ; 
for  this  fentiment,  like  all  the  other 
original  pa(rions  of  human  nature, 
is  by  no  means  confined  to  the  vir- 
tuous and  humane,  though  they 
perhaps  may  feel  it  with  the  moft 
exquifite  fenfibility.  The  greated 
ru(han,  the  moft  hardened  violator 

li  3  Pf 


ANNUAL    REGISTER,  1759. 


of  the  laws  of  fociety,  is  not  altoge- 
ther without  it. 

As  we  have  no  immediate  expe- 
rience of  what  other  men  feel,  we 
can  form  no  idea  of  the  manner  in 
which  they  areafredled,  but  by  con- 
ceiving what  we  ourfelves  fhould 
feel  in  the  like  fituation.  Though 
our  brother  is  upon  the  rack,  as  long 
as  we  are  at  our  own  cafe,  our  fenfes 
will  never  inform  us  of  what  he  buf- 
fers. They  never  did,  nor  ever 
can  carry  us  beyond  our  own  per- 
jTous,  and  it  is  by  the  imaginaticn 
,pnly,  that  we  can  form  any  concep- 
tion of  what  are  his  fenfations. 
"Neither  can  that  faculty  help  us  to 
this "  ary  other  way,  than  by  repre- 
fenting  to  us  what  would  be  our 
own,  if  we  were  in  his  cafe.  It  is 
the  imprelTions  of  our  own  fenfes 
only,  not  thofe  of  his,  which  ogr 
imaginaripns  copy.  ..  By  the  jmagi- 
ration  we  place  ourfelves  in  his'li- 
tuation,  wc  conceive  ourfelves  en- 
during all  the  fame  torments,  we 
enter  aa  it  were  into  his  body,  and 
.become  in  fome  meafure  him,  and 
thence  form  fome  idea  of  his  fenfa- 
tions,  and  even  feel  fomething, 
which ^  tho'  weaker  in  degree,  is  not 
altogether  unlike  them.  His  ago- 
nies, when  they  are  thus  brpught 
home LOOMrfelves,  when  we  have  thus 
adopted  and  rnnde  them  our  own, 
begin  ^t  Idft  to  afTeifi  us,  and  we  then 
tremble  and  fhudder,  at  the  thought 
of  what  he  heh.     For  as  to  be  in 


;jR 


lin  or  difirefs  of  ?»ny  kind  excites 


Ahe  moll  excelTive  forrow^  fo  to  con- 
ceive or  to  imagine  iha;  we  are  in  it, 
excites  fome  degree  of  thef^^meento- 
tion,  in  propoition  to  ihe  vivacity 
or  dulnefs  of  the  conception. 
.  71iat  this  isi  the  f..)i:rce  of  our 
feliovv- feeling  for  the  mifciy  of 
others,  that  it  Is'by  changing  places 
ja  fancy  with   the  iaiTticr  tlia;   wc 


come  either  to  conceive  or  be  zWtCtr 
ed  by  what  he  feels,  may  be  de- 
mon ftrated  by  many  obvious  obfer- 
vations,  if  it  fl-iould  not  be  thought 
fuiiiciently  evident  of  itfelf.  When 
we  fee  a  Jlrol>:c  aim<?d  and  jufh  ready 
to  fall  upon  the  leg  or  arm  of  ano- 
ther perfon,  we  nftiurally  flirink  and 
braw  back  our  o\vn  leg,  or  our  own 
arm  ;  ^nd  when  ,it  does  fall,  v/e  feel 
it  in  fome  meafure,  Jindare  hurt  by 
it  as  well  as  the  fuiferer.  The  mob, 
when  they  are  gfi zing  at  a  dancer 
on  the  flack  rope,  naturally  writhe 
^nd  twill,  and  b-ilance  their  own 
bodies,  as  they  fee  him  do,  and  as 
they  feel  that  they  themfelves  rnuii 
do  in  his  fityation.  Perfons  of  de- 
licate fibres,  and  4  weak  conftitution 
of  body,  complain,  that  in  looking 
qn  the  fores  and  ulcers  that  are  ex- 
pofed  by  beggars  in  the  Hreets, 
they  are  apt  to  feel  an  itching  or 
uneafy  fenfation  in  the  correfpond- 
ing  part  of  their  own  bodies.  The 
horror  which  they  c.nceive  at  the 
mifery  of  thofe  wretches  afftds 
that  particular  part  in  themfelves, 
more  than  any  other  ;  becaule  that 
horror  arifes  frorn  conceiving  what 
they  themfelves  would  fufter,  if 
they  really  were  the  wretches 
whom  they  fjre  looking  upon,  aiid 
if  that  partituiai;  part  in  themfelves 
was  a6lually  aliFcCitd  in  the  fimc 
miterable^ianner.  The  very  force 
of  this  conception  is  fufiicient,  in 
their  feeble  (•  a  me?,  to  produce  ihat 
itching  or  ijneafy  fenfation  com- 
plained of.  Men  of  ihe  m'>ft  ro- 
buli  make,  obferve  that  ini  looking 
upon  fote  eyes  they  pf-w  icel  a 
very  feufjble  foreriei:vin  their  own, 
which  pioceeds  fiom  the  iame  rea- 
fon  ;  t^hut  organ  being  in  the 
Jiroiigefl  man  more  delicate  than 
any  other  part  of •.  the  body  is  in 
the  wcakeil. 

Neither 


ACCOUNT     OP    BOOKS. 


487 


Neither  is  it  thofe  circumftances 
only,  which  create  pain  or  fprrow, 
that  call  forth  our  fellow-feeling. 
Whatever  is  the  paffion  which  arifes 
from  any  objei^  in  the  perfon  prin- 
cipally concerned,  an  analogous 
emotion  fprings  up,  at  the  thought 
of  his  fituation,  in  the  breaft  of  eve- 
ry attentive  fpeiSlator.  Our  joy  for 
tiie  deliverance  of  thofe  heroes  of 
tragedy  or  romance  who  intereft  us, 
is  as  fmcere  as  our  grief  for  th-eir 
diurefs,  and  our  fellow-feeling  with 
thei^  mifery  is  not  more  real  than 
with  their  happinefs.  We  enter  in- 
to their  gratitude  towards-  thofe 
faithful  friends,  who  did  not  defer t 
them  in  their  difficulties  ;  and  we 
heartily  go  along  with  their- refent- 
ment  againft  thofe  perfidious  trai- 
tors, who  injured,  abandoned,  or 
deceived  them.  In  every  paffion,  of 
which  the  mind  of  man  is  fufcepti- 
ble,  the  emotions  of  the  by-ftander 
always  correfpond  to  what,  by 
bringing  the  cafe  home  to  hinrfelf, . 
he  imagines,  fhould  be  the  fenti- 
mehts  of  the  fufFerer. 

Pity  and  compaffion  are  words 
appropriated  to  fignify  our  fellow- 
feeling  with  the  forrbw  of  others. 
Sympathy,  though  its  meaning  wa?, 
perhaps,  originally  the  famCj  may 
now,  however,  without  much  im- 
propriety, be  made  ufe  of  to  denote 
our  fellow-feeling  with  any  paffion 
whatever. 

Upon  fome  occafions  fympathy 
may  feem  to  arife  merely  from  the 
view  of  a  certain  emotion  in  another 
perfon.  The  paffion s,  upon  fome 
occafions,  may  feem  to  be  tranf- 
fufed  from  one  man  10  another,  in- 
ilantaneoufly,  and  ant^edejit  to  any 
knowledge  of  what  excited  them  in 
the  perfon  principally  concerned. 
Grief  and  joy,  for  example,  ftrong- 
ly  exprefled  in  the  look  and  geftures 


of  any  one,  at  once  afFe6l  the  fpec-  ' 
tator  with  fome  degree  of  a  like 
painful  or  agreeable  eniotion.  A 
imiling  face  is,  to  every  body  that 
fees  it,  a  chearful  objedl ;  as  a  for- 
rowful  countenance,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  a  melancholy  one. 

This,  however,  does  not  hold 
univerfally  with  regard  to  every  paf- 
fion. There  are  fome  of  which  the 
expreffions  excite  no  fort  of  fympa- 
thy',  but  before  we  are  acquainted  ' 
with  w.hat  gave  occafion  to  them, 
ferve  rather  to  difguft  and  provoke 
us  againft  them.  The  furious  be- 
haviour of  ah  angry  man  is  more 
likely  to  exafperate  us  againft  him- 
felf,  than  againft  his  enemies.  A5 
we  are  unacquainted  with  his  pro- 
vocation, we  cannot  bring  his  cafe 
home  to  ourfelves,  nor  conceive  any 
thing  like  the  paffions  which  it  ex- 
cites. But  we  plainly  ke  what  it ' 
the  fituation  of  thofe  with  whom  he 
is  angry,  and  to  what  violence  they 
maybe  expofed  from  fo  enraged  an 
adverfary.  We  readily,  therefore, 
fympathize  with  their  fear  or  refcnt- 
menr,  an4  are  immediately  difpofed 
to  take  part  againft  the  man,  from 
whom  they  appear  to  be  jn  fo  much 
danger. 

If  the  very  appearances  of  grief 
and  joy  infpire  us  with  fome  degree 
of  the  like  emotions,  it  is  becaufe 
they  fuggeft  to  us  the  general  idea 
of  fome  good  or  bad  fortune  that 
has  befallen  the  perfon  in  whom  we 
obferve  them,  and  in  thefe  paffions 
this  is  fufRcIent  to  have  fome  little 
influence  upon  us.  The  effefts  of 
grief  and  joy  terminate  in  the  per- 
fon who  feels  thofe  emotions,  of 
which  the  expreffions  do  not,  like 
thofe  of  refentment,  fuggeft  to  us 
the  idea  of  any  other  perfon  for 
whom  we  are  concerned,  and  whofe 
interefts  are  oppofite  to  his.     The 

I  i  4  general 


488        ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


general  idea  of  good  or  bad  fortune, 
therefore,  creates  fome  concern  for 
the  perfon  whohas  inet  with  it;  but 
the  general  idea  of  provocation  ex- 
cites no  fympathy  with  the  anger  of 
the  man  who  has  received  it.  Na- 
ture, it  feems,  teaches  us  to  be  more 
averfe  to  enter  inio  thispaflion,  and, 
till  informed  of  its  caufe,  to  be  dif- 
pofed  rather  to  take  part  againfl  it. 

Even  our  fympathy  wjth  the  grief 
or  joy  of  another,  before  we  are  in- 
formed of  the  caufe  of  either,  is  al- 
ways extreipely  imperfeft.  Gene- 
ral lamentations,  which  exprefs  no- 
thing but  the  anguifti  of  the  fufFerer, 
create  rather  a  curiofity  to  enquire 
into  his  fituation,  along  with  lome 
difpofition  to  fympathize  with  him, 
than  adual  fympathy  that  is  very 
fenfible.  The  firft  queftion  that  we 
afk  is,  What  has  befallen  you?  'Till 
this  be  anfwered,  tho*  we  are  un- 
cafy,  both  from  the  vague  idea  of 
his  misfortune,  and  fiill  more  from 
torturing  ourfelves  with  conjedtures 
about  what  it  may  be,  yet  our  fel- 
Jow-feeling  is  not  very  confider- 
able. 

Sympathy,  therefore,  does  not 
arife  fo  much  from  the  view  of  the 
paffion,  as  from  that  of  ihe  fituation 
which  excites  it.  Wc  fometimes 
feel  for  another  a  paflion  of  which 
he  himfelf  feems  to  be  altogether 
incapable;  becaufe  when  we  put 
ourfelves  in  his  cafe,  that  paflion 
arifes  in  our  bread  from  the  imagi- 
nation, though  it  does  not  in  his 
from  the  reality.  We  bluih  for  the 
impudence  and  rudenefs  of  another, 
though  he  himfelf  appears  to  have 
no  fenfe  of  the  impropriety  of  his 
own  behaviour,  becaufe  we  cannot 
help  feeling  with  what  confufion  we 
ourfelves  fiiould  be  covered,  had  we 
behaved  in  fo  abfurd  a  manner. 

Of  all  the  ciiamities  to  which  the 


condition  of  mortality  expofes  ipap- 
kind,  the  lofs  of  reafon  appears,  to 
thofe  who  have  the  leaft  fpark  of 
humanity,  by  far  the  moft  dreadful, 
and  they  behold  that  laft  flage  of 
human  wretched nefs  with  deeper 
commiferation  than  any  other.  But 
the  poor  wretch,  who  is  in  it,  laughs 
and  fings  perh«ps,  and  is  altogether 
infenfible  of  his  own  mifery,  Thq 
anguifh  which  humanity  feels,  there- 
fore, at  the  fight  of  fuch  anobjefti 
cannot  be  the  reflection  of  any  feji- 
timent  of  the  fufi^erer.  The  com- 
paflion  of  the  fpe<Sator  mull  arife 
altogether  from  the  confideration 
of  what  he  himfelf  would  feel  if  he 
was  reduced  to  the  fame  unhappy 
fituation,  and,  what  perhaps  is  im- 
polfible,  was  at  the  fame  time  able 
to  regard  it  with  his  prefcnt  reafon 
and  judgment. 

What  are  the  pangs  of  a  mother 
when  fne  hearj  the  moaning  of  her. 
infant,  that  during  the  agony  of  dif- 
eafe  cannot  exprefs  what  it  feels } 
In  her  idea  of  what  it  fuifers,  ftie 
joins,  to  its  real  helplelTnefs,  her 
own  confcioufnefs  of  that  helplefs- 
nefs,  and  her  own  terrors  for  the 
unknown  confequences  of  its  difor- 
der  ;  and  out  of  ail  thefe  forms,  for 
her  own  forrow,  the  xpofi:  cpmp'ete 
image  of  mifery  and  diftrefs.  The 
infant,  however,  feels  only  the  un- 
eafinefs  of  theprefent  infi:ant,  which 
can  never  be  great.  With  regard 
to  the  future  it  is  perfedly  fecur.., 
and  in  irs  thoughtlefinefs  and  want 
of  forefight,  pofTefles  an  antidote 
againfl  fear  and  anxiety,  the  great 
tormentors  of  the  human  breaft, 
from  which  reafon  and  philcfophy 
will  in  vain  ^itcmpt  to  defend  it 
when  it  grows  up  to  a  man. 

We  fympathize  even  with  the 
dead,  and  overlooking  what  is  of  real 
importance  in  their  fituation,  that 

aweful 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


489 


aweful  futurity  which  awaits  them, 
we  are  chiefly  atfefted  by  thofe  cir- 
cumftances  which  ftrike  our  fenfes, 
but  caa  have  no  influence  upon 
their  happinefs.  It  is  miferable,  we 
think,  to  be  deprived  of  the  light 
of  the  fun  ;  to  be  (hut  out  from  life 
and  converfation  ;  to  be  laid  in  the 
cold  grave  a  prey  to  corrupclon  and 
the  reptiles  of  tne  earth  ;  to  be  no 
more  thought  of  in  this  world,  but 
to  be  obliierated  in  a  little  time  froiu 
the  affcdiions  and  almoft  from  the 
memory  of  their  de..reft  friends  and 
relations.  Surely,  we  imagine,  we 
can  never  feel  too  much  for  thofe 
who  have  fufFered  (o  dreadful  a  ca- 
lamity. The  tribute  of  our  fellow- 
feeling  feems  doubly  due  10  them 
now  when  they  are  in  danger  of  be- 
ing forgot  by  every  body  ;  and,  by 
the  vain  honours  which  we  pay  to 
their  memory,,  we  endeavour,  for 
OUT  own  mi-e.y,  artificially  to  keep 
alive  ojr  nieir.ncholy  remembrance, 
of  their  misfortune.  That  our  fym- 
pathy  can  afford  them  no  conlola- 
tlon,  fcems  to  be  an  addition  to 
their  cala:Tiity;  and  to  think  that  ?ll 
we  can  do  is  unavailing,  and  that, 
what  alleviates  all  other  dillrefs,  the 
regret,  love,  and  the  lamentation  of 
their  friends,  can  yield  no  comfort 
to  them,  ferves  only  to  exafperatc 
ourfenfeof  the  mifery.  The  hap- 
pinefs of  the  dead,  however,  moft 
affuredly  is  .effected  by  none  of 
thefe  circuni (lances;  nor  is  it  the 
thought  of  thefe  things  which  caa 
over  dillurb  the  fecurity  of  their  rc- 
pole.  The  idea  of  that  dreary  and 
endlt;fs  melancholy,  which  the  fan- 
cy naturally  afcribes  to  their  condi- 
tion, arifes  altogether  from  cur  join- 
ing 10  the  change  which  has  been 
produced  upon  them,  our  own  con- 
fcioufaefs  of  thi;t  change^  fiom  our 


putting  ourfelves  in  their  /ituation, 
and  from  our  lodging,  if  I  may  be 
allowed  to  fay  fo,  our  own  living 
fouls  in  their  inanimated  bodies, 
and  thence  conceiving  what  would 
be  our  emotions  in  this  cafe.  It  is 
this  very  illufion  of  the  imagination 
which  renders  the  forefight  of  our 
own  difTolution  fo  terrible  to  us, 
and  the  idea  of  thofe  circumflapces, 
which  undoubtedly  can  give  us  no 
pain  when  we  are  dead,  makes  us 
miferable  while  we  are  alive.  And 
from  thence  arlfes  one  of  the  moll 
important  principles  in  human  na- 
ture, the  dread  of  death,  the  great 
poifon  to  the  happinefs,  but  the 
great  rcftraint  upon  the  injuftice  of 
mankind,  which,  while  it  afflifts 
and  mortifies  the  individuals,  guards 
apfl  protefts  the  fociety." 


T/?e  hiftory  of  Scotland,  during  the 
reigns  cf  ^e?H  Mary  and  King 
James  VI.  ////  his  accejjion  to  the 
croTvn  of  England.  With  a  re'vienjj 
of  the  Scottijh  hijiory  previous 
to  that- feriod ',  and  an  appendix 
ccntaining  original  papers.  By 
William  Robertfony  D.  D.  minijler 
of  Lady  Tejier^s  Edinburgh.  In 
tnvo  (volumes  ^arto.  A.  MillaFj, 
in  the  Strand. 

TH  E  great  and  jufl  applaufe 
with  which  this  hiftory  has 
been  received,  makes  it  lefs  necef- 
fary  for  us  to  dwell  long  upon  it. 
Its  merit  is  of  the  very  firll  clals, 
and  it  has  rot  been  under-rated. 
But  there  is  one  beauty  we  have  not 
fo  generally  heard  taken  notice  of, 
in  that  work  ;  which  is  the  great 
judgment  of  the  author  in  drawing 
out  or  abridging  his  ftory  according 
as  he  found  the  matter  more  or  leis 
important 


490     A  N  N  U  A  L'  R  E  G  I  S  T  E  R,    1759. 


important  and  interefting  in  itfelf. 
The  hiftory  ©f  Scotland  furniftied 
him  with  a  long  detail  of  fadls 
prior  to  their  great  revolution  in  re- 
ligion and  in  political  conneftions  ; 
but  he  has  happily  thrown  all  of 
that  afidc,  except  what  does  in  feme 
meafui'e  lead  to  and  explain  the 
great  events  of  that  interefting  pe- 
riod. And  after  the  acceffion  of 
James  I.  to  the  crown  of  England, 
he  again  contrads  his  plan,  and 
Satisfies  himfelf  with  a  general  view 
of  the  ftate  of  Scotland  to  the  Union; 
ienfible  that  from  this  period  the 
affairs  of  that  kingdom  naturally 
made  part  of  the  Englifh  hiftory, 
and  that  they  could  not  be  treated 
of  feparately,  bat  in  a  diforderly 
and  unconnedid  manner.  The  fame 
judgment  appears  every  where  in 
the  condudt  of  the  work  |  the  reader 
is  never  tired,  and  pays  as  little  for 
a  great  deal  of  inftruftion  as  can  be 
imagined.  He  is  admirable  for  the 
clearnefs  with  which  he  ftates  all 
the  points  relative  to  politics  and 
manners,  that  may  ^make  for  the 
illaftration  of  his  narrative;  and  no- 
body ever  introduced  or  made  them 
blend  with  the  body  of  the  (lory 
with  more  piopriety.or  gr^ce  ;■  his 
account  of  the  ancient  feudal  cod- 
riitution  is  one  of  the  beft  fpecimens 
cf  his  maftery  in  this  way. 

**.At  the  time  when  Robert 
Bruce  began  his  reign  in  Scotland, 
the  fame  form  of  government  was 
cftabiilhed  in  all  the  kingdoms  of 
Europe.  And  the  furprifing  fimi- 
Jarity  in  their  conftitution  and 
laws,  demonflrates  that  the  nations 
which  overturned  the  Roman  em- 
pire,, and  erected  thefe  kingdom. -^j 
though  divided  into  difFererJc  tribes, 


and  diftinguifhedby  different  name?, 
were  originally    the    fame    people. 
When  we  take  a  view  of  the  feudal 
fyftem  of  laws  and  policy,  that  ftu- 
pendous  and  fingular  fabric  ereded 
by  them  ;  the  firft  objedl  that  ftrikes 
us  is  the  King.     And  when  we'are 
told  that  he  is  the  fole  proprietor  of 
ali  the  lands  within  his  dominions, 
that  all  the  fubj efts  derive  their  pof-  ^ 
fefTions  from   him,    and    in    return 
confecrate  their  lives  to  his  fervice ; 
when  we  hear  that  all  marks  of  dif- 
tinftion,  and  titles  of  dignity,  ftow 
from  him,  as  the  only  fountain  of 
honour  ;  when  we  behold  the  moll 
potent  peers,  on  their  bended  knees, 
and    with   folded   hands,    fwearing  • 
fealty  at  his  feet,  and  acknowledg-  ' 
ing  him  to  be  their  So'vereigUf  and  ^ 
thtir  Liege  Lord;  we  are  apt  to  pro-  - 
rounce  him  a  powerful,  nay  an  ab- 
folute   monarch.       No    conclufion, 
however,  would   be   more  ra(h,  or 
worfe  founded,     The  genius  of  the 
feudal  government  was  purely  arif--' 
tocratical.     With  all  the  enfigns  of  1 
royalty,  and  with  many  appearanceft 
of  defpotic   power,  a  feudal    King  " 
was  the  moft  limited  of  all  princes. 

before  they  fallied  out  of  their 
own  habitations  to  conquer  the 
world,  many  of  the  northern  na- 
tions feemnot  to  have  been  fubje6tlo 
the  government  of  Kings*;  and  even 
where  monarchical  government  was 
eftabliPned,  the  Prince  poiTcffed  but 
little  authority.  A  general  rather 
than  a  king,  his  military  command 
was  extenfive,  his  civil  jurifdidtion 
almoft  nothing  f.  The  army  which 
he  led  was  not  compofed  of  foldiers, 
who  could  be  compelled  to  ferve, 
but  of  fuch  as  voluntarily  followed 
his   flandard:{:-       Thefe  conquered 


ii^. 


f  Tacit,  de  Mor.  Germ,  o.  ii 


l  Cxf.  ibid. 

not 


ACCOUNT    OF    BOOKS. 


491 


pot  for  their  leader,  but  for  them- 
felves;  and  being  free  in  their  own 
country,  renounced  not  their  liberty 
when  they  acquired  new  fettlements. 
They  did  not  excerminate  the  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  the  countries 
which  they  had  fubdued,but  feizing 
the  greater  part  of  iheir  lands,  they 
took  their  perfor  s  under  protection. 
And  the  difficulty  of  maintaining  a 
revv  conqiitft,  as  well  as  the  danger 
of  being  attacked  by  new  invaders, 
rendering  it  neceflary  to  be  always 
in  a  poliure  of  defence,  the  form  of 
government  which  they  eftablifhed, 
was  ahogether  military,  and  nearly 
referTibhng  that  to  which  they  had 
been  accufiomed  in  their  native 
country.  Their  general  dill  conti- 
nuing to  be  the  head  of  the  colony, 
part  of  the  conquered,  lands  were 
allotted  to  him;  the  remainder, 
under  the  name  of  beneficia  ox  fiefs, 
was  divided  amongft  his  principal 
oliicers.  As  the  common  fafety  re- 
quired that  thefe  officers  ihould, 
upon  all  occafions,  be  ready  to  ap- 
pear in  arms,  for  the  common  de- 
fence, and  fhould  continue  obe- 
dient to  their  general,  they  bound 
themfelves  to  take  the  field,  when 
called,  and  to  (erve  him  with  a 
nurnber  of  men  in  proportion  to 
the  extent  of  their  territory.  Thefe 
great  officers  again  parcelled  out 
their  lands  an.or.g  their  followers, 
and  annexed  the  fame  condition  to 
the  grant.  A  feudal  kingdom  was 
properly  the  encampment  of  a  great 
army  ;  military  ideas  predominated, 
military  fubordination  ellablifhed, 
and  t.'.e  pofTelTion  of  land  vyas  the 
pay  which  foldiers  received  for  their 
px-rfonal  fervice.  In  confequencc 
of  thcfc  notions,  the  pcfreiiion  of 
land  was  granted  during  pleafure 
only,  and  Kings  were  ele£live.  In 
Ulher  words,  an  officer  difagreeablo 
to  his  general  was  deprived  of  his 


pay,  and  the  perfon  who  was  molt 
capable  of  conducing  an  army,  was 
chofen  to  command  it.  Such  were 
the  firft  rudiments,  or  infancy,  of 
feudal  government,- 

But  long  before  the  beginning  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  the  feudal 
fyflem  had  undergone  many  changes, 
of  which  the  following  were  moll 
confiderable.  Kings  formerly  elec- 
tive, were  then  hereditary  ;  and  fiefs 
granted  at  firft  during  pleafure,  de- 
fcended  from  father  to  fon,  and  were 
become  perpetual,  Thefe  changes, 
not  Icfs  advantageous  to  the  nobles 
than  to  the  prince,  made  no  altera- 
tion in  the  arillocratical  fpiritof  the 
feudal  conftitution.-The  King,  who 
at  a  diftance  feemed  to  be  invefted 
with  majefty  and  power,  appears, 
at  a  nearer  view,  to  polTefs  none 
of  thofe  advantages,  which  beltow 
on  monarchs  their  grandeur  and 
authority.  His  revenues  were  fcan- 
ty  ;  he  had  not  a  ftanding  army  ; 
and  he  enjoyed  no  proper  jurif- 
diftion. 

At  a  time  when  pomp  and  fplen- 
dor  were  unknown,  even  in  the  pa- 
laces of  Kings  ;  when  the  officers 
of  the  crown  received  little  falary 
befides  the  fees  and  perquifites  of 
their  ofiice  ;  when  embaffies  to  fo- 
reign courts  were  rare;  when  ar^ 
mses  were  compofed  of  foldiers  who 
ferved  without  pay  ;  it  was  not 
necefTary  that  a  King  Ihould  polTefs 
a  great  revenue  ;  nor  did  the  con- 
dition of  Europe,  in  thofe  ages, 
allow  its  princes  to  be  opuleiit. 
Commerce  made  little  progrefs  in 
the  kingdoms,  where  the  feudal  go- 
vernment was  eftabiifhcd.  Infticu- 
lions,  which  had  no  other  obje<ft 
but  to  infpire  a  martial  fplrit,  to 
train  men  to  be  foldiers,  and  to 
make  arms  the  only  honourable 
profeffion,  naturally  difcouragcd  the 
commercial  arts.      The   revenues 

arifing 


ANNUAL  REGISTER,  1759. 


492 

arifiug  from  the  taxes  impofed  on 
the  different  branches  of  commerce, 
were  by  confequence  inconfiderable, 
and  the  prince's  treafury  received 
little  fupply  from  a  fource,  which, 
among  a  trading  people,  flows  with 
fuch  abundance,  and  is  almoft  in- 
cxhauftible.  A  fixed  tax  was  not 
]evied  even  on  land ;  fuch  a  burthen 
then  would  have  appeared  intolera- 
ble to  men  who  received  their  eftates 
as  the  reward  of  their  valour,  and 
who  confidered  their  fervice  in  the 
field  as  a  full  retribution  for  what 
theypofTefled.  TheKing'sdemefnes, 
or  the  portion  of  land  which  he  ftill 
retained  in  his  own  hands  unalie- 
nated, furnifhed  fubfiftence  to  his 
court,  and  defrayed  the  ordinary 
expences  of  government*.  The 
only  Hated  taxes  which  the  feudal 
law  obliged  vafi'als  to  pay  to  the 
Kii^g,  or  to  thofe  of  whom  they 
held  their  lands,  were  three  ;  one 
when  his  eldeft  fon  was  made  a 
knight ;  another  when  his  eldeft 
daughter  was  married  ;  and  a  third 
to  ranfom  him  if  he  fhould  happen 
to  be  taken  prifoner.  Befides  thefe 
the  King  received  the  feudal  cafu- 
aUies  of  the  ward,  marriage,  &c. 
of  his  own  vaflals*  And,  on  feme 
extraordinary  occalions,  his  fubjefts 
granted  him  an  aid,  which  they 
diftinguifhed  by  the  name  of  a  bene- 
volence, in  order  to  declare  that 
he  received  it  not  in  confequence 
of  any  right,  but  as  a  gift,  flowing 
from  their  good  will  f.  All  thefe 
added  together,  produced  a  reve- 
nue, fcanty  and  precarious,  which 
far  from  enabling  the  King  to  at- 
tempt any  thing  that  could  excite 
the  jealoufy  or  fear  of  the  nobles. 


kept  him  in    continual  indigence, 
anxiety,  and  dependence. 

Nor  could  the  King  fupply  the 
defed  of  his  revenues,  by  the  ter- 
ror of  his  arms.  Mercenary  troops 
and  flanding  armies  were  unknown 
as  long  as  the  feudal  government 
fubfifted  in  vigour.  Europe  was 
peopled  with  foldiers.  The  vaflals 
of  the  King,  and  the  fub-vafials  of 
the  barons,  were  all  obliged  to  car- 
ry arms.  And  while  the  poverty 
of  princes  prevented  them  from  for- 
tifying their  frontier  towns,  while 
a  campaign  continued  but  a  few 
weeks,  and  while  a  fierce  and  im- 
petuous courage  was  impatient  to 
bring  every  quarrel  to  the  decifion 
of  a  battle,  an  army,  without  pay, 
and  with  little  difcipline,  was  fuffi- 
cient  for  all  the  purpofes  both  of 
the  fecurity  and  of  the  glory  of  a 
nation.  Such  an  army,  however, 
far  from  being  an  engine  at  the 
King's  difpofal,  was  often  no  lefs 
formidable  to  him,  than  to  his  ene- 
mies. The  more  warlike  any  peo- 
ple were,  the  more  independent 
they  became;  and  the  fame  perfons 
being  both  foldiers  and  fubjeds,  ci- 
vil privileges  and  immunities  were 
jthe  confequences  of  their  vidlories, 
and  the  reward  of  their  martial  ex- 
ploits. Conquerors,  whowi  mer- 
cenary armies,  under  forms  of  go- 
vernment, often  render  the  tyrants 
of  their  own  people,  as  well  as  the 
fcourges  of  mankind,  were  com- 
monly, under  the  feudal  conftitu- 
tion,  the  moftindulgentof  allprinces 
to  their  fubjeds,  becaufe  they  flood 
moft  in  need  of  their  aiT:  lance. 
A  prince  whom  even  war  and  vic- 
tory did  not  render  the  maiter  of 


*  Craig,  de  Feud.  lib.  i.     Dieg,  i^,     Du  Cange  GlofT.  voc.     Dominicum, 
Auxilium, 


I  Du  Cange  voc. 


his 


ACCOUNTOF    BOOKS. 


493 


His  own  army,  pofiefled  no  {hadow 
of  military  power  during  times  of 
peace.  His  difljanded  (oldiers  min- 
^;;led  with  his  other  fubjetls  ;  not  a 
fingle  man  received  pay  from  him  : 
many  ages  elapfed  even  before  a 
guard  was  appointed  to  defend  his 
perfon  ;  and  deftitute  of  that  great 
jnftrument  of  dominion  a  Handing 
army,  the  authority  of  the  King 
continued  alway?  feeble,  and  was 
often  contemptible. 

Nor  were  thefe  the  only  circum- 
ftances,  which  contributed  towards 
deprefling  the  regal  power.  By  the 
feudal  fy llem,  the  King's  judicial 
authority  was  extremely  circum- 
fcribed.  At  firft,  princes  feem  to 
have  been  the  fupreme  judges  of 
their  people,  and  in  perfon  heard 
and  determined  all  controverfies  a- 
mong  them.  The  multiplicity  of 
caufes  foon  made  it  neceflary  to  ap- 
point judges,  who,  in  the  King's 
name,  decided  matters,  that  belong- 
ed to  the  royal  jurifdidion.  But  the 
Barbarians,  who  over-ran  Europe, 
having  deftroyed  moft  of  the  great 
cities,  and  the  countries  which  they 
feized  being  cantoned  out  among 


powerful  barons,  who  were  blind- 
ly followed  by  numerous  vafTah, 
whom,  in  return,  they  were  bound, 
to  proted  from  every  injury  ;  the 
adminiftration  of  juftice  was  greatly 
interrupted,  and  the  execution  erf* 
any  legal  fentence  became  almofi: 
jmpradicable.  Theft,  rapine,  mur- 
der, and  diforder  of  all  kinds  pre- 
vailed in  every  kingdom  of  Europe, 
to  a  degree  almoft  incredible,  and 
fcarce  compatible  with  the  fub- 
iiftence  of  civil  fociety.  Every  of- 
fender Iheltered  himfclf  under  the 
proteflion  of  fome  powerful  chief- 
tain, who  fcreened  him  from  the 
purfuits  of  juftice.  To  apprehend, 
and  to  puniih  a  criminal,  often  re- 
quired the  union  and  ciForts  of  half 
a  kingdom  *.  In  order  to  remedy 
thefe  evils,  many  perfonsof  diftinc- 
tion  were  entrufted  with  the  admi- 
niftration of  juftice  within  their  own 
territories.  But  what  we  may  pre- 
fume  was,  at  firft,  only  a  temporary- 
grant,  or  a  perfonai  privilege,  the 
incroaching  fpirit  of  the  nobles  foont 
converted  into  a  right,  and  rendered 
hereditary.  The  lands  of  fome 
were  erected  into  baronies,  thofe  of 


*  A  remarkable  inftance  of  this  occurs  in  the  following  hiftory,  fo  late  as  the 
year  1561.  Mary,  having  appointed  a  court  of  juftice  to  be  held  on  the  bor- 
ders, the  inhabitants  of  no  Icls  than  eleven  counties  were  fummoned  to  guard 
the  perfon,  who  was  to  aft  as  judge,  and  to  enable  him  to  enforce  his  decifions. 
The  words  of  a  proclamation,  which  afford  fuch  a  convincing  proof  of  the 
fceblenefs  of  the  feudal  government,  delerve  our  notice. — '*  And  becaufe  it  is 
necelfary  for  the  execution  of  her  highnefs's  command,  and  fervice,  that  her 
juftice  be  well  accompanied,  and  her  authority  fufficiently  fortified,  by  the  con- 
currence of  a  good  power  of  her  faithful  iubjeits — Therefore  commands  and 
charges  all  the  lundry  earls,  lords,  barons,  freeholders,  landed  men,  and  othei" 
gentlemen,  dwelling  within  the  faid  counties,  that  they,  and  every  one  of  them, 
with  their  kin,  friends,  fervants,  and  houfhold  men,  well  bodin  in  feir  of  war  in 
the  moft  fubftantious  manner,  (i.  e.  compleatly  armed  and  prevtded,)  and  with 
twenty  days  victuals,  to  meet  and  to  pal's  forward  with  him  to  the  borough  of 
Jedburgh,  and  there  to  remain  during  the  (aid  fpace  of  twenty  days,  and  to 
receive  luch  direftion  and  commands,  as  ftiall  be  given  by  him  to  them  in  our 
Sovei-eign  Lady's  name,  for  quietnefs  of  the  country}  and  to  put  the  fame  in 
execution  under  the  pain  of  loiing  their  life,  lands  and  goods.''  Keith's  hift. 
ȣ  Scotland,    198. 

Others 


49*       ANNUAL    REGISTER,    1759. 


Others  into  regalities.  The  jurif- 
didion  of  the  former  was  extenfive> 
that  of  the  latter,  as  the  name  im- 
plies, royal,  and  almoft  unbounded. 
All  caufes,  whether  civil  Or  crimi- 
nal, were  tried  by  judges,  whom 
the  lord  of  the  regality  appointed ; 
and  if  the  King's  courts  called  any 
perfon  within  his  territory  before 
them,  the  lord  of  the  regality  might 
put  a  ftop  to  their  proceedings,  and 
by  the  privilege  a.  repleadings,  re- 
move the  caufe  to  his  own  court, 
and  even  punilh  his  vaffal,  if  he 
fubmitted  to  a  foreign  jurifdiftion  f. 
Thus  almoft  every  queftion,  in 
which  any  perfon,  who  reiided  on 
ihc  lands  of  the  nobles,  was  inte- 


relled,  being  determined  byjudge'l 
appointed  by  the  nobles  themfelves;, 
their  vafTals  were  fcarce  fenfible  of 
being,  in  any  degree,  fubjedl  to  the 
crown,  A  feudal  kingdom  was 
fplit  into  many  fmaH  principalities, 
almoft  independent,  and  held  toge- 
tWfer  by  a  feeble  and  commonly  an 
imperceptible  bond  of  union.  And 
the  King  was  not  only  ftripped  of 
the  authority  annexed  to  the  perfon 
of  a  fupreme  judge,  but  his  reve- 
nue fuffered  no  fmall  diminution, 
by  the  lofs  of  thofe  pecuniary  emo- 
luments, which  were,  in  that  *ge,' 
due  to  the  perfon  who  adminiftercd 
juftice."     ' 


t  Craig,  lib.  iii.  Dieg.  7. 


T  H  ^ 


THE 

CO     NT     EN     T     S. 

Hiftory    of   the    prefent    War. 
c  H  A  p.    I. 

T/^e  inclinations  of  the  potuers  at  nvar  at  the  clo/e  of  the  laji  campaign.  The 
King  of  Spain^s  death  apprehended.  Condition  of  the  King  of  PruJ/ia, 
Emprefs  i^een,  RuJ^a,  Siveden,  Holland,  France,  and  Etigland,        p.  i 

C    H    A    P.      II. 

The  allied  army  monies y  Succefsful  Jkirmijbes  on  the  fide  if  the  allies.  Battle 
of  Bergen,  Prince  Ferdinand  retires  to  Windeken.  Plan  of  the  campaign. 
General  Woherfno'w' s  expedition  into  Poland.  Prince  Henry* s  into  Bohemia 
and  Franconia.  General  Macguire  defeated.  Bamberg  pillaged.  Prince 
Henry  returm  to  Saxony.     H»ffe abandoned  by-ihe  allies.  .— —  7 

CHAP.-   lit. 

Expedition  to  the  Weft -Indies  under  Hopfon  and  Moore.  Account  of  Marti- 
nico.  Failure  there.  The  cdufes  of  it.  Guadeloupe  in<vadcd.  Defcription 
of  that  ijland.  Baffe  Terre  attacked  and  burned.  General  Hopfon  dies. 
Operations  againft  Grand  Terre.  Se'veral  paffes  forced.  The  inhabitants 
capitulate.     Bra<very  of  a  Fre?ich  ladj/.     Mane  Galante  taieK.     — —     1 1 

CHAP.     IV. 

Prognfs  of  the  French  after  the  battle  of  Bergen.  ^Intijfcr  and  other  placet 
inken.      Situaticn.  of  the  French,  attd  of  the  allies^     Mot i am  of  Prince  Fer- 

Ainandm 


CONTENTS. 

dinand.  Battle  of  Mlnden.  Hereditary  Prince  of  Brunfvctck  defeats  thi  • 
Duke  of  Brifac,  The  French  pafs  the  IVefer,  L.  G.  S.  rejigns  the  com- 
mand of  the  Britijh  forces  ',  Marquis  of  Granby  fucceeds  hint.  The  French 
driven  to  Mar  pur g.  Siege  of  MunJIer.  M,  de  Etrees  arri'ves  at  the  French 
camp.  Projeh  of  France  for  an  in'vajion,  Ba'vre  bombarded^  Action  off 
Cape  Lagos,     French  fleet  defeated,  ■  1  = 

G     H     A     P.         V. 

Countl^ohnadifgraced.  Wedel fucceeds  him.  The  Ruffians  enter  Silef a.  Battle 
of  Zulichau.  Ruffians  take  Fanckfort  on  the  Oder.  General  Laudohn  joins 
them.  King  of  Pruffia  joins  Wedel.  Battle  of  Cunnerjdorf.  King  of 
Pritffia  repaffies  the  Oder.  Soltikoffand  Daun  communicate.  King  of  Pruffia 
detaches  General  IVunfch  into  Saxony,  Parallel  of  the  King  of  Pruffia  and 
Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunf^ick,  -^ — -  2^ 

CHAP.    VI. 

Plan  of  the  campaign  in  North  America.  Three  expeditions.  Ticonderbgd. 
and  Croiun  Point  abandoned.  Col.  Tonxjnjhend  killed.  Expedition  to  Nia- 
guara.  Col.  Prideaux  killed.  Sir  William  Johnfon  defeats  the  French, 
Tak$5  the  fort  of  Niagara.     Confequences  of  this,  -    •   •  •  ■-  29 

CHAP.    VII. 

The  expedition  againff  ^ehec.  The  Ifle  of  Orleans  occupied.  Defcrzption 
of  the  tonjon  and  harbour  of  ^ebec.  Situation  of  the  French  army. 
Afiion  at  the  falls  of  Montmorenci.  General  Wolfe  fckens.  The  camp 
removed  to  point  Lenji.  The  troops  go  up  the  ri^ver.  The  battle  of 
^ebec.  General  Wolfe,  killed.  French  defeated.  M.  de  Montcalin 
killed.  ^ebec  furrenders,  Mo'vements  of  Getieral  Amherfl  on  Lake 
Champlain,  ■  ■  •  >  j^' 

e  H  A  p.    VIII. 

Prince  Henry^s  inarth  into  Saxony,  General  Vehla  defeated.  King  of 
Pruffia  enters  Saxony,  P  ruffians  defeated  at  Max  en.  Again  defeated 
at  Meiffien.  M.  I)aun  occupies  the  camp  at  Pima.  MunJIer  furrenders 
to  the  allies.  Hereditary  Prince  of  Brunf<v.'ick  defeats  the  Duke  of 
Wurtemherg  at  Fulda.  March  of  the  Hereditary  Prince  of  Brunfnuick 
to  Saxony,  •   • '  —  45;' 

C    H     A    P.       IX. 

The  preparations  at  Vannes  and  Br  eft.  The  Englijh  fleet  driven  from  their 
nation^      The  a6lion  near  BelleiJU,      French  fleet  defeated.      War  in  the 

Eaji 


CONTENTS. 

Eafl  Indies  in  1758.  French  feet  under  M.  d^  Jche  t^wice  heat  en.  M.  de 
Lally  take:  Fort  St.  Da'vid's,  but  is  repulfed  at  Tanjcur.  Lays  fee ge  to  Ma- 
drajs.    Obliged  to  raife  thejiege.     Conclujion  of  the  annals  ^1759.  51 


The    C    H    R    O   N   I   C    L    E.  57 

Extraordinary  ad'vertifement ,  and  the  cafe  of  Mrs,  B,        '  135 

Injiuiluticny  i2c.  at  Oxford  •  •  I40 

Innjtfiture  of  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunfnxsick  •  ■■  1 44 

Jc count  of  the  funeral  proceffion  of  the  King  of  Spain  ■  145 

An  account  of  the  plans  that  ha<ve  been  laid  before  the. Committee  for  building 

a  bridge  at  Black-fry ars  :—  ■  1 46 

Statutes  and  rules  relating  to  the  infpeaion  of  the  Britifj  Mufeum,  lately  pub •- 

lijhed  by  order  of  the  Trufees  ■    ■  ■  1 49 

Premiums  of  the  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts  and  Commerce     152 

Odd  Advertifemenis ■  1 6  8' 

Supplies  granted  by  parliament  for  the  year  ly^g  »■  i-'l 

State  of  the  national  debt  as  it  food  Jan.  5,    1759  '  1 63 

STATEPAPERS. 

I'reaiy  'with  the  Indians  •  <•  ;  '   ■  loi 

Imperial  decree  *— = .  .  203 

^r  an  fat  ion  of  the  ne-jj  treaty  betiveen  Great  Britain  and  Prujfiay  figned  at 

London y  December  7,    1758  ^ 204 

Memorial  deli'vered  by  Major  General  Yorke  to  the  Deputies  of  the  Stata 

General y  Dec.  22,   1758  ■ 20c 

A  Memorial  prefented  to  the  General  of  the  French  ifands,  by  the  Go<vernors 

a}id  Lieutenants  du  Rot  cf  the  feiJcral  quarters  in  the  tfandofMartinico, 

Jan.  1,    1759  208 

The  genuine  legal  fcntence  pronounced  upon  the  confpirators  againf  the  life  of 

his  Mcf  Faithful  Majefy  ;   ijoith  the  juf  moti'ves  for  the  fame  210 

Objer'-jations  on  the  fcntence  pronounced  upon  the  conjpirators  againf  the  life 

of  the  King  of  Portugal 222 

Tranfation  of  an  intercepted  letter  frc7n  M.  Lally  to  M.  de  Leyrit  224 

Capitulation  of  Guadaloupe  ■  ■■  226,  227 

Earl  of  Holdcrnt'fje' s  lettsr  to  M.  Hop  230 

Tranflation  of  the  fpeech  made  to  the  Kiiig  by  the  Dutch  deputies,  on  deiiuer- 

ing  their  credentials  «      -  ■  231 

Declarations  publijhed  by  Count  Dohna,  a  PruJJxan  general ^  on  his  entering 

Poland         '  —  ■  '  ibid. 

Vol.  n,  p;  k  Orders 


CONTENTS, 

Orders  of  his  ferene  highmfs  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brun/nvick,   relati<ve  to  the 

behaviour  of  the  troops  under  him  at  the  famous  hat  tie  near  Minden  23^ 

Sen)eral  accounts  of  Marjhal  BelleiJIe's   letter   to   Marjhal  dt  Contades,  nvith 

Mr.  Maubert''s  refieflions  up'.n  them  234 

Some  account  of  the  letters  from  the  Duke  de  BelleiJIe  to  Marjhal  de  Con- 
fades  ' — — -  235 

Reflexions  on  BelleiJIe* s  letters y  from  the  BruJJels  Gazette  »  237 

^ranjlation  of  a  letter  from  M,  de  la  Clue  to  the  Count  de  Merle     — —       238 
Gen,  fames  IVolj e* s  placart ^  on  his  arri'val  in  the  ri<ver  St.  Laurence  240 

Gen.  Wolfe's  letter  to  Mr.  Secretary  Pitt  141 

Articles  of  capitulation  agreed  on^  between  General  Tovjnjhend  and  M.   de 
Ramzaj/y  Commander  of  ^ebec  -  ■  — -—  247 

Memorial  pyefented  to  the  States  General y  by  the  Count  d^  Affrey  248 

^he  King  of  PruJJias  apology  for  confining  his  prifsners  ofivar  250 

The  addrefi  of  the  Lord  Mayor ^  Aldermen,  and  Commons  of  the  city  of  London 

ibid. 

AhJlraSi  of  the  report  made  to  his  Catholic  Majejly  by  the  phyfcians  appointed 

to  examifte  the  Prince  Royal,  his  eldejl  fon  »  251 

Ax    of  abdication  and  j'eitlement  of  the  cro^xvn    of  the  i^wo  Sicilies  by  his 

moji  Catholic  Majefy,   in  favour  of  his  third fon  — —  252 

Memorial  prefented  to  the  States  General,  by  Major  Gen.  Torke  255^ 

Placart  of   the  States    of  Holland   and   Weji    Friezland  againjl    ihofe    if 

Groninguen  and  Om77ielandeH  k  ■     •  ■  257 

The  Lords  ad drefs  to  the  King  ■■  —  259 

The  addrefs  of  the  Commons  *■■  -^-  261 

ExtraB  of  a  letter  puhlijhed  in  the  Paris  Gazette  from   Marjhal  Con  flans  to 

Comte  St.  Florentin,  J'ccr^ary  of  marine  — 263 

The  addrefs  of  the  uni'uerftty  of  Oxford  —  264 

Addrefs  of  the  Roman  Catholics  of  the  City  of  Corke  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford, 

Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland  ■  — —  265 

Admiral  Bofca-voens  letter,  in  relation  to  fome  complaints  of  his  flopping  and 

Jearching  Dutch  Jhips  • 266 

Tranflation    of  the  Declaration,    'which  his  ferene  highnefs  Duke  Lenuis  of 
Brunftwick  delifvered  to    the  minijiers  of  the  belligerent  powers,     reftding 
at  the  Hague,  in  the  name  of  his  majejiy,  and  of  the  King  of  PruJJia         267 
AJl:>ort  addrefs  from  Lord  George  Sack-ville  to  the  Public  ■  ibid. 

Copy  of  Lord  G- S 's  letter  to  Colonel  Fitzroy         269 

Copy  of  Colonel  Fitzroy' s  letter  to  Lord  G — ■ 5 —         27Q 

Copy  of  the  declaration  of  Captain  Smith,  aid  de  camp  to  Lord  G  S> 

271 
State  of  the  militia  in  July  \'j^<^  . 273 


CH  A- 


CONTENTS* 


CHARACTERS. 


Char aSier  of  Ed-ward  Hyde y  Earl  of  Clarendon  ■  274 

"  of  the  Stuart  family t  from   Clarendoti'' s  life  277 

AfuccinSl  account  of  the  perfon^  the  imay  of  li-ving,  and  of  the  court  of  the 

Kin^  of  PruJJia  '  278 

Charaiier  of  General  Wclfe  ■  28 1 

Some  particulars  of  the  life  of  Dr.  Hallty  '  '•  283 

uin  account  of  Baron  Holberg^  cxtraded  from  an  enquiry  into  the  prefent  fate 

of  polite  learning  in  Europe  ■  ■  290 

Extras  from  a  <vjork  of  Monf.  Beaumelle,  ivritt  n  qriginally  in  French  ^  and 

publijhed  a  fenv  years  Jince  under  the  Title  of  Mes  Pensees,  gi-ving  a  farther 

account  of  Baron  Holberg,  and  the  prefent  fate  of  the  Danijh  Jiage  291 

Charailers  of  Magliabechi,   and  Hill  an  Englijh  taylor^  ifjith  a  parallel,   by 

Mr.  Speme '  '  293 

Some  anecdotes  from  the  life  of  the   "Duke  of  Buckingham  298 

Further  anecdotes  from  Lord  Clarendon^  'vchich  helps  to  fet  in  a 'very  frong 

lighty  the  character  of  ihis  ^very  extraordinary  per/on  302 

An  account  of  a  difpute  bef-ween  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  and  Lord  OJJfcry  306 
CharaBer  of  Ben  Johnfon  .  . 309 

■  of  Mr.  Selden 3  1  o 

i of  Mr.  Cotton —  ibid. 

■  of  Mr.   Vaughan —  ■  3 1 1 

•«■        •■  —  of  Sir  Kenclm  Dighy  ••» 5 1 2 

■  of  Mr.  May  ^  ■  ibid. 

■  of  Mr.  Care-w  ■  ■  .  3 1 3 
*                  of  Sir  Lucius  Carey                                   —    «                              ibid. 

of  Mr.  EJmund  Waller  3 1 8 

— ~— •  of  Mr.  Hales  of  Eton  '  •  ■   319 

of  Mr.  Chillingnuorth  <    ■ '-  321 

Tranjlation  of  a  letter  from  Mary  ^cen  of  Scots  to  ^ecn  Elizabeth  323 

Anecdotes  r dating  to  Dean  Snjoift  •  325 

An  account  of  the  huntings  ceconomy  and  trade  of  the  Laplanders  %    as  alfo  of 

the  fate  of  agriculture  in  the  Snuedifa  colonics  fettled  among  that  people  328 
An  account  of  a  fociety  called  Dunkards,  in  Penfylvania^   by  a  gentleman  of 

America  • «__.  ^4  1 

Charader  from  Sully  .  ■  343 

Anecdotes  of  the  prejent  author  of  the  BruJJels  Gazette  _  ^44 

Szn'^ular  account   of  a  Mifer  34^ 

Copy  of  the  njuill  of  the  late  Lieutenant  Gen.  Henry  Hanuley  — —  348 
^he  remarkable  trial  of  Eugene  Aram,    of  Kfiare/hnrough^   in   the  cour.ty   of 

Torky  fchoolmaftery  for  the  murder  of  Daniel  Clark  35  I 

Some  particulars  of  the  life  and  luritings  of  Eugene  Aram      —      3&0 

K  k  2  Some^ 


CONTENTS. 

S(vne  account  of  John  Ayliffe^   Ejq\  .«.<.  ^5^ 

ScMe  account   of  William  Andrtnjo   Horney    Efq\  — —  ,53 


NATURAL     HISTORY. 


Jn  Efay  on  a  methvd  of  clajjing  animals              .                       ,  372 

A  dsfripticn  of  an  American  quadruped  rarely  feen  in  Europe  '^'j6 

An  account  of  a  cat  that  li-vcd  twenty -fix  moizths  avithout  drinking  377 

On  the  force  of  imagination                      >              378 

An  account  of  the  tranfmutation  of  one  fpecies  of  corn  into  another  38  I 

The  late  Mr.  A.  Hill's  directions  for  culti<vating  'vines  in  America  382 

Acacia  food  for  cattle                  • -         —  3^4- 

EJJay   on  the  fmut  in  corn^    and  a  cure  for  it                385 

An  account  of  fome  extraordinary  phenomena  in  the  Afp  halt  urn  mine  3  86 

An  account  of  the  difcovery  of  the  cinna?non  tree  in  America        387 

The  great  confequence  of  Niagara     .. ""      •■                          388 

A  letter  from  a  S^ivedijh  geHtleman^  mte  on  his  tra'vels  in  America,  containing 
a  particular  account  of  the  great  fall  of  Niagara         •'•   ••  ibid. 

ANTIQ^UITIES. 

ExtraSis  from  fei'sral  letters  concerning  Roman  antiquities          395 

of  fame  letters  from  Rome,  concerning  the  Pantheon  of  Agrippa    403 

A  defence  of  the  alterations  lately  propofed  to  he  made  in  the  Pantheon  408 

Account  of  the  Papynis               409 

a4  differ tation  on  the  ancient  manner  of  dating  the  beginning  of  the  year  410 

Effay  on  the  ufe  of  Jhps                   ■  413 


USEFUL      PROJECTS. 

Mr.  DuhameVs  method  of  prefer<vi?ig  the  health  offeamen                  ■  416 

Methods  for  1  eiiifying  the  flench  and  corruption  of  frejh  ^waters  419 

A  defer iption  of  a  cork   Hjoaifcoat                         •■  ibid. 

A  particular  method  of  recQ-i;eri?ig  perfons  that  are  droivned        — — •  420 

An  account  of  fome  prefewathves  againji  hunger  and  thirji  42  f 


M  I  S- 


C    O    N    T    E    N    T  -S. 


M I S  C  E  L  L  A'  N  is  d  U  S  "E  S:'S  'A  Y:TS. 


A  fable  i   by  Linneeus                                         ■  ^i .  .i  ■  ■  '4^3 

On  boarding  fchools  for  girls                  ■  ■  '  ■                   —^    ■■  ■■  424 

The  ad'vantages  of  anceftry  demonjlrated  <    «    ■               -ir   ■  ,  v  4^6 

G«  imprifonment  for  debt                            «  '••  m«t  <  >  ir.-  *-^i^ 

J  letter  from  Bijhop  Atterhuryio  bis  fin  Obadiah  ■>  ■»    ■  ^452 

^«  ^^^  c»  fnonofyllables                               «  '*»  '■  ^  *  ^   »>  ■ «  "*433 

An  Indian  tale                   ■    »-      '  ■  ■"                ■■  »    ■  ,  a^c 

On  biogYaplry              ■  '                     .i       "  ,  4'^ 6 


POETRY. 


A  Simile 


439 


Z)o//  Common.     A  fragment,  in  anfnjoer  to  the  foregoing         <  4-40 

The  Simile  anfnvered                          ■                            .                            ,  442 

Some  Stanzas  addreffed  to  no  Minijler  nor  Great  Man         ■  443 

Stanzas  addreffed  to  a  great  Minijier  and  a  Great  Man           —  445 

An  Ode  to  Mr.  Pitt              : —                  446 

Ode  for  his  Majeftfs  birth-day,  by  William  Whitehead,  Efq;  447 

Ode  for  the  New  Tear  1759                   — _^                              ■  448 

To  the  Re<v.  Mr.  Hurd.     An  elegy — -  450 

An  Ode  to  Mifs  L .      On  the  death  of  Gen.  Wolfe           — ^  451 

An  Effay  to  an  Epitaph  on  Major  General  Wolfe          —          ■  452 

On  the  Vicar  of  W d                       , ibid. 

Prologue  and  Epilogue  to  the  Adelphi  of  Terence  ■ —     454,  455 

The  dying  Rakers  Soliloquy                      .  ^cr 

Monf.   Brocks  a  fort  Lit                 ■■                       — *                 ,  ^r^ 

Imitated              — —                            ■             ,  ibid. 

Ode  to  Health              —                    —               ,  ^ry 

A  tankard  of  porter                  ..                           ,  45  g 

A  drinking  Song                      — —                         .                             ^ acq 

On  Happinefs              —               — —                   -^  460 

The  Sky-lark.      A  Song              —               ■ .                —  ibid. 

An  infcription                       ..                                  -,.  ,-  a^x 

To  Dr.  H ,  upon  his  Petition  of  the  Letter  I  to  /)—  G ,  Efq-,  ibid. 

The  Beldames                      -■     -'                       .                                 — —  ibid. 


An 


C    O   N    T    E    N    T    S* 


An  Account  of  Books  publilhed  in  1759. 


ne  eontinuation  of  the  life  of  Edivard  Earl  of  Clarendon         —     464 
^he  genuine  remains  in  profe  and  'verje  of  Mr,  Samuel  Butler  —     468 

Mijcellaneous  trads  relating  to  natural  hiftory,  hujbandry  and  phyjic       472 

^he  hiftory  of  Raffelas,  Prince  of  AbiJJinia  477 

A  letter  from  M,  RouJJe^Uy  of  Gene'vay  to  M.  d^Alernbert  of  Paris,  concern- 
ing the  effeSis  of  theatrical  entertainments  on  the  manners  of  mankind     479 
^he  theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,  by  Adam  Smith  •  "•      488 

^he  hijlory  of  Scotland,  during  the  reigns  of  ^ueen  Mary  and  King  fames  VI. 
till  his  acc^on  to  the  cro'wn  of  England  ,  <  ,■ ,  ,^  •   <     4S9 


THE       END. 


0 


D      The  Annual  register  of 

2  world  events 

A7 

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