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_TWENTY-NIN TH ANNUAL REPORT | 


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TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT ~ 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


JANUARY, 1892. 


BOSTON : 
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 
18 Post Orrick SQUARE. 
1892. 


Commontocalth of Massachusetts 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Jan. 14, 1892. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


I have the honor to transmit herewith to your honorable 
body the Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Trustees of 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


I am, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, 
Acting President. 


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CONTENTS. 


Report of Trustees, . 

Labor Fund, 

Report on Horticultural Department, 
Report on Farm, : 


Report on Experiment Department : — 
Entomological Division, 
Meteorological Division, 
Agricultural Division, 
Horticultural Division, 

Report of Treasurer, 

Gifts, | 


Report of Treasurer, 

Report of Military Bee eae) t 
Report of Department of Mental and Political Science, 
Calendar, . p z 

Catalogue of iate and ri aoits: 

Course of Study, 

Requirements for Admission, . 

Expenses, . 

Scholarships, 

Equipment, 


Appendix : — 
Military Instruction in Educational Institutions, 
Tuberculosis, . ‘ ‘ é ‘ - 


34, 35 


36-39 
40, 41 
42-44 


45 
46-53 
54, 55 

57 

61 

62 
63-67 


71 
81 


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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


During the past year the college has been very prosperous, 
though no great changes have occurred. President Goodell 
has been ill because of overwork, and was granted a leave of 
absence during the fall term, which was spent in Europe. His 
duties were assigned to me during his absence, and it is but 
just to say that the success of the fall term is due to the excellent 
‘condition in which he left the college, and to the hearty co-opera- 
tion and assistance of the members of the faculty. 

A fine class of forty-three students was admitted in Septem- 
ber, making the whole number now in college larger than at 
any previous time in the history of the institution. This gradual 
growth during several years past is undoubtedly due to several 
causes: first, the able administration of the college; secondly, 
the efficient corps of teachers associated in its management ; 
thirdly, the higher standard of scholarship required for admis- 
sion, and for promotion from one class to another ; fourthly, the 
better and fuller knowledge of the college and its aims and pur- 
poses by the citizens of the Commonwealth; and, lastly, the 
encouragement offered by the provisions of the labor fund. 

This higher grade of scholarship which the institution now 
maintains will be a source of satisfaction to the graduates of the 
college, since it will prove an excellent recommendation for 
them when seeking situations, and will result in a far better 
preparation for agricultural pursuits. It is not the wish or 
purpose to crowd the dull or slow students out of college, 
provided they are faithful and accomplish all they are able; 
but it is the express purpose to compel the indolent and 
negligent to do good work or to leave. 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


THe Lapor Funp. 


I desire once more to call attention to the good results of this 
most wise provision of the General Court of 1889. Permanent 
improvements have been made on the farm, and work has been 
carried on in the horticultural department that it would not 
have been possible to undertake in any other way. It has given 
the opportunity to every young man of limited means to secure 
an education by his own individual efforts, and the opportunity 
has been eagerly embraced. To this cause perhaps more than 
to any other may be assigned the increased numbers that have 
come to the college during the past three years. It is no 
charity, for it returns to the State twofold for every dollar 
expended, — first in the increased value of its property, and 
second in the education and training up of young men to be 
good and faithful citizens. The fund has been administered 
with great care. Those desiring to enjoy its benefits have been 
required to bring a certificate from some responsible fellow- 
townsman, certifying to the fact that it was necessary for them 
to work in order to gain an education. During the past year 
over $6,600 has been expended for labor thus performed. This 
has been distributed among one hundred and twenty students. 
The average amount earned has been from fifty to sixty dollars, 
while the largest amount earned by any single individual has 
been one hundred and fifty dollars. The labor and maintenance 
fund created by chapter 12 of the Resolves of 1889 expires 
with the present year, and it is asked for a continuance of the 
same, and that the appropriation be made perpetual. 


REPORT ON THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The horticultural industry of the State is of the greatest 
importance, and is steadily increasing in amount and value. 
The necessities of this department of the college are pressing, 
and it is asked that $8,000 may be appropriated for the follow- 
ing purposes, to wit: the rebuilding of the Durfee plant house, 
and the erection of a rose house, vegetable house and cold 
grapery in connection therewith, at a cost not to exceed $6,000 ; 
and the building and equipping of a tool house at a cost not 
to exceed $2,000. The report on this department, by Prof. 
S. T. Maynard, explains more in detail its needs, and the 
permanent improvements it is hoped will be made. 


- 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 9 


The horticultural department of the college has had a fairly pros- 
perous year financially. The crops have been abundant and of the 
best quality, but prices have ruled low. 

For the first’ time in the past ten years the peach orchard has 
borne an abundant crop, and many new varieties have fruited for 
the first time, enabling us to determine something of the comparative 
value of such varieties for this locality. 

The land assigned for orchard purposes has now all been planted, 
in many cases too closely for the best results; and more land is 
needed, if the work of testing all of the promising new varieties be 
continued. 

The ornamental trees and shrubs, planted in many cases for imme- 
diate effect, are in some places becoming too crowded for the best 
permanent growth, and will soon require heroic thinning or re- 
arrangement. 

In the botanic museum new cases have been placed for the speci- 
mens of plant growth, fruit models, etc., that have been accumulat- 
ing during the past few years, and soon these collections will be ar- 
ranged and properly labelled. 

During the past season nearly 2,000 species of fungi have been 
added to the collection by purchase, and these will soon be arranged 
in the herbanium for reference and study. 

The enlargement of the botanic laboratory, completed last season, 
has assisted much in the efficiency of the study of structural and 


_ physiological botany, but more apparatus is needed to complete it. 


The botanic museum, stable, and other buildings connected with 
the department are in sad need of painting to prevent rapid decay. 

In making plans for the greater efficiency of the work of the botanic 
and horticultural department, after a careful investigation by a com- 
mittee of the trustees of the college, it was decided that the urgent 
needs of the department are as follows : — 

Rebuilding of the Durfee plant house on an improved plan, and 


- replacing the old system of heating with four-inch pipes by the more 


modern system of steam, or hot water under pressure. Also build- 
ing arose house, cold grapery and a vegetable house. This will re- 
quire the expenditure of at least 36,000. 

A tool-house, containing a work-room, carpenter’s shop, a room 
with a forge and anvil, a store room and open sheds, is a necessity, 
as at the present time tools are stored in at least four different 
places, and the work of repairing must be done in the cold or in the 
work-rooms of the greenhouses. Such a building, with its equipment, 
will cost $2,000. 

The draining of the garden land south of the Durfee plant house, 
which is too wet for profitable cultivation except in a very dry sea- 
son, ought to be undertaken at the very earliest opportunity. 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE... [ Jan. 


To put the orchards and fruit plantations, the ornamental trees 
and plants, and the garden land, in proper condition for the best re- 
sults, a large amount of fertilizers and manures is required. 

Lastly, it has been planned to devote the hillside on the south- 
eastern part of the grounds to the growth of all the trees, plants and 
shrubs, indigenous to Massachusetts, under the name of the Massa- 
chusetts Garden. To put the land in proper condition for planting 
will require a considerable outlay of time and money. Aside from 
the beautifying of the State grounds, this will prove of great profit 
and interest to all visiting the college, and of invaluable assistance 
in the study of botany. 


REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The work in this department has been of the same general 
character as in the years preceding. Permanent improvements 
have been steadily carried forward. Stumps have been pulled, 
fresh ground broken up and subdued, five thousand feet of tile 
drains laid, and thirty-five acres ploughed and prepared for the 
planting of corn in the spring. In the report of Professor 
Brooks, herewith submitted, I would call attention to an inter- 
esting comparison of ‘‘Soiling versus Pasturage,” and an 
«¢ Account with Twenty Grade Cows.” 


Farm REport. 


The past year has been one of general prosperity upon the farm. 
The area under cultivation has been larger than in any recent year, 
and it is believed to have been larger than in any previous year since 
the reduction in the area under farm management by the setting . 
apart of grounds for the horticultural and experimental departments. 
This increase in area under hoed crops has been made possible by 
the gradual reclamation of the old pastures, the drainage of con- 
siderable tracts heretofore too wet for profitable cultivation, and the 
substitution of soiling crops instead of pasturage for the summer 
food of our milch cows. As a result, the aggregate value of the 
farm products has been largely increased. For this season, the 
total amounts to $5,525, exclusive of the crops used for soiling, 
which furnished green fodder for an average of thirty-two cows for 
five months, and must have been worth about $585. Our crops for 
last year were worth $4,457, in round numbers, and besides we 
pastured an average of about twenty cows. The products of this 
year, then, exceed in value those of last season by not less than 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. Lk 


$1,200. Our sales have also been largely increased. ‘The principal 
items in round numbers are : — 


Milk, cream and fat culves, .° : ‘ ‘ ; : $2,826 
Beef, . ; ; ; ‘ : as : fs 100 
Hay,. . : 4 : f : : : ; 338 
Lambs, wool and Ponitant® : ; . i i : 225 
Potatoes, . , , ; : ; : : ; 614 
Pigs and fat Roar : : : : : é ; : 300 

Total,. . : : P , : : , $4,403 


Similar sales for last year aggregated $3,551. The squash crop 
for this year (a large one ) is still for the most part unsold. This 
crop was included in last year’s aggregate of sales, and it is 
expected that the sales of this year will exceed those of last by fully 
$1,000. 

The number of acres in the ordinary crops of the farm was as 
follows: hay, 75; field corn, 14; silage corn, 10; potatoes, 10; 
mangels, 24; Swedes, $; carrots, 4; English turnips, 1; squashes, 
3; and rye, 3. Besides these, we had soiling crops as follows: rye, 
9 acres; clover, l acre; oats and vetches, 2 acres; grass, 3 acres ; 
fodder corn, 8 acres; oats and peas, 4 acres; and barley and peas, 
4 acres, —a total of 1463 acres; or, deducting land which produced 
two crops, 1374 acres. Most of our crops have been good and a 
number of them exceptionally so, although I confidently anticipate 
improvement in the future, as the newly reclaimed land which 
comprises more than one-half of our cultivable area is being 
gradually brought into better condition by drainage, cultivation and 
manuring. 


Hay. — The early spring months were unusually dry, the rainfall 
amounting to but 1.82 inches in May, while the average for that 
month for the past fifteen years has been 3.41 inches. The effect 
was serious upon our old fields, and our crop was but about two- 
thirds what we usually obtain. It was secured in splendid order, 
the first crop being all cut before July 4, and amounting to 140 
tons. ‘The second crop, also secured in good order, amounted to 
40 tons, making a total of 180 tons, or about two and two-fifths 
tons per acre. 


Field Corn. — The fourteen acres in this crop consist for the most 
part of a rather heavy loam. It had been in grass without manure 
for two years, and was full of sorrel. It was ploughed in the early 
fall of last year, manured broadcast at the rate of five cords per acre 
in spring, and thoroughly prepared for seed by wheel-harrowing. In 
addition to the manure, we used per acre: muriate of potash, 140 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


pounds; dried blood, 70 pounds; bone-meal, 45 pounds; nitrate of 
soda, 60 pounds; and superphosphate, 85 pounds. Three-fourths 
of the mixed fertilizers were applied broadcast and harrowed in; the 
balance was put in the drill. Sibley’s Pride of the North was the 
variety of corn selected, and both seed and fertilizer were very satis- 
factorily put in with the Eclipse corn planter. The crop was thinned 
to about ten inches in the drills, which were three and one-half feet 
apart. Very little hand work was employed in cultivation. The 
yield and financial standing are shown below : — 


700 bushels shelled corn, at 70 cents, . . . $490 00 
30 tons stover, at $7, . i : : é « -) 2hONOO 
———— $700 00 
Manure, 70 cords, at $4 (one-half cost), . . $140 00 
Fertilizer (three-fourths cost), . : 2 CLG 
Labor, . ; ; : : p i oo bat Oo 
— 492 00 
Balance in favor of crop, . : : : : : $208 00 


Silage Corn. — This crop occupied ten acres of our best corn land. 
The preceding year it had been occupied by rye, corn, mangels, 
potatoes, Swedes, and carrots. The rye (about one half the whole) 
received no manure, but the balance was all similarly and well 
manured. ‘The corn following corn the year before was best, and 
next in quality ranked the crop after rye, potatoes, mangels, carrots 
and Swedes in the order named, thus indicating the exhausting na- 
ture of the root crops. ‘This was especially marked in the case of 
the Swedes, after which the corn of this year was light, although 
the root crop of the preceding year was abundantly manured and 
was not an unusually heavy one. All this land was ploughed late in 
the fall of last year, manured at the rate of six cords to the acre 
during winter, reploughed this spring, and the fertilizer spread broad- 
cast and harrowed in. We applied per acre, in addition to the 
manure: fish guano, 150 pounds; nitrate of soda, 100 pounds; and 
muriate of potash, 150 pounds. 

The yield and financial standing are as follows : — 


Silage, 140 tons, at $4, _ . : : : $060 O0 
Shelled corn, 30 bushels, at 70 Beutel 5 ; 21 00 
Stover, 2 tons, at $7,. ; : 14 00 
— $595 00 
One-half manure used, . , ‘ , : $120 00 
Fertilizer (three-fourths cost), : : 56 25 
Labor, , : ‘ : i Spies ; 251 50 
— 427 75 
$167 25 


Balance in favor of crop, 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 13 


In view of the apparently small profit upon this crop, as compared 
with that upon the considerably poorer crop of field corn, I must 
again express my conviction that the customary valuation of $4.00 
per ton for silage is too low for an article which contains so much 
grain as does that which we produce. 

For substantiation of the correctness of this view I am able to refer 
to the results of careful experiments made at the Wisconsin Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, which showed that the loss of dry matter 
in the curing of fodder corn in the field was a little greater even than 
the loss in the silo. Experiments at the same station have shown 
that for milch cows the feeding value of the dry matter in silage and 
in dry corn fodder is practically equal. In some experiments the 
silage and in others the fodder has shown a slight superiority. 

That part of our field of corn put into the silos (140 tons ), if 
stooked and husked, must have yielded us about 600 bushels of 
shelled grain and 32 tons of well-dried stover, which, at current 
prices, would have been worth $644. I have no doubt we have an 
equal value in the silos, which would make our silage worth $4.60 
per ton, instead of $4.00, as figured. 

The fact that our field furnished a surplus above the amount 
needed to fill our silos was taken advantage of to determine approxi- 
mately the relative cost of ensiling corn and of harvesting in the 
ordinary way. We cut the fodder for the silo this year into three- 
fourths-inch lengths, using a machine a little too light for our power, 
and were hindered by frequent breakages, which considerably 
increased the cost; and yet the actual cost of cutting in the field, 
hauling, and cutting into the silo, was but 80 cents per ton. Our 
crop averaged about fifteen tons per acre, and the cost of ensiling 
was, therefore, $12 per acre. Such a crop will yield 150 baskets of 
ears and about 4 tons of stover to the acre; and with us the cost 
of cutting and stooking, husking and putting the corn into the crib 
and the stover into the barn amounts to not less than $13 per acre. 
The difference between the two systems, then, is not one of cost of 
handling; and which is the better means of utilizing the crop must 
depend chiefly upon the relative food value of the product secured 
under these different methods. In the one case we have grain on 
the ear and dry stover; in the other a succulent mixture of grain 
and stalks, which, it is true, has lost something by fermentation. 
It is difficult or impossible to make well-fed stock consume all of 
the dry stover, and there is always considerable waste, while silage is 
eaten up clean by most animals. J am convinced that the ordinary 
waste of stover more than equals the loss by fermentation in the 
silo; and, when it is further considered that, before stover and 
grain can be profitably fed, the former must be cut into short lengths 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


or shredded and the latter shelled and ground, the superior economy 
of ensiling corn over husking and handling in the ordinary way 
must be evident. 

Another advantage incident to the practice of ensilage rather than 
stooking and husking is found in connection with laying down 
the land to grass. When the grass seeds are sown in July or 
August in the standing corn, which is the common practice here, and 
the corn is stooked and husked in the ordinary way, the grass has a 
much poorer chance than when the corn is cut and at once carted 
away for the silo. Where each stook has stood is found a spot where 
the grass is killed. If, as is also not uncommon, it be desired to fol- 
low corn with rye, the prompt clearing of the field for the silo is a 
great advantage. 


Potatoes. —Ten acres of medium loam of alluvial origin just north 
of the ‘‘ ravine” were planted to this crop. The land had been used 
for a pasture for some five or six years. It was ploughed in the fall, 
and prepared for seed by thorough wheel-harrowing in early spring. 
No manure was used; but fertilizers, one-half harrowed in and one- 
half in the drill, were employed at the following rates per acre: fish 
guano, 250 pounds; superphosphate, 85 pounds; bone meal 125 
pounds ; muriate of potash, 165 pounds. 

We were ready to begin planting April 5, but a heavy snow-fall, 
amounting to rather over a foot, delayed operations ten days. The 
seed which had been cut suffered seriously by the delay, and fully 
one-fourth of it failed to grow. The crop was from this cause 
lighter than we had expected; but it was of splendid quality. It 
was sold in Boston, and brought from forty to fifty cents per bushel, 
from which freights and commission must be deducted. Financial 
results : — 


Potatoes (net proceeds of sales), j : ; - oro 7a 
Three-fourths fertilizers used, : : : $100 25 
Labor in raising and marketing, . ; 297 75 

— 398 00 

Balance in favor of crop, . ce ee . : . > Splits TS 


Carrots. — This crop occupied one-half acre of good land, but, 
requiring to be replanted, the seed was got in so late that the crop 
was small. It amounted to only 125 bushels of roots, which will 
hardly repay the cost of the labor. The soil received a good 
dressing of manure and a liberal application of mixed fertilizers. 


Swedes. — Area in crop, one-half acre of medium loam. This was 
ploughed in the fall, manured during winter at the rate of seven cords 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT -—- No. 31. 15 


per acre. .It was reploughed in the spring, the fertilizer spread 
broadcast and thoroughly harrowed in. ‘The seed was planted July 
1, and the crop made a magnificent growth of tops, but the develop- 
ment of the roots was not satisfactory. Many were hollow, and not 
a few rotted. The fertilizers used per acre were as follows: nitrate 
of soda, 150 pounds; muriate of potash, 150 pounds; superphos- 
phate, 100 pounds. Financial standing : — 


Swedish turnips, 12 tons, at $4, . ‘ : : ‘ . $48 00 
One-half manure used, ; : : : : $7 00 
Fertilizer (three-fourths cost), : ; 5 00 
Labor, . A : : i : y ; 28 00 

—_———__ 40 00 

Balance in favor of crop, . : : : : : $3 00 


Beets.—The land selected for this crop, two and one-half acres, was 
similar to that on which the Swedes were grown, and it was similarly 
prepared and received equal amounts of manure and fertilizers. One 
acre of this land was in squashes and one acre in popcorn, the 
balance in potatoes in 1890. The preparation of. the soil for plant- 
ing was very thorough, the germination of the seed satisfactory, and 
the conditions for growth throughout the season highly favorable. 
The result was a remarkably fine crop. The yield and financial 
results are shown below : — 


106 tons beets, at $4, . ‘ : : 5 : . $424 00 
Manure (one-half value), : : ! $06 O00 
Fertilizer (three-fourths cost), : : : 19 00 
Labor, : : : é ‘ : ! : 115 00 

——.- 170 00 

Balance in favor of crop, . ‘ : . $204 00 


The varieties raised were Lane’s American sugar beet, and Carter’s 
orange globe mangel. 

An experiment was made upon this crop, to test the efficacy of 
common salt as a fertilizer. The land was divided transversely into 
half-acre strips, and coarse salt at the rate of two hundred pounds 
per acre was sown broadcast, soon after the seed was planted, upon 
three of these sections. The beneficial effect of the salt was appar- 
ent throughout the season, but the actual gain in yield was not large. 
It amounted to two and one-half tons per acre, which is sufficient to 
repay the cost of application some five or six times over. The ben- 
efit from the use of salt for this crop would undoubtedly be yet more 
striking in cases where such fertilizers as muriate of potash are not 
employed; for the hydrochloric acid in this must bave a similar 
effect in unlocking plant food to that resulting from the action of the 
same acid in the salt. 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


* Squashes. — Three acres of warm, medium loam, north of the 
‘¢ravine,” were planted with this crop, about one-fifth with Hubbard 
and the balance with Essex hybrid seed. Upon one acre potatoes 
also were planted, every third row being left out for the squashes. 
The results of this method of planting were on the whole satisfactory. 
If potatoes of an early variety are planted in good season, they finish 
their growth before the squashes require the land. ‘The land in this 
crop received a heavy broadcast application of material from the 
ruins of the Hatch barn, which was destroyed by fire April 5. This 
barn contained a considerable quantity of nitrate of soda, muriate of 
potash and dissolved bone-black; and the mixed remains of these 
and the ashes from the fire were undoubtedly of considerable value. 
In addition, we used mixed fertilizers in the hill in the following 
quantities per acre: bone meal, 150 pounds; fish guano, 100 pounds: 
muriate of potash, 110 pounds. On the greater part of the field we 
used in each hill a shovelful of coal ashes, the beneficial effect of 
which in preventing the work of the borer was very marked. Where 
the ashes were not employed the percentage of loss of plants was 
much the larger, many hills being entirely destroyed. The yield and 
financial standing of the crop are shown below : — 


25 tons squashes, at $10, . ‘ : ; » $250 00 
Three-fourths cost of fertilizers used in hilie, : $17 00 
Labor, raising and storing, ‘ i 4 , 60 75 

—— 77 7 

Balance in favor of crop, . ; 5 : ; . $172 25 


Rye. — Three acres of newly broken up old pasture were in this 
crop, which received in spring an application of 150 pounds of 
fish guano, 150 pounds of muriate of potash and 100 pounds of 
nitrate of soda, per acre. The yield was fairly satisfactory, and the 
standing of this crop is shown below : — 


60 bushels grain, at 80 cents, . ‘ : : $48 00 
4 tons straw, at $20, : 80 00 
——— $128 00 
Three-fourths fertilizer used, . : : : $17 43 
Labor, : ; 5 : ; : 4 : 27 00 
—— 44 48 
Balance in favor of crop, . : : : : . $83 57 


Besides the crops described in detail, we harvested 200 bushels of 
English turnips grown as a second crop after oats and vetches for 
fodder, and had small areas in pop-corn and in garden crops. 


Soiling Crops. — These consisted of five acres of rye, one of clover, 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 17 


two of oats and vetches, three of grass, eight of fodder corn, four 
of oats and peas, and four of barley and peas. The oats and 
barley with peas were grown as second crops after rye, and for 
them the land was manured. The rye was treated as already de- 
scribed for the portion harvested for grain. The oats and vetches on 
new and very rough land were grown on barnyard manure in mod- 
erate quantity ; the fodder corn on similar land got an application of 
dried blood, 125 pounds; muriate of potash, 75 pounds ; bone-meal, 
50 pounds; and fish guano, 150 pounds per acre. Neither the clover 
nor the grass received any dressing this year. 

The growth of all these crops was satisfactory, and we produced 
green fodders sufficient for the average number of thirty-two cows for 
five months on nineteen acres of land, much of which is but partially 
subdued. The rye comes first and produces a large growth, but is on 
the whole the least satisfactory food for cows, being eaten less freely 
than the others. We found that on our land, which is rather low 
and moist, oats are very liable to rust, which seriously lessens their 
value. This was especially true of the late crop which with peas 
proved much inferior to barley and peas which were in fit condition 
to feed until about the 20th of October. For the very latest feeding 
the peas should be left out, as frost kills them before it injures the 
barley. The most satisfactory fodder for the production of milk and 
cream appeared to be clover and corn. One acre of clover produced 
three good crops, aggregating not less than 18 tons, or sufficient to 
supply green food for our thirty-two cows for twelve days. Less 
grain is required when the green food is chiefly clover than when 
corn fodder is the main reliance. 


Soiling versus Pasturage. —I am able to make an interesting com- 
parison between the results obtained when land is pastured and those 
obtainable under the soiling system. In theseason of 1890 about 
thirty acres of land, about. four-fifths of it in good grass, the balance 
somewhat covered with stumps, but with much sweet feed between, 
was used for the pasturage of an average of about thirty cows and 
heifers, and the returns in cream amounted to $454.96, and in im- 
provement to young stock possibly to $100, — a total from this land 
of $554.96, and it was stocked to its full capacity. 

During the past year this land has been cleared of stumps, about 
five acres of it have been drained, and the whole brought under the 
plough. With the exception of that produced upon one acre of 
clover and three of grass elsewhere, it has produced green fodder for 
thirty-two cows. The proportion of such fodder coming from this 
land must equal four-fifths of the whole, and I will credit it with 
fourth-fifths the proceeds from our cows during the time they were 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


on green food. Grain was used both this year and last, in about 
equal proportion to the other food, and, as I do not make any allow- 
ance for this, the apparent credit to the land for each year is greater 
than the truth; but this does not affect the comparison, and the 
value of the manure made this year will go far towards offsetting 
that item, together with the cost of labor in cutting and hauling the 
fodder. The gross receipts from this land this year are as follows :— 


Cream (four-fifths of total), . : $683 52 

Squashes, 25 tons, d ‘ : ‘ : 250 60 

Potatoes, 1,522 bushels, 4 5 3 } o/0 78 

Rye and straw, . : : : 128 00 

Turnips, 200 bushels, . : ; 5 : 20 OU 
Total gross receipts for 1891, . : ; ; » -  LOS2 30 
Total gross receipts for 1890, . : cee 504 96 
Excess for 1891 over 1890, : : i : : $1,097 34 


Deducting the labor of raising the crops and the cost of the 
fertilizers and manure used in 1891, we have the net proceeds from 
these thirty acres for this year $914.47, against $554.96 for 1890. 
The cost of clearing the land and of drainage is not charged against 
the crops of this year, as this work constitutes a permanent improve- 
ment, the effects of which will be increasingly felt for a number of 
years. The excess in net value of the products of this year as 
compared with last is, however, more than sufficient to repay the full 
cost of clearing the land of stumps. When, then, we further 
consider thatthe condition of all this land is greatly improved, it 
becomes sufficiently evident that for us soiling is far preferable to 
pasturage for milch cows. 


Farm Live Stock. — During the past year our horses, sheep and 
swine have maintained a high average of health, and there have 
been no losses except a very few of young pigs and lambs at birth ; 
and the breeding increase of the swine and sheep has been 
satisfactory. From causes which we are unable completely to 
control, our cattle have suffered somewhat from foot-rot, which, 
however, we are generally able to check in its earliest stages. Our 
returns from this part of our stock have been satisfactory. The 
faulty construction of our barn, making it an impossibility to keep 
the air of the cow stable pure, has been the indirect cause of some 
losses among our pure-bred stock. The fine Holstein-Friesian bull, 
Pledge’s Empire, died suddenly from tetanus, the cause of which was 
a mystery. His place at the head of our Holstein-Friesians has been 
taken by Prince of Concord, a bull from one of the best butter 
families of the breed. His dam has a record of about thirty pounds 


1892. | PUBLIC. DOCUMENT —No. 31. 19 


of butter in seven days. Throughout the year we have continually 
culled out inferior animals, and the result is a high average of 
excellence throughout our herd. 


Milk Records of Pure-bred Cows. — As evidence of the quality of 
our stock, permit me to report the milk yield of a few of our best 
pure-bred cows. In each case the highest record made within 
twelve months is given: Ayrshires, —Myrca, 8,100 pounds, 14 
ounces; Myrca Clifton, 9,283 pounds, 6 ounces; Amelia Clifton, 
8,614 pounds, 4 ounces; Holstein-Friesians, — Beth Hoorn, 13,206 
pounds, 6 ounces; Cornelia Artis, 11,830 pounds, 10 ounces ; 
Cornelia Pledge, 8,555 pounds; Shorthorn, — Dulcibella, 6,851 
pounds, 11 ounces; Guernsey, — Fanny, 6,687 pounds, 6 ounces ; 
Jersey, — Faith of Deerfoot (nine months), 4,869 pounds, 3 ounces. 


Grade Cows. — As further evidence of the quality of our stock 
and the results of our system of feeding, I include the following 
account with the twenty grade cows purchased in October of last 
year. 

Account with Twenty Grade Cows. 


Dr. 
To cost of cows, . ; iy EneOOONOO 
To net cost of feed, Momember, 1390 ‘0 Mags 1891, ; 396° 23* 
- To net cost of feed, May, 1891, to November, 1891, . 305 25 
Total, : ; . : ; : A ea oe ‘ $1,751 48 
Profits on investment, . : : : : , : 700 O07 
$2,451 55 
CR. 
By 37,628 spaces cream, at 33c, . : : : : $1,411 05 
By 12,480 gallons skim-milk, at 2 cents, . ; ; 249 60 
By calves sold from herd, . , 40 90 
By value of cows at close of year, 5 : ; 750 00 
$2,451 55 


The individual standing of this lot of cows is more clearly brought 
- out by the table below : — 


Average gross cost of feed consumed, ; $69 30 
Average net cost of feed consumed, . . : : 37 OT 
Average value of product, . ‘ ‘ : : : 83 03 
Average net profit, : ‘ i ; : 45 46 
Average milk yield per year, . : j 7, 019 pounds 2 ounces. 
Average butter yield per year, . " : ; : 3084 pounds. 
Average age of cows, . ; fo te . : : 8 years. 
Average weight of cows, . : : 5 : . 990 pounds. 


* The net cost of feed is obtained by deducting four-fifths of the fertilizer value from 
the gross cost. : 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


The average butter yield for the cows of the State of New York is 
estimated by Dr. Peter Collier to be below 130 pounds per annum, 
and it is seldom that even a herd of pure-bred animals numbering 
twenty makes an average equaling that of these grades. When it is 
further stated that one of these cows added extremely little to the 
aggregate product on account of foot-rot, it will be seen that the 
performance of these animals has been rather extraordinary. The 
statement of foods used and of their market and fertilizer values is 
given below : — 


Winter Feed of Twenty Cows (November 1 to May 18). 


Fertilizer Value. 
Per Ton. Total. 


18 tons hay, at $12, . : : oe $216 100 $6 48 $116 64 
9 tons corn stover, at $6, A ; 54 00 3 19 28ncL 
38 tons silage, at $4, : : : 152 00 1 64 62 32 
9 tons beets, at $3, . ; ‘ ‘ ZIAD 1 14 10 26 
6 tons bran, at $20, t : 5 120 00 14 58 87 48 
3 tons cotton-seed meal, at $26, . 78 00 26 25 78 7d 
2 tons gluten meal at $28, .. : 56 00 19 O1 38 02 
1 ton corn meal, at $32, . BVP OO 7 85 i 85 
1,200 pounds linseed meal (new pro- 
Cess), abia2cs | =. : : : ; 16 20 22 80 13 68 
Total cost of feed, . . : . $751 20 Total fertilizer 84143 71 
value, 


Summer Feed of Twenty Cows (May 18 to Nov. 1, 1891). 


Fertilizer Value. 


Per Ton. Total. 
15 tons of rye, at $2.50, .. ; : $o7 OO $1 25 $18 75 
12 tons of clover, at $4, : ; j 48 00 2 48 29 76 
12 tons of vetch and oats, at $3.50, .. 42 00 i oe 18 48 
46 tons corn stover, at $2.50, f : Lis 00 1 25 57 50 
Soa ; eS ee ae at $3.50,. 52 50 1 54 93. 10 
tons ¢ oats and peas, 

9 tons beets, at $3, . : 5 ; 27 00 ieee 10 26 
10 tons hay, at $12, . : . 120 00 6 48 64 80 
33 tons bran, at $21, . i ; ‘ 73 50 © 19 58 51 03 
[ 23 tons linseed meal, at $27, . 67 50 22 80 57 00 
F1 ton gluten meal, at $28, : : 28 00 19°01 190% 
60 weeks’ pasturing, at 40 cts., . 5 24 00 


Total a $349 69 
Total cost of feed, , : . $635 00 value, 


Our stock at present consists of the following animals : — 


Horses. — Percherons: one stallion, one mare, two stallion colts 
and one mare colt; one three-fourths blood Percheron mare colt, two 
half-blood Percheron mares and three geldings, — total, eleven. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 21 


Cattle. — Ayrshires: one male, ten females; Shorthorns: two 
females; Guernseys: one male; Holstein-Friesians: two males, 
nine females; Jerseys: two males; grades: thirty-four females. 
Total: six bulls, fifty-four cows and heifers. 


Sheep. — Southdowns: one ram, twenty-four breeding ewes, six 
ram lambs and six ewe lambs ; total, thirty-seven. 


Swine. —Small Yorkshires: one boar, two breeding sows and 
thirty-three pigs of all ages ; Tamworths, one boar and one sow. 


Equipment. — The only important additions to our equipment dur- 
ing the year are as follows: Champion self-binding reaper, Keystone 
hay-loader, Buckeye chain-gear mower, Aspinwall potato-planter, 
Yankee swivel-plough, and Yankee disc harrow. All these have 
been acquired by purchase, and have been found to do their work in 
a satisfactory manner. Especially would I commend the hay-loader 
and the potato-planter. 


PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. 


Our work in this direction, as last year, has been chiefly expended 
upon the old pastures on the western side of the farm. It has been 
mainly concentrated upon the northwestern section, which will un- 
doubtedly prove the best land on the farm, as the soil is naturally 
of a very superior character. Here, five acres, from which the wood, 
a heavy growth of pine, was cut several years ago, have been cleared 
of stumps. This required the uninterrupted work of three men 
working with stump-puller and Atlas powder cartridges for more 
than two months. Rather more than seven hundred stumps were 
taken out, and, with the assistance of men and teams, they were 
piled and burned. ‘The land was thoroughly broken up, and, though 
far from smooth, and still containing some roots, its further improve- 
ment will be comparatively easy. A fine crop of fodder corn was 
erown upon it with little labor, and it was seeded to clover for soil- 
ng purposes in August. ‘The seed made a good start, and a large 
amount of the most valuable green fodder may be confidently antici- 
pated from this land next season. 

Besides the work on this lot, a considerable number of scattered 
tumps have been removed from other portions of this land, which 
are being broken up for the second time. Some thirty-five acres of 
it have been ploughed this fall. This portion is now entirely free 
from stumps, and is one of the finest fields to be found in this part 
of the State. Most of it will be planted next year with corn for the 
silo and crib. 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


We have put in tile drains in various parts of these fields this year 
wherever they seemed to be most required ; but in all cases in accord- 
ance with a system which will eventually underlay this entire tract, 
wherever not naturally well drained, with tiles. The total length of 
such drains putin this year is rather over five thousand feet, or 
nearly a mile. 

A small amount of new fence has been built; roads have been im- 
proved, and a new silo has been put into the barn between the two 
already there. 

I cannot close without again calling attention to the fact that, but 
for the labor fund, under the provisions of which much of our work 
is performed by students, the work of improvement upon the farm 
must come to a standstill, unless we receive much larger annual ap- 
propriations than at present. This fund is not acharity. The young 
men earn the money they receive, and the State receives a money 
equivalent in the improvement of its property, while the benefit it will 
derive from the lives of increased usefulness made possible through 
the education these young men are enabled to obtain is incalculable. 

In conclusion, it gives me pleasure to testify to the hearty support 
on the part of both superiors and subordinates which my efforts in 
the management of the farm have always received; and especially 
must I commend the work of my superintendent, Mr. F. 8. Cooley, 
whose active and intelligent interest and executive management have 
contributed largely to that measure of success which we have been 
able to attain. 

Witiiam P. Brooks, 


Professor of Agriculture. 


THe EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT. 


° 


At no period in the history of the station has its influence 
been more widely felt, or its work more fully appreciated by 
the farmers of the Commonwealth. The divisions, particularly 
of horticulture and entomology, have been overwhelmed with 
correspondence. 

Five bulletins, in editions of eleven thousand, have been 
issued during the year on the following topics : — 


Directions for the use of fungicides and insecticides. 

Experiments in greenhouse heating, over versus under bench 
piping. 

Special fertilizers for plants under glass. 

Report on varieties of strawberries. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 3l.- 23 


Report on varieties of blackberries and raspberries. 
Report on fertilizers for corn. 

Report on strength of rennet. 

Report on hay caps. 

Report on Flandres oats. 

Report on prevention of potato rot. 

Report on fungicides and insecticides on fruits. 

Report on seventeen of the more common injurious insects. 


In addition to the above, a monthly bulletin, in a limited 
edition of three hundred copies, has been issued, covering the 
entire meteorological data for each day. 

The analyses performed for this department by the State 
experiment station during the past three years are herewith 
submitted in tabulated form : — 


1889. 1890. | 1891. 
Ash analysis, . . : . - : : if ik 2 
Fertilizer analysis, . : : : ‘ 11 25 24 
Fodder and ash analysis, . : ; ‘ “al 2 68 
Fodder analysis, . ; ; : 0 24 6 
Milk analysis, . .. : ; - 0 62 2 
Determination of rennet value, . : ; : 18 18 0 
Determination of sugar, . : : : ; 20 0 0 
Moisture determination, . : ; 5 : ial 106 459 
Moisture and starch determination, . ‘ ‘ 0 0 45 
Fungicides and insecticides, . : : . 5 15 10 


The burning, April 5, 1891, of the barn erected for experi- 
ment purposes, together with the loss of valuable data and 
materials, has proved a serious hindrance to the work under- 
taken in the agricultural division. It is now being rebuilt, and © 
will be completed in time for the next season’s operations. 

The specific work of the different divisions during the year 
is briefly summarized in the reports of the several officers, here- 
with submitted : — 


24 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan. 


The Hntomological Division. 


The life-history of the bud moth (Tmetocera ocellana) has 
been completed and published in Bulletin No. 12, together with 
methods for its destruction. In the same bulletin were also 
published, with illlustrations, the life-histories of spittle insects, 
the squash bug, the pea weevil, the bean weevil, the May beetle, 
the plum curculio, the onion maggot, the cabbage butterfly, 
the apple-tree tent caterpillar, the forest tent caterpillar, the 
stalk-borer, the pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar, the grape- 
vine moth, the codling moth, the cabbage-leaf miner and the 
gartered plume moth. 

The studies on cranberry insects have been continued during 
the summer at the insectary, and also on the bogs of Barnstable 
and Plymouth counties during the months of July and August. 
The work has not been completed, but a preliminary bulletin 
on the subject will soon be issued. Experiments were per- 
formed with Paris green and London purple on cranberry vines, | 
to determine how large an amount may be used without injury 
to the vines, and also how small an amount will prove 
destructive to the vine worm, the results of which will appear 
in the preliminary bulletin. 

A series of experiments was performed with Paris green on 
apple-trees, to ascertain what conditions of weather cause the 
Paris green to affect the foliage the most unfavorably. 

Experiments were made with kerosene emulsion on red 
spiders and plant lice on rose bushes. 

A series of experiments was made to ascertain the smallest 
proportion of Paris green in water that would kill apple-tree 
tent caterpillars in their different molts, and also what propor- 
tion would prove the most saccessful in destroying them. 

Six Barnard moth traps were kept in the garden and orchard 
during the season. From these the insects were taken each 
day and determined, in order to ascertain whether the beneficial 
effect of the traps in collecting injurious insects was offset by 
the number of useful insects destroyed. 

The work on the card catalogue of insects and also on the 
biological collection for the insectary has been continued as 
time and circumstances permitted. 

Much time has been given to the scientific supervision of the 
work of destroying the gypsy moth in the eastern part of the 


iN 


“ 


Se < 


L ee 
Drawn by Joseph Bridgham. 


CYRSY UM@ TE. 


Helictype Printirig Co. Boston. 


— 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1}, 


’ 


eria d ispar, : he) 


ao the wings spread. 
| es —Female with the wings folded. 
es — Male with the wings spread. 
4 — Male with the nes folded. 


Full grown, | 


eggs on bark. 
Meer vas: 
gs ee 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 25 


State. This insect was accidentally introduced into Medford 
twenty-three years ago, and has spread from that place till it 
has now been found in more than twenty towns and cities. 
The moths emerge from the pupal stage in July, and, after 
mating, the female (plate 1, figs. 1 and 2) lays her eggs (figs. 
9 and 10, enlarged), in a cluster on the bark of trees (fig. 8) 
and in various other places. These egg clusters are covered 
with very fine yellowish hairs from the under side of the abdomen 
of the female, and do not hatch till the following May. As soon 
as the eggs hatch, the young caterpillars feed on the leaves of 
nearly all species of plants, and have proved especially injurious 
to fruit and ornamental trees. They grow rapidly and reach 
maturity in about six weeks, when they vary somewhat in size 
and appearance, as shown in figs. 6 and 7. They then change 
to the pupal stage (fig. 5) and in about two weeks the moths 
emerge. The males (figs. 3 and 4) differ from the females 
both in size and color. p 

During the past season several different species of parasites 
have been discovered attacking the gypsy moth, and these have 
been collected and referred to the best authorities for deter- 
mination. Some of them prove to be new to science, while 
others are among the most useful in holding our common native 
insects in check. 

This is undoubtedly one of the most dangerous insect pests 
that has threatened our Commonwealth and country, and every 
possible measure should be adopted for its destruction. For 
two years past the State has made appropriations for the exter- 
mination of this insect, and most vigorous efforts are being 
made in the infested towns to accomplish this purpose. It is 
highly important that our citizens in all parts of the Common- 
wealth should be able to recognize the insect in each of its 
stages, so that, if it should be found in any new localities, it 
may be reported to the gypsy moth committee in Malden, 
Mass. : 

To aid in recognizing this insect the plate given herewith has 
been prepared, and also twenty-four boxes, each containing a 
cluster of the eggs, three different sizes of the caterpillars 
inflated, a pupa, a male and a female moth with the wings 
spread and one of each with the wings closed, have been put 
on exhibition in the infested towns for the information of the 
people. 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | {Jan. 


The Meteorological Division. 


The work in the Meteorological department has been a con- 
tinuation of that begun in previous years. The object for which 
the observatory was established has been constantly kept in 
view ; namely, the gathering of useful meteorological data and 
its systematic arrangement, in order to facilitate the study of 
climatic changes and their direct bearing upon agriculture. A 
careful register of all meteorological phenomena and a full and 
minute record of every day since the establishment of the ob- 
servatory have been kept for future reference. The impor- 
tance of such records must be apparent, for all the peculiarities 
of the weather in any locality do not manifest themselves in a 
season. Natural conditions change and corresponding results 
follow ; extreme drought, copious rains, heavy snows, high and 
low mean temperatures are periodical, and occur as the result of 
cyclical atmospheric changes. Hence our knowledge of climatic 
and recurring local weather changes is not obtained from obser- 
vations made for a few years, but accurate and reliable deduc- 
tions can only be drawn from data covering at least a period of 
half a century. 

A careful record of the mean rainfall and temperature at 
Amherst has been prepared from the writings of the late Pro- 
fessor Snell of Amherst College, who began work in this direc- 
tion in 1836, so that the observatory is now in possession of an 
unbroken chain of data covering a period of fifty-five years. © 

Bulletins containing a daily and monthly summary of obser- 
vations are issued every month, and at the close of each year a 
summary for the twelve months is prepared; thus the more 
important results are placed in a condensed and useful form. 
The bulletins are sent to meteorological societies and signal 
stations in the various States, also to voluntary observers and 
other individuals who may apply for them. 

In addition to the regular routine work of the oheee eee 
a series of experiments with dynamical electricity and its 
influence upon vegetable growth has been undertaken. These 
experiments have been in progress for two years, and further 
observation will be made in this direction. Preparations are 
now in progress for testing various seeds, submitted to the 
influence of electric currents of different degrees of intensity, 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 27 


before planting, to ascertain whether seeds thus treated 
develop more rapidly in the soil, or whether their vitality is 
partially or wholly destroyed. For the lack of funds, experi- 
ments in this department must necessarily be carried on in 
a small, economical and inexpensive way, and the latter is 
often a detriment to the best results. It is hoped that means 
will soon be provided whereby more elaborate field experi- 
ments can be made concerning the direct and indirect influ- 
ence of atmospheric electricity upon the growth and develop- 
ment of plants. 

Since the agricultural department assumed charge of the 
weather bureau, the hearty co-operation of voluntary observers 
has been solicited, and daily forecasts and storm warnings 
promised to all those in country places who would display 
flags. That the movement is a wise and important one cannot 
be questioned, for many cases already can be cited where 
valuable crops have been saved from destruction through the 
timely warnings of the signal service; and it is the desire of 
the latter that these official forecasts should reach the remote as 
well as the more accessible agricultural districts. While this 
may not be fully realized, yet a great deal can be done toward 
furthering the work, and important service rendered the farmer 
in helping him to protect his crops. It seems proper that the 
observatory, situated as it is on the college grounds, in a rich 
and fertile agricultural section, should be provided with the 
necessary means for communicating storm and frost warnings 
to the surrounding farmers. 

It was recommended in the last annual report of this depart- 
ment that money be appropriated for flags used for signalling 
and telegraph instruments to be placed in the observatory, that 
direct communication might be had with the Weather Bureau 
at Washington. The expense of such equipment has been 
estimated at two hundred and fifty dollars. Arrangements were 
also made with the authorities at the central office to furnish 


this department with the official weather forecasts twice daily, 
and free of charge. 


The Agricultural Division. 


The Japanese millets mentioned in the last annual report, to- 
gether with two other species of millet and a number of varie- 
ties of Soja bean, have been under further trial. The millets 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


show remarkable cropping capacity. Panicum ttalicum in half- 
acre plots has yielded in one instance at the rate of seventy- 
two bushels of heavy seed and two and one-sixth tons of straw, 
and in another at the rate of seventy-six bushels of seed and 
two and one-fifth tons of straw per acre. This straw will be 
analyzed, but from its appearance it is judged that it must equal 
corn stover in feeding value. An experiment in feeding will 
be undertaken this winter. Another millet, Panicum crus gall, 
yielded at the rate of forty-two and a half bushels of seed and 
nearly seven tons of straw to the acre; and another, Panicum 
miliaceum, at the rate of ninety and eight-tenths bushels of seed 
and six and one-half tons of straw. The latter when green was 
eaten with all the avidity which cattle usually show for green 
corn fodder, and promises to be a valuable crop for soiling or 
for the silo. 

Several of the varieties of Soja bean, Glycine hispida, 
which have been under cultivation, prove well adapted to our 
soil and climate, and on soil of medium quality have yielded in 
different years from about twenty-five to thirty-five bushels to 
the acre. About eight bushels of these beans were ground into 
a fine meal by the local miller last winter, and an experiment 
in feeding the meal to milch cows would have been undertaken, 
had not the destruction of our barn by fire prevented. This 
experiment will be undertaken the present winter, upon a 
smaller scale, made necessary by the loss of our stock of seed. 

White mustard seed at the rate of about sixteen bushels per 
acre has been raised, and was ripe in season for use in seeding 
for green manuring upon stubble land and in standing corn. 
Careful experiments in the use of this crop as a nitrogen con- 
server and soil improver have been begun. : 

Hemp of two varieties and flax of three have been success- 
fully raised; but the experiment with flax, which occupied 
_ three-fourths of an acre, has demonstrated the impossibility, at 
present prices, of growing the crop at a profit in this section. 

Black Tartarian oats and early race-horse oats from Japan, 
and a large number of varieties of English and American 
wheats, both winter and spring, have been under trial upon a 
small scale. The most striking point brought out by these 
trials is the unsuitability of English wheats for this climate. 
They are very late and unusually susceptible to rust. Full 
reports on these crops will be published in future bulletins. 


/ 


1892. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 29 


The soil tests with fertilizers for corn in twelve localities of 
the State reported in Bulletin No. 14 confirm in a striking 
manner the conclusions presented in Bulletin No. 9. Both sets 
of experiments indicate the necessity of more potash than is 
usually employed for the growth of this crop, The grand 
average increase in hard corn and stover per acre in 1890, tak- 
ing all experiments into account, was as follows : — 


For potash, hard corn, 11.3 bushels ; ; stover, 1,308 pounds. 
For phosphoric acid, hard corn, 4.7 bushels; _—_ stover, 389 pounds. 
For nitrogen, hard corn, 3.6 bushels ; . stover, 162 pounds. 


Similar soil tests have been carried out in five localities this 
year with oats and potatoes. They show that oats, in particu- 
lar, differ in a marked degree in their requirements from corn, 
being greatly benefited by an application of nitrogen in the 
form of nitrate of soda. 

The soil tests of two years having led to the conclusion that 
potash should be more largely used both with fertilizers and 
manures, for corn, experiments have been carried out to test 
the correctness of this conclusion. In two experiments, occu- 
pying one-half an acre each, manure alone, applied at the rate 
of $30 worth per acre, gave at the rate of about 57 and 56 
bushels respectively of corn, and 3,840 and 3,800 pounds of 
stover per acre; while manure and potash, applied at the rate 
of $17.50 worth per acre, gave crops of about 54 and 52 
bushels respectively of corn, and 3,780 and 3,660 pounds of 
stover per acre. The larger application ( double ) of manure 
alone gave slightly the larger yields ; but the difference was by 
no means sufficient to pay for the larger amount of manure 
used. The difference in cost of manures was $12.50; in crops, 
about three bushels of corn and one hundred pounds of stover. 

An experiment with fertilizers, to test the conclusion alluded 
to above, was carried out upon another half acre. Fertilizers 
containing the average amounts of nitrogen, potash, and phos- 
phoric acid found in six special corn fertilizers in the market, 
and costing $13.66, gave a crop at the rate of about 55 bushels 
of hard corn and 4,100 pounds of stover ; while a fertilizer with 
less nitrogen and phosphoric acid and much more potash, and 
costing $10.70, gave at the rate of 56 bushels of corn and 4,300 
pounds of stover, — a slightly superior crop at considerably less 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


cost. A similar experiment with millet occupied another half 
acre, and this also showed the superiority of the cheaper com- 
bination of fertilizers. . 

The two experiments with fertilizers just alluded to were 
designed to serve also as a basis for comparison of millet and 
corn as grain crops. The millet yielded at the rate of about 
seventy-five bushels of seed and two tons of straw per acre; 
the corn fifty-six bushels of grain and a little over two tons of 
stover. The cost of labor was the greater for the millet; but 
until the crops are analyzed it is impossible to make an exact 
comparison. The millet has been ground, and makes an excel- 
lent meal. i 

The grand average of the milk analyses of the two samples 
(morning and night) of. the milk of all the cows in our herd 
~made in December, 1890, was 13.17 per cent. total solids and 
4.11 per cent. fat, thus being a little above the legal standard 
in this State. The milk of the Ayrshires (six cows) averaged 
13.29 per cent. solids and 3.78 per cent. fat; Holstein- 
Friesians (five cows), 12.10 per cent. solids, 3.26 per cent. 
fat; Shorthorns (four cows), 13.19 per cent. solids, 4.04 per 
cent. fat; Jerseys (three cows), 13.91 per cent. solids, 4.96 
per cent. fat; Guernsey (one cow), 16.36 per cent. solids, 6.79 
per cent. fat; grades (twenty-one cows), 13.23 per cent. 
solids, 4.18 per cent. fat. 


Horticultural Division. 


The work of this division has been carried on according to 
the plans made at the beginning of the year, the results of 
which have been published in full, or in part, in the quarterly 
bulletins. 

In Bulletin No. 11 are given the results of the use of fungi- 
cides and insecticides combined, for the destruction of insects 
and fungous growths attacking the same kinds of crops. In 
Bulletin No. 13 is given full instruction for the use of fungi- 
cides, and also fungicides and insecticides, when they can be 
successfully and economically combined, based upon the work 
of this station and the facts established by workers in the same 
line connected with other stations. 

During the past season duplicate experiments have been con- 
ducted by responsible parties in different parts of the State, and, 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 31 


as far as results have been reported, many important facts 
have been obtained. The object of this work has been two- 
fold: first, to increase the certainty of accurate results by 
having the work done by specialists, and in different parts of the 
State ; and second, to extend as much as possible the knowledge 
of the methods of using fungicides and insecticides. 

Among the results obtained the past season from all sources 
are the following : — 

It has been demonstrated beyond question that the apple 
crop can be saved from serious injury by the apple scab, and 
the injury from the larve of the codling moth can be largely 
prevented. 

That the rotting of the fruit of the peach and plum before 
fully ripe can be largely prevented, but in the use of copper 
salts on the peach foliage very dilute solutions must be made. 

That the pear and plum leaf blight can also be largely 
prevented, and that the plum wart, so destructive to our plum 
trees, can be prevented. 

That the potato blight, and the rot that soon failed can be 
largely prevented by using solutions of copper, and that, by 
the use of Paris green in the same mixture, the potato beetles 
are more certainly and economically destroyed than in any 
other way. 

Extensive experiments have been made in protecting peach 
buds from injury by cold; but, as the buds unprotected were 
not injured, no results were obtained the past season. We 
have, however, demonstrated that large trees, which have not 
been especially prepared for the purpose, can be laid down 
upon the ground at a very small expense and without injury. 

In the green-houses, the testing of the over-bench piping, as 
compared with the under-bench, resulted somewhat in favor of 
the latter, although the comparison for one season only is not 
sufficient to establish the matter beyond a doubt. 

The results of the comparative tests of the leading varieties 
of fruits have been of much interest. Among the apples, the 
Haas has proved for several years to be a very productive, 
hardy and handsome autumn apple of good quality, and the 
Excelsior peach, although medium in size, is of fine quality, 
and for the past five or six years has proved more hardy than 
any other variety. Among the plums, the Abundance, one of 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


the Japanese varieties, is very fine in quality, of good size, and 
very productive. 

The one grape that stands out as having especially valuable 
qualities, among the many new kinds, is the ‘‘ Winchell” or 
‘¢Green Mountain.” This is a very early, green grape of 
medium size and growth of vine, but of very fine quality, and, 
so far, free from disease. 

Among the small fruits, the red raspberry known as 
Thompson's Early Prolific has proved the earliest variety upon 
the grounds. It is hardy, of vigorous growth and good quality, 
and, if it proves as productive as the Cuthbert or Marlboro, it 
will be one of our most valuable varieties. Of the strawber- 
ries, those taking the highest rank are the ‘*‘ Beder Wood” and 
‘‘Parker Earle,” the first a very early, perfect-flowered variety, 
valuable for home use or market, grown in the matted row or 
in the hill, and the second a late variety, growing naturally in 
hills, yet producing runners enough for its rapid propagation. 

An effort is being made to test all the new varieties of large 
and small fruits, and such of the vegetables and flowers as may 
be sent to us for trial, but with limited means this is all that it 
has seemed advisable to undertake. The testing of all varie- 
ties of vegetables and flowers, in a comparative way, is of great 
importance to the people who cannot afford to spend the time 
and money necessary for this work. 

One of the pleasant duties connected with the work of this 
department has been answering the numerous questions sent to 
us upon all horticultural subjects, and receiving reports of the | 
interesting results obtained by those who are experimenting in 
a private way. All such questions or reports of results are 
earnestly solicited, and full credit will be given to the parties 
communicating them. 


1892. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 33 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


ANNUAL STATEMENT OF THE HATCH FUND. 


For the Year Ending June 30, 1891. 


Cash received from the United States, : , $15,000 00 
Cash paid, salary, . : ; ‘ ; ; $6,885 80 
library, . : : : : : 580 02 
labor, ‘ ; : : 1,697 00 
freight and express, : ; : LR 37 
printing, : : : ; : 1,681 45 
incidentals, ., « ‘ ‘ : 1,980 72 
supplies, : : : ‘ j 1,238 66 
general fittings, . : : : Hoo lio 
scientific instruments, . i : 381 80 
postage, . j : ; : 3 37 46 
furniture, ‘ , : s ; 96 05 
travelling expenses, s ' : TO 62 
———— $15,000 00 


AMHERST, Mass., Jan. 2, 1892. 

I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor for the corporation, do hereby 
certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experi- 
ment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1891, and have found the same well kept and correctly 
classified as above; and that the receipts for time named are shown to be 
$15,000, and the corresponding disbursements $15,000. All of the proper 
vouchers are on file, and have been by me examined and found correct, 
there being no balance to be accounted for in the fiscal year ending June 
30, 1891. J. HowE DEMOND, Auditor. 


Cash received for insurance on buildings and contents burned 
during the year, belonging to the station, : : : . $3,470 00 
Cash paid out for rebuilding, : aap en : : 1 62463 


$1,845 37 
Jan. 2, 1892. 
This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of the cash 
received and paid on money received for insurance on Hatch Agricultural 
building, and find balance of cash on hand of $1,845.37. 
J. Howk DEMOND, Auditor. 


I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the books of 
account of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College. FRANK E. PAIGE, Treasurer. 


I hereby certify that Frank E. Paige is the treasurer of the Massachusetts 
Agricultural College, and that the above is his signature. 
[Seal.] Henry H. GOopDELL, 
President Massachusetis Agricultural College. 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


GIFTs. 
From Sir Joun B. Lawes of England, — Nine volumes publications 
of the Rothamsted Experiment Station. 

Dr. J. H. Gitgert of England, — One volume of ‘ Occasional 
Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry.” 

Rosert WarrRINGTON of England, — Twenty-one naninets, 
results of investigations at the Rothamsted Experiment 
Station. ) | 

Epear H. Lipsy (M.A. C.,’74) of New York City, — Thirty- 
eight volumes and six pamphlets on agricultural and 
horticultural subjects. 

Wittiam 3B. Court of Montreal, Canada, — Forty-two 
volumes miscellaneous. | 

CuHar.es Suiru of Amherst, — Six volumes State documents. 

Amasa Norcross, Esq., of Fitchburg, — Six volumes official 
records of the war. 

Ropney WALLAcE, Esq., of Fitchburg,— Three volumes 
government publications. 

JOSEPH E. Ponp, Esq., of North Attleboro, — Four volumes 
bee journals. 

Joun W. Crark (M. A. C., 72) of Columbia, Mo., — Tran- 
sactions Missouri Fontdulttival Society. 

JoHN AITKEN, Esq., of Darroch, Falkirk, Scotland, —_ Two 
monographs on dew and hoar frost. 

Austin Peters (M. A. C., 81) of Boston, — ‘‘ Etiology of 
Outbreak of Disease among Hogs.” 

Hon. Greorce F. Hoar of Worcester, — Three volumes U. S. 
Geological Survey. 

Dr. F. W. Draper of Boston, — Report of State Board of 
Health. 

Miss Ereanor A. Ormerop of Spring Grove, England, — 
Report of observation of injurious insects. 

Prof. H. A. Frinx of Amherst,—‘‘ An Address Commemo- 
rative of Richard H. Mather.” 

E. W. Aten (M. A. C., ’85) of Washington, D. C., — Holz- 
gummi, Xylose und Xylonsaire. 

Wo. S. Lyons of Anaheim, Cal.,— Report California State 
Board of Forestry. 

Mrs. Grorce A. Brack of Portland, Me., — Land mammals 
of New England. 

Dr. Frank S. Birirines of Lincoln, Neb., — Three pamphlets 
on veterinary subjects. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 3D 


Hon. Cuartes Wuirenecan of London, England, — Report of 
intelligence department on injurious insects and fungi. 

Dr. Danie, Drarer of New York City, — Report of New 
York Meteorological Observatory, 1891. 

Dr. T. Westey Mitts of Montreal, Canada, — ‘‘Squirrels, 
their Habits and Intelligence.” 

J. H. Tryon of Willoughby, O., — ‘‘ Practical Treatise on 
Grape Culture.” 

Cuas. Turritt, Esq., of San Francisco, Cal.,— Three vol- 
umes Viticultural Commission. 

The Under Secretary for Agriculture of Brisbane, — Annual 
Report Department of Agriculture, 1890-91. 

The Director of Land Records and Agriculture of Madras, 
India, — Agricultural Bulletins, 1891. 

Henry Apams of Ambherst,—Samples of drugs commonly 
used in veterinary practice. 

Frep H. Fowier (M. A. C. ’87) of Waverly, Rhetorical 
prizes for 1892. 


Also the following papers and periodicals from the publish- 
ers: ‘* The Massachusetts Ploughman,” ‘‘ The American Cul- 
tivator,” ‘‘ The New England Farmer,” ‘* The American Veteri- 
nary Review,” ‘‘The American Garden,” ‘‘The Poultry 
Monthly,” ‘*‘ The Mirror and Farmer,” ‘‘ The American Grange 
Bulletin,” ‘«‘The Farm and Home,” ‘‘ The Berkshire Courier,” 
‘¢The Home Farm,” ‘‘ The Ohio Practical Farmer,” ‘‘ The 
Orange Judd Farmer,” ‘‘ The New England Homestead.” 

A legacy of five thousand dollars has been left the college by 
Mr. T. O.H. P. Burnham of Boston, but we understand that there 
is some doubt of its being received, as the heirs are contesting 
the provisions of the will. It would seem fitting that the col- 
lege be represented by its proper officers before the courts. 

I desire to call your attention to the reports of the professors 
of mental and political science and military science herewith 
submitted ; also to the reports in the experiment department ; 
and toa paper on ‘ Military instruction in Colleges,” by Lieut. 
Lester W. Cornish ; and one on ‘‘ Tuberculosis,” by Dr. James 
B. Paige. Respectfully submitted, 

CHARLES H. FERNALD, 
Acting President. 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


TREASURER’S 


REPORT. 


[ Jan. 


FRANK E. Paice, Treasurer of Massachusetts Agricultural College, for 
the Year ending Dec. 31, 1891. 


Cash on hand, . 

Term bill, 

Botanical, 

Farm, 

Expense, . 
Laboratory, 

Salary, 

Library F und, . 
Endowment Fund, 
State Scholarship Fund, 
Hills Fund, 

Grinnell Prize Fund, 
Whiting Street Fund, 
Mary Robinson Fund, 
Gassett Fund, . 4 
Extra instruction, 
Labor Fund, 
Insurance, 
Reading-room, 
Advertising, 


Gach on bandiidec teat 


Received. 


$3,688 34 
d,ol7 78 
4,756 35 
0,015 12 

47 19 
649 07 


871 01 
11,281 96 
15,000 00 

601 56 

45 00 
51 15 
60 44 
42 94 


9,000 00 


$502,427 91 


Paid. 


$2,197 95 
9,210 91 
SPU oil 
0,875 13 

483 22 

17,816 60 - 

371 OL 


662 72 
65 00 


9D 00 
50 00 
384 00 
6,630 97 
BUS 
124 35 
305 00 
2,986 99 


$52,497 91 


CASH BALANCE, AS SHOWN BY THE TREASURER’S STATEMENT, BELONGS 
TO THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNTS. 


Grinnell Prize Fund, 
Mary Robinson Fund, 
Hills Fund, 

Labor Fund, 

Whiting Street ime) 
Gassett Fund, 

Term Bills, 


General fund of Galles io 


$20 00 
188 18 
17 53 
1,148 06 
163 76 
1 76 
124 59 
1,323 11 


$2,986 99 


1892. ] 


CASH AND BILLS RECEIVABLE 
Farm, : : 


Term bills, 

Botanical, 

Laboratory, ; 

Cash on hand of decal shane) : ; ; 


Botanical account, 
Expense, . 

Farm account, . 
Labor fund, 

Term bill account, 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 


dl. 


Dec. 31, 1891. 


BILLS PAYABLE Dec. 31, 1891. 


VALUE OF REAL ESTATE. 


Land, 
College farm, .. : : 5 : : 
Pelham quarry, . - . : : ° 


Buildings. 
Laboratory, . : : : : : ° 
Botanic museum, . 
Botanic barn, ; 
Durfee plant-house ann ftir es, 
Small plant-house and fixtures, . 
North college, 
Boarding-house, : 
South dormitory, . : ° 
Graves house and barn, 
Farm-house, . : ; ; ‘ A : 
Farm barns and Ged! 
Stone chapel, 
Drill hall, 
President’s house, 
Four dwelling-houses and shed “en eiewe with 
farm, 


Botanical department, 


Farm, F Cane é : : : : 
ieNacatory, : : : : , 
Natural history eahlectio: - : 

Library: . : “ : ; . 

Fire apparatus, . ey tite : : ; . 
Piysies,. é : . . : : 
Boarding-house, . A : ° ° : 


Cost. 
$37,000 00 
500 00 


———r 


Cost. 
$10,360 00 
5,180 00 
1,500 00 
12,000 00 
800 00 
36,000 00 
8,000 00 
37,000 00 
8,000 00 
4,000 00 
14,500 00 
31,000 00 
6,500 00 
11,500 00 


10,000 00 


INVENTORY OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. 


37 


3 464 09 
1,320 26 
359 48 
336.55 
1,323 11 


$6,803 49 


$11 56 
468 99 
4,788 46 
302 21 
59 70 


$5,630 92 


$37,500 00 


196,340 00 


eee 


$233,840 00 


F ome 
$9,834 32 
16,464 50 

eG eel 
3,267 O04 
9,500 00 
500 00 
3,087 26 
400 00 


$44,692 89 


38 “AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


SUMMARY STATEMENT. 


Assets. 
Total value of real estate, per inventory, . $233,840 00 
Total value personal property, per inventory, 44,692 89 
Total cash on hand and bills:receivable, per 
inventory, ? 5 ; : : : ‘ 6,803 49 
Total, ; : : ; 
Liabilities. 


Bills payable as per inventory, : - ; 


FUNDS FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE. 


Technical Educational Fund, United States 
Grant, amount of, : , . $219,000 00 

Technical paesnot | Fund, State Grane. : 141,575 35 

By law two-thirds of the income is paid to the treasurer of 
the college, one-third to Institute of Snes a Amount 
received, 1891, 

State Scholarship Fund, $10, 000. 00. OER sum was wapronen 
ated by the Legislature, 1886, and is paid in ae pay- 
ments to the college treasurer, : 

Hills Fund of $10,000 in hands of palleoe eepsnne “This 
was given by L. M. and H. F. Hills of Amherst. By condi- 
tions of the gift the income is to be used for maintenance 
of abotanic garden. Income, 1891, 

Unexpended balance, Dec. 31, 1891, $17.53. 

Annual State appropriation of $10,000. This sum was appro- 
priated by Legislature of 1889, for four years, for the en- 
dowment of additional chairs and general expense. Five 
thousand dollars of the sum was appropriated as Labor 
Fund, to provide for the paying of labor performed is 
needy and worthy students, 

Grinnell Prize Fund of $1,000, in hands of eoreoe aoe er. 
Gift of Ex-Gov. William Claflin ; was cailed Grinnell Fund 
in honor of his friend. The iReone is appropriated for 
two prizes to be given for the best examination in agricul- 
ture by graduating class. Income, 1891, 

Unexpended balance, $20.00 

Mary Robinson Fund of $1,000, in hands of college treasurer, 
given without conditions. The income has been appro- 
priated to scholarships, to worthy and needy students. 
Income, 1891, 

Unexpended balance Dee. 31, 1891. $188, 18. 


Amount carried forward, . 


[ Jan. 


$285,336 38 


5,630 92 


$279,705 46 


$11,281 96 


10,000 00 


601 56 


10,000 00 


45 00 


60 44 


$31,988 96 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 39 


Amount brought forward, . P ; ‘ : $31,988 96 
Whiting Street Fund of $1,000, a bequest witht ‘aoncuian, 
To this sum is added $260 by vote of the trustees in Janu- 
ary, 1887, it being the interest accrued on the bequest. 
Amount of Fund Dec. 31, 1891, $1,260. Unexpended bal- 
ance of income, $163.76. Income, 1891, . ; , ; 51 15 
Library Fund, for use of library, $7,962.03. Deposited in 
Amherst Savings Bank. 
- Gassett Scholarship Fund; the sum of $1,000 was given by 
the Hon. Henry Gassett as a scholarship fund. Unex- 
pended balance, Dec. 31, 1891, $1.76. Income, 1891, . : 42 94 


SE 


Total, . ; , i : : ; : : : - $32,083 05 


To this sum should be added amount of tuition, room rent, receipts from 
sales of farm and botanic gardens; amount of same can be learned from 
statement of treasurer. Tuition and room rent under head of term bill. 


This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of F. E. 
Paige, treasurer of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, from Jan. 1, 
1890, to Jan. 1, 1892, and find the same correct, properly kept, and vouched 
for. The balance in treasury, being two thousand nine hundred and 
eighty-six and 5% dollars ($2,986.99), is shown to be in bank. 


C. A. GLEASON, Auditor. 
JAN. 8, 1892. 


A() AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


AMHERST, Mass., Dec. 10, 1891. 
To Prof. Chas. H. Fernald, Acting President. 


Sir:—TI have the honor to submit the following report in regard 
to matters pertaining to the military department. 


INSTRUCTION. 


Practical instruction in infantry, artillery, and sabre drill has been 
given to all the students not excused on account of physical disabil-— 
ity. Target practice at 200 and 300 yards has been held, when the 
weather was suitable, with fair results. Theoretical instruction has 
been given to the senior, sophomore, and freshman classes, both by 
lectures and from text-books, according to the schedule. 

When the new drill regulations are introduced, the time allowed 
the military department should be increased so that all the students 
can study them at the same time. 


UNIFORM. 


Some trouble is caused on the entrance of each class by the failure 
of a few students to pay promptly for their uniforms. As a remedy 
for this I reeommend that each student, when he is admitted to col- 
lege, be required to deposit with the treasurer, the sum of sixteen 
dollars to cover this necessary expense. After he has received his 
uniform, the amount not required to pay for it, can be returned to him. 


BUILDINGS. 


All the rooms in North College are now in good condition. The 
walls and ceilings of the rooms in South College are in very bad 
repair. The outside of the drill hall should be painted as soon as 
possible. I strongly recommend that a new floor be laid and a gal- 
lery be built in the drill hall. Concrete, of which the floor is at pres- 
ent constructed, is the worst material that could be used for such a 
purpose. Many guns have been injured on account of it; it 1s 
impossible to prevent the dust from arising from it, while the cadets 
are drilling, in such quantities as to cause much inconvenience ; and 
during the winter, the floor is always cold, making the drill very 
uncomfortable. A new floor of hard pine should be laid at once, for 


/ 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 4} 


use during the winter term, the best material being used in its con- 
struction. 

The cost of putting down such a floor will be $525. A gallery also 
is amuch needed improvement. At present, visitors have to stand 
on the floor, incommoding themselves and interfering with the drill, 
as there is no room to spare for their accommodation. A gallery of 
the required dimensions to seat one hundred persons can be con- 
structed at a cost of about $100. 

In regard to the method of lighting the college buildings I can only 
repeat my recommendations of the two previous years. The needs 
of the college grow more and more urgent every year. The best 
method of supplying this need is by the introduction of electricity. 
At present the danger from fire is very great and will continue as 
long as kerosene is used in such quantities and in the present 
manner. 

mi BATTALION ORGANIZATION. 

Commandant of Cadets:—LESTER W. CornisH, First Lieut. Fifth United 
States Cavalry. 

Field and Staff :—Major, E. T. CuarKx; Adjutant, H. E. Crane; Quarter- 
master, R. H. SmirH; Fire Marshal, C. S. Granam; Sergeant Major, F. H. 
HENDERSON; Quartermaster Sergeant, F. S. Hoyr. 

Color Guard. —Color Sergeant, C. A. SmirH; Color Corporals, H. J. 


’ Hartow, H. F. Srapres, and H. C. Davis. 


Band. — First Sergeant, E. H. LEHNERT; Drum Major, P. E. Davis. 


| Company A. Company B. 
Capt., G. B. WILLARD. Capt., W. I Boynton. 
First Lieut., G. E. TayLor. First Lieut., F. G. STOCKBRIDGE. 
Second Lieut., J. E. DEUEL. Second Lieut., C. M. HuBBaRb. 
First Sergt., A. E. MELENDY. First Sergt., L. W. SMITH. 
Second Sergt., G. F. CURLEY. Second Sergt., F. G. BARTLETT, 
Corporal, F. A. SMITH. Corporal, E. J. WALKER. 

Company C. Company D. 

Capt., E. ROGERS. Capt., H. B. EMERSON. 
First Lieut., E. B. HOLLAND. First Lieut., J. L. FIevD. 
Second Lieut., R. P. Lyman. - Second Lieut., H. M. THomson. 
First Sergt., H. D. Ciark. First Sergt., J. R. PERRY. 
Second Sergt , C. A. GoopricH. Second Sergt , J. E. Barprn. 
Corporal, J. BAKER. Corporal, E. A. Hawks. 


Military Prize. —W.H. Bowker, Class of ’71, and JOHN C. CUTTER, Class 


of ’72, have again offered a prize of $15.00 for the best military essay by a 


member of the graduating class. 


Respectfully submitted, 


2 


LESTER W. CORNISH, 


First Lieutenant Fifth United States Cavalry, 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL AND POLITI- 
CAL SCIENCE. 


Prof. Cuas. H. FERNALD, Acting President. 


Sir :— I present herewith the following report : — 
To the department of Mental and Political Science have been 


assigned mental science, political economy, constitutional history, 


rhetoric, the compositions of the junior class during the fall term, the 
essays, debates and theses of the senior class, and the Chaplaincy of 
the College. : 

Mental Science has for its object of study the mind itself, and the 
brain considered as the instrument of thought. The purpose has 
been steadfastly adhered to, of making the student familiar with the 
working of his own brain and acquainted with his own faculties of 
mind and powers of thought, to the end that he may train himself to 
think clearly, persistently, forcibly, to useful and practical ends. 


The phenomena of mind are pointed out that they may be carefully — 


observed, precisely defined, classified properly, and rationally inter- 
preted. The conditions and laws of thought are clearly set forth, so 
that the student, by fulfiling the conditions and obeying the laws, 
may discover his own mental weaknesses and remedy them, thereby 
training his senses to do better work, making his perceptions quicker 


and clearer, his memory stronger and more trustworthy, his imagina- 


tion more creative, his powers of generalization, of interpretation, of 
deductive and inductive reasoning more energetic and sure of reaching 
independent and truthful results. Especial care is taken to train the 
mind to collect data, to discriminate essentials from unessentials, to 
discover the law in phenomena, and from known laws to derive 
wider applications to particular cases and new problems. ‘These ends 
are made prominent that the agriculturist, or mechanic, may make his 
manual labor and many experiments profitable by knowing how to 
put thought into his work and to recognize the value of a new idea 
when he finds it. 

The study of mental science is pursued the first term of the senior 
year and so prepares the way for the course in Political Economy 
which follows in the winter term. Care is taken to make plain the 


ee 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 43 


elements of the science of American economics and to give the 
student such a knowledge of the essential data and of the accepted 
principles and methods of investigation and reasoning as shall enable 
him to understand the living questions of the day, to comprehend 
current discussions, and to arrive at conclusions which shall commend 
themselves to his own best judgment and be such as he shall be able 
to defend against attack. Especial pains are taken to show how the 
farmer, who has produced crops of the best quality, at the lowest 
cost, may exchange them to the best advantage and thus increase his 
own wealth while benefiting all classes of society. 

Constitutional History is taught the last term of the senior year, 
after the class has had the preparatory training in Mental Science 
and Political Economy. Beginning with the town, the student goes 
on to consider the city, the county, the State and the federal govern- 
ment. American political institutions are carefully examined, as 
they are set forth in constitutional and statute law and as they are 
embodied in the customs and habits of the people and of the parties. 
The excellencies and evils of our institutions are disclosed and 
remedies suggested and discussed. The history of our government 
is studied and the origin and evolution of present institutions are 
Shown. In all the work the end kept prominently before the mind is 
the practical one of fitting the young man for the duties of the 
citizen. 

The instruction in Rhetoric has been adapted to the varying neces- 
sities of different classes. The aim has been to teach the man to 
think clearly, forcibly and with discernment and good taste, and so 
let the clear, forcible and beautiful thought compel clearness, force 
and beauty in the style. While principles and rules have been taught, 
the necessity of practice has been insisted upon. Daily exercises in 
writing have been required from each student, together with more 
formal essays. ‘Topics have been assigned, which have compelled 
the writers to search far and wide for material; investigating things, 
consulting libraries, questioning men. 

In directing the essays of both classes, the idea of codperation has 
been kept prominently in view. Each man is required to do his best, 
to do original work in the investigation of the topic assigned him, 
and then to give the class, in the best form possible, the results of 
his labor, stimulated all the while by the assurance that he shall have 
the valuable results of the labors of all the other members of 
the class. In this way, during the last two years of his college 
course, the student is afforded a view of American and English men 
of letters and statesmen, and participates in a serious discussion of 
the practical and social questions of the day in the field of morals, 
economics, education and political life. 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


‘In the accomplishment of these several ends of the department, 
no one method has been exclusively used, but any and every method 
that has proved itself best adapted to the varying necessities of dif- 
ferent classes and to the requirements of the several individuals of 
each class. The student has never been sacrificed to the subject 
taught, but the endeavor has always been made to so present the sci- 
ence that it may be most thoroughly mastered by the pupil, in the 
shortest possible time, with the greatest ease and interest attainable 
under the circumstances. Text books and lectures, formal and 
informal, have been used. In the discussion of economic and politi- 
cal questions the constant aim of the lecturer has been simply to help 
the student to do his own thinking and to come to his own conclu- 
sions after a fair and full consideration of the facts and principles 
from the best points of view within reach. 

A very important duty has devolved upon the Professor of Mental 
and Political Science, requiring no small amount of time and strength. 
This is conducting morning prayers and the service on Sunday in the 
Stone Chapel. Guided strictly by the principles enjoined upon him 
by constitutional and statute law,* he has endeavored to avoid all 
sectarianism and to make all his ministrations tend to develop in his 
hearers the highest type of Christian manhood. 


Respectfully submitted, 
C. S. WALKER. 


* See Constitution of Massachusetts, chapter V., section II., and Statutes, chapter it 
section 15. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 45 


CALENDAR FOR 1892-93. 


1892. 
January 5, Tuesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
March 24, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 
April 5, Tuesday, spring term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
( Baccalaureate Sermon. 


June 19, Sunday. Address before the Young Men’s 


Christian Union. 


Class in Agriculture. 
Meeting of the Alumni. 


June 21, foeihay. 


) 
c 
Prize Speaking 
June 20, es Grinnell Prize Examination of the Senior 
| Military Exercises. 


President’s Reception. 


Commencement Exercises. 
June 22, Wednesday. 
Meeting of Trustees. 


June 23, Thursday, examinations for admission, at 9 a.m., Botanic 
Museum, Amherst; at Jacob Sleeper Hall, Boston University, 8 
Somerset street, Boston; and at the Sedgwick Institute, Great 
Barrington. 

September 6, Tuesday, examinations for admission, at 9 4.m., Botanic 
Museum. 

September 7, Wednesday, fall term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

December 23, Friday, fall term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1893. 
January 3, Tuesday, winter term begins, at 8.15. a.m. 
March 23, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


THE CORPORATION. 


Term expires 


THOMAS P. ROOT oF Barre Puains,  . Btn « 1898 
J. HOWE DEMOND orf Norruampton, . ‘ : By he) 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON or Lynnrfie.p, : : of Oe 
WILLIAM WHEELER orf Concorp, : i : - 1394. 
ELIJAH W. WOOD or West Newron, . | : .- 1895 
CHARLES A. GLEASON or New Bedell se 2 1895 
DANIEL NEEDHAM of Groton, . : : : . L896 
JAMES DRAPER or WorcEsTER, . ‘ : : « 21896 
HENRY S. HYDE of SpriInGFIELD, . 4 : ley bist 
MERRITT I. WHEELER or Great Bide eeee . of 1897, 
JAMES S. GRINNELL oF GREENFIELD, . 4 ‘ . LOG 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD of LitTLetTon, . F : » 1898 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER or Boston, : ‘ Mame ed Ls) 
J. D. W. FRENCH orf Bosron, : : : : eee 


Members Ex-Officio. 


His Exce,rLency Governor WILLIAM E. RUSSELL, President of 
the Corporation. 

HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College. 

JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of the Board of Education. 

WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. 


JAMES S. GRINNELL or GREENFIELD, 
Vice-President of the Corporation. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS or Hamppen, Secretary. 


GEORGE F. MILLS or AMHERST, Treasurer, pro tem. 


CHARLES A. GLEASON or New Braintree, Auditor. 


— 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 47 


Committee on Finance and Buildings.* 
JAMES S. GRINNELL. HENRY S. HYDE. 
J. HOWE DEMOND. CHARLES A. GLEASON. 
DANIEL NEEDHAM, Chairman. 


Committee on Course of Study and Faculty. * 


THOMAS P. ROOT. FRANCIS H. APPLETON. 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER. J. D. W. FRENCH. 


WILLIAM WHEELER, Chairman. 


Committee on Farm and Horticultural Departments. * 
ELIJAH W. WOOD. JAMES DRAPER. 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD. MERRITT I. WHEELER. 

WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Committee on Experiment Department. * 
DANIEL NEEDHAM. ELIJAH W. WOOD. 
WILLIAM WHEELER. JAMES DRAPER. 
WILLIAM R. SESSSIONS, Chairman. 


Board of Overseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. 


W. A. KILBOURN, : : . oF Sourn LANCASTER. 
A. C. VARNUM, ; ; ‘ . OF LOWELL. 

GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, . . OF FITCHBURG. 

P. M. HARWOOD, . : : - OF BARRE. 

DR. WILLIAM HOLBROOK, . - OF PALMER. 

C. A. MILLS, . = ‘ t . OF SouTH WILLIAMSTOWN. 


The Faculty. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D., President, 
Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 


* The President of the college is ex-officio a member of each of the above committees. 


48 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 


Professor of Agriculture, Honorary. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B. Sc., 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B. Sc., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


CHARLES WELLINGTON, Ph. D., 
Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, Ph. D., 
Professor of Zoology. 


Rev. CHARLES 8S. WALKER, Ph. D., 
Professor of Mental and Political Science. 


WILLIAM P. BROOKS, B. Se., 
Professor of Agriculture. 


LESTER W. CORNISH, Isr Lieut. 5TH Cavatry, U.S. A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


GEORGE F. MILLS, M. A., 
Professor of English. 


JAMES B. PAIGE, V.S., 
Professor of Veterinary Science. 


ROBERT W. LYMAN, 
Lecturer on Farm Law. : 


HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D., 
Librarian. 


FRED S. COOLEY, B. Sc., 
Farm Superintendent. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 49 


Graduates of 1891.* 
Arnold, Frank Luman (Boston Univ.), . .. Belchertown. 
Brown, Walter Augustus (Boston Univ.), . Feeding Hills, 
Carpenter, Malcolm Austin (Boston Uniy.),. Leyden. 
Eames, Aldice Gould (Boston Univ.), . . North Wilmington. 


Felt, Ephraim Porter (Boston Univ.), . . Northborough. 
Field, Henry John (Boston Univ.), . Leverett. 

Gay, Willard Weston (Boston Univ.), . . Georgetown. 
Horner, Louis Frederic (Boston Univ.), . Newton Highlands. 
Howard, Henry Merton (Boston Univ.), . Franklin. 


Hull, Jr., John Byron (Boston Univ.), . . Stockbridge. 

Johnson, Charles Henry (Boston Univ.), . Prescott. 

Lage, Oscar Vidal Barboza (Boston Univ.), Juiz de Fora, Minas-Geraes, 
Brazil. 

Legate, Howard Newton (Boston Univ.), . Sunderland. 

Magill, Claude Albion (Boston Univ.), . Ambherst. 

Paige, Walter Cary, (Boston Univ.), . . Ambherst. 

Ruggles, Murray (Boston Univ.), . : . Milton. 

Sawyer, Arthur Henry (Boston Univ.), . Sterling. 

Shores, Harvey Towle (Boston Univ.),. . West Bridgewater. 

Total, : \ : : ; : ; : : : : 18. 


Senior Class. 
Beals, Alfred Tennyson, : : : . Greenfield. 


Boynton, Walter Ira, __.. , ; . North Amherst. 
Clark, Edward Thornton, : § . Granby. 
Crane, Henry Everett, . : - : . Weymouth. 
Deuel, James Edward, . : 2 ; . Ambherst. 
Emerson, Henry Bennett, ‘ 5 : . Gloucester. 
Field, Judson Leon, ; : : ; . Leverett. 
Fletcher, William, . : : ‘ : . Chelmsford. 
Graham, Charles Sumner, : ‘ : » Holden. 
Holland, Edward Bertram, . ‘ : . Amherst. 
Hubbard, Cyrus Moses, . é : : . Sunderland. 
Knight, Jewell Bennett, : : : . Belchertown. 
Lyman, Richard Pope, . : : 3 .- Boston. 
Plumb, Frank Herbert, . , ‘ ; . Westfield. 
Rogers, Elliot, ; : - is, rh . Allston. 
Smith, Robert Hyde, : ‘ : f . Amherst. 
Stockbridge, Francis Granger, : . Northfield. 
Taylor, George Everett, : - : . Shelburne. 
Thomson, Henry Martin, : : : . Monterey. 
West, Homer Cady,..: /., ., +... «, Belchertown. 
Willard, George Bartlett, zt ; : . Waltham. 
Williams, Milton Hubbard, . : ; » Sunderland. 
Total, ’ ’ ‘ . F ; ; } ; : ort Dee 


-* The annual report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two aca- 
demic years, and the catalogue. bears the names of such students as have been con- 
nected with the college during any portion of the year 1891. 


50 


Junior Class. 

Baker, Joseph, 
Bardin, James Edgar, 
Bartlett, Fred Goff, 
Clark, Henry Disbrow, . 
Curley, George Frederick, 
Davis, Herbert Chester, . 
Goodrich, Charles Augustus, . 
Harlow, Francis Turner, 
Harlow, Harry James, 
Hawks, Ernest Alfred, 
Henderson, Frank Howard, 
Howard, Edwin Carleton, 
Hoyt, Franklin Sherman, 
Kellogg, John Hawkes, . 
Lehnert, Eugene Hugo, . ; 
Melendy, Alphonso Edward, . 
Pember, Walter Stephen, . 
Perry, John Richards, . : 
Ranney, William Henry, 
Sedgwick, Benjamin, 
Smith, Cotton Atwood, 
Smith, Fred Andrew, 
Smith, Luther Williams, ; : 
Staples, Henry Franklin, : : : 
Tinoco, Luiz Antonio Ferreira, 
Walker, Edward Joseph, 

Total, : ; 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


[ Jan. 


Dudley. 

Dalton. 

Hadley. 

Plainfield. 

Upton. 

Amherst. 

Hartford, Conn. 
Marshfield. 
Shrewsbury. 
Williamsburg. . 
Lynn. 

Wilbraham. 
Newtown, Conn. 
Hartford, Conn. 
Clinton. 

Sterling. 

Walpole. 

Boston. ° 

South Ashfield. 
Cornwall Hollow, Conn. 
North Hadley. 
Lynn. 

Ashfield. 
Leominster. 
Campos, Rio Janeiro, Brazil. 
West Berlin. 


26. 


Sophomore Class. 


Alderman, Edwin Hammond, 

Austin, John, . 

Averell, Fred Gilbert, 

Bacon, Linus Hersey, 

Bacon, Theodore Spalding, 

Barker, Louis Morton, ; 

Barton, Charles Henry, . ; 5 
Boardman, Edwin Loring, 

Brown, Charles Leverett, 

Cook, Jay Erastus, . 

Curtis, Arthur Clement, . 

Cutter, Arthur Hardy, 

Davis, Perley Elijah, , 

Dickinson, Eliot Taylor, : : 

Duffield, William Charles, 

Fowler, Halley Melville, 

Fowler, Henry Justin, ; : ; 
Gifford, John Edwin, . ’ : 4 : 


Middlefield. 
Belchertown. 
Amherst. 
Spencer. 
Natick. 
Hanson. 
Dalton. 
Sheffield. 
Feeding Hills. 
Hadley. 
Littleton Common. 
Pelham, N. H. 
Worcester. 
Amherst. 
Quincy Point. 
South Gardner. 
North Hadley. 
Brockton. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 


Goessmann, Louis Edward, 
Goodell, John Stanton, . 
Greene, Frederic Lowell, 
Greene, Ira Charles, 
Higgins, Charles Herbert, 
Howard, Samuel Francis, 
Johnson, Charles Frederic, 
Jones, John Horace, 
Keith, Thaddeus Fayette, 
Kirkland, Archie Howard, 
Lewis, Henry Waldo, 
Lounsbury, Charles Pugsley, 
Manley, Lowell, 
Mann, Henry Judson, 
Marvin, Samuel Barnard, 
Merwin, George Henry, . 
Morse, Alvertus Jason, . 
Morse, Elisha Wilson, 
Park, Fred Ware, . : 
Parker, Frank Ingram, . 
Parker, Jacob, _ : 
Pomeroy, Robert Ferdinand, . 
Putnam, Joseph Harry, . 
Robbins, Dana Watkins, 
Sanderson, William Edwin, . 
Sanford, George Otis, . 
Shepard, Lucius Jerry, . 
Smead, Horace Preston, 
Smith, George Eli, . : 
Smith, Ralph Eliot, 
Spaulding, Charles Harrington, 
Stockwell, Harry Griggs, 
Streeter, Albert Richmond, 
Sullivan, Maurice John, 
Toole, Stephen Peter, 
Walker, Claude Frederic, i 
White, Elias Dewey, : : 
Total, ; : : - 


Amherst, 
Amherst. 
Shrewsbury. 
Fitchburg. 
Dover. 
Wilbraham. 
Littleton. 
Pelham. 
Fitchburg. 
Norwich. 
Rockland. 
Allston. 
Brockton. 
Maplewood. 
Richford, Vt. 
Westport, Conn. 
Belchertown. 
Brockton. 

South Chelmsford. 
Pittsfield. 
Plymouth. 
South Worthington. 
West Sutton. 
Walpole. 
Hingham. 
Winchendon. 
Oakdale. 
Greenfield. 
Sheffield. 
Newton Centre. 
East Lexington. 
Sutton. 
Cummington. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 

South Sherborn, 


Freshman Class. 


Bagg, Edward Oren, 
Ballou, Henry Arthur, . 
Bemis, Waldo Louis, . 
Billings, George Austin, : 
Brown, Mendall Howard, 
Brown, William Clay, . 
Burgess, Albert Franklin, . 
Clark, Edile Hale, . : : 
Cooley, Robert Allen, . ‘ 


West Springfield. 
West Fitchburg. 
Spencer. 

South Deerfield. 
Amherst. 
Peabody. 
Rockland. 
Spencer. 

South Deerfield. 


55. 


51 


a2 


Crehore, Charles Winfred, . ; : 
Davis, Alfred, . 

Dickinson, Charles Morrison, 

Drury, Ralph Willard, . ; : 
Dwyer, Elmer Francis, : : : 
Fairbanks, Herbert Stockwell. ; , : 
Foley, Thomas Patrick, . 

Frost, Harold Locke, 

Haskell, Ernest Albert, 

Hemenway, Herbert Daniel, . 
Henderson, Edward Harris, . 
Hubbard, Guy Augustus, 

Jones, Robert Sharp, 

Kuroda, Shiro, 

Lane, Clarence Bronson, 

Marsh, Jasper, 

Mason, Amos Hall, 

Morse, Walter Levi, ‘ ‘ : 
Potter, Daniel Charles, . ; 5 
Read, Henry Blood, 

Root, Wright Asahel, . 

Sastré Verand, Salome, . 


Shaw, Frederic Bridgman, 
Smith, Arthur Bell, ‘ : 
Stevens, Clarence Lindon, 

Taylor, Effod Earl, : ‘ 
Tobey, Frederic Clinton, : ; 
Volio, Enrique Tinoco, . 

Warren, Frank Lafayette, 

Weed, Percy Loring, : 
Wentzell, William Benjamin, 
White, Edward Albert, 


Williams, John Sherman, : ; 
Woodbury, Roger Atwater, . .. : 
Total, ; F : : - 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


{Jan. 


Chicopee. 
West Roxbury. 
Park Ridge, Ill. 
Athol Centre. 
Lynn. 
Amherst. 
Natick. 
Arlington. 
Amherst. 
Williamsville. 
Malden. 
Ashby. 
Dover. 
Shobara, Japan. 
Killingworth, Conn. 
Danvers Centre. 
Medfield. 
Middleborough. 
Fairhaven. 
Westford. 
Deerfield. 
Had, Esquipulas, Cundua- 

ean, Tabasco, Mexico. 
South Amherst. 
North Hadley. 
Sheffield. . 
North Amherst. 
West Stockbridge. 
San José, Costa Rica. 
Shirley. 
Boston. 
Amherst. 
Fitchburg. 
Middleborough. 
Cheshire, Conn. 

A3. 


Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Station. 


Arnold, B. Se., Frank Luman (Boston ee 
Cooley, B. Se., Fred Smith, : 
Court, William Boyce (Mcgill Univ); 
Crocker, B. Sc., Charles Stoughton (Boston 
Unive : ; 
Field, B. Se., Henry Tet (aosten ney 
Haskins, B. Se., Henry Darwin, (Boston 
Univ.), : : : : : : 
Johnson, B. Sc., Charles Henry (Boston 
Daiv. ie ‘ : A : 5 ; 


Belchertown. 
Sunderland. 
Montreal, Canada. 


Sunderland. 
Leverett. 


North Amherst. 


Prescott. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — 


Jones, B. Se., Charles Howland oe 
Univ.), 
Loring,-B. Sc., Fae Saienel dBiston Unie. ys 
Moore, Bb. Se., Robert Bostwick (Boston 
Univ.), , 4 : ‘ : ‘ 
Ono, B. Agr., Saburo (Sapporo Agricultural 
Dallege),.: ‘ 
Parsons, B. Sc., Wilfred Mihetion. . 
Shepardson, B. Se., William Martin Boston 
Univ.), 
Smith, B. Sc., redéric ee (Boston Uaiv.y, 
West, B. Sce., John Sherman (Boston Univ.), 
Williams, B. Sc., Frank Oliver (Boston 
WHTY,),. 2 - , 
Woodbury, B. Sc., Herbert Bivvell, 
Total, : ; : : : ‘ . 


| Summary. 
Resident Graduates, ; ' ‘ ‘ ; 
Graduates of 1891, . ; ; ‘ ‘ : 
Senior class, . ; See ‘ : : 
Junior class, . ‘ : ; : : : 
Sophomore class, . eye ‘ ; . 
Freshman class, . 4 4 : ; ; 


Total, % . - ; : - : 
Counted twice, : , ; : ; ; 


Total, ‘ ; ; - : é : 


No. 3l. 


Downer’s Grove, Ill. 
Shrewsbury. 


Framingham. 


Ono, Echizen, Japan. 


Southampton. 


Warwick. 
North Hadley. 
Belchertown. 


Sunderland. 
Gloucester. 


17. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


54 


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PUBLIC 


1892. ] 


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56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan, 


TEXT BOOKS. 
Woop — “ The American Botanist and Florist.” 
Gray —“ Manual.” 
Lone — “ How to Make the Garden Pay.” 
Lone — “ Ornamental Gardening.” 
FULLER — “ Practical Forestry.” 
MAYNARD —“ Practical Fruit Grower.” 
McALPINE — “ How to know Grasses by their Leaves.” 


FISHER — ‘“‘ Classbook of Elementary Chemistry.” 
Roscor —“ Lessons in Elementary Chemistry.” — 
ROSCOE AND SCHORLEMMER — ‘“‘ Treatise on Chemistry.” 
WILLs — “ Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis.” 
FRESENIUS — ‘“* Qualitative Chemical Analysis.” 
FRESENIUS — “ Quantitative Chemical Analysis.” 
Dana —“ Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology.” — 
BrusH —‘“ Manual of Determinative Mineralogy.” 
WELLS —“ College Algebra.” 

Dana — “ Mechanics.” 

WENTWORTH — “ Plane and Solid Geometry.” 
CARHART — “ Surveying.” 

WARNER —“ Mensuration. ’ 

WELLs —“ Plane and Spherical Trigonometry.” 
ATKINSON’S GANoT’S PHYSICS. 

Loomis — ** Meteorology.” 


PorTER —‘‘ The Elements of Intellectual Science.” 
GENUNG — “ The Practical Elements of Rhetoric.”’ 
WALKER —“ Political Economy,” abridged edition. 
Emerson — “ Evolution of Expression.” 


Lock woop —“ Lessons in English.” 

Comstock — “ First Latin Book.” 

CSAR —‘ The Invasion of Britain.” 

WHITTIER, No. 4; LONGFELLOW, Nos. 33, 34, 35; LOWELL, No. 39 — 
“ Riverside Literature Series.” 

SPRAGUE — “ Six Selections from Irving’s Sketch-Book.” 

Hupson —“‘ Selections of Prose and Poetry.” Webster, Burke, Addison, 
Goldsmith, Shakespeare. ) 

GENUNG — “ Handbook of Rhetorical Analysis.” 

WHITNEY — “ French Grammar.” 

KELLOGG — “ English Literature.” 

W HITE —“ Progressive Art Studies.’’ 


To give not only a practical but a liberal education is the aim in 
each department ; and the several courses have been so arranged as 
to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition and 
declamation are held throughout: the course. The instruction in 
agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical. A 
certain amount of labor is required of each student, and the lessons 


| 
' 
| 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 


of the recitation room are practically enforced in the garden and 
field. Students are allowed to work for wages during such leisure 
hours as are at their disposal. Under the act by which the college 
was founded instruction in military tactics is made imperative ; and 
each student, unless physically debarred,* is required to attend such 
exercises as are prescribed, under the direction of a regular army 
oflicer stationed at the college. 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the freshman class are. examined, 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English grammar, 
geography, arithmetic, algebra, to quadratic. equations including 
radicals, the metric system, and the history of the United States. 
The standard required is sixty-five per cent. on each paper. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also in 
the studies gone over by the class to which they desire admission. 

No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years of 
age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of good 
character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are requested 
to furnish the examining committee with their standing in the schools 
they have last attended. The previous rank of: a candidate will be 
considered in admitting him. The regular examinations for admission 
are held at the Botanic Museum, at nine o’clock a.m., on Thursday, 
June 23, and on Tuesday, September 6; but candidates may be 
examined and admitted at any other time in the year. For the 
accommodation of those living in the eastern part of the State, exami- 
nations will also be held at nine o’clock a.m., on Thursday, June 23, 
at Jacob Sleeper Hall, Boston University, 8 Somerset Street, Boston ; 
and, for the accommodation of those in the western part of the 
State, at the same date and time, at the Sedgwick Institute, Great 
Barrington, by James Bird. 


ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS USED IN 1891. 


Metric System. 
When and where did the Metric System originate ? 
What is the base of the Metric System? 
Name the principal units and give their equivalents. 
4. Write the tables for Long Measure and Liquid Measure. 


Co bo Re 


* Certificates of disability must be procured from Dr. D. B. N. Fish of Amherst. 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


5. How many ares in a floor 1.25 metres long and 8.7 metres 
wide? | 

6. How many metres of a carpet nine decimetres wide will cover 
a floor six metres long and five and four-tenths metres wide? and 
what would be the cost of the carpet, at $2.50 a centare? 

7. In 2 miles, 6 furlongs, 39 rods, and 5 yards, how many kilo- 
metres ? 

8. What will be the cost of a pile of wood 42.5 metres long, 2 
metres high, 1.9 metres wide, at $2 per stere? | 

9. <A grocer buys butter at $0.28 per pound, and sells it at $0.60 
per kilogram. Does he gain or lose, and what per cent. ? 

10. A merchant bought 240 metres of silk at $2, and sold it at 
$1.95 per yard. Did he gain or lose, and how much? 


Grammar and Composition. 

1. Define Etymology ; Syntax. 

2. What is meant by Parts of Speech? Name them. 

3. How many cases are there? Which parts of speech have 
case? Name the regular constructions in which the objective case is 
used. 

4. What is conjugation? Name the modes of the verb. What 
is tense? Name the tenses of the indicative mode. } 


5. What is a sentence? How are sentences classified according 


to form? What is a clause? a phase? 
6. Parse the words in italics in the following : 


Stand! the ground’s your own my braves ! 
Will ye give a wp to slaves? 

Will ye look for greener graves ? 
Hope ye mercy still 2 

7. Construct a complex declarative sentence from words in the 
above lines. 

‘8. Write correctly the following sentences: (a) Tom stared at 
me and I wished I was home. (0) There was a grand baloon 
ascension which landed at west roxbury. (c) Where did you get 
that book from? You hadn’t ought to have it. 

9. Write the title of any six books that you have read since Jan. 
1,1889. 10. Write a composition of at least one hundred words on 
one of the following subjects: (a) My purpose in entering the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College. (b) The Life of a Farmer. 
(c) Base-ball. | 

Arithmetic. 

1. Whatis a prime number? a composite number? Give examples 
of each. 

2. Find the least common multiple of 30, 32, 36, 40, 48. 


| _ 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 59 

38. Write down in the order of their magnitude 4';, 7%, 54, 43- 

4. Divide 34 of 11$-+-74 by 2 of 74. 

5. Define Proportion and solve the following problem: If a man 
walk 96 miles in 5 days, walking 6 hours a day, in how many days 
will he walk 480 miles, walking 5 hours a day. 

6. Define Simple and Compound interest. Find the interest on 
$2,438.80 from January 3 to May 26 at four per cent. per annum. 

7. Goods which cost $35 are sold for $42: find the profit per cent. 

8. Find the cube root of 2,222. 447,625. 

9. What is. the difference between Bank Discount and true 
Discount? Find the Present Value of a bill for $907.20 due two 
years hence at four per cent. 

10. . How much will a load of wood 12 feet long, 44 feet wide, 
and 42 inches high cost at $8 per cord? 


Algebra. 


1. What is an algebraic expression? 


2. Define coefficient, exponent, trinomial, and give the law of signs 
in Multiplication and Division. 


3. Divide x° + 8y° — 1252? + 30xyz by «+ 2y — dz. 
4. Reduce to its lowest terms : 


we”? — 8% +-5 x”? — x — 20 
——— and —— 
2a? — 13a”+ 21 207— Ta—15 
5. Solve: 24-+-1 8 2%—1 


. 2a—1 4¢°—1 241 
6. Solve: 3a—2y= 28. 
20% + 5y= 63. 
7. Find the cube root of : 
e+ 1 — 6a — 6a + 15a? + 1dat — 202. 


8. Divide «—dai—32. +1 by—ai—l. 
9. Find the square root of 75-+ 12 A 21. 


WO Solve A/ 922 oo — 16 — A/ x. 


Geography. 


1. Describe the processes by which the water of the sea returns . 
to the sources of the rivers. 

2. Account for the difference of temperature, in our latitude, in 
January and July. 

3. “Name five prominent peninsulas of North America. 


60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


4. Name the States in which these lakes are located: Moosehead, 
Okeechobee, Winnepesaukee, Pontchartrain, Itasca. 

5. Draw an outline map of Massachusetts, and locate upon it the 
following: (a) Cities and towns, — Boston, Lowell, Springfield, 
Amherst, Plymouth. (0) Rivers, — Merrimac, Charles, Connecticut. 
(c) Mountains, — Holyoke, Wachusett, Greylock. 

6. Bound South Dakota. Describe the shortest water route from 
New York to San Francisco. : 

7. In which State and on what river is each of these cities located : 
Memphis? Rochester? Richmond? Vicksburg? St. Paul? Bangor? 

8. On what waters would one sail in making a voyage from 
Liverpool to Venice? 

9. In what country and on or near what water are the following : 
Amsterdam? Lisbon? Naples? Antwerp? Calcutta? Sydney? 
Tokio? Odessa? Marseilles? Hamburg? | | 

10. Name any six political divisions of Asia. 


United States History. 


1. When, where, and by whom was the first permanent settlement 
made in our country? What permanent settlements were made by 
the English? by the French? 

2. What three kinds of colonial governments were there? Out- 
line each, and name the colonies that were under each. When did 
the colonies become States? When did the nation begin? 

3. In what year and where did the first Continental Congress 
meet? What important resolution did it adopt? In what year and 
where did the second Continental Congress meet? What important 
State paper did it issue? How long did this Congress continue its 
sessions ? 

4. Name three patriot generals and three British generals of the 
Revolutionary War. Write a short account of any battle rea in 
Massachusetts during the Revolutionary War. 

5. How did African slavery originate in the United States, and 
how was it abolished ? | 

6. Name five citizens of Massachusetts who rendered distinguished 
services to the government in the Civil War. 

7. Name the State or States in which occurred any battle or ba 
tles during the Civil War? 

8. What States have been admitted to the Union since the close 
of the Civil War. 

9. Name the presidents who page held office for two terms. In 
which Congressional district do you reside, and who is the Represen- 
tative in Congress from your district ? 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 381. 61 


10. What is the latest purchase of territory by the United States ? 


Of whom was this purchase made? 
a 


DEGREES. 

Those who complete the course receive the degree of Bachelor of 
Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, 
who is president of the corporation. 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, become 
members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive its 
diploma in addition to that of the ‘college, thereby becoming entitled 
to all the privileges of its alumni. 


EXPENSES. 
Tuition, in advance : — 
Fall term, . ; ; : ; § 30 00 
Winter term, . 4 f , 25 00 
Summer term, . ; A : 25 00 $ 80 00 $ 80 00 
Room rent, in advance, $8 to $16 per term, . 24 00 48 00 
Board, $2.50 to $5 per week, ‘ : : a Oa 99000. 190200 
Fuel, $5 to $15, : ; ; : : i ; 5 00 15 00 
Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, : , : 11 40 22 80 
Miliiemystiis oC ee sae, LOTS, lovee 
Expenses per year, . { s : ] i é H2ol Lo. hock od 


Board in clubs has been two dollars and forty-five cents per week ; 
in private families, four to five dollars. The military suit must be 
obtained immediately upon entrance at college, and used in the drill 
exercises prescribed. For the use of the laboratory in practical 
chemistry there will be a charge of ten dollars per term used, and 
also a charge of four dollars per term for the expenses of the 
zoological laboratory. Some expense will also be incurred for lights 
and for text books. Students whose homes are within the State of 
Massachusetts can in most cases obtain a scholarship by applying to 
the senator of the district in which they live. 


THE LABOR FUND. 


The object of this fund is to assist those students who are dependent 
either wholly or in part on their own exertions, by furnishing them 
work in the several departments of the college. The greatest oppor- 
tunity for such work is found in the agricultural and horticultural 
departments. Application should be made to Professors Wm. P. 


a AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Brooks and Samuel T. Maynard respectively in charge of said depart- 
ments. Students desiring to avail themselves of its benefits must 
bring a certificate signed by one“of the selectmen of the town in 
which they are resident, certifying to the fact that they require aid. 


ROOMS. 


All students, except those living with parents or guardians, will be 
required to occupy rooms in the college dormitories. 

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 
following measurements are given: In the new south dormitory’ the 
study rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess seven 
feet four inches by three feet; and the bedrooms are eleven feet two 
inches by eight feet five inches. ‘This building is heated by steam. 
In the north dormitory the corner rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, 
and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet. The inside rooms are 
thirteen feet and one-half by fourteen feet and one-half, and the 
bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal stove is furnished with each 
room. Aside from this all rooms are unfurnished. Mr. Thomas 
Canavan has the general superintendence of the dormitories, and all 
correspondence relative to the engaging of rooms should be with him. 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 
ESTABLISHED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS. 


Mary Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of Miss 
Mary Robinson of Medfield. 

Whiting Street Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Whiting Street, Esq., of Northampton. 

Henry Gassett Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of Henry 
Gassett, Esq., of North Weymouth. 

The income of the above funds is assigned by the faculty to 
worthy students requiring aid. 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free scholar- 
ship for each of the congressional districts of the State. Application 
for such scholarships should be made to the representative from the 
district to which the applicant belongs. The selection for these 
scholarships will be determined as each member of Congress may pre- 
fer; but, where several applications are sent in from the same dis- 
trict, a competitive examination would seem to be desirable. Appli- 


1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. | 63 


cants should be good scholars, of vigorous constitution, and should 
enter college with the intention of remaining through the course, and 
then engaging in some pursuit connected with agriculture. 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The Legisiature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor of 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years, 
from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to enable 
the trustees of said college to provide for the students of said institution, 
the theoretical and practical education required by its charter and the law 
of the United States relating thereto. | 

Resolved, That annually, for the term of four years, eighty free scholar- 

ships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Common- 
wealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by the 
“president of the college, at such time and place as the senator then in 
office from each district shall designate; and the said scholarships shall 
be assigned equally to each senatorial district. But, if there shall be less 
than two successful applicants for scholarships from any senatorial district, 
such scholarships may be distributed by the president of the college equally 
among the other districts, as nearly as possible; but no applicant shall 
be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an examination in 
accordance with the rules to be established as hereinbefore provided. 


The Legislature of 1886 passed the following Resolve, making 
perpetual the scholarships established : — 


Resolved, 'That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty-six 
of the Resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three be given and 
continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter. 


In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission to 
the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholarship. 
Blank forms of application will be furnished by the president. 


EQUIPMENT. 
BoTANIcAL DEPARTMENT. 


Botanic Museum. — This contains the Knowlton Herbarium, con- 
sisting of over ten thousand species of flowering plants and vascular 
cryptogams, to which have been added the past season several col- 
lections of mosses, lichens and fungi; a collection of models of 
nearly all of the leading varieties of apples and pears; a large col- 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


lection of specimens of wood, cut so as to show their individual struc- 
ture; numerous models of tropical and other fruits; specimens of 
abnormal and peculiar forms of stems; fruits, vegetables, etc. ; 
many interesting specimens of unnatural growths of trees and plants, 
natural grafts, etc. ; together with many specimens and models, pre- 
pared for illustrating the growth and structure of plants, and inclu- 
ding a model of the ‘‘ giant squash,” which raised by its expansive 
force the enormous weight of five thousand pounds. 

The botanic lecture room, in the same building, is provided with 
diagrams and charts of over three thousand figures, illustrating struc- 
tural and systematic botany. 

The botanical laboratory adjoining the lecture room has been en- 
larged and improved, and is equipped with compound and dissecting 
microscopes and other apparatus, so that each student is enabled to 
dissect and study all the parts of the plant, and gain a knowledge of 
its structure that he can get in no other way. In this work and in 
general structural botany the common and useful plants are used for 
study. 

Conservatories. — The Durfee Conservatory, the sift of the Hon. 
Nathan Durfee, contains a large collection of plants especially adapted 
to illustrate the principles of structural, systematic and economic 
botany, together with all the leading plants used for house culture, 
cut flowers and out door ornamentation. Here instruction is given in 
methods of propagation, cultivation, training, varieties, etc., by actual 
practice, each student being expected to do all the different kinds of 
work in this department. ‘These houses are open at all times to the 
public and students, who may watch the progress of growths and 
methods of cultivation. 

Two new propagating houses heated with hot water, one with ihe 
piping above the benches and the other with the piping below them, 
combine many illustrations in the way of methods of building, which, 
together with other green-houses, afford an abundant opportunity for 
the study of green-house building and heating. 

Fruits. —The orchards, of ten to fifteen acres, contain all the 
standard varieties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, etc., 
in bearing condition. Several acres of small fruits are also grown 
for the markets. The vineyard, of one and one-half acres, contains 
from thirty to forty varieties of fully tested kinds of grapes. New 
varieties of all the above fruits are planted in experimental plats, 
where their merits are fully tested. All varieties of fruits, together with 
the ornamental trees, shrubs and plants, are distinctly labelled, so 
that students and visitors may readily study their characteristics. 
Methods of planting, training, pruning, cultivation, study of varie- 
ties, gathering and packing of fruits, etc., are taught by field exer- 
cises, the students doing a large part of the work in this department. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 81. 65 


Nursery. — This contains many thousand trees, shrubs and vines 
in various stages of growth, where the various methods of propa- 
gating by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, pruning and training 
of young trees are practically taught to the students. 

Garden. — All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are grown 
in this department for market, furnishing ample illustration of the 
treatment of all market-garden crops, special attention being given 
to the selection of varieties and the growth of seed. The income 
from the sales of trees, plants, flowers, fruits aud vegetables aids 
materially in the support of the department, and furnishes illustra- 
tions of the methods of business with which all students are expected 
to become familiar. 

Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are 
grown in the nursery ; and plantations have been made upon the col- 
lege grounds and upon private property in the vicinity, in various 
stages of growth, affording good examples of this most important 
subject. A large grove in all stages of growth is connected with 
this department, where the methods of pruning forest trees and the 
management and preservation of forests can be illustrated. 


ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Zoological Lecture Room.— This room, in south college, is well 
adapted for lecture and recitation purposes, and is supplied with a 
series of zoological charts prepared to order, also a set of Leuckart’s 
charts, disarticulated skeletons, and other apparatus for illustrating 
the lectures in the class-room. 

Zoological Museum. — This is in immediate connection with the 
lecture room, and contains the Massachusetts State collection, which 
comprises a large number of mounted mammals and birds, together 
with a series of birds’ nests and eggs, a collection of alcoholic speci- 
mens of fishes, reptiles and amphibians, and a collection of shells 
and other invertebrates. . 

There is also on exhibition in the museum a collection of skeletons 
of our domestic and other animals, and mounted specimens purchased 
from Prof. H. A. Ward; a series of glass models of jelly fishes, 
worms, etc., made by Leopold Blaschka in Dresden; a valuable 
collection of corals and sponges from Nassau, N. P., collected and 
presented by Prof. H. T. Fernald; a fine collection of corals, presented 
by the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy in Cambridge ; a collection 
of alcoholic specimens of invertebrates from the coast of New England, 
presented by the National Museum at Washington; a large and 
rapidly growing collection of insects of all orders, and a large series 
of clastique models of various animals, manufactured in the Auzoux 
laboratory in Paris. The museum is now open to the public from 3 
to 4 P.M. every day except Saturday and Sunday. 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Zoological Laboratory. — A large room in the laboratory building 
has been fitted up for a zoological laboratory, with tables, sink, gas, 
etc., and is supplied with a reference library, microscopes, chemical 
and other necessary apparatus for work. ‘This laboratory with its 
equipment is undoubtedly the most valuable appliance for instruction 
in the department of zoology. 


MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. 


The instruction embraces pure mathematics, civil engineering, 
mechanics and physics. For civil engineering there is an Eckhold’s 
omnimeter, a solar compass, an engineer’s transit, a surveyor’s tran- 
sit, two common compasses, two levels, a sextant, four chains, three 
levelling rods, and such other incidental apparatus as is necessary for 
practical field work. For mechanics there is a full set of mechanical 
powers, and a good collection of apparatus for illustration in hydro- 
statics, hydro-dynamics and pneumatics. For physics the apparatus 
is amply gufficient for illustrating the general principles of sound, 
heat, light and electricity. Adjacent to the commodious lecture room 
are a battery room and the physical cabinet, to which latter has been 
lately added much valuable apparatus. 


CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


This department has charge of instruction in general, agricultural 
and analytical chemistry, and, at present, of that in mineralogy and 
chemical geology. For demonstration and practical work in these 
subjects the department is equipped as follows :— 

For general chemistry the lecture room contains a series of thirty 
wall charts illustrative of chemical processes on the large scale; a 
series of seven wall charts, showing the composition of food 
materials; and a collection of apparatus, for demonstration on the 
lecture table. For agricultural chemistry there is on hand a good 
typical. collection of raw and manufactured materials, illustrating 
fertilization of crops, and the. manufacture of fertilizers; a partial 
collection of grains and other articles of foods, and of their proxi- 
mate constituents. For analytical chemistry there is a laboratory for 
beginners, in a capacious room, well lighted and ventilated, and fur- 
nished with fifty-two working tables, each table being provided with 
sets of reagents (wet and dry), a fume chamber, water, gas, drawer 
and locker, the whole arranged on an improved plan; a laboratory 
for advanced students, with eight tables, and provided with gas, 
water, fume chambers, drying baths, furnaces, two Becker analytical 
balances and incidental apparatus. Both laboratories are supplied 
with collections of natural and artificial products used in analytical 
practice. For instruction in mineralogy use is made of the larger 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No.-31. 67 


chemical laboratory. A small collection of cabinet specimens, and 
a collection of rough specimens for work in determinative mineralogy, 
serve for practical study. For instruction in chemical geology, the 
laboratory possesses a collection of typical cabinet specimens. 


LIBRARY. 


This now numbers ten thousand five hundred and ninety volumes, 
having been increased during the year, by gift and purchase, five 
hundred and ninety volumes. It is placed in the lower hall of the 
new chapel-library building, and is made available to the general 
student for reference or investigation. It is especially valuable as a 
library of reference, and no pains will be spared to make it complete 
in the departments of agriculture, horticulture and botany, and the 
natural sciences. It is open a portion of each day for consultation, 
and an hour every evening for the drawing of books. 


PRIZES. 
RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


The prizes heretofore offered by Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., will 
this year be given by Fred. H. Fowler of the class of 1887. These 
prizes are awarded for excellence in declamation, and are open to 
competition, under certain restrictions, to members of the sophomore 
and freshman classes. 


MiILiraRy PRIZE. 


A prize of fifteen dollars for the best essay on some military 
subject is offered this year to the graduating class by William H. 
Bowker, ’71, and John C. Cutter, ’72. 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thousand 
dollars for the endowment of a first and second prize, to be called 
the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, 
Esq., of New York. These two prizes are to be paid in cash to 
those two members of the graduating class who may pass the best 
oral and written examination in theoretical and practical agriculture. 


Hitts BoTranicaL PRIZEs. 


For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 1892, 
fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best a prize of ten dol- 
lars ; also a prize of five dollars for the best collection of woods, and 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.’92. 


a prize of five dollars for the best collection of dried plants from the 
college farm. 

The prizes in 1891 were awarded as follows: 

Kendall Rhetorical Prizes. —John R. Perry [1893], 1st. ; Luther 
W. Smith [1893], 2d.; Frank I. Parker [1894], 1st.; Arthur C. 
Curtis [1894], 2d. ate 

Grinnell Agricultural Prizes.— Malcom A. Carpenter [1891], 
Ist. ; Henry M. Howard [1891], 2nd. 

fills Botanical Prizes. — Walter A. Brown [1891], 1st; Louis 
F. Horner [1891], 24; Collection of native woods — Ephraim P. Felt 
Soh: 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 


Students are required to attend prayers every week-day at 8.15 
A.M. and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.30 a.m. 
unless, by request of their parents, arrangements are made to attend 
divine services elsewhere. Further opportunities for moral and relig- 
ious culture are afforded by a Bible class taught at the close of the 
Sunday morning service, and by religious meetings held on Sunday 
afternoon and during the week, under the auspices of the Young 
Men’s Christian Union. 


LOCATION. 

Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting at 
Palmer with the Boston & Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s Falls 
with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is also on the Central Massachusetts 
Railroad, connecting at Northampton with the Connecticut River 
Railroad and with the New Haven & Northampton Railroad. 

The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding one of 
the finest views in New England. The large farm of three hundred 
and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and native forests, 
gives the student the freedom and quiet of a country home. 


mee WNDERX. 


MILITARY INSTRUCTION IN EDUCATIONAL 
INSTITUTIONS. 


Lieut. LESTER W. CoRNISH. 


The fact that military instruction is given by officers of the regular 
army in various educational institutions throughout the United States 

may be generally known, yet the extent to which this instruction is 
carried on, and the benefits to be derived from it by the government, 
by the individual States, and by the students themselves, have been 
little considered. ; 

Many parents, failing to see the benefit to be derived from this 
instruction, think that their sons’ time while at college might be more 
profitably spent, and therefore object to having them take the mili- 
tary course. A little consideration will change this idea, and a short 
account of what is being done may be of general interest. 

On July 2, 1862, Congress passed an act giving to such States as 
would accept the conditions, public lands to the amount of 30,000 
acres for each senator and representative to which the State was 
entitled at that time. ‘The money obtained from the sale of these 
lands was to form a permanent fund, the interest of which was to be, 
in the language of the bill, ‘‘ inviolably appropriated by each State 
which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, 
support and maintenance of at least one college where the leading 
object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical 
studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of 
learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts.” 

In order to increase the benefits to the colleges organized under 
this act, as well as to insure some practical return to the government 
for its aid, another bill was approved on July 28, 1866, which read 
as follows: ‘‘ That for the purpose of promoting knowledge of mili- 
tary science among the young men of the United States, the Presi- 
dent may, upon the application of an established college or university 
within the limits of the United States, with sufficient capacity to edu- 
cate at one time not less than one hundred and fifty male students, 
detail an officer of the army to act as president, superintendent, or 
professor of such college or university ; that the number of officers 


72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _— [Jan. 


so detailed shall not exceed twenty at any time, and shall be appor- 
tioned throughout the United States as nearly as practicable accord- 
ing to population, and shall be governed by the general rules to be 
prescribed from time to time by the President.” 

As the experiment of detailing officers of the army for this purpose 
proved a success, the number was increased, until at the present 
time seventy-five may by law be detailed on college duty. The issue 
of the necessary ordnance and ordnance stores by the Secretary of 
War having been authorized, the following articles can be obtained 
by each of these colleges, bonds being given for twice their value, 
viz: two light field guns with all their equipments, and one cadet 
rifle and set of infantry accoutrements for each cadet that drills. 
In addition to these arms, the following allowance of ammunition for 
practice firing is made annually to each of the various institutions, 
viz.: one hundred blank cartridges and three hundred friction primers 
for field guns, and for each cadet actually engaged in target practice 
fifty rifle ball cartridges. 

The following rules have been prescribed by the President, for the 
government of officers of the army detailed as professors of military 
science and tactics :— 


DUTIES OF OFFICERS. 


The professor of military science and tactics shall reside at or near the 
institution to which assigned, and when in the performance of his military 
duties shall appear in proper uniform. Officers so detailed shall, in their 
relations to the institutions, observe the general usages and regulations 
therein established affecting the duties and obligations of other members 
of the faculty. For the benefit of the officer and the military service, he 
may perform other duties at the college in addition to those pertaining to 
military science and tactics, and may receive such compensation therefor 
as may be agreed upon. 


; ORGANIZATION AND DISCIPLINE. 


1. All rules and orders relating to the organization and government of 
the military students, — the appointment, promotion, and change of officers, 
and all other orders affecting the military department, except those relating 
to routine duty,—shall be made and promulgated by the professor of 
military science and tactics, after being approved by the president or other 
administrative officer of the institution. 

2. Itis the duty of the professor of military science and tactics to 
enforce proper military discipline at all times when students are under 
military imstruction, and, incase of serious breaches of discipline, or mis- 
conduct, to report the same to the proper officers of the institution, accord- 
ing to its established methods. Upon occasions of military ceremony, in 
the execution of drills, guard duty, and when students are receiving any 
other practical military instruction, he shall see that they appear in the 
uniform prescribed by the institution. ; 


~ 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 73 


CouRSE OF INSTRUCTION. 


1. The course of instruction shall be both practical and theoretical, and 
shall be so arranged as to occupy at least one hour per week for theoretical 
instruction, and at least two hours per week for practical instruction. 

2. The practical course in infantry shall embrace small arm target 
practice and, as far as possible, all the movements prescribed by the drill 
reculations of the United States Army applicable toabattalion. Instruction 
in artillery shall embrace, as far as practicable, such portions of the United 
States drill regulations as pertain to the formations of detachments, manual 
of the piece, mechanical manceuvres, aiming drill, sabre exercise and target 
practice. Instruction should also include the duty of sentinels and, where 
practicable, castrametation. Such instruction shall be given by the pro- 
fessor of military science and tactics personally, or under his immediate 
supervision. 

38 Theoretical instruction shall be by recitations and lectures, personally 
conducted and given by the professor of military science and tactics, and 
shall include, as far as practicable, a systematic and progressive course in 
the following subjects: the drill regulations of the United States Army, 
the preparation of the usual reports and returns pertaining to a company, 
the organization and administration of the United States Army, and the 
elementary principles governing in the art of war. 


REPORTS. 

He shall render a quarterly report to the adjutant-general of the army 
of the whole number of undergraduate students in the institution capable 
of performing military duty, the number required by the institution to be 
enrolled as military students, the average attendance at drills, the number 
absent, the number and kind of drills, recitations and lectures, or other 
instruction had during the quarter, and the number reported for discipline. 
On the graduation of every class he shall obtain from the president of the 
college, and report to the adjutant-general of the army, the names of such 
students as have shown special aptitude for military service, and furnish a 
copy thereof to the adjutant-general of the State for his information. The 
names of the three most distinguished students in military science and 
tactics at each college shall, when graduated, be inserted on the United 
States Army Register and published in general orders. 


There are seventy-three officers of the army at the present time on 
college duty, and the valuable results of their work to the national 
government, to the States, and to the students themselves, have been 
but little considered by the majority of the people. 

At the beginning of the great civil war, there were but few schools 
or colleges at the North where military instruction was incorporated 
into the curriculum. In the South, on the contrary, there were many 
such institutions, and in them young men learned the art of control- 
ling others, as well as that of handling firearms and moving troops. 
As a consequence of this, the Confederate army was much better 


74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


officered than the Union army at the beginning of the great national 
struggle. 

The officers of the volunteer troops from the North labored under 
the greatest difficulty. They had to learn before they could teach 
others, and while, in time, some of these same officers astonished the 
world by their military genius and ability, the cost to the country at 
which this ability was obtained was almost incalculable. : 

General Scott claimed that the shortness of the Mexican war was 
due to the military knowledge of, and the efficient work done by, the 
young officers who were graduates of the United States Military 
Academy, and the civil war would have been of much shorter dura- 
tion, and thousands of valuable lives saved, if the supply of men, 
sufficiently instructed in the military profession to fill the places of 
subordinate officers, had been equal to the demand. 

That such a want might not be felt in the future, if this country 
should again be obliged to suffer the horrors of a great war, was the 
idea of those great statesmen who drafted what was known as the 
‘¢ Land Grant College Act.” Senator Morrill of Vermont, to whose 
untiring energy in supporting it, was due, to a great degree, its final 
success, says: ‘In case of war all the students of these colleges 
would be of great value to the nation. Each one would be able to 
take a body of raw recruits and speedily drill them so as to be ready 
for service, and it will be, in time, an immense reserve force.” 

Let us consider what is now being done in this direction. The 
seventy-three educational institutions at which officers of the army are 
now on college duty, are distributed over the United States as follows : 
Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, 
Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Miss- 
issippil, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, North Carolina, North 
Dakota, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin and 
Wyoming, each have one; Alabama, Maryland, Michigan, Minne- 
sota, North Dakota, Texas and Virginia have two; Illinois, Indiana, 
Iowa, Missouri, South Carolina and Vermont have three; Ohio and 
Pennsylvania have four; while New York has eight. ‘The report of 
the adjutant-general of the United States Army for 1891 gives a con- 
solidated report from fifty-seven of these colleges from which I have 
taken the following figures : 

The number of students over fifteen years of age attending these 
institutions was fifteen thousand seven hundred and seventeen. Of 
this number, twelve thousand three hundred and one constitute the 
whole number of male students capable of performing military duty, 
while seven thousand four hundred and eighty-seven represent the 
number attending those institutions where military instruction is com- 
pulsory. The total number that received military instruction during 


| 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. r: 


the last quarter of the scholastic year was seven thousand three hun- 
dred and sixty-six. 

At quite a number of the institutions from which these figures were 
obtained, the military course is optional, since these colleges do not 
receive the benefit of the land grant act. The fact that these col- 
leges have voluntarily inserted a military department, and applied to 
the Secretary of War for the detail of an officer of the army, shows 
the value that prominent educators attach to this military education. 
‘From personal correspondence with all the officers on college duty, 
I have heard. of but one case where the interest shown by the faculty 
was even indifferent. All the rest consider the military department 
to be a very valuable one, both to the students and to the college. 
The majority of the students are interested in the military work, both 
theoretical and practical. 

The charge has been made, and with some degree of truth, that the 
Americans are, as a rule, devoted to money-getting, and that they 
have little pride in their country’s name and place abroad. By means 
of this military instruction, a closer relationship will be established 
between the young men and their country, the reputation and 
authority of which must be maintained both at home and abroad. 
A stronger feeling of patriotism will be inculcated, and a greater 
love for their country’s good name be implanted in the hearts of the 
young men of this cosmopolitan nation. Our country is large and 
populous; but fortunately for us, we are not surrounded by other 
nations who are continually endeavoring to obtain some portion of 
our territory. 

We have no need of such immense standing armies as European 
nations are obliged to support, and in the support of which they are 
being brought to the verge of bankruptcy. While our regular army 
is small, numbering only twenty-five thousand, it has proved itself to 
be sufficiently large .to protect our western frontier, and preserve 
order when called upon to do so; but it could only be used as a 
nucleus for the large army we should need, in order to repel an in- 
vasion by any of the foreign powers. Our main reliance must be on 
volunteer troops, which, to be rendered effective in the short time 
that would be available, must be officered by men capable of giving 
good instruction. Under our present system of military instruction, 
men can be found in almost every village competent to enlist a com- 
pany, drill it properly, and in a short time fit it to be joined with 
others, formed in the same way, to make effective regiments. The 
old saying, ‘‘ In time of peace prepare for war,” is one which it will 
be well for the American people to keep in mind. 

The individual States depend on their militia to preserve the public 
peace, and insure to every inhabitant, the freedom to exercise all his 


76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


rights as a citizen. These troops are made more effective by means. 
of this military instruction. The best officers are graduates of 
institutions where they have had military instruction, and they serve 
to raise the standard of the whole body. ‘This is the testimony of 
nearly all the adjutant-generals of the different States. The United 
States Corps of Cadets at the United States Military Academy forms. 
a separate and distinct part of the United States Army, liable to be 
called upon for active service in case of necessity, the graduates 
being required to serve the government for four years longer if their 
services are desired. Why could not this same plan be most profit- — 
ably instituted in the various States? The majority of the students. 
are from the States where the various colleges are located, and are 
aided by the State in obtaining their education. Some service might. 
well be asked in return for this aid. Let the students in the various 
institutions be organized into separate battalions of the National 
Guard, and uniformed by the State, —for many of the students are 
poor, and expense of the uniform prevents them from taking the 
military drill when it is not compulsory. Where this is done, require 
after graduation a given amount of service, perhaps not more than 
two years, in the National Guard of the State, giving to such as are 
recommended by the military instructor, commissions as brevet or 
additional second lieutenants, and assign them to duty with the 
militia companies nearest their respective homes. This plan would 
give the students, after graduation, an insight into the practical work- 
ing of our militia system, and be of much benefit to the State in 
furnishing it with officers having both a technical and practical 
knowledge of military work. 

Having held commissions as cadets, many students object to enlist- 
ing as privates in the militia after graduation, but if they could 
obtain commissions they would gladly serve the State to the best of 
their ability, and remain in the service longer than the required 
length of time. The chance of obtaining a commission after gradu- 
ation would be an incentive to better work in the line of military 
study, and proportionately better results would be obtained. ‘The 
extra expense to the State would, in my judgment, be amply repaid. 
In several of the States these commissions are now being given with 
good results. 

The increased efficiency of the militia is not the only benefit that 
the State derives from the military education of its young men. The 
necessary subordination to military discipline makes of them a law- 
respecting and a law-abiding body of citizens, and the advantage of 
any gain in this direction must not be overlooked in view of the 
socialistic tendencies of the present time. Riots and strikes are of 
frequent occurrence, while the evils of soeialism and communism are 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. rk 


rapidly spreading over this country, as they have already done in 
Europe. There it has required a strong military force to hold these 
elements in check. ‘To meet and control this growing evil will be the 
duty of the young men of the present time. 

Men of combined intellect and education have always been the 
leaders of their parties at all times of political trouble. It is a 
deplorable fact that a spirit of lawlessness often manifests itself 
among our college students. In colleges where there is a military 
départment, this spirit is, to a certain degree, kept in check, and if, 
as young men, they are taught that laws and regulations are made to 
be obeyed and respected, when they graduate from college and pass 
out into the world, they will be better citizens of the republic, as well 
as of their respective States ; men whose influence will be thrown on 
the right side of the scales when the necessity for action arises. In 
this eminently practical age, men are apt to cast aside the abstract or 
ideal benefits of the future, for the practical advantages of the 
present. That the benefits of a military education are practical no 
one will deny if he will but consider them. 

What are the benefits that the student gains to pay him for his 
time? Take the drill as a method of physical training. Of late 
years the attention given to this subject has been greatly increased. 
Many of our larger colleges now have gymnasiums, fitted with ail the 
appliances for improving the physical condition of the students. A 
competent instructor is in charge, who grades the work according to 
the individual necessities of the students; yet even in these gymna- 
siums a portion of the work is of a military character. Ido not 
contend that the military drill will do this important work as well as 
a thorough gymnastic training, but I do claim, that where a specified 
amount of work in a gymnasium, under a competent instructor, is not 
compulsory, the military drill fills a very important place in the college 
course. Close students are apt to neglect proper exercise, and, 
consequently, when they leave college, although the mind may be 
well trained for mental work, the muscles are flaccid, the heart’s 
action is weak, and the lungs are in such a condition that some kind 
of pulmonary disease is almost a certainty. Under these circum- 
stances, the college graduate is anable to do the work expected of 
him, and his life becomes at least a partial failure. ; 
As a physical exercise, the new ‘‘ Drill Regulations” are an 

improvement over the old ‘‘ Tactics.” The ‘‘ setting up exercises,” 
which were but four in number, were designed to straighten the back 
and shoulders, and give an erect carriage. This they did with a 
result that the lungs had plenty of room in which to expand, and the 
heart was given the opportunity for good healthy action. But they 
did not go far enough as a method of physical training. This lack 


78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


has now been supplied, and, instead of four, there are seventeen 
exercises by which almost every set of muscles in the body is brought 
into action. 

Walking bas always been recommended as a good, healthy exercise, 
and this the student obtains in his company and battalion drill, and, 
where the military drill is compulsory, every student is obliged to 
take a certain amount of it. 

In the agricultural colleges many of the students have to work in 
order to help defray their expenses. Much of the work so done, 
while it may strengthen some few sets of muscles, does not have a 
tendency to better the physical condition of a growing boy, and for 
these students the military drill has an especial value, not only when 
they are students, but furnishing them, when they leave college to 
follow an agricultural life, with a body better fitted to endure the 
laborious life of a farmer, than they would otherwise have had. In 
all branches of life the beneficial effects of the military drill are 
acknowledged by all who have taken it. From personal inquiry 
among many of the alumni of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege I have failed to find one who does not think that military drill has 
been of great benefit to him, and through correspondence with all 
the army officers on college duty I find that this is the general feeling. 

But the physical training is not all the advantage that the college 
student obtains from his military drill. As a private, when he first 
enters college, he is taught by strict military discipline to control 
himself. He sees the necessity for self-control in those who hope to: 
lead and command others. When he becomes a senior, and is him- 
self placed in positions of authority, it is impressed upon him still 
more strongly, by actual experience, that if he would successfully 
command the prompt obedience and respect of others, he must first 
set a good example by controlling himself, and thus he learns one of 
the greatest of life’s lessons. 

The desire to hold an office in the cadet battalion, the efforts put 
forth in order to satisfy this desire, and the gratification experienced,. 
when, the end attained, he realizes how much pleasanter it is to be 
in a position to command others than to occupy a subordinate one,. 
are but the foundation stones of a lifelong desire to be a leader among 
his fellowmen, wherever his work may lead him. As an officer, he 
has more or less responsibility thrust upon him, and thus early in life 
learns self-reliance. When his college days are ended, and he enters 
the arena of life, where full success only comes to the few who by 
steady, persistent effort obtain it, he, reliant on himself and confident. 
in his ability, chooses his life work, and, undeterred by partial 
failures, and keeping his end steadily in view, works on until success- 
finally crowns his efforts. ; 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 79 


In this practical age every man, no matter what his profession or 
business may be, must commence at the foot of the ladder, gaining 
the top only by stepping from round to round. As a young man 
makes his value more and more evident to his employer, just so fast 
and no faster is he advanced. What better qualifications can a young 
man possess to commend himself to his employer than punctuality, 
promptness, quick obedience to directions given him, courtesy, and 
last, but, not least, that straightforwardness of manner, which, — 
while lacking the boldness of what is commonly called ‘‘ cheek,” yet 
shows that the possessor is doing his best, — has acted as he thought 
right, and having so done is willing to be judged by the result of his 
work. 

These qualifications are all brought out to the greatest possible 
extent in the character of a successful military student, while all may 
have them inculcated to a certain degree, thus increasing to just such 
an extent their chance of success. The head of one of the largest 
mercantile firms in New York said to me that he would consider an 
employee who had had a good military education as worth a larger 
salary, to do the same kind of work, than one who had not had such 
a training. 

Young men are sent to college, not only to obtain a technical 
knowledge of the different sciences from a study of books, but a 
broader knowledge of the world and human nature ; to bring out and 
increase those traits and characteristics that distinguish true, fully- 
developed manhood from the spurious article, which is weak and 
unable to grasp the opportunity for success when it is presented. 

The military department, which does this work to a great extent, 
should be placed on a par with the other departments, both in regard 
to the time allotted to it, and the interest shown towards it, by the 
other members of the faculty. The professor of military science and 
tactics should be loyally supported by the authorities in matters of 
discipline, and the students be thoroughly impressed with the impor- 
tance of this department. The officers should be carefully chosen 
from those who, not only by their technical knowledge of minor 
tactics, but also by their personal characteristics, have shown their 
ability to assist the head of the department in his important work. 
They should be men who, as officers, will command the respect of 
those under them, and reflect credit on their college. Under these 
circumstances the officer’s commission would be a prize eagerly 
sought after, and, once obtained, too highly valued to be lost 
through poor work. 

In order that the greatest benefit may be feces from the military 
department, both by the college and the students, its scope should be 
extended to the greatest possible degree. Make these agricultural 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


colleges military to such an extent that the students shall be required 
to wear the proper military uniform, and be under military discipline 
whenever they are on the college grounds. When this is done, and 
not till then, will the idea of those statesmen, under whose fostering 
care these agricultural colleges were started, reach its highest devel- 
opment and bear its most perfect fruit. 


a 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —-No. 31. 8] 


TUBERCULOSIS, 


Wiru EsepeciAL REFERENCE TO THE DISEASE AS SEEN IN CATTLE AND 
OTHER DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 


When we remember that tuberculosis is an infectious disease, and 
that one-seventh of all persons born die of it, that it exists largely 
among our domestic animals, especially the bovine race, and when we 
consider the close relation that exists between the people and their 
cattle, how close the contact, how great the dependence of the human 
race upon the bovine for their products which are used as food, and 
that the germ which produces this terrible disease may be transmitted 
from one person to another or from one animal to another, or from 
animal to person; it seems that no apology is necessary for the 
appearance of a second paper upon the subject in the annual report 
of the college. 

The term tuberculosis has reference to a disease in which we have 
formed, as a result of the pathological processes, in different parts 
and in different organs of the body, little knots, nodules, or tubercles. 
For the same reason the disease is frequently designated pearl 
disease, kernels, or grapes. When the nodules are very small, it is 
spoken of as miliary tuberculosis, from the resemblance the little 
nodules have to millet seed. When the tubercles are in the lungs. 
this disease is designated phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, or pulmonary 
consumption. When in the intestines, or the mesenteric glands, tabes. 
mesenterica is the name applied. If the articulations are affected, 
tuberculosis arthritis or bone disease. When the lymphatic glands 
become inflamed and nodular, the term scrofula is used. If in cows 
the ovaries are the seat of the tuberculous changes, constant rut or 
heat is produced, and such animals are designated nymphomaniacs. 
Tuberculous inflammation of the coverings of the brain or spinal cord 
constitutes tuberculous meningitis. As one of the prominent. 
symptoms is general unthriftiness and emaciation, the disease is. 
frequently called pining or wasting. All of these tuberculous proc-. 
esses, or what is commonly termed consumption of the lungs,. 
bowels, ovaries, or joints, are identical, except as regards their 
location. | 

When the disease is present in only one or two places in the body, 
it is said to be local; when it has attacked many of the organs, or is 


82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


widely spread throughout the whole system, it is spoken of as general 
tuberculosis. 
ETIOLOGY. | 

In treating of the etiology of tuberculosis, we have to consider 
the exciting and predisposing causes. ‘The exciting cause is the one 
that actually gives rise to the disease. The predisposing causes are 
the ones which, acting upon the animal, make it susceptible to an 
attack, or to the development of the disease. 

The exciting cause of tuberculosis is a vegetable germ which gets 
into the body, localizes itself, and by its growth, development and 
action on the tissues in which it is located, produces the peculiar 
lesions which we term tubercles. In 1882, Dr. Robert Koch, a 
German bacteriologist, after years of careful study and experiment 
declared that no true tuberculosis could exist unless this germ was 
present. In other diseases where nodules are produced, the lesions 
are spoken of as tubercular, but all genuine tuberculous processes 
belong to tuberculosis, and are, in all cases, produced by this par- 
ticular germ. However, the two terms ‘‘ tubercular and tuberculous ” 
are used synonymously. 

The germ, the active principle of the tuberculous virus, belongs to 
the class of micro-organisms called bacteria, and to a sub-class called 
bacilli, from the fact that they appear as little rods under the micro- 
scope. They are very small, only about one six-thousandth to one 
ten-thousandth of an inch in length, and only about one-sixth as 
broad as they are long. From the fact that they alone can produce 
tuberculosis, and only this disease, they have been named the tuber- 
cle bacilli. 

The germs can be cultivated outside of the animal body on pre- 
pared blood serum, or on gelatinized meat broth which contains from 
three to five per cent. of glycerine. In order to do this it is neces- 
sary to get tuberculous material from some place where it has not 
been contaminated by other germs, from the air or other sources. 
This material is placed upon'the nutrient media, and then placed in 
an incubator, where a constant temperature of 98° F., the normal 
temperature of the body, can be maintained. If the temperature gets 
below 86° F., or above 105° F., their growth ceases. After two weeks 
or so, by microscopic examination, small, whitish grains are seen 
upon the surface of the nutrient material. These little grains con- 
tinue to increase in size and finally form a thick, dry, lustreless coat- 
ing, which, upon higher magnification, is found to be composed 
alinost wholly of tubercle bacilli. If some of this material is intro- 
duced, under antiseptic precautions, into the abdominal cavity, the 
circulation or into the anterior chamber of the eye of an animal that is 
susceptible to tuberculosis (the rabbit, Guinea-pig, mouse), in a varia- 


1892.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No, 81. 83 


ble time, from a few days to a few weeks, the animal so inoculated 
will be found, upon post mortem examination, to have well-marked 
tubercles in different parts of the body, depending upon the place 
chosen for inoculation and the number of bacilli introduced. In 
these tubercles may be found germs with the same characteristics as 
those which grew on the nutrient material, and with which the animal 
was inoculated. If fresh, uncontaminated material which contains 
the micro-organism from the diseased animal be introduced into the 
circulation of a healthy one, it also will show well-marked lesions 
characteristic of the disease. Material for cultivation may also be 
obtained from these experiment animals, which, when planted upon 
suitable media, will grow and produce the peculiar whitish grain-like 
colonies noticed in the original culture. 

As the tubercle bacillus requires a temperature of 86° to 105° F. 
for a considerable length of time for its growth, it cannot multiply 
outside of the animal body under ordinary conditions of nature. 

It is important to bear this in mind, for, unless the germ be 
present, we can have no tuberculosis. Again, as the germ cannot 
multiply except under very favorable conditions, tuberculosis cannot 
spread to any great extent except by presence of a tuberculous 
patient. On the other hand, when the germs do become scattered 
in a locality, it is very difficult to get rid of them. While they do 
not increase in number outside of the body, they are very resistant 
against the forces. of nature which readily destroy many micro- 
organisms. 

It has been found that the bacilli in the sputum from a tuberculous 
person may retain their vitality, even after having been dried for 
months. At the same time it requires a temperature near the boiling 
- point of water to kill them. Decomposition does not destroy their 
vitality but sets them free from the tissues in which they may be 
situated. Unlike most bacteria, they can withstand the action of the 
acid, gastric juices in the stoiach, and still retain their infectious 
qualities. This explains how the disease may develop in the intes- 
tines or the mesenteric glands, when animals are fed with the prod- 
ucts of tuberculous subjects. . 

It has generally been supposed that the tubercle bacilli produced 
spores, and that while the germs themselves were destroyed by 
drying, heat and cold, the spores retained their vitality, and that 
when placed under favorable conditions they would germinate, grow 
and multiply. Our knowledge of the subject at present does not 
warrant our saying for certain that spores are produced by the bacilli. 
The process which has been described as sporulation has probably 
been one of vacuolation.* Practically it makes but little difference, 


* Multiplication of air-cells. 


84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


for we know that the germ can withstand the action of cold, a high 
degree of heat, the process of decomposition and digestion without 
being destroyed. This is accounted for by the fact, which has been 
discovered in staining, that the cell wall or covering of the germ is 
very tough and resistant. These peculiarities of the bacilli, also 
explain why it is so difficult to rid a stable of the infectious principle 
when once the germ becomes scattered about it by tuberculous animals 
or persons. For this reason, when the material, which contains the 
germ of the disease from a consumptive subject, becomes scattered - 
about the house in which the person lives, the disease is very likely 
to remain a long time in the locality. The matter in which the micro- 
organisms are held, decomposes, dries, disintegrates into dust, and 
the bacilli are set free; they become mixed with the dust and for a 
long time retain their infectious qualities, and when brought under 
favorable conditions they grow and multiply. These favorable con- 
ditions may be in the lungs or in the blood of a susceptible animal or 
person. As soon as they become dry and mixed with the dust, they 
may be set in motion by currents of air and produce the disease by 
being breathed into the lungs, or what is rather more unusual, by 
getting into the circulation through some abrasion of the skin or 
mucous membrane, or being taken into the alimentary tract with the 
food. 

That we are dealing with facts, supported by accurate experiments 
has been proved by Cornet. He ascertained that the tubercle bacilli 
are not scattered all about us, only waiting for favorable conditions 
for development, but that they are only met with in well-defined cir- 
- cumscribed regions, the centre of which is a tuberculous animal or 
person. Itis a well-known fact that the sputa coughed from the 
lungs contain great numbers of the bacilli. 

He further proved that the dust of houses in which consumptive 
persons lived contained the tubercle bacilli. This was done by intro- 
ducing small quantities of the dust into the abdominal cavities of 
Guinea-pigs, and in every case where the dust came from houses 
inhabited by consumptive persons tuberculosis followed. The inocu- 
lation with dust from houses not inhabited by consumptives gave no 
tuberculosis when introduced into the abdominal cavity of the pig. 

This same investigator, after having proved that the germs were 
present in the dust of houses inhabited by consumptives, clearly 
demonstrated how they become scattered. This is by two means; 
expectorating upon the floor, or what is more common and a more 
dangerous procedure, expectorating into the handkerchief, for there 
the most favorable conditions exist for the drying of the sputa and 
the conversion of it into dust by the repeated use of the cloth. He, 
also found that the bed-clothes on which the handkerchief lies during 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 85 


the night ready to be taken up during paroxysms of coughing was 
a fruitful place for the deposit of tubercle bacilli. 

The views of Cornet have been supported by the work of others 
who have made a careful study of the subject. They have found 
that in certain sections of a city tuberculosis may be very common 
among the inhabitants, where the sanitary conditions were less favor- 
able to its development, than in some other part of the place where 
little would exist. 

Just how the bacilli produce the characteristic tubercle of this 
disease is not known. Probably it is something as follows: ‘The 
germs get into the body and are carried along by the fluids or by 
wandering cells, into the cells where tuberculous inflammation follows 
their growth and multiplication. As a result, there is a destruction 
of the original cells of the tissue and the production of lymphoid, 
epithelioid cells, and a peculiar body called a giant cell, in which the 
tubercle bacilli are usually located. The tuberculous nodules are 
devoid of newly formed blood vessels, and the old ones leading to the 
part soon becomes impervious. By the action of the tubercle bacilli 
other changes follow which come under the head of cheesy degener- 
ation and necrosis. The cells in the central part of the nodule lose 
their nuclei and degenerate into a hyaline or grgnular mass. This 
necrotic portion is surrounded by a zone of epithelioid cells associ- 
ated with giant cells, and these in turn are surrounded by lymphoid 
cells. These small nodules may increase in size by growth around 
the periphery ; but large tumor-like tuberculous masses are produced 
by the coalescence of a number of small tubercles. The whole 
process is one of tuberculous inflammation, and, as described, usually 
produces miliary tubercles, but may, in certain organs, produce 
diffuse masses of tubercle tissue, which are called infiltrated tubercles, 
to distinguish them from the miliary nodules. 

The cause and development of the: disease depends largely upon 
the manner, the number of germs and the condition of the animal’s 
system at the time they gain access to the body. In cattle, and in 
fowls especially, the tubercles tend to become calcareous from the 
deposition of lime in them. 

The exciting cause of the disease in all persons or animals is the 
same; without the tubercle bacilli there can be no true tuberculosis. 


THE PREDISPOSING CAUSES. 


Species of Animals.— The bovine race, of all our domestic ani- 
mals, is especially liable to this disease, as much or more than mem- 
bers of the human family, and the question as to its identity and 
its transmission from one race to another is practically settled. 


86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Fowls come next in order of susceptibility, and not only do we 
find the disease common in ordinary barnyard fowls, but in pigeons, 
pet house-birds, and other pet animals, like the rabbit and Guinea- 
pig, when kept in domestication. 

Pigs contract the disease readily, but from the fact that they are 
slaughtered early in life the disease rarely reaches great development, 
and frequently the tubercles are so small that ney are not noticed 
upon casual examination. 

Tuberculosis is rarely found in the cat, dog or sheep. It is found 
less frequently in the horse than in other domestic animals. In fact, 
only a few authentic cases have been reported in which the tubercle 
bacilli have been found, in the diseased nodules, in this animal. 


HEREDITARY PREDISPOSITION. _ ’ 


That there exists in a person or an animal born of tuberculous 
parents a predisposition to acquire the disease more readily than one 
born of perfectly healthy parents, is a fact so familiar that the 
expression ‘* belongs to a consumptive family,” is frequently heard. 
It is the opinion of some that hereditary tuberculosis can be accounted 
for in this way:—,The micro-organisms get into the system during 
the intra-uterine period, and remain dormant in the tissues until some 
change, either chemical or physical, takes place in the body which 
favors their growth. This change may not come about for years, but 
when it does the disease develops. 

Dr. Koch throws some light upon this point in his ‘* Etiology of 
Tuberculosis.” He says, ‘‘ No facts exist which justify the supposi- 
tion that intra-uterine or extra-uterine tuberculous bacilli can be 
present in the organism of a child without bringing about visible 
changes in a comparatively short time. But until now tuberculosis 
has been very seldom found in the foetus or the newly born child, 
and we may, therefore, conclude that the infectious material has 
effect only exceptionally during intra-uterine life. This supposition 
is confirmed by the fact that of my experimental animals, especially 
Guinea-pigs which were pregnant before or after tuberculous infec- 
tion, none have ever borne young which were tuberculous at birth. 
The young coming from mothers tuberculous to a high degree were 
free from tuberculosis, and remained healthy for months. In my 
opinion, hereditary tuberculosis finds its most natural ~explanation if 
it be supposed that not the infectious germ itself, but certain quali- 
ties favoring the development of the germ, coming into contact with 
the body at a later period, therefore, that which we call disposition, 
be inherited.”” What there is in Koch’s experiments that is appli- 
cable to the human race seems, also, to apply to the bovine. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 87 


If we are to rely upon his work and that of other bacteriologists in 
relation to hereditary and congenital development of tuberculosis, it 
would seem that the germ is seldom found in the foetus, and that it is 
not the bacillus that is transmitted from the parent to the offspring, 
but the condition of the system which favors the growth of the para- 
site within it, and of which we speak as hereditary predisposition or 
tuberculous diathesis.. But it matters not how great the predispo- 
sition, tuberculosis will never develope in such an individual unless 
the exciting cause is present. 

That congenital tuberculosis is rare may be inferred from the fact 
that only one or possibly two cases are on record. 

Proximity to Tuberculous Animals a Predisposing Cause. — Every 
animal suffering from disease is a centre of infection for others. 
They may give out from the body living germs which may gain access 
to a healthy animal, and in it give rise to the malady. An animal or 
person having the hereditary predisposition would be the one most 
likely to suffer by coming in contact with the affected. 

After years of careful study of the subject, Dr. Brush says, ‘‘If 
a community is closely associated with in-bred dairy cattle, tuber- 
culosis prevails.” 

Domestication. — Animals in the wild state are rarely affected, but 
as soon as brought under the influence of domestication, in contact 
with the human race, in which the disease is so prevalent, they soon 
become subjects of the disease. In cattle is this especially true, and 
those running at large on our western plains furnish us with a good 
example. Among them it is not often the disease is found, but as 
we come Kast into a thickly populated territory, or go into the cities 
where the cattle are more under the influence of domestication, we 
find a greater number affected. ‘This effect of domestication is not 
alone seen in cattle but also in wild animals, like the lions, ‘monkeys 
and birds. Frequent reports of the deaths of these animals from 
this cause come from our zodlogical gardens. 

Breeds. —No breed is exempt from the disease, but’ some are 
more susceptible than others. In Jerseys and Guernseys this suscep- 
tibility seems most marked, but perhaps not more so than in some 
strains of Shorthorns which have been bred in a particular line for a 
long time. What applies to the Shorthorns also applies to the Ayr- 
shires. While in the Herefords, Devons and Holsteins the disease is 
by no means rare, it is not as prevalent ’as in the breeds first named. 
Our hardy native stock, the common grades of New England, are as 
free from it as any. Breeding-in, as practiced by some breeders, 
is a predisposing cause, from the fact that such a course tends to 
weaken the constitution or lower the vitality of the tissues of the 
body, and makes them less able to thwart the attack of the germ or 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


any external influence that might cause disease. Again, breeding in 
and in from affected animals would increase the dangers arising from 
hereditary predisposition. 

Early. late and over-breeding of animals predisposes them to an 
attack of tuberculosis because it tends to weaken the constitution so 
that once the germ gains admittance to the body there is not that 
opposition on the part of the tissues, to the attack of the invader, 
that we see in a rugged, healthy animal. 

Allowing heifers to breed too young prevents their strong, full and 
normal development. Breeding from old cows which produce large 
quantities of milk, and whose bodies in consequence are not strong, 
will give small, weak calves that are particularly liable to contract 
the disease, and, furthermore, the mother on account of her depleted 
condition is predisposed. 

Physical Conformation or what is commonly termed, the Build of an 
Animal. —'Those with disproportionately long legs and narrow chests, 
are predisposed to the disease. The same is seen in human beings. 
Narrow-chested, round-shouldered people who have small lung capacity 
are more subject to this affection than those with full chests and 
square shoulders. Still, what may be considered a faulty conforma- 
tion in cattle may be the evidence of the tuberculous diathesis which 
the animal may have inherited. 

Debility is a predisposing cause, whether the result of excessive 
milking, deficiency of food, food poor in quality, weakness following 
parturition, loss of blood, purgation or previous disease. All of 
these influences acting together cannot cause the disease, but they so 
lessen the vitality of the animal, and produce such changes in the 
body as render it more lable to the invasion and multiplication of 
the parasite. 

Bad s&nitary conditions are classed as fruitful predisposing causes 
of tuberculosis. With the great improvement made in the last few 
years in the construction of stables, there has not been a correspond- 
ing improvement in the methods of draining, lighting and ventilating. 
In older stables, built of rough boards, air could easily pass in and out 
of the building, but by the use of matched boards, building paper 
and clapboards, this is prevented and oftentimes we find the front of 
the mangers tightly closed, so that the animals are compelled to stand in 
a small, close space, surrounded by an atmosphere heated by their 
bodies and containing the impurities that come from the bodies, lungs 
and excrement. All of these conditions have a depleting effect upon 
the system. If tuberculosis gets among animals kept under such 
hygienic circumstances, it usually spreads rapidly, and generally runs 
avery acute course. Whereas, if the same herd of animals is put 
into a stable where there is sufficient light, pure air and good drain- 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 89 


age, the spread of the disease from sick to healthy is greatly lessened, 
and in some animals, only slightly affected, there may be appearances 
of recovery. ‘Too much cannot be said on this point, especially where 
the disease has made its appearance ina herd. Good hygienic sur- 
roundings will more surely prevent the rapid spread of the trouble 
than will the use of quantities of drugs. 

Climate and Locality. — Statistics go to show that, while the dread 
disease exists among nearly all people and all cattle, it is much more 
common in some climates and in particular localities. It is more 
prevalent in tropical than in colder regions, most seen where the climate 
is changeable, where there is a great range and sudden changes in 
temperature. Climatic conditions like our own favor the develop- 
ment of it, while the equable temperature and dry air of Colorado 
prevent its rapid spread. | 

In and about our large cities the cattle are more largely affected than 
in the country towns, for the reason that they are closely crowded 
into badly-lighted, poorly-drained, and ill-ventilated stables, where 
they are compelled to remain throughout the whole year, not being 
allowed the advantages of a run in pasture. In such places the 
methods of feeding, forcing the animal to produce a large quantity 
of milk, tend to undermine the health. 

The practice among cattle dealers of the State of exchanging new 
milch cows for farrow ones in the cities, and taking the latter out into 
the country, is fast increasing the number of diseased animals in some 
of our western towns. It is also spreading tuberculosis among the 
healthy herds of the State. The affected animal, poor in flesh, 
from the city is represented by the dealer to be in this emaciated con- 
dition from the process of forcing; she is offered at a low price, and 
the unsuspecting country farmer, in consideration of the price and 
the promise in some cases to repurchase after calving, buys the ani- 
mal and innocently introduces into his herd a contagious and fatal dis- 
ease, which will be difficult to eradicate and which in time will destroy 
his entire herd. 


Means oF INFECTION AND PROPAGATION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 


The principal method of infection is by the inhalation of dried 
tubercle bacilli into the lungs. Wherever we find it spreading among 
cattle, the lungs or the bronchial glands are the first organs affected. 
It has been shown that the germs retain their vitality after months of 
drying. and then, by becoming attached to particles of dust, can be 
floated in the air for a considerable time. In this condition they are 
inhaled. To be sure, many may be removed again from the lungs, 
without doing harm, by being mixed with the secretion of the mucous 
membrane, or by the cillia on the epithelium, covering the mucous 


90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


lining of the bronchial tubes ; but such is not always the case. If in 
the lungs there is a small diseased spot of low vitality, with which 
they may come in contact, they will germinate and produce tubercles. 
These increase in size and number, several coalesce, their walls © 
finally break, and the contents of the tubercles are discharged into 
the bronchial tubes, where it is mixed with the mucous secretion. 
From here it finds its way to the throat and is expectorated or 
swallowed. In either case they are finally set free from the body and. 
may under favorable conditions infect other animals. 

In Koch’s etiology of this disease we find the following statement 
referring to the source of tubercle bacilli, and means of infection and 
propagation among animals: ** The animals, as is well known, pro- 
duce no sputum, so that during their life no tuberculous bacilli get 
from them into the outer world by means of the respiratory passages.” 
My own experience has proved differently, and, while they may not 
produce what we term sputa, as applied to the human production, 
consisting of pus and mucous coughed from the lungs to the mouth 
and then expectorated, they do have a discharge from the nostrils 
which in many cases contains the bacilli. This material has the con- 
sistency of mucous, is slightly stringy and steel gray in color, from 
the admixture of particles of dust which are taken in with the 
inspired air. Under the microscope pus cells are rarely found, show- 
ing that the material does not come wholly from broken down tuber- 
cles in the lungs, but is probably mucous from the bronchial tubes. 
Stained cover glass specimens show numerous bacilli. 

During the past few months I have diagnosed several cases of the 
disease in cows by this means, when other pathognomonic symptoms * 
were wanting. Ihave also found that this material coming from the 
nostrils may become spread about the manger, getting upon the 
woodwork, or the feed in the immediate vicinity of the animal. The 
tubercle bacilli are set free by drying and become mixed with the 
dust of the stable, which is frequently set in motion by the moving of 
hay, sweeping, etc. The particles of dust, with the tubercle bacilli 
attached, floating in the air are inhaled into the lungs or they may be 
taken into the alimentary tract with feed to which they may have 
become attached. | 

From the fact that in cattle the greater proportion of cases of this 
disease first develops in the lungs or the neighboring lymphatic 
elands, I conclude that it is mainly propagated by the escape of the 
germs with the mucous from the nostrils, and that the principal 
method of infection is by the inhalation of the dry bacilli. 

A second method of infection is by ingestion, — by taking into the 
stomach food or other material which contains the living germs. As 


* Symptoms indicating with certainty the disease which produces it. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 91 


already mentioned tubercle bacilli differ from many others in one 
particular,—they are not destroyed by the action of the gastric 
juices in the stomach, and can pass into the intestines, multiply and 
produce the disease if the conditions are suitable. 

It has been found repeatedly that feeding tuberculous products to 
susceptible animals will produce the disease. Human sputa contain- 
ing the germs, fed to fowls will produce tuberculosis. Tuberculous 
meat or milk will give the same results if fed to calves or Guinea- 
pigs. Taking all of the facts into consideration, we may be sure that 
milk or meat containing the bacilli may produce the disease in human 
beings especially in young children. 

The work of Doctors Ernst and Peters for the Massachusetts 
Society for Promoting Agriculture, in relation to tuberculous milk 
and its effect upon animals is very interesting and instructive. 

They have demonstrated 


“ First, And emphatically, that the milk from cows affected with tuber- 
culosis in any part of the body may contain the virus of the disease. 

Second, That the virus is present whether there is disease of the udder 
or not. 

Third, That there is no ground for the assertion that there must be a 
lesion of the udder before the milk can contain the infection of tuberculosis. 

Fourth, That, on the contrary, the bacilli of tuberculosis are present and 
active in a very large proportion of cases in the milk, in cows affected with 
tuberculosis, but with no discoverable lesion of the udder.” 


The results obtained from certain feeding experiments with calves, 
show that there were thirteen calves used, and fed for varying lengths 
of time with milk from cows affected with tuberculosis, but not of the 
udder. Of those so fed 41.66 per cent. were found upon post-mortem 
examination to be diseased. In the same experiment, with pigs 40 
per cent. gave positive results. 

Infection by inoculation occurs when the germs gain entrance to 
the body through some abrasion of the skin, —it may be intentional 
or accidental. Intentional inoculation is made upon susceptible 
animals, like the rabbit and Guinea-pig, for the purposes of investi- 
gation or study. Accidental infection may take place in the human, 
in making post-mortem examinations, if the skin is cut with the knife 
or scratched on a sharp piece of bone; or it might occur in slaughter- 
ing affected animals, if there was a sore on any partof the body 
through which the virus could get into the circulation. It does not 
appear that the disease is spread to any great extent among animals 
by this means of infection. However, if there be an abrasion of the 
skin or mucous membrane, there is no reason why the germs should 
nof get into the circulation in such a case, and produce the disease, 
as well as in man or in animals intentionally inoculated. 


92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. 


In the early stages of this disease pathognomonic symptoms are 
usually wanting. It is insidious in its attack and may easily be mis- 
taken for some other trouble. ; 

Diagnosis may be made by physical examination, or by finding tuber- 
cle bacilli in the mucous that comes from the nostrils, in the milk, in 
pus found in sub-cutaneous abscesses that at times form in different 
parts of the body, or in the excrement of the animal. The method by 
physical examination is the most common, and the one generally relied 
upon. For making microscopical examinations for the bacilli the 
reader is referred to Koch’s ‘ Etiology of Tuberculosis,” or to any 
of the treatises on bacteriology, particularly Fraeknel’s. 

In making this examination for the tubercle bacilli, we have to 
allow for their accidental appearance in the material examined. This 
is not likely to occur, and any doubt may be removed by making 
several examinations at intervals of two or three days. When it is 
found upon repeated examination of any product of an animal that 
the bacilli are present, it is conclusive evidence of the existence of 
tuberculosis. But the absence of, or failure to detect, the germ is 
not as satisfactory evidence of the absence of the disease as is their 
presence of its existence. 

The physical signs or symptoms vary greatly in different cases and 
depend largely upon the constitution, state and keeping of the animal, 
the organs affected and the course of the disease, whether acute or 
chronic. 

In the first stages of it in any form it is difficult to diagnose by the 
physical symptoms, but as the disease progresses there are certain 
general symptoms usually found in all cases. 

In the first stages the animal is noticed to be ailing, there is marked 
dullness, want of life, as shown by the movements about the stable or 
yard, the hair is rough and erect, the skin harsh and dry, there may be 
slight fever (which lasts for only a few days and then disappears) , heat 
of the horns and dryness of the nose. A thermometer inserted into 
the rectum or vagina and allowed to remain for five or ten minutes will 
show that the internal temperature is 102° or 103° F. The pulse may 
be quickened, fifty or fifty-five beats to the miuute; respirations more 
frequent. All of these symptoms are those of fever, are common to 
many other diseases, and are not a constant or characteristic sign of 
tuberculosis. As the disease progresses there may be a dry, deep, 
husky cough at varying intervals, perhaps at first it may not be heard 
more than a few times a day, bnt is most noticeable when the animal 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT. — No. 31. 93 


is compelled to exert itself or is allowed to go from the stable into 
the fresh air. The lymphatic glands in different parts of the body 
may become hard and nodular, especially those in the sub-maxillary 
space, or those in front of the shoulder at the base of the neck, or in 
the flank. 

Upon further devélopment of the disease, the animal becomes ema- 
ciated, hide-bound, hair more erect, the eyes sunken in the sockets 
from loss of fat, and the mucous membrane becomes pale and blood- 
less. If the lungs are badly diseased, the cough becomes more fre- 
quent, the respiration shorter and sharper, especially noticeable if the 
animal is made to exercise. If the ear is applied to the sides of the 
thorax a dull, harsh murmur is heard over the diseased portions of the 
lungs. When large areas are involved the natural respiratory mur- 
mur may not be detected at all, only tubular sounds. If there is con- 
siderable tuberculous pleuritis a fine rasping sound, like that produced 
by rubbing the hair between the thumb and finger, may be noticed. 
Percussion of the chest walls between the ribs may produce pain as 
shown by flinching. Percussion over consolidated areas gives a dead, 
dull sound in place of the natural resonance. If cavities exist in the 
lungs there is increased resonance. The digestion becomes impaired, 
the appetite is fickle, attacks of indigestion are common, and there 
may be constipation or a diarrhea, while tympanitis or bloating follows 
eating or drinking. The secretion of milk may not be greatly disturbed, 
garget without any apparent cause may appear, and lameness and 
swelling of the joints may often be noticed. 

When the ovaries in the cow are diseased the animal shows signs 
of persistent heat, and may take the bull, but conception and the 
completion of gestation are uncommon. 

In the male the testicles may be the seat of the disease. When 
such is the case, they become hot, tender and inflamed. Such animals 
are useless for breeding purposes. 

In the last stages, all of the symptoms become ageravated, the 
animal may become very poor and weak, the cough more frequent, 
loose and rattling. If the ear is applied to the side of the thorax in 
this stage, the natural respiratory murmur is not heard, only tubular 
breathing and a distinct rattling or gurgling sound. Percussion shows 
large areas of the lungs which have become solid. The respirations are 
very rapid, short and labored. Profuse foetid diarrhea is marked, if 
the intestines are the seat of the disease. ' 

In this condition the animal may live for several weeks or months, 
gradually growing poorer and weaker, until death follows, — the 
result of exhaustion, pyzemia or diarrhea. 

From the complexity of the symptoms enumerated, it is quite a 
difficult matter for the inexperienced to diagnose the disease. But 


94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


there are, in some cases, certain well-marked, distinct symptoms of 
the malady, by which one ought with some degree of certainty to form 
a correct opinion, provided he knows that tuberculosis does, or has at 
some time existed in the herd. 

The first and most important sign of the ailment is a chronic cough. 
When this is found with general unthriftiness and loss of condition, 
it is quite enough to cause the animal to be separated from the others. 

Another characteristic symptom is recurrent tympanitis,* which 
appears after eating or drinking, without apparent cause (such as 
change of food, eating of turnips, potatoes or other vegetables), and 
is not cured by the ordinary purgative treatment, for tympanitis, the 
result of indigestion. Bloating. in these cases is caused by the 
pressure of the enlarged tuberculous, bronchial lymphatic glands on 
the cesophagus, which passes between the glands and the roots of the 
lungs, thereby preventing the natural escape of the gas through the 
cesophagus from the stomach. 

Frequent attacks of constipation followed by chronic diarrhea 
should be regarded as almost a sure symptom, showing a tuberculous 
condition of the int estines and mesentery. 

A cow in constant heat that fails to conceive should be looked upon 
as suspicious, and especially so if there are other signs of the disease 
present, such as a cough, tympanitis, or enlarged lymphatic glands. 

Chronic mammitis or garget, which comes on sometimes after caly- 
ing, and which does not proceed from change of feed, overstimulating 
food, or injury, and which does not respond to the usual treatment, 
may be considered an important symptom of the presence of tubercles 
in the udder. 

An animal in the herd that becomes lame and has a hot, tense, 
painful swelling of any of the joints of the legs,-not produced by an 
injury or any known cause, may be suspected of being tuberculous. 

Any of these individual symptoms may proceed from other cause 
than tuberculosis, but if there is a history of the disease in the herd 
as shown by post-mortem examination, and if any of them appear in 
an animal independent of any known cause, it should be separated at 
once from the healthy ones and kept isolated until known to be healthy. 


TREATMENT. 


Tuberculosis in cattle is an incurable disease, and treatment should 
not be attempted. In the early stages an animal slightly affected 
may, by being kept under the best of sanitary conditions and properly 
fed, apparently make a good recovery ; but in such the disease is only 
in a dormant state, and will break out and spread rapidly throughout 


* Bloating. 


tame». | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 95 


the whole body when the condition of the system becomes so changed 
that it will tend to promote the growth and multiplication of the germs. 
In dealing with this disease, we should always remember that a tuber- 
culous animal is a source of danger, as a centre of infection to other 
animals and to persons coming in contact with it, or to those using the 
milk or meat. 

About a year agoa great sensation was created by the startling 
news that Dr. Koch had found a certain cure for consumption. His 
idea was to separate from the material upon which pure cultures of 
tubercle bacilli had grown certain substances produced by the growth 
of the germ, mix ‘them with olycerine or other suitable material, and 
then inject it into the circulation of a tuberculous subject. He 
claimed that this peculiar agent would so affect the diseased tissue 
that it would be separated and removed from the healthy tissue, and 
a cure of the disease would follow. While it has doubtless in some 
cases of human tuberculosis produced favorable results, it has by no 
means proved as valuable as was first expected. In cattle it has no 
value as a curative agent. In fact, its use seems to induce a speedy 
development of the disease when latent in the system. It has in some 
instances proved of value as a means of diagnosing the disease in 
suspicious cases. But here the results are not always reliable. 

Some interesting experiments have been made in the veterinary 
department of the University of Pennsylvania with tuberculin (the 
name applied to Koch’s remedy), to test it as an agent for the diag- 
nosis of tuberculosis in cattle. As aresult of these experiments the 
following conclusions are given: 


First, That the injection of tuberculin in cows suffering with tubercu- 
losis produces a febrile reaction 

Second, ‘That healthy cows do not give a reaction with moderate doses. 

Third, That in some instances, tuberculous cattle fail to give a reaction 
with ordinary doses of from 300 to 500 milligrammes. 

fourth, That injection of the tuberculin causes the rapid distribution of 
the tubercle bacilli and a generalization of the disease. 

Fifth, That in none of the tuberculous animals used in the experiments 
could the least curative effect be observed. 

Siath, That cows cease to react after repeated injections of the 
tuberculin. 

Seventh, That tuberculin is of value in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in 
cattle. 


Other investigators have not obtained as good results as those 
quoted, and, until more work has been done in this direction, it is 
not likely that tuberculin will come into general use as a curative or a 
diagnostic agent. 


96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Post—MortEmM APPEARANCES. 


To the naked eye these vary according to the species of animal 
and the extent and location of the disease, but under the microscope 
the diseased tissues have the same appearance regardless of their 
origin. JI shall only describe their microscopic appearance. 

The appearance of the tubercles in the lungs vary according to the 
changes that have taken place in them. When of recent formation 
they may be no larger than a millet seed. In this stage they appear 
irregularly spheroidal in shape, the very small ones gray and semi- 
transparent, while the larger ones are opaque, whitish or yellow, 
particularly in the centre. As they grow larger they undergo a cheesy 
degeneration, break down in the centre, and we frequently find them 
containing creamy yellow pus. In cattle especially they tend to 
become calcareous from the deposition of lime in them. In this case 
when cut open one will notice a distinct gritty feel about them. The 
smaller ones coalesce and form large tuberculous tumor-like masses, 
which in some cases may be six or eight inches in diameter. Usually 
in the centres of these masses pus in very abundant. When these 
tubercles break down the pus frequently escapes into the bronchial 
tubes, so that in post-mortem examination we may find it in the 
bronchial tubes mixed with the mucous. 

When the tubercles form on the surface of the lung or the pleura 
covering the ribs, the new tubercles appear at first as small red spots. 
These increase in size so that in some cases they become as large asa 
hen’s egg, and so numerous that the whole surface of the lung or the 
wall of the chest will be completely covered. ‘These are less likely 
to contain pus than those in the lungs. In some instances, the lungs 
are found to be attached to the chest wall by these new growths. 

Tuberculous bronchial glands are frequently found, and are usually 
present when the lungs are diseased. They are situated over the 
lungs at the superior part of the thoracic cavity, extending along the 
vertebral column. They may be greatly enlarged and weigh as much 
as fifteen or twenty pounds, and are hard, nodular and full of yellow, 
cheesy matter. In other cases they may be enlarged, but, upon 
opening them, little caseous material is found. Instead there will 
be large quantities of yellow pus, amounting sometimes to two or 
three pints. 

The tubercles on the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity, 
closely resemble those found on the pleura. Where there is general 
tuberculous peritonitis, one usually finds a profusion of thin, serous 
fluid in the abdominal cavity. 

Tuberculous nodules in the spleen are quite frequently of the mili- 
ary variety, very small and grayish white in color. If a one percent. 


32. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 97 


watery solution of iodine and iodide of potassium (one part of 
iodine, three parts of iodide of potassium, one hundred parts of 
water) be poured over them, they are more easily distinguished from 
the surrounding tissue by their bright mahogany color. 

Tuberculous mesenteric glands do not differ greatly in their appear- 
ance from tuberculous lymphatic glands. 

Tubercles in the liver, kidneys and other organs closely resemble 
those already described. 

Tuberculosis in the horse seems to occupy a place between that of 
man and the bovines. ‘The tubercles that are found, post-mortem, on 
the omentum and peritoneum and mesenteric glands resemble those 
found in cattle. The conditions of the bronchial gland is similar, 
while in the lungs, instead of finding large tumor-like masses, the 
tubercles are usually of the miliary variety. 

The nodules of tuberculosis somewhat resemble the nodules found 
in the lungs of horses affected with chronic glanders. 

Tuberculosis of the pig is recognized after death by the caseous con- 
dition of the lymph glands of the neck, and by a peculiar form of 
caseous pneumonia, in which the lung becomes infiltrated with grayish- 
red or grayish-yellow cheesy material, which completely fills the air 
cells and the space between the lobules. 

In sheep the lungs and bronchial glands are affected most and the 
appearance is nearly the same as in cattle. 

In making autopsies on sheep, one is liable to confound tuberculosis 
with two other diseases, one affecting the lungs and the other the intes- 
tines, from the fact that the lesions, to the naked eye of the inexperi- 
enced, appear identical. The first is caused by an animal parasite, 
the Strongylus ovis pulmonalis, the second likewise by a parasite, the 
Oesophagostoma columbianum, both of which require the use of a lense 
to detect. A description of these parasites may be found in the 
‘+ Animal Parasite of Sheep,” Bureau of Animal Industry, 1890. 

In fowls we find that tuberculosis is more likely to affect the abdomi- 
nal rather than the thoracic organs, but none are exempt. The mesen- 
teric glands, the liver and the genital organs suffer most. In these 
animals the lesions are peculiar, in that they soon become caseous and 
calcareous, and it not infrequently happens that these limy nodules 
reach the size of a walnut. Some are rough and irregular, others are 
round and smooth. ‘They are quite compact, and upon examining a 
section it shows yellowish or whitish spots in the centre. 


PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. 


As the disease is incurable we should deal with it with prophy- 
lactic measures. 


98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Keep the animals under good hygienic conditions, secure good 
drainage about the stable, allow plenty of fresh air and sunshine, feed 
wholesome food and a variety that is nutritious but not over stimu- 
lating, supply clean, pure water for drinking. Avoid producing 
debility by over-milking or by in-and-in breeding or early and late 
breeding. Reject ali animals with an hereditary taint of tuberculosis 
for breeding purposes. Be careful in selecting animals for the herd, 
—do not purchase one in poor condition simply because the price is 
low. It may prove to be a very expensive one in the end. 

Do not buy animals from a herd when you know that the disease 
has ever existed,—it may be present in a dormant state in an 
animal that is fit for the butcher and only requires certain conditions 
for speedy growth. Remove from other animals any that you think 
are suspicious, and keep isolated until pathognomonic symptoms 
develop. Such animals should in no case be allowed to come in con- 
tact with others of the herd by being turned into the yard or pasture 
with them. They should not be allowed to drink from the same 
trough or pail. : 

When one of the herd shows unmistakable symptoms of the disease, 
it should be slaughtered and the carcass buried or burned. Never 
let other animals, like pigs, hens or dogs, on the farm, eat the offal or 
flesh of a tuberculous creature. Anything like the manger or litter, 
about a diseased animal, that may have become contaminated with 
the virus should be burnt or thoroughly disinfected. 

If young animals are raised upon a farm where tuberculosis exists 
among the cattle, they should be kept in a separate building away 
from the older ones, and not be allowed to come in contact with any 
of the excrements or litter used about them. A case is on record 
where a number of pigs contracted consumption by eating corn that 
had passed undigested through the alimentary tract of affected cattle. 

Milk from a tuberculous herd, which is to be used as food for 
young, growing animals, especially calves, should be sterilized by 
being heated to a temperature of 185° F. This can be done without 
injury to the milk by subjecting it to the action of steam in a closed 
vessel. In some animals milk so treated may produce indigestion 
and constipation, but by careful and judicious feeding these may be 
prevented. 

The liberal and repeated use of antiseptics and disinfectants about 
an infected building will destroy many of the germs, and assist in 
checking the spread of the disease in the herd. ‘The floors and 
mangers may be sprinkled once in a week or two with a five per cent. 
solution of crude carbolic acid. Chloride of lime scattered over the 
floor would have a beneficial effect. The walls should be thoroughly 
whitewashed, and some advise adding to the whitewash a weak solu- 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 99) 


tion of corrosive sublimate. As this drug is a deadly poison, it 
should be used with great care. By fumigating with sulphur or chlo- 
rine, germs that would not be affected by the other applications would 
be destroyed. 

Never allow a person suffering with consumption to work in a stable 
where cattle are kept, for, by expectorating material which contains 
bacilli upon the floor or upon the hay, the animals may become 
infected. 

When we stop and think that this terrible disease exists among all 
civilized people, and more or less among cattle and other domestic 
animals it does not seem probable that it can ever be exterminated. 
But much can be done by laws properly enacted and rigidly enforced 
to prevent the rapid distribution of it among the cattle in the State. 

Being a disease that is common to the human race as well as 
domestic animals, and one widely distributed, it cannot be dealt with 
as can contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Such a_ procedure would 
require an expenditure of millions of dollars and in the end would 
amount to nothing, for it would be impossible to refill the stables of 
the farmers with cattle from a source where the disease does not 
already exist. Again, if all the diseased animals were to be slaugh- 
tered and their places filled with those free from the malady, they 
would not remain so long for they would soon become infected from 
coming in contact with tuberculous persons. 

A law, properly enforced, that would compel an owner to slaughter, 
rather than to allow him to sell, an animal which he had good and 
sufficient reason to know was tuberculous, would greatly lessen the 
dissemination of the disease. Y 

I have personal knowledge of several instances, where it has been 
proved to men that their herds were badly infected; but instead of 
destroying the affected ones they have disposed of them for a small 
sum and the disease has been carried into previously healthy herds. 

If it is the work of the Cattle Commission to look after the con- 
tagious diseases among the domestic animals of the Commonwealth, 
they should be given the authority to go ahead and isolate suspicious 
cases, and destroy those that they know are affected; and every 
farmer that has any true interest in his calling should be willing to 
assist in the good work which, in the end, will be of great benefit to 
every inhabitant in the Commonwealth. 

Again when we look at the subject from a sanitary point of view, 
every person in the State has an interest and has a right to demand 
protection at the public expense from this deadly foe. 

If the State takes upon herself the task of protecting the public 
from the sale of adulterated articles of food, which are of pecuniary 
interest, ought she not to protect the people from the wilful sale of 


100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.’92. 


milk and meat from diseased animals, that may convey a fatal 
disease to the unsuspecting ones using it? | . 

It would seem that this could be accomplished best by two means. 

First, Organize a system of meat inspection, have all cattle in the 
State used for human food slaughtered under competent inspection. 
To do this economically, centralization of the slaughtering is abso- 
lutely necessary. This would not only protect the public against 
tuberculous meat, but also against that containing trichina, tape 
worm, actinomycosis, etc. Let all meat be condemned, whether 
there be local or general infections. 

Second, To prevent the sale of tuberculous milk, let all dairies be 
visited periodically, and all animals carefully inspected. Any that 
are actually diseased should be destroyed, and the suspicious should 
be isolated until known to be diseased or healthy. From the fact 
that the public is so dependent on domestic animals for a part of its 
food supply, it is no more than right that the government should make 
some move in this matter of protecting the people against a disease 
that may be transmitted to them by the consumption of meat and 
milk of diseased animals. 


Note.— Persons in the State who may have at any time pathological 
specimens or parasites which they may want examined, free of charge, may 
send the same addressed to Dr. James B. Paige, Amherst, Mass., and a 

“report upon the nature of the specimen will be sent if so desired; a detailed 
account of the case should accompany the specimen. 

In order that material sent may be in a condition to study when it arrives, 
observe the following directions: 

Flurls suspected of containing tubercle bacilli, or other germs, should be 
sent closely corked in a clean bottle. Only a small quantity of matter, one- 
half to four teaspoonfuls is needed. | 

Parasites or diseased tissues should be well washed, put in clean, large- 
mouthed bottles or jars, then covered with a mixture of alcohol one-third, 
and water, two-thirds. 

Specimens of diseased bones or other hard structures may be sent with- 
out any previous treatment. 

In all cases when there is a large quantity of material, ali of which can- 
not be sent, select an average sample. 

When a specimen is of sufficient interest, it will be preserved in the 
museum with the name of the donor affixed. , 


* 


|_PAMPHLET BINDER | 
Syracuse, N. Y.9 
Stockton, Calif. 


Le ir a 


IS 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA \ 
Mc 
3 0112 1118 


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